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-rw-r--r--.builds/freebsd.yml31
-rw-r--r--.builds/openbsd_0.yml34
-rw-r--r--.builds/openbsd_1.yml34
-rw-r--r--.gitattributes3
-rw-r--r--.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md51
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-rw-r--r--.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md35
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-rw-r--r--.github/stale.yml69
-rw-r--r--.github/workflows/bisects.yml31
-rw-r--r--.github/workflows/ci.yml.disabled122
-rw-r--r--.github/workflows/ci_docs.yml91
-rw-r--r--.github/workflows/ci_gcc14.yml76
-rw-r--r--.github/workflows/ci_packages.yml74
-rw-r--r--.github/workflows/ci_publish.yml90
-rw-r--r--.github/workflows/stale.yml25
-rw-r--r--.gitignore20
-rw-r--r--.gitlab-ci.yml60
-rw-r--r--.travis.yml52
-rw-r--r--appveyor.yml.disabled37
-rw-r--r--azure-pipelines.yml128
-rwxr-xr-xbin/nim-gdb4
l---------bin/nim-gdb.bash1
-rw-r--r--bin/nim-gdb.bat2
-rw-r--r--build_all.bat32
-rwxr-xr-xbuild_all.sh53
-rw-r--r--changelog.md307
-rw-r--r--changelogs/changelog_0_19_0.md2
-rw-r--r--changelogs/changelog_1_4_0.md2
-rw-r--r--changelogs/changelog_1_6_0.md957
-rw-r--r--changelogs/changelog_2_0_0.md330
-rw-r--r--changelogs/changelog_2_0_0_details.md560
-rw-r--r--changelogs/changelog_2_2_0.md248
-rw-r--r--changelogs/changelog_X_XX_X.md7
-rw-r--r--ci/action.nim26
-rw-r--r--ci/build.bat14
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-rw-r--r--ci/funs.sh143
-rw-r--r--ci/nsis_build.bat59
-rw-r--r--compiler.nimble9
-rw-r--r--compiler/aliasanalysis.nim128
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-rw-r--r--compiler/guards.nim180
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-rw-r--r--compiler/optimizer.nim31
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-rw-r--r--compiler/packagehandling.nim24
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-rw-r--r--compiler/parser.nim856
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-rw-r--r--compiler/passes.nim206
-rw-r--r--compiler/pathutils.nim54
-rw-r--r--compiler/patterns.nim54
-rw-r--r--compiler/pipelines.nim312
-rw-r--r--compiler/pipelineutils.nim26
-rw-r--r--compiler/platform.nim38
-rw-r--r--compiler/plugins/customast.nim136
-rw-r--r--compiler/plugins/itersgen.nim6
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-rw-r--r--compiler/plugins/plugins.nimble0
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-rw-r--r--compiler/prefixmatches.nim2
-rw-r--r--compiler/procfind.nim10
-rw-r--r--compiler/pushpoppragmas.nim54
-rw-r--r--compiler/readme.md2
-rw-r--r--compiler/renderer.nim493
-rw-r--r--compiler/renderverbatim.nim39
-rw-r--r--compiler/reorder.nim98
-rw-r--r--compiler/rodutils.nim16
-rw-r--r--compiler/ropes.nim230
-rw-r--r--compiler/scriptconfig.nim59
-rw-r--r--compiler/sem.nim440
-rw-r--r--compiler/semcall.nim683
-rw-r--r--compiler/semdata.nim208
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-rw-r--r--compiler/semmacrosanity.nim30
-rw-r--r--compiler/semmagic.nim316
-rw-r--r--compiler/semobjconstr.nim314
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-rw-r--r--compiler/semtempl.nim423
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-rw-r--r--compiler/sighashes.nim166
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-rw-r--r--compiler/sizealignoffsetimpl.nim171
-rw-r--r--compiler/sourcemap.nim561
-rw-r--r--compiler/spawn.nim106
-rw-r--r--compiler/strutils2.nim57
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-rw-r--r--compiler/vm.nim608
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-rw-r--r--compiler/vmmarshal.nim69
-rw-r--r--compiler/vmops.nim303
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-rw-r--r--compiler/vtables.nim167
-rw-r--r--compiler/wordrecg.nim139
-rw-r--r--config/build_config.txt5
-rw-r--r--config/config.nims9
-rw-r--r--config/nim.cfg105
-rw-r--r--config/nimdoc.cfg296
-rw-r--r--config/nimdoc.tex.cfg125
-rw-r--r--copying.txt2
-rw-r--r--doc/advopt.txt76
-rw-r--r--doc/apis.md (renamed from doc/apis.rst)11
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-rw-r--r--doc/docgen.md891
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-rw-r--r--tests/untestable/gdb/gdb_pretty_printer_test_program.nim13
-rwxr-xr-x[-rw-r--r--]tests/untestable/gdb/gdb_pretty_printer_test_run.sh20
-rw-r--r--tests/untestable/thttpclient_ssl_remotenetwork.nim143
-rw-r--r--tests/untestable/tpostgres.nim327
-rw-r--r--tests/usingstmt/tthis.nim15
-rw-r--r--tests/usingstmt/tusingstmt.nim16
-rw-r--r--tests/varres/tprevent_forloopvar_mutations.nim5
-rw-r--r--tests/varstmt/tvardecl.nim7
-rw-r--r--tests/views/t19986.nim42
-rw-r--r--tests/views/tcannot_borrow.nim5
-rw-r--r--tests/views/tconst_views.nim11
-rw-r--r--tests/views/tdont_mutate.nim11
-rw-r--r--tests/views/tviews1.nim110
-rw-r--r--tests/views/tviews2.nim90
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/mscriptcompiletime.nim7
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/t17121.nim9
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/t18103.nim35
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/t19075.nim19
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/t19199.nim6
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/t20746.nim13
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/t21704.nim69
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/t9622.nim30
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tcastint.nim32
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tcnstseq.nim (renamed from tests/cnstseq/tcnstseq.nim)0
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tcompilesetting.nim3
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tcompiletimetable.nim8
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tconst.nim58
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tconstarrayresem.nim29
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tconsteval.nim31
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tconstresem.nim10
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tconstscope1.nim5
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tconstscope2.nim5
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tconsttable.nim15
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tconvaddr.nim49
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tfibconst.nim (renamed from tests/constr/tconexpr.nim)0
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tfile_rw.nim5
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tgenericcompiletimeproc.nim36
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tissues.nim50
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tmisc_vm.nim211
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tnewseqofcap.nim7
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tnilclosurecall.nim8
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tnilclosurecallstacktrace.nim23
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tnocompiletimefunc.nim (renamed from tests/constr/tnocompiletimefunc.nim)0
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tnocompiletimefunclambda.nim (renamed from tests/constr/tnocompiletimefunclambda.nim)0
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tnoreturn.nim32
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/topenarrays.nim89
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tquadplus.nim5
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/treset.nim5
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/triangle_array.nim6
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tscriptcompiletime.nims9
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tsignaturehash.nim2
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/ttouintconv.nim7
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/ttypedesc.nim31
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tunsupportedintfloatcast.nim3
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tvarsection.nim6
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tvmmisc.nim343
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tvmops.nim16
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tvmopsDanger.nim13
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/twrong_concat.nim6
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tyaytypedesc.nim8
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/tzero_extend.nim8
-rw-r--r--tests/whenstmt/t12517.nim21
-rw-r--r--tests/whenstmt/t19426.nim16
-rw-r--r--tests/whenstmt/twhen_macro.nim8
-rw-r--r--tests/xml/ttree_add.nim51
-rw-r--r--tests/xml/ttree_add1.nim53
-rw-r--r--tests/xml/ttree_delete.nim47
-rw-r--r--tests/xml/ttree_delete1.nim48
-rw-r--r--tests/xml/ttree_insert.nim53
-rw-r--r--tests/xml/ttree_insert1.nim51
-rw-r--r--tests/xml/ttree_replace.nim46
-rw-r--r--tests/xml/ttree_replace1.nim53
-rw-r--r--tools/atlas/parse_requires.nim101
-rw-r--r--tools/ci_generate.nim125
-rw-r--r--tools/compiler.gdb39
-rw-r--r--tools/compiler.lldb40
-rw-r--r--tools/debug/customdebugtype.nim72
-rw-r--r--tools/debug/nim-gdb.py (renamed from tools/nim-gdb.py)347
-rw-r--r--tools/debug/nimlldb.py1380
-rw-r--r--tools/deps.nim18
-rw-r--r--tools/detect/detect.nim7
-rw-r--r--tools/dochack/dochack.nim243
-rw-r--r--tools/finish.nim2
-rw-r--r--tools/grammar_nanny.nim11
-rw-r--r--tools/heapdumprepl.nim6
-rw-r--r--tools/kochdocs.nim214
-rw-r--r--tools/nim.zsh-completion256
-rw-r--r--tools/nimblepkglist.nim12
-rw-r--r--tools/nimfind.nim234
-rw-r--r--tools/nimfind.nims2
-rw-r--r--tools/nimgrab.nim48
-rw-r--r--tools/nimgrep.nim364
-rw-r--r--tools/nimgrep.nim.cfg4
-rw-r--r--tools/niminst/buildsh.nimf56
-rw-r--r--tools/niminst/debcreation.nim4
-rw-r--r--tools/niminst/deinstall.nimf2
-rw-r--r--tools/niminst/install.nimf89
-rw-r--r--tools/niminst/makefile.nimf30
-rw-r--r--tools/niminst/nim-file.icobin0 -> 3311 bytes
-rw-r--r--tools/niminst/niminst.nim38
-rw-r--r--tools/niminst/setup.icobin0 -> 2551 bytes
-rw-r--r--tools/niminst/uninstall.icobin0 -> 2226 bytes
-rw-r--r--tools/nimweb.nim556
-rw-r--r--tools/officialpackages.nim21
-rw-r--r--tools/trimcc.nim2
-rw-r--r--tools/unicode_parsedata.nim70
-rw-r--r--tools/urldownloader.nim431
-rw-r--r--tools/vccexe/vccexe.nim20
-rw-r--r--tools/vccexe/vcvarsall.nim7
-rw-r--r--tools/website.nimf266
2348 files changed, 119877 insertions, 62019 deletions
diff --git a/.builds/freebsd.yml b/.builds/freebsd.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 6898a80fd..000000000
--- a/.builds/freebsd.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-# see https://man.sr.ht/builds.sr.ht/compatibility.md#freebsd
-image: freebsd/latest
-packages:
-- databases/sqlite3
-- devel/boehm-gc-threaded
-- devel/pcre
-- devel/sdl20
-- devel/sfml
-- www/node
-- devel/gmake
-sources:
-- https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim
-environment:
-  CC: /usr/bin/clang
-tasks:
-- setup: |
-    cd Nim
-    git clone --depth 1 -q https://github.com/nim-lang/csources.git
-    gmake -C csources -j $(sysctl -n hw.ncpu)
-    bin/nim c --skipUserCfg --skipParentCfg koch
-    echo 'export PATH=$HOME/Nim/bin:$PATH' >> $HOME/.buildenv
-- test: |
-    cd Nim
-    if ! ./koch runCI; then
-      nim c -r tools/ci_testresults.nim
-      exit 1
-    fi
-triggers:
-- action: email
-  condition: failure
-  to: Andreas Rumpf <rumpf_a@web.de>
diff --git a/.builds/openbsd_0.yml b/.builds/openbsd_0.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 146ad8165..000000000
--- a/.builds/openbsd_0.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-## do not edit directly; auto-generated by `nim r tools/ci_generate.nim`
-
-image: openbsd/latest
-packages:
-- gmake
-- sqlite3
-- node
-- boehm-gc
-- pcre
-- sfml
-- sdl2
-- libffi
-sources:
-- https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim
-environment:
-  NIM_TESTAMENT_BATCH: "0_2"
-  CC: /usr/bin/clang
-tasks:
-- setup: |
-    cd Nim
-    git clone --depth 1 -q https://github.com/nim-lang/csources.git
-    gmake -C csources -j $(sysctl -n hw.ncpuonline)
-    bin/nim c koch
-    echo 'export PATH=$HOME/Nim/bin:$PATH' >> $HOME/.buildenv
-- test: |
-    cd Nim
-    if ! ./koch runCI; then
-      nim c -r tools/ci_testresults.nim
-      exit 1
-    fi
-triggers:
-- action: email
-  condition: failure
-  to: Andreas Rumpf <rumpf_a@web.de>
diff --git a/.builds/openbsd_1.yml b/.builds/openbsd_1.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index ad3734008..000000000
--- a/.builds/openbsd_1.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-## do not edit directly; auto-generated by `nim r tools/ci_generate.nim`
-
-image: openbsd/latest
-packages:
-- gmake
-- sqlite3
-- node
-- boehm-gc
-- pcre
-- sfml
-- sdl2
-- libffi
-sources:
-- https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim
-environment:
-  NIM_TESTAMENT_BATCH: "1_2"
-  CC: /usr/bin/clang
-tasks:
-- setup: |
-    cd Nim
-    git clone --depth 1 -q https://github.com/nim-lang/csources.git
-    gmake -C csources -j $(sysctl -n hw.ncpuonline)
-    bin/nim c koch
-    echo 'export PATH=$HOME/Nim/bin:$PATH' >> $HOME/.buildenv
-- test: |
-    cd Nim
-    if ! ./koch runCI; then
-      nim c -r tools/ci_testresults.nim
-      exit 1
-    fi
-triggers:
-- action: email
-  condition: failure
-  to: Andreas Rumpf <rumpf_a@web.de>
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
index 674da7939..2c9ff103c 100644
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -4,3 +4,6 @@
 # duplicated, which is easily identifiable and fixable.
 /changelog.md merge=union
 
+# bug https://github.com/dom96/choosenim/issues/256 for WSL CRLF
+*.sh text eol=lf
+/config/build_config.txt text eol=lf
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 9571896d8..000000000
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
----
-name: Bug report
-about: Have you found an unexpected behavior? Use this template.
-title: Think about the title, twice
-labels: ''
-assignees: ''
-
----
-
-Function `echo` outputs the wrong string.
-
-### Example
-```nim
-echo "Hello World!"
-# This code should be a minimum reproducible example:
-# try to simplify and minimize as much as possible. If it's a compiler
-# issue, try to minimize further by removing any imports if possible.
-```
-
-### Current Output
-please check whether the problem still exists in git head before posting,
-see [rebuilding the compiler](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/intern.html#rebuilding-the-compiler).
-```
-Hola mundo!
-```
-
-### Expected Output
-```
-Hello World!
-```
-
-### Possible Solution
-
-* In file xyz there is a call that might be the cause of it.
-
-### Additional Information
-If it's a regression, you can help us by identifying which version introduced
-the bug, see [Bisecting for regressions](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/intern.html#bisecting-for-regressions),
-or at least try known past releases (eg `choosenim 1.2.0`).
-
-If it's a pre-existing compiler bug, see [Debugging the compiler](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/intern.html#debugging-the-compiler)
-which should give more context on a compiler crash.
-
-* Issue #abc is related, but different because of ...
-* This issue is blocking my project xyz
-
-```
-$ nim -v
-Nim Compiler Version 0.1.2
-# make sure to include the git hash if not using a tagged release
-```
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e46e0544
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+name:        "Bug Report"
+description: "Create a new bug report. Have you found an unexpected behavior? Use this form."
+title:       "Think about the title, twice."
+labels:      ["unconfirmed"]
+body:
+
+- type: markdown
+  attributes:
+    value: |
+      Please provide a minimal code example that reproduces the bug if possible.
+      Reports with a reproducible example or detailed information will likely receive fixes faster.
+
+- type: textarea
+  id: description
+  attributes:
+    label: Description
+    description: |
+      Describe the problem. Code example can be given here.
+    placeholder: Bug reports with reproducible code or detailed information will be fixed faster.
+  validations:
+    required: true
+    
+- type: textarea
+  id: nim-version
+  attributes:
+    label: Nim Version
+    description: |
+      Can be obtained from `nim -v` on the command line along with the OS/architecture.
+      For development versions, make sure to include the commit hash.
+  validations:
+    required: true
+
+- type: textarea
+  id: current-logs
+  attributes:
+    label: Current Output
+    description: Please copy and paste any relevant log output. This will be automatically formatted into code, so no need for backticks.
+    placeholder: Bug reports with reproducible code or detailed information will be fixed faster.
+    render: text
+
+- type: textarea
+  id: expected-logs
+  attributes:
+    label: Expected Output
+    description: Please copy and paste any relevant log output. This will be automatically formatted into code, so no need for backticks.
+    placeholder: Bug reports with reproducible code or detailed information will be fixed faster.
+    render: text
+
+- type: textarea
+  id: known-workarounds
+  attributes:
+    label: Known Workarounds
+    description: Provide any known workarounds.
+  validations:
+    required: false
+
+- type: textarea
+  id: extra-info
+  attributes:
+    label: Additional Information
+    description: Any additional relevant information.
+  validations:
+    required: false
+
+- type: markdown
+  attributes:
+    value: |
+      - Please check whether the problem still exists in the devel branch, which can be installed via [choosenim](https://github.com/nim-lang/choosenim/), [nightlies](https://github.com/nim-lang/nightlies/), or by [creating a temporary build of the compiler](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/intern.html#debugging-the-compiler-building-an-instrumented-compiler).
+      - Consider writing a PR targetting devel branch after filing this, see [contributing](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/contributing.html).
+      - If it's a pre-existing compiler bug, see [debugging the compiler](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/intern.html#debugging-the-compiler) which should give more context on a compiler crash.
+      - If it's a regression, you can help us by identifying which version introduced the bug by [bisecting](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/intern.html#bisecting-for-regressions) or at least trying known past releases (e.g. `choosenim 2.0.0`).
+        The Nim repo also supports bisecting in issue comments by adding `!nim c`, `!nim js` etc. before a code block, see [nimrun-action](https://github.com/juancarlospaco/nimrun-action).
+      - [Please, consider a Donation for the Nim project.](https://nim-lang.org/donate.html)
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
deleted file mode 100644
index b9f7caad5..000000000
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
----
-name: Feature request
-about: Do you want to suggest a new feature? Use this template.
-title: ''
-labels: ''
-assignees: ''
-
----
-
-<!---
-Notice there is now a separate repository for the detailed RFCs and proposals:
-https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs
-
-If you have a simple feature request, you can post it here using this template,
-but bear in mind that adding new features to the language is currently a low priority.
--->
-
-
-### Summary
-<!--- Short summary of your proposed feature -->
-
-
-### Description
-<!--- Describe your solution, what problem does it fix? -->
-
-
-### Alternatives
-<!--- Are there any alternatives you've considered? -->
-
-
-### Additional Information
-<!--- For Example:
-* A link to a project where the issue is relevant.
-* A link to a related issue or discussion.
--->
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5cb458626
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+name:        "Feature request"
+description: "Create a new Feature Request. Do you want to suggest a new feature? Use this form."
+title:       "Think about the title, twice."
+labels:      ["unconfirmed"]
+body:
+
+- type: markdown
+  attributes:
+    value: |
+      - Please provide a minimal code example that illustrates the basic idea behind your feature request.
+        Reports with full repro code and descriptive detailed information will likely receive feedback faster.
+      - There is a separate repository for the detailed RFCs and proposals: https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs.
+        If you have a simple feature request, you can post it here using this form,
+        but bear in mind that adding new features to the language is currently a low priority.
+
+- type: textarea
+  id: summary
+  attributes:
+    label: Summary
+    description: |
+      Use DETAILED DESCRIPTIVE information about the feature request.
+      Here, you go into more details about your ideas. This section can be a few paragraphs long.
+    placeholder: Short summary of your proposed feature.
+  validations:
+    required: true
+
+- type: textarea
+  id: description
+  attributes:
+    label: Description
+    description: Describe your solution, what problem does it fix?
+  validations:
+    required: true
+
+- type: textarea
+  id: alternatives
+  attributes:
+    label: Alternatives
+    description: Are there any alternatives you've considered?
+  validations:
+    required: false
+
+- type: textarea
+  id: Examples
+  attributes:
+    label: Examples
+    description: Provide examples for your feature request here.
+    placeholder: Example code here.
+
+- type: textarea
+  id: incompatibility
+  attributes:
+    label: Backwards Compatibility
+    description: If your Feature Request introduces backward-incompatible changes, describe them and propose how to deal with them.
+  validations:
+    required: false
+
+- type: textarea
+  id: links
+  attributes:
+    label: Links
+    description: Please copy and paste any relevant links to projects, issues, discussions, technical documentations, code samples, etc.
+  validations:
+    required: false
+
+- type: markdown
+  attributes:
+    value: |
+      - Thanks for your contributions!, your ideas will receive feedback from the community soon...
+      - **Remember to :star: Star the Nim project on GitHub!.**
+      - Consider writing a PR targetting devel branch after filing this, see [contributing](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/contributing.html).
+      - [Please, consider a Donation for the Nim project.](https://nim-lang.org/donate.html)
diff --git a/.github/stale.yml b/.github/stale.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index c175f64a0..000000000
--- a/.github/stale.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-# Configuration for probot-stale - https://github.com/probot/stale
-
-# Number of days of inactivity before an Issue or Pull Request becomes stale
-daysUntilStale: 365
-
-# Number of days of inactivity before an Issue or Pull Request with the stale label is closed.
-# Set to false to disable. If disabled, issues still need to be closed manually, but will remain marked as stale.
-daysUntilClose: 30
-
-# Only issues or pull requests with all of these labels are check if stale. Defaults to `[]` (disabled)
-onlyLabels: []
-
-# Issues or Pull Requests with these labels will never be considered stale. Set to `[]` to disable
-exemptLabels:
-  - ARC
-  - bounty
-  - Codegen
-  - Crash
-  - Generics
-  - High Priority
-  - Macros
-  - Next release
-  - Showstopper
-  - Static[T]
-
-# Set to true to ignore issues in a project (defaults to false)
-exemptProjects: false
-
-# Set to true to ignore issues in a milestone (defaults to false)
-exemptMilestones: false
-
-# Set to true to ignore issues with an assignee (defaults to false)
-exemptAssignees: false
-
-# Label to use when marking as stale
-staleLabel: stale
-
-# Comment to post when marking as stale. Set to `false` to disable
-markComment: >
-  This pull request has been automatically marked as stale because it has not had
-  recent activity.
-  If you think it is still a valid PR, please rebase it on the latest devel;
-  otherwise it will be closed. Thank you for your contributions.
-
-# Comment to post when removing the stale label.
-# unmarkComment: >
-#   Your comment here.
-
-# Comment to post when closing a stale Issue or Pull Request.
-# closeComment: >
-#   Your comment here.
-
-# Limit the number of actions per hour, from 1-30. Default is 30
-limitPerRun: 20
-
-# Limit to only `issues` or `pulls`
-only: pulls
-
-# Optionally, specify configuration settings that are specific to just 'issues' or 'pulls':
-# pulls:
-#   daysUntilStale: 30
-#   markComment: >
-#     This pull request has been automatically marked as stale because it has not had
-#     recent activity. It will be closed if no further activity occurs. Thank you
-#     for your contributions.
-
-# issues:
-#   exemptLabels:
-#     - confirmed
diff --git a/.github/workflows/bisects.yml b/.github/workflows/bisects.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a6a92f01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/bisects.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# See https://github.com/juancarlospaco/nimrun-action/issues/3#issuecomment-1607344901
+name: issue comments bisects
+on:
+  issue_comment:
+    types: created
+
+jobs:
+  bisects:
+    if: |
+      github.event_name == 'issue_comment' && startsWith(github.event.comment.body, '!nim ') && github.event.issue.pull_request == null && github.event.comment.author_association != 'NONE'
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        platform: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
+    name: ${{ matrix.platform }}-bisects
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - uses: jiro4989/setup-nim-action@v1
+        with:
+          nim-version: 'devel'
+
+      - uses: juancarlospaco/nimrun-action@nim
+        if: |
+          runner.os == 'Linux'   && contains(github.event.comment.body, '-d:linux'  ) ||
+          runner.os == 'Windows' && contains(github.event.comment.body, '-d:windows') ||
+          runner.os == 'macOS'   && contains(github.event.comment.body, '-d:osx'    ) ||
+          runner.os == 'Linux' && !contains(github.event.comment.body, '-d:linux') && !contains(github.event.comment.body, '-d:windows') && !contains(github.event.comment.body, '-d:osx')
+        with:
+          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml.disabled b/.github/workflows/ci.yml.disabled
deleted file mode 100644
index 183576456..000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml.disabled
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
-name: Continous Integration
-on: [push, pull_request]
-
-jobs:
-  build:
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-18.04, macos-10.15, windows-2019]
-        cpu: [amd64, i386]
-        cpp: ['false', 'true']
-        pkg: ['false', 'true']
-        exclude:
-          - os: ubuntu-18.04
-            cpp: 'true'
-          - os: ubuntu-18.04
-            pkg: 'true'
-          - os: macos-10.15
-            cpu: i386
-          - os: macos-10.15
-            pkg: 'true'
-          - os: windows-2019
-            cpu: i386
-          - os: windows-2019
-            cpp: 'true'
-    name: '${{ matrix.os }} (${{ matrix.cpu }}, cpp: ${{ matrix.cpp }}, pkg: ${{ matrix.pkg }})'
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    env:
-      NIM_COMPILE_TO_CPP: ${{ matrix.cpp }}
-      NIM_TEST_PACKAGES: ${{ matrix.pkg }}
-    steps:
-      - name: 'Checkout'
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: 'Checkout csources'
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-        with:
-          repository: nim-lang/csources
-          path: csources
-
-      - name: 'Install node.js 8.x'
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v1
-        with:
-          node-version: '8.x'
-      - name: 'Install dependencies (Linux amd64)'
-        if: runner.os == 'Linux' && matrix.cpu == 'amd64'
-        run: |
-          sudo apt-fast update -qq
-          DEBIAN_FRONTEND='noninteractive' \
-            sudo apt-fast install --no-install-recommends -yq \
-              libcurl4-openssl-dev libgc-dev libsdl1.2-dev libsfml-dev \
-              valgrind libc6-dbg
-      - name: 'Install dependencies (Linux i386)'
-        if: runner.os == 'Linux' && matrix.cpu == 'i386'
-        run: |
-          sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386
-
-          sudo apt-fast update -qq
-          DEBIAN_FRONTEND='noninteractive' \
-            sudo apt-fast install --no-install-recommends --allow-downgrades -yq \
-              g++-multilib gcc-multilib libcurl4-openssl-dev:i386 libgc-dev:i386 \
-              libsdl1.2-dev:i386 libsfml-dev:i386 libglib2.0-dev:i386 \
-              libffi-dev:i386
-
-          cat << EOF > bin/gcc
-          #!/bin/bash
-
-          exec $(which gcc) -m32 "\$@"
-          EOF
-          cat << EOF > bin/g++
-          #!/bin/bash
-
-          exec $(which g++) -m32 "\$@"
-          EOF
-
-          chmod 755 bin/gcc
-          chmod 755 bin/g++
-      - name: 'Install dependencies (macOS)'
-        if: runner.os == 'macOS'
-        run: brew install boehmgc make sfml
-      - name: 'Install dependencies (Windows)'
-        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
-        shell: bash
-        run: |
-          mkdir dist
-          curl -L https://nim-lang.org/download/mingw64.7z -o dist/mingw64.7z
-          curl -L https://nim-lang.org/download/dlls.zip -o dist/dlls.zip
-          7z x dist/mingw64.7z -odist
-          7z x dist/dlls.zip -obin
-          echo "${{ github.workspace }}/dist/mingw64/bin" >> "${GITHUB_PATH}"
-
-      - name: 'Add build binaries to PATH'
-        shell: bash
-        run: echo "${{ github.workspace }}/bin" >> "${GITHUB_PATH}"
-
-      - name: 'Build csources'
-        shell: bash
-        run: |
-          ncpu=
-          case '${{ runner.os }}' in
-          'Linux')
-            ncpu=$(nproc)
-            ;;
-          'macOS')
-            ncpu=$(sysctl -n hw.ncpu)
-            ;;
-          'Windows')
-            ncpu=$NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS
-            ;;
-          esac
-          [[ -z "$ncpu" || $ncpu -le 0 ]] && ncpu=1
-
-          make -C csources -j $ncpu CC=gcc ucpu='${{ matrix.cpu }}'
-      - name: 'Build koch'
-        shell: bash
-        run: nim c koch
-      - name: 'Run CI'
-        shell: bash
-        run: ./koch runCI
-
-      - name: 'Show failed tests'
-        if: failure()
-        shell: bash
-        run: nim c -r tools/ci_testresults.nim
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci_docs.yml b/.github/workflows/ci_docs.yml
index 22d425b10..2faa37ce0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci_docs.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci_docs.yml
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ name: Nim Docs CI
 on:
   push:
     paths:
-      - 'compiler/docgen.nim'
-      - 'compiler/renderverbatim.nim'
+      - 'compiler/**.nim'
       - 'config/nimdoc.cfg'
       - 'doc/**.rst'
+      - 'doc/**.md'
       - 'doc/nimdoc.css'
       - 'lib/**.nim'
       - 'nimdoc/testproject/expected/testproject.html'
@@ -13,13 +13,14 @@ on:
       - 'tools/kochdocs.nim'
       - '.github/workflows/ci_docs.yml'
       - 'koch.nim'
+
   pull_request:
     # Run only on changes on these files.
     paths:
-      - 'compiler/docgen.nim'
-      - 'compiler/renderverbatim.nim'
+      - 'compiler/**.nim'
       - 'config/nimdoc.cfg'
       - 'doc/**.rst'
+      - 'doc/**.md'
       - 'doc/nimdoc.css'
       - 'lib/**.nim'
       - 'nimdoc/testproject/expected/testproject.html'
@@ -28,28 +29,33 @@ on:
       - '.github/workflows/ci_docs.yml'
       - 'koch.nim'
 
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event.pull_request.number || github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 jobs:
   build:
-    if: |
-      !contains(format('{0} {1}', github.event.head_commit.message, github.event.pull_request.title), '[skip ci]')
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         target: [linux, windows, osx]
         include:
           - target: linux
-            os: ubuntu-18.04
+            os: ubuntu-20.04
           - target: windows
             os: windows-2019
           - target: osx
-            os: macos-10.15
+            os: macos-12
 
     name: ${{ matrix.target }}
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    timeout-minutes: 60 # refs bug #18178
 
     steps:
       - name: 'Checkout'
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 2
 
       - name: 'Install build dependencies (macOS)'
         if: runner.os == 'macOS'
@@ -59,64 +65,33 @@ jobs:
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
         shell: bash
         run: |
-          mkdir dist
-          curl -L https://nim-lang.org/download/mingw64.7z -o dist/mingw64.7z
-          curl -L https://nim-lang.org/download/dlls.zip -o dist/dlls.zip
-          7z x dist/mingw64.7z -odist
-          7z x dist/dlls.zip -obin
+          set -e
+          . ci/funs.sh
+          nimInternalInstallDepsWindows
           echo "${{ github.workspace }}/dist/mingw64/bin" >> "${GITHUB_PATH}"
 
       - name: 'Add build binaries to PATH'
         shell: bash
         run: echo "${{ github.workspace }}/bin" >> "${GITHUB_PATH}"
 
-      - name: 'Get current csources version'
-        id: csources-version
+      - name: 'System information'
         shell: bash
-        run: |
-          sha=$(git ls-remote https://github.com/nim-lang/csources master | cut -f 1)
-          echo "::set-output name=sha::$sha"
-
-      - name: 'Get prebuilt csources from cache'
-        id: csources-cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v1
-        with:
-          path: bin
-          key: '${{ matrix.os }}-${{ steps.csources-version.outputs.sha }}'
-
-      - name: 'Checkout csources'
-        if: steps.csources-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-        with:
-          repository: nim-lang/csources
-          path: csources
+        run: . ci/funs.sh && nimCiSystemInfo
 
-      - name: 'Build 1-stage compiler from csources'
+      - name: 'Build csourcesAny (posix)'
+        # this would work on windows and other CI use this on windows,
+        # but we ensure here that `ci/build_autogen.bat` keeps working on windows.
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
         shell: bash
-        run: |
-          ext=
-          [[ '${{ runner.os }}' == 'Windows' ]] && ext=.exe
-          if [[ ! -x bin/nim-csources$ext ]]; then
-            ncpu=
-            case '${{ runner.os }}' in
-            'Linux')
-              ncpu=$(nproc)
-              ;;
-            'macOS')
-              ncpu=$(sysctl -n hw.ncpu)
-              ;;
-            'Windows')
-              ncpu=$NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS
-              ;;
-            esac
-            [[ -z "$ncpu" || $ncpu -le 0 ]] && ncpu=1
+        run: . ci/funs.sh && nimBuildCsourcesIfNeeded CC=gcc
+          # was previously using caching via `actions/cache@v1` but this wasn't
+          # used in other CI pipelines and it's unclear the added complexity
+          # was worth the saving; can be revisited if needed.
 
-            make -C csources -j $ncpu CC=gcc
-            cp bin/nim{,-csources}$ext
-          else
-            echo 'Cache hit, using prebuilt csources'
-            cp bin/nim{-csources,}$ext
-          fi
+      - name: 'Build csourcesAny (windows)'
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        shell: cmd
+        run: ci/build_autogen.bat
 
       - name: 'Build koch'
         shell: bash
@@ -134,7 +109,7 @@ jobs:
         if: |
           github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/devel' &&
           matrix.target == 'linux'
-        uses: crazy-max/ghaction-github-pages@v1
+        uses: crazy-max/ghaction-github-pages@v4
         with:
           build_dir: doc/html
         env:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci_gcc14.yml b/.github/workflows/ci_gcc14.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb286887a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci_gcc14.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+name: GCC 14
+on:
+  pull_request:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - 'devel'
+
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-24.04]
+        cpu: [amd64]
+    name: '${{ matrix.os }}'
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    timeout-minutes: 60 # refs bug #18178
+    steps:
+      - name: 'Checkout'
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 2
+
+      - name: 'Install node.js 20.x'
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: '20.x'
+
+      - name: 'Install dependencies (Linux amd64)'
+        if: runner.os == 'Linux' && matrix.cpu == 'amd64'
+        run: |
+          sudo apt update -qq
+          sudo apt remove needrestart
+          DEBIAN_FRONTEND='noninteractive' \
+            sudo apt install --no-install-recommends -yq \
+              libcurl4-openssl-dev libgc-dev libsdl1.2-dev libsfml-dev \
+              valgrind libc6-dbg libblas-dev xorg-dev
+      - name: 'Install dependencies (Linux amd64 gcc 14)'
+        if: runner.os == 'Linux' && matrix.cpu == 'amd64'
+        run: |
+          sudo add-apt-repository universe
+          sudo apt update -qq
+          sudo apt install -y gcc-14 g++-14 libpcre3 liblapack-dev
+          sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-14 60 --slave /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-14
+      - name: 'Install dependencies (macOS)'
+        if: runner.os == 'macOS'
+        run: brew install boehmgc make sfml gtk+3
+      - name: 'Install dependencies (Windows)'
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          . ci/funs.sh
+          nimInternalInstallDepsWindows
+          echo_run echo "${{ github.workspace }}/dist/mingw64/bin" >> "${GITHUB_PATH}"
+
+      - name: 'Add build binaries to PATH'
+        shell: bash
+        run: echo "${{ github.workspace }}/bin" >> "${GITHUB_PATH}"
+
+      - name: 'NIM_TESTAMENT_DISABLE_SSL'
+        shell: bash
+        run: echo "NIM_TESTAMENT_DISABLE_SSL=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: 'System information'
+        shell: bash
+        run: . ci/funs.sh && nimCiSystemInfo
+
+      - name: 'Build csourcesAny'
+        shell: bash
+        run: . ci/funs.sh && nimBuildCsourcesIfNeeded CC=gcc ucpu='${{ matrix.cpu }}'
+
+      - name: 'koch, Run CI'
+        shell: bash
+        run: . ci/funs.sh && nimInternalBuildKochAndRunCI
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci_packages.yml b/.github/workflows/ci_packages.yml
index dd42db0c4..2ea5092e3 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci_packages.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci_packages.yml
@@ -1,34 +1,42 @@
 name: Packages CI
-on: [push, pull_request]
+on:
+  pull_request:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - 'devel'
+      - 'version-2-0'
+      - 'version-1-6'
+      - 'version-1-2'
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event.pull_request.number || github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
 
 jobs:
   build:
-    if: |
-      !contains(format('{0} {1}', github.event.head_commit.message, github.event.pull_request.title), '[skip ci]')
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-18.04, macos-10.15]
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, macos-12]
         cpu: [amd64]
-        batch: ["0_3", "1_3", "2_3"] # list of `index_num`
+        batch: ["allowed_failures", "0_3", "1_3", "2_3"] # list of `index_num`
     name: '${{ matrix.os }} (batch: ${{ matrix.batch }})'
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    timeout-minutes: 60 # refs bug #18178
     env:
       NIM_TEST_PACKAGES: "1"
       NIM_TESTAMENT_BATCH: ${{ matrix.batch }}
     steps:
       - name: 'Checkout'
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: 'Checkout csources'
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
-          repository: nim-lang/csources
-          path: csources
+          fetch-depth: 2
 
-      - name: 'Install node.js 12.x'
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v1
+      - name: 'Install node.js 20.x'
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
-          node-version: '12.x'
+          node-version: '20.x'
+
       - name: 'Install dependencies (Linux amd64)'
         if: runner.os == 'Linux' && matrix.cpu == 'amd64'
         run: |
@@ -44,43 +52,23 @@ jobs:
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
         shell: bash
         run: |
-          mkdir dist
-          curl -L https://nim-lang.org/download/mingw64.7z -o dist/mingw64.7z
-          curl -L https://nim-lang.org/download/dlls.zip -o dist/dlls.zip
-          7z x dist/mingw64.7z -odist
-          7z x dist/dlls.zip -obin
-          echo "${{ github.workspace }}/dist/mingw64/bin" >> "${GITHUB_PATH}"
+          set -e
+          . ci/funs.sh
+          nimInternalInstallDepsWindows
+          echo_run echo "${{ github.workspace }}/dist/mingw64/bin" >> "${GITHUB_PATH}"
 
       - name: 'Add build binaries to PATH'
         shell: bash
         run: echo "${{ github.workspace }}/bin" >> "${GITHUB_PATH}"
 
-      - name: 'Build csources'
+      - name: 'System information'
         shell: bash
-        run: |
-          ncpu=
-          case '${{ runner.os }}' in
-          'Linux')
-            ncpu=$(nproc)
-            ;;
-          'macOS')
-            ncpu=$(sysctl -n hw.ncpu)
-            ;;
-          'Windows')
-            ncpu=$NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS
-            ;;
-          esac
-          [[ -z "$ncpu" || $ncpu -le 0 ]] && ncpu=1
+        run: . ci/funs.sh && nimCiSystemInfo
 
-          make -C csources -j $ncpu CC=gcc ucpu='${{ matrix.cpu }}'
-      - name: 'Build koch'
-        shell: bash
-        run: nim c koch
-      - name: 'Run CI'
+      - name: 'Build csourcesAny'
         shell: bash
-        run: ./koch runCI
+        run: . ci/funs.sh && nimBuildCsourcesIfNeeded CC=gcc ucpu='${{ matrix.cpu }}'
 
-      - name: 'Show failed tests'
-        if: failure()
+      - name: 'koch, Run CI'
         shell: bash
-        run: nim c -r tools/ci_testresults.nim
+        run: . ci/funs.sh && nimInternalBuildKochAndRunCI
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci_publish.yml b/.github/workflows/ci_publish.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..decfe953e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci_publish.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+name: Tracking orc-booting compiler memory usage
+
+on:
+  pull_request_target:
+    types: [closed]
+
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    if: github.event.pull_request.merged == true
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04]
+        cpu: [amd64]
+    name: '${{ matrix.os }}'
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    steps:
+      - name: 'Checkout'
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 2
+
+      - name: 'Install node.js 20.x'
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: '20.x'
+
+      - name: 'Install dependencies (Linux amd64)'
+        if: runner.os == 'Linux' && matrix.cpu == 'amd64'
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-fast update -qq
+          DEBIAN_FRONTEND='noninteractive' \
+            sudo apt-fast install --no-install-recommends -yq \
+              libcurl4-openssl-dev libgc-dev libsdl1.2-dev libsfml-dev \
+              valgrind libc6-dbg libblas-dev xorg-dev
+      - name: 'Install dependencies (macOS)'
+        if: runner.os == 'macOS'
+        run: brew install boehmgc make sfml gtk+3
+      - name: 'Install dependencies (Windows)'
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -e
+          . ci/funs.sh
+          nimInternalInstallDepsWindows
+          echo_run echo "${{ github.workspace }}/dist/mingw64/bin" >> "${GITHUB_PATH}"
+
+      - name: 'Add build binaries to PATH'
+        shell: bash
+        run: echo "${{ github.workspace }}/bin" >> "${GITHUB_PATH}"
+
+      - name: 'System information'
+        shell: bash
+        run: . ci/funs.sh && nimCiSystemInfo
+
+      - name: 'Build csourcesAny'
+        shell: bash
+        run: . ci/funs.sh && nimBuildCsourcesIfNeeded CC=gcc ucpu='${{ matrix.cpu }}'
+
+      - name: 'Build koch'
+        shell: bash
+        run: nim c koch
+
+      - name: 'Build Nim'
+        shell: bash
+        run: ./koch boot -d:release -d:nimStrictMode --lib:lib
+
+      - name: 'Action'
+        shell: bash
+        run: nim c -r -d:release ci/action.nim
+
+      - name: 'Comment'
+        uses: actions/github-script@v7
+        with:
+          script: |
+            const fs = require('fs');
+
+            try {
+              const data = fs.readFileSync('ci/nimcache/results.txt', 'utf8');
+              github.rest.issues.createComment({
+              issue_number: context.issue.number,
+              owner: context.repo.owner,
+              repo: context.repo.repo,
+              body: data
+            })
+            } catch (err) {
+              console.error(err);
+            }
+
diff --git a/.github/workflows/stale.yml b/.github/workflows/stale.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c5a533e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/stale.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# https://github.com/actions/stale#usage
+name: Stale pull requests
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 0 * * *'  # Midnight.
+
+jobs:
+  stale:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/stale@v9
+        with:
+          days-before-pr-stale:    365
+          days-before-pr-close:    30
+          days-before-issue-stale: -1
+          days-before-issue-close: -1
+          exempt-pr-labels:    "ARC,bounty,Codegen,Crash,Generics,High Priority,Macros,Next release,Showstopper,Static[T]"
+          exempt-issue-labels: "Showstopper,Severe,bounty,Compiler Crash,Medium Priority"
+          stale-pr-message: >
+            This pull request is stale because it has been open for 1 year with no activity.
+            Contribute more commits on the pull request and rebase it on the latest devel,
+            or it will be closed in 30 days. Thank you for your contributions.
+          close-pr-message: >
+            This pull request has been marked as stale and closed due to inactivity after 395 days.
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index e71fdf352..fad7909bd 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 !*.*
 
 # Cache
-nimcache/
-rnimcache/
-dnimcache/
+nimcache*/
+rnimcache*/
+dnimcache*/
 
 *.o
 !/icons/*.o
@@ -64,7 +64,11 @@ lib/**/*.html
 testament.db
 /tests/**/*.json
 /tests/**/*.js
+
 /csources
+/csources_v1
+/csources_v2
+
 /dist/
 # /lib/fusion # fusion is now unbundled; `git status` should reveal if it's there so users can act on it
 
@@ -72,14 +76,18 @@ testament.db
 .*/
 ~*
 
-# testament cruft; TODO: generate these in a gitignore'd dir in the first place.
+# testament cruft; TODO: generate these in a gitignore'd dir (./build) in the first place.
 testresults/
 test.txt
 /test.ini
 
 tweeter.db
 tweeter_test.db
-megatest.nim
+
+/tests/megatest.nim
+/tests/ic/*_temp.nim
+/tests/navigator/*_temp.nim
+
 
 /outputExpected.txt
 /outputGotten.txt
@@ -102,3 +110,5 @@ htmldocs
 nimdoc.out.css
 # except here:
 !/nimdoc/testproject/expected/*
+pkgs/
+/compiler/compiler/
diff --git a/.gitlab-ci.yml b/.gitlab-ci.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index ad9e565a6..000000000
--- a/.gitlab-ci.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-image: ubuntu:16.04
-
-stages:
-  - pre-build
-  - build
-  - deploy
-  - test
-
-.linux_set_path: &linux_set_path_def
-  before_script:
-    - export PATH=$(pwd)/bin${PATH:+:$PATH}
-  tags:
-    - linux
-
-.windows_set_path: &win_set_path_def
-  before_script:
-    - set PATH=%CD%\bin;%PATH%
-  tags:
-    - windows
-
-
-build-windows:
-  stage: build
-  script:
-    - ci\build.bat
-  artifacts:
-    paths:
-      - bin\nim.exe
-      - bin\nimd.exe
-      - compiler\nim.exe
-      - koch.exe
-    expire_in: 1 week
-  tags:
-    - windows
-
-deploy-windows:
-  stage: deploy
-  script:
-    - koch.exe winrelease
-  artifacts:
-    paths:
-      - build/*.exe
-      - build/*.zip
-    expire_in: 1 week
-  tags:
-    - windows
-    - fast
-
-
-
-test-windows:
-  stage: test
-  <<: *win_set_path_def
-  script:
-    - call ci\deps.bat
-    - nim c testament\tester
-    - testament\tester.exe all
-  tags:
-    - windows
-    - fast
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 4c4c35334..000000000
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-sudo: false
-language: c
-
-dist: xenial
-
-matrix:
-  include:
-    - os: linux
-      env:
-        - NIM_COMPILE_TO_CPP=false
-        - CPU=amd64
-
-addons:
-  apt:
-    # update the list above if more deps are introduced
-    packages:
-    - libcurl4-openssl-dev
-    - libsdl1.2-dev
-    - libgc-dev
-    - libsfml-dev
-    - libc6-dbg
-    - valgrind
-
-before_script:
-  - git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/nim-lang/csources.git
-  - export PATH="$PWD/bin${PATH:+:$PATH}"
-  - make -C csources -j 2 LD=$CC ucpu=$CPU
-
-script:
-  - echo "travis_fold:start:nim_c_koch"
-  - nim c koch
-  - echo "travis_fold:end:nim_c_koch"
-  - echo "travis_fold:start:koch_boot"
-  - ./koch boot
-  - echo "travis_fold:end:koch_boot"
-  - echo "travis_fold:start:koch_doc"
-  - ./koch doc
-  - echo "travis_fold:end:koch_doc"
-
-before_deploy:
-  # Make https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim work the same as https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/overview.html
-  - cp -f ./doc/html/overview.html ./doc/html/index.html
-
-deploy:                         # https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim
-  provider: pages
-  # local-dir *has* to be a relative path from the repo root.
-  local-dir: "doc/html"
-  skip-cleanup: true
-  github-token: "$GITHUB_OAUTH_TOKEN"
-  keep-history: false
-  on:
-    branch: devel
diff --git a/appveyor.yml.disabled b/appveyor.yml.disabled
deleted file mode 100644
index 5468ac88a..000000000
--- a/appveyor.yml.disabled
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-version: '{build}'
-
-environment:
-  DLLS_URL: https://nim-lang.org/download/dlls.zip
-  DLLS_ARCHIVE: dlls.zip
-  MINGW_DIR: mingw64
-  MINGW_URL: https://nim-lang.org/download/mingw64.7z
-  MINGW_ARCHIVE: mingw64.7z
-
-  matrix:
-    - NIM_TEST_PACKAGES: false
-    - NIM_TEST_PACKAGES: true
-
-cache:
-    - '%MINGW_ARCHIVE%'
-    - '%DLLS_ARCHIVE%'
-
-
-install:
-  - ps: Install-Product node 8 # node 8 or later is required to test js async stuff
-  - IF not exist "%DLLS_ARCHIVE%" appveyor DownloadFile "%DLLS_URL%" -FileName "%DLLS_ARCHIVE%"
-  - 7z x -y "%DLLS_ARCHIVE%" -o"%CD%\BIN"> nul
-  - IF not exist "%MINGW_ARCHIVE%" appveyor DownloadFile "%MINGW_URL%" -FileName "%MINGW_ARCHIVE%"
-  - 7z x -y "%MINGW_ARCHIVE%" -o"%CD%\DIST"> nul
-  - SET PATH=%CD%\DIST\%MINGW_DIR%\BIN;%CD%\BIN;%PATH%
-  - git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/nim-lang/csources
-  - cd csources
-  - build64.bat
-  - cd ..
-
-build_script:
-  - openssl version
-  - openssl version -d
-  - bin\nim c koch
-  - koch runCI
-
-deploy: off
diff --git a/azure-pipelines.yml b/azure-pipelines.yml
index f65f8ca11..9ef202948 100644
--- a/azure-pipelines.yml
+++ b/azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 trigger:
   branches:
     include:
-    - '*'
+    - 'devel'
+    - 'version-*'
 pr:
   branches:
     include:
     - '*'
 
+variables:
+- name: skipci
+  value: false 
+
 jobs:
 - job: packages
 
@@ -15,18 +20,19 @@ jobs:
   strategy:
     matrix:
       Linux_amd64:
-        vmImage: 'ubuntu-16.04'
+        vmImage: 'ubuntu-20.04'
         CPU: amd64
-      # Linux_i386:
-      #   # bug #17325: fails on 'ubuntu-16.04' because it now errors with:
-      #   # g++-multilib : Depends: gcc-multilib (>= 4:5.3.1-1ubuntu1) but it is not going to be installed
-      #   vmImage: 'ubuntu-18.04'
-      #   CPU: i386
+      # regularly breaks, refs bug #17325
+#       Linux_i386:
+#         # on 'ubuntu-16.04' (not supported anymore anyways) it errored with:
+#         # g++-multilib : Depends: gcc-multilib (>= 4:5.3.1-1ubuntu1) but it is not going to be installed
+#         vmImage: 'ubuntu-18.04'
+#         CPU: i386
       OSX_amd64:
-        vmImage: 'macOS-10.15'
+        vmImage: 'macOS-12'
         CPU: amd64
       OSX_amd64_cpp:
-        vmImage: 'macOS-10.15'
+        vmImage: 'macOS-12'
         CPU: amd64
         NIM_COMPILE_TO_CPP: true
       Windows_amd64_batch0_3:
@@ -52,18 +58,24 @@ jobs:
   steps:
     - bash: git config --global core.autocrlf false
       displayName: 'Disable auto conversion to CRLF by git (Windows-only)'
-      condition: eq(variables['Agent.OS'], 'Windows_NT')
+      condition: and(succeeded(), eq(variables['Agent.OS'], 'Windows_NT'))
 
     - checkout: self
-      fetchDepth: 1
+      fetchDepth: 2 # see D20210329T004830
 
-    - bash: git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/nim-lang/csources
-      displayName: 'Checkout Nim csources'
+    - bash: |
+        set -e
+        . ci/funs.sh
+        if nimIsCiSkip; then
+          echo '##vso[task.setvariable variable=skipci]true'
+        fi
+      displayName: 'Check whether to skip CI'
 
     - task: NodeTool@0
       inputs:
-        versionSpec: '12.x'
-      displayName: 'Install node.js 12.x'
+        versionSpec: '20.x'
+      displayName: 'Install node.js 20.x'
+      condition: and(succeeded(), eq(variables['skipci'], 'false'))
 
     - bash: |
         set -e
@@ -73,7 +85,7 @@ jobs:
           echo_run sudo apt-fast install --no-install-recommends -yq \
             libcurl4-openssl-dev libgc-dev libsdl1.2-dev libsfml-dev valgrind libc6-dbg
       displayName: 'Install dependencies (amd64 Linux)'
-      condition: and(eq(variables['Agent.OS'], 'Linux'), eq(variables['CPU'], 'amd64'))
+      condition: and(succeeded(), eq(variables['skipci'], 'false'), eq(variables['Agent.OS'], 'Linux'), eq(variables['CPU'], 'amd64'))
 
     - bash: |
         set -e
@@ -113,82 +125,44 @@ jobs:
         echo_run chmod 755 bin/g++
 
       displayName: 'Install dependencies (i386 Linux)'
-      condition: and(eq(variables['Agent.OS'], 'Linux'), eq(variables['CPU'], 'i386'))
+      condition: and(succeeded(), eq(variables['skipci'], 'false'), eq(variables['Agent.OS'], 'Linux'), eq(variables['CPU'], 'i386'))
 
     - bash: brew install boehmgc make sfml
       displayName: 'Install dependencies (OSX)'
-      condition: eq(variables['Agent.OS'], 'Darwin')
+      condition: and(succeeded(), eq(variables['skipci'], 'false'), eq(variables['Agent.OS'], 'Darwin'))
 
     - bash: |
         set -e
         . ci/funs.sh
-        echo_run mkdir dist
-        echo_run curl -L https://nim-lang.org/download/mingw64.7z -o dist/mingw64.7z
-        echo_run curl -L https://nim-lang.org/download/dlls.zip -o dist/dlls.zip
-        echo_run 7z x dist/mingw64.7z -odist
-        echo_run 7z x dist/dlls.zip -obin
+        nimInternalInstallDepsWindows
         echo_run echo '##vso[task.prependpath]$(System.DefaultWorkingDirectory)/dist/mingw64/bin'
 
       displayName: 'Install dependencies (Windows)'
-      condition: eq(variables['Agent.OS'], 'Windows_NT')
+      condition: and(succeeded(), eq(variables['skipci'], 'false'), eq(variables['Agent.OS'], 'Windows_NT'))
 
     - bash: echo '##vso[task.prependpath]$(System.DefaultWorkingDirectory)/bin'
+      condition: and(succeeded(), eq(variables['skipci'], 'false'))
       displayName: 'Add build binaries to PATH'
 
-    - bash: |
-        set -e
-        . ci/funs.sh
-        echo_run echo 'PATH:' "$PATH"
-        echo_run echo '##[section]gcc version'
-        echo_run gcc -v
-        echo_run echo '##[section]nodejs version'
-        echo_run node -v
-        echo_run echo '##[section]make version'
-        echo_run make -v
+    - bash: . ci/funs.sh && nimCiSystemInfo
+      condition: and(succeeded(), eq(variables['skipci'], 'false'))
       displayName: 'System information'
 
-    - bash: echo '##vso[task.setvariable variable=csources_version]'"$(git -C csources rev-parse HEAD)"
-      displayName: 'Get csources version'
-
-    - task: Cache@2
-      inputs:
-        key: 'csources | "$(Agent.OS)" | $(CPU) | $(csources_version)'
-        path: csources/bin
-      displayName: 'Restore built csources'
-
-    - bash: |
-        set -e
-        . ci/funs.sh
-        ncpu=
-        ext=
-        case '$(Agent.OS)' in
-        'Linux')
-          ncpu=$(nproc)
-          ;;
-        'Darwin')
-          ncpu=$(sysctl -n hw.ncpu)
-          ;;
-        'Windows_NT')
-          ncpu=$NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS
-          ext=.exe
-          ;;
-        esac
-        [[ -z "$ncpu" || $ncpu -le 0 ]] && ncpu=1
-
-        if [[ -x csources/bin/nim$ext ]]; then
-          echo_run echo "Found cached compiler, skipping build"
-        else
-          echo_run make -C csources -j $ncpu CC=gcc ucpu=$(CPU) koch=no
-        fi
-
-        echo_run cp csources/bin/nim$ext bin
-      displayName: 'Build 1-stage compiler from csources'
-
-    - bash: nim c koch
-      displayName: 'Build koch'
-
-      # set result to omit the "bash exited with error code '1'" message
-    - bash: ./koch runCI || echo '##vso[task.complete result=Failed]'
-      displayName: 'Run CI'
+    - bash: . ci/funs.sh && nimBuildCsourcesIfNeeded CC=gcc ucpu=$(CPU)
+      condition: and(succeeded(), eq(variables['skipci'], 'false'))
+      displayName: 'Build csourcesAny'
+
+    # this could be revived if performance justifies it (needs a few updates)
+    # - task: Cache@2
+    #   inputs:
+    #     key: 'csourcesAny | "$(Agent.OS)" | $(CPU) | $(csources_version)'
+    #     path: $(nim_csources)
+    #   condition: and(succeeded(), eq(variables['skipci'], 'false'))
+    #   displayName: 'Restore built csourcesAny'
+
+    - bash: . ci/funs.sh && nimInternalBuildKochAndRunCI
+      # would could also show on failure: echo '##vso[task.complete result=Failed]'
+      condition: and(succeeded(), eq(variables['skipci'], 'false'))
+      displayName: 'koch, Run CI'
       env:
         SYSTEM_ACCESSTOKEN: $(System.AccessToken)
diff --git a/bin/nim-gdb b/bin/nim-gdb
index f7f9a79c6..d4d60e432 100755
--- a/bin/nim-gdb
+++ b/bin/nim-gdb
@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ which nim > /dev/null || (echo "nim not in PATH"; exit 1)
 which gdb > /dev/null || (echo "gdb not in PATH"; exit 1)
 which readlink > /dev/null || (echo "readlink not in PATH."; exit 1)
 
-if [[ "$(uname -s)" == "Darwin" || "(uname -s)" == *"BSD" ]]; then
+if [[ $(uname -s) == Darwin || $(uname -s) == *BSD ]]; then
   NIM_SYSROOT=$(dirname $(dirname $(readlink -f $(which nim))))
 else
   NIM_SYSROOT=$(dirname $(dirname $(readlink -e $(which nim))))
 fi
 
 # Find out where the pretty printer Python module is
-GDB_PYTHON_MODULE_PATH="$NIM_SYSROOT/tools/nim-gdb.py"
+GDB_PYTHON_MODULE_PATH="$NIM_SYSROOT/tools/debug/nim-gdb.py"
 
 # Run GDB with the additional arguments that load the pretty printers
 # Set the environment variable `NIM_GDB` to overwrite the call to a
diff --git a/bin/nim-gdb.bash b/bin/nim-gdb.bash
deleted file mode 120000
index f6eba4b0c..000000000
--- a/bin/nim-gdb.bash
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-nim-gdb
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bin/nim-gdb.bat b/bin/nim-gdb.bat
index e98a2063c..b5537dd9d 100644
--- a/bin/nim-gdb.bat
+++ b/bin/nim-gdb.bat
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ for %%i in (nim.exe) do (set NIM_BIN=%%~dp$PATH:i)
 
 for %%i in ("%NIM_BIN%\..\") do (set NIM_ROOT=%%~fi)
 
-set @GDB_PYTHON_MODULE_PATH=%NIM_ROOT%\tools\nim-gdb.py
+set @GDB_PYTHON_MODULE_PATH=%NIM_ROOT%\tools\debug\nim-gdb.py
 set @NIM_GDB=gdb.exe
 
 @echo source %@GDB_PYTHON_MODULE_PATH%> wingdbcommand.txt
diff --git a/build_all.bat b/build_all.bat
index 7967e2584..ef4a5f6a4 100644
--- a/build_all.bat
+++ b/build_all.bat
@@ -1,17 +1,29 @@
 @echo off
-rem build development version of the compiler; can be rerun safely
-if not exist csources (
-  git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/nim-lang/csources.git
+rem DO NO EDIT DIRECTLY! auto-generated by `nim r tools/ci_generate.nim`
+rem Build development version of the compiler; can be rerun safely
+rem bare bones version of ci/funs.sh adapted for windows.
+
+rem Read in some common shared variables (shared with other tools),
+rem see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3068929/how-to-read-file-contents-into-a-variable-in-a-batch-file
+for /f "delims== tokens=1,2" %%G in (config/build_config.txt) do set %%G=%%H
+SET nim_csources=bin\nim_csources_%nim_csourcesHash%.exe
+echo "building from csources: %nim_csources%"
+
+if not exist %nim_csourcesDir% (
+  git clone -q --depth 1 -b %nim_csourcesBranch% %nim_csourcesUrl% %nim_csourcesDir%
 )
-if not exist bin\nim.exe (
-  cd csources
-  if PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE == AMD64 (
+
+if not exist %nim_csources% (
+  cd %nim_csourcesDir%
+  git checkout %nim_csourcesHash%
+  echo "%PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE%"
+  if "%PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE%"=="AMD64" (
     SET ARCH=64
   )
   CALL build.bat
   cd ..
+  copy /y bin\nim.exe  %nim_csources%
 )
-bin\nim.exe c --skipUserCfg --skipParentCfg koch
-koch.exe boot -d:release --skipUserCfg --skipParentCfg
-koch.exe tools --skipUserCfg --skipParentCfg
-
+ bin\nim.exe c --noNimblePath --skipUserCfg --skipParentCfg --hints:off koch
+ koch boot -d:release --skipUserCfg --skipParentCfg --hints:off
+ koch tools --skipUserCfg --skipParentCfg --hints:off
diff --git a/build_all.sh b/build_all.sh
index e66980e56..83848f41a 100755
--- a/build_all.sh
+++ b/build_all.sh
@@ -1,52 +1,17 @@
-#! /bin/sh
+#!/bin/sh
+# DO NO EDIT DIRECTLY! auto-generated by `nim r tools/ci_generate.nim`
 
 # build development version of the compiler; can be rerun safely.
-# arguments can be passed, e.g. `--os freebsd`
+# arguments can be passed, e.g.:
+# CC=gcc ucpu=amd64 uos=darwin
 
 set -u # error on undefined variables
 set -e # exit on first error
 
-echo_run(){
-  echo "$*"
-  "$@"
-}
+. ci/funs.sh
+nimBuildCsourcesIfNeeded "$@"
 
-[ -d csources ] || echo_run git clone -q --depth 1 https://github.com/nim-lang/csources.git
-
-nim_csources=bin/nim_csources
-
-build_nim_csources_via_script(){
-  echo_run cd csources
-  echo_run sh build.sh "$@"
-}
-
-build_nim_csources(){
-  # avoid changing dir in case of failure
-  (
-    if [ $# -ne 0 ]; then
-      # some args were passed (e.g.: `--cpu i386`), need to call build.sh
-      build_nim_csources_via_script "$@"
-    else
-      # no args, use multiple Make jobs (5X faster on 16 cores: 10s instead of 50s)
-      makeX=make
-      unamestr=$(uname)
-      if [ "$unamestr" = 'FreeBSD' ]; then
-        makeX=gmake
-      fi
-      nCPU=$(nproc 2>/dev/null || sysctl -n hw.logicalcpu 2>/dev/null || getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN 2>/dev/null || 1)
-      which $makeX && echo_run $makeX -C csources -j $((nCPU + 2)) -l $nCPU || build_nim_csources_via_script
-    fi
-  )
-  # keep $nim_csources in case needed to investigate bootstrap issues
-  # without having to rebuild from csources
-  echo_run cp bin/nim $nim_csources
-}
-
-[ -f $nim_csources ] || echo_run build_nim_csources $@
-
-# Note: if fails, may need to `cd csources && git pull`
-echo_run bin/nim c --skipUserCfg --skipParentCfg koch
-
-echo_run ./koch boot -d:release --skipUserCfg --skipParentCfg
-echo_run ./koch tools --skipUserCfg --skipParentCfg # Compile Nimble and other tools.
+echo_run bin/nim c --noNimblePath --skipUserCfg --skipParentCfg --hints:off koch
+echo_run ./koch boot -d:release --skipUserCfg --skipParentCfg --hints:off
+echo_run ./koch tools --skipUserCfg --skipParentCfg --hints:off
 
diff --git a/changelog.md b/changelog.md
index 78817cf85..8acd2120a 100644
--- a/changelog.md
+++ b/changelog.md
@@ -1,319 +1,18 @@
-# v1.6.x - yyyy-mm-dd
+# v2.x.x - yyyy-mm-dd
 
 
+## Changes affecting backward compatibility
 
-## Standard library additions and changes
-
-- Make custom op in macros.quote work for all statements.
-
-- On Windows the SSL library now checks for valid certificates.
-  It uses the `cacert.pem` file for this purpose which was extracted
-  from `https://curl.se/ca/cacert.pem`. Besides
-  the OpenSSL DLLs (e.g. libssl-1_1-x64.dll, libcrypto-1_1-x64.dll) you
-  now also need to ship `cacert.pem` with your `.exe` file.
-
-
-- Make `{.requiresInit.}` pragma to work for `distinct` types.
-
-- Added a macros `enumLen` for returning the number of items in an enum to the
-  `typetraits.nim` module.
-
-- `prelude` now works with the JavaScript target.
-  Added `sequtils` import to `prelude`.
-  `prelude` can now be used via `include std/prelude`, but `include prelude` still works.
-
-- Added `almostEqual` in `math` for comparing two float values using a machine epsilon.
-
-- Added `clamp` in `math` which allows using a `Slice` to clamp to a value.
-
-- The JSON module can now handle integer literals and floating point literals of
-  arbitrary length and precision.
-  Numbers that do not fit the underlying `BiggestInt` or `BiggestFloat` fields are
-  kept as string literals and one can use external BigNum libraries to handle these.
-  The `parseFloat` family of functions also has now optional `rawIntegers` and
-  `rawFloats` parameters that can be used to enforce that all integer or float
-  literals remain in the "raw" string form so that client code can easily treat
-  small and large numbers uniformly.
-
-- Added `BackwardsIndex` overload for `JsonNode`.
-
-- added `jsonutils.jsonTo` overload with `opt = Joptions()` param.
-
-- `json.%`,`json.to`, `jsonutils.formJson`,`jsonutils.toJson` now work with `uint|uint64`
-  instead of raising (as in 1.4) or giving wrong results (as in 1.2).
-
-- Added an overload for the `collect` macro that inferes the container type based
-  on the syntax of the last expression. Works with std seqs, tables and sets.
-
-- Added `randState` template that exposes the default random number generator.
-  Useful for library authors.
-
-- Added `std/enumutils` module. Added `genEnumCaseStmt` macro that generates case statement to parse string to enum.
-  Added `items` for enums with holes.
-  Added `symbolName` to return the enum symbol name ignoring the human readable name.
-
-- Added `typetraits.HoleyEnum` for enums with holes, `OrdinalEnum` for enums without holes.
-
-- Removed deprecated `iup` module from stdlib, it has already moved to
-  [nimble](https://github.com/nim-lang/iup).
-
-- various functions in `httpclient` now accept `url` of type `Uri`. Moreover `request` function's
-  `httpMethod` argument of type `string` was deprecated in favor of `HttpMethod` enum type.
-
-- `nodejs` backend now supports osenv: `getEnv`, `putEnv`, `envPairs`, `delEnv`, `existsEnv`.
-
-- Added `cmpMem` to `system`.
-
-- `doAssertRaises` now correctly handles foreign exceptions.
-
-- Added `asyncdispatch.activeDescriptors` that returns the number of currently
-  active async event handles/file descriptors.
-
-- `--gc:orc` is now 10% faster than previously for common workloads. If
-  you have trouble with its changed behavior, compile with `-d:nimOldOrc`.
-
-
-- `os.FileInfo` (returned by `getFileInfo`) now contains `blockSize`,
-  determining preferred I/O block size for this file object.
-
-- Added a simpler to use `io.readChars` overload.
-
-- `repr` now doesn't insert trailing newline; previous behavior was very inconsistent,
-  see #16034. Use `-d:nimLegacyReprWithNewline` for previous behavior.
-
-- Added `**` to jsffi.
-
-- `writeStackTrace` is available in JS backend now.
-
-- Added `decodeQuery` to `std/uri`.
-
-- `strscans.scanf` now supports parsing single characters.
-
-- `strscans.scanTuple` added which uses `strscans.scanf` internally,
-  returning a tuple which can be unpacked for easier usage of `scanf`.
-
-- Added `setutils.toSet` that can take any iterable and convert it to a built-in `set`,
-  if the iterable yields a built-in settable type.
-
-- Added `setutils.fullSet` which returns a full built-in `set` for a valid type.
-
-- Added `setutils.complement` which returns the complement of a built-in `set`.
-
-- Added `setutils.[]=`.
-
-- Added `math.isNaN`.
-
-- `echo` and `debugEcho` will now raise `IOError` if writing to stdout fails.  Previous behavior
-  silently ignored errors.  See #16366.  Use `-d:nimLegacyEchoNoRaise` for previous behavior.
-
-- Added `jsbigints` module, arbitrary precision integers for JavaScript target.
-
-- Added `math.copySign`.
-
-- Added new operations for singly- and doubly linked lists: `lists.toSinglyLinkedList`
-  and `lists.toDoublyLinkedList` convert from `openArray`s; `lists.copy` implements
-  shallow copying; `lists.add` concatenates two lists - an O(1) variation that consumes
-  its argument, `addMoved`, is also supplied.
-
-- Added `euclDiv` and `euclMod` to `math`.
-
-- Added `httpcore.is1xx` and missing HTTP codes.
-
-- Added `jsconsole.jsAssert` for JavaScript target.
-
-- Added `posix_utils.osReleaseFile` to get system identification from `os-release` file on Linux and the BSDs.
-  https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/os-release.html
-
-- `math.round` now is rounded "away from zero" in JS backend which is consistent
-  with other backends. See #9125. Use `-d:nimLegacyJsRound` for previous behavior.
-
-- Added `socketstream` module that wraps sockets in the stream interface
-
-- Changed the behavior of `uri.decodeQuery` when there are unencoded `=`
-  characters in the decoded values. Prior versions would raise an error. This is
-  no longer the case to comply with the HTML spec and other languages
-  implementations. Old behavior can be obtained with
-  `-d:nimLegacyParseQueryStrict`. `cgi.decodeData` which uses the same
-  underlying code is also updated the same way.
-
-- Added `sugar.dumpToString` which improves on `sugar.dump`.
-
-- Added `math.signbit`.
-
-- Removed the optional `longestMatch` parameter of the `critbits._WithPrefix` iterators (it never worked reliably)
-
-- In `lists`: renamed `append` to `add` and retained `append` as an alias;
-  added `prepend` and `prependMoved` analogously to `add` and `addMoved`;
-  added `remove` for `SinglyLinkedList`s.
-
-- Deprecated `any`. See https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/281
-
-- Added `std/sysrand` module to get random numbers from a secure source
-  provided by the operating system.
-
-- Added optional `options` argument to `copyFile`, `copyFileToDir`, and
-  `copyFileWithPermissions`. By default, on non-Windows OSes, symlinks are
-  followed (copy files symlinks point to); on Windows, `options` argument is
-  ignored and symlinks are skipped.
-
-- On non-Windows OSes, `copyDir` and `copyDirWithPermissions` copy symlinks as
-  symlinks (instead of skipping them as it was before); on Windows symlinks are
-  skipped.
 
-- On non-Windows OSes, `moveFile` and `moveDir` move symlinks as symlinks
-  (instead of skipping them sometimes as it was before).
-
-- Added optional `followSymlinks` argument to `setFilePermissions`.
-
-- Added `os.isAdmin` to tell whether the caller's process is a member of the
-  Administrators local group (on Windows) or a root (on POSIX).
-
-- Added `random.initRand()` overload with no argument which uses the current time as a seed.
-
-- Added experimental `linenoise.readLineStatus` to get line and status (e.g. ctrl-D or ctrl-C).
-
-- Added `compilesettings.SingleValueSetting.libPath`.
-
-- `std/wrapnils` doesn't use `experimental:dotOperators` anymore, avoiding
-  issues like https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/13063 (which affected error messages)
-  for modules importing `std/wrapnils`.
-  Added `??.` macro which returns an `Option`.
-
-- Added `math.frexp` overload procs. Deprecated `c_frexp`, use `frexp` instead.
-
-- `parseopt.initOptParser` has been made available and `parseopt` has been
-  added back to `prelude` for all backends. Previously `initOptParser` was
-  unavailable if the `os` module did not have `paramCount` or `paramStr`,
-  but the use of these in `initOptParser` were conditionally to the runtime
-  arguments passed to it, so `initOptParser` has been changed to raise
-  `ValueError` when the real command line is not available. `parseopt` was
-  previously excluded from `prelude` for JS, as it could not be imported.
-
-- On POSIX systems, the default signal handlers used for Nim programs (it's
-  used for printing the stacktrace on fatal signals) will now re-raise the
-  signal for the OS default handlers to handle.
-
-  This lets the OS perform its default actions, which might include core
-  dumping (on select signals) and notifying the parent process about the cause
-  of termination.
-
-- Added `system.prepareStrMutation` for better support of low
-  level `moveMem`, `copyMem` operations for Orc's copy-on-write string
-  implementation.
-
-- `hashes.hash` now supports `object`, but can be overloaded.
-
-- Added `std/strbasics` for high performance string operations.
-  Added `strip`, `setSlice`, `add(a: var string, b: openArray[char])`.
-
-- `hashes.hash` now supports `object`, but can be overloaded.
-
-- Added to `wrapnils` an option-like API via `??.`, `isSome`, `get`.
-
-- `std/options` changed `$some(3)` to `"some(3)"` instead of `"Some(3)"`
-  and `$none(int)` to `"none(int)"` instead of `"None[int]"`.
-  
-- Added `algorithm.merge`.
-
-
-- Added `std/jsfetch` module [Fetch](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API) wrapper for JavaScript target.
-
-- Added `std/jsheaders` module [Headers](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Headers) wrapper for JavaScript target.
-
-- Added `std/jsformdata` module [FormData](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FormData) wrapper for JavaScript target.
-
-- `system.addEscapedChar` now renders `\r` as `\r` instead of `\c`, to be compatible
-  with most other languages.
-
-- Removed support for named procs in `sugar.=>`.
-
-- Added `jscore.debugger` to [call any available debugging functionality, such as breakpoints.](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/debugger).
-
-
-- Added `std/channels`.
-
-- Added `htmlgen.portal` for [making "SPA style" pages using HTML only](https://web.dev/hands-on-portals).
-
-- Added `ZZZ` and `ZZZZ` patterns to `times.nim` `DateTime` parsing, to match time
-  zone offsets without colons, e.g. `UTC+7 -> +0700`.
-
-- In `std/os`, `getHomeDir`, `expandTilde`, `getTempDir`, `getConfigDir` now do not include trailing `DirSep`,
-  unless `-d:nimLegacyHomeDir` is specified (for a transition period).
-
-- Added `jsconsole.dir`, `jsconsole.dirxml`, `jsconsole.timeStamp`.
-
-- Added dollar `$` and `len` for `jsre.RegExp`.
+## Standard library additions and changes
 
 
 ## Language changes
 
-- `nimscript` now handles `except Exception as e`.
-
-- The `cstring` doesn't support `[]=` operator in JS backend.
-
-- nil dereference is not allowed at compile time. `cast[ptr int](nil)[]` is rejected at compile time.
-
-- `typetraits.distinctBase` now is identity instead of error for non distinct types.
-
-- `os.copyFile` is now 2.5x faster on OSX, by using `copyfile` from `copyfile.h`;
-  use `-d:nimLegacyCopyFile` for OSX < 10.5.
-
-- The required name of case statement macros for the experimental
-  `caseStmtMacros` feature has changed from `match` to `` `case` ``.
-
-- `typedesc[Foo]` now renders as such instead of `type Foo` in compiler messages.
-
-
 
 ## Compiler changes
 
-- Added `--declaredlocs` to show symbol declaration location in messages.
-
-- Deprecated `TaintedString` and `--taintmode`.
-
-- Deprecated `--nilseqs` which is now a noop.
-
-- Added `--spellSuggest` to show spelling suggestions on typos.
-
-- Source+Edit links now appear on top of every docgen'd page when
-  `nim doc --git.url:url ...` is given.
-
-- Added `nim --eval:cmd` to evaluate a command directly, see `nim --help`.
-
-- VM now supports `addr(mystring[ind])` (index + index assignment)
-
-- Type mismatch errors now show more context, use `-d:nimLegacyTypeMismatch` for previous
-  behavior.
-
-- Added `--hintAsError` with similar semantics as `--warningAsError`.
-
-- TLS: OSX now uses native TLS (`--tlsEmulation:off`), TLS now works with importcpp non-POD types,
-  such types must use `.cppNonPod` and `--tlsEmulation:off`should be used.
-
-- Now array literals(JS backend) uses JS typed arrays when the corresponding js typed array exists, for example `[byte(1), 2, 3]` generates `new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3])`.
-
-- docgen: rst files can now use single backticks instead of double backticks and correctly render
-  in both rst2html (as before) as well as common tools rendering rst directly (e.g. github), by
-  adding: `default-role:: code` directive inside the rst file, which is now handled by rst2html.
-
-- Added `-d:nimStrictMode` in CI in several places to ensure code doesn't have certain hints/warnings
-
-- Added `then`, `catch` to `asyncjs`, for now hidden behind `-d:nimExperimentalAsyncjsThen`.
-
-- `--newruntime` and `--refchecks` are deprecated.
-
-- Added `unsafeIsolate` and `extract` to `std/isolation`.
-
-- `--hint:CC` now goes to stderr (like all other hints) instead of stdout.
-
 
 ## Tool changes
 
-- The rst parser now supports markdown table syntax.
-  Known limitations:
-  - cell alignment is not supported, i.e. alignment annotations in a delimiter
-    row (`:---`, `:--:`, `---:`) are ignored,
-  - every table row must start with `|`, e.g. `| cell 1 | cell 2 |`.
 
-- `fusion` is now un-bundled from nim, `./koch fusion` will
-  install it via nimble at a fixed hash.
diff --git a/changelogs/changelog_0_19_0.md b/changelogs/changelog_0_19_0.md
index 18d3ca2b3..45cefe933 100644
--- a/changelogs/changelog_0_19_0.md
+++ b/changelogs/changelog_0_19_0.md
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
   at runtime. Use ``ref object`` with inheritance rather than ``object`` with
   inheritance to prevent this issue.
 - The ``not nil`` type annotation now has to be enabled explicitly
-  via ``{.experimental: "notnil"}`` as we are still not pleased with how this
+  via ``{.experimental: "notnil".}`` as we are still not pleased with how this
   feature works with Nim's containers.
 - The parser now warns about inconsistent spacing around binary operators as
   these can easily be confused with unary operators. This warning will likely
diff --git a/changelogs/changelog_1_4_0.md b/changelogs/changelog_1_4_0.md
index 091048ad1..77f66ffde 100644
--- a/changelogs/changelog_1_4_0.md
+++ b/changelogs/changelog_1_4_0.md
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@
 - Removed the deprecated `asyncdispatch.newAsyncNativeSocket`.
 - Removed the deprecated `dom.releaseEvents` and `dom.captureEvents`.
 
-- Removed `sharedlists.initSharedList`, was deprecated and produces undefined behaviour.
+- Removed `sharedlist.initSharedList`, was deprecated and produces undefined behaviour.
 
 - There is a new experimental feature called "strictFuncs" which makes the definition of
   `.noSideEffect` stricter. [See here](manual_experimental.html#stricts-funcs)
diff --git a/changelogs/changelog_1_6_0.md b/changelogs/changelog_1_6_0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a1047d20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelogs/changelog_1_6_0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,957 @@
+# v1.6.0 - 2021-10-14
+
+
+
+# Major new features
+
+With so many new features, pinpointing the most salient ones is a subjective exercise,
+but here are a select few:
+
+
+## `iterable[T]`
+
+The `iterable[T]` type class was added to match called iterators,
+which solves a number of long-standing issues related to iterators.
+Example:
+
+```nim
+iterator iota(n: int): int =
+  for i in 0..<n: yield i
+
+# previously, you'd need `untyped`, which caused other problems such as lack
+# of type inference, overloading issues, and MCS.
+template sumOld(a: untyped): untyped = # no type inference possible
+  var result: typeof(block:(for ai in a: ai))
+  for ai in a: result += ai
+  result
+
+assert sumOld(iota(3)) == 0 + 1 + 2
+
+# now, you can write:
+template sum[T](a: iterable[T]): T =
+  # `template sum(a: iterable): auto =` would also be possible
+  var result: T
+  for ai in a: result += ai
+  result
+
+assert sum(iota(3)) == 0 + 1 + 2 # or `iota(3).sum`
+```
+
+In particular iterable arguments can now be used with the method call syntax. For example:
+```nim
+import std/[sequtils, os]
+echo walkFiles("*").toSeq # now works
+```
+See PR [#17196](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/17196) for additional details.
+
+
+## Strict effects
+
+The effect system was refined and there is a new `.effectsOf` annotation that does
+explicitly what was previously done implicitly. See the
+[manual](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual.html#effect-system-effectsof-annotation)
+for more details.
+To write code that is portable with older Nim versions, use this idiom:
+
+```nim
+when defined(nimHasEffectsOf):
+  {.experimental: "strictEffects".}
+else:
+  {.pragma: effectsOf.}
+
+proc mysort(s: seq; cmp: proc(a, b: T): int) {.effectsOf: cmp.}
+```
+
+To enable the new effect system, compile with `--experimental:strictEffects`.
+See also [#18777](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/18777) and RFC
+[#408](https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/408).
+
+
+## Private imports and private field access
+
+A new import syntax `import foo {.all.}` now allows importing all symbols
+(public or private) from `foo`.
+This can be useful for testing purposes or for more flexibility in project organization.
+
+Example:
+```nim
+from system {.all.} as system2 import nil
+echo system2.ThisIsSystem # ThisIsSystem is private in `system`
+import os {.all.} # weirdTarget is private in `os`
+echo weirdTarget # or `os.weirdTarget`
+```
+
+Added a new module `std/importutils`, and an API `privateAccess`, which allows access
+to private fields for an object type in the current scope.
+
+Example:
+```nim
+import times
+from std/importutils import privateAccess
+block:
+  let t = now()
+  # echo t.monthdayZero # Error: undeclared field: 'monthdayZero' for type times.DateTime
+  privateAccess(typeof(t)) # enables private access in this scope
+  echo t.monthdayZero # ok
+```
+
+See PR [#17706](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/17706) for additional details.
+
+
+## `nim --eval:cmd`
+
+Added `nim --eval:cmd` to evaluate a command directly, e.g.: `nim --eval:"echo 1"`.
+It defaults to `e` (nimscript) but can also work with other commands, e.g.:
+```bash
+find . | nim r --eval:'import strutils; for a in stdin.lines: echo a.toUpper'
+```
+
+```bash
+# use as a calculator:
+nim --eval:'echo 3.1 / (1.2+7)'
+# explore a module's APIs, including private symbols:
+nim --eval:'import os {.all.}; echo weirdTarget'
+# use a custom backend:
+nim r -b:js --eval:"import std/jsbigints; echo 2'big ** 64'big"
+```
+
+See PR [#15687](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/15687) for more details.
+
+
+## Round-trip float to string
+
+`system.addFloat` and `system.$` now can produce string representations of
+floating point numbers that are minimal in size and possess round-trip and correct
+rounding guarantees (via the
+[Dragonbox](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jk-jeon/dragonbox/master/other_files/Dragonbox.pdf) algorithm).
+This currently has to be enabled via `-d:nimPreviewFloatRoundtrip`.
+It is expected that this behavior becomes the new default in upcoming versions,
+as with other `nimPreviewX` define flags.
+
+Example:
+```nim
+from math import round
+let a = round(9.779999999999999, 2)
+assert a == 9.78
+echo a # with `-d:nimPreviewFloatRoundtrip`: 9.78, like in python3 (instead of  9.779999999999999)
+```
+
+
+## New `std/jsbigints` module
+
+Provides arbitrary precision integers for the JS target. See PR
+[#16409](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/16409).
+Example:
+```nim
+import std/jsbigints
+assert 2'big ** 65'big == 36893488147419103232'big
+echo 0xdeadbeef'big shl 4'big # 59774856944n
+```
+
+
+## New `std/sysrand` module
+Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator,
+allows generating random numbers from a secure source provided by the operating system.
+Example:
+```nim
+import std/sysrand
+assert urandom(1234) != urandom(1234) # unlikely to fail in practice
+```
+See PR [#16459](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/16459).
+
+
+## New module: `std/tempfiles`
+
+Allows creating temporary files and directories, see PR
+[#17361](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/17361) and followups.
+```nim
+import std/tempfiles
+let tmpPath = genTempPath("prefix", "suffix.log", "/tmp/")
+# tmpPath looks like: /tmp/prefixpmW1P2KLsuffix.log
+
+let dir = createTempDir("tmpprefix_", "_end")
+# created dir looks like: getTempDir() / "tmpprefix_YEl9VuVj_end"
+
+let (cfile, path) = createTempFile("tmpprefix_", "_end.tmp")
+# path looks like: getTempDir() / "tmpprefix_FDCIRZA0_end.tmp"
+cfile.write "foo"
+cfile.setFilePos 0
+assert readAll(cfile) == "foo"
+close cfile
+assert readFile(path) == "foo"
+```
+
+
+## User-defined literals
+
+Custom numeric literals (e.g. `-128'bignum`) are now supported.
+Additionally, the unary minus in `-1` is now part of the integer literal, i.e.
+it is now parsed as a single token.
+This implies that edge cases like `-128'i8` finally work correctly.
+Example:
+```nim
+func `'big`*(num: cstring): JsBigInt {.importjs: "BigInt(#)".}
+assert 0xffffffffffffffff'big == (1'big shl 64'big) - 1'big
+```
+
+
+## Dot-like operators
+
+With `-d:nimPreviewDotLikeOps`, dot-like operators (operators starting with `.`,
+but not with `..`) now have the same precedence as `.`, so that `a.?b.c` is now
+parsed as `(a.?b).c` instead of `a.?(b.c)`.
+A warning is generated when a dot-like operator is used without `-d:nimPreviewDotLikeOps`.
+
+An important use case is to enable dynamic fields without affecting the
+built-in `.` operator, e.g. for `std/jsffi`, `std/json`, `pkg/nimpy`. Example:
+```nim
+import std/json
+template `.?`(a: JsonNode, b: untyped{ident}): JsonNode =
+  a[astToStr(b)]
+let j = %*{"a1": {"a2": 10}}
+assert j.?a1.?a2.getInt == 10
+```
+
+
+## Block arguments now support optional parameters
+
+This solves a major pain point for routines accepting block parameters,
+see PR [#18631](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/18631) for details:
+
+```nim
+template fn(a = 1, b = 2, body) = discard
+fn(1, 2): # already works
+  bar
+fn(a = 1): # now works
+  bar
+```
+
+Likewise with multiple block arguments via `do`:
+```nim
+template fn(a = 1, b = 2, body1, body2) = discard
+fn(a = 1): # now works
+  bar1
+do:
+  bar2
+```
+
+
+# Other new features
+
+## New and deprecated modules
+
+The following modules were added (they are discussed in the rest of the text):
+- `std/enumutils`
+- `std/genasts`
+- `std/importutils`
+- `std/jsbigints`
+- `std/jsfetch`
+- `std/jsformdata`
+- `std/jsheaders`
+- `std/packedsets`
+- `std/setutils`
+- `std/socketstreams`
+- `std/strbasics`
+- `std/sysrand`
+- `std/tasks`
+- `std/tempfiles`
+- `std/vmutils`
+
+- Deprecated `std/mersenne`.
+- Removed deprecated `std/iup` module from stdlib; it has already moved to
+  [nimble](https://github.com/nim-lang/iup).
+
+
+## New `std/jsfetch` module
+
+Provides a wrapper for JS Fetch API.
+Example:
+```nim
+# requires -d:nimExperimentalAsyncjsThen
+import std/[jsfetch, asyncjs, jsconsole, jsffi, sugar]
+proc fn {.async.} =
+  await fetch("https://api.github.com/users/torvalds".cstring)
+    .then((response: Response) => response.json())
+    .then((json: JsObject) => console.log(json))
+    .catch((err: Error) => console.log("Request Failed", err))
+discard fn()
+```
+
+
+## New `std/tasks` module
+
+Provides basic primitives for creating parallel programs.
+Example:
+```nim
+import std/tasks
+var num = 0
+proc hello(a: int) = num+=a
+
+let b = toTask hello(13) # arguments must be isolated, see `std/isolation`
+b.invoke()
+assert num == 13
+b.invoke() # can be called again
+assert num == 26
+```
+
+
+## New module: `std/genasts`
+
+Provides an API `genAst` that avoids the problems inherent with `quote do` and can
+be used as a replacement.
+Example showing how this could be used for writing a simplified version of `unittest.check`:
+```nim
+import std/[genasts, macros, strutils]
+macro check2(cond: bool): untyped =
+  assert cond.kind == nnkInfix, "$# not implemented" % $cond.kind
+  result = genAst(cond, s = repr(cond), lhs = cond[1], rhs = cond[2]):
+    # each local symbol we access must be explicitly captured
+    if not cond:
+      doAssert false, "'$#'' failed: lhs: '$#', rhs: '$#'" % [s, $lhs, $rhs]
+let a = 3
+check2 a*2 == a+3
+if false: check2 a*2 < a+1 # would error with: 'a * 2 < a + 1'' failed: lhs: '6', rhs: '4'
+```
+
+See PR [#17426](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/17426) for details.
+
+
+## New module: `std/setutils`
+
+- Added `setutils.toSet` that can take any iterable and convert it to a built-in `set`,
+  if the iterable yields a built-in settable type.
+- Added `setutils.fullSet` which returns a full built-in `set` for a valid type.
+- Added `setutils.complement` which returns the complement of a built-in `set`.
+- Added `setutils.[]=`.
+
+
+## New module: `std/enumutils`
+
+- Added `genEnumCaseStmt` macro that generates
+  case statement to parse string to enum.
+- Added `items` for enums with holes.
+- Added `symbolName` to return the `enum` symbol name ignoring the human-readable name.
+- Added `symbolRank` to return the index in which an `enum` member is listed in an enum.
+
+
+## `system`
+
+- Added `system.prepareMutation` for better support of low
+  level `moveMem`, `copyMem` operations for `gc:orc`'s copy-on-write string
+  implementation.
+- `system.addEscapedChar` now renders `\r` as `\r` instead of `\c`, to be compatible
+  with most other languages.
+- Added `cmpMem` to `system`.
+- `doAssertRaises` now correctly handles foreign exceptions.
+- `addInt` now supports unsigned integers.
+
+Compatibility notes:
+- `system.delete` had surprising behavior when the index passed to it was out of
+  bounds (it would delete the last entry then). Compile with `-d:nimStrictDelete` so
+  that an index error is produced instead. Be aware however that your code might depend on
+  this quirky behavior so a review process is required on your part before you can
+  use `-d:nimStrictDelete`. To make this review easier, use the `-d:nimAuditDelete`
+  switch, which pretends that `system.delete` is deprecated so that it is easier
+  to see where it was used in your code.
+  `-d:nimStrictDelete` will become the default in upcoming versions.
+- `cuchar` is now deprecated as it aliased `char` where arguably it should have aliased `uint8`.
+  Please use `char` or `uint8` instead.
+- `repr` now doesn't insert trailing newlines; the previous behavior was very inconsistent,
+  see [#16034](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/16034).
+  Use `-d:nimLegacyReprWithNewline` for the previous behavior.
+  `repr` now also renders ASTs correctly for user defined literals, setters, `do`, etc.
+- Deprecated `any`. See RFC [#281](https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/281).
+- The unary slice `..b` was deprecated, use `0..b` instead.
+
+
+## `std/math`
+
+- Added `almostEqual` for comparing two float values using a machine epsilon.
+- Added `clamp` which allows using a `Slice` to clamp to a value.
+- Added `ceilDiv` for integer division that rounds up.
+- Added `isNaN`.
+- Added `copySign`.
+- Added `euclDiv` and `euclMod`.
+- Added `signbit`.
+- Added `frexp` overload procs. Deprecated `c_frexp`, use `frexp` instead.
+
+Compatibility notes:
+- `math.round` now rounds "away from zero" in the JS backend, which is consistent
+  with other backends. See [#9125](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/9125).
+  Use `-d:nimLegacyJsRound` for the previous behavior.
+
+
+## Random number generators: `std/random`, `std/sysrand`, `std/oids`
+
+- Added `std/sysrand` module (see details above).
+- Added `randState` template that exposes the default random number generator.
+  Useful for library authors.
+- Added `initRand()` overload with no argument which uses the current time as a seed.
+- `initRand(seed)` now allows `seed == 0`.
+- Fixed overflow bugs.
+- Fix `initRand` to avoid random number sequences overlapping, refs
+  [#18744](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/18744).
+- `std/oids` now uses `std/random`.
+
+Compatibility notes:
+- Deprecated `std/mersenne`.
+- `random.initRand(seed)` now produces non-skewed values for the first call to
+  `rand()` after initialization with a small (< 30000) seed.
+  Use `-d:nimLegacyRandomInitRand` to restore previous behavior for a transition
+  time, see PR [#17467](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/17467).
+
+
+## `std/json`, `std/jsonutils`
+
+- With `-d:nimPreviewJsonutilsHoleyEnum`, `jsonutils` now can serialize/deserialize
+  holey enums as regular enums (via `ord`) instead of as strings.
+  It is expected that this behavior becomes the new default in upcoming versions.
+ `toJson` now serializes `JsonNode` as is via reference (without a deep copy)
+   instead of treating `JsonNode` as a regular ref object,
+  this can be customized via `jsonNodeMode`.
+- `std/json` and `std/jsonutils` now serialize `NaN`, `Inf`, `-Inf` as strings,
+  so that `%[NaN, -Inf]` is the string `["nan","-inf"]` instead of `[nan,-inf]`
+  which was invalid JSON.
+- `std/json` can now handle integer literals and floating point literals of
+  arbitrary length and precision.
+  Numbers that do not fit the underlying `BiggestInt` or `BiggestFloat` fields are
+  kept as string literals and one can use external BigNum libraries to handle these.
+  The `parseFloat` family of functions also has now optional `rawIntegers` and
+  `rawFloats` parameters that can be used to enforce that all integer or float
+  literals remain in the "raw" string form so that client code can easily treat
+  small and large numbers uniformly.
+- Added `BackwardsIndex` overload for `JsonNode`.
+- `json.%`,`json.to`, `jsonutils.fromJson`,`jsonutils.toJson` now work with `uint|uint64`
+  instead of raising (as in 1.4) or giving wrong results (as in 1.2).
+- `std/jsonutils` now handles `cstring` (including as Table key), and `set`.
+- Added `jsonutils.jsonTo` overload with `opt = Joptions()` param.
+- `jsonutils.toJson` now supports customization via `ToJsonOptions`.
+- `std/json`, `std/jsonutils` now support round-trip serialization when
+  `-d:nimPreviewFloatRoundtrip` is used.
+
+
+## `std/typetraits`, `std/compilesettings`
+
+- `distinctBase` now is identity instead of error for non distinct types.
+- `distinctBase` now allows controlling whether to be recursive or not.
+- Added `enumLen` to return the number of elements in an enum.
+- Added `HoleyEnum` for enums with holes, `OrdinalEnum` for enums without holes.
+- Added `hasClosure`.
+- Added `pointerBase` to return `T` for `ref T | ptr T`.
+- Added `compilesettings.SingleValueSetting.libPath`.
+
+
+## networking: `std/net`, `std/asyncnet`, `std/htmlgen`, `std/httpclient`, `std/asyncdispatch`, `std/asynchttpserver`, `std/httpcore`
+
+- Fixed buffer overflow bugs in `std/net`.
+- Exported `sslHandle` from `std/net` and `std/asyncnet`.
+- Added `hasDataBuffered` to `std/asyncnet`.
+- Various functions in `std/httpclient` now accept `url` of type `Uri`.
+  Moreover, the `request` function's `httpMethod` argument of type `string` was
+  deprecated in favor of `HttpMethod` `enum` type; see
+  [#15919](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/15919).
+- Added `asyncdispatch.activeDescriptors` that returns the number of currently
+  active async event handles/file descriptors.
+- Added `getPort` to `std/asynchttpserver` to resolve OS-assigned `Port(0)`;
+  this is usually recommended instead of hardcoding ports which can lead to
+  "Address already in use" errors.
+- Fixed premature garbage collection in `std/asyncdispatch`, when a stacktrace
+  override is in place.
+- Added `httpcore.is1xx` and missing HTTP codes.
+- Added `htmlgen.portal` for [making "SPA style" pages using HTML only](https://web.dev/hands-on-portals).
+
+Compatibility notes:
+- On Windows, the SSL library now checks for valid certificates.
+  For this purpose it uses the `cacert.pem` file, which was extracted
+  from `https://curl.se/ca/cacert.pem`. Besides
+  the OpenSSL DLLs (e.g. `libssl-1_1-x64.dll`, `libcrypto-1_1-x64.dll`) you
+  now also need to ship `cacert.pem` with your `.exe` file.
+
+
+## `std/hashes`
+
+- `hashes.hash` can now support `object` and `ref` (can be overloaded in user code),
+  if `-d:nimPreviewHashRef` is used. It is expected that this behavior
+  becomes the new default in upcoming versions.
+- `hashes.hash(proc|ptr|ref|pointer)` now calls `hash(int)` and honors `-d:nimIntHash1`.
+  `hashes.hash(closure)` has also been improved.
+
+
+## OS: `std/os`, `std/io`, `std/socketstream`, `std/linenoise`, `std/tempfiles`
+
+- `os.FileInfo` (returned by `getFileInfo`) now contains `blockSize`,
+  determining preferred I/O block size for this file object.
+- Added `os.getCacheDir()` to return platform specific cache directory.
+- Improved `os.getTempDir()`, see PR [#16914](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/16914).
+- Added `os.isAdmin` to tell whether the caller's process is a member of the
+  Administrators local group (on Windows) or a root (on POSIX).
+- Added optional `options` argument to `copyFile`, `copyFileToDir`, and
+  `copyFileWithPermissions`. By default, on non-Windows OSes, symlinks are
+  followed (copy files symlinks point to); on Windows, `options` argument is
+  ignored and symlinks are skipped.
+- On non-Windows OSes, `copyDir` and `copyDirWithPermissions` copy symlinks as
+  symlinks (instead of skipping them as it was before); on Windows symlinks are
+  skipped.
+- On non-Windows OSes, `moveFile` and `moveDir` move symlinks as symlinks
+  (instead of skipping them sometimes as it was before).
+- Added optional `followSymlinks` argument to `setFilePermissions`.
+- Added a simpler to use `io.readChars` overload.
+- Added `socketstream` module that wraps sockets in the stream interface.
+- Added experimental `linenoise.readLineStatus` to get line and status (e.g. ctrl-D or ctrl-C).
+
+
+## Environment variable handling
+
+- Empty environment variable values are now supported across OS's and backends.
+- Environment variable APIs now work in multithreaded scenarios, by delegating to
+  direct OS calls instead of trying to keep track of the environment.
+- `putEnv`, `delEnv` now work at compile time.
+- NodeJS backend now supports osenv: `getEnv`, `putEnv`, `envPairs`, `delEnv`, `existsEnv`.
+
+Compatibility notes:
+- `std/os`: `putEnv` now raises if the first argument contains a `=`.
+
+
+## POSIX
+
+- On POSIX systems, the default signal handlers used for Nim programs (it's
+  used for printing the stacktrace on fatal signals) will now re-raise the
+  signal for the OS default handlers to handle.
+  This lets the OS perform its default actions, which might include core
+  dumping (on select signals) and notifying the parent process about the cause
+  of termination.
+- On POSIX systems, we now ignore `SIGPIPE` signals, use `-d:nimLegacySigpipeHandler`
+  for previous behavior.
+- Added `posix_utils.osReleaseFile` to get system identification from `os-release`
+  file on Linux and the BSDs.
+  ([link](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/os-release.html))
+- Removed undefined behavior for `posix.open`.
+
+
+## `std/prelude`
+
+- `std/strformat` is now part of `include std/prelude`.
+- Added `std/sequtils` import to `std/prelude`.
+- `std/prelude` now works with the JS target.
+- `std/prelude` can now be used via `include std/prelude`, but `include prelude` still works.
+
+
+## String manipulation: `std/strformat`, `std/strbasics`
+
+- Added support for parenthesized expressions.
+- Added support for const strings instead of just string literals.
+- Added `std/strbasics` for high-performance string operations.
+- Added `strip`, `setSlice`, `add(a: var string, b: openArray[char])`.
+
+
+## `std/wrapnils`
+
+- `std/wrapnils` doesn't use `experimental:dotOperators` anymore, avoiding
+  issues like bug [#13063](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/13063)
+  (which affected error messages) for modules importing `std/wrapnils`.
+- Added `??.` macro which returns an `Option`.
+- `std/wrapnils` can now be used to protect against `FieldDefect` errors in
+  case objects, generates optimal code (no overhead compared to manual
+  if-else branches), and preserves lvalue semantics which allows modifying
+  an expression.
+
+
+## Containers: `std/algorithm`, `std/lists`, `std/sequtils`, `std/options`, `std/packedsets`
+
+- Removed the optional `longestMatch` parameter of the `critbits._WithPrefix`
+  iterators (it never worked reliably).
+- Added `algorithm.merge`.
+- In `std/lists`: renamed `append` to `add` and retained `append` as an alias;
+  added `prepend` and `prependMoved` analogously to `add` and `addMoved`;
+  added `remove` for `SinglyLinkedList`s.
+- Added new operations for singly- and doubly linked lists: `lists.toSinglyLinkedList`
+  and `lists.toDoublyLinkedList` convert from `openArray`s; `lists.copy` implements
+  shallow copying; `lists.add` concatenates two lists - an O(1) variation that consumes
+  its argument, `addMoved`, is also supplied.
+  See PRs [#16362](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/16362),
+  [#16536](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/16536).
+- New module: `std/packedsets`.
+  Generalizes `std/intsets`, see PR [#15564](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/15564).
+
+Compatibility notes:
+- Deprecated `sequtils.delete` and added an overload taking a `Slice` that raises
+  a defect if the slice is out of bounds, likewise with `strutils.delete`.
+- Deprecated `proc reversed*[T](a: openArray[T], first: Natural, last: int): seq[T]`
+  in `std/algorithm`.
+- `std/options` changed `$some(3)` to `"some(3)"` instead of `"Some(3)"`
+  and `$none(int)` to `"none(int)"` instead of `"None[int]"`.
+
+
+## `std/times`
+
+- Added `ZZZ` and `ZZZZ` patterns to `times.nim` `DateTime` parsing, to match time
+  zone offsets without colons, e.g. `UTC+7 -> +0700`.
+- Added `dateTime` and deprecated `initDateTime`.
+
+
+## `std/macros` and AST
+
+- New module `std/genasts`, see description above.
+- The required name of case statement macros for the experimental
+  `caseStmtMacros` feature has changed from `match` to `` `case` ``.
+- Tuple expressions are now parsed consistently as
+  `nnkTupleConstr` node. Will affect macros expecting nodes to be of `nnkPar`.
+- In `std/macros`, `treeRepr,lispRepr,astGenRepr` now represent SymChoice nodes
+  in a collapsed way.
+  Use `-d:nimLegacyMacrosCollapseSymChoice` to get the previous behavior.
+- Made custom op in `macros.quote` work for all statements.
+
+
+## `std/sugar`
+
+- Added `sugar.dumpToString` which improves on `sugar.dump`.
+- Added an overload for the `collect` macro that infers the container type based
+  on the syntax of the last expression. Works with std seqs, tables and sets.
+
+Compatibility notes:
+- Removed support for named procs in `sugar.=>`.
+
+
+## Parsing: `std/parsecfg`, `std/strscans`, `std/uri`
+
+- Added `sections` iterator in `parsecfg`.
+- `strscans.scanf` now supports parsing single characters.
+- Added `strscans.scanTuple` which uses `strscans.scanf` internally,
+  returning a tuple which can be unpacked for easier usage of `scanf`.
+- Added `decodeQuery` to `std/uri`.
+- `parseopt.initOptParser` has been made available and `parseopt` has been
+  added back to `std/prelude` for all backends. Previously `initOptParser` was
+  unavailable if the `std/os` module did not have `paramCount` or `paramStr`,
+  but the use of these in `initOptParser` were conditionally to the runtime
+  arguments passed to it, so `initOptParser` has been changed to raise
+  `ValueError` when the real command line is not available. `parseopt` was
+  previously excluded from `std/prelude` for JS, as it could not be imported.
+
+Compatibility notes:
+- Changed the behavior of `uri.decodeQuery` when there are unencoded `=`
+  characters in the decoded values. Prior versions would raise an error. This is
+  no longer the case to comply with the HTML spec and other languages'
+  implementations. Old behavior can be obtained with
+  `-d:nimLegacyParseQueryStrict`. `cgi.decodeData` which uses the same
+  underlying code is also updated the same way.
+
+
+## JS stdlib changes
+
+- Added `std/jsbigints` module, which provides arbitrary precision integers for the JS target.
+- Added `setCurrentException` for the JS backend.
+- `writeStackTrace` is available in the JS backend now.
+- Added `then`, `catch` to `std/asyncjs` for promise pipelining, for now hidden
+  behind `-d:nimExperimentalAsyncjsThen`.
+- Added `std/jsfetch` module [Fetch](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API)
+  wrapper for the JS target.
+- Added `std/jsheaders` module [Headers](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Headers)
+  wrapper for the JS target.
+- Added `std/jsformdata` module [FormData](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FormData)
+  wrapper for the JS target.
+- Added `jscore.debugger` to [call any available debugging functionality, such as breakpoints](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/debugger).
+- Added `jsconsole.dir`, `jsconsole.dirxml`, `jsconsole.timeStamp`.
+- Added dollar `$` and `len` for `jsre.RegExp`.
+- Added `jsconsole.jsAssert` for the JS target.
+- Added `**` to `std/jsffi`.
+- Added `copyWithin` [for `seq` and `array` for JS targets](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/copyWithin).
+- In `std/dom`, `Interval` is now a `ref object`, same as `Timeout`.
+  Definitions of `setTimeout`, `clearTimeout`, `setInterval`, `clearInterval` were updated.
+- Added `dom.scrollIntoView` proc with options.
+- Added `dom.setInterval`, `dom.clearInterval` overloads.
+- Merged `std/dom_extensions` into the `std/dom` module,
+  as it was a module with a single line, see RFC [#413](https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/413).
+- `$` now gives more correct results on the JS backend.
+
+
+## JS compiler changes
+
+- `cstring` doesn't support the `[]=` operator anymore in the JS backend.
+- Array literals now use JS typed arrays when the corresponding JS typed array exists,
+  for example `[byte(1), 2, 3]` generates `new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3])`.
+
+
+## VM and nimscript backend
+
+- VM now supports `addr(mystring[ind])` (index + index assignment).
+- `nimscript` now handles `except Exception as e`.
+- `nil` dereference is not allowed at compile time. `cast[ptr int](nil)[]` is rejected at compile time.
+- `static[T]` now works better, refs [#17590](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/17590),
+  [#15853](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/15853).
+- `distinct T` conversions now work in VM.
+- `items(cstring)` now works in VM.
+- Fix `addr`, `len`, `high` in VM ([#16002](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/16002),
+  [#16610](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/16610)).
+- `std/cstrutils` now works in VM.
+
+
+## OS/platform-specific notes
+
+- Support for Apple silicon/M1.
+- Support for 32-bit RISC-V, refs [#16231](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/16231).
+- Support for armv8l, refs [#18901](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/18901).
+- Support for CROSSOS, refs [#18889](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/18889).
+- The allocator for Nintendo Switch, which was nonfunctional because
+  of breaking changes in libnx, was removed, in favor of the new `-d:nimAllocPagesViaMalloc` option.
+- Allow reading parameters when compiling for Nintendo Switch.
+- `--nimcache` now correctly works in a cross-compilation setting.
+- Cross compilation targeting Windows was improved.
+- This now works from macOS/Linux: `nim r -d:mingw main`
+
+
+
+## Performance / memory optimizations
+
+- The comment field in PNode AST was moved to a side channel, reducing overall
+  memory usage during compilation by a factor 1.25x
+- `std/jsonutils` deserialization is now up to 20x faster.
+- `os.copyFile` is now 2.5x faster on macOS, by using `copyfile` from `copyfile.h`;
+  use `-d:nimLegacyCopyFile` for macOS < 10.5.
+- Float to string conversion is now 10x faster thanks to the Dragonbox algorithm,
+  with `-d:nimPreviewFloatRoundtrip`.
+- `newSeqWith` is 3x faster.
+- CI now supports batching (making Windows CI 2.3X faster).
+- Sets now uses the optimized `countSetBits` proc, see PR
+  [#17334](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/17334).
+
+
+## Debugging
+
+- You can now enable/disable VM tracing in user code via `vmutils.vmTrace`.
+- `koch tools` now builds `bin/nim_dbg` which allows easy access to a debug version
+  of Nim without recompiling.
+- Added new module `compiler/debugutils` to help with debugging Nim compiler.
+- Renamed `-d:nimCompilerStackraceHints` to `-d:nimCompilerStacktraceHints` and
+  used it in more contexts; this flag which works in tandem with `--stackTraceMsgs`
+  to show user code context in compiler stacktraces.
+
+
+## Type system
+
+- `typeof(voidStmt)` now works and returns `void`.
+- `enum` values can now be overloaded. This needs to be enabled
+  via `{.experimental: "overloadableEnums".}`. We hope that this feature allows
+  for the development of more fluent (less ugly) APIs.
+  See RFC [#373](https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/373) for more details.
+- A type conversion from one `enum` type to another now produces an `[EnumConv]` warning.
+  You should use `ord` (or `cast`, but the compiler won't help, if you misuse it) instead.
+  ```nim
+  type A = enum a1, a2
+  type B = enum b1, b2
+  echo a1.B # produces a warning
+  echo a1.ord.B # produces no warning
+  ```
+- A dangerous implicit conversion to `cstring` now triggers a `[CStringConv]` warning.
+  This warning will become an error in future versions! Use an explicit conversion
+  like `cstring(x)` in order to silence the warning.
+- There is a new warning for *any* type conversion to `enum` that can be enabled via
+  `.warning[AnyEnumConv]:on` or `--warning:AnyEnumConv:on`.
+- Reusing a type name in a different scope now works, refs [#17710](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/17710).
+- Fixed implicit and explicit generics in procedures, refs [#18808](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/18808).
+
+
+## New-style concepts
+
+Example:
+```nim
+type
+  Comparable = concept # no T, an atom
+    proc cmp(a, b: Self): int
+```
+The new design does not rely on `system.compiles` and may compile faster.
+See PR [#15251](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/15251)
+and RFC [#168](https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/168) for details.
+
+
+## Lexical / syntactic
+
+- Nim now supports a small subset of Unicode operators as operator symbols.
+  The supported symbols are: "∙ ∘ × ★ ⊗ ⊘ ⊙ ⊛ ⊠ ⊡ ∩ ∧ ⊓ ± ⊕ ⊖ ⊞ ⊟ ∪ ∨ ⊔".
+  To enable this feature, use `--experimental:unicodeOperators`. Note that due
+  to parser limitations you **cannot** enable this feature via a
+  pragma `{.experimental: "unicodeOperators".}` reliably, you need to enable
+  it via the command line or in a configuration file.
+- `var a {.foo.} = expr` now works inside templates (except when `foo` is overloaded).
+
+
+## Compiler messages, error messages, hints, warnings
+
+- Significant improvement to error messages involving effect mismatches,
+  see PRs [#18384](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/18384),
+  [#18418](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/18418).
+- Added `--declaredLocs` to show symbol declaration location in error messages.
+- Added `--spellSuggest` to show spelling suggestions on typos.
+- Added `--processing:dots|filenames|off` which customizes `hintProcessing`;
+  `--processing:filenames` shows which include/import modules are being compiled as an import stack.
+- `FieldDefect` messages now shows discriminant value + lineinfo, in all backends (C, JS, VM)
+- Added `--hintAsError` with similar semantics as `--warningAsError`.
+- Added `--unitsep:on|off` to control whether to add ASCII unit separator `\31`
+  before a newline for every generated message (potentially multiline),
+  so tooling can tell when messages start and end.
+- Added `--filenames:abs|canonical|legacyRelProj` which replaces `--listFullPaths:on|off`
+- `--hint:all:on|off` is now supported to select or deselect all hints; it
+  differs from `--hints:on|off` which acts as a (reversible) gate.
+  Likewise with `--warning:all:on|off`.
+- The style checking of the compiler now supports a `--styleCheck:usages` switch.
+  This switch enforces that every symbol is written as it was declared, not enforcing
+  the official Nim style guide. To be enabled, this has to be combined either
+  with `--styleCheck:error` or `--styleCheck:hint`.
+- Type mismatch errors now show more context, use `-d:nimLegacyTypeMismatch` for
+  previous behavior.
+- `typedesc[Foo]` now renders as such instead of `type Foo` in compiler messages.
+- `runnableExamples` now show originating location in stacktraces on failure.
+- `SuccessX` message now shows more useful information.
+- New `DuplicateModuleImport` warning; improved `UnusedImport` and
+  `XDeclaredButNotUsed` accuracy.
+
+Compatibility notes:
+- `--hint:CC` now prints to stderr (like all other hints) instead of stdout.
+
+
+## Building and running Nim programs, configuration system
+
+- JSON build instructions are now generated in `$nimcache/outFileBasename.json`
+  instead of `$nimcache/projectName.json`. This allows avoiding recompiling a
+  given project compiled with different options if the output file differs.
+- `--usenimcache` (implied by `nim r main`) now generates an output file that includes
+  a hash of some of the compilation options, which allows caching generated binaries:
+  ```bash
+    nim r main # recompiles
+    nim r -d:foo main # recompiles
+    nim r main # uses cached binary
+    nim r main arg1 arg2 # likewise (runtime arguments are irrelevant)
+  ```
+- `nim r` now supports cross compilation from unix to windows when specifying
+  `-d:mingw` by using Wine, e.g.:
+  `nim r --eval:'import os; echo "a" / "b"'` prints `a\b`.
+- `nim` can compile version 1.4.0 as follows:
+  `nim c --lib:lib --stylecheck:off -d:nimVersion140 compiler/nim`.
+  `-d:nimVersion140` is not needed for bootstrapping, only for building 1.4.0 from devel.
+- `nim e` now accepts arbitrary file extensions for the nimscript file,
+  although `.nims` is still the preferred extension in general.
+- The configuration subsystem now allows for `-d:release` and `-d:danger` to work as expected.
+  The downside is that these defines now have custom logic that doesn't apply for
+  other defines.
+
+
+## Multithreading
+
+- TLS: macOS now uses native TLS (`--tlsEmulation:off`). TLS now works with
+  `importcpp` non-POD types; such types must use `.cppNonPod` and
+  `--tlsEmulation:off`should be used.
+- Added `unsafeIsolate` and `extract` to `std/isolation`.
+- Added `std/tasks`, see description above.
+
+
+## Memory management
+
+- `--gc:arc` now bootstraps (PR [#17342](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/17342)).
+- Lots of improvements to `gc:arc`, `gc:orc`, see PR
+  [#15697](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/15697),
+  [#16849](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/16849),
+  [#17993](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/17993).
+- `--gc:orc` is now 10% faster than previously for common workloads.
+  If you have trouble with its changed behavior, compile with `-d:nimOldOrc`.
+- The `--gc:orc` algorithm was refined so that custom container types can participate in the
+  cycle collection process. See the documentation of `=trace` for more details.
+- On embedded devices `malloc` can now be used instead of `mmap` via `-d:nimAllocPagesViaMalloc`.
+  This is only supported for `--gc:orc` or `--gc:arc`.
+
+Compatibility notes:
+- `--newruntime` and `--refchecks` are deprecated,
+  use `--gc:arc`, `--gc:orc`, or `--gc:none` as appropriate instead.
+
+
+## Docgen
+
+- docgen: RST files can now use single backticks instead of double backticks and
+  correctly render in both `nim rst2html` (as before) as well as common tools rendering
+  RST directly (e.g. GitHub).
+  This is done by adding the `default-role:: code` directive inside the RST file
+  (which is now handled by `nim rst2html`).
+- Source+Edit links now appear on top of every docgen'd page when
+  `nim doc --git.url:url ...` is given.
+- Latex doc generation is revised: output `.tex` files should be compiled
+  by `xelatex` (not by `pdflatex` as before). Now default Latex settings
+  provide support for Unicode and better avoid margin overflows.
+  The minimum required version is TeXLive 2018 (or an equivalent MikTeX version).
+- The RST parser now supports footnotes, citations, admonitions, and short style
+  references with symbols.
+- The RST parser now supports Markdown table syntax.
+  Known limitations:
+  - cell alignment is not supported, i.e. alignment annotations in a delimiter
+    row (`:---`, `:--:`, `---:`) are ignored
+  - every table row must start with `|`, e.g. `| cell 1 | cell 2 |`.
+- Implemented `doc2tex` compiler command which converts documentation in
+  `.nim` files to Latex.
+- docgen now supports syntax highlighting for inline code.
+- docgen now supports same-line doc comments:
+  ```nim
+  func fn*(a: int): int = 42  ## Doc comment
+  ```
+- docgen now renders `deprecated` and other pragmas.
+- `runnableExamples` now works with templates and nested templates.
+- `runnableExamples: "-r:off"` now works for examples that should compile but not run.
+- `runnableExamples` now renders code verbatim, and produces correct code in all cases.
+- docgen now shows correct, canonical import paths in docs.
+- docgen now shows all routines in sidebar, and the proc signature is now shown in sidebar.
+
+
+## Effects and checks
+
+- Significant improvement to error messages involving effect mismatches
+- There is a new `cast` section `{.cast(uncheckedAssign).}: body` that disables some
+  compiler checks regarding `case objects`. This allows serialization libraries
+  to avoid ugly, non-portable solutions. See RFC
+  [#407](https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/407) for more details.
+
+Compatibility notes:
+- Fixed effect tracking for borrowed procs (see [#18882](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/18882)).
+  One consequence is that, under some circumstances, Nim could previously permit a procedure with side effects to be written with `func` - you may need to change some occurrences of `func` to `proc`.
+  To illustrate, Nim versions before 1.6.0 compile the below without error
+  ```nim
+  proc print(s: string) =
+    echo s
+
+  type
+    MyString = distinct string
+
+  proc print(s: MyString) {.borrow.}
+
+  func foo(s: MyString) =
+    print(s)
+  ```
+  but Nim 1.6.0 produces the error
+  ```
+  Error: 'foo' can have side effects
+  ```
+  similar to how we expect that
+  ```nim
+  func print(s: string) =
+    echo s
+  ```
+  produces
+  ```
+  Error: 'print' can have side effects
+  ```
+
+
+## Tools
+
+- Major improvements to `nimgrep`, see PR [#15612
+](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/15612).
+- `fusion` is now un-bundled from Nim, `./koch fusion` will
+  install it via Nimble at a fixed hash.
+- `testament`: added `nimoutFull: bool` spec to compare full output of compiler
+  instead of a subset; many bugfixes to testament.
+
+
+## Misc/cleanups
+
+- Deprecated `TaintedString` and `--taintmode`.
+- Deprecated `--nilseqs` which is now a noop.
+- Added `-d:nimStrictMode` in CI in several places to ensure code doesn't have
+  certain hints/warnings.
+- Removed `.travis.yml`, `appveyor.yml.disabled`, `.github/workflows/ci.yml.disabled`.
+- `[skip ci]` now works in azure and CI pipelines, see detail in PR
+  [#17561](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/17561).
diff --git a/changelogs/changelog_2_0_0.md b/changelogs/changelog_2_0_0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..457cc62a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelogs/changelog_2_0_0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+# v2.0.0 - 2023-08-01
+
+Version 2.0 is a big milestone with too many changes to list them all here.
+
+For a full list see [details](changelog_2_0_0_details.html).
+
+
+## New features
+
+### Better tuple unpacking
+
+Tuple unpacking for variables is now treated as syntax sugar that directly
+expands into multiple assignments. Along with this, tuple unpacking for
+variables can now be nested.
+
+```nim
+proc returnsNestedTuple(): (int, (int, int), int, int) = (4, (5, 7), 2, 3)
+
+# Now nesting is supported!
+let (x, (_, y), _, z) = returnsNestedTuple()
+
+```
+
+### Improved type inference
+
+A new form of type inference called [top-down inference](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual_experimental.html#topminusdown-type-inference) has been implemented for a variety of basic cases.
+
+For example, code like the following now compiles:
+
+```nim
+let foo: seq[(float, byte, cstring)] = @[(1, 2, "abc")]
+```
+
+### Forbidden Tags
+
+[Tag tracking](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual.html#effect-system-tag-tracking) now supports the definition
+of forbidden tags by the `.forbids` pragma which can be used to disable certain effects in proc types.
+
+For example:
+
+```nim
+
+type IO = object ## input/output effect
+proc readLine(): string {.tags: [IO].} = discard
+proc echoLine(): void = discard
+
+proc no_IO_please() {.forbids: [IO].} =
+  # this is OK because it didn't define any tag:
+  echoLine()
+  # the compiler prevents this:
+  let y = readLine()
+
+```
+
+### New standard library modules
+
+The famous `os` module got an overhaul. Several of its features are available
+under a new interface that introduces a `Path` abstraction. A `Path` is
+a `distinct string`, which improves the type safety when dealing with paths, files
+and directories.
+
+Use:
+
+- `std/oserrors` for OS error reporting.
+- `std/envvars` for environment variables handling.
+- `std/paths` for path handling.
+- `std/dirs` for directory creation/deletion/traversal.
+- `std/files` for file existence checking, file deletions and moves.
+- `std/symlinks` for symlink handling.
+- `std/appdirs` for accessing configuration/home/temp directories.
+- `std/cmdline` for reading command line parameters.
+
+### Consistent underscore handling
+
+The underscore identifier (`_`) is now generally not added to scope when
+used as the name of a definition. While this was already the case for
+variables, it is now also the case for routine parameters, generic
+parameters, routine declarations, type declarations, etc. This means that the following code now does not compile:
+
+```nim
+proc foo(_: int): int = _ + 1
+echo foo(1)
+
+proc foo[_](t: typedesc[_]): seq[_] = @[default(_)]
+echo foo[int]()
+
+proc _() = echo "_"
+_()
+
+type _ = int
+let x: _ = 3
+```
+
+Whereas the following code now compiles:
+
+```nim
+proc foo(_, _: int): int = 123
+echo foo(1, 2)
+
+proc foo[_, _](): int = 123
+echo foo[int, bool]()
+
+proc foo[T, U](_: typedesc[T], _: typedesc[U]): (T, U) = (default(T), default(U))
+echo foo(int, bool)
+
+proc _() = echo "one"
+proc _() = echo "two"
+
+type _ = int
+type _ = float
+```
+
+### JavaScript codegen improvement
+
+The JavaScript backend now uses [BigInt](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt)
+for 64-bit integer types (`int64` and `uint64`) by default. As this affects
+JS code generation, code using these types to interface with the JS backend
+may need to be updated. Note that `int` and `uint` are not affected.
+
+For compatibility with [platforms that do not support BigInt](https://caniuse.com/bigint)
+and in the case of potential bugs with the new implementation, the
+old behavior is currently still supported with the command line option
+`--jsbigint64:off`.
+
+
+## Docgen improvements
+
+`Markdown` is now the default markup language of doc comments (instead
+of the legacy `RstMarkdown` mode). In this release we begin to separate
+RST and Markdown features to better follow specification of each
+language, with the focus on Markdown development.
+See also [the docs](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/markdown_rst.html).
+
+* Added a `{.doctype: Markdown | RST | RstMarkdown.}` pragma allowing to
+  select the markup language mode in the doc comments of the current `.nim`
+  file for processing by `nim doc`:
+
+    1. `Markdown` (default) is basically CommonMark (standard Markdown) +
+        some Pandoc Markdown features + some RST features that are missing
+        in our current implementation of CommonMark and Pandoc Markdown.
+    2. `RST` closely follows the RST spec with few additional Nim features.
+    3. `RstMarkdown` is a maximum mix of RST and Markdown features, which
+        is kept for the sake of compatibility and ease of migration.
+
+* Added separate `md2html` and `rst2html` commands for processing
+  standalone `.md` and `.rst` files respectively (and also `md2tex`/`rst2tex`).
+
+* Added Pandoc Markdown bracket syntax `[...]` for making anchor-less links.
+* Docgen now supports concise syntax for referencing Nim symbols:
+  instead of specifying HTML anchors directly one can use original
+  Nim symbol declarations (adding the aforementioned link brackets
+  `[...]` around them).
+  * To use this feature across modules, a new `importdoc` directive was added.
+    Using this feature for referencing also helps to ensure that links
+    (inside one module or the whole project) are not broken.
+* Added support for RST & Markdown quote blocks (blocks starting with `>`).
+* Added a popular Markdown definition lists extension.
+* Added Markdown indented code blocks (blocks indented by >= 4 spaces).
+* Added syntax for additional parameters to Markdown code blocks:
+
+       ```nim test="nim c $1"
+       ...
+       ```
+
+
+## C++ interop enhancements
+
+Nim 2.0 takes C++ interop to the next level. With the new [virtual](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual_experimental.html#virtual-pragma) pragma and the extended [constructor](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual_experimental.html#constructor-pragma) pragma.
+Now one can define constructors and virtual procs that maps to C++ constructors and virtual methods, allowing one to further customize
+the interoperability. There is also extended support for the [codeGenDecl](https://nim-lang.org/docs/manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-codegendecl-pragma) pragma, so that it works on types.
+
+It's a common pattern in C++ to use inheritance to extend a library. Some even use multiple inheritance as a mechanism to make interfaces.
+
+Consider the following example:
+
+```cpp
+
+struct Base {
+  int someValue;
+  Base(int inValue)  {
+    someValue = inValue;
+  };
+};
+
+class IPrinter {
+public:
+  virtual void print() = 0;
+};
+```
+
+```nim
+
+type
+  Base* {.importcpp, inheritable.} = object
+    someValue*: int32
+  IPrinter* {.importcpp.} = object
+
+const objTemplate = """
+  struct $1 : public $3, public IPrinter {
+    $2
+  };
+""";
+
+type NimChild {.codegenDecl: objTemplate .} = object of Base
+
+proc makeNimChild(val: int32): NimChild {.constructor: "NimClass('1 #1) : Base(#1)".} =
+  echo "It calls the base constructor passing " & $this.someValue
+  this.someValue = val * 2 # Notice how we can access `this` inside the constructor. It's of the type `ptr NimChild`.
+
+proc print*(self: NimChild) {.virtual.} =
+  echo "Some value is " & $self.someValue
+
+let child = makeNimChild(10)
+child.print()
+```
+
+It outputs:
+
+```
+It calls the base constructor passing 10
+Some value is 20
+```
+
+
+## ARC/ORC refinements
+
+With the 2.0 release, the ARC/ORC model got refined once again and is now finally complete:
+
+1. Programmers now have control over the "item was moved from" state as `=wasMoved` is overridable.
+2. There is a new `=dup` hook which is more efficient than the old combination of `=wasMoved(tmp); =copy(tmp, x)` operations.
+3. Destructors now take a parameter of the attached object type `T` directly and don't have to take a `var T` parameter.
+
+With these important optimizations we improved the runtime of the compiler and important benchmarks by 0%! Wait ... what?
+Yes, unfortunately it turns out that for a modern optimizer like in GCC or LLVM there is no difference.
+
+But! This refined model is more efficient once separate compilation enters the picture. In other words, as we think of
+providing a stable ABI it is important not to lose any efficiency in the calling conventions.
+
+
+## Tool changes
+
+- Nim now ships Nimble version 0.14 which added support for lock-files. Libraries are stored in `$nimbleDir/pkgs2` (it was `$nimbleDir/pkgs` before). Use `nimble develop --global` to create an old style link file in the special links directory documented at https://github.com/nim-lang/nimble#nimble-develop.
+- nimgrep now offers the option `--inContext` (and `--notInContext`), which
+  allows to filter only matches with the context block containing a given pattern.
+- nimgrep: names of options containing "include/exclude" are deprecated,
+  e.g. instead of `--includeFile` and `--excludeFile` we have
+  `--filename` and `--notFilename` respectively.
+  Also, the semantics are now consistent for such positive/negative filters.
+- Nim now ships with an alternative package manager called Atlas. More on this in upcoming versions.
+
+
+## Porting guide
+
+### Block and Break
+
+Using an unnamed break in a block is deprecated. This warning will become an error in future versions! Use a named block with a named break instead. In other words, turn:
+
+```nim
+
+block:
+  a()
+  if cond:
+    break
+  b()
+
+```
+
+Into:
+
+```nim
+
+block maybePerformB:
+  a()
+  if cond:
+    break maybePerformB
+  b()
+
+```
+
+### Strict funcs
+
+The definition of `"strictFuncs"` was changed.
+The old definition was roughly: "A store to a ref/ptr deref is forbidden unless it's coming from a `var T` parameter".
+The new definition is: "A store to a ref/ptr deref is forbidden."
+
+This new definition is much easier to understand, the price is some expressitivity. The following code used to be
+accepted:
+
+```nim
+
+{.experimental: "strictFuncs".}
+
+type Node = ref object
+  s: string
+
+func create(s: string): Node =
+  result = Node()
+  result.s = s # store to result[]
+
+```
+
+Now it has to be rewritten to:
+
+```nim
+
+{.experimental: "strictFuncs".}
+
+type Node = ref object
+  s: string
+
+func create(s: string): Node =
+  result = Node(s: s)
+
+```
+
+### Standard library
+
+Several standard library modules have been moved to nimble packages, use `nimble` or `atlas` to install them:
+
+- `std/punycode` => `punycode`
+- `std/asyncftpclient` => `asyncftpclient`
+- `std/smtp` => `smtp`
+- `std/db_common` => `db_connector/db_common`
+- `std/db_sqlite` => `db_connector/db_sqlite`
+- `std/db_mysql` => `db_connector/db_mysql`
+- `std/db_postgres` => `db_connector/db_postgres`
+- `std/db_odbc` => `db_connector/db_odbc`
+- `std/md5` => `checksums/md5`
+- `std/sha1` => `checksums/sha1`
+- `std/sums` => `sums`
diff --git a/changelogs/changelog_2_0_0_details.md b/changelogs/changelog_2_0_0_details.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..24dc4edad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelogs/changelog_2_0_0_details.md
@@ -0,0 +1,560 @@
+# v2.0.0 - 2023-08-01
+
+
+## Changes affecting backward compatibility
+
+- ORC is now the default memory management strategy. Use
+  `--mm:refc` for a transition period.
+
+- The `threads:on` option is now the default.
+
+- `httpclient.contentLength` default to `-1` if the Content-Length header is not set in the response. It follows Apache's `HttpClient` (Java), `http` (go) and .NET `HttpWebResponse` (C#) behaviors. Previously it raised a `ValueError`.
+
+- `addr` is now available for all addressable locations,
+  `unsafeAddr` is now deprecated and an alias for `addr`.
+
+- Certain definitions from the default `system` module have been moved to
+  the following new modules:
+
+  - `std/syncio`
+  - `std/assertions`
+  - `std/formatfloat`
+  - `std/objectdollar`
+  - `std/widestrs`
+  - `std/typedthreads`
+  - `std/sysatomics`
+
+  In the future, these definitions will be removed from the `system` module,
+  and their respective modules will have to be imported to use them.
+  Currently, to make these imports required, the `-d:nimPreviewSlimSystem` option
+  may be used.
+
+- Enabling `-d:nimPreviewSlimSystem` also removes the following deprecated
+  symbols in the `system` module:
+  - Aliases with an `Error` suffix to exception types that have a `Defect` suffix
+    (see [exceptions](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/exceptions.html)):
+    `ArithmeticError`, `DivByZeroError`, `OverflowError`,
+    `AccessViolationError`, `AssertionError`, `OutOfMemError`, `IndexError`,
+    `FieldError`, `RangeError`, `StackOverflowError`, `ReraiseError`,
+    `ObjectAssignmentError`, `ObjectConversionError`, `FloatingPointError`,
+    `FloatOverflowError`, `FloatUnderflowError`, `FloatInexactError`,
+    `DeadThreadError`, `NilAccessError`
+  - `addQuitProc`, replaced by `exitprocs.addExitProc`
+  - Legacy unsigned conversion operations: `ze`, `ze64`, `toU8`, `toU16`, `toU32`
+  - `TaintedString`, formerly a distinct alias to `string`
+  - `PInt32`, `PInt64`, `PFloat32`, `PFloat64`, aliases to
+    `ptr int32`, `ptr int64`, `ptr float32`, `ptr float64`
+
+- Enabling `-d:nimPreviewSlimSystem` removes the import of `channels_builtin` in
+  in the `system` module, which is replaced by [threading/channels](https://github.com/nim-lang/threading/blob/master/threading/channels.nim). Use the command `nimble install threading` and import `threading/channels`.
+
+- Enabling `-d:nimPreviewCstringConversion` causes `ptr char`, `ptr array[N, char]` and `ptr UncheckedArray[N, char]` to not support conversion to `cstring` anymore.
+
+- Enabling `-d:nimPreviewProcConversion` causes `proc` to not support conversion to
+  `pointer` anymore. `cast` may be used instead.
+
+- The `gc:v2` option is removed.
+
+- The `mainmodule` and `m` options are removed.
+
+- Optional parameters in combination with `: body` syntax ([RFC #405](https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/405))
+  are now opt-in via `experimental:flexibleOptionalParams`.
+
+- Automatic dereferencing (experimental feature) is removed.
+
+- The `Math.trunc` polyfill for targeting Internet Explorer was
+  previously included in most JavaScript output files.
+  Now, it is only included with `-d:nimJsMathTruncPolyfill`.
+  If you are targeting Internet Explorer, you may choose to enable this option
+  or define your own `Math.trunc` polyfill using the [`emit` pragma](https://nim-lang.org/docs/manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-emit-pragma).
+  Nim uses `Math.trunc` for the division and modulo operators for integers.
+
+- `shallowCopy` and `shallow` are removed for ARC/ORC. Use `move` when possible or combine assignment and
+`sink` for optimization purposes.
+
+- The experimental `nimPreviewDotLikeOps` switch is going to be removed or deprecated because it didn't fulfill its promises.
+
+- The `{.this.}` pragma, deprecated since 0.19, has been removed.
+- `nil` literals can no longer be directly assigned to variables or fields of `distinct` pointer types. They must be converted instead.
+  ```nim
+  type Foo = distinct ptr int
+
+  # Before:
+  var x: Foo = nil
+  # After:
+  var x: Foo = Foo(nil)
+  ```
+- Removed two type pragma syntaxes deprecated since 0.20, namely
+  `type Foo = object {.final.}`, and `type Foo {.final.} [T] = object`. Instead,
+  use `type Foo[T] {.final.} = object`.
+
+- `foo a = b` now means `foo(a = b)` rather than `foo(a) = b`. This is consistent
+  with the existing behavior of `foo a, b = c` meaning `foo(a, b = c)`.
+  This decision was made with the assumption that the old syntax was used rarely;
+  if your code used the old syntax, please be aware of this change.
+
+- [Overloadable enums](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual.html#overloadable-enum-value-names) and Unicode Operators
+  are no longer experimental.
+
+- `macros.getImpl` for `const` symbols now returns the full definition node
+  (as `nnkConstDef`) rather than the AST of the constant value.
+
+- Lock levels are deprecated, now a noop.
+
+- `strictEffects` are no longer experimental.
+  Use `legacy:laxEffects` to keep backward compatibility.
+
+- The `gorge`/`staticExec` calls will now return a descriptive message in the output
+  if the execution fails for whatever reason. To get back legacy behaviour, use `-d:nimLegacyGorgeErrors`.
+
+- Pointer to `cstring` conversions now trigger a `[PtrToCstringConv]` warning.
+  This warning will become an error in future versions! Use a `cast` operation
+  like `cast[cstring](x)` instead.
+
+- `logging` will default to flushing all log level messages. To get the legacy behaviour of only flushing Error and Fatal messages, use `-d:nimV1LogFlushBehavior`.
+
+- Redefining templates with the same signature was previously
+  allowed to support certain macro code. To do this explicitly, the
+  `{.redefine.}` pragma has been added. Note that this is only for templates.
+  Implicit redefinition of templates is now deprecated and will give an error in the future.
+
+- Using an unnamed break in a block is deprecated. This warning will become an error in future versions! Use a named block with a named break instead.
+
+- Several Standard libraries have been moved to nimble packages, use `nimble` to install them:
+  - `std/punycode` => `punycode`
+  - `std/asyncftpclient` => `asyncftpclient`
+  - `std/smtp` => `smtp`
+  - `std/db_common` => `db_connector/db_common`
+  - `std/db_sqlite` => `db_connector/db_sqlite`
+  - `std/db_mysql` => `db_connector/db_mysql`
+  - `std/db_postgres` => `db_connector/db_postgres`
+  - `std/db_odbc` => `db_connector/db_odbc`
+  - `std/md5` => `checksums/md5`
+  - `std/sha1` => `checksums/sha1`
+  - `std/sums` => `std/sums`
+
+- Previously, calls like `foo(a, b): ...` or `foo(a, b) do: ...` where the final argument of
+  `foo` had type `proc ()` were assumed by the compiler to mean `foo(a, b, proc () = ...)`.
+  This behavior is now deprecated. Use `foo(a, b) do (): ...` or `foo(a, b, proc () = ...)` instead.
+
+- When `--warning[BareExcept]:on` is enabled, if an `except` specifies no exception or any exception not inheriting from `Defect` or `CatchableError`, a `warnBareExcept` warning will be triggered. For example, the following code will emit a warning:
+  ```nim
+  try:
+    discard
+  except: # Warning: The bare except clause is deprecated; use `except CatchableError:` instead [BareExcept]
+    discard
+  ```
+
+- The experimental `strictFuncs` feature now disallows a store to the heap via a `ref` or `ptr` indirection.
+
+- The underscore identifier (`_`) is now generally not added to scope when
+  used as the name of a definition. While this was already the case for
+  variables, it is now also the case for routine parameters, generic
+  parameters, routine declarations, type declarations, etc. This means that the following code now does not compile:
+
+  ```nim
+  proc foo(_: int): int = _ + 1
+  echo foo(1)
+
+  proc foo[_](t: typedesc[_]): seq[_] = @[default(_)]
+  echo foo[int]()
+
+  proc _() = echo "_"
+  _()
+
+  type _ = int
+  let x: _ = 3
+  ```
+
+  Whereas the following code now compiles:
+
+  ```nim
+  proc foo(_, _: int): int = 123
+  echo foo(1, 2)
+
+  proc foo[_, _](): int = 123
+  echo foo[int, bool]()
+
+  proc foo[T, U](_: typedesc[T], _: typedesc[U]): (T, U) = (default(T), default(U))
+  echo foo(int, bool)
+
+  proc _() = echo "one"
+  proc _() = echo "two"
+
+  type _ = int
+  type _ = float
+  ```
+
+- Added the `--legacy:verboseTypeMismatch` switch to get legacy type mismatch error messages.
+
+- The JavaScript backend now uses [BigInt](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt)
+  for 64-bit integer types (`int64` and `uint64`) by default. As this affects
+  JS code generation, code using these types to interface with the JS backend
+  may need to be updated. Note that `int` and `uint` are not affected.
+
+  For compatibility with [platforms that do not support BigInt](https://caniuse.com/bigint)
+  and in the case of potential bugs with the new implementation, the
+  old behavior is currently still supported with the command line option
+  `--jsbigint64:off`.
+
+- The `proc` and `iterator` type classes now respectively only match
+  procs and iterators. Previously both type classes matched any of
+  procs or iterators.
+
+  ```nim
+  proc prc(): int =
+    123
+
+  iterator iter(): int {.closure.} =
+    yield 123
+
+  proc takesProc[T: proc](x: T) = discard
+  proc takesIter[T: iterator](x: T) = discard
+
+  # always compiled:
+  takesProc(prc)
+  takesIter(iter)
+  # no longer compiles:
+  takesProc(iter)
+  takesIter(prc)
+  ```
+
+- The `proc` and `iterator` type classes now accept a calling convention pragma
+  (i.e. `proc {.closure.}`) that must be shared by matching proc or iterator
+  types. Previously, pragmas were parsed but discarded if no parameter list
+  was given.
+
+  This is represented in the AST by an `nnkProcTy`/`nnkIteratorTy` node with
+  an `nnkEmpty` node in the place of the `nnkFormalParams` node, and the pragma
+  node in the same place as in a concrete `proc` or `iterator` type node. This
+  state of the AST may be unexpected to existing code, both due to the
+  replacement of the `nnkFormalParams` node as well as having child nodes
+  unlike other type class AST.
+
+- Signed integer literals in `set` literals now default to a range type of
+  `0..255` instead of `0..65535` (the maximum size of sets).
+
+- `case` statements with `else` branches put before `elif`/`of` branches in macros
+  are rejected with "invalid order of case branches".
+
+- Destructors now default to `.raises: []` (i.e. destructors must not raise
+  unlisted exceptions) and explicitly raising destructors are implementation
+  defined behavior.
+
+- The very old, undocumented `deprecated` pragma statement syntax for
+  deprecated aliases is now a no-op. The regular deprecated pragma syntax is
+  generally sufficient instead.
+
+  ```nim
+  # now does nothing:
+  {.deprecated: [OldName: NewName].}
+
+  # instead use:
+  type OldName* {.deprecated: "use NewName instead".} = NewName
+  const oldName* {.deprecated: "use newName instead".} = newName
+  ```
+
+  `defined(nimalias)` can be used to check for versions when this syntax was
+  available; however since code that used this syntax is usually very old,
+  these deprecated aliases are likely not used anymore and it may make sense
+  to simply remove these statements.
+
+- `getProgramResult` and `setProgramResult` in `std/exitprocs` are no longer
+  declared when they are not available on the backend. Previously it would call
+  `doAssert false` at runtime despite the condition being checkable at compile-time.
+
+- Custom destructors now supports non-var parameters, e.g. ``proc `=destroy`[T: object](x: T)`` is valid. ``proc `=destroy`[T: object](x: var T)`` is deprecated.
+
+- Relative imports will not resolve to searched paths anymore, e.g. `import ./tables` now reports an error properly.
+
+## Standard library additions and changes
+
+[//]: # "Changes:"
+- OpenSSL 3 is now supported.
+- `macros.parseExpr` and `macros.parseStmt` now accept an optional
+  `filename` argument for more informative errors.
+- The `colors` module is expanded with missing colors from the CSS color standard.
+  `colPaleVioletRed` and `colMediumPurple` have also been changed to match the CSS color standard.
+- Fixed `lists.SinglyLinkedList` being broken after removing the last node ([#19353](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/19353)).
+- The `md5` module now works at compile time and in JavaScript.
+- Changed `mimedb` to use an `OrderedTable` instead of `OrderedTableRef`, to support `const` tables.
+- `strutils.find` now uses and defaults to `last = -1` for whole string searches,
+  making limiting it to just the first char (`last = 0`) valid.
+- `strutils.split` and `strutils.rsplit` now return the source string as a single element for an empty separator.
+- `random.rand` now works with `Ordinal`s.
+- Undeprecated `os.isvalidfilename`.
+- `std/oids` now uses `int64` to store time internally (before, it was int32).
+- `std/uri.Uri` dollar (`$`) improved, precalculates the `string` result length from the `Uri`.
+- `std/uri.Uri.isIpv6` is now exported.
+- `std/logging.ConsoleLogger` and `FileLogger` now have a `flushThreshold` attribute to set what log message levels are automatically flushed. For Nim v1 use `-d:nimFlushAllLogs` to automatically flush all message levels. Flushing all logs is the default behavior for Nim v2.
+
+
+- `std/jsfetch.newFetchOptions` now has default values for all parameters.
+- `std/jsformdata` now accepts the `Blob` data type.
+
+- `std/sharedlist` and `std/sharedtables` are now deprecated, see [RFC #433](https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/433).
+
+- There is a new compile flag (`-d:nimNoGetRandom`) when building `std/sysrand` to remove the dependency on the Linux `getrandom` syscall.
+
+  This compile flag only affects Linux builds and is necessary if either compiling on a Linux kernel version < 3.17, or if code built will be executing on kernel < 3.17.
+
+  On Linux kernels < 3.17 (such as kernel 3.10 in RHEL7 and CentOS7), the `getrandom` syscall was not yet introduced. Without this, the `std/sysrand` module will not build properly, and if code is built on a kernel >= 3.17 without the flag, any usage of the `std/sysrand` module will fail to execute on a kernel < 3.17 (since it attempts to perform a syscall to `getrandom`, which isn't present in the current kernel). A compile flag has been added to force the `std/sysrand` module to use /dev/urandom (available since Linux kernel 1.3.30), rather than the `getrandom` syscall. This allows for use of a cryptographically secure PRNG, regardless of kernel support for the `getrandom` syscall.
+
+  When building for RHEL7/CentOS7 for example, the entire build process for nim from a source package would then be:
+  ```sh
+  $ yum install devtoolset-8 # Install GCC version 8 vs the standard 4.8.5 on RHEL7/CentOS7. Alternatively use -d:nimEmulateOverflowChecks. See issue #13692 for details
+  $ scl enable devtoolset-8 bash # Run bash shell with default toolchain of gcc 8
+  $ sh build.sh  # per unix install instructions
+  $ bin/nim c koch  # per unix install instructions
+  $ ./koch boot -d:release  # per unix install instructions
+  $ ./koch tools -d:nimNoGetRandom  # pass the nimNoGetRandom flag to compile std/sysrand without support for getrandom syscall
+  ```
+
+  This is necessary to pass when building Nim on kernel versions < 3.17 in particular to avoid an error of "SYS_getrandom undeclared" during the build process for the stdlib (`sysrand` in particular).
+
+[//]: # "Additions:"
+- Added ISO 8601 week date utilities in `times`:
+  - Added `IsoWeekRange`, a range type for weeks in a week-based year.
+  - Added `IsoYear`, a distinct type for a week-based year in contrast to a regular year.
+  - Added an `initDateTime` overload to create a `DateTime` from an ISO week date.
+  - Added `getIsoWeekAndYear` to get an ISO week number and week-based year from a datetime.
+  - Added `getIsoWeeksInYear` to return the number of weeks in a week-based year.
+- Added new modules which were previously part of `std/os`:
+  - Added `std/oserrors` for OS error reporting.
+  - Added `std/envvars` for environment variables handling.
+  - Added `std/cmdline` for reading command line parameters.
+  - Added `std/paths`, `std/dirs`, `std/files`, `std/symlinks` and `std/appdirs`.
+- Added `sep` parameter in `std/uri` to specify the query separator.
+- Added `UppercaseLetters`, `LowercaseLetters`, `PunctuationChars`, `PrintableChars` sets to `std/strutils`.
+- Added `complex.sgn` for obtaining the phase of complex numbers.
+- Added `insertAdjacentText`, `insertAdjacentElement`, `insertAdjacentHTML`,
+  `after`, `before`, `closest`, `append`, `hasAttributeNS`, `removeAttributeNS`,
+  `hasPointerCapture`, `releasePointerCapture`, `requestPointerLock`,
+  `replaceChildren`, `replaceWith`, `scrollIntoViewIfNeeded`, `setHTML`,
+  `toggleAttribute`, and `matches` to `std/dom`.
+- Added [`jsre.hasIndices`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/RegExp/hasIndices).
+- Added `capacity` for `string` and `seq` to return the current capacity, see [RFC #460](https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/460).
+- Added `openArray[char]` overloads for `std/parseutils` and `std/unicode`, allowing for more code reuse.
+- Added a `safe` parameter to `base64.encodeMime`.
+- Added `parseutils.parseSize` - inverse to `strutils.formatSize` - to parse human readable sizes.
+- Added `minmax` to `sequtils`, as a more efficient `(min(_), max(_))` over sequences.
+- `std/jscore` for the JavaScript target:
+  + Added bindings to [`Array.shift`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/shift)
+  and [`queueMicrotask`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/queueMicrotask).
+  + Added `toDateString`, `toISOString`, `toJSON`, `toTimeString`, `toUTCString` converters for `DateTime`.
+- Added `BackwardsIndex` overload for `CacheSeq`.
+- Added support for nested `with` blocks in `std/with`.
+- Added `ensureMove` to the system module. It ensures that the passed argument is moved, otherwise an error is given at the compile time.
+
+
+[//]: # "Deprecations:"
+- Deprecated `selfExe` for Nimscript.
+- Deprecated `std/base64.encode` for collections of arbitrary integer element type.
+  Now only `byte` and `char` are supported.
+
+[//]: # "Removals:"
+- Removed deprecated module `parseopt2`.
+- Removed deprecated module `sharedstrings`.
+- Removed deprecated module `dom_extensions`.
+- Removed deprecated module `LockFreeHash`.
+- Removed deprecated module `events`.
+- Removed deprecated `oids.oidToString`.
+- Removed define `nimExperimentalAsyncjsThen` for `std/asyncjs.then` and `std/jsfetch`.
+- Removed deprecated `jsre.test` and `jsre.toString`.
+- Removed deprecated `math.c_frexp`.
+- Removed deprecated `` httpcore.`==` ``.
+- Removed deprecated `std/posix.CMSG_SPACE` and `std/posix.CMSG_LEN` that take wrong argument types.
+- Removed deprecated `osproc.poDemon`, symbol with typo.
+- Removed deprecated `tables.rightSize`.
+
+
+- Removed deprecated `posix.CLONE_STOPPED`.
+
+
+## Language changes
+
+- [Tag tracking](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual.html#effect-system-tag-tracking) now supports the definition of forbidden tags by the `.forbids` pragma
+  which can be used to disable certain effects in proc types.
+- [Case statement macros](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual.html#macros-case-statement-macros) are no longer experimental,
+  meaning you no longer need to enable the experimental switch `caseStmtMacros` to use them.
+- Full command syntax and block arguments i.e. `foo a, b: c` are now allowed
+  for the right-hand side of type definitions in type sections. Previously
+  they would error with "invalid indentation".
+
+- Compile-time define changes:
+  - `defined` now accepts identifiers separated by dots, i.e. `defined(a.b.c)`.
+    In the command line, this is defined as `-d:a.b.c`. Older versions can
+    use backticks as in ``defined(`a.b.c`)`` to access such defines.
+  - [Define pragmas for constants](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-compileminustime-define-pragmas)
+    now support a string argument for qualified define names.
+
+    ```nim
+    # -d:package.FooBar=42
+    const FooBar {.intdefine: "package.FooBar".}: int = 5
+    echo FooBar # 42
+    ```
+
+    This was added to help disambiguate similar define names for different packages.
+    In older versions, this could only be achieved with something like the following:
+
+    ```nim
+    const FooBar = block:
+      const `package.FooBar` {.intdefine.}: int = 5
+      `package.FooBar`
+    ```
+  - A generic `define` pragma for constants has been added that interprets
+    the value of the define based on the type of the constant value.
+    See the [experimental manual](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual_experimental.html#generic-nimdefine-pragma)
+    for a list of supported types.
+
+- [Macro pragmas](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual.html#userminusdefined-pragmas-macro-pragmas) changes:
+  - Templates now accept macro pragmas.
+  - Macro pragmas for var/let/const sections have been redesigned in a way that works
+    similarly to routine macro pragmas. The new behavior is documented in the
+    [experimental manual](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual_experimental.html#extended-macro-pragmas).
+  - Pragma macros on type definitions can now return `nnkTypeSection` nodes as well as `nnkTypeDef`,
+    allowing multiple type definitions to be injected in place of the original type definition.
+
+    ```nim
+    import macros
+
+    macro multiply(amount: static int, s: untyped): untyped =
+      let name = $s[0].basename
+      result = newNimNode(nnkTypeSection)
+      for i in 1 .. amount:
+        result.add(newTree(nnkTypeDef, ident(name & $i), s[1], s[2]))
+
+    type
+      Foo = object
+      Bar {.multiply: 3.} = object
+        x, y, z: int
+      Baz = object
+    # becomes
+    type
+      Foo = object
+      Bar1 = object
+        x, y, z: int
+      Bar2 = object
+        x, y, z: int
+      Bar3 = object
+        x, y, z: int
+      Baz = object
+    ```
+
+- A new form of type inference called [top-down inference](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual_experimental.html#topminusdown-type-inference)
+  has been implemented for a variety of basic cases. For example, code like the following now compiles:
+
+  ```nim
+  let foo: seq[(float, byte, cstring)] = @[(1, 2, "abc")]
+  ```
+
+- `cstring` is now accepted as a selector in `case` statements, removing the
+  need to convert to `string`. On the JS backend, this is translated directly
+  to a `switch` statement.
+
+- Nim now supports `out` parameters and ["strict definitions"](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual_experimental.html#strict-definitions-and-nimout-parameters).
+- Nim now offers a [strict mode](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual_experimental.html#strict-case-objects) for `case objects`.
+
+- IBM Z architecture and macOS m1 arm64 architecture are supported.
+
+- `=wasMoved` can now be overridden by users.
+
+- There is a new pragma called [quirky](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual_experimental.html#quirky-routines) that can be used to affect the code
+  generation of goto based exception handling. It can improve the produced code size but its effects can be subtle so use it with care.
+
+- Tuple unpacking for variables is now treated as syntax sugar that directly
+  expands into multiple assignments. Along with this, tuple unpacking for
+  variables can now be nested.
+
+  ```nim
+  proc returnsNestedTuple(): (int, (int, int), int, int) = (4, (5, 7), 2, 3)
+
+  let (x, (_, y), _, z) = returnsNestedTuple()
+  # roughly becomes
+  let
+    tmpTup1 = returnsNestedTuple()
+    x = tmpTup1[0]
+    tmpTup2 = tmpTup1[1]
+    y = tmpTup2[1]
+    z = tmpTup1[3]
+  ```
+
+  As a result `nnkVarTuple` nodes in variable sections will no longer be
+  reflected in `typed` AST.
+
+- C++ interoperability:
+  - New [`virtual`](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual_experimental.html#virtual-pragma) pragma added.
+  - Improvements to [`constructor`](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual_experimental.html#constructor-pragma) pragma.
+
+## Compiler changes
+
+- The `gc` switch has been renamed to `mm` ("memory management") in order to reflect the
+  reality better. (Nim moved away from all techniques based on "tracing".)
+
+- Defines the `gcRefc` symbol which allows writing specific code for the refc GC.
+
+- `nim` can now compile version 1.4.0 as follows: `nim c --lib:lib --stylecheck:off compiler/nim`,
+  without requiring `-d:nimVersion140` which is now a noop.
+
+- `--styleCheck`, `--hintAsError` and `--warningAsError` now only apply to the current package.
+
+- The switch `--nimMainPrefix:prefix` has been added to add a prefix to the names of `NimMain` and
+  related functions produced on the backend. This prevents conflicts with other Nim
+  static libraries.
+
+- When compiling for release, the flag `-fno-math-errno` is used for GCC.
+- Removed deprecated `LineTooLong` hint.
+- Line numbers and file names of source files work correctly inside templates for JavaScript targets.
+
+- Removed support for LCC (Local C), Pelles C, Digital Mars and Watcom compilers.
+
+
+## Docgen
+
+- `Markdown` is now the default markup language of doc comments (instead
+  of the legacy `RstMarkdown` mode). In this release we begin to separate
+  RST and Markdown features to better follow specification of each
+  language, with the focus on Markdown development.
+  See also [the docs](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/markdown_rst.html).
+
+  * Added a `{.doctype: Markdown | RST | RstMarkdown.}` pragma allowing to
+    select the markup language mode in the doc comments of the current `.nim`
+    file for processing by `nim doc`:
+
+      1. `Markdown` (default) is basically CommonMark (standard Markdown) +
+         some Pandoc Markdown features + some RST features that are missing
+         in our current implementation of CommonMark and Pandoc Markdown.
+      2. `RST` closely follows the RST spec with few additional Nim features.
+      3. `RstMarkdown` is a maximum mix of RST and Markdown features, which
+          is kept for the sake of compatibility and ease of migration.
+
+  * Added separate `md2html` and `rst2html` commands for processing
+    standalone `.md` and `.rst` files respectively (and also `md2tex`/`rst2tex`).
+
+- Added Pandoc Markdown bracket syntax `[...]` for making anchor-less links.
+- Docgen now supports concise syntax for referencing Nim symbols:
+  instead of specifying HTML anchors directly one can use original
+  Nim symbol declarations (adding the aforementioned link brackets
+  `[...]` around them).
+    * To use this feature across modules, a new `importdoc` directive was added.
+      Using this feature for referencing also helps to ensure that links
+      (inside one module or the whole project) are not broken.
+- Added support for RST & Markdown quote blocks (blocks starting with `>`).
+- Added a popular Markdown definition lists extension.
+- Added Markdown indented code blocks (blocks indented by >= 4 spaces).
+- Added syntax for additional parameters to Markdown code blocks:
+
+       ```nim test="nim c $1"
+       ...
+       ```
+
+## Tool changes
+
+- Nim now ships Nimble version 0.14 which added support for lock-files. Libraries are stored in `$nimbleDir/pkgs2` (it was `$nimbleDir/pkgs` before). Use `nimble develop --global` to create an old style link file in the special links directory documented at https://github.com/nim-lang/nimble#nimble-develop.
+- nimgrep added the option `--inContext` (and `--notInContext`), which
+  allows to filter only matches with the context block containing a given pattern.
+- nimgrep: names of options containing "include/exclude" are deprecated,
+  e.g. instead of `--includeFile` and `--excludeFile` we have
+  `--filename` and `--notFilename` respectively.
+  Also the semantics are now consistent for such positive/negative filters.
+- koch now supports the `--skipIntegrityCheck` option. The command `koch --skipIntegrityCheck boot -d:release` always builds the compiler twice.
diff --git a/changelogs/changelog_2_2_0.md b/changelogs/changelog_2_2_0.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b50cbeb27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelogs/changelog_2_2_0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+# v2.2.0 - 2024-10-02
+
+
+## Changes affecting backward compatibility
+
+- `-d:nimStrictDelete` becomes the default. An index error is produced when the index passed to `system.delete` is out of bounds. Use `-d:nimAuditDelete` to mimic the old behavior for backward compatibility.
+
+- The default user-agent in `std/httpclient` has been changed to `Nim-httpclient/<version>` instead of `Nim httpclient/<version>` which was incorrect according to the HTTP spec.
+
+- Methods now support implementations based on a VTable by using `--experimental:vtables`. Methods are then confined to the same module where their type has been defined.
+
+- With `-d:nimPreviewNonVarDestructor`, non-var destructors become the default.
+
+- A bug where tuple unpacking assignment with a longer tuple on the RHS than the LHS was allowed has been fixed, i.e. code like:
+  ```nim
+  var a, b: int
+  (a, b) = (1, 2, 3, 4)
+  ```
+  will no longer compile.
+
+- `internalNew` is removed from the `system` module, use `new` instead.
+
+- `bindMethod` in `std/jsffi` is deprecated, don't use it with closures.
+
+- JS backend now supports lambda lifting for closures. Use `--legacy:jsNoLambdaLifting` to emulate old behaviors.
+
+- JS backend now supports closure iterators.
+
+- `owner` in `std/macros` is deprecated.
+
+- Ambiguous type symbols in generic procs and templates now generate symchoice nodes.
+  Previously; in templates they would error immediately at the template definition,
+  and in generic procs a type symbol would arbitrarily be captured, losing the
+  information of the other symbols. This means that generic code can now give
+  errors for ambiguous type symbols, and macros operating on generic proc AST
+  may encounter symchoice nodes instead of the arbitrarily resolved type symbol nodes.
+
+- Partial generic instantiation of routines is no longer allowed. Previously
+  it compiled in niche situations due to bugs in the compiler.
+
+  ```nim
+  proc foo[T, U](x: T, y: U) = echo (x, y)
+  proc foo[T, U](x: var T, y: U) = echo "var ", (x, y)
+
+  proc bar[T]() =
+    foo[float](1, "abc")
+
+  bar[int]() # before: (1.0, "abc"), now: type mismatch, missing generic parameter
+  ```
+
+- `const` values now open a new scope for each constant, meaning symbols
+  declared in them can no longer be used outside or in the value of
+  other constants.
+
+  ```nim
+  const foo = (var a = 1; a)
+  const bar = a # error
+  let baz = a # error
+  ```
+
+- The following POSIX wrappers have had their types changed from signed to
+  unsigned types on OSX and FreeBSD/OpenBSD to correct codegen errors:
+  - `Gid` (was `int32`, is now `uint32`)
+  - `Uid` (was `int32`, is now `uint32`)
+  - `Dev` (was `int32`, is now `uint32` on FreeBSD)
+  - `Nlink` (was `int16`, is now `uint32` on OpenBSD and `uint16` on OSX/other BSD)
+  - `sin6_flowinfo` and `sin6_scope_id` fields of `Sockaddr_in6`
+    (were `int32`, are now `uint32`)
+  - `n_net` field of `Tnetent` (was `int32`, is now `uint32`)
+
+- The `Atomic[T]` type on C++ now uses C11 primitives by default instead of
+  `std::atomic`. To use `std::atomic` instead, `-d:nimUseCppAtomics` can be defined.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## Standard library additions and changes
+
+[//]: # "Changes:"
+
+- Changed `std/osfiles.copyFile` to allow specifying `bufferSize` instead of a hard-coded one.
+- Changed `std/osfiles.copyFile` to use `POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL` hints for kernel-level aggressive sequential read-aheads.
+- `std/htmlparser` has been moved to a nimble package, use `nimble` or `atlas` to install it.
+- Changed `std/os.copyDir` and `copyDirWithPermissions` to allow skipping special "file" objects like FIFOs, device files, etc on Unix by specifying a `skipSpecial` parameter.
+
+[//]: # "Additions:"
+
+- Added `newStringUninit` to the `system` module, which creates a new string of length `len` like `newString` but with uninitialized content.
+- Added `setLenUninit` to the `system` module, which doesn't initialize
+slots when enlarging a sequence.
+- Added `hasDefaultValue` to `std/typetraits` to check if a type has a valid default value.
+- Added `rangeBase` to `std/typetraits` to obtain the base type of a range type or
+  convert a value with a range type to its base type.
+- Added Viewport API for the JavaScript targets in the `dom` module.
+- Added `toSinglyLinkedRing` and `toDoublyLinkedRing` to `std/lists` to convert from `openArray`s.
+- ORC: To be enabled via `nimOrcStats` there is a new API called `GC_orcStats` that can be used to query how many
+  objects the cyclic collector did free. If the number is zero that is a strong indicator that you can use `--mm:arc`
+  instead of `--mm:orc`.
+- A `$` template is provided for `Path` in `std/paths`.
+- `std/hashes.hash(x:string)` changed to produce a 64-bit string `Hash` (based
+on Google's Farm Hash) which is also often faster than the present one.  Define
+`nimStringHash2` to get the old values back.  `--jsbigint=off` mode always only
+produces the old values.  This may impact your automated tests if they depend
+on hash order in some obvious or indirect way.  Using `sorted` or `OrderedTable`
+is often an easy workaround.
+
+[//]: # "Deprecations:"
+
+- Deprecates `system.newSeqUninitialized`, which is replaced by `newSeqUninit`.
+
+[//]: # "Removals:"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## Language changes
+
+- `noInit` can be used in types and fields to disable member initializers in the C++ backend.
+
+- C++ custom constructors initializers see https://nim-lang.org/docs/manual_experimental.html#constructor-initializer
+
+- `member` can be used to attach a procedure to a C++ type.
+
+- C++ `constructor` now reuses `result` instead creating `this`.
+
+- Tuple unpacking changes:
+  - Tuple unpacking assignment now supports using underscores to discard values.
+    ```nim
+    var a, c: int
+    (a, _, c) = (1, 2, 3)
+    ```
+  - Tuple unpacking variable declarations now support type annotations, but
+    only for the entire tuple.
+    ```nim
+    let (a, b): (int, int) = (1, 2)
+    let (a, (b, c)): (byte, (float, cstring)) = (1, (2, "abc"))
+    ```
+
+- The experimental option `--experimental:openSym` has been added to allow
+  captured symbols in generic routine and template bodies respectively to be
+  replaced by symbols injected locally by templates/macros at instantiation
+  time. `bind` may be used to keep the captured symbols over the injected ones
+  regardless of enabling the option, but other methods like renaming the
+  captured symbols should be used instead so that the code is not affected by
+  context changes.
+
+  Since this change may affect runtime behavior, the experimental switch
+  `openSym` needs to be enabled; and a warning is given in the case where an
+  injected symbol would replace a captured symbol not bound by `bind` and
+  the experimental switch isn't enabled.
+
+  ```nim
+  const value = "captured"
+  template foo(x: int, body: untyped): untyped =
+    let value {.inject.} = "injected"
+    body
+
+  proc old[T](): string =
+    foo(123):
+      return value # warning: a new `value` has been injected, use `bind` or turn on `experimental:openSym`
+  echo old[int]() # "captured"
+
+  template oldTempl(): string =
+    block:
+      foo(123):
+        value # warning: a new `value` has been injected, use `bind` or turn on `experimental:openSym`
+  echo oldTempl() # "captured"
+
+  {.experimental: "openSym".}
+
+  proc bar[T](): string =
+    foo(123):
+      return value
+  assert bar[int]() == "injected" # previously it would be "captured"
+
+  proc baz[T](): string =
+    bind value
+    foo(123):
+      return value
+  assert baz[int]() == "captured"
+
+  template barTempl(): string =
+    block:
+      foo(123):
+        value
+  assert barTempl() == "injected" # previously it would be "captured"
+
+  template bazTempl(): string =
+    bind value
+    block:
+      foo(123):
+        value
+  assert bazTempl() == "captured"
+  ```
+
+  This option also generates a new node kind `nnkOpenSym` which contains
+  exactly 1 `nnkSym` node. In the future this might be merged with a slightly
+  modified `nnkOpenSymChoice` node but macros that want to support the
+  experimental feature should still handle `nnkOpenSym`, as the node kind would
+  simply not be generated as opposed to being removed.
+
+  Another experimental switch `genericsOpenSym` exists that enables this behavior
+  at instantiation time, meaning templates etc can enable it specifically when
+  they are being called. However this does not generate `nnkOpenSym` nodes
+  (unless the other switch is enabled) and so doesn't reflect the regular
+  behavior of the switch.
+
+  ```nim
+  const value = "captured"
+  template foo(x: int, body: untyped): untyped =
+    let value {.inject.} = "injected"
+    {.push experimental: "genericsOpenSym".}
+    body
+    {.pop.}
+
+  proc bar[T](): string =
+    foo(123):
+      return value
+  echo bar[int]() # "injected"
+
+  template barTempl(): string =
+    block:
+      var res: string
+      foo(123):
+        res = value
+      res
+  assert barTempl() == "injected"
+  ```
+
+
+
+
+
+## Compiler changes
+
+- `--nimcache` using a relative path as the argument in a config file is now relative to the config file instead of the current directory.
+
+
+
+
+
+## Tool changes
+
+- koch now allows bootstrapping with `-d:nimHasLibFFI`, replacing the older option of building the compiler directly w/ the `libffi` nimble package.
diff --git a/changelogs/changelog_X_XX_X.md b/changelogs/changelog_X_XX_X.md
index 48520fd44..f8a09a535 100644
--- a/changelogs/changelog_X_XX_X.md
+++ b/changelogs/changelog_X_XX_X.md
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
-# v1.xx.x - yyyy-mm-dd
+# v2.xx.x - yyyy-mm-dd
 
 This is an example file.
 The changes should go to changelog.md!
 
+## Changes affecting backward compatibility
+
+- `foo` now behaves differently, use `-d:nimLegacyFoo` for previous behavior.
 
 ## Standard library additions and changes
 
 - Added `example.exampleProc`.
-- Changed `example.foo` to take additional `bar` parameter.
 
+- Changed `example.foo` to take additional `bar` parameter.
 
 ## Language changes
 
diff --git a/ci/action.nim b/ci/action.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad0f4df0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ci/action.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import std/[strutils, os, osproc, parseutils, strformat]
+
+
+proc main() =
+  var msg = ""
+  const cmd = "./koch boot --mm:orc -d:release"
+
+  let (output, exitCode) = execCmdEx(cmd)
+
+  doAssert exitCode == 0, output
+
+  let start = rfind(output, "Hint: mm")
+  doAssert parseUntil(output, msg, "; proj", start) > 0, output
+
+  let (commitHash, _) = execCmdEx("""git log --format="%H" -n 1""")
+
+  let welcomeMessage = fmt"""Thanks for your hard work on this PR!
+The lines below are statistics of the Nim compiler built from {commitHash}
+
+{msg}
+"""
+  createDir "ci/nimcache"
+  writeFile "ci/nimcache/results.txt", welcomeMessage
+
+when isMainModule:
+  main()
diff --git a/ci/build.bat b/ci/build.bat
deleted file mode 100644
index cdce8d3d2..000000000
--- a/ci/build.bat
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-REM Some debug info
-echo "Running on %CI_RUNNER_ID% (%CI_RUNNER_DESCRIPTION%) with tags %CI_RUNNER_TAGS%."
-gcc -v
-
-git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/nim-lang/csources.git
-cd csources
-call build64.bat
-cd ..
-set PATH=%CD%\bin;%PATH%
-nim -v
-nim c koch
-koch.exe boot
-copy bin/nim bin/nimd
-koch.exe boot -d:release
diff --git a/ci/build.sh b/ci/build.sh
deleted file mode 100644
index 6321fffba..000000000
--- a/ci/build.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-sh ci/deps.sh
-
-# Build from C sources.
-git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/nim-lang/csources.git
-cd csources
-sh build.sh
-cd ..
-# Add Nim to the PATH
-export PATH=$(pwd)/bin${PATH:+:$PATH}
-# Bootstrap.
-nim -v
-nim c koch
-./koch boot
-cp bin/nim bin/nimd
-./koch boot -d:release
diff --git a/ci/build_autogen.bat b/ci/build_autogen.bat
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b6ca566e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ci/build_autogen.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+@echo off
+rem DO NO EDIT DIRECTLY! auto-generated by `nim r tools/ci_generate.nim`
+rem Build development version of the compiler; can be rerun safely
+rem bare bones version of ci/funs.sh adapted for windows.
+
+rem Read in some common shared variables (shared with other tools),
+rem see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3068929/how-to-read-file-contents-into-a-variable-in-a-batch-file
+for /f "delims== tokens=1,2" %%G in (config/build_config.txt) do set %%G=%%H
+SET nim_csources=bin\nim_csources_%nim_csourcesHash%.exe
+echo "building from csources: %nim_csources%"
+
+if not exist %nim_csourcesDir% (
+  git clone -q --depth 1 -b %nim_csourcesBranch% %nim_csourcesUrl% %nim_csourcesDir%
+)
+
+if not exist %nim_csources% (
+  cd %nim_csourcesDir%
+  git checkout %nim_csourcesHash%
+  echo "%PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE%"
+  if "%PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE%"=="AMD64" (
+    SET ARCH=64
+  )
+  CALL build.bat
+  cd ..
+  copy /y bin\nim.exe  %nim_csources%
+)
diff --git a/ci/deps.bat b/ci/deps.bat
deleted file mode 100644
index bda1fe14f..000000000
--- a/ci/deps.bat
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-nim e install_nimble.nims
-nim e tests/test_nimscript.nims
-nimble update
-nimble install -y zip opengl sdl1 jester@#head niminst
diff --git a/ci/deps.sh b/ci/deps.sh
deleted file mode 100644
index f0f831a2a..000000000
--- a/ci/deps.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-# Some debug info
-echo "Running on $CI_RUNNER_ID ($CI_RUNNER_DESCRIPTION) with tags $CI_RUNNER_TAGS."
-
-# Packages
-apt-get update -qq
-apt-get install -y -qq build-essential git libcurl4-openssl-dev libsdl1.2-dev libgc-dev nodejs
-
-gcc -v
-
-export PATH=$(pwd)/bin${PATH:+:$PATH}
-
-# Nimble deps
-nim e install_nimble.nims
-nim e tests/test_nimscript.nims
-nimble update
-nimble install zip opengl sdl1 jester@#head niminst
diff --git a/ci/funs.sh b/ci/funs.sh
index de56ef152..026366198 100644
--- a/ci/funs.sh
+++ b/ci/funs.sh
@@ -1,8 +1,147 @@
-# utilities used in CI pipelines to avoid duplication.
+# Utilities used in CI pipelines and tooling to avoid duplication.
+# Avoid top-level statements.
+# Prefer nim scripts whenever possible.
+# functions starting with `_` are considered internal, less stable.
 
 echo_run () {
   # echo's a command before running it, which helps understanding logs
   echo ""
-  echo "$@"
+  echo "cmd: $@" # in azure we could also use this: echo '##[section]"$@"'
   "$@"
 }
+
+nimGetLastCommit() {
+  git log --no-merges -1 --pretty=format:"%s"
+}
+
+nimIsCiSkip(){
+  # D20210329T004830:here refs https://github.com/microsoft/azure-pipelines-agent/issues/2944
+  # `--no-merges` is needed to avoid merge commits which occur for PR's.
+  # $(Build.SourceVersionMessage) is not helpful
+  # nor is `github.event.head_commit.message` for github actions.
+  # Note: `[skip ci]` is now handled automatically for github actions, see https://github.blog/changelog/2021-02-08-github-actions-skip-pull-request-and-push-workflows-with-skip-ci/
+  commitMsg=$(nimGetLastCommit)
+  echo commitMsg: "$commitMsg"
+  if [[ $commitMsg == *"[skip ci]"* ]]; then
+    echo "skipci: true"
+    return 0
+  else
+    echo "skipci: false"
+    return 1
+  fi
+}
+
+nimInternalInstallDepsWindows(){
+  echo_run mkdir dist
+  echo_run curl -L https://nim-lang.org/download/mingw64.7z -o dist/mingw64.7z
+  echo_run curl -L https://nim-lang.org/download/dlls.zip -o dist/dlls.zip
+  echo_run 7z x dist/mingw64.7z -odist
+  echo_run 7z x dist/dlls.zip -obin
+}
+
+nimInternalBuildKochAndRunCI(){
+  echo_run nim c koch
+  if ! echo_run ./koch runCI; then
+    echo_run echo "runCI failed"
+    echo_run nim r tools/ci_testresults.nim
+    return 1
+  fi
+}
+
+nimDefineVars(){
+  . config/build_config.txt
+  nim_csources=bin/nim_csources_$nim_csourcesHash
+}
+
+_nimNumCpu(){
+  # linux: $(nproc)
+  # FreeBSD | macOS: $(sysctl -n hw.ncpu)
+  # OpenBSD: $(sysctl -n hw.ncpuonline)
+  # windows: $NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS ?
+  if env | grep -q '^NIMCORES='; then
+    echo $NIMCORES
+  else
+    echo $(nproc 2>/dev/null || sysctl -n hw.logicalcpu 2>/dev/null || getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN 2>/dev/null || 1)
+  fi
+}
+
+_nimBuildCsourcesIfNeeded(){
+  # if some systems cannot use make or gmake, we could add support for calling `build.sh`
+  # but this is slower (not parallel jobs) and would require making build.sh
+  # understand the arguments passed to the makefile (e.g. `CC=gcc ucpu=amd64 uos=darwin`),
+  # instead of `--cpu amd64 --os darwin`.
+  unamestr=$(uname)
+  # uname values: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uname
+  if [ "$unamestr" = 'FreeBSD' ]; then
+    makeX=gmake
+  elif [ "$unamestr" = 'OpenBSD' ]; then
+    makeX=gmake
+  elif [ "$unamestr" = 'NetBSD' ]; then
+    makeX=gmake
+  elif [ "$unamestr" = 'CROSSOS' ]; then
+    makeX=gmake
+  elif [ "$unamestr" = 'SunOS' ]; then
+    makeX=gmake
+  else
+    makeX=make
+  fi
+  nCPU=$(_nimNumCpu)
+  echo_run which $makeX
+  # parallel jobs (5X faster on 16 cores: 10s instead of 50s)
+  echo_run $makeX -C $nim_csourcesDir -j $((nCPU + 2)) -l $nCPU "$@"
+  # keep $nim_csources in case needed to investigate bootstrap issues
+  # without having to rebuild
+  echo_run cp bin/nim $nim_csources
+}
+
+nimCiSystemInfo(){
+  nimDefineVars
+  echo_run eval echo '$'nim_csources
+  echo_run pwd
+  echo_run date
+  echo_run uname -a
+  echo_run git log --no-merges -1 --pretty=oneline
+  echo_run eval echo '$'PATH
+  echo_run gcc -v
+  echo_run node -v
+  echo_run make -v
+}
+
+nimCsourcesHash(){
+  nimDefineVars
+  echo $nim_csourcesHash
+}
+
+nimBuildCsourcesIfNeeded(){
+  # goal: allow cachine each tagged version independently
+  # to avoid rebuilding, so that tools like `git bisect`
+  # can grab a cached past version without rebuilding.
+  nimDefineVars
+  (
+    set -e
+    # avoid polluting caller scope with internal variable definitions.
+    if test -f "$nim_csources"; then
+      echo "$nim_csources exists."
+    else
+      if test -d "$nim_csourcesDir"; then
+        echo "$nim_csourcesDir exists."
+      else
+        # Note: using git tags would allow fetching just what's needed, unlike git hashes, e.g.
+        # via `git clone -q --depth 1 --branch $tag $nim_csourcesUrl`.
+        echo_run git clone -q --depth 1 -b $nim_csourcesBranch \
+            $nim_csourcesUrl "$nim_csourcesDir"
+        # old `git` versions don't support -C option, using `cd` explicitly:
+        echo_run cd "$nim_csourcesDir"
+        echo_run git checkout $nim_csourcesHash
+        echo_run cd "$OLDPWD"
+        # if needed we could also add: `git reset --hard $nim_csourcesHash`
+      fi
+      _nimBuildCsourcesIfNeeded "$@"
+    fi
+
+    echo_run rm -f bin/nim
+      # fixes bug #17913, but it's unclear why it's needed, maybe specific to MacOS Big Sur 11.3 on M1 arch?
+    echo_run cp $nim_csources bin/nim
+    echo_run $nim_csources -v
+  )
+}
diff --git a/ci/nsis_build.bat b/ci/nsis_build.bat
deleted file mode 100644
index 4806810d7..000000000
--- a/ci/nsis_build.bat
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-REM - Run the full testsuite;  testament\tester all
-
-REM - Uncomment the list of changes in news.txt
-REM - write a news ticker entry
-REM - Update the version
-
-REM - Generate the full docs;  koch web0
-REM - Generate the installers;
-REM - Update the version in system.nim
-REM - Test the installers
-REM - Tag the release
-REM - Merge devel into master
-REM - Update csources
-
-set NIMVER=%1
-
-Rem Build -docs file:
-koch web0
-cd web\upload
-7z a -tzip docs-%NIMVER%.zip *.html
-move /y docs-%NIMVER%.zip download
-cd ..\..
-
-Rem Build csources
-koch csources -d:release || exit /b
-
-rem Grab C sources and nimsuggest
-git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/nim-lang/csources.git
-
-set PATH=%CD%\bin;%PATH%
-
-ReM Build Win32 version:
-
-set PATH=C:\Users\araq\projects\mingw32\bin;%PATH%
-cd csources
-call build.bat
-cd ..
-ReM Rebuilding koch is necessary because it uses its pointer size to determine
-ReM which mingw link to put in the NSIS installer.
-nim c --out:koch_temp koch || exit /b
-koch_temp boot -d:release || exit /b
-koch_temp nsis -d:release || exit /b
-koch_temp zip -d:release || exit /b
-dir build
-move /y build\nim_%NIMVER%.exe build\nim-%NIMVER%_x32.exe || exit /b
-move /y build\nim-%NIMVER%.zip build\nim-%NIMVER%_x32.zip || exit /b
-
-
-ReM Build Win64 version:
-set PATH=C:\Users\araq\projects\mingw64\bin;%PATH%
-cd csources
-call build64.bat
-cd ..
-nim c --out:koch_temp koch || exit /b
-koch_temp boot -d:release || exit /b
-koch_temp nsis -d:release || exit /b
-koch_temp zip -d:release || exit /b
-move /y build\nim_%NIMVER%.exe build\nim-%NIMVER%_x64.exe || exit /b
-move /y build\nim-%NIMVER%.zip build\nim-%NIMVER%_x64.zip || exit /b
diff --git a/compiler.nimble b/compiler.nimble
deleted file mode 100644
index f4da45519..000000000
--- a/compiler.nimble
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-
-version = system.NimVersion
-author = "Andreas Rumpf"
-description = "Compiler package providing the compiler sources as a library."
-license = "MIT"
-
-installDirs = @["compiler", "nimsuggest"]
-
-requires "nim >= 0.14.0"
diff --git a/compiler/aliasanalysis.nim b/compiler/aliasanalysis.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e24c6d8e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/aliasanalysis.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+
+import ast
+
+import std / assertions
+
+const
+  PathKinds0* = {nkDotExpr, nkCheckedFieldExpr,
+                 nkBracketExpr, nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref,
+                 nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr,
+                 nkObjDownConv, nkObjUpConv}
+  PathKinds1* = {nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv}
+
+proc skipConvDfa*(n: PNode): PNode =
+  result = n
+  while true:
+    case result.kind
+    of nkObjDownConv, nkObjUpConv:
+      result = result[0]
+    of PathKinds1:
+      result = result[1]
+    else: break
+
+proc isAnalysableFieldAccess*(orig: PNode; owner: PSym): bool =
+  var n = orig
+  while true:
+    case n.kind
+    of PathKinds0 - {nkHiddenDeref, nkDerefExpr}:
+      n = n[0]
+    of PathKinds1:
+      n = n[1]
+    of nkHiddenDeref, nkDerefExpr:
+      # We "own" sinkparam[].loc but not ourVar[].location as it is a nasty
+      # pointer indirection.
+      # bug #14159, we cannot reason about sinkParam[].location as it can
+      # still be shared for tyRef.
+      n = n[0]
+      return n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.owner == owner and
+         (n.sym.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst-{tyOwned}).kind in {tyOwned})
+    else: break
+  # XXX Allow closure deref operations here if we know
+  # the owner controlled the closure allocation?
+  result = n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.owner == owner and
+    {sfGlobal, sfThread, sfCursor} * n.sym.flags == {} and
+    (n.sym.kind != skParam or isSinkParam(n.sym)) # or n.sym.typ.kind == tyVar)
+  # Note: There is a different move analyzer possible that checks for
+  # consume(param.key); param.key = newValue  for all paths. Then code like
+  #
+  #   let splited = split(move self.root, x)
+  #   self.root = merge(splited.lower, splited.greater)
+  #
+  # could be written without the ``move self.root``. However, this would be
+  # wrong! Then the write barrier for the ``self.root`` assignment would
+  # free the old data and all is lost! Lesson: Don't be too smart, trust the
+  # lower level C++ optimizer to specialize this code.
+
+type AliasKind* = enum
+  yes, no, maybe
+
+proc aliases*(obj, field: PNode): AliasKind =
+  # obj -> field:
+  # x -> x: true
+  # x -> x.f: true
+  # x.f -> x: false
+  # x.f -> x.f: true
+  # x.f -> x.v: false
+  # x -> x[]: true
+  # x[] -> x: false
+  # x -> x[0]: true
+  # x[0] -> x: false
+  # x[0] -> x[0]: true
+  # x[0] -> x[1]: false
+  # x -> x[i]: true
+  # x[i] -> x: false
+  # x[i] -> x[i]: maybe; Further analysis could make this return true when i is a runtime-constant
+  # x[i] -> x[j]: maybe; also returns maybe if only one of i or j is a compiletime-constant
+  template collectImportantNodes(result, n) =
+    var result: seq[PNode] = @[]
+    var n = n
+    while true:
+      case n.kind
+      of PathKinds0 - {nkDotExpr, nkBracketExpr, nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref}:
+        n = n[0]
+      of PathKinds1:
+        n = n[1]
+      of nkDotExpr, nkBracketExpr, nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref:
+        result.add n
+        n = n[0]
+      of nkSym:
+        result.add n
+        break
+      else: return no
+
+  collectImportantNodes(objImportantNodes, obj)
+  collectImportantNodes(fieldImportantNodes, field)
+
+  # If field is less nested than obj, then it cannot be part of/aliased by obj
+  if fieldImportantNodes.len < objImportantNodes.len: return no
+
+  result = yes
+  for i in 1..objImportantNodes.len:
+    # We compare the nodes leading to the location of obj and field
+    # with each other.
+    # We continue until they diverge, in which case we return no, or
+    # until we reach the location of obj, in which case we do not need
+    # to look further, since field must be part of/aliased by obj now.
+    # If we encounter an element access using an index which is a runtime value,
+    # we simply return maybe instead of yes; should further nodes not diverge.
+    let currFieldPath = fieldImportantNodes[^i]
+    let currObjPath = objImportantNodes[^i]
+
+    if currFieldPath.kind != currObjPath.kind:
+      return no
+
+    case currFieldPath.kind
+    of nkSym:
+      if currFieldPath.sym != currObjPath.sym: return no
+    of nkDotExpr:
+      if currFieldPath[1].sym != currObjPath[1].sym: return no
+    of nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref:
+      discard
+    of nkBracketExpr:
+      if currFieldPath[1].kind in nkLiterals and currObjPath[1].kind in nkLiterals:
+        if currFieldPath[1].intVal != currObjPath[1].intVal:
+          return no
+      else:
+        result = maybe
+    else: assert false # unreachable
+
diff --git a/compiler/aliases.nim b/compiler/aliases.nim
index 0006c9fe6..fa1167753 100644
--- a/compiler/aliases.nim
+++ b/compiler/aliases.nim
@@ -10,7 +10,12 @@
 ## Simple alias analysis for the HLO and the code generators.
 
 import
-  ast, astalgo, types, trees, intsets
+  ast, astalgo, types, trees
+
+import std/intsets
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 type
   TAnalysisResult* = enum
@@ -46,14 +51,16 @@ proc isPartOfAux(a, b: PType, marker: var IntSet): TAnalysisResult =
   if compareTypes(a, b, dcEqIgnoreDistinct): return arYes
   case a.kind
   of tyObject:
-    if a[0] != nil:
-      result = isPartOfAux(a[0].skipTypes(skipPtrs), b, marker)
+    if a.baseClass != nil:
+      result = isPartOfAux(a.baseClass.skipTypes(skipPtrs), b, marker)
     if result == arNo: result = isPartOfAux(a.n, b, marker)
   of tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyAlias, tySink:
-    result = isPartOfAux(lastSon(a), b, marker)
-  of tyArray, tySet, tyTuple:
-    for i in 0..<a.len:
-      result = isPartOfAux(a[i], b, marker)
+    result = isPartOfAux(skipModifier(a), b, marker)
+  of tySet, tyArray:
+    result = isPartOfAux(a.elementType, b, marker)
+  of tyTuple:
+    for aa in a.kids:
+      result = isPartOfAux(aa, b, marker)
       if result == arYes: return
   else: discard
 
@@ -74,24 +81,29 @@ proc isPartOf*(a, b: PNode): TAnalysisResult =
   ## cases:
   ##
   ## YES-cases:
+  ##  ```
   ##  x    <| x   # for general trees
   ##  x[]  <| x
   ##  x[i] <| x
   ##  x.f  <| x
+  ##  ```
   ##
   ## NO-cases:
+  ## ```
   ## x           !<| y    # depending on type and symbol kind
   ## x[constA]   !<| x[constB]
   ## x.f         !<| x.g
   ## x.f         !<| y.f  iff x !<= y
+  ## ```
   ##
   ## MAYBE-cases:
   ##
+  ##  ```
   ##  x[] ?<| y[]   iff compatible type
   ##
   ##
   ##  x[]  ?<| y  depending on type
-  ##
+  ##  ```
   if a.kind == b.kind:
     case a.kind
     of nkSym:
@@ -106,6 +118,8 @@ proc isPartOf*(a, b: PNode): TAnalysisResult =
         # use expensive type check:
         if isPartOf(a.sym.typ, b.sym.typ) != arNo:
           result = arMaybe
+        else:
+          result = arNo
     of nkBracketExpr:
       result = isPartOf(a[0], b[0])
       if a.len >= 2 and b.len >= 2:
@@ -141,7 +155,7 @@ proc isPartOf*(a, b: PNode): TAnalysisResult =
       result = isPartOf(a[1], b[1])
     of nkObjUpConv, nkObjDownConv, nkCheckedFieldExpr:
       result = isPartOf(a[0], b[0])
-    else: discard
+    else: result = arNo
     # Calls return a new location, so a default of ``arNo`` is fine.
   else:
     # go down recursively; this is quite demanding:
@@ -157,6 +171,7 @@ proc isPartOf*(a, b: PNode): TAnalysisResult =
 
     of DerefKinds:
       # a* !<| b[] iff
+      result = arNo
       if isPartOf(a.typ, b.typ) != arNo:
         result = isPartOf(a, b[0])
         if result == arNo: result = arMaybe
@@ -178,7 +193,9 @@ proc isPartOf*(a, b: PNode): TAnalysisResult =
         if isPartOf(a.typ, b.typ) != arNo:
           result = isPartOf(a[0], b)
           if result == arNo: result = arMaybe
-      else: discard
+        else:
+          result = arNo
+      else: result = arNo
     of nkObjConstr:
       result = arNo
       for i in 1..<b.len:
@@ -196,4 +213,6 @@ proc isPartOf*(a, b: PNode): TAnalysisResult =
     of nkBracket:
       if b.len > 0:
         result = isPartOf(a, b[0])
-    else: discard
+      else:
+        result = arNo
+    else: result = arNo
diff --git a/compiler/ast.nim b/compiler/ast.nim
index 1f3d5f129..a342e1ea7 100644
--- a/compiler/ast.nim
+++ b/compiler/ast.nim
@@ -10,11 +10,19 @@
 # abstract syntax tree + symbol table
 
 import
-  lineinfos, hashes, options, ropes, idents, int128
-from strutils import toLowerAscii
+  lineinfos, options, ropes, idents, int128, wordrecg
+
+import std/[tables, hashes]
+from std/strutils import toLowerAscii
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 export int128
 
+import nodekinds
+export nodekinds
+
 type
   TCallingConvention* = enum
     ccNimCall = "nimcall"           # nimcall, also the default
@@ -28,207 +36,12 @@ type
     ccThisCall = "thiscall"         # thiscall (parameters are pushed right-to-left)
     ccClosure  = "closure"          # proc has a closure
     ccNoConvention = "noconv"       # needed for generating proper C procs sometimes
-
-type
-  TNodeKind* = enum # order is extremely important, because ranges are used
-                    # to check whether a node belongs to a certain class
-    nkNone,               # unknown node kind: indicates an error
-                          # Expressions:
-                          # Atoms:
-    nkEmpty,              # the node is empty
-    nkIdent,              # node is an identifier
-    nkSym,                # node is a symbol
-    nkType,               # node is used for its typ field
-
-    nkCharLit,            # a character literal ''
-    nkIntLit,             # an integer literal
-    nkInt8Lit,
-    nkInt16Lit,
-    nkInt32Lit,
-    nkInt64Lit,
-    nkUIntLit,            # an unsigned integer literal
-    nkUInt8Lit,
-    nkUInt16Lit,
-    nkUInt32Lit,
-    nkUInt64Lit,
-    nkFloatLit,           # a floating point literal
-    nkFloat32Lit,
-    nkFloat64Lit,
-    nkFloat128Lit,
-    nkStrLit,             # a string literal ""
-    nkRStrLit,            # a raw string literal r""
-    nkTripleStrLit,       # a triple string literal """
-    nkNilLit,             # the nil literal
-                          # end of atoms
-    nkComesFrom,          # "comes from" template/macro information for
-                          # better stack trace generation
-    nkDotCall,            # used to temporarily flag a nkCall node;
-                          # this is used
-                          # for transforming ``s.len`` to ``len(s)``
-
-    nkCommand,            # a call like ``p 2, 4`` without parenthesis
-    nkCall,               # a call like p(x, y) or an operation like +(a, b)
-    nkCallStrLit,         # a call with a string literal
-                          # x"abc" has two sons: nkIdent, nkRStrLit
-                          # x"""abc""" has two sons: nkIdent, nkTripleStrLit
-    nkInfix,              # a call like (a + b)
-    nkPrefix,             # a call like !a
-    nkPostfix,            # something like a! (also used for visibility)
-    nkHiddenCallConv,     # an implicit type conversion via a type converter
-
-    nkExprEqExpr,         # a named parameter with equals: ''expr = expr''
-    nkExprColonExpr,      # a named parameter with colon: ''expr: expr''
-    nkIdentDefs,          # a definition like `a, b: typeDesc = expr`
-                          # either typeDesc or expr may be nil; used in
-                          # formal parameters, var statements, etc.
-    nkVarTuple,           # a ``var (a, b) = expr`` construct
-    nkPar,                # syntactic (); may be a tuple constructor
-    nkObjConstr,          # object constructor: T(a: 1, b: 2)
-    nkCurly,              # syntactic {}
-    nkCurlyExpr,          # an expression like a{i}
-    nkBracket,            # syntactic []
-    nkBracketExpr,        # an expression like a[i..j, k]
-    nkPragmaExpr,         # an expression like a{.pragmas.}
-    nkRange,              # an expression like i..j
-    nkDotExpr,            # a.b
-    nkCheckedFieldExpr,   # a.b, but b is a field that needs to be checked
-    nkDerefExpr,          # a^
-    nkIfExpr,             # if as an expression
-    nkElifExpr,
-    nkElseExpr,
-    nkLambda,             # lambda expression
-    nkDo,                 # lambda block appering as trailing proc param
-    nkAccQuoted,          # `a` as a node
-
-    nkTableConstr,        # a table constructor {expr: expr}
-    nkBind,               # ``bind expr`` node
-    nkClosedSymChoice,    # symbol choice node; a list of nkSyms (closed)
-    nkOpenSymChoice,      # symbol choice node; a list of nkSyms (open)
-    nkHiddenStdConv,      # an implicit standard type conversion
-    nkHiddenSubConv,      # an implicit type conversion from a subtype
-                          # to a supertype
-    nkConv,               # a type conversion
-    nkCast,               # a type cast
-    nkStaticExpr,         # a static expr
-    nkAddr,               # a addr expression
-    nkHiddenAddr,         # implicit address operator
-    nkHiddenDeref,        # implicit ^ operator
-    nkObjDownConv,        # down conversion between object types
-    nkObjUpConv,          # up conversion between object types
-    nkChckRangeF,         # range check for floats
-    nkChckRange64,        # range check for 64 bit ints
-    nkChckRange,          # range check for ints
-    nkStringToCString,    # string to cstring
-    nkCStringToString,    # cstring to string
-                          # end of expressions
-
-    nkAsgn,               # a = b
-    nkFastAsgn,           # internal node for a fast ``a = b``
-                          # (no string copy)
-    nkGenericParams,      # generic parameters
-    nkFormalParams,       # formal parameters
-    nkOfInherit,          # inherited from symbol
-
-    nkImportAs,           # a 'as' b in an import statement
-    nkProcDef,            # a proc
-    nkMethodDef,          # a method
-    nkConverterDef,       # a converter
-    nkMacroDef,           # a macro
-    nkTemplateDef,        # a template
-    nkIteratorDef,        # an iterator
-
-    nkOfBranch,           # used inside case statements
-                          # for (cond, action)-pairs
-    nkElifBranch,         # used in if statements
-    nkExceptBranch,       # an except section
-    nkElse,               # an else part
-    nkAsmStmt,            # an assembler block
-    nkPragma,             # a pragma statement
-    nkPragmaBlock,        # a pragma with a block
-    nkIfStmt,             # an if statement
-    nkWhenStmt,           # a when expression or statement
-    nkForStmt,            # a for statement
-    nkParForStmt,         # a parallel for statement
-    nkWhileStmt,          # a while statement
-    nkCaseStmt,           # a case statement
-    nkTypeSection,        # a type section (consists of type definitions)
-    nkVarSection,         # a var section
-    nkLetSection,         # a let section
-    nkConstSection,       # a const section
-    nkConstDef,           # a const definition
-    nkTypeDef,            # a type definition
-    nkYieldStmt,          # the yield statement as a tree
-    nkDefer,              # the 'defer' statement
-    nkTryStmt,            # a try statement
-    nkFinally,            # a finally section
-    nkRaiseStmt,          # a raise statement
-    nkReturnStmt,         # a return statement
-    nkBreakStmt,          # a break statement
-    nkContinueStmt,       # a continue statement
-    nkBlockStmt,          # a block statement
-    nkStaticStmt,         # a static statement
-    nkDiscardStmt,        # a discard statement
-    nkStmtList,           # a list of statements
-    nkImportStmt,         # an import statement
-    nkImportExceptStmt,   # an import x except a statement
-    nkExportStmt,         # an export statement
-    nkExportExceptStmt,   # an 'export except' statement
-    nkFromStmt,           # a from * import statement
-    nkIncludeStmt,        # an include statement
-    nkBindStmt,           # a bind statement
-    nkMixinStmt,          # a mixin statement
-    nkUsingStmt,          # an using statement
-    nkCommentStmt,        # a comment statement
-    nkStmtListExpr,       # a statement list followed by an expr; this is used
-                          # to allow powerful multi-line templates
-    nkBlockExpr,          # a statement block ending in an expr; this is used
-                          # to allow powerful multi-line templates that open a
-                          # temporary scope
-    nkStmtListType,       # a statement list ending in a type; for macros
-    nkBlockType,          # a statement block ending in a type; for macros
-                          # types as syntactic trees:
-
-    nkWith,               # distinct with `foo`
-    nkWithout,            # distinct without `foo`
-
-    nkTypeOfExpr,         # type(1+2)
-    nkObjectTy,           # object body
-    nkTupleTy,            # tuple body
-    nkTupleClassTy,       # tuple type class
-    nkTypeClassTy,        # user-defined type class
-    nkStaticTy,           # ``static[T]``
-    nkRecList,            # list of object parts
-    nkRecCase,            # case section of object
-    nkRecWhen,            # when section of object
-    nkRefTy,              # ``ref T``
-    nkPtrTy,              # ``ptr T``
-    nkVarTy,              # ``var T``
-    nkConstTy,            # ``const T``
-    nkMutableTy,          # ``mutable T``
-    nkDistinctTy,         # distinct type
-    nkProcTy,             # proc type
-    nkIteratorTy,         # iterator type
-    nkSharedTy,           # 'shared T'
-                          # we use 'nkPostFix' for the 'not nil' addition
-    nkEnumTy,             # enum body
-    nkEnumFieldDef,       # `ident = expr` in an enumeration
-    nkArgList,            # argument list
-    nkPattern,            # a special pattern; used for matching
-    nkHiddenTryStmt,      # a hidden try statement
-    nkClosure,            # (prc, env)-pair (internally used for code gen)
-    nkGotoState,          # used for the state machine (for iterators)
-    nkState,              # give a label to a code section (for iterators)
-    nkBreakState,         # special break statement for easier code generation
-    nkFuncDef,            # a func
-    nkTupleConstr         # a tuple constructor
-    nkModuleRef           # for .rod file support: A (moduleId, itemId) pair
-    nkReplayAction        # for .rod file support: A replay action
-    nkNilRodNode          # for .rod file support: a 'nil' PNode
+    ccMember = "member"             # proc is a (cpp) member
 
   TNodeKinds* = set[TNodeKind]
 
 type
-  TSymFlag* = enum    # 46 flags!
+  TSymFlag* = enum    # 63 flags!
     sfUsed,           # read access of sym (for warnings) or simply used
     sfExported,       # symbol is exported from module
     sfFromGeneric,    # symbol is instantiation of a generic; this is needed
@@ -256,7 +69,8 @@ type
                       # *OR*: a proc is indirectly called (used as first class)
     sfCompilerProc,   # proc is a compiler proc, that is a C proc that is
                       # needed for the code generator
-    sfProcvar,        # proc can be passed to a proc var
+    sfEscapes         # param escapes
+                      # currently unimplemented
     sfDiscriminant,   # field is a discriminant in a record/object
     sfRequiresInit,   # field must be initialized during construction
     sfDeprecated,     # symbol is deprecated
@@ -279,7 +93,7 @@ type
     sfNamedParamCall, # symbol needs named parameter call syntax in target
                       # language; for interfacing with Objective C
     sfDiscardable,    # returned value may be discarded implicitly
-    sfOverriden,      # proc is overridden
+    sfOverridden,     # proc is overridden
     sfCallsite        # A flag for template symbols to tell the
                       # compiler it should use line information from
                       # the calling side of the macro, not from the
@@ -295,27 +109,42 @@ type
     sfInjectDestructors # whether the proc needs the 'injectdestructors' transformation
     sfNeverRaises     # proc can never raise an exception, not even OverflowDefect
                       # or out-of-memory
+    sfSystemRaisesDefect # proc in the system can raise defects
     sfUsedInFinallyOrExcept  # symbol is used inside an 'except' or 'finally'
     sfSingleUsedTemp  # For temporaries that we know will only be used once
     sfNoalias         # 'noalias' annotation, means C's 'restrict'
+                      # for templates and macros, means cannot be called
+                      # as a lone symbol (cannot use alias syntax)
+    sfEffectsDelayed  # an 'effectsDelayed' parameter
+    sfGeneratedType   # A anonymous generic type that is generated by the compiler for
+                      # objects that do not have generic parameters in case one of the
+                      # object fields has one.
+                      #
+                      # This is disallowed but can cause the typechecking to go into
+                      # an infinite loop, this flag is used as a sentinel to stop it.
+    sfVirtual         # proc is a C++ virtual function
+    sfByCopy          # param is marked as pass bycopy
+    sfMember          # proc is a C++ member of a type
+    sfCodegenDecl     # type, proc, global or proc param is marked as codegenDecl
+    sfWasGenSym       # symbol was 'gensym'ed
+    sfForceLift       # variable has to be lifted into closure environment
+
+    sfDirty           # template is not hygienic (old styled template) module,
+                      # compiled from a dirty-buffer
+    sfCustomPragma    # symbol is custom pragma template
+    sfBase,           # a base method
+    sfGoto            # var is used for 'goto' code generation
+    sfAnon,           # symbol name that was generated by the compiler
+                      # the compiler will avoid printing such names
+                      # in user messages.
+    sfAllUntyped      # macro or template is immediately expanded in a generic context
+    sfTemplateRedefinition # symbol is a redefinition of an earlier template
 
   TSymFlags* = set[TSymFlag]
 
 const
   sfNoInit* = sfMainModule       # don't generate code to init the variable
 
-  sfAllUntyped* = sfVolatile # macro or template is immediately expanded \
-    # in a generic context
-
-  sfDirty* = sfPure
-    # template is not hygienic (old styled template)
-    # module, compiled from a dirty-buffer
-
-  sfAnon* = sfDiscardable
-    # symbol name that was generated by the compiler
-    # the compiler will avoid printing such names
-    # in user messages.
-
   sfNoForward* = sfRegister
     # forward declarations are not required (per module)
   sfReorder* = sfForward
@@ -323,13 +152,10 @@ const
 
   sfCompileToCpp* = sfInfixCall       # compile the module as C++ code
   sfCompileToObjc* = sfNamedParamCall # compile the module as Objective-C code
-  sfExperimental* = sfOverriden       # module uses the .experimental switch
-  sfGoto* = sfOverriden               # var is used for 'goto' code generation
+  sfExperimental* = sfOverridden       # module uses the .experimental switch
   sfWrittenTo* = sfBorrow             # param is assigned to
-  sfEscapes* = sfProcvar              # param escapes
-  sfBase* = sfDiscriminant
-  sfIsSelf* = sfOverriden             # param is 'self'
-  sfCustomPragma* = sfRegister        # symbol is custom pragma template
+                                      # currently unimplemented
+  sfCppMember* = { sfVirtual, sfMember, sfConstructor } # proc is a C++ member, meaning it will be attached to the type definition
 
 const
   # getting ready for the future expr/stmt merge
@@ -342,7 +168,8 @@ const
   ensuresEffects* = 2     # 'ensures' annotation
   tagEffects* = 3       # user defined tag ('gc', 'time' etc.)
   pragmasEffects* = 4    # not an effect, but a slot for pragmas in proc type
-  effectListLen* = 5    # list of effects list
+  forbiddenEffects* = 5    # list of illegal effects
+  effectListLen* = 6    # list of effects list
   nkLastBlockStmts* = {nkRaiseStmt, nkReturnStmt, nkBreakStmt, nkContinueStmt}
                         # these must be last statements in a block
 
@@ -378,7 +205,7 @@ type
     tySequence,
     tyProc,
     tyPointer, tyOpenArray,
-    tyString, tyCString, tyForward,
+    tyString, tyCstring, tyForward,
     tyInt, tyInt8, tyInt16, tyInt32, tyInt64, # signed integers
     tyFloat, tyFloat32, tyFloat64, tyFloat128,
     tyUInt, tyUInt8, tyUInt16, tyUInt32, tyUInt64,
@@ -387,7 +214,8 @@ type
     tyUncheckedArray
       # An array with boundaries [0,+∞]
 
-    tyProxy # used as errornous type (for idetools)
+    tyError # used as erroneous type (for idetools)
+      # as an erroneous node should match everything
 
     tyBuiltInTypeClass
       # Type such as the catch-all object, tuple, seq, etc
@@ -412,9 +240,9 @@ type
     tyInferred
       # In the initial state `base` stores a type class constraining
       # the types that can be inferred. After a candidate type is
-      # selected, it's stored in `lastSon`. Between `base` and `lastSon`
+      # selected, it's stored in `last`. Between `base` and `last`
       # there may be 0, 2 or more types that were also considered as
-      # possible candidates in the inference process (i.e. lastSon will
+      # possible candidates in the inference process (i.e. last will
       # be updated to store a type best conforming to all candidates)
 
     tyAnd, tyOr, tyNot
@@ -439,18 +267,16 @@ type
 
     tyVoid
       # now different from tyEmpty, hurray!
+    tyIterable
 
 static:
   # remind us when TTypeKind stops to fit in a single 64-bit word
-  assert TTypeKind.high.ord <= 63
+  # assert TTypeKind.high.ord <= 63
+  discard
 
 const
   tyPureObject* = tyTuple
   GcTypeKinds* = {tyRef, tySequence, tyString}
-  tyError* = tyProxy # as an errornous node should match everything
-  tyUnknown* = tyFromExpr
-
-  tyUnknownTypes* = {tyError, tyFromExpr}
 
   tyTypeClasses* = {tyBuiltInTypeClass, tyCompositeTypeClass,
                     tyUserTypeClass, tyUserTypeClassInst,
@@ -461,6 +287,8 @@ const
   # consider renaming as `tyAbstractVarRange`
   abstractVarRange* = {tyGenericInst, tyRange, tyVar, tyDistinct, tyOrdinal,
                        tyTypeDesc, tyAlias, tyInferred, tySink, tyOwned}
+  abstractInst* = {tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyOrdinal, tyTypeDesc, tyAlias,
+                   tyInferred, tySink, tyOwned} # xxx what about tyStatic?
 
 type
   TTypeKinds* = set[TTypeKind]
@@ -491,10 +319,15 @@ type
                        # the flag is applied to proc default values and to calls
     nfExecuteOnReload  # A top-level statement that will be executed during reloads
     nfLastRead  # this node is a last read
-    nfFirstWrite# this node is a first write
+    nfFirstWrite # this node is a first write
+    nfHasComment # node has a comment
+    nfSkipFieldChecking # node skips field visable checking
+    nfDisabledOpenSym # temporary: node should be nkOpenSym but cannot
+                      # because openSym experimental switch is disabled
+                      # gives warning instead
 
   TNodeFlags* = set[TNodeFlag]
-  TTypeFlag* = enum   # keep below 32 for efficiency reasons (now: ~40)
+  TTypeFlag* = enum   # keep below 32 for efficiency reasons (now: 47)
     tfVarargs,        # procedure has C styled varargs
                       # tyArray type represeting a varargs list
     tfNoSideEffect,   # procedure type does not allow side effects
@@ -524,7 +357,7 @@ type
     tfIterator,       # type is really an iterator, not a tyProc
     tfPartial,        # type is declared as 'partial'
     tfNotNil,         # type cannot be 'nil'
-    tfRequiresInit,   # type constains a "not nil" constraint somewhere or
+    tfRequiresInit,   # type contains a "not nil" constraint somewhere or
                       # a `requiresInit` field, so the default zero init
                       # is not appropriate
     tfNeedsFullInit,  # object type marked with {.requiresInit.}
@@ -561,6 +394,11 @@ type
       # (for importc types); type is fully specified, allowing to compute
       # sizeof, alignof, offsetof at CT
     tfExplicitCallConv
+    tfIsConstructor
+    tfEffectSystemWorkaround
+    tfIsOutParam
+    tfSendable
+    tfImplicitStatic
 
   TTypeFlags* = set[TTypeFlag]
 
@@ -596,20 +434,23 @@ type
                           # file (it is loaded on demand, which may
                           # mean: never)
     skPackage,            # symbol is a package (used for canonicalization)
-    skAlias               # an alias (needs to be resolved immediately)
   TSymKinds* = set[TSymKind]
 
 const
   routineKinds* = {skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skIterator,
                    skConverter, skMacro, skTemplate}
+  ExportableSymKinds* = {skVar, skLet, skConst, skType, skEnumField, skStub} + routineKinds
+
   tfUnion* = tfNoSideEffect
   tfGcSafe* = tfThread
   tfObjHasKids* = tfEnumHasHoles
   tfReturnsNew* = tfInheritable
+  tfNonConstExpr* = tfExplicitCallConv
+    ## tyFromExpr where the expression shouldn't be evaluated as a static value
   skError* = skUnknown
 
 var
-  eqTypeFlags* = {tfIterator, tfNotNil, tfVarIsPtr, tfGcSafe, tfNoSideEffect}
+  eqTypeFlags* = {tfIterator, tfNotNil, tfVarIsPtr, tfGcSafe, tfNoSideEffect, tfIsOutParam}
     ## type flags that are essential for type equality.
     ## This is now a variable because for emulation of version:1.0 we
     ## might exclude {tfGcSafe, tfNoSideEffect}.
@@ -644,7 +485,8 @@ type
     mUnaryMinusI, mUnaryMinusI64, mAbsI, mNot,
     mUnaryPlusI, mBitnotI,
     mUnaryPlusF64, mUnaryMinusF64,
-    mCharToStr, mBoolToStr, mIntToStr, mInt64ToStr, mFloatToStr, mCStrToStr,
+    mCharToStr, mBoolToStr,
+    mCStrToStr,
     mStrToStr, mEnumToStr,
     mAnd, mOr,
     mImplies, mIff, mExists, mForall, mOld,
@@ -657,13 +499,13 @@ type
     mInSet, mRepr, mExit,
     mSetLengthStr, mSetLengthSeq,
     mIsPartOf, mAstToStr, mParallel,
-    mSwap, mIsNil, mArrToSeq,
+    mSwap, mIsNil, mArrToSeq, mOpenArrayToSeq,
     mNewString, mNewStringOfCap, mParseBiggestFloat,
-    mMove, mWasMoved, mDestroy,
-    mDefault, mUnown, mIsolate, mAccessEnv, mReset,
+    mMove, mEnsureMove, mWasMoved, mDup, mDestroy, mTrace,
+    mDefault, mUnown, mFinished, mIsolate, mAccessEnv, mAccessTypeField,
     mArray, mOpenArray, mRange, mSet, mSeq, mVarargs,
     mRef, mPtr, mVar, mDistinct, mVoid, mTuple,
-    mOrdinal,
+    mOrdinal, mIterableType,
     mInt, mInt8, mInt16, mInt32, mInt64,
     mUInt, mUInt8, mUInt16, mUInt32, mUInt64,
     mFloat, mFloat32, mFloat64, mFloat128,
@@ -680,19 +522,19 @@ type
     mNctPut, mNctLen, mNctGet, mNctHasNext, mNctNext,
 
     mNIntVal, mNFloatVal, mNSymbol, mNIdent, mNGetType, mNStrVal, mNSetIntVal,
-    mNSetFloatVal, mNSetSymbol, mNSetIdent, mNSetType, mNSetStrVal, mNLineInfo,
+    mNSetFloatVal, mNSetSymbol, mNSetIdent, mNSetStrVal, mNLineInfo,
     mNNewNimNode, mNCopyNimNode, mNCopyNimTree, mStrToIdent, mNSigHash, mNSizeOf,
     mNBindSym, mNCallSite,
     mEqIdent, mEqNimrodNode, mSameNodeType, mGetImpl, mNGenSym,
     mNHint, mNWarning, mNError,
     mInstantiationInfo, mGetTypeInfo, mGetTypeInfoV2,
-    mNimvm, mIntDefine, mStrDefine, mBoolDefine, mRunnableExamples,
+    mNimvm, mIntDefine, mStrDefine, mBoolDefine, mGenericDefine, mRunnableExamples,
     mException, mBuiltinType, mSymOwner, mUncheckedArray, mGetImplTransf,
-    mSymIsInstantiationOf, mNodeId
+    mSymIsInstantiationOf, mNodeId, mPrivateAccess, mZeroDefault
 
 
-# things that we can evaluate safely at compile time, even if not asked for it:
 const
+  # things that we can evaluate safely at compile time, even if not asked for it:
   ctfeWhitelist* = {mNone, mSucc,
     mPred, mInc, mDec, mOrd, mLengthOpenArray,
     mLengthStr, mLengthArray, mLengthSeq,
@@ -712,19 +554,26 @@ const
     mEqRef, mEqProc, mLePtr, mLtPtr, mEqCString, mXor,
     mUnaryMinusI, mUnaryMinusI64, mAbsI, mNot, mUnaryPlusI, mBitnotI,
     mUnaryPlusF64, mUnaryMinusF64,
-    mCharToStr, mBoolToStr, mIntToStr, mInt64ToStr, mFloatToStr, mCStrToStr,
+    mCharToStr, mBoolToStr,
+    mCStrToStr,
     mStrToStr, mEnumToStr,
     mAnd, mOr,
     mEqStr, mLeStr, mLtStr,
     mEqSet, mLeSet, mLtSet, mMulSet, mPlusSet, mMinusSet,
     mConStrStr, mAppendStrCh, mAppendStrStr, mAppendSeqElem,
-    mInSet, mRepr}
+    mInSet, mRepr, mOpenArrayToSeq}
+
+  generatedMagics* = {mNone, mIsolate, mFinished, mOpenArrayToSeq}
+    ## magics that are generated as normal procs in the backend
 
 type
   ItemId* = object
     module*: int32
     item*: int32
 
+proc `$`*(x: ItemId): string =
+  "(module: " & $x.module & ", item: " & $x.item & ")"
+
 proc `==`*(a, b: ItemId): bool {.inline.} =
   a.item == b.item and a.module == b.module
 
@@ -735,10 +584,6 @@ proc hash*(x: ItemId): Hash =
 
 
 type
-  TIdObj* = object of RootObj
-    itemId*: ItemId
-  PIdObj* = ref TIdObj
-
   PNode* = ref TNode
   TNodeSeq* = seq[PNode]
   PType* = ref TType
@@ -762,7 +607,8 @@ type
       ident*: PIdent
     else:
       sons*: TNodeSeq
-    comment*: string
+    when defined(nimsuggest):
+      endInfo*: TLineInfo
 
   TStrTable* = object         # a table[PIdent] of PSym
     counter*: int
@@ -783,9 +629,6 @@ type
     locOther                  # location is something other
   TLocFlag* = enum
     lfIndirect,               # backend introduced a pointer
-    lfFullExternalName, # only used when 'conf.cmd == cmdNimfix': Indicates
-      # that the symbol has been imported via 'importc: "fullname"' and
-      # no format string.
     lfNoDeepCopy,             # no need for a deep copy
     lfNoDecl,                 # do not declare it in C
     lfDynamicLib,             # link symbol to dynamic library
@@ -809,7 +652,7 @@ type
     storage*: TStorageLoc
     flags*: TLocFlags         # location's flags
     lode*: PNode              # Node where the location came from; can be faked
-    r*: Rope                  # rope value of location (code generators)
+    snippet*: Rope            # C code snippet of location (code generators)
 
   # ---------------- end of backend information ------------------------------
 
@@ -820,7 +663,7 @@ type
                               # keep in sync with PackedLib
     kind*: TLibKind
     generated*: bool          # needed for the backends:
-    isOverriden*: bool
+    isOverridden*: bool
     name*: Rope
     path*: PNode              # can be a string literal!
 
@@ -834,20 +677,22 @@ type
 
   PInstantiation* = ref TInstantiation
 
-  TScope* = object
+  TScope* {.acyclic.} = object
     depthLevel*: int
     symbols*: TStrTable
     parent*: PScope
+    allowPrivateAccess*: seq[PSym] #  # enable access to private fields
 
   PScope* = ref TScope
 
   PLib* = ref TLib
-  TSym* {.acyclic.} = object of TIdObj # Keep in sync with PackedSym
+  TSym* {.acyclic.} = object # Keep in sync with PackedSym
+    itemId*: ItemId
     # proc and type instantiations are cached in the generic symbol
     case kind*: TSymKind
     of routineKinds:
       #procInstCache*: seq[PInstantiation]
-      gcUnsafetyReason*: PSym  # for better error messages wrt gcsafe
+      gcUnsafetyReason*: PSym  # for better error messages regarding gcsafe
       transformedBody*: PNode  # cached body after transf pass
     of skLet, skVar, skField, skForVar:
       guard*: PSym
@@ -858,6 +703,9 @@ type
     typ*: PType
     name*: PIdent
     info*: TLineInfo
+    when defined(nimsuggest):
+      endInfo*: TLineInfo
+      hasUserSpecifiedType*: bool  # used for determining whether to display inlay type hints
     owner*: PSym
     flags*: TSymFlags
     ast*: PNode               # syntax tree of proc, iterator, etc.:
@@ -879,7 +727,9 @@ type
                               # for modules, an unique index corresponding
                               # to the module's fileIdx
                               # for variables a slot index for the evaluator
-    offset*: int              # offset of record field
+    offset*: int32            # offset of record field
+    disamb*: int32            # disambiguation number; the basic idea is that
+                              # `<procname>__<module>_<disamb>` is unique
     loc*: TLoc
     annex*: PLib              # additional fields (seldom used, so we use a
                               # reference to another object to save space)
@@ -887,33 +737,35 @@ type
       cname*: string          # resolved C declaration name in importc decl, e.g.:
                               # proc fun() {.importc: "$1aux".} => cname = funaux
     constraint*: PNode        # additional constraints like 'lit|result'; also
-                              # misused for the codegenDecl pragma in the hope
+                              # misused for the codegenDecl and virtual pragmas in the hope
                               # it won't cause problems
                               # for skModule the string literal to output for
                               # deprecated modules.
+    instantiatedFrom*: PSym   # for instances, the generic symbol where it came from.
     when defined(nimsuggest):
       allUsages*: seq[TLineInfo]
 
   TTypeSeq* = seq[PType]
-  TLockLevel* = distinct int16
 
   TTypeAttachedOp* = enum ## as usual, order is important here
+    attachedWasMoved,
     attachedDestructor,
     attachedAsgn,
+    attachedDup,
     attachedSink,
     attachedTrace,
-    attachedDispose,
     attachedDeepCopy
 
-  TType* {.acyclic.} = object of TIdObj # \
+  TType* {.acyclic.} = object # \
                               # types are identical iff they have the
                               # same id; there may be multiple copies of a type
                               # in memory!
                               # Keep in sync with PackedType
+    itemId*: ItemId
     kind*: TTypeKind          # kind of type
     callConv*: TCallingConvention # for procs
     flags*: TTypeFlags        # flags of the type
-    sons*: TTypeSeq           # base types, etc.
+    sons: TTypeSeq           # base types, etc.
     n*: PNode                 # node for types:
                               # for range types a nkRange node
                               # for record types a nkRecord node
@@ -930,7 +782,6 @@ type
                               # -1 means that the size is unkwown
     align*: int16             # the type's alignment requirements
     paddingAtEnd*: int16      #
-    lockLevel*: TLockLevel    # lock level as required for deadlock checking
     loc*: TLoc
     typeInst*: PType          # for generic instantiations the tyGenericInst that led to this
                               # type.
@@ -942,24 +793,6 @@ type
 
   TPairSeq* = seq[TPair]
 
-  TIdPair* = object
-    key*: PIdObj
-    val*: RootRef
-
-  TIdPairSeq* = seq[TIdPair]
-  TIdTable* = object # the same as table[PIdent] of PObject
-    counter*: int
-    data*: TIdPairSeq
-
-  TIdNodePair* = object
-    key*: PIdObj
-    val*: PNode
-
-  TIdNodePairSeq* = seq[TIdNodePair]
-  TIdNodeTable* = object # the same as table[PIdObj] of PNode
-    counter*: int
-    data*: TIdNodePairSeq
-
   TNodePair* = object
     h*: Hash                 # because it is expensive to compute!
     key*: PNode
@@ -979,13 +812,47 @@ type
   TImplication* = enum
     impUnknown, impNo, impYes
 
+template nodeId(n: PNode): int = cast[int](n)
+
+type Gconfig = object
+  # we put comments in a side channel to avoid increasing `sizeof(TNode)`, which
+  # reduces memory usage given that `PNode` is the most allocated type by far.
+  comments: Table[int, string] # nodeId => comment
+  useIc*: bool
+
+var gconfig {.threadvar.}: Gconfig
+
+proc setUseIc*(useIc: bool) = gconfig.useIc = useIc
+
+proc comment*(n: PNode): string =
+  if nfHasComment in n.flags and not gconfig.useIc:
+    # IC doesn't track comments, see `packed_ast`, so this could fail
+    result = gconfig.comments[n.nodeId]
+  else:
+    result = ""
+
+proc `comment=`*(n: PNode, a: string) =
+  let id = n.nodeId
+  if a.len > 0:
+    # if needed, we could periodically cleanup gconfig.comments when its size increases,
+    # to ensure only live nodes (and with nfHasComment) have an entry in gconfig.comments;
+    # for compiling compiler, the waste is very small:
+    # num calls to newNodeImpl: 14984160 (num of PNode allocations)
+    # size of gconfig.comments: 33585
+    # num of nodes with comments that were deleted and hence wasted: 3081
+    n.flags.incl nfHasComment
+    gconfig.comments[id] = a
+  elif nfHasComment in n.flags:
+    n.flags.excl nfHasComment
+    gconfig.comments.del(id)
+
 # BUGFIX: a module is overloadable so that a proc can have the
 # same name as an imported module. This is necessary because of
 # the poor naming choices in the standard library.
 
 const
   OverloadableSyms* = {skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skIterator,
-    skConverter, skModule, skTemplate, skMacro}
+    skConverter, skModule, skTemplate, skMacro, skEnumField}
 
   GenericTypes*: TTypeKinds = {tyGenericInvocation, tyGenericBody,
     tyGenericParam}
@@ -999,23 +866,22 @@ const
     tyBool, tyChar, tyEnum, tyArray, tyObject,
     tySet, tyTuple, tyRange, tyPtr, tyRef, tyVar, tyLent, tySequence, tyProc,
     tyPointer,
-    tyOpenArray, tyString, tyCString, tyInt..tyInt64, tyFloat..tyFloat128,
+    tyOpenArray, tyString, tyCstring, tyInt..tyInt64, tyFloat..tyFloat128,
     tyUInt..tyUInt64}
   IntegralTypes* = {tyBool, tyChar, tyEnum, tyInt..tyInt64,
     tyFloat..tyFloat128, tyUInt..tyUInt64} # weird name because it contains tyFloat
   ConstantDataTypes*: TTypeKinds = {tyArray, tySet,
                                     tyTuple, tySequence}
-  NilableTypes*: TTypeKinds = {tyPointer, tyCString, tyRef, tyPtr,
+  NilableTypes*: TTypeKinds = {tyPointer, tyCstring, tyRef, tyPtr,
     tyProc, tyError} # TODO
   PtrLikeKinds*: TTypeKinds = {tyPointer, tyPtr} # for VM
-  ExportableSymKinds* = {skVar, skConst, skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skType,
-    skIterator,
-    skMacro, skTemplate, skConverter, skEnumField, skLet, skStub, skAlias}
   PersistentNodeFlags*: TNodeFlags = {nfBase2, nfBase8, nfBase16,
                                       nfDotSetter, nfDotField,
                                       nfIsRef, nfIsPtr, nfPreventCg, nfLL,
                                       nfFromTemplate, nfDefaultRefsParam,
-                                      nfExecuteOnReload, nfLastRead, nfFirstWrite}
+                                      nfExecuteOnReload, nfLastRead,
+                                      nfFirstWrite, nfSkipFieldChecking,
+                                      nfDisabledOpenSym}
   namePos* = 0
   patternPos* = 1    # empty except for term rewriting macros
   genericParamsPos* = 2
@@ -1028,10 +894,8 @@ const
 
   nfAllFieldsSet* = nfBase2
 
-  nkCallKinds* = {nkCall, nkInfix, nkPrefix, nkPostfix,
-                  nkCommand, nkCallStrLit, nkHiddenCallConv}
   nkIdentKinds* = {nkIdent, nkSym, nkAccQuoted, nkOpenSymChoice,
-                   nkClosedSymChoice}
+                   nkClosedSymChoice, nkOpenSym}
 
   nkPragmaCallKinds* = {nkExprColonExpr, nkCall, nkCallStrLit}
   nkLiterals* = {nkCharLit..nkTripleStrLit}
@@ -1051,28 +915,21 @@ const
 
   defaultSize = -1
   defaultAlignment = -1
-  defaultOffset = -1
-
+  defaultOffset* = -1
 
-proc getnimblePkg*(a: PSym): PSym =
-  result = a
-  while result != nil:
-    case result.kind
-    of skModule:
-      result = result.owner
-      assert result.kind == skPackage
-    of skPackage:
-      if result.owner == nil:
-        break
-      else:
-        result = result.owner
-    else:
-      assert false, $result.kind
+proc getPIdent*(a: PNode): PIdent {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns underlying `PIdent` for `{nkSym, nkIdent}`, or `nil`.
+  case a.kind
+  of nkSym: a.sym.name
+  of nkIdent: a.ident
+  of nkOpenSymChoice, nkClosedSymChoice: a.sons[0].sym.name
+  of nkOpenSym: getPIdent(a.sons[0])
+  else: nil
 
 const
   moduleShift = when defined(cpu32): 20 else: 24
 
-template id*(a: PIdObj): int =
+template id*(a: PType | PSym): int =
   let x = a
   (x.itemId.module.int shl moduleShift) + x.itemId.item.int
 
@@ -1082,15 +939,19 @@ type
     symId*: int32
     typeId*: int32
     sealed*: bool
+    disambTable*: CountTable[PIdent]
 
 const
   PackageModuleId* = -3'i32
 
 proc idGeneratorFromModule*(m: PSym): IdGenerator =
   assert m.kind == skModule
-  result = IdGenerator(module: m.itemId.module, symId: m.itemId.item, typeId: 0)
+  result = IdGenerator(module: m.itemId.module, symId: m.itemId.item, typeId: 0, disambTable: initCountTable[PIdent]())
+
+proc idGeneratorForPackage*(nextIdWillBe: int32): IdGenerator =
+  result = IdGenerator(module: PackageModuleId, symId: nextIdWillBe - 1'i32, typeId: 0, disambTable: initCountTable[PIdent]())
 
-proc nextSymId*(x: IdGenerator): ItemId {.inline.} =
+proc nextSymId(x: IdGenerator): ItemId {.inline.} =
   assert(not x.sealed)
   inc x.symId
   result = ItemId(module: x.module, item: x.symId)
@@ -1113,22 +974,14 @@ when false:
     assert dest.ItemId.item <= src.ItemId.item
     dest = src
 
-proc getnimblePkgId*(a: PSym): int =
-  let b = a.getnimblePkg
-  result = if b == nil: -1 else: b.id
-
 var ggDebug* {.deprecated.}: bool ## convenience switch for trying out things
-#var
-#  gMainPackageId*: int
 
 proc isCallExpr*(n: PNode): bool =
   result = n.kind in nkCallKinds
 
 proc discardSons*(father: PNode)
 
-type Indexable = PNode | PType
-
-proc len*(n: Indexable): int {.inline.} =
+proc len*(n: PNode): int {.inline.} =
   result = n.sons.len
 
 proc safeLen*(n: PNode): int {.inline.} =
@@ -1142,25 +995,115 @@ proc safeArrLen*(n: PNode): int {.inline.} =
   elif n.kind in {nkNone..nkFloat128Lit}: result = 0
   else: result = n.len
 
-proc add*(father, son: Indexable) =
+proc add*(father, son: PNode) =
   assert son != nil
   father.sons.add(son)
 
-proc addAllowNil*(father, son: Indexable) {.inline.} =
+proc addAllowNil*(father, son: PNode) {.inline.} =
   father.sons.add(son)
 
-template `[]`*(n: Indexable, i: int): Indexable = n.sons[i]
-template `[]=`*(n: Indexable, i: int; x: Indexable) = n.sons[i] = x
+template `[]`*(n: PNode, i: int): PNode = n.sons[i]
+template `[]=`*(n: PNode, i: int; x: PNode) = n.sons[i] = x
 
-template `[]`*(n: Indexable, i: BackwardsIndex): Indexable = n[n.len - i.int]
-template `[]=`*(n: Indexable, i: BackwardsIndex; x: Indexable) = n[n.len - i.int] = x
+template `[]`*(n: PNode, i: BackwardsIndex): PNode = n[n.len - i.int]
+template `[]=`*(n: PNode, i: BackwardsIndex; x: PNode) = n[n.len - i.int] = x
+
+proc add*(father, son: PType) =
+  assert son != nil
+  father.sons.add(son)
+
+proc addAllowNil*(father, son: PType) {.inline.} =
+  father.sons.add(son)
+
+template `[]`*(n: PType, i: int): PType = n.sons[i]
+template `[]=`*(n: PType, i: int; x: PType) = n.sons[i] = x
+
+template `[]`*(n: PType, i: BackwardsIndex): PType = n[n.len - i.int]
+template `[]=`*(n: PType, i: BackwardsIndex; x: PType) = n[n.len - i.int] = x
+
+proc getDeclPragma*(n: PNode): PNode =
+  ## return the `nkPragma` node for declaration `n`, or `nil` if no pragma was found.
+  ## Currently only supports routineDefs + {nkTypeDef}.
+  case n.kind
+  of routineDefs:
+    if n[pragmasPos].kind != nkEmpty: result = n[pragmasPos]
+    else: result = nil
+  of nkTypeDef:
+    #[
+    type F3*{.deprecated: "x3".} = int
+
+    TypeSection
+      TypeDef
+        PragmaExpr
+          Postfix
+            Ident "*"
+            Ident "F3"
+          Pragma
+            ExprColonExpr
+              Ident "deprecated"
+              StrLit "x3"
+        Empty
+        Ident "int"
+    ]#
+    if n[0].kind == nkPragmaExpr:
+      result = n[0][1]
+    else:
+      result = nil
+  else:
+    # support as needed for `nkIdentDefs` etc.
+    result = nil
+  if result != nil:
+    assert result.kind == nkPragma, $(result.kind, n.kind)
+
+proc extractPragma*(s: PSym): PNode =
+  ## gets the pragma node of routine/type/var/let/const symbol `s`
+  if s.kind in routineKinds: # bug #24167
+    if s.ast[pragmasPos] != nil and s.ast[pragmasPos].kind != nkEmpty:
+      result = s.ast[pragmasPos]
+    else:
+      result = nil
+  elif s.kind in {skType, skVar, skLet, skConst}:
+    if s.ast != nil and s.ast.len > 0:
+      if s.ast[0].kind == nkPragmaExpr and s.ast[0].len > 1:
+        # s.ast = nkTypedef / nkPragmaExpr / [nkSym, nkPragma]
+        result = s.ast[0][1]
+      else:
+        result = nil
+    else:
+      result = nil
+  else:
+    result = nil
+  assert result == nil or result.kind == nkPragma
+
+proc skipPragmaExpr*(n: PNode): PNode =
+  ## if pragma expr, give the node the pragmas are applied to,
+  ## otherwise give node itself
+  if n.kind == nkPragmaExpr:
+    result = n[0]
+  else:
+    result = n
+
+proc setInfoRecursive*(n: PNode, info: TLineInfo) =
+  ## set line info recursively
+  if n != nil:
+    for i in 0..<n.safeLen: setInfoRecursive(n[i], info)
+    n.info = info
 
 when defined(useNodeIds):
   const nodeIdToDebug* = -1 # 2322968
   var gNodeId: int
 
-proc newNode*(kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
-  result = PNode(kind: kind, info: unknownLineInfo)
+template newNodeImpl(info2) =
+  result = PNode(kind: kind, info: info2)
+  when false:
+    # this would add overhead, so we skip it; it results in a small amount of leaked entries
+    # for old PNode that gets re-allocated at the same address as a PNode that
+    # has `nfHasComment` set (and an entry in that table). Only `nfHasComment`
+    # should be used to test whether a PNode has a comment; gconfig.comments
+    # can contain extra entries for deleted PNode's with comments.
+    gconfig.comments.del(cast[int](result))
+
+template setIdMaybe() =
   when defined(useNodeIds):
     result.id = gNodeId
     if result.id == nodeIdToDebug:
@@ -1168,31 +1111,56 @@ proc newNode*(kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
       writeStackTrace()
     inc gNodeId
 
+proc newNode*(kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
+  ## new node with unknown line info, no type, and no children
+  newNodeImpl(unknownLineInfo)
+  setIdMaybe()
+
 proc newNodeI*(kind: TNodeKind, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
-  result = PNode(kind: kind, info: info)
-  when defined(useNodeIds):
-    result.id = gNodeId
-    if result.id == nodeIdToDebug:
-      echo "KIND ", result.kind
-      writeStackTrace()
-    inc gNodeId
+  ## new node with line info, no type, and no children
+  newNodeImpl(info)
+  setIdMaybe()
 
 proc newNodeI*(kind: TNodeKind, info: TLineInfo, children: int): PNode =
-  result = PNode(kind: kind, info: info)
+  ## new node with line info, type, and children
+  newNodeImpl(info)
   if children > 0:
     newSeq(result.sons, children)
-  when defined(useNodeIds):
-    result.id = gNodeId
-    if result.id == nodeIdToDebug:
-      echo "KIND ", result.kind
-      writeStackTrace()
-    inc gNodeId
+  setIdMaybe()
 
 proc newNodeIT*(kind: TNodeKind, info: TLineInfo, typ: PType): PNode =
+  ## new node with line info, type, and no children
   result = newNode(kind)
   result.info = info
   result.typ = typ
 
+proc newNode*(kind: TNodeKind, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
+  ## new node with line info, no type, and no children
+  newNodeImpl(info)
+  setIdMaybe()
+
+proc newAtom*(ident: PIdent, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
+  result = newNode(nkIdent, info)
+  result.ident = ident
+
+proc newAtom*(kind: TNodeKind, intVal: BiggestInt, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
+  result = newNode(kind, info)
+  result.intVal = intVal
+
+proc newAtom*(kind: TNodeKind, floatVal: BiggestFloat, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
+  result = newNode(kind, info)
+  result.floatVal = floatVal
+
+proc newAtom*(kind: TNodeKind; strVal: sink string; info: TLineInfo): PNode =
+  result = newNode(kind, info)
+  result.strVal = strVal
+
+proc newTree*(kind: TNodeKind; info: TLineInfo; children: varargs[PNode]): PNode =
+  result = newNodeI(kind, info)
+  if children.len > 0:
+    result.info = children[0].info
+  result.sons = @children
+
 proc newTree*(kind: TNodeKind; children: varargs[PNode]): PNode =
   result = newNode(kind)
   if children.len > 0:
@@ -1212,7 +1180,7 @@ proc newTreeIT*(kind: TNodeKind; info: TLineInfo; typ: PType; children: varargs[
   result.sons = @children
 
 template previouslyInferred*(t: PType): PType =
-  if t.sons.len > 1: t.lastSon else: nil
+  if t.sons.len > 1: t.last else: nil
 
 when false:
   import tables, strutils
@@ -1223,11 +1191,15 @@ when false:
       echo k
       echo v
 
-proc newSym*(symKind: TSymKind, name: PIdent, id: ItemId, owner: PSym,
+proc newSym*(symKind: TSymKind, name: PIdent, idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym,
              info: TLineInfo; options: TOptions = {}): PSym =
   # generates a symbol and initializes the hash field too
+  assert not name.isNil
+  let id = nextSymId idgen
   result = PSym(name: name, kind: symKind, flags: {}, info: info, itemId: id,
-                options: options, owner: owner, offset: defaultOffset)
+                options: options, owner: owner, offset: defaultOffset,
+                disamb: getOrDefault(idgen.disambTable, name).int32)
+  idgen.disambTable.inc name
   when false:
     if id.module == 48 and id.item == 39:
       writeStackTrace()
@@ -1236,7 +1208,7 @@ proc newSym*(symKind: TSymKind, name: PIdent, id: ItemId, owner: PSym,
 
 proc astdef*(s: PSym): PNode =
   # get only the definition (initializer) portion of the ast
-  if s.ast != nil and s.ast.kind == nkIdentDefs:
+  if s.ast != nil and s.ast.kind in {nkIdentDefs, nkConstDef}:
     s.ast[2]
   else:
     s.ast
@@ -1286,11 +1258,6 @@ proc copyStrTable*(dest: var TStrTable, src: TStrTable) =
   setLen(dest.data, src.data.len)
   for i in 0..high(src.data): dest.data[i] = src.data[i]
 
-proc copyIdTable*(dest: var TIdTable, src: TIdTable) =
-  dest.counter = src.counter
-  newSeq(dest.data, src.data.len)
-  for i in 0..high(src.data): dest.data[i] = src.data[i]
-
 proc copyObjectSet*(dest: var TObjectSet, src: TObjectSet) =
   dest.counter = src.counter
   setLen(dest.data, src.data.len)
@@ -1320,6 +1287,9 @@ proc newSymNode*(sym: PSym, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
   result.typ = sym.typ
   result.info = info
 
+proc newOpenSym*(n: PNode): PNode {.inline.} =
+  result = newTreeI(nkOpenSym, n.info, n)
+
 proc newIntNode*(kind: TNodeKind, intVal: BiggestInt): PNode =
   result = newNode(kind)
   result.intVal = intVal
@@ -1328,7 +1298,42 @@ proc newIntNode*(kind: TNodeKind, intVal: Int128): PNode =
   result = newNode(kind)
   result.intVal = castToInt64(intVal)
 
-proc lastSon*(n: Indexable): Indexable = n.sons[^1]
+proc lastSon*(n: PNode): PNode {.inline.} = n.sons[^1]
+template setLastSon*(n: PNode, s: PNode) = n.sons[^1] = s
+
+template firstSon*(n: PNode): PNode = n.sons[0]
+template secondSon*(n: PNode): PNode = n.sons[1]
+
+template hasSon*(n: PNode): bool = n.len > 0
+template has2Sons*(n: PNode): bool = n.len > 1
+
+proc replaceFirstSon*(n, newson: PNode) {.inline.} =
+  n.sons[0] = newson
+
+proc replaceSon*(n: PNode; i: int; newson: PNode) {.inline.} =
+  n.sons[i] = newson
+
+proc last*(n: PType): PType {.inline.} = n.sons[^1]
+
+proc elementType*(n: PType): PType {.inline.} = n.sons[^1]
+proc skipModifier*(n: PType): PType {.inline.} = n.sons[^1]
+
+proc indexType*(n: PType): PType {.inline.} = n.sons[0]
+proc baseClass*(n: PType): PType {.inline.} = n.sons[0]
+
+proc base*(t: PType): PType {.inline.} =
+  result = t.sons[0]
+
+proc returnType*(n: PType): PType {.inline.} = n.sons[0]
+proc setReturnType*(n, r: PType) {.inline.} = n.sons[0] = r
+proc setIndexType*(n, idx: PType) {.inline.} = n.sons[0] = idx
+
+proc firstParamType*(n: PType): PType {.inline.} = n.sons[1]
+proc firstGenericParam*(n: PType): PType {.inline.} = n.sons[1]
+
+proc typeBodyImpl*(n: PType): PType {.inline.} = n.sons[^1]
+
+proc genericHead*(n: PType): PType {.inline.} = n.sons[0]
 
 proc skipTypes*(t: PType, kinds: TTypeKinds): PType =
   ## Used throughout the compiler code to test whether a type tree contains or
@@ -1336,7 +1341,7 @@ proc skipTypes*(t: PType, kinds: TTypeKinds): PType =
   ## last child nodes of a type tree need to be searched. This is a really hot
   ## path within the compiler!
   result = t
-  while result.kind in kinds: result = lastSon(result)
+  while result.kind in kinds: result = last(result)
 
 proc newIntTypeNode*(intVal: BiggestInt, typ: PType): PNode =
   let kind = skipTypes(typ, abstractVarRange).kind
@@ -1357,7 +1362,7 @@ proc newIntTypeNode*(intVal: BiggestInt, typ: PType): PNode =
     result = newNode(nkIntLit)
   of tyStatic: # that's a pre-existing bug, will fix in another PR
     result = newNode(nkIntLit)
-  else: doAssert false, $kind
+  else: raiseAssert $kind
   result.intVal = intVal
   result.typ = typ
 
@@ -1386,16 +1391,8 @@ proc newProcNode*(kind: TNodeKind, info: TLineInfo, body: PNode,
                   pragmas, exceptions, body]
 
 const
-  UnspecifiedLockLevel* = TLockLevel(-1'i16)
-  MaxLockLevel* = 1000'i16
-  UnknownLockLevel* = TLockLevel(1001'i16)
   AttachedOpToStr*: array[TTypeAttachedOp, string] = [
-    "=destroy", "=copy", "=sink", "=trace", "=dispose", "=deepcopy"]
-
-proc `$`*(x: TLockLevel): string =
-  if x.ord == UnspecifiedLockLevel.ord: result = "<unspecified>"
-  elif x.ord == UnknownLockLevel.ord: result = "<unknown>"
-  else: result = $int16(x)
+    "=wasMoved", "=destroy", "=copy", "=dup", "=sink", "=trace", "=deepcopy"]
 
 proc `$`*(s: PSym): string =
   if s != nil:
@@ -1403,27 +1400,140 @@ proc `$`*(s: PSym): string =
   else:
     result = "<nil>"
 
-proc newType*(kind: TTypeKind, id: ItemId; owner: PSym): PType =
+when false:
+  iterator items*(t: PType): PType =
+    for i in 0..<t.sons.len: yield t.sons[i]
+
+  iterator pairs*(n: PType): tuple[i: int, n: PType] =
+    for i in 0..<n.sons.len: yield (i, n.sons[i])
+
+when true:
+  proc len*(n: PType): int {.inline.} =
+    result = n.sons.len
+
+proc sameTupleLengths*(a, b: PType): bool {.inline.} =
+  result = a.sons.len == b.sons.len
+
+iterator tupleTypePairs*(a, b: PType): (int, PType, PType) =
+  for i in 0 ..< a.sons.len:
+    yield (i, a.sons[i], b.sons[i])
+
+iterator underspecifiedPairs*(a, b: PType; start = 0; without = 0): (PType, PType) =
+  # XXX Figure out with what typekinds this is called.
+  for i in start ..< min(a.sons.len, b.sons.len) + without:
+    yield (a.sons[i], b.sons[i])
+
+proc signatureLen*(t: PType): int {.inline.} =
+  result = t.sons.len
+
+proc paramsLen*(t: PType): int {.inline.} =
+  result = t.sons.len - 1
+
+proc genericParamsLen*(t: PType): int {.inline.} =
+  assert t.kind == tyGenericInst
+  result = t.sons.len - 2 # without 'head' and 'body'
+
+proc genericInvocationParamsLen*(t: PType): int {.inline.} =
+  assert t.kind == tyGenericInvocation
+  result = t.sons.len - 1 # without 'head'
+
+proc kidsLen*(t: PType): int {.inline.} =
+  result = t.sons.len
+
+proc genericParamHasConstraints*(t: PType): bool {.inline.} = t.sons.len > 0
+
+proc hasElementType*(t: PType): bool {.inline.} = t.sons.len > 0
+proc isEmptyTupleType*(t: PType): bool {.inline.} = t.sons.len == 0
+proc isSingletonTupleType*(t: PType): bool {.inline.} = t.sons.len == 1
+
+proc genericConstraint*(t: PType): PType {.inline.} = t.sons[0]
+
+iterator genericInstParams*(t: PType): (bool, PType) =
+  for i in 1..<t.sons.len-1:
+    yield (i!=1, t.sons[i])
+
+iterator genericInstParamPairs*(a, b: PType): (int, PType, PType) =
+  for i in 1..<min(a.sons.len, b.sons.len)-1:
+    yield (i-1, a.sons[i], b.sons[i])
+
+iterator genericInvocationParams*(t: PType): (bool, PType) =
+  for i in 1..<t.sons.len:
+    yield (i!=1, t.sons[i])
+
+iterator genericInvocationAndBodyElements*(a, b: PType): (PType, PType) =
+  for i in 1..<a.sons.len:
+    yield (a.sons[i], b.sons[i-1])
+
+iterator genericInvocationParamPairs*(a, b: PType): (bool, PType, PType) =
+  for i in 1..<a.sons.len:
+    if i >= b.sons.len:
+      yield (false, nil, nil)
+    else:
+      yield (true, a.sons[i], b.sons[i])
+
+iterator genericBodyParams*(t: PType): (int, PType) =
+  for i in 0..<t.sons.len-1:
+    yield (i, t.sons[i])
+
+iterator userTypeClassInstParams*(t: PType): (bool, PType) =
+  for i in 1..<t.sons.len-1:
+    yield (i!=1, t.sons[i])
+
+iterator ikids*(t: PType): (int, PType) =
+  for i in 0..<t.sons.len: yield (i, t.sons[i])
+
+const
+  FirstParamAt* = 1
+  FirstGenericParamAt* = 1
+
+iterator paramTypes*(t: PType): (int, PType) =
+  for i in FirstParamAt..<t.sons.len: yield (i, t.sons[i])
+
+iterator paramTypePairs*(a, b: PType): (PType, PType) =
+  for i in FirstParamAt..<a.sons.len: yield (a.sons[i], b.sons[i])
+
+template paramTypeToNodeIndex*(x: int): int = x
+
+iterator kids*(t: PType): PType =
+  for i in 0..<t.sons.len: yield t.sons[i]
+
+iterator signature*(t: PType): PType =
+  # yields return type + parameter types
+  for i in 0..<t.sons.len: yield t.sons[i]
+
+proc newType*(kind: TTypeKind; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym; son: sink PType = nil): PType =
+  let id = nextTypeId idgen
   result = PType(kind: kind, owner: owner, size: defaultSize,
                  align: defaultAlignment, itemId: id,
-                 lockLevel: UnspecifiedLockLevel,
-                 uniqueId: id)
+                 uniqueId: id, sons: @[])
+  if son != nil: result.sons.add son
   when false:
     if result.itemId.module == 55 and result.itemId.item == 2:
       echo "KNID ", kind
       writeStackTrace()
 
+proc setSons*(dest: PType; sons: sink seq[PType]) {.inline.} = dest.sons = sons
+proc setSon*(dest: PType; son: sink PType) {.inline.} = dest.sons = @[son]
+proc setSonsLen*(dest: PType; len: int) {.inline.} = setLen(dest.sons, len)
 
 proc mergeLoc(a: var TLoc, b: TLoc) =
   if a.k == low(typeof(a.k)): a.k = b.k
   if a.storage == low(typeof(a.storage)): a.storage = b.storage
   a.flags.incl b.flags
   if a.lode == nil: a.lode = b.lode
-  if a.r == nil: a.r = b.r
+  if a.snippet == "": a.snippet = b.snippet
 
-proc newSons*(father: Indexable, length: int) =
+proc newSons*(father: PNode, length: int) =
   setLen(father.sons, length)
 
+proc newSons*(father: PType, length: int) =
+  setLen(father.sons, length)
+
+proc truncateInferredTypeCandidates*(t: PType) {.inline.} =
+  assert t.kind == tyInferred
+  if t.sons.len > 1:
+    setLen(t.sons, 1)
+
 proc assignType*(dest, src: PType) =
   dest.kind = src.kind
   dest.flags = src.flags
@@ -1431,28 +1541,31 @@ proc assignType*(dest, src: PType) =
   dest.n = src.n
   dest.size = src.size
   dest.align = src.align
-  dest.lockLevel = src.lockLevel
   # this fixes 'type TLock = TSysLock':
   if src.sym != nil:
     if dest.sym != nil:
-      dest.sym.flags.incl src.sym.flags-{sfExported}
+      dest.sym.flags.incl src.sym.flags-{sfUsed, sfExported}
       if dest.sym.annex == nil: dest.sym.annex = src.sym.annex
       mergeLoc(dest.sym.loc, src.sym.loc)
     else:
       dest.sym = src.sym
-  newSons(dest, src.len)
-  for i in 0..<src.len: dest[i] = src[i]
+  newSons(dest, src.sons.len)
+  for i in 0..<src.sons.len: dest[i] = src[i]
 
-proc copyType*(t: PType, id: ItemId, owner: PSym): PType =
-  result = newType(t.kind, id, owner)
+proc copyType*(t: PType, idgen: IdGenerator, owner: PSym): PType =
+  result = newType(t.kind, idgen, owner)
   assignType(result, t)
   result.sym = t.sym          # backend-info should not be copied
 
 proc exactReplica*(t: PType): PType =
-  result = copyType(t, t.itemId, t.owner)
+  result = PType(kind: t.kind, owner: t.owner, size: defaultSize,
+                 align: defaultAlignment, itemId: t.itemId,
+                 uniqueId: t.uniqueId)
+  assignType(result, t)
+  result.sym = t.sym          # backend-info should not be copied
 
-proc copySym*(s: PSym; id: ItemId): PSym =
-  result = newSym(s.kind, s.name, id, s.owner, s.info, s.options)
+proc copySym*(s: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PSym =
+  result = newSym(s.kind, s.name, idgen, s.owner, s.info, s.options)
   #result.ast = nil            # BUGFIX; was: s.ast which made problems
   result.typ = s.typ
   result.flags = s.flags
@@ -1467,9 +1580,9 @@ proc copySym*(s: PSym; id: ItemId): PSym =
     result.bitsize = s.bitsize
     result.alignment = s.alignment
 
-proc createModuleAlias*(s: PSym, id: ItemId, newIdent: PIdent, info: TLineInfo;
+proc createModuleAlias*(s: PSym, idgen: IdGenerator, newIdent: PIdent, info: TLineInfo;
                         options: TOptions): PSym =
-  result = newSym(s.kind, newIdent, id, s.owner, info, options)
+  result = newSym(s.kind, newIdent, idgen, s.owner, info, options)
   # keep ID!
   result.ast = s.ast
   #result.id = s.id # XXX figure out what to do with the ID.
@@ -1479,43 +1592,23 @@ proc createModuleAlias*(s: PSym, id: ItemId, newIdent: PIdent, info: TLineInfo;
   result.loc = s.loc
   result.annex = s.annex
 
-proc initStrTable*(x: var TStrTable) =
-  x.counter = 0
-  newSeq(x.data, StartSize)
-
-proc newStrTable*: TStrTable =
-  initStrTable(result)
+proc initStrTable*(): TStrTable =
+  result = TStrTable(counter: 0)
+  newSeq(result.data, StartSize)
 
-proc initIdTable*(x: var TIdTable) =
-  x.counter = 0
-  newSeq(x.data, StartSize)
+proc initObjectSet*(): TObjectSet =
+  result = TObjectSet(counter: 0)
+  newSeq(result.data, StartSize)
 
-proc newIdTable*: TIdTable =
-  initIdTable(result)
-
-proc resetIdTable*(x: var TIdTable) =
-  x.counter = 0
-  # clear and set to old initial size:
-  setLen(x.data, 0)
-  setLen(x.data, StartSize)
-
-proc initObjectSet*(x: var TObjectSet) =
-  x.counter = 0
-  newSeq(x.data, StartSize)
-
-proc initIdNodeTable*(x: var TIdNodeTable) =
-  x.counter = 0
-  newSeq(x.data, StartSize)
-
-proc initNodeTable*(x: var TNodeTable) =
-  x.counter = 0
-  newSeq(x.data, StartSize)
+proc initNodeTable*(): TNodeTable =
+  result = TNodeTable(counter: 0)
+  newSeq(result.data, StartSize)
 
 proc skipTypes*(t: PType, kinds: TTypeKinds; maxIters: int): PType =
   result = t
   var i = maxIters
   while result.kind in kinds:
-    result = lastSon(result)
+    result = last(result)
     dec i
     if i == 0: return nil
 
@@ -1523,8 +1616,8 @@ proc skipTypesOrNil*(t: PType, kinds: TTypeKinds): PType =
   ## same as skipTypes but handles 'nil'
   result = t
   while result != nil and result.kind in kinds:
-    if result.len == 0: return nil
-    result = lastSon(result)
+    if result.sons.len == 0: return nil
+    result = last(result)
 
 proc isGCedMem*(t: PType): bool {.inline.} =
   result = t.kind in {tyString, tyRef, tySequence} or
@@ -1543,7 +1636,7 @@ proc propagateToOwner*(owner, elem: PType; propagateHasAsgn = true) =
   if mask != {} and propagateHasAsgn:
     let o2 = owner.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink})
     if o2.kind in {tyTuple, tyObject, tyArray,
-                   tySequence, tySet, tyDistinct, tyOpenArray, tyVarargs}:
+                   tySequence, tySet, tyDistinct}:
       o2.flags.incl mask
       owner.flags.incl mask
 
@@ -1559,9 +1652,6 @@ proc rawAddSon*(father, son: PType; propagateHasAsgn = true) =
   father.sons.add(son)
   if not son.isNil: propagateToOwner(father, son, propagateHasAsgn)
 
-proc rawAddSonNoPropagationOfTypeFlags*(father, son: PType) =
-  father.sons.add(son)
-
 proc addSonNilAllowed*(father, son: PNode) =
   father.sons.add(son)
 
@@ -1589,11 +1679,13 @@ proc copyNode*(src: PNode): PNode =
   of nkIdent: result.ident = src.ident
   of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit: result.strVal = src.strVal
   else: discard
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    result.endInfo = src.endInfo
 
 template transitionNodeKindCommon(k: TNodeKind) =
   let obj {.inject.} = n[]
-  n[] = TNode(kind: k, typ: obj.typ, info: obj.info, flags: obj.flags,
-              comment: obj.comment)
+  n[] = TNode(kind: k, typ: obj.typ, info: obj.info, flags: obj.flags)
+  # n.comment = obj.comment # shouldn't be needed, the address doesnt' change
   when defined(useNodeIds):
     n.id = obj.id
 
@@ -1605,6 +1697,10 @@ proc transitionIntKind*(n: PNode, kind: range[nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit]) =
   transitionNodeKindCommon(kind)
   n.intVal = obj.intVal
 
+proc transitionIntToFloatKind*(n: PNode, kind: range[nkFloatLit..nkFloat128Lit]) =
+  transitionNodeKindCommon(kind)
+  n.floatVal = BiggestFloat(obj.intVal)
+
 proc transitionNoneToSym*(n: PNode) =
   transitionNodeKindCommon(nkSym)
 
@@ -1637,6 +1733,8 @@ template copyNodeImpl(dst, src, processSonsStmt) =
   if src == nil: return
   dst = newNode(src.kind)
   dst.info = src.info
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    result.endInfo = src.endInfo
   dst.typ = src.typ
   dst.flags = src.flags * PersistentNodeFlags
   dst.comment = src.comment
@@ -1685,6 +1783,7 @@ proc hasNilSon*(n: PNode): bool =
   result = false
 
 proc containsNode*(n: PNode, kinds: TNodeKinds): bool =
+  result = false
   if n == nil: return
   case n.kind
   of nkEmpty..nkNilLit: result = n.kind in kinds
@@ -1694,7 +1793,7 @@ proc containsNode*(n: PNode, kinds: TNodeKinds): bool =
 
 proc hasSubnodeWith*(n: PNode, kind: TNodeKind): bool =
   case n.kind
-  of nkEmpty..nkNilLit: result = n.kind == kind
+  of nkEmpty..nkNilLit, nkFormalParams: result = n.kind == kind
   else:
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       if (n[i].kind == kind) or hasSubnodeWith(n[i], kind):
@@ -1785,13 +1884,15 @@ proc skipGenericOwner*(s: PSym): PSym =
   ## Generic instantiations are owned by their originating generic
   ## symbol. This proc skips such owners and goes straight to the owner
   ## of the generic itself (the module or the enclosing proc).
-  result = if s.kind in skProcKinds and sfFromGeneric in s.flags:
+  result = if s.kind == skModule:
+            s
+           elif s.kind in skProcKinds and sfFromGeneric in s.flags and s.owner.kind != skModule:
              s.owner.owner
            else:
              s.owner
 
 proc originatingModule*(s: PSym): PSym =
-  result = s.owner
+  result = s
   while result.kind != skModule: result = result.owner
 
 proc isRoutine*(s: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
@@ -1801,20 +1902,6 @@ proc isCompileTimeProc*(s: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
   result = s.kind == skMacro or
            s.kind in {skProc, skFunc} and sfCompileTime in s.flags
 
-proc isRunnableExamples*(n: PNode): bool =
-  # Templates and generics don't perform symbol lookups.
-  result = n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.magic == mRunnableExamples or
-    n.kind == nkIdent and n.ident.s == "runnableExamples"
-
-proc requiredParams*(s: PSym): int =
-  # Returns the number of required params (without default values)
-  # XXX: Perhaps we can store this in the `offset` field of the
-  # symbol instead?
-  for i in 1..<s.typ.len:
-    if s.typ.n[i].sym.ast != nil:
-      return i - 1
-  return s.typ.len - 1
-
 proc hasPattern*(s: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
   result = isRoutine(s) and s.ast[patternPos].kind != nkEmpty
 
@@ -1851,25 +1938,43 @@ proc toVar*(typ: PType; kind: TTypeKind; idgen: IdGenerator): PType =
   ## returned. Otherwise ``typ`` is simply returned as-is.
   result = typ
   if typ.kind != kind:
-    result = newType(kind, nextTypeId(idgen), typ.owner)
-    rawAddSon(result, typ)
+    result = newType(kind, idgen, typ.owner, typ)
 
 proc toRef*(typ: PType; idgen: IdGenerator): PType =
   ## If ``typ`` is a tyObject then it is converted into a `ref <typ>` and
   ## returned. Otherwise ``typ`` is simply returned as-is.
   result = typ
   if typ.skipTypes({tyAlias, tyGenericInst}).kind == tyObject:
-    result = newType(tyRef, nextTypeId(idgen), typ.owner)
-    rawAddSon(result, typ)
+    result = newType(tyRef, idgen, typ.owner, typ)
 
 proc toObject*(typ: PType): PType =
   ## If ``typ`` is a tyRef then its immediate son is returned (which in many
   ## cases should be a ``tyObject``).
   ## Otherwise ``typ`` is simply returned as-is.
   let t = typ.skipTypes({tyAlias, tyGenericInst})
-  if t.kind == tyRef: t.lastSon
+  if t.kind == tyRef: t.elementType
   else: typ
 
+proc toObjectFromRefPtrGeneric*(typ: PType): PType =
+  #[
+  See also `toObject`.
+  Finds the underlying `object`, even in cases like these:
+  type
+    B[T] = object f0: int
+    A1[T] = ref B[T]
+    A2[T] = ref object f1: int
+    A3 = ref object f2: int
+    A4 = object f3: int
+  ]#
+  result = typ
+  while true:
+    case result.kind
+    of tyGenericBody: result = result.last
+    of tyRef, tyPtr, tyGenericInst, tyGenericInvocation, tyAlias: result = result[0]
+      # automatic dereferencing is deep, refs #18298.
+    else: break
+  # result does not have to be object type
+
 proc isImportedException*(t: PType; conf: ConfigRef): bool =
   assert t != nil
 
@@ -1877,12 +1982,10 @@ proc isImportedException*(t: PType; conf: ConfigRef): bool =
     return false
 
   let base = t.skipTypes({tyAlias, tyPtr, tyDistinct, tyGenericInst})
-
-  if base.sym != nil and {sfCompileToCpp, sfImportc} * base.sym.flags != {}:
-    result = true
+  result = base.sym != nil and {sfCompileToCpp, sfImportc} * base.sym.flags != {}
 
 proc isInfixAs*(n: PNode): bool =
-  return n.kind == nkInfix and n[0].kind == nkIdent and n[0].ident.s == "as"
+  return n.kind == nkInfix and n[0].kind == nkIdent and n[0].ident.id == ord(wAs)
 
 proc skipColon*(n: PNode): PNode =
   result = n
@@ -1890,10 +1993,12 @@ proc skipColon*(n: PNode): PNode =
     result = n[1]
 
 proc findUnresolvedStatic*(n: PNode): PNode =
-  # n.typ == nil: see issue #14802
   if n.kind == nkSym and n.typ != nil and n.typ.kind == tyStatic and n.typ.n == nil:
     return n
-
+  if n.typ != nil and n.typ.kind == tyTypeDesc:
+    let t = skipTypes(n.typ, {tyTypeDesc})
+    if t.kind == tyGenericParam and not t.genericParamHasConstraints:
+      return n
   for son in n:
     let n = son.findUnresolvedStatic
     if n != nil: return n
@@ -1922,20 +2027,29 @@ template detailedInfo*(sym: PSym): string =
 proc isInlineIterator*(typ: PType): bool {.inline.} =
   typ.kind == tyProc and tfIterator in typ.flags and typ.callConv != ccClosure
 
+proc isIterator*(typ: PType): bool {.inline.} =
+  typ.kind == tyProc and tfIterator in typ.flags
+
 proc isClosureIterator*(typ: PType): bool {.inline.} =
   typ.kind == tyProc and tfIterator in typ.flags and typ.callConv == ccClosure
 
 proc isClosure*(typ: PType): bool {.inline.} =
   typ.kind == tyProc and typ.callConv == ccClosure
 
+proc isNimcall*(s: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
+  s.typ.callConv == ccNimCall
+
+proc isExplicitCallConv*(s: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
+  tfExplicitCallConv in s.typ.flags
+
 proc isSinkParam*(s: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
   s.kind == skParam and (s.typ.kind == tySink or tfHasOwned in s.typ.flags)
 
 proc isSinkType*(t: PType): bool {.inline.} =
   t.kind == tySink or tfHasOwned in t.flags
 
-proc newProcType*(info: TLineInfo; id: ItemId; owner: PSym): PType =
-  result = newType(tyProc, id, owner)
+proc newProcType*(info: TLineInfo; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym): PType =
+  result = newType(tyProc, idgen, owner)
   result.n = newNodeI(nkFormalParams, info)
   rawAddSon(result, nil) # return type
   # result.n[0] used to be `nkType`, but now it's `nkEffectList` because
@@ -1944,7 +2058,7 @@ proc newProcType*(info: TLineInfo; id: ItemId; owner: PSym): PType =
   result.n.add newNodeI(nkEffectList, info)
 
 proc addParam*(procType: PType; param: PSym) =
-  param.position = procType.len-1
+  param.position = procType.sons.len-1
   procType.n.add newSymNode(param)
   rawAddSon(procType, param.typ)
 
@@ -1986,9 +2100,36 @@ proc toHumanStr*(kind: TTypeKind): string =
   ## strips leading `tk`
   result = toHumanStrImpl(kind, 2)
 
-proc skipAddr*(n: PNode): PNode {.inline.} =
+proc skipHiddenAddr*(n: PNode): PNode {.inline.} =
   (if n.kind == nkHiddenAddr: n[0] else: n)
 
 proc isNewStyleConcept*(n: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
   assert n.kind == nkTypeClassTy
   result = n[0].kind == nkEmpty
+
+proc isOutParam*(t: PType): bool {.inline.} = tfIsOutParam in t.flags
+
+const
+  nodesToIgnoreSet* = {nkNone..pred(nkSym), succ(nkSym)..nkNilLit,
+    nkTypeSection, nkProcDef, nkConverterDef,
+    nkMethodDef, nkIteratorDef, nkMacroDef, nkTemplateDef, nkLambda, nkDo,
+    nkFuncDef, nkConstSection, nkConstDef, nkIncludeStmt, nkImportStmt,
+    nkExportStmt, nkPragma, nkCommentStmt, nkBreakState,
+    nkTypeOfExpr, nkMixinStmt, nkBindStmt}
+
+proc isTrue*(n: PNode): bool =
+  n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind == skEnumField and n.sym.position != 0 or
+    n.kind == nkIntLit and n.intVal != 0
+
+type
+  TypeMapping* = Table[ItemId, PType]
+  SymMapping* = Table[ItemId, PSym]
+
+template idTableGet*(tab: typed; key: PSym | PType): untyped = tab.getOrDefault(key.itemId)
+template idTablePut*(tab: typed; key, val: PSym | PType) = tab[key.itemId] = val
+
+template initSymMapping*(): Table[ItemId, PSym] = initTable[ItemId, PSym]()
+template initTypeMapping*(): Table[ItemId, PType] = initTable[ItemId, PType]()
+
+template resetIdTable*(tab: Table[ItemId, PSym]) = tab.clear()
+template resetIdTable*(tab: Table[ItemId, PType]) = tab.clear()
diff --git a/compiler/astalgo.nim b/compiler/astalgo.nim
index 300089d81..7a9892f78 100644
--- a/compiler/astalgo.nim
+++ b/compiler/astalgo.nim
@@ -12,18 +12,18 @@
 # the data structures here are used in various places of the compiler.
 
 import
-  ast, hashes, intsets, strutils, options, lineinfos, ropes, idents, rodutils,
+  ast, astyaml, options, lineinfos, idents, rodutils,
   msgs
 
-proc hashNode*(p: RootRef): Hash
-proc treeToYaml*(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode, indent: int = 0, maxRecDepth: int = - 1): Rope
-  # Convert a tree into its YAML representation; this is used by the
-  # YAML code generator and it is invaluable for debugging purposes.
-  # If maxRecDepht <> -1 then it won't print the whole graph.
-proc typeToYaml*(conf: ConfigRef; n: PType, indent: int = 0, maxRecDepth: int = - 1): Rope
-proc symToYaml*(conf: ConfigRef; n: PSym, indent: int = 0, maxRecDepth: int = - 1): Rope
-proc lineInfoToStr*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo): Rope
+import std/[hashes, intsets]
+import std/strutils except addf
+
+export astyaml.treeToYaml, astyaml.typeToYaml, astyaml.symToYaml, astyaml.lineInfoToStr
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+proc hashNode*(p: RootRef): Hash
 
 # these are for debugging only: They are not really deprecated, but I want
 # the warning so that release versions do not contain debugging statements:
@@ -31,15 +31,6 @@ proc debug*(n: PSym; conf: ConfigRef = nil) {.exportc: "debugSym", deprecated.}
 proc debug*(n: PType; conf: ConfigRef = nil) {.exportc: "debugType", deprecated.}
 proc debug*(n: PNode; conf: ConfigRef = nil) {.exportc: "debugNode", deprecated.}
 
-proc typekinds*(t: PType) {.deprecated.} =
-  var t = t
-  var s = ""
-  while t != nil and t.len > 0:
-    s.add $t.kind
-    s.add " "
-    t = t.lastSon
-  echo s
-
 template debug*(x: PSym|PType|PNode) {.deprecated.} =
   when compiles(c.config):
     debug(c.config, x)
@@ -74,16 +65,6 @@ template mdbg*: bool {.deprecated.} =
   else:
     error()
 
-# --------------------------- ident tables ----------------------------------
-proc idTableGet*(t: TIdTable, key: PIdObj): RootRef
-proc idTableGet*(t: TIdTable, key: int): RootRef
-proc idTablePut*(t: var TIdTable, key: PIdObj, val: RootRef)
-proc idTableHasObjectAsKey*(t: TIdTable, key: PIdObj): bool
-  # checks if `t` contains the `key` (compared by the pointer value, not only
-  # `key`'s id)
-proc idNodeTableGet*(t: TIdNodeTable, key: PIdObj): PNode
-proc idNodeTablePut*(t: var TIdNodeTable, key: PIdObj, val: PNode)
-
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 proc lookupInRecord*(n: PNode, field: PIdent): PSym
@@ -104,7 +85,7 @@ type
     data*: TIIPairSeq
 
 
-proc initIiTable*(x: var TIITable)
+proc initIITable*(x: var TIITable)
 proc iiTableGet*(t: TIITable, key: int): int
 proc iiTablePut*(t: var TIITable, key, val: int)
 
@@ -192,6 +173,7 @@ proc getSymFromList*(list: PNode, ident: PIdent, start: int = 0): PSym =
   result = nil
 
 proc sameIgnoreBacktickGensymInfo(a, b: string): bool =
+  result = false
   if a[0] != b[0]: return false
   var alen = a.len - 1
   while alen > 0 and a[alen] != '`': dec(alen)
@@ -221,11 +203,11 @@ proc getNamedParamFromList*(list: PNode, ident: PIdent): PSym =
   ## Named parameters are special because a named parameter can be
   ## gensym'ed and then they have '\`<number>' suffix that we need to
   ## ignore, see compiler / evaltempl.nim, snippet:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   result.add newIdentNode(getIdent(c.ic, x.name.s & "\`gensym" & $x.id),
   ##            if c.instLines: actual.info else: templ.info)
+  ##   ```
+  result = nil
   for i in 1..<list.len:
     let it = list[i].sym
     if it.name.id == ident.id or
@@ -238,169 +220,7 @@ proc mustRehash(length, counter: int): bool =
   assert(length > counter)
   result = (length * 2 < counter * 3) or (length - counter < 4)
 
-proc rspaces(x: int): Rope =
-  # returns x spaces
-  result = rope(spaces(x))
-
-proc toYamlChar(c: char): string =
-  case c
-  of '\0'..'\x1F', '\x7F'..'\xFF': result = "\\u" & strutils.toHex(ord(c), 4)
-  of '\'', '\"', '\\': result = '\\' & c
-  else: result = $c
-
-proc makeYamlString*(s: string): Rope =
-  # We have to split long strings into many ropes. Otherwise
-  # this could trigger InternalError(111). See the ropes module for
-  # further information.
-  const MaxLineLength = 64
-  result = nil
-  var res = "\""
-  for i in 0..<s.len:
-    if (i + 1) mod MaxLineLength == 0:
-      res.add('\"')
-      res.add("\n")
-      result.add(rope(res))
-      res = "\""              # reset
-    res.add(toYamlChar(s[i]))
-  res.add('\"')
-  result.add(rope(res))
-
-proc flagsToStr[T](flags: set[T]): Rope =
-  if flags == {}:
-    result = rope("[]")
-  else:
-    result = nil
-    for x in items(flags):
-      if result != nil: result.add(", ")
-      result.add(makeYamlString($x))
-    result = "[" & result & "]"
-
-proc lineInfoToStr(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo): Rope =
-  result = "[$1, $2, $3]" % [makeYamlString(toFilename(conf, info)),
-                             rope(toLinenumber(info)),
-                             rope(toColumn(info))]
-
-proc treeToYamlAux(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode, marker: var IntSet,
-                   indent, maxRecDepth: int): Rope
-proc symToYamlAux(conf: ConfigRef; n: PSym, marker: var IntSet,
-                  indent, maxRecDepth: int): Rope
-proc typeToYamlAux(conf: ConfigRef; n: PType, marker: var IntSet,
-                   indent, maxRecDepth: int): Rope
-
-proc symToYamlAux(conf: ConfigRef; n: PSym, marker: var IntSet, indent: int,
-                  maxRecDepth: int): Rope =
-  if n == nil:
-    result = rope("null")
-  elif containsOrIncl(marker, n.id):
-    result = "\"$1\"" % [rope(n.name.s)]
-  else:
-    var ast = treeToYamlAux(conf, n.ast, marker, indent + 2, maxRecDepth - 1)
-                                 #rope("typ"), typeToYamlAux(conf, n.typ, marker,
-                                 #  indent + 2, maxRecDepth - 1),
-    let istr = rspaces(indent + 2)
-    result = rope("{")
-    result.addf("$N$1\"kind\": $2", [istr, makeYamlString($n.kind)])
-    result.addf("$N$1\"name\": $2", [istr, makeYamlString(n.name.s)])
-    result.addf("$N$1\"typ\": $2", [istr, typeToYamlAux(conf, n.typ, marker, indent + 2, maxRecDepth - 1)])
-    if conf != nil:
-      # if we don't pass the config, we probably don't care about the line info
-      result.addf("$N$1\"info\": $2", [istr, lineInfoToStr(conf, n.info)])
-    if card(n.flags) > 0:
-      result.addf("$N$1\"flags\": $2", [istr, flagsToStr(n.flags)])
-    result.addf("$N$1\"magic\": $2", [istr, makeYamlString($n.magic)])
-    result.addf("$N$1\"ast\": $2", [istr, ast])
-    result.addf("$N$1\"options\": $2", [istr, flagsToStr(n.options)])
-    result.addf("$N$1\"position\": $2", [istr, rope(n.position)])
-    result.addf("$N$1\"k\": $2", [istr, makeYamlString($n.loc.k)])
-    result.addf("$N$1\"storage\": $2", [istr, makeYamlString($n.loc.storage)])
-    if card(n.loc.flags) > 0:
-      result.addf("$N$1\"flags\": $2", [istr, makeYamlString($n.loc.flags)])
-    result.addf("$N$1\"r\": $2", [istr, n.loc.r])
-    result.addf("$N$1\"lode\": $2", [istr, treeToYamlAux(conf, n.loc.lode, marker, indent + 2, maxRecDepth - 1)])
-    result.addf("$N$1}", [rspaces(indent)])
-
-proc typeToYamlAux(conf: ConfigRef; n: PType, marker: var IntSet, indent: int,
-                   maxRecDepth: int): Rope =
-  var sonsRope: Rope
-  if n == nil:
-    sonsRope = rope("null")
-  elif containsOrIncl(marker, n.id):
-    sonsRope = "\"$1 @$2\"" % [rope($n.kind), rope(
-        strutils.toHex(cast[ByteAddress](n), sizeof(n) * 2))]
-  else:
-    if n.len > 0:
-      sonsRope = rope("[")
-      for i in 0..<n.len:
-        if i > 0: sonsRope.add(",")
-        sonsRope.addf("$N$1$2", [rspaces(indent + 4), typeToYamlAux(conf, n[i],
-            marker, indent + 4, maxRecDepth - 1)])
-      sonsRope.addf("$N$1]", [rspaces(indent + 2)])
-    else:
-      sonsRope = rope("null")
-
-    let istr = rspaces(indent + 2)
-    result = rope("{")
-    result.addf("$N$1\"kind\": $2", [istr, makeYamlString($n.kind)])
-    result.addf("$N$1\"sym\": $2",  [istr, symToYamlAux(conf, n.sym, marker, indent + 2, maxRecDepth - 1)])
-    result.addf("$N$1\"n\": $2",     [istr, treeToYamlAux(conf, n.n, marker, indent + 2, maxRecDepth - 1)])
-    if card(n.flags) > 0:
-      result.addf("$N$1\"flags\": $2", [istr, flagsToStr(n.flags)])
-    result.addf("$N$1\"callconv\": $2", [istr, makeYamlString($n.callConv)])
-    result.addf("$N$1\"size\": $2", [istr, rope(n.size)])
-    result.addf("$N$1\"align\": $2", [istr, rope(n.align)])
-    result.addf("$N$1\"sons\": $2", [istr, sonsRope])
-
-proc treeToYamlAux(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode, marker: var IntSet, indent: int,
-                   maxRecDepth: int): Rope =
-  if n == nil:
-    result = rope("null")
-  else:
-    var istr = rspaces(indent + 2)
-    result = "{$N$1\"kind\": $2" % [istr, makeYamlString($n.kind)]
-    if maxRecDepth != 0:
-      if conf != nil:
-        result.addf(",$N$1\"info\": $2", [istr, lineInfoToStr(conf, n.info)])
-      case n.kind
-      of nkCharLit..nkInt64Lit:
-        result.addf(",$N$1\"intVal\": $2", [istr, rope(n.intVal)])
-      of nkFloatLit, nkFloat32Lit, nkFloat64Lit:
-        result.addf(",$N$1\"floatVal\": $2",
-            [istr, rope(n.floatVal.toStrMaxPrecision)])
-      of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit:
-        result.addf(",$N$1\"strVal\": $2", [istr, makeYamlString(n.strVal)])
-      of nkSym:
-        result.addf(",$N$1\"sym\": $2",
-             [istr, symToYamlAux(conf, n.sym, marker, indent + 2, maxRecDepth)])
-      of nkIdent:
-        if n.ident != nil:
-          result.addf(",$N$1\"ident\": $2", [istr, makeYamlString(n.ident.s)])
-        else:
-          result.addf(",$N$1\"ident\": null", [istr])
-      else:
-        if n.len > 0:
-          result.addf(",$N$1\"sons\": [", [istr])
-          for i in 0..<n.len:
-            if i > 0: result.add(",")
-            result.addf("$N$1$2", [rspaces(indent + 4), treeToYamlAux(conf, n[i],
-                marker, indent + 4, maxRecDepth - 1)])
-          result.addf("$N$1]", [istr])
-      result.addf(",$N$1\"typ\": $2",
-           [istr, typeToYamlAux(conf, n.typ, marker, indent + 2, maxRecDepth)])
-    result.addf("$N$1}", [rspaces(indent)])
-
-proc treeToYaml(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode, indent: int = 0, maxRecDepth: int = - 1): Rope =
-  var marker = initIntSet()
-  result = treeToYamlAux(conf, n, marker, indent, maxRecDepth)
-
-proc typeToYaml(conf: ConfigRef; n: PType, indent: int = 0, maxRecDepth: int = - 1): Rope =
-  var marker = initIntSet()
-  result = typeToYamlAux(conf, n, marker, indent, maxRecDepth)
-
-proc symToYaml(conf: ConfigRef; n: PSym, indent: int = 0, maxRecDepth: int = - 1): Rope =
-  var marker = initIntSet()
-  result = symToYamlAux(conf, n, marker, indent, maxRecDepth)
-
-import tables
+import std/tables
 
 const backrefStyle = "\e[90m"
 const enumStyle = "\e[34m"
@@ -564,14 +384,12 @@ proc value(this: var DebugPrinter; value: PType) =
     this.key "n"
     this.value value.n
 
-  if value.len > 0:
-    this.key "sons"
-    this.openBracket
-    for i in 0..<value.len:
-      this.value value[i]
-      if i != value.len - 1:
-        this.comma
-    this.closeBracket
+  this.key "sons"
+  this.openBracket
+  for i, a in value.ikids:
+    if i > 0: this.comma
+    this.value a
+  this.closeBracket
 
   if value.n != nil:
     this.key "n"
@@ -585,6 +403,9 @@ proc value(this: var DebugPrinter; value: PNode) =
   this.openCurly
   this.key "kind"
   this.value  value.kind
+  if value.comment.len > 0:
+    this.key "comment"
+    this.value  value.comment
   when defined(useNodeIds):
     this.key "id"
     this.value value.id
@@ -637,30 +458,33 @@ proc value(this: var DebugPrinter; value: PNode) =
 
 
 proc debug(n: PSym; conf: ConfigRef) =
-  var this: DebugPrinter
-  this.visited = initTable[pointer, int]()
-  this.renderSymType = true
-  this.useColor = not defined(windows)
+  var this = DebugPrinter(
+    visited: initTable[pointer, int](),
+    renderSymType: true,
+    useColor: not defined(windows)
+  )
   this.value(n)
   echo($this.res)
 
 proc debug(n: PType; conf: ConfigRef) =
-  var this: DebugPrinter
-  this.visited = initTable[pointer, int]()
-  this.renderSymType = true
-  this.useColor = not defined(windows)
+  var this = DebugPrinter(
+    visited: initTable[pointer, int](),
+    renderSymType: true,
+    useColor: not defined(windows)
+  )
   this.value(n)
   echo($this.res)
 
 proc debug(n: PNode; conf: ConfigRef) =
-  var this: DebugPrinter
-  this.visited = initTable[pointer, int]()
-  #this.renderSymType = true
-  this.useColor = not defined(windows)
+  var this = DebugPrinter(
+    visited: initTable[pointer, int](),
+    renderSymType: false,
+    useColor: not defined(windows)
+  )
   this.value(n)
   echo($this.res)
 
-proc nextTry(h, maxHash: Hash): Hash =
+proc nextTry(h, maxHash: Hash): Hash {.inline.} =
   result = ((5 * h) + 1) and maxHash
   # For any initial h in range(maxHash), repeating that maxHash times
   # generates each int in range(maxHash) exactly once (see any text on
@@ -759,9 +583,9 @@ proc strTableAdd*(t: var TStrTable, n: PSym) =
 
 proc strTableInclReportConflict*(t: var TStrTable, n: PSym;
                                  onConflictKeepOld = false): PSym =
-  # returns true if n is already in the string table:
-  # It is essential that `n` is written nevertheless!
-  # This way the newest redefinition is picked by the semantic analyses!
+  # if `t` has a conflicting symbol (same identifier as `n`), return it
+  # otherwise return `nil`. Incl `n` to `t` unless `onConflictKeepOld = true`
+  # and a conflict was found.
   assert n.name != nil
   var h: Hash = n.name.h and high(t.data)
   var replaceSlot = -1
@@ -777,9 +601,10 @@ proc strTableInclReportConflict*(t: var TStrTable, n: PSym;
       replaceSlot = h
     h = nextTry(h, high(t.data))
   if replaceSlot >= 0:
+    result = t.data[replaceSlot] # found it
     if not onConflictKeepOld:
       t.data[replaceSlot] = n # overwrite it with newer definition!
-    return t.data[replaceSlot] # found it
+    return result # but return the old one
   elif mustRehash(t.data.len, t.counter):
     strTableEnlarge(t)
     strTableRawInsert(t.data, n)
@@ -808,16 +633,21 @@ type
     name*: PIdent
 
 proc nextIdentIter*(ti: var TIdentIter, tab: TStrTable): PSym =
+  # hot spots
   var h = ti.h and high(tab.data)
   var start = h
-  result = tab.data[h]
-  while result != nil:
-    if result.name.id == ti.name.id: break
+  var p {.cursor.} = tab.data[h]
+  while p != nil:
+    if p.name.id == ti.name.id: break
     h = nextTry(h, high(tab.data))
     if h == start:
-      result = nil
+      p = nil
       break
-    result = tab.data[h]
+    p = tab.data[h]
+  if p != nil:
+    result = p # increase the count
+  else:
+    result = nil
   ti.h = nextTry(h, high(tab.data))
 
 proc initIdentIter*(ti: var TIdentIter, tab: TStrTable, s: PIdent): PSym =
@@ -877,125 +707,12 @@ proc initTabIter*(ti: var TTabIter, tab: TStrTable): PSym =
     result = nextIter(ti, tab)
 
 iterator items*(tab: TStrTable): PSym =
-  var it: TTabIter
+  var it: TTabIter = default(TTabIter)
   var s = initTabIter(it, tab)
   while s != nil:
     yield s
     s = nextIter(it, tab)
 
-proc hasEmptySlot(data: TIdPairSeq): bool =
-  for h in 0..high(data):
-    if data[h].key == nil:
-      return true
-  result = false
-
-proc idTableRawGet(t: TIdTable, key: int): int =
-  var h: Hash
-  h = key and high(t.data)    # start with real hash value
-  while t.data[h].key != nil:
-    if t.data[h].key.id == key:
-      return h
-    h = nextTry(h, high(t.data))
-  result = - 1
-
-proc idTableHasObjectAsKey(t: TIdTable, key: PIdObj): bool =
-  var index = idTableRawGet(t, key.id)
-  if index >= 0: result = t.data[index].key == key
-  else: result = false
-
-proc idTableGet(t: TIdTable, key: PIdObj): RootRef =
-  var index = idTableRawGet(t, key.id)
-  if index >= 0: result = t.data[index].val
-  else: result = nil
-
-proc idTableGet(t: TIdTable, key: int): RootRef =
-  var index = idTableRawGet(t, key)
-  if index >= 0: result = t.data[index].val
-  else: result = nil
-
-iterator pairs*(t: TIdTable): tuple[key: int, value: RootRef] =
-  for i in 0..high(t.data):
-    if t.data[i].key != nil:
-      yield (t.data[i].key.id, t.data[i].val)
-
-proc idTableRawInsert(data: var TIdPairSeq, key: PIdObj, val: RootRef) =
-  var h: Hash
-  h = key.id and high(data)
-  while data[h].key != nil:
-    assert(data[h].key.id != key.id)
-    h = nextTry(h, high(data))
-  assert(data[h].key == nil)
-  data[h].key = key
-  data[h].val = val
-
-proc idTablePut(t: var TIdTable, key: PIdObj, val: RootRef) =
-  var
-    index: int
-    n: TIdPairSeq
-  index = idTableRawGet(t, key.id)
-  if index >= 0:
-    assert(t.data[index].key != nil)
-    t.data[index].val = val
-  else:
-    if mustRehash(t.data.len, t.counter):
-      newSeq(n, t.data.len * GrowthFactor)
-      for i in 0..high(t.data):
-        if t.data[i].key != nil:
-          idTableRawInsert(n, t.data[i].key, t.data[i].val)
-      assert(hasEmptySlot(n))
-      swap(t.data, n)
-    idTableRawInsert(t.data, key, val)
-    inc(t.counter)
-
-iterator idTablePairs*(t: TIdTable): tuple[key: PIdObj, val: RootRef] =
-  for i in 0..high(t.data):
-    if not isNil(t.data[i].key): yield (t.data[i].key, t.data[i].val)
-
-proc idNodeTableRawGet(t: TIdNodeTable, key: PIdObj): int =
-  var h: Hash
-  h = key.id and high(t.data) # start with real hash value
-  while t.data[h].key != nil:
-    if t.data[h].key.id == key.id:
-      return h
-    h = nextTry(h, high(t.data))
-  result = - 1
-
-proc idNodeTableGet(t: TIdNodeTable, key: PIdObj): PNode =
-  var index: int
-  index = idNodeTableRawGet(t, key)
-  if index >= 0: result = t.data[index].val
-  else: result = nil
-
-proc idNodeTableRawInsert(data: var TIdNodePairSeq, key: PIdObj, val: PNode) =
-  var h: Hash
-  h = key.id and high(data)
-  while data[h].key != nil:
-    assert(data[h].key.id != key.id)
-    h = nextTry(h, high(data))
-  assert(data[h].key == nil)
-  data[h].key = key
-  data[h].val = val
-
-proc idNodeTablePut(t: var TIdNodeTable, key: PIdObj, val: PNode) =
-  var index = idNodeTableRawGet(t, key)
-  if index >= 0:
-    assert(t.data[index].key != nil)
-    t.data[index].val = val
-  else:
-    if mustRehash(t.data.len, t.counter):
-      var n: TIdNodePairSeq
-      newSeq(n, t.data.len * GrowthFactor)
-      for i in 0..high(t.data):
-        if t.data[i].key != nil:
-          idNodeTableRawInsert(n, t.data[i].key, t.data[i].val)
-      swap(t.data, n)
-    idNodeTableRawInsert(t.data, key, val)
-    inc(t.counter)
-
-iterator pairs*(t: TIdNodeTable): tuple[key: PIdObj, val: PNode] =
-  for i in 0..high(t.data):
-    if not isNil(t.data[i].key): yield (t.data[i].key, t.data[i].val)
-
 proc initIITable(x: var TIITable) =
   x.counter = 0
   newSeq(x.data, StartSize)
@@ -1041,15 +758,8 @@ proc iiTablePut(t: var TIITable, key, val: int) =
     iiTableRawInsert(t.data, key, val)
     inc(t.counter)
 
-proc isAddrNode*(n: PNode): bool =
-  case n.kind
-    of nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr: true
-    of nkCallKinds:
-      if n[0].kind == nkSym and n[0].sym.magic == mAddr: true
-      else: false
-    else: false
-
 proc listSymbolNames*(symbols: openArray[PSym]): string =
+  result = ""
   for sym in symbols:
     if result.len > 0:
       result.add ", "
diff --git a/compiler/astmsgs.nim b/compiler/astmsgs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aeeff1fd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/astmsgs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# this module avoids ast depending on msgs or vice versa
+import std/strutils
+import options, ast, msgs
+
+proc typSym*(t: PType): PSym =
+  result = t.sym
+  if result == nil and t.kind == tyGenericInst: # this might need to be refined
+    result = t.genericHead.sym
+
+proc addDeclaredLoc*(result: var string, conf: ConfigRef; sym: PSym) =
+  result.add " [$1 declared in $2]" % [sym.kind.toHumanStr, toFileLineCol(conf, sym.info)]
+
+proc addDeclaredLocMaybe*(result: var string, conf: ConfigRef; sym: PSym) =
+  if optDeclaredLocs in conf.globalOptions and sym != nil:
+    addDeclaredLoc(result, conf, sym)
+
+proc addDeclaredLoc*(result: var string, conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType) =
+  # xxx figure out how to resolve `tyGenericParam`, e.g. for
+  # proc fn[T](a: T, b: T) = discard
+  # fn(1.1, "a")
+  let typ = typ.skipTypes(abstractInst + {tyStatic, tySequence, tyArray, tySet, tyUserTypeClassInst, tyVar, tyRef, tyPtr} - {tyRange})
+  result.add " [$1" % typ.kind.toHumanStr
+  if typ.sym != nil:
+    result.add " declared in " & toFileLineCol(conf, typ.sym.info)
+  result.add "]"
+
+proc addTypeNodeDeclaredLoc*(result: var string, conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType) =
+  result.add " [$1" % typ.kind.toHumanStr
+  if typ.sym != nil:
+    result.add " declared in " & toFileLineCol(conf, typ.sym.info)
+  result.add "]"
+
+proc addDeclaredLocMaybe*(result: var string, conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType) =
+  if optDeclaredLocs in conf.globalOptions: addDeclaredLoc(result, conf, typ)
+
+template quoteExpr*(a: string): untyped =
+  ## can be used for quoting expressions in error msgs.
+  "'" & a & "'"
+
+proc genFieldDefect*(conf: ConfigRef, field: string, disc: PSym): string =
+  let obj = disc.owner.name.s # `types.typeToString` might be better, eg for generics
+  result = "field '$#' is not accessible for type '$#'" % [field, obj]
+  if optDeclaredLocs in conf.globalOptions:
+    result.add " [discriminant declared in $#]" % toFileLineCol(conf, disc.info)
+  result.add " using '$# = " % disc.name.s
diff --git a/compiler/astyaml.nim b/compiler/astyaml.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0fa2bfb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/astyaml.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+#
+#
+#           The Nim Compiler
+#        (c) Copyright 2012 Andreas Rumpf
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+# AST YAML printing
+
+import "."/[ast, lineinfos, msgs, options, rodutils]
+import std/[intsets, strutils]
+
+proc addYamlString*(res: var string; s: string) =
+  res.add "\""
+  for c in s:
+    case c
+    of '\0' .. '\x1F', '\x7F' .. '\xFF':
+      res.add("\\u" & strutils.toHex(ord(c), 4))
+    of '\"', '\\':
+      res.add '\\' & c
+    else:
+      res.add c
+
+  res.add('\"')
+
+proc makeYamlString(s: string): string =
+  result = ""
+  result.addYamlString(s)
+
+proc flagsToStr[T](flags: set[T]): string =
+  if flags == {}:
+    result = "[]"
+  else:
+    result = ""
+    for x in items(flags):
+      if result != "":
+        result.add(", ")
+      result.addYamlString($x)
+    result = "[" & result & "]"
+
+proc lineInfoToStr*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo): string =
+  result = "["
+  result.addYamlString(toFilename(conf, info))
+  result.addf ", $1, $2]", [toLinenumber(info), toColumn(info)]
+
+proc treeToYamlAux(res: var string; conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode; marker: var IntSet; indent, maxRecDepth: int)
+proc symToYamlAux(res: var string; conf: ConfigRef; n: PSym; marker: var IntSet; indent, maxRecDepth: int)
+proc typeToYamlAux(res: var string; conf: ConfigRef; n: PType; marker: var IntSet; indent, maxRecDepth: int)
+
+proc symToYamlAux(res: var string; conf: ConfigRef; n: PSym; marker: var IntSet; indent: int; maxRecDepth: int) =
+  if n == nil:
+    res.add("null")
+  elif containsOrIncl(marker, n.id):
+    res.addYamlString(n.name.s)
+  else:
+    let istr = spaces(indent * 4)
+
+    res.addf("kind: $1", [makeYamlString($n.kind)])
+    res.addf("\n$1name: $2", [istr, makeYamlString(n.name.s)])
+    res.addf("\n$1typ: ", [istr])
+    res.typeToYamlAux(conf, n.typ, marker, indent + 1, maxRecDepth - 1)
+    if conf != nil:
+      # if we don't pass the config, we probably don't care about the line info
+      res.addf("\n$1info: $2", [istr, lineInfoToStr(conf, n.info)])
+    if card(n.flags) > 0:
+      res.addf("\n$1flags: $2", [istr, flagsToStr(n.flags)])
+    res.addf("\n$1magic: $2", [istr, makeYamlString($n.magic)])
+    res.addf("\n$1ast: ", [istr])
+    res.treeToYamlAux(conf, n.ast, marker, indent + 1, maxRecDepth - 1)
+    res.addf("\n$1options: $2", [istr, flagsToStr(n.options)])
+    res.addf("\n$1position: $2", [istr, $n.position])
+    res.addf("\n$1k: $2", [istr, makeYamlString($n.loc.k)])
+    res.addf("\n$1storage: $2", [istr, makeYamlString($n.loc.storage)])
+    if card(n.loc.flags) > 0:
+      res.addf("\n$1flags: $2", [istr, makeYamlString($n.loc.flags)])
+    res.addf("\n$1snippet: $2", [istr, n.loc.snippet])
+    res.addf("\n$1lode: $2", [istr])
+    res.treeToYamlAux(conf, n.loc.lode, marker, indent + 1, maxRecDepth - 1)
+
+proc typeToYamlAux(res: var string; conf: ConfigRef; n: PType; marker: var IntSet; indent: int; maxRecDepth: int) =
+  if n == nil:
+    res.add("null")
+  elif containsOrIncl(marker, n.id):
+    res.addf "\"$1 @$2\"" % [$n.kind, strutils.toHex(cast[uint](n), sizeof(n) * 2)]
+  else:
+    let istr = spaces(indent * 4)
+    res.addf("kind: $2", [istr, makeYamlString($n.kind)])
+    res.addf("\n$1sym: ")
+    res.symToYamlAux(conf, n.sym, marker, indent + 1, maxRecDepth - 1)
+    res.addf("\n$1n: ")
+    res.treeToYamlAux(conf, n.n, marker, indent + 1, maxRecDepth - 1)
+    if card(n.flags) > 0:
+      res.addf("\n$1flags: $2", [istr, flagsToStr(n.flags)])
+    res.addf("\n$1callconv: $2", [istr, makeYamlString($n.callConv)])
+    res.addf("\n$1size: $2", [istr, $(n.size)])
+    res.addf("\n$1align: $2", [istr, $(n.align)])
+    if n.hasElementType:
+      res.addf("\n$1sons:")
+      for a in n.kids:
+        res.addf("\n  - ")
+        res.typeToYamlAux(conf, a, marker, indent + 1, maxRecDepth - 1)
+
+proc treeToYamlAux(res: var string; conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode; marker: var IntSet; indent: int;
+                   maxRecDepth: int) =
+  if n == nil:
+    res.add("null")
+  else:
+    var istr = spaces(indent * 4)
+    res.addf("kind: $1" % [makeYamlString($n.kind)])
+
+    if maxRecDepth != 0:
+      if conf != nil:
+        res.addf("\n$1info: $2", [istr, lineInfoToStr(conf, n.info)])
+      case n.kind
+      of nkCharLit .. nkInt64Lit:
+        res.addf("\n$1intVal: $2", [istr, $(n.intVal)])
+      of nkFloatLit, nkFloat32Lit, nkFloat64Lit:
+        res.addf("\n$1floatVal: $2", [istr, n.floatVal.toStrMaxPrecision])
+      of nkStrLit .. nkTripleStrLit:
+        res.addf("\n$1strVal: $2", [istr, makeYamlString(n.strVal)])
+      of nkSym:
+        res.addf("\n$1sym: ", [istr])
+        res.symToYamlAux(conf, n.sym, marker, indent + 1, maxRecDepth)
+      of nkIdent:
+        if n.ident != nil:
+          res.addf("\n$1ident: $2", [istr, makeYamlString(n.ident.s)])
+        else:
+          res.addf("\n$1ident: null", [istr])
+      else:
+        if n.len > 0:
+          res.addf("\n$1sons: ", [istr])
+          for i in 0 ..< n.len:
+            res.addf("\n$1  - ", [istr])
+            res.treeToYamlAux(conf, n[i], marker, indent + 1, maxRecDepth - 1)
+      if n.typ != nil:
+        res.addf("\n$1typ: ", [istr])
+        res.typeToYamlAux(conf, n.typ, marker, indent + 1, maxRecDepth)
+
+proc treeToYaml*(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode; indent: int = 0; maxRecDepth: int = -1): string =
+  var marker = initIntSet()
+  result = newStringOfCap(1024)
+  result.treeToYamlAux(conf, n, marker, indent, maxRecDepth)
+
+proc typeToYaml*(conf: ConfigRef; n: PType; indent: int = 0; maxRecDepth: int = -1): string =
+  var marker = initIntSet()
+  result = newStringOfCap(1024)
+  result.typeToYamlAux(conf, n, marker, indent, maxRecDepth)
+
+proc symToYaml*(conf: ConfigRef; n: PSym; indent: int = 0; maxRecDepth: int = -1): string =
+  var marker = initIntSet()
+  result = newStringOfCap(1024)
+  result.symToYamlAux(conf, n, marker, indent, maxRecDepth)
diff --git a/compiler/bitsets.nim b/compiler/bitsets.nim
index 2e8aa1db6..7d142b01d 100644
--- a/compiler/bitsets.nim
+++ b/compiler/bitsets.nim
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@
 # this unit handles Nim sets; it implements bit sets
 # the code here should be reused in the Nim standard library
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 type
   ElemType = byte
   TBitSet* = seq[ElemType]    # we use byte here to avoid issues with
@@ -23,53 +26,40 @@ const
 template modElemSize(arg: untyped): untyped = arg and 7
 template divElemSize(arg: untyped): untyped = arg shr 3
 
-proc bitSetInit*(b: var TBitSet, length: int)
-proc bitSetUnion*(x: var TBitSet, y: TBitSet)
-proc bitSetDiff*(x: var TBitSet, y: TBitSet)
-proc bitSetSymDiff*(x: var TBitSet, y: TBitSet)
-proc bitSetIntersect*(x: var TBitSet, y: TBitSet)
-proc bitSetIncl*(x: var TBitSet, elem: BiggestInt)
-proc bitSetExcl*(x: var TBitSet, elem: BiggestInt)
-proc bitSetIn*(x: TBitSet, e: BiggestInt): bool
-proc bitSetEquals*(x, y: TBitSet): bool
-proc bitSetContains*(x, y: TBitSet): bool
-proc bitSetCard*(x: TBitSet): BiggestInt
-# implementation
-
-proc bitSetIn(x: TBitSet, e: BiggestInt): bool =
+proc bitSetIn*(x: TBitSet, e: BiggestInt): bool =
   result = (x[int(e.divElemSize)] and (One shl e.modElemSize)) != Zero
 
-proc bitSetIncl(x: var TBitSet, elem: BiggestInt) =
+proc bitSetIncl*(x: var TBitSet, elem: BiggestInt) =
   assert(elem >= 0)
   x[int(elem.divElemSize)] = x[int(elem.divElemSize)] or
       (One shl elem.modElemSize)
 
-proc bitSetExcl(x: var TBitSet, elem: BiggestInt) =
+proc bitSetExcl*(x: var TBitSet, elem: BiggestInt) =
   x[int(elem.divElemSize)] = x[int(elem.divElemSize)] and
       not(One shl elem.modElemSize)
 
-proc bitSetInit(b: var TBitSet, length: int) =
+proc bitSetInit*(b: var TBitSet, length: int) =
   newSeq(b, length)
 
-proc bitSetUnion(x: var TBitSet, y: TBitSet) =
+proc bitSetUnion*(x: var TBitSet, y: TBitSet) =
   for i in 0..high(x): x[i] = x[i] or y[i]
 
-proc bitSetDiff(x: var TBitSet, y: TBitSet) =
+proc bitSetDiff*(x: var TBitSet, y: TBitSet) =
   for i in 0..high(x): x[i] = x[i] and not y[i]
 
-proc bitSetSymDiff(x: var TBitSet, y: TBitSet) =
+proc bitSetSymDiff*(x: var TBitSet, y: TBitSet) =
   for i in 0..high(x): x[i] = x[i] xor y[i]
 
-proc bitSetIntersect(x: var TBitSet, y: TBitSet) =
+proc bitSetIntersect*(x: var TBitSet, y: TBitSet) =
   for i in 0..high(x): x[i] = x[i] and y[i]
 
-proc bitSetEquals(x, y: TBitSet): bool =
+proc bitSetEquals*(x, y: TBitSet): bool =
   for i in 0..high(x):
     if x[i] != y[i]:
       return false
   result = true
 
-proc bitSetContains(x, y: TBitSet): bool =
+proc bitSetContains*(x, y: TBitSet): bool =
   for i in 0..high(x):
     if (x[i] and not y[i]) != Zero:
       return false
@@ -96,6 +86,12 @@ const populationCount: array[uint8, uint8] = block:
 
     arr
 
-proc bitSetCard(x: TBitSet): BiggestInt =
+proc bitSetCard*(x: TBitSet): BiggestInt =
+  result = 0
   for it in x:
     result.inc int(populationCount[it])
+
+proc bitSetToWord*(s: TBitSet; size: int): BiggestUInt =
+  result = 0
+  for j in 0..<size:
+    if j < s.len: result = result or (BiggestUInt(s[j]) shl (j * 8))
diff --git a/compiler/btrees.nim b/compiler/btrees.nim
index 5f78c07fe..3b737b1bc 100644
--- a/compiler/btrees.nim
+++ b/compiler/btrees.nim
@@ -10,13 +10,16 @@
 ## BTree implementation with few features, but good enough for the
 ## Nim compiler's needs.
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 const
   M = 512    # max children per B-tree node = M-1
              # (must be even and greater than 2)
   Mhalf = M div 2
 
 type
-  Node[Key, Val] = ref object
+  Node[Key, Val] {.acyclic.} = ref object
     entries: int
     keys: array[M, Key]
     case isInternal: bool
@@ -35,6 +38,7 @@ template less(a, b): bool = cmp(a, b) < 0
 template eq(a, b): bool = cmp(a, b) == 0
 
 proc getOrDefault*[Key, Val](b: BTree[Key, Val], key: Key): Val =
+  result = default(Val)
   var x = b.root
   while x.isInternal:
     for j in 0..<x.entries:
@@ -65,7 +69,10 @@ proc copyHalf[Key, Val](h, result: Node[Key, Val]) =
       result.links[j] = h.links[Mhalf + j]
   else:
     for j in 0..<Mhalf:
-      shallowCopy(result.vals[j], h.vals[Mhalf + j])
+      when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc) or defined(gcAtomicArc):
+        result.vals[j] = move h.vals[Mhalf + j]
+      else:
+        shallowCopy(result.vals[j], h.vals[Mhalf + j])
 
 proc split[Key, Val](h: Node[Key, Val]): Node[Key, Val] =
   ## split node in half
@@ -85,7 +92,10 @@ proc insert[Key, Val](h: Node[Key, Val], key: Key, val: Val): Node[Key, Val] =
       if less(key, h.keys[j]): break
       inc j
     for i in countdown(h.entries, j+1):
-      shallowCopy(h.vals[i], h.vals[i-1])
+      when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc) or defined(gcAtomicArc):
+        h.vals[i] = move h.vals[i-1]
+      else:
+        shallowCopy(h.vals[i], h.vals[i-1])
     h.vals[j] = val
   else:
     var newLink: Node[Key, Val] = nil
diff --git a/compiler/cbuilder.nim b/compiler/cbuilder.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb1bdfe27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/cbuilder.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+type
+  Snippet = string
+  Builder = string
+
+template newBuilder(s: string): Builder =
+  s
+
+proc addField(obj: var Builder; name, typ: Snippet; isFlexArray: bool = false; initializer: Snippet = "") =
+  obj.add('\t')
+  obj.add(typ)
+  obj.add(" ")
+  obj.add(name)
+  if isFlexArray:
+    obj.add("[SEQ_DECL_SIZE]")
+  if initializer.len != 0:
+    obj.add(initializer)
+  obj.add(";\n")
+
+proc addField(obj: var Builder; field: PSym; name, typ: Snippet; isFlexArray: bool = false; initializer: Snippet = "") =
+  ## for fields based on an `skField` symbol
+  obj.add('\t')
+  if field.alignment > 0:
+    obj.add("NIM_ALIGN(")
+    obj.addInt(field.alignment)
+    obj.add(") ")
+  obj.add(typ)
+  if sfNoalias in field.flags:
+    obj.add(" NIM_NOALIAS")
+  obj.add(" ")
+  obj.add(name)
+  if isFlexArray:
+    obj.add("[SEQ_DECL_SIZE]")
+  if field.bitsize != 0:
+    obj.add(":")
+    obj.addInt(field.bitsize)
+  if initializer.len != 0:
+    obj.add(initializer)
+  obj.add(";\n")
+
+type
+  BaseClassKind = enum
+    bcNone, bcCppInherit, bcSupField, bcNoneRtti, bcNoneTinyRtti
+  StructBuilderInfo = object
+    baseKind: BaseClassKind
+    preFieldsLen: int
+
+proc structOrUnion(t: PType): Snippet =
+  let t = t.skipTypes({tyAlias, tySink})
+  if tfUnion in t.flags: "union"
+  else: "struct"
+
+proc ptrType(t: Snippet): Snippet =
+  t & "*"
+
+proc startSimpleStruct(obj: var Builder; m: BModule; name: string; baseType: Snippet): StructBuilderInfo =
+  result = StructBuilderInfo(baseKind: bcNone)
+  obj.add("struct ")
+  obj.add(name)
+  if baseType.len != 0:
+    if m.compileToCpp:
+      result.baseKind = bcCppInherit
+    else:
+      result.baseKind = bcSupField
+  if result.baseKind == bcCppInherit:
+    obj.add(" : public ")
+    obj.add(baseType)
+  obj.add(" ")
+  obj.add("{\n")
+  result.preFieldsLen = obj.len
+  if result.baseKind == bcSupField:
+    obj.addField(name = "Sup", typ = baseType)
+
+proc finishSimpleStruct(obj: var Builder; m: BModule; info: StructBuilderInfo) =
+  if info.baseKind == bcNone and info.preFieldsLen == obj.len:
+    # no fields were added, add dummy field
+    obj.addField(name = "dummy", typ = "char")
+  obj.add("};\n")
+
+template addSimpleStruct(obj: var Builder; m: BModule; name: string; baseType: Snippet; body: typed) =
+  ## for independent structs, not directly based on a Nim type
+  let info = startSimpleStruct(obj, m, name, baseType)
+  body
+  finishSimpleStruct(obj, m, info)
+
+proc startStruct(obj: var Builder; m: BModule; t: PType; name: string; baseType: Snippet): StructBuilderInfo =
+  result = StructBuilderInfo(baseKind: bcNone)
+  if tfPacked in t.flags:
+    if hasAttribute in CC[m.config.cCompiler].props:
+      obj.add(structOrUnion(t))
+      obj.add(" __attribute__((__packed__))")
+    else:
+      obj.add("#pragma pack(push, 1)\n")
+      obj.add(structOrUnion(t))
+  else:
+    obj.add(structOrUnion(t))
+  obj.add(" ")
+  obj.add(name)
+  if t.kind == tyObject:
+    if t.baseClass == nil:
+      if lacksMTypeField(t):
+        result.baseKind = bcNone
+      elif optTinyRtti in m.config.globalOptions:
+        result.baseKind = bcNoneTinyRtti
+      else:
+        result.baseKind = bcNoneRtti
+    elif m.compileToCpp:
+      result.baseKind = bcCppInherit
+    else:
+      result.baseKind = bcSupField
+  elif baseType.len != 0:
+    if m.compileToCpp:
+      result.baseKind = bcCppInherit
+    else:
+      result.baseKind = bcSupField
+  if result.baseKind == bcCppInherit:
+    obj.add(" : public ")
+    obj.add(baseType)
+  obj.add(" ")
+  obj.add("{\n")
+  result.preFieldsLen = obj.len
+  case result.baseKind
+  of bcNone:
+    # rest of the options add a field or don't need it due to inheritance,
+    # we need to add the dummy field for uncheckedarray ahead of time
+    # so that it remains trailing
+    if t.itemId notin m.g.graph.memberProcsPerType and
+        t.n != nil and t.n.len == 1 and t.n[0].kind == nkSym and
+        t.n[0].sym.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tyUncheckedArray:
+      # only consists of flexible array field, add *initial* dummy field
+      obj.addField(name = "dummy", typ = "char")
+  of bcCppInherit: discard
+  of bcNoneRtti:
+    obj.addField(name = "m_type", typ = ptrType(cgsymValue(m, "TNimType")))
+  of bcNoneTinyRtti:
+    obj.addField(name = "m_type", typ = ptrType(cgsymValue(m, "TNimTypeV2")))
+  of bcSupField:
+    obj.addField(name = "Sup", typ = baseType)
+
+proc finishStruct(obj: var Builder; m: BModule; t: PType; info: StructBuilderInfo) =
+  if info.baseKind == bcNone and info.preFieldsLen == obj.len and
+      t.itemId notin m.g.graph.memberProcsPerType:
+    # no fields were added, add dummy field
+    obj.addField(name = "dummy", typ = "char")
+  obj.add("};\n")
+  if tfPacked in t.flags and hasAttribute notin CC[m.config.cCompiler].props:
+    obj.add("#pragma pack(pop)\n")
+
+template addStruct(obj: var Builder; m: BModule; typ: PType; name: string; baseType: Snippet; body: typed) =
+  ## for structs built directly from a Nim type
+  let info = startStruct(obj, m, typ, name, baseType)
+  body
+  finishStruct(obj, m, typ, info)
+
+template addFieldWithStructType(obj: var Builder; m: BModule; parentTyp: PType; fieldName: string, body: typed) =
+  ## adds a field with a `struct { ... }` type, building it according to `body`
+  obj.add('\t')
+  if tfPacked in parentTyp.flags:
+    if hasAttribute in CC[m.config.cCompiler].props:
+      obj.add("struct __attribute__((__packed__)) {\n")
+    else:
+      obj.add("#pragma pack(push, 1)\nstruct {")
+  else:
+    obj.add("struct {\n")
+  body
+  obj.add("} ")
+  obj.add(fieldName)
+  obj.add(";\n")
+  if tfPacked in parentTyp.flags and hasAttribute notin CC[m.config.cCompiler].props:
+    result.add("#pragma pack(pop)\n")
+
+template addAnonUnion(obj: var Builder; body: typed) =
+  obj.add "union{\n"
+  body
+  obj.add("};\n")
diff --git a/compiler/ccgcalls.nim b/compiler/ccgcalls.nim
index 64b883087..ac607e3ad 100644
--- a/compiler/ccgcalls.nim
+++ b/compiler/ccgcalls.nim
@@ -14,15 +14,17 @@ proc canRaiseDisp(p: BProc; n: PNode): bool =
   if n.kind == nkSym and {sfNeverRaises, sfImportc, sfCompilerProc} * n.sym.flags != {}:
     result = false
   elif optPanics in p.config.globalOptions or
-      (n.kind == nkSym and sfSystemModule in getModule(n.sym).flags):
+      (n.kind == nkSym and sfSystemModule in getModule(n.sym).flags and
+       sfSystemRaisesDefect notin n.sym.flags):
     # we know we can be strict:
     result = canRaise(n)
   else:
     # we have to be *very* conservative:
     result = canRaiseConservative(n)
 
-proc preventNrvo(p: BProc; le, ri: PNode): bool =
+proc preventNrvo(p: BProc; dest, le, ri: PNode): bool =
   proc locationEscapes(p: BProc; le: PNode; inTryStmt: bool): bool =
+    result = false
     var n = le
     while true:
       # do NOT follow nkHiddenDeref here!
@@ -45,6 +47,7 @@ proc preventNrvo(p: BProc; le, ri: PNode): bool =
         # cannot analyse the location; assume the worst
         return true
 
+  result = false
   if le != nil:
     for i in 1..<ri.len:
       let r = ri[i]
@@ -54,6 +57,11 @@ proc preventNrvo(p: BProc; le, ri: PNode): bool =
     if canRaise(ri[0]) and
         locationEscapes(p, le, p.nestedTryStmts.len > 0):
       message(p.config, le.info, warnObservableStores, $le)
+  # bug #19613 prevent dangerous aliasing too:
+  if dest != nil and dest != le:
+    for i in 1..<ri.len:
+      let r = ri[i]
+      if isPartOf(dest, r) != arNo: return true
 
 proc hasNoInit(call: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
   result = call[0].kind == nkSym and sfNoInit in call[0].sym.flags
@@ -68,97 +76,130 @@ proc isHarmlessStore(p: BProc; canRaise: bool; d: TLoc): bool =
   else:
     result = false
 
+proc cleanupTemp(p: BProc; returnType: PType, tmp: TLoc): bool =
+  if returnType.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}:
+    # we don't need to worry about var/lent return types
+    result = false
+  elif hasDestructor(returnType) and getAttachedOp(p.module.g.graph, returnType, attachedDestructor) != nil:
+    let dtor = getAttachedOp(p.module.g.graph, returnType, attachedDestructor)
+    var op = initLocExpr(p, newSymNode(dtor))
+    var callee = rdLoc(op)
+    let destroy = if dtor.typ.firstParamType.kind == tyVar:
+        callee & "(&" & rdLoc(tmp) & ")"
+      else:
+        callee & "(" & rdLoc(tmp) & ")"
+    raiseExitCleanup(p, destroy)
+    result = true
+  else:
+    result = false
+
 proc fixupCall(p: BProc, le, ri: PNode, d: var TLoc,
                callee, params: Rope) =
   let canRaise = p.config.exc == excGoto and canRaiseDisp(p, ri[0])
   genLineDir(p, ri)
-  var pl = callee & ~"(" & params
+  var pl = callee & "(" & params
   # getUniqueType() is too expensive here:
   var typ = skipTypes(ri[0].typ, abstractInst)
-  if typ[0] != nil:
-    if isInvalidReturnType(p.config, typ[0]):
-      if params != nil: pl.add(~", ")
+  if typ.returnType != nil:
+    var flags: TAssignmentFlags = {}
+    if typ.returnType.kind in {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs}:
+      # perhaps generate no temp if the call doesn't have side effects
+      flags.incl needTempForOpenArray
+    if isInvalidReturnType(p.config, typ):
+      if params.len != 0: pl.add(", ")
       # beware of 'result = p(result)'. We may need to allocate a temporary:
-      if d.k in {locTemp, locNone} or not preventNrvo(p, le, ri):
+      if d.k in {locTemp, locNone} or not preventNrvo(p, d.lode, le, ri):
         # Great, we can use 'd':
-        if d.k == locNone: getTemp(p, typ[0], d, needsInit=true)
+        if d.k == locNone: d = getTemp(p, typ.returnType, needsInit=true)
         elif d.k notin {locTemp} and not hasNoInit(ri):
           # reset before pass as 'result' var:
           discard "resetLoc(p, d)"
         pl.add(addrLoc(p.config, d))
-        pl.add(~");$n")
+        pl.add(");\n")
         line(p, cpsStmts, pl)
       else:
-        var tmp: TLoc
-        getTemp(p, typ[0], tmp, needsInit=true)
+        var tmp: TLoc = getTemp(p, typ.returnType, needsInit=true)
         pl.add(addrLoc(p.config, tmp))
-        pl.add(~");$n")
+        pl.add(");\n")
         line(p, cpsStmts, pl)
         genAssignment(p, d, tmp, {}) # no need for deep copying
       if canRaise: raiseExit(p)
     else:
-      pl.add(~")")
+      pl.add(")")
       if p.module.compileToCpp:
         if lfSingleUse in d.flags:
           # do not generate spurious temporaries for C++! For C we're better off
           # with them to prevent undefined behaviour and because the codegen
           # is free to emit expressions multiple times!
           d.k = locCall
-          d.r = pl
+          d.snippet = pl
           excl d.flags, lfSingleUse
         else:
           if d.k == locNone and p.splitDecls == 0:
-            getTempCpp(p, typ[0], d, pl)
+            d = getTempCpp(p, typ.returnType, pl)
           else:
-            if d.k == locNone: getTemp(p, typ[0], d)
-            var list: TLoc
-            initLoc(list, locCall, d.lode, OnUnknown)
-            list.r = pl
-            genAssignment(p, d, list, {}) # no need for deep copying
+            if d.k == locNone: d = getTemp(p, typ.returnType)
+            var list = initLoc(locCall, d.lode, OnUnknown)
+            list.snippet = pl
+            genAssignment(p, d, list, {needAssignCall}) # no need for deep copying
             if canRaise: raiseExit(p)
 
       elif isHarmlessStore(p, canRaise, d):
-        if d.k == locNone: getTemp(p, typ[0], d)
+        var useTemp = false
+        if d.k == locNone:
+          useTemp = true
+          d = getTemp(p, typ.returnType)
         assert(d.t != nil)        # generate an assignment to d:
-        var list: TLoc
-        initLoc(list, locCall, d.lode, OnUnknown)
-        list.r = pl
-        genAssignment(p, d, list, {}) # no need for deep copying
-        if canRaise: raiseExit(p)
+        var list = initLoc(locCall, d.lode, OnUnknown)
+        list.snippet = pl
+        genAssignment(p, d, list, flags+{needAssignCall}) # no need for deep copying
+        if canRaise:
+          if not (useTemp and cleanupTemp(p, typ.returnType, d)):
+            raiseExit(p)
       else:
-        var tmp: TLoc
-        getTemp(p, typ[0], tmp, needsInit=true)
-        var list: TLoc
-        initLoc(list, locCall, d.lode, OnUnknown)
-        list.r = pl
-        genAssignment(p, tmp, list, {}) # no need for deep copying
-        if canRaise: raiseExit(p)
+        var tmp: TLoc = getTemp(p, typ.returnType, needsInit=true)
+        var list = initLoc(locCall, d.lode, OnUnknown)
+        list.snippet = pl
+        genAssignment(p, tmp, list, flags+{needAssignCall}) # no need for deep copying
+        if canRaise:
+          if not cleanupTemp(p, typ.returnType, tmp):
+            raiseExit(p)
         genAssignment(p, d, tmp, {})
   else:
-    pl.add(~");$n")
+    pl.add(");\n")
     line(p, cpsStmts, pl)
     if canRaise: raiseExit(p)
 
-proc genBoundsCheck(p: BProc; arr, a, b: TLoc)
+proc genBoundsCheck(p: BProc; arr, a, b: TLoc; arrTyp: PType)
 
 proc reifiedOpenArray(n: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
   var x = n
-  while x.kind in {nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr, nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenDeref}:
-    x = x[0]
+  while true:
+    case x.kind
+    of {nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr, nkHiddenDeref}:
+      x = x[0]
+    of nkHiddenStdConv:
+      x = x[1]
+    else:
+      break
   if x.kind == nkSym and x.sym.kind == skParam:
     result = false
   else:
     result = true
 
-proc genOpenArraySlice(p: BProc; q: PNode; formalType, destType: PType): (Rope, Rope) =
-  var a, b, c: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, q[1], a)
-  initLocExpr(p, q[2], b)
-  initLocExpr(p, q[3], c)
+proc genOpenArraySlice(p: BProc; q: PNode; formalType, destType: PType; prepareForMutation = false): (Rope, Rope) =
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, q[1])
+  var b = initLocExpr(p, q[2])
+  var c = initLocExpr(p, q[3])
+  # bug #23321: In the function mapType, ptrs (tyPtr, tyVar, tyLent, tyRef)
+  # are mapped into ctPtrToArray, the dereference of which is skipped
+  # in the `genDeref`. We need to skip these ptrs here
+  let ty = skipTypes(a.t, abstractVar+{tyPtr, tyRef})
   # but first produce the required index checks:
   if optBoundsCheck in p.options:
-    genBoundsCheck(p, a, b, c)
-  let ty = skipTypes(a.t, abstractVar+{tyPtr})
+    genBoundsCheck(p, a, b, c, ty)
+  if prepareForMutation:
+    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#nimPrepareStrMutationV2($1);$n", [byRefLoc(p, a)])
   let dest = getTypeDesc(p.module, destType)
   let lengthExpr = "($1)-($2)+1" % [rdLoc(c), rdLoc(b)]
   case ty.kind
@@ -168,8 +209,10 @@ proc genOpenArraySlice(p: BProc; q: PNode; formalType, destType: PType): (Rope,
       result = ("($3*)(($1)+($2))" % [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b), dest],
                 lengthExpr)
     else:
+      var lit = newRopeAppender()
+      intLiteral(first, lit)
       result = ("($4*)($1)+(($2)-($3))" %
-        [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b), intLiteral(first), dest],
+        [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b), lit, dest],
         lengthExpr)
   of tyOpenArray, tyVarargs:
     if reifiedOpenArray(q[1]):
@@ -178,7 +221,7 @@ proc genOpenArraySlice(p: BProc; q: PNode; formalType, destType: PType): (Rope,
     else:
       result = ("($3*)($1)+($2)" % [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b), dest],
                 lengthExpr)
-  of tyUncheckedArray, tyCString:
+  of tyUncheckedArray, tyCstring:
     result = ("($3*)($1)+($2)" % [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b), dest],
               lengthExpr)
   of tyString, tySequence:
@@ -187,15 +230,18 @@ proc genOpenArraySlice(p: BProc; q: PNode; formalType, destType: PType): (Rope,
         optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#nimPrepareStrMutationV2($1);$n", [byRefLoc(p, a)])
     if atyp.kind in {tyVar} and not compileToCpp(p.module):
-      result = ("($4*)(*$1)$3+($2)" % [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b), dataField(p), dest],
+      result = ("(($5) ? (($4*)(*$1)$3+($2)) : NIM_NIL)" %
+                  [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b), dataField(p), dest, dataFieldAccessor(p, "*" & rdLoc(a))],
                 lengthExpr)
     else:
-      result = ("($4*)$1$3+($2)" % [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b), dataField(p), dest],
+      result = ("(($5) ? (($4*)$1$3+($2)) : NIM_NIL)" %
+                  [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b), dataField(p), dest, dataFieldAccessor(p, rdLoc(a))],
                 lengthExpr)
   else:
+    result = ("", "")
     internalError(p.config, "openArrayLoc: " & typeToString(a.t))
 
-proc openArrayLoc(p: BProc, formalType: PType, n: PNode): Rope =
+proc openArrayLoc(p: BProc, formalType: PType, n: PNode; result: var Rope) =
   var q = skipConv(n)
   var skipped = false
   while q.kind == nkStmtListExpr and q.len > 0:
@@ -209,41 +255,43 @@ proc openArrayLoc(p: BProc, formalType: PType, n: PNode): Rope =
         for i in 0..<q.len-1:
           genStmts(p, q[i])
         q = q.lastSon
-    let (x, y) = genOpenArraySlice(p, q, formalType, n.typ[0])
-    result = x & ", " & y
+    let (x, y) = genOpenArraySlice(p, q, formalType, n.typ.elementType)
+    result.add x & ", " & y
   else:
-    var a: TLoc
-    initLocExpr(p, if n.kind == nkHiddenStdConv: n[1] else: n, a)
-    case skipTypes(a.t, abstractVar).kind
+    var a = initLocExpr(p, if n.kind == nkHiddenStdConv: n[1] else: n)
+    case skipTypes(a.t, abstractVar+{tyStatic}).kind
     of tyOpenArray, tyVarargs:
       if reifiedOpenArray(n):
         if a.t.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}:
-          result = "$1->Field0, $1->Field1" % [rdLoc(a)]
+          result.add "$1->Field0, $1->Field1" % [rdLoc(a)]
         else:
-          result = "$1.Field0, $1.Field1" % [rdLoc(a)]
+          result.add "$1.Field0, $1.Field1" % [rdLoc(a)]
       else:
-        result = "$1, $1Len_0" % [rdLoc(a)]
+        result.add "$1, $1Len_0" % [rdLoc(a)]
     of tyString, tySequence:
       let ntyp = skipTypes(n.typ, abstractInst)
       if formalType.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyVar} and ntyp.kind == tyString and
           optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
         linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#nimPrepareStrMutationV2($1);$n", [byRefLoc(p, a)])
       if ntyp.kind in {tyVar} and not compileToCpp(p.module):
-        var t: TLoc
-        t.r = "(*$1)" % [a.rdLoc]
-        result = "(*$1)$3, $2" % [a.rdLoc, lenExpr(p, t), dataField(p)]
+        var t = TLoc(snippet: "(*$1)" % [a.rdLoc])
+        result.add "($4) ? ((*$1)$3) : NIM_NIL, $2" %
+                     [a.rdLoc, lenExpr(p, t), dataField(p),
+                      dataFieldAccessor(p, "*" & a.rdLoc)]
       else:
-        result = "$1$3, $2" % [a.rdLoc, lenExpr(p, a), dataField(p)]
+        result.add "($4) ? ($1$3) : NIM_NIL, $2" %
+                     [a.rdLoc, lenExpr(p, a), dataField(p), dataFieldAccessor(p, a.rdLoc)]
     of tyArray:
-      result = "$1, $2" % [rdLoc(a), rope(lengthOrd(p.config, a.t))]
+      result.add "$1, $2" % [rdLoc(a), rope(lengthOrd(p.config, a.t))]
     of tyPtr, tyRef:
-      case lastSon(a.t).kind
+      case elementType(a.t).kind
       of tyString, tySequence:
-        var t: TLoc
-        t.r = "(*$1)" % [a.rdLoc]
-        result = "(*$1)$3, $2" % [a.rdLoc, lenExpr(p, t), dataField(p)]
+        var t = TLoc(snippet: "(*$1)" % [a.rdLoc])
+        result.add "($4) ? ((*$1)$3) : NIM_NIL, $2" %
+                     [a.rdLoc, lenExpr(p, t), dataField(p),
+                      dataFieldAccessor(p, "*" & a.rdLoc)]
       of tyArray:
-        result = "$1, $2" % [rdLoc(a), rope(lengthOrd(p.config, lastSon(a.t)))]
+        result.add "$1, $2" % [rdLoc(a), rope(lengthOrd(p.config, elementType(a.t)))]
       else:
         internalError(p.config, "openArrayLoc: " & typeToString(a.t))
     else: internalError(p.config, "openArrayLoc: " & typeToString(a.t))
@@ -252,56 +300,79 @@ proc withTmpIfNeeded(p: BProc, a: TLoc, needsTmp: bool): TLoc =
   # Bug https://github.com/status-im/nimbus-eth2/issues/1549
   # Aliasing is preferred over stack overflows.
   # Also don't regress for non ARC-builds, too risky.
-  if needsTmp and a.lode.typ != nil and p.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc} and
+  if needsTmp and a.lode.typ != nil and p.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc} and
       getSize(p.config, a.lode.typ) < 1024:
-    getTemp(p, a.lode.typ, result, needsInit=false)
+    result = getTemp(p, a.lode.typ, needsInit=false)
     genAssignment(p, result, a, {})
   else:
     result = a
 
-proc genArgStringToCString(p: BProc, n: PNode, needsTmp: bool): Rope {.inline.} =
-  var a: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, n[0], a)
-  ropecg(p.module, "#nimToCStringConv($1)", [withTmpIfNeeded(p, a, needsTmp).rdLoc])
+proc literalsNeedsTmp(p: BProc, a: TLoc): TLoc =
+  result = getTemp(p, a.lode.typ, needsInit=false)
+  genAssignment(p, result, a, {})
 
-proc genArg(p: BProc, n: PNode, param: PSym; call: PNode, needsTmp = false): Rope =
+proc genArgStringToCString(p: BProc, n: PNode; result: var Rope; needsTmp: bool) {.inline.} =
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, n[0])
+  appcg(p.module, result, "#nimToCStringConv($1)", [withTmpIfNeeded(p, a, needsTmp).rdLoc])
+
+proc genArg(p: BProc, n: PNode, param: PSym; call: PNode; result: var Rope; needsTmp = false) =
   var a: TLoc
   if n.kind == nkStringToCString:
-    result = genArgStringToCString(p, n, needsTmp)
+    genArgStringToCString(p, n, result, needsTmp)
   elif skipTypes(param.typ, abstractVar).kind in {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs}:
     var n = if n.kind != nkHiddenAddr: n else: n[0]
-    result = openArrayLoc(p, param.typ, n)
-  elif ccgIntroducedPtr(p.config, param, call[0].typ[0]):
-    initLocExpr(p, n, a)
-    result = addrLoc(p.config, withTmpIfNeeded(p, a, needsTmp))
+    openArrayLoc(p, param.typ, n, result)
+  elif ccgIntroducedPtr(p.config, param, call[0].typ.returnType) and
+    (optByRef notin param.options or not p.module.compileToCpp):
+    a = initLocExpr(p, n)
+    if n.kind in {nkCharLit..nkNilLit}:
+      addAddrLoc(p.config, literalsNeedsTmp(p, a), result)
+    else:
+      addAddrLoc(p.config, withTmpIfNeeded(p, a, needsTmp), result)
   elif p.module.compileToCpp and param.typ.kind in {tyVar} and
       n.kind == nkHiddenAddr:
-    initLocExprSingleUse(p, n[0], a)
+    # bug #23748: we need to introduce a temporary here. The expression type
+    # will be a reference in C++ and we cannot create a temporary reference
+    # variable. Thus, we create a temporary pointer variable instead.
+    let needsIndirect = mapType(p.config, n[0].typ, mapTypeChooser(n[0]) == skParam) != ctArray
+    if needsIndirect:
+      n.typ = n.typ.exactReplica
+      n.typ.flags.incl tfVarIsPtr
+    a = initLocExprSingleUse(p, n)
+    a = withTmpIfNeeded(p, a, needsTmp)
+    if needsIndirect: a.flags.incl lfIndirect
     # if the proc is 'importc'ed but not 'importcpp'ed then 'var T' still
     # means '*T'. See posix.nim for lots of examples that do that in the wild.
     let callee = call[0]
     if callee.kind == nkSym and
         {sfImportc, sfInfixCall, sfCompilerProc} * callee.sym.flags == {sfImportc} and
-        {lfHeader, lfNoDecl} * callee.sym.loc.flags != {}:
-      result = addrLoc(p.config, a)
+        {lfHeader, lfNoDecl} * callee.sym.loc.flags != {} and
+        needsIndirect:
+      addAddrLoc(p.config, a, result)
     else:
-      result = rdLoc(a)
+      addRdLoc(a, result)
   else:
-    initLocExprSingleUse(p, n, a)
-    result = rdLoc(withTmpIfNeeded(p, a, needsTmp))
+    a = initLocExprSingleUse(p, n)
+    if param.typ.kind in {tyVar, tyPtr, tyRef, tySink}:
+      let typ = skipTypes(param.typ, abstractPtrs)
+      if not sameBackendTypePickyAliases(typ, n.typ.skipTypes(abstractPtrs)):
+        a.snippet = "(($1) ($2))" %
+          [getTypeDesc(p.module, param.typ), rdCharLoc(a)]
+    addRdLoc(withTmpIfNeeded(p, a, needsTmp), result)
   #assert result != nil
 
-proc genArgNoParam(p: BProc, n: PNode, needsTmp = false): Rope =
+proc genArgNoParam(p: BProc, n: PNode; result: var Rope; needsTmp = false) =
   var a: TLoc
   if n.kind == nkStringToCString:
-    result = genArgStringToCString(p, n, needsTmp)
+    genArgStringToCString(p, n, result, needsTmp)
   else:
-    initLocExprSingleUse(p, n, a)
-    result = rdLoc(withTmpIfNeeded(p, a, needsTmp))
+    a = initLocExprSingleUse(p, n)
+    addRdLoc(withTmpIfNeeded(p, a, needsTmp), result)
 
-from dfa import aliases, AliasKind
+import aliasanalysis
 
 proc potentialAlias(n: PNode, potentialWrites: seq[PNode]): bool =
+  result = false
   for p in potentialWrites:
     if p.aliases(n) != no or n.aliases(p) != no:
       return true
@@ -310,64 +381,86 @@ proc skipTrivialIndirections(n: PNode): PNode =
   result = n
   while true:
     case result.kind
-    of {nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref, nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr, nkObjDownConv, nkObjUpConv}:
+    of nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref, nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr, nkObjDownConv, nkObjUpConv:
       result = result[0]
-    of {nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv}:
+    of nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv:
       result = result[1]
     else: break
 
-proc getPotentialWrites(n: PNode, mutate = false): seq[PNode] =
+proc getPotentialWrites(n: PNode; mutate: bool; result: var seq[PNode]) =
   case n.kind:
-  of nkLiterals, nkIdent: discard
+  of nkLiterals, nkIdent, nkFormalParams: discard
   of nkSym:
     if mutate: result.add n
-  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn:
-    result.add getPotentialWrites(n[0], true)
-    result.add getPotentialWrites(n[1], mutate)
+  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn:
+    getPotentialWrites(n[0], true, result)
+    getPotentialWrites(n[1], mutate, result)
   of nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr:
-    result.add getPotentialWrites(n[0], true)
-  of nkCallKinds: #TODO: Find out why in f += 1, f is a nkSym and not a nkHiddenAddr
-    for s in n.sons:
-      result.add getPotentialWrites(s, true)
+    getPotentialWrites(n[0], true, result)
+  of nkBracketExpr, nkDotExpr, nkCheckedFieldExpr:
+    getPotentialWrites(n[0], mutate, result)
+  of nkCallKinds:
+    case n.getMagic:
+    of mIncl, mExcl, mInc, mDec, mAppendStrCh, mAppendStrStr, mAppendSeqElem,
+        mAddr, mNew, mNewFinalize, mWasMoved, mDestroy:
+      getPotentialWrites(n[1], true, result)
+      for i in 2..<n.len:
+        getPotentialWrites(n[i], mutate, result)
+    of mSwap:
+      for i in 1..<n.len:
+        getPotentialWrites(n[i], true, result)
+    else:
+      for i in 1..<n.len:
+        getPotentialWrites(n[i], mutate, result)
   else:
-    for s in n.sons:
-      result.add getPotentialWrites(s, mutate)
+    for s in n:
+      getPotentialWrites(s, mutate, result)
 
-proc getPotentialReads(n: PNode): seq[PNode] =
+proc getPotentialReads(n: PNode; result: var seq[PNode]) =
   case n.kind:
-  of nkLiterals, nkIdent: discard
+  of nkLiterals, nkIdent, nkFormalParams: discard
   of nkSym: result.add n
   else:
-    for s in n.sons:
-      result.add getPotentialReads(s)
+    for s in n:
+      getPotentialReads(s, result)
 
-proc genParams(p: BProc, ri: PNode, typ: PType): Rope =
+proc genParams(p: BProc, ri: PNode, typ: PType; result: var Rope) =
   # We must generate temporaries in cases like #14396
   # to keep the strict Left-To-Right evaluation
   var needTmp = newSeq[bool](ri.len - 1)
-  var potentialWrites: seq[PNode]
+  var potentialWrites: seq[PNode] = @[]
   for i in countdown(ri.len - 1, 1):
     if ri[i].skipTrivialIndirections.kind == nkSym:
       needTmp[i - 1] = potentialAlias(ri[i], potentialWrites)
     else:
-      for n in getPotentialReads(ri[i]):
+      #if not ri[i].typ.isCompileTimeOnly:
+      var potentialReads: seq[PNode] = @[]
+      getPotentialReads(ri[i], potentialReads)
+      for n in potentialReads:
         if not needTmp[i - 1]:
           needTmp[i - 1] = potentialAlias(n, potentialWrites)
-      potentialWrites.add getPotentialWrites(ri[i])
-    if ri[i].kind == nkHiddenAddr:
-      # Optimization: don't use a temp, if we would only take the adress anyway
-      needTmp[i - 1] = false
-
+      getPotentialWrites(ri[i], false, potentialWrites)
+    when false:
+      # this optimization is wrong, see bug #23748
+      if ri[i].kind in {nkHiddenAddr, nkAddr}:
+        # Optimization: don't use a temp, if we would only take the address anyway
+        needTmp[i - 1] = false
+
+  var oldLen = result.len
   for i in 1..<ri.len:
-    if i < typ.len:
+    if i < typ.n.len:
       assert(typ.n[i].kind == nkSym)
       let paramType = typ.n[i]
       if not paramType.typ.isCompileTimeOnly:
-        if result != nil: result.add(~", ")
-        result.add(genArg(p, ri[i], paramType.sym, ri, needTmp[i-1]))
+        if oldLen != result.len:
+          result.add(", ")
+          oldLen = result.len
+        genArg(p, ri[i], paramType.sym, ri, result, needTmp[i-1])
     else:
-      if result != nil: result.add(~", ")
-      result.add(genArgNoParam(p, ri[i], needTmp[i-1]))
+      if oldLen != result.len:
+        result.add(", ")
+        oldLen = result.len
+      genArgNoParam(p, ri[i], result, needTmp[i-1])
 
 proc addActualSuffixForHCR(res: var Rope, module: PSym, sym: PSym) =
   if sym.flags * {sfImportc, sfNonReloadable} == {} and sym.loc.k == locProc and
@@ -375,15 +468,14 @@ proc addActualSuffixForHCR(res: var Rope, module: PSym, sym: PSym) =
     res = res & "_actual".rope
 
 proc genPrefixCall(p: BProc, le, ri: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  var op: TLoc
   # this is a hotspot in the compiler
-  initLocExpr(p, ri[0], op)
+  var op = initLocExpr(p, ri[0])
   # getUniqueType() is too expensive here:
   var typ = skipTypes(ri[0].typ, abstractInstOwned)
   assert(typ.kind == tyProc)
-  assert(typ.len == typ.n.len)
 
-  var params = genParams(p, ri, typ)
+  var params = newRopeAppender()
+  genParams(p, ri, typ, params)
 
   var callee = rdLoc(op)
   if p.hcrOn and ri[0].kind == nkSym:
@@ -393,20 +485,19 @@ proc genPrefixCall(p: BProc, le, ri: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
 proc genClosureCall(p: BProc, le, ri: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
 
   proc addComma(r: Rope): Rope =
-    if r == nil: r else: r & ~", "
+    if r.len == 0: r else: r & ", "
 
   const PatProc = "$1.ClE_0? $1.ClP_0($3$1.ClE_0):(($4)($1.ClP_0))($2)"
   const PatIter = "$1.ClP_0($3$1.ClE_0)" # we know the env exists
 
-  var op: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, ri[0], op)
+  var op = initLocExpr(p, ri[0])
 
   # getUniqueType() is too expensive here:
   var typ = skipTypes(ri[0].typ, abstractInstOwned)
   assert(typ.kind == tyProc)
-  assert(typ.len == typ.n.len)
 
-  var pl = genParams(p, ri, typ)
+  var pl = newRopeAppender()
+  genParams(p, ri, typ, pl)
 
   template genCallPattern {.dirty.} =
     if tfIterator in typ.flags:
@@ -416,47 +507,44 @@ proc genClosureCall(p: BProc, le, ri: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
 
   let rawProc = getClosureType(p.module, typ, clHalf)
   let canRaise = p.config.exc == excGoto and canRaiseDisp(p, ri[0])
-  if typ[0] != nil:
-    if isInvalidReturnType(p.config, typ[0]):
-      if ri.len > 1: pl.add(~", ")
+  if typ.returnType != nil:
+    if isInvalidReturnType(p.config, typ):
+      if ri.len > 1: pl.add(", ")
       # beware of 'result = p(result)'. We may need to allocate a temporary:
-      if d.k in {locTemp, locNone} or not preventNrvo(p, le, ri):
+      if d.k in {locTemp, locNone} or not preventNrvo(p, d.lode, le, ri):
         # Great, we can use 'd':
         if d.k == locNone:
-          getTemp(p, typ[0], d, needsInit=true)
+          d = getTemp(p, typ.returnType, needsInit=true)
         elif d.k notin {locTemp} and not hasNoInit(ri):
           # reset before pass as 'result' var:
           discard "resetLoc(p, d)"
         pl.add(addrLoc(p.config, d))
         genCallPattern()
+        if canRaise: raiseExit(p)
       else:
-        var tmp: TLoc
-        getTemp(p, typ[0], tmp, needsInit=true)
+        var tmp: TLoc = getTemp(p, typ.returnType, needsInit=true)
         pl.add(addrLoc(p.config, tmp))
         genCallPattern()
         if canRaise: raiseExit(p)
         genAssignment(p, d, tmp, {}) # no need for deep copying
     elif isHarmlessStore(p, canRaise, d):
-      if d.k == locNone: getTemp(p, typ[0], d)
+      if d.k == locNone: d = getTemp(p, typ.returnType)
       assert(d.t != nil)        # generate an assignment to d:
-      var list: TLoc
-      initLoc(list, locCall, d.lode, OnUnknown)
+      var list: TLoc = initLoc(locCall, d.lode, OnUnknown)
       if tfIterator in typ.flags:
-        list.r = PatIter % [rdLoc(op), pl, pl.addComma, rawProc]
+        list.snippet = PatIter % [rdLoc(op), pl, pl.addComma, rawProc]
       else:
-        list.r = PatProc % [rdLoc(op), pl, pl.addComma, rawProc]
+        list.snippet = PatProc % [rdLoc(op), pl, pl.addComma, rawProc]
       genAssignment(p, d, list, {}) # no need for deep copying
       if canRaise: raiseExit(p)
     else:
-      var tmp: TLoc
-      getTemp(p, typ[0], tmp)
+      var tmp: TLoc = getTemp(p, typ.returnType)
       assert(d.t != nil)        # generate an assignment to d:
-      var list: TLoc
-      initLoc(list, locCall, d.lode, OnUnknown)
+      var list: TLoc = initLoc(locCall, d.lode, OnUnknown)
       if tfIterator in typ.flags:
-        list.r = PatIter % [rdLoc(op), pl, pl.addComma, rawProc]
+        list.snippet = PatIter % [rdLoc(op), pl, pl.addComma, rawProc]
       else:
-        list.r = PatProc % [rdLoc(op), pl, pl.addComma, rawProc]
+        list.snippet = PatProc % [rdLoc(op), pl, pl.addComma, rawProc]
       genAssignment(p, tmp, list, {})
       if canRaise: raiseExit(p)
       genAssignment(p, d, tmp, {})
@@ -464,24 +552,30 @@ proc genClosureCall(p: BProc, le, ri: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     genCallPattern()
     if canRaise: raiseExit(p)
 
-proc genOtherArg(p: BProc; ri: PNode; i: int; typ: PType): Rope =
-  if i < typ.len:
+proc genOtherArg(p: BProc; ri: PNode; i: int; typ: PType; result: var Rope;
+                 argsCounter: var int) =
+  if i < typ.n.len:
     # 'var T' is 'T&' in C++. This means we ignore the request of
     # any nkHiddenAddr when it's a 'var T'.
     let paramType = typ.n[i]
     assert(paramType.kind == nkSym)
     if paramType.typ.isCompileTimeOnly:
-      result = nil
-    elif typ[i].kind in {tyVar} and ri[i].kind == nkHiddenAddr:
-      result = genArgNoParam(p, ri[i][0])
+      discard
+    elif paramType.typ.kind in {tyVar} and ri[i].kind == nkHiddenAddr:
+      if argsCounter > 0: result.add ", "
+      genArgNoParam(p, ri[i][0], result)
+      inc argsCounter
     else:
-      result = genArgNoParam(p, ri[i]) #, typ.n[i].sym)
+      if argsCounter > 0: result.add ", "
+      genArgNoParam(p, ri[i], result) #, typ.n[i].sym)
+      inc argsCounter
   else:
     if tfVarargs notin typ.flags:
       localError(p.config, ri.info, "wrong argument count")
-      result = nil
     else:
-      result = genArgNoParam(p, ri[i])
+      if argsCounter > 0: result.add ", "
+      genArgNoParam(p, ri[i], result)
+      inc argsCounter
 
 discard """
 Dot call syntax in C++
@@ -538,11 +632,11 @@ proc skipAddrDeref(node: PNode): PNode =
   else:
     result = node
 
-proc genThisArg(p: BProc; ri: PNode; i: int; typ: PType): Rope =
+proc genThisArg(p: BProc; ri: PNode; i: int; typ: PType; result: var Rope) =
   # for better or worse c2nim translates the 'this' argument to a 'var T'.
   # However manual wrappers may also use 'ptr T'. In any case we support both
   # for convenience.
-  internalAssert p.config, i < typ.len
+  internalAssert p.config, i < typ.n.len
   assert(typ.n[i].kind == nkSym)
   # if the parameter is lying (tyVar) and thus we required an additional deref,
   # skip the deref:
@@ -552,75 +646,72 @@ proc genThisArg(p: BProc; ri: PNode; i: int; typ: PType): Rope =
   if t.kind in {tyVar}:
     let x = if ri.kind == nkHiddenAddr: ri[0] else: ri
     if x.typ.kind == tyPtr:
-      result = genArgNoParam(p, x)
+      genArgNoParam(p, x, result)
       result.add("->")
     elif x.kind in {nkHiddenDeref, nkDerefExpr} and x[0].typ.kind == tyPtr:
-      result = genArgNoParam(p, x[0])
+      genArgNoParam(p, x[0], result)
       result.add("->")
     else:
-      result = genArgNoParam(p, x)
+      genArgNoParam(p, x, result)
       result.add(".")
   elif t.kind == tyPtr:
     if ri.kind in {nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr}:
-      result = genArgNoParam(p, ri[0])
+      genArgNoParam(p, ri[0], result)
       result.add(".")
     else:
-      result = genArgNoParam(p, ri)
+      genArgNoParam(p, ri, result)
       result.add("->")
   else:
     ri = skipAddrDeref(ri)
     if ri.kind in {nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr}: ri = ri[0]
-    result = genArgNoParam(p, ri) #, typ.n[i].sym)
+    genArgNoParam(p, ri, result) #, typ.n[i].sym)
     result.add(".")
 
-proc genPatternCall(p: BProc; ri: PNode; pat: string; typ: PType): Rope =
+proc genPatternCall(p: BProc; ri: PNode; pat: string; typ: PType; result: var Rope) =
   var i = 0
   var j = 1
   while i < pat.len:
     case pat[i]
     of '@':
-      var first = true
+      var argsCounter = 0
       for k in j..<ri.len:
-        let arg = genOtherArg(p, ri, k, typ)
-        if arg.len > 0:
-          if not first:
-            result.add(~", ")
-          first = false
-          result.add arg
+        genOtherArg(p, ri, k, typ, result, argsCounter)
       inc i
     of '#':
       if i+1 < pat.len and pat[i+1] in {'+', '@'}:
         let ri = ri[j]
         if ri.kind in nkCallKinds:
           let typ = skipTypes(ri[0].typ, abstractInst)
-          if pat[i+1] == '+': result.add genArgNoParam(p, ri[0])
-          result.add(~"(")
+          if pat[i+1] == '+': genArgNoParam(p, ri[0], result)
+          result.add("(")
           if 1 < ri.len:
-            result.add genOtherArg(p, ri, 1, typ)
+            var argsCounterB = 0
+            genOtherArg(p, ri, 1, typ, result, argsCounterB)
           for k in j+1..<ri.len:
-            result.add(~", ")
-            result.add genOtherArg(p, ri, k, typ)
-          result.add(~")")
+            var argsCounterB = 0
+            genOtherArg(p, ri, k, typ, result, argsCounterB)
+          result.add(")")
         else:
           localError(p.config, ri.info, "call expression expected for C++ pattern")
         inc i
       elif i+1 < pat.len and pat[i+1] == '.':
-        result.add genThisArg(p, ri, j, typ)
+        genThisArg(p, ri, j, typ, result)
         inc i
       elif i+1 < pat.len and pat[i+1] == '[':
         var arg = ri[j].skipAddrDeref
         while arg.kind in {nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr, nkObjDownConv}: arg = arg[0]
-        result.add genArgNoParam(p, arg)
+        genArgNoParam(p, arg, result)
         #result.add debugTree(arg, 0, 10)
       else:
-        result.add genOtherArg(p, ri, j, typ)
+        var argsCounter = 0
+        genOtherArg(p, ri, j, typ, result, argsCounter)
       inc j
       inc i
     of '\'':
-      var idx, stars: int
+      var idx, stars: int = 0
       if scanCppGenericSlot(pat, i, idx, stars):
         var t = resolveStarsInCppType(typ, idx, stars)
-        if t == nil: result.add(~"void")
+        if t == nil: result.add("void")
         else: result.add(getTypeDesc(p.module, t))
     else:
       let start = i
@@ -631,117 +722,108 @@ proc genPatternCall(p: BProc; ri: PNode; pat: string; typ: PType): Rope =
         result.add(substr(pat, start, i - 1))
 
 proc genInfixCall(p: BProc, le, ri: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  var op: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, ri[0], op)
+  var op = initLocExpr(p, ri[0])
   # getUniqueType() is too expensive here:
   var typ = skipTypes(ri[0].typ, abstractInst)
   assert(typ.kind == tyProc)
-  assert(typ.len == typ.n.len)
   # don't call '$' here for efficiency:
-  let pat = ri[0].sym.loc.r.data
+  let pat = $ri[0].sym.loc.snippet
   internalAssert p.config, pat.len > 0
   if pat.contains({'#', '(', '@', '\''}):
-    var pl = genPatternCall(p, ri, pat, typ)
+    var pl = newRopeAppender()
+    genPatternCall(p, ri, pat, typ, pl)
     # simpler version of 'fixupCall' that works with the pl+params combination:
     var typ = skipTypes(ri[0].typ, abstractInst)
-    if typ[0] != nil:
+    if typ.returnType != nil:
       if p.module.compileToCpp and lfSingleUse in d.flags:
         # do not generate spurious temporaries for C++! For C we're better off
         # with them to prevent undefined behaviour and because the codegen
         # is free to emit expressions multiple times!
         d.k = locCall
-        d.r = pl
+        d.snippet = pl
         excl d.flags, lfSingleUse
       else:
-        if d.k == locNone: getTemp(p, typ[0], d)
+        if d.k == locNone: d = getTemp(p, typ.returnType)
         assert(d.t != nil)        # generate an assignment to d:
-        var list: TLoc
-        initLoc(list, locCall, d.lode, OnUnknown)
-        list.r = pl
+        var list: TLoc = initLoc(locCall, d.lode, OnUnknown)
+        list.snippet = pl
         genAssignment(p, d, list, {}) # no need for deep copying
     else:
-      pl.add(~";$n")
+      pl.add(";\n")
       line(p, cpsStmts, pl)
   else:
-    var pl: Rope = nil
-    #var param = typ.n[1].sym
+    var pl = newRopeAppender()
+    var argsCounter = 0
     if 1 < ri.len:
-      pl.add(genThisArg(p, ri, 1, typ))
-    pl.add(op.r)
-    var params: Rope
+      genThisArg(p, ri, 1, typ, pl)
+    pl.add(op.snippet)
+    var params = newRopeAppender()
     for i in 2..<ri.len:
-      if params != nil: params.add(~", ")
-      assert(typ.len == typ.n.len)
-      params.add(genOtherArg(p, ri, i, typ))
+      genOtherArg(p, ri, i, typ, params, argsCounter)
     fixupCall(p, le, ri, d, pl, params)
 
 proc genNamedParamCall(p: BProc, ri: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   # generates a crappy ObjC call
-  var op: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, ri[0], op)
-  var pl = ~"["
+  var op = initLocExpr(p, ri[0])
+  var pl = "["
   # getUniqueType() is too expensive here:
   var typ = skipTypes(ri[0].typ, abstractInst)
   assert(typ.kind == tyProc)
-  assert(typ.len == typ.n.len)
 
   # don't call '$' here for efficiency:
-  let pat = ri[0].sym.loc.r.data
+  let pat = $ri[0].sym.loc.snippet
   internalAssert p.config, pat.len > 0
   var start = 3
   if ' ' in pat:
     start = 1
-    pl.add(op.r)
+    pl.add(op.snippet)
     if ri.len > 1:
-      pl.add(~": ")
-      pl.add(genArg(p, ri[1], typ.n[1].sym, ri))
+      pl.add(": ")
+      genArg(p, ri[1], typ.n[1].sym, ri, pl)
       start = 2
   else:
     if ri.len > 1:
-      pl.add(genArg(p, ri[1], typ.n[1].sym, ri))
-      pl.add(~" ")
-    pl.add(op.r)
+      genArg(p, ri[1], typ.n[1].sym, ri, pl)
+      pl.add(" ")
+    pl.add(op.snippet)
     if ri.len > 2:
-      pl.add(~": ")
-      pl.add(genArg(p, ri[2], typ.n[2].sym, ri))
+      pl.add(": ")
+      genArg(p, ri[2], typ.n[2].sym, ri, pl)
   for i in start..<ri.len:
-    assert(typ.len == typ.n.len)
-    if i >= typ.len:
+    if i >= typ.n.len:
       internalError(p.config, ri.info, "varargs for objective C method?")
     assert(typ.n[i].kind == nkSym)
     var param = typ.n[i].sym
-    pl.add(~" ")
+    pl.add(" ")
     pl.add(param.name.s)
-    pl.add(~": ")
-    pl.add(genArg(p, ri[i], param, ri))
-  if typ[0] != nil:
-    if isInvalidReturnType(p.config, typ[0]):
-      if ri.len > 1: pl.add(~" ")
+    pl.add(": ")
+    genArg(p, ri[i], param, ri, pl)
+  if typ.returnType != nil:
+    if isInvalidReturnType(p.config, typ):
+      if ri.len > 1: pl.add(" ")
       # beware of 'result = p(result)'. We always allocate a temporary:
       if d.k in {locTemp, locNone}:
         # We already got a temp. Great, special case it:
-        if d.k == locNone: getTemp(p, typ[0], d, needsInit=true)
-        pl.add(~"Result: ")
+        if d.k == locNone: d = getTemp(p, typ.returnType, needsInit=true)
+        pl.add("Result: ")
         pl.add(addrLoc(p.config, d))
-        pl.add(~"];$n")
+        pl.add("];\n")
         line(p, cpsStmts, pl)
       else:
-        var tmp: TLoc
-        getTemp(p, typ[0], tmp, needsInit=true)
+        var tmp: TLoc = getTemp(p, typ.returnType, needsInit=true)
         pl.add(addrLoc(p.config, tmp))
-        pl.add(~"];$n")
+        pl.add("];\n")
         line(p, cpsStmts, pl)
         genAssignment(p, d, tmp, {}) # no need for deep copying
     else:
-      pl.add(~"]")
-      if d.k == locNone: getTemp(p, typ[0], d)
+      pl.add("]")
+      if d.k == locNone: d = getTemp(p, typ.returnType)
       assert(d.t != nil)        # generate an assignment to d:
-      var list: TLoc
-      initLoc(list, locCall, ri, OnUnknown)
-      list.r = pl
+      var list: TLoc = initLoc(locCall, ri, OnUnknown)
+      list.snippet = pl
       genAssignment(p, d, list, {}) # no need for deep copying
   else:
-    pl.add(~"];$n")
+    pl.add("];\n")
     line(p, cpsStmts, pl)
 
 proc notYetAlive(n: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
@@ -779,6 +861,5 @@ proc genAsgnCall(p: BProc, le, ri: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     genNamedParamCall(p, ri, d)
   else:
     genPrefixCall(p, le, ri, d)
-  postStmtActions(p)
 
 proc genCall(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) = genAsgnCall(p, nil, e, d)
diff --git a/compiler/ccgexprs.nim b/compiler/ccgexprs.nim
index ea09b3400..545d43ae8 100644
--- a/compiler/ccgexprs.nim
+++ b/compiler/ccgexprs.nim
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 # included from cgen.nim
 
-when defined(nimCompilerStackraceHints):
+when defined(nimCompilerStacktraceHints):
   import std/stackframes
 
 proc getNullValueAuxT(p: BProc; orig, t: PType; obj, constOrNil: PNode,
@@ -18,29 +18,31 @@ proc getNullValueAuxT(p: BProc; orig, t: PType; obj, constOrNil: PNode,
 
 # -------------------------- constant expressions ------------------------
 
-proc int64Literal(i: BiggestInt): Rope =
+proc rdSetElemLoc(conf: ConfigRef; a: TLoc, typ: PType; result: var Rope)
+
+proc int64Literal(i: BiggestInt; result: var Rope) =
   if i > low(int64):
-    result = "IL64($1)" % [rope(i)]
+    result.add "IL64($1)" % [rope(i)]
   else:
-    result = ~"(IL64(-9223372036854775807) - IL64(1))"
+    result.add "(IL64(-9223372036854775807) - IL64(1))"
 
-proc uint64Literal(i: uint64): Rope = rope($i & "ULL")
+proc uint64Literal(i: uint64; result: var Rope) = result.add rope($i & "ULL")
 
-proc intLiteral(i: BiggestInt): Rope =
+proc intLiteral(i: BiggestInt; result: var Rope) =
   if i > low(int32) and i <= high(int32):
-    result = rope(i)
+    result.add rope(i)
   elif i == low(int32):
     # Nim has the same bug for the same reasons :-)
-    result = ~"(-2147483647 -1)"
+    result.add "(-2147483647 -1)"
   elif i > low(int64):
-    result = "IL64($1)" % [rope(i)]
+    result.add "IL64($1)" % [rope(i)]
   else:
-    result = ~"(IL64(-9223372036854775807) - IL64(1))"
+    result.add "(IL64(-9223372036854775807) - IL64(1))"
 
-proc intLiteral(i: Int128): Rope =
-  intLiteral(toInt64(i))
+proc intLiteral(i: Int128; result: var Rope) =
+  intLiteral(toInt64(i), result)
 
-proc genLiteral(p: BProc, n: PNode, ty: PType): Rope =
+proc genLiteral(p: BProc, n: PNode, ty: PType; result: var Rope) =
   case n.kind
   of nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit:
     var k: TTypeKind
@@ -54,62 +56,63 @@ proc genLiteral(p: BProc, n: PNode, ty: PType): Rope =
       else: k = tyNil # don't go into the case variant that uses 'ty'
     case k
     of tyChar, tyNil:
-      result = intLiteral(n.intVal)
+      intLiteral(n.intVal, result)
     of tyBool:
-      if n.intVal != 0: result = ~"NIM_TRUE"
-      else: result = ~"NIM_FALSE"
-    of tyInt64: result = int64Literal(n.intVal)
-    of tyUInt64: result = uint64Literal(uint64(n.intVal))
-    else:
-      result = "(($1) $2)" % [getTypeDesc(p.module,
-          ty), intLiteral(n.intVal)]
+      if n.intVal != 0: result.add "NIM_TRUE"
+      else: result.add "NIM_FALSE"
+    of tyInt64: int64Literal(n.intVal, result)
+    of tyUInt64: uint64Literal(uint64(n.intVal), result)
+    else:
+      result.add "(("
+      result.add getTypeDesc(p.module, ty)
+      result.add ")"
+      intLiteral(n.intVal, result)
+      result.add ")"
   of nkNilLit:
     let k = if ty == nil: tyPointer else: skipTypes(ty, abstractVarRange).kind
     if k == tyProc and skipTypes(ty, abstractVarRange).callConv == ccClosure:
       let id = nodeTableTestOrSet(p.module.dataCache, n, p.module.labels)
-      result = p.module.tmpBase & rope(id)
+      let tmpName = p.module.tmpBase & rope(id)
       if id == p.module.labels:
         # not found in cache:
         inc(p.module.labels)
-        p.module.s[cfsData].addf(
+        p.module.s[cfsStrData].addf(
              "static NIM_CONST $1 $2 = {NIM_NIL,NIM_NIL};$n",
-             [getTypeDesc(p.module, ty), result])
+             [getTypeDesc(p.module, ty), tmpName])
+      result.add tmpName
     elif k in {tyPointer, tyNil, tyProc}:
-      result = rope("NIM_NIL")
+      result.add rope("NIM_NIL")
     else:
-      result = "(($1) NIM_NIL)" % [getTypeDesc(p.module, ty)]
+      result.add "(($1) NIM_NIL)" % [getTypeDesc(p.module, ty)]
   of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit:
     let k = if ty == nil: tyString
             else: skipTypes(ty, abstractVarRange + {tyStatic, tyUserTypeClass, tyUserTypeClassInst}).kind
     case k
     of tyNil:
-      result = genNilStringLiteral(p.module, n.info)
+      genNilStringLiteral(p.module, n.info, result)
     of tyString:
       # with the new semantics for not 'nil' strings, we can map "" to nil and
       # save tons of allocations:
       if n.strVal.len == 0 and optSeqDestructors notin p.config.globalOptions:
-        result = genNilStringLiteral(p.module, n.info)
+        genNilStringLiteral(p.module, n.info, result)
       else:
-        result = genStringLiteral(p.module, n)
+        genStringLiteral(p.module, n, result)
     else:
-      result = makeCString(n.strVal)
+      result.add makeCString(n.strVal)
   of nkFloatLit, nkFloat64Lit:
-    result = rope(n.floatVal.toStrMaxPrecision)
+    if ty.kind == tyFloat32:
+      result.add rope(n.floatVal.float32.toStrMaxPrecision)
+    else:
+      result.add rope(n.floatVal.toStrMaxPrecision)
   of nkFloat32Lit:
-    result = rope(n.floatVal.toStrMaxPrecision("f"))
+    result.add rope(n.floatVal.float32.toStrMaxPrecision)
   else:
     internalError(p.config, n.info, "genLiteral(" & $n.kind & ')')
-    result = nil
 
-proc genLiteral(p: BProc, n: PNode): Rope =
-  result = genLiteral(p, n, n.typ)
+proc genLiteral(p: BProc, n: PNode; result: var Rope) =
+  genLiteral(p, n, n.typ, result)
 
-proc bitSetToWord(s: TBitSet, size: int): BiggestUInt =
-  result = 0
-  for j in 0..<size:
-    if j < s.len: result = result or (BiggestUInt(s[j]) shl (j * 8))
-
-proc genRawSetData(cs: TBitSet, size: int): Rope =
+proc genRawSetData(cs: TBitSet, size: int; result: var Rope) =
   if size > 8:
     var res = "{\n"
     for i in 0..<size:
@@ -125,23 +128,26 @@ proc genRawSetData(cs: TBitSet, size: int): Rope =
       else:
         res.add "}\n"
 
-    result = rope(res)
+    result.add rope(res)
   else:
-    result = intLiteral(cast[BiggestInt](bitSetToWord(cs, size)))
+    intLiteral(cast[BiggestInt](bitSetToWord(cs, size)), result)
 
-proc genSetNode(p: BProc, n: PNode): Rope =
+proc genSetNode(p: BProc, n: PNode; result: var Rope) =
   var size = int(getSize(p.config, n.typ))
   let cs = toBitSet(p.config, n)
   if size > 8:
     let id = nodeTableTestOrSet(p.module.dataCache, n, p.module.labels)
-    result = p.module.tmpBase & rope(id)
+    let tmpName = p.module.tmpBase & rope(id)
     if id == p.module.labels:
       # not found in cache:
       inc(p.module.labels)
-      p.module.s[cfsData].addf("static NIM_CONST $1 $2 = $3;$n",
-           [getTypeDesc(p.module, n.typ), result, genRawSetData(cs, size)])
+      p.module.s[cfsStrData].addf("static NIM_CONST $1 $2 = ",
+           [getTypeDesc(p.module, n.typ), tmpName])
+      genRawSetData(cs, size, p.module.s[cfsStrData])
+      p.module.s[cfsStrData].addf(";$n", [])
+    result.add tmpName
   else:
-    result = genRawSetData(cs, size)
+    genRawSetData(cs, size, result)
 
 proc getStorageLoc(n: PNode): TStorageLoc =
   ## deadcode
@@ -162,7 +168,9 @@ proc getStorageLoc(n: PNode): TStorageLoc =
     of tyVar, tyLent: result = OnUnknown
     of tyPtr: result = OnStack
     of tyRef: result = OnHeap
-    else: doAssert(false, "getStorageLoc")
+    else:
+      result = OnUnknown
+      doAssert(false, "getStorageLoc")
   of nkBracketExpr, nkDotExpr, nkObjDownConv, nkObjUpConv:
     result = getStorageLoc(n[0])
   else: result = OnUnknown
@@ -204,16 +212,20 @@ proc asgnComplexity(n: PNode): int =
       # 'case objects' are too difficult to inline their assignment operation:
       result = 100
     of nkRecList:
+      result = 0
       for t in items(n):
         result += asgnComplexity(t)
-    else: discard
+    else: result = 0
+  else:
+    result = 0
 
 proc optAsgnLoc(a: TLoc, t: PType, field: Rope): TLoc =
-  assert field != nil
-  result.k = locField
-  result.storage = a.storage
-  result.lode = lodeTyp t
-  result.r = rdLoc(a) & "." & field
+  assert field != ""
+  result = TLoc(k: locField,
+    storage: a.storage,
+    lode: lodeTyp t,
+    snippet: rdLoc(a) & "." & field
+  )
 
 proc genOptAsgnTuple(p: BProc, dest, src: TLoc, flags: TAssignmentFlags) =
   let newflags =
@@ -224,8 +236,7 @@ proc genOptAsgnTuple(p: BProc, dest, src: TLoc, flags: TAssignmentFlags) =
     else:
       flags
   let t = skipTypes(dest.t, abstractInst).getUniqueType()
-  for i in 0..<t.len:
-    let t = t[i]
+  for i, t in t.ikids:
     let field = "Field$1" % [i.rope]
     genAssignment(p, optAsgnLoc(dest, t, field),
                      optAsgnLoc(src, t, field), newflags)
@@ -243,9 +254,9 @@ proc genOptAsgnObject(p: BProc, dest, src: TLoc, flags: TAssignmentFlags,
   case t.kind
   of nkSym:
     let field = t.sym
-    if field.loc.r == nil: fillObjectFields(p.module, typ)
-    genAssignment(p, optAsgnLoc(dest, field.typ, field.loc.r),
-                     optAsgnLoc(src, field.typ, field.loc.r), newflags)
+    if field.loc.snippet == "": fillObjectFields(p.module, typ)
+    genAssignment(p, optAsgnLoc(dest, field.typ, field.loc.snippet),
+                     optAsgnLoc(src, field.typ, field.loc.snippet), newflags)
   of nkRecList:
     for child in items(t): genOptAsgnObject(p, dest, src, newflags, child, typ)
   else: discard
@@ -274,21 +285,28 @@ proc genGenericAsgn(p: BProc, dest, src: TLoc, flags: TAssignmentFlags) =
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#genericAssign((void*)$1, (void*)$2, $3);$n",
             [addrLoc(p.config, dest), addrLoc(p.config, src), genTypeInfoV1(p.module, dest.t, dest.lode.info)])
 
-proc genOpenArrayConv(p: BProc; d: TLoc; a: TLoc) =
+proc genOpenArrayConv(p: BProc; d: TLoc; a: TLoc; flags: TAssignmentFlags) =
   assert d.k != locNone
   #  getTemp(p, d.t, d)
 
   case a.t.skipTypes(abstractVar).kind
   of tyOpenArray, tyVarargs:
     if reifiedOpenArray(a.lode):
-      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.Field0 = $2.Field0; $1.Field1 = $2.Field1;$n",
-        [rdLoc(d), a.rdLoc])
+      if needTempForOpenArray in flags:
+        var tmp: TLoc = getTemp(p, a.t)
+        linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$2 = $1; $n",
+                [a.rdLoc, tmp.rdLoc])
+        linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.Field0 = $2.Field0; $1.Field1 = $2.Field1;$n",
+          [rdLoc(d), tmp.rdLoc])
+      else:
+        linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.Field0 = $2.Field0; $1.Field1 = $2.Field1;$n",
+          [rdLoc(d), a.rdLoc])
     else:
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.Field0 = $2; $1.Field1 = $2Len_0;$n",
         [rdLoc(d), a.rdLoc])
   of tySequence:
-    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.Field0 = $2$3; $1.Field1 = $4;$n",
-      [rdLoc(d), a.rdLoc, dataField(p), lenExpr(p, a)])
+    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.Field0 = ($5) ? ($2$3) : NIM_NIL; $1.Field1 = $4;$n",
+      [rdLoc(d), a.rdLoc, dataField(p), lenExpr(p, a), dataFieldAccessor(p, a.rdLoc)])
   of tyArray:
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.Field0 = $2; $1.Field1 = $3;$n",
       [rdLoc(d), rdLoc(a), rope(lengthOrd(p.config, a.t))])
@@ -297,8 +315,8 @@ proc genOpenArrayConv(p: BProc; d: TLoc; a: TLoc) =
     if etyp.kind in {tyVar} and optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#nimPrepareStrMutationV2($1);$n", [byRefLoc(p, a)])
 
-    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.Field0 = $2$3; $1.Field1 = $4;$n",
-      [rdLoc(d), a.rdLoc, dataField(p), lenExpr(p, a)])
+    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.Field0 = ($5) ? ($2$3) : NIM_NIL; $1.Field1 = $4;$n",
+      [rdLoc(d), a.rdLoc, dataField(p), lenExpr(p, a), dataFieldAccessor(p, a.rdLoc)])
   else:
     internalError(p.config, a.lode.info, "cannot handle " & $a.t.kind)
 
@@ -325,15 +343,14 @@ proc genAssignment(p: BProc, dest, src: TLoc, flags: TAssignmentFlags) =
   of tyString:
     if optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
       genGenericAsgn(p, dest, src, flags)
-    elif (needToCopy notin flags and src.storage != OnStatic) or canMove(p, src.lode, dest):
+    elif ({needToCopy, needToCopySinkParam} * flags == {} and src.storage != OnStatic) or canMove(p, src.lode, dest):
       genRefAssign(p, dest, src)
     else:
       if (dest.storage == OnStack and p.config.selectedGC != gcGo) or not usesWriteBarrier(p.config):
         linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = #copyString($2);$n", [dest.rdLoc, src.rdLoc])
       elif dest.storage == OnHeap:
         # we use a temporary to care for the dreaded self assignment:
-        var tmp: TLoc
-        getTemp(p, ty, tmp)
+        var tmp: TLoc = getTemp(p, ty)
         linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$3 = $1; $1 = #copyStringRC1($2);$n",
                 [dest.rdLoc, src.rdLoc, tmp.rdLoc])
         linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1) #nimGCunrefNoCycle($1);$n", [tmp.rdLoc])
@@ -351,7 +368,7 @@ proc genAssignment(p: BProc, dest, src: TLoc, flags: TAssignmentFlags) =
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = $2;$n", [rdLoc(dest), rdLoc(src)])
   of tyTuple:
     if containsGarbageCollectedRef(dest.t):
-      if dest.t.len <= 4: genOptAsgnTuple(p, dest, src, flags)
+      if dest.t.kidsLen <= 4: genOptAsgnTuple(p, dest, src, flags)
       else: genGenericAsgn(p, dest, src, flags)
     else:
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = $2;$n", [rdLoc(dest), rdLoc(src)])
@@ -362,7 +379,8 @@ proc genAssignment(p: BProc, dest, src: TLoc, flags: TAssignmentFlags) =
     elif not isObjLackingTypeField(ty):
       genGenericAsgn(p, dest, src, flags)
     elif containsGarbageCollectedRef(ty):
-      if ty[0].isNil and asgnComplexity(ty.n) <= 4:
+      if ty[0].isNil and asgnComplexity(ty.n) <= 4 and
+            needAssignCall notin flags: # calls might contain side effects
         discard getTypeDesc(p.module, ty)
         internalAssert p.config, ty.n != nil
         genOptAsgnObject(p, dest, src, flags, ty.n, ty)
@@ -371,7 +389,7 @@ proc genAssignment(p: BProc, dest, src: TLoc, flags: TAssignmentFlags) =
     else:
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = $2;$n", [rdLoc(dest), rdLoc(src)])
   of tyArray:
-    if containsGarbageCollectedRef(dest.t) and p.config.selectedGC notin {gcArc, gcOrc, gcHooks}:
+    if containsGarbageCollectedRef(dest.t) and p.config.selectedGC notin {gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc, gcHooks}:
       genGenericAsgn(p, dest, src, flags)
     else:
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts,
@@ -381,7 +399,7 @@ proc genAssignment(p: BProc, dest, src: TLoc, flags: TAssignmentFlags) =
     # open arrays are always on the stack - really? What if a sequence is
     # passed to an open array?
     if reifiedOpenArray(dest.lode):
-      genOpenArrayConv(p, dest, src)
+      genOpenArrayConv(p, dest, src, flags)
     elif containsGarbageCollectedRef(dest.t):
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts,     # XXX: is this correct for arrays?
            "#genericAssignOpenArray((void*)$1, (void*)$2, $1Len_0, $3);$n",
@@ -390,7 +408,7 @@ proc genAssignment(p: BProc, dest, src: TLoc, flags: TAssignmentFlags) =
     else:
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts,
            # bug #4799, keep the nimCopyMem for a while
-           #"#nimCopyMem((void*)$1, (NIM_CONST void*)$2, sizeof($1[0])*$1Len_0);$n",
+           #"#nimCopyMem((void*)$1, (NIM_CONST void*)$2, sizeof($1[0])*$1Len_0);\n",
            "$1 = $2;$n",
            [rdLoc(dest), rdLoc(src)])
   of tySet:
@@ -399,7 +417,7 @@ proc genAssignment(p: BProc, dest, src: TLoc, flags: TAssignmentFlags) =
               [rdLoc(dest), rdLoc(src), getSize(p.config, dest.t)])
     else:
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = $2;$n", [rdLoc(dest), rdLoc(src)])
-  of tyPtr, tyPointer, tyChar, tyBool, tyEnum, tyCString,
+  of tyPtr, tyPointer, tyChar, tyBool, tyEnum, tyCstring,
      tyInt..tyUInt64, tyRange, tyVar, tyLent, tyNil:
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = $2;$n", [rdLoc(dest), rdLoc(src)])
   else: internalError(p.config, "genAssignment: " & $ty.kind)
@@ -415,8 +433,7 @@ proc genAssignment(p: BProc, dest, src: TLoc, flags: TAssignmentFlags) =
 proc genDeepCopy(p: BProc; dest, src: TLoc) =
   template addrLocOrTemp(a: TLoc): Rope =
     if a.k == locExpr:
-      var tmp: TLoc
-      getTemp(p, a.t, tmp)
+      var tmp: TLoc = getTemp(p, a.t)
       genAssignment(p, tmp, a, {})
       addrLoc(p.config, tmp)
     else:
@@ -439,9 +456,10 @@ proc genDeepCopy(p: BProc; dest, src: TLoc) =
               [addrLoc(p.config, dest), rdLoc(src),
               genTypeInfoV1(p.module, dest.t, dest.lode.info)])
   of tyOpenArray, tyVarargs:
+    let source = addrLocOrTemp(src)
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts,
-         "#genericDeepCopyOpenArray((void*)$1, (void*)$2, $1Len_0, $3);$n",
-         [addrLoc(p.config, dest), addrLocOrTemp(src),
+         "#genericDeepCopyOpenArray((void*)$1, (void*)$2, $2->Field1, $3);$n",
+         [addrLoc(p.config, dest), source,
          genTypeInfoV1(p.module, dest.t, dest.lode.info)])
   of tySet:
     if mapSetType(p.config, ty) == ctArray:
@@ -449,7 +467,7 @@ proc genDeepCopy(p: BProc; dest, src: TLoc) =
               [rdLoc(dest), rdLoc(src), getSize(p.config, dest.t)])
     else:
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = $2;$n", [rdLoc(dest), rdLoc(src)])
-  of tyPointer, tyChar, tyBool, tyEnum, tyCString,
+  of tyPointer, tyChar, tyBool, tyEnum, tyCstring,
      tyInt..tyUInt64, tyRange, tyVar, tyLent:
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = $2;$n", [rdLoc(dest), rdLoc(src)])
   else: internalError(p.config, "genDeepCopy: " & $ty.kind)
@@ -462,11 +480,10 @@ proc putLocIntoDest(p: BProc, d: var TLoc, s: TLoc) =
     d = s # ``d`` is free, so fill it with ``s``
 
 proc putDataIntoDest(p: BProc, d: var TLoc, n: PNode, r: Rope) =
-  var a: TLoc
   if d.k != locNone:
+    var a: TLoc = initLoc(locData, n, OnStatic)
     # need to generate an assignment here
-    initLoc(a, locData, n, OnStatic)
-    a.r = r
+    a.snippet = r
     if lfNoDeepCopy in d.flags: genAssignment(p, d, a, {})
     else: genAssignment(p, d, a, {needToCopy})
   else:
@@ -474,14 +491,13 @@ proc putDataIntoDest(p: BProc, d: var TLoc, n: PNode, r: Rope) =
     # the flags field!
     d.k = locData
     d.lode = n
-    d.r = r
+    d.snippet = r
 
 proc putIntoDest(p: BProc, d: var TLoc, n: PNode, r: Rope; s=OnUnknown) =
-  var a: TLoc
   if d.k != locNone:
     # need to generate an assignment here
-    initLoc(a, locExpr, n, s)
-    a.r = r
+    var a: TLoc = initLoc(locExpr, n, s)
+    a.snippet = r
     if lfNoDeepCopy in d.flags: genAssignment(p, d, a, {})
     else: genAssignment(p, d, a, {needToCopy})
   else:
@@ -489,52 +505,45 @@ proc putIntoDest(p: BProc, d: var TLoc, n: PNode, r: Rope; s=OnUnknown) =
     # the flags field!
     d.k = locExpr
     d.lode = n
-    d.r = r
+    d.snippet = r
 
 proc binaryStmt(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, op: string) =
-  var a, b: TLoc
   if d.k != locNone: internalError(p.config, e.info, "binaryStmt")
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+  var b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
   lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "$1 $2 $3;$n", [rdLoc(a), op, rdLoc(b)])
 
 proc binaryStmtAddr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, cpname: string) =
-  var a, b: TLoc
   if d.k != locNone: internalError(p.config, e.info, "binaryStmtAddr")
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+  var b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
   lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "#$1($2, $3);$n", [cpname, byRefLoc(p, a), rdLoc(b)])
 
 template unaryStmt(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, frmt: string) =
-  var a: TLoc
   if d.k != locNone: internalError(p.config, e.info, "unaryStmt")
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
   lineCg(p, cpsStmts, frmt, [rdLoc(a)])
 
 template binaryExpr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, frmt: string) =
-  var a, b: TLoc
   assert(e[1].typ != nil)
   assert(e[2].typ != nil)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+  var b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
   putIntoDest(p, d, e, ropecg(p.module, frmt, [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b)]))
 
 template binaryExprChar(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, frmt: string) =
-  var a, b: TLoc
   assert(e[1].typ != nil)
   assert(e[2].typ != nil)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+  var b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
   putIntoDest(p, d, e, ropecg(p.module, frmt, [a.rdCharLoc, b.rdCharLoc]))
 
 template unaryExpr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, frmt: string) =
-  var a: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
   putIntoDest(p, d, e, ropecg(p.module, frmt, [rdLoc(a)]))
 
 template unaryExprChar(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, frmt: string) =
-  var a: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
   putIntoDest(p, d, e, ropecg(p.module, frmt, [rdCharLoc(a)]))
 
 template binaryArithOverflowRaw(p: BProc, t: PType, a, b: TLoc;
@@ -544,12 +553,21 @@ template binaryArithOverflowRaw(p: BProc, t: PType, a, b: TLoc;
                 else: getTypeDesc(p.module, t)
   var result = getTempName(p.module)
   linefmt(p, cpsLocals, "$1 $2;$n", [storage, result])
-  lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "if (#$2($3, $4, &$1)) { #raiseOverflow(); $5};$n",
-      [result, cpname, rdCharLoc(a), rdCharLoc(b), raiseInstr(p)])
+  lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "if (#$2($3, $4, &$1)) { #raiseOverflow(); ",
+      [result, cpname, rdCharLoc(a), rdCharLoc(b)])
+  raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
+  linefmt p, cpsStmts, "};$n", []
+
   if size < p.config.target.intSize or t.kind in {tyRange, tyEnum}:
-    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 < $2 || $1 > $3){ #raiseOverflow(); $4}$n",
-            [result, intLiteral(firstOrd(p.config, t)), intLiteral(lastOrd(p.config, t)),
-            raiseInstr(p)])
+    var first = newRopeAppender()
+    intLiteral(firstOrd(p.config, t), first)
+    var last = newRopeAppender()
+    intLiteral(lastOrd(p.config, t), last)
+    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 < $2 || $1 > $3){ #raiseOverflow(); ",
+            [result, first, last])
+    raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
+    linefmt p, cpsStmts, "}$n", []
+
   result
 
 proc binaryArithOverflow(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, m: TMagic) =
@@ -565,38 +583,51 @@ proc binaryArithOverflow(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, m: TMagic) =
       "nimAddInt64", "nimSubInt64"
     ]
     opr: array[mAddI..mPred, string] = ["+", "-", "*", "/", "%", "+", "-"]
-  var a, b: TLoc
   assert(e[1].typ != nil)
   assert(e[2].typ != nil)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+  var b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
   # skipping 'range' is correct here as we'll generate a proper range check
   # later via 'chckRange'
   let t = e.typ.skipTypes(abstractRange)
-  if optOverflowCheck notin p.options:
+  if optOverflowCheck notin p.options or (m in {mSucc, mPred} and t.kind in {tyUInt..tyUInt64}):
     let res = "($1)($2 $3 $4)" % [getTypeDesc(p.module, e.typ), rdLoc(a), rope(opr[m]), rdLoc(b)]
     putIntoDest(p, d, e, res)
   else:
     # we handle div by zero here so that we know that the compilerproc's
     # result is only for overflows.
+    var needsOverflowCheck = true
     if m in {mDivI, mModI}:
-      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 == 0){ #raiseDivByZero(); $2}$n",
-              [rdLoc(b), raiseInstr(p)])
-
-    let res = binaryArithOverflowRaw(p, t, a, b,
-      if t.kind == tyInt64: prc64[m] else: prc[m])
-    putIntoDest(p, d, e, "($#)($#)" % [getTypeDesc(p.module, e.typ), res])
+      var canBeZero = true
+      if e[2].kind in {nkIntLit..nkUInt64Lit}:
+        canBeZero = e[2].intVal == 0
+      if e[2].kind in {nkIntLit..nkInt64Lit}:
+        needsOverflowCheck = e[2].intVal == -1
+      if canBeZero:
+        linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 == 0){ #raiseDivByZero(); ", [rdLoc(b)])
+        raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
+        linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "}$n", [])
+    if needsOverflowCheck:
+      let res = binaryArithOverflowRaw(p, t, a, b,
+        if t.kind == tyInt64: prc64[m] else: prc[m])
+      putIntoDest(p, d, e, "($#)($#)" % [getTypeDesc(p.module, e.typ), res])
+    else:
+      let res = "($1)(($2) $3 ($4))" % [getTypeDesc(p.module, e.typ), rdLoc(a), rope(opr[m]), rdLoc(b)]
+      putIntoDest(p, d, e, res)
 
 proc unaryArithOverflow(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, m: TMagic) =
-  var
-    a: TLoc
-    t: PType
+  var t: PType
   assert(e[1].typ != nil)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
   t = skipTypes(e.typ, abstractRange)
   if optOverflowCheck in p.options:
-    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 == $2){ #raiseOverflow(); $3}$n",
-            [rdLoc(a), intLiteral(firstOrd(p.config, t)), raiseInstr(p)])
+    var first = newRopeAppender()
+    intLiteral(firstOrd(p.config, t), first)
+    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 == $2){ #raiseOverflow(); ",
+            [rdLoc(a), first])
+    raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
+    linefmt p, cpsStmts, "}$n", []
+
   case m
   of mUnaryMinusI:
     putIntoDest(p, d, e, "((NI$2)-($1))" % [rdLoc(a), rope(getSize(p.config, t) * 8)])
@@ -609,12 +640,11 @@ proc unaryArithOverflow(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, m: TMagic) =
 
 proc binaryArith(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, op: TMagic) =
   var
-    a, b: TLoc
-    s, k: BiggestInt
+    s, k: BiggestInt = 0
   assert(e[1].typ != nil)
   assert(e[2].typ != nil)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+  var b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
   # BUGFIX: cannot use result-type here, as it may be a boolean
   s = max(getSize(p.config, a.t), getSize(p.config, b.t)) * 8
   k = getSize(p.config, a.t) * 8
@@ -668,11 +698,10 @@ proc binaryArith(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, op: TMagic) =
     assert(false, $op)
 
 proc genEqProc(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  var a, b: TLoc
   assert(e[1].typ != nil)
   assert(e[2].typ != nil)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+  var b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
   if a.t.skipTypes(abstractInstOwned).callConv == ccClosure:
     putIntoDest(p, d, e,
       "($1.ClP_0 == $2.ClP_0 && $1.ClE_0 == $2.ClE_0)" % [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b)])
@@ -688,10 +717,9 @@ proc genIsNil(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
 
 proc unaryArith(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, op: TMagic) =
   var
-    a: TLoc
     t: PType
   assert(e[1].typ != nil)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
   t = skipTypes(e.typ, abstractRange)
 
   template applyFormat(frmt: untyped) =
@@ -717,7 +745,7 @@ proc isCppRef(p: BProc; typ: PType): bool {.inline.} =
       tfVarIsPtr notin skipTypes(typ, abstractInstOwned).flags
 
 proc genDeref(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  let mt = mapType(p.config, e[0].typ, mapTypeChooser(e[0]))
+  let mt = mapType(p.config, e[0].typ, mapTypeChooser(e[0]) == skParam)
   if mt in {ctArray, ctPtrToArray} and lfEnforceDeref notin d.flags:
     # XXX the amount of hacks for C's arrays is incredible, maybe we should
     # simply wrap them in a struct? --> Losing auto vectorization then?
@@ -728,13 +756,13 @@ proc genDeref(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     var a: TLoc
     var typ = e[0].typ
     if typ.kind in {tyUserTypeClass, tyUserTypeClassInst} and typ.isResolvedUserTypeClass:
-      typ = typ.lastSon
+      typ = typ.last
     typ = typ.skipTypes(abstractInstOwned)
     if typ.kind in {tyVar} and tfVarIsPtr notin typ.flags and p.module.compileToCpp and e[0].kind == nkHiddenAddr:
-      initLocExprSingleUse(p, e[0][0], d)
+      d = initLocExprSingleUse(p, e[0][0])
       return
     else:
-      initLocExprSingleUse(p, e[0], a)
+      a = initLocExprSingleUse(p, e[0])
     if d.k == locNone:
       # dest = *a;  <-- We do not know that 'dest' is on the heap!
       # It is completely wrong to set 'd.storage' here, unless it's not yet
@@ -771,8 +799,7 @@ proc cowBracket(p: BProc; n: PNode) =
   if n.kind == nkBracketExpr and optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
     let strCandidate = n[0]
     if strCandidate.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tyString:
-      var a: TLoc
-      initLocExpr(p, strCandidate, a)
+      var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, strCandidate)
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#nimPrepareStrMutationV2($1);$n", [byRefLoc(p, a)])
 
 proc cow(p: BProc; n: PNode) {.inline.} =
@@ -781,31 +808,30 @@ proc cow(p: BProc; n: PNode) {.inline.} =
 proc genAddr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   # careful  'addr(myptrToArray)' needs to get the ampersand:
   if e[0].typ.skipTypes(abstractInstOwned).kind in {tyRef, tyPtr}:
-    var a: TLoc
-    initLocExpr(p, e[0], a)
-    putIntoDest(p, d, e, "&" & a.r, a.storage)
+    var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, e[0])
+    putIntoDest(p, d, e, "&" & a.snippet, a.storage)
     #Message(e.info, warnUser, "HERE NEW &")
-  elif mapType(p.config, e[0].typ, mapTypeChooser(e[0])) == ctArray or isCppRef(p, e.typ):
+  elif mapType(p.config, e[0].typ, mapTypeChooser(e[0]) == skParam) == ctArray or isCppRef(p, e.typ):
     expr(p, e[0], d)
+    # bug #19497
+    d.lode = e
   else:
-    var a: TLoc
-    initLocExpr(p, e[0], a)
+    var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, e[0])
     putIntoDest(p, d, e, addrLoc(p.config, a), a.storage)
 
 template inheritLocation(d: var TLoc, a: TLoc) =
   if d.k == locNone: d.storage = a.storage
 
-proc genRecordFieldAux(p: BProc, e: PNode, d, a: var TLoc) =
-  initLocExpr(p, e[0], a)
+proc genRecordFieldAux(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, a: var TLoc) =
+  a = initLocExpr(p, e[0])
   if e[1].kind != nkSym: internalError(p.config, e.info, "genRecordFieldAux")
   d.inheritLocation(a)
   discard getTypeDesc(p.module, a.t) # fill the record's fields.loc
 
 proc genTupleElem(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   var
-    a: TLoc
-    i: int
-  initLocExpr(p, e[0], a)
+    i: int = 0
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, e[0])
   let tupType = a.t.skipTypes(abstractInst+{tyVar})
   assert tupType.kind == tyTuple
   d.inheritLocation(a)
@@ -819,8 +845,9 @@ proc genTupleElem(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
 
 proc lookupFieldAgain(p: BProc, ty: PType; field: PSym; r: var Rope;
                       resTyp: ptr PType = nil): PSym =
+  result = nil
   var ty = ty
-  assert r != nil
+  assert r != ""
   while ty != nil:
     ty = ty.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
     assert(ty.kind in {tyTuple, tyObject})
@@ -833,7 +860,13 @@ proc lookupFieldAgain(p: BProc, ty: PType; field: PSym; r: var Rope;
   if result == nil: internalError(p.config, field.info, "genCheckedRecordField")
 
 proc genRecordField(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  var a: TLoc
+  var a: TLoc = default(TLoc)
+  if p.module.compileToCpp and e.kind == nkDotExpr and e[1].kind == nkSym and e[1].typ.kind == tyPtr:
+    # special case for C++: we need to pull the type of the field as member and friends require the complete type.
+    let typ = e[1].typ.elementType
+    if typ.itemId in p.module.g.graph.memberProcsPerType:
+      discard getTypeDesc(p.module, typ)
+
   genRecordFieldAux(p, e, d, a)
   var r = rdLoc(a)
   var f = e[1].sym
@@ -841,15 +874,18 @@ proc genRecordField(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   if ty.kind == tyTuple:
     # we found a unique tuple type which lacks field information
     # so we use Field$i
-    r.addf(".Field$1", [rope(f.position)])
+    r.add ".Field"
+    r.add rope(f.position)
     putIntoDest(p, d, e, r, a.storage)
   else:
-    var rtyp: PType
+    var rtyp: PType = nil
     let field = lookupFieldAgain(p, ty, f, r, addr rtyp)
-    if field.loc.r == nil and rtyp != nil: fillObjectFields(p.module, rtyp)
-    if field.loc.r == nil: internalError(p.config, e.info, "genRecordField 3 " & typeToString(ty))
-    r.addf(".$1", [field.loc.r])
+    if field.loc.snippet == "" and rtyp != nil: fillObjectFields(p.module, rtyp)
+    if field.loc.snippet == "": internalError(p.config, e.info, "genRecordField 3 " & typeToString(ty))
+    r.add "."
+    r.add field.loc.snippet
     putIntoDest(p, d, e, r, a.storage)
+  r.freeze
 
 proc genInExprAux(p: BProc, e: PNode, a, b, d: var TLoc)
 
@@ -863,67 +899,114 @@ proc genFieldCheck(p: BProc, e: PNode, obj: Rope, field: PSym) =
     if op.magic == mNot: it = it[1]
     let disc = it[2].skipConv
     assert(disc.kind == nkSym)
-    initLoc(test, locNone, it, OnStack)
-    initLocExpr(p, it[1], u)
-    initLoc(v, locExpr, disc, OnUnknown)
-    v.r = obj
-    v.r.add(".")
-    v.r.add(disc.sym.loc.r)
+    test = initLoc(locNone, it, OnStack)
+    u = initLocExpr(p, it[1])
+    v = initLoc(locExpr, disc, OnUnknown)
+    v.snippet = newRopeAppender()
+    v.snippet.add obj
+    v.snippet.add(".")
+    v.snippet.add(disc.sym.loc.snippet)
     genInExprAux(p, it, u, v, test)
-    let msg = genFieldDefect(field, disc.sym)
-    let strLit = genStringLiteral(p.module, newStrNode(nkStrLit, msg))
-    if op.magic == mNot:
-      linefmt(p, cpsStmts,
-              "if ($1){ #raiseFieldError($2); $3}$n",
-              [rdLoc(test), strLit, raiseInstr(p)])
+    var msg = ""
+    if optDeclaredLocs in p.config.globalOptions:
+      # xxx this should be controlled by a separate flag, and
+      # used for other similar defects so that location information is shown
+      # even without the expensive `--stacktrace`; binary size could be optimized
+      # by encoding the file names separately from `file(line:col)`, essentially
+      # passing around `TLineInfo` + the set of files in the project.
+      msg.add toFileLineCol(p.config, e.info) & " "
+    msg.add genFieldDefect(p.config, field.name.s, disc.sym)
+    var strLit = newRopeAppender()
+    genStringLiteral(p.module, newStrNode(nkStrLit, msg), strLit)
+
+    ## discriminant check
+    template fun(code) = linefmt(p, cpsStmts, code, [rdLoc(test)])
+    if op.magic == mNot: fun("if ($1) ") else: fun("if (!($1)) ")
+
+    ## call raiseFieldError2 on failure
+    var discIndex = newRopeAppender()
+    rdSetElemLoc(p.config, v, u.t, discIndex)
+    if optTinyRtti in p.config.globalOptions:
+      let base = disc.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst+{tyRange})
+      case base.kind
+      of tyEnum:
+        const code = "{ #raiseFieldErrorStr($1, $2); "
+        let toStrProc = getToStringProc(p.module.g.graph, base)
+        # XXX need to modify this logic for IC.
+        # need to analyze nkFieldCheckedExpr and marks procs "used" like range checks in dce
+        var toStr: TLoc = default(TLoc)
+        expr(p, newSymNode(toStrProc), toStr)
+        let enumStr = "$1($2)" % [rdLoc(toStr), rdLoc(v)]
+        linefmt(p, cpsStmts, code, [strLit, enumStr])
+      else:
+        const code = "{ #raiseFieldError2($1, (NI)$2); "
+        linefmt(p, cpsStmts, code, [strLit, discIndex])
+
     else:
-      linefmt(p, cpsStmts,
-              "if (!($1)){ #raiseFieldError($2); $3}$n",
-              [rdLoc(test), strLit, raiseInstr(p)])
+      # complication needed for signed types
+      let first = p.config.firstOrd(disc.sym.typ)
+      var firstLit = newRopeAppender()
+      int64Literal(cast[int](first), firstLit)
+      let discName = genTypeInfo(p.config, p.module, disc.sym.typ, e.info)
+      const code = "{ #raiseFieldError2($1, #reprDiscriminant(((NI)$2) + (NI)$3, $4)); "
+      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, code, [strLit, discIndex, firstLit, discName])
+
+    raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
+    linefmt p, cpsStmts, "}$n", []
 
 proc genCheckedRecordField(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   assert e[0].kind == nkDotExpr
   if optFieldCheck in p.options:
-    var a: TLoc
+    var a: TLoc = default(TLoc)
     genRecordFieldAux(p, e[0], d, a)
     let ty = skipTypes(a.t, abstractInst + tyUserTypeClasses)
     var r = rdLoc(a)
     let f = e[0][1].sym
     let field = lookupFieldAgain(p, ty, f, r)
-    if field.loc.r == nil: fillObjectFields(p.module, ty)
-    if field.loc.r == nil:
+    if field.loc.snippet == "": fillObjectFields(p.module, ty)
+    if field.loc.snippet == "":
       internalError(p.config, e.info, "genCheckedRecordField") # generate the checks:
     genFieldCheck(p, e, r, field)
-    r.add(ropecg(p.module, ".$1", [field.loc.r]))
+    r.add(".")
+    r.add field.loc.snippet
     putIntoDest(p, d, e[0], r, a.storage)
+    r.freeze
   else:
     genRecordField(p, e[0], d)
 
 proc genUncheckedArrayElem(p: BProc, n, x, y: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  var a, b: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, x, a)
-  initLocExpr(p, y, b)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, x)
+  var b = initLocExpr(p, y)
   d.inheritLocation(a)
   putIntoDest(p, d, n, ropecg(p.module, "$1[$2]", [rdLoc(a), rdCharLoc(b)]),
               a.storage)
 
 proc genArrayElem(p: BProc, n, x, y: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  var a, b: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, x, a)
-  initLocExpr(p, y, b)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, x)
+  var b = initLocExpr(p, y)
   var ty = skipTypes(a.t, abstractVarRange + abstractPtrs + tyUserTypeClasses)
-  var first = intLiteral(firstOrd(p.config, ty))
+  var first = newRopeAppender()
+  intLiteral(firstOrd(p.config, ty), first)
   # emit range check:
   if optBoundsCheck in p.options and ty.kind != tyUncheckedArray:
     if not isConstExpr(y):
       # semantic pass has already checked for const index expressions
-      if firstOrd(p.config, ty) == 0:
+      if firstOrd(p.config, ty) == 0 and lastOrd(p.config, ty) >= 0:
         if (firstOrd(p.config, b.t) < firstOrd(p.config, ty)) or (lastOrd(p.config, b.t) > lastOrd(p.config, ty)):
-          linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ((NU)($1) > (NU)($2)){ #raiseIndexError2($1, $2); $3}$n",
-                  [rdCharLoc(b), intLiteral(lastOrd(p.config, ty)), raiseInstr(p)])
+          var last = newRopeAppender()
+          intLiteral(lastOrd(p.config, ty), last)
+          linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ((NU)($1) > (NU)($2)){ #raiseIndexError2($1, $2); ",
+                  [rdCharLoc(b), last])
+          raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
+          linefmt p, cpsStmts, "}$n", []
       else:
-        linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 < $2 || $1 > $3){ #raiseIndexError3($1, $2, $3); $4}$n",
-                [rdCharLoc(b), first, intLiteral(lastOrd(p.config, ty)), raiseInstr(p)])
+        var last = newRopeAppender()
+        intLiteral(lastOrd(p.config, ty), last)
+        linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 < $2 || $1 > $3){ #raiseIndexError3($1, $2, $3); ",
+                [rdCharLoc(b), first, last])
+        raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
+        linefmt p, cpsStmts, "}$n", []
+
     else:
       let idx = getOrdValue(y)
       if idx < firstOrd(p.config, ty) or idx > lastOrd(p.config, ty):
@@ -933,74 +1016,94 @@ proc genArrayElem(p: BProc, n, x, y: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
               ropecg(p.module, "$1[($2)- $3]", [rdLoc(a), rdCharLoc(b), first]), a.storage)
 
 proc genCStringElem(p: BProc, n, x, y: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  var a, b: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, x, a)
-  initLocExpr(p, y, b)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, x)
+  var b = initLocExpr(p, y)
   inheritLocation(d, a)
   putIntoDest(p, d, n,
               ropecg(p.module, "$1[$2]", [rdLoc(a), rdCharLoc(b)]), a.storage)
 
-proc genBoundsCheck(p: BProc; arr, a, b: TLoc) =
-  let ty = skipTypes(arr.t, abstractVarRange)
+proc genBoundsCheck(p: BProc; arr, a, b: TLoc; arrTyp: PType) =
+  let ty = arrTyp
   case ty.kind
   of tyOpenArray, tyVarargs:
     if reifiedOpenArray(arr.lode):
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts,
         "if ($2-$1 != -1 && " &
-        "((NU)($1) >= (NU)($3.Field1) || (NU)($2) >= (NU)($3.Field1))){ #raiseIndexError(); $4}$n",
-        [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b), rdLoc(arr), raiseInstr(p)])
+        "($1 < 0 || $1 >= $3.Field1 || $2 < 0 || $2 >= $3.Field1)){ #raiseIndexError4($1, $2, $3.Field1); ",
+        [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b), rdLoc(arr)])
     else:
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts,
-        "if ($2-$1 != -1 && " &
-        "((NU)($1) >= (NU)($3Len_0) || (NU)($2) >= (NU)($3Len_0))){ #raiseIndexError(); $4}$n",
-        [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b), rdLoc(arr), raiseInstr(p)])
+        "if ($2-$1 != -1 && ($1 < 0 || $1 >= $3Len_0 || $2 < 0 || $2 >= $3Len_0))" &
+        "{ #raiseIndexError4($1, $2, $3Len_0); ",
+        [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b), rdLoc(arr)])
+    raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
+    linefmt p, cpsStmts, "}$n", []
+
   of tyArray:
-    let first = intLiteral(firstOrd(p.config, ty))
+    var first = newRopeAppender()
+    intLiteral(firstOrd(p.config, ty), first)
+    var last = newRopeAppender()
+    intLiteral(lastOrd(p.config, ty), last)
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts,
       "if ($2-$1 != -1 && " &
-      "($2-$1 < -1 || $1 < $3 || $1 > $4 || $2 < $3 || $2 > $4)){ #raiseIndexError(); $5}$n",
-      [rdCharLoc(a), rdCharLoc(b), first, intLiteral(lastOrd(p.config, ty)), raiseInstr(p)])
+      "($2-$1 < -1 || $1 < $3 || $1 > $4 || $2 < $3 || $2 > $4)){ #raiseIndexError(); ",
+      [rdCharLoc(a), rdCharLoc(b), first, last])
+
+    raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
+    linefmt p, cpsStmts, "}$n", []
+
   of tySequence, tyString:
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts,
       "if ($2-$1 != -1 && " &
-      "((NU)($1) >= (NU)$3 || (NU)($2) >= (NU)$3)){ #raiseIndexError(); $4}$n",
-      [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b), lenExpr(p, arr), raiseInstr(p)])
+      "($1 < 0 || $1 >= $3 || $2 < 0 || $2 >= $3)){ #raiseIndexError4($1, $2, $3); ",
+      [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b), lenExpr(p, arr)])
+    raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
+    linefmt p, cpsStmts, "}$n", []
+
   else: discard
 
 proc genOpenArrayElem(p: BProc, n, x, y: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  var a, b: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, x, a)
-  initLocExpr(p, y, b)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, x)
+  var b = initLocExpr(p, y)
   if not reifiedOpenArray(x):
     # emit range check:
     if optBoundsCheck in p.options:
-      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ((NU)($1) >= (NU)($2Len_0)){ #raiseIndexError2($1,$2Len_0-1); $3}$n",
-              [rdLoc(b), rdLoc(a), raiseInstr(p)]) # BUGFIX: ``>=`` and not ``>``!
+      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 < 0 || $1 >= $2Len_0){ #raiseIndexError2($1,$2Len_0-1); ",
+              [rdCharLoc(b), rdLoc(a)]) # BUGFIX: ``>=`` and not ``>``!
+      raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
+      linefmt p, cpsStmts, "}$n", []
+
     inheritLocation(d, a)
     putIntoDest(p, d, n,
                 ropecg(p.module, "$1[$2]", [rdLoc(a), rdCharLoc(b)]), a.storage)
   else:
     if optBoundsCheck in p.options:
-      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ((NU)($1) >= (NU)($2.Field1)){ #raiseIndexError2($1,$2.Field1-1); $3}$n",
-              [rdLoc(b), rdLoc(a), raiseInstr(p)]) # BUGFIX: ``>=`` and not ``>``!
+      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 < 0 || $1 >= $2.Field1){ #raiseIndexError2($1,$2.Field1-1); ",
+              [rdCharLoc(b), rdLoc(a)]) # BUGFIX: ``>=`` and not ``>``!
+      raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
+      linefmt p, cpsStmts, "}$n", []
+
     inheritLocation(d, a)
     putIntoDest(p, d, n,
                 ropecg(p.module, "$1.Field0[$2]", [rdLoc(a), rdCharLoc(b)]), a.storage)
 
 proc genSeqElem(p: BProc, n, x, y: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  var a, b: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, x, a)
-  initLocExpr(p, y, b)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, x)
+  var b = initLocExpr(p, y)
   var ty = skipTypes(a.t, abstractVarRange)
   if ty.kind in {tyRef, tyPtr}:
-    ty = skipTypes(ty.lastSon, abstractVarRange) # emit range check:
+    ty = skipTypes(ty.elementType, abstractVarRange)
+  # emit range check:
   if optBoundsCheck in p.options:
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts,
-            "if ((NU)($1) >= (NU)$2){ #raiseIndexError2($1,$2-1); $3}$n",
-            [rdLoc(b), lenExpr(p, a), raiseInstr(p)])
+            "if ($1 < 0 || $1 >= $2){ #raiseIndexError2($1,$2-1); ",
+            [rdCharLoc(b), lenExpr(p, a)])
+    raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
+    linefmt p, cpsStmts, "}$n", []
+
   if d.k == locNone: d.storage = OnHeap
   if skipTypes(a.t, abstractVar).kind in {tyRef, tyPtr}:
-    a.r = ropecg(p.module, "(*$1)", [a.r])
+    a.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "(*$1)", [a.snippet])
 
   if lfPrepareForMutation in d.flags and ty.kind == tyString and
       optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
@@ -1010,13 +1113,13 @@ proc genSeqElem(p: BProc, n, x, y: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
 
 proc genBracketExpr(p: BProc; n: PNode; d: var TLoc) =
   var ty = skipTypes(n[0].typ, abstractVarRange + tyUserTypeClasses)
-  if ty.kind in {tyRef, tyPtr}: ty = skipTypes(ty.lastSon, abstractVarRange)
+  if ty.kind in {tyRef, tyPtr}: ty = skipTypes(ty.elementType, abstractVarRange)
   case ty.kind
   of tyUncheckedArray: genUncheckedArrayElem(p, n, n[0], n[1], d)
   of tyArray: genArrayElem(p, n, n[0], n[1], d)
   of tyOpenArray, tyVarargs: genOpenArrayElem(p, n, n[0], n[1], d)
   of tySequence, tyString: genSeqElem(p, n, n[0], n[1], d)
-  of tyCString: genCStringElem(p, n, n[0], n[1], d)
+  of tyCstring: genCStringElem(p, n, n[0], n[1], d)
   of tyTuple: genTupleElem(p, n, d)
   else: internalError(p.config, n.info, "expr(nkBracketExpr, " & $ty.kind & ')')
   discard getTypeDesc(p.module, n.typ)
@@ -1035,8 +1138,7 @@ proc isSimpleExpr(n: PNode): bool =
       if n[i].kind notin {nkCommentStmt, nkEmpty}: return false
     result = isSimpleExpr(n.lastSon)
   else:
-    if n.isAtom:
-      result = true
+    result = n.isAtom
 
 proc genAndOr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, m: TMagic) =
   # how to generate code?
@@ -1061,16 +1163,15 @@ proc genAndOr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, m: TMagic) =
   # a = tmp
   when false:
     #if isSimpleExpr(e) and p.module.compileToCpp:
-    var tmpA, tmpB: TLoc
     #getTemp(p, e.typ, tmpA)
     #getTemp(p, e.typ, tmpB)
-    initLocExprSingleUse(p, e[1], tmpA)
-    initLocExprSingleUse(p, e[2], tmpB)
+    var tmpA = initLocExprSingleUse(p, e[1])
+    var tmpB = initLocExprSingleUse(p, e[2])
     tmpB.k = locExpr
     if m == mOr:
-      tmpB.r = "((" & rdLoc(tmpA) & ")||(" & rdLoc(tmpB) & "))"
+      tmpB.snippet = "((" & rdLoc(tmpA) & ")||(" & rdLoc(tmpB) & "))"
     else:
-      tmpB.r = "((" & rdLoc(tmpA) & ")&&(" & rdLoc(tmpB) & "))"
+      tmpB.snippet = "((" & rdLoc(tmpA) & ")&&(" & rdLoc(tmpB) & "))"
     if d.k == locNone:
       d = tmpB
     else:
@@ -1078,8 +1179,7 @@ proc genAndOr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, m: TMagic) =
   else:
     var
       L: TLabel
-      tmp: TLoc
-    getTemp(p, e.typ, tmp)      # force it into a temp!
+    var tmp: TLoc = getTemp(p, e.typ)      # force it into a temp!
     inc p.splitDecls
     expr(p, e[1], tmp)
     L = getLabel(p)
@@ -1101,23 +1201,28 @@ proc genEcho(p: BProc, n: PNode) =
   internalAssert p.config, n.kind == nkBracket
   if p.config.target.targetOS == osGenode:
     # echo directly to the Genode LOG session
-    var args: Rope = nil
+    var args: Rope = ""
     var a: TLoc
-    for it in n.sons:
+    for i, it in n.sons:
       if it.skipConv.kind == nkNilLit:
         args.add(", \"\"")
-      else:
-        initLocExpr(p, it, a)
-        args.add(ropecg(p.module, ", Genode::Cstring($1->data, $1->len)", [rdLoc(a)]))
+      elif n.len != 0:
+        a = initLocExpr(p, it)
+        if i > 0:
+          args.add(", ")
+        case detectStrVersion(p.module)
+        of 2:
+          args.add(ropecg(p.module, "Genode::Cstring($1.p->data, $1.len)", [a.rdLoc]))
+        else:
+          args.add(ropecg(p.module, "Genode::Cstring($1->data, $1->len)", [a.rdLoc]))
     p.module.includeHeader("<base/log.h>")
     p.module.includeHeader("<util/string.h>")
-    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, """Genode::log(""$1);$n""", [args])
+    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, """Genode::log($1);$n""", [args])
   else:
     if n.len == 0:
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#echoBinSafe(NIM_NIL, $1);$n", [n.len])
     else:
-      var a: TLoc
-      initLocExpr(p, n, a)
+      var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, n)
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#echoBinSafe($1, $2);$n", [a.rdLoc, n.len])
     when false:
       p.module.includeHeader("<stdio.h>")
@@ -1136,7 +1241,7 @@ proc strLoc(p: BProc; d: TLoc): Rope =
 
 proc genStrConcat(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   #   <Nim code>
-  #   s = 'Hello ' & name & ', how do you feel?' & 'z'
+  #   s = "Hello " & name & ", how do you feel?" & 'z'
   #
   #   <generated C code>
   #  {
@@ -1151,14 +1256,14 @@ proc genStrConcat(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   #    appendChar(tmp0, 'z');
   #    asgn(s, tmp0);
   #  }
-  var a, tmp: TLoc
-  getTemp(p, e.typ, tmp)
+  var a: TLoc
+  var tmp: TLoc = getTemp(p, e.typ)
   var L = 0
-  var appends: Rope = nil
-  var lens: Rope = nil
+  var appends: Rope = ""
+  var lens: Rope = ""
   for i in 0..<e.len - 1:
     # compute the length expression:
-    initLocExpr(p, e[i + 1], a)
+    a = initLocExpr(p, e[i + 1])
     if skipTypes(e[i + 1].typ, abstractVarRange).kind == tyChar:
       inc(L)
       appends.add(ropecg(p.module, "#appendChar($1, $2);$n", [strLoc(p, tmp), rdLoc(a)]))
@@ -1169,7 +1274,7 @@ proc genStrConcat(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
         lens.add(lenExpr(p, a))
         lens.add(" + ")
       appends.add(ropecg(p.module, "#appendString($1, $2);$n", [strLoc(p, tmp), rdLoc(a)]))
-  linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = #rawNewString($2$3);$n", [tmp.r, lens, L])
+  linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = #rawNewString($2$3);$n", [tmp.snippet, lens, L])
   p.s(cpsStmts).add appends
   if d.k == locNone:
     d = tmp
@@ -1179,7 +1284,7 @@ proc genStrConcat(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
 
 proc genStrAppend(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   #  <Nim code>
-  #  s &= 'Hello ' & name & ', how do you feel?' & 'z'
+  #  s &= "Hello " & name & ", how do you feel?" & 'z'
   #  // BUG: what if s is on the left side too?
   #  <generated C code>
   #  {
@@ -1190,14 +1295,14 @@ proc genStrAppend(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   #    appendChar(s, 'z');
   #  }
   var
-    a, dest, call: TLoc
-    appends, lens: Rope
+    a, call: TLoc
+    appends, lens: Rope = ""
   assert(d.k == locNone)
   var L = 0
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], dest)
+  var dest = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
   for i in 0..<e.len - 2:
     # compute the length expression:
-    initLocExpr(p, e[i + 2], a)
+    a = initLocExpr(p, e[i + 2])
     if skipTypes(e[i + 2].typ, abstractVarRange).kind == tyChar:
       inc(L)
       appends.add(ropecg(p.module, "#appendChar($1, $2);$n",
@@ -1214,8 +1319,8 @@ proc genStrAppend(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#prepareAdd($1, $2$3);$n",
             [byRefLoc(p, dest), lens, L])
   else:
-    initLoc(call, locCall, e, OnHeap)
-    call.r = ropecg(p.module, "#resizeString($1, $2$3)", [rdLoc(dest), lens, L])
+    call = initLoc(locCall, e, OnHeap)
+    call.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "#resizeString($1, $2$3)", [rdLoc(dest), lens, L])
     genAssignment(p, dest, call, {})
     gcUsage(p.config, e)
   p.s(cpsStmts).add appends
@@ -1224,19 +1329,18 @@ proc genSeqElemAppend(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   # seq &= x  -->
   #    seq = (typeof seq) incrSeq(&seq->Sup, sizeof(x));
   #    seq->data[seq->len-1] = x;
-  var a, b, dest, tmpL, call: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+  var b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
   let seqType = skipTypes(e[1].typ, {tyVar})
-  initLoc(call, locCall, e, OnHeap)
+  var call = initLoc(locCall, e, OnHeap)
   if not p.module.compileToCpp:
     const seqAppendPattern = "($2) #incrSeqV3((TGenericSeq*)($1), $3)"
-    call.r = ropecg(p.module, seqAppendPattern, [rdLoc(a),
+    call.snippet = ropecg(p.module, seqAppendPattern, [rdLoc(a),
       getTypeDesc(p.module, e[1].typ),
       genTypeInfoV1(p.module, seqType, e.info)])
   else:
     const seqAppendPattern = "($2) #incrSeqV3($1, $3)"
-    call.r = ropecg(p.module, seqAppendPattern, [rdLoc(a),
+    call.snippet = ropecg(p.module, seqAppendPattern, [rdLoc(a),
       getTypeDesc(p.module, e[1].typ),
       genTypeInfoV1(p.module, seqType, e.info)])
   # emit the write barrier if required, but we can always move here, so
@@ -1244,43 +1348,33 @@ proc genSeqElemAppend(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   genRefAssign(p, a, call)
   #if bt != b.t:
   #  echo "YES ", e.info, " new: ", typeToString(bt), " old: ", typeToString(b.t)
-  initLoc(dest, locExpr, e[2], OnHeap)
-  getIntTemp(p, tmpL)
-  lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = $2->$3++;$n", [tmpL.r, rdLoc(a), lenField(p)])
-  dest.r = ropecg(p.module, "$1$3[$2]", [rdLoc(a), tmpL.r, dataField(p)])
+  var dest = initLoc(locExpr, e[2], OnHeap)
+  var tmpL = getIntTemp(p)
+  lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = $2->$3++;$n", [tmpL.snippet, rdLoc(a), lenField(p)])
+  dest.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "$1$3[$2]", [rdLoc(a), tmpL.snippet, dataField(p)])
   genAssignment(p, dest, b, {needToCopy})
   gcUsage(p.config, e)
 
-proc genReset(p: BProc, n: PNode) =
-  var a: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, n[1], a)
-  specializeReset(p, a)
-  when false:
-    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#genericReset((void*)$1, $2);$n",
-            [addrLoc(p.config, a),
-            genTypeInfoV1(p.module, skipTypes(a.t, {tyVar}), n.info)])
-
 proc genDefault(p: BProc; n: PNode; d: var TLoc) =
-  if d.k == locNone: getTemp(p, n.typ, d, needsInit=true)
+  if d.k == locNone: d = getTemp(p, n.typ, needsInit=true)
   else: resetLoc(p, d)
 
 proc rawGenNew(p: BProc, a: var TLoc, sizeExpr: Rope; needsInit: bool) =
   var sizeExpr = sizeExpr
   let typ = a.t
-  var b: TLoc
-  initLoc(b, locExpr, a.lode, OnHeap)
+  var b: TLoc = initLoc(locExpr, a.lode, OnHeap)
   let refType = typ.skipTypes(abstractInstOwned)
   assert refType.kind == tyRef
-  let bt = refType.lastSon
-  if sizeExpr.isNil:
+  let bt = refType.elementType
+  if sizeExpr == "":
     sizeExpr = "sizeof($1)" % [getTypeDesc(p.module, bt)]
 
   if optTinyRtti in p.config.globalOptions:
     if needsInit:
-      b.r = ropecg(p.module, "($1) #nimNewObj($2, NIM_ALIGNOF($3))",
+      b.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "($1) #nimNewObj($2, NIM_ALIGNOF($3))",
           [getTypeDesc(p.module, typ), sizeExpr, getTypeDesc(p.module, bt)])
     else:
-      b.r = ropecg(p.module, "($1) #nimNewObjUninit($2, NIM_ALIGNOF($3))",
+      b.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "($1) #nimNewObjUninit($2, NIM_ALIGNOF($3))",
           [getTypeDesc(p.module, typ), sizeExpr, getTypeDesc(p.module, bt)])
     genAssignment(p, a, b, {})
   else:
@@ -1294,79 +1388,74 @@ proc rawGenNew(p: BProc, a: var TLoc, sizeExpr: Rope; needsInit: bool) =
         localError(p.module.config, a.lode.info,
           "the destructor that is turned into a finalizer needs " &
           "to have the 'nimcall' calling convention")
-      var f: TLoc
-      initLocExpr(p, newSymNode(op), f)
+      var f: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, newSymNode(op))
       p.module.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1->finalizer = (void*)$2;$n", [ti, rdLoc(f)])
 
     if a.storage == OnHeap and usesWriteBarrier(p.config):
-      if canFormAcycle(a.t):
+      if canFormAcycle(p.module.g.graph, a.t):
         linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1) { #nimGCunrefRC1($1); $1 = NIM_NIL; }$n", [a.rdLoc])
       else:
         linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1) { #nimGCunrefNoCycle($1); $1 = NIM_NIL; }$n", [a.rdLoc])
       if p.config.selectedGC == gcGo:
         # newObjRC1() would clash with unsureAsgnRef() - which is used by gcGo to
         # implement the write barrier
-        b.r = ropecg(p.module, "($1) #newObj($2, $3)", [getTypeDesc(p.module, typ), ti, sizeExpr])
+        b.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "($1) #newObj($2, $3)", [getTypeDesc(p.module, typ), ti, sizeExpr])
         linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#unsureAsgnRef((void**) $1, $2);$n",
                 [addrLoc(p.config, a), b.rdLoc])
       else:
         # use newObjRC1 as an optimization
-        b.r = ropecg(p.module, "($1) #newObjRC1($2, $3)", [getTypeDesc(p.module, typ), ti, sizeExpr])
+        b.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "($1) #newObjRC1($2, $3)", [getTypeDesc(p.module, typ), ti, sizeExpr])
         linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = $2;$n", [a.rdLoc, b.rdLoc])
     else:
-      b.r = ropecg(p.module, "($1) #newObj($2, $3)", [getTypeDesc(p.module, typ), ti, sizeExpr])
+      b.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "($1) #newObj($2, $3)", [getTypeDesc(p.module, typ), ti, sizeExpr])
       genAssignment(p, a, b, {})
   # set the object type:
   genObjectInit(p, cpsStmts, bt, a, constructRefObj)
 
 proc genNew(p: BProc, e: PNode) =
-  var a: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
   # 'genNew' also handles 'unsafeNew':
   if e.len == 3:
-    var se: TLoc
-    initLocExpr(p, e[2], se)
+    var se: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
     rawGenNew(p, a, se.rdLoc, needsInit = true)
   else:
-    rawGenNew(p, a, nil, needsInit = true)
+    rawGenNew(p, a, "", needsInit = true)
   gcUsage(p.config, e)
 
 proc genNewSeqAux(p: BProc, dest: TLoc, length: Rope; lenIsZero: bool) =
   let seqtype = skipTypes(dest.t, abstractVarRange)
-  var call: TLoc
-  initLoc(call, locExpr, dest.lode, OnHeap)
+  var call: TLoc = initLoc(locExpr, dest.lode, OnHeap)
   if dest.storage == OnHeap and usesWriteBarrier(p.config):
-    if canFormAcycle(dest.t):
+    if canFormAcycle(p.module.g.graph, dest.t):
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1) { #nimGCunrefRC1($1); $1 = NIM_NIL; }$n", [dest.rdLoc])
     else:
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1) { #nimGCunrefNoCycle($1); $1 = NIM_NIL; }$n", [dest.rdLoc])
     if not lenIsZero:
       if p.config.selectedGC == gcGo:
         # we need the write barrier
-        call.r = ropecg(p.module, "($1) #newSeq($2, $3)", [getTypeDesc(p.module, seqtype),
+        call.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "($1) #newSeq($2, $3)", [getTypeDesc(p.module, seqtype),
               genTypeInfoV1(p.module, seqtype, dest.lode.info), length])
         linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#unsureAsgnRef((void**) $1, $2);$n", [addrLoc(p.config, dest), call.rdLoc])
       else:
-        call.r = ropecg(p.module, "($1) #newSeqRC1($2, $3)", [getTypeDesc(p.module, seqtype),
+        call.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "($1) #newSeqRC1($2, $3)", [getTypeDesc(p.module, seqtype),
               genTypeInfoV1(p.module, seqtype, dest.lode.info), length])
         linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = $2;$n", [dest.rdLoc, call.rdLoc])
   else:
     if lenIsZero:
-      call.r = rope"NIM_NIL"
+      call.snippet = rope"NIM_NIL"
     else:
-      call.r = ropecg(p.module, "($1) #newSeq($2, $3)", [getTypeDesc(p.module, seqtype),
+      call.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "($1) #newSeq($2, $3)", [getTypeDesc(p.module, seqtype),
               genTypeInfoV1(p.module, seqtype, dest.lode.info), length])
     genAssignment(p, dest, call, {})
 
 proc genNewSeq(p: BProc, e: PNode) =
-  var a, b: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+  var b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
   if optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
     let seqtype = skipTypes(e[1].typ, abstractVarRange)
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.len = $2; $1.p = ($4*) #newSeqPayload($2, sizeof($3), NIM_ALIGNOF($3));$n",
       [a.rdLoc, b.rdLoc,
-       getTypeDesc(p.module, seqtype.lastSon),
+       getTypeDesc(p.module, seqtype.elementType),
        getSeqPayloadType(p.module, seqtype)])
   else:
     let lenIsZero = e[2].kind == nkIntLit and e[2].intVal == 0
@@ -1375,15 +1464,15 @@ proc genNewSeq(p: BProc, e: PNode) =
 
 proc genNewSeqOfCap(p: BProc; e: PNode; d: var TLoc) =
   let seqtype = skipTypes(e.typ, abstractVarRange)
-  var a: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
   if optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
-    if d.k == locNone: getTemp(p, e.typ, d, needsInit=false)
-    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.len = 0; $1.p = ($4*) #newSeqPayload($2, sizeof($3), NIM_ALIGNOF($3));$n",
-      [d.rdLoc, a.rdLoc, getTypeDesc(p.module, seqtype.lastSon),
+    if d.k == locNone: d = getTemp(p, e.typ, needsInit=false)
+    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.len = 0; $1.p = ($4*) #newSeqPayloadUninit($2, sizeof($3), NIM_ALIGNOF($3));$n",
+      [d.rdLoc, a.rdLoc, getTypeDesc(p.module, seqtype.elementType),
       getSeqPayloadType(p.module, seqtype),
     ])
   else:
+    if d.k == locNone: d = getTemp(p, e.typ, needsInit=false) # bug #22560
     putIntoDest(p, d, e, ropecg(p.module,
                 "($1)#nimNewSeqOfCap($2, $3)", [
                 getTypeDesc(p.module, seqtype),
@@ -1398,8 +1487,13 @@ proc rawConstExpr(p: BProc, n: PNode; d: var TLoc) =
   if id == p.module.labels:
     # expression not found in the cache:
     inc(p.module.labels)
-    p.module.s[cfsData].addf("static NIM_CONST $1 $2 = $3;$n",
-          [getTypeDesc(p.module, t), d.r, genBracedInit(p, n, isConst = true, t)])
+    var data = "static NIM_CONST $1 $2 = " % [getTypeDesc(p.module, t), d.snippet]
+    # bug #23627; when generating const object fields, it's likely that
+    # we need to generate type infos for the object, which may be an object with
+    # custom hooks. We need to generate potential consts in the hooks first.
+    genBracedInit(p, n, isConst = true, t, data)
+    data.addf(";$n", [])
+    p.module.s[cfsData].add data
 
 proc handleConstExpr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc): bool =
   if d.k == locNone and n.len > ord(n.kind == nkObjConstr) and n.isDeepConstExpr:
@@ -1408,8 +1502,31 @@ proc handleConstExpr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc): bool =
   else:
     result = false
 
+
+proc genFieldObjConstr(p: BProc; ty: PType; useTemp, isRef: bool; nField, val, check: PNode; d: var TLoc; r: Rope; info: TLineInfo) =
+  var tmp2 = TLoc(snippet: r)
+  let field = lookupFieldAgain(p, ty, nField.sym, tmp2.snippet)
+  if field.loc.snippet == "": fillObjectFields(p.module, ty)
+  if field.loc.snippet == "": internalError(p.config, info, "genFieldObjConstr")
+  if check != nil and optFieldCheck in p.options:
+    genFieldCheck(p, check, r, field)
+  tmp2.snippet.add(".")
+  tmp2.snippet.add(field.loc.snippet)
+  if useTemp:
+    tmp2.k = locTemp
+    tmp2.storage = if isRef: OnHeap else: OnStack
+  else:
+    tmp2.k = d.k
+    tmp2.storage = if isRef: OnHeap else: d.storage
+  tmp2.lode = val
+  if nField.typ.skipTypes(abstractVar).kind in {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs}:
+    var tmp3 = getTemp(p, val.typ)
+    expr(p, val, tmp3)
+    genOpenArrayConv(p, tmp2, tmp3, {})
+  else:
+    expr(p, val, tmp2)
+
 proc genObjConstr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  #echo renderTree e, " ", e.isDeepConstExpr
   # inheritance in C++ does not allow struct initialization so
   # we skip this step here:
   if not p.module.compileToCpp and optSeqDestructors notin p.config.globalOptions:
@@ -1430,42 +1547,33 @@ proc genObjConstr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
         (d.k notin {locTemp,locLocalVar,locGlobalVar,locParam,locField}) or
         (isPartOf(d.lode, e) != arNo)
 
-  var tmp: TLoc
+  var tmp: TLoc = default(TLoc)
   var r: Rope
+  let needsZeroMem = p.config.selectedGC notin {gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc} or nfAllFieldsSet notin e.flags
   if useTemp:
-    getTemp(p, t, tmp)
+    tmp = getTemp(p, t)
     r = rdLoc(tmp)
     if isRef:
-      rawGenNew(p, tmp, nil, needsInit = nfAllFieldsSet notin e.flags)
-      t = t.lastSon.skipTypes(abstractInstOwned)
+      rawGenNew(p, tmp, "", needsInit = nfAllFieldsSet notin e.flags)
+      t = t.elementType.skipTypes(abstractInstOwned)
       r = "(*$1)" % [r]
       gcUsage(p.config, e)
-    else:
+    elif needsZeroMem:
       constructLoc(p, tmp)
+    else:
+      genObjectInit(p, cpsStmts, t, tmp, constructObj)
   else:
-    resetLoc(p, d)
+    if needsZeroMem: resetLoc(p, d)
+    else: genObjectInit(p, cpsStmts, d.t, d, if isRef: constructRefObj else: constructObj)
     r = rdLoc(d)
   discard getTypeDesc(p.module, t)
   let ty = getUniqueType(t)
   for i in 1..<e.len:
-    let it = e[i]
-    var tmp2: TLoc
-    tmp2.r = r
-    let field = lookupFieldAgain(p, ty, it[0].sym, tmp2.r)
-    if field.loc.r == nil: fillObjectFields(p.module, ty)
-    if field.loc.r == nil: internalError(p.config, e.info, "genObjConstr")
-    if it.len == 3 and optFieldCheck in p.options:
-      genFieldCheck(p, it[2], r, field)
-    tmp2.r.add(".")
-    tmp2.r.add(field.loc.r)
-    if useTemp:
-      tmp2.k = locTemp
-      tmp2.storage = if isRef: OnHeap else: OnStack
-    else:
-      tmp2.k = d.k
-      tmp2.storage = if isRef: OnHeap else: d.storage
-    tmp2.lode = it[1]
-    expr(p, it[1], tmp2)
+    var check: PNode = nil
+    if e[i].len == 3 and optFieldCheck in p.options:
+      check = e[i][2]
+    genFieldObjConstr(p, ty, useTemp, isRef, e[i][0], e[i][1], check, d, r, e.info)
+
   if useTemp:
     if d.k == locNone:
       d = tmp
@@ -1473,31 +1581,36 @@ proc genObjConstr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
       genAssignment(p, d, tmp, {})
 
 proc lhsDoesAlias(a, b: PNode): bool =
+  result = false
   for y in b:
     if isPartOf(a, y) != arNo: return true
 
 proc genSeqConstr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  var arr, tmp: TLoc
+  var arr: TLoc
+  var tmp: TLoc = default(TLoc)
   # bug #668
   let doesAlias = lhsDoesAlias(d.lode, n)
   let dest = if doesAlias: addr(tmp) else: addr(d)
   if doesAlias:
-    getTemp(p, n.typ, tmp)
+    tmp = getTemp(p, n.typ)
   elif d.k == locNone:
-    getTemp(p, n.typ, d)
+    d = getTemp(p, n.typ)
 
-  let l = intLiteral(n.len)
+  var lit = newRopeAppender()
+  intLiteral(n.len, lit)
   if optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
     let seqtype = n.typ
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.len = $2; $1.p = ($4*) #newSeqPayload($2, sizeof($3), NIM_ALIGNOF($3));$n",
-      [rdLoc dest[], l, getTypeDesc(p.module, seqtype.lastSon),
+      [rdLoc dest[], lit, getTypeDesc(p.module, seqtype.elementType),
       getSeqPayloadType(p.module, seqtype)])
   else:
     # generate call to newSeq before adding the elements per hand:
-    genNewSeqAux(p, dest[], l, n.len == 0)
+    genNewSeqAux(p, dest[], lit, n.len == 0)
   for i in 0..<n.len:
-    initLoc(arr, locExpr, n[i], OnHeap)
-    arr.r = ropecg(p.module, "$1$3[$2]", [rdLoc(dest[]), intLiteral(i), dataField(p)])
+    arr = initLoc(locExpr, n[i], OnHeap)
+    var lit = newRopeAppender()
+    intLiteral(i, lit)
+    arr.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "$1$3[$2]", [rdLoc(dest[]), lit, dataField(p)])
     arr.storage = OnHeap            # we know that sequences are on the heap
     expr(p, n[i], arr)
   gcUsage(p.config, n)
@@ -1508,114 +1621,120 @@ proc genSeqConstr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
       genAssignment(p, d, tmp, {})
 
 proc genArrToSeq(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  var elem, a, arr: TLoc
+  var elem, arr: TLoc
   if n[1].kind == nkBracket:
     n[1].typ = n.typ
     genSeqConstr(p, n[1], d)
     return
   if d.k == locNone:
-    getTemp(p, n.typ, d)
+    d = getTemp(p, n.typ)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, n[1])
   # generate call to newSeq before adding the elements per hand:
   let L = toInt(lengthOrd(p.config, n[1].typ))
   if optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
     let seqtype = n.typ
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.len = $2; $1.p = ($4*) #newSeqPayload($2, sizeof($3), NIM_ALIGNOF($3));$n",
-      [rdLoc d, L, getTypeDesc(p.module, seqtype.lastSon),
+      [rdLoc d, L, getTypeDesc(p.module, seqtype.elementType),
       getSeqPayloadType(p.module, seqtype)])
   else:
-    genNewSeqAux(p, d, intLiteral(L), L == 0)
-  initLocExpr(p, n[1], a)
+    var lit = newRopeAppender()
+    intLiteral(L, lit)
+    genNewSeqAux(p, d, lit, L == 0)
   # bug #5007; do not produce excessive C source code:
   if L < 10:
     for i in 0..<L:
-      initLoc(elem, locExpr, lodeTyp elemType(skipTypes(n.typ, abstractInst)), OnHeap)
-      elem.r = ropecg(p.module, "$1$3[$2]", [rdLoc(d), intLiteral(i), dataField(p)])
+      elem = initLoc(locExpr, lodeTyp elemType(skipTypes(n.typ, abstractInst)), OnHeap)
+      var lit = newRopeAppender()
+      intLiteral(i, lit)
+      elem.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "$1$3[$2]", [rdLoc(d), lit, dataField(p)])
       elem.storage = OnHeap # we know that sequences are on the heap
-      initLoc(arr, locExpr, lodeTyp elemType(skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractInst)), a.storage)
-      arr.r = ropecg(p.module, "$1[$2]", [rdLoc(a), intLiteral(i)])
+      arr = initLoc(locExpr, lodeTyp elemType(skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractInst)), a.storage)
+      arr.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "$1[$2]", [rdLoc(a), lit])
       genAssignment(p, elem, arr, {needToCopy})
   else:
-    var i: TLoc
-    getTemp(p, getSysType(p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt), i)
-    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "for ($1 = 0; $1 < $2; $1++) {$n",  [i.r, L])
-    initLoc(elem, locExpr, lodeTyp elemType(skipTypes(n.typ, abstractInst)), OnHeap)
-    elem.r = ropecg(p.module, "$1$3[$2]", [rdLoc(d), rdLoc(i), dataField(p)])
+    var i: TLoc = getTemp(p, getSysType(p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt))
+    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "for ($1 = 0; $1 < $2; $1++) {$n",  [i.snippet, L])
+    elem = initLoc(locExpr, lodeTyp elemType(skipTypes(n.typ, abstractInst)), OnHeap)
+    elem.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "$1$3[$2]", [rdLoc(d), rdLoc(i), dataField(p)])
     elem.storage = OnHeap # we know that sequences are on the heap
-    initLoc(arr, locExpr, lodeTyp elemType(skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractInst)), a.storage)
-    arr.r = ropecg(p.module, "$1[$2]", [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(i)])
+    arr = initLoc(locExpr, lodeTyp elemType(skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractInst)), a.storage)
+    arr.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "$1[$2]", [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(i)])
     genAssignment(p, elem, arr, {needToCopy})
     lineF(p, cpsStmts, "}$n", [])
 
 
 proc genNewFinalize(p: BProc, e: PNode) =
   var
-    a, b, f: TLoc
+    b: TLoc
     refType, bt: PType
     ti: Rope
   refType = skipTypes(e[1].typ, abstractVarRange)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[2], f)
-  initLoc(b, locExpr, a.lode, OnHeap)
-  if optTinyRtti in p.config.globalOptions:
-    ti = genTypeInfoV2(p.module, refType, e.info)
-  else:
-    ti = genTypeInfoV1(p.module, refType, e.info)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+  var f = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
+  b = initLoc(locExpr, a.lode, OnHeap)
+  ti = genTypeInfo(p.config, p.module, refType, e.info)
   p.module.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1->finalizer = (void*)$2;$n", [ti, rdLoc(f)])
-  b.r = ropecg(p.module, "($1) #newObj($2, sizeof($3))", [
+  b.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "($1) #newObj($2, sizeof($3))", [
       getTypeDesc(p.module, refType),
-      ti, getTypeDesc(p.module, skipTypes(refType.lastSon, abstractRange))])
+      ti, getTypeDesc(p.module, skipTypes(refType.elementType, abstractRange))])
   genAssignment(p, a, b, {})  # set the object type:
-  bt = skipTypes(refType.lastSon, abstractRange)
+  bt = skipTypes(refType.elementType, abstractRange)
   genObjectInit(p, cpsStmts, bt, a, constructRefObj)
   gcUsage(p.config, e)
 
-proc genOfHelper(p: BProc; dest: PType; a: Rope; info: TLineInfo): Rope =
+proc genOfHelper(p: BProc; dest: PType; a: Rope; info: TLineInfo; result: var Rope) =
   if optTinyRtti in p.config.globalOptions:
-    result = ropecg(p.module, "#isObj($1.m_type, $2)",
-      [a, genTypeInfo2Name(p.module, dest)])
+    let token = $genDisplayElem(MD5Digest(hashType(dest, p.config)))
+    appcg(p.module, result, "#isObjDisplayCheck($#.m_type, $#, $#)", [a, getObjDepth(dest), token])
   else:
     # unfortunately 'genTypeInfoV1' sets tfObjHasKids as a side effect, so we
     # have to call it here first:
     let ti = genTypeInfoV1(p.module, dest, info)
     if tfFinal in dest.flags or (objHasKidsValid in p.module.flags and
                                 tfObjHasKids notin dest.flags):
-      result = "$1.m_type == $2" % [a, ti]
+      result.add "$1.m_type == $2" % [a, ti]
     else:
-      discard cgsym(p.module, "TNimType")
+      cgsym(p.module, "TNimType")
       inc p.module.labels
       let cache = "Nim_OfCheck_CACHE" & p.module.labels.rope
       p.module.s[cfsVars].addf("static TNimType* $#[2];$n", [cache])
-      result = ropecg(p.module, "#isObjWithCache($#.m_type, $#, $#)", [a, ti, cache])
-    when false:
-      # former version:
-      result = ropecg(p.module, "#isObj($1.m_type, $2)",
-                    [a, genTypeInfoV1(p.module, dest, info)])
+      appcg(p.module, result, "#isObjWithCache($#.m_type, $#, $#)", [a, ti, cache])
 
 proc genOf(p: BProc, x: PNode, typ: PType, d: var TLoc) =
-  var a: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, x, a)
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, x)
   var dest = skipTypes(typ, typedescPtrs)
   var r = rdLoc(a)
-  var nilCheck: Rope = nil
+  var nilCheck: Rope = ""
   var t = skipTypes(a.t, abstractInstOwned)
   while t.kind in {tyVar, tyLent, tyPtr, tyRef}:
     if t.kind notin {tyVar, tyLent}: nilCheck = r
     if t.kind notin {tyVar, tyLent} or not p.module.compileToCpp:
       r = ropecg(p.module, "(*$1)", [r])
-    t = skipTypes(t.lastSon, typedescInst+{tyOwned})
+    t = skipTypes(t.elementType, typedescInst+{tyOwned})
   discard getTypeDesc(p.module, t)
   if not p.module.compileToCpp:
-    while t.kind == tyObject and t[0] != nil:
-      r.add(~".Sup")
-      t = skipTypes(t[0], skipPtrs)
+    while t.kind == tyObject and t.baseClass != nil:
+      r.add(".Sup")
+      t = skipTypes(t.baseClass, skipPtrs)
   if isObjLackingTypeField(t):
     globalError(p.config, x.info,
       "no 'of' operator available for pure objects")
-  if nilCheck != nil:
-    r = ropecg(p.module, "(($1) && ($2))", [nilCheck, genOfHelper(p, dest, r, x.info)])
+
+  var ro = newRopeAppender()
+  genOfHelper(p, dest, r, x.info, ro)
+  var ofExpr = newRopeAppender()
+  ofExpr.add "("
+  if nilCheck != "":
+    ofExpr.add "("
+    ofExpr.add nilCheck
+    ofExpr.add ") && ("
+    ofExpr.add ro
+    ofExpr.add "))"
   else:
-    r = ropecg(p.module, "($1)", [genOfHelper(p, dest, r, x.info)])
-  putIntoDest(p, d, x, r, a.storage)
+    ofExpr.add ro
+    ofExpr.add ")"
+
+  putIntoDest(p, d, x, ofExpr, a.storage)
 
 proc genOf(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   genOf(p, n[1], n[2].typ, d)
@@ -1623,8 +1742,7 @@ proc genOf(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
 proc genRepr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   if optTinyRtti in p.config.globalOptions:
     localError(p.config, e.info, "'repr' is not available for --newruntime")
-  var a: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
   var t = skipTypes(e[1].typ, abstractVarRange)
   case t.kind
   of tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64:
@@ -1646,13 +1764,15 @@ proc genRepr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     putIntoDest(p, d, e, ropecg(p.module, "#reprSet($1, $2)", [
                 addrLoc(p.config, a), genTypeInfoV1(p.module, t, e.info)]), a.storage)
   of tyOpenArray, tyVarargs:
-    var b: TLoc
+    var b: TLoc = default(TLoc)
     case skipTypes(a.t, abstractVarRange).kind
     of tyOpenArray, tyVarargs:
       putIntoDest(p, b, e, "$1, $1Len_0" % [rdLoc(a)], a.storage)
     of tyString, tySequence:
       putIntoDest(p, b, e,
-                  "$1$3, $2" % [rdLoc(a), lenExpr(p, a), dataField(p)], a.storage)
+                  "($4) ? ($1$3) : NIM_NIL, $2" %
+                    [rdLoc(a), lenExpr(p, a), dataField(p), dataFieldAccessor(p, a.rdLoc)],
+                  a.storage)
     of tyArray:
       putIntoDest(p, b, e,
                   "$1, $2" % [rdLoc(a), rope(lengthOrd(p.config, a.t))], a.storage)
@@ -1660,7 +1780,7 @@ proc genRepr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     putIntoDest(p, d, e,
         ropecg(p.module, "#reprOpenArray($1, $2)", [rdLoc(b),
         genTypeInfoV1(p.module, elemType(t), e.info)]), a.storage)
-  of tyCString, tyArray, tyRef, tyPtr, tyPointer, tyNil, tySequence:
+  of tyCstring, tyArray, tyRef, tyPtr, tyPointer, tyNil, tySequence:
     putIntoDest(p, d, e,
                 ropecg(p.module, "#reprAny($1, $2)", [
                 rdLoc(a), genTypeInfoV1(p.module, t, e.info)]), a.storage)
@@ -1672,25 +1792,26 @@ proc genRepr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
                                a.storage)
   gcUsage(p.config, e)
 
-proc rdMType(p: BProc; a: TLoc; nilCheck: var Rope; enforceV1 = false): Rope =
-  result = rdLoc(a)
+proc rdMType(p: BProc; a: TLoc; nilCheck: var Rope; result: var Rope; enforceV1 = false) =
+  var derefs = rdLoc(a)
   var t = skipTypes(a.t, abstractInst)
   while t.kind in {tyVar, tyLent, tyPtr, tyRef}:
-    if t.kind notin {tyVar, tyLent}: nilCheck = result
+    if t.kind notin {tyVar, tyLent}: nilCheck = derefs
     if t.kind notin {tyVar, tyLent} or not p.module.compileToCpp:
-      result = "(*$1)" % [result]
-    t = skipTypes(t.lastSon, abstractInst)
+      derefs = "(*$1)" % [derefs]
+    t = skipTypes(t.elementType, abstractInst)
+  result.add derefs
   discard getTypeDesc(p.module, t)
   if not p.module.compileToCpp:
-    while t.kind == tyObject and t[0] != nil:
+    while t.kind == tyObject and t.baseClass != nil:
       result.add(".Sup")
-      t = skipTypes(t[0], skipPtrs)
+      t = skipTypes(t.baseClass, skipPtrs)
   result.add ".m_type"
   if optTinyRtti in p.config.globalOptions and enforceV1:
     result.add "->typeInfoV1"
 
 proc genGetTypeInfo(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  discard cgsym(p.module, "TNimType")
+  cgsym(p.module, "TNimType")
   let t = e[1].typ
   # ordinary static type information
   putIntoDest(p, d, e, genTypeInfoV1(p.module, t, e.info))
@@ -1701,18 +1822,26 @@ proc genGetTypeInfoV2(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     # ordinary static type information
     putIntoDest(p, d, e, genTypeInfoV2(p.module, t, e.info))
   else:
-    var a: TLoc
-    initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-    var nilCheck = Rope(nil)
+    var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+    var nilCheck = ""
     # use the dynamic type stored at offset 0:
-    putIntoDest(p, d, e, rdMType(p, a, nilCheck))
+    var rt = newRopeAppender()
+    rdMType(p, a, nilCheck, rt)
+    putIntoDest(p, d, e, rt)
+
+proc genAccessTypeField(p: BProc; e: PNode; d: var TLoc) =
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+  var nilCheck = ""
+  # use the dynamic type stored at offset 0:
+  var rt = newRopeAppender()
+  rdMType(p, a, nilCheck, rt)
+  putIntoDest(p, d, e, rt)
 
 template genDollar(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc, frmt: string) =
-  var a: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, n[1], a)
-  a.r = ropecg(p.module, frmt, [rdLoc(a)])
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, n[1])
+  a.snippet = ropecg(p.module, frmt, [rdLoc(a)])
   a.flags.excl lfIndirect # this flag should not be propagated here (not just for HCR)
-  if d.k == locNone: getTemp(p, n.typ, d)
+  if d.k == locNone: d = getTemp(p, n.typ)
   genAssignment(p, d, a, {})
   gcUsage(p.config, n)
 
@@ -1725,78 +1854,75 @@ proc genArrayLen(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, op: TMagic) =
     # Bug #9279, len(toOpenArray()) has to work:
     if a.kind in nkCallKinds and a[0].kind == nkSym and a[0].sym.magic == mSlice:
       # magic: pass slice to openArray:
-      var b, c: TLoc
-      initLocExpr(p, a[2], b)
-      initLocExpr(p, a[3], c)
+      var m = initLocExpr(p, a[1])
+      var b = initLocExpr(p, a[2])
+      var c = initLocExpr(p, a[3])
+      if optBoundsCheck in p.options:
+        genBoundsCheck(p, m, b, c, skipTypes(m.t, abstractVarRange))
       if op == mHigh:
-        putIntoDest(p, d, e, ropecg(p.module, "($2)-($1)", [rdLoc(b), rdLoc(c)]))
+        putIntoDest(p, d, e, ropecg(p.module, "(($2)-($1))", [rdLoc(b), rdLoc(c)]))
       else:
-        putIntoDest(p, d, e, ropecg(p.module, "($2)-($1)+1", [rdLoc(b), rdLoc(c)]))
+        putIntoDest(p, d, e, ropecg(p.module, "(($2)-($1)+1)", [rdLoc(b), rdLoc(c)]))
     else:
       if not reifiedOpenArray(a):
         if op == mHigh: unaryExpr(p, e, d, "($1Len_0-1)")
         else: unaryExpr(p, e, d, "$1Len_0")
       else:
-        if op == mHigh: unaryExpr(p, e, d, "($1.Field1-1)")
-        else: unaryExpr(p, e, d, "$1.Field1")
-  of tyCString:
-    if op == mHigh: unaryExpr(p, e, d, "($1 ? (#nimCStrLen($1)-1) : -1)")
-    else: unaryExpr(p, e, d, "($1 ? #nimCStrLen($1) : 0)")
+        let isDeref = a.kind in {nkHiddenDeref, nkDerefExpr}
+        if op == mHigh:
+          if isDeref:
+            unaryExpr(p, e, d, "($1->Field1-1)")
+          else:
+            unaryExpr(p, e, d, "($1.Field1-1)")
+        else:
+          if isDeref:
+            unaryExpr(p, e, d, "$1->Field1")
+          else:
+            unaryExpr(p, e, d, "$1.Field1")
+  of tyCstring:
+    if op == mHigh: unaryExpr(p, e, d, "(#nimCStrLen($1)-1)")
+    else: unaryExpr(p, e, d, "#nimCStrLen($1)")
   of tyString:
-    var a: TLoc
-    initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
+    var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
     var x = lenExpr(p, a)
     if op == mHigh: x = "($1-1)" % [x]
     putIntoDest(p, d, e, x)
   of tySequence:
     # we go through a temporary here because people write bullshit code.
-    var a, tmp: TLoc
-    initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-    getIntTemp(p, tmp)
+    var tmp: TLoc = getIntTemp(p)
+    var a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
     var x = lenExpr(p, a)
     if op == mHigh: x = "($1-1)" % [x]
-    lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = $2;$n", [tmp.r, x])
-    putIntoDest(p, d, e, tmp.r)
+    lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = $2;$n", [tmp.snippet, x])
+    putIntoDest(p, d, e, tmp.snippet)
   of tyArray:
     # YYY: length(sideeffect) is optimized away incorrectly?
     if op == mHigh: putIntoDest(p, d, e, rope(lastOrd(p.config, typ)))
     else: putIntoDest(p, d, e, rope(lengthOrd(p.config, typ)))
   else: internalError(p.config, e.info, "genArrayLen()")
 
-proc makePtrType(baseType: PType; idgen: IdGenerator): PType =
-  result = newType(tyPtr, nextTypeId idgen, baseType.owner)
-  addSonSkipIntLit(result, baseType, idgen)
-
-proc makeAddr(n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator): PNode =
-  if n.kind == nkHiddenAddr:
-    result = n
-  else:
-    result = newTree(nkHiddenAddr, n)
-    result.typ = makePtrType(n.typ, idgen)
-
 proc genSetLengthSeq(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   if optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
     e[1] = makeAddr(e[1], p.module.idgen)
     genCall(p, e, d)
     return
-  var a, b, call: TLoc
   assert(d.k == locNone)
   var x = e[1]
   if x.kind in {nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr}: x = x[0]
-  initLocExpr(p, x, a)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, x)
+  var b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
   let t = skipTypes(e[1].typ, {tyVar})
 
-  initLoc(call, locCall, e, OnHeap)
+  var call = initLoc(locCall, e, OnHeap)
   if not p.module.compileToCpp:
-    const setLenPattern = "($3) #setLengthSeqV2(&($1)->Sup, $4, $2)"
-    call.r = ropecg(p.module, setLenPattern, [
+    const setLenPattern = "($3) #setLengthSeqV2(($1)?&($1)->Sup:NIM_NIL, $4, $2)"
+    call.snippet = ropecg(p.module, setLenPattern, [
       rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b), getTypeDesc(p.module, t),
       genTypeInfoV1(p.module, t.skipTypes(abstractInst), e.info)])
 
   else:
     const setLenPattern = "($3) #setLengthSeqV2($1, $4, $2)"
-    call.r = ropecg(p.module, setLenPattern, [
+    call.snippet = ropecg(p.module, setLenPattern, [
       rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b), getTypeDesc(p.module, t),
       genTypeInfoV1(p.module, t.skipTypes(abstractInst), e.info)])
 
@@ -1807,13 +1933,12 @@ proc genSetLengthStr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   if optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
     binaryStmtAddr(p, e, d, "setLengthStrV2")
   else:
-    var a, b, call: TLoc
     if d.k != locNone: internalError(p.config, e.info, "genSetLengthStr")
-    initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-    initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
+    var a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+    var b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
 
-    initLoc(call, locCall, e, OnHeap)
-    call.r = ropecg(p.module, "#setLengthStr($1, $2)", [
+    var call = initLoc(locCall, e, OnHeap)
+    call.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "#setLengthStr($1, $2)", [
         rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b)])
     genAssignment(p, a, call, {})
     gcUsage(p.config, e)
@@ -1825,22 +1950,24 @@ proc genSwap(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   # b = temp
   cowBracket(p, e[1])
   cowBracket(p, e[2])
-  var a, b, tmp: TLoc
-  getTemp(p, skipTypes(e[1].typ, abstractVar), tmp)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a) # eval a
-  initLocExpr(p, e[2], b) # eval b
+  var tmp: TLoc = getTemp(p, skipTypes(e[1].typ, abstractVar))
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, e[1]) # eval a
+  var b = initLocExpr(p, e[2]) # eval b
   genAssignment(p, tmp, a, {})
   genAssignment(p, a, b, {})
   genAssignment(p, b, tmp, {})
 
-proc rdSetElemLoc(conf: ConfigRef; a: TLoc, typ: PType): Rope =
+proc rdSetElemLoc(conf: ConfigRef; a: TLoc, typ: PType; result: var Rope) =
   # read a location of an set element; it may need a subtraction operation
   # before the set operation
-  result = rdCharLoc(a)
+  result.add "("
+  result.add rdCharLoc(a)
   let setType = typ.skipTypes(abstractPtrs)
   assert(setType.kind == tySet)
   if firstOrd(conf, setType) != 0:
-    result = "($1- $2)" % [result, rope(firstOrd(conf, setType))]
+    result.add " - "
+    result.add rope(firstOrd(conf, setType))
+  result.add ")"
 
 proc fewCmps(conf: ConfigRef; s: PNode): bool =
   # this function estimates whether it is better to emit code
@@ -1854,7 +1981,9 @@ proc fewCmps(conf: ConfigRef; s: PNode): bool =
     result = s.len <= 8  # 8 seems to be a good value
 
 template binaryExprIn(p: BProc, e: PNode, a, b, d: var TLoc, frmt: string) =
-  putIntoDest(p, d, e, frmt % [rdLoc(a), rdSetElemLoc(p.config, b, a.t)])
+  var elem = newRopeAppender()
+  rdSetElemLoc(p.config, b, a.t, elem)
+  putIntoDest(p, d, e, frmt % [rdLoc(a), elem])
 
 proc genInExprAux(p: BProc, e: PNode, a, b, d: var TLoc) =
   case int(getSize(p.config, skipTypes(e[1].typ, abstractVar)))
@@ -1865,11 +1994,12 @@ proc genInExprAux(p: BProc, e: PNode, a, b, d: var TLoc) =
   else: binaryExprIn(p, e, a, b, d, "(($1[(NU)($2)>>3] &(1U<<((NU)($2)&7U)))!=0)")
 
 template binaryStmtInExcl(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, frmt: string) =
-  var a, b: TLoc
   assert(d.k == locNone)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-  initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
-  lineF(p, cpsStmts, frmt, [rdLoc(a), rdSetElemLoc(p.config, b, a.t)])
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+  var b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
+  var elem = newRopeAppender()
+  rdSetElemLoc(p.config, b, a.t, elem)
+  lineF(p, cpsStmts, frmt, [rdLoc(a), elem])
 
 proc genInOp(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   var a, b, x, y: TLoc
@@ -1882,31 +2012,31 @@ proc genInOp(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
                e[2][0]
              else:
                e[2]
-    initLocExpr(p, ea, a)
-    initLoc(b, locExpr, e, OnUnknown)
+    a = initLocExpr(p, ea)
+    b = initLoc(locExpr, e, OnUnknown)
     if e[1].len > 0:
-      b.r = rope("(")
+      b.snippet = rope("(")
       for i in 0..<e[1].len:
         let it = e[1][i]
         if it.kind == nkRange:
-          initLocExpr(p, it[0], x)
-          initLocExpr(p, it[1], y)
-          b.r.addf("$1 >= $2 && $1 <= $3",
+          x = initLocExpr(p, it[0])
+          y = initLocExpr(p, it[1])
+          b.snippet.addf("$1 >= $2 && $1 <= $3",
                [rdCharLoc(a), rdCharLoc(x), rdCharLoc(y)])
         else:
-          initLocExpr(p, it, x)
-          b.r.addf("$1 == $2", [rdCharLoc(a), rdCharLoc(x)])
-        if i < e[1].len - 1: b.r.add(" || ")
-      b.r.add(")")
+          x = initLocExpr(p, it)
+          b.snippet.addf("$1 == $2", [rdCharLoc(a), rdCharLoc(x)])
+        if i < e[1].len - 1: b.snippet.add(" || ")
+      b.snippet.add(")")
     else:
       # handle the case of an empty set
-      b.r = rope("0")
-    putIntoDest(p, d, e, b.r)
+      b.snippet = rope("0")
+    putIntoDest(p, d, e, b.snippet)
   else:
     assert(e[1].typ != nil)
     assert(e[2].typ != nil)
-    initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-    initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
+    a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+    b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
     genInExprAux(p, e, a, b, d)
 
 proc genSetOp(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, op: TMagic) =
@@ -1922,7 +2052,8 @@ proc genSetOp(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, op: TMagic) =
       "&",
       "|",
       "& ~"]
-  var a, b, i: TLoc
+  var a, b: TLoc
+  var i: TLoc
   var setType = skipTypes(e[1].typ, abstractVar)
   var size = int(getSize(p.config, setType))
   case size
@@ -1959,14 +2090,13 @@ proc genSetOp(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, op: TMagic) =
     of mIncl: binaryStmtInExcl(p, e, d, "$1[(NU)($2)>>3] |=(1U<<($2&7U));$n")
     of mExcl: binaryStmtInExcl(p, e, d, "$1[(NU)($2)>>3] &= ~(1U<<($2&7U));$n")
     of mCard:
-      var a: TLoc
-      initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
+      var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
       putIntoDest(p, d, e, ropecg(p.module, "#cardSet($1, $2)", [rdCharLoc(a), size]))
     of mLtSet, mLeSet:
-      getTemp(p, getSysType(p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt), i) # our counter
-      initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-      initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
-      if d.k == locNone: getTemp(p, getSysType(p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyBool), d)
+      i = getTemp(p, getSysType(p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt)) # our counter
+      a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+      b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
+      if d.k == locNone: d = getTemp(p, getSysType(p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyBool))
       if op == mLtSet:
         linefmt(p, cpsStmts, lookupOpr[mLtSet],
            [rdLoc(i), size, rdLoc(d), rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b)])
@@ -1974,18 +2104,17 @@ proc genSetOp(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, op: TMagic) =
         linefmt(p, cpsStmts, lookupOpr[mLeSet],
            [rdLoc(i), size, rdLoc(d), rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b)])
     of mEqSet:
-      var a, b: TLoc
       assert(e[1].typ != nil)
       assert(e[2].typ != nil)
-      initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-      initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
+      var a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+      var b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
       putIntoDest(p, d, e, ropecg(p.module, "(#nimCmpMem($1, $2, $3)==0)", [a.rdCharLoc, b.rdCharLoc, size]))
     of mMulSet, mPlusSet, mMinusSet:
       # we inline the simple for loop for better code generation:
-      getTemp(p, getSysType(p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt), i) # our counter
-      initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-      initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
-      if d.k == locNone: getTemp(p, setType, d)
+      i = getTemp(p, getSysType(p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt)) # our counter
+      a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+      b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
+      if d.k == locNone: d = getTemp(p, setType)
       lineF(p, cpsStmts,
            "for ($1 = 0; $1 < $2; $1++) $n" &
            "  $3[$1] = $4[$1] $6 $5[$1];$n", [
@@ -2002,8 +2131,7 @@ proc genSomeCast(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     ValueTypes = {tyTuple, tyObject, tyArray, tyOpenArray, tyVarargs, tyUncheckedArray}
   # we use whatever C gives us. Except if we have a value-type, we need to go
   # through its address:
-  var a: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
   let etyp = skipTypes(e.typ, abstractRange+{tyOwned})
   let srcTyp = skipTypes(e[1].typ, abstractRange)
   if etyp.kind in ValueTypes and lfIndirect notin a.flags:
@@ -2023,6 +2151,11 @@ proc genSomeCast(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     elif etyp.kind == tyBool and srcTyp.kind in IntegralTypes:
       putIntoDest(p, d, e, "(($1) != 0)" % [rdCharLoc(a)], a.storage)
     else:
+      if etyp.kind == tyPtr:
+        # generates the definition of structs for casts like cast[ptr object](addr x)[]
+        let internalType = etyp.skipTypes({tyPtr})
+        if internalType.kind == tyObject:
+          discard getTypeDesc(p.module, internalType)
       putIntoDest(p, d, e, "(($1) ($2))" %
           [getTypeDesc(p.module, e.typ), rdCharLoc(a)], a.storage)
 
@@ -2035,10 +2168,17 @@ proc genCast(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     # 'cast' and some float type involved? --> use a union.
     inc(p.labels)
     var lbl = p.labels.rope
-    var tmp: TLoc
-    tmp.r = "LOC$1.source" % [lbl]
-    linefmt(p, cpsLocals, "union { $1 source; $2 dest; } LOC$3;$n",
-      [getTypeDesc(p.module, e[1].typ), getTypeDesc(p.module, e.typ), lbl])
+    var tmp: TLoc = default(TLoc)
+    tmp.snippet = "LOC$1.source" % [lbl]
+    let destsize = getSize(p.config, destt)
+    let srcsize = getSize(p.config, srct)
+
+    if destsize > srcsize:
+      linefmt(p, cpsLocals, "union { $1 dest; $2 source; } LOC$3;$n #nimZeroMem(&LOC$3, sizeof(LOC$3));$n",
+        [getTypeDesc(p.module, e.typ), getTypeDesc(p.module, e[1].typ), lbl])
+    else:
+      linefmt(p, cpsLocals, "union { $1 source; $2 dest; } LOC$3;$n",
+        [getTypeDesc(p.module, e[1].typ), getTypeDesc(p.module, e.typ), lbl])
     tmp.k = locExpr
     tmp.lode = lodeTyp srct
     tmp.storage = OnStack
@@ -2051,9 +2191,8 @@ proc genCast(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     genSomeCast(p, e, d)
 
 proc genRangeChck(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  var a: TLoc
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, n[0])
   var dest = skipTypes(n.typ, abstractVar)
-  initLocExpr(p, n[0], a)
   if optRangeCheck notin p.options or (dest.kind in {tyUInt..tyUInt64} and
       checkUnsignedConversions notin p.config.legacyFeatures):
     discard "no need to generate a check because it was disabled"
@@ -2062,50 +2201,71 @@ proc genRangeChck(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
 
     # emit range check:
     if n0t.kind in {tyUInt, tyUInt64}:
-      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 > ($6)($3)){ #raiseRangeErrorNoArgs(); $5}$n",
-        [rdCharLoc(a), genLiteral(p, n[1], dest), genLiteral(p, n[2], dest),
-        raiser, raiseInstr(p), getTypeDesc(p.module, n0t)])
+      var first = newRopeAppender()
+      genLiteral(p, n[1], dest, first)
+      var last = newRopeAppender()
+      genLiteral(p, n[2], dest, last)
+      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 > ($5)($3)){ #raiseRangeErrorNoArgs(); ",
+        [rdCharLoc(a), first, last,
+        raiser, getTypeDesc(p.module, n0t)])
+      raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
+      linefmt p, cpsStmts, "}$n", []
+
     else:
       let raiser =
         case skipTypes(n.typ, abstractVarRange).kind
         of tyUInt..tyUInt64, tyChar: "raiseRangeErrorU"
         of tyFloat..tyFloat128: "raiseRangeErrorF"
         else: "raiseRangeErrorI"
-      discard cgsym(p.module, raiser)
+      cgsym(p.module, raiser)
 
       let boundaryCast =
-        if n0t.skipTypes(abstractVarRange).kind in {tyUInt, tyUInt32, tyUInt64} or
-            (n0t.sym != nil and sfSystemModule in n0t.sym.owner.flags and n0t.sym.name.s == "csize"):
+        if n0t.skipTypes(abstractVarRange).kind in {tyUInt, tyUInt32, tyUInt64}:
           "(NI64)"
         else:
           ""
-      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($6($1) < $2 || $6($1) > $3){ $4($1, $2, $3); $5}$n",
-        [rdCharLoc(a), genLiteral(p, n[1], dest), genLiteral(p, n[2], dest),
-        raiser, raiseInstr(p), boundaryCast])
-  putIntoDest(p, d, n, "(($1) ($2))" %
+      var first = newRopeAppender()
+      genLiteral(p, n[1], dest, first)
+      var last = newRopeAppender()
+      genLiteral(p, n[2], dest, last)
+      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($5($1) < $2 || $5($1) > $3){ $4($1, $2, $3); ",
+        [rdCharLoc(a), first, last,
+        raiser, boundaryCast])
+      raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
+      linefmt p, cpsStmts, "}$n", []
+
+  if sameBackendTypeIgnoreRange(dest, n[0].typ):
+    # don't cast so an address can be taken for `var` conversions
+    putIntoDest(p, d, n, "($1)" % [rdCharLoc(a)], a.storage)
+  else:
+    putIntoDest(p, d, n, "(($1) ($2))" %
       [getTypeDesc(p.module, dest), rdCharLoc(a)], a.storage)
 
 proc genConv(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   let destType = e.typ.skipTypes({tyVar, tyLent, tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink})
-  if sameBackendType(destType, e[1].typ):
+  if sameBackendTypeIgnoreRange(destType, e[1].typ):
     expr(p, e[1], d)
   else:
     genSomeCast(p, e, d)
 
 proc convStrToCStr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  var a: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, n[0], a)
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, n[0])
   putIntoDest(p, d, n,
               ropecg(p.module, "#nimToCStringConv($1)", [rdLoc(a)]),
 #                "($1 ? $1->data : (NCSTRING)\"\")" % [a.rdLoc],
               a.storage)
 
 proc convCStrToStr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  var a: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, n[0], a)
-  putIntoDest(p, d, n,
-              ropecg(p.module, "#cstrToNimstr($1)", [rdLoc(a)]),
-              a.storage)
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, n[0])
+  if p.module.compileToCpp:
+    # fixes for const qualifier; bug #12703; bug #19588
+    putIntoDest(p, d, n,
+            ropecg(p.module, "#cstrToNimstr((NCSTRING) $1)", [rdLoc(a)]),
+            a.storage)
+  else:
+    putIntoDest(p, d, n,
+                ropecg(p.module, "#cstrToNimstr($1)", [rdLoc(a)]),
+                a.storage)
   gcUsage(p.config, n)
 
 proc genStrEquals(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
@@ -2113,11 +2273,11 @@ proc genStrEquals(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   var a = e[1]
   var b = e[2]
   if a.kind in {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit} and a.strVal == "":
-    initLocExpr(p, e[2], x)
+    x = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
     putIntoDest(p, d, e,
       ropecg(p.module, "($1 == 0)", [lenExpr(p, x)]))
   elif b.kind in {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit} and b.strVal == "":
-    initLocExpr(p, e[1], x)
+    x = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
     putIntoDest(p, d, e,
       ropecg(p.module, "($1 == 0)", [lenExpr(p, x)]))
   else:
@@ -2126,49 +2286,80 @@ proc genStrEquals(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
 proc binaryFloatArith(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, m: TMagic) =
   if {optNaNCheck, optInfCheck} * p.options != {}:
     const opr: array[mAddF64..mDivF64, string] = ["+", "-", "*", "/"]
-    var a, b: TLoc
     assert(e[1].typ != nil)
     assert(e[2].typ != nil)
-    initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-    initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
+    var a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+    var b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
     putIntoDest(p, d, e, ropecg(p.module, "(($4)($2) $1 ($4)($3))",
                               [opr[m], rdLoc(a), rdLoc(b),
                               getSimpleTypeDesc(p.module, e[1].typ)]))
     if optNaNCheck in p.options:
-      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 != $1){ #raiseFloatInvalidOp(); $2}$n", [rdLoc(d), raiseInstr(p)])
+      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 != $1){ #raiseFloatInvalidOp(); ", [rdLoc(d)])
+      raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
+      linefmt p, cpsStmts, "}$n", []
+
     if optInfCheck in p.options:
-      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 != 0.0 && $1*0.5 == $1) { #raiseFloatOverflow($1); $2}$n", [rdLoc(d), raiseInstr(p)])
+      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 != 0.0 && $1*0.5 == $1) { #raiseFloatOverflow($1); ", [rdLoc(d)])
+      raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
+      linefmt p, cpsStmts, "}$n", []
+
   else:
     binaryArith(p, e, d, m)
 
-proc skipAddr(n: PNode): PNode =
-  result = if n.kind in {nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr}: n[0] else: n
-
 proc genWasMoved(p: BProc; n: PNode) =
   var a: TLoc
   let n1 = n[1].skipAddr
   if p.withinBlockLeaveActions > 0 and notYetAlive(n1):
     discard
   else:
-    initLocExpr(p, n1, a)
+    a = initLocExpr(p, n1, {lfEnforceDeref})
     resetLoc(p, a)
     #linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#nimZeroMem((void*)$1, sizeof($2));$n",
     #  [addrLoc(p.config, a), getTypeDesc(p.module, a.t)])
 
 proc genMove(p: BProc; n: PNode; d: var TLoc) =
-  var a: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, n[1].skipAddr, a)
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, n[1].skipAddr)
   if n.len == 4:
     # generated by liftdestructors:
-    var src: TLoc
-    initLocExpr(p, n[2], src)
+    var src: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, n[2])
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1.p != $2.p) {", [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(src)])
     genStmts(p, n[3])
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "}$n$1.len = $2.len; $1.p = $2.p;$n", [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(src)])
   else:
-    if d.k == locNone: getTemp(p, n.typ, d)
-    genAssignment(p, d, a, {})
-    resetLoc(p, a)
+    if d.k == locNone: d = getTemp(p, n.typ)
+    if p.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc}:
+      genAssignment(p, d, a, {})
+      var op = getAttachedOp(p.module.g.graph, n.typ, attachedWasMoved)
+      if op == nil:
+        resetLoc(p, a)
+      else:
+        var b = initLocExpr(p, newSymNode(op))
+        case skipTypes(a.t, abstractVar+{tyStatic}).kind
+        of tyOpenArray, tyVarargs: # todo fixme generated `wasMoved` hooks for
+                                   # openarrays, but it probably shouldn't?
+          var s: string
+          if reifiedOpenArray(a.lode):
+            if a.t.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}:
+              s = "$1->Field0, $1->Field1" % [rdLoc(a)]
+            else:
+              s = "$1.Field0, $1.Field1" % [rdLoc(a)]
+          else:
+            s = "$1, $1Len_0" % [rdLoc(a)]
+          linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1($2);$n", [rdLoc(b), s])
+        else:
+          if p.module.compileToCpp:
+            linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1($2);$n", [rdLoc(b), rdLoc(a)])
+          else:
+            linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1($2);$n", [rdLoc(b), byRefLoc(p, a)])
+    else:
+      if n[1].kind == nkSym and isSinkParam(n[1].sym):
+        var tmp = getTemp(p, n[1].typ.skipTypes({tySink}))
+        genAssignment(p, tmp, a, {needToCopySinkParam})
+        genAssignment(p, d, tmp, {})
+        resetLoc(p, tmp)
+      else:
+        genAssignment(p, d, a, {})
+      resetLoc(p, a)
 
 proc genDestroy(p: BProc; n: PNode) =
   if optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
@@ -2176,8 +2367,7 @@ proc genDestroy(p: BProc; n: PNode) =
     let t = arg.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)
     case t.kind
     of tyString:
-      var a: TLoc
-      initLocExpr(p, arg, a)
+      var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, arg)
       if optThreads in p.config.globalOptions:
         linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1.p && !($1.p->cap & NIM_STRLIT_FLAG)) {$n" &
           " #deallocShared($1.p);$n" &
@@ -2187,12 +2377,11 @@ proc genDestroy(p: BProc; n: PNode) =
           " #dealloc($1.p);$n" &
           "}$n", [rdLoc(a)])
     of tySequence:
-      var a: TLoc
-      initLocExpr(p, arg, a)
+      var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, arg)
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1.p && !($1.p->cap & NIM_STRLIT_FLAG)) {$n" &
         " #alignedDealloc($1.p, NIM_ALIGNOF($2));$n" &
         "}$n",
-        [rdLoc(a), getTypeDesc(p.module, t.lastSon)])
+        [rdLoc(a), getTypeDesc(p.module, t.elementType)])
     else: discard "nothing to do"
   else:
     let t = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVar)
@@ -2203,10 +2392,9 @@ proc genDestroy(p: BProc; n: PNode) =
 
 proc genDispose(p: BProc; n: PNode) =
   when false:
-    let elemType = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVar).lastSon
+    let elemType = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVar).elementType
 
-    var a: TLoc
-    initLocExpr(p, n[1].skipAddr, a)
+    var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, n[1].skipAddr)
 
     if isFinal(elemType):
       if elemType.destructor != nil:
@@ -2219,8 +2407,11 @@ proc genDispose(p: BProc; n: PNode) =
       lineCg(p, cpsStmts, ["#nimDestroyAndDispose($#)", rdLoc(a)])
 
 proc genSlice(p: BProc; e: PNode; d: var TLoc) =
-  let (x, y) = genOpenArraySlice(p, e, e.typ, e.typ.lastSon)
-  if d.k == locNone: getTemp(p, e.typ, d)
+  let (x, y) = genOpenArraySlice(p, e, e.typ, e.typ.elementType,
+    prepareForMutation = e[1].kind == nkHiddenDeref and
+                         e[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tyString and
+                         p.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc})
+  if d.k == locNone: d = getTemp(p, e.typ)
   linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.Field0 = $2; $1.Field1 = $3;$n", [rdLoc(d), x, y])
   when false:
     localError(p.config, e.info, "invalid context for 'toOpenArray'; " &
@@ -2255,11 +2446,10 @@ proc genMagicExpr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, op: TMagic) =
     if optOverflowCheck notin p.options or underlying.kind in {tyUInt..tyUInt64}:
       binaryStmt(p, e, d, opr[op])
     else:
-      var a, b: TLoc
       assert(e[1].typ != nil)
       assert(e[2].typ != nil)
-      initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-      initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
+      var a = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+      var b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
 
       let ranged = skipTypes(e[1].typ, {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyVar, tyLent, tyDistinct})
       let res = binaryArithOverflowRaw(p, ranged, a, b,
@@ -2273,11 +2463,10 @@ proc genMagicExpr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, op: TMagic) =
     if optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
       binaryStmtAddr(p, e, d, "nimAddCharV1")
     else:
-      var dest, b, call: TLoc
-      initLoc(call, locCall, e, OnHeap)
-      initLocExpr(p, e[1], dest)
-      initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
-      call.r = ropecg(p.module, "#addChar($1, $2)", [rdLoc(dest), rdLoc(b)])
+      var call = initLoc(locCall, e, OnHeap)
+      var dest = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+      var b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
+      call.snippet = ropecg(p.module, "#addChar($1, $2)", [rdLoc(dest), rdLoc(b)])
       genAssignment(p, dest, call, {})
   of mAppendStrStr: genStrAppend(p, e, d)
   of mAppendSeqElem:
@@ -2290,14 +2479,16 @@ proc genMagicExpr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, op: TMagic) =
   of mLeStr: binaryExpr(p, e, d, "(#cmpStrings($1, $2) <= 0)")
   of mLtStr: binaryExpr(p, e, d, "(#cmpStrings($1, $2) < 0)")
   of mIsNil: genIsNil(p, e, d)
-  of mIntToStr: genDollar(p, e, d, "#nimIntToStr($1)")
-  of mInt64ToStr: genDollar(p, e, d, "#nimInt64ToStr($1)")
   of mBoolToStr: genDollar(p, e, d, "#nimBoolToStr($1)")
   of mCharToStr: genDollar(p, e, d, "#nimCharToStr($1)")
-  of mFloatToStr: genDollar(p, e, d, "#nimFloatToStr($1)")
-  of mCStrToStr: genDollar(p, e, d, "#cstrToNimstr($1)")
+  of mCStrToStr:
+    if p.module.compileToCpp:
+      # fixes for const qualifier; bug #12703; bug #19588
+      genDollar(p, e, d, "#cstrToNimstr((NCSTRING) $1)")
+    else:
+      genDollar(p, e, d, "#cstrToNimstr($1)")
   of mStrToStr, mUnown: expr(p, e[1], d)
-  of mIsolate: genCall(p, e, d)
+  of generatedMagics: genCall(p, e, d)
   of mEnumToStr:
     if optTinyRtti in p.config.globalOptions:
       genEnumToStr(p, e, d)
@@ -2307,20 +2498,24 @@ proc genMagicExpr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, op: TMagic) =
   of mNew: genNew(p, e)
   of mNewFinalize:
     if optTinyRtti in p.config.globalOptions:
-      var a: TLoc
-      initLocExpr(p, e[1], a)
-      rawGenNew(p, a, nil, needsInit = true)
+      var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, e[1])
+      rawGenNew(p, a, "", needsInit = true)
       gcUsage(p.config, e)
     else:
       genNewFinalize(p, e)
-  of mNewSeq: genNewSeq(p, e)
+  of mNewSeq:
+    if optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
+      e[1] = makeAddr(e[1], p.module.idgen)
+      genCall(p, e, d)
+    else:
+      genNewSeq(p, e)
   of mNewSeqOfCap: genNewSeqOfCap(p, e, d)
   of mSizeOf:
     let t = e[1].typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
-    putIntoDest(p, d, e, "((NI)sizeof($1))" % [getTypeDesc(p.module, t, skVar)])
+    putIntoDest(p, d, e, "((NI)sizeof($1))" % [getTypeDesc(p.module, t, dkVar)])
   of mAlignOf:
     let t = e[1].typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
-    putIntoDest(p, d, e, "((NI)NIM_ALIGNOF($1))" % [getTypeDesc(p.module, t, skVar)])
+    putIntoDest(p, d, e, "((NI)NIM_ALIGNOF($1))" % [getTypeDesc(p.module, t, dkVar)])
   of mOffsetOf:
     var dotExpr: PNode
     if e[1].kind == nkDotExpr:
@@ -2328,20 +2523,25 @@ proc genMagicExpr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, op: TMagic) =
     elif e[1].kind == nkCheckedFieldExpr:
       dotExpr = e[1][0]
     else:
+      dotExpr = nil
       internalError(p.config, e.info, "unknown ast")
     let t = dotExpr[0].typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
-    let tname = getTypeDesc(p.module, t, skVar)
+    let tname = getTypeDesc(p.module, t, dkVar)
     let member =
       if t.kind == tyTuple:
         "Field" & rope(dotExpr[1].sym.position)
-      else: dotExpr[1].sym.loc.r
+      else: dotExpr[1].sym.loc.snippet
     putIntoDest(p,d,e, "((NI)offsetof($1, $2))" % [tname, member])
   of mChr: genSomeCast(p, e, d)
   of mOrd: genOrd(p, e, d)
   of mLengthArray, mHigh, mLengthStr, mLengthSeq, mLengthOpenArray:
     genArrayLen(p, e, d, op)
-  of mGCref: unaryStmt(p, e, d, "if ($1) { #nimGCref($1); }$n")
-  of mGCunref: unaryStmt(p, e, d, "if ($1) { #nimGCunref($1); }$n")
+  of mGCref:
+    # only a magic for the old GCs
+    unaryStmt(p, e, d, "if ($1) { #nimGCref($1); }$n")
+  of mGCunref:
+    # only a magic for the old GCs
+    unaryStmt(p, e, d, "if ($1) { #nimGCunref($1); }$n")
   of mSetLengthStr: genSetLengthStr(p, e, d)
   of mSetLengthSeq: genSetLengthSeq(p, e, d)
   of mIncl, mExcl, mCard, mLtSet, mLeSet, mEqSet, mMulSet, mPlusSet, mMinusSet,
@@ -2353,8 +2553,8 @@ proc genMagicExpr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, op: TMagic) =
     # - not sure, and it wouldn't work if the symbol behind the magic isn't
     #   somehow forward-declared from some other usage, but it is *possible*
     if lfNoDecl notin opr.loc.flags:
-      let prc = magicsys.getCompilerProc(p.module.g.graph, $opr.loc.r)
-      assert prc != nil, $opr.loc.r
+      let prc = magicsys.getCompilerProc(p.module.g.graph, $opr.loc.snippet)
+      assert prc != nil, $opr.loc.snippet
       # HACK:
       # Explicitly add this proc as declared here so the cgsym call doesn't
       # add a forward declaration - without this we could end up with the same
@@ -2367,46 +2567,50 @@ proc genMagicExpr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc, op: TMagic) =
       let wasDeclared = containsOrIncl(p.module.declaredProtos, prc.id)
       # Make the function behind the magic get actually generated - this will
       # not lead to a forward declaration! The genCall will lead to one.
-      discard cgsym(p.module, $opr.loc.r)
+      cgsym(p.module, $opr.loc.snippet)
       # make sure we have pointer-initialising code for hot code reloading
       if not wasDeclared and p.hcrOn:
         p.module.s[cfsDynLibInit].addf("\t$1 = ($2) hcrGetProc($3, \"$1\");$n",
              [mangleDynLibProc(prc), getTypeDesc(p.module, prc.loc.t), getModuleDllPath(p.module, prc)])
     genCall(p, e, d)
-  of mDefault: genDefault(p, e, d)
-  of mReset: genReset(p, e)
+  of mDefault, mZeroDefault: genDefault(p, e, d)
   of mEcho: genEcho(p, e[1].skipConv)
   of mArrToSeq: genArrToSeq(p, e, d)
   of mNLen..mNError, mSlurp..mQuoteAst:
     localError(p.config, e.info, strutils.`%`(errXMustBeCompileTime, e[0].sym.name.s))
   of mSpawn:
     when defined(leanCompiler):
-      quit "compiler built without support for the 'spawn' statement"
+      p.config.quitOrRaise "compiler built without support for the 'spawn' statement"
     else:
       let n = spawn.wrapProcForSpawn(p.module.g.graph, p.module.idgen, p.module.module, e, e.typ, nil, nil)
       expr(p, n, d)
   of mParallel:
     when defined(leanCompiler):
-      quit "compiler built without support for the 'parallel' statement"
+      p.config.quitOrRaise "compiler built without support for the 'parallel' statement"
     else:
       let n = semparallel.liftParallel(p.module.g.graph, p.module.idgen, p.module.module, e)
       expr(p, n, d)
   of mDeepCopy:
-    if p.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc} and optEnableDeepCopy notin p.config.globalOptions:
+    if p.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc} and optEnableDeepCopy notin p.config.globalOptions:
       localError(p.config, e.info,
-        "for --gc:arc|orc 'deepcopy' support has to be enabled with --deepcopy:on")
+        "for --mm:arc|atomicArc|orc 'deepcopy' support has to be enabled with --deepcopy:on")
 
-    var a, b: TLoc
     let x = if e[1].kind in {nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr}: e[1][0] else: e[1]
-    initLocExpr(p, x, a)
-    initLocExpr(p, e[2], b)
+    var a = initLocExpr(p, x)
+    var b = initLocExpr(p, e[2])
     genDeepCopy(p, a, b)
   of mDotDot, mEqCString: genCall(p, e, d)
   of mWasMoved: genWasMoved(p, e)
   of mMove: genMove(p, e, d)
   of mDestroy: genDestroy(p, e)
   of mAccessEnv: unaryExpr(p, e, d, "$1.ClE_0")
+  of mAccessTypeField: genAccessTypeField(p, e, d)
   of mSlice: genSlice(p, e, d)
+  of mTrace: discard "no code to generate"
+  of mEnsureMove:
+    expr(p, e[1], d)
+  of mDup:
+    expr(p, e[1], d)
   else:
     when defined(debugMagics):
       echo p.prc.name.s, " ", p.prc.id, " ", p.prc.flags, " ", p.prc.ast[genericParamsPos].kind
@@ -2418,60 +2622,90 @@ proc genSetConstr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   # nimZeroMem(tmp, sizeof(tmp)); inclRange(tmp, a, b); incl(tmp, c);
   # incl(tmp, d); incl(tmp, e); inclRange(tmp, f, g);
   var
-    a, b, idx: TLoc
+    a, b: TLoc
+  var idx: TLoc
   if nfAllConst in e.flags:
-    putIntoDest(p, d, e, genSetNode(p, e))
+    var elem = newRopeAppender()
+    genSetNode(p, e, elem)
+    putIntoDest(p, d, e, elem)
   else:
-    if d.k == locNone: getTemp(p, e.typ, d)
+    if d.k == locNone: d = getTemp(p, e.typ)
     if getSize(p.config, e.typ) > 8:
       # big set:
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#nimZeroMem($1, sizeof($2));$n",
           [rdLoc(d), getTypeDesc(p.module, e.typ)])
       for it in e.sons:
         if it.kind == nkRange:
-          getTemp(p, getSysType(p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt), idx) # our counter
-          initLocExpr(p, it[0], a)
-          initLocExpr(p, it[1], b)
+          idx = getTemp(p, getSysType(p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt)) # our counter
+          a = initLocExpr(p, it[0])
+          b = initLocExpr(p, it[1])
+          var aa = newRopeAppender()
+          rdSetElemLoc(p.config, a, e.typ, aa)
+          var bb = newRopeAppender()
+          rdSetElemLoc(p.config, b, e.typ, bb)
           lineF(p, cpsStmts, "for ($1 = $3; $1 <= $4; $1++) $n" &
               "$2[(NU)($1)>>3] |=(1U<<((NU)($1)&7U));$n", [rdLoc(idx), rdLoc(d),
-              rdSetElemLoc(p.config, a, e.typ), rdSetElemLoc(p.config, b, e.typ)])
+              aa, bb])
         else:
-          initLocExpr(p, it, a)
+          a = initLocExpr(p, it)
+          var aa = newRopeAppender()
+          rdSetElemLoc(p.config, a, e.typ, aa)
           lineF(p, cpsStmts, "$1[(NU)($2)>>3] |=(1U<<((NU)($2)&7U));$n",
-               [rdLoc(d), rdSetElemLoc(p.config, a, e.typ)])
+               [rdLoc(d), aa])
     else:
       # small set
       var ts = "NU" & $(getSize(p.config, e.typ) * 8)
       lineF(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = 0;$n", [rdLoc(d)])
       for it in e.sons:
         if it.kind == nkRange:
-          getTemp(p, getSysType(p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt), idx) # our counter
-          initLocExpr(p, it[0], a)
-          initLocExpr(p, it[1], b)
+          idx = getTemp(p, getSysType(p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt)) # our counter
+          a = initLocExpr(p, it[0])
+          b = initLocExpr(p, it[1])
+          var aa = newRopeAppender()
+          rdSetElemLoc(p.config, a, e.typ, aa)
+          var bb = newRopeAppender()
+          rdSetElemLoc(p.config, b, e.typ, bb)
+
           lineF(p, cpsStmts, "for ($1 = $3; $1 <= $4; $1++) $n" &
               "$2 |=(($5)(1)<<(($1)%(sizeof($5)*8)));$n", [
-              rdLoc(idx), rdLoc(d), rdSetElemLoc(p.config, a, e.typ),
-              rdSetElemLoc(p.config, b, e.typ), rope(ts)])
+              rdLoc(idx), rdLoc(d), aa, bb, rope(ts)])
         else:
-          initLocExpr(p, it, a)
+          a = initLocExpr(p, it)
+          var aa = newRopeAppender()
+          rdSetElemLoc(p.config, a, e.typ, aa)
           lineF(p, cpsStmts,
                "$1 |=(($3)(1)<<(($2)%(sizeof($3)*8)));$n",
-               [rdLoc(d), rdSetElemLoc(p.config, a, e.typ), rope(ts)])
+               [rdLoc(d), aa, rope(ts)])
 
 proc genTupleConstr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   var rec: TLoc
   if not handleConstExpr(p, n, d):
     let t = n.typ
     discard getTypeDesc(p.module, t) # so that any fields are initialized
-    if d.k == locNone: getTemp(p, t, d)
+
+    var tmp: TLoc = default(TLoc)
+    # bug #16331
+    let doesAlias = lhsDoesAlias(d.lode, n)
+    let dest = if doesAlias: addr(tmp) else: addr(d)
+    if doesAlias:
+      tmp = getTemp(p, n.typ)
+    elif d.k == locNone:
+      d = getTemp(p, n.typ)
+
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       var it = n[i]
       if it.kind == nkExprColonExpr: it = it[1]
-      initLoc(rec, locExpr, it, d.storage)
-      rec.r = "$1.Field$2" % [rdLoc(d), rope(i)]
+      rec = initLoc(locExpr, it, dest[].storage)
+      rec.snippet = "$1.Field$2" % [rdLoc(dest[]), rope(i)]
       rec.flags.incl(lfEnforceDeref)
       expr(p, it, rec)
 
+    if doesAlias:
+      if d.k == locNone:
+        d = tmp
+      else:
+        genAssignment(p, d, tmp, {})
+
 proc isConstClosure(n: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
   result = n[0].kind == nkSym and isRoutine(n[0].sym) and
       n[1].kind == nkNilLit
@@ -2482,13 +2716,15 @@ proc genClosure(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   if isConstClosure(n):
     inc(p.module.labels)
     var tmp = "CNSTCLOSURE" & rope(p.module.labels)
-    p.module.s[cfsData].addf("static NIM_CONST $1 $2 = $3;$n",
-        [getTypeDesc(p.module, n.typ), tmp, genBracedInit(p, n, isConst = true, n.typ)])
+    var data = "static NIM_CONST $1 $2 = " % [getTypeDesc(p.module, n.typ), tmp]
+    genBracedInit(p, n, isConst = true, n.typ, data)
+    data.addf(";$n", [])
+    p.module.s[cfsData].add data
     putIntoDest(p, d, n, tmp, OnStatic)
   else:
-    var tmp, a, b: TLoc
-    initLocExpr(p, n[0], a)
-    initLocExpr(p, n[1], b)
+    var tmp: TLoc
+    var a = initLocExpr(p, n[0])
+    var b = initLocExpr(p, n[1])
     if n[0].skipConv.kind == nkClosure:
       internalError(p.config, n.info, "closure to closure created")
     # tasyncawait.nim breaks with this optimization:
@@ -2497,7 +2733,7 @@ proc genClosure(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
         linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.ClP_0 = $2; $1.ClE_0 = $3;$n",
                 [d.rdLoc, a.rdLoc, b.rdLoc])
     else:
-      getTemp(p, n.typ, tmp)
+      tmp = getTemp(p, n.typ)
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.ClP_0 = $2; $1.ClE_0 = $3;$n",
               [tmp.rdLoc, a.rdLoc, b.rdLoc])
       putLocIntoDest(p, d, tmp)
@@ -2505,15 +2741,17 @@ proc genClosure(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
 proc genArrayConstr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   var arr: TLoc
   if not handleConstExpr(p, n, d):
-    if d.k == locNone: getTemp(p, n.typ, d)
+    if d.k == locNone: d = getTemp(p, n.typ)
     for i in 0..<n.len:
-      initLoc(arr, locExpr, lodeTyp elemType(skipTypes(n.typ, abstractInst)), d.storage)
-      arr.r = "$1[$2]" % [rdLoc(d), intLiteral(i)]
+      arr = initLoc(locExpr, lodeTyp elemType(skipTypes(n.typ, abstractInst)), d.storage)
+      var lit = newRopeAppender()
+      intLiteral(i, lit)
+      arr.snippet = "$1[$2]" % [rdLoc(d), lit]
       expr(p, n[i], arr)
 
 proc genComplexConst(p: BProc, sym: PSym, d: var TLoc) =
   requestConstImpl(p, sym)
-  assert((sym.loc.r != nil) and (sym.loc.t != nil))
+  assert((sym.loc.snippet != "") and (sym.loc.t != nil))
   putLocIntoDest(p, d, sym.loc)
 
 template genStmtListExprImpl(exprOrStmt) {.dirty.} =
@@ -2521,11 +2759,11 @@ template genStmtListExprImpl(exprOrStmt) {.dirty.} =
   let hasNimFrame = p.prc != nil and
       sfSystemModule notin p.module.module.flags and
       optStackTrace in p.prc.options
-  var frameName: Rope = nil
+  var frameName: Rope = ""
   for i in 0..<n.len - 1:
     let it = n[i]
     if it.kind == nkComesFrom:
-      if hasNimFrame and frameName == nil:
+      if hasNimFrame and frameName == "":
         inc p.labels
         frameName = "FR" & rope(p.labels) & "_"
         let theMacro = it[0].sym
@@ -2535,7 +2773,7 @@ template genStmtListExprImpl(exprOrStmt) {.dirty.} =
     else:
       genStmts(p, it)
   if n.len > 0: exprOrStmt
-  if frameName != nil:
+  if frameName != "":
     p.s(cpsStmts).add deinitFrameNoDebug(p, frameName)
 
 proc genStmtListExpr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
@@ -2549,22 +2787,32 @@ proc genStmtList(p: BProc, n: PNode) =
 from parampatterns import isLValue
 
 proc upConv(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  var a: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, n[0], a)
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, n[0])
   let dest = skipTypes(n.typ, abstractPtrs)
   if optObjCheck in p.options and not isObjLackingTypeField(dest):
-    var nilCheck = Rope(nil)
-    let r = rdMType(p, a, nilCheck)
-    let checkFor = if optTinyRtti in p.config.globalOptions:
-                     genTypeInfo2Name(p.module, dest)
-                   else:
-                     genTypeInfoV1(p.module, dest, n.info)
-    if nilCheck != nil:
-      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 && !#isObj($2, $3)){ #raiseObjectConversionError(); $4}$n",
-              [nilCheck, r, checkFor, raiseInstr(p)])
-    else:
-      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if (!#isObj($1, $2)){ #raiseObjectConversionError(); $3}$n",
-              [r, checkFor, raiseInstr(p)])
+    var nilCheck = ""
+    var r = newRopeAppender()
+    rdMType(p, a, nilCheck, r)
+    if optTinyRtti in p.config.globalOptions:
+      let checkFor = $getObjDepth(dest)
+      let token = $genDisplayElem(MD5Digest(hashType(dest, p.config)))
+      if nilCheck != "":
+        linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 && !#isObjDisplayCheck($2, $3, $4)){ #raiseObjectConversionError(); ",
+                [nilCheck, r, checkFor, token])
+      else:
+        linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if (!#isObjDisplayCheck($1, $2, $3)){ #raiseObjectConversionError(); ",
+                [r, checkFor, token])
+    else:
+      let checkFor = genTypeInfoV1(p.module, dest, n.info)
+      if nilCheck != "":
+        linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1 && !#isObj($2, $3)){ #raiseObjectConversionError(); ",
+                [nilCheck, r, checkFor])
+      else:
+        linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if (!#isObj($1, $2)){ #raiseObjectConversionError(); ",
+                [r, checkFor])
+    raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
+    linefmt p, cpsStmts, "}$n", []
+
   if n[0].typ.kind != tyObject:
     if n.isLValue:
       putIntoDest(p, d, n,
@@ -2590,16 +2838,14 @@ proc downConv(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     # (see bug #837). However sometimes using a temporary is not correct:
     # init(TFigure(my)) # where it is passed to a 'var TFigure'. We test
     # this by ensuring the destination is also a pointer:
-    var a: TLoc
-    initLocExpr(p, arg, a)
+    var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, arg)
     putIntoDest(p, d, n,
               "(*(($1*) (&($2))))" % [getTypeDesc(p.module, n.typ), rdLoc(a)], a.storage)
   elif p.module.compileToCpp:
     # C++ implicitly downcasts for us
     expr(p, arg, d)
   else:
-    var a: TLoc
-    initLocExpr(p, arg, a)
+    var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, arg)
     var r = rdLoc(a) & (if isRef: "->Sup" else: ".Sup")
     for i in 2..abs(inheritanceDiff(dest, src)): r.add(".Sup")
     putIntoDest(p, d, n, if isRef: "&" & r else: r, a.storage)
@@ -2613,8 +2859,10 @@ proc exprComplexConst(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   if id == p.module.labels:
     # expression not found in the cache:
     inc(p.module.labels)
-    p.module.s[cfsData].addf("static NIM_CONST $1 $2 = $3;$n",
-         [getTypeDesc(p.module, t, skConst), tmp, genBracedInit(p, n, isConst = true, t)])
+    p.module.s[cfsData].addf("static NIM_CONST $1 $2 = ",
+         [getTypeDesc(p.module, t, dkConst), tmp])
+    genBracedInit(p, n, isConst = true, t, p.module.s[cfsData])
+    p.module.s[cfsData].addf(";$n", [])
 
   if d.k == locNone:
     fillLoc(d, locData, n, tmp, OnStatic)
@@ -2629,42 +2877,48 @@ proc genConstSetup(p: BProc; sym: PSym): bool =
   let m = p.module
   useHeader(m, sym)
   if sym.loc.k == locNone:
-    fillLoc(sym.loc, locData, sym.ast, mangleName(p.module, sym), OnStatic)
+    fillBackendName(p.module, sym)
+    fillLoc(sym.loc, locData, sym.astdef, OnStatic)
   if m.hcrOn: incl(sym.loc.flags, lfIndirect)
   result = lfNoDecl notin sym.loc.flags
 
 proc genConstHeader(m, q: BModule; p: BProc, sym: PSym) =
-  assert(sym.loc.r != nil)
+  if sym.loc.snippet == "":
+    if not genConstSetup(p, sym): return
+  assert(sym.loc.snippet != "", $sym.name.s & $sym.itemId)
   if m.hcrOn:
-    m.s[cfsVars].addf("static $1* $2;$n", [getTypeDesc(m, sym.loc.t, skVar), sym.loc.r]);
+    m.s[cfsVars].addf("static $1* $2;$n", [getTypeDesc(m, sym.loc.t, dkVar), sym.loc.snippet]);
     m.initProc.procSec(cpsLocals).addf(
-      "\t$1 = ($2*)hcrGetGlobal($3, \"$1\");$n", [sym.loc.r,
-      getTypeDesc(m, sym.loc.t, skVar), getModuleDllPath(q, sym)])
+      "\t$1 = ($2*)hcrGetGlobal($3, \"$1\");$n", [sym.loc.snippet,
+      getTypeDesc(m, sym.loc.t, dkVar), getModuleDllPath(q, sym)])
   else:
     let headerDecl = "extern NIM_CONST $1 $2;$n" %
-        [getTypeDesc(m, sym.loc.t, skVar), sym.loc.r]
+        [getTypeDesc(m, sym.loc.t, dkVar), sym.loc.snippet]
     m.s[cfsData].add(headerDecl)
     if sfExportc in sym.flags and p.module.g.generatedHeader != nil:
       p.module.g.generatedHeader.s[cfsData].add(headerDecl)
 
 proc genConstDefinition(q: BModule; p: BProc; sym: PSym) =
   # add a suffix for hcr - will later init the global pointer with this data
-  let actualConstName = if q.hcrOn: sym.loc.r & "_const" else: sym.loc.r
-  q.s[cfsData].addf("N_LIB_PRIVATE NIM_CONST $1 $2 = $3;$n",
-      [getTypeDesc(q, sym.typ), actualConstName,
-      genBracedInit(q.initProc, sym.ast, isConst = true, sym.typ)])
+  let actualConstName = if q.hcrOn: sym.loc.snippet & "_const" else: sym.loc.snippet
+  var data = newRopeAppender()
+  data.addf("N_LIB_PRIVATE NIM_CONST $1 $2 = ",
+           [getTypeDesc(q, sym.typ), actualConstName])
+  genBracedInit(q.initProc, sym.astdef, isConst = true, sym.typ, data)
+  data.addf(";$n", [])
+  q.s[cfsData].add data
   if q.hcrOn:
     # generate the global pointer with the real name
-    q.s[cfsVars].addf("static $1* $2;$n", [getTypeDesc(q, sym.loc.t, skVar), sym.loc.r])
+    q.s[cfsVars].addf("static $1* $2;$n", [getTypeDesc(q, sym.loc.t, dkVar), sym.loc.snippet])
     # register it (but ignore the boolean result of hcrRegisterGlobal)
     q.initProc.procSec(cpsLocals).addf(
       "\thcrRegisterGlobal($1, \"$2\", sizeof($3), NULL, (void**)&$2);$n",
-      [getModuleDllPath(q, sym), sym.loc.r, rdLoc(sym.loc)])
+      [getModuleDllPath(q, sym), sym.loc.snippet, rdLoc(sym.loc)])
     # always copy over the contents of the actual constant with the _const
     # suffix ==> this means that the constant is reloadable & updatable!
     q.initProc.procSec(cpsLocals).add(ropecg(q,
       "\t#nimCopyMem((void*)$1, (NIM_CONST void*)&$2, sizeof($3));$n",
-      [sym.loc.r, actualConstName, rdLoc(sym.loc)]))
+      [sym.loc.snippet, actualConstName, rdLoc(sym.loc)]))
 
 proc genConstStmt(p: BProc, n: PNode) =
   # This code is only used in the new DCE implementation.
@@ -2677,7 +2931,7 @@ proc genConstStmt(p: BProc, n: PNode) =
         genConstDefinition(m, p, sym)
 
 proc expr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
-  when defined(nimCompilerStackraceHints):
+  when defined(nimCompilerStacktraceHints):
     setFrameMsg p.config$n.info & " " & $n.kind
   p.currLineInfo = n.info
 
@@ -2704,15 +2958,17 @@ proc expr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
         genProcPrototype(p.module, sym)
       else:
         genProc(p.module, sym)
-      if sym.loc.r == nil or sym.loc.lode == nil:
+      if sym.loc.snippet == "" or sym.loc.lode == nil:
         internalError(p.config, n.info, "expr: proc not init " & sym.name.s)
       putLocIntoDest(p, d, sym.loc)
     of skConst:
       if isSimpleConst(sym.typ):
-        putIntoDest(p, d, n, genLiteral(p, sym.ast, sym.typ), OnStatic)
+        var lit = newRopeAppender()
+        genLiteral(p, sym.astdef, sym.typ, lit)
+        putIntoDest(p, d, n, lit, OnStatic)
       elif useAliveDataFromDce in p.module.flags:
         genConstHeader(p.module, p.module, p, sym)
-        assert((sym.loc.r != nil) and (sym.loc.t != nil))
+        assert((sym.loc.snippet != "") and (sym.loc.t != nil))
         putLocIntoDest(p, d, sym.loc)
       else:
         genComplexConst(p, sym, d)
@@ -2727,14 +2983,14 @@ proc expr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
         if sfCompileTime in sym.flags:
           genSingleVar(p, sym, n, astdef(sym))
 
-      if sym.loc.r == nil or sym.loc.t == nil:
+      if sym.loc.snippet == "" or sym.loc.t == nil:
         #echo "FAILED FOR PRCO ", p.prc.name.s
         #echo renderTree(p.prc.ast, {renderIds})
         internalError p.config, n.info, "expr: var not init " & sym.name.s & "_" & $sym.id
       if sfThread in sym.flags:
         accessThreadLocalVar(p, sym)
         if emulatedThreadVars(p.config):
-          putIntoDest(p, d, sym.loc.lode, "NimTV_->" & sym.loc.r)
+          putIntoDest(p, d, sym.loc.lode, "NimTV_->" & sym.loc.snippet)
         else:
           putLocIntoDest(p, d, sym.loc)
       else:
@@ -2742,17 +2998,17 @@ proc expr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     of skTemp:
       when false:
         # this is more harmful than helpful.
-        if sym.loc.r == nil:
+        if sym.loc.snippet == "":
           # we now support undeclared 'skTemp' variables for easier
           # transformations in other parts of the compiler:
           assignLocalVar(p, n)
-      if sym.loc.r == nil or sym.loc.t == nil:
+      if sym.loc.snippet == "" or sym.loc.t == nil:
         #echo "FAILED FOR PRCO ", p.prc.name.s
         #echo renderTree(p.prc.ast, {renderIds})
         internalError(p.config, n.info, "expr: temp not init " & sym.name.s & "_" & $sym.id)
       putLocIntoDest(p, d, sym.loc)
     of skParam:
-      if sym.loc.r == nil or sym.loc.t == nil:
+      if sym.loc.snippet == "" or sym.loc.t == nil:
         # echo "FAILED FOR PRCO ", p.prc.name.s
         # debug p.prc.typ.n
         # echo renderTree(p.prc.ast, {renderIds})
@@ -2761,19 +3017,24 @@ proc expr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     else: internalError(p.config, n.info, "expr(" & $sym.kind & "); unknown symbol")
   of nkNilLit:
     if not isEmptyType(n.typ):
-      putIntoDest(p, d, n, genLiteral(p, n))
+      var lit = newRopeAppender()
+      genLiteral(p, n, lit)
+      putIntoDest(p, d, n, lit)
   of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit:
-    putDataIntoDest(p, d, n, genLiteral(p, n))
-  of nkIntLit..nkUInt64Lit,
-     nkFloatLit..nkFloat128Lit, nkCharLit:
-    putIntoDest(p, d, n, genLiteral(p, n))
+    var lit = newRopeAppender()
+    genLiteral(p, n, lit)
+    putDataIntoDest(p, d, n, lit)
+  of nkIntLit..nkUInt64Lit, nkFloatLit..nkFloat128Lit, nkCharLit:
+    var lit = newRopeAppender()
+    genLiteral(p, n, lit)
+    putIntoDest(p, d, n, lit)
   of nkCall, nkHiddenCallConv, nkInfix, nkPrefix, nkPostfix, nkCommand,
      nkCallStrLit:
     genLineDir(p, n) # may be redundant, it is generated in fixupCall as well
     let op = n[0]
     if n.typ.isNil:
       # discard the value:
-      var a: TLoc
+      var a: TLoc = default(TLoc)
       if op.kind == nkSym and op.sym.magic != mNone:
         genMagicExpr(p, n, a, op.sym.magic)
       else:
@@ -2786,7 +3047,9 @@ proc expr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
         genCall(p, n, d)
   of nkCurly:
     if isDeepConstExpr(n) and n.len != 0:
-      putIntoDest(p, d, n, genSetNode(p, n))
+      var lit = newRopeAppender()
+      genSetNode(p, n, lit)
+      putIntoDest(p, d, n, lit)
     else:
       genSetConstr(p, n, d)
   of nkBracket:
@@ -2806,7 +3069,16 @@ proc expr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   of nkObjConstr: genObjConstr(p, n, d)
   of nkCast: genCast(p, n, d)
   of nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkConv: genConv(p, n, d)
-  of nkHiddenAddr, nkAddr: genAddr(p, n, d)
+  of nkHiddenAddr:
+    if n[0].kind == nkDerefExpr:
+      # addr ( deref ( x )) --> x
+      var x = n[0][0]
+      if n.typ.skipTypes(abstractVar).kind != tyOpenArray:
+        x.typ = n.typ
+      expr(p, x, d)
+      return
+    genAddr(p, n, d)
+  of nkAddr: genAddr(p, n, d)
   of nkBracketExpr: genBracketExpr(p, n, d)
   of nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref: genDeref(p, n, d)
   of nkDotExpr: genRecordField(p, n, d)
@@ -2826,7 +3098,7 @@ proc expr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   of nkLambdaKinds:
     var sym = n[namePos].sym
     genProc(p.module, sym)
-    if sym.loc.r == nil or sym.loc.lode == nil:
+    if sym.loc.snippet == "" or sym.loc.lode == nil:
       internalError(p.config, n.info, "expr: proc not init " & sym.name.s)
     putLocIntoDest(p, d, sym.loc)
   of nkClosure: genClosure(p, n, d)
@@ -2846,7 +3118,7 @@ proc expr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     cow(p, n[1])
     if nfPreventCg notin n.flags:
       genAsgn(p, n, fastAsgn=false)
-  of nkFastAsgn:
+  of nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn:
     cow(p, n[1])
     if nfPreventCg notin n.flags:
       # transf is overly aggressive with 'nkFastAsgn', so we work around here.
@@ -2856,9 +3128,8 @@ proc expr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     let ex = n[0]
     if ex.kind != nkEmpty:
       genLineDir(p, n)
-      var a: TLoc
-      initLocExprSingleUse(p, ex, a)
-      line(p, cpsStmts, "(void)(" & a.r & ");\L")
+      var a: TLoc = initLocExprSingleUse(p, ex)
+      line(p, cpsStmts, "(void)(" & a.snippet & ");\L")
   of nkAsmStmt: genAsmStmt(p, n)
   of nkTryStmt, nkHiddenTryStmt:
     case p.config.exc
@@ -2878,12 +3149,27 @@ proc expr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
      nkFromStmt, nkTemplateDef, nkMacroDef, nkStaticStmt:
     discard
   of nkPragma: genPragma(p, n)
-  of nkPragmaBlock: expr(p, n.lastSon, d)
+  of nkPragmaBlock:
+    var inUncheckedAssignSection = 0
+    let pragmaList = n[0]
+    for pi in pragmaList:
+      if whichPragma(pi) == wCast:
+        case whichPragma(pi[1])
+        of wUncheckedAssign:
+          inUncheckedAssignSection = 1
+        else:
+          discard
+
+    inc p.inUncheckedAssignSection, inUncheckedAssignSection
+    expr(p, n.lastSon, d)
+    dec p.inUncheckedAssignSection, inUncheckedAssignSection
+
   of nkProcDef, nkFuncDef, nkMethodDef, nkConverterDef:
     if n[genericParamsPos].kind == nkEmpty:
       var prc = n[namePos].sym
       if useAliveDataFromDce in p.module.flags:
-        if p.module.alive.contains(prc.itemId.item) and prc.magic in {mNone, mIsolate}:
+        if p.module.alive.contains(prc.itemId.item) and
+            prc.magic in generatedMagics:
           genProc(p.module, prc)
       elif prc.skipGenericOwner.kind == skModule and sfCompileTime notin prc.flags:
         if ({sfExportc, sfCompilerProc} * prc.flags == {sfExportc}) or
@@ -2904,69 +3190,57 @@ proc expr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   of nkMixinStmt, nkBindStmt: discard
   else: internalError(p.config, n.info, "expr(" & $n.kind & "); unknown node kind")
 
-proc genNamedConstExpr(p: BProc, n: PNode; isConst: bool): Rope =
-  if n.kind == nkExprColonExpr: result = genBracedInit(p, n[1], isConst, n[0].typ)
-  else: result = genBracedInit(p, n, isConst, n.typ)
-
-proc getDefaultValue(p: BProc; typ: PType; info: TLineInfo): Rope =
+proc getDefaultValue(p: BProc; typ: PType; info: TLineInfo; result: var Rope) =
   var t = skipTypes(typ, abstractRange+{tyOwned}-{tyTypeDesc})
   case t.kind
-  of tyBool: result = rope"NIM_FALSE"
-  of tyEnum, tyChar, tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64: result = rope"0"
-  of tyFloat..tyFloat128: result = rope"0.0"
-  of tyCString, tyVar, tyLent, tyPointer, tyPtr, tyUntyped,
+  of tyBool: result.add rope"NIM_FALSE"
+  of tyEnum, tyChar, tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64: result.add rope"0"
+  of tyFloat..tyFloat128: result.add rope"0.0"
+  of tyCstring, tyVar, tyLent, tyPointer, tyPtr, tyUntyped,
      tyTyped, tyTypeDesc, tyStatic, tyRef, tyNil:
-    result = rope"NIM_NIL"
+    result.add rope"NIM_NIL"
   of tyString, tySequence:
     if optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
-      result = rope"{0, NIM_NIL}"
+      result.add "{0, NIM_NIL}"
     else:
-      result = rope"NIM_NIL"
+      result.add "NIM_NIL"
   of tyProc:
     if t.callConv != ccClosure:
-      result = rope"NIM_NIL"
+      result.add "NIM_NIL"
     else:
-      result = rope"{NIM_NIL, NIM_NIL}"
+      result.add "{NIM_NIL, NIM_NIL}"
   of tyObject:
     var count = 0
     result.add "{"
     getNullValueAuxT(p, t, t, t.n, nil, result, count, true, info)
     result.add "}"
   of tyTuple:
-    result = rope"{"
-    for i in 0..<t.len:
+    result.add "{"
+    if p.vccAndC and t.isEmptyTupleType:
+      result.add "0"
+    for i, a in t.ikids:
       if i > 0: result.add ", "
-      result.add getDefaultValue(p, t[i], info)
+      getDefaultValue(p, a, info, result)
     result.add "}"
   of tyArray:
-    result = rope"{"
-    for i in 0..<toInt(lengthOrd(p.config, t.sons[0])):
+    result.add "{"
+    for i in 0..<toInt(lengthOrd(p.config, t.indexType)):
       if i > 0: result.add ", "
-      result.add getDefaultValue(p, t.sons[1], info)
+      getDefaultValue(p, t.elementType, info, result)
     result.add "}"
     #result = rope"{}"
   of tyOpenArray, tyVarargs:
-    result = rope"{NIM_NIL, 0}"
+    result.add "{NIM_NIL, 0}"
   of tySet:
-    if mapSetType(p.config, t) == ctArray: result = rope"{}"
-    else: result = rope"0"
+    if mapSetType(p.config, t) == ctArray: result.add "{}"
+    else: result.add "0"
   else:
     globalError(p.config, info, "cannot create null element for: " & $t.kind)
 
-proc caseObjDefaultBranch(obj: PNode; branch: Int128): int =
-  for i in 1 ..< obj.len:
-    for j in 0 .. obj[i].len - 2:
-      if obj[i][j].kind == nkRange:
-        let x = getOrdValue(obj[i][j][0])
-        let y = getOrdValue(obj[i][j][1])
-        if branch >= x and branch <= y:
-          return i
-      elif getOrdValue(obj[i][j]) == branch:
-        return i
-    if obj[i].len == 1:
-      # else branch
-      return i
-  assert(false, "unreachable")
+proc isEmptyCaseObjectBranch(n: PNode): bool =
+  for it in n:
+    if it.kind == nkSym and not isEmptyType(it.sym.typ): return false
+  return true
 
 proc getNullValueAux(p: BProc; t: PType; obj, constOrNil: PNode,
                      result: var Rope; count: var int;
@@ -2977,7 +3251,8 @@ proc getNullValueAux(p: BProc; t: PType; obj, constOrNil: PNode,
       getNullValueAux(p, t, it, constOrNil, result, count, isConst, info)
   of nkRecCase:
     getNullValueAux(p, t, obj[0], constOrNil, result, count, isConst, info)
-    if count > 0: result.add ", "
+    var res = ""
+    if count > 0: res.add ", "
     var branch = Zero
     if constOrNil != nil:
       ## find kind value, default is zero if not specified
@@ -2991,18 +3266,21 @@ proc getNullValueAux(p: BProc; t: PType; obj, constOrNil: PNode,
           break
 
     let selectedBranch = caseObjDefaultBranch(obj, branch)
-    result.add "{"
+    res.add "{"
     var countB = 0
     let b = lastSon(obj[selectedBranch])
     # designated initilization is the only way to init non first element of unions
     # branches are allowed to have no members (b.len == 0), in this case they don't need initializer
-    if b.kind == nkRecList and b.len > 0:
-      result.add "._" & mangleRecFieldName(p.module, obj[0].sym) & "_" & $selectedBranch & " = {"
-      getNullValueAux(p, t,  b, constOrNil, result, countB, isConst, info)
-      result.add "}"
+    if b.kind == nkRecList and not isEmptyCaseObjectBranch(b):
+      res.add "._" & mangleRecFieldName(p.module, obj[0].sym) & "_" & $selectedBranch & " = {"
+      getNullValueAux(p, t,  b, constOrNil, res, countB, isConst, info)
+      res.add "}"
     elif b.kind == nkSym:
-      result.add "." & mangleRecFieldName(p.module, b.sym) & " = "
-      getNullValueAux(p, t,  b, constOrNil, result, countB, isConst, info)
+      res.add "." & mangleRecFieldName(p.module, b.sym) & " = "
+      getNullValueAux(p, t,  b, constOrNil, res, countB, isConst, info)
+    else:
+      return
+    result.add res
     result.add "}"
 
   of nkSym:
@@ -3012,21 +3290,22 @@ proc getNullValueAux(p: BProc; t: PType; obj, constOrNil: PNode,
     if constOrNil != nil:
       for i in 1..<constOrNil.len:
         if constOrNil[i].kind == nkExprColonExpr:
+          assert constOrNil[i][0].kind == nkSym, "illformed object constr; the field is not a sym"
           if constOrNil[i][0].sym.name.id == field.name.id:
-            result.add genBracedInit(p, constOrNil[i][1], isConst, field.typ)
+            genBracedInit(p, constOrNil[i][1], isConst, field.typ, result)
             return
         elif i == field.position:
-          result.add genBracedInit(p, constOrNil[i], isConst, field.typ)
+          genBracedInit(p, constOrNil[i], isConst, field.typ, result)
           return
     # not found, produce default value:
-    result.add getDefaultValue(p, field.typ, info)
+    getDefaultValue(p, field.typ, info, result)
   else:
     localError(p.config, info, "cannot create null element for: " & $obj)
 
 proc getNullValueAuxT(p: BProc; orig, t: PType; obj, constOrNil: PNode,
                       result: var Rope; count: var int;
                       isConst: bool, info: TLineInfo) =
-  var base = t[0]
+  var base = t.baseClass
   let oldRes = result
   let oldcount = count
   if base != nil:
@@ -3044,36 +3323,40 @@ proc getNullValueAuxT(p: BProc; orig, t: PType; obj, constOrNil: PNode,
   # do not emit '{}' as that is not valid C:
   if oldcount == count: result = oldRes
 
-proc genConstObjConstr(p: BProc; n: PNode; isConst: bool): Rope =
-  result = nil
+proc genConstObjConstr(p: BProc; n: PNode; isConst: bool; result: var Rope) =
   let t = n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInstOwned)
   var count = 0
   #if not isObjLackingTypeField(t) and not p.module.compileToCpp:
   #  result.addf("{$1}", [genTypeInfo(p.module, t)])
   #  inc count
+  result.add "{"
   if t.kind == tyObject:
     getNullValueAuxT(p, t, t, t.n, n, result, count, isConst, n.info)
-  result = "{$1}$n" % [result]
+  result.add("}\n")
 
-proc genConstSimpleList(p: BProc, n: PNode; isConst: bool): Rope =
-  result = rope("{")
+proc genConstSimpleList(p: BProc, n: PNode; isConst: bool; result: var Rope) =
+  result.add "{"
+  if p.vccAndC and n.len == 0 and n.typ.kind == tyArray:
+    getDefaultValue(p, n.typ.elementType, n.info, result)
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     let it = n[i]
     if i > 0: result.add ",\n"
-    if it.kind == nkExprColonExpr: result.add genBracedInit(p, it[1], isConst, it[0].typ)
-    else: result.add genBracedInit(p, it, isConst, it.typ)
+    if it.kind == nkExprColonExpr: genBracedInit(p, it[1], isConst, it[0].typ, result)
+    else: genBracedInit(p, it, isConst, it.typ, result)
   result.add("}\n")
 
-proc genConstTuple(p: BProc, n: PNode; isConst: bool; tup: PType): Rope =
-  result = rope("{")
+proc genConstTuple(p: BProc, n: PNode; isConst: bool; tup: PType; result: var Rope) =
+  result.add "{"
+  if p.vccAndC and n.len == 0:
+    result.add "0"
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     let it = n[i]
     if i > 0: result.add ",\n"
-    if it.kind == nkExprColonExpr: result.add genBracedInit(p, it[1], isConst, tup[i])
-    else: result.add genBracedInit(p, it, isConst, tup[i])
+    if it.kind == nkExprColonExpr: genBracedInit(p, it[1], isConst, tup[i], result)
+    else: genBracedInit(p, it, isConst, tup[i], result)
   result.add("}\n")
 
-proc genConstSeq(p: BProc, n: PNode, t: PType; isConst: bool): Rope =
+proc genConstSeq(p: BProc, n: PNode, t: PType; isConst: bool; result: var Rope) =
   var data = "{{$1, $1 | NIM_STRLIT_FLAG}" % [n.len.rope]
   let base = t.skipTypes(abstractInst)[0]
   if n.len > 0:
@@ -3081,44 +3364,45 @@ proc genConstSeq(p: BProc, n: PNode, t: PType; isConst: bool): Rope =
     data.add(", {")
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       if i > 0: data.addf(",$n", [])
-      data.add genBracedInit(p, n[i], isConst, base)
+      genBracedInit(p, n[i], isConst, base, data)
     data.add("}")
   data.add("}")
 
-  result = getTempName(p.module)
+  let tmpName = getTempName(p.module)
 
-  appcg(p.module, cfsData,
+  appcg(p.module, cfsStrData,
         "static $5 struct {$n" &
         "  #TGenericSeq Sup;$n" &
         "  $1 data[$2];$n" &
         "} $3 = $4;$n", [
-        getTypeDesc(p.module, base), n.len, result, data,
+        getTypeDesc(p.module, base), n.len, tmpName, data,
         if isConst: "NIM_CONST" else: ""])
 
-  result = "(($1)&$2)" % [getTypeDesc(p.module, t), result]
+  result.add "(($1)&$2)" % [getTypeDesc(p.module, t), tmpName]
 
-proc genConstSeqV2(p: BProc, n: PNode, t: PType; isConst: bool): Rope =
+proc genConstSeqV2(p: BProc, n: PNode, t: PType; isConst: bool; result: var Rope) =
   let base = t.skipTypes(abstractInst)[0]
-  var data = rope"{"
-  for i in 0..<n.len:
-    if i > 0: data.addf(",$n", [])
-    data.add genBracedInit(p, n[i], isConst, base)
-  data.add("}")
+  var data = rope""
+  if n.len > 0:
+    data.add(", {")
+    for i in 0..<n.len:
+      if i > 0: data.addf(",$n", [])
+      genBracedInit(p, n[i], isConst, base, data)
+    data.add("}")
 
   let payload = getTempName(p.module)
-
-  appcg(p.module, cfsData,
+  appcg(p.module, cfsStrData,
     "static $5 struct {$n" &
     "  NI cap; $1 data[$2];$n" &
-    "} $3 = {$2 | NIM_STRLIT_FLAG, $4};$n", [
+    "} $3 = {$2 | NIM_STRLIT_FLAG$4};$n", [
     getTypeDesc(p.module, base), n.len, payload, data,
     if isConst: "const" else: ""])
-  result = "{$1, ($2*)&$3}" % [rope(n.len), getSeqPayloadType(p.module, t), payload]
+  result.add "{$1, ($2*)&$3}" % [rope(n.len), getSeqPayloadType(p.module, t), payload]
 
-proc genBracedInit(p: BProc, n: PNode; isConst: bool; optionalType: PType): Rope =
+proc genBracedInit(p: BProc, n: PNode; isConst: bool; optionalType: PType; result: var Rope) =
   case n.kind
   of nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv:
-    result = genBracedInit(p, n[1], isConst, n.typ)
+    genBracedInit(p, n[1], isConst, n.typ, result)
   else:
     var ty = tyNone
     var typ: PType = nil
@@ -3133,12 +3417,12 @@ proc genBracedInit(p: BProc, n: PNode; isConst: bool; optionalType: PType): Rope
     case ty
     of tySet:
       let cs = toBitSet(p.config, n)
-      result = genRawSetData(cs, int(getSize(p.config, n.typ)))
+      genRawSetData(cs, int(getSize(p.config, n.typ)), result)
     of tySequence:
       if optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
-        result = genConstSeqV2(p, n, typ, isConst)
+        genConstSeqV2(p, n, typ, isConst, result)
       else:
-        result = genConstSeq(p, n, typ, isConst)
+        genConstSeq(p, n, typ, isConst, result)
     of tyProc:
       if typ.callConv == ccClosure and n.safeLen > 1 and n[1].kind == nkNilLit:
         # n.kind could be: nkClosure, nkTupleConstr and maybe others; `n.safeLen`
@@ -3151,44 +3435,41 @@ proc genBracedInit(p: BProc, n: PNode; isConst: bool; optionalType: PType): Rope
         # leading to duplicate code like this:
         # "{NIM_NIL,NIM_NIL}, {NIM_NIL,NIM_NIL}"
         if n[0].kind == nkNilLit:
-          result = ~"{NIM_NIL,NIM_NIL}"
+          result.add "{NIM_NIL,NIM_NIL}"
         else:
-          var d: TLoc
-          initLocExpr(p, n[0], d)
-          result = "{(($1) $2),NIM_NIL}" % [getClosureType(p.module, typ, clHalfWithEnv), rdLoc(d)]
+          var d: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, n[0])
+          result.add "{(($1) $2),NIM_NIL}" % [getClosureType(p.module, typ, clHalfWithEnv), rdLoc(d)]
       else:
-        var d: TLoc
-        initLocExpr(p, n, d)
-        result = rdLoc(d)
+        var d: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, n)
+        result.add rdLoc(d)
     of tyArray, tyVarargs:
-      result = genConstSimpleList(p, n, isConst)
+      genConstSimpleList(p, n, isConst, result)
     of tyTuple:
-      result = genConstTuple(p, n, isConst, typ)
+      genConstTuple(p, n, isConst, typ, result)
     of tyOpenArray:
       if n.kind != nkBracket:
         internalError(p.config, n.info, "const openArray expression is not an array construction")
 
-      let data = genConstSimpleList(p, n, isConst)
+      var data = newRopeAppender()
+      genConstSimpleList(p, n, isConst, data)
 
       let payload = getTempName(p.module)
-      let ctype = getTypeDesc(p.module, typ[0])
+      let ctype = getTypeDesc(p.module, typ.elementType)
       let arrLen = n.len
-      appcg(p.module, cfsData,
+      appcg(p.module, cfsStrData,
         "static $5 $1 $3[$2] = $4;$n", [
         ctype, arrLen, payload, data,
         if isConst: "const" else: ""])
-      result = "{($1*)&$2, $3}" % [ctype, payload, rope arrLen]
+      result.add "{($1*)&$2, $3}" % [ctype, payload, rope arrLen]
 
     of tyObject:
-      result = genConstObjConstr(p, n, isConst)
-    of tyString, tyCString:
+      genConstObjConstr(p, n, isConst, result)
+    of tyString, tyCstring:
       if optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions and n.kind != nkNilLit and ty == tyString:
-        result = genStringLiteralV2Const(p.module, n, isConst)
+        genStringLiteralV2Const(p.module, n, isConst, result)
       else:
-        var d: TLoc
-        initLocExpr(p, n, d)
-        result = rdLoc(d)
+        var d: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, n)
+        result.add rdLoc(d)
     else:
-      var d: TLoc
-      initLocExpr(p, n, d)
-      result = rdLoc(d)
+      var d: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, n)
+      result.add rdLoc(d)
diff --git a/compiler/ccgliterals.nim b/compiler/ccgliterals.nim
index ee56da586..cbef6771f 100644
--- a/compiler/ccgliterals.nim
+++ b/compiler/ccgliterals.nim
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ template detectVersion(field, corename) =
     if core == nil or core.kind != skConst:
       m.g.field = 1
     else:
-      m.g.field = toInt(ast.getInt(core.ast))
+      m.g.field = toInt(ast.getInt(core.astdef))
   result = m.g.field
 
 proc detectStrVersion(m: BModule): int =
@@ -32,82 +32,87 @@ proc detectSeqVersion(m: BModule): int =
 
 # ----- Version 1: GC'ed strings and seqs --------------------------------
 
-proc genStringLiteralDataOnlyV1(m: BModule, s: string): Rope =
-  discard cgsym(m, "TGenericSeq")
-  result = getTempName(m)
-  m.s[cfsData].addf("STRING_LITERAL($1, $2, $3);$n",
-       [result, makeCString(s), rope(s.len)])
+proc genStringLiteralDataOnlyV1(m: BModule, s: string; result: var Rope) =
+  cgsym(m, "TGenericSeq")
+  let tmp = getTempName(m)
+  result.add tmp
+  m.s[cfsStrData].addf("STRING_LITERAL($1, $2, $3);$n",
+       [tmp, makeCString(s), rope(s.len)])
 
-proc genStringLiteralV1(m: BModule; n: PNode): Rope =
+proc genStringLiteralV1(m: BModule; n: PNode; result: var Rope) =
   if s.isNil:
-    result = ropecg(m, "((#NimStringDesc*) NIM_NIL)", [])
+    appcg(m, result, "((#NimStringDesc*) NIM_NIL)", [])
   else:
     let id = nodeTableTestOrSet(m.dataCache, n, m.labels)
     if id == m.labels:
       # string literal not found in the cache:
-      result = ropecg(m, "((#NimStringDesc*) &$1)",
-                      [genStringLiteralDataOnlyV1(m, n.strVal)])
+      appcg(m, result, "((#NimStringDesc*) &", [])
+      genStringLiteralDataOnlyV1(m, n.strVal, result)
+      result.add ")"
     else:
-      result = ropecg(m, "((#NimStringDesc*) &$1$2)",
+      appcg(m, result, "((#NimStringDesc*) &$1$2)",
                       [m.tmpBase, id])
 
 # ------ Version 2: destructor based strings and seqs -----------------------
 
 proc genStringLiteralDataOnlyV2(m: BModule, s: string; result: Rope; isConst: bool) =
-  m.s[cfsData].addf("static $4 struct {$n" &
+  m.s[cfsStrData].addf("static $4 struct {$n" &
        "  NI cap; NIM_CHAR data[$2+1];$n" &
        "} $1 = { $2 | NIM_STRLIT_FLAG, $3 };$n",
        [result, rope(s.len), makeCString(s),
        rope(if isConst: "const" else: "")])
 
-proc genStringLiteralV2(m: BModule; n: PNode; isConst: bool): Rope =
+proc genStringLiteralV2(m: BModule; n: PNode; isConst: bool; result: var Rope) =
   let id = nodeTableTestOrSet(m.dataCache, n, m.labels)
   if id == m.labels:
     let pureLit = getTempName(m)
     genStringLiteralDataOnlyV2(m, n.strVal, pureLit, isConst)
-    result = getTempName(m)
-    discard cgsym(m, "NimStrPayload")
-    discard cgsym(m, "NimStringV2")
+    let tmp = getTempName(m)
+    result.add tmp
+    cgsym(m, "NimStrPayload")
+    cgsym(m, "NimStringV2")
     # string literal not found in the cache:
-    m.s[cfsData].addf("static $4 NimStringV2 $1 = {$2, (NimStrPayload*)&$3};$n",
-          [result, rope(n.strVal.len), pureLit, rope(if isConst: "const" else: "")])
+    m.s[cfsStrData].addf("static $4 NimStringV2 $1 = {$2, (NimStrPayload*)&$3};$n",
+          [tmp, rope(n.strVal.len), pureLit, rope(if isConst: "const" else: "")])
   else:
-    result = getTempName(m)
-    m.s[cfsData].addf("static $4 NimStringV2 $1 = {$2, (NimStrPayload*)&$3};$n",
-          [result, rope(n.strVal.len), m.tmpBase & rope(id),
+    let tmp = getTempName(m)
+    result.add tmp
+    m.s[cfsStrData].addf("static $4 NimStringV2 $1 = {$2, (NimStrPayload*)&$3};$n",
+          [tmp, rope(n.strVal.len), m.tmpBase & rope(id),
           rope(if isConst: "const" else: "")])
 
-proc genStringLiteralV2Const(m: BModule; n: PNode; isConst: bool): Rope =
+proc genStringLiteralV2Const(m: BModule; n: PNode; isConst: bool; result: var Rope) =
   let id = nodeTableTestOrSet(m.dataCache, n, m.labels)
   var pureLit: Rope
   if id == m.labels:
     pureLit = getTempName(m)
-    discard cgsym(m, "NimStrPayload")
-    discard cgsym(m, "NimStringV2")
+    cgsym(m, "NimStrPayload")
+    cgsym(m, "NimStringV2")
     # string literal not found in the cache:
     genStringLiteralDataOnlyV2(m, n.strVal, pureLit, isConst)
   else:
     pureLit = m.tmpBase & rope(id)
-  result = "{$1, (NimStrPayload*)&$2}" % [rope(n.strVal.len), pureLit]
+  result.addf "{$1, (NimStrPayload*)&$2}", [rope(n.strVal.len), pureLit]
 
 # ------ Version selector ---------------------------------------------------
 
 proc genStringLiteralDataOnly(m: BModule; s: string; info: TLineInfo;
-                              isConst: bool): Rope =
+                              isConst: bool; result: var Rope) =
   case detectStrVersion(m)
-  of 0, 1: result = genStringLiteralDataOnlyV1(m, s)
+  of 0, 1: genStringLiteralDataOnlyV1(m, s, result)
   of 2:
-    result = getTempName(m)
-    genStringLiteralDataOnlyV2(m, s, result, isConst)
+    let tmp = getTempName(m)
+    genStringLiteralDataOnlyV2(m, s, tmp, isConst)
+    result.add tmp
   else:
     localError(m.config, info, "cannot determine how to produce code for string literal")
 
-proc genNilStringLiteral(m: BModule; info: TLineInfo): Rope =
-  result = ropecg(m, "((#NimStringDesc*) NIM_NIL)", [])
+proc genNilStringLiteral(m: BModule; info: TLineInfo; result: var Rope) =
+  appcg(m, result, "((#NimStringDesc*) NIM_NIL)", [])
 
-proc genStringLiteral(m: BModule; n: PNode): Rope =
+proc genStringLiteral(m: BModule; n: PNode; result: var Rope) =
   case detectStrVersion(m)
-  of 0, 1: result = genStringLiteralV1(m, n)
-  of 2: result = genStringLiteralV2(m, n, isConst = true)
+  of 0, 1: genStringLiteralV1(m, n, result)
+  of 2: genStringLiteralV2(m, n, isConst = true, result)
   else:
     localError(m.config, n.info, "cannot determine how to produce code for string literal")
diff --git a/compiler/ccgmerge_unused.nim b/compiler/ccgmerge_unused.nim
index c7d19da7a..a1413034f 100644
--- a/compiler/ccgmerge_unused.nim
+++ b/compiler/ccgmerge_unused.nim
@@ -19,13 +19,11 @@ import
 
 const
   CFileSectionNames: array[TCFileSection, string] = [
-    cfsMergeInfo: "",
     cfsHeaders: "NIM_merge_HEADERS",
     cfsFrameDefines: "NIM_merge_FRAME_DEFINES",
     cfsForwardTypes: "NIM_merge_FORWARD_TYPES",
     cfsTypes: "NIM_merge_TYPES",
     cfsSeqTypes: "NIM_merge_SEQ_TYPES",
-    cfsFieldInfo: "NIM_merge_FIELD_INFO",
     cfsTypeInfo: "NIM_merge_TYPE_INFO",
     cfsProcHeaders: "NIM_merge_PROC_HEADERS",
     cfsData: "NIM_merge_DATA",
@@ -34,11 +32,8 @@ const
     cfsInitProc: "NIM_merge_INIT_PROC",
     cfsDatInitProc: "NIM_merge_DATINIT_PROC",
     cfsTypeInit1: "NIM_merge_TYPE_INIT1",
-    cfsTypeInit2: "NIM_merge_TYPE_INIT2",
     cfsTypeInit3: "NIM_merge_TYPE_INIT3",
-    cfsDebugInit: "NIM_merge_DEBUG_INIT",
-    cfsDynLibInit: "NIM_merge_DYNLIB_INIT",
-    cfsDynLibDeinit: "NIM_merge_DYNLIB_DEINIT",
+    cfsDynLibInit: "NIM_merge_DYNLIB_INIT"
   ]
   CProcSectionNames: array[TCProcSection, string] = [
     cpsLocals: "NIM_merge_PROC_LOCALS",
diff --git a/compiler/ccgreset.nim b/compiler/ccgreset.nim
index ef1505f57..6caeb8084 100644
--- a/compiler/ccgreset.nim
+++ b/compiler/ccgreset.nim
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ proc specializeResetN(p: BProc, accessor: Rope, n: PNode;
   of nkRecCase:
     if (n[0].kind != nkSym): internalError(p.config, n.info, "specializeResetN")
     let disc = n[0].sym
-    if disc.loc.r == nil: fillObjectFields(p.module, typ)
+    if disc.loc.snippet == "": fillObjectFields(p.module, typ)
     if disc.loc.t == nil:
       internalError(p.config, n.info, "specializeResetN()")
-    lineF(p, cpsStmts, "switch ($1.$2) {$n", [accessor, disc.loc.r])
+    lineF(p, cpsStmts, "switch ($1.$2) {$n", [accessor, disc.loc.snippet])
     for i in 1..<n.len:
       let branch = n[i]
       assert branch.kind in {nkOfBranch, nkElse}
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ proc specializeResetN(p: BProc, accessor: Rope, n: PNode;
       specializeResetN(p, accessor, lastSon(branch), typ)
       lineF(p, cpsStmts, "break;$n", [])
     lineF(p, cpsStmts, "} $n", [])
-    specializeResetT(p, "$1.$2" % [accessor, disc.loc.r], disc.loc.t)
+    specializeResetT(p, "$1.$2" % [accessor, disc.loc.snippet], disc.loc.t)
   of nkSym:
     let field = n.sym
     if field.typ.kind == tyVoid: return
-    if field.loc.r == nil: fillObjectFields(p.module, typ)
+    if field.loc.snippet == "": fillObjectFields(p.module, typ)
     if field.loc.t == nil:
       internalError(p.config, n.info, "specializeResetN()")
-    specializeResetT(p, "$1.$2" % [accessor, field.loc.r], field.loc.t)
+    specializeResetT(p, "$1.$2" % [accessor, field.loc.snippet], field.loc.t)
   else: internalError(p.config, n.info, "specializeResetN()")
 
 proc specializeResetT(p: BProc, accessor: Rope, typ: PType) =
@@ -54,25 +54,23 @@ proc specializeResetT(p: BProc, accessor: Rope, typ: PType) =
   case typ.kind
   of tyGenericInst, tyGenericBody, tyTypeDesc, tyAlias, tyDistinct, tyInferred,
      tySink, tyOwned:
-    specializeResetT(p, accessor, lastSon(typ))
+    specializeResetT(p, accessor, skipModifier(typ))
   of tyArray:
-    let arraySize = lengthOrd(p.config, typ[0])
-    var i: TLoc
-    getTemp(p, getSysType(p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt), i)
+    let arraySize = lengthOrd(p.config, typ.indexType)
+    var i: TLoc = getTemp(p, getSysType(p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt))
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "for ($1 = 0; $1 < $2; $1++) {$n",
-            [i.r, arraySize])
-    specializeResetT(p, ropecg(p.module, "$1[$2]", [accessor, i.r]), typ[1])
+            [i.snippet, arraySize])
+    specializeResetT(p, ropecg(p.module, "$1[$2]", [accessor, i.snippet]), typ.elementType)
     lineF(p, cpsStmts, "}$n", [])
   of tyObject:
-    for i in 0..<typ.len:
-      var x = typ[i]
-      if x != nil: x = x.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
-      specializeResetT(p, accessor.parentObj(p.module), x)
+    var x = typ.baseClass
+    if x != nil: x = x.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
+    specializeResetT(p, accessor.parentObj(p.module), x)
     if typ.n != nil: specializeResetN(p, accessor, typ.n, typ)
   of tyTuple:
     let typ = getUniqueType(typ)
-    for i in 0..<typ.len:
-      specializeResetT(p, ropecg(p.module, "$1.Field$2", [accessor, i]), typ[i])
+    for i, a in typ.ikids:
+      specializeResetT(p, ropecg(p.module, "$1.Field$2", [accessor, i]), a)
 
   of tyString, tyRef, tySequence:
     lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "#unsureAsgnRef((void**)&$1, NIM_NIL);$n", [accessor])
@@ -83,11 +81,24 @@ proc specializeResetT(p: BProc, accessor: Rope, typ: PType) =
       lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "$1.ClP_0 = NIM_NIL;$n", [accessor])
     else:
       lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = NIM_NIL;$n", [accessor])
-  of tyChar, tyBool, tyEnum, tyInt..tyUInt64:
+  of tyChar, tyBool, tyEnum, tyRange, tyInt..tyUInt64:
     lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = 0;$n", [accessor])
-  of tyCString, tyPointer, tyPtr, tyVar, tyLent:
+  of tyCstring, tyPointer, tyPtr, tyVar, tyLent:
     lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = NIM_NIL;$n", [accessor])
-  else:
+  of tySet:
+    case mapSetType(p.config, typ)
+    of ctArray:
+      lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "#nimZeroMem($1, sizeof($2));$n",
+          [accessor, getTypeDesc(p.module, typ)])
+    of ctInt8, ctInt16, ctInt32, ctInt64:
+      lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = 0;$n", [accessor])
+    else:
+      raiseAssert "unexpected set type kind"
+  of tyNone, tyEmpty, tyNil, tyUntyped, tyTyped, tyGenericInvocation,
+      tyGenericParam, tyOrdinal, tyOpenArray, tyForward, tyVarargs,
+      tyUncheckedArray, tyError, tyBuiltInTypeClass, tyUserTypeClass,
+      tyUserTypeClassInst, tyCompositeTypeClass, tyAnd, tyOr, tyNot,
+      tyAnything, tyStatic, tyFromExpr, tyConcept, tyVoid, tyIterable:
     discard
 
 proc specializeReset(p: BProc, a: TLoc) =
diff --git a/compiler/ccgstmts.nim b/compiler/ccgstmts.nim
index 6cbff6ee9..883108f2c 100644
--- a/compiler/ccgstmts.nim
+++ b/compiler/ccgstmts.nim
@@ -8,46 +8,58 @@
 #
 
 # included from cgen.nim
-
 const
   RangeExpandLimit = 256      # do not generate ranges
                               # over 'RangeExpandLimit' elements
   stringCaseThreshold = 8
     # above X strings a hash-switch for strings is generated
 
-proc getTraverseProc(p: BProc, v: PSym): Rope =
-  if p.config.selectedGC in {gcMarkAndSweep, gcHooks, gcV2, gcRefc} and
+proc registerTraverseProc(p: BProc, v: PSym) =
+  var traverseProc = ""
+  if p.config.selectedGC in {gcMarkAndSweep, gcHooks, gcRefc} and
       optOwnedRefs notin p.config.globalOptions and
       containsGarbageCollectedRef(v.loc.t):
     # we register a specialized marked proc here; this has the advantage
     # that it works out of the box for thread local storage then :-)
-    result = genTraverseProcForGlobal(p.module, v, v.info)
+    traverseProc = genTraverseProcForGlobal(p.module, v, v.info)
 
-proc registerTraverseProc(p: BProc, v: PSym, traverseProc: Rope) =
-  if sfThread in v.flags:
-    appcg(p.module, p.module.preInitProc.procSec(cpsInit),
-      "$n\t#nimRegisterThreadLocalMarker($1);$n$n", [traverseProc])
-  else:
-    appcg(p.module, p.module.preInitProc.procSec(cpsInit),
-      "$n\t#nimRegisterGlobalMarker($1);$n$n", [traverseProc])
+  if traverseProc.len != 0 and not p.hcrOn:
+    if sfThread in v.flags:
+      appcg(p.module, p.module.preInitProc.procSec(cpsInit),
+        "$n\t#nimRegisterThreadLocalMarker($1);$n$n", [traverseProc])
+    else:
+      appcg(p.module, p.module.preInitProc.procSec(cpsInit),
+        "$n\t#nimRegisterGlobalMarker($1);$n$n", [traverseProc])
 
 proc isAssignedImmediately(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
-  if n.kind == nkEmpty: return false
-  if isInvalidReturnType(conf, n.typ):
-    # var v = f()
-    # is transformed into: var v;  f(addr v)
-    # where 'f' **does not** initialize the result!
-    return false
-  result = true
+  if n.kind == nkEmpty:
+    result = false
+  elif n.kind in nkCallKinds and n[0] != nil and n[0].typ != nil and n[0].typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tyProc:
+    if n[0].kind == nkSym and sfConstructor in n[0].sym.flags:
+      result = true
+    elif isInvalidReturnType(conf, n[0].typ, true):
+      # var v = f()
+      # is transformed into: var v;  f(addr v)
+      # where 'f' **does not** initialize the result!
+      result = false
+    else:
+      result = true
+  elif isInvalidReturnType(conf, n.typ, false):
+    result = false
+  else:
+    result = true
 
 proc inExceptBlockLen(p: BProc): int =
+  result = 0
   for x in p.nestedTryStmts:
     if x.inExcept: result.inc
 
 proc startBlockInternal(p: BProc): int {.discardable.} =
   inc(p.labels)
   result = p.blocks.len
-  setLen(p.blocks, result + 1)
+
+  p.blocks.add initBlock()
+
   p.blocks[result].id = p.labels
   p.blocks[result].nestedTryStmts = p.nestedTryStmts.len.int16
   p.blocks[result].nestedExceptStmts = p.inExceptBlockLen.int16
@@ -60,7 +72,6 @@ template startBlock(p: BProc, start: FormatStr = "{$n",
 proc endBlock(p: BProc)
 
 proc genVarTuple(p: BProc, n: PNode) =
-  var tup, field: TLoc
   if n.kind != nkVarTuple: internalError(p.config, n.info, "genVarTuple")
 
   # if we have a something that's been captured, use the lowering instead:
@@ -71,8 +82,8 @@ proc genVarTuple(p: BProc, n: PNode) =
 
   # check only the first son
   var forHcr = treatGlobalDifferentlyForHCR(p.module, n[0].sym)
-  let hcrCond = if forHcr: getTempName(p.module) else: nil
-  var hcrGlobals: seq[tuple[loc: TLoc, tp: Rope]]
+  let hcrCond = if forHcr: getTempName(p.module) else: ""
+  var hcrGlobals: seq[tuple[loc: TLoc, tp: Rope]] = @[]
   # determine if the tuple is constructed at top-level scope or inside of a block (if/while/block)
   let isGlobalInBlock = forHcr and p.blocks.len > 2
   # do not close and reopen blocks if this is a 'global' but inside of a block (if/while/block)
@@ -84,31 +95,28 @@ proc genVarTuple(p: BProc, n: PNode) =
     startBlock(p)
 
   genLineDir(p, n)
-  initLocExpr(p, n[^1], tup)
+  var tup = initLocExpr(p, n[^1])
   var t = tup.t.skipTypes(abstractInst)
   for i in 0..<n.len-2:
     let vn = n[i]
     let v = vn.sym
     if sfCompileTime in v.flags: continue
-    var traverseProc: Rope
     if sfGlobal in v.flags:
-      assignGlobalVar(p, vn, nil)
+      assignGlobalVar(p, vn, "")
       genObjectInit(p, cpsInit, v.typ, v.loc, constructObj)
-      traverseProc = getTraverseProc(p, v)
-      if traverseProc != nil and not p.hcrOn:
-        registerTraverseProc(p, v, traverseProc)
+      registerTraverseProc(p, v)
     else:
       assignLocalVar(p, vn)
       initLocalVar(p, v, immediateAsgn=isAssignedImmediately(p.config, n[^1]))
-    initLoc(field, locExpr, vn, tup.storage)
+    var field = initLoc(locExpr, vn, tup.storage)
     if t.kind == tyTuple:
-      field.r = "$1.Field$2" % [rdLoc(tup), rope(i)]
+      field.snippet = "$1.Field$2" % [rdLoc(tup), rope(i)]
     else:
       if t.n[i].kind != nkSym: internalError(p.config, n.info, "genVarTuple")
-      field.r = "$1.$2" % [rdLoc(tup), mangleRecFieldName(p.module, t.n[i].sym)]
+      field.snippet = "$1.$2" % [rdLoc(tup), mangleRecFieldName(p.module, t.n[i].sym)]
     putLocIntoDest(p, v.loc, field)
     if forHcr or isGlobalInBlock:
-      hcrGlobals.add((loc: v.loc, tp: if traverseProc == nil: ~"NULL" else: traverseProc))
+      hcrGlobals.add((loc: v.loc, tp: "NULL"))
 
   if forHcr:
     # end the block where the tuple gets initialized
@@ -120,7 +128,7 @@ proc genVarTuple(p: BProc, n: PNode) =
     lineCg(p, cpsLocals, "NIM_BOOL $1 = NIM_FALSE;$n", [hcrCond])
     for curr in hcrGlobals:
       lineCg(p, cpsLocals, "$1 |= hcrRegisterGlobal($4, \"$2\", sizeof($3), $5, (void**)&$2);$N",
-              [hcrCond, curr.loc.r, rdLoc(curr.loc), getModuleDllPath(p.module, n[0].sym), curr.tp])
+              [hcrCond, curr.loc.snippet, rdLoc(curr.loc), getModuleDllPath(p.module, n[0].sym), curr.tp])
 
 
 proc loadInto(p: BProc, le, ri: PNode, a: var TLoc) {.inline.} =
@@ -138,12 +146,12 @@ proc loadInto(p: BProc, le, ri: PNode, a: var TLoc) {.inline.} =
     a.flags.incl(lfEnforceDeref)
     expr(p, ri, a)
 
-proc assignLabel(b: var TBlock): Rope {.inline.} =
+proc assignLabel(b: var TBlock; result: var Rope) {.inline.} =
   b.label = "LA" & b.id.rope
-  result = b.label
+  result.add b.label
 
-proc blockBody(b: var TBlock): Rope =
-  result = b.sections[cpsLocals]
+proc blockBody(b: var TBlock; result: var Rope) =
+  result.add b.sections[cpsLocals]
   if b.frameLen > 0:
     result.addf("FR_.len+=$1;$n", [b.frameLen.rope])
   result.add(b.sections[cpsInit])
@@ -152,7 +160,7 @@ proc blockBody(b: var TBlock): Rope =
 proc endBlock(p: BProc, blockEnd: Rope) =
   let topBlock = p.blocks.len-1
   # the block is merged into the parent block
-  p.blocks[topBlock-1].sections[cpsStmts].add(p.blocks[topBlock].blockBody)
+  p.blocks[topBlock].blockBody(p.blocks[topBlock-1].sections[cpsStmts])
   setLen(p.blocks, topBlock)
   # this is done after the block is popped so $n is
   # properly indented when pretty printing is enabled
@@ -161,10 +169,10 @@ proc endBlock(p: BProc, blockEnd: Rope) =
 proc endBlock(p: BProc) =
   let topBlock = p.blocks.len - 1
   let frameLen = p.blocks[topBlock].frameLen
-  var blockEnd: Rope
+  var blockEnd: Rope = ""
   if frameLen > 0:
     blockEnd.addf("FR_.len-=$1;$n", [frameLen.rope])
-  if p.blocks[topBlock].label != nil:
+  if p.blocks[topBlock].label.len != 0:
     blockEnd.addf("} $1: ;$n", [p.blocks[topBlock].label])
   else:
     blockEnd.addf("}$n", [])
@@ -236,8 +244,7 @@ proc genGotoState(p: BProc, n: PNode) =
   # switch (x.state) {
   #   case 0: goto STATE0;
   # ...
-  var a: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, n[0], a)
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, n[0])
   lineF(p, cpsStmts, "switch ($1) {$n", [rdLoc(a)])
   p.flags.incl beforeRetNeeded
   lineF(p, cpsStmts, "case -1:$n", [])
@@ -256,15 +263,15 @@ proc genGotoState(p: BProc, n: PNode) =
 
 proc genBreakState(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   var a: TLoc
-  initLoc(d, locExpr, n, OnUnknown)
+  d = initLoc(locExpr, n, OnUnknown)
 
   if n[0].kind == nkClosure:
-    initLocExpr(p, n[0][1], a)
-    d.r = "(((NI*) $1)[1] < 0)" % [rdLoc(a)]
+    a = initLocExpr(p, n[0][1])
+    d.snippet = "(((NI*) $1)[1] < 0)" % [rdLoc(a)]
   else:
-    initLocExpr(p, n[0], a)
+    a = initLocExpr(p, n[0])
     # the environment is guaranteed to contain the 'state' field at offset 1:
-    d.r = "((((NI*) $1.ClE_0)[1]) < 0)" % [rdLoc(a)]
+    d.snippet = "((((NI*) $1.ClE_0)[1]) < 0)" % [rdLoc(a)]
 
 proc genGotoVar(p: BProc; value: PNode) =
   if value.kind notin {nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit}:
@@ -272,26 +279,59 @@ proc genGotoVar(p: BProc; value: PNode) =
   else:
     lineF(p, cpsStmts, "goto NIMSTATE_$#;$n", [value.intVal.rope])
 
-proc genBracedInit(p: BProc, n: PNode; isConst: bool; optionalType: PType): Rope
+proc genBracedInit(p: BProc, n: PNode; isConst: bool; optionalType: PType; result: var Rope)
 
-proc potentialValueInit(p: BProc; v: PSym; value: PNode): Rope =
+proc potentialValueInit(p: BProc; v: PSym; value: PNode; result: var Rope) =
   if lfDynamicLib in v.loc.flags or sfThread in v.flags or p.hcrOn:
-    result = nil
+    discard "nothing to do"
   elif sfGlobal in v.flags and value != nil and isDeepConstExpr(value, p.module.compileToCpp) and
       p.withinLoop == 0 and not containsGarbageCollectedRef(v.typ):
     #echo "New code produced for ", v.name.s, " ", p.config $ value.info
-    result = genBracedInit(p, value, isConst = false, v.typ)
+    genBracedInit(p, value, isConst = false, v.typ, result)
+
+proc genCppParamsForCtor(p: BProc; call: PNode; didGenTemp: var bool): string =
+  result = ""
+  var argsCounter = 0
+  let typ = skipTypes(call[0].typ, abstractInst)
+  assert(typ.kind == tyProc)
+  for i in 1..<call.len:
+    #if it's a type we can just generate here another initializer as we are in an initializer context
+    if call[i].kind == nkCall and call[i][0].kind == nkSym and call[i][0].sym.kind == skType:
+      if argsCounter > 0: result.add ","
+      result.add genCppInitializer(p.module, p, call[i][0].sym.typ, didGenTemp)
+    else:
+      #We need to test for temp in globals, see: #23657
+      let param =
+        if typ[i].kind in {tyVar} and call[i].kind == nkHiddenAddr:
+          call[i][0]
+        else:
+          call[i]
+      if param.kind != nkBracketExpr or param.typ.kind in
+        {tyRef, tyPtr, tyUncheckedArray, tyArray, tyOpenArray,
+          tyVarargs, tySequence, tyString, tyCstring, tyTuple}:
+        let tempLoc = initLocExprSingleUse(p, param)
+        didGenTemp = didGenTemp or tempLoc.k == locTemp
+      genOtherArg(p, call, i, typ, result, argsCounter)
+
+proc genCppVarForCtor(p: BProc; call: PNode; decl: var Rope, didGenTemp: var bool) =
+  let params = genCppParamsForCtor(p, call, didGenTemp)
+  if params.len == 0:
+    decl = runtimeFormat("$#;\n", [decl])
   else:
-    result = nil
+    decl = runtimeFormat("$#($#);\n", [decl, params])
 
 proc genSingleVar(p: BProc, v: PSym; vn, value: PNode) =
   if sfGoto in v.flags:
     # translate 'var state {.goto.} = X' into 'goto LX':
     genGotoVar(p, value)
     return
+  let imm = isAssignedImmediately(p.config, value)
+  let isCppCtorCall = p.module.compileToCpp and imm and
+    value.kind in nkCallKinds and value[0].kind == nkSym and
+    v.typ.kind != tyPtr and sfConstructor in value[0].sym.flags
   var targetProc = p
-  var traverseProc: Rope
-  let valueAsRope = potentialValueInit(p, v, value)
+  var valueAsRope = ""
+  potentialValueInit(p, v, value, valueAsRope)
   if sfGlobal in v.flags:
     if v.flags * {sfImportc, sfExportc} == {sfImportc} and
         value.kind == nkEmpty and
@@ -300,61 +340,63 @@ proc genSingleVar(p: BProc, v: PSym; vn, value: PNode) =
     if sfPure in v.flags:
       # v.owner.kind != skModule:
       targetProc = p.module.preInitProc
-    assignGlobalVar(targetProc, vn, valueAsRope)
+    if isCppCtorCall and not containsHiddenPointer(v.typ):
+      var didGenTemp = false
+      callGlobalVarCppCtor(targetProc, v, vn, value, didGenTemp)
+      if didGenTemp:
+        message(p.config, vn.info, warnGlobalVarConstructorTemporary, vn.sym.name.s)
+        #We fail to call the constructor in the global scope so we do the call inside the main proc
+        assignGlobalVar(targetProc, vn, valueAsRope)
+        var loc = initLocExprSingleUse(targetProc, value)
+        genAssignment(targetProc, v.loc, loc, {})
+    else:
+      assignGlobalVar(targetProc, vn, valueAsRope)
+
     # XXX: be careful here.
     # Global variables should not be zeromem-ed within loops
     # (see bug #20).
     # That's why we are doing the construction inside the preInitProc.
     # genObjectInit relies on the C runtime's guarantees that
     # global variables will be initialized to zero.
-    if valueAsRope == nil:
+    if valueAsRope.len == 0:
       var loc = v.loc
-
       # When the native TLS is unavailable, a global thread-local variable needs
       # one more layer of indirection in order to access the TLS block.
       # Only do this for complex types that may need a call to `objectInit`
       if sfThread in v.flags and emulatedThreadVars(p.config) and
         isComplexValueType(v.typ):
-        initLocExprSingleUse(p.module.preInitProc, vn, loc)
+        loc = initLocExprSingleUse(p.module.preInitProc, vn)
       genObjectInit(p.module.preInitProc, cpsInit, v.typ, loc, constructObj)
     # Alternative construction using default constructor (which may zeromem):
     # if sfImportc notin v.flags: constructLoc(p.module.preInitProc, v.loc)
     if sfExportc in v.flags and p.module.g.generatedHeader != nil:
       genVarPrototype(p.module.g.generatedHeader, vn)
-    traverseProc = getTraverseProc(p, v)
-    if traverseProc != nil and not p.hcrOn:
-      registerTraverseProc(p, v, traverseProc)
+    registerTraverseProc(p, v)
   else:
-    let imm = isAssignedImmediately(p.config, value)
     if imm and p.module.compileToCpp and p.splitDecls == 0 and
-        not containsHiddenPointer(v.typ):
+        not containsHiddenPointer(v.typ) and
+        nimErrorFlagAccessed notin p.flags:
       # C++ really doesn't like things like 'Foo f; f = x' as that invokes a
       # parameterless constructor followed by an assignment operator. So we
       # generate better code here: 'Foo f = x;'
       genLineDir(p, vn)
-      let decl = localVarDecl(p, vn)
+      var decl = localVarDecl(p, vn)
       var tmp: TLoc
-      if value.kind in nkCallKinds and value[0].kind == nkSym and
-           sfConstructor in value[0].sym.flags:
-        var params: Rope
-        let typ = skipTypes(value[0].typ, abstractInst)
-        assert(typ.kind == tyProc)
-        for i in 1..<value.len:
-          if params != nil: params.add(~", ")
-          assert(typ.len == typ.n.len)
-          params.add(genOtherArg(p, value, i, typ))
-        if params == nil:
-          lineF(p, cpsStmts, "$#;$n", [decl])
-        else:
-          lineF(p, cpsStmts, "$#($#);$n", [decl, params])
+      if isCppCtorCall:
+        var didGenTemp = false
+        genCppVarForCtor(p, value, decl, didGenTemp)
+        line(p, cpsStmts, decl)
       else:
-        initLocExprSingleUse(p, value, tmp)
-        lineF(p, cpsStmts, "$# = $#;$n", [decl, tmp.rdLoc])
+        tmp = initLocExprSingleUse(p, value)
+        if value.kind == nkEmpty:
+          lineF(p, cpsStmts, "$#;\n", [decl])
+        else:
+          lineF(p, cpsStmts, "$# = $#;\n", [decl, tmp.rdLoc])
       return
     assignLocalVar(p, vn)
     initLocalVar(p, v, imm)
 
-  if traverseProc == nil: traverseProc = ~"NULL"
+  let traverseProc = "NULL"
   # If the var is in a block (control flow like if/while or a block) in global scope just
   # register the so called "global" so it can be used later on. There is no need to close
   # and reopen of if (nim_hcr_do_init_) blocks because we are in one already anyway.
@@ -363,7 +405,7 @@ proc genSingleVar(p: BProc, v: PSym; vn, value: PNode) =
     # put it in the locals section - mainly because of loops which
     # use the var in a call to resetLoc() in the statements section
     lineCg(targetProc, cpsLocals, "hcrRegisterGlobal($3, \"$1\", sizeof($2), $4, (void**)&$1);$n",
-           [v.loc.r, rdLoc(v.loc), getModuleDllPath(p.module, v), traverseProc])
+           [v.loc.snippet, rdLoc(v.loc), getModuleDllPath(p.module, v), traverseProc])
     # nothing special left to do later on - let's avoid closing and reopening blocks
     forHcr = false
 
@@ -372,11 +414,12 @@ proc genSingleVar(p: BProc, v: PSym; vn, value: PNode) =
   # be able to re-run it but without the top level code - just the init of globals
   if forHcr:
     lineCg(targetProc, cpsStmts, "if (hcrRegisterGlobal($3, \"$1\", sizeof($2), $4, (void**)&$1))$N",
-           [v.loc.r, rdLoc(v.loc), getModuleDllPath(p.module, v), traverseProc])
+           [v.loc.snippet, rdLoc(v.loc), getModuleDllPath(p.module, v), traverseProc])
     startBlock(targetProc)
-  if value.kind != nkEmpty and valueAsRope == nil:
+  if value.kind != nkEmpty and valueAsRope.len == 0:
     genLineDir(targetProc, vn)
-    loadInto(targetProc, vn, value, v.loc)
+    if not isCppCtorCall:
+      loadInto(targetProc, vn, value, v.loc)
   if forHcr:
     endBlock(targetProc)
 
@@ -393,12 +436,11 @@ proc genSingleVar(p: BProc, a: PNode) =
 
 proc genClosureVar(p: BProc, a: PNode) =
   var immediateAsgn = a[2].kind != nkEmpty
-  var v: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, a[0], v)
+  var v: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, a[0])
   genLineDir(p, a)
   if immediateAsgn:
     loadInto(p, a[0], a[2], v)
-  else:
+  elif sfNoInit notin a[0][1].sym.flags:
     constructLoc(p, v)
 
 proc genVarStmt(p: BProc, n: PNode) =
@@ -429,7 +471,7 @@ proc genIf(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     a: TLoc
     lelse: TLabel
   if not isEmptyType(n.typ) and d.k == locNone:
-    getTemp(p, n.typ, d)
+    d = getTemp(p, n.typ)
   genLineDir(p, n)
   let lend = getLabel(p)
   for it in n.sons:
@@ -437,7 +479,7 @@ proc genIf(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     if d.k == locTemp and isEmptyType(n.typ): d.k = locNone
     if it.len == 2:
       startBlock(p)
-      initLocExprSingleUse(p, it[0], a)
+      a = initLocExprSingleUse(p, it[0])
       lelse = getLabel(p)
       inc(p.labels)
       lineF(p, cpsStmts, "if (!$1) goto $2;$n",
@@ -505,7 +547,7 @@ proc genComputedGoto(p: BProc; n: PNode) =
   # wrapped inside stmt lists by inject destructors won't be recognised
   let n = n.flattenStmts()
   var casePos = -1
-  var arraySize: int
+  var arraySize: int = 0
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     let it = n[i]
     if it.kind == nkCaseStmt:
@@ -539,8 +581,7 @@ proc genComputedGoto(p: BProc; n: PNode) =
     genStmts(p, n[j])
 
   let caseStmt = n[casePos]
-  var a: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, caseStmt[0], a)
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, caseStmt[0])
   # first goto:
   lineF(p, cpsStmts, "goto *$#[$#];$n", [tmp, a.rdLoc])
 
@@ -553,7 +594,9 @@ proc genComputedGoto(p: BProc; n: PNode) =
         return
 
       let val = getOrdValue(it[j])
-      lineF(p, cpsStmts, "TMP$#_:$n", [intLiteral(toInt64(val)+id+1)])
+      var lit = newRopeAppender()
+      intLiteral(toInt64(val)+id+1, lit)
+      lineF(p, cpsStmts, "TMP$#_:$n", [lit])
 
     genStmts(p, it.lastSon)
 
@@ -576,8 +619,7 @@ proc genComputedGoto(p: BProc; n: PNode) =
       else:
         genStmts(p, it)
 
-    var a: TLoc
-    initLocExpr(p, caseStmt[0], a)
+    var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, caseStmt[0])
     lineF(p, cpsStmts, "goto *$#[$#];$n", [tmp, a.rdLoc])
     endBlock(p)
 
@@ -605,10 +647,11 @@ proc genWhileStmt(p: BProc, t: PNode) =
     else:
       p.breakIdx = startBlock(p, "while (1) {$n")
       p.blocks[p.breakIdx].isLoop = true
-      initLocExpr(p, t[0], a)
+      a = initLocExpr(p, t[0])
       if (t[0].kind != nkIntLit) or (t[0].intVal == 0):
-        let label = assignLabel(p.blocks[p.breakIdx])
-        lineF(p, cpsStmts, "if (!$1) goto $2;$n", [rdLoc(a), label])
+        lineF(p, cpsStmts, "if (!$1) goto ", [rdLoc(a)])
+        assignLabel(p.blocks[p.breakIdx], p.s(cpsStmts))
+        appcg(p, cpsStmts, ";$n", [])
       genStmts(p, loopBody)
 
       if optProfiler in p.options:
@@ -623,7 +666,7 @@ proc genBlock(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     # bug #4505: allocate the temp in the outer scope
     # so that it can escape the generated {}:
     if d.k == locNone:
-      getTemp(p, n.typ, d)
+      d = getTemp(p, n.typ)
     d.flags.incl(lfEnforceDeref)
   preserveBreakIdx:
     p.breakIdx = startBlock(p)
@@ -643,14 +686,13 @@ proc genParForStmt(p: BProc, t: PNode) =
 
   preserveBreakIdx:
     let forLoopVar = t[0].sym
-    var rangeA, rangeB: TLoc
     assignLocalVar(p, t[0])
     #initLoc(forLoopVar.loc, locLocalVar, forLoopVar.typ, onStack)
     #discard mangleName(forLoopVar)
     let call = t[1]
-    assert(call.len in {4, 5})
-    initLocExpr(p, call[1], rangeA)
-    initLocExpr(p, call[2], rangeB)
+    assert(call.len == 4 or call.len == 5)
+    var rangeA = initLocExpr(p, call[1])
+    var rangeB = initLocExpr(p, call[2])
 
     # $n at the beginning because of #9710
     if call.len == 4: # procName(a, b, annotation)
@@ -667,8 +709,7 @@ proc genParForStmt(p: BProc, t: PNode) =
                     rangeA.rdLoc, rangeB.rdLoc,
                     call[3].getStr.rope])
     else: # `||`(a, b, step, annotation)
-      var step: TLoc
-      initLocExpr(p, call[3], step)
+      var step: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, call[3])
       lineF(p, cpsStmts, "$n#pragma omp $5$n" &
                     "for ($1 = $2; $1 <= $3; $1 += $4)",
                     [forLoopVar.loc.rdLoc,
@@ -695,12 +736,12 @@ proc genBreakStmt(p: BProc, t: PNode) =
     while idx >= 0 and not p.blocks[idx].isLoop: dec idx
     if idx < 0 or not p.blocks[idx].isLoop:
       internalError(p.config, t.info, "no loop to break")
-  let label = assignLabel(p.blocks[idx])
+  p.blocks[idx].label = "LA" & p.blocks[idx].id.rope
   blockLeaveActions(p,
     p.nestedTryStmts.len - p.blocks[idx].nestedTryStmts,
     p.inExceptBlockLen - p.blocks[idx].nestedExceptStmts)
   genLineDir(p, t)
-  lineF(p, cpsStmts, "goto $1;$n", [label])
+  lineF(p, cpsStmts, "goto $1;$n", [p.blocks[idx].label])
 
 proc raiseExit(p: BProc) =
   assert p.config.exc == excGoto
@@ -714,6 +755,18 @@ proc raiseExit(p: BProc) =
       lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "if (NIM_UNLIKELY(*nimErr_)) goto LA$1_;$n",
         [p.nestedTryStmts[^1].label])
 
+proc raiseExitCleanup(p: BProc, destroy: string) =
+  assert p.config.exc == excGoto
+  if nimErrorFlagDisabled notin p.flags:
+    p.flags.incl nimErrorFlagAccessed
+    if p.nestedTryStmts.len == 0:
+      p.flags.incl beforeRetNeeded
+      # easy case, simply goto 'ret':
+      lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "if (NIM_UNLIKELY(*nimErr_)) {$1; goto BeforeRet_;}$n", [destroy])
+    else:
+      lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "if (NIM_UNLIKELY(*nimErr_)) {$2; goto LA$1_;}$n",
+        [p.nestedTryStmts[^1].label, destroy])
+
 proc finallyActions(p: BProc) =
   if p.config.exc != excGoto and p.nestedTryStmts.len > 0 and p.nestedTryStmts[^1].inExcept:
     # if the current try stmt have a finally block,
@@ -722,34 +775,35 @@ proc finallyActions(p: BProc) =
     if finallyBlock != nil:
       genSimpleBlock(p, finallyBlock[0])
 
-proc raiseInstr(p: BProc): Rope =
+proc raiseInstr(p: BProc; result: var Rope) =
   if p.config.exc == excGoto:
     let L = p.nestedTryStmts.len
     if L == 0:
       p.flags.incl beforeRetNeeded
       # easy case, simply goto 'ret':
-      result = ropecg(p.module, "goto BeforeRet_;$n", [])
+      result.add ropecg(p.module, "goto BeforeRet_;$n", [])
     else:
       # raise inside an 'except' must go to the finally block,
       # raise outside an 'except' block must go to the 'except' list.
-      result = ropecg(p.module, "goto LA$1_;$n",
+      result.add ropecg(p.module, "goto LA$1_;$n",
         [p.nestedTryStmts[L-1].label])
       # + ord(p.nestedTryStmts[L-1].inExcept)])
-  else:
-    result = nil
 
 proc genRaiseStmt(p: BProc, t: PNode) =
   if t[0].kind != nkEmpty:
-    var a: TLoc
-    initLocExprSingleUse(p, t[0], a)
+    var a: TLoc = initLocExprSingleUse(p, t[0])
     finallyActions(p)
     var e = rdLoc(a)
     discard getTypeDesc(p.module, t[0].typ)
     var typ = skipTypes(t[0].typ, abstractPtrs)
-    # XXX For reasons that currently escape me, this is only required by the new
-    # C++ based exception handling:
-    if p.config.exc == excCpp:
+    case p.config.exc
+    of excCpp:
       blockLeaveActions(p, howManyTrys = 0, howManyExcepts = p.inExceptBlockLen)
+    of excGoto:
+      blockLeaveActions(p, howManyTrys = 0,
+        howManyExcepts = (if p.nestedTryStmts.len > 0 and p.nestedTryStmts[^1].inExcept: 1 else: 0))
+    else:
+      discard
     genLineDir(p, t)
     if isImportedException(typ, p.config):
       lineF(p, cpsStmts, "throw $1;$n", [e])
@@ -763,26 +817,20 @@ proc genRaiseStmt(p: BProc, t: PNode) =
   else:
     finallyActions(p)
     genLineDir(p, t)
-    # reraise the last exception:
-    if p.config.exc == excCpp:
-      line(p, cpsStmts, ~"throw;$n")
-    else:
-      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#reraiseException();$n", [])
-  let gotoInstr = raiseInstr(p)
-  if gotoInstr != nil:
-    line(p, cpsStmts, gotoInstr)
+    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#reraiseException();$n", [])
+  raiseInstr(p, p.s(cpsStmts))
 
 template genCaseGenericBranch(p: BProc, b: PNode, e: TLoc,
                           rangeFormat, eqFormat: FormatStr, labl: TLabel) =
   var x, y: TLoc
   for i in 0..<b.len - 1:
     if b[i].kind == nkRange:
-      initLocExpr(p, b[i][0], x)
-      initLocExpr(p, b[i][1], y)
+      x = initLocExpr(p, b[i][0])
+      y = initLocExpr(p, b[i][1])
       lineCg(p, cpsStmts, rangeFormat,
            [rdCharLoc(e), rdCharLoc(x), rdCharLoc(y), labl])
     else:
-      initLocExpr(p, b[i], x)
+      x = initLocExpr(p, b[i])
       lineCg(p, cpsStmts, eqFormat, [rdCharLoc(e), rdCharLoc(x), labl])
 
 proc genCaseSecondPass(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc,
@@ -824,23 +872,32 @@ template genIfForCaseUntil(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc,
 
 template genCaseGeneric(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc,
                     rangeFormat, eqFormat: FormatStr) =
-  var a: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, t[0], a)
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, t[0])
   var lend = genIfForCaseUntil(p, t, d, rangeFormat, eqFormat, t.len-1, a)
   fixLabel(p, lend)
 
 proc genCaseStringBranch(p: BProc, b: PNode, e: TLoc, labl: TLabel,
+                         stringKind: TTypeKind,
                          branches: var openArray[Rope]) =
   var x: TLoc
   for i in 0..<b.len - 1:
     assert(b[i].kind != nkRange)
-    initLocExpr(p, b[i], x)
-    assert(b[i].kind in {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit})
-    var j = int(hashString(p.config, b[i].strVal) and high(branches))
-    appcg(p.module, branches[j], "if (#eqStrings($1, $2)) goto $3;$n",
+    x = initLocExpr(p, b[i])
+    var j: int = 0
+    case b[i].kind
+    of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit:
+      j = int(hashString(p.config, b[i].strVal) and high(branches))
+    of nkNilLit: j = 0
+    else:
+      assert false, "invalid string case branch node kind"
+    if stringKind == tyCstring:
+      appcg(p.module, branches[j], "if (#eqCstrings($1, $2)) goto $3;$n",
+         [rdLoc(e), rdLoc(x), labl])
+    else:
+      appcg(p.module, branches[j], "if (#eqStrings($1, $2)) goto $3;$n",
          [rdLoc(e), rdLoc(x), labl])
 
-proc genStringCase(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
+proc genStringCase(p: BProc, t: PNode, stringKind: TTypeKind, d: var TLoc) =
   # count how many constant strings there are in the case:
   var strings = 0
   for i in 1..<t.len:
@@ -849,24 +906,29 @@ proc genStringCase(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     var bitMask = math.nextPowerOfTwo(strings) - 1
     var branches: seq[Rope]
     newSeq(branches, bitMask + 1)
-    var a: TLoc
-    initLocExpr(p, t[0], a) # fist pass: generate ifs+goto:
+    var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, t[0]) # first pass: generate ifs+goto:
     var labId = p.labels
     for i in 1..<t.len:
       inc(p.labels)
       if t[i].kind == nkOfBranch:
         genCaseStringBranch(p, t[i], a, "LA" & rope(p.labels) & "_",
-                            branches)
+                            stringKind, branches)
       else:
         # else statement: nothing to do yet
         # but we reserved a label, which we use later
         discard
-    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "switch (#hashString($1) & $2) {$n",
-            [rdLoc(a), bitMask])
+    if stringKind == tyCstring:
+      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "switch (#hashCstring($1) & $2) {$n",
+              [rdLoc(a), bitMask])
+    else:
+      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "switch (#hashString($1) & $2) {$n",
+              [rdLoc(a), bitMask])
     for j in 0..high(branches):
-      if branches[j] != nil:
+      if branches[j] != "":
+        var lit = newRopeAppender()
+        intLiteral(j, lit)
         lineF(p, cpsStmts, "case $1: $n$2break;$n",
-             [intLiteral(j), branches[j]])
+             [lit, branches[j]])
     lineF(p, cpsStmts, "}$n", []) # else statement:
     if t[^1].kind != nkOfBranch:
       lineF(p, cpsStmts, "goto LA$1_;$n", [rope(p.labels)])
@@ -874,9 +936,13 @@ proc genStringCase(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     var lend = genCaseSecondPass(p, t, d, labId, t.len-1)
     fixLabel(p, lend)
   else:
-    genCaseGeneric(p, t, d, "", "if (#eqStrings($1, $2)) goto $3;$n")
+    if stringKind == tyCstring:
+      genCaseGeneric(p, t, d, "", "if (#eqCstrings($1, $2)) goto $3;$n")
+    else:
+      genCaseGeneric(p, t, d, "", "if (#eqStrings($1, $2)) goto $3;$n")
 
 proc branchHasTooBigRange(b: PNode): bool =
+  result = false
   for it in b:
     # last son is block
     if (it.kind == nkRange) and
@@ -884,6 +950,7 @@ proc branchHasTooBigRange(b: PNode): bool =
       return true
 
 proc ifSwitchSplitPoint(p: BProc, n: PNode): int =
+  result = 0
   for i in 1..<n.len:
     var branch = n[i]
     var stmtBlock = lastSon(branch)
@@ -897,28 +964,33 @@ proc genCaseRange(p: BProc, branch: PNode) =
   for j in 0..<branch.len-1:
     if branch[j].kind == nkRange:
       if hasSwitchRange in CC[p.config.cCompiler].props:
-        lineF(p, cpsStmts, "case $1 ... $2:$n", [
-            genLiteral(p, branch[j][0]),
-            genLiteral(p, branch[j][1])])
+        var litA = newRopeAppender()
+        var litB = newRopeAppender()
+        genLiteral(p, branch[j][0], litA)
+        genLiteral(p, branch[j][1], litB)
+        lineF(p, cpsStmts, "case $1 ... $2:$n", [litA, litB])
       else:
         var v = copyNode(branch[j][0])
         while v.intVal <= branch[j][1].intVal:
-          lineF(p, cpsStmts, "case $1:$n", [genLiteral(p, v)])
+          var litA = newRopeAppender()
+          genLiteral(p, v, litA)
+          lineF(p, cpsStmts, "case $1:$n", [litA])
           inc(v.intVal)
     else:
-      lineF(p, cpsStmts, "case $1:$n", [genLiteral(p, branch[j])])
+      var litA = newRopeAppender()
+      genLiteral(p, branch[j], litA)
+      lineF(p, cpsStmts, "case $1:$n", [litA])
 
 proc genOrdinalCase(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   # analyse 'case' statement:
   var splitPoint = ifSwitchSplitPoint(p, n)
 
   # generate if part (might be empty):
-  var a: TLoc
-  initLocExpr(p, n[0], a)
+  var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, n[0])
   var lend = if splitPoint > 0: genIfForCaseUntil(p, n, d,
                     rangeFormat = "if ($1 >= $2 && $1 <= $3) goto $4;$n",
                     eqFormat = "if ($1 == $2) goto $3;$n",
-                    splitPoint, a) else: nil
+                    splitPoint, a) else: ""
 
   # generate switch part (might be empty):
   if splitPoint+1 < n.len:
@@ -936,18 +1008,23 @@ proc genOrdinalCase(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
         hasDefault = true
       exprBlock(p, branch.lastSon, d)
       lineF(p, cpsStmts, "break;$n", [])
-    if (hasAssume in CC[p.config.cCompiler].props) and not hasDefault:
-      lineF(p, cpsStmts, "default: __assume(0);$n", [])
+    if not hasDefault:
+      if hasBuiltinUnreachable in CC[p.config.cCompiler].props:
+        lineF(p, cpsStmts, "default: __builtin_unreachable();$n", [])
+      elif hasAssume in CC[p.config.cCompiler].props:
+        lineF(p, cpsStmts, "default: __assume(0);$n", [])
     lineF(p, cpsStmts, "}$n", [])
-  if lend != nil: fixLabel(p, lend)
+  if lend != "": fixLabel(p, lend)
 
 proc genCase(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   genLineDir(p, t)
   if not isEmptyType(t.typ) and d.k == locNone:
-    getTemp(p, t.typ, d)
+    d = getTemp(p, t.typ)
   case skipTypes(t[0].typ, abstractVarRange).kind
   of tyString:
-    genStringCase(p, t, d)
+    genStringCase(p, t, tyString, d)
+  of tyCstring:
+    genStringCase(p, t, tyCstring, d)
   of tyFloat..tyFloat128:
     genCaseGeneric(p, t, d, "if ($1 >= $2 && $1 <= $3) goto $4;$n",
                             "if ($1 == $2) goto $3;$n")
@@ -968,7 +1045,7 @@ proc genRestoreFrameAfterException(p: BProc) =
 proc genTryCpp(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   #[ code to generate:
 
-    std::exception_ptr error = nullptr;
+    std::exception_ptr error;
     try {
       body;
     } catch (Exception e) {
@@ -993,13 +1070,13 @@ proc genTryCpp(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   p.module.includeHeader("<exception>")
 
   if not isEmptyType(t.typ) and d.k == locNone:
-    getTemp(p, t.typ, d)
+    d = getTemp(p, t.typ)
   genLineDir(p, t)
 
   inc(p.labels, 2)
   let etmp = p.labels
-
-  p.procSec(cpsInit).add(ropecg(p.module, "\tstd::exception_ptr T$1_ = nullptr;", [etmp]))
+  #init on locals, fixes #23306
+  lineCg(p, cpsLocals, "std::exception_ptr T$1_;$n", [etmp])
 
   let fin = if t[^1].kind == nkFinally: t[^1] else: nil
   p.nestedTryStmts.add((fin, false, 0.Natural))
@@ -1033,12 +1110,11 @@ proc genTryCpp(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
       if hasIf: lineF(p, cpsStmts, "else ", [])
       startBlock(p)
       # we handled the error:
-      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "T$1_ = nullptr;$n", [etmp])
       expr(p, t[i][0], d)
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#popCurrentException();$n", [])
       endBlock(p)
     else:
-      var orExpr = Rope(nil)
+      var orExpr = newRopeAppender()
       var exvar = PNode(nil)
       for j in 0..<t[i].len - 1:
         var typeNode = t[i][j]
@@ -1049,22 +1125,24 @@ proc genTryCpp(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
         if isImportedException(typeNode.typ, p.config):
           hasImportedCppExceptions = true
         else:
-          if orExpr != nil: orExpr.add("||")
-          let checkFor = if optTinyRtti in p.config.globalOptions:
-            genTypeInfo2Name(p.module, typeNode.typ)
-          else:
-            genTypeInfoV1(p.module, typeNode.typ, typeNode.info)
+          if orExpr.len != 0: orExpr.add("||")
           let memberName = if p.module.compileToCpp: "m_type" else: "Sup.m_type"
-          appcg(p.module, orExpr, "#isObj(#nimBorrowCurrentException()->$1, $2)", [memberName, checkFor])
+          if optTinyRtti in p.config.globalOptions:
+            let checkFor = $getObjDepth(typeNode.typ)
+            appcg(p.module, orExpr, "#isObjDisplayCheck(#nimBorrowCurrentException()->$1, $2, $3)", [memberName, checkFor, $genDisplayElem(MD5Digest(hashType(typeNode.typ, p.config)))])
+          else:
+            let checkFor = genTypeInfoV1(p.module, typeNode.typ, typeNode.info)
+            appcg(p.module, orExpr, "#isObj(#nimBorrowCurrentException()->$1, $2)", [memberName, checkFor])
 
-      if orExpr != nil:
+      if orExpr.len != 0:
         if hasIf:
           startBlock(p, "else if ($1) {$n", [orExpr])
         else:
           startBlock(p, "if ($1) {$n", [orExpr])
           hasIf = true
         if exvar != nil:
-          fillLoc(exvar.sym.loc, locTemp, exvar, mangleLocalName(p, exvar.sym), OnStack)
+          fillLocalName(p, exvar.sym)
+          fillLoc(exvar.sym.loc, locTemp, exvar, OnStack)
           linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 $2 = T$3_;$n", [getTypeDesc(p.module, exvar.sym.typ),
             rdLoc(exvar.sym.loc), rope(etmp+1)])
         # we handled the error:
@@ -1094,7 +1172,7 @@ proc genTryCpp(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
 
       if t[i].len == 1:
         # general except section:
-        startBlock(p, "catch (...) {", [])
+        startBlock(p, "catch (...) {$n", [])
         genExceptBranchBody(t[i][0])
         endBlock(p)
         catchAllPresent = true
@@ -1105,7 +1183,8 @@ proc genTryCpp(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
             typeNode = t[i][j][1]
             if isImportedException(typeNode.typ, p.config):
               let exvar = t[i][j][2] # ex1 in `except ExceptType as ex1:`
-              fillLoc(exvar.sym.loc, locTemp, exvar, mangleLocalName(p, exvar.sym), OnStack)
+              fillLocalName(p, exvar.sym)
+              fillLoc(exvar.sym.loc, locTemp, exvar, OnStack)
               startBlock(p, "catch ($1& $2) {$n", getTypeDesc(p.module, typeNode.typ), rdLoc(exvar.sym.loc))
               genExceptBranchBody(t[i][^1])  # exception handler body will duplicated for every type
               endBlock(p)
@@ -1119,7 +1198,7 @@ proc genTryCpp(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   # general finally block:
   if t.len > 0 and t[^1].kind == nkFinally:
     if not catchAllPresent:
-      startBlock(p, "catch (...) {", [])
+      startBlock(p, "catch (...) {$n", [])
       genRestoreFrameAfterException(p)
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "T$1_ = std::current_exception();$n", [etmp])
       endBlock(p)
@@ -1156,9 +1235,9 @@ proc genTryCppOld(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
     expr(p, body, d)
 
   if not isEmptyType(t.typ) and d.k == locNone:
-    getTemp(p, t.typ, d)
+    d = getTemp(p, t.typ)
   genLineDir(p, t)
-  discard cgsym(p.module, "popCurrentExceptionEx")
+  cgsym(p.module, "popCurrentExceptionEx")
   let fin = if t[^1].kind == nkFinally: t[^1] else: nil
   p.nestedTryStmts.add((fin, false, 0.Natural))
   startBlock(p, "try {$n")
@@ -1184,7 +1263,8 @@ proc genTryCppOld(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
       for j in 0..<t[i].len-1:
         if t[i][j].isInfixAs():
           let exvar = t[i][j][2] # ex1 in `except ExceptType as ex1:`
-          fillLoc(exvar.sym.loc, locTemp, exvar, mangleLocalName(p, exvar.sym), OnUnknown)
+          fillLocalName(p, exvar.sym)
+          fillLoc(exvar.sym.loc, locTemp, exvar, OnUnknown)
           startBlock(p, "catch ($1& $2) {$n", getTypeDesc(p.module, t[i][j][1].typ), rdLoc(exvar.sym.loc))
         else:
           startBlock(p, "catch ($1&) {$n", getTypeDesc(p.module, t[i][j].typ))
@@ -1199,7 +1279,7 @@ proc genTryCppOld(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
       # finally requires catch all presence
       startBlock(p, "catch (...) {$n")
       genStmts(p, t[^1][0])
-      line(p, cpsStmts, ~"throw;$n")
+      line(p, cpsStmts, "throw;\n")
       endBlock(p)
 
     genSimpleBlock(p, t[^1][0])
@@ -1233,7 +1313,7 @@ proc genTryGoto(p: BProc; t: PNode; d: var TLoc) =
   p.flags.incl nimErrorFlagAccessed
 
   if not isEmptyType(t.typ) and d.k == locNone:
-    getTemp(p, t.typ, d)
+    d = getTemp(p, t.typ)
 
   expr(p, t[0], d)
 
@@ -1261,16 +1341,18 @@ proc genTryGoto(p: BProc; t: PNode; d: var TLoc) =
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "*nimErr_ = NIM_FALSE;$n", [])
       expr(p, t[i][0], d)
     else:
-      var orExpr: Rope = nil
+      var orExpr = newRopeAppender()
       for j in 0..<t[i].len - 1:
         assert(t[i][j].kind == nkType)
-        if orExpr != nil: orExpr.add("||")
-        let checkFor = if optTinyRtti in p.config.globalOptions:
-          genTypeInfo2Name(p.module, t[i][j].typ)
-        else:
-          genTypeInfoV1(p.module, t[i][j].typ, t[i][j].info)
+        if orExpr.len != 0: orExpr.add("||")
         let memberName = if p.module.compileToCpp: "m_type" else: "Sup.m_type"
-        appcg(p.module, orExpr, "#isObj(#nimBorrowCurrentException()->$1, $2)", [memberName, checkFor])
+        if optTinyRtti in p.config.globalOptions:
+          let checkFor = $getObjDepth(t[i][j].typ)
+          appcg(p.module, orExpr, "#isObjDisplayCheck(#nimBorrowCurrentException()->$1, $2, $3)",
+            [memberName, checkFor, $genDisplayElem(MD5Digest(hashType(t[i][j].typ, p.config)))])
+        else:
+          let checkFor = genTypeInfoV1(p.module, t[i][j].typ, t[i][j].info)
+          appcg(p.module, orExpr, "#isObj(#nimBorrowCurrentException()->$1, $2)", [memberName, checkFor])
 
       if i > 1: line(p, cpsStmts, "else ")
       startBlock(p, "if ($1) {$n", [orExpr])
@@ -1338,7 +1420,7 @@ proc genTrySetjmp(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   #    propagateCurrentException();
   #
   if not isEmptyType(t.typ) and d.k == locNone:
-    getTemp(p, t.typ, d)
+    d = getTemp(p, t.typ)
   let quirkyExceptions = p.config.exc == excQuirky or
       (t.kind == nkHiddenTryStmt and sfSystemModule in p.module.module.flags)
   if not quirkyExceptions:
@@ -1346,8 +1428,8 @@ proc genTrySetjmp(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   else:
     p.flags.incl noSafePoints
   genLineDir(p, t)
-  discard cgsym(p.module, "Exception")
-  var safePoint: Rope
+  cgsym(p.module, "Exception")
+  var safePoint: Rope = ""
   if not quirkyExceptions:
     safePoint = getTempName(p.module)
     linefmt(p, cpsLocals, "#TSafePoint $1;$n", [safePoint])
@@ -1356,8 +1438,24 @@ proc genTrySetjmp(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.status = setjmp($1.context);$n", [safePoint])
     elif isDefined(p.config, "nimSigSetjmp"):
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.status = sigsetjmp($1.context, 0);$n", [safePoint])
+    elif isDefined(p.config, "nimBuiltinSetjmp"):
+      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.status = __builtin_setjmp($1.context);$n", [safePoint])
     elif isDefined(p.config, "nimRawSetjmp"):
-      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.status = _setjmp($1.context);$n", [safePoint])
+      if isDefined(p.config, "mswindows"):
+        if isDefined(p.config, "vcc") or isDefined(p.config, "clangcl"):
+          # For the vcc compiler, use `setjmp()` with one argument.
+          # See https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/c-runtime-library/reference/setjmp?view=msvc-170
+          linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.status = setjmp($1.context);$n", [safePoint])
+        else:
+          # The Windows `_setjmp()` takes two arguments, with the second being an
+          # undocumented buffer used by the SEH mechanism for stack unwinding.
+          # Mingw-w64 has been trying to get it right for years, but it's still
+          # prone to stack corruption during unwinding, so we disable that by setting
+          # it to NULL.
+          # More details: https://github.com/status-im/nimbus-eth2/issues/3121
+          linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.status = _setjmp($1.context, 0);$n", [safePoint])
+      else:
+        linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.status = _setjmp($1.context);$n", [safePoint])
     else:
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.status = setjmp($1.context);$n", [safePoint])
     lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1.status == 0) {$n", [safePoint])
@@ -1389,16 +1487,18 @@ proc genTrySetjmp(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#popCurrentException();$n", [])
       endBlock(p)
     else:
-      var orExpr: Rope = nil
+      var orExpr = newRopeAppender()
       for j in 0..<t[i].len - 1:
         assert(t[i][j].kind == nkType)
-        if orExpr != nil: orExpr.add("||")
-        let checkFor = if optTinyRtti in p.config.globalOptions:
-          genTypeInfo2Name(p.module, t[i][j].typ)
-        else:
-          genTypeInfoV1(p.module, t[i][j].typ, t[i][j].info)
+        if orExpr.len != 0: orExpr.add("||")
         let memberName = if p.module.compileToCpp: "m_type" else: "Sup.m_type"
-        appcg(p.module, orExpr, "#isObj(#nimBorrowCurrentException()->$1, $2)", [memberName, checkFor])
+        if optTinyRtti in p.config.globalOptions:
+          let checkFor = $getObjDepth(t[i][j].typ)
+          appcg(p.module, orExpr, "#isObjDisplayCheck(#nimBorrowCurrentException()->$1, $2, $3)",
+              [memberName, checkFor, $genDisplayElem(MD5Digest(hashType(t[i][j].typ, p.config)))])
+        else:
+          let checkFor = genTypeInfoV1(p.module, t[i][j].typ, t[i][j].info)
+          appcg(p.module, orExpr, "#isObj(#nimBorrowCurrentException()->$1, $2)", [memberName, checkFor])
 
       if i > 1: line(p, cpsStmts, "else ")
       startBlock(p, "if ($1) {$n", [orExpr])
@@ -1424,35 +1524,33 @@ proc genTrySetjmp(p: BProc, t: PNode, d: var TLoc) =
   if not quirkyExceptions:
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "if ($1.status != 0) #reraiseException();$n", [safePoint])
 
-proc genAsmOrEmitStmt(p: BProc, t: PNode, isAsmStmt=false): Rope =
+proc genAsmOrEmitStmt(p: BProc, t: PNode, isAsmStmt=false; result: var Rope) =
   var res = ""
-  for it in t.sons:
+  let offset =
+    if isAsmStmt: 1 # first son is pragmas
+    else: 0
+
+  for i in offset..<t.len:
+    let it = t[i]
     case it.kind
     of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit:
       res.add(it.strVal)
     of nkSym:
       var sym = it.sym
       if sym.kind in {skProc, skFunc, skIterator, skMethod}:
-        var a: TLoc
-        initLocExpr(p, it, a)
+        var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, it)
         res.add($rdLoc(a))
       elif sym.kind == skType:
         res.add($getTypeDesc(p.module, sym.typ))
       else:
         discard getTypeDesc(p.module, skipTypes(sym.typ, abstractPtrs))
-        var r = sym.loc.r
-        if r == nil:
-          # if no name has already been given,
-          # it doesn't matter much:
-          r = mangleName(p.module, sym)
-          sym.loc.r = r       # but be consequent!
-        res.add($r)
+        fillBackendName(p.module, sym)
+        res.add($sym.loc.snippet)
     of nkTypeOfExpr:
       res.add($getTypeDesc(p.module, it.typ))
     else:
       discard getTypeDesc(p.module, skipTypes(it.typ, abstractPtrs))
-      var a: TLoc
-      initLocExpr(p, it, a)
+      var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(p, it)
       res.add($a.rdLoc)
 
   if isAsmStmt and hasGnuAsm in CC[p.config.cCompiler].props:
@@ -1471,12 +1569,28 @@ proc genAsmOrEmitStmt(p: BProc, t: PNode, isAsmStmt=false): Rope =
           result.add("\\n\"\n")
   else:
     res.add("\L")
-    result = res.rope
+    result.add res.rope
 
 proc genAsmStmt(p: BProc, t: PNode) =
   assert(t.kind == nkAsmStmt)
   genLineDir(p, t)
-  var s = genAsmOrEmitStmt(p, t, isAsmStmt=true)
+  var s = newRopeAppender()
+
+  var asmSyntax = ""
+  if (let p = t[0]; p.kind == nkPragma):
+    for i in p:
+      if whichPragma(i) == wAsmSyntax:
+        asmSyntax = i[1].strVal
+
+  if asmSyntax != "" and
+     not (
+      asmSyntax == "gcc" and hasGnuAsm in CC[p.config.cCompiler].props or
+      asmSyntax == "vcc" and hasGnuAsm notin CC[p.config.cCompiler].props):
+    localError(
+      p.config, t.info,
+      "Your compiler does not support the specified inline assembler")
+
+  genAsmOrEmitStmt(p, t, isAsmStmt=true, s)
   # see bug #2362, "top level asm statements" seem to be a mis-feature
   # but even if we don't do this, the example in #2362 cannot possibly
   # work:
@@ -1484,18 +1598,20 @@ proc genAsmStmt(p: BProc, t: PNode) =
     # top level asm statement?
     p.module.s[cfsProcHeaders].add runtimeFormat(CC[p.config.cCompiler].asmStmtFrmt, [s])
   else:
-    p.s(cpsStmts).add indentLine(p, runtimeFormat(CC[p.config.cCompiler].asmStmtFrmt, [s]))
+    addIndent p, p.s(cpsStmts)
+    p.s(cpsStmts).add runtimeFormat(CC[p.config.cCompiler].asmStmtFrmt, [s])
 
 proc determineSection(n: PNode): TCFileSection =
   result = cfsProcHeaders
   if n.len >= 1 and n[0].kind in {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit}:
     let sec = n[0].strVal
-    if sec.startsWith("/*TYPESECTION*/"): result = cfsTypes
+    if sec.startsWith("/*TYPESECTION*/"): result = cfsForwardTypes # TODO WORKAROUND
     elif sec.startsWith("/*VARSECTION*/"): result = cfsVars
     elif sec.startsWith("/*INCLUDESECTION*/"): result = cfsHeaders
 
 proc genEmit(p: BProc, t: PNode) =
-  var s = genAsmOrEmitStmt(p, t[1])
+  var s = newRopeAppender()
+  genAsmOrEmitStmt(p, t[1], false, s)
   if p.prc == nil:
     # top level emit pragma?
     let section = determineSection(t[1])
@@ -1506,14 +1622,14 @@ proc genEmit(p: BProc, t: PNode) =
     line(p, cpsStmts, s)
 
 proc genPragma(p: BProc, n: PNode) =
-  for it in n.sons:
+  for i in 0..<n.len:
+    let it = n[i]
     case whichPragma(it)
     of wEmit: genEmit(p, it)
-    of wInjectStmt:
-      var p = newProc(nil, p.module)
-      p.options.excl {optLineTrace, optStackTrace}
-      genStmts(p, it[1])
-      p.module.injectStmt = p.s(cpsStmts)
+    of wPush:
+      processPushBackendOption(p.config, p.optionsStack, p.options, n, i+1)
+    of wPop:
+      processPopBackendOption(p.config, p.optionsStack, p.options)
     else: discard
 
 
@@ -1525,10 +1641,14 @@ proc genDiscriminantCheck(p: BProc, a, tmp: TLoc, objtype: PType,
   if not containsOrIncl(p.module.declaredThings, field.id):
     appcg(p.module, cfsVars, "extern $1",
           [discriminatorTableDecl(p.module, t, field)])
+  var lit = newRopeAppender()
+  intLiteral(toInt64(lengthOrd(p.config, field.typ))+1, lit)
   lineCg(p, cpsStmts,
         "#FieldDiscriminantCheck((NI)(NU)($1), (NI)(NU)($2), $3, $4);$n",
         [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(tmp), discriminatorTableName(p.module, t, field),
-         intLiteral(toInt64(lengthOrd(p.config, field.typ))+1)])
+         lit])
+  if p.config.exc == excGoto:
+    raiseExit(p)
 
 when false:
   proc genCaseObjDiscMapping(p: BProc, e: PNode, t: PType, field: PSym; d: var TLoc) =
@@ -1547,13 +1667,12 @@ when false:
     expr(p, call, d)
 
 proc asgnFieldDiscriminant(p: BProc, e: PNode) =
-  var a, tmp: TLoc
   var dotExpr = e[0]
   if dotExpr.kind == nkCheckedFieldExpr: dotExpr = dotExpr[0]
-  initLocExpr(p, e[0], a)
-  getTemp(p, a.t, tmp)
+  var a = initLocExpr(p, e[0])
+  var tmp: TLoc = getTemp(p, a.t)
   expr(p, e[1], tmp)
-  if optTinyRtti notin p.config.globalOptions:
+  if p.inUncheckedAssignSection == 0:
     let field = dotExpr[1].sym
     genDiscriminantCheck(p, a, tmp, dotExpr[0].typ, field)
     message(p.config, e.info, warnCaseTransition)
@@ -1569,11 +1688,11 @@ proc genAsgn(p: BProc, e: PNode, fastAsgn: bool) =
   else:
     let le = e[0]
     let ri = e[1]
-    var a: TLoc
-    discard getTypeDesc(p.module, le.typ.skipTypes(skipPtrs), skVar)
-    initLoc(a, locNone, le, OnUnknown)
+    var a: TLoc = initLoc(locNone, le, OnUnknown)
+    discard getTypeDesc(p.module, le.typ.skipTypes(skipPtrs), dkVar)
     a.flags.incl(lfEnforceDeref)
     a.flags.incl(lfPrepareForMutation)
+    genLineDir(p, le) # it can be a nkBracketExpr, which may raise
     expr(p, le, a)
     a.flags.excl(lfPrepareForMutation)
     if fastAsgn: incl(a.flags, lfNoDeepCopy)
@@ -1582,7 +1701,7 @@ proc genAsgn(p: BProc, e: PNode, fastAsgn: bool) =
     loadInto(p, le, ri, a)
 
 proc genStmts(p: BProc, t: PNode) =
-  var a: TLoc
+  var a: TLoc = default(TLoc)
 
   let isPush = p.config.hasHint(hintExtendedContext)
   if isPush: pushInfoContext(p.config, t.info)
diff --git a/compiler/ccgthreadvars.nim b/compiler/ccgthreadvars.nim
index fbe8bce9e..1f551f022 100644
--- a/compiler/ccgthreadvars.nim
+++ b/compiler/ccgthreadvars.nim
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ proc declareThreadVar(m: BModule, s: PSym, isExtern: bool) =
     # allocator for it :-(
     if not containsOrIncl(m.g.nimtvDeclared, s.id):
       m.g.nimtvDeps.add(s.loc.t)
-      m.g.nimtv.addf("$1 $2;$n", [getTypeDesc(m, s.loc.t), s.loc.r])
+      m.g.nimtv.addf("$1 $2;$n", [getTypeDesc(m, s.loc.t), s.loc.snippet])
   else:
     if isExtern: m.s[cfsVars].add("extern ")
     elif lfExportLib in s.loc.flags: m.s[cfsVars].add("N_LIB_EXPORT_VAR ")
@@ -41,16 +41,16 @@ proc declareThreadVar(m: BModule, s: PSym, isExtern: bool) =
         m.s[cfsVars].add("NIM_THREAD_LOCAL ")
       else: m.s[cfsVars].add("NIM_THREADVAR ")
     m.s[cfsVars].add(getTypeDesc(m, s.loc.t))
-    m.s[cfsVars].addf(" $1;$n", [s.loc.r])
+    m.s[cfsVars].addf(" $1;$n", [s.loc.snippet])
 
 proc generateThreadLocalStorage(m: BModule) =
-  if m.g.nimtv != nil and (usesThreadVars in m.flags or sfMainModule in m.module.flags):
+  if m.g.nimtv != "" and (usesThreadVars in m.flags or sfMainModule in m.module.flags):
     for t in items(m.g.nimtvDeps): discard getTypeDesc(m, t)
     finishTypeDescriptions(m)
     m.s[cfsSeqTypes].addf("typedef struct {$1} NimThreadVars;$n", [m.g.nimtv])
 
 proc generateThreadVarsSize(m: BModule) =
-  if m.g.nimtv != nil:
+  if m.g.nimtv != "":
     let externc = if m.config.backend == backendCpp or
                        sfCompileToCpp in m.module.flags: "extern \"C\" "
                   else: ""
diff --git a/compiler/ccgtrav.nim b/compiler/ccgtrav.nim
index 29b93e530..ed4c79d9a 100644
--- a/compiler/ccgtrav.nim
+++ b/compiler/ccgtrav.nim
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ const
 
 proc genTraverseProc(c: TTraversalClosure, accessor: Rope, typ: PType)
 proc genCaseRange(p: BProc, branch: PNode)
-proc getTemp(p: BProc, t: PType, result: var TLoc; needsInit=false)
+proc getTemp(p: BProc, t: PType, needsInit=false): TLoc
 
 proc genTraverseProc(c: TTraversalClosure, accessor: Rope, n: PNode;
                      typ: PType) =
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ proc genTraverseProc(c: TTraversalClosure, accessor: Rope, n: PNode;
     if (n[0].kind != nkSym): internalError(c.p.config, n.info, "genTraverseProc")
     var p = c.p
     let disc = n[0].sym
-    if disc.loc.r == nil: fillObjectFields(c.p.module, typ)
+    if disc.loc.snippet == "": fillObjectFields(c.p.module, typ)
     if disc.loc.t == nil:
       internalError(c.p.config, n.info, "genTraverseProc()")
-    lineF(p, cpsStmts, "switch ($1.$2) {$n", [accessor, disc.loc.r])
+    lineF(p, cpsStmts, "switch ($1.$2) {$n", [accessor, disc.loc.snippet])
     for i in 1..<n.len:
       let branch = n[i]
       assert branch.kind in {nkOfBranch, nkElse}
@@ -51,10 +51,10 @@ proc genTraverseProc(c: TTraversalClosure, accessor: Rope, n: PNode;
   of nkSym:
     let field = n.sym
     if field.typ.kind == tyVoid: return
-    if field.loc.r == nil: fillObjectFields(c.p.module, typ)
+    if field.loc.snippet == "": fillObjectFields(c.p.module, typ)
     if field.loc.t == nil:
       internalError(c.p.config, n.info, "genTraverseProc()")
-    genTraverseProc(c, "$1.$2" % [accessor, field.loc.r], field.loc.t)
+    genTraverseProc(c, "$1.$2" % [accessor, field.loc.snippet], field.loc.t)
   else: internalError(c.p.config, n.info, "genTraverseProc()")
 
 proc parentObj(accessor: Rope; m: BModule): Rope {.inline.} =
@@ -71,37 +71,36 @@ proc genTraverseProc(c: TTraversalClosure, accessor: Rope, typ: PType) =
   case typ.kind
   of tyGenericInst, tyGenericBody, tyTypeDesc, tyAlias, tyDistinct, tyInferred,
      tySink, tyOwned:
-    genTraverseProc(c, accessor, lastSon(typ))
+    genTraverseProc(c, accessor, skipModifier(typ))
   of tyArray:
-    let arraySize = lengthOrd(c.p.config, typ[0])
-    var i: TLoc
-    getTemp(p, getSysType(c.p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt), i)
-    let oldCode = p.s(cpsStmts)
+    let arraySize = lengthOrd(c.p.config, typ.indexType)
+    var i: TLoc = getTemp(p, getSysType(c.p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt))
+    var oldCode = p.s(cpsStmts)
+    freeze oldCode
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "for ($1 = 0; $1 < $2; $1++) {$n",
-            [i.r, arraySize])
+            [i.snippet, arraySize])
     let oldLen = p.s(cpsStmts).len
-    genTraverseProc(c, ropecg(c.p.module, "$1[$2]", [accessor, i.r]), typ[1])
+    genTraverseProc(c, ropecg(c.p.module, "$1[$2]", [accessor, i.snippet]), typ.elementType)
     if p.s(cpsStmts).len == oldLen:
       # do not emit dummy long loops for faster debug builds:
       p.s(cpsStmts) = oldCode
     else:
       lineF(p, cpsStmts, "}$n", [])
   of tyObject:
-    for i in 0..<typ.len:
-      var x = typ[i]
-      if x != nil: x = x.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
-      genTraverseProc(c, accessor.parentObj(c.p.module), x)
+    var x = typ.baseClass
+    if x != nil: x = x.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
+    genTraverseProc(c, accessor.parentObj(c.p.module), x)
     if typ.n != nil: genTraverseProc(c, accessor, typ.n, typ)
   of tyTuple:
     let typ = getUniqueType(typ)
-    for i in 0..<typ.len:
-      genTraverseProc(c, ropecg(c.p.module, "$1.Field$2", [accessor, i]), typ[i])
+    for i, a in typ.ikids:
+      genTraverseProc(c, ropecg(c.p.module, "$1.Field$2", [accessor, i]), a)
   of tyRef:
     lineCg(p, cpsStmts, visitorFrmt, [accessor, c.visitorFrmt])
   of tySequence:
     if optSeqDestructors notin c.p.module.config.globalOptions:
       lineCg(p, cpsStmts, visitorFrmt, [accessor, c.visitorFrmt])
-    elif containsGarbageCollectedRef(typ.lastSon):
+    elif containsGarbageCollectedRef(typ.elementType):
       # destructor based seqs are themselves not traced but their data is, if
       # they contain a GC'ed type:
       lineCg(p, cpsStmts, "#nimGCvisitSeq((void*)$1, $2);$n", [accessor, c.visitorFrmt])
@@ -118,16 +117,15 @@ proc genTraverseProc(c: TTraversalClosure, accessor: Rope, typ: PType) =
 proc genTraverseProcSeq(c: TTraversalClosure, accessor: Rope, typ: PType) =
   var p = c.p
   assert typ.kind == tySequence
-  var i: TLoc
-  getTemp(p, getSysType(c.p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt), i)
-  let oldCode = p.s(cpsStmts)
-  var a: TLoc
-  a.r = accessor
+  var i = getTemp(p, getSysType(c.p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt))
+  var oldCode = p.s(cpsStmts)
+  freeze oldCode
+  var a = TLoc(snippet: accessor)
 
   lineF(p, cpsStmts, "for ($1 = 0; $1 < $2; $1++) {$n",
-      [i.r, lenExpr(c.p, a)])
+      [i.snippet, lenExpr(c.p, a)])
   let oldLen = p.s(cpsStmts).len
-  genTraverseProc(c, "$1$3[$2]" % [accessor, i.r, dataField(c.p)], typ[0])
+  genTraverseProc(c, "$1$3[$2]" % [accessor, i.snippet, dataField(c.p)], typ.elementType)
   if p.s(cpsStmts).len == oldLen:
     # do not emit dummy long loops for faster debug builds:
     p.s(cpsStmts) = oldCode
@@ -135,7 +133,6 @@ proc genTraverseProcSeq(c: TTraversalClosure, accessor: Rope, typ: PType) =
     lineF(p, cpsStmts, "}$n", [])
 
 proc genTraverseProc(m: BModule, origTyp: PType; sig: SigHash): Rope =
-  var c: TTraversalClosure
   var p = newProc(nil, m)
   result = "Marker_" & getTypeName(m, origTyp, sig)
   let
@@ -148,18 +145,19 @@ proc genTraverseProc(m: BModule, origTyp: PType; sig: SigHash): Rope =
   lineF(p, cpsLocals, "$1 a;$n", [t])
   lineF(p, cpsInit, "a = ($1)p;$n", [t])
 
-  c.p = p
-  c.visitorFrmt = "op" # "#nimGCvisit((void*)$1, op);$n"
+  var c = TTraversalClosure(p: p,
+    visitorFrmt: "op" # "#nimGCvisit((void*)$1, op);$n"
+    )
 
   assert typ.kind != tyTypeDesc
   if typ.kind == tySequence:
     genTraverseProcSeq(c, "a".rope, typ)
   else:
-    if skipTypes(typ[0], typedescInst+{tyOwned}).kind == tyArray:
+    if skipTypes(typ.elementType, typedescInst+{tyOwned}).kind == tyArray:
       # C's arrays are broken beyond repair:
-      genTraverseProc(c, "a".rope, typ[0])
+      genTraverseProc(c, "a".rope, typ.elementType)
     else:
-      genTraverseProc(c, "(*a)".rope, typ[0])
+      genTraverseProc(c, "(*a)".rope, typ.elementType)
 
   let generatedProc = "$1 {$n$2$3$4}\n" %
         [header, p.s(cpsLocals), p.s(cpsInit), p.s(cpsStmts)]
@@ -175,7 +173,6 @@ proc genTraverseProc(m: BModule, origTyp: PType; sig: SigHash): Rope =
 proc genTraverseProcForGlobal(m: BModule, s: PSym; info: TLineInfo): Rope =
   discard genTypeInfoV1(m, s.loc.t, info)
 
-  var c: TTraversalClosure
   var p = newProc(nil, m)
   var sLoc = rdLoc(s.loc)
   result = getTempName(m)
@@ -184,8 +181,10 @@ proc genTraverseProcForGlobal(m: BModule, s: PSym; info: TLineInfo): Rope =
     accessThreadLocalVar(p, s)
     sLoc = "NimTV_->" & sLoc
 
-  c.visitorFrmt = "0" # "#nimGCvisit((void*)$1, 0);$n"
-  c.p = p
+  var c = TTraversalClosure(p: p,
+    visitorFrmt: "0" # "#nimGCvisit((void*)$1, 0);$n"
+  )
+
   let header = "static N_NIMCALL(void, $1)(void)" % [result]
   genTraverseProc(c, sLoc, s.loc.t)
 
diff --git a/compiler/ccgtypes.nim b/compiler/ccgtypes.nim
index e17a55542..2c2556336 100644
--- a/compiler/ccgtypes.nim
+++ b/compiler/ccgtypes.nim
@@ -11,10 +11,29 @@
 
 # ------------------------- Name Mangling --------------------------------
 
-import sighashes, modulegraphs
-from lowerings import createObj
+import sighashes, modulegraphs, std/strscans
+import ../dist/checksums/src/checksums/md5
+import std/sequtils
 
-proc genProcHeader(m: BModule, prc: PSym, asPtr: bool = false): Rope
+type
+  TypeDescKind = enum
+    dkParam #skParam
+    dkRefParam #param passed by ref when {.byref.} is used. Cpp only. C goes straight to dkParam and is handled as a regular pointer
+    dkRefGenericParam #param passed by ref when {.byref.} is used that is also a generic. Cpp only. C goes straight to dkParam and is handled as a regular pointer
+    dkVar #skVar
+    dkField #skField
+    dkResult #skResult
+    dkConst #skConst
+    dkOther #skType, skTemp, skLet and skForVar so far
+
+proc descKindFromSymKind(kind: TSymKind): TypeDescKind =
+  case kind
+  of skParam: dkParam
+  of skVar: dkVar
+  of skField: dkField
+  of skResult: dkResult
+  of skConst: dkConst
+  else: dkOther
 
 proc isKeyword(w: PIdent): bool =
   # Nim and C++ share some keywords
@@ -36,27 +55,39 @@ proc mangleField(m: BModule; name: PIdent): string =
   if isKeyword(name):
     result.add "_0"
 
-proc mangleName(m: BModule; s: PSym): Rope =
-  result = s.loc.r
-  if result == nil:
-    result = s.name.s.mangle.rope
-    result.add "_"
-    result.add m.g.graph.ifaces[s.itemId.module].uniqueName
-    result.add "_"
-    result.add rope s.itemId.item
+proc mangleProc(m: BModule; s: PSym; makeUnique: bool): string =
+  result = "_Z"  # Common prefix in Itanium ABI
+  result.add encodeSym(m, s, makeUnique)
+  if s.typ.len > 1: #we dont care about the return param
+    for i in 1..<s.typ.len:
+      if s.typ[i].isNil: continue
+      result.add encodeType(m, s.typ[i])
+
+  if result in m.g.mangledPrcs:
+    result = mangleProc(m, s, true)
+  else:
+    m.g.mangledPrcs.incl(result)
+
+proc fillBackendName(m: BModule; s: PSym) =
+  if s.loc.snippet == "":
+    var result: Rope
+    if not m.compileToCpp and s.kind in routineKinds and optCDebug in m.g.config.globalOptions and
+      m.g.config.symbolFiles == disabledSf:
+      result = mangleProc(m, s, false).rope
+    else:
+      result = s.name.s.mangle.rope
+      result.add mangleProcNameExt(m.g.graph, s)
     if m.hcrOn:
-      result.add "_"
-      result.add(idOrSig(s, m.module.name.s.mangle, m.sigConflicts))
-    s.loc.r = result
+      result.add '_'
+      result.add(idOrSig(s, m.module.name.s.mangle, m.sigConflicts, m.config))
+    s.loc.snippet = result
     writeMangledName(m.ndi, s, m.config)
 
-proc mangleParamName(m: BModule; s: PSym): Rope =
-  ## we cannot use 'sigConflicts' here since we have a BModule, not a BProc.
-  ## Fortunately C's scoping rules are sane enough so that that doesn't
-  ## cause any trouble.
-  result = s.loc.r
-  if result == nil:
+proc fillParamName(m: BModule; s: PSym) =
+  if s.loc.snippet == "":
     var res = s.name.s.mangle
+    res.add mangleParamExt(s)
+    #res.add idOrSig(s, res, m.sigConflicts, m.config)
     # Take into account if HCR is on because of the following scenario:
     #   if a module gets imported and it has some more importc symbols in it,
     # some param names might receive the "_0" suffix to distinguish from what
@@ -73,28 +104,23 @@ proc mangleParamName(m: BModule; s: PSym): Rope =
     # and a function called in main or proxy uses `socket` as a parameter name.
     # That would lead to either needing to reload `proxy` or to overwrite the
     # executable file for the main module, which is running (or both!) -> error.
-    if m.hcrOn or isKeyword(s.name) or m.g.config.cppDefines.contains(res):
-      res.add "_0"
-    result = res.rope
-    s.loc.r = result
+    s.loc.snippet = res.rope
     writeMangledName(m.ndi, s, m.config)
 
-proc mangleLocalName(p: BProc; s: PSym): Rope =
+proc fillLocalName(p: BProc; s: PSym) =
   assert s.kind in skLocalVars+{skTemp}
   #assert sfGlobal notin s.flags
-  result = s.loc.r
-  if result == nil:
+  if s.loc.snippet == "":
     var key = s.name.s.mangle
-    shallow(key)
     let counter = p.sigConflicts.getOrDefault(key)
-    result = key.rope
+    var result = key.rope
     if s.kind == skTemp:
       # speed up conflict search for temps (these are quite common):
       if counter != 0: result.add "_" & rope(counter+1)
     elif counter != 0 or isKeyword(s.name) or p.module.g.config.cppDefines.contains(key):
       result.add "_" & rope(counter+1)
     p.sigConflicts.inc(key)
-    s.loc.r = result
+    s.loc.snippet = result
     if s.kind != skTemp: writeMangledName(p.module.ndi, s, p.config)
 
 proc scopeMangledParam(p: BProc; param: PSym) =
@@ -103,7 +129,6 @@ proc scopeMangledParam(p: BProc; param: PSym) =
   ## generate unique identifiers reliably (consider that ``var a = a`` is
   ## even an idiom in Nim).
   var key = param.name.s.mangle
-  shallow(key)
   p.sigConflicts.inc(key)
 
 const
@@ -111,33 +136,35 @@ const
                           tyDistinct, tyRange, tyStatic, tyAlias, tySink,
                           tyInferred, tyOwned}
 
-proc typeName(typ: PType): Rope =
+proc typeName(typ: PType; result: var Rope) =
   let typ = typ.skipTypes(irrelevantForBackend)
-  result =
-    if typ.sym != nil and typ.kind in {tyObject, tyEnum}:
-      rope($typ.kind & '_' & typ.sym.name.s.mangle)
-    else:
-      rope($typ.kind)
+  result.add $typ.kind
+  if typ.sym != nil and typ.kind in {tyObject, tyEnum}:
+    result.add "_"
+    result.add typ.sym.name.s.mangle
 
 proc getTypeName(m: BModule; typ: PType; sig: SigHash): Rope =
   var t = typ
   while true:
     if t.sym != nil and {sfImportc, sfExportc} * t.sym.flags != {}:
-      return t.sym.loc.r
+      return t.sym.loc.snippet
 
     if t.kind in irrelevantForBackend:
-      t = t.lastSon
+      t = t.skipModifier
     else:
       break
-  let typ = if typ.kind in {tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned}: typ.lastSon else: typ
-  if typ.loc.r == nil:
-    typ.loc.r = typ.typeName & $sig
+  let typ = if typ.kind in {tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned}: typ.elementType else: typ
+  if typ.loc.snippet == "":
+    typ.typeName(typ.loc.snippet)
+    typ.loc.snippet.add $sig
   else:
     when defined(debugSigHashes):
       # check consistency:
-      assert($typ.loc.r == $(typ.typeName & $sig))
-  result = typ.loc.r
-  if result == nil: internalError(m.config, "getTypeName: " & $typ.kind)
+      var tn = newRopeAppender()
+      typ.typeName(tn)
+      assert($typ.loc.snippet == $(tn & $sig))
+  result = typ.loc.snippet
+  if result == "": internalError(m.config, "getTypeName: " & $typ.kind)
 
 proc mapSetType(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType): TCTypeKind =
   case int(getSize(conf, typ))
@@ -147,7 +174,7 @@ proc mapSetType(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType): TCTypeKind =
   of 8: result = ctInt64
   else: result = ctArray
 
-proc mapType(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType; kind: TSymKind): TCTypeKind =
+proc mapType(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType; isParam: bool): TCTypeKind =
   ## Maps a Nim type to a C type
   case typ.kind
   of tyNone, tyTyped: result = ctVoid
@@ -156,16 +183,16 @@ proc mapType(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType; kind: TSymKind): TCTypeKind =
   of tyNil: result = ctPtr
   of tySet: result = mapSetType(conf, typ)
   of tyOpenArray, tyVarargs:
-    if kind == skParam: result = ctArray
+    if isParam: result = ctArray
     else: result = ctStruct
   of tyArray, tyUncheckedArray: result = ctArray
   of tyObject, tyTuple: result = ctStruct
   of tyUserTypeClasses:
     doAssert typ.isResolvedUserTypeClass
-    return mapType(conf, typ.lastSon, kind)
+    result = mapType(conf, typ.skipModifier, isParam)
   of tyGenericBody, tyGenericInst, tyGenericParam, tyDistinct, tyOrdinal,
      tyTypeDesc, tyAlias, tySink, tyInferred, tyOwned:
-    result = mapType(conf, lastSon(typ), kind)
+    result = mapType(conf, skipModifier(typ), isParam)
   of tyEnum:
     if firstOrd(conf, typ) < 0:
       result = ctInt32
@@ -176,9 +203,9 @@ proc mapType(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType; kind: TSymKind): TCTypeKind =
       of 4: result = ctInt32
       of 8: result = ctInt64
       else: result = ctInt32
-  of tyRange: result = mapType(conf, typ[0], kind)
+  of tyRange: result = mapType(conf, typ.elementType, isParam)
   of tyPtr, tyVar, tyLent, tyRef:
-    var base = skipTypes(typ.lastSon, typedescInst)
+    var base = skipTypes(typ.elementType, typedescInst)
     case base.kind
     of tyOpenArray, tyArray, tyVarargs, tyUncheckedArray: result = ctPtrToArray
     of tySet:
@@ -189,18 +216,23 @@ proc mapType(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType; kind: TSymKind): TCTypeKind =
   of tySequence: result = ctNimSeq
   of tyProc: result = if typ.callConv != ccClosure: ctProc else: ctStruct
   of tyString: result = ctNimStr
-  of tyCString: result = ctCString
+  of tyCstring: result = ctCString
   of tyInt..tyUInt64:
     result = TCTypeKind(ord(typ.kind) - ord(tyInt) + ord(ctInt))
   of tyStatic:
-    if typ.n != nil: result = mapType(conf, lastSon typ, kind)
-    else: doAssert(false, "mapType")
-  else: doAssert(false, "mapType")
+    if typ.n != nil: result = mapType(conf, typ.skipModifier, isParam)
+    else:
+      result = ctVoid
+      doAssert(false, "mapType: " & $typ.kind)
+  else:
+    result = ctVoid
+    doAssert(false, "mapType: " & $typ.kind)
+
 
 proc mapReturnType(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType): TCTypeKind =
   #if skipTypes(typ, typedescInst).kind == tyArray: result = ctPtr
   #else:
-  result = mapType(conf, typ, skResult)
+  result = mapType(conf, typ, false)
 
 proc isImportedType(t: PType): bool =
   result = t.sym != nil and sfImportc in t.sym.flags
@@ -210,28 +242,47 @@ proc isImportedCppType(t: PType): bool =
   result = (t.sym != nil and sfInfixCall in t.sym.flags) or
            (x.sym != nil and sfInfixCall in x.sym.flags)
 
-proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule, origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet; kind: TSymKind): Rope
+proc isOrHasImportedCppType(typ: PType): bool =
+  searchTypeFor(typ.skipTypes({tyRef}), isImportedCppType)
+
+proc hasNoInit(t: PType): bool =
+  result = t.sym != nil and sfNoInit in t.sym.flags
+
+proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule; origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet; kind: TypeDescKind): Rope
 
 proc isObjLackingTypeField(typ: PType): bool {.inline.} =
   result = (typ.kind == tyObject) and ((tfFinal in typ.flags) and
-      (typ[0] == nil) or isPureObject(typ))
+      (typ.baseClass == nil) or isPureObject(typ))
 
-proc isInvalidReturnType(conf: ConfigRef; rettype: PType): bool =
+proc isInvalidReturnType(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType, isProc = true): bool =
   # Arrays and sets cannot be returned by a C procedure, because C is
   # such a poor programming language.
   # We exclude records with refs too. This enhances efficiency and
   # is necessary for proper code generation of assignments.
-  if rettype == nil: result = true
+  var rettype = typ
+  var isAllowedCall = true
+  if isProc:
+    rettype = rettype[0]
+    isAllowedCall = typ.callConv in {ccClosure, ccInline, ccNimCall}
+  if rettype == nil or (isAllowedCall and
+                    getSize(conf, rettype) > conf.target.floatSize*3):
+    result = true
   else:
-    case mapType(conf, rettype, skResult)
+    case mapType(conf, rettype, false)
     of ctArray:
       result = not (skipTypes(rettype, typedescInst).kind in
           {tyVar, tyLent, tyRef, tyPtr})
     of ctStruct:
       let t = skipTypes(rettype, typedescInst)
-      if rettype.isImportedCppType or t.isImportedCppType: return false
-      result = containsGarbageCollectedRef(t) or
-          (t.kind == tyObject and not isObjLackingTypeField(t))
+      if rettype.isImportedCppType or t.isImportedCppType or
+          (typ.callConv == ccCDecl and conf.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc}):
+        # prevents nrvo for cdecl procs; # bug #23401
+        result = false
+      else:
+        result = containsGarbageCollectedRef(t) or
+            (t.kind == tyObject and not isObjLackingTypeField(t)) or
+            (getSize(conf, rettype) == szUnknownSize and (t.sym == nil or sfImportc notin t.sym.flags))
+
     else: result = false
 
 const
@@ -239,7 +290,9 @@ const
     "N_STDCALL", "N_CDECL", "N_SAFECALL",
     "N_SYSCALL", # this is probably not correct for all platforms,
                  # but one can #define it to what one wants
-    "N_INLINE", "N_NOINLINE", "N_FASTCALL", "N_THISCALL", "N_CLOSURE", "N_NOCONV"]
+    "N_INLINE", "N_NOINLINE", "N_FASTCALL", "N_THISCALL", "N_CLOSURE", "N_NOCONV",
+    "N_NOCONV" #ccMember is N_NOCONV
+    ]
 
 proc cacheGetType(tab: TypeCache; sig: SigHash): Rope =
   # returns nil if we need to declare this type
@@ -247,7 +300,7 @@ proc cacheGetType(tab: TypeCache; sig: SigHash): Rope =
   # linear search is not necessary anymore:
   result = tab.getOrDefault(sig)
 
-proc addAbiCheck(m: BModule, t: PType, name: Rope) =
+proc addAbiCheck(m: BModule; t: PType, name: Rope) =
   if isDefined(m.config, "checkAbi") and (let size = getSize(m.config, t); size != szUnknownSize):
     var msg = "backend & Nim disagree on size for: "
     msg.addTypeHeader(m.config, t)
@@ -256,49 +309,23 @@ proc addAbiCheck(m: BModule, t: PType, name: Rope) =
     m.s[cfsTypeInfo].addf("NIM_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof($1) == $2, $3);$n", [name, rope(size), msg2.rope])
     # see `testCodegenABICheck` for example error message it generates
 
-proc ccgIntroducedPtr(conf: ConfigRef; s: PSym, retType: PType): bool =
-  var pt = skipTypes(s.typ, typedescInst)
-  assert skResult != s.kind
 
-  if tfByRef in pt.flags: return true
-  elif tfByCopy in pt.flags: return false
-  case pt.kind
-  of tyObject:
-    if s.typ.sym != nil and sfForward in s.typ.sym.flags:
-      # forwarded objects are *always* passed by pointers for consistency!
-      result = true
-    elif (optByRef in s.options) or (getSize(conf, pt) > conf.target.floatSize * 3):
-      result = true           # requested anyway
-    elif (tfFinal in pt.flags) and (pt[0] == nil):
-      result = false          # no need, because no subtyping possible
-    else:
-      result = true           # ordinary objects are always passed by reference,
-                              # otherwise casting doesn't work
-  of tyTuple:
-    result = (getSize(conf, pt) > conf.target.floatSize*3) or (optByRef in s.options)
-  else:
-    result = false
-  # first parameter and return type is 'lent T'? --> use pass by pointer
-  if s.position == 0 and retType != nil and retType.kind == tyLent:
-    result = not (pt.kind in {tyVar, tyArray, tyOpenArray, tyVarargs, tyRef, tyPtr, tyPointer} or
-      pt.kind == tySet and mapSetType(conf, pt) == ctArray)
-
-proc fillResult(conf: ConfigRef; param: PNode) =
-  fillLoc(param.sym.loc, locParam, param, ~"Result",
+proc fillResult(conf: ConfigRef; param: PNode, proctype: PType) =
+  fillLoc(param.sym.loc, locParam, param, "Result",
           OnStack)
   let t = param.sym.typ
-  if mapReturnType(conf, t) != ctArray and isInvalidReturnType(conf, t):
+  if mapReturnType(conf, t) != ctArray and isInvalidReturnType(conf, proctype):
     incl(param.sym.loc.flags, lfIndirect)
     param.sym.loc.storage = OnUnknown
 
 proc typeNameOrLiteral(m: BModule; t: PType, literal: string): Rope =
   if t.sym != nil and sfImportc in t.sym.flags and t.sym.magic == mNone:
     useHeader(m, t.sym)
-    result = t.sym.loc.r
+    result = t.sym.loc.snippet
   else:
     result = rope(literal)
 
-proc getSimpleTypeDesc(m: BModule, typ: PType): Rope =
+proc getSimpleTypeDesc(m: BModule; typ: PType): Rope =
   const
     NumericalTypeToStr: array[tyInt..tyUInt64, string] = [
       "NI", "NI8", "NI16", "NI32", "NI64",
@@ -310,51 +337,46 @@ proc getSimpleTypeDesc(m: BModule, typ: PType): Rope =
   of tyString:
     case detectStrVersion(m)
     of 2:
-      discard cgsym(m, "NimStrPayload")
-      discard cgsym(m, "NimStringV2")
+      cgsym(m, "NimStrPayload")
+      cgsym(m, "NimStringV2")
       result = typeNameOrLiteral(m, typ, "NimStringV2")
     else:
-      discard cgsym(m, "NimStringDesc")
+      cgsym(m, "NimStringDesc")
       result = typeNameOrLiteral(m, typ, "NimStringDesc*")
-  of tyCString: result = typeNameOrLiteral(m, typ, "NCSTRING")
+  of tyCstring: result = typeNameOrLiteral(m, typ, "NCSTRING")
   of tyBool: result = typeNameOrLiteral(m, typ, "NIM_BOOL")
   of tyChar: result = typeNameOrLiteral(m, typ, "NIM_CHAR")
   of tyNil: result = typeNameOrLiteral(m, typ, "void*")
   of tyInt..tyUInt64:
     result = typeNameOrLiteral(m, typ, NumericalTypeToStr[typ.kind])
-  of tyDistinct, tyRange, tyOrdinal: result = getSimpleTypeDesc(m, typ[0])
+  of tyDistinct, tyRange, tyOrdinal: result = getSimpleTypeDesc(m, typ.skipModifier)
   of tyStatic:
-    if typ.n != nil: result = getSimpleTypeDesc(m, lastSon typ)
-    else: internalError(m.config, "tyStatic for getSimpleTypeDesc")
+    if typ.n != nil: result = getSimpleTypeDesc(m, skipModifier typ)
+    else:
+      result = ""
+      internalError(m.config, "tyStatic for getSimpleTypeDesc")
   of tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned:
-    result = getSimpleTypeDesc(m, lastSon typ)
-  else: result = nil
+    result = getSimpleTypeDesc(m, skipModifier typ)
+  else: result = ""
 
-  if result != nil and typ.isImportedType():
-    let sig = hashType typ
-    if cacheGetType(m.typeCache, sig) == nil:
+  if result != "" and typ.isImportedType():
+    let sig = hashType(typ, m.config)
+    if cacheGetType(m.typeCache, sig) == "":
       m.typeCache[sig] = result
 
-proc pushType(m: BModule, typ: PType) =
+proc pushType(m: BModule; typ: PType) =
   for i in 0..high(m.typeStack):
     # pointer equality is good enough here:
     if m.typeStack[i] == typ: return
   m.typeStack.add(typ)
 
-proc getTypePre(m: BModule, typ: PType; sig: SigHash): Rope =
+proc getTypePre(m: BModule; typ: PType; sig: SigHash): Rope =
   if typ == nil: result = rope("void")
   else:
     result = getSimpleTypeDesc(m, typ)
-    if result == nil: result = cacheGetType(m.typeCache, sig)
-
-proc structOrUnion(t: PType): Rope =
-  let cachedUnion = rope("union")
-  let cachedStruct = rope("struct")
-  let t = t.skipTypes({tyAlias, tySink})
-  if tfUnion in t.flags: cachedUnion
-  else: cachedStruct
+    if result == "": result = cacheGetType(m.typeCache, sig)
 
-proc addForwardStructFormat(m: BModule, structOrUnion: Rope, typename: Rope) =
+proc addForwardStructFormat(m: BModule; structOrUnion: Rope, typename: Rope) =
   if m.compileToCpp:
     m.s[cfsForwardTypes].addf "$1 $2;$n", [structOrUnion, typename]
   else:
@@ -364,11 +386,11 @@ proc seqStar(m: BModule): string =
   if optSeqDestructors in m.config.globalOptions: result = ""
   else: result = "*"
 
-proc getTypeForward(m: BModule, typ: PType; sig: SigHash): Rope =
+proc getTypeForward(m: BModule; typ: PType; sig: SigHash): Rope =
   result = cacheGetType(m.forwTypeCache, sig)
-  if result != nil: return
+  if result != "": return
   result = getTypePre(m, typ, sig)
-  if result != nil: return
+  if result != "": return
   let concrete = typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)
   case concrete.kind
   of tySequence, tyTuple, tyObject:
@@ -381,7 +403,7 @@ proc getTypeForward(m: BModule, typ: PType; sig: SigHash): Rope =
     doAssert m.forwTypeCache[sig] == result
   else: internalError(m.config, "getTypeForward(" & $typ.kind & ')')
 
-proc getTypeDescWeak(m: BModule; t: PType; check: var IntSet; kind: TSymKind): Rope =
+proc getTypeDescWeak(m: BModule; t: PType; check: var IntSet; kind: TypeDescKind): Rope =
   ## like getTypeDescAux but creates only a *weak* dependency. In other words
   ## we know we only need a pointer to it so we only generate a struct forward
   ## declaration:
@@ -391,16 +413,16 @@ proc getTypeDescWeak(m: BModule; t: PType; check: var IntSet; kind: TSymKind): R
     if isImportedCppType(etB) and t.kind == tyGenericInst:
       result = getTypeDescAux(m, t, check, kind)
     else:
-      result = getTypeForward(m, t, hashType(t))
+      result = getTypeForward(m, t, hashType(t, m.config))
       pushType(m, t)
   of tySequence:
-    let sig = hashType(t)
+    let sig = hashType(t, m.config)
     if optSeqDestructors in m.config.globalOptions:
       if skipTypes(etB[0], typedescInst).kind == tyEmpty:
         internalError(m.config, "cannot map the empty seq type to a C type")
 
       result = cacheGetType(m.forwTypeCache, sig)
-      if result == nil:
+      if result == "":
         result = getTypeName(m, t, sig)
         if not isImportedType(t):
           m.forwTypeCache[sig] = result
@@ -408,38 +430,34 @@ proc getTypeDescWeak(m: BModule; t: PType; check: var IntSet; kind: TSymKind): R
           let payload = result & "_Content"
           addForwardStructFormat(m, rope"struct", payload)
 
-      if cacheGetType(m.typeCache, sig) == nil:
+      if cacheGetType(m.typeCache, sig) == "":
         m.typeCache[sig] = result
         #echo "adding ", sig, " ", typeToString(t), " ", m.module.name.s
         appcg(m, m.s[cfsTypes],
-          "struct $1 {$N" &
-          "  NI len; $1_Content* p;$N" &
-          "};$N", [result])
+          "struct $1 {\n" &
+          "  NI len; $1_Content* p;\n" &
+          "};\n", [result])
+        pushType(m, t)
     else:
       result = getTypeForward(m, t, sig) & seqStar(m)
-    pushType(m, t)
+      pushType(m, t)
   else:
     result = getTypeDescAux(m, t, check, kind)
 
 proc getSeqPayloadType(m: BModule; t: PType): Rope =
   var check = initIntSet()
-  result = getTypeDescWeak(m, t, check, skParam) & "_Content"
+  result = getTypeDescWeak(m, t, check, dkParam) & "_Content"
   #result = getTypeForward(m, t, hashType(t)) & "_Content"
 
 proc seqV2ContentType(m: BModule; t: PType; check: var IntSet) =
-  let sig = hashType(t)
+  let sig = hashType(t, m.config)
   let result = cacheGetType(m.typeCache, sig)
-  if result == nil:
-    discard getTypeDescAux(m, t, check, skVar)
+  if result == "":
+    discard getTypeDescAux(m, t, check, dkVar)
   else:
-    # little hack for now to prevent multiple definitions of the same
-    # Seq_Content:
-    appcg(m, m.s[cfsTypes], """$N
-$3ifndef $2_Content_PP
-$3define $2_Content_PP
-struct $2_Content { NI cap; $1 data[SEQ_DECL_SIZE];};
-$3endif$N
-      """, [getTypeDescAux(m, t.skipTypes(abstractInst)[0], check, skVar), result, rope"#"])
+    appcg(m, m.s[cfsTypes], """
+struct $2_Content { NI cap; $1 data[SEQ_DECL_SIZE]; };
+""", [getTypeDescAux(m, t.skipTypes(abstractInst)[0], check, dkVar), result])
 
 proc paramStorageLoc(param: PSym): TStorageLoc =
   if param.typ.skipTypes({tyVar, tyLent, tyTypeDesc}).kind notin {
@@ -448,214 +466,344 @@ proc paramStorageLoc(param: PSym): TStorageLoc =
   else:
     result = OnUnknown
 
-proc genProcParams(m: BModule, t: PType, rettype, params: var Rope,
+macro unrollChars(x: static openArray[char], name, body: untyped) =
+  result = newStmtList()
+  for a in x:
+    result.add(newBlockStmt(newStmtList(
+      newConstStmt(name, newLit(a)),
+      copy body
+    )))
+
+proc multiFormat*(frmt: var string, chars: static openArray[char], args: openArray[seq[string]]) =
+  var res: string
+  unrollChars(chars, c):
+    res = ""
+    let arg = args[find(chars, c)]
+    var i = 0
+    var num = 0
+    while i < frmt.len:
+      if frmt[i] == c:
+        inc(i)
+        case frmt[i]
+        of c:
+          res.add(c)
+          inc(i)
+        of '0'..'9':
+          var j = 0
+          while true:
+            j = j * 10 + ord(frmt[i]) - ord('0')
+            inc(i)
+            if i >= frmt.len or frmt[i] notin {'0'..'9'}: break
+          num = j
+          if j > high(arg) + 1:
+            raiseAssert "invalid format string: " & frmt
+          else:
+            res.add(arg[j-1])
+        else:
+          raiseAssert "invalid format string: " & frmt
+      var start = i
+      while i < frmt.len:
+        if frmt[i] != c: inc(i)
+        else: break
+      if i - 1 >= start:
+        res.add(substr(frmt, start, i - 1))
+    frmt = res
+
+template cgDeclFrmt*(s: PSym): string =
+  s.constraint.strVal
+
+proc genMemberProcParams(m: BModule; prc: PSym, superCall, rettype, name, params: var string,
                    check: var IntSet, declareEnvironment=true;
-                   weakDep=false) =
-  params = nil
-  if t[0] == nil or isInvalidReturnType(m.config, t[0]):
-    rettype = ~"void"
+                   weakDep=false;) =
+  let t = prc.typ
+  let isCtor = sfConstructor in prc.flags
+  if isCtor or (name[0] == '~' and sfMember in prc.flags):
+    # destructors can't have void
+    rettype = ""
+  elif t.returnType == nil or isInvalidReturnType(m.config, t):
+    rettype = "void"
   else:
-    rettype = getTypeDescAux(m, t[0], check, skResult)
+    if rettype == "":
+      rettype = getTypeDescAux(m, t.returnType, check, dkResult)
+    else:
+      rettype = runtimeFormat(rettype.replace("'0", "$1"), [getTypeDescAux(m, t.returnType, check, dkResult)])
+  var types, names, args: seq[string] = @[]
+  if not isCtor:
+    var this = t.n[1].sym
+    fillParamName(m, this)
+    fillLoc(this.loc, locParam, t.n[1],
+            this.paramStorageLoc)
+    if this.typ.kind == tyPtr:
+      this.loc.snippet = "this"
+    else:
+      this.loc.snippet = "(*this)"
+    names.add this.loc.snippet
+    types.add getTypeDescWeak(m, this.typ, check, dkParam)
+
+  let firstParam = if isCtor: 1 else: 2
+  for i in firstParam..<t.n.len:
+    if t.n[i].kind != nkSym: internalError(m.config, t.n.info, "genMemberProcParams")
+    var param = t.n[i].sym
+    var descKind = dkParam
+    if optByRef in param.options:
+      if param.typ.kind == tyGenericInst:
+        descKind = dkRefGenericParam
+      else:
+        descKind = dkRefParam
+    var typ, name: string
+    fillParamName(m, param)
+    fillLoc(param.loc, locParam, t.n[i],
+            param.paramStorageLoc)
+    if ccgIntroducedPtr(m.config, param, t.returnType) and descKind == dkParam:
+      typ = getTypeDescWeak(m, param.typ, check, descKind) & "*"
+      incl(param.loc.flags, lfIndirect)
+      param.loc.storage = OnUnknown
+    elif weakDep:
+      typ = getTypeDescWeak(m, param.typ, check, descKind)
+    else:
+      typ = getTypeDescAux(m, param.typ, check, descKind)
+    if sfNoalias in param.flags:
+      typ.add("NIM_NOALIAS ")
+
+    name = param.loc.snippet
+    types.add typ
+    names.add name
+    if sfCodegenDecl notin param.flags:
+      args.add types[^1] & " " & names[^1]
+    else:
+      args.add runtimeFormat(param.cgDeclFrmt, [types[^1], names[^1]])
+
+  multiFormat(params, @['\'', '#'], [types, names])
+  multiFormat(superCall, @['\'', '#'], [types, names])
+  multiFormat(name, @['\'', '#'], [types, names]) #so we can ~'1 on members
+  if params == "()":
+    if types.len == 0:
+      params = "(void)"
+    else:
+      params = "(" & args.join(", ") & ")"
+  if tfVarargs in t.flags:
+    if params != "(":
+      params[^1] = ','
+    else:
+      params.delete(params.len()-1..params.len()-1)
+    params.add("...)")
+
+proc genProcParams(m: BModule; t: PType, rettype, params: var Rope,
+                   check: var IntSet, declareEnvironment=true;
+                   weakDep=false;) =
+  params = "("
+  if t.returnType == nil or isInvalidReturnType(m.config, t):
+    rettype = "void"
+  else:
+    rettype = getTypeDescAux(m, t.returnType, check, dkResult)
   for i in 1..<t.n.len:
     if t.n[i].kind != nkSym: internalError(m.config, t.n.info, "genProcParams")
     var param = t.n[i].sym
+    var descKind = dkParam
+    if m.config.backend == backendCpp and optByRef in param.options:
+      if param.typ.kind == tyGenericInst:
+        descKind = dkRefGenericParam
+      else:
+        descKind = dkRefParam
     if isCompileTimeOnly(param.typ): continue
-    if params != nil: params.add(~", ")
-    fillLoc(param.loc, locParam, t.n[i], mangleParamName(m, param),
+    if params != "(": params.add(", ")
+    fillParamName(m, param)
+    fillLoc(param.loc, locParam, t.n[i],
             param.paramStorageLoc)
-    if ccgIntroducedPtr(m.config, param, t[0]):
-      params.add(getTypeDescWeak(m, param.typ, check, skParam))
-      params.add(~"*")
+    var typ: Rope
+    if ccgIntroducedPtr(m.config, param, t.returnType) and descKind == dkParam:
+      typ = (getTypeDescWeak(m, param.typ, check, descKind))
+      typ.add("*")
       incl(param.loc.flags, lfIndirect)
       param.loc.storage = OnUnknown
     elif weakDep:
-      params.add(getTypeDescWeak(m, param.typ, check, skParam))
+      typ = (getTypeDescWeak(m, param.typ, check, descKind))
     else:
-      params.add(getTypeDescAux(m, param.typ, check, skParam))
-    params.add(~" ")
+      typ = (getTypeDescAux(m, param.typ, check, descKind))
+    typ.add(" ")
     if sfNoalias in param.flags:
-      params.add(~"NIM_NOALIAS ")
-    params.add(param.loc.r)
+      typ.add("NIM_NOALIAS ")
+    if sfCodegenDecl notin param.flags:
+      params.add(typ)
+      params.add(param.loc.snippet)
+    else:
+      params.add runtimeFormat(param.cgDeclFrmt, [typ, param.loc.snippet])
     # declare the len field for open arrays:
-    var arr = param.typ
-    if arr.kind in {tyVar, tyLent, tySink}: arr = arr.lastSon
+    var arr = param.typ.skipTypes({tyGenericInst})
+    if arr.kind in {tyVar, tyLent, tySink}: arr = arr.elementType
     var j = 0
     while arr.kind in {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs}:
       # this fixes the 'sort' bug:
       if param.typ.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}: param.loc.storage = OnUnknown
       # need to pass hidden parameter:
-      params.addf(", NI $1Len_$2", [param.loc.r, j.rope])
+      params.addf(", NI $1Len_$2", [param.loc.snippet, j.rope])
       inc(j)
       arr = arr[0].skipTypes({tySink})
-  if t[0] != nil and isInvalidReturnType(m.config, t[0]):
-    var arr = t[0]
-    if params != nil: params.add(", ")
-    if mapReturnType(m.config, t[0]) != ctArray:
-      params.add(getTypeDescWeak(m, arr, check, skResult))
-      params.add("*")
+  if t.returnType != nil and isInvalidReturnType(m.config, t):
+    var arr = t.returnType
+    if params != "(": params.add(", ")
+    if mapReturnType(m.config, arr) != ctArray:
+      if isHeaderFile in m.flags:
+        # still generates types for `--header`
+        params.add(getTypeDescAux(m, arr, check, dkResult))
+        params.add("*")
+      else:
+        params.add(getTypeDescWeak(m, arr, check, dkResult))
+        params.add("*")
     else:
-      params.add(getTypeDescAux(m, arr, check, skResult))
+      params.add(getTypeDescAux(m, arr, check, dkResult))
     params.addf(" Result", [])
   if t.callConv == ccClosure and declareEnvironment:
-    if params != nil: params.add(", ")
+    if params != "(": params.add(", ")
     params.add("void* ClE_0")
   if tfVarargs in t.flags:
-    if params != nil: params.add(", ")
+    if params != "(": params.add(", ")
     params.add("...")
-  if params == nil: params.add("void)")
+  if params == "(": params.add("void)")
   else: params.add(")")
-  params = "(" & params
 
 proc mangleRecFieldName(m: BModule; field: PSym): Rope =
   if {sfImportc, sfExportc} * field.flags != {}:
-    result = field.loc.r
+    result = field.loc.snippet
   else:
     result = rope(mangleField(m, field.name))
-  if result == nil: internalError(m.config, field.info, "mangleRecFieldName")
-
-proc genRecordFieldsAux(m: BModule, n: PNode,
+  if result == "": internalError(m.config, field.info, "mangleRecFieldName")
+
+proc hasCppCtor(m: BModule; typ: PType): bool =
+  result = false
+  if m.compileToCpp and typ != nil and typ.itemId in m.g.graph.memberProcsPerType:
+    for prc in m.g.graph.memberProcsPerType[typ.itemId]:
+      if sfConstructor in prc.flags:
+        return true
+
+proc genCppParamsForCtor(p: BProc; call: PNode; didGenTemp: var bool): string
+
+proc genCppInitializer(m: BModule, prc: BProc; typ: PType; didGenTemp: var bool): string =
+  #To avoid creating a BProc per test when called inside a struct nil BProc is allowed
+  result = "{}"
+  if typ.itemId in m.g.graph.initializersPerType:
+    let call = m.g.graph.initializersPerType[typ.itemId]
+    if call != nil:
+      var p = prc
+      if p == nil:
+        p = BProc(module: m)
+      result = "{" & genCppParamsForCtor(p, call, didGenTemp) & "}"
+      if prc == nil:
+        assert p.blocks.len == 0, "BProc belongs to a struct doesnt have blocks"
+
+proc genRecordFieldsAux(m: BModule; n: PNode,
                         rectype: PType,
-                        check: var IntSet, unionPrefix = ""): Rope =
-  result = nil
+                        check: var IntSet; result: var Builder; unionPrefix = "") =
   case n.kind
   of nkRecList:
     for i in 0..<n.len:
-      result.add(genRecordFieldsAux(m, n[i], rectype, check, unionPrefix))
+      genRecordFieldsAux(m, n[i], rectype, check, result, unionPrefix)
   of nkRecCase:
     if n[0].kind != nkSym: internalError(m.config, n.info, "genRecordFieldsAux")
-    result.add(genRecordFieldsAux(m, n[0], rectype, check, unionPrefix))
+    genRecordFieldsAux(m, n[0], rectype, check, result, unionPrefix)
     # prefix mangled name with "_U" to avoid clashes with other field names,
     # since identifiers are not allowed to start with '_'
-    var unionBody: Rope = nil
+    var unionBody: Rope = ""
     for i in 1..<n.len:
       case n[i].kind
       of nkOfBranch, nkElse:
         let k = lastSon(n[i])
         if k.kind != nkSym:
           let structName = "_" & mangleRecFieldName(m, n[0].sym) & "_" & $i
-          let a = genRecordFieldsAux(m, k, rectype, check, unionPrefix & $structName & ".")
-          if a != nil:
-            if tfPacked notin rectype.flags:
-              unionBody.add("struct {")
-            else:
-              if hasAttribute in CC[m.config.cCompiler].props:
-                unionBody.add("struct __attribute__((__packed__)){")
-              else:
-                unionBody.addf("#pragma pack(push, 1)$nstruct{", [])
-            unionBody.add(a)
-            unionBody.addf("} $1;$n", [structName])
-            if tfPacked in rectype.flags and hasAttribute notin CC[m.config.cCompiler].props:
-              unionBody.addf("#pragma pack(pop)$n", [])
+          var a = newBuilder("")
+          genRecordFieldsAux(m, k, rectype, check, a, unionPrefix & $structName & ".")
+          if a.len != 0:
+            unionBody.addFieldWithStructType(m, rectype, structName):
+              unionBody.add(a)
         else:
-          unionBody.add(genRecordFieldsAux(m, k, rectype, check, unionPrefix))
+          genRecordFieldsAux(m, k, rectype, check, unionBody, unionPrefix)
       else: internalError(m.config, "genRecordFieldsAux(record case branch)")
-    if unionBody != nil:
-      result.addf("union{$n$1};$n", [unionBody])
+    if unionBody.len != 0:
+      result.addAnonUnion:
+        result.add(unionBody)
   of nkSym:
     let field = n.sym
     if field.typ.kind == tyVoid: return
     #assert(field.ast == nil)
     let sname = mangleRecFieldName(m, field)
     fillLoc(field.loc, locField, n, unionPrefix & sname, OnUnknown)
-    if field.alignment > 0:
-      result.addf "NIM_ALIGN($1) ", [rope(field.alignment)]
     # for importcpp'ed objects, we only need to set field.loc, but don't
     # have to recurse via 'getTypeDescAux'. And not doing so prevents problems
     # with heavily templatized C++ code:
     if not isImportedCppType(rectype):
-      let noAlias = if sfNoalias in field.flags: ~" NIM_NOALIAS" else: nil
-
       let fieldType = field.loc.lode.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)
+      var typ: Rope = ""
+      var isFlexArray = false
+      var initializer = ""
       if fieldType.kind == tyUncheckedArray:
-        result.addf("$1 $2[SEQ_DECL_SIZE];$n",
-            [getTypeDescAux(m, fieldType.elemType, check, skField), sname])
+        typ = getTypeDescAux(m, fieldType.elemType, check, dkField)
+        isFlexArray = true
       elif fieldType.kind == tySequence:
         # we need to use a weak dependency here for trecursive_table.
-        result.addf("$1$3 $2;$n", [getTypeDescWeak(m, field.loc.t, check, skField), sname, noAlias])
-      elif field.bitsize != 0:
-        result.addf("$1$4 $2:$3;$n", [getTypeDescAux(m, field.loc.t, check, skField), sname, rope($field.bitsize), noAlias])
+        typ = getTypeDescWeak(m, field.loc.t, check, dkField)
       else:
+        typ = getTypeDescAux(m, field.loc.t, check, dkField)
         # don't use fieldType here because we need the
         # tyGenericInst for C++ template support
-        result.addf("$1$3 $2;$n", [getTypeDescAux(m, field.loc.t, check, skField), sname, noAlias])
+        let noInit = sfNoInit in field.flags or (field.typ.sym != nil and sfNoInit in field.typ.sym.flags)
+        if not noInit and (fieldType.isOrHasImportedCppType() or hasCppCtor(m, field.owner.typ)):
+          var didGenTemp = false
+          initializer = genCppInitializer(m, nil, fieldType, didGenTemp)
+      result.addField(field, sname, typ, isFlexArray, initializer)
   else: internalError(m.config, n.info, "genRecordFieldsAux()")
 
-proc getRecordFields(m: BModule, typ: PType, check: var IntSet): Rope =
-  result = genRecordFieldsAux(m, typ.n, typ, check)
+proc genMemberProcHeader(m: BModule; prc: PSym; result: var Rope; asPtr: bool = false, isFwdDecl:bool = false)
+
+proc addRecordFields(result: var Builder; m: BModule; typ: PType, check: var IntSet) =
+  genRecordFieldsAux(m, typ.n, typ, check, result)
+  if typ.itemId in m.g.graph.memberProcsPerType:
+    let procs = m.g.graph.memberProcsPerType[typ.itemId]
+    var isDefaultCtorGen, isCtorGen: bool = false
+    for prc in procs:
+      var header: Rope = ""
+      if sfConstructor in prc.flags:
+        isCtorGen = true
+        if prc.typ.n.len == 1:
+          isDefaultCtorGen = true
+      if lfNoDecl in prc.loc.flags: continue
+      genMemberProcHeader(m, prc, header, false, true)
+      result.addf "$1;$n", [header]
+    if isCtorGen and not isDefaultCtorGen:
+      var ch: IntSet = default(IntSet)
+      result.addf "$1() = default;$n", [getTypeDescAux(m, typ, ch, dkOther)]
 
 proc fillObjectFields*(m: BModule; typ: PType) =
   # sometimes generic objects are not consistently merged. We patch over
   # this fact here.
   var check = initIntSet()
-  discard getRecordFields(m, typ, check)
+  var ignored = newBuilder("")
+  addRecordFields(ignored, m, typ, check)
 
 proc mangleDynLibProc(sym: PSym): Rope
 
-proc getRecordDesc(m: BModule, typ: PType, name: Rope,
+proc getRecordDesc(m: BModule; typ: PType, name: Rope,
                    check: var IntSet): Rope =
   # declare the record:
-  var hasField = false
-
-  if tfPacked in typ.flags:
-    if hasAttribute in CC[m.config.cCompiler].props:
-      result = structOrUnion(typ) & " __attribute__((__packed__))"
-    else:
-      result = "#pragma pack(push, 1)\L" & structOrUnion(typ)
+  var baseType: string = ""
+  if typ.baseClass != nil:
+    baseType = getTypeDescAux(m, typ.baseClass.skipTypes(skipPtrs), check, dkField)
+  if typ.sym == nil or sfCodegenDecl notin typ.sym.flags:
+    result = newBuilder("")
+    result.addStruct(m, typ, name, baseType):
+      result.addRecordFields(m, typ, check)
   else:
-    result = structOrUnion(typ)
+    var desc = newBuilder("")
+    desc.addRecordFields(m, typ, check)
+    result = runtimeFormat(typ.sym.cgDeclFrmt, [name, desc, baseType])
 
-  result.add " "
-  result.add name
-
-  if typ.kind == tyObject:
-    if typ[0] == nil:
-      if (typ.sym != nil and sfPure in typ.sym.flags) or tfFinal in typ.flags:
-        appcg(m, result, " {$n", [])
-      else:
-        if optTinyRtti in m.config.globalOptions:
-          appcg(m, result, " {$n#TNimTypeV2* m_type;$n", [])
-        else:
-          appcg(m, result, " {$n#TNimType* m_type;$n", [])
-        hasField = true
-    elif m.compileToCpp:
-      appcg(m, result, " : public $1 {$n",
-                      [getTypeDescAux(m, typ[0].skipTypes(skipPtrs), check, skField)])
-      if typ.isException and m.config.exc == excCpp:
-        when false:
-          appcg(m, result, "virtual void raise() { throw *this; }$n", []) # required for polymorphic exceptions
-          if typ.sym.magic == mException:
-            # Add cleanup destructor to Exception base class
-            appcg(m, result, "~$1();$n", [name])
-            # define it out of the class body and into the procs section so we don't have to
-            # artificially forward-declare popCurrentExceptionEx (very VERY troublesome for HCR)
-            appcg(m, cfsProcs, "inline $1::~$1() {if(this->raiseId) #popCurrentExceptionEx(this->raiseId);}$n", [name])
-      hasField = true
-    else:
-      appcg(m, result, " {$n  $1 Sup;$n",
-                      [getTypeDescAux(m, typ[0].skipTypes(skipPtrs), check, skField)])
-      hasField = true
-  else:
-    result.addf(" {$n", [name])
-
-  let desc = getRecordFields(m, typ, check)
-  if desc == nil and not hasField:
-    result.addf("char dummy;$n", [])
-  else:
-    result.add(desc)
-  result.add("};\L")
-  if tfPacked in typ.flags and hasAttribute notin CC[m.config.cCompiler].props:
-    result.add "#pragma pack(pop)\L"
-
-proc getTupleDesc(m: BModule, typ: PType, name: Rope,
+proc getTupleDesc(m: BModule; typ: PType, name: Rope,
                   check: var IntSet): Rope =
-  result = "$1 $2 {$n" % [structOrUnion(typ), name]
-  var desc: Rope = nil
-  for i in 0..<typ.len:
-    desc.addf("$1 Field$2;$n",
-         [getTypeDescAux(m, typ[i], check, skField), rope(i)])
-  if desc == nil: result.add("char dummy;\L")
-  else: result.add(desc)
-  result.add("};\L")
+  result = newBuilder("")
+  result.addStruct(m, typ, name, ""):
+    for i, a in typ.ikids:
+      result.addField(
+        name = "Field" & $i,
+        typ = getTypeDescAux(m, a, check, dkField))
 
 proc scanCppGenericSlot(pat: string, cursor, outIdx, outStars: var int): bool =
   # A helper proc for handling cppimport patterns, involving numeric
@@ -677,31 +825,30 @@ proc scanCppGenericSlot(pat: string, cursor, outIdx, outStars: var int): bool =
 proc resolveStarsInCppType(typ: PType, idx, stars: int): PType =
   # Make sure the index refers to one of the generic params of the type.
   # XXX: we should catch this earlier and report it as a semantic error.
-  if idx >= typ.len:
-    doAssert false, "invalid apostrophe type parameter index"
+  if idx >= typ.kidsLen:
+    raiseAssert "invalid apostrophe type parameter index"
 
   result = typ[idx]
   for i in 1..stars:
-    if result != nil and result.len > 0:
-      result = if result.kind == tyGenericInst: result[1]
+    if result != nil and result.kidsLen > 0:
+      result = if result.kind == tyGenericInst: result[FirstGenericParamAt]
                else: result.elemType
 
-proc getOpenArrayDesc(m: BModule, t: PType, check: var IntSet; kind: TSymKind): Rope =
-  let sig = hashType(t)
-  if kind == skParam:
-    result = getTypeDescWeak(m, t[0], check, kind) & "*"
+proc getOpenArrayDesc(m: BModule; t: PType, check: var IntSet; kind: TypeDescKind): Rope =
+  let sig = hashType(t, m.config)
+  if kind == dkParam:
+    result = getTypeDescWeak(m, t.elementType, check, kind) & "*"
   else:
     result = cacheGetType(m.typeCache, sig)
-    if result == nil:
+    if result == "":
       result = getTypeName(m, t, sig)
       m.typeCache[sig] = result
-      let elemType = getTypeDescWeak(m, t[0], check, kind)
+      let elemType = getTypeDescWeak(m, t.elementType, check, kind)
       m.s[cfsTypes].addf("typedef struct {$n$2* Field0;$nNI Field1;$n} $1;$n",
                          [result, elemType])
 
-proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule, origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet; kind: TSymKind): Rope =
+proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule; origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet; kind: TypeDescKind): Rope =
   # returns only the type's name
-
   var t = origTyp.skipTypes(irrelevantForBackend-{tyOwned})
   if containsOrIncl(check, t.id):
     if not (isImportedCppType(origTyp) or isImportedCppType(t)):
@@ -711,23 +858,25 @@ proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule, origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet; kind: TSymKin
     # C type generation into an analysis and a code generation phase somehow.
   if t.sym != nil: useHeader(m, t.sym)
   if t != origTyp and origTyp.sym != nil: useHeader(m, origTyp.sym)
-  let sig = hashType(origTyp)
+  let sig = hashType(origTyp, m.config)
 
+  result = getTypePre(m, t, sig)
   defer: # defer is the simplest in this case
     if isImportedType(t) and not m.typeABICache.containsOrIncl(sig):
       addAbiCheck(m, t, result)
 
-  result = getTypePre(m, t, sig)
-  if result != nil and t.kind != tyOpenArray:
+  if result != "" and t.kind != tyOpenArray:
     excl(check, t.id)
+    if kind == dkRefParam or kind == dkRefGenericParam and origTyp.kind == tyGenericInst:
+      result.add("&")
     return
   case t.kind
   of tyRef, tyPtr, tyVar, tyLent:
     var star = if t.kind in {tyVar} and tfVarIsPtr notin origTyp.flags and
                     compileToCpp(m): "&" else: "*"
-    var et = origTyp.skipTypes(abstractInst).lastSon
+    var et = origTyp.skipTypes(abstractInst).elementType
     var etB = et.skipTypes(abstractInst)
-    if mapType(m.config, t, kind) == ctPtrToArray and (etB.kind != tyOpenArray or kind == skParam):
+    if mapType(m.config, t, kind == dkParam) == ctPtrToArray and (etB.kind != tyOpenArray or kind == dkParam):
       if etB.kind == tySet:
         et = getSysType(m.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyUInt8)
       else:
@@ -740,7 +889,7 @@ proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule, origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet; kind: TSymKin
         result = getTypeDescAux(m, et, check, kind) & star
       else:
         # no restriction! We have a forward declaration for structs
-        let name = getTypeForward(m, et, hashType et)
+        let name = getTypeForward(m, et, hashType(et, m.config))
         result = name & star
         m.typeCache[sig] = result
     of tySequence:
@@ -749,7 +898,7 @@ proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule, origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet; kind: TSymKin
         m.typeCache[sig] = result
       else:
         # no restriction! We have a forward declaration for structs
-        let name = getTypeForward(m, et, hashType et)
+        let name = getTypeForward(m, et, hashType(et, m.config))
         result = name & seqStar(m) & star
         m.typeCache[sig] = result
         pushType(m, et)
@@ -761,7 +910,7 @@ proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule, origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet; kind: TSymKin
     result = getOpenArrayDesc(m, t, check, kind)
   of tyEnum:
     result = cacheGetType(m.typeCache, sig)
-    if result == nil:
+    if result == "":
       result = getTypeName(m, origTyp, sig)
       if not (isImportedCppType(t) or
           (sfImportc in t.sym.flags and t.sym.magic == mNone)):
@@ -791,7 +940,7 @@ proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule, origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet; kind: TSymKin
   of tyProc:
     result = getTypeName(m, origTyp, sig)
     m.typeCache[sig] = result
-    var rettype, desc: Rope
+    var rettype, desc: Rope = ""
     genProcParams(m, t, rettype, desc, check, true, true)
     if not isImportedType(t):
       if t.callConv != ccClosure: # procedure vars may need a closure!
@@ -809,27 +958,23 @@ proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule, origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet; kind: TSymKin
       # we cannot use getTypeForward here because then t would be associated
       # with the name of the struct, not with the pointer to the struct:
       result = cacheGetType(m.forwTypeCache, sig)
-      if result == nil:
+      if result == "":
         result = getTypeName(m, origTyp, sig)
         if not isImportedType(t):
           addForwardStructFormat(m, structOrUnion(t), result)
         m.forwTypeCache[sig] = result
-      assert(cacheGetType(m.typeCache, sig) == nil)
+      assert(cacheGetType(m.typeCache, sig) == "")
       m.typeCache[sig] = result & seqStar(m)
       if not isImportedType(t):
-        if skipTypes(t[0], typedescInst).kind != tyEmpty:
-          const
-            cppSeq = "struct $2 : #TGenericSeq {$n"
-            cSeq = "struct $2 {$n" &
-                  "  #TGenericSeq Sup;$n"
-          if m.compileToCpp:
-            appcg(m, m.s[cfsSeqTypes],
-                cppSeq & "  $1 data[SEQ_DECL_SIZE];$n" &
-                "};$n", [getTypeDescAux(m, t[0], check, kind), result])
-          else:
-            appcg(m, m.s[cfsSeqTypes],
-                cSeq & "  $1 data[SEQ_DECL_SIZE];$n" &
-                "};$n", [getTypeDescAux(m, t[0], check, kind), result])
+        if skipTypes(t.elementType, typedescInst).kind != tyEmpty:
+          var struct = newBuilder("")
+          let baseType = cgsymValue(m, "TGenericSeq")
+          struct.addSimpleStruct(m, name = result, baseType = baseType):
+            struct.addField(
+              name = "data",
+              typ = getTypeDescAux(m, t.elementType, check, kind),
+              isFlexArray = true)
+          m.s[cfsSeqTypes].add struct
         else:
           result = rope("TGenericSeq")
       result.add(seqStar(m))
@@ -837,7 +982,7 @@ proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule, origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet; kind: TSymKin
     result = getTypeName(m, origTyp, sig)
     m.typeCache[sig] = result
     if not isImportedType(t):
-      let foo = getTypeDescAux(m, t[0], check, kind)
+      let foo = getTypeDescAux(m, t.elementType, check, kind)
       m.s[cfsTypes].addf("typedef $1 $2[1];$n", [foo, result])
   of tyArray:
     var n: BiggestInt = toInt64(lengthOrd(m.config, t))
@@ -845,44 +990,46 @@ proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule, origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet; kind: TSymKin
     result = getTypeName(m, origTyp, sig)
     m.typeCache[sig] = result
     if not isImportedType(t):
-      let foo = getTypeDescAux(m, t[1], check, kind)
+      let e = getTypeDescAux(m, t.elementType, check, kind)
       m.s[cfsTypes].addf("typedef $1 $2[$3];$n",
-           [foo, result, rope(n)])
+           [e, result, rope(n)])
   of tyObject, tyTuple:
-    if isImportedCppType(t) and origTyp.kind == tyGenericInst:
-      let cppName = getTypeName(m, t, sig)
+    let tt = origTyp.skipTypes({tyDistinct})
+    if isImportedCppType(t) and tt.kind == tyGenericInst:
+      let cppNameAsRope = getTypeName(m, t, sig)
+      let cppName = $cppNameAsRope
       var i = 0
       var chunkStart = 0
 
       template addResultType(ty: untyped) =
         if ty == nil or ty.kind == tyVoid:
-          result.add(~"void")
+          result.add("void")
         elif ty.kind == tyStatic:
           internalAssert m.config, ty.n != nil
           result.add ty.n.renderTree
         else:
           result.add getTypeDescAux(m, ty, check, kind)
 
-      while i < cppName.data.len:
-        if cppName.data[i] == '\'':
+      while i < cppName.len:
+        if cppName[i] == '\'':
           var chunkEnd = i-1
-          var idx, stars: int
-          if scanCppGenericSlot(cppName.data, i, idx, stars):
-            result.add cppName.data.substr(chunkStart, chunkEnd)
+          var idx, stars: int = 0
+          if scanCppGenericSlot(cppName, i, idx, stars):
+            result.add cppName.substr(chunkStart, chunkEnd)
             chunkStart = i
 
-            let typeInSlot = resolveStarsInCppType(origTyp, idx + 1, stars)
+            let typeInSlot = resolveStarsInCppType(tt, idx + 1, stars)
             addResultType(typeInSlot)
         else:
           inc i
 
       if chunkStart != 0:
-        result.add cppName.data.substr(chunkStart)
+        result.add cppName.substr(chunkStart)
       else:
-        result = cppName & "<"
-        for i in 1..<origTyp.len-1:
-          if i > 1: result.add(" COMMA ")
-          addResultType(origTyp[i])
+        result = cppNameAsRope & "<"
+        for needsComma, a in tt.genericInstParams:
+          if needsComma: result.add(" COMMA ")
+          addResultType(a)
         result.add("> ")
       # always call for sideeffects:
       assert t.kind != tyTuple
@@ -890,13 +1037,13 @@ proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule, origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet; kind: TSymKin
       # The resulting type will include commas and these won't play well
       # with the C macros for defining procs such as N_NIMCALL. We must
       # create a typedef for the type and use it in the proc signature:
-      let typedefName = ~"TY" & $sig
+      let typedefName = "TY" & $sig
       m.s[cfsTypes].addf("typedef $1 $2;$n", [result, typedefName])
       m.typeCache[sig] = typedefName
       result = typedefName
     else:
       result = cacheGetType(m.forwTypeCache, sig)
-      if result == nil:
+      if result == "":
         result = getTypeName(m, origTyp, sig)
         m.forwTypeCache[sig] = result
         if not isImportedType(t):
@@ -912,7 +1059,9 @@ proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule, origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet; kind: TSymKin
           discard # addAbiCheck(m, t, result) # already handled elsewhere
   of tySet:
     # Don't use the imported name as it may be scoped: 'Foo::SomeKind'
-    result = $t.kind & '_' & t.lastSon.typeName & $t.lastSon.hashType
+    result = rope("tySet_")
+    t.elementType.typeName(result)
+    result.add $t.elementType.hashType(m.config)
     m.typeCache[sig] = result
     if not isImportedType(t):
       let s = int(getSize(m.config, t))
@@ -922,14 +1071,15 @@ proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule, origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet; kind: TSymKin
              [result, rope(getSize(m.config, t))])
   of tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyOrdinal, tyTypeDesc, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned,
      tyUserTypeClass, tyUserTypeClassInst, tyInferred:
-    result = getTypeDescAux(m, lastSon(t), check, kind)
+    result = getTypeDescAux(m, skipModifier(t), check, kind)
   else:
     internalError(m.config, "getTypeDescAux(" & $t.kind & ')')
-    result = nil
+    result = ""
   # fixes bug #145:
   excl(check, t.id)
 
-proc getTypeDesc(m: BModule, typ: PType; kind = skParam): Rope =
+
+proc getTypeDesc(m: BModule; typ: PType; kind = dkParam): Rope =
   var check = initIntSet()
   result = getTypeDescAux(m, typ, check, kind)
 
@@ -939,11 +1089,11 @@ type
     clHalfWithEnv,    ## fn(args, void* env) type with trailing 'void* env' parameter
     clFull            ## struct {fn(args, void* env), env}
 
-proc getClosureType(m: BModule, t: PType, kind: TClosureTypeKind): Rope =
+proc getClosureType(m: BModule; t: PType, kind: TClosureTypeKind): Rope =
   assert t.kind == tyProc
   var check = initIntSet()
   result = getTempName(m)
-  var rettype, desc: Rope
+  var rettype, desc: Rope = ""
   genProcParams(m, t, rettype, desc, check, declareEnvironment=kind != clHalf)
   if not isImportedType(t):
     if t.callConv != ccClosure or kind != clFull:
@@ -963,59 +1113,128 @@ proc finishTypeDescriptions(m: BModule) =
     if optSeqDestructors in m.config.globalOptions and t.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tySequence:
       seqV2ContentType(m, t, check)
     else:
-      discard getTypeDescAux(m, t, check, skParam)
+      discard getTypeDescAux(m, t, check, dkParam)
     inc(i)
   m.typeStack.setLen 0
 
-template cgDeclFrmt*(s: PSym): string =
-  s.constraint.strVal
-
-proc isReloadable(m: BModule, prc: PSym): bool =
+proc isReloadable(m: BModule; prc: PSym): bool =
   return m.hcrOn and sfNonReloadable notin prc.flags
 
-proc isNonReloadable(m: BModule, prc: PSym): bool =
+proc isNonReloadable(m: BModule; prc: PSym): bool =
   return m.hcrOn and sfNonReloadable in prc.flags
 
-proc genProcHeader(m: BModule, prc: PSym, asPtr: bool = false): Rope =
-  var
-    rettype, params: Rope
-  # using static is needed for inline procs
-  if lfExportLib in prc.loc.flags:
-    if isHeaderFile in m.flags:
-      result.add "N_LIB_IMPORT "
+proc parseVFunctionDecl(val: string; name, params, retType, superCall: var string; isFnConst, isOverride, isMemberVirtual, isStatic: var bool; isCtor: bool, isFunctor=false) =
+  var afterParams: string = ""
+  if scanf(val, "$*($*)$s$*", name, params, afterParams):
+    if name.strip() == "operator" and params == "": #isFunctor?
+      parseVFunctionDecl(afterParams, name, params, retType, superCall, isFnConst, isOverride, isMemberVirtual, isStatic, isCtor, true)
+      return
+    if name.find("static ") > -1:
+      isStatic = true
+      name = name.replace("static ", "")
+    isFnConst = afterParams.find("const") > -1
+    isOverride = afterParams.find("override") > -1
+    isMemberVirtual = name.find("virtual ") > -1
+    if isMemberVirtual:
+      name = name.replace("virtual ", "")
+    if isFunctor:
+      name = "operator ()"
+    if isCtor:
+      discard scanf(afterParams, ":$s$*", superCall)
     else:
-      result.add "N_LIB_EXPORT "
-  elif prc.typ.callConv == ccInline or asPtr or isNonReloadable(m, prc):
-    result.add "static "
-  elif sfImportc notin prc.flags:
-    result.add "N_LIB_PRIVATE "
+      discard scanf(afterParams, "->$s$* ", retType)
+
+  params = "(" & params & ")"
+
+proc genMemberProcHeader(m: BModule; prc: PSym; result: var Rope; asPtr: bool = false, isFwdDecl: bool = false) =
+  assert sfCppMember * prc.flags != {}
+  let isCtor = sfConstructor in prc.flags
+  var check = initIntSet()
+  fillBackendName(m, prc)
+  fillLoc(prc.loc, locProc, prc.ast[namePos], OnUnknown)
+  var memberOp = "#." #only virtual
+  var typ: PType
+  if isCtor:
+    typ = prc.typ.returnType
+  else:
+    typ = prc.typ.firstParamType
+  if typ.kind == tyPtr:
+    typ = typ.elementType
+    memberOp = "#->"
+  var typDesc = getTypeDescWeak(m, typ, check, dkParam)
+  let asPtrStr = rope(if asPtr: "_PTR" else: "")
+  var name, params, rettype, superCall: string = ""
+  var isFnConst, isOverride, isMemberVirtual, isStatic: bool = false
+  parseVFunctionDecl(prc.constraint.strVal, name, params, rettype, superCall, isFnConst, isOverride, isMemberVirtual, isStatic, isCtor)
+  genMemberProcParams(m, prc, superCall, rettype, name, params, check, true, false)
+  let isVirtual = sfVirtual in prc.flags or isMemberVirtual
+  var fnConst, override: string = ""
+  if isCtor:
+    name = typDesc
+  if isFnConst:
+    fnConst = " const"
+  if isFwdDecl:
+    if isStatic:
+      result.add "static "
+    if isVirtual:
+      rettype = "virtual " & rettype
+      if isOverride:
+        override = " override"
+    superCall = ""
+  else:
+    if not isCtor:
+      prc.loc.snippet = "$1$2(@)" % [memberOp, name]
+    elif superCall != "":
+      superCall = " : " & superCall
+
+    name = "$1::$2" % [typDesc, name]
+
+  result.add "N_LIB_PRIVATE "
+  result.addf("$1$2($3, $4)$5$6$7$8",
+        [rope(CallingConvToStr[prc.typ.callConv]), asPtrStr, rettype, name,
+        params, fnConst, override, superCall])
+
+proc genProcHeader(m: BModule; prc: PSym; result: var Rope; asPtr: bool = false) =
+  # using static is needed for inline procs
   var check = initIntSet()
-  fillLoc(prc.loc, locProc, prc.ast[namePos], mangleName(m, prc), OnUnknown)
-  genProcParams(m, prc.typ, rettype, params, check)
+  fillBackendName(m, prc)
+  fillLoc(prc.loc, locProc, prc.ast[namePos], OnUnknown)
+  var rettype, params: Rope = ""
+  genProcParams(m, prc.typ, rettype, params, check, true, false)
   # handle the 2 options for hotcodereloading codegen - function pointer
   # (instead of forward declaration) or header for function body with "_actual" postfix
   let asPtrStr = rope(if asPtr: "_PTR" else: "")
-  var name = prc.loc.r
-  if isReloadable(m, prc) and not asPtr:
+  var name = prc.loc.snippet
+  if not asPtr and isReloadable(m, prc):
     name.add("_actual")
   # careful here! don't access ``prc.ast`` as that could reload large parts of
   # the object graph!
-  if prc.constraint.isNil:
+  if sfCodegenDecl notin prc.flags:
+    if lfExportLib in prc.loc.flags:
+      if isHeaderFile in m.flags:
+        result.add "N_LIB_IMPORT "
+      else:
+        result.add "N_LIB_EXPORT "
+    elif prc.typ.callConv == ccInline or asPtr or isNonReloadable(m, prc):
+      result.add "static "
+    elif sfImportc notin prc.flags:
+      result.add "N_LIB_PRIVATE "
     result.addf("$1$2($3, $4)$5",
          [rope(CallingConvToStr[prc.typ.callConv]), asPtrStr, rettype, name,
          params])
   else:
     let asPtrStr = if asPtr: (rope("(*") & name & ")") else: name
-    result = runtimeFormat(prc.cgDeclFrmt, [rettype, asPtrStr, params])
+    result.add runtimeFormat(prc.cgDeclFrmt, [rettype, asPtrStr, params])
+
 
 # ------------------ type info generation -------------------------------------
 
-proc genTypeInfoV1(m: BModule, t: PType; info: TLineInfo): Rope
+proc genTypeInfoV1(m: BModule; t: PType; info: TLineInfo): Rope
 proc getNimNode(m: BModule): Rope =
   result = "$1[$2]" % [m.typeNodesName, rope(m.typeNodes)]
   inc(m.typeNodes)
 
-proc tiNameForHcr(m: BModule, name: Rope): Rope =
+proc tiNameForHcr(m: BModule; name: Rope): Rope =
   return if m.hcrOn: "(*".rope & name & ")" else: name
 
 proc genTypeInfoAuxBase(m: BModule; typ, origType: PType;
@@ -1033,7 +1252,7 @@ proc genTypeInfoAuxBase(m: BModule; typ, origType: PType;
   if tfIncompleteStruct in typ.flags:
     size = rope"void*"
   else:
-    size = getTypeDesc(m, origType, skVar)
+    size = getTypeDesc(m, origType, dkVar)
   m.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf(
     "$1.size = sizeof($2);$n$1.align = NIM_ALIGNOF($2);$n$1.kind = $3;$n$1.base = $4;$n",
     [nameHcr, size, rope(nimtypeKind), base]
@@ -1041,11 +1260,11 @@ proc genTypeInfoAuxBase(m: BModule; typ, origType: PType;
   # compute type flags for GC optimization
   var flags = 0
   if not containsGarbageCollectedRef(typ): flags = flags or 1
-  if not canFormAcycle(typ): flags = flags or 2
-  #else MessageOut("can contain a cycle: " & typeToString(typ))
+  if not canFormAcycle(m.g.graph, typ): flags = flags or 2
+  #else echo("can contain a cycle: " & typeToString(typ))
   if flags != 0:
     m.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1.flags = $2;$n", [nameHcr, rope(flags)])
-  discard cgsym(m, "TNimType")
+  cgsym(m, "TNimType")
   if isDefined(m.config, "nimTypeNames"):
     var typename = typeToString(if origType.typeInst != nil: origType.typeInst
                                 else: origType, preferName)
@@ -1053,22 +1272,22 @@ proc genTypeInfoAuxBase(m: BModule; typ, origType: PType;
       typename = "anon ref object from " & m.config$origType.skipTypes(skipPtrs).sym.info
     m.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1.name = $2;$n",
         [nameHcr, makeCString typename])
-    discard cgsym(m, "nimTypeRoot")
+    cgsym(m, "nimTypeRoot")
     m.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1.nextType = nimTypeRoot; nimTypeRoot=&$1;$n",
          [nameHcr])
 
   if m.hcrOn:
-    m.s[cfsData].addf("static TNimType* $1;$n", [name])
+    m.s[cfsStrData].addf("static TNimType* $1;$n", [name])
     m.hcrCreateTypeInfosProc.addf("\thcrRegisterGlobal($2, \"$1\", sizeof(TNimType), NULL, (void**)&$1);$n",
          [name, getModuleDllPath(m, m.module)])
   else:
-    m.s[cfsData].addf("N_LIB_PRIVATE TNimType $1;$n", [name])
+    m.s[cfsStrData].addf("N_LIB_PRIVATE TNimType $1;$n", [name])
 
-proc genTypeInfoAux(m: BModule, typ, origType: PType, name: Rope;
+proc genTypeInfoAux(m: BModule; typ, origType: PType, name: Rope;
                     info: TLineInfo) =
   var base: Rope
-  if typ.len > 0 and typ.lastSon != nil:
-    var x = typ.lastSon
+  if typ.hasElementType and typ.last != nil:
+    var x = typ.last
     if typ.kind == tyObject: x = x.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
     if typ.kind == tyPtr and x.kind == tyObject and incompleteType(x):
       base = rope("0")
@@ -1078,23 +1297,23 @@ proc genTypeInfoAux(m: BModule, typ, origType: PType, name: Rope;
     base = rope("0")
   genTypeInfoAuxBase(m, typ, origType, name, base, info)
 
-proc discriminatorTableName(m: BModule, objtype: PType, d: PSym): Rope =
+proc discriminatorTableName(m: BModule; objtype: PType, d: PSym): Rope =
   # bugfix: we need to search the type that contains the discriminator:
   var objtype = objtype.skipTypes(abstractPtrs)
   while lookupInRecord(objtype.n, d.name) == nil:
     objtype = objtype[0].skipTypes(abstractPtrs)
   if objtype.sym == nil:
     internalError(m.config, d.info, "anonymous obj with discriminator")
-  result = "NimDT_$1_$2" % [rope($hashType(objtype)), rope(d.name.s.mangle)]
+  result = "NimDT_$1_$2" % [rope($hashType(objtype, m.config)), rope(d.name.s.mangle)]
 
 proc rope(arg: Int128): Rope = rope($arg)
 
-proc discriminatorTableDecl(m: BModule, objtype: PType, d: PSym): Rope =
-  discard cgsym(m, "TNimNode")
+proc discriminatorTableDecl(m: BModule; objtype: PType, d: PSym): Rope =
+  cgsym(m, "TNimNode")
   var tmp = discriminatorTableName(m, objtype, d)
   result = "TNimNode* $1[$2];$n" % [tmp, rope(lengthOrd(m.config, d.typ)+1)]
 
-proc genTNimNodeArray(m: BModule, name: Rope, size: Rope) =
+proc genTNimNodeArray(m: BModule; name: Rope, size: Rope) =
   if m.hcrOn:
     m.s[cfsData].addf("static TNimNode** $1;$n", [name])
     m.hcrCreateTypeInfosProc.addf("\thcrRegisterGlobal($3, \"$1\", sizeof(TNimNode*) * $2, NULL, (void**)&$1);$n",
@@ -1102,7 +1321,7 @@ proc genTNimNodeArray(m: BModule, name: Rope, size: Rope) =
   else:
     m.s[cfsTypeInit1].addf("static TNimNode* $1[$2];$n", [name, size])
 
-proc genObjectFields(m: BModule, typ, origType: PType, n: PNode, expr: Rope;
+proc genObjectFields(m: BModule; typ, origType: PType, n: PNode, expr: Rope;
                      info: TLineInfo) =
   case n.kind
   of nkRecList:
@@ -1125,13 +1344,13 @@ proc genObjectFields(m: BModule, typ, origType: PType, n: PNode, expr: Rope;
     var tmp = discriminatorTableName(m, typ, field)
     var L = lengthOrd(m.config, field.typ)
     assert L > 0
-    if field.loc.r == nil: fillObjectFields(m, typ)
+    if field.loc.snippet == "": fillObjectFields(m, typ)
     if field.loc.t == nil:
       internalError(m.config, n.info, "genObjectFields")
     m.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1.kind = 3;$n" &
         "$1.offset = offsetof($2, $3);$n" & "$1.typ = $4;$n" &
         "$1.name = $5;$n" & "$1.sons = &$6[0];$n" &
-        "$1.len = $7;$n", [expr, getTypeDesc(m, origType, skVar), field.loc.r,
+        "$1.len = $7;$n", [expr, getTypeDesc(m, origType, dkVar), field.loc.snippet,
                            genTypeInfoV1(m, field.typ, info),
                            makeCString(field.name.s),
                            tmp, rope(L)])
@@ -1163,56 +1382,53 @@ proc genObjectFields(m: BModule, typ, origType: PType, n: PNode, expr: Rope;
     # Do not produce code for void types
     if isEmptyType(field.typ): return
     if field.bitsize == 0:
-      if field.loc.r == nil: fillObjectFields(m, typ)
+      if field.loc.snippet == "": fillObjectFields(m, typ)
       if field.loc.t == nil:
         internalError(m.config, n.info, "genObjectFields")
       m.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1.kind = 1;$n" &
           "$1.offset = offsetof($2, $3);$n" & "$1.typ = $4;$n" &
-          "$1.name = $5;$n", [expr, getTypeDesc(m, origType, skVar),
-          field.loc.r, genTypeInfoV1(m, field.typ, info), makeCString(field.name.s)])
+          "$1.name = $5;$n", [expr, getTypeDesc(m, origType, dkVar),
+          field.loc.snippet, genTypeInfoV1(m, field.typ, info), makeCString(field.name.s)])
   else: internalError(m.config, n.info, "genObjectFields")
 
-proc genObjectInfo(m: BModule, typ, origType: PType, name: Rope; info: TLineInfo) =
-  if typ.kind == tyObject:
-    if incompleteType(typ):
-      localError(m.config, info, "request for RTTI generation for incomplete object: " &
-                        typeToString(typ))
-    genTypeInfoAux(m, typ, origType, name, info)
-  else:
-    genTypeInfoAuxBase(m, typ, origType, name, rope("0"), info)
+proc genObjectInfo(m: BModule; typ, origType: PType, name: Rope; info: TLineInfo) =
+  assert typ.kind == tyObject
+  if incompleteType(typ):
+    localError(m.config, info, "request for RTTI generation for incomplete object: " &
+                      typeToString(typ))
+  genTypeInfoAux(m, typ, origType, name, info)
   var tmp = getNimNode(m)
-  if not isImportedType(typ):
+  if (not isImportedType(typ)) or tfCompleteStruct in typ.flags:
     genObjectFields(m, typ, origType, typ.n, tmp, info)
   m.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1.node = &$2;$n", [tiNameForHcr(m, name), tmp])
-  var t = typ[0]
+  var t = typ.baseClass
   while t != nil:
     t = t.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
     t.flags.incl tfObjHasKids
-    t = t[0]
+    t = t.baseClass
 
-proc genTupleInfo(m: BModule, typ, origType: PType, name: Rope; info: TLineInfo) =
+proc genTupleInfo(m: BModule; typ, origType: PType, name: Rope; info: TLineInfo) =
   genTypeInfoAuxBase(m, typ, typ, name, rope("0"), info)
   var expr = getNimNode(m)
-  if typ.len > 0:
-    var tmp = getTempName(m) & "_" & $typ.len
-    genTNimNodeArray(m, tmp, rope(typ.len))
-    for i in 0..<typ.len:
-      var a = typ[i]
+  if not typ.isEmptyTupleType:
+    var tmp = getTempName(m) & "_" & $typ.kidsLen
+    genTNimNodeArray(m, tmp, rope(typ.kidsLen))
+    for i, a in typ.ikids:
       var tmp2 = getNimNode(m)
       m.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1[$2] = &$3;$n", [tmp, rope(i), tmp2])
       m.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1.kind = 1;$n" &
           "$1.offset = offsetof($2, Field$3);$n" &
           "$1.typ = $4;$n" &
           "$1.name = \"Field$3\";$n",
-           [tmp2, getTypeDesc(m, origType, skVar), rope(i), genTypeInfoV1(m, a, info)])
+           [tmp2, getTypeDesc(m, origType, dkVar), rope(i), genTypeInfoV1(m, a, info)])
     m.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1.len = $2; $1.kind = 2; $1.sons = &$3[0];$n",
-         [expr, rope(typ.len), tmp])
+         [expr, rope(typ.kidsLen), tmp])
   else:
     m.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1.len = $2; $1.kind = 2;$n",
-         [expr, rope(typ.len)])
+         [expr, rope(typ.kidsLen)])
   m.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1.node = &$2;$n", [tiNameForHcr(m, name), expr])
 
-proc genEnumInfo(m: BModule, typ: PType, name: Rope; info: TLineInfo) =
+proc genEnumInfo(m: BModule; typ: PType, name: Rope; info: TLineInfo) =
   # Type information for enumerations is quite heavy, so we do some
   # optimizations here: The ``typ`` field is never set, as it is redundant
   # anyway. We generate a cstring array and a loop over it. Exceptional
@@ -1220,7 +1436,7 @@ proc genEnumInfo(m: BModule, typ: PType, name: Rope; info: TLineInfo) =
   genTypeInfoAux(m, typ, typ, name, info)
   var nodePtrs = getTempName(m) & "_" & $typ.n.len
   genTNimNodeArray(m, nodePtrs, rope(typ.n.len))
-  var enumNames, specialCases: Rope
+  var enumNames, specialCases: Rope = ""
   var firstNimNode = m.typeNodes
   var hasHoles = false
   for i in 0..<typ.n.len:
@@ -1253,21 +1469,21 @@ proc genEnumInfo(m: BModule, typ: PType, name: Rope; info: TLineInfo) =
     # 1 << 2 is {ntfEnumHole}
     m.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1.flags = 1<<2;$n", [tiNameForHcr(m, name)])
 
-proc genSetInfo(m: BModule, typ: PType, name: Rope; info: TLineInfo) =
-  assert(typ[0] != nil)
+proc genSetInfo(m: BModule; typ: PType, name: Rope; info: TLineInfo) =
+  assert(typ.elementType != nil)
   genTypeInfoAux(m, typ, typ, name, info)
   var tmp = getNimNode(m)
-  m.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1.len = $2; $1.kind = 0;$n" & "$3.node = &$1;$n",
+  m.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1.len = $2; $1.kind = 0;$n$3.node = &$1;$n",
        [tmp, rope(firstOrd(m.config, typ)), tiNameForHcr(m, name)])
 
-proc genArrayInfo(m: BModule, typ: PType, name: Rope; info: TLineInfo) =
-  genTypeInfoAuxBase(m, typ, typ, name, genTypeInfoV1(m, typ[1], info), info)
+proc genArrayInfo(m: BModule; typ: PType, name: Rope; info: TLineInfo) =
+  genTypeInfoAuxBase(m, typ, typ, name, genTypeInfoV1(m, typ.elementType, info), info)
 
 proc fakeClosureType(m: BModule; owner: PSym): PType =
   # we generate the same RTTI as for a tuple[pointer, ref tuple[]]
-  result = newType(tyTuple, nextTypeId m.idgen, owner)
-  result.rawAddSon(newType(tyPointer, nextTypeId m.idgen, owner))
-  var r = newType(tyRef, nextTypeId m.idgen, owner)
+  result = newType(tyTuple, m.idgen, owner)
+  result.rawAddSon(newType(tyPointer, m.idgen, owner))
+  var r = newType(tyRef, m.idgen, owner)
   let obj = createObj(m.g.graph, m.idgen, owner, owner.info, final=false)
   r.rawAddSon(obj)
   result.rawAddSon(r)
@@ -1277,43 +1493,81 @@ include ccgtrav
 proc genDeepCopyProc(m: BModule; s: PSym; result: Rope) =
   genProc(m, s)
   m.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1.deepcopy =(void* (N_RAW_NIMCALL*)(void*))$2;$n",
-     [result, s.loc.r])
+     [result, s.loc.snippet])
 
-proc declareNimType(m: BModule, name: string; str: Rope, module: int) =
+proc declareNimType(m: BModule; name: string; str: Rope, module: int) =
   let nr = rope(name)
   if m.hcrOn:
-    m.s[cfsData].addf("static $2* $1;$n", [str, nr])
+    m.s[cfsStrData].addf("static $2* $1;$n", [str, nr])
     m.s[cfsTypeInit1].addf("\t$1 = ($3*)hcrGetGlobal($2, \"$1\");$n",
           [str, getModuleDllPath(m, module), nr])
   else:
-    m.s[cfsData].addf("extern $2 $1;$n", [str, nr])
+    m.s[cfsStrData].addf("extern $2 $1;$n", [str, nr])
 
 proc genTypeInfo2Name(m: BModule; t: PType): Rope =
-  var res = "|"
   var it = t
-  while it != nil:
-    it = it.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
-    if it.sym != nil:
-      var m = it.sym.owner
-      while m != nil and m.kind != skModule: m = m.owner
-      if m == nil or sfSystemModule in m.flags:
-        # produce short names for system types:
-        res.add it.sym.name.s
-      else:
-        var p = m.owner
-        if p != nil and p.kind == skPackage:
-          res.add p.name.s & "."
-        res.add m.name.s & "."
-        res.add it.sym.name.s
+  it = it.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
+  if it.sym != nil and tfFromGeneric notin it.flags:
+    var m = it.sym.owner
+    while m != nil and m.kind != skModule: m = m.owner
+    if m == nil or sfSystemModule in m.flags:
+      # produce short names for system types:
+      result = it.sym.name.s
     else:
-      res.add $hashType(it)
-    res.add "|"
-    it = it[0]
-  result = makeCString(res)
+      var p = m.owner
+      result = ""
+      if p != nil and p.kind == skPackage:
+        result.add p.name.s & "."
+      result.add m.name.s & "."
+      result.add it.sym.name.s
+  else:
+    result = $hashType(it, m.config)
+  result = makeCString(result)
 
 proc isTrivialProc(g: ModuleGraph; s: PSym): bool {.inline.} = getBody(g, s).len == 0
 
-proc genHook(m: BModule; t: PType; info: TLineInfo; op: TTypeAttachedOp): Rope =
+proc generateRttiDestructor(g: ModuleGraph; typ: PType; owner: PSym; kind: TTypeAttachedOp;
+              info: TLineInfo; idgen: IdGenerator; theProc: PSym): PSym =
+  # the wrapper is roughly like:
+  # proc rttiDestroy(x: pointer) =
+  #   `=destroy`(cast[ptr T](x)[])
+  let procname = getIdent(g.cache, "rttiDestroy")
+  result = newSym(skProc, procname, idgen, owner, info)
+  let dest = newSym(skParam, getIdent(g.cache, "dest"), idgen, result, info)
+
+  dest.typ = getSysType(g, info, tyPointer)
+
+  result.typ = newProcType(info, idgen, owner)
+  result.typ.addParam dest
+
+  var n = newNodeI(nkProcDef, info, bodyPos+1)
+  for i in 0..<n.len: n[i] = newNodeI(nkEmpty, info)
+  n[namePos] = newSymNode(result)
+  n[paramsPos] = result.typ.n
+  let body = newNodeI(nkStmtList, info)
+  let castType = makePtrType(typ, idgen)
+  if theProc.typ.firstParamType.kind != tyVar:
+    body.add newTreeI(nkCall, info, newSymNode(theProc), newDeref(newTreeIT(
+      nkCast, info, castType, newNodeIT(nkType, info, castType),
+      newSymNode(dest)
+    ))
+    )
+  else:
+    let addrOf = newNodeIT(nkHiddenAddr, info, theProc.typ.firstParamType)
+    addrOf.add newDeref(newTreeIT(
+      nkCast, info, castType, newNodeIT(nkType, info, castType),
+      newSymNode(dest)
+    ))
+    body.add newTreeI(nkCall, info, newSymNode(theProc),
+      addrOf
+    )
+  n[bodyPos] = body
+  result.ast = n
+
+  incl result.flags, sfFromGeneric
+  incl result.flags, sfGeneratedOp
+
+proc genHook(m: BModule; t: PType; info: TLineInfo; op: TTypeAttachedOp; result: var Rope) =
   let theProc = getAttachedOp(m.g.graph, t, op)
   if theProc != nil and not isTrivialProc(m.g.graph, theProc):
     # the prototype of a destructor is ``=destroy(x: var T)`` and that of a
@@ -1323,8 +1577,18 @@ proc genHook(m: BModule; t: PType; info: TLineInfo; op: TTypeAttachedOp): Rope =
       localError(m.config, info,
         theProc.name.s & " needs to have the 'nimcall' calling convention")
 
-    genProc(m, theProc)
-    result = theProc.loc.r
+    if op == attachedDestructor:
+      let wrapper = generateRttiDestructor(m.g.graph, t, theProc.owner, attachedDestructor,
+                theProc.info, m.idgen, theProc)
+      genProc(m, wrapper)
+      result.add wrapper.loc.snippet
+    else:
+      genProc(m, theProc)
+      result.add theProc.loc.snippet
+
+    when false:
+      if not canFormAcycle(m.g.graph, t) and op == attachedTrace:
+        echo "ayclic but has this =trace ", t, " ", theProc.ast
   else:
     when false:
       if op == attachedTrace and m.config.selectedGC == gcOrc and
@@ -1332,49 +1596,159 @@ proc genHook(m: BModule; t: PType; info: TLineInfo; op: TTypeAttachedOp): Rope =
         # unfortunately this check is wrong for an object type that only contains
         # .cursor fields like 'Node' inside 'cycleleak'.
         internalError(m.config, info, "no attached trace proc found")
-    result = rope("NIM_NIL")
-
-proc genTypeInfoV2Impl(m: BModule, t, origType: PType, name: Rope; info: TLineInfo) =
-  var typeName: Rope
-  if t.kind in {tyObject, tyDistinct}:
-    if incompleteType(t):
-      localError(m.config, info, "request for RTTI generation for incomplete object: " &
-                 typeToString(t))
-    typeName = genTypeInfo2Name(m, t)
-  else:
-    typeName = rope("NIM_NIL")
+    result.add rope("NIM_NIL")
+
+proc getObjDepth(t: PType): int16 =
+  var x = t
+  result = -1
+  while x != nil:
+    x = skipTypes(x, skipPtrs)
+    x = x[0]
+    inc(result)
+
+proc genDisplayElem(d: MD5Digest): uint32 =
+  result = 0
+  for i in 0..3:
+    result += uint32(d[i])
+    result = result shl 8
+
+proc genDisplay(m: BModule; t: PType, depth: int): Rope =
+  result = Rope"{"
+  var x = t
+  var seqs = newSeq[string](depth+1)
+  var i = 0
+  while x != nil:
+    x = skipTypes(x, skipPtrs)
+    seqs[i] = $genDisplayElem(MD5Digest(hashType(x, m.config)))
+    x = x[0]
+    inc i
+
+  for i in countdown(depth, 1):
+    result.add seqs[i] & ", "
+  result.add seqs[0]
+  result.add "}"
+
+proc genVTable(seqs: seq[PSym]): string =
+  result = "{"
+  for i in 0..<seqs.len:
+    if i > 0: result.add ", "
+    result.add "(void *) " & seqs[i].loc.snippet
+  result.add "}"
+
+proc genTypeInfoV2OldImpl(m: BModule; t, origType: PType, name: Rope; info: TLineInfo) =
+  cgsym(m, "TNimTypeV2")
+  m.s[cfsStrData].addf("N_LIB_PRIVATE TNimTypeV2 $1;$n", [name])
 
-  discard cgsym(m, "TNimTypeV2")
-  m.s[cfsData].addf("N_LIB_PRIVATE TNimTypeV2 $1;$n", [name])
-  let destroyImpl = genHook(m, t, info, attachedDestructor)
-  let traceImpl = genHook(m, t, info, attachedTrace)
-  let disposeImpl = genHook(m, t, info, attachedDispose)
+  var flags = 0
+  if not canFormAcycle(m.g.graph, t): flags = flags or 1
+
+  var typeEntry = newRopeAppender()
+  addf(typeEntry, "$1.destructor = (void*)", [name])
+  genHook(m, t, info, attachedDestructor, typeEntry)
+
+  addf(typeEntry, "; $1.traceImpl = (void*)", [name])
+  genHook(m, t, info, attachedTrace, typeEntry)
+
+  let objDepth = if t.kind == tyObject: getObjDepth(t) else: -1
 
-  addf(m.s[cfsTypeInit3], "$1.destructor = (void*)$2; $1.size = sizeof($3); $1.align = NIM_ALIGNOF($3); $1.name = $4;$n; $1.traceImpl = (void*)$5; $1.disposeImpl = (void*)$6;", [
-    name, destroyImpl, getTypeDesc(m, t), typeName,
-    traceImpl, disposeImpl])
+  if t.kind in {tyObject, tyDistinct} and incompleteType(t):
+    localError(m.config, info, "request for RTTI generation for incomplete object: " &
+              typeToString(t))
 
-  if t.kind == tyObject and t.len > 0 and t[0] != nil and optEnableDeepCopy in m.config.globalOptions:
+  if isDefined(m.config, "nimTypeNames"):
+    var typeName: Rope
+    if t.kind in {tyObject, tyDistinct}:
+      typeName = genTypeInfo2Name(m, t)
+    else:
+      typeName = rope("NIM_NIL")
+    addf(typeEntry, "; $1.name = $2", [name, typeName])
+  addf(typeEntry, "; $1.size = sizeof($2); $1.align = (NI16) NIM_ALIGNOF($2); $1.depth = $3; $1.flags = $4;",
+    [name, getTypeDesc(m, t), rope(objDepth), rope(flags)])
+
+  if objDepth >= 0:
+    let objDisplay = genDisplay(m, t, objDepth)
+    let objDisplayStore = getTempName(m)
+    m.s[cfsVars].addf("static $1 $2[$3] = $4;$n", [getTypeDesc(m, getSysType(m.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyUInt32), dkVar), objDisplayStore, rope(objDepth+1), objDisplay])
+    addf(typeEntry, "$1.display = $2;$n", [name, rope(objDisplayStore)])
+
+  let dispatchMethods = toSeq(getMethodsPerType(m.g.graph, t))
+  if dispatchMethods.len > 0:
+    let vTablePointerName = getTempName(m)
+    m.s[cfsVars].addf("static void* $1[$2] = $3;$n", [vTablePointerName, rope(dispatchMethods.len), genVTable(dispatchMethods)])
+    for i in dispatchMethods:
+      genProcPrototype(m, i)
+    addf(typeEntry, "$1.vTable = $2;$n", [name, vTablePointerName])
+
+  m.s[cfsTypeInit3].add typeEntry
+
+  if t.kind == tyObject and t.baseClass != nil and optEnableDeepCopy in m.config.globalOptions:
     discard genTypeInfoV1(m, t, info)
 
-proc moduleOpenForCodegen(m: BModule; module: int32): bool {.inline.} =
-  result = module < m.g.modules.len and m.g.modules[module] != nil
+proc genTypeInfoV2Impl(m: BModule; t, origType: PType, name: Rope; info: TLineInfo) =
+  cgsym(m, "TNimTypeV2")
+  m.s[cfsStrData].addf("N_LIB_PRIVATE TNimTypeV2 $1;$n", [name])
+
+  var flags = 0
+  if not canFormAcycle(m.g.graph, t): flags = flags or 1
+
+  var typeEntry = newRopeAppender()
+  addf(typeEntry, "N_LIB_PRIVATE TNimTypeV2 $1 = {", [name])
+  add(typeEntry, ".destructor = (void*)")
+  genHook(m, t, info, attachedDestructor, typeEntry)
+
+  let objDepth = if t.kind == tyObject: getObjDepth(t) else: -1
+
+  if t.kind in {tyObject, tyDistinct} and incompleteType(t):
+    localError(m.config, info, "request for RTTI generation for incomplete object: " &
+              typeToString(t))
+
+  addf(typeEntry, ", .size = sizeof($1), .align = (NI16) NIM_ALIGNOF($1), .depth = $2",
+    [getTypeDesc(m, t), rope(objDepth)])
+
+  if objDepth >= 0:
+    let objDisplay = genDisplay(m, t, objDepth)
+    let objDisplayStore = getTempName(m)
+    m.s[cfsVars].addf("static NIM_CONST $1 $2[$3] = $4;$n", [getTypeDesc(m, getSysType(m.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyUInt32), dkVar), objDisplayStore, rope(objDepth+1), objDisplay])
+    addf(typeEntry, ", .display = $1", [rope(objDisplayStore)])
+  if isDefined(m.config, "nimTypeNames"):
+    var typeName: Rope
+    if t.kind in {tyObject, tyDistinct}:
+      typeName = genTypeInfo2Name(m, t)
+    else:
+      typeName = rope("NIM_NIL")
+    addf(typeEntry, ", .name = $1", [typeName])
+  add(typeEntry, ", .traceImpl = (void*)")
+  genHook(m, t, info, attachedTrace, typeEntry)
+
+  let dispatchMethods = toSeq(getMethodsPerType(m.g.graph, t))
+  if dispatchMethods.len > 0:
+    addf(typeEntry, ", .flags = $1", [rope(flags)])
+    for i in dispatchMethods:
+      genProcPrototype(m, i)
+    addf(typeEntry, ", .vTable = $1};$n", [genVTable(dispatchMethods)])
+    m.s[cfsVars].add typeEntry
+  else:
+    addf(typeEntry, ", .flags = $1};$n", [rope(flags)])
+    m.s[cfsVars].add typeEntry
+
+  if t.kind == tyObject and t.baseClass != nil and optEnableDeepCopy in m.config.globalOptions:
+    discard genTypeInfoV1(m, t, info)
 
-proc genTypeInfoV2(m: BModule, t: PType; info: TLineInfo): Rope =
+proc genTypeInfoV2(m: BModule; t: PType; info: TLineInfo): Rope =
   let origType = t
   # distinct types can have their own destructors
   var t = skipTypes(origType, irrelevantForBackend + tyUserTypeClasses - {tyDistinct})
 
   let prefixTI = if m.hcrOn: "(" else: "(&"
 
-  let sig = hashType(origType)
+  let sig = hashType(origType, m.config)
   result = m.typeInfoMarkerV2.getOrDefault(sig)
-  if result != nil:
+  if result != "":
     return prefixTI.rope & result & ")".rope
 
   let marker = m.g.typeInfoMarkerV2.getOrDefault(sig)
-  if marker.str != nil:
-    discard cgsym(m, "TNimTypeV2")
+  if marker.str != "":
+    cgsym(m, "TNimTypeV2")
     declareNimType(m, "TNimTypeV2", marker.str, marker.owner)
     # also store in local type section:
     m.typeInfoMarkerV2[sig] = marker.str
@@ -1384,23 +1758,26 @@ proc genTypeInfoV2(m: BModule, t: PType; info: TLineInfo): Rope =
   m.typeInfoMarkerV2[sig] = result
 
   let owner = t.skipTypes(typedescPtrs).itemId.module
-  if owner != m.module.position and moduleOpenForCodegen(m, owner):
+  if owner != m.module.position and moduleOpenForCodegen(m.g.graph, FileIndex owner):
     # make sure the type info is created in the owner module
     discard genTypeInfoV2(m.g.modules[owner], origType, info)
     # reference the type info as extern here
-    discard cgsym(m, "TNimTypeV2")
+    cgsym(m, "TNimTypeV2")
     declareNimType(m, "TNimTypeV2", result, owner)
     return prefixTI.rope & result & ")".rope
 
   m.g.typeInfoMarkerV2[sig] = (str: result, owner: owner)
-  genTypeInfoV2Impl(m, t, origType, result, info)
+  if m.compileToCpp or m.hcrOn:
+    genTypeInfoV2OldImpl(m, t, origType, result, info)
+  else:
+    genTypeInfoV2Impl(m, t, origType, result, info)
   result = prefixTI.rope & result & ")".rope
 
 proc openArrayToTuple(m: BModule; t: PType): PType =
-  result = newType(tyTuple, nextTypeId m.idgen, t.owner)
-  let p = newType(tyPtr, nextTypeId m.idgen, t.owner)
-  let a = newType(tyUncheckedArray, nextTypeId m.idgen, t.owner)
-  a.add t.lastSon
+  result = newType(tyTuple, m.idgen, t.owner)
+  let p = newType(tyPtr, m.idgen, t.owner)
+  let a = newType(tyUncheckedArray, m.idgen, t.owner)
+  a.add t.elementType
   p.add a
   result.add p
   result.add getSysType(m.g.graph, t.owner.info, tyInt)
@@ -1410,8 +1787,7 @@ proc typeToC(t: PType): string =
   ## to be unique.
   let s = typeToString(t)
   result = newStringOfCap(s.len)
-  for i in 0..<s.len:
-    let c = s[i]
+  for c in s:
     case c
     of 'a'..'z':
       result.add c
@@ -1432,21 +1808,21 @@ proc typeToC(t: PType): string =
       # be clashes with our special meanings
       result.addInt ord(c)
 
-proc genTypeInfoV1(m: BModule, t: PType; info: TLineInfo): Rope =
+proc genTypeInfoV1(m: BModule; t: PType; info: TLineInfo): Rope =
   let origType = t
   var t = skipTypes(origType, irrelevantForBackend + tyUserTypeClasses)
 
   let prefixTI = if m.hcrOn: "(" else: "(&"
 
-  let sig = hashType(origType)
+  let sig = hashType(origType, m.config)
   result = m.typeInfoMarker.getOrDefault(sig)
-  if result != nil:
+  if result != "":
     return prefixTI.rope & result & ")".rope
 
   let marker = m.g.typeInfoMarker.getOrDefault(sig)
-  if marker.str != nil:
-    discard cgsym(m, "TNimType")
-    discard cgsym(m, "TNimNode")
+  if marker.str != "":
+    cgsym(m, "TNimType")
+    cgsym(m, "TNimNode")
     declareNimType(m, "TNimType", marker.str, marker.owner)
     # also store in local type section:
     m.typeInfoMarker[sig] = marker.str
@@ -1457,18 +1833,18 @@ proc genTypeInfoV1(m: BModule, t: PType; info: TLineInfo): Rope =
 
   let old = m.g.graph.emittedTypeInfo.getOrDefault($result)
   if old != FileIndex(0):
-    discard cgsym(m, "TNimType")
-    discard cgsym(m, "TNimNode")
+    cgsym(m, "TNimType")
+    cgsym(m, "TNimNode")
     declareNimType(m, "TNimType", result, old.int)
     return prefixTI.rope & result & ")".rope
 
   var owner = t.skipTypes(typedescPtrs).itemId.module
-  if owner != m.module.position and moduleOpenForCodegen(m, owner):
+  if owner != m.module.position and moduleOpenForCodegen(m.g.graph, FileIndex owner):
     # make sure the type info is created in the owner module
     discard genTypeInfoV1(m.g.modules[owner], origType, info)
     # reference the type info as extern here
-    discard cgsym(m, "TNimType")
-    discard cgsym(m, "TNimNode")
+    cgsym(m, "TNimType")
+    cgsym(m, "TNimNode")
     declareNimType(m, "TNimType", result, owner)
     return prefixTI.rope & result & ")".rope
   else:
@@ -1479,14 +1855,14 @@ proc genTypeInfoV1(m: BModule, t: PType; info: TLineInfo): Rope =
 
   case t.kind
   of tyEmpty, tyVoid: result = rope"0"
-  of tyPointer, tyBool, tyChar, tyCString, tyString, tyInt..tyUInt64, tyVar, tyLent:
+  of tyPointer, tyBool, tyChar, tyCstring, tyString, tyInt..tyUInt64, tyVar, tyLent:
     genTypeInfoAuxBase(m, t, t, result, rope"0", info)
   of tyStatic:
-    if t.n != nil: result = genTypeInfoV1(m, lastSon t, info)
+    if t.n != nil: result = genTypeInfoV1(m, skipModifier t, info)
     else: internalError(m.config, "genTypeInfoV1(" & $t.kind & ')')
   of tyUserTypeClasses:
     internalAssert m.config, t.isResolvedUserTypeClass
-    return genTypeInfoV1(m, t.lastSon, info)
+    return genTypeInfoV1(m, t.skipModifier, info)
   of tyProc:
     if t.callConv != ccClosure:
       genTypeInfoAuxBase(m, t, t, result, rope"0", info)
@@ -1495,12 +1871,12 @@ proc genTypeInfoV1(m: BModule, t: PType; info: TLineInfo): Rope =
       genTupleInfo(m, x, x, result, info)
   of tySequence:
     genTypeInfoAux(m, t, t, result, info)
-    if m.config.selectedGC in {gcMarkAndSweep, gcRefc, gcV2, gcGo}:
+    if m.config.selectedGC in {gcMarkAndSweep, gcRefc, gcGo}:
       let markerProc = genTraverseProc(m, origType, sig)
       m.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1.marker = $2;$n", [tiNameForHcr(m, result), markerProc])
   of tyRef:
     genTypeInfoAux(m, t, t, result, info)
-    if m.config.selectedGC in {gcMarkAndSweep, gcRefc, gcV2, gcGo}:
+    if m.config.selectedGC in {gcMarkAndSweep, gcRefc, gcGo}:
       let markerProc = genTraverseProc(m, origType, sig)
       m.s[cfsTypeInit3].addf("$1.marker = $2;$n", [tiNameForHcr(m, result), markerProc])
   of tyPtr, tyRange, tyUncheckedArray: genTypeInfoAux(m, t, t, result, info)
@@ -1533,5 +1909,23 @@ proc genTypeInfoV1(m: BModule, t: PType; info: TLineInfo): Rope =
 
   result = prefixTI.rope & result & ")".rope
 
+proc genTypeInfo*(config: ConfigRef, m: BModule; t: PType; info: TLineInfo): Rope =
+  if optTinyRtti in config.globalOptions:
+    result = genTypeInfoV2(m, t, info)
+  else:
+    result = genTypeInfoV1(m, t, info)
+
 proc genTypeSection(m: BModule, n: PNode) =
-  discard
+  var intSet = initIntSet()
+  for i in 0..<n.len:
+    if len(n[i]) == 0: continue
+    if n[i][0].kind != nkPragmaExpr: continue
+    for p in 0..<n[i][0].len:
+      if (n[i][0][p].kind notin {nkSym, nkPostfix}): continue
+      var s = n[i][0][p]
+      if s.kind == nkPostfix:
+        s = n[i][0][p][1]
+      if {sfExportc, sfCompilerProc} * s.sym.flags == {sfExportc}:
+        discard getTypeDescAux(m, s.typ, intSet, descKindFromSymKind(s.sym.kind))
+        if m.g.generatedHeader != nil:
+          discard getTypeDescAux(m.g.generatedHeader, s.typ, intSet, descKindFromSymKind(s.sym.kind))
diff --git a/compiler/ccgutils.nim b/compiler/ccgutils.nim
index f2a8c1e36..c0e574186 100644
--- a/compiler/ccgutils.nim
+++ b/compiler/ccgutils.nim
@@ -10,19 +10,27 @@
 # This module declares some helpers for the C code generator.
 
 import
-  ast, hashes, strutils, msgs, wordrecg,
-  platform, trees, options
+  ast, types, msgs, wordrecg,
+  platform, trees, options, cgendata, mangleutils
+
+import std/[hashes, strutils, formatfloat]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 proc getPragmaStmt*(n: PNode, w: TSpecialWord): PNode =
   case n.kind
   of nkStmtList:
+    result = nil
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       result = getPragmaStmt(n[i], w)
       if result != nil: break
   of nkPragma:
+    result = nil
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       if whichPragma(n[i]) == w: return n[i]
-  else: discard
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc stmtsContainPragma*(n: PNode, w: TSpecialWord): bool =
   result = getPragmaStmt(n, w) != nil
@@ -50,7 +58,7 @@ proc hashString*(conf: ConfigRef; s: string): BiggestInt =
     a = a + (a shl 3)
     a = a xor (a shr 11)
     a = a + (a shl 15)
-    result = cast[Hash](a)
+    result = cast[Hash](uint(a))
 
 template getUniqueType*(key: PType): PType = key
 
@@ -60,49 +68,103 @@ proc makeSingleLineCString*(s: string): string =
     c.toCChar(result)
   result.add('\"')
 
-proc mangle*(name: string): string =
-  result = newStringOfCap(name.len)
-  var start = 0
-  if name[0] in Digits:
-    result.add("X" & name[0])
-    start = 1
-  var requiresUnderscore = false
-  template special(x) =
-    result.add x
-    requiresUnderscore = true
-  for i in start..<name.len:
-    let c = name[i]
-    case c
-    of 'a'..'z', '0'..'9', 'A'..'Z':
-      result.add(c)
-    of '_':
-      # we generate names like 'foo_9' for scope disambiguations and so
-      # disallow this here:
-      if i > 0 and i < name.len-1 and name[i+1] in Digits:
-        discard
-      else:
-        result.add(c)
-    of '$': special "dollar"
-    of '%': special "percent"
-    of '&': special "amp"
-    of '^': special "roof"
-    of '!': special "emark"
-    of '?': special "qmark"
-    of '*': special "star"
-    of '+': special "plus"
-    of '-': special "minus"
-    of '/': special "slash"
-    of '\\': special "backslash"
-    of '=': special "eq"
-    of '<': special "lt"
-    of '>': special "gt"
-    of '~': special "tilde"
-    of ':': special "colon"
-    of '.': special "dot"
-    of '@': special "at"
-    of '|': special "bar"
+proc mapSetType(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType): TCTypeKind =
+  case int(getSize(conf, typ))
+  of 1: result = ctInt8
+  of 2: result = ctInt16
+  of 4: result = ctInt32
+  of 8: result = ctInt64
+  else: result = ctArray
+
+proc ccgIntroducedPtr*(conf: ConfigRef; s: PSym, retType: PType): bool =
+  var pt = skipTypes(s.typ, typedescInst)
+  assert skResult != s.kind
+
+  #note precedence: params override types
+  if optByRef in s.options: return true
+  elif sfByCopy in s.flags: return false
+  elif tfByRef in pt.flags: return true
+  elif tfByCopy in pt.flags: return false
+  case pt.kind
+  of tyObject:
+    if s.typ.sym != nil and sfForward in s.typ.sym.flags:
+      # forwarded objects are *always* passed by pointers for consistency!
+      result = true
+    elif s.typ.kind == tySink and conf.selectedGC notin {gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc, gcHooks}:
+      # bug #23354:
+      result = false
+    elif (optByRef in s.options) or (getSize(conf, pt) > conf.target.floatSize * 3):
+      result = true           # requested anyway
+    elif (tfFinal in pt.flags) and (pt[0] == nil):
+      result = false          # no need, because no subtyping possible
     else:
-      result.add("X" & toHex(ord(c), 2))
-      requiresUnderscore = true
-  if requiresUnderscore:
-    result.add "_"
+      result = true           # ordinary objects are always passed by reference,
+                              # otherwise casting doesn't work
+  of tyTuple:
+    result = (getSize(conf, pt) > conf.target.floatSize*3) or (optByRef in s.options)
+  else:
+    result = false
+  # first parameter and return type is 'lent T'? --> use pass by pointer
+  if s.position == 0 and retType != nil and retType.kind == tyLent:
+    result = not (pt.kind in {tyVar, tyArray, tyOpenArray, tyVarargs, tyRef, tyPtr, tyPointer} or
+      pt.kind == tySet and mapSetType(conf, pt) == ctArray)
+
+proc encodeName*(name: string): string =
+  result = mangle(name)
+  result = $result.len & result
+
+proc makeUnique(m: BModule; s: PSym, name: string = ""): string =
+  result = if name == "": s.name.s else: name
+  result.add "__"
+  result.add m.g.graph.ifaces[s.itemId.module].uniqueName
+  result.add "_u"
+  result.add $s.itemId.item
+
+proc encodeSym*(m: BModule; s: PSym; makeUnique: bool = false): string =
+  #Module::Type
+  var name = s.name.s
+  if makeUnique:
+    name = makeUnique(m, s, name)
+  "N" & encodeName(s.skipGenericOwner.name.s) & encodeName(name) & "E"
+
+proc encodeType*(m: BModule; t: PType): string =
+  result = ""
+  var kindName = ($t.kind)[2..^1]
+  kindName[0] = toLower($kindName[0])[0]
+  case t.kind
+  of tyObject, tyEnum, tyDistinct, tyUserTypeClass, tyGenericParam:
+    result = encodeSym(m, t.sym)
+  of tyGenericInst, tyUserTypeClassInst, tyGenericBody:
+    result = encodeName(t[0].sym.name.s)
+    result.add "I"
+    for i in 1..<t.len - 1:
+      result.add encodeType(m, t[i])
+    result.add "E"
+  of tySequence, tyOpenArray, tyArray, tyVarargs, tyTuple, tyProc, tySet, tyTypeDesc,
+    tyPtr, tyRef, tyVar, tyLent, tySink, tyStatic, tyUncheckedArray, tyOr, tyAnd, tyBuiltInTypeClass:
+    result =
+      case t.kind:
+      of tySequence: encodeName("seq")
+      else: encodeName(kindName)
+    result.add "I"
+    for i in 0..<t.len:
+      let s = t[i]
+      if s.isNil: continue
+      result.add encodeType(m, s)
+    result.add "E"
+  of tyRange:
+    var val = "range_"
+    if t.n[0].typ.kind in {tyFloat..tyFloat128}:
+      val.addFloat t.n[0].floatVal
+      val.add "_"
+      val.addFloat t.n[1].floatVal
+    else:
+      val.add $t.n[0].intVal & "_" & $t.n[1].intVal
+    result = encodeName(val)
+  of tyString..tyUInt64, tyPointer, tyBool, tyChar, tyVoid, tyAnything, tyNil, tyEmpty:
+    result = encodeName(kindName)
+  of tyAlias, tyInferred, tyOwned:
+    result = encodeType(m, t.elementType)
+  else:
+    assert false, "encodeType " & $t.kind
+
diff --git a/compiler/cgen.nim b/compiler/cgen.nim
index b88999088..091f5c842 100644
--- a/compiler/cgen.nim
+++ b/compiler/cgen.nim
@@ -10,22 +10,34 @@
 ## This module implements the C code generator.
 
 import
-  ast, astalgo, hashes, trees, platform, magicsys, extccomp, options, intsets,
+  ast, astalgo, trees, platform, magicsys, extccomp, options,
   nversion, nimsets, msgs, bitsets, idents, types,
-  ccgutils, os, ropes, math, passes, wordrecg, treetab, cgmeth,
+  ccgutils, ropes, wordrecg, treetab, cgmeth,
   rodutils, renderer, cgendata, aliases,
-  lowerings, tables, sets, ndi, lineinfos, pathutils, transf,
-  injectdestructors
+  lowerings, ndi, lineinfos, pathutils, transf,
+  injectdestructors, astmsgs, modulepaths, pushpoppragmas,
+  mangleutils
+
+from expanddefaults import caseObjDefaultBranch
+
+import pipelineutils
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 when not defined(leanCompiler):
   import spawn, semparallel
 
-import strutils except `%` # collides with ropes.`%`
+import std/strutils except `%`, addf # collides with ropes.`%`
 
-from modulegraphs import ModuleGraph, PPassContext
-from lineinfos import
-  warnGcMem, errXMustBeCompileTime, hintDependency, errGenerated, errCannotOpenFile
-import dynlib
+from ic / ic import ModuleBackendFlag
+import std/[dynlib, math, tables, sets, os, intsets, hashes]
+
+const
+  # we use some ASCII control characters to insert directives that will be converted to real code in a postprocessing pass
+  postprocessDirStart = '\1'
+  postprocessDirSep = '\31'
+  postprocessDirEnd = '\23'
 
 when not declared(dynlib.libCandidates):
   proc libCandidates(s: string, dest: var seq[string]) =
@@ -50,23 +62,32 @@ proc addForwardedProc(m: BModule, prc: PSym) =
   m.g.forwardedProcs.add(prc)
 
 proc findPendingModule(m: BModule, s: PSym): BModule =
-  let ms = s.itemId.module  #getModule(s)
-  result = m.g.modules[ms]
+  # TODO fixme
+  if m.config.symbolFiles == v2Sf:
+    let ms = s.itemId.module  #getModule(s)
+    result = m.g.modules[ms]
+  else:
+    var ms = getModule(s)
+    result = m.g.modules[ms.position]
+
+proc initLoc(k: TLocKind, lode: PNode, s: TStorageLoc, flags: TLocFlags = {}): TLoc =
+  result = TLoc(k: k, storage: s, lode: lode,
+                snippet: "", flags: flags)
 
-proc initLoc(result: var TLoc, k: TLocKind, lode: PNode, s: TStorageLoc) =
-  result.k = k
-  result.storage = s
-  result.lode = lode
-  result.r = nil
-  result.flags = {}
+proc fillLoc(a: var TLoc, k: TLocKind, lode: PNode, r: Rope, s: TStorageLoc) {.inline.} =
+  # fills the loc if it is not already initialized
+  if a.k == locNone:
+    a.k = k
+    a.lode = lode
+    a.storage = s
+    if a.snippet == "": a.snippet = r
 
-proc fillLoc(a: var TLoc, k: TLocKind, lode: PNode, r: Rope, s: TStorageLoc) =
+proc fillLoc(a: var TLoc, k: TLocKind, lode: PNode, s: TStorageLoc) {.inline.} =
   # fills the loc if it is not already initialized
   if a.k == locNone:
     a.k = k
     a.lode = lode
     a.storage = s
-    if a.r == nil: a.r = r
 
 proc t(a: TLoc): PType {.inline.} =
   if a.lode.kind == nkSym:
@@ -90,7 +111,8 @@ proc useHeader(m: BModule, sym: PSym) =
     let str = getStr(sym.annex.path)
     m.includeHeader(str)
 
-proc cgsym(m: BModule, name: string): Rope
+proc cgsym(m: BModule, name: string)
+proc cgsymValue(m: BModule, name: string): Rope
 
 proc getCFile(m: BModule): AbsoluteFile
 
@@ -105,11 +127,7 @@ proc getModuleDllPath(m: BModule, module: int): Rope =
 proc getModuleDllPath(m: BModule, s: PSym): Rope =
   result = getModuleDllPath(m.g.modules[s.itemId.module])
 
-import macros
-
-proc cgFormatValue(result: var string; value: Rope) =
-  for str in leaves(value):
-    result.add str
+import std/macros
 
 proc cgFormatValue(result: var string; value: string) =
   result.add value
@@ -156,6 +174,11 @@ macro ropecg(m: BModule, frmt: static[FormatStr], args: untyped): Rope =
         inc(i)
         result.add newCall(formatValue, resVar, args[num])
         inc(num)
+      of '^':
+        flushStrLit()
+        inc(i)
+        result.add newCall(formatValue, resVar, args[^1])
+        inc(num)
       of '0'..'9':
         var j = 0
         while true:
@@ -186,7 +209,7 @@ macro ropecg(m: BModule, frmt: static[FormatStr], args: untyped): Rope =
       var ident = newLit(substr(frmt, i, j-1))
       i = j
       flushStrLit()
-      result.add newCall(formatValue, resVar, newCall(ident"cgsym", m, ident))
+      result.add newCall(formatValue, resVar, newCall(ident"cgsymValue", m, ident))
     elif frmt[i] == '#' and frmt[i+1] == '$':
       inc(i, 2)
       var j = 0
@@ -195,21 +218,24 @@ macro ropecg(m: BModule, frmt: static[FormatStr], args: untyped): Rope =
         inc(i)
       let ident = args[j-1]
       flushStrLit()
-      result.add newCall(formatValue, resVar, newCall(ident"cgsym", m, ident))
-    var start = i
-    while i < frmt.len:
-      if frmt[i] != '$' and frmt[i] != '#': inc(i)
-      else: break
-    if i - 1 >= start:
-      strLit.add(substr(frmt, start, i - 1))
+      result.add newCall(formatValue, resVar, newCall(ident"cgsymValue", m, ident))
+    elif frmt[i] == '#' and frmt[i+1] == '#':
+      inc(i, 2)
+      strLit.add("#")
+    else:
+      strLit.add(frmt[i])
+      inc(i)
 
   flushStrLit()
   result.add newCall(ident"rope", resVar)
 
-proc indentLine(p: BProc, r: Rope): Rope =
-  result = r
-  for i in 0..<p.blocks.len:
-    prepend(result, "\t".rope)
+proc addIndent(p: BProc; result: var Rope) =
+  var i = result.len
+  let newLen = i + p.blocks.len
+  result.setLen newLen
+  while i < newLen:
+    result[i] = '\t'
+    inc i
 
 template appcg(m: BModule, c: var Rope, frmt: FormatStr,
            args: untyped) =
@@ -223,36 +249,51 @@ template appcg(p: BProc, sec: TCProcSection, frmt: FormatStr,
            args: untyped) =
   p.s(sec).add(ropecg(p.module, frmt, args))
 
-template line(p: BProc, sec: TCProcSection, r: Rope) =
-  p.s(sec).add(indentLine(p, r))
-
 template line(p: BProc, sec: TCProcSection, r: string) =
-  p.s(sec).add(indentLine(p, r.rope))
+  addIndent p, p.s(sec)
+  p.s(sec).add(r)
 
 template lineF(p: BProc, sec: TCProcSection, frmt: FormatStr,
               args: untyped) =
-  p.s(sec).add(indentLine(p, frmt % args))
+  addIndent p, p.s(sec)
+  p.s(sec).add(frmt % args)
 
 template lineCg(p: BProc, sec: TCProcSection, frmt: FormatStr,
                args: untyped) =
-  p.s(sec).add(indentLine(p, ropecg(p.module, frmt, args)))
+  addIndent p, p.s(sec)
+  p.s(sec).add(ropecg(p.module, frmt, args))
 
 template linefmt(p: BProc, sec: TCProcSection, frmt: FormatStr,
              args: untyped) =
-  p.s(sec).add(indentLine(p, ropecg(p.module, frmt, args)))
+  addIndent p, p.s(sec)
+  p.s(sec).add(ropecg(p.module, frmt, args))
 
 proc safeLineNm(info: TLineInfo): int =
   result = toLinenumber(info)
   if result < 0: result = 0 # negative numbers are not allowed in #line
 
-proc genCLineDir(r: var Rope, filename: string, line: int; conf: ConfigRef) =
+proc genPostprocessDir(field1, field2, field3: string): string =
+  result = postprocessDirStart & field1 & postprocessDirSep & field2 & postprocessDirSep & field3 & postprocessDirEnd
+
+proc genCLineDir(r: var Rope, fileIdx: FileIndex, line: int; conf: ConfigRef) =
   assert line >= 0
   if optLineDir in conf.options and line > 0:
-    r.addf("$N#line $2 $1$N",
-        [rope(makeSingleLineCString(filename)), rope(line)])
+    if fileIdx == InvalidFileIdx:
+      r.add(rope("\n#line " & $line & " \"generated_not_to_break_here\"\n"))
+    else:
+      r.add(rope("\n#line " & $line & " FX_" & $fileIdx.int32 & "\n"))
+
+proc genCLineDir(r: var Rope, fileIdx: FileIndex, line: int; p: BProc; info: TLineInfo; lastFileIndex: FileIndex) =
+  assert line >= 0
+  if optLineDir in p.config.options and line > 0:
+    if fileIdx == InvalidFileIdx:
+      r.add(rope("\n#line " & $line & " \"generated_not_to_break_here\"\n"))
+    else:
+      r.add(rope("\n#line " & $line & " FX_" & $fileIdx.int32 & "\n"))
 
 proc genCLineDir(r: var Rope, info: TLineInfo; conf: ConfigRef) =
-  genCLineDir(r, toFullPath(conf, info), info.safeLineNm, conf)
+  if optLineDir in conf.options:
+    genCLineDir(r, info.fileIndex, info.safeLineNm, conf)
 
 proc freshLineInfo(p: BProc; info: TLineInfo): bool =
   if p.lastLineInfo.line != info.line or
@@ -260,26 +301,34 @@ proc freshLineInfo(p: BProc; info: TLineInfo): bool =
     p.lastLineInfo.line = info.line
     p.lastLineInfo.fileIndex = info.fileIndex
     result = true
+  else:
+    result = false
+
+proc genCLineDir(r: var Rope, p: BProc, info: TLineInfo; conf: ConfigRef) =
+  if optLineDir in conf.options:
+    let lastFileIndex = p.lastLineInfo.fileIndex
+    if freshLineInfo(p, info):
+      genCLineDir(r, info.fileIndex, info.safeLineNm, p, info, lastFileIndex)
 
 proc genLineDir(p: BProc, t: PNode) =
+  if p == p.module.preInitProc: return
   let line = t.info.safeLineNm
 
   if optEmbedOrigSrc in p.config.globalOptions:
-    p.s(cpsStmts).add(~"//" & sourceLine(p.config, t.info) & "\L")
-  genCLineDir(p.s(cpsStmts), toFullPath(p.config, t.info), line, p.config)
+    p.s(cpsStmts).add("//" & sourceLine(p.config, t.info) & "\L")
+  let lastFileIndex = p.lastLineInfo.fileIndex
+  let freshLine = freshLineInfo(p, t.info)
+  if freshLine:
+    genCLineDir(p.s(cpsStmts), t.info.fileIndex, line, p, t.info, lastFileIndex)
   if ({optLineTrace, optStackTrace} * p.options == {optLineTrace, optStackTrace}) and
       (p.prc == nil or sfPure notin p.prc.flags) and t.info.fileIndex != InvalidFileIdx:
-    if freshLineInfo(p, t.info):
-      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "nimln_($1, $2);$n",
-              [line, quotedFilename(p.config, t.info)])
-
-proc postStmtActions(p: BProc) {.inline.} =
-  p.s(cpsStmts).add(p.module.injectStmt)
+      if freshLine:
+        line(p, cpsStmts, genPostprocessDir("nimln", $line, $t.info.fileIndex.int32))
 
 proc accessThreadLocalVar(p: BProc, s: PSym)
 proc emulatedThreadVars(conf: ConfigRef): bool {.inline.}
 proc genProc(m: BModule, prc: PSym)
-proc raiseInstr(p: BProc): Rope
+proc raiseInstr(p: BProc; result: var Rope)
 
 template compileToCpp(m: BModule): untyped =
   m.config.backend == backendCpp or sfCompileToCpp in m.module.flags
@@ -290,10 +339,18 @@ proc getTempName(m: BModule): Rope =
 
 proc rdLoc(a: TLoc): Rope =
   # 'read' location (deref if indirect)
-  result = a.r
-  if lfIndirect in a.flags: result = "(*$1)" % [result]
+  if lfIndirect in a.flags:
+    result = "(*" & a.snippet & ")"
+  else:
+    result = a.snippet
 
-proc lenField(p: BProc): Rope =
+proc addRdLoc(a: TLoc; result: var Rope) =
+  if lfIndirect in a.flags:
+    result.add "(*" & a.snippet & ")"
+  else:
+    result.add a.snippet
+
+proc lenField(p: BProc): Rope {.inline.} =
   result = rope(if p.module.compileToCpp: "len" else: "Sup.len")
 
 proc lenExpr(p: BProc; a: TLoc): Rope =
@@ -302,12 +359,21 @@ proc lenExpr(p: BProc; a: TLoc): Rope =
   else:
     result = "($1 ? $1->$2 : 0)" % [rdLoc(a), lenField(p)]
 
+proc dataFieldAccessor(p: BProc, sym: Rope): Rope =
+  if optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
+    result = "(" & sym & ").p"
+  else:
+    result = sym
+
 proc dataField(p: BProc): Rope =
   if optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions:
     result = rope".p->data"
   else:
     result = rope"->data"
 
+proc genProcPrototype(m: BModule, sym: PSym)
+
+include cbuilder
 include ccgliterals
 include ccgtypes
 
@@ -318,16 +384,24 @@ template mapTypeChooser(n: PNode): TSymKind =
 
 template mapTypeChooser(a: TLoc): TSymKind = mapTypeChooser(a.lode)
 
+proc addAddrLoc(conf: ConfigRef; a: TLoc; result: var Rope) =
+  if lfIndirect notin a.flags and mapType(conf, a.t, mapTypeChooser(a) == skParam) != ctArray:
+    result.add "(&" & a.snippet & ")"
+  else:
+    result.add a.snippet
+
 proc addrLoc(conf: ConfigRef; a: TLoc): Rope =
-  result = a.r
-  if lfIndirect notin a.flags and mapType(conf, a.t, mapTypeChooser(a)) != ctArray:
-    result = "(&" & result & ")"
+  if lfIndirect notin a.flags and mapType(conf, a.t, mapTypeChooser(a) == skParam) != ctArray:
+    result = "(&" & a.snippet & ")"
+  else:
+    result = a.snippet
 
 proc byRefLoc(p: BProc; a: TLoc): Rope =
-  result = a.r
-  if lfIndirect notin a.flags and mapType(p.config, a.t, mapTypeChooser(a)) != ctArray and not
+  if lfIndirect notin a.flags and mapType(p.config, a.t, mapTypeChooser(a) == skParam) != ctArray and not
       p.module.compileToCpp:
-    result = "(&" & result & ")"
+    result = "(&" & a.snippet & ")"
+  else:
+    result = a.snippet
 
 proc rdCharLoc(a: TLoc): Rope =
   # read a location that may need a char-cast:
@@ -338,6 +412,9 @@ proc rdCharLoc(a: TLoc): Rope =
 type
   TAssignmentFlag = enum
     needToCopy
+    needToCopySinkParam
+    needTempForOpenArray
+    needAssignCall
   TAssignmentFlags = set[TAssignmentFlag]
 
 proc genObjConstr(p: BProc, e: PNode, d: var TLoc)
@@ -369,13 +446,13 @@ proc genObjectInit(p: BProc, section: TCProcSection, t: PType, a: var TLoc,
       linefmt(p, section, "$1.m_type = $2;$n", [r, genTypeInfoV1(p.module, t, a.lode.info)])
   of frEmbedded:
     if optTinyRtti in p.config.globalOptions:
-      var tmp: TLoc
+      var tmp: TLoc = default(TLoc)
       if mode == constructRefObj:
         let objType = t.skipTypes(abstractInst+{tyRef})
         rawConstExpr(p, newNodeIT(nkType, a.lode.info, objType), tmp)
         linefmt(p, cpsStmts,
             "#nimCopyMem((void*)$1, (NIM_CONST void*)&$2, sizeof($3));$n",
-            [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(tmp), getTypeDesc(p.module, objType, mapTypeChooser(a))])
+            [rdLoc(a), rdLoc(tmp), getTypeDesc(p.module, objType, descKindFromSymKind mapTypeChooser(a))])
       else:
         rawConstExpr(p, newNodeIT(nkType, a.lode.info, t), tmp)
         genAssignment(p, a, tmp, {})
@@ -406,9 +483,12 @@ include ccgreset
 proc resetLoc(p: BProc, loc: var TLoc) =
   let containsGcRef = optSeqDestructors notin p.config.globalOptions and containsGarbageCollectedRef(loc.t)
   let typ = skipTypes(loc.t, abstractVarRange)
-  if isImportedCppType(typ): return
+  if isImportedCppType(typ): 
+    var didGenTemp = false
+    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = $2;$n", [rdLoc(loc), genCppInitializer(p.module, p, typ, didGenTemp)])
+    return
   if optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions and typ.kind in {tyString, tySequence}:
-    assert rdLoc(loc) != nil
+    assert loc.snippet != ""
 
     let atyp = skipTypes(loc.t, abstractInst)
     if atyp.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}:
@@ -417,9 +497,8 @@ proc resetLoc(p: BProc, loc: var TLoc) =
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.len = 0; $1.p = NIM_NIL;$n", [rdLoc(loc)])
   elif not isComplexValueType(typ):
     if containsGcRef:
-      var nilLoc: TLoc
-      initLoc(nilLoc, locTemp, loc.lode, OnStack)
-      nilLoc.r = rope("NIM_NIL")
+      var nilLoc: TLoc = initLoc(locTemp, loc.lode, OnStack)
+      nilLoc.snippet = rope("NIM_NIL")
       genRefAssign(p, loc, nilLoc)
     else:
       linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = 0;$n", [rdLoc(loc)])
@@ -435,9 +514,17 @@ proc resetLoc(p: BProc, loc: var TLoc) =
     else:
       # array passed as argument decayed into pointer, bug #7332
       # so we use getTypeDesc here rather than rdLoc(loc)
-      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#nimZeroMem((void*)$1, sizeof($2));$n",
-              [addrLoc(p.config, loc),
-              getTypeDesc(p.module, loc.t, mapTypeChooser(loc))])
+      let tyDesc = getTypeDesc(p.module, loc.t, descKindFromSymKind mapTypeChooser(loc))
+      if p.module.compileToCpp and isOrHasImportedCppType(typ):
+        if lfIndirect in loc.flags:
+          #C++ cant be just zeroed. We need to call the ctors
+          var tmp = getTemp(p, loc.t)
+          linefmt(p, cpsStmts,"#nimCopyMem((void*)$1, (NIM_CONST void*)$2, sizeof($3));$n",
+                  [addrLoc(p.config, loc), addrLoc(p.config, tmp), tyDesc])
+      else:
+        linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#nimZeroMem((void*)$1, sizeof($2));$n",
+                [addrLoc(p.config, loc), tyDesc])
+
       # XXX: We can be extra clever here and call memset only
       # on the bytes following the m_type field?
       genObjectInit(p, cpsStmts, loc.t, loc, constructObj)
@@ -447,15 +534,20 @@ proc constructLoc(p: BProc, loc: var TLoc, isTemp = false) =
   if optSeqDestructors in p.config.globalOptions and skipTypes(typ, abstractInst + {tyStatic}).kind in {tyString, tySequence}:
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1.len = 0; $1.p = NIM_NIL;$n", [rdLoc(loc)])
   elif not isComplexValueType(typ):
-    linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = ($2)0;$n", [rdLoc(loc),
-      getTypeDesc(p.module, typ, mapTypeChooser(loc))])
+    if containsGarbageCollectedRef(loc.t):
+      var nilLoc: TLoc = initLoc(locTemp, loc.lode, OnStack)
+      nilLoc.snippet = rope("NIM_NIL")
+      genRefAssign(p, loc, nilLoc)
+    else:
+      linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = ($2)0;$n", [rdLoc(loc),
+        getTypeDesc(p.module, typ, descKindFromSymKind mapTypeChooser(loc))])
   else:
-    if not isTemp or containsGarbageCollectedRef(loc.t):
+    if (not isTemp or containsGarbageCollectedRef(loc.t)) and not hasNoInit(loc.t):
       # don't use nimZeroMem for temporary values for performance if we can
       # avoid it:
-      if not isImportedCppType(typ):
+      if not isOrHasImportedCppType(typ):
         linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "#nimZeroMem((void*)$1, sizeof($2));$n",
-                [addrLoc(p.config, loc), getTypeDesc(p.module, typ, mapTypeChooser(loc))])
+                [addrLoc(p.config, loc), getTypeDesc(p.module, typ, descKindFromSymKind mapTypeChooser(loc))])
     genObjectInit(p, cpsStmts, loc.t, loc, constructObj)
 
 proc initLocalVar(p: BProc, v: PSym, immediateAsgn: bool) =
@@ -470,14 +562,16 @@ proc initLocalVar(p: BProc, v: PSym, immediateAsgn: bool) =
     if not immediateAsgn:
       constructLoc(p, v.loc)
 
-proc getTemp(p: BProc, t: PType, result: var TLoc; needsInit=false) =
+proc getTemp(p: BProc, t: PType, needsInit=false): TLoc =
   inc(p.labels)
-  result.r = "T" & rope(p.labels) & "_"
-  linefmt(p, cpsLocals, "$1 $2;$n", [getTypeDesc(p.module, t, skVar), result.r])
-  result.k = locTemp
-  result.lode = lodeTyp t
-  result.storage = OnStack
-  result.flags = {}
+  result = TLoc(snippet: "T" & rope(p.labels) & "_", k: locTemp, lode: lodeTyp t,
+                storage: OnStack, flags: {})
+  if p.module.compileToCpp and isOrHasImportedCppType(t):
+    var didGenTemp = false
+    linefmt(p, cpsLocals, "$1 $2$3;$n", [getTypeDesc(p.module, t, dkVar), result.snippet,
+      genCppInitializer(p.module, p, t, didGenTemp)])
+  else:
+    linefmt(p, cpsLocals, "$1 $2;$n", [getTypeDesc(p.module, t, dkVar), result.snippet])
   constructLoc(p, result, not needsInit)
   when false:
     # XXX Introduce a compiler switch in order to detect these easily.
@@ -488,49 +582,53 @@ proc getTemp(p: BProc, t: PType, result: var TLoc; needsInit=false) =
         echo "ENORMOUS TEMPORARY! ", p.config $ p.lastLineInfo
       writeStackTrace()
 
-proc getTempCpp(p: BProc, t: PType, result: var TLoc; value: Rope) =
+proc getTempCpp(p: BProc, t: PType, value: Rope): TLoc =
   inc(p.labels)
-  result.r = "T" & rope(p.labels) & "_"
-  linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 $2 = $3;$n", [getTypeDesc(p.module, t, skVar), result.r, value])
-  result.k = locTemp
-  result.lode = lodeTyp t
-  result.storage = OnStack
-  result.flags = {}
-
-proc getIntTemp(p: BProc, result: var TLoc) =
+  result = TLoc(snippet: "T" & rope(p.labels) & "_", k: locTemp, lode: lodeTyp t,
+                storage: OnStack, flags: {})
+  linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "auto $1 = $2;$n", [result.snippet, value])
+
+proc getIntTemp(p: BProc): TLoc =
   inc(p.labels)
-  result.r = "T" & rope(p.labels) & "_"
-  linefmt(p, cpsLocals, "NI $1;$n", [result.r])
-  result.k = locTemp
-  result.storage = OnStack
-  result.lode = lodeTyp getSysType(p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt)
-  result.flags = {}
+  result = TLoc(snippet: "T" & rope(p.labels) & "_", k: locTemp,
+                storage: OnStack, lode: lodeTyp getSysType(p.module.g.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt),
+                flags: {})
+  linefmt(p, cpsLocals, "NI $1;$n", [result.snippet])
 
 proc localVarDecl(p: BProc; n: PNode): Rope =
+  result = ""
   let s = n.sym
   if s.loc.k == locNone:
-    fillLoc(s.loc, locLocalVar, n, mangleLocalName(p, s), OnStack)
+    fillLocalName(p, s)
+    fillLoc(s.loc, locLocalVar, n, OnStack)
     if s.kind == skLet: incl(s.loc.flags, lfNoDeepCopy)
   if s.kind in {skLet, skVar, skField, skForVar} and s.alignment > 0:
     result.addf("NIM_ALIGN($1) ", [rope(s.alignment)])
-  result.add getTypeDesc(p.module, s.typ, skVar)
-  if s.constraint.isNil:
+
+  genCLineDir(result, p, n.info, p.config)
+
+  result.add getTypeDesc(p.module, s.typ, dkVar)
+  if sfCodegenDecl notin s.flags:
     if sfRegister in s.flags: result.add(" register")
     #elif skipTypes(s.typ, abstractInst).kind in GcTypeKinds:
     #  decl.add(" GC_GUARD")
     if sfVolatile in s.flags: result.add(" volatile")
     if sfNoalias in s.flags: result.add(" NIM_NOALIAS")
     result.add(" ")
-    result.add(s.loc.r)
+    result.add(s.loc.snippet)
   else:
-    result = runtimeFormat(s.cgDeclFrmt, [result, s.loc.r])
+    result = runtimeFormat(s.cgDeclFrmt, [result, s.loc.snippet])
 
 proc assignLocalVar(p: BProc, n: PNode) =
   #assert(s.loc.k == locNone) # not yet assigned
   # this need not be fulfilled for inline procs; they are regenerated
   # for each module that uses them!
-  let nl = if optLineDir in p.config.options: "" else: "\L"
-  let decl = localVarDecl(p, n) & ";" & nl
+  let nl = if optLineDir in p.config.options: "" else: "\n"
+  var decl = localVarDecl(p, n)
+  if p.module.compileToCpp and isOrHasImportedCppType(n.typ):
+    var didGenTemp = false
+    decl.add genCppInitializer(p.module, p, n.typ, didGenTemp)
+  decl.add ";" & nl
   line(p, cpsLocals, decl)
 
 include ccgthreadvars
@@ -543,10 +641,34 @@ proc treatGlobalDifferentlyForHCR(m: BModule, s: PSym): bool =
       # and s.owner.kind == skModule # owner isn't always a module (global pragma on local var)
       # and s.loc.k == locGlobalVar  # loc isn't always initialized when this proc is used
 
+proc genGlobalVarDecl(p: BProc, n: PNode; td, value: Rope; decl: var Rope) =
+  let s = n.sym
+  if sfCodegenDecl notin s.flags:
+    if s.kind in {skLet, skVar, skField, skForVar} and s.alignment > 0:
+      decl.addf "NIM_ALIGN($1) ", [rope(s.alignment)]
+    if p.hcrOn: decl.add("static ")
+    elif sfImportc in s.flags: decl.add("extern ")
+    elif lfExportLib in s.loc.flags: decl.add("N_LIB_EXPORT_VAR ")
+    else: decl.add("N_LIB_PRIVATE ")
+    if s.kind == skLet and value != "": decl.add("NIM_CONST ")
+    decl.add(td)
+    if p.hcrOn: decl.add("*")
+    if sfRegister in s.flags: decl.add(" register")
+    if sfVolatile in s.flags: decl.add(" volatile")
+    if sfNoalias in s.flags: decl.add(" NIM_NOALIAS")
+  else:
+    if value != "":
+      decl = runtimeFormat(s.cgDeclFrmt & " = $#;$n", [td, s.loc.snippet, value])
+    else:
+      decl = runtimeFormat(s.cgDeclFrmt & ";$n", [td, s.loc.snippet])
+
+proc genCppVarForCtor(p: BProc; call: PNode; decl: var Rope; didGenTemp: var bool)
+
 proc assignGlobalVar(p: BProc, n: PNode; value: Rope) =
   let s = n.sym
   if s.loc.k == locNone:
-    fillLoc(s.loc, locGlobalVar, n, mangleName(p.module, s), OnHeap)
+    fillBackendName(p.module, s)
+    fillLoc(s.loc, locGlobalVar, n, OnHeap)
     if treatGlobalDifferentlyForHCR(p.module, s): incl(s.loc.flags, lfIndirect)
 
   if lfDynamicLib in s.loc.flags:
@@ -554,8 +676,8 @@ proc assignGlobalVar(p: BProc, n: PNode; value: Rope) =
     if q != nil and not containsOrIncl(q.declaredThings, s.id):
       varInDynamicLib(q, s)
     else:
-      s.loc.r = mangleDynLibProc(s)
-    if value != nil:
+      s.loc.snippet = mangleDynLibProc(s)
+    if value != "":
       internalError(p.config, n.info, ".dynlib variables cannot have a value")
     return
   useHeader(p.module, s)
@@ -563,71 +685,86 @@ proc assignGlobalVar(p: BProc, n: PNode; value: Rope) =
   if not containsOrIncl(p.module.declaredThings, s.id):
     if sfThread in s.flags:
       declareThreadVar(p.module, s, sfImportc in s.flags)
-      if value != nil:
+      if value != "":
         internalError(p.config, n.info, ".threadvar variables cannot have a value")
     else:
-      var decl: Rope = nil
-      var td = getTypeDesc(p.module, s.loc.t, skVar)
+      var decl: Rope = ""
+      let td = getTypeDesc(p.module, s.loc.t, dkVar)
+      genGlobalVarDecl(p, n, td, value, decl)
       if s.constraint.isNil:
-        if s.kind in {skLet, skVar, skField, skForVar} and s.alignment > 0:
-          decl.addf "NIM_ALIGN($1) ", [rope(s.alignment)]
-        if p.hcrOn: decl.add("static ")
-        elif sfImportc in s.flags: decl.add("extern ")
-        elif lfExportLib in s.loc.flags: decl.add("N_LIB_EXPORT_VAR ")
-        else: decl.add("N_LIB_PRIVATE ")
-        if s.kind == skLet and value != nil: decl.add("NIM_CONST ")
-        decl.add(td)
-        if p.hcrOn: decl.add("*")
-        if sfRegister in s.flags: decl.add(" register")
-        if sfVolatile in s.flags: decl.add(" volatile")
-        if sfNoalias in s.flags: decl.add(" NIM_NOALIAS")
-        if value != nil:
-          decl.addf(" $1 = $2;$n", [s.loc.r, value])
+        if value != "":
+          if p.module.compileToCpp and value.startsWith "{{}":
+            # TODO: taking this branch, re"\{\{\}(,\s\{\})*\}" might be emitted, resulting in
+            # either warnings (GCC 12.2+) or errors (Clang 15, MSVC 19.3+) of C++11+ compilers **when
+            # explicit constructors are around** due to overload resolution rules in place [^0][^1][^2]
+            # *Workaround* here: have C++'s static initialization mechanism do the default init work,
+            # for us lacking a deeper knowledge of an imported object's constructors' ex-/implicitness
+            # (so far) *and yet* trying to achieve default initialization.
+            # Still, generating {}s in genConstObjConstr() just to omit them here is faaaar from ideal;
+            # need to figure out a better way, possibly by keeping around more data about the
+            # imported objects' contructors?
+            #
+            # [^0]: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/aggregate_initialization
+            # [^1]: https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/1518.html
+            # [^2]: https://eel.is/c++draft/over.match.ctor
+            decl.addf(" $1;$n", [s.loc.snippet])
+          else:
+            decl.addf(" $1 = $2;$n", [s.loc.snippet, value])
         else:
-          decl.addf(" $1;$n", [s.loc.r])
-      else:
-        if value != nil:
-          decl = runtimeFormat(s.cgDeclFrmt & " = $#;$n", [td, s.loc.r, value])
-        else:
-          decl = runtimeFormat(s.cgDeclFrmt & ";$n", [td, s.loc.r])
+          decl.addf(" $1;$n", [s.loc.snippet])
+
       p.module.s[cfsVars].add(decl)
-  if p.withinLoop > 0 and value == nil:
+  if p.withinLoop > 0 and value == "":
     # fixes tests/run/tzeroarray:
     resetLoc(p, s.loc)
 
+proc callGlobalVarCppCtor(p: BProc; v: PSym; vn, value: PNode; didGenTemp: var bool) =
+  let s = vn.sym
+  fillBackendName(p.module, s)
+  fillLoc(s.loc, locGlobalVar, vn, OnHeap)
+  var decl: Rope = ""
+  let td = getTypeDesc(p.module, vn.sym.typ, dkVar)
+  genGlobalVarDecl(p, vn, td, "", decl)
+  decl.add " " & $s.loc.snippet
+  genCppVarForCtor(p, value, decl, didGenTemp)
+  if didGenTemp:  return # generated in the caller
+  p.module.s[cfsVars].add decl
+
 proc assignParam(p: BProc, s: PSym, retType: PType) =
-  assert(s.loc.r != nil)
+  assert(s.loc.snippet != "")
   scopeMangledParam(p, s)
 
 proc fillProcLoc(m: BModule; n: PNode) =
   let sym = n.sym
   if sym.loc.k == locNone:
-    fillLoc(sym.loc, locProc, n, mangleName(m, sym), OnStack)
+    fillBackendName(m, sym)
+    fillLoc(sym.loc, locProc, n, OnStack)
 
 proc getLabel(p: BProc): TLabel =
   inc(p.labels)
   result = "LA" & rope(p.labels) & "_"
 
 proc fixLabel(p: BProc, labl: TLabel) =
-  lineF(p, cpsStmts, "$1: ;$n", [labl])
+  p.s(cpsStmts).add("$1: ;$n" % [labl])
 
 proc genVarPrototype(m: BModule, n: PNode)
 proc requestConstImpl(p: BProc, sym: PSym)
 proc genStmts(p: BProc, t: PNode)
 proc expr(p: BProc, n: PNode, d: var TLoc)
-proc genProcPrototype(m: BModule, sym: PSym)
+
 proc putLocIntoDest(p: BProc, d: var TLoc, s: TLoc)
-proc intLiteral(i: BiggestInt): Rope
-proc genLiteral(p: BProc, n: PNode): Rope
-proc genOtherArg(p: BProc; ri: PNode; i: int; typ: PType): Rope
+proc intLiteral(i: BiggestInt; result: var Rope)
+proc genLiteral(p: BProc, n: PNode; result: var Rope)
+proc genOtherArg(p: BProc; ri: PNode; i: int; typ: PType; result: var Rope; argsCounter: var int)
 proc raiseExit(p: BProc)
+proc raiseExitCleanup(p: BProc, destroy: string)
 
-proc initLocExpr(p: BProc, e: PNode, result: var TLoc) =
-  initLoc(result, locNone, e, OnUnknown)
+proc initLocExpr(p: BProc, e: PNode, flags: TLocFlags = {}): TLoc =
+  result = initLoc(locNone, e, OnUnknown, flags)
   expr(p, e, result)
 
-proc initLocExprSingleUse(p: BProc, e: PNode, result: var TLoc) =
-  initLoc(result, locNone, e, OnUnknown)
+proc initLocExprSingleUse(p: BProc, e: PNode): TLoc =
+  result = initLoc(locNone, e, OnUnknown)
   if e.kind in nkCallKinds and (e[0].kind != nkSym or e[0].sym.magic == mNone):
     # We cannot check for tfNoSideEffect here because of mutable parameters.
     discard "bug #8202; enforce evaluation order for nested calls for C++ too"
@@ -643,25 +780,25 @@ include ccgcalls, "ccgstmts.nim"
 
 proc initFrame(p: BProc, procname, filename: Rope): Rope =
   const frameDefines = """
-  $1  define nimfr_(proc, file) \
-      TFrame FR_; \
-      FR_.procname = proc; FR_.filename = file; FR_.line = 0; FR_.len = 0; #nimFrame(&FR_);
+$1define nimfr_(proc, file) \
+  TFrame FR_; \
+  FR_.procname = proc; FR_.filename = file; FR_.line = 0; FR_.len = 0; #nimFrame(&FR_);
 
-  $1  define nimfrs_(proc, file, slots, length) \
-      struct {TFrame* prev;NCSTRING procname;NI line;NCSTRING filename; NI len; VarSlot s[slots];} FR_; \
-      FR_.procname = proc; FR_.filename = file; FR_.line = 0; FR_.len = length; #nimFrame((TFrame*)&FR_);
+$1define nimln_(n) \
+  FR_.line = n;
 
-  $1  define nimln_(n, file) \
-      FR_.line = n; FR_.filename = file;
-  """
+$1define nimlf_(n, file) \
+  FR_.line = n; FR_.filename = file;
+
+"""
   if p.module.s[cfsFrameDefines].len == 0:
     appcg(p.module, p.module.s[cfsFrameDefines], frameDefines, ["#"])
 
-  discard cgsym(p.module, "nimFrame")
+  cgsym(p.module, "nimFrame")
   result = ropecg(p.module, "\tnimfr_($1, $2);$n", [procname, filename])
 
 proc initFrameNoDebug(p: BProc; frame, procname, filename: Rope; line: int): Rope =
-  discard cgsym(p.module, "nimFrame")
+  cgsym(p.module, "nimFrame")
   p.blocks[0].sections[cpsLocals].addf("TFrame $1;$n", [frame])
   result = ropecg(p.module, "\t$1.procname = $2; $1.filename = $3; " &
                       " $1.line = $4; $1.len = -1; nimFrame(&$1);$n",
@@ -688,33 +825,36 @@ proc loadDynamicLib(m: BModule, lib: PLib) =
   if not lib.generated:
     lib.generated = true
     var tmp = getTempName(m)
-    assert(lib.name == nil)
+    assert(lib.name == "")
     lib.name = tmp # BUGFIX: cgsym has awful side-effects
     m.s[cfsVars].addf("static void* $1;$n", [tmp])
     if lib.path.kind in {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit}:
       var s: TStringSeq = @[]
       libCandidates(lib.path.strVal, s)
       rawMessage(m.config, hintDependency, lib.path.strVal)
-      var loadlib: Rope = nil
+      var loadlib: Rope = ""
       for i in 0..high(s):
         inc(m.labels)
         if i > 0: loadlib.add("||")
         let n = newStrNode(nkStrLit, s[i])
         n.info = lib.path.info
-        appcg(m, loadlib, "($1 = #nimLoadLibrary($2))$n",
-              [tmp, genStringLiteral(m, n)])
+        appcg(m, loadlib, "($1 = #nimLoadLibrary(", [tmp])
+        genStringLiteral(m, n, loadlib)
+        loadlib.addf "))$n", []
       appcg(m, m.s[cfsDynLibInit],
-            "if (!($1)) #nimLoadLibraryError($2);$n",
-            [loadlib, genStringLiteral(m, lib.path)])
+            "if (!($1)) #nimLoadLibraryError(",
+            [loadlib])
+      genStringLiteral(m, lib.path, m.s[cfsDynLibInit])
+      m.s[cfsDynLibInit].addf ");$n", []
+
     else:
       var p = newProc(nil, m)
       p.options.excl optStackTrace
       p.flags.incl nimErrorFlagDisabled
-      var dest: TLoc
-      initLoc(dest, locTemp, lib.path, OnStack)
-      dest.r = getTempName(m)
+      var dest: TLoc = initLoc(locTemp, lib.path, OnStack)
+      dest.snippet = getTempName(m)
       appcg(m, m.s[cfsDynLibInit],"$1 $2;$n",
-           [getTypeDesc(m, lib.path.typ, skVar), rdLoc(dest)])
+           [getTypeDesc(m, lib.path.typ, dkVar), rdLoc(dest)])
       expr(p, lib.path, dest)
 
       m.s[cfsVars].add(p.s(cpsLocals))
@@ -724,13 +864,13 @@ proc loadDynamicLib(m: BModule, lib: PLib) =
            "if (!($1 = #nimLoadLibrary($2))) #nimLoadLibraryError($2);$n",
            [tmp, rdLoc(dest)])
 
-  if lib.name == nil: internalError(m.config, "loadDynamicLib")
+  if lib.name == "": internalError(m.config, "loadDynamicLib")
 
 proc mangleDynLibProc(sym: PSym): Rope =
   # we have to build this as a single rope in order not to trip the
   # optimization in genInfixCall, see test tests/cpp/t8241.nim
   if sfCompilerProc in sym.flags:
-    # NOTE: sym.loc.r is the external name!
+    # NOTE: sym.loc.snippet is the external name!
     result = rope(sym.name.s)
   else:
     result = rope(strutils.`%`("Dl_$1_", $sym.id))
@@ -738,23 +878,22 @@ proc mangleDynLibProc(sym: PSym): Rope =
 proc symInDynamicLib(m: BModule, sym: PSym) =
   var lib = sym.annex
   let isCall = isGetProcAddr(lib)
-  var extname = sym.loc.r
+  var extname = sym.loc.snippet
   if not isCall: loadDynamicLib(m, lib)
   var tmp = mangleDynLibProc(sym)
-  sym.loc.r = tmp             # from now on we only need the internal name
+  sym.loc.snippet = tmp             # from now on we only need the internal name
   sym.typ.sym = nil           # generate a new name
   inc(m.labels, 2)
   if isCall:
     let n = lib.path
-    var a: TLoc
-    initLocExpr(m.initProc, n[0], a)
+    var a: TLoc = initLocExpr(m.initProc, n[0])
     var params = rdLoc(a) & "("
     for i in 1..<n.len-1:
-      initLocExpr(m.initProc, n[i], a)
+      a = initLocExpr(m.initProc, n[i])
       params.add(rdLoc(a))
       params.add(", ")
     let load = "\t$1 = ($2) ($3$4));$n" %
-        [tmp, getTypeDesc(m, sym.typ, skVar), params, makeCString($extname)]
+        [tmp, getTypeDesc(m, sym.typ, dkVar), params, makeCString($extname)]
     var last = lastSon(n)
     if last.kind == nkHiddenStdConv: last = last[1]
     internalAssert(m.config, last.kind == nkStrLit)
@@ -768,46 +907,55 @@ proc symInDynamicLib(m: BModule, sym: PSym) =
   else:
     appcg(m, m.s[cfsDynLibInit],
         "\t$1 = ($2) #nimGetProcAddr($3, $4);$n",
-        [tmp, getTypeDesc(m, sym.typ, skVar), lib.name, makeCString($extname)])
-  m.s[cfsVars].addf("$2 $1;$n", [sym.loc.r, getTypeDesc(m, sym.loc.t, skVar)])
+        [tmp, getTypeDesc(m, sym.typ, dkVar), lib.name, makeCString($extname)])
+  m.s[cfsVars].addf("$2 $1;$n", [sym.loc.snippet, getTypeDesc(m, sym.loc.t, dkVar)])
 
 proc varInDynamicLib(m: BModule, sym: PSym) =
   var lib = sym.annex
-  var extname = sym.loc.r
+  var extname = sym.loc.snippet
   loadDynamicLib(m, lib)
   incl(sym.loc.flags, lfIndirect)
   var tmp = mangleDynLibProc(sym)
-  sym.loc.r = tmp             # from now on we only need the internal name
+  sym.loc.snippet = tmp             # from now on we only need the internal name
   inc(m.labels, 2)
   appcg(m, m.s[cfsDynLibInit],
       "$1 = ($2*) #nimGetProcAddr($3, $4);$n",
-      [tmp, getTypeDesc(m, sym.typ, skVar), lib.name, makeCString($extname)])
+      [tmp, getTypeDesc(m, sym.typ, dkVar), lib.name, makeCString($extname)])
   m.s[cfsVars].addf("$2* $1;$n",
-      [sym.loc.r, getTypeDesc(m, sym.loc.t, skVar)])
+      [sym.loc.snippet, getTypeDesc(m, sym.loc.t, dkVar)])
 
 proc symInDynamicLibPartial(m: BModule, sym: PSym) =
-  sym.loc.r = mangleDynLibProc(sym)
+  sym.loc.snippet = mangleDynLibProc(sym)
   sym.typ.sym = nil           # generate a new name
 
-proc cgsym(m: BModule, name: string): Rope =
+proc cgsymImpl(m: BModule; sym: PSym) {.inline.} =
+  case sym.kind
+  of skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skConverter, skIterator: genProc(m, sym)
+  of skVar, skResult, skLet: genVarPrototype(m, newSymNode sym)
+  of skType: discard getTypeDesc(m, sym.typ)
+  else: internalError(m.config, "cgsym: " & $sym.kind)
+
+proc cgsym(m: BModule, name: string) =
+  let sym = magicsys.getCompilerProc(m.g.graph, name)
+  if sym != nil:
+    cgsymImpl m, sym
+  else:
+    rawMessage(m.config, errGenerated, "system module needs: " & name)
+
+proc cgsymValue(m: BModule, name: string): Rope =
   let sym = magicsys.getCompilerProc(m.g.graph, name)
   if sym != nil:
-    case sym.kind
-    of skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skConverter, skIterator: genProc(m, sym)
-    of skVar, skResult, skLet: genVarPrototype(m, newSymNode sym)
-    of skType: discard getTypeDesc(m, sym.typ)
-    else: internalError(m.config, "cgsym: " & name & ": " & $sym.kind)
+    cgsymImpl m, sym
   else:
-    # we used to exclude the system module from this check, but for DLL
-    # generation support this sloppyness leads to hard to detect bugs, so
-    # we're picky here for the system module too:
     rawMessage(m.config, errGenerated, "system module needs: " & name)
-  result = sym.loc.r
+  result = sym.loc.snippet
   if m.hcrOn and sym != nil and sym.kind in {skProc..skIterator}:
     result.addActualSuffixForHCR(m.module, sym)
 
 proc generateHeaders(m: BModule) =
-  m.s[cfsHeaders].add("\L#include \"nimbase.h\"\L")
+  var nimbase = m.config.nimbasePattern
+  if nimbase == "": nimbase = "nimbase.h"
+  m.s[cfsHeaders].addf("\L#include \"$1\"\L", [nimbase])
 
   for it in m.headerFiles:
     if it[0] == '#':
@@ -831,12 +979,12 @@ proc generateHeaders(m: BModule) =
 #undef unix
 """)
 
-proc openNamespaceNim(namespace: string): Rope =
+proc openNamespaceNim(namespace: string; result: var Rope) =
   result.add("namespace ")
   result.add(namespace)
   result.add(" {\L")
 
-proc closeNamespaceNim(): Rope =
+proc closeNamespaceNim(result: var Rope) =
   result.add("}\L")
 
 proc closureSetup(p: BProc, prc: PSym) =
@@ -856,24 +1004,34 @@ proc closureSetup(p: BProc, prc: PSym) =
     linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = ($2) ClE_0;$n",
             [rdLoc(env.loc), getTypeDesc(p.module, env.typ)])
 
+const harmless = {nkConstSection, nkTypeSection, nkEmpty, nkCommentStmt, nkTemplateDef,
+                  nkMacroDef, nkMixinStmt, nkBindStmt, nkFormalParams} +
+                  declarativeDefs
+
 proc containsResult(n: PNode): bool =
-  if n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind == skResult:
-    result = true
+  result = false
+  case n.kind
+  of succ(nkEmpty)..pred(nkSym), succ(nkSym)..nkNilLit, harmless:
+    discard
+  of nkReturnStmt:
+    for i in 0..<n.len:
+      if containsResult(n[i]): return true
+    result = n.len > 0 and n[0].kind == nkEmpty
+  of nkSym:
+    if n.sym.kind == skResult:
+      result = true
   else:
-    for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
+    for i in 0..<n.len:
       if containsResult(n[i]): return true
 
-const harmless = {nkConstSection, nkTypeSection, nkEmpty, nkCommentStmt, nkTemplateDef,
-                  nkMacroDef, nkMixinStmt, nkBindStmt} +
-                  declarativeDefs
-
 proc easyResultAsgn(n: PNode): PNode =
+  result = nil
   case n.kind
   of nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr:
     var i = 0
     while i < n.len and n[i].kind in harmless: inc i
     if i < n.len: result = easyResultAsgn(n[i])
-  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn:
+  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn:
     if n[0].kind == nkSym and n[0].sym.kind == skResult and not containsResult(n[1]):
       incl n.flags, nfPreventCg
       return n[1]
@@ -886,7 +1044,7 @@ proc easyResultAsgn(n: PNode): PNode =
 type
   InitResultEnum = enum Unknown, InitSkippable, InitRequired
 
-proc allPathsAsgnResult(n: PNode): InitResultEnum =
+proc allPathsAsgnResult(p: BProc; n: PNode): InitResultEnum =
   # Exceptions coming from calls don't have not be considered here:
   #
   # proc bar(): string = raise newException(...)
@@ -901,7 +1059,7 @@ proc allPathsAsgnResult(n: PNode): InitResultEnum =
   #   echo "a was not written to"
   #
   template allPathsInBranch(it) =
-    let a = allPathsAsgnResult(it)
+    let a = allPathsAsgnResult(p, it)
     case a
     of InitRequired: return InitRequired
     of InitSkippable: discard
@@ -913,14 +1071,20 @@ proc allPathsAsgnResult(n: PNode): InitResultEnum =
   case n.kind
   of nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr:
     for it in n:
-      result = allPathsAsgnResult(it)
+      result = allPathsAsgnResult(p, it)
       if result != Unknown: return result
-  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn:
+  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn:
     if n[0].kind == nkSym and n[0].sym.kind == skResult:
-      if not containsResult(n[1]): result = InitSkippable
+      if not containsResult(n[1]):
+        if allPathsAsgnResult(p, n[1]) == InitRequired:
+          result = InitRequired
+        else:
+          result = InitSkippable
       else: result = InitRequired
     elif containsResult(n):
       result = InitRequired
+    else:
+      result = allPathsAsgnResult(p, n[1])
   of nkReturnStmt:
     if n.len > 0:
       if n[0].kind == nkEmpty and result != InitSkippable:
@@ -929,7 +1093,7 @@ proc allPathsAsgnResult(n: PNode): InitResultEnum =
         # initialized. This avoids cases like #9286 where this heuristic lead to
         # wrong code being generated.
         result = InitRequired
-      else: result = allPathsAsgnResult(n[0])
+      else: result = allPathsAsgnResult(p, n[0])
   of nkIfStmt, nkIfExpr:
     var exhaustive = false
     result = InitSkippable
@@ -946,7 +1110,7 @@ proc allPathsAsgnResult(n: PNode): InitResultEnum =
     if containsResult(n[0]): return InitRequired
     result = InitSkippable
     var exhaustive = skipTypes(n[0].typ,
-        abstractVarRange-{tyTypeDesc}).kind notin {tyFloat..tyFloat128, tyString}
+        abstractVarRange-{tyTypeDesc}).kind notin {tyFloat..tyFloat128, tyString, tyCstring}
     for i in 1..<n.len:
       let it = n[i]
       allPathsInBranch(it.lastSon)
@@ -955,9 +1119,9 @@ proc allPathsAsgnResult(n: PNode): InitResultEnum =
   of nkWhileStmt:
     # some dubious code can assign the result in the 'while'
     # condition and that would be fine. Everything else isn't:
-    result = allPathsAsgnResult(n[0])
+    result = allPathsAsgnResult(p, n[0])
     if result == Unknown:
-      result = allPathsAsgnResult(n[1])
+      result = allPathsAsgnResult(p, n[1])
       # we cannot assume that the 'while' loop is really executed at least once:
       if result == InitSkippable: result = Unknown
   of harmless:
@@ -982,9 +1146,21 @@ proc allPathsAsgnResult(n: PNode): InitResultEnum =
     allPathsInBranch(n[0])
     for i in 1..<n.len:
       if n[i].kind == nkFinally:
-        result = allPathsAsgnResult(n[i].lastSon)
+        result = allPathsAsgnResult(p, n[i].lastSon)
       else:
         allPathsInBranch(n[i].lastSon)
+  of nkCallKinds:
+    if canRaiseDisp(p, n[0]):
+      result = InitRequired
+    else:
+      for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
+        allPathsInBranch(n[i])
+  of nkRaiseStmt:
+    result = InitRequired
+  of nkChckRangeF, nkChckRange64, nkChckRange:
+    # TODO: more checks might need to be covered like overflow, indexDefect etc.
+    # bug #22852
+    result = InitRequired
   else:
     for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
       allPathsInBranch(n[i])
@@ -992,14 +1168,14 @@ proc allPathsAsgnResult(n: PNode): InitResultEnum =
 proc getProcTypeCast(m: BModule, prc: PSym): Rope =
   result = getTypeDesc(m, prc.loc.t)
   if prc.typ.callConv == ccClosure:
-    var rettype, params: Rope
+    var rettype, params: Rope = ""
     var check = initIntSet()
     genProcParams(m, prc.typ, rettype, params, check)
     result = "$1(*)$2" % [rettype, params]
 
 proc genProcBody(p: BProc; procBody: PNode) =
   genStmts(p, procBody) # modifies p.locals, p.init, etc.
-  if {nimErrorFlagAccessed, nimErrorFlagDeclared} * p.flags == {nimErrorFlagAccessed}:
+  if {nimErrorFlagAccessed, nimErrorFlagDeclared, nimErrorFlagDisabled} * p.flags == {nimErrorFlagAccessed}:
     p.flags.incl nimErrorFlagDeclared
     p.blocks[0].sections[cpsLocals].add(ropecg(p.module, "NIM_BOOL* nimErr_;$n", []))
     p.blocks[0].sections[cpsInit].add(ropecg(p.module, "nimErr_ = #nimErrorFlag();$n", []))
@@ -1007,37 +1183,54 @@ proc genProcBody(p: BProc; procBody: PNode) =
 proc isNoReturn(m: BModule; s: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
   sfNoReturn in s.flags and m.config.exc != excGoto
 
-proc genProcAux(m: BModule, prc: PSym) =
+proc genProcAux*(m: BModule, prc: PSym) =
   var p = newProc(prc, m)
-  var header = genProcHeader(m, prc)
-  var returnStmt: Rope = nil
+  var header = newRopeAppender()
+  let isCppMember = m.config.backend == backendCpp and sfCppMember * prc.flags != {}
+  if isCppMember:
+    genMemberProcHeader(m, prc, header)
+  else:
+    genProcHeader(m, prc, header)
+  var returnStmt: Rope = ""
   assert(prc.ast != nil)
 
-  var procBody = transformBody(m.g.graph, m.idgen, prc, cache = false)
+  var procBody = transformBody(m.g.graph, m.idgen, prc, {})
   if sfInjectDestructors in prc.flags:
     procBody = injectDestructorCalls(m.g.graph, m.idgen, prc, procBody)
 
-  if sfPure notin prc.flags and prc.typ[0] != nil:
+  let tmpInfo = prc.info
+  discard freshLineInfo(p, prc.info)
+
+  if sfPure notin prc.flags and prc.typ.returnType != nil:
     if resultPos >= prc.ast.len:
       internalError(m.config, prc.info, "proc has no result symbol")
     let resNode = prc.ast[resultPos]
     let res = resNode.sym # get result symbol
-    if not isInvalidReturnType(m.config, prc.typ[0]):
+    if not isInvalidReturnType(m.config, prc.typ) and sfConstructor notin prc.flags:
       if sfNoInit in prc.flags: incl(res.flags, sfNoInit)
       if sfNoInit in prc.flags and p.module.compileToCpp and (let val = easyResultAsgn(procBody); val != nil):
         var decl = localVarDecl(p, resNode)
-        var a: TLoc
-        initLocExprSingleUse(p, val, a)
+        var a: TLoc = initLocExprSingleUse(p, val)
         linefmt(p, cpsStmts, "$1 = $2;$n", [decl, rdLoc(a)])
       else:
         # declare the result symbol:
         assignLocalVar(p, resNode)
-        assert(res.loc.r != nil)
-        initLocalVar(p, res, immediateAsgn=false)
+        assert(res.loc.snippet != "")
+        if p.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc} and
+            allPathsAsgnResult(p, procBody) == InitSkippable:
+          # In an ideal world the codegen could rely on injectdestructors doing its job properly
+          # and then the analysis step would not be required.
+          discard "result init optimized out"
+        else:
+          initLocalVar(p, res, immediateAsgn=false)
       returnStmt = ropecg(p.module, "\treturn $1;$n", [rdLoc(res.loc)])
+    elif sfConstructor in prc.flags:
+      resNode.sym.loc.flags.incl lfIndirect
+      fillLoc(resNode.sym.loc, locParam, resNode, "this", OnHeap)
+      prc.loc.snippet = getTypeDesc(m, resNode.sym.loc.t, dkVar)
     else:
-      fillResult(p.config, resNode)
-      assignParam(p, res, prc.typ[0])
+      fillResult(p.config, resNode, prc.typ)
+      assignParam(p, res, prc.typ.returnType)
       # We simplify 'unsureAsgn(result, nil); unsureAsgn(result, x)'
       # to 'unsureAsgn(result, x)'
       # Sketch why this is correct: If 'result' points to a stack location
@@ -1045,7 +1238,7 @@ proc genProcAux(m: BModule, prc: PSym) =
       # global is either 'nil' or points to valid memory and so the RC operation
       # succeeds without touching not-initialized memory.
       if sfNoInit in prc.flags: discard
-      elif allPathsAsgnResult(procBody) == InitSkippable: discard
+      elif allPathsAsgnResult(p, procBody) == InitSkippable: discard
       else:
         resetLoc(p, res.loc)
       if skipTypes(res.typ, abstractInst).kind == tyArray:
@@ -1055,17 +1248,19 @@ proc genProcAux(m: BModule, prc: PSym) =
   for i in 1..<prc.typ.n.len:
     let param = prc.typ.n[i].sym
     if param.typ.isCompileTimeOnly: continue
-    assignParam(p, param, prc.typ[0])
+    assignParam(p, param, prc.typ.returnType)
   closureSetup(p, prc)
   genProcBody(p, procBody)
 
-  var generatedProc: Rope
+  prc.info = tmpInfo
+
+  var generatedProc: Rope = ""
   generatedProc.genCLineDir prc.info, m.config
   if isNoReturn(p.module, prc):
-    if hasDeclspec in extccomp.CC[p.config.cCompiler].props:
+    if hasDeclspec in extccomp.CC[p.config.cCompiler].props and not isCppMember:
       header = "__declspec(noreturn) " & header
   if sfPure in prc.flags:
-    if hasDeclspec in extccomp.CC[p.config.cCompiler].props:
+    if hasDeclspec in extccomp.CC[p.config.cCompiler].props and not isCppMember:
       header = "__declspec(naked) " & header
     generatedProc.add ropecg(p.module, "$1 {$n$2$3$4}$N$N",
                          [header, p.s(cpsLocals), p.s(cpsInit), p.s(cpsStmts)])
@@ -1090,14 +1285,14 @@ proc genProcAux(m: BModule, prc: PSym) =
     if beforeRetNeeded in p.flags: generatedProc.add("{")
     generatedProc.add(p.s(cpsInit))
     generatedProc.add(p.s(cpsStmts))
-    if beforeRetNeeded in p.flags: generatedProc.add(~"\t}BeforeRet_: ;$n")
+    if beforeRetNeeded in p.flags: generatedProc.add("\t}BeforeRet_: ;\n")
     if optStackTrace in prc.options: generatedProc.add(deinitFrame(p))
     generatedProc.add(returnStmt)
-    generatedProc.add(~"}$N")
+    generatedProc.add("}\n")
   m.s[cfsProcs].add(generatedProc)
   if isReloadable(m, prc):
     m.s[cfsDynLibInit].addf("\t$1 = ($3) hcrRegisterProc($4, \"$1\", (void*)$2);$n",
-         [prc.loc.r, prc.loc.r & "_actual", getProcTypeCast(m, prc), getModuleDllPath(m, prc)])
+         [prc.loc.snippet, prc.loc.snippet & "_actual", getProcTypeCast(m, prc), getModuleDllPath(m, prc)])
 
 proc requiresExternC(m: BModule; sym: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
   result = (sfCompileToCpp in m.module.flags and
@@ -1110,7 +1305,7 @@ proc requiresExternC(m: BModule; sym: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
 
 proc genProcPrototype(m: BModule, sym: PSym) =
   useHeader(m, sym)
-  if lfNoDecl in sym.loc.flags: return
+  if lfNoDecl in sym.loc.flags or sfCppMember * sym.flags != {}: return
   if lfDynamicLib in sym.loc.flags:
     if sym.itemId.module != m.module.position and
         not containsOrIncl(m.declaredThings, sym.id):
@@ -1122,7 +1317,8 @@ proc genProcPrototype(m: BModule, sym: PSym) =
              [mangleDynLibProc(sym), getTypeDesc(m, sym.loc.t), getModuleDllPath(m, sym)])
   elif not containsOrIncl(m.declaredProtos, sym.id):
     let asPtr = isReloadable(m, sym)
-    var header = genProcHeader(m, sym, asPtr)
+    var header = newRopeAppender()
+    genProcHeader(m, sym, header, asPtr)
     if not asPtr:
       if isNoReturn(m, sym) and hasDeclspec in extccomp.CC[m.config.cCompiler].props:
         header = "__declspec(noreturn) " & header
@@ -1140,11 +1336,25 @@ proc genProcNoForward(m: BModule, prc: PSym) =
     fillProcLoc(m, prc.ast[namePos])
     useHeader(m, prc)
     # dependency to a compilerproc:
-    discard cgsym(m, prc.name.s)
+    cgsym(m, prc.name.s)
     return
   if lfNoDecl in prc.loc.flags:
     fillProcLoc(m, prc.ast[namePos])
     genProcPrototype(m, prc)
+  elif lfDynamicLib in prc.loc.flags:
+    var q = findPendingModule(m, prc)
+    fillProcLoc(q, prc.ast[namePos])
+    genProcPrototype(m, prc)
+    if q != nil and not containsOrIncl(q.declaredThings, prc.id):
+      symInDynamicLib(q, prc)
+      # register the procedure even though it is in a different dynamic library and will not be
+      # reloadable (and has no _actual suffix) - other modules will need to be able to get it through
+      # the hcr dynlib (also put it in the DynLibInit section - right after it gets loaded)
+      if isReloadable(q, prc):
+        q.s[cfsDynLibInit].addf("\t$1 = ($2) hcrRegisterProc($3, \"$1\", (void*)$1);$n",
+            [prc.loc.snippet, getTypeDesc(q, prc.loc.t), getModuleDllPath(m, q.module)])
+    else:
+      symInDynamicLibPartial(m, prc)
   elif prc.typ.callConv == ccInline:
     # We add inline procs to the calling module to enable C based inlining.
     # This also means that a check with ``q.declaredThings`` is wrong, we need
@@ -1159,24 +1369,10 @@ proc genProcNoForward(m: BModule, prc: PSym) =
       #elif {sfExportc, sfImportc} * prc.flags == {}:
       #  # reset name to restore consistency in case of hashing collisions:
       #  echo "resetting ", prc.id, " by ", m.module.name.s
-      #  prc.loc.r = nil
-      #  prc.loc.r = mangleName(m, prc)
+      #  prc.loc.snippet = nil
+      #  prc.loc.snippet = mangleName(m, prc)
       genProcPrototype(m, prc)
       genProcAux(m, prc)
-  elif lfDynamicLib in prc.loc.flags:
-    var q = findPendingModule(m, prc)
-    fillProcLoc(q, prc.ast[namePos])
-    genProcPrototype(m, prc)
-    if q != nil and not containsOrIncl(q.declaredThings, prc.id):
-      symInDynamicLib(q, prc)
-      # register the procedure even though it is in a different dynamic library and will not be
-      # reloadable (and has no _actual suffix) - other modules will need to be able to get it through
-      # the hcr dynlib (also put it in the DynLibInit section - right after it gets loaded)
-      if isReloadable(q, prc):
-        q.s[cfsDynLibInit].addf("\t$1 = ($2) hcrRegisterProc($3, \"$1\", (void*)$1);$n",
-            [prc.loc.r, getTypeDesc(q, prc.loc.t), getModuleDllPath(m, q.module)])
-    else:
-      symInDynamicLibPartial(m, prc)
   elif sfImportc notin prc.flags:
     var q = findPendingModule(m, prc)
     fillProcLoc(q, prc.ast[namePos])
@@ -1186,7 +1382,7 @@ proc genProcNoForward(m: BModule, prc: PSym) =
     if isReloadable(m, prc) and prc.id notin m.declaredProtos and
       q != nil and q.module.id != m.module.id:
       m.s[cfsDynLibInit].addf("\t$1 = ($2) hcrGetProc($3, \"$1\");$n",
-           [prc.loc.r, getProcTypeCast(m, prc), getModuleDllPath(m, prc)])
+           [prc.loc.snippet, getProcTypeCast(m, prc), getModuleDllPath(m, prc)])
     genProcPrototype(m, prc)
     if q != nil and not containsOrIncl(q.declaredThings, prc.id):
       # make sure there is a "prototype" in the external module
@@ -1231,31 +1427,32 @@ proc genVarPrototype(m: BModule, n: PNode) =
   #assert(sfGlobal in sym.flags)
   let sym = n.sym
   useHeader(m, sym)
-  fillLoc(sym.loc, locGlobalVar, n, mangleName(m, sym), OnHeap)
+  fillBackendName(m, sym)
+  fillLoc(sym.loc, locGlobalVar, n, OnHeap)
   if treatGlobalDifferentlyForHCR(m, sym): incl(sym.loc.flags, lfIndirect)
 
   if (lfNoDecl in sym.loc.flags) or contains(m.declaredThings, sym.id):
     return
   if sym.owner.id != m.module.id:
     # else we already have the symbol generated!
-    assert(sym.loc.r != nil)
+    assert(sym.loc.snippet != "")
+    incl(m.declaredThings, sym.id)
     if sfThread in sym.flags:
       declareThreadVar(m, sym, true)
     else:
-      incl(m.declaredThings, sym.id)
       if sym.kind in {skLet, skVar, skField, skForVar} and sym.alignment > 0:
         m.s[cfsVars].addf "NIM_ALIGN($1) ", [rope(sym.alignment)]
       m.s[cfsVars].add(if m.hcrOn: "static " else: "extern ")
-      m.s[cfsVars].add(getTypeDesc(m, sym.loc.t, skVar))
+      m.s[cfsVars].add(getTypeDesc(m, sym.loc.t, dkVar))
       if m.hcrOn: m.s[cfsVars].add("*")
       if lfDynamicLib in sym.loc.flags: m.s[cfsVars].add("*")
       if sfRegister in sym.flags: m.s[cfsVars].add(" register")
       if sfVolatile in sym.flags: m.s[cfsVars].add(" volatile")
       if sfNoalias in sym.flags: m.s[cfsVars].add(" NIM_NOALIAS")
-      m.s[cfsVars].addf(" $1;$n", [sym.loc.r])
+      m.s[cfsVars].addf(" $1;$n", [sym.loc.snippet])
       if m.hcrOn: m.initProc.procSec(cpsLocals).addf(
-        "\t$1 = ($2*)hcrGetGlobal($3, \"$1\");$n", [sym.loc.r,
-        getTypeDesc(m, sym.loc.t, skVar), getModuleDllPath(m, sym)])
+        "\t$1 = ($2*)hcrGetGlobal($3, \"$1\");$n", [sym.loc.snippet,
+        getTypeDesc(m, sym.loc.t, dkVar), getModuleDllPath(m, sym)])
 
 proc addNimDefines(result: var Rope; conf: ConfigRef) {.inline.} =
   result.addf("#define NIM_INTBITS $1\L", [
@@ -1285,23 +1482,27 @@ proc getFileHeader(conf: ConfigRef; cfile: Cfile): Rope =
   if conf.hcrOn: result.add("#define NIM_HOT_CODE_RELOADING\L")
   addNimDefines(result, conf)
 
-proc getSomeNameForModule(m: PSym): Rope =
-  assert m.kind == skModule
-  assert m.owner.kind == skPackage
-  if {sfSystemModule, sfMainModule} * m.flags == {}:
-    result = m.owner.name.s.mangle.rope
-    result.add "_"
-  result.add m.name.s.mangle
+proc getSomeNameForModule(conf: ConfigRef, filename: AbsoluteFile): Rope =
+  ## Returns a mangled module name.
+  result = mangleModuleName(conf, filename).mangle
+
+proc getSomeNameForModule(m: BModule): Rope =
+  ## Returns a mangled module name.
+  assert m.module.kind == skModule
+  assert m.module.owner.kind == skPackage
+  result = mangleModuleName(m.g.config, m.filename).mangle
 
 proc getSomeInitName(m: BModule, suffix: string): Rope =
   if not m.hcrOn:
-    result = getSomeNameForModule(m.module)
+    result = getSomeNameForModule(m)
+  else:
+    result = ""
   result.add suffix
 
 proc getInitName(m: BModule): Rope =
   if sfMainModule in m.module.flags:
     # generate constant name for main module, for "easy" debugging.
-    result = rope"NimMainModule"
+    result = rope(m.config.nimMainPrefix) & rope"NimMainModule"
   else:
     result = getSomeInitName(m, "Init000")
 
@@ -1314,67 +1515,84 @@ proc genMainProc(m: BModule) =
   ## this function is called in cgenWriteModules after all modules are closed,
   ## it means raising dependency on the symbols is too late as it will not propagate
   ## into other modules, only simple rope manipulations are allowed
-
-  var preMainCode: Rope
+  var preMainCode: Rope = ""
   if m.hcrOn:
     proc loadLib(handle: string, name: string): Rope =
+      result = ""
       let prc = magicsys.getCompilerProc(m.g.graph, name)
       assert prc != nil
       let n = newStrNode(nkStrLit, prc.annex.path.strVal)
       n.info = prc.annex.path.info
+      var strLit = newRopeAppender()
+      genStringLiteral(m, n, strLit)
       appcg(m, result, "\tif (!($1 = #nimLoadLibrary($2)))$N" &
                        "\t\t#nimLoadLibraryError($2);$N",
-                       [handle, genStringLiteral(m, n)])
+                       [handle, strLit])
 
     preMainCode.add(loadLib("hcr_handle", "hcrGetProc"))
-    preMainCode.add("\tvoid* rtl_handle;\L")
-    preMainCode.add(loadLib("rtl_handle", "nimGC_setStackBottom"))
-    preMainCode.add(hcrGetProcLoadCode(m, "nimGC_setStackBottom", "nimrtl_", "rtl_handle", "nimGetProcAddr"))
-    preMainCode.add("\tinner = PreMain;\L")
-    preMainCode.add("\tinitStackBottomWith_actual((void *)&inner);\L")
-    preMainCode.add("\t(*inner)();\L")
+    if m.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc}:
+      preMainCode.add("\t$1PreMain();\L" % [rope m.config.nimMainPrefix])
+    else:
+      preMainCode.add("\tvoid* rtl_handle;\L")
+      preMainCode.add(loadLib("rtl_handle", "nimGC_setStackBottom"))
+      preMainCode.add(hcrGetProcLoadCode(m, "nimGC_setStackBottom", "nimrtl_", "rtl_handle", "nimGetProcAddr"))
+      preMainCode.add("\tinner = $1PreMain;\L" % [rope m.config.nimMainPrefix])
+      preMainCode.add("\tinitStackBottomWith_actual((void *)&inner);\L")
+      preMainCode.add("\t(*inner)();\L")
   else:
-    preMainCode.add("\tPreMain();\L")
+    preMainCode.add("\t$1PreMain();\L" % [rope m.config.nimMainPrefix])
 
-  const
-    # not a big deal if we always compile these 3 global vars... makes the HCR code easier
-    PosixCmdLine =
-      "N_LIB_PRIVATE int cmdCount;$N" &
-      "N_LIB_PRIVATE char** cmdLine;$N" &
-      "N_LIB_PRIVATE char** gEnv;$N"
+  var posixCmdLine: Rope = ""
+  if optNoMain notin m.config.globalOptions:
+    posixCmdLine.add "N_LIB_PRIVATE int cmdCount;\L"
+    posixCmdLine.add "N_LIB_PRIVATE char** cmdLine;\L"
+    posixCmdLine.add "N_LIB_PRIVATE char** gEnv;\L"
 
+  const
     # The use of a volatile function pointer to call Pre/NimMainInner
     # prevents inlining of the NimMainInner function and dependent
     # functions, which might otherwise merge their stack frames.
+
     PreMainBody = "$N" &
-      "N_LIB_PRIVATE void PreMainInner(void) {$N" &
+      "N_LIB_PRIVATE void $3PreMainInner(void) {$N" &
       "$2" &
       "}$N$N" &
-      PosixCmdLine &
-      "N_LIB_PRIVATE void PreMain(void) {$N" &
+      "$4" &
+      "N_LIB_PRIVATE void $3PreMain(void) {$N" &
+      "##if $5$N" & # 1 for volatile call, 0 for non-volatile
       "\tvoid (*volatile inner)(void);$N" &
-      "\tinner = PreMainInner;$N" &
+      "\tinner = $3PreMainInner;$N" &
       "$1" &
       "\t(*inner)();$N" &
+      "##else$N" &
+      "$1" &
+      "\t$3PreMainInner();$N" &
+      "##endif$N" &
       "}$N$N"
 
     MainProcs =
-      "\tNimMain();$N"
+      "\t$^NimMain();$N"
 
     MainProcsWithResult =
       MainProcs & ("\treturn $1nim_program_result;$N")
 
-    NimMainInner = "N_LIB_PRIVATE N_CDECL(void, NimMainInner)(void) {$N" &
+    NimMainInner = "N_LIB_PRIVATE N_CDECL(void, $5NimMainInner)(void) {$N" &
         "$1" &
       "}$N$N"
 
     NimMainProc =
-      "N_CDECL(void, NimMain)(void) {$N" &
-        "\tvoid (*volatile inner)(void);$N" &
-        "$4" &
-        "\tinner = NimMainInner;$N" &
-        "$2" &
-        "\t(*inner)();$N" &
+      "N_CDECL(void, $5NimMain)(void) {$N" &
+      "##if $6$N" & # 1 for volatile call, 0 for non-volatile
+      "\tvoid (*volatile inner)(void);$N" &
+      "$4" &
+      "\tinner = $5NimMainInner;$N" &
+      "$2" &
+      "\t(*inner)();$N" &
+      "##else$N" &
+      "$4" &
+      "$2" &
+      "\t$5NimMainInner();$N" &
+      "##endif$N" &
       "}$N$N"
 
     NimMainBody = NimMainInner & NimMainProc
@@ -1405,7 +1623,7 @@ proc genMainProc(m: BModule) =
     WinCDllMain =
       "BOOL WINAPI DllMain(HINSTANCE hinstDLL, DWORD fwdreason, $N" &
       "                    LPVOID lpvReserved) {$N" &
-      "\tif(fwdreason == DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH) {$N" & MainProcs & "}$N" &
+      "\tif (fwdreason == DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH) {$N" & MainProcs & "\t}$N" &
       "\treturn 1;$N}$N$N"
 
     PosixNimDllMain = WinNimDllMain
@@ -1417,7 +1635,7 @@ proc genMainProc(m: BModule) =
 
     GenodeNimMain =
       "extern Genode::Env *nim_runtime_env;$N" &
-      "extern void nim_component_construct(Genode::Env*);$N$N" &
+      "extern \"C\" void nim_component_construct(Genode::Env*);$N$N" &
       NimMainBody
 
     ComponentConstruct =
@@ -1439,67 +1657,91 @@ proc genMainProc(m: BModule) =
     m.includeHeader("<libc/component.h>")
 
   let initStackBottomCall =
-    if m.config.target.targetOS == osStandalone or m.config.selectedGC == gcNone: "".rope
+    if m.config.target.targetOS == osStandalone or m.config.selectedGC in {gcNone, gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc}: "".rope
     else: ropecg(m, "\t#initStackBottomWith((void *)&inner);$N", [])
   inc(m.labels)
-  appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], PreMainBody, [m.g.mainDatInit, m.g.otherModsInit])
+
+  let isVolatile = if m.config.selectedGC notin {gcNone, gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc}: "1" else: "0"
+  appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], PreMainBody, [m.g.mainDatInit, m.g.otherModsInit, m.config.nimMainPrefix, posixCmdLine, isVolatile])
 
   if m.config.target.targetOS == osWindows and
       m.config.globalOptions * {optGenGuiApp, optGenDynLib} != {}:
     if optGenGuiApp in m.config.globalOptions:
       const nimMain = WinNimMain
       appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], nimMain,
-        [m.g.mainModInit, initStackBottomCall, m.labels, preMainCode])
+        [m.g.mainModInit, initStackBottomCall, m.labels, preMainCode, m.config.nimMainPrefix, isVolatile])
     else:
       const nimMain = WinNimDllMain
       appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], nimMain,
-        [m.g.mainModInit, initStackBottomCall, m.labels, preMainCode])
+        [m.g.mainModInit, initStackBottomCall, m.labels, preMainCode, m.config.nimMainPrefix, isVolatile])
   elif m.config.target.targetOS == osGenode:
     const nimMain = GenodeNimMain
     appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], nimMain,
-        [m.g.mainModInit, initStackBottomCall, m.labels, preMainCode])
+        [m.g.mainModInit, initStackBottomCall, m.labels, preMainCode, m.config.nimMainPrefix, isVolatile])
   elif optGenDynLib in m.config.globalOptions:
     const nimMain = PosixNimDllMain
     appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], nimMain,
-        [m.g.mainModInit, initStackBottomCall, m.labels, preMainCode])
-  elif m.config.target.targetOS == osStandalone:
-    const nimMain = NimMainBody
-    appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], nimMain,
-        [m.g.mainModInit, initStackBottomCall, m.labels, preMainCode])
+        [m.g.mainModInit, initStackBottomCall, m.labels, preMainCode, m.config.nimMainPrefix, isVolatile])
   else:
     const nimMain = NimMainBody
     appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], nimMain,
-        [m.g.mainModInit, initStackBottomCall, m.labels, preMainCode])
-
+        [m.g.mainModInit, initStackBottomCall, m.labels, preMainCode, m.config.nimMainPrefix, isVolatile])
 
   if optNoMain notin m.config.globalOptions:
     if m.config.cppCustomNamespace.len > 0:
-      m.s[cfsProcs].add closeNamespaceNim() & "using namespace " & m.config.cppCustomNamespace & ";\L"
+      closeNamespaceNim(m.s[cfsProcs])
+      m.s[cfsProcs].add "using namespace " & m.config.cppCustomNamespace & ";\L"
 
     if m.config.target.targetOS == osWindows and
         m.config.globalOptions * {optGenGuiApp, optGenDynLib} != {}:
       if optGenGuiApp in m.config.globalOptions:
         const otherMain = WinCMain
-        appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], otherMain, [if m.hcrOn: "*" else: ""])
+        appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], otherMain, [if m.hcrOn: "*" else: "", m.config.nimMainPrefix])
       else:
         const otherMain = WinCDllMain
-        appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], otherMain, [])
+        appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], otherMain, [m.config.nimMainPrefix])
     elif m.config.target.targetOS == osGenode:
       const otherMain = ComponentConstruct
-      appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], otherMain, [])
+      appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], otherMain, [m.config.nimMainPrefix])
     elif optGenDynLib in m.config.globalOptions:
       const otherMain = PosixCDllMain
-      appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], otherMain, [])
+      appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], otherMain, [m.config.nimMainPrefix])
     elif m.config.target.targetOS == osStandalone:
       const otherMain = StandaloneCMain
-      appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], otherMain, [])
+      appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], otherMain, [m.config.nimMainPrefix])
     else:
       const otherMain = PosixCMain
-      appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], otherMain, [if m.hcrOn: "*" else: ""])
-
+      appcg(m, m.s[cfsProcs], otherMain, [if m.hcrOn: "*" else: "", m.config.nimMainPrefix])
 
     if m.config.cppCustomNamespace.len > 0:
-      m.s[cfsProcs].add openNamespaceNim(m.config.cppCustomNamespace)
+      openNamespaceNim(m.config.cppCustomNamespace, m.s[cfsProcs])
+
+proc registerInitProcs*(g: BModuleList; m: PSym; flags: set[ModuleBackendFlag]) =
+  ## Called from the IC backend.
+  if HasDatInitProc in flags:
+    let datInit = getSomeNameForModule(g.config, g.config.toFullPath(m.info.fileIndex).AbsoluteFile) & "DatInit000"
+    g.mainModProcs.addf("N_LIB_PRIVATE N_NIMCALL(void, $1)(void);$N", [datInit])
+    g.mainDatInit.addf("\t$1();$N", [datInit])
+  if HasModuleInitProc in flags:
+    let init = getSomeNameForModule(g.config, g.config.toFullPath(m.info.fileIndex).AbsoluteFile) & "Init000"
+    g.mainModProcs.addf("N_LIB_PRIVATE N_NIMCALL(void, $1)(void);$N", [init])
+    let initCall = "\t$1();$N" % [init]
+    if sfMainModule in m.flags:
+      g.mainModInit.add(initCall)
+    elif sfSystemModule in m.flags:
+      g.mainDatInit.add(initCall) # systemInit must called right after systemDatInit if any
+    else:
+      g.otherModsInit.add(initCall)
+
+proc whichInitProcs*(m: BModule): set[ModuleBackendFlag] =
+  # called from IC.
+  result = {}
+  if m.hcrOn or m.preInitProc.s(cpsInit).len > 0 or m.preInitProc.s(cpsStmts).len > 0:
+    result.incl HasModuleInitProc
+  for i in cfsTypeInit1..cfsDynLibInit:
+    if m.s[i].len != 0:
+      result.incl HasDatInitProc
+      break
 
 proc registerModuleToMain(g: BModuleList; m: BModule) =
   let
@@ -1518,7 +1760,7 @@ proc registerModuleToMain(g: BModuleList; m: BModule) =
     hcrModuleMeta.addf("\t\"\"};$n", [])
     hcrModuleMeta.addf("$nN_LIB_EXPORT N_NIMCALL(void**, HcrGetImportedModules)() { return (void**)hcr_module_list; }$n", [])
     hcrModuleMeta.addf("$nN_LIB_EXPORT N_NIMCALL(char*, HcrGetSigHash)() { return \"$1\"; }$n$n",
-                          [($sigHash(m.module)).rope])
+                          [($sigHash(m.module, m.config)).rope])
     if sfMainModule in m.module.flags:
       g.mainModProcs.add(hcrModuleMeta)
       g.mainModProcs.addf("static void* hcr_handle;$N", [])
@@ -1559,7 +1801,7 @@ proc registerModuleToMain(g: BModuleList; m: BModule) =
   if sfSystemModule in m.module.flags:
     if emulatedThreadVars(m.config) and m.config.target.targetOS != osStandalone:
       g.mainDatInit.add(ropecg(m, "\t#initThreadVarsEmulation();$N", []))
-    if m.config.target.targetOS != osStandalone and m.config.selectedGC notin {gcNone, gcArc, gcOrc}:
+    if m.config.target.targetOS != osStandalone and m.config.selectedGC notin {gcNone, gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc}:
       g.mainDatInit.add(ropecg(m, "\t#initStackBottomWith((void *)&inner);$N", []))
 
   if m.s[cfsInitProc].len > 0:
@@ -1584,7 +1826,7 @@ proc genDatInitCode(m: BModule) =
 
   # we don't want to break into such init code - could happen if a line
   # directive from a function written by the user spills after itself
-  genCLineDir(prc, "generated_not_to_break_here", 999999, m.config)
+  genCLineDir(prc, InvalidFileIdx, 999999, m.config)
 
   for i in cfsTypeInit1..cfsDynLibInit:
     if m.s[i].len != 0:
@@ -1595,6 +1837,7 @@ proc genDatInitCode(m: BModule) =
 
   if moduleDatInitRequired:
     m.s[cfsDatInitProc].add(prc)
+    #rememberFlag(m.g.graph, m.module, HasDatInitProc)
 
 # Very similar to the contents of symInDynamicLib - basically only the
 # things needed for the hot code reloading runtime procs to be loaded
@@ -1605,14 +1848,14 @@ proc hcrGetProcLoadCode(m: BModule, sym, prefix, handle, getProcFunc: string): R
 
   var extname = prefix & sym
   var tmp = mangleDynLibProc(prc)
-  prc.loc.r = tmp
+  prc.loc.snippet = tmp
   prc.typ.sym = nil
 
   if not containsOrIncl(m.declaredThings, prc.id):
-    m.s[cfsVars].addf("static $2 $1;$n", [prc.loc.r, getTypeDesc(m, prc.loc.t, skVar)])
+    m.s[cfsVars].addf("static $2 $1;$n", [prc.loc.snippet, getTypeDesc(m, prc.loc.t, dkVar)])
 
   result = "\t$1 = ($2) $3($4, $5);$n" %
-      [tmp, getTypeDesc(m, prc.typ, skVar), getProcFunc.rope, handle.rope, makeCString(prefix & sym)]
+      [tmp, getTypeDesc(m, prc.typ, dkVar), getProcFunc.rope, handle.rope, makeCString(prefix & sym)]
 
 proc genInitCode(m: BModule) =
   ## this function is called in cgenWriteModules after all modules are closed,
@@ -1624,7 +1867,7 @@ proc genInitCode(m: BModule) =
     [rope(if m.hcrOn: "N_LIB_EXPORT" else: "N_LIB_PRIVATE"), initname]
   # we don't want to break into such init code - could happen if a line
   # directive from a function written by the user spills after itself
-  genCLineDir(prc, "generated_not_to_break_here", 999999, m.config)
+  genCLineDir(prc, InvalidFileIdx, 999999, m.config)
   if m.typeNodes > 0:
     if m.hcrOn:
       appcg(m, m.s[cfsTypeInit1], "\t#TNimNode* $1;$N", [m.typeNodesName])
@@ -1654,7 +1897,7 @@ proc genInitCode(m: BModule) =
     # Give this small function its own scope
     prc.addf("{$N", [])
     # Keep a bogus frame in case the code needs one
-    prc.add(~"\tTFrame FR_; FR_.len = 0;$N")
+    prc.add("\tTFrame FR_; FR_.len = 0;\n")
 
     writeSection(preInitProc, cpsLocals)
     writeSection(preInitProc, cpsInit, m.hcrOn)
@@ -1680,15 +1923,15 @@ proc genInitCode(m: BModule) =
         var procname = makeCString(m.module.name.s)
         prc.add(initFrame(m.initProc, procname, quotedFilename(m.config, m.module.info)))
       else:
-        prc.add(~"\tTFrame FR_; FR_.len = 0;$N")
+        prc.add("\tTFrame FR_; FR_.len = 0;\n")
 
     writeSection(initProc, cpsInit, m.hcrOn)
     writeSection(initProc, cpsStmts)
 
     if beforeRetNeeded in m.initProc.flags:
-      prc.add(~"\tBeforeRet_: ;$n")
+      prc.add("\tBeforeRet_: ;\n")
 
-    if sfMainModule in m.module.flags and m.config.exc == excGoto:
+    if m.config.exc == excGoto:
       if getCompilerProc(m.g.graph, "nimTestErrorFlag") != nil:
         m.appcg(prc, "\t#nimTestErrorFlag();$n", [])
 
@@ -1717,7 +1960,7 @@ proc genInitCode(m: BModule) =
     m.s[cfsInitProc].addf("}$N$N", [])
 
   for i, el in pairs(m.extensionLoaders):
-    if el != nil:
+    if el != "":
       let ex = "NIM_EXTERNC N_NIMCALL(void, nimLoadProcs$1)(void) {$2}$N$N" %
         [(i.ord - '0'.ord).rope, el]
       moduleInitRequired = true
@@ -1725,6 +1968,7 @@ proc genInitCode(m: BModule) =
 
   if moduleInitRequired or sfMainModule in m.module.flags:
     m.s[cfsInitProc].add(prc)
+    #rememberFlag(m.g.graph, m.module, HasModuleInitProc)
 
   genDatInitCode(m)
 
@@ -1735,6 +1979,40 @@ proc genInitCode(m: BModule) =
 
   registerModuleToMain(m.g, m)
 
+proc postprocessCode(conf: ConfigRef, r: var Rope) =
+  # find the first directive
+  var f = r.find(postprocessDirStart)
+  if f == -1:
+    return
+
+  var
+    nimlnDirLastF = ""
+
+  var res: Rope = r.substr(0, f - 1)
+  while f != -1:
+    var
+      e = r.find(postprocessDirEnd, f + 1)
+      dir = r.substr(f + 1, e - 1).split(postprocessDirSep)
+    case dir[0]
+    of "nimln":
+      if dir[2] == nimlnDirLastF:
+        res.add("nimln_(" & dir[1] & ");")
+      else:
+        res.add("nimlf_(" & dir[1] & ", " & quotedFilename(conf, dir[2].parseInt.FileIndex) & ");")
+        nimlnDirLastF = dir[2]
+    else:
+      raiseAssert "unexpected postprocess directive"
+
+    # find the next directive
+    f = r.find(postprocessDirStart, e + 1)
+    # copy the code until the next directive
+    if f != -1:
+      res.add(r.substr(e + 1, f - 1))
+    else:
+      res.add(r.substr(e + 1))
+
+  r = res
+
 proc genModule(m: BModule, cfile: Cfile): Rope =
   var moduleIsEmpty = true
 
@@ -1744,11 +2022,9 @@ proc genModule(m: BModule, cfile: Cfile): Rope =
   generateHeaders(m)
   result.add(m.s[cfsHeaders])
   if m.config.cppCustomNamespace.len > 0:
-    result.add openNamespaceNim(m.config.cppCustomNamespace)
+    openNamespaceNim(m.config.cppCustomNamespace, result)
   if m.s[cfsFrameDefines].len > 0:
     result.add(m.s[cfsFrameDefines])
-  else:
-    result.add("#define nimfr_(x, y)\n#define nimln_(x, y)\n")
 
   for i in cfsForwardTypes..cfsProcs:
     if m.s[i].len > 0:
@@ -1763,10 +2039,18 @@ proc genModule(m: BModule, cfile: Cfile): Rope =
     result.add(m.s[cfsDatInitProc])
 
   if m.config.cppCustomNamespace.len > 0:
-    result.add closeNamespaceNim()
+    closeNamespaceNim(result)
+
+  if optLineDir in m.config.options:
+    var srcFileDefs = ""
+    for fi in 0..m.config.m.fileInfos.high:
+      srcFileDefs.add("#define FX_" & $fi & " " & makeSingleLineCString(toFullPath(m.config, fi.FileIndex)) & "\n")
+    result = srcFileDefs & result
 
   if moduleIsEmpty:
-    result = nil
+    result = ""
+
+  postprocessCode(m.config, result)
 
 proc initProcOptions(m: BModule): TOptions =
   let opts = m.config.options
@@ -1787,11 +2071,12 @@ proc rawNewModule(g: BModuleList; module: PSym, filename: AbsoluteFile): BModule
   result.typeInfoMarker = initTable[SigHash, Rope]()
   result.sigConflicts = initCountTable[SigHash]()
   result.initProc = newProc(nil, result)
+  for i in low(result.s)..high(result.s): result.s[i] = newRopeAppender()
   result.initProc.options = initProcOptions(result)
   result.preInitProc = newProc(nil, result)
   result.preInitProc.flags.incl nimErrorFlagDisabled
   result.preInitProc.labels = 100_000 # little hack so that unique temporaries are generated
-  initNodeTable(result.dataCache)
+  result.dataCache = initNodeTable()
   result.typeStack = @[]
   result.typeNodesName = getTempName(result)
   result.nimTypesName = getTempName(result)
@@ -1820,10 +2105,7 @@ template injectG() {.dirty.} =
     graph.backend = newModuleList(graph)
   let g = BModuleList(graph.backend)
 
-when not defined(nimHasSinkInference):
-  {.pragma: nosinks.}
-
-proc myOpen(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PPassContext {.nosinks.} =
+proc setupCgen*(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PPassContext =
   injectG()
   result = newModule(g, module, graph.config)
   result.idgen = idgen
@@ -1844,13 +2126,14 @@ proc writeHeader(m: BModule) =
   generateThreadLocalStorage(m)
   for i in cfsHeaders..cfsProcs:
     result.add(m.s[i])
-    if m.config.cppCustomNamespace.len > 0 and i == cfsHeaders: result.add openNamespaceNim(m.config.cppCustomNamespace)
+    if m.config.cppCustomNamespace.len > 0 and i == cfsHeaders:
+      openNamespaceNim(m.config.cppCustomNamespace, result)
   result.add(m.s[cfsInitProc])
 
   if optGenDynLib in m.config.globalOptions:
     result.add("N_LIB_IMPORT ")
-  result.addf("N_CDECL(void, NimMain)(void);$n", [])
-  if m.config.cppCustomNamespace.len > 0: result.add closeNamespaceNim()
+  result.addf("N_CDECL(void, $1NimMain)(void);$n", [rope m.config.nimMainPrefix])
+  if m.config.cppCustomNamespace.len > 0: closeNamespaceNim(result)
   result.addf("#endif /* $1 */$n", [guard])
   if not writeRope(result, m.filename):
     rawMessage(m.config, errCannotOpenFile, m.filename.string)
@@ -1860,7 +2143,7 @@ proc getCFile(m: BModule): AbsoluteFile =
       if m.compileToCpp: ".nim.cpp"
       elif m.config.backend == backendObjc or sfCompileToObjc in m.module.flags: ".nim.m"
       else: ".nim.c"
-  result = changeFileExt(completeCfilePath(m.config, withPackageName(m.config, m.cfilename)), ext)
+  result = changeFileExt(completeCfilePath(m.config, mangleModuleName(m.config, m.cfilename).AbsoluteFile), ext)
 
 when false:
   proc myOpenCached(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym, rd: PRodReader): PPassContext =
@@ -1890,7 +2173,7 @@ proc addHcrInitGuards(p: BProc, n: PNode, inInitGuard: var bool) =
 
 proc genTopLevelStmt*(m: BModule; n: PNode) =
   ## Also called from `ic/cbackend.nim`.
-  if passes.skipCodegen(m.config, n): return
+  if pipelineutils.skipCodegen(m.config, n): return
   m.initProc.options = initProcOptions(m)
   #softRnl = if optLineDir in m.config.options: noRnl else: rnl
   # XXX replicate this logic!
@@ -1903,12 +2186,6 @@ proc genTopLevelStmt*(m: BModule; n: PNode) =
   else:
     genProcBody(m.initProc, transformedN)
 
-proc myProcess(b: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
-  result = n
-  if b != nil:
-    var m = BModule(b)
-    genTopLevelStmt(m, n)
-
 proc shouldRecompile(m: BModule; code: Rope, cfile: Cfile): bool =
   if optForceFullMake notin m.config.globalOptions:
     if not moduleHasChanged(m.g.graph, m.module):
@@ -1954,7 +2231,7 @@ proc writeModule(m: BModule, pending: bool) =
   var cf = Cfile(nimname: m.module.name.s, cname: cfile,
                   obj: completeCfilePath(m.config, toObjFile(m.config, cfile)), flags: {})
   var code = genModule(m, cf)
-  if code != nil or m.config.symbolFiles != disabledSf:
+  if code != "" or m.config.symbolFiles != disabledSf:
     when hasTinyCBackend:
       if m.config.cmd == cmdTcc:
         tccgen.compileCCode($code, m.config)
@@ -1974,18 +2251,41 @@ proc updateCachedModule(m: BModule) =
   cf.flags = {CfileFlag.Cached}
   addFileToCompile(m.config, cf)
 
+proc generateLibraryDestroyGlobals(graph: ModuleGraph; m: BModule; body: PNode; isDynlib: bool): PSym =
+  let procname = getIdent(graph.cache, "NimDestroyGlobals")
+  result = newSym(skProc, procname, m.idgen, m.module.owner, m.module.info)
+  result.typ = newProcType(m.module.info, m.idgen, m.module.owner)
+  result.typ.callConv = ccCDecl
+  incl result.flags, sfExportc
+  result.loc.snippet = "NimDestroyGlobals"
+  if isDynlib:
+    incl(result.loc.flags, lfExportLib)
+
+  let theProc = newNodeI(nkProcDef, m.module.info, bodyPos+1)
+  for i in 0..<theProc.len: theProc[i] = newNodeI(nkEmpty, m.module.info)
+  theProc[namePos] = newSymNode(result)
+  theProc[bodyPos] = body
+  result.ast = theProc
+
 proc finalCodegenActions*(graph: ModuleGraph; m: BModule; n: PNode) =
   ## Also called from IC.
   if sfMainModule in m.module.flags:
     # phase ordering problem here: We need to announce this
     # dependency to 'nimTestErrorFlag' before system.c has been written to disk.
     if m.config.exc == excGoto and getCompilerProc(graph, "nimTestErrorFlag") != nil:
-      discard cgsym(m, "nimTestErrorFlag")
+      cgsym(m, "nimTestErrorFlag")
 
     if {optGenStaticLib, optGenDynLib, optNoMain} * m.config.globalOptions == {}:
       for i in countdown(high(graph.globalDestructors), 0):
         n.add graph.globalDestructors[i]
-  if passes.skipCodegen(m.config, n): return
+    else:
+      var body = newNodeI(nkStmtList, m.module.info)
+      for i in countdown(high(graph.globalDestructors), 0):
+        body.add graph.globalDestructors[i]
+      body.flags.incl nfTransf # should not be further transformed
+      let dtor = generateLibraryDestroyGlobals(graph, m, body, optGenDynLib in m.config.globalOptions)
+      genProcAux(m, dtor)
+  if pipelineutils.skipCodegen(m.config, n): return
   if moduleHasChanged(graph, m.module):
     # if the module is cached, we don't regenerate the main proc
     # nor the dispatchers? But if the dispatchers changed?
@@ -1996,7 +2296,10 @@ proc finalCodegenActions*(graph: ModuleGraph; m: BModule; n: PNode) =
 
     if m.hcrOn:
       # make sure this is pulled in (meaning hcrGetGlobal() is called for it during init)
-      discard cgsym(m, "programResult")
+      let sym = magicsys.getCompilerProc(m.g.graph, "programResult")
+      # ignore when not available, could be a module imported early in `system`
+      if sym != nil:
+        cgsymImpl m, sym
       if m.inHcrInitGuard:
         endBlock(m.initProc)
 
@@ -2006,32 +2309,29 @@ proc finalCodegenActions*(graph: ModuleGraph; m: BModule; n: PNode) =
         # so it can load the HCR runtime and later pass the library handle to the HCR runtime which
         # will in turn pass it to the other modules it initializes so they can initialize the
         # register/get procs so they don't have to have the definitions of these functions as well
-        discard cgsym(m, "nimLoadLibrary")
-        discard cgsym(m, "nimLoadLibraryError")
-        discard cgsym(m, "nimGetProcAddr")
-        discard cgsym(m, "procAddrError")
-        discard cgsym(m, "rawWrite")
+        cgsym(m, "nimLoadLibrary")
+        cgsym(m, "nimLoadLibraryError")
+        cgsym(m, "nimGetProcAddr")
+        cgsym(m, "procAddrError")
+        cgsym(m, "rawWrite")
 
       # raise dependencies on behalf of genMainProc
-      if m.config.target.targetOS != osStandalone and m.config.selectedGC != gcNone:
-        discard cgsym(m, "initStackBottomWith")
+      if m.config.target.targetOS != osStandalone and m.config.selectedGC notin {gcNone, gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc}:
+        cgsym(m, "initStackBottomWith")
       if emulatedThreadVars(m.config) and m.config.target.targetOS != osStandalone:
-        discard cgsym(m, "initThreadVarsEmulation")
+        cgsym(m, "initThreadVarsEmulation")
 
       if m.g.forwardedProcs.len == 0:
         incl m.flags, objHasKidsValid
-      let disp = generateMethodDispatchers(graph)
-      for x in disp: genProcAux(m, x.sym)
+      if optMultiMethods in m.g.config.globalOptions or
+          m.g.config.selectedGC notin {gcArc, gcOrc, gcAtomicArc} or
+          vtables notin m.g.config.features:
+        generateIfMethodDispatchers(graph, m.idgen)
+
 
   let mm = m
   m.g.modulesClosed.add mm
 
-
-proc myClose(graph: ModuleGraph; b: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
-  result = n
-  if b == nil: return
-  finalCodegenActions(graph, BModule(b), n)
-
 proc genForwardedProcs(g: BModuleList) =
   # Forward declared proc:s lack bodies when first encountered, so they're given
   # a second pass here
@@ -2058,5 +2358,3 @@ proc cgenWriteModules*(backend: RootRef, config: ConfigRef) =
     m.writeModule(pending=true)
   writeMapping(config, g.mapping)
   if g.generatedHeader != nil: writeHeader(g.generatedHeader)
-
-const cgenPass* = makePass(myOpen, myProcess, myClose)
diff --git a/compiler/cgendata.nim b/compiler/cgendata.nim
index 3678adacf..5368e9dc7 100644
--- a/compiler/cgendata.nim
+++ b/compiler/cgendata.nim
@@ -10,13 +10,14 @@
 ## This module contains the data structures for the C code generation phase.
 
 import
-  ast, ropes, options, intsets,
-  tables, ndi, lineinfos, pathutils, modulegraphs, sets
+  ast, ropes, options,
+  ndi, lineinfos, pathutils, modulegraphs
+
+import std/[intsets, tables, sets]
 
 type
   TLabel* = Rope              # for the C generator a label is just a rope
   TCFileSection* = enum       # the sections a generated C file consists of
-    cfsMergeInfo,             # section containing merge information
     cfsHeaders,               # section for C include file headers
     cfsFrameDefines           # section for nim frame macros
     cfsForwardTypes,          # section for C forward typedefs
@@ -24,21 +25,17 @@ type
     cfsSeqTypes,              # section for sequence types only
                               # this is needed for strange type generation
                               # reasons
-    cfsFieldInfo,             # section for field information
     cfsTypeInfo,              # section for type information (ag ABI checks)
     cfsProcHeaders,           # section for C procs prototypes
+    cfsStrData,               # section for constant string literals
     cfsData,                  # section for C constant data
     cfsVars,                  # section for C variable declarations
     cfsProcs,                 # section for C procs that are not inline
     cfsInitProc,              # section for the C init proc
     cfsDatInitProc,           # section for the C datInit proc
     cfsTypeInit1,             # section 1 for declarations of type information
-    cfsTypeInit2,             # section 2 for init of type information
     cfsTypeInit3,             # section 3 for init of type information
-    cfsDebugInit,             # section for init of debug information
     cfsDynLibInit,            # section for init of dynamic library binding
-    cfsDynLibDeinit           # section for deinitialization of dynamic
-                              # libraries
   TCTypeKind* = enum          # describes the type kind of a C type
     ctVoid, ctChar, ctBool,
     ctInt, ctInt8, ctInt16, ctInt32, ctInt64,
@@ -91,6 +88,7 @@ type
     options*: TOptions        # options that should be used for code
                               # generation; this is the same as prc.options
                               # unless prc == nil
+    optionsStack*: seq[(TOptions, TNoteKinds)]
     module*: BModule          # used to prevent excessive parameter passing
     withinLoop*: int          # > 0 if we are within a loop
     splitDecls*: int          # > 0 if we are in some context for C++ that
@@ -99,6 +97,7 @@ type
     withinTryWithExcept*: int # required for goto based exception handling
     withinBlockLeaveActions*: int # complex to explain
     sigConflicts*: CountTable[string]
+    inUncheckedAssignSection*: int
 
   TTypeSeq* = seq[PType]
   TypeCache* = Table[SigHash, Rope]
@@ -138,6 +137,7 @@ type
                             # unconditionally...
                             # nimtvDeps is VERY hard to cache because it's
                             # not a list of IDs nor can it be made to be one.
+    mangledPrcs*: HashSet[string]
 
   TCGen = object of PPassContext # represents a C source file
     s*: TCFileSections        # sections of the C file
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ type
     typeABICache*: HashSet[SigHash] # cache for ABI checks; reusing typeCache
                               # would be ideal but for some reason enums
                               # don't seem to get cached so it'd generate
-                              # 1 ABI check per occurence in code
+                              # 1 ABI check per occurrence in code
     forwTypeCache*: TypeCache # cache for forward declarations of types
     declaredThings*: IntSet   # things we have declared in this .c file
     declaredProtos*: IntSet   # prototypes we have declared in this .c file
@@ -170,13 +170,13 @@ type
     labels*: Natural          # for generating unique module-scope names
     extensionLoaders*: array['0'..'9', Rope] # special procs for the
                                              # OpenGL wrapper
-    injectStmt*: Rope
     sigConflicts*: CountTable[SigHash]
     g*: BModuleList
     ndi*: NdiFile
 
 template config*(m: BModule): ConfigRef = m.g.config
 template config*(p: BProc): ConfigRef = p.module.g.config
+template vccAndC*(p: BProc): bool = p.module.config.cCompiler == ccVcc and p.module.config.backend == backendC
 
 proc includeHeader*(this: BModule; header: string) =
   if not this.headerFiles.contains header:
@@ -190,16 +190,23 @@ proc procSec*(p: BProc, s: TCProcSection): var Rope {.inline.} =
   # top level proc sections
   result = p.blocks[0].sections[s]
 
+proc initBlock*(): TBlock =
+  result = TBlock()
+  for i in low(result.sections)..high(result.sections):
+    result.sections[i] = newRopeAppender()
+
 proc newProc*(prc: PSym, module: BModule): BProc =
-  new(result)
-  result.prc = prc
-  result.module = module
-  result.options = if prc != nil: prc.options
-                   else: module.config.options
-  newSeq(result.blocks, 1)
-  result.nestedTryStmts = @[]
-  result.finallySafePoints = @[]
-  result.sigConflicts = initCountTable[string]()
+  result = BProc(
+    prc: prc,
+    module: module,
+    optionsStack: if module.initProc != nil: module.initProc.optionsStack
+                  else: @[],
+    options: if prc != nil: prc.options
+             else: module.config.options,
+    blocks: @[initBlock()],
+    sigConflicts: initCountTable[string]())
+  if optQuirky in result.options:
+    result.flags = {nimErrorFlagDisabled}
 
 proc newModuleList*(g: ModuleGraph): BModuleList =
   BModuleList(typeInfoMarker: initTable[SigHash, tuple[str: Rope, owner: int32]](),
diff --git a/compiler/cgmeth.nim b/compiler/cgmeth.nim
index 484bc9d97..ca97d0494 100644
--- a/compiler/cgmeth.nim
+++ b/compiler/cgmeth.nim
@@ -10,8 +10,15 @@
 ## This module implements code generation for methods.
 
 import
-  intsets, options, ast, msgs, idents, renderer, types, magicsys,
-  sempass2, strutils, modulegraphs, lineinfos
+  options, ast, msgs, idents, renderer, types, magicsys,
+  sempass2, modulegraphs, lineinfos, astalgo
+
+import std/intsets
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+import std/[tables]
 
 proc genConv(n: PNode, d: PType, downcast: bool; conf: ConfigRef): PNode =
   var dest = skipTypes(d, abstractPtrs)
@@ -40,12 +47,15 @@ proc getDispatcher*(s: PSym): PSym =
   if dispatcherPos < s.ast.len:
     result = s.ast[dispatcherPos].sym
     doAssert sfDispatcher in result.flags
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc methodCall*(n: PNode; conf: ConfigRef): PNode =
   result = n
   # replace ordinary method by dispatcher method:
   let disp = getDispatcher(result[0].sym)
   if disp != nil:
+    result[0].typ = disp.typ
     result[0].sym = disp
     # change the arguments to up/downcasts to fit the dispatcher's parameters:
     for i in 1..<result.len:
@@ -57,22 +67,25 @@ type
   MethodResult = enum No, Invalid, Yes
 
 proc sameMethodBucket(a, b: PSym; multiMethods: bool): MethodResult =
+  result = No
   if a.name.id != b.name.id: return
-  if a.typ.len != b.typ.len:
+  if a.typ.signatureLen != b.typ.signatureLen:
     return
 
-  for i in 1..<a.typ.len:
-    var aa = a.typ[i]
-    var bb = b.typ[i]
+  var i = 0
+  for x, y in paramTypePairs(a.typ, b.typ):
+    inc i
+    var aa = x
+    var bb = y
     while true:
       aa = skipTypes(aa, {tyGenericInst, tyAlias})
       bb = skipTypes(bb, {tyGenericInst, tyAlias})
       if aa.kind == bb.kind and aa.kind in {tyVar, tyPtr, tyRef, tyLent, tySink}:
-        aa = aa.lastSon
-        bb = bb.lastSon
+        aa = aa.elementType
+        bb = bb.elementType
       else:
         break
-    if sameType(a.typ[i], b.typ[i]):
+    if sameType(x, y):
       if aa.kind == tyObject and result != Invalid:
         result = Yes
     elif aa.kind == tyObject and bb.kind == tyObject and (i == 1 or multiMethods):
@@ -90,10 +103,11 @@ proc sameMethodBucket(a, b: PSym; multiMethods: bool): MethodResult =
       return No
   if result == Yes:
     # check for return type:
-    if not sameTypeOrNil(a.typ[0], b.typ[0]):
-      if b.typ[0] != nil and b.typ[0].kind == tyUntyped:
+    # ignore flags of return types; # bug #22673
+    if not sameTypeOrNil(a.typ.returnType, b.typ.returnType, {IgnoreFlags}):
+      if b.typ.returnType != nil and b.typ.returnType.kind == tyUntyped:
         # infer 'auto' from the base to make it consistent:
-        b.typ[0] = a.typ[0]
+        b.typ.setReturnType a.typ.returnType
       else:
         return No
 
@@ -108,21 +122,21 @@ proc attachDispatcher(s: PSym, dispatcher: PNode) =
     s.ast[dispatcherPos] = dispatcher
 
 proc createDispatcher(s: PSym; g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator): PSym =
-  var disp = copySym(s, nextSymId(idgen))
+  var disp = copySym(s, idgen)
   incl(disp.flags, sfDispatcher)
   excl(disp.flags, sfExported)
   let old = disp.typ
-  disp.typ = copyType(disp.typ, nextTypeId(idgen), disp.typ.owner)
+  disp.typ = copyType(disp.typ, idgen, disp.typ.owner)
   copyTypeProps(g, idgen.module, disp.typ, old)
 
   # we can't inline the dispatcher itself (for now):
   if disp.typ.callConv == ccInline: disp.typ.callConv = ccNimCall
   disp.ast = copyTree(s.ast)
   disp.ast[bodyPos] = newNodeI(nkEmpty, s.info)
-  disp.loc.r = nil
-  if s.typ[0] != nil:
+  disp.loc.snippet = ""
+  if s.typ.returnType != nil:
     if disp.ast.len > resultPos:
-      disp.ast[resultPos].sym = copySym(s.ast[resultPos].sym, nextSymId(idgen))
+      disp.ast[resultPos].sym = copySym(s.ast[resultPos].sym, idgen)
     else:
       # We've encountered a method prototype without a filled-in
       # resultPos slot. We put a placeholder in there that will
@@ -143,25 +157,16 @@ proc fixupDispatcher(meth, disp: PSym; conf: ConfigRef) =
      disp.ast[resultPos].kind == nkEmpty:
     disp.ast[resultPos] = copyTree(meth.ast[resultPos])
 
-  # The following code works only with lock levels, so we disable
-  # it when they're not available.
-  when declared(TLockLevel):
-    proc `<`(a, b: TLockLevel): bool {.borrow.}
-    proc `==`(a, b: TLockLevel): bool {.borrow.}
-    if disp.typ.lockLevel == UnspecifiedLockLevel:
-      disp.typ.lockLevel = meth.typ.lockLevel
-    elif meth.typ.lockLevel != UnspecifiedLockLevel and
-         meth.typ.lockLevel != disp.typ.lockLevel:
-      message(conf, meth.info, warnLockLevel,
-        "method has lock level $1, but another method has $2" %
-        [$meth.typ.lockLevel, $disp.typ.lockLevel])
-      # XXX The following code silences a duplicate warning in
-      # checkMethodeffects() in sempass2.nim for now.
-      if disp.typ.lockLevel < meth.typ.lockLevel:
-        disp.typ.lockLevel = meth.typ.lockLevel
-
 proc methodDef*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; s: PSym) =
-  var witness: PSym
+  var witness: PSym = nil
+  if s.typ.firstParamType.owner.getModule != s.getModule and vtables in g.config.features and not
+      g.config.isDefined("nimInternalNonVtablesTesting"):
+    localError(g.config, s.info, errGenerated, "method `" & s.name.s &
+          "` can be defined only in the same module with its type (" & s.typ.firstParamType.typeToString() & ")")
+  if sfImportc in s.flags:
+    localError(g.config, s.info, errGenerated, "method `" & s.name.s &
+          "` is not allowed to have 'importc' pragmas")
+
   for i in 0..<g.methods.len:
     let disp = g.methods[i].dispatcher
     case sameMethodBucket(disp, s, multimethods = optMultiMethods in g.config.globalOptions)
@@ -180,6 +185,11 @@ proc methodDef*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; s: PSym) =
     of Invalid:
       if witness.isNil: witness = g.methods[i].methods[0]
   # create a new dispatcher:
+  # stores the id and the position
+  if s.typ.firstParamType.skipTypes(skipPtrs).itemId notin g.bucketTable:
+    g.bucketTable[s.typ.firstParamType.skipTypes(skipPtrs).itemId] = 1
+  else:
+    g.bucketTable.inc(s.typ.firstParamType.skipTypes(skipPtrs).itemId)
   g.methods.add((methods: @[s], dispatcher: createDispatcher(s, g, idgen)))
   #echo "adding ", s.info
   if witness != nil:
@@ -188,8 +198,9 @@ proc methodDef*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; s: PSym) =
   elif sfBase notin s.flags:
     message(g.config, s.info, warnUseBase)
 
-proc relevantCol(methods: seq[PSym], col: int): bool =
+proc relevantCol*(methods: seq[PSym], col: int): bool =
   # returns true iff the position is relevant
+  result = false
   var t = methods[0].typ[col].skipTypes(skipPtrs)
   if t.kind == tyObject:
     for i in 1..high(methods):
@@ -198,7 +209,8 @@ proc relevantCol(methods: seq[PSym], col: int): bool =
         return true
 
 proc cmpSignatures(a, b: PSym, relevantCols: IntSet): int =
-  for col in 1..<a.typ.len:
+  result = 0
+  for col in FirstParamAt..<a.typ.signatureLen:
     if contains(relevantCols, col):
       var aa = skipTypes(a.typ[col], skipPtrs)
       var bb = skipTypes(b.typ[col], skipPtrs)
@@ -206,7 +218,7 @@ proc cmpSignatures(a, b: PSym, relevantCols: IntSet): int =
       if (d != high(int)) and d != 0:
         return d
 
-proc sortBucket(a: var seq[PSym], relevantCols: IntSet) =
+proc sortBucket*(a: var seq[PSym], relevantCols: IntSet) =
   # we use shellsort here; fast and simple
   var n = a.len
   var h = 1
@@ -225,16 +237,16 @@ proc sortBucket(a: var seq[PSym], relevantCols: IntSet) =
       a[j] = v
     if h == 1: break
 
-proc genDispatcher(g: ModuleGraph; methods: seq[PSym], relevantCols: IntSet): PSym =
+proc genIfDispatcher*(g: ModuleGraph; methods: seq[PSym], relevantCols: IntSet; idgen: IdGenerator): PSym =
   var base = methods[0].ast[dispatcherPos].sym
   result = base
-  var paramLen = base.typ.len
+  var paramLen = base.typ.signatureLen
   var nilchecks = newNodeI(nkStmtList, base.info)
   var disp = newNodeI(nkIfStmt, base.info)
   var ands = getSysMagic(g, unknownLineInfo, "and", mAnd)
   var iss = getSysMagic(g, unknownLineInfo, "of", mOf)
   let boolType = getSysType(g, unknownLineInfo, tyBool)
-  for col in 1..<paramLen:
+  for col in FirstParamAt..<paramLen:
     if contains(relevantCols, col):
       let param = base.typ.n[col].sym
       if param.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyRef, tyPtr}:
@@ -243,7 +255,7 @@ proc genDispatcher(g: ModuleGraph; methods: seq[PSym], relevantCols: IntSet): PS
   for meth in 0..high(methods):
     var curr = methods[meth]      # generate condition:
     var cond: PNode = nil
-    for col in 1..<paramLen:
+    for col in FirstParamAt..<paramLen:
       if contains(relevantCols, col):
         var isn = newNodeIT(nkCall, base.info, boolType)
         isn.add newSymNode(iss)
@@ -258,7 +270,7 @@ proc genDispatcher(g: ModuleGraph; methods: seq[PSym], relevantCols: IntSet): PS
           cond = a
         else:
           cond = isn
-    let retTyp = base.typ[0]
+    let retTyp = base.typ.returnType
     let call = newNodeIT(nkCall, base.info, retTyp)
     call.add newSymNode(curr)
     for col in 1..<paramLen:
@@ -284,14 +296,13 @@ proc genDispatcher(g: ModuleGraph; methods: seq[PSym], relevantCols: IntSet): PS
   nilchecks.flags.incl nfTransf # should not be further transformed
   result.ast[bodyPos] = nilchecks
 
-proc generateMethodDispatchers*(g: ModuleGraph): PNode =
-  result = newNode(nkStmtList)
+proc generateIfMethodDispatchers*(g: ModuleGraph, idgen: IdGenerator) =
   for bucket in 0..<g.methods.len:
     var relevantCols = initIntSet()
-    for col in 1..<g.methods[bucket].methods[0].typ.len:
+    for col in FirstParamAt..<g.methods[bucket].methods[0].typ.signatureLen:
       if relevantCol(g.methods[bucket].methods, col): incl(relevantCols, col)
       if optMultiMethods notin g.config.globalOptions:
         # if multi-methods are not enabled, we are interested only in the first field
         break
     sortBucket(g.methods[bucket].methods, relevantCols)
-    result.add newSymNode(genDispatcher(g, g.methods[bucket].methods, relevantCols))
+    g.addDispatchers genIfDispatcher(g, g.methods[bucket].methods, relevantCols, idgen)
diff --git a/compiler/closureiters.nim b/compiler/closureiters.nim
index e474e5ba2..8bdd04ca7 100644
--- a/compiler/closureiters.nim
+++ b/compiler/closureiters.nim
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@
 #    dec a
 #
 # Should be transformed to:
-#  STATE0:
+#  case :state
+#  of 0:
 #    if a > 0:
 #      echo "hi"
 #      :state = 1 # Next state
@@ -26,19 +27,14 @@
 #    else:
 #      :state = 2 # Next state
 #      break :stateLoop # Proceed to the next state
-#  STATE1:
+#  of 1:
 #    dec a
 #    :state = 0 # Next state
 #    break :stateLoop # Proceed to the next state
-#  STATE2:
+#  of 2:
 #    :state = -1 # End of execution
-
-# The transformation should play well with lambdalifting, however depending
-# on situation, it can be called either before or after lambdalifting
-# transformation. As such we behave slightly differently, when accessing
-# iterator state, or using temp variables. If lambdalifting did not happen,
-# we just create local variables, so that they will be lifted further on.
-# Otherwise, we utilize existing env, created by lambdalifting.
+#  else:
+#    return
 
 # Lambdalifting treats :state variable specially, it should always end up
 # as the first field in env. Currently C codegen depends on this behavior.
@@ -104,12 +100,13 @@
 # Is transformed to (yields are left in place for example simplicity,
 #    in reality the code is subdivided even more, as described above):
 #
-# STATE0: # Try
+# case :state
+# of 0: # Try
 #   yield 0
 #   raise ...
 #   :state = 2 # What would happen should we not raise
 #   break :stateLoop
-# STATE1: # Except
+# of 1: # Except
 #   yield 1
 #   :tmpResult = 3           # Return
 #   :unrollFinally = true # Return
@@ -117,32 +114,41 @@
 #   break :stateLoop
 #   :state = 2 # What would happen should we not return
 #   break :stateLoop
-# STATE2: # Finally
+# of 2: # Finally
 #   yield 2
 #   if :unrollFinally: # This node is created by `newEndFinallyNode`
 #     if :curExc.isNil:
-#       return :tmpResult
+#       if nearestFinally == 0:
+#         return :tmpResult
+#       else:
+#         :state = nearestFinally # bubble up
 #     else:
 #       closureIterSetupExc(nil)
 #       raise
 #   state = -1 # Goto next state. In this case we just exit
 #   break :stateLoop
+# else:
+#   return
 
 import
   ast, msgs, idents,
   renderer, magicsys, lowerings, lambdalifting, modulegraphs, lineinfos,
-  tables, options
+  options
+
+import std/tables
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 type
   Ctx = object
     g: ModuleGraph
     fn: PSym
-    stateVarSym: PSym # :state variable. nil if env already introduced by lambdalifting
     tmpResultSym: PSym # Used when we return, but finally has to interfere
     unrollFinallySym: PSym # Indicates that we're unrolling finally states (either exception happened or premature return)
     curExcSym: PSym # Current exception
 
-    states: seq[PNode] # The resulting states. Every state is an nkState node.
+    states: seq[tuple[label: int, body: PNode]] # The resulting states.
     blockLevel: int # Temp used to transform break and continue stmts
     stateLoopLabel: PSym # Label to break on, when jumping between states.
     exitStateIdx: int # index of the last state
@@ -154,15 +160,23 @@ type
     nearestFinally: int # Index of the nearest finally block. For try/except it
                     # is their finally. For finally it is parent finally. Otherwise -1
     idgen: IdGenerator
+    varStates: Table[ItemId, int] # Used to detect if local variable belongs to multiple states
+    stateVarSym: PSym # :state variable. nil if env already introduced by lambdalifting
+      # remove if -d:nimOptIters is default, treating it as always nil
+    nimOptItersEnabled: bool # tracks if -d:nimOptIters is enabled
+      # should be default when issues are fixed, see #24094
 
 const
   nkSkip = {nkEmpty..nkNilLit, nkTemplateDef, nkTypeSection, nkStaticStmt,
             nkCommentStmt, nkMixinStmt, nkBindStmt} + procDefs
+  emptyStateLabel = -1
+  localNotSeen = -1
+  localRequiresLifting = -2
 
 proc newStateAccess(ctx: var Ctx): PNode =
   if ctx.stateVarSym.isNil:
     result = rawIndirectAccess(newSymNode(getEnvParam(ctx.fn)),
-        getStateField(ctx.g, ctx.fn), ctx.fn.info)
+      getStateField(ctx.g, ctx.fn), ctx.fn.info)
   else:
     result = newSymNode(ctx.stateVarSym)
 
@@ -177,9 +191,10 @@ proc newStateAssgn(ctx: var Ctx, stateNo: int = -2): PNode =
   ctx.newStateAssgn(newIntTypeNode(stateNo, ctx.g.getSysType(TLineInfo(), tyInt)))
 
 proc newEnvVar(ctx: var Ctx, name: string, typ: PType): PSym =
-  result = newSym(skVar, getIdent(ctx.g.cache, name), nextSymId(ctx.idgen), ctx.fn, ctx.fn.info)
+  result = newSym(skVar, getIdent(ctx.g.cache, name), ctx.idgen, ctx.fn, ctx.fn.info)
   result.typ = typ
-  assert(not typ.isNil)
+  result.flags.incl sfNoInit
+  assert(not typ.isNil, "Env var needs a type")
 
   if not ctx.stateVarSym.isNil:
     # We haven't gone through labmda lifting yet, so just create a local var,
@@ -190,7 +205,7 @@ proc newEnvVar(ctx: var Ctx, name: string, typ: PType): PSym =
   else:
     let envParam = getEnvParam(ctx.fn)
     # let obj = envParam.typ.lastSon
-    result = addUniqueField(envParam.typ.lastSon, result, ctx.g.cache, ctx.idgen)
+    result = addUniqueField(envParam.typ.elementType, result, ctx.g.cache, ctx.idgen)
 
 proc newEnvVarAccess(ctx: Ctx, s: PSym): PNode =
   if ctx.stateVarSym.isNil:
@@ -198,9 +213,12 @@ proc newEnvVarAccess(ctx: Ctx, s: PSym): PNode =
   else:
     result = newSymNode(s)
 
+proc newTempVarAccess(ctx: Ctx, s: PSym): PNode =
+  result = newSymNode(s, ctx.fn.info)
+
 proc newTmpResultAccess(ctx: var Ctx): PNode =
   if ctx.tmpResultSym.isNil:
-    ctx.tmpResultSym = ctx.newEnvVar(":tmpResult", ctx.fn.typ[0])
+    ctx.tmpResultSym = ctx.newEnvVar(":tmpResult", ctx.fn.typ.returnType)
   ctx.newEnvVarAccess(ctx.tmpResultSym)
 
 proc newUnrollFinallyAccess(ctx: var Ctx, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
@@ -220,10 +238,7 @@ proc newState(ctx: var Ctx, n, gotoOut: PNode): int =
 
   result = ctx.states.len
   let resLit = ctx.g.newIntLit(n.info, result)
-  let s = newNodeI(nkState, n.info)
-  s.add(resLit)
-  s.add(n)
-  ctx.states.add(s)
+  ctx.states.add((result, n))
   ctx.exceptionTable.add(ctx.curExcHandlingState)
 
   if not gotoOut.isNil:
@@ -242,9 +257,26 @@ proc addGotoOut(n: PNode, gotoOut: PNode): PNode =
   if result.len == 0 or result[^1].kind != nkGotoState:
     result.add(gotoOut)
 
-proc newTempVar(ctx: var Ctx, typ: PType): PSym =
-  result = ctx.newEnvVar(":tmpSlLower" & $ctx.tempVarId, typ)
+proc newTempVarDef(ctx: Ctx, s: PSym, initialValue: PNode): PNode =
+  var v = initialValue
+  if v == nil:
+    v = ctx.g.emptyNode
+  newTree(nkVarSection, newTree(nkIdentDefs, newSymNode(s), ctx.g.emptyNode, v))
+
+proc newEnvVarAsgn(ctx: Ctx, s: PSym, v: PNode): PNode
+
+proc newTempVar(ctx: var Ctx, typ: PType, parent: PNode, initialValue: PNode = nil): PSym =
+  if ctx.nimOptItersEnabled:
+    result = newSym(skVar, getIdent(ctx.g.cache, ":tmpSlLower" & $ctx.tempVarId), ctx.idgen, ctx.fn, ctx.fn.info)
+  else:
+    result = ctx.newEnvVar(":tmpSlLower" & $ctx.tempVarId, typ)
   inc ctx.tempVarId
+  result.typ = typ
+  assert(not typ.isNil, "Temp var needs a type")
+  if ctx.nimOptItersEnabled:
+    parent.add(ctx.newTempVarDef(result, initialValue))
+  elif initialValue != nil:
+    parent.add(ctx.newEnvVarAsgn(result, initialValue))
 
 proc hasYields(n: PNode): bool =
   # TODO: This is very inefficient. It traverses the node, looking for nkYieldStmt.
@@ -252,10 +284,11 @@ proc hasYields(n: PNode): bool =
   of nkYieldStmt:
     result = true
   of nkSkip:
-    discard
+    result = false
   else:
-    for c in n:
-      if c.hasYields:
+    result = false
+    for i in ord(n.kind == nkCast)..<n.len:
+      if n[i].hasYields:
         result = true
         break
 
@@ -319,7 +352,7 @@ proc collectExceptState(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode): PNode {.inline.} =
       var ifBranch: PNode
 
       if c.len > 1:
-        var cond: PNode
+        var cond: PNode = nil
         for i in 0..<c.len - 1:
           assert(c[i].kind == nkType)
           let nextCond = newTree(nkCall,
@@ -382,26 +415,29 @@ proc getFinallyNode(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode): PNode =
 proc hasYieldsInExpressions(n: PNode): bool =
   case n.kind
   of nkSkip:
-    discard
+    result = false
   of nkStmtListExpr:
     if isEmptyType(n.typ):
+      result = false
       for c in n:
         if c.hasYieldsInExpressions:
           return true
     else:
       result = n.hasYields
   of nkCast:
+    result = false
     for i in 1..<n.len:
       if n[i].hasYieldsInExpressions:
         return true
   else:
+    result = false
     for c in n:
       if c.hasYieldsInExpressions:
         return true
 
 proc exprToStmtList(n: PNode): tuple[s, res: PNode] =
   assert(n.kind == nkStmtListExpr)
-  result.s = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
+  result = (newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info), nil)
   result.s.sons = @[]
 
   var n = n
@@ -412,28 +448,50 @@ proc exprToStmtList(n: PNode): tuple[s, res: PNode] =
 
   result.res = n
 
+proc newTempVarAsgn(ctx: Ctx, s: PSym, v: PNode): PNode =
+  if isEmptyType(v.typ):
+    result = v
+  else:
+    result = newTree(nkFastAsgn, ctx.newTempVarAccess(s), v)
+    result.info = v.info
 
 proc newEnvVarAsgn(ctx: Ctx, s: PSym, v: PNode): PNode =
-  result = newTree(nkFastAsgn, ctx.newEnvVarAccess(s), v)
-  result.info = v.info
+  # unused with -d:nimOptIters
+  if isEmptyType(v.typ):
+    result = v
+  else:
+    result = newTree(nkFastAsgn, ctx.newEnvVarAccess(s), v)
+    result.info = v.info
 
 proc addExprAssgn(ctx: Ctx, output, input: PNode, sym: PSym) =
+  var input = input
   if input.kind == nkStmtListExpr:
     let (st, res) = exprToStmtList(input)
     output.add(st)
-    output.add(ctx.newEnvVarAsgn(sym, res))
+    input = res
+  if ctx.nimOptItersEnabled:
+    output.add(ctx.newTempVarAsgn(sym, input))
   else:
     output.add(ctx.newEnvVarAsgn(sym, input))
 
 proc convertExprBodyToAsgn(ctx: Ctx, exprBody: PNode, res: PSym): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(nkStmtList, exprBody.info)
-  if exprBody.typ != nil:
-    ctx.addExprAssgn(result, exprBody, res)
+  ctx.addExprAssgn(result, exprBody, res)
 
 proc newNotCall(g: ModuleGraph; e: PNode): PNode =
   result = newTree(nkCall, newSymNode(g.getSysMagic(e.info, "not", mNot), e.info), e)
   result.typ = g.getSysType(e.info, tyBool)
 
+proc boolLit(g: ModuleGraph; info: TLineInfo; value: bool): PNode =
+  result = newIntLit(g, info, ord value)
+  result.typ = getSysType(g, info, tyBool)
+
+proc captureVar(c: var Ctx, s: PSym) =
+  if c.varStates.getOrDefault(s.itemId) != localRequiresLifting:
+    c.varStates[s.itemId] = localRequiresLifting # Mark this variable for lifting
+    let e = getEnvParam(c.fn)
+    discard addField(e.typ.elementType, s, c.g.cache, c.idgen)
+
 proc lowerStmtListExprs(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode, needsSplit: var bool): PNode =
   result = n
   case n.kind
@@ -487,12 +545,12 @@ proc lowerStmtListExprs(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode, needsSplit: var bool): PNode =
 
     if ns:
       needsSplit = true
-      var tmp: PSym
+      var tmp: PSym = nil
       let isExpr = not isEmptyType(n.typ)
       if isExpr:
-        tmp = ctx.newTempVar(n.typ)
         result = newNodeI(nkStmtListExpr, n.info)
         result.typ = n.typ
+        tmp = ctx.newTempVar(n.typ, result)
       else:
         result = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
 
@@ -543,7 +601,11 @@ proc lowerStmtListExprs(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode, needsSplit: var bool): PNode =
         else:
           internalError(ctx.g.config, "lowerStmtListExpr(nkIf): " & $branch.kind)
 
-      if isExpr: result.add(ctx.newEnvVarAccess(tmp))
+      if isExpr:
+        if ctx.nimOptItersEnabled:
+          result.add(ctx.newTempVarAccess(tmp))
+        else:
+          result.add(ctx.newEnvVarAccess(tmp))
 
   of nkTryStmt, nkHiddenTryStmt:
     var ns = false
@@ -557,7 +619,7 @@ proc lowerStmtListExprs(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode, needsSplit: var bool): PNode =
       if isExpr:
         result = newNodeI(nkStmtListExpr, n.info)
         result.typ = n.typ
-        let tmp = ctx.newTempVar(n.typ)
+        let tmp = ctx.newTempVar(n.typ, result)
 
         n[0] = ctx.convertExprBodyToAsgn(n[0], tmp)
         for i in 1..<n.len:
@@ -573,7 +635,10 @@ proc lowerStmtListExprs(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode, needsSplit: var bool): PNode =
           else:
             internalError(ctx.g.config, "lowerStmtListExpr(nkTryStmt): " & $branch.kind)
         result.add(n)
-        result.add(ctx.newEnvVarAccess(tmp))
+        if ctx.nimOptItersEnabled:
+          result.add(ctx.newTempVarAccess(tmp))
+        else:
+          result.add(ctx.newEnvVarAccess(tmp))
 
   of nkCaseStmt:
     var ns = false
@@ -586,9 +651,9 @@ proc lowerStmtListExprs(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode, needsSplit: var bool): PNode =
       let isExpr = not isEmptyType(n.typ)
 
       if isExpr:
-        let tmp = ctx.newTempVar(n.typ)
         result = newNodeI(nkStmtListExpr, n.info)
         result.typ = n.typ
+        let tmp = ctx.newTempVar(n.typ, result)
 
         if n[0].kind == nkStmtListExpr:
           let (st, ex) = exprToStmtList(n[0])
@@ -605,7 +670,16 @@ proc lowerStmtListExprs(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode, needsSplit: var bool): PNode =
           else:
             internalError(ctx.g.config, "lowerStmtListExpr(nkCaseStmt): " & $branch.kind)
         result.add(n)
-        result.add(ctx.newEnvVarAccess(tmp))
+        if ctx.nimOptItersEnabled:
+          result.add(ctx.newTempVarAccess(tmp))
+        else:
+          result.add(ctx.newEnvVarAccess(tmp))
+      elif n[0].kind == nkStmtListExpr:
+        result = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
+        let (st, ex) = exprToStmtList(n[0])
+        result.add(st)
+        n[0] = ex
+        result.add(n)
 
   of nkCallKinds, nkChckRange, nkChckRangeF, nkChckRange64:
     var ns = false
@@ -629,10 +703,14 @@ proc lowerStmtListExprs(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode, needsSplit: var bool): PNode =
           result.add(st)
           cond = ex
 
-        let tmp = ctx.newTempVar(cond.typ)
-        result.add(ctx.newEnvVarAsgn(tmp, cond))
+        let tmp = ctx.newTempVar(cond.typ, result, cond)
+        # result.add(ctx.newTempVarAsgn(tmp, cond))
 
-        var check = ctx.newEnvVarAccess(tmp)
+        var check: PNode
+        if ctx.nimOptItersEnabled:
+          check = ctx.newTempVarAccess(tmp)
+        else:
+          check = ctx.newEnvVarAccess(tmp)
         if n[0].sym.magic == mOr:
           check = ctx.g.newNotCall(check)
 
@@ -642,12 +720,18 @@ proc lowerStmtListExprs(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode, needsSplit: var bool): PNode =
           let (st, ex) = exprToStmtList(cond)
           ifBody.add(st)
           cond = ex
-        ifBody.add(ctx.newEnvVarAsgn(tmp, cond))
+        if ctx.nimOptItersEnabled:
+          ifBody.add(ctx.newTempVarAsgn(tmp, cond))
+        else:
+          ifBody.add(ctx.newEnvVarAsgn(tmp, cond))
 
         let ifBranch = newTree(nkElifBranch, check, ifBody)
         let ifNode = newTree(nkIfStmt, ifBranch)
         result.add(ifNode)
-        result.add(ctx.newEnvVarAccess(tmp))
+        if ctx.nimOptItersEnabled:
+          result.add(ctx.newTempVarAccess(tmp))
+        else:
+          result.add(ctx.newEnvVarAccess(tmp))
       else:
         for i in 0..<n.len:
           if n[i].kind == nkStmtListExpr:
@@ -656,9 +740,12 @@ proc lowerStmtListExprs(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode, needsSplit: var bool): PNode =
             n[i] = ex
 
           if n[i].kind in nkCallKinds: # XXX: This should better be some sort of side effect tracking
-            let tmp = ctx.newTempVar(n[i].typ)
-            result.add(ctx.newEnvVarAsgn(tmp, n[i]))
-            n[i] = ctx.newEnvVarAccess(tmp)
+            let tmp = ctx.newTempVar(n[i].typ, result, n[i])
+            # result.add(ctx.newTempVarAsgn(tmp, n[i]))
+            if ctx.nimOptItersEnabled:
+              n[i] = ctx.newTempVarAccess(tmp)
+            else:
+              n[i] = ctx.newEnvVarAccess(tmp)
 
         result.add(n)
 
@@ -674,6 +761,12 @@ proc lowerStmtListExprs(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode, needsSplit: var bool): PNode =
         let (st, ex) = exprToStmtList(c[^1])
         result.add(st)
         c[^1] = ex
+      for i in 0 .. c.len - 3:
+        if c[i].kind == nkSym:
+          let s = c[i].sym
+          if sfForceLift in s.flags:
+            ctx.captureVar(s)
+
       result.add(varSect)
 
   of nkDiscardStmt, nkReturnStmt, nkRaiseStmt:
@@ -704,7 +797,7 @@ proc lowerStmtListExprs(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode, needsSplit: var bool): PNode =
       n[^1] = ex
       result.add(n)
 
-  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn:
+  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn:
     var ns = false
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       n[i] = ctx.lowerStmtListExprs(n[i], ns)
@@ -759,7 +852,7 @@ proc lowerStmtListExprs(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode, needsSplit: var bool): PNode =
         let check = newTree(nkIfStmt, branch)
         let newBody = newTree(nkStmtList, st, check, n[1])
 
-        n[0] = newSymNode(ctx.g.getSysSym(n[0].info, "true"))
+        n[0] = ctx.g.boolLit(n[0].info, true)
         n[1] = newBody
 
   of nkDotExpr, nkCheckedFieldExpr:
@@ -796,7 +889,10 @@ proc newEndFinallyNode(ctx: var Ctx, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
   # Generate the following code:
   #   if :unrollFinally:
   #       if :curExc.isNil:
-  #         return :tmpResult
+  #         if nearestFinally == 0:
+  #           return :tmpResult
+  #         else:
+  #           :state = nearestFinally # bubble up
   #       else:
   #         raise
   let curExc = ctx.newCurExcAccess()
@@ -805,11 +901,20 @@ proc newEndFinallyNode(ctx: var Ctx, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
   let cmp = newTree(nkCall, newSymNode(ctx.g.getSysMagic(info, "==", mEqRef), info), curExc, nilnode)
   cmp.typ = ctx.g.getSysType(info, tyBool)
 
-  let asgn = newTree(nkFastAsgn,
-    newSymNode(getClosureIterResult(ctx.g, ctx.fn, ctx.idgen), info),
-    ctx.newTmpResultAccess())
+  let retStmt =
+    if ctx.nearestFinally == 0:
+      # last finally, we can return
+      let retValue = if ctx.fn.typ.returnType.isNil:
+                   ctx.g.emptyNode
+                 else:
+                   newTree(nkFastAsgn,
+                           newSymNode(getClosureIterResult(ctx.g, ctx.fn, ctx.idgen), info),
+                           ctx.newTmpResultAccess())
+      newTree(nkReturnStmt, retValue)
+    else:
+      # bubble up to next finally
+      newTree(nkGotoState, ctx.g.newIntLit(info, ctx.nearestFinally))
 
-  let retStmt = newTree(nkReturnStmt, asgn)
   let branch = newTree(nkElifBranch, cmp, retStmt)
 
   let nullifyExc = newTree(nkCall, newSymNode(ctx.g.getCompilerProc("closureIterSetupExc")), nilnode)
@@ -829,7 +934,9 @@ proc transformReturnsInTry(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode): PNode =
   case n.kind
   of nkReturnStmt:
     # We're somewhere in try, transform to finally unrolling
-    assert(ctx.nearestFinally != 0)
+    if ctx.nearestFinally == 0:
+      # return is within the finally
+      return
 
     result = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
 
@@ -842,7 +949,7 @@ proc transformReturnsInTry(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode): PNode =
     if n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
       let asgnTmpResult = newNodeI(nkAsgn, n.info)
       asgnTmpResult.add(ctx.newTmpResultAccess())
-      let x = if n[0].kind in {nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn}: n[0][1] else: n[0]
+      let x = if n[0].kind in {nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn}: n[0][1] else: n[0]
       asgnTmpResult.add(x)
       result.add(asgnTmpResult)
 
@@ -853,6 +960,13 @@ proc transformReturnsInTry(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode): PNode =
 
   of nkSkip:
     discard
+  of nkTryStmt:
+    if n.hasYields:
+      # the inner try will handle these transformations
+      discard
+    else:
+      for i in 0..<n.len:
+        n[i] = ctx.transformReturnsInTry(n[i])
   else:
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       n[i] = ctx.transformReturnsInTry(n[i])
@@ -1092,10 +1206,10 @@ proc skipEmptyStates(ctx: Ctx, stateIdx: int): int =
     let label = stateIdx
     if label == ctx.exitStateIdx: break
     var newLabel = label
-    if label == -1:
+    if label == emptyStateLabel:
       newLabel = ctx.exitStateIdx
     else:
-      let fs = skipStmtList(ctx, ctx.states[label][1])
+      let fs = skipStmtList(ctx, ctx.states[label].body)
       if fs.kind == nkGotoState:
         newLabel = fs[0].intVal.int
     if label == newLabel: break
@@ -1104,7 +1218,7 @@ proc skipEmptyStates(ctx: Ctx, stateIdx: int): int =
     if maxJumps == 0:
       assert(false, "Internal error")
 
-  result = ctx.states[stateIdx][0].intVal.int
+  result = ctx.states[stateIdx].label
 
 proc skipThroughEmptyStates(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode): PNode=
   result = n
@@ -1119,10 +1233,10 @@ proc skipThroughEmptyStates(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode): PNode=
       n[i] = ctx.skipThroughEmptyStates(n[i])
 
 proc newArrayType(g: ModuleGraph; n: int, t: PType; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym): PType =
-  result = newType(tyArray, nextTypeId(idgen), owner)
+  result = newType(tyArray, idgen, owner)
 
-  let rng = newType(tyRange, nextTypeId(idgen), owner)
-  rng.n = newTree(nkRange, g.newIntLit(owner.info, 0), g.newIntLit(owner.info, n))
+  let rng = newType(tyRange, idgen, owner)
+  rng.n = newTree(nkRange, g.newIntLit(owner.info, 0), g.newIntLit(owner.info, n - 1))
   rng.rawAddSon(t)
 
   result.rawAddSon(rng)
@@ -1222,11 +1336,10 @@ proc wrapIntoTryExcept(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode): PNode {.inline.} =
 proc wrapIntoStateLoop(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode): PNode =
   # while true:
   #   block :stateLoop:
-  #     gotoState :state
   #     local vars decl (if needed)
   #     body # Might get wrapped in try-except
   let loopBody = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
-  result = newTree(nkWhileStmt, newSymNode(ctx.g.getSysSym(n.info, "true")), loopBody)
+  result = newTree(nkWhileStmt, ctx.g.boolLit(n.info, true), loopBody)
   result.info = n.info
 
   let localVars = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
@@ -1241,11 +1354,7 @@ proc wrapIntoStateLoop(ctx: var Ctx, n: PNode): PNode =
   let blockStmt = newNodeI(nkBlockStmt, n.info)
   blockStmt.add(newSymNode(ctx.stateLoopLabel))
 
-  let gs = newNodeI(nkGotoState, n.info)
-  gs.add(ctx.newStateAccess())
-  gs.add(ctx.g.newIntLit(n.info, ctx.states.len - 1))
-
-  var blockBody = newTree(nkStmtList, gs, localVars, n)
+  var blockBody = newTree(nkStmtList, localVars, n)
   if ctx.hasExceptions:
     blockBody = ctx.wrapIntoTryExcept(blockBody)
 
@@ -1258,29 +1367,28 @@ proc deleteEmptyStates(ctx: var Ctx) =
 
   # Apply new state indexes and mark unused states with -1
   var iValid = 0
-  for i, s in ctx.states:
-    let body = skipStmtList(ctx, s[1])
+  for i, s in ctx.states.mpairs:
+    let body = skipStmtList(ctx, s.body)
     if body.kind == nkGotoState and i != ctx.states.len - 1 and i != 0:
       # This is an empty state. Mark with -1.
-      s[0].intVal = -1
+      s.label = emptyStateLabel
     else:
-      s[0].intVal = iValid
+      s.label = iValid
       inc iValid
 
   for i, s in ctx.states:
-    let body = skipStmtList(ctx, s[1])
+    let body = skipStmtList(ctx, s.body)
     if body.kind != nkGotoState or i == 0:
-      discard ctx.skipThroughEmptyStates(s)
+      discard ctx.skipThroughEmptyStates(s.body)
       let excHandlState = ctx.exceptionTable[i]
       if excHandlState < 0:
         ctx.exceptionTable[i] = -ctx.skipEmptyStates(-excHandlState)
       elif excHandlState != 0:
         ctx.exceptionTable[i] = ctx.skipEmptyStates(excHandlState)
 
-  var i = 0
+  var i = 1 # ignore the entry and the exit
   while i < ctx.states.len - 1:
-    let fs = skipStmtList(ctx, ctx.states[i][1])
-    if fs.kind == nkGotoState and i != 0:
+    if ctx.states[i].label == emptyStateLabel:
       ctx.states.delete(i)
       ctx.exceptionTable.delete(i)
     else:
@@ -1315,7 +1423,7 @@ proc freshVars(n: PNode; c: var FreshVarsContext): PNode =
         let idefs = copyNode(it)
         for v in 0..it.len-3:
           if it[v].kind == nkSym:
-            let x = copySym(it[v].sym, nextSymId(c.idgen))
+            let x = copySym(it[v].sym, c.idgen)
             c.tab[it[v].sym.id] = x
             idefs.add newSymNode(x)
           else:
@@ -1326,6 +1434,7 @@ proc freshVars(n: PNode; c: var FreshVarsContext): PNode =
       else:
         result.add it
   of nkRaiseStmt:
+    result = nil
     localError(c.config, c.info, "unsupported control flow: 'finally: ... raise' duplicated because of 'break'")
   else:
     result = n
@@ -1339,20 +1448,24 @@ proc preprocess(c: var PreprocessContext; n: PNode): PNode =
   # detect: 'finally: raises X' which is currently not supported. We produce
   # an error for this case for now. All this will be done properly with Yuriy's
   # patch.
+
   result = n
   case n.kind
   of nkTryStmt:
     let f = n.lastSon
+    var didAddSomething = false
     if f.kind == nkFinally:
       c.finallys.add f.lastSon
+      didAddSomething = true
 
     for i in 0 ..< n.len:
       result[i] = preprocess(c, n[i])
 
-    if f.kind == nkFinally:
+    if didAddSomething:
       discard c.finallys.pop()
 
   of nkWhileStmt, nkBlockStmt:
+    if not n.hasYields: return n
     c.blocks.add((n, c.finallys.len))
     for i in 0 ..< n.len:
       result[i] = preprocess(c, n[i])
@@ -1376,7 +1489,7 @@ proc preprocess(c: var PreprocessContext; n: PNode): PNode =
         result = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
         for i in countdown(c.finallys.high, fin):
           var vars = FreshVarsContext(tab: initTable[int, PSym](), config: c.config, info: n.info, idgen: c.idgen)
-          result.add freshVars(preprocess(c, c.finallys[i]), vars)
+          result.add freshVars(copyTree(c.finallys[i]), vars)
           c.idgen = vars.idgen
         result.add n
   of nkSkip: discard
@@ -1384,19 +1497,78 @@ proc preprocess(c: var PreprocessContext; n: PNode): PNode =
     for i in 0 ..< n.len:
       result[i] = preprocess(c, n[i])
 
+proc detectCapturedVars(c: var Ctx, n: PNode, stateIdx: int) =
+  case n.kind
+  of nkSym:
+    let s = n.sym
+    if s.kind in {skResult, skVar, skLet, skForVar, skTemp} and sfGlobal notin s.flags and s.owner == c.fn:
+      let vs = c.varStates.getOrDefault(s.itemId, localNotSeen)
+      if vs == localNotSeen: # First seing this variable
+        c.varStates[s.itemId] = stateIdx
+      elif vs == localRequiresLifting:
+        discard # Sym already marked
+      elif vs != stateIdx:
+        c.captureVar(s)
+  of nkReturnStmt:
+    if n[0].kind in {nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn}:
+      # we have a `result = result` expression produced by the closure
+      # transform, let's not touch the LHS in order to make the lifting pass
+      # correct when `result` is lifted
+      detectCapturedVars(c, n[0][1], stateIdx)
+    else:
+      detectCapturedVars(c, n[0], stateIdx)
+  else:
+    for i in 0 ..< n.safeLen:
+      detectCapturedVars(c, n[i], stateIdx)
+
+proc detectCapturedVars(c: var Ctx) =
+  for i, s in c.states:
+    detectCapturedVars(c, s.body, i)
+
+proc liftLocals(c: var Ctx, n: PNode): PNode =
+  result = n
+  case n.kind
+  of nkSym:
+    let s = n.sym
+    if c.varStates.getOrDefault(s.itemId) == localRequiresLifting:
+      # lift
+      let e = getEnvParam(c.fn)
+      let field = getFieldFromObj(e.typ.elementType, s)
+      assert(field != nil)
+      result = rawIndirectAccess(newSymNode(e), field, n.info)
+    # elif c.varStates.getOrDefault(s.itemId, localNotSeen) != localNotSeen:
+    #   echo "Not lifting ", s.name.s
+
+  of nkReturnStmt:
+    if n[0].kind in {nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn}:
+      # we have a `result = result` expression produced by the closure
+      # transform, let's not touch the LHS in order to make the lifting pass
+      # correct when `result` is lifted
+      n[0][1] = liftLocals(c, n[0][1])
+    else:
+      n[0] = liftLocals(c, n[0])
+  else:
+    for i in 0 ..< n.safeLen:
+      n[i] = liftLocals(c, n[i])
+
 proc transformClosureIterator*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; fn: PSym, n: PNode): PNode =
-  var ctx: Ctx
-  ctx.g = g
-  ctx.fn = fn
-  ctx.idgen = idgen
+  var ctx = Ctx(g: g, fn: fn, idgen: idgen,
+    # should be default when issues are fixed, see #24094:
+    nimOptItersEnabled: isDefined(g.config, "nimOptIters"))
 
   if getEnvParam(fn).isNil:
-    # Lambda lifting was not done yet. Use temporary :state sym, which will
-    # be handled specially by lambda lifting. Local temp vars (if needed)
-    # should follow the same logic.
-    ctx.stateVarSym = newSym(skVar, getIdent(ctx.g.cache, ":state"), nextSymId(idgen), fn, fn.info)
-    ctx.stateVarSym.typ = g.createClosureIterStateType(fn, idgen)
-  ctx.stateLoopLabel = newSym(skLabel, getIdent(ctx.g.cache, ":stateLoop"), nextSymId(idgen), fn, fn.info)
+    if ctx.nimOptItersEnabled:
+      # The transformation should always happen after at least partial lambdalifting
+      # is performed, so that the closure iter environment is always created upfront.
+      doAssert(false, "Env param not created before iter transformation")
+    else:
+      # Lambda lifting was not done yet. Use temporary :state sym, which will
+      # be handled specially by lambda lifting. Local temp vars (if needed)
+      # should follow the same logic.
+      ctx.stateVarSym = newSym(skVar, getIdent(ctx.g.cache, ":state"), idgen, fn, fn.info)
+      ctx.stateVarSym.typ = g.createClosureIterStateType(fn, idgen)
+
+  ctx.stateLoopLabel = newSym(skLabel, getIdent(ctx.g.cache, ":stateLoop"), idgen, fn, fn.info)
   var pc = PreprocessContext(finallys: @[], config: g.config, idgen: idgen)
   var n = preprocess(pc, n.toStmtList)
   #echo "transformed into ", n
@@ -1417,21 +1589,30 @@ proc transformClosureIterator*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; fn: PSym, n:
   # Optimize empty states away
   ctx.deleteEmptyStates()
 
-  # Make new body by concatenating the list of states
-  result = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
+  let caseDispatcher = newTreeI(nkCaseStmt, n.info,
+      ctx.newStateAccess())
+
+  if ctx.nimOptItersEnabled:
+    # Lamdalifting will not touch our locals, it is our responsibility to lift those that
+    # need it.
+    detectCapturedVars(ctx)
+
   for s in ctx.states:
-    assert(s.len == 2)
-    let body = s[1]
-    s.sons.del(1)
-    result.add(s)
-    result.add(body)
+    let body = ctx.transformStateAssignments(s.body)
+    caseDispatcher.add newTreeI(nkOfBranch, body.info, g.newIntLit(body.info, s.label), body)
+
+  caseDispatcher.add newTreeI(nkElse, n.info, newTreeI(nkReturnStmt, n.info, g.emptyNode))
+
+  result = wrapIntoStateLoop(ctx, caseDispatcher)
+  if ctx.nimOptItersEnabled:
+    result = liftLocals(ctx, result)
 
-  result = ctx.transformStateAssignments(result)
-  result = ctx.wrapIntoStateLoop(result)
+  when false:
+    echo "TRANSFORM TO STATES: "
+    echo renderTree(result)
 
-  # echo "TRANSFORM TO STATES: "
-  # echo renderTree(result)
+    echo "exception table:"
+    for i, e in ctx.exceptionTable:
+      echo i, " -> ", e
 
-  # echo "exception table:"
-  # for i, e in ctx.exceptionTable:
-  #   echo i, " -> ", e
+    echo "ENV: ", renderTree(getEnvParam(fn).typ.elementType.n)
diff --git a/compiler/cmdlinehelper.nim b/compiler/cmdlinehelper.nim
index c6a0f200a..e51248639 100644
--- a/compiler/cmdlinehelper.nim
+++ b/compiler/cmdlinehelper.nim
@@ -7,11 +7,13 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-## Helpers for binaries that use compiler passes, e.g.: nim, nimsuggest, nimfix
+## Helpers for binaries that use compiler passes, e.g.: nim, nimsuggest
 
 import
   options, idents, nimconf, extccomp, commands, msgs,
-  lineinfos, modulegraphs, condsyms, os, pathutils, parseopt
+  lineinfos, modulegraphs, condsyms, pathutils
+
+import std/[os, parseopt]
 
 proc prependCurDir*(f: AbsoluteFile): AbsoluteFile =
   when defined(unix):
@@ -44,14 +46,7 @@ proc processCmdLineAndProjectPath*(self: NimProg, conf: ConfigRef) =
   elif self.supportsStdinFile and conf.projectName == "-":
     handleStdinInput(conf)
   elif conf.projectName != "":
-    try:
-      conf.projectFull = canonicalizePath(conf, AbsoluteFile conf.projectName)
-    except OSError:
-      conf.projectFull = AbsoluteFile conf.projectName
-    let p = splitFile(conf.projectFull)
-    let dir = if p.dir.isEmpty: AbsoluteDir getCurrentDir() else: p.dir
-    conf.projectPath = AbsoluteDir canonicalizePath(conf, AbsoluteFile dir)
-    conf.projectName = p.name
+    setFromProjectName(conf, conf.projectName)
   else:
     conf.projectPath = AbsoluteDir canonicalizePath(conf, AbsoluteFile getCurrentDir())
 
@@ -62,6 +57,11 @@ proc loadConfigsAndProcessCmdLine*(self: NimProg, cache: IdentCache; conf: Confi
   if conf.cmd == cmdNimscript:
     incl(conf.globalOptions, optWasNimscript)
   loadConfigs(DefaultConfig, cache, conf, graph.idgen) # load all config files
+  # restores `conf.notes` after loading config files
+  # because it has overwrites the notes when compiling the system module which
+  # is a foreign module compared to the project
+  if conf.cmd in cmdBackends:
+    conf.notes = conf.mainPackageNotes
 
   if not self.suggestMode:
     let scriptFile = conf.projectFull.changeFileExt("nims")
@@ -71,7 +71,8 @@ proc loadConfigsAndProcessCmdLine*(self: NimProg, cache: IdentCache; conf: Confi
       if conf.cmd == cmdNimscript: return false
   # now process command line arguments again, because some options in the
   # command line can overwrite the config file's settings
-  extccomp.initVars(conf)
+  if conf.backend != backendJs: # bug #19059
+    extccomp.initVars(conf)
   self.processCmdLine(passCmd2, "", conf)
   if conf.cmd == cmdNone:
     rawMessage(conf, errGenerated, "command missing")
diff --git a/compiler/commands.nim b/compiler/commands.nim
index f36a4f515..cbf915ca6 100644
--- a/compiler/commands.nim
+++ b/compiler/commands.nim
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 
 # This module handles the parsing of command line arguments.
 
-
 # We do this here before the 'import' statement so 'defined' does not get
 # confused with 'TGCMode.gcMarkAndSweep' etc.
 template bootSwitch(name, expr, userString) =
@@ -25,18 +24,20 @@ bootSwitch(usedMarkAndSweep, defined(gcmarkandsweep), "--gc:markAndSweep")
 bootSwitch(usedGoGC, defined(gogc), "--gc:go")
 bootSwitch(usedNoGC, defined(nogc), "--gc:none")
 
+import std/[setutils, os, strutils, parseutils, parseopt, sequtils, strtabs, enumutils]
 import
-  os, msgs, options, nversion, condsyms, strutils, extccomp, platform,
-  wordrecg, parseutils, nimblecmd, parseopt, sequtils, lineinfos,
-  pathutils, strtabs
+  msgs, options, nversion, condsyms, extccomp, platform,
+  wordrecg, nimblecmd, lineinfos, pathutils
+
+import std/pathnorm
+
+from ast import setUseIc, eqTypeFlags, tfGcSafe, tfNoSideEffect
 
-from ast import eqTypeFlags, tfGcSafe, tfNoSideEffect
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 # but some have deps to imported modules. Yay.
 bootSwitch(usedTinyC, hasTinyCBackend, "-d:tinyc")
-bootSwitch(usedNativeStacktrace,
-  defined(nativeStackTrace) and nativeStackTraceSupported,
-  "-d:nativeStackTrace")
 bootSwitch(usedFFI, hasFFI, "-d:nimHasLibFFI")
 
 type
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ proc writeVersionInfo(conf: ConfigRef; pass: TCmdLinePass) =
       msgWriteln(conf, "git hash: " & gitHash, {msgStdout})
 
     msgWriteln(conf, "active boot switches:" & usedRelease & usedDanger &
-      usedTinyC & useLinenoise & usedNativeStacktrace &
+      usedTinyC & useLinenoise &
       usedFFI & usedBoehm & usedMarkAndSweep & usedGoGC & usedNoGC,
                {msgStdout})
     msgQuit(0)
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ const
   errInvalidCmdLineOption = "invalid command line option: '$1'"
   errOnOrOffExpectedButXFound = "'on' or 'off' expected, but '$1' found"
   errOnOffOrListExpectedButXFound = "'on', 'off' or 'list' expected, but '$1' found"
-  errOffHintsError = "'off', 'hint' or 'error' expected, but '$1' found"
+  errOffHintsError = "'off', 'hint', 'error' or 'usages' expected, but '$1' found"
 
 proc invalidCmdLineOption(conf: ConfigRef; pass: TCmdLinePass, switch: string, info: TLineInfo) =
   if switch == " ": localError(conf, info, errInvalidCmdLineOption % "-")
@@ -141,10 +142,19 @@ proc splitSwitch(conf: ConfigRef; switch: string, cmd, arg: var string, pass: TC
   elif switch[i] == '[': arg = substr(switch, i)
   else: invalidCmdLineOption(conf, pass, switch, info)
 
+template switchOn(arg: string): bool =
+  # xxx use `switchOn` wherever appropriate
+  case arg.normalize
+  of "", "on": true
+  of "off": false
+  else:
+    localError(conf, info, errOnOrOffExpectedButXFound % arg)
+    false
+
 proc processOnOffSwitch(conf: ConfigRef; op: TOptions, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass,
                         info: TLineInfo) =
   case arg.normalize
-  of "","on": conf.options.incl op
+  of "", "on": conf.options.incl op
   of "off": conf.options.excl op
   else: localError(conf, info, errOnOrOffExpectedButXFound % arg)
 
@@ -176,7 +186,7 @@ proc processSpecificNote*(arg: string, state: TSpecialWord, pass: TCmdLinePass,
                          info: TLineInfo; orig: string; conf: ConfigRef) =
   var id = ""  # arg = key or [key] or key:val or [key]:val;  with val=on|off
   var i = 0
-  var n = hintMin
+  var notes: set[TMsgKind] = {}
   var isBracket = false
   if i < arg.len and arg[i] == '[':
     isBracket = true
@@ -191,37 +201,42 @@ proc processSpecificNote*(arg: string, state: TSpecialWord, pass: TCmdLinePass,
   if i == arg.len: discard
   elif i < arg.len and (arg[i] in {':', '='}): inc(i)
   else: invalidCmdLineOption(conf, pass, orig, info)
-  # unfortunately, hintUser and warningUser clash
-  if state in {wHint, wHintAsError}:
-    let x = findStr(hintMin, hintMax, id, errUnknown)
-    if x != errUnknown: n = TNoteKind(x)
-    else: localError(conf, info, "unknown hint: " & id)
-  else:
-    let x = findStr(warnMin, warnMax, id, errUnknown)
-    if x != errUnknown: n = TNoteKind(x)
-    else: localError(conf, info, "unknown warning: " & id)
 
+  let isSomeHint = state in {wHint, wHintAsError}
+  template findNote(noteMin, noteMax, name) =
+    # unfortunately, hintUser and warningUser clash, otherwise implementation would simplify a bit
+    let x = findStr(noteMin, noteMax, id, errUnknown)
+    if x != errUnknown: notes = {TNoteKind(x)}
+    else:
+      if isSomeHint:
+        message(conf, info, hintUnknownHint, id)
+      else:
+        localError(conf, info, "unknown $#: $#" % [name, id])
+  case id.normalize
+  of "all": # other note groups would be easy to support via additional cases
+    notes = if isSomeHint: {hintMin..hintMax} else: {warnMin..warnMax}
+  elif isSomeHint: findNote(hintMin, hintMax, "hint")
+  else: findNote(warnMin, warnMax, "warning")
   var val = substr(arg, i).normalize
   if val == "": val = "on"
   if val notin ["on", "off"]:
+    # xxx in future work we should also allow users to have control over `foreignPackageNotes`
+    # so that they can enable `hints|warnings|warningAsErrors` for all the code they depend on.
     localError(conf, info, errOnOrOffExpectedButXFound % arg)
-  elif n notin conf.cmdlineNotes or pass == passCmd1:
-    if pass == passCmd1: incl(conf.cmdlineNotes, n)
-    incl(conf.modifiedyNotes, n)
-    case val
-    of "on":
-      if state in {wWarningAsError, wHintAsError}:
-        incl(conf.warningAsErrors, n) # xxx rename warningAsErrors to noteAsErrors
-      else:
-        incl(conf.notes, n)
-        incl(conf.mainPackageNotes, n)
-    of "off":
-      if state in {wWarningAsError, wHintAsError}:
-        excl(conf.warningAsErrors, n)
-      else:
-        excl(conf.notes, n)
-        excl(conf.mainPackageNotes, n)
-        excl(conf.foreignPackageNotes, n)
+  else:
+    let isOn = val == "on"
+    if isOn and id.normalize == "all":
+      localError(conf, info, "only 'all:off' is supported")
+    for n in notes:
+      if n notin conf.cmdlineNotes or pass == passCmd1:
+        if pass == passCmd1: incl(conf.cmdlineNotes, n)
+        incl(conf.modifiedyNotes, n)
+        if state in {wWarningAsError, wHintAsError}:
+          conf.warningAsErrors[n] = isOn # xxx rename warningAsErrors to noteAsErrors
+        else:
+          conf.notes[n] = isOn
+          conf.mainPackageNotes[n] = isOn
+        if not isOn: excl(conf.foreignPackageNotes, n)
 
 proc processCompile(conf: ConfigRef; filename: string) =
   var found = findFile(conf, filename)
@@ -229,10 +244,11 @@ proc processCompile(conf: ConfigRef; filename: string) =
   extccomp.addExternalFileToCompile(conf, found)
 
 const
-  errNoneBoehmRefcExpectedButXFound = "'arc', 'orc', 'markAndSweep', 'boehm', 'go', 'none', 'regions', or 'refc' expected, but '$1' found"
+  errNoneBoehmRefcExpectedButXFound = "'arc', 'orc', 'atomicArc', 'markAndSweep', 'boehm', 'go', 'none', 'regions', or 'refc' expected, but '$1' found"
   errNoneSpeedOrSizeExpectedButXFound = "'none', 'speed' or 'size' expected, but '$1' found"
-  errGuiConsoleOrLibExpectedButXFound = "'gui', 'console' or 'lib' expected, but '$1' found"
-  errInvalidExceptionSystem = "'goto', 'setjump', 'cpp' or 'quirky' expected, but '$1' found"
+  errGuiConsoleOrLibExpectedButXFound = "'gui', 'console', 'lib' or 'staticlib' expected, but '$1' found"
+  errInvalidExceptionSystem = "'goto', 'setjmp', 'cpp' or 'quirky' expected, but '$1' found"
+  errInvalidFeatureButXFound = Feature.toSeq.map(proc(val:Feature): string = "'$1'" % $val).join(", ") & " expected, but '$1' found"
 
 template warningOptionNoop(switch: string) =
   warningDeprecated(conf, info, "'$#' is deprecated, now a noop" % switch)
@@ -242,7 +258,7 @@ template deprecatedAlias(oldName, newName: string) =
 
 proc testCompileOptionArg*(conf: ConfigRef; switch, arg: string, info: TLineInfo): bool =
   case switch.normalize
-  of "gc":
+  of "gc", "mm":
     case arg.normalize
     of "boehm": result = conf.selectedGC == gcBoehm
     of "refc": result = conf.selectedGC == gcRefc
@@ -253,14 +269,18 @@ proc testCompileOptionArg*(conf: ConfigRef; switch, arg: string, info: TLineInfo
     of "go": result = conf.selectedGC == gcGo
     of "none": result = conf.selectedGC == gcNone
     of "stack", "regions": result = conf.selectedGC == gcRegions
-    of "v2", "generational": warningOptionNoop(arg)
-    else: localError(conf, info, errNoneBoehmRefcExpectedButXFound % arg)
+    of "atomicarc": result = conf.selectedGC == gcAtomicArc
+    else:
+      result = false
+      localError(conf, info, errNoneBoehmRefcExpectedButXFound % arg)
   of "opt":
     case arg.normalize
     of "speed": result = contains(conf.options, optOptimizeSpeed)
     of "size": result = contains(conf.options, optOptimizeSize)
     of "none": result = conf.options * {optOptimizeSpeed, optOptimizeSize} == {}
-    else: localError(conf, info, errNoneSpeedOrSizeExpectedButXFound % arg)
+    else:
+      result = false
+      localError(conf, info, errNoneSpeedOrSizeExpectedButXFound % arg)
   of "verbosity": result = $conf.verbosity == arg
   of "app":
     case arg.normalize
@@ -270,7 +290,9 @@ proc testCompileOptionArg*(conf: ConfigRef; switch, arg: string, info: TLineInfo
                       not contains(conf.globalOptions, optGenGuiApp)
     of "staticlib": result = contains(conf.globalOptions, optGenStaticLib) and
                       not contains(conf.globalOptions, optGenGuiApp)
-    else: localError(conf, info, errGuiConsoleOrLibExpectedButXFound % arg)
+    else:
+      result = false
+      localError(conf, info, errGuiConsoleOrLibExpectedButXFound % arg)
   of "dynliboverride":
     result = isDynlibOverride(conf, arg)
   of "exceptions":
@@ -279,8 +301,18 @@ proc testCompileOptionArg*(conf: ConfigRef; switch, arg: string, info: TLineInfo
     of "setjmp": result = conf.exc == excSetjmp
     of "quirky": result = conf.exc == excQuirky
     of "goto": result = conf.exc == excGoto
-    else: localError(conf, info, errInvalidExceptionSystem % arg)
-  else: invalidCmdLineOption(conf, passCmd1, switch, info)
+    else:
+      result = false
+      localError(conf, info, errInvalidExceptionSystem % arg)
+  of "experimental":
+    try:
+      result = conf.features.contains parseEnum[Feature](arg)
+    except ValueError:
+      result = false
+      localError(conf, info, errInvalidFeatureButXFound % arg)
+  else:
+    result = false
+    invalidCmdLineOption(conf, passCmd1, switch, info)
 
 proc testCompileOption*(conf: ConfigRef; switch: string, info: TLineInfo): bool =
   case switch.normalize
@@ -318,6 +350,7 @@ proc testCompileOption*(conf: ConfigRef; switch: string, info: TLineInfo): bool
   of "run", "r": result = contains(conf.globalOptions, optRun)
   of "symbolfiles": result = conf.symbolFiles != disabledSf
   of "genscript": result = contains(conf.globalOptions, optGenScript)
+  of "gencdeps": result = contains(conf.globalOptions, optGenCDeps)
   of "threads": result = contains(conf.globalOptions, optThreads)
   of "tlsemulation": result = contains(conf.globalOptions, optTlsEmulation)
   of "implicitstatic": result = contains(conf.options, optImplicitStatic)
@@ -325,8 +358,14 @@ proc testCompileOption*(conf: ConfigRef; switch: string, info: TLineInfo): bool
     if switch.normalize == "patterns": deprecatedAlias(switch, "trmacros")
     result = contains(conf.options, optTrMacros)
   of "excessivestacktrace": result = contains(conf.globalOptions, optExcessiveStackTrace)
-  of "nilseqs", "nilchecks", "taintmode": warningOptionNoop(switch)
-  else: invalidCmdLineOption(conf, passCmd1, switch, info)
+  of "nilseqs", "nilchecks", "taintmode":
+    warningOptionNoop(switch)
+    result = false
+  of "panics": result = contains(conf.globalOptions, optPanics)
+  of "jsbigint64": result = contains(conf.globalOptions, optJsBigInt64)
+  else:
+    result = false
+    invalidCmdLineOption(conf, passCmd1, switch, info)
 
 proc processPath(conf: ConfigRef; path: string, info: TLineInfo,
                  notRelativeToProj = false): AbsoluteDir =
@@ -359,31 +398,53 @@ proc processCfgPath(conf: ConfigRef; path: string, info: TLineInfo): AbsoluteDir
 const
   errInvalidNumber = "$1 is not a valid number"
 
+proc makeAbsolute(s: string): AbsoluteFile =
+  if isAbsolute(s):
+    AbsoluteFile pathnorm.normalizePath(s)
+  else:
+    AbsoluteFile pathnorm.normalizePath(os.getCurrentDir() / s)
+
+proc setTrackingInfo(conf: ConfigRef; dirty, file, line, column: string,
+                     info: TLineInfo) =
+  ## set tracking info, common code for track, trackDirty, & ideTrack
+  var ln: int = 0
+  var col: int = 0
+  if parseUtils.parseInt(line, ln) <= 0:
+    localError(conf, info, errInvalidNumber % line)
+  if parseUtils.parseInt(column, col) <= 0:
+    localError(conf, info, errInvalidNumber % column)
+
+  let a = makeAbsolute(file)
+  if dirty == "":
+    conf.m.trackPos = newLineInfo(conf, a, ln, col)
+  else:
+    let dirtyOriginalIdx = fileInfoIdx(conf, a)
+    if dirtyOriginalIdx.int32 >= 0:
+      msgs.setDirtyFile(conf, dirtyOriginalIdx, makeAbsolute(dirty))
+    conf.m.trackPos = newLineInfo(dirtyOriginalIdx, ln, col)
+
 proc trackDirty(conf: ConfigRef; arg: string, info: TLineInfo) =
   var a = arg.split(',')
   if a.len != 4: localError(conf, info,
                             "DIRTY_BUFFER,ORIGINAL_FILE,LINE,COLUMN expected")
-  var line, column: int
-  if parseUtils.parseInt(a[2], line) <= 0:
-    localError(conf, info, errInvalidNumber % a[1])
-  if parseUtils.parseInt(a[3], column) <= 0:
-    localError(conf, info, errInvalidNumber % a[2])
-
-  let dirtyOriginalIdx = fileInfoIdx(conf, AbsoluteFile a[1])
-  if dirtyOriginalIdx.int32 >= 0:
-    msgs.setDirtyFile(conf, dirtyOriginalIdx, AbsoluteFile a[0])
-
-  conf.m.trackPos = newLineInfo(dirtyOriginalIdx, line, column)
+  setTrackingInfo(conf, a[0], a[1], a[2], a[3], info)
 
 proc track(conf: ConfigRef; arg: string, info: TLineInfo) =
   var a = arg.split(',')
   if a.len != 3: localError(conf, info, "FILE,LINE,COLUMN expected")
-  var line, column: int
-  if parseUtils.parseInt(a[1], line) <= 0:
-    localError(conf, info, errInvalidNumber % a[1])
-  if parseUtils.parseInt(a[2], column) <= 0:
-    localError(conf, info, errInvalidNumber % a[2])
-  conf.m.trackPos = newLineInfo(conf, AbsoluteFile a[0], line, column)
+  setTrackingInfo(conf, "", a[0], a[1], a[2], info)
+
+proc trackIde(conf: ConfigRef; cmd: IdeCmd, arg: string, info: TLineInfo) =
+  ## set the tracking info related to an ide cmd, supports optional dirty file
+  var a = arg.split(',')
+  case a.len
+  of 4:
+    setTrackingInfo(conf, a[0], a[1], a[2], a[3], info)
+  of 3:
+    setTrackingInfo(conf, "", a[0], a[1], a[2], info)
+  else:
+    localError(conf, info, "[DIRTY_BUFFER,]ORIGINAL_FILE,LINE,COLUMN expected")
+  conf.ideCmd = cmd
 
 proc dynlibOverride(conf: ConfigRef; switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo) =
   if pass in {passCmd2, passPP}:
@@ -412,12 +473,16 @@ proc parseCommand*(command: string): Command =
   of "objc", "compiletooc": cmdCompileToOC
   of "js", "compiletojs": cmdCompileToJS
   of "r": cmdCrun
+  of "m": cmdM
   of "run": cmdTcc
   of "check": cmdCheck
   of "e": cmdNimscript
   of "doc0": cmdDoc0
-  of "doc2", "doc": cmdDoc2
+  of "doc2", "doc": cmdDoc
+  of "doc2tex": cmdDoc2tex
   of "rst2html": cmdRst2html
+  of "md2tex": cmdMd2tex
+  of "md2html": cmdMd2html
   of "rst2tex": cmdRst2tex
   of "jsondoc0": cmdJsondoc0
   of "jsondoc2", "jsondoc": cmdJsondoc
@@ -449,15 +514,121 @@ proc setCommandEarly*(conf: ConfigRef, command: string) =
   # command early customizations
   # must be handled here to honor subsequent `--hint:x:on|off`
   case conf.cmd
-  of cmdRst2html, cmdRst2tex: # xxx see whether to add others: cmdGendepend, etc.
+  of cmdRst2html, cmdRst2tex, cmdMd2html, cmdMd2tex:
+      # xxx see whether to add others: cmdGendepend, etc.
     conf.foreignPackageNotes = {hintSuccessX}
   else:
     conf.foreignPackageNotes = foreignPackageNotesDefault
 
+proc specialDefine(conf: ConfigRef, key: string; pass: TCmdLinePass) =
+  # Keep this syncronized with the default config/nim.cfg!
+  if cmpIgnoreStyle(key, "nimQuirky") == 0:
+    conf.exc = excQuirky
+  elif cmpIgnoreStyle(key, "release") == 0 or cmpIgnoreStyle(key, "danger") == 0:
+    if pass in {passCmd1, passPP}:
+      conf.options.excl {optStackTrace, optLineTrace, optLineDir, optOptimizeSize}
+      conf.globalOptions.excl {optExcessiveStackTrace, optCDebug}
+      conf.options.incl optOptimizeSpeed
+  if cmpIgnoreStyle(key, "danger") == 0 or cmpIgnoreStyle(key, "quick") == 0:
+    if pass in {passCmd1, passPP}:
+      conf.options.excl {optObjCheck, optFieldCheck, optRangeCheck, optBoundsCheck,
+        optOverflowCheck, optAssert, optStackTrace, optLineTrace, optLineDir}
+      conf.globalOptions.excl {optCDebug}
+
+proc initOrcDefines*(conf: ConfigRef) =
+  conf.selectedGC = gcOrc
+  defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcorc")
+  defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcdestructors")
+  incl conf.globalOptions, optSeqDestructors
+  incl conf.globalOptions, optTinyRtti
+  defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimSeqsV2")
+  defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimV2")
+  if conf.exc == excNone and conf.backend != backendCpp:
+    conf.exc = excGoto
+
+proc registerArcOrc(pass: TCmdLinePass, conf: ConfigRef) =
+  defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcdestructors")
+  incl conf.globalOptions, optSeqDestructors
+  incl conf.globalOptions, optTinyRtti
+  if pass in {passCmd2, passPP}:
+    defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimSeqsV2")
+    defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimV2")
+  if conf.exc == excNone and conf.backend != backendCpp:
+    conf.exc = excGoto
+
+proc unregisterArcOrc*(conf: ConfigRef) =
+  undefSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcdestructors")
+  undefSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcarc")
+  undefSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcorc")
+  undefSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcatomicarc")
+  undefSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimSeqsV2")
+  undefSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimV2")
+  excl conf.globalOptions, optSeqDestructors
+  excl conf.globalOptions, optTinyRtti
+
+proc processMemoryManagementOption(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass,
+                info: TLineInfo; conf: ConfigRef) =
+  if conf.backend == backendJs: return # for: bug #16033
+  expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
+  if pass in {passCmd2, passPP}:
+    case arg.normalize
+    of "boehm":
+      unregisterArcOrc(conf)
+      conf.selectedGC = gcBoehm
+      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "boehmgc")
+      incl conf.globalOptions, optTlsEmulation # Boehm GC doesn't scan the real TLS
+    of "refc":
+      unregisterArcOrc(conf)
+      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcrefc")
+      conf.selectedGC = gcRefc
+    of "markandsweep":
+      unregisterArcOrc(conf)
+      conf.selectedGC = gcMarkAndSweep
+      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcmarkandsweep")
+    of "destructors", "arc":
+      conf.selectedGC = gcArc
+      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcarc")
+      registerArcOrc(pass, conf)
+    of "orc":
+      conf.selectedGC = gcOrc
+      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcorc")
+      registerArcOrc(pass, conf)
+    of "atomicarc":
+      conf.selectedGC = gcAtomicArc
+      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcatomicarc")
+      registerArcOrc(pass, conf)
+    of "hooks":
+      conf.selectedGC = gcHooks
+      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gchooks")
+      incl conf.globalOptions, optSeqDestructors
+      processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optSeqDestructors}, arg, pass, info)
+      if pass in {passCmd2, passPP}:
+        defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimSeqsV2")
+    of "go":
+      unregisterArcOrc(conf)
+      conf.selectedGC = gcGo
+      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gogc")
+    of "none":
+      unregisterArcOrc(conf)
+      conf.selectedGC = gcNone
+      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nogc")
+    of "stack", "regions":
+      unregisterArcOrc(conf)
+      conf.selectedGC = gcRegions
+      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcregions")
+    else: localError(conf, info, errNoneBoehmRefcExpectedButXFound % arg)
+
+proc pathRelativeToConfig(arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, conf: ConfigRef): string =
+  if pass == passPP and not isAbsolute(arg):
+    assert isAbsolute(conf.currentConfigDir), "something is wrong with currentConfigDir"
+    result = conf.currentConfigDir / arg
+  else:
+    result = arg
+
 proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
                     conf: ConfigRef) =
-  var
-    key, val: string
+  var key = ""
+  var val = ""
   case switch.normalize
   of "eval":
     expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
@@ -472,17 +643,17 @@ proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
     for path in nimbleSubs(conf, arg):
       addPath(conf, if pass == passPP: processCfgPath(conf, path, info)
                     else: processPath(conf, path, info), info)
-  of "nimblepath", "babelpath":
-    if switch.normalize == "babelpath": deprecatedAlias(switch, "nimblepath")
+  of "nimblepath":
     if pass in {passCmd2, passPP} and optNoNimblePath notin conf.globalOptions:
       expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
       var path = processPath(conf, arg, info, notRelativeToProj=true)
       let nimbleDir = AbsoluteDir getEnv("NIMBLE_DIR")
       if not nimbleDir.isEmpty and pass == passPP:
+        path = nimbleDir / RelativeDir"pkgs2"
+        nimblePath(conf, path, info)
         path = nimbleDir / RelativeDir"pkgs"
       nimblePath(conf, path, info)
-  of "nonimblepath", "nobabelpath":
-    if switch.normalize == "nobabelpath": deprecatedAlias(switch, "nonimblepath")
+  of "nonimblepath":
     expectNoArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
     disableNimblePath(conf)
   of "clearnimblepath":
@@ -495,7 +666,11 @@ proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
     conf.lazyPaths.keepItIf(it != path)
   of "nimcache":
     expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
-    conf.nimcacheDir = processPath(conf, arg, info, notRelativeToProj=true)
+    var arg = arg
+    # refs bug #18674, otherwise `--os:windows` messes up with `--nimcache` set
+    # in config nims files, e.g. via: `import os; switch("nimcache", "/tmp/somedir")`
+    if conf.target.targetOS == osWindows and DirSep == '/': arg = arg.replace('\\', '/')
+    conf.nimcacheDir = processPath(conf, pathRelativeToConfig(arg, pass, conf), info, notRelativeToProj=true)
   of "out", "o":
     expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
     let f = splitFile(processPath(conf, arg, info, notRelativeToProj=true).string)
@@ -514,18 +689,21 @@ proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
   of "backend", "b":
     let backend = parseEnum(arg.normalize, TBackend.default)
     if backend == TBackend.default: localError(conf, info, "invalid backend: '$1'" % arg)
+    if backend == backendJs: # bug #21209
+      conf.globalOptions.excl {optThreadAnalysis, optThreads}
+      if optRun in conf.globalOptions:
+        # for now, -r uses nodejs, so define nodejs
+        defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nodejs")
     conf.backend = backend
   of "doccmd": conf.docCmd = arg
   of "define", "d":
     expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
     if {':', '='} in arg:
       splitSwitch(conf, arg, key, val, pass, info)
-      if cmpIgnoreStyle(key, "nimQuirky") == 0:
-        conf.exc = excQuirky
+      specialDefine(conf, key, pass)
       defineSymbol(conf.symbols, key, val)
     else:
-      if cmpIgnoreStyle(arg, "nimQuirky") == 0:
-        conf.exc = excQuirky
+      specialDefine(conf, arg, pass)
       defineSymbol(conf.symbols, arg)
   of "undef", "u":
     expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
@@ -552,59 +730,10 @@ proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
   of "project":
     processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optWholeProject, optGenIndex}, arg, pass, info)
   of "gc":
-    if conf.backend == backendJs: return # for: bug #16033
-    expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
-    if pass in {passCmd2, passPP}:
-      case arg.normalize
-      of "boehm":
-        conf.selectedGC = gcBoehm
-        defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "boehmgc")
-        incl conf.globalOptions, optTlsEmulation # Boehm GC doesn't scan the real TLS
-      of "refc":
-        conf.selectedGC = gcRefc
-      of "markandsweep":
-        conf.selectedGC = gcMarkAndSweep
-        defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcmarkandsweep")
-      of "destructors", "arc":
-        conf.selectedGC = gcArc
-        defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcdestructors")
-        defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcarc")
-        incl conf.globalOptions, optSeqDestructors
-        incl conf.globalOptions, optTinyRtti
-        if pass in {passCmd2, passPP}:
-          defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimSeqsV2")
-          defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimV2")
-        if conf.exc == excNone and conf.backend != backendCpp:
-          conf.exc = excGoto
-      of "orc":
-        conf.selectedGC = gcOrc
-        defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcdestructors")
-        defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcorc")
-        incl conf.globalOptions, optSeqDestructors
-        incl conf.globalOptions, optTinyRtti
-        if pass in {passCmd2, passPP}:
-          defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimSeqsV2")
-          defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimV2")
-        if conf.exc == excNone and conf.backend != backendCpp:
-          conf.exc = excGoto
-      of "hooks":
-        conf.selectedGC = gcHooks
-        defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gchooks")
-        incl conf.globalOptions, optSeqDestructors
-        processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optSeqDestructors}, arg, pass, info)
-        if pass in {passCmd2, passPP}:
-          defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimSeqsV2")
-      of "go":
-        conf.selectedGC = gcGo
-        defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gogc")
-      of "none":
-        conf.selectedGC = gcNone
-        defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nogc")
-      of "stack", "regions":
-        conf.selectedGC = gcRegions
-        defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcregions")
-      of "v2": warningOptionNoop(arg)
-      else: localError(conf, info, errNoneBoehmRefcExpectedButXFound % arg)
+    warningDeprecated(conf, info, "`gc:option` is deprecated; use `mm:option` instead")
+    processMemoryManagementOption(switch, arg, pass, info, conf)
+  of "mm":
+    processMemoryManagementOption(switch, arg, pass, info, conf)
   of "warnings", "w":
     if processOnOffSwitchOrList(conf, {optWarns}, arg, pass, info): listWarnings(conf)
   of "warning": processSpecificNote(arg, wWarning, pass, info, switch, conf)
@@ -672,10 +801,13 @@ proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
   of "linedir": processOnOffSwitch(conf, {optLineDir}, arg, pass, info)
   of "assertions", "a": processOnOffSwitch(conf, {optAssert}, arg, pass, info)
   of "threads":
-    if conf.backend == backendJs: discard
+    if conf.backend == backendJs or conf.cmd == cmdNimscript: discard
     else: processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optThreads}, arg, pass, info)
     #if optThreads in conf.globalOptions: conf.setNote(warnGcUnsafe)
-  of "tlsemulation": processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optTlsEmulation}, arg, pass, info)
+  of "tlsemulation":
+    processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optTlsEmulation}, arg, pass, info)
+    if optTlsEmulation in conf.globalOptions:
+      conf.legacyFeatures.incl emitGenerics
   of "implicitstatic":
     processOnOffSwitch(conf, {optImplicitStatic}, arg, pass, info)
   of "patterns", "trmacros":
@@ -712,6 +844,7 @@ proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
       defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "dll")
     of "staticlib":
       incl(conf.globalOptions, optGenStaticLib)
+      incl(conf.globalOptions, optNoMain)
       excl(conf.globalOptions, optGenGuiApp)
       defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "library")
       defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "staticlib")
@@ -731,12 +864,20 @@ proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
   of "clib":
     expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
     if pass in {passCmd2, passPP}:
-      conf.cLinkedLibs.add processPath(conf, arg, info).string
+      conf.cLinkedLibs.add arg
   of "header":
     if conf != nil: conf.headerFile = arg
     incl(conf.globalOptions, optGenIndex)
+  of "nimbasepattern":
+    if conf != nil: conf.nimbasePattern = arg
   of "index":
-    processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optGenIndex}, arg, pass, info)
+    case arg.normalize
+    of "", "on": conf.globalOptions.incl {optGenIndex}
+    of "only": conf.globalOptions.incl {optGenIndexOnly, optGenIndex}
+    of "off": conf.globalOptions.excl {optGenIndex, optGenIndexOnly}
+    else: localError(conf, info, errOnOrOffExpectedButXFound % arg)
+  of "noimportdoc":
+    processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optNoImportdoc}, arg, pass, info)
   of "import":
     expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
     if pass in {passCmd2, passPP}:
@@ -769,21 +910,28 @@ proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
       setTarget(conf.target, conf.target.targetOS, cpu)
   of "run", "r":
     processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optRun}, arg, pass, info)
+    if conf.backend == backendJs:
+      # for now, -r uses nodejs, so define nodejs
+      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nodejs")
   of "maxloopiterationsvm":
     expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
-    conf.maxLoopIterationsVM = parseInt(arg)
+    var value: int = 10_000_000
+    discard parseSaturatedNatural(arg, value)
+    if not value > 0: localError(conf, info, "maxLoopIterationsVM must be a positive integer greater than zero")
+    conf.maxLoopIterationsVM = value
   of "errormax":
     expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
     # Note: `nim check` (etc) can overwrite this.
     # `0` is meaningless, give it a useful meaning as in clang's -ferror-limit
     # If user doesn't set this flag and the code doesn't either, it'd
     # have the same effect as errorMax = 1
-    let ret = parseInt(arg)
-    conf.errorMax = if ret == 0: high(int) else: ret
+    var value: int = 0
+    discard parseSaturatedNatural(arg, value)
+    conf.errorMax = if value == 0: high(int) else: value
   of "verbosity":
     expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
     let verbosity = parseInt(arg)
-    if verbosity notin {0..3}:
+    if verbosity notin 0..3:
       localError(conf, info, "invalid verbosity level: '$1'" % arg)
     conf.verbosity = verbosity
     var verb = NotesVerbosity[conf.verbosity]
@@ -793,7 +941,9 @@ proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
     conf.mainPackageNotes = conf.notes
   of "parallelbuild":
     expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
-    conf.numberOfProcessors = parseInt(arg)
+    var value: int = 0
+    discard parseSaturatedNatural(arg, value)
+    conf.numberOfProcessors = value
   of "version", "v":
     expectNoArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
     writeVersionInfo(conf, pass)
@@ -818,6 +968,7 @@ proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
       of "v2": conf.symbolFiles = v2Sf
       of "stress": conf.symbolFiles = stressTest
       else: localError(conf, info, "invalid option for --incremental: " & arg)
+    setUseIc(conf.symbolFiles != disabledSf)
   of "skipcfg":
     processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optSkipSystemConfigFile}, arg, pass, info)
   of "skipprojcfg":
@@ -830,6 +981,8 @@ proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
     if switch.normalize == "gendeps": deprecatedAlias(switch, "genscript")
     processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optGenScript}, arg, pass, info)
     processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optCompileOnly}, arg, pass, info)
+  of "gencdeps":
+    processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optGenCDeps}, arg, pass, info)
   of "colors": processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optUseColors}, arg, pass, info)
   of "lib":
     expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
@@ -839,8 +992,9 @@ proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
     splitSwitch(conf, arg, key, val, pass, info)
     os.putEnv(key, val)
   of "cc":
-    expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
-    setCC(conf, arg, info)
+    if conf.backend != backendJs: # bug #19330
+      expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
+      setCC(conf, arg, info)
   of "track":
     expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
     track(conf, arg, info)
@@ -851,18 +1005,40 @@ proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
     expectNoArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
     conf.ideCmd = ideSug
   of "def":
-    expectNoArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
-    conf.ideCmd = ideDef
+    expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
+    trackIde(conf, ideDef, arg, info)
   of "context":
     expectNoArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
     conf.ideCmd = ideCon
   of "usages":
-    expectNoArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
-    conf.ideCmd = ideUse
+    expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
+    trackIde(conf, ideUse, arg, info)
+  of "defusages":
+    expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
+    trackIde(conf, ideDus, arg, info)
   of "stdout":
     processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optStdout}, arg, pass, info)
+  of "filenames":
+    case arg.normalize
+    of "abs": conf.filenameOption = foAbs
+    of "canonical": conf.filenameOption = foCanonical
+    of "legacyrelproj": conf.filenameOption = foLegacyRelProj
+    else: localError(conf, info, "expected: abs|canonical|legacyRelProj, got: $1" % arg)
+  of "processing":
+    incl(conf.notes, hintProcessing)
+    incl(conf.mainPackageNotes, hintProcessing)
+    case arg.normalize
+    of "dots": conf.hintProcessingDots = true
+    of "filenames": conf.hintProcessingDots = false
+    of "off":
+      excl(conf.notes, hintProcessing)
+      excl(conf.mainPackageNotes, hintProcessing)
+    else: localError(conf, info, "expected: dots|filenames|off, got: $1" % arg)
+  of "unitsep":
+    conf.unitSep = if switchOn(arg): "\31" else: ""
   of "listfullpaths":
-    processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optListFullPaths}, arg, pass, info)
+    # xxx in future work, use `warningDeprecated`
+    conf.filenameOption = if switchOn(arg): foAbs else: foCanonical
   of "spellsuggest":
     if arg.len == 0: conf.spellSuggestMax = spellSuggestSecretSauce
     elif arg == "auto": conf.spellSuggestMax = spellSuggestSecretSauce
@@ -890,6 +1066,9 @@ proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
     expectNoArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
     conf.exc = low(ExceptionSystem)
     defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "noCppExceptions")
+  of "shownonexports":
+    expectNoArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
+    showNonExportedFields(conf)
   of "exceptions":
     case arg.normalize
     of "cpp": conf.exc = excCpp
@@ -924,6 +1103,7 @@ proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
     of "off": conf.globalOptions = conf.globalOptions - {optStyleHint, optStyleError}
     of "hint": conf.globalOptions = conf.globalOptions + {optStyleHint} - {optStyleError}
     of "error": conf.globalOptions = conf.globalOptions + {optStyleError}
+    of "usages": conf.globalOptions.incl optStyleUsages
     else: localError(conf, info, errOffHintsError % arg)
   of "showallmismatches":
     processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optShowAllMismatches}, arg, pass, info)
@@ -943,25 +1123,6 @@ proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
   of "expandarc":
     expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
     conf.arcToExpand[arg] = "T"
-  of "useversion":
-    expectArg(conf, switch, arg, pass, info)
-    case arg
-    of "1.0":
-      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "NimMajor", "1")
-      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "NimMinor", "0")
-      # old behaviors go here:
-      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimOldRelativePathBehavior")
-      undefSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimDoesntTrackDefects")
-      ast.eqTypeFlags.excl {tfGcSafe, tfNoSideEffect}
-      conf.globalOptions.incl optNimV1Emulation
-    of "1.2":
-      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "NimMajor", "1")
-      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "NimMinor", "2")
-      conf.globalOptions.incl optNimV12Emulation
-    else:
-      localError(conf, info, "unknown Nim version; currently supported values are: `1.0`, `1.2`")
-    # always be compatible with 1.x.100:
-    defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "NimPatch", "100")
   of "benchmarkvm":
     processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optBenchmarkVM}, arg, pass, info)
   of "profilevm":
@@ -975,6 +1136,8 @@ proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
     processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optPanics}, arg, pass, info)
     if optPanics in conf.globalOptions:
       defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimPanics")
+  of "jsbigint64":
+    processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optJsBigInt64}, arg, pass, info)
   of "sourcemap": # xxx document in --fullhelp
     conf.globalOptions.incl optSourcemap
     conf.options.incl optLineDir
@@ -982,13 +1145,15 @@ proc processSwitch*(switch, arg: string, pass: TCmdLinePass, info: TLineInfo;
     processOnOffSwitchG(conf, {optEnableDeepCopy}, arg, pass, info)
   of "": # comes from "-" in for example: `nim c -r -` (gets stripped from -)
     handleStdinInput(conf)
-  of "nilseqs", "nilchecks", "mainmodule", "m", "symbol", "taintmode", "cs", "deadcodeelim": warningOptionNoop(switch)
+  of "nilseqs", "nilchecks", "symbol", "taintmode", "cs", "deadcodeelim": warningOptionNoop(switch)
+  of "nimmainprefix": conf.nimMainPrefix = arg
   else:
     if strutils.find(switch, '.') >= 0: options.setConfigVar(conf, switch, arg)
     else: invalidCmdLineOption(conf, pass, switch, info)
 
 proc processCommand*(switch: string, pass: TCmdLinePass; config: ConfigRef) =
-  var cmd, arg: string
+  var cmd = ""
+  var arg = ""
   splitSwitch(config, switch, cmd, arg, pass, gCmdLineInfo)
   processSwitch(cmd, arg, pass, gCmdLineInfo, config)
 
@@ -1015,13 +1180,20 @@ proc processArgument*(pass: TCmdLinePass; p: OptParser;
       config.projectName = unixToNativePath(p.key)
       config.arguments = cmdLineRest(p)
       result = true
-    elif pass != passCmd2: setCommandEarly(config, p.key)
+    elif pass != passCmd2:
+      setCommandEarly(config, p.key)
+      result = false
+    else: result = false
   else:
     if pass == passCmd1: config.commandArgs.add p.key
     if argsCount == 1:
+      if p.key.endsWith(".nims"):
+        incl(config.globalOptions, optWasNimscript)
       # support UNIX style filenames everywhere for portable build scripts:
       if config.projectName.len == 0:
         config.projectName = unixToNativePath(p.key)
       config.arguments = cmdLineRest(p)
       result = true
+    else:
+      result = false
   inc argsCount
diff --git a/compiler/compiler.nimble b/compiler/compiler.nimble
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ef3f343e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/compiler.nimble
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+include "../lib/system/compilation.nim"
+version = $NimMajor & "." & $NimMinor & "." & $NimPatch
+author = "Andreas Rumpf"
+description = "Compiler package providing the compiler sources as a library."
+license = "MIT"
+skipDirs = @["."]
+installDirs = @["compiler"]
+
+import os
+
+var compilerDir = ""
+
+before install:
+  rmDir("compiler")
+
+  let
+    files = listFiles(".")
+    dirs = listDirs(".")
+
+  mkDir("compiler")
+
+  for f in files:
+    cpFile(f, "compiler" / f)
+
+  for d in dirs:
+    cpDir(d, "compiler" / d)
+
+requires "nim"
diff --git a/compiler/concepts.nim b/compiler/concepts.nim
index 54579f73f..d48bacdc5 100644
--- a/compiler/concepts.nim
+++ b/compiler/concepts.nim
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@
 ## for details. Note this is a first implementation and only the "Concept matching"
 ## section has been implemented.
 
-import ast, astalgo, semdata, lookups, lineinfos, idents, msgs, renderer,
-  types, intsets
+import ast, astalgo, semdata, lookups, lineinfos, idents, msgs, renderer, types
 
-from magicsys import addSonSkipIntLit
+import std/intsets
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 const
   logBindings = false
@@ -23,30 +25,18 @@ const
 ## --------------------------------------
 
 proc declareSelf(c: PContext; info: TLineInfo) =
-  ## adds the magical 'Self' symbols to the current scope.
+  ## Adds the magical 'Self' symbols to the current scope.
   let ow = getCurrOwner(c)
-  let s = newSym(skType, getIdent(c.cache, "Self"), nextSymId(c.idgen), ow, info)
-  s.typ = newType(tyTypeDesc, nextTypeId(c.idgen), ow)
+  let s = newSym(skType, getIdent(c.cache, "Self"), c.idgen, ow, info)
+  s.typ = newType(tyTypeDesc, c.idgen, ow)
   s.typ.flags.incl {tfUnresolved, tfPacked}
-  s.typ.add newType(tyEmpty, nextTypeId(c.idgen), ow)
+  s.typ.add newType(tyEmpty, c.idgen, ow)
   addDecl(c, s, info)
 
-proc isSelf*(t: PType): bool {.inline.} =
-  ## is this the magical 'Self' type?
-  t.kind == tyTypeDesc and tfPacked in t.flags
-
-proc makeTypeDesc*(c: PContext, typ: PType): PType =
-  if typ.kind == tyTypeDesc and not isSelf(typ):
-    result = typ
-  else:
-    result = newTypeS(tyTypeDesc, c)
-    incl result.flags, tfCheckedForDestructor
-    result.addSonSkipIntLit(typ, c.idgen)
-
 proc semConceptDecl(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
   ## Recursive helper for semantic checking for the concept declaration.
-  ## Currently we only support lists of statements containing 'proc'
-  ## declarations and the like.
+  ## Currently we only support (possibly empty) lists of statements
+  ## containing 'proc' declarations and the like.
   case n.kind
   of nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr:
     result = shallowCopy(n)
@@ -59,8 +49,10 @@ proc semConceptDecl(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
     for i in 0..<n.len-1:
       result[i] = n[i]
     result[^1] = semConceptDecl(c, n[^1])
+  of nkCommentStmt:
+    result = n
   else:
-    localError(c.config, n.info, "unexpected construct in the new-styled concept " & renderTree(n))
+    localError(c.config, n.info, "unexpected construct in the new-styled concept: " & renderTree(n))
     result = n
 
 proc semConceptDeclaration*(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
@@ -97,14 +89,14 @@ proc existingBinding(m: MatchCon; key: PType): PType =
 proc conceptMatchNode(c: PContext; n: PNode; m: var MatchCon): bool
 
 proc matchType(c: PContext; f, a: PType; m: var MatchCon): bool =
-  ## the heart of the concept matching process. 'f' is the formal parameter of some
+  ## The heart of the concept matching process. 'f' is the formal parameter of some
   ## routine inside the concept that we're looking for. 'a' is the formal parameter
   ## of a routine that might match.
   const
     ignorableForArgType = {tyVar, tySink, tyLent, tyOwned, tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tyInferred}
   case f.kind
   of tyAlias:
-    result = matchType(c, f.lastSon, a, m)
+    result = matchType(c, f.skipModifier, a, m)
   of tyTypeDesc:
     if isSelf(f):
       #let oldLen = m.inferred.len
@@ -113,15 +105,19 @@ proc matchType(c: PContext; f, a: PType; m: var MatchCon): bool =
       #m.inferred.setLen oldLen
       #echo "A for ", result, " to ", typeToString(a), " to ", typeToString(m.potentialImplementation)
     else:
-      if a.kind == tyTypeDesc and f.len == a.len:
-        for i in 0..<a.len:
-          if not matchType(c, f[i], a[i], m): return false
-        return true
+      if a.kind == tyTypeDesc and f.hasElementType == a.hasElementType:
+        if f.hasElementType:
+          result = matchType(c, f.elementType, a.elementType, m)
+        else:
+          result = true # both lack it
+      else:
+        result = false
 
   of tyGenericInvocation:
-    if a.kind == tyGenericInst and a[0].kind == tyGenericBody:
-      if sameType(f[0], a[0]) and f.len == a.len-1:
-        for i in 1 ..< f.len:
+    result = false
+    if a.kind == tyGenericInst and a.genericHead.kind == tyGenericBody:
+      if sameType(f.genericHead, a.genericHead) and f.kidsLen == a.kidsLen-1:
+        for i in FirstGenericParamAt ..< f.kidsLen:
           if not matchType(c, f[i], a[i], m): return false
         return true
   of tyGenericParam:
@@ -131,17 +127,17 @@ proc matchType(c: PContext; f, a: PType; m: var MatchCon): bool =
     else:
       let old = existingBinding(m, f)
       if old == nil:
-        if f.len > 0 and f[0].kind != tyNone:
+        if f.hasElementType and f.elementType.kind != tyNone:
           # also check the generic's constraints:
           let oldLen = m.inferred.len
-          result = matchType(c, f[0], a, m)
+          result = matchType(c, f.elementType, a, m)
           m.inferred.setLen oldLen
           if result:
             when logBindings: echo "A adding ", f, " ", ak
             m.inferred.add((f, ak))
-        elif m.magic == mArrGet and ak.kind in {tyArray, tyOpenArray, tySequence, tyVarargs, tyCString, tyString}:
+        elif m.magic == mArrGet and ak.kind in {tyArray, tyOpenArray, tySequence, tyVarargs, tyCstring, tyString}:
           when logBindings: echo "B adding ", f, " ", lastSon ak
-          m.inferred.add((f, lastSon ak))
+          m.inferred.add((f, last ak))
           result = true
         else:
           when logBindings: echo "C adding ", f, " ", ak
@@ -152,25 +148,27 @@ proc matchType(c: PContext; f, a: PType; m: var MatchCon): bool =
         result = matchType(c, old, ak, m)
         if m.magic == mArrPut and ak.kind == tyGenericParam:
           result = true
+      else:
+        result = false
     #echo "B for ", result, " to ", typeToString(a), " to ", typeToString(m.potentialImplementation)
 
   of tyVar, tySink, tyLent, tyOwned:
     # modifiers in the concept must be there in the actual implementation
     # too but not vice versa.
     if a.kind == f.kind:
-      result = matchType(c, f.sons[0], a.sons[0], m)
+      result = matchType(c, f.elementType, a.elementType, m)
     elif m.magic == mArrPut:
-      result = matchType(c, f.sons[0], a, m)
+      result = matchType(c, f.elementType, a, m)
     else:
       result = false
   of tyEnum, tyObject, tyDistinct:
     result = sameType(f, a)
-  of tyEmpty, tyString, tyCString, tyPointer, tyNil, tyUntyped, tyTyped, tyVoid:
+  of tyEmpty, tyString, tyCstring, tyPointer, tyNil, tyUntyped, tyTyped, tyVoid:
     result = a.skipTypes(ignorableForArgType).kind == f.kind
   of tyBool, tyChar, tyInt..tyUInt64:
     let ak = a.skipTypes(ignorableForArgType)
     result = ak.kind == f.kind or ak.kind == tyOrdinal or
-       (ak.kind == tyGenericParam and ak.len > 0 and ak[0].kind == tyOrdinal)
+       (ak.kind == tyGenericParam and ak.hasElementType and ak.elementType.kind == tyOrdinal)
   of tyConcept:
     let oldLen = m.inferred.len
     let oldPotentialImplementation = m.potentialImplementation
@@ -181,9 +179,11 @@ proc matchType(c: PContext; f, a: PType; m: var MatchCon): bool =
       m.inferred.setLen oldLen
   of tyArray, tyTuple, tyVarargs, tyOpenArray, tyRange, tySequence, tyRef, tyPtr,
      tyGenericInst:
+    # ^ XXX Rewrite this logic, it's more complex than it needs to be.
+    result = false
     let ak = a.skipTypes(ignorableForArgType - {f.kind})
-    if ak.kind == f.kind and f.len == ak.len:
-      for i in 0..<ak.len:
+    if ak.kind == f.kind and f.kidsLen == ak.kidsLen:
+      for i in 0..<ak.kidsLen:
         if not matchType(c, f[i], ak[i], m): return false
       return true
   of tyOr:
@@ -192,29 +192,30 @@ proc matchType(c: PContext; f, a: PType; m: var MatchCon): bool =
       # say the concept requires 'int|float|string' if the potentialImplementation
       # says 'int|string' that is good enough.
       var covered = 0
-      for i in 0..<f.len:
-        for j in 0..<a.len:
+      for ff in f.kids:
+        for aa in a.kids:
           let oldLenB = m.inferred.len
-          let r = matchType(c, f[i], a[j], m)
+          let r = matchType(c, ff, aa, m)
           if r:
             inc covered
             break
           m.inferred.setLen oldLenB
 
-      result = covered >= a.len
+      result = covered >= a.kidsLen
       if not result:
         m.inferred.setLen oldLen
     else:
-      for i in 0..<f.len:
-        result = matchType(c, f[i], a, m)
+      result = false
+      for ff in f.kids:
+        result = matchType(c, ff, a, m)
         if result: break # and remember the binding!
         m.inferred.setLen oldLen
   of tyNot:
     if a.kind == tyNot:
-      result = matchType(c, f[0], a[0], m)
+      result = matchType(c, f.elementType, a.elementType, m)
     else:
       let oldLen = m.inferred.len
-      result = not matchType(c, f[0], a, m)
+      result = not matchType(c, f.elementType, a, m)
       m.inferred.setLen oldLen
   of tyAnything:
     result = true
@@ -253,7 +254,7 @@ proc matchSym(c: PContext; candidate: PSym, n: PNode; m: var MatchCon): bool =
       m.inferred.setLen oldLen
       return false
 
-  if not matchReturnType(c, n[0].sym.typ.sons[0], candidate.typ.sons[0], m):
+  if not matchReturnType(c, n[0].sym.typ.returnType, candidate.typ.returnType, m):
     m.inferred.setLen oldLen
     return false
 
@@ -270,7 +271,7 @@ proc matchSym(c: PContext; candidate: PSym, n: PNode; m: var MatchCon): bool =
 proc matchSyms(c: PContext, n: PNode; kinds: set[TSymKind]; m: var MatchCon): bool =
   ## Walk the current scope, extract candidates which the same name as 'n[namePos]',
   ## 'n' is the nkProcDef or similar from the concept that we try to match.
-  let candidates = searchInScopesFilterBy(c, n[namePos].sym.name, kinds)
+  let candidates = searchInScopesAllCandidatesFilterBy(c, n[namePos].sym.name, kinds)
   for candidate in candidates:
     #echo "considering ", typeToString(candidate.typ), " ", candidate.magic
     m.magic = candidate.magic
@@ -302,17 +303,19 @@ proc conceptMatchNode(c: PContext; n: PNode; m: var MatchCon): bool =
     result = matchSyms(c, n, {skMethod}, m)
   of nkIteratorDef:
     result = matchSyms(c, n, {skIterator}, m)
+  of nkCommentStmt:
+    result = true
   else:
     # error was reported earlier.
     result = false
 
-proc conceptMatch*(c: PContext; concpt, arg: PType; bindings: var TIdTable; invocation: PType): bool =
+proc conceptMatch*(c: PContext; concpt, arg: PType; bindings: var TypeMapping; invocation: PType): bool =
   ## Entry point from sigmatch. 'concpt' is the concept we try to match (here still a PType but
-  ## we extract its AST via 'concpt.n.lastSon'). 'arg' is the type that might fullfill the
+  ## we extract its AST via 'concpt.n.lastSon'). 'arg' is the type that might fulfill the
   ## concept's requirements. If so, we return true and fill the 'bindings' with pairs of
   ## (typeVar, instance) pairs. ('typeVar' is usually simply written as a generic 'T'.)
   ## 'invocation' can be nil for atomic concepts. For non-atomic concepts, it contains the
-  ## 'C[S, T]' parent type that we look for. We need this because we need to store bindings
+  ## `C[S, T]` parent type that we look for. We need this because we need to store bindings
   ## for 'S' and 'T' inside 'bindings' on a successful match. It is very important that
   ## we do not add any bindings at all on an unsuccessful match!
   var m = MatchCon(inferred: @[], potentialImplementation: arg)
@@ -333,8 +336,8 @@ proc conceptMatch*(c: PContext; concpt, arg: PType; bindings: var TIdTable; invo
     # we have a match, so bind 'arg' itself to 'concpt':
     bindings.idTablePut(concpt, arg)
     # invocation != nil means we have a non-atomic concept:
-    if invocation != nil and arg.kind == tyGenericInst and invocation.len == arg.len-1:
+    if invocation != nil and arg.kind == tyGenericInst and invocation.kidsLen == arg.kidsLen-1:
       # bind even more generic parameters
       assert invocation.kind == tyGenericInvocation
-      for i in 1 ..< invocation.len:
+      for i in FirstGenericParamAt ..< invocation.kidsLen:
         bindings.idTablePut(invocation[i], arg[i])
diff --git a/compiler/condsyms.nim b/compiler/condsyms.nim
index aa955e763..5043fc5d4 100644
--- a/compiler/condsyms.nim
+++ b/compiler/condsyms.nim
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 # This module handles the conditional symbols.
 
 import
-  strtabs
+  std/strtabs
 
 from options import Feature
 from lineinfos import hintMin, hintMax, warnMin, warnMax
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ proc undefSymbol*(symbols: StringTableRef; symbol: string) =
 #  result = if isDefined(symbol): gSymbols[symbol] else: nil
 
 iterator definedSymbolNames*(symbols: StringTableRef): string =
-  for key, val in pairs(symbols):
+  for key in keys(symbols):
     yield key
 
 proc countDefinedSymbols*(symbols: StringTableRef): int =
@@ -45,10 +45,8 @@ proc initDefines*(symbols: StringTableRef) =
   defineSymbol("nimNewTypedesc") # deadcode
   defineSymbol("nimrequiresnimframe") # deadcode
   defineSymbol("nimparsebiggestfloatmagic") # deadcode
-  defineSymbol("nimalias") # deadcode
   defineSymbol("nimlocks") # deadcode
-  defineSymbol("nimnode") # deadcode pending `nimnode` reference in opengl package
-    # refs https://github.com/nim-lang/opengl/pull/79
+  defineSymbol("nimnode") # deadcode
   defineSymbol("nimvarargstyped") # deadcode
   defineSymbol("nimtypedescfixed") # deadcode
   defineSymbol("nimKnowsNimvm") # deadcode
@@ -70,7 +68,7 @@ proc initDefines*(symbols: StringTableRef) =
   defineSymbol("nimVmExportFixed") # deadcode
   defineSymbol("nimHasSymOwnerInMacro") # deadcode
   defineSymbol("nimNewRuntime") # deadcode
-  defineSymbol("nimIncrSeqV3") # xxx: turn this into deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimIncrSeqV3") # deadcode
   defineSymbol("nimAshr") # deadcode
   defineSymbol("nimNoNilSeqs") # deadcode
   defineSymbol("nimNoNilSeqs2") # deadcode
@@ -84,10 +82,24 @@ proc initDefines*(symbols: StringTableRef) =
   defineSymbol("nimHasSignatureHashInMacro") # deadcode
   defineSymbol("nimHasDefault") # deadcode
   defineSymbol("nimMacrosSizealignof") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimNoZeroExtendMagic") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimMacrosGetNodeId") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimFixedForwardGeneric") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimToOpenArrayCString") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimHasUsed") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimnomagic64") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimNewShiftOps") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimHasCursor") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimAlignPragma") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimHasExceptionsQuery") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimHasIsNamedTuple") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimHashOrdinalFixed") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimHasSinkInference") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimNewIntegerOps") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimHasInvariant") # deadcode
+
+
 
-  # > 0.20.0
-  defineSymbol("nimNoZeroExtendMagic")
-  defineSymbol("nimMacrosGetNodeId")
   for f in Feature:
     defineSymbol("nimHas" & $f)
 
@@ -98,31 +110,18 @@ proc initDefines*(symbols: StringTableRef) =
 
   defineSymbol("nimFixedOwned")
   defineSymbol("nimHasStyleChecks")
-  defineSymbol("nimToOpenArrayCString")
-  defineSymbol("nimHasUsed")
-  defineSymbol("nimFixedForwardGeneric")
-  defineSymbol("nimnomagic64")
-  defineSymbol("nimNewShiftOps")
-  defineSymbol("nimHasCursor")
-  defineSymbol("nimAlignPragma")
-  defineSymbol("nimHasExceptionsQuery")
-  defineSymbol("nimHasIsNamedTuple")
-  defineSymbol("nimHashOrdinalFixed")
 
   when defined(nimHasLibFFI):
     # Renaming as we can't conflate input vs output define flags; e.g. this
     # will report the right thing regardless of whether user adds
     # `-d:nimHasLibFFI` in his user config.
-    defineSymbol("nimHasLibFFIEnabled")
+    defineSymbol("nimHasLibFFIEnabled") # deadcode
 
-  defineSymbol("nimHasSinkInference")
-  defineSymbol("nimNewIntegerOps")
-  defineSymbol("nimHasInvariant")
-  defineSymbol("nimHasStacktraceMsgs")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasStacktraceMsgs") # deadcode
   defineSymbol("nimDoesntTrackDefects")
-  defineSymbol("nimHasLentIterators")
-  defineSymbol("nimHasDeclaredMagic")
-  defineSymbol("nimHasStacktracesModule")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasLentIterators") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimHasDeclaredMagic") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimHasStacktracesModule") # deadcode
   defineSymbol("nimHasEffectTraitsModule")
   defineSymbol("nimHasCastPragmaBlocks")
   defineSymbol("nimHasDeclaredLocs")
@@ -130,3 +129,43 @@ proc initDefines*(symbols: StringTableRef) =
   defineSymbol("nimHasWarningAsError")
   defineSymbol("nimHasHintAsError")
   defineSymbol("nimHasSpellSuggest")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasCustomLiterals")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasUnifiedTuple")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasIterable")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasTypeofVoid") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimHasDragonBox") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimHasHintAll")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasTrace")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasEffectsOf")
+
+  defineSymbol("nimHasEnforceNoRaises")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasTopDownInference")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasTemplateRedefinitionPragma")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasCstringCase")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasCallsitePragma")
+
+  defineSymbol("nimHasWarnCastSizes") # deadcode
+  defineSymbol("nimHasOutParams")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasSystemRaisesDefect")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasWarnUnnamedBreak")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasGenericDefine")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasDefineAliases")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasWarnBareExcept")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasDup")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasChecksums")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasSendable")
+  defineSymbol("nimAllowNonVarDestructor")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasQuirky")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasEnsureMove")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasNoReturnError")
+
+  defineSymbol("nimUseStrictDefs")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasNolineTooLong")
+
+  defineSymbol("nimHasCastExtendedVm")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasWarnStdPrefix")
+
+  defineSymbol("nimHasVtables")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasGenericsOpenSym2")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasGenericsOpenSym3")
+  defineSymbol("nimHasJsNoLambdaLifting")
diff --git a/compiler/debugutils.nim b/compiler/debugutils.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..adbb0517f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/debugutils.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+##[
+Utilities to help with debugging nim compiler.
+
+Experimental API, subject to change.
+]##
+
+#[
+## example
+useful debugging flags:
+--stacktrace -d:debug -d:nimDebugUtils
+ nim c -o:bin/nim_temp --stacktrace -d:debug -d:nimDebugUtils compiler/nim
+
+## future work
+* expose and improve astalgo.debug, replacing it by std/prettyprints,
+  refs https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/385
+]#
+
+import options
+import std/wrapnils
+export wrapnils
+  # allows using things like: `?.n.sym.typ.len`
+
+import std/stackframes
+export stackframes
+  # allows using things like: `setFrameMsg c.config$n.info & " " & $n.kind`
+  # which doesn't log, but augments stacktrace with side channel information
+
+var conf0: ConfigRef
+
+proc onNewConfigRef*(conf: ConfigRef) {.inline.} =
+  ## Caches `conf`, which can be retrieved with `getConfigRef`.
+  ## This avoids having to forward `conf` all the way down the call chain to
+  ## procs that need it during a debugging session.
+  conf0 = conf
+
+proc getConfigRef*(): ConfigRef =
+  ## nil, if -d:nimDebugUtils wasn't specified
+  result = conf0
+
+proc isCompilerDebug*(): bool =
+  ##[
+  Provides a simple way for user code to enable/disable logging in the compiler
+  in a granular way. This can then be used in the compiler as follows:
+  ```nim
+  if isCompilerDebug():
+    echo ?.n.sym.typ.len
+  ```
+  ]##
+  runnableExamples:
+    proc main =
+      echo 2
+      {.define(nimCompilerDebug).}
+      echo 3.5 # code section in which `isCompilerDebug` will be true
+      {.undef(nimCompilerDebug).}
+      echo 'x'
+  conf0.isDefined("nimCompilerDebug")
+
+proc enteringDebugSection*() {.exportc, dynlib.} =
+  ## Provides a way for native debuggers to enable breakpoints, watchpoints, etc
+  ## when code of interest is being compiled.
+  ## 
+  ## Set your debugger to break on entering `nimCompilerIsEnteringDebugSection`
+  ## and then execute a desired command.
+  discard
+
+proc exitingDebugSection*() {.exportc, dynlib.} =
+  ## Provides a way for native debuggers to disable breakpoints, watchpoints, etc
+  ## when code of interest is no longer being compiled.
+  ## 
+  ## Set your debugger to break on entering `exitingDebugSection`
+  ## and then execute a desired command.
+  discard
diff --git a/compiler/depends.nim b/compiler/depends.nim
index 7225b6b47..638f1eb51 100644
--- a/compiler/depends.nim
+++ b/compiler/depends.nim
@@ -9,10 +9,17 @@
 
 # This module implements a dependency file generator.
 
-import
-  options, ast, ropes, idents, passes, modulepaths, pathutils
+import options, ast, ropes, pathutils, msgs, lineinfos
+
+import modulegraphs
+
+import std/[os, parseutils]
+import std/strutils except addf
+import std/private/globs
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
-from modulegraphs import ModuleGraph, PPassContext
 
 type
   TGen = object of PPassContext
@@ -25,21 +32,67 @@ type
     dotGraph: Rope
 
 proc addDependencyAux(b: Backend; importing, imported: string) =
-  b.dotGraph.addf("$1 -> \"$2\";$n", [rope(importing), rope(imported)])
+  b.dotGraph.addf("\"$1\" -> \"$2\";$n", [rope(importing), rope(imported)])
   # s1 -> s2_4[label="[0-9]"];
 
-proc addDotDependency(c: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc toNimblePath(s: string, isStdlib: bool): string =
+  const stdPrefix = "std/"
+  const pkgPrefix = "pkg/"
+  if isStdlib:
+    let sub = "lib/"
+    var start = s.find(sub)
+    if start < 0:
+      raiseAssert "unreachable"
+    else:
+      start += sub.len
+      let base = s[start..^1]
+
+      if base.startsWith("system") or base.startsWith("std"):
+        result = base
+      else:
+        for dir in stdlibDirs:
+          if base.startsWith(dir):
+            return stdPrefix & base.splitFile.name
+
+        result = stdPrefix & base
+  else:
+    var sub = getEnv("NIMBLE_DIR")
+    if sub.len == 0:
+      sub = ".nimble/pkgs/"
+    else:
+      sub.add "/pkgs/"
+    var start = s.find(sub)
+    if start < 0:
+      sub[^1] = '2'
+      sub.add '/'
+      start = s.find(sub) # /pkgs2
+      if start < 0:
+        return s
+
+    start += sub.len
+    start += skipUntil(s, '/', start)
+    start += 1
+    result = pkgPrefix & s[start..^1]
+
+proc addDependency(c: PPassContext, g: PGen, b: Backend, n: PNode) =
+  doAssert n.kind == nkSym, $n.kind
+
+  let path = splitFile(toProjPath(g.config, n.sym.position.FileIndex))
+  let modulePath = splitFile(toProjPath(g.config, g.module.position.FileIndex))
+  let parent = nativeToUnixPath(modulePath.dir / modulePath.name).toNimblePath(belongsToStdlib(g.graph, g.module))
+  let child = nativeToUnixPath(path.dir / path.name).toNimblePath(belongsToStdlib(g.graph, n.sym))
+  addDependencyAux(b, parent, child)
+
+proc addDotDependency*(c: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   result = n
   let g = PGen(c)
   let b = Backend(g.graph.backend)
   case n.kind
   of nkImportStmt:
     for i in 0..<n.len:
-      var imported = getModuleName(g.config, n[i])
-      addDependencyAux(b, g.module.name.s, imported)
+      addDependency(c, g, b, n[i])
   of nkFromStmt, nkImportExceptStmt:
-    var imported = getModuleName(g.config, n[0])
-    addDependencyAux(b, g.module.name.s, imported)
+    addDependency(c, g, b, n[0])
   of nkStmtList, nkBlockStmt, nkStmtListExpr, nkBlockExpr:
     for i in 0..<n.len: discard addDotDependency(c, n[i])
   else:
@@ -51,18 +104,7 @@ proc generateDot*(graph: ModuleGraph; project: AbsoluteFile) =
       rope(project.splitFile.name), b.dotGraph],
             changeFileExt(project, "dot"))
 
-when not defined(nimHasSinkInference):
-  {.pragma: nosinks.}
-
-proc myOpen(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PPassContext {.nosinks.} =
-  var g: PGen
-  new(g)
-  g.module = module
-  g.config = graph.config
-  g.graph = graph
+proc setupDependPass*(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PPassContext =
+  result = PGen(module: module, config: graph.config, graph: graph)
   if graph.backend == nil:
-    graph.backend = Backend(dotGraph: nil)
-  result = g
-
-const gendependPass* = makePass(open = myOpen, process = addDotDependency)
-
+    graph.backend = Backend(dotGraph: "")
diff --git a/compiler/dfa.nim b/compiler/dfa.nim
index c7a9d4694..5534d07e7 100644
--- a/compiler/dfa.nim
+++ b/compiler/dfa.nim
@@ -9,37 +9,34 @@
 
 ## Data flow analysis for Nim.
 ## We transform the AST into a linear list of instructions first to
-## make this easier to handle: There are only 2 different branching
+## make this easier to handle: There are only 3 different branching
 ## instructions: 'goto X' is an unconditional goto, 'fork X'
 ## is a conditional goto (either the next instruction or 'X' can be
-## taken). Exhaustive case statements are translated
+## taken), 'loop X' is the only jump that jumps back.
+##
+## Exhaustive case statements are translated
 ## so that the last branch is transformed into an 'else' branch.
 ## ``return`` and ``break`` are all covered by 'goto'.
 ##
-## Control flow through exception handling:
-## Contrary to popular belief, exception handling doesn't cause
-## many problems for this DFA representation, ``raise`` is a statement
-## that ``goes to`` the outer ``finally`` or ``except`` if there is one,
-## otherwise it is the same as ``return``. Every call is treated as
-## a call that can potentially ``raise``. However, without a surrounding
-## ``try`` we don't emit these ``fork ReturnLabel`` instructions in order
-## to speed up the dataflow analysis passes.
-##
 ## The data structures and algorithms used here are inspired by
 ## "A Graph–Free Approach to Data–Flow Analysis" by Markus Mohnen.
 ## https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/3-540-45937-5_6.pdf
 
-import ast, types, intsets, lineinfos, renderer
+import ast, lineinfos, renderer, aliasanalysis
 import std/private/asciitables
+import std/intsets
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 type
   InstrKind* = enum
-    goto, fork, def, use
+    goto, loop, fork, def, use
   Instr* = object
-    n*: PNode # contains the def/use location.
     case kind*: InstrKind
-    of goto, fork: dest*: int
-    else: discard
+    of goto, fork, loop: dest*: int
+    of def, use:
+      n*: PNode # contains the def/use location.
 
   ControlFlowGraph* = seq[Instr]
 
@@ -49,24 +46,26 @@ type
     case isTryBlock: bool
     of false:
       label: PSym
-      breakFixups: seq[(TPosition, seq[PNode])] #Contains the gotos for the breaks along with their pending finales
+      breakFixups: seq[(TPosition, seq[PNode])] # Contains the gotos for the breaks along with their pending finales
     of true:
       finale: PNode
-      raiseFixups: seq[TPosition] #Contains the gotos for the raises
+      raiseFixups: seq[TPosition] # Contains the gotos for the raises
 
   Con = object
     code: ControlFlowGraph
-    inTryStmt: int
+    inTryStmt, interestingInstructions: int
     blocks: seq[TBlock]
     owner: PSym
+    root: PSym
 
 proc codeListing(c: ControlFlowGraph, start = 0; last = -1): string =
   # for debugging purposes
   # first iteration: compute all necessary labels:
+  result = ""
   var jumpTargets = initIntSet()
   let last = if last < 0: c.len-1 else: min(last, c.len-1)
   for i in start..last:
-    if c[i].kind in {goto, fork}:
+    if c[i].kind in {goto, fork, loop}:
       jumpTargets.incl(i+c[i].dest)
   var i = start
   while i <= last:
@@ -77,12 +76,12 @@ proc codeListing(c: ControlFlowGraph, start = 0; last = -1): string =
     case c[i].kind
     of def, use:
       result.add renderTree(c[i].n)
-    of goto, fork:
+      result.add("\t#")
+      result.add($c[i].n.info.line)
+      result.add("\n")
+    of goto, fork, loop:
       result.add "L"
       result.addInt c[i].dest+i
-    result.add("\t#")
-    result.add($c[i].n.info.line)
-    result.add("\n")
     inc i
   if i in jumpTargets: result.add("L" & $i & ": End\n")
 
@@ -90,181 +89,13 @@ proc echoCfg*(c: ControlFlowGraph; start = 0; last = -1) {.deprecated.} =
   ## echos the ControlFlowGraph for debugging purposes.
   echo codeListing(c, start, last).alignTable
 
-proc forkI(c: var Con; n: PNode): TPosition =
+proc forkI(c: var Con): TPosition =
   result = TPosition(c.code.len)
-  c.code.add Instr(n: n, kind: fork, dest: 0)
+  c.code.add Instr(kind: fork, dest: 0)
 
-proc gotoI(c: var Con; n: PNode): TPosition =
+proc gotoI(c: var Con): TPosition =
   result = TPosition(c.code.len)
-  c.code.add Instr(n: n, kind: goto, dest: 0)
-
-#[
-
-Join is no more
-===============
-Instead of generating join instructions we adapt our traversal of the CFG.
-
-When encountering a fork we split into two paths, we follow the path
-starting at "pc + 1" until it encounters the joinpoint: "pc + forkInstr.dest".
-If we encounter gotos that would jump further than the current joinpoint,
-as can happen with gotos generated by unstructured controlflow such as break, raise or return,
-we simply suspend following the current path, and follow the other path until the new joinpoint
-which is simply the instruction pointer returned to us by the now suspended path.
-If the path we are following now, also encounters a goto that exceeds the joinpoint
-we repeat the process; suspending the current path and evaluating the other one with a new joinpoint.
-If we eventually reach a common joinpoint we join the two paths.
-This new "ping-pong" approach has the obvious advantage of not requiring join instructions, as such
-cutting down on the CFG size but is also mandatory for correctly handling complicated cases
-of unstructured controlflow.
-
-
-Design of join
-==============
-
-block:
-  if cond: break
-  def(x)
-
-use(x)
-
-Generates:
-
-L0: fork lab1
-  join L0  # patched.
-  goto Louter
-lab1:
-  def x
-  join L0
-Louter:
-  use x
-
-
-block outer:
-  while a:
-    while b:
-      if foo:
-        if bar:
-          break outer # --> we need to 'join' every pushed 'fork' here
-
-
-This works and then our abstract interpretation needs to deal with 'fork'
-differently. It really causes a split in execution. Two threads are
-"spawned" and both need to reach the 'join L' instruction. Afterwards
-the abstract interpretations are joined and execution resumes single
-threaded.
-
-
-Abstract Interpretation
------------------------
-
-proc interpret(pc, state, comesFrom): state =
-  result = state
-  # we need an explicit 'create' instruction (an explicit heap), in order
-  # to deal with 'var x = create(); var y = x; var z = y; destroy(z)'
-  while true:
-    case pc
-    of fork:
-      let a = interpret(pc+1, result, pc)
-      let b = interpret(forkTarget, result, pc)
-      result = a ++ b # ++ is a union operation
-      inc pc
-    of join:
-      if joinTarget == comesFrom: return result
-      else: inc pc
-    of use X:
-      if not result.contains(x):
-        error "variable not initialized " & x
-      inc pc
-    of def X:
-      if not result.contains(x):
-        result.incl X
-      else:
-        error "overwrite of variable causes memory leak " & x
-      inc pc
-    of destroy X:
-      result.excl X
-
-This is correct but still can lead to false positives:
-
-proc p(cond: bool) =
-  if cond:
-    new(x)
-  otherThings()
-  if cond:
-    destroy x
-
-Is not a leak. We should find a way to model *data* flow, not just
-control flow. One solution is to rewrite the 'if' without a fork
-instruction. The unstructured aspect can now be easily dealt with
-the 'goto' and 'join' instructions.
-
-proc p(cond: bool) =
-  L0: fork Lend
-    new(x)
-    # do not 'join' here!
-
-  Lend:
-    otherThings()
-    join L0  # SKIP THIS FOR new(x) SOMEHOW
-  destroy x
-  join L0 # but here.
-
-
-
-But if we follow 'goto Louter' we will never come to the join point.
-We restore the bindings after popping pc from the stack then there
-"no" problem?!
-
-
-while cond:
-  prelude()
-  if not condB: break
-  postlude()
-
---->
-var setFlag = true
-while cond and not setFlag:
-  prelude()
-  if not condB:
-    setFlag = true   # BUT: Dependency
-  if not setFlag:    # HERE
-    postlude()
-
---->
-var setFlag = true
-while cond and not setFlag:
-  prelude()
-  if not condB:
-    postlude()
-    setFlag = true
-
-
--------------------------------------------------
-
-while cond:
-  prelude()
-  if more:
-    if not condB: break
-    stuffHere()
-  postlude()
-
--->
-var setFlag = true
-while cond and not setFlag:
-  prelude()
-  if more:
-    if not condB:
-      setFlag = false
-    else:
-      stuffHere()
-      postlude()
-  else:
-    postlude()
-
-This is getting complicated. Instead we keep the whole 'join' idea but
-duplicate the 'join' instructions on breaks and return exits!
-
-]#
+  c.code.add Instr(kind: goto, dest: 0)
 
 proc genLabel(c: Con): TPosition = TPosition(c.code.len)
 
@@ -272,8 +103,8 @@ template checkedDistance(dist): int =
   doAssert low(int) div 2 + 1 < dist and dist < high(int) div 2
   dist
 
-proc jmpBack(c: var Con, n: PNode, p = TPosition(0)) =
-  c.code.add Instr(n: n, kind: goto, dest: checkedDistance(p.int - c.code.len))
+proc jmpBack(c: var Con, p = TPosition(0)) =
+  c.code.add Instr(kind: loop, dest: checkedDistance(p.int - c.code.len))
 
 proc patch(c: var Con, p: TPosition) =
   # patch with current index
@@ -282,13 +113,13 @@ proc patch(c: var Con, p: TPosition) =
 proc gen(c: var Con; n: PNode)
 
 proc popBlock(c: var Con; oldLen: int) =
-  var exits: seq[TPosition]
-  exits.add c.gotoI(newNode(nkEmpty))
+  var exits: seq[TPosition] = @[]
+  exits.add c.gotoI()
   for f in c.blocks[oldLen].breakFixups:
     c.patch(f[0])
     for finale in f[1]:
       c.gen(finale)
-    exits.add c.gotoI(newNode(nkEmpty))
+    exits.add c.gotoI()
   for e in exits:
     c.patch e
   c.blocks.setLen(oldLen)
@@ -299,89 +130,28 @@ template withBlock(labl: PSym; body: untyped) =
   body
   popBlock(c, oldLen)
 
-proc isTrue(n: PNode): bool =
-  n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind == skEnumField and n.sym.position != 0 or
-    n.kind == nkIntLit and n.intVal != 0
-
-when true:
-  proc genWhile(c: var Con; n: PNode) =
-    # We unroll every loop 3 times. We emulate 0, 1, 2 iterations
-    # through the loop. We need to prove this is correct for our
-    # purposes. But Herb Sutter claims it is. (Proof by authority.)
-    #[
-    while cond:
-      body
-
-    Becomes:
-
-    block:
-      if cond:
-        body
-        if cond:
-          body
-          if cond:
-            body
-
-    We still need to ensure 'break' resolves properly, so an AST to AST
-    translation is impossible.
-
-    So the code to generate is:
-
-      cond
-      fork L4  # F1
-      body
-      cond
-      fork L5  # F2
-      body
-      cond
-      fork L6  # F3
-      body
-    L6:
-      join F3
-    L5:
-      join F2
-    L4:
-      join F1
-    ]#
+template forkT(body) =
+  let lab1 = c.forkI()
+  body
+  c.patch(lab1)
+
+proc genWhile(c: var Con; n: PNode) =
+  # lab1:
+  #   cond, tmp
+  #   fork tmp, lab2
+  #   body
+  #   jmp lab1
+  # lab2:
+  let lab1 = c.genLabel
+  withBlock(nil):
     if isTrue(n[0]):
-      # 'while true' is an idiom in Nim and so we produce
-      # better code for it:
-      withBlock(nil):
-        for i in 0..2:
-          c.gen(n[1])
+      c.gen(n[1])
+      c.jmpBack(lab1)
     else:
-      withBlock(nil):
-        var endings: array[3, TPosition]
-        for i in 0..2:
-          c.gen(n[0])
-          endings[i] = c.forkI(n)
-          c.gen(n[1])
-        for i in countdown(endings.high, 0):
-          c.patch(endings[i])
-
-else:
-  proc genWhile(c: var Con; n: PNode) =
-    # lab1:
-    #   cond, tmp
-    #   fork tmp, lab2
-    #   body
-    #   jmp lab1
-    # lab2:
-    let lab1 = c.genLabel
-    withBlock(nil):
-      if isTrue(n[0]):
+      c.gen(n[0])
+      forkT:
         c.gen(n[1])
-        c.jmpBack(n, lab1)
-      else:
-        c.gen(n[0])
-        forkT(n):
-          c.gen(n[1])
-          c.jmpBack(n, lab1)
-
-template forkT(n, body) =
-  let lab1 = c.forkI(n)
-  body
-  c.patch(lab1)
+        c.jmpBack(lab1)
 
 proc genIf(c: var Con, n: PNode) =
   #[
@@ -411,34 +181,32 @@ proc genIf(c: var Con, n: PNode) =
     goto Lend3
   L3:
     D
-    goto Lend3 # not eliminated to simplify the join generation
-  Lend3:
-    join F3
-  Lend2:
-    join F2
-  Lend:
-    join F1
-
   ]#
   var endings: seq[TPosition] = @[]
+  let oldInteresting = c.interestingInstructions
+  let oldLen = c.code.len
+
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     let it = n[i]
     c.gen(it[0])
     if it.len == 2:
-      forkT(it[1]):
-        c.gen(it[1])
-        endings.add c.gotoI(it[1])
-  for i in countdown(endings.high, 0):
-    c.patch(endings[i])
+      forkT:
+        c.gen(it.lastSon)
+        endings.add c.gotoI()
+
+  if oldInteresting == c.interestingInstructions:
+    setLen c.code, oldLen
+  else:
+    for i in countdown(endings.high, 0):
+      c.patch(endings[i])
 
 proc genAndOr(c: var Con; n: PNode) =
   #   asgn dest, a
   #   fork lab1
   #   asgn dest, b
   # lab1:
-  #   join F1
   c.gen(n[1])
-  forkT(n):
+  forkT:
     c.gen(n[2])
 
 proc genCase(c: var Con; n: PNode) =
@@ -453,39 +221,40 @@ proc genCase(c: var Con; n: PNode) =
   #    elsePart
   #  Lend:
   let isExhaustive = skipTypes(n[0].typ,
-    abstractVarRange-{tyTypeDesc}).kind notin {tyFloat..tyFloat128, tyString}
+    abstractVarRange-{tyTypeDesc}).kind notin {tyFloat..tyFloat128, tyString, tyCstring}
 
-  # we generate endings as a set of chained gotos, this is a bit awkward but it
-  # ensures when recursively traversing the CFG for various analysis, we don't
-  # artificially extended the life of each branch (for the purposes of DFA)
-  # beyond the minimum amount.
   var endings: seq[TPosition] = @[]
   c.gen(n[0])
+  let oldInteresting = c.interestingInstructions
+  let oldLen = c.code.len
   for i in 1..<n.len:
     let it = n[i]
     if it.len == 1 or (i == n.len-1 and isExhaustive):
       # treat the last branch as 'else' if this is an exhaustive case statement.
       c.gen(it.lastSon)
-      if endings.len != 0:
-          c.patch(endings[^1])
     else:
-      forkT(it.lastSon):
+      forkT:
         c.gen(it.lastSon)
-        if endings.len != 0:
-          c.patch(endings[^1])
-        endings.add c.gotoI(it.lastSon)
+        endings.add c.gotoI()
+
+  if oldInteresting == c.interestingInstructions:
+    setLen c.code, oldLen
+  else:
+    for i in countdown(endings.high, 0):
+      c.patch(endings[i])
 
 proc genBlock(c: var Con; n: PNode) =
   withBlock(n[0].sym):
     c.gen(n[1])
 
 proc genBreakOrRaiseAux(c: var Con, i: int, n: PNode) =
-  let lab1 = c.gotoI(n)
+  let lab1 = c.gotoI()
   if c.blocks[i].isTryBlock:
     c.blocks[i].raiseFixups.add lab1
   else:
-    var trailingFinales: seq[PNode]
-    if c.inTryStmt > 0: #Ok, we are in a try, lets see which (if any) try's we break out from:
+    var trailingFinales: seq[PNode] = @[]
+    if c.inTryStmt > 0:
+      # Ok, we are in a try, lets see which (if any) try's we break out from:
       for b in countdown(c.blocks.high, i):
         if c.blocks[b].isTryBlock:
           trailingFinales.add c.blocks[b].finale
@@ -493,6 +262,7 @@ proc genBreakOrRaiseAux(c: var Con, i: int, n: PNode) =
     c.blocks[i].breakFixups.add (lab1, trailingFinales)
 
 proc genBreak(c: var Con; n: PNode) =
+  inc c.interestingInstructions
   if n[0].kind == nkSym:
     for i in countdown(c.blocks.high, 0):
       if not c.blocks[i].isTryBlock and c.blocks[i].label == n[0].sym:
@@ -523,9 +293,9 @@ proc genTry(c: var Con; n: PNode) =
   for i in 1..<n.len:
     let it = n[i]
     if it.kind != nkFinally:
-      forkT(it):
+      forkT:
         c.gen(it.lastSon)
-        endings.add c.gotoI(it)
+        endings.add c.gotoI()
   for i in countdown(endings.high, 0):
     c.patch(endings[i])
 
@@ -533,26 +303,28 @@ proc genTry(c: var Con; n: PNode) =
   if fin.kind == nkFinally:
     c.gen(fin[0])
 
-template genNoReturn(c: var Con; n: PNode) =
+template genNoReturn(c: var Con) =
   # leave the graph
-  c.code.add Instr(n: n, kind: goto, dest: high(int) - c.code.len)
+  c.code.add Instr(kind: goto, dest: high(int) - c.code.len)
 
 proc genRaise(c: var Con; n: PNode) =
+  inc c.interestingInstructions
   gen(c, n[0])
   if c.inTryStmt > 0:
     for i in countdown(c.blocks.high, 0):
       if c.blocks[i].isTryBlock:
         genBreakOrRaiseAux(c, i, n)
         return
-    assert false #Unreachable
+    assert false # Unreachable
   else:
-    genNoReturn(c, n)
+    genNoReturn(c)
 
 proc genImplicitReturn(c: var Con) =
   if c.owner.kind in {skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skIterator, skConverter} and resultPos < c.owner.ast.len:
     gen(c, c.owner.ast[resultPos])
 
 proc genReturn(c: var Con; n: PNode) =
+  inc c.interestingInstructions
   if n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
     gen(c, n[0])
   else:
@@ -561,124 +333,6 @@ proc genReturn(c: var Con; n: PNode) =
 
 const
   InterestingSyms = {skVar, skResult, skLet, skParam, skForVar, skTemp}
-  PathKinds0 = {nkDotExpr, nkCheckedFieldExpr,
-                nkBracketExpr, nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref,
-                nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr,
-                nkObjDownConv, nkObjUpConv}
-  PathKinds1 = {nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv}
-
-proc skipConvDfa*(n: PNode): PNode =
-  result = n
-  while true:
-    case result.kind
-    of nkObjDownConv, nkObjUpConv:
-      result = result[0]
-    of PathKinds1:
-      result = result[1]
-    else: break
-
-type AliasKind* = enum
-  yes, no, maybe
-
-proc aliases*(obj, field: PNode): AliasKind =
-  # obj -> field:
-  # x -> x: true
-  # x -> x.f: true
-  # x.f -> x: false
-  # x.f -> x.f: true
-  # x.f -> x.v: false
-  # x -> x[0]: true
-  # x[0] -> x: false
-  # x[0] -> x[0]: true
-  # x[0] -> x[1]: false
-  # x -> x[i]: true
-  # x[i] -> x: false
-  # x[i] -> x[i]: maybe; Further analysis could make this return true when i is a runtime-constant
-  # x[i] -> x[j]: maybe; also returns maybe if only one of i or j is a compiletime-constant
-  template collectImportantNodes(result, n) =
-    var result: seq[PNode]
-    var n = n
-    while true:
-      case n.kind
-      of PathKinds0 - {nkDotExpr, nkCheckedFieldExpr, nkBracketExpr}:
-        n = n[0]
-      of PathKinds1:
-        n = n[1]
-      of nkDotExpr, nkCheckedFieldExpr, nkBracketExpr:
-        result.add n
-        n = n[0]
-      of nkSym:
-        result.add n; break
-      else: return no
-
-  collectImportantNodes(objImportantNodes, obj)
-  collectImportantNodes(fieldImportantNodes, field)
-
-  # If field is less nested than obj, then it cannot be part of/aliased by obj
-  if fieldImportantNodes.len < objImportantNodes.len: return no
-
-  result = yes
-  for i in 1..objImportantNodes.len:
-    # We compare the nodes leading to the location of obj and field
-    # with each other.
-    # We continue until they diverge, in which case we return no, or
-    # until we reach the location of obj, in which case we do not need
-    # to look further, since field must be part of/aliased by obj now.
-    # If we encounter an element access using an index which is a runtime value,
-    # we simply return maybe instead of yes; should further nodes not diverge.
-    let currFieldPath = fieldImportantNodes[^i]
-    let currObjPath = objImportantNodes[^i]
-
-    if currFieldPath.kind != currObjPath.kind:
-      return no
-
-    case currFieldPath.kind
-    of nkSym:
-      if currFieldPath.sym != currObjPath.sym: return no
-    of nkDotExpr:
-      if currFieldPath[1].sym != currObjPath[1].sym: return no
-    of nkCheckedFieldExpr:
-      if currFieldPath[0][1].sym != currObjPath[0][1].sym: return no
-    of nkBracketExpr:
-      if currFieldPath[1].kind in nkLiterals and currObjPath[1].kind in nkLiterals:
-        if currFieldPath[1].intVal != currObjPath[1].intVal:
-          return no
-      else:
-        result = maybe
-    else: assert false # unreachable
-
-proc isAnalysableFieldAccess*(orig: PNode; owner: PSym): bool =
-  var n = orig
-  while true:
-    case n.kind
-    of PathKinds0 - {nkHiddenDeref, nkDerefExpr}:
-      n = n[0]
-    of PathKinds1:
-      n = n[1]
-    of nkHiddenDeref, nkDerefExpr:
-      # We "own" sinkparam[].loc but not ourVar[].location as it is a nasty
-      # pointer indirection.
-      # bug #14159, we cannot reason about sinkParam[].location as it can
-      # still be shared for tyRef.
-      n = n[0]
-      return n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.owner == owner and
-         (n.sym.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst-{tyOwned}).kind in {tyOwned})
-    else: break
-  # XXX Allow closure deref operations here if we know
-  # the owner controlled the closure allocation?
-  result = n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.owner == owner and
-    {sfGlobal, sfThread, sfCursor} * n.sym.flags == {} and
-    (n.sym.kind != skParam or isSinkParam(n.sym)) # or n.sym.typ.kind == tyVar)
-  # Note: There is a different move analyzer possible that checks for
-  # consume(param.key); param.key = newValue  for all paths. Then code like
-  #
-  #   let splited = split(move self.root, x)
-  #   self.root = merge(splited.lower, splited.greater)
-  #
-  # could be written without the ``move self.root``. However, this would be
-  # wrong! Then the write barrier for the ``self.root`` assignment would
-  # free the old data and all is lost! Lesson: Don't be too smart, trust the
-  # lower level C++ optimizer to specialize this code.
 
 proc skipTrivials(c: var Con, n: PNode): PNode =
   result = n
@@ -696,16 +350,20 @@ proc skipTrivials(c: var Con, n: PNode): PNode =
 proc genUse(c: var Con; orig: PNode) =
   let n = c.skipTrivials(orig)
 
-  if n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind in InterestingSyms:
-    c.code.add Instr(n: orig, kind: use)
-  elif n.kind in nkCallKinds:
+  if n.kind == nkSym:
+    if n.sym.kind in InterestingSyms and n.sym == c.root:
+      c.code.add Instr(kind: use, n: orig)
+      inc c.interestingInstructions
+  else:
     gen(c, n)
 
 proc genDef(c: var Con; orig: PNode) =
   let n = c.skipTrivials(orig)
 
   if n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind in InterestingSyms:
-    c.code.add Instr(n: orig, kind: def)
+    if n.sym == c.root:
+      c.code.add Instr(kind: def, n: orig)
+      inc c.interestingInstructions
 
 proc genCall(c: var Con; n: PNode) =
   gen(c, n[0])
@@ -713,18 +371,17 @@ proc genCall(c: var Con; n: PNode) =
   if t != nil: t = t.skipTypes(abstractInst)
   for i in 1..<n.len:
     gen(c, n[i])
-    when false:
-      if t != nil and i < t.len and t[i].kind == tyOut:
-        # Pass by 'out' is a 'must def'. Good enough for a move optimizer.
-        genDef(c, n[i])
+    if t != nil and i < t.signatureLen and isOutParam(t[i]):
+      # Pass by 'out' is a 'must def'. Good enough for a move optimizer.
+      genDef(c, n[i])
   # every call can potentially raise:
   if c.inTryStmt > 0 and canRaiseConservative(n[0]):
+    inc c.interestingInstructions
     # we generate the instruction sequence:
     # fork lab1
     # goto exceptionHandler (except or finally)
     # lab1:
-    # join F1
-    forkT(n):
+    forkT:
       for i in countdown(c.blocks.high, 0):
         if c.blocks[i].isTryBlock:
           genBreakOrRaiseAux(c, i, n)
@@ -762,12 +419,18 @@ proc gen(c: var Con; n: PNode) =
       else:
         genCall(c, n)
       if sfNoReturn in n[0].sym.flags:
-        genNoReturn(c, n)
+        genNoReturn(c)
     else:
       genCall(c, n)
   of nkCharLit..nkNilLit: discard
-  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn:
+  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn:
     gen(c, n[1])
+
+    if n[0].kind in PathKinds0:
+      let a = c.skipTrivials(n[0])
+      if a.kind in nkCallKinds:
+        gen(c, a)
+
     # watch out: 'obj[i].f2 = value' sets 'f2' but
     # "uses" 'i'. But we are only talking about builtin array indexing so
     # it doesn't matter and 'x = 34' is NOT a usage of 'x'.
@@ -794,16 +457,35 @@ proc gen(c: var Con; n: PNode) =
   of nkConv, nkExprColonExpr, nkExprEqExpr, nkCast, PathKinds1:
     gen(c, n[1])
   of nkVarSection, nkLetSection: genVarSection(c, n)
-  of nkDefer: doAssert false, "dfa construction pass requires the elimination of 'defer'"
+  of nkDefer: raiseAssert "dfa construction pass requires the elimination of 'defer'"
   else: discard
 
-proc constructCfg*(s: PSym; body: PNode): ControlFlowGraph =
+when false:
+  proc optimizeJumps(c: var ControlFlowGraph) =
+    for i in 0..<c.len:
+      case c[i].kind
+      of goto, fork:
+        var pc = i + c[i].dest
+        if pc < c.len and c[pc].kind == goto:
+          while pc < c.len and c[pc].kind == goto:
+            let newPc = pc + c[pc].dest
+            if newPc > pc:
+              pc = newPc
+            else:
+              break
+          c[i].dest = pc - i
+      of loop, def, use: discard
+
+proc constructCfg*(s: PSym; body: PNode; root: PSym): ControlFlowGraph =
   ## constructs a control flow graph for ``body``.
-  var c = Con(code: @[], blocks: @[], owner: s)
+  var c = Con(code: @[], blocks: @[], owner: s, root: root)
   withBlock(s):
     gen(c, body)
-    genImplicitReturn(c)
-  when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc):
+    if root.kind == skResult:
+      genImplicitReturn(c)
+  when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc) or defined(gcAtomicArc):
     result = c.code # will move
   else:
     shallowCopy(result, c.code)
+  when false:
+    optimizeJumps result
diff --git a/compiler/docgen.nim b/compiler/docgen.nim
index dded231d7..8e5f5e4e7 100644
--- a/compiler/docgen.nim
+++ b/compiler/docgen.nim
@@ -7,19 +7,28 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-# This is the documentation generator. Cross-references are generated
-# by knowing how the anchors are going to be named.
+## This is the Nim documentation generator. Cross-references are generated
+## by knowing how the anchors are going to be named.
+##
+## .. importdoc:: ../docgen.md
+##
+## For corresponding users' documentation see [Nim DocGen Tools Guide].
 
 import
-  ast, strutils, strtabs, options, msgs, os, ropes, idents,
-  wordrecg, syntaxes, renderer, lexer, packages/docutils/rstast,
-  packages/docutils/rst, packages/docutils/rstgen,
-  json, xmltree, trees, types,
-  typesrenderer, astalgo, lineinfos, intsets,
-  pathutils, trees, tables, nimpaths, renderverbatim, osproc
+  ast, options, msgs, idents,
+  wordrecg, syntaxes, renderer, lexer,
+  packages/docutils/[rst, rstidx, rstgen, dochelpers],
+  trees, types,
+  typesrenderer, astalgo, lineinfos,
+  pathutils, nimpaths, renderverbatim, packages
+import packages/docutils/rstast except FileIndex, TLineInfo
 
-from uri import encodeUrl
-from std/private/globs import nativeToUnixPath
+import std/[os, strutils, strtabs, algorithm, json, osproc, tables, intsets, xmltree, sequtils]
+from std/uri import encodeUrl
+from nodejs import findNodeJs
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, syncio]
 
 
 const
@@ -28,25 +37,66 @@ const
   DocColOffset = "## ".len  # assuming that a space was added after ##
 
 type
-  TSections = array[TSymKind, Rope]
+  ItemFragment = object  ## A fragment from each item will be eventually
+                         ## constructed by converting `rst` fields to strings.
+    case isRst: bool
+    of true:
+      rst: PRstNode
+    of false:            ## contains ready markup e.g. from runnableExamples
+      str: string
+  ItemPre = seq[ItemFragment]  ## A pre-processed item.
+  Item = object        ## Any item in documentation, e.g. symbol
+                       ## entry. Configuration variable ``doc.item``
+                       ## is used for its HTML rendering.
+    descRst: ItemPre     ## Description of the item (may contain
+                         ## runnableExamples).
+    substitutions: seq[string]    ## Variable names in `doc.item`...
+    sortName: string    ## The string used for sorting in output
+    info: rstast.TLineInfo  ## place where symbol was defined (for messages)
+    anchor: string  ## e.g. HTML anchor
+    name: string  ## short name of the symbol, not unique
+                  ## (includes backticks ` if present)
+    detailedName: string  ## longer name like `proc search(x: int): int`
+  ModSection = object  ## Section like Procs, Types, etc.
+    secItems: Table[string, seq[Item]]
+                         ## Map basic name -> pre-processed items.
+    finalMarkup: string  ## The items, after RST pass 2 and rendering.
+  ModSections = array[TSymKind, ModSection]
+  TocItem = object  ## HTML TOC item
+    content: string
+    sortName: string
+  TocSectionsFinal = array[TSymKind, string]
   ExampleGroup = ref object
     ## a group of runnableExamples with same rdoccmd
     rdoccmd: string ## from 1st arg in `runnableExamples(rdoccmd): body`
     docCmd: string ## from user config, e.g. --doccmd:-d:foo
     code: string ## contains imports; each import contains `body`
     index: int ## group index
+  JsonItem = object  # pre-processed item: `rst` should be finalized
+    json: JsonNode
+    rst: PRstNode
+    rstField: string
   TDocumentor = object of rstgen.RstGenerator
-    modDesc: Rope       # module description
+    modDescPre: ItemPre   # module description, not finalized
+    modDescFinal: string  # module description, after RST pass 2 and rendering
     module: PSym
-    modDeprecationMsg: Rope
-    toc, toc2, section: TSections
-    tocTable: array[TSymKind, Table[string, Rope]]
+    modDeprecationMsg: string
+    section: ModSections     # entries of ``.nim`` file (for `proc`s, etc)
+    tocSimple: array[TSymKind, seq[TocItem]]
+      # TOC entries for non-overloadable symbols (e.g. types, constants)...
+    tocTable:  array[TSymKind, Table[string, seq[TocItem]]]
+      # ...otherwise (e.g. procs)
+    toc2: TocSectionsFinal  # TOC `content`, which is probably wrapped
+                            # in `doc.section.toc2`
+    toc: TocSectionsFinal  # final TOC (wrapped in `doc.section.toc`)
     indexValFilename: string
     analytics: string  # Google Analytics javascript, "" if doesn't exist
     seenSymbols: StringTableRef # avoids duplicate symbol generation for HTML.
-    jArray: JsonNode
+    jEntriesPre: seq[JsonItem] # pre-processed RST + JSON content
+    jEntriesFinal: JsonNode    # final JSON after RST pass 2 and rendering
     types: TStrTable
-    isPureRst: bool
+    sharedState: PRstSharedState
+    standaloneDoc: bool        # is markup (.rst/.md) document?
     conf*: ConfigRef
     cache*: IdentCache
     exampleCounter: int
@@ -55,29 +105,76 @@ type
     thisDir*: AbsoluteDir
     exampleGroups: OrderedTable[string, ExampleGroup]
     wroteSupportFiles*: bool
+    nimToRstFid: Table[lineinfos.FileIndex, rstast.FileIndex]
+      ## map Nim FileIndex -> RST one, it's needed because we keep them separate
 
   PDoc* = ref TDocumentor ## Alias to type less.
 
+proc add(dest: var ItemPre, rst: PRstNode) = dest.add ItemFragment(isRst: true, rst: rst)
+proc add(dest: var ItemPre, str: string) = dest.add ItemFragment(isRst: false, str: str)
+
+proc addRstFileIndex(d: PDoc, fileIndex: lineinfos.FileIndex): rstast.FileIndex =
+  let invalid = rstast.FileIndex(-1)
+  result = d.nimToRstFid.getOrDefault(fileIndex, default = invalid)
+  if result == invalid:
+    let fname = toFullPath(d.conf, fileIndex)
+    result = addFilename(d.sharedState, fname)
+    d.nimToRstFid[fileIndex] = result
+
+proc addRstFileIndex(d: PDoc, info: lineinfos.TLineInfo): rstast.FileIndex =
+  addRstFileIndex(d, info.fileIndex)
+
+proc cmpDecimalsIgnoreCase(a, b: string): int =
+  ## For sorting with correct handling of cases like 'uint8' and 'uint16'.
+  ## Also handles leading zeros well (however note that leading zeros are
+  ## significant when lengths of numbers mismatch, e.g. 'bar08' > 'bar8' !).
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert cmpDecimalsIgnoreCase("uint8", "uint16") < 0
+    doAssert cmpDecimalsIgnoreCase("val00032", "val16suffix") > 0
+    doAssert cmpDecimalsIgnoreCase("val16suffix", "val16") > 0
+    doAssert cmpDecimalsIgnoreCase("val_08_32", "val_08_8") > 0
+    doAssert cmpDecimalsIgnoreCase("val_07_32", "val_08_8") < 0
+    doAssert cmpDecimalsIgnoreCase("ab8", "ab08") < 0
+    doAssert cmpDecimalsIgnoreCase("ab8de", "ab08c") < 0 # sanity check
+  let aLen = a.len
+  let bLen = b.len
+  var
+    iA = 0
+    iB = 0
+  while iA < aLen and iB < bLen:
+    if isDigit(a[iA]) and isDigit(b[iB]):
+      var
+        limitA = iA  # index after the last (least significant) digit
+        limitB = iB
+      while limitA < aLen and isDigit(a[limitA]): inc limitA
+      while limitB < bLen and isDigit(b[limitB]): inc limitB
+      var pos = max(limitA-iA, limitB-iA)
+      while pos > 0:
+        if limitA-pos < iA:  # digit in `a` is 0 effectively
+          result = ord('0') - ord(b[limitB-pos])
+        elif limitB-pos < iB:  # digit in `b` is 0 effectively
+          result = ord(a[limitA-pos]) - ord('0')
+        else:
+          result = ord(a[limitA-pos]) - ord(b[limitB-pos])
+        if result != 0: return
+        dec pos
+      result = (limitA - iA) - (limitB - iB)  # consider 'bar08' > 'bar8'
+      if result != 0: return
+      iA = limitA
+      iB = limitB
+    else:
+      result = ord(toLowerAscii(a[iA])) - ord(toLowerAscii(b[iB]))
+      if result != 0: return
+      inc iA
+      inc iB
+  result = (aLen - iA) - (bLen - iB)
+
 proc prettyString(a: object): string =
   # xxx pending std/prettyprint refs https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/203#issuecomment-602534906
+  result = ""
   for k, v in fieldPairs(a):
     result.add k & ": " & $v & "\n"
 
-proc canonicalImport*(conf: ConfigRef, file: AbsoluteFile): string =
-  ##[
-  Shows the canonical module import, e.g.:
-  system, std/tables, fusion/pointers, system/assertions, std/private/asciitables
-  ]##
-  var ret = getRelativePathFromConfigPath(conf, file, isTitle = true)
-  let dir = getNimbleFile(conf, $file).parentDir.AbsoluteDir
-  if not dir.isEmpty:
-    let relPath = relativeTo(file, dir)
-    if not relPath.isEmpty and (ret.isEmpty or relPath.string.len < ret.string.len):
-      ret = relPath
-  if ret.isEmpty:
-    ret = relativeTo(file, conf.projectPath)
-  result = ret.string.nativeToUnixPath.changeFileExt("")
-
 proc presentationPath*(conf: ConfigRef, file: AbsoluteFile): RelativeFile =
   ## returns a relative file that will be appended to outDir
   let file2 = $file
@@ -103,7 +200,7 @@ proc presentationPath*(conf: ConfigRef, file: AbsoluteFile): RelativeFile =
     if result.isEmpty: bail()
   elif conf.docRoot.len > 0:
     # we're (currently) requiring `isAbsolute` to avoid confusion when passing
-    # a relative path (would it be relative wrt $PWD or to projectfile)
+    # a relative path (would it be relative with regard to $PWD or to projectfile)
     conf.globalAssert conf.docRoot.isAbsolute, arg=conf.docRoot
     conf.globalAssert conf.docRoot.dirExists, arg=conf.docRoot
     # needed because `canonicalizePath` called on `file`
@@ -120,12 +217,16 @@ proc whichType(d: PDoc; n: PNode): PSym =
   if n.kind == nkSym:
     if d.types.strTableContains(n.sym):
       result = n.sym
+    else:
+      result = nil
   else:
+    result = nil
     for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
       let x = whichType(d, n[i])
       if x != nil: return x
 
 proc attachToType(d: PDoc; p: PSym): PSym =
+  result = nil
   let params = p.ast[paramsPos]
   template check(i) =
     result = whichType(d, params[i])
@@ -137,7 +238,7 @@ proc attachToType(d: PDoc; p: PSym): PSym =
   if params.len > 0: check(0)
   for i in 2..<params.len: check(i)
 
-template declareClosures =
+template declareClosures(currentFilename: AbsoluteFile, destFile: string) =
   proc compilerMsgHandler(filename: string, line, col: int,
                           msgKind: rst.MsgKind, arg: string) {.gcsafe.} =
     # translate msg kind:
@@ -145,19 +246,35 @@ template declareClosures =
     case msgKind
     of meCannotOpenFile: k = errCannotOpenFile
     of meExpected: k = errXExpected
-    of meGridTableNotImplemented: k = errGridTableNotImplemented
-    of meMarkdownIllformedTable: k = errMarkdownIllformedTable
-    of meNewSectionExpected: k = errNewSectionExpected
-    of meGeneralParseError: k = errGeneralParseError
-    of meInvalidDirective: k = errInvalidDirectiveX
-    of meFootnoteMismatch: k = errFootnoteMismatch
-    of mwRedefinitionOfLabel: k = warnRedefinitionOfLabel
-    of mwUnknownSubstitution: k = warnUnknownSubstitutionX
-    of mwUnsupportedLanguage: k = warnLanguageXNotSupported
-    of mwUnsupportedField: k = warnFieldXNotSupported
+    of meMissingClosing: k = errRstMissingClosing
+    of meGridTableNotImplemented: k = errRstGridTableNotImplemented
+    of meMarkdownIllformedTable: k = errRstMarkdownIllformedTable
+    of meIllformedTable: k = errRstIllformedTable
+    of meNewSectionExpected: k = errRstNewSectionExpected
+    of meGeneralParseError: k = errRstGeneralParseError
+    of meInvalidDirective: k = errRstInvalidDirectiveX
+    of meInvalidField: k = errRstInvalidField
+    of meFootnoteMismatch: k = errRstFootnoteMismatch
+    of meSandboxedDirective: k = errRstSandboxedDirective
+    of mwRedefinitionOfLabel: k = warnRstRedefinitionOfLabel
+    of mwUnknownSubstitution: k = warnRstUnknownSubstitutionX
+    of mwAmbiguousLink: k = warnRstAmbiguousLink
+    of mwBrokenLink: k = warnRstBrokenLink
+    of mwUnsupportedLanguage: k = warnRstLanguageXNotSupported
+    of mwUnsupportedField: k = warnRstFieldXNotSupported
+    of mwUnusedImportdoc: k = warnRstUnusedImportdoc
     of mwRstStyle: k = warnRstStyle
     {.gcsafe.}:
-      globalError(conf, newLineInfo(conf, AbsoluteFile filename, line, col), k, arg)
+      let errorsAsWarnings = (roPreferMarkdown in d.sharedState.options) and
+          not d.standaloneDoc  # not tolerate errors in .rst/.md files
+      if whichMsgClass(msgKind) == mcError and errorsAsWarnings:
+        liMessage(conf, newLineInfo(conf, AbsoluteFile filename, line, col),
+                  k, arg, doNothing, instLoc(), ignoreError=true)
+        # when our Markdown parser fails, we currently can only terminate the
+        # parsing (and then we will return monospaced text instead of markup):
+        raiseRecoverableError("")
+      else:
+        globalError(conf, newLineInfo(conf, AbsoluteFile filename, line, col), k, arg)
 
   proc docgenFindFile(s: string): string {.gcsafe.} =
     result = options.findFile(conf, s).string
@@ -165,13 +282,30 @@ template declareClosures =
       result = getCurrentDir() / s
       if not fileExists(result): result = ""
 
-proc parseRst(text, filename: string,
-              line, column: int, hasToc: var bool,
-              rstOptions: RstParseOptions;
-              conf: ConfigRef): PRstNode =
-  declareClosures()
-  result = rstParse(text, filename, line, column, hasToc, rstOptions,
-                    docgenFindFile, compilerMsgHandler)
+  proc docgenFindRefFile(targetRelPath: string):
+         tuple[targetPath: string, linkRelPath: string] {.gcsafe.} =
+    let fromDir = splitFile(destFile).dir  # dir where we reference from
+    let basedir = os.splitFile(currentFilename.string).dir
+    let outDirPath: RelativeFile =
+        presentationPath(conf, AbsoluteFile(basedir / targetRelPath))
+          # use presentationPath because `..` path can be be mangled to `_._`
+    result = (string(conf.outDir / outDirPath), "")
+    if not fileExists(result.targetPath):
+      # this can happen if targetRelPath goes to parent directory `OUTDIR/..`.
+      # Trying it, this may cause ambiguities, but allows us to insert
+      # "packages" into each other, which is actually used in Nim repo itself.
+      let destPath = fromDir / targetRelPath
+      if destPath != result.targetPath and fileExists(destPath):
+        result.targetPath = destPath
+
+    result.linkRelPath = relativePath(result.targetPath.splitFile.dir,
+                                      fromDir).replace('\\', '/')
+
+
+proc parseRst(text: string,
+              line, column: int,
+              conf: ConfigRef, sharedState: PRstSharedState): PRstNode =
+  result = rstParsePass1(text, line, column, sharedState)
 
 proc getOutFile2(conf: ConfigRef; filename: RelativeFile,
                  ext: string, guessTarget: bool): AbsoluteFile =
@@ -184,17 +318,39 @@ proc getOutFile2(conf: ConfigRef; filename: RelativeFile,
   else:
     result = getOutFile(conf, filename, ext)
 
-proc newDocumentor*(filename: AbsoluteFile; cache: IdentCache; conf: ConfigRef, outExt: string = HtmlExt, module: PSym = nil): PDoc =
-  declareClosures()
+proc isLatexCmd(conf: ConfigRef): bool =
+  conf.cmd in {cmdRst2tex, cmdMd2tex, cmdDoc2tex}
+
+proc newDocumentor*(filename: AbsoluteFile; cache: IdentCache; conf: ConfigRef,
+                    outExt: string = HtmlExt, module: PSym = nil,
+                    standaloneDoc = false, preferMarkdown = true,
+                    hasToc = true): PDoc =
+  let destFile = getOutFile2(conf, presentationPath(conf, filename), outExt, false).string
   new(result)
+  let d = result  # pass `d` to `declareClosures`:
+  declareClosures(currentFilename = filename, destFile = destFile)
   result.module = module
   result.conf = conf
   result.cache = cache
   result.outDir = conf.outDir.string
-  initRstGenerator(result[], (if conf.cmd != cmdRst2tex: outHtml else: outLatex),
-                   conf.configVars, filename.string, {roSupportRawDirective, roSupportMarkdown},
+  result.standaloneDoc = standaloneDoc
+  var options= {roSupportRawDirective, roSupportMarkdown, roSandboxDisabled}
+  if preferMarkdown:
+    options.incl roPreferMarkdown
+  if not standaloneDoc: options.incl roNimFile
+  # (options can be changed dynamically in `setDoctype` by `{.doctype.}`)
+  result.hasToc = hasToc
+  result.sharedState = newRstSharedState(
+      options, filename.string,
+      docgenFindFile, docgenFindRefFile, compilerMsgHandler, hasToc)
+  initRstGenerator(result[], (if conf.isLatexCmd: outLatex else: outHtml),
+                   conf.configVars, filename.string,
                    docgenFindFile, compilerMsgHandler)
 
+  if conf.configVars.hasKey("doc.googleAnalytics") and
+      conf.configVars.hasKey("doc.plausibleAnalytics"):
+    raiseAssert "Either use googleAnalytics or plausibleAnalytics"
+
   if conf.configVars.hasKey("doc.googleAnalytics"):
     result.analytics = """
 <script>
@@ -208,18 +364,22 @@ proc newDocumentor*(filename: AbsoluteFile; cache: IdentCache; conf: ConfigRef,
 
 </script>
     """ % [conf.configVars.getOrDefault"doc.googleAnalytics"]
+  elif conf.configVars.hasKey("doc.plausibleAnalytics"):
+    result.analytics = """
+    <script defer data-domain="$1" src="https://plausible.io/js/plausible.js"></script>
+    """ % [conf.configVars.getOrDefault"doc.plausibleAnalytics"]
   else:
     result.analytics = ""
 
   result.seenSymbols = newStringTable(modeCaseInsensitive)
   result.id = 100
-  result.jArray = newJArray()
-  initStrTable result.types
+  result.jEntriesFinal = newJArray()
+  result.types = initStrTable()
   result.onTestSnippet =
-    proc (gen: var RstGenerator; filename, cmd: string; status: int; content: string) =
+    proc (gen: var RstGenerator; filename, cmd: string; status: int; content: string) {.gcsafe.} =
       if conf.docCmd == docCmdSkip: return
       inc(gen.id)
-      var d = TDocumentor(gen)
+      var d = (ptr TDocumentor)(addr gen)
       var outp: AbsoluteFile
       if filename.len == 0:
         let nameOnly = splitFile(d.filename).name
@@ -235,7 +395,7 @@ proc newDocumentor*(filename: AbsoluteFile; cache: IdentCache; conf: ConfigRef,
       # Make sure the destination directory exists
       createDir(outp.splitFile.dir)
       # Include the current file if we're parsing a nim file
-      let importStmt = if d.isPureRst: "" else: "import \"$1\"\n" % [d.filename.replace("\\", "/")]
+      let importStmt = if d.standaloneDoc: "" else: "import \"$1\"\n" % [d.filename.replace("\\", "/")]
       writeFile(outp, importStmt & content)
 
       proc interpSnippetCmd(cmd: string): string =
@@ -257,11 +417,12 @@ proc newDocumentor*(filename: AbsoluteFile; cache: IdentCache; conf: ConfigRef,
       if gotten != status:
         rawMessage(conf, errGenerated, "snippet failed: cmd: '$1' status: $2 expected: $3 output: $4" % [cmd, $gotten, $status, output])
   result.emitted = initIntSet()
-  result.destFile = getOutFile2(conf, presentationPath(conf, filename), outExt, false).string
+  result.destFile = destFile
   result.thisDir = result.destFile.AbsoluteFile.splitFile.dir
 
-template dispA(conf: ConfigRef; dest: var Rope, xml, tex: string, args: openArray[Rope]) =
-  if conf.cmd != cmdRst2tex: dest.addf(xml, args)
+template dispA(conf: ConfigRef; dest: var string, xml, tex: string,
+               args: openArray[string]) =
+  if not conf.isLatexCmd: dest.addf(xml, args)
   else: dest.addf(tex, args)
 
 proc getVarIdx(varnames: openArray[string], id: string): int =
@@ -270,84 +431,25 @@ proc getVarIdx(varnames: openArray[string], id: string): int =
       return i
   result = -1
 
-proc ropeFormatNamedVars(conf: ConfigRef; frmt: FormatStr,
-                         varnames: openArray[string],
-                         varvalues: openArray[Rope]): Rope =
-  var i = 0
-  result = nil
-  var num = 0
-  while i < frmt.len:
-    if frmt[i] == '$':
-      inc(i)                  # skip '$'
-      case frmt[i]
-      of '#':
-        result.add(varvalues[num])
-        inc(num)
-        inc(i)
-      of '$':
-        result.add("$")
-        inc(i)
-      of '0'..'9':
-        var j = 0
-        while true:
-          j = (j * 10) + ord(frmt[i]) - ord('0')
-          inc(i)
-          if (i > frmt.len + 0 - 1) or not (frmt[i] in {'0'..'9'}): break
-        if j > high(varvalues) + 1:
-          rawMessage(conf, errGenerated, "Invalid format string; too many $s: " & frmt)
-        num = j
-        result.add(varvalues[j - 1])
-      of 'A'..'Z', 'a'..'z', '\x80'..'\xFF':
-        var id = ""
-        while true:
-          id.add(frmt[i])
-          inc(i)
-          if not (frmt[i] in {'A'..'Z', '_', 'a'..'z', '\x80'..'\xFF'}): break
-        var idx = getVarIdx(varnames, id)
-        if idx >= 0: result.add(varvalues[idx])
-        else: rawMessage(conf, errGenerated, "unknown substition variable: " & id)
-      of '{':
-        var id = ""
-        inc(i)
-        while i < frmt.len and frmt[i] != '}':
-          id.add(frmt[i])
-          inc(i)
-        if i >= frmt.len:
-          rawMessage(conf, errGenerated, "expected closing '}'")
-        else:
-          inc(i)                # skip }
-        # search for the variable:
-        let idx = getVarIdx(varnames, id)
-        if idx >= 0: result.add(varvalues[idx])
-        else: rawMessage(conf, errGenerated, "unknown substition variable: " & id)
-      else:
-        result.add("$")
-    var start = i
-    while i < frmt.len:
-      if frmt[i] != '$': inc(i)
-      else: break
-    if i - 1 >= start: result.add(substr(frmt, start, i - 1))
-
-proc genComment(d: PDoc, n: PNode): string =
-  result = ""
+proc genComment(d: PDoc, n: PNode): PRstNode =
   if n.comment.len > 0:
-    let comment = n.comment
-    when false:
-      # RFC: to preseve newlines in comments, this would work:
-      comment = comment.replace("\n", "\n\n")
-    renderRstToOut(d[],
-                   parseRst(comment, toFullPath(d.conf, n.info),
-                            toLinenumber(n.info),
-                            toColumn(n.info) + DocColOffset,
-                            (var dummy: bool; dummy), d.options, d.conf),
-                   result)
-
-proc genRecCommentAux(d: PDoc, n: PNode): Rope =
+    d.sharedState.currFileIdx = addRstFileIndex(d, n.info)
+    try:
+      result = parseRst(n.comment,
+                        toLinenumber(n.info),
+                        toColumn(n.info) + DocColOffset,
+                        d.conf, d.sharedState)
+    except ERecoverableError:
+      result = newRstNode(rnLiteralBlock, @[newRstLeaf(n.comment)])
+  else:
+    result = nil
+
+proc genRecCommentAux(d: PDoc, n: PNode): PRstNode =
   if n == nil: return nil
-  result = genComment(d, n).rope
+  result = genComment(d, n)
   if result == nil:
-    if n.kind in {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr, nkTypeDef, nkConstDef,
-                  nkObjectTy, nkRefTy, nkPtrTy, nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkHiddenStdConv}:
+    if n.kind in {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr, nkTypeDef, nkConstDef, nkTypeClassTy,
+                  nkObjectTy, nkRefTy, nkPtrTy, nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn, nkHiddenStdConv}:
       # notin {nkEmpty..nkNilLit, nkEnumTy, nkTupleTy}:
       for i in 0..<n.len:
         result = genRecCommentAux(d, n[i])
@@ -355,9 +457,9 @@ proc genRecCommentAux(d: PDoc, n: PNode): Rope =
   else:
     n.comment = ""
 
-proc genRecComment(d: PDoc, n: PNode): Rope =
+proc genRecComment(d: PDoc, n: PNode): PRstNode =
   if n == nil: return nil
-  result = genComment(d, n).rope
+  result = genComment(d, n)
   if result == nil:
     if n.kind in {nkProcDef, nkFuncDef, nkMethodDef, nkIteratorDef,
                   nkMacroDef, nkTemplateDef, nkConverterDef}:
@@ -375,13 +477,11 @@ proc getPlainDocstring(n: PNode): string =
   elif startsWith(n.comment, "##"):
     result = n.comment
   else:
+    result = ""
     for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
       result = getPlainDocstring(n[i])
       if result.len > 0: return
 
-proc belongsToPackage(conf: ConfigRef; module: PSym): bool =
-  result = module.kind == skModule and module.getnimblePkgId == conf.mainPackageId
-
 proc externalDep(d: PDoc; module: PSym): string =
   if optWholeProject in d.conf.globalOptions or d.conf.docRoot.len > 0:
     let full = AbsoluteFile toFullPath(d.conf, FileIndex module.position)
@@ -390,15 +490,15 @@ proc externalDep(d: PDoc; module: PSym): string =
   else:
     result = extractFilename toFullPath(d.conf, FileIndex module.position)
 
-proc nodeToHighlightedHtml(d: PDoc; n: PNode; result: var Rope; renderFlags: TRenderFlags = {};
-                           procLink: Rope) =
-  var r: TSrcGen
+proc nodeToHighlightedHtml(d: PDoc; n: PNode; result: var string;
+                           renderFlags: TRenderFlags = {};
+                           procLink: string) =
+  var r: TSrcGen = initTokRender(n, renderFlags)
   var literal = ""
-  initTokRender(r, n, renderFlags)
   var kind = tkEof
   var tokenPos = 0
   var procTokenPos = 0
-  template escLit(): untyped = rope(esc(d.target, literal))
+  template escLit(): untyped = esc(d.target, literal)
   while true:
     getNextTok(r, kind, literal)
     inc tokenPos
@@ -412,11 +512,11 @@ proc nodeToHighlightedHtml(d: PDoc; n: PNode; result: var Rope; renderFlags: TRe
       if kind in {tkProc, tkMethod, tkIterator, tkMacro, tkTemplate, tkFunc, tkConverter}:
         procTokenPos = tokenPos
       dispA(d.conf, result, "<span class=\"Keyword\">$1</span>", "\\spanKeyword{$1}",
-            [rope(literal)])
+            [literal])
     of tkOpr:
       dispA(d.conf, result, "<span class=\"Operator\">$1</span>", "\\spanOperator{$1}",
             [escLit])
-    of tkStrLit..tkTripleStrLit:
+    of tkStrLit..tkTripleStrLit, tkCustomLit:
       dispA(d.conf, result, "<span class=\"StringLit\">$1</span>",
             "\\spanStringLit{$1}", [escLit])
     of tkCharLit:
@@ -431,37 +531,37 @@ proc nodeToHighlightedHtml(d: PDoc; n: PNode; result: var Rope; renderFlags: TRe
     of tkSymbol:
       let s = getTokSym(r)
       # -2 because of the whitespace in between:
-      if procTokenPos == tokenPos-2 and procLink != nil:
+      if procTokenPos == tokenPos-2 and procLink != "":
         dispA(d.conf, result, "<a href=\"#$2\"><span class=\"Identifier\">$1</span></a>",
               "\\spanIdentifier{$1}", [escLit, procLink])
       elif s != nil and s.kind in {skType, skVar, skLet, skConst} and
            sfExported in s.flags and s.owner != nil and
-           belongsToPackage(d.conf, s.owner) and d.target == outHtml:
+           belongsToProjectPackage(d.conf, s.owner) and d.target == outHtml:
         let external = externalDep(d, s.owner)
         result.addf "<a href=\"$1#$2\"><span class=\"Identifier\">$3</span></a>",
-          [rope changeFileExt(external, "html"), rope literal,
+          [changeFileExt(external, "html"), literal,
            escLit]
       else:
         dispA(d.conf, result, "<span class=\"Identifier\">$1</span>",
               "\\spanIdentifier{$1}", [escLit])
     of tkSpaces, tkInvalid:
       result.add(literal)
-    of tkCurlyDotLe:
+    of tkHideableStart:
       template fun(s) = dispA(d.conf, result, s, "\\spanOther{$1}", [escLit])
       if renderRunnableExamples in renderFlags: fun "$1"
-      else: fun: "<span>" & # This span is required for the JS to work properly
-        """<span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span>
+      else:
+        # 1st span is required for the JS to work properly
+        fun """
+<span>
+<span class="Other pragmadots">...</span>
 </span>
-<span class="pragmawrap">
-<span class="Other">$1</span>
-<span class="pragma">""".replace("\n", "")  # Must remove newlines because wrapped in a <pre>
-    of tkCurlyDotRi:
+<span class="pragmawrap">""".replace("\n", "")  # Must remove newlines because wrapped in a <pre>
+    of tkHideableEnd:
       template fun(s) = dispA(d.conf, result, s, "\\spanOther{$1}", [escLit])
       if renderRunnableExamples in renderFlags: fun "$1"
-      else: fun """
-</span>
-<span class="Other">$1</span>
-</span>""".replace("\n", "")
+      else: fun "</span>"
+    of tkCurlyDotLe: dispA(d.conf, result, "$1", "\\spanOther{$1}", [escLit])
+    of tkCurlyDotRi: dispA(d.conf, result, "$1", "\\spanOther{$1}", [escLit])
     of tkParLe, tkParRi, tkBracketLe, tkBracketRi, tkCurlyLe, tkCurlyRi,
        tkBracketDotLe, tkBracketDotRi, tkParDotLe,
        tkParDotRi, tkComma, tkSemiColon, tkColon, tkEquals, tkDot, tkDotDot,
@@ -486,26 +586,37 @@ proc runAllExamples(d: PDoc) =
     # most useful semantics is that `docCmd` comes after `rdoccmd`, so that we can (temporarily) override
     # via command line
     # D20210224T221756:here
-    let cmd = "$nim $backend -r --lib:$libpath --warning:UnusedImport:off --path:$path --nimcache:$nimcache $rdoccmd $docCmd $file" % [
+    var pathArgs = "--path:$path" % [ "path", quoteShell(d.conf.projectPath) ]
+    for p in d.conf.searchPaths:
+      pathArgs = "$args --path:$path" % [ "args", pathArgs, "path", quoteShell(p) ]
+    let cmd = "$nim $backend -r --lib:$libpath --warning:UnusedImport:off $pathArgs --nimcache:$nimcache $rdoccmd $docCmd $file" % [
       "nim", quoteShell(os.getAppFilename()),
       "backend", $d.conf.backend,
-      "path", quoteShell(d.conf.projectPath),
+      "pathArgs", pathArgs,
       "libpath", quoteShell(d.conf.libpath),
       "nimcache", quoteShell(outputDir),
       "file", quoteShell(outp),
       "rdoccmd", group.rdoccmd,
       "docCmd", group.docCmd,
     ]
-    if os.execShellCmd(cmd) != 0:
-      quit "[runnableExamples] failed: generated file: '$1' group: '$2' cmd: $3" % [outp.string, group[].prettyString, cmd]
+    if d.conf.backend == backendJs and findNodeJs() == "":
+      discard "ignore JS runnableExample"
+    elif os.execShellCmd(cmd) != 0:
+      d.conf.quitOrRaise "[runnableExamples] failed: generated file: '$1' group: '$2' cmd: $3" % [outp.string, group[].prettyString, cmd]
     else:
       # keep generated source file `outp` to allow inspection.
       rawMessage(d.conf, hintSuccess, ["runnableExamples: " & outp.string])
       # removeFile(outp.changeFileExt(ExeExt)) # it's in nimcache, no need to remove
 
-proc quoted(a: string): string = result.addQuoted(a)
+proc quoted(a: string): string =
+  result = ""
+  result.addQuoted(a)
 
-proc prepareExample(d: PDoc; n: PNode): tuple[rdoccmd: string, code: string] =
+proc toInstantiationInfo(conf: ConfigRef, info: TLineInfo): (string, int, int) =
+  # xxx expose in compiler/lineinfos.nim
+  (conf.toMsgFilename(info), info.line.int, info.col.int + ColOffset)
+
+proc prepareExample(d: PDoc; n: PNode, topLevel: bool): tuple[rdoccmd: string, code: string] =
   ## returns `rdoccmd` and source code for this runnableExamples
   var rdoccmd = ""
   if n.len < 2 or n.len > 3: globalError(d.conf, n.info, "runnableExamples invalid")
@@ -526,13 +637,14 @@ proc prepareExample(d: PDoc; n: PNode): tuple[rdoccmd: string, code: string] =
   let outputDir = d.exampleOutputDir
   createDir(outputDir)
   inc d.exampleCounter
-  let outp = outputDir / RelativeFile(extractFilename(d.filename.changeFileExt"" & ("_examples$1.nim" % $d.exampleCounter)))
+  let outp = outputDir / RelativeFile("$#_examples_$#.nim" % [d.filename.extractFilename.changeFileExt"", $d.exampleCounter])
 
   if useRenderModule:
     var docComment = newTree(nkCommentStmt)
     docComment.comment = comment
     var runnableExamples = newTree(nkStmtList,
         docComment,
+        newTree(nkImportStmt, newStrNode(nkStrLit, "std/assertions")),
         newTree(nkImportStmt, newStrNode(nkStrLit, d.filename)))
     runnableExamples.info = n.info
     for a in n.lastSon: runnableExamples.add a
@@ -544,19 +656,36 @@ proc prepareExample(d: PDoc; n: PNode): tuple[rdoccmd: string, code: string] =
     renderModule(runnableExamples, outp.string, conf = d.conf)
 
   else:
-    let code2 = """
+    var code2 = code
+    if code.len > 0 and "codeReordering" notin code:
+      let codeIndent = extractRunnableExamplesSource(d.conf, n, indent = 2)
+      # hacky but simplest solution, until we devise a way to make `{.line.}`
+      # work without introducing a scope
+      code2 = """
+{.line: $#.}:
+$#
+""" % [$toInstantiationInfo(d.conf, n.info), codeIndent]
+    code2 = """
 #[
-$1
+$#
 ]#
-import $2
-$3
-""" % [comment, d.filename.quoted, code]
+import std/assertions
+import $#
+$#
+""" % [comment, d.filename.quoted, code2]
     writeFile(outp.string, code2)
 
   if rdoccmd notin d.exampleGroups:
     d.exampleGroups[rdoccmd] = ExampleGroup(rdoccmd: rdoccmd, docCmd: d.conf.docCmd, index: d.exampleGroups.len)
   d.exampleGroups[rdoccmd].code.add "import $1\n" % outp.string.quoted
-  result = (rdoccmd, code)
+
+  var codeShown: string
+  if topLevel: # refs https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/352
+    let title = canonicalImport(d.conf, AbsoluteFile d.filename)
+    codeShown = "import $#\n$#" % [title, code]
+  else:
+    codeShown = code
+  result = (rdoccmd, codeShown)
   when false:
     proc extractImports(n: PNode; result: PNode) =
       if n.kind in {nkImportStmt, nkImportExceptStmt, nkFromStmt}:
@@ -576,7 +705,9 @@ type RunnableState = enum
   rsRunnable
   rsDone
 
-proc getAllRunnableExamplesImpl(d: PDoc; n: PNode, dest: var Rope, state: RunnableState): RunnableState =
+proc getAllRunnableExamplesImpl(d: PDoc; n: PNode, dest: var ItemPre,
+                                state: RunnableState, topLevel: bool):
+                               RunnableState =
   ##[
   Simple state machine to tell whether we render runnableExamples and doc comments.
   This is to ensure that we can interleave runnableExamples and doc comments freely;
@@ -600,20 +731,25 @@ proc getAllRunnableExamplesImpl(d: PDoc; n: PNode, dest: var Rope, state: Runnab
       return rsComment
   of nkCallKinds:
     if isRunnableExamples(n[0]) and
-        n.len >= 2 and n.lastSon.kind == nkStmtList and state in {rsStart, rsComment, rsRunnable}:
-      let (rdoccmd, code) = prepareExample(d, n)
-      var msg = "Example:"
-      if rdoccmd.len > 0: msg.add " cmd: " & rdoccmd
-      dispA(d.conf, dest, "\n<p><strong class=\"examples_text\">$1</strong></p>\n",
-          "\n\\textbf{$1}\n", [msg.rope])
-      inc d.listingCounter
-      let id = $d.listingCounter
-      dest.add(d.config.getOrDefault"doc.listing_start" % [id, "langNim", ""])
-      var dest2 = ""
-      renderNimCode(dest2, code, isLatex = d.conf.cmd == cmdRst2tex)
-      dest.add dest2
-      dest.add(d.config.getOrDefault"doc.listing_end" % id)
-      return rsRunnable
+        n.len >= 2 and n.lastSon.kind == nkStmtList:
+      if state in {rsStart, rsComment, rsRunnable}:
+        let (rdoccmd, code) = prepareExample(d, n, topLevel)
+        var msg = "Example:"
+        if rdoccmd.len > 0: msg.add " cmd: " & rdoccmd
+        var s: string = ""
+        dispA(d.conf, s, "\n<p><strong class=\"examples_text\">$1</strong></p>\n",
+            "\n\n\\textbf{$1}\n", [msg])
+        dest.add s
+        inc d.listingCounter
+        let id = $d.listingCounter
+        dest.add(d.config.getOrDefault"doc.listing_start" % [id, "langNim", ""])
+        var dest2 = ""
+        renderNimCode(dest2, code, d.target)
+        dest.add dest2
+        dest.add(d.config.getOrDefault"doc.listing_end" % id)
+        return rsRunnable
+      else:
+        localError(d.conf, n.info, errUser, "runnableExamples must appear before the first non-comment statement")
   else: discard
   return rsDone
     # change this to `rsStart` if you want to keep generating doc comments
@@ -649,22 +785,22 @@ proc getRoutineBody(n: PNode): PNode =
     doAssert result.len == 2
     result = result[1]
 
-proc getAllRunnableExamples(d: PDoc, n: PNode, dest: var Rope) =
+proc getAllRunnableExamples(d: PDoc, n: PNode, dest: var ItemPre) =
   var n = n
   var state = rsStart
-  template fn(n2) =
-    state = getAllRunnableExamplesImpl(d, n2, dest, state)
-  dest.add genComment(d, n).rope
+  template fn(n2, topLevel) =
+    state = getAllRunnableExamplesImpl(d, n2, dest, state, topLevel)
+  dest.add genComment(d, n)
   case n.kind
   of routineDefs:
     n = n.getRoutineBody
     case n.kind
-    of nkCommentStmt, nkCallKinds: fn(n)
+    of nkCommentStmt, nkCallKinds: fn(n, topLevel = false)
     else:
       for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
-        fn(n[i])
-        if state == rsDone: return
-  else: fn(n)
+        fn(n[i], topLevel = false)
+        if state == rsDone: discard # check all sons
+  else: fn(n, topLevel = true)
 
 proc isVisible(d: PDoc; n: PNode): bool =
   result = false
@@ -685,21 +821,24 @@ proc isVisible(d: PDoc; n: PNode): bool =
   elif n.kind == nkPragmaExpr:
     result = isVisible(d, n[0])
 
-proc getName(d: PDoc, n: PNode, splitAfter = -1): string =
+proc getName(n: PNode): string =
   case n.kind
-  of nkPostfix: result = getName(d, n[1], splitAfter)
-  of nkPragmaExpr: result = getName(d, n[0], splitAfter)
-  of nkSym: result = esc(d.target, n.sym.renderDefinitionName, splitAfter)
-  of nkIdent: result = esc(d.target, n.ident.s, splitAfter)
+  of nkPostfix: result = getName(n[1])
+  of nkPragmaExpr: result = getName(n[0])
+  of nkSym: result = n.sym.renderDefinitionName
+  of nkIdent: result = n.ident.s
   of nkAccQuoted:
-    result = esc(d.target, "`")
-    for i in 0..<n.len: result.add(getName(d, n[i], splitAfter))
-    result.add esc(d.target, "`")
-  of nkOpenSymChoice, nkClosedSymChoice:
-    result = getName(d, n[0], splitAfter)
+    result = "`"
+    for i in 0..<n.len: result.add(getName(n[i]))
+    result = "`"
+  of nkOpenSymChoice, nkClosedSymChoice, nkOpenSym:
+    result = getName(n[0])
   else:
     result = ""
 
+proc getNameEsc(d: PDoc, n: PNode): string =
+  esc(d.target, getName(n))
+
 proc getNameIdent(cache: IdentCache; n: PNode): PIdent =
   case n.kind
   of nkPostfix: result = getNameIdent(cache, n[1])
@@ -710,7 +849,7 @@ proc getNameIdent(cache: IdentCache; n: PNode): PIdent =
     var r = ""
     for i in 0..<n.len: r.add(getNameIdent(cache, n[i]).s)
     result = getIdent(cache, r)
-  of nkOpenSymChoice, nkClosedSymChoice:
+  of nkOpenSymChoice, nkClosedSymChoice, nkOpenSym:
     result = getNameIdent(cache, n[0])
   else:
     result = nil
@@ -724,7 +863,7 @@ proc getRstName(n: PNode): PRstNode =
   of nkAccQuoted:
     result = getRstName(n[0])
     for i in 1..<n.len: result.text.add(getRstName(n[i]).text)
-  of nkOpenSymChoice, nkClosedSymChoice:
+  of nkOpenSymChoice, nkClosedSymChoice, nkOpenSym:
     result = getRstName(n[0])
   else:
     result = nil
@@ -758,7 +897,7 @@ proc complexName(k: TSymKind, n: PNode, baseName: string): string =
   ## types will be added with a preceding dash. Return types won't be added.
   ##
   ## If you modify the output of this proc, please update the anchor generation
-  ## section of ``doc/docgen.txt``.
+  ## section of ``doc/docgen.rst``.
   result = baseName
   case k
   of skProc, skFunc: discard
@@ -774,14 +913,6 @@ proc complexName(k: TSymKind, n: PNode, baseName: string): string =
       result.add(defaultParamSeparator)
       result.add(params)
 
-proc isCallable(n: PNode): bool =
-  ## Returns true if `n` contains a callable node.
-  case n.kind
-  of nkProcDef, nkMethodDef, nkIteratorDef, nkMacroDef, nkTemplateDef,
-    nkConverterDef, nkFuncDef: result = true
-  else:
-    result = false
-
 proc docstringSummary(rstText: string): string =
   ## Returns just the first line or a brief chunk of text from a rst string.
   ##
@@ -798,7 +929,7 @@ proc docstringSummary(rstText: string): string =
   result = rstText.substr(2).strip
   var pos = result.find('\L')
   if pos > 0:
-    result.delete(pos, result.len - 1)
+    result.setLen(pos - 1)
     result.add("…")
   if pos < maxDocstringChars:
     return
@@ -806,31 +937,32 @@ proc docstringSummary(rstText: string): string =
   pos = result.find({'.', ',', ':'})
   let last = result.len - 1
   if pos > 0 and pos < last:
-    result.delete(pos, last)
+    result.setLen(pos - 1)
     result.add("…")
 
-proc genDeprecationMsg(d: PDoc, n: PNode): Rope =
+proc genDeprecationMsg(d: PDoc, n: PNode): string =
   ## Given a nkPragma wDeprecated node output a well-formatted section
   if n == nil: return
 
   case n.safeLen:
   of 0: # Deprecated w/o any message
-    result = ropeFormatNamedVars(d.conf,
-      getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.deprecationmsg"), ["label", "message"],
-      [~"Deprecated", nil])
+    result = getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.deprecationmsg") % [
+       "label" , "Deprecated", "message", ""]
   of 2: # Deprecated w/ a message
     if n[1].kind in {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit}:
-      result = ropeFormatNamedVars(d.conf,
-        getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.deprecationmsg"), ["label", "message"],
-        [~"Deprecated:", rope(xmltree.escape(n[1].strVal))])
+      result = getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.deprecationmsg") % [
+          "label", "Deprecated:", "message", xmltree.escape(n[1].strVal)]
+    else:
+      result = ""
   else:
-    doAssert false
+    raiseAssert "unreachable"
 
 type DocFlags = enum
   kDefault
   kForceExport
 
-proc genSeeSrcRope(d: PDoc, path: string, line: int): Rope =
+proc genSeeSrc(d: PDoc, path: string, line: int): string =
+  result = ""
   let docItemSeeSrc = getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.item.seesrc")
   if docItemSeeSrc.len > 0:
     let path = relativeTo(AbsoluteFile path, AbsoluteDir getCurrentDir(), '/')
@@ -846,119 +978,214 @@ proc genSeeSrcRope(d: PDoc, path: string, line: int): Rope =
         else: "version-$1-$2" % [$NimMajor, $NimMinor]
       let commit = getConfigVar(d.conf, "git.commit", defaultBranch)
       let develBranch = getConfigVar(d.conf, "git.devel", "devel")
-      dispA(d.conf, result, "$1", "", [ropeFormatNamedVars(d.conf, docItemSeeSrc,
-          ["path", "line", "url", "commit", "devel"], [rope path.string,
-          rope($line), rope gitUrl, rope commit, rope develBranch])])
+      dispA(d.conf, result, "$1", "", [docItemSeeSrc % [
+          "path", path.string, "line", $line, "url", gitUrl,
+          "commit", commit, "devel", develBranch]])
+
+proc symbolPriority(k: TSymKind): int =
+  result = case k
+    of skMacro: -3
+    of skTemplate: -2
+    of skIterator: -1
+    else: 0  # including skProc which have higher priority
+    # documentation itself has even higher priority 1
+
+proc getTypeKind(n: PNode): string =
+  case n[2].kind
+  of nkEnumTy: "enum"
+  of nkObjectTy: "object"
+  of nkTupleTy: "tuple"
+  else: ""
+
+proc toLangSymbol(k: TSymKind, n: PNode, baseName: string): LangSymbol =
+  ## Converts symbol info (names/types/parameters) in `n` into format
+  ## `LangSymbol` convenient for ``rst.nim``/``dochelpers.nim``.
+  result = LangSymbol(name: baseName.nimIdentNormalize,
+      symKind: k.toHumanStr
+  )
+  if k in routineKinds:
+    var
+      paramTypes: seq[string] = @[]
+    renderParamTypes(paramTypes, n[paramsPos], toNormalize=true)
+    let paramNames = renderParamNames(n[paramsPos], toNormalize=true)
+    # In some rare cases (system.typeof) parameter type is not set for default:
+    doAssert paramTypes.len <= paramNames.len
+    for i in 0 ..< paramNames.len:
+      if i < paramTypes.len:
+        result.parameters.add (paramNames[i], paramTypes[i])
+      else:
+        result.parameters.add (paramNames[i], "")
+    result.parametersProvided = true
+
+    result.outType = renderOutType(n[paramsPos], toNormalize=true)
 
-proc genItem(d: PDoc, n, nameNode: PNode, k: TSymKind, docFlags: DocFlags) =
+  if k in {skProc, skFunc, skType, skIterator}:
+    # Obtain `result.generics`
+    # Use `n[miscPos]` since n[genericParamsPos] does not contain constraints
+    var genNode: PNode = nil
+    if k == skType:
+      genNode = n[1]  # FIXME: what is index 1?
+    else:
+      if n[miscPos].kind != nkEmpty:
+        genNode = n[miscPos][1]   # FIXME: what is index 1?
+    if genNode != nil:
+      var literal = ""
+      var r: TSrcGen = initTokRender(genNode, {renderNoBody, renderNoComments,
+        renderNoPragmas, renderNoProcDefs, renderExpandUsing, renderNoPostfix})
+      var kind = tkEof
+      while true:
+        getNextTok(r, kind, literal)
+        if kind == tkEof:
+          break
+        if kind != tkSpaces:
+          result.generics.add(literal.nimIdentNormalize)
+
+  if k == skType: result.symTypeKind = getTypeKind(n)
+
+proc genItem(d: PDoc, n, nameNode: PNode, k: TSymKind, docFlags: DocFlags, nonExports: bool = false) =
   if (docFlags != kForceExport) and not isVisible(d, nameNode): return
   let
-    name = getName(d, nameNode)
-    nameRope = name.rope
+    name = getName(nameNode)
+    nameEsc = esc(d.target, name)
   var plainDocstring = getPlainDocstring(n) # call here before genRecComment!
-  var result: Rope = nil
+  var result = ""
   var literal, plainName = ""
   var kind = tkEof
-  var comm: Rope = nil
+  var comm: ItemPre = default(ItemPre)
   if n.kind in routineDefs:
     getAllRunnableExamples(d, n, comm)
   else:
     comm.add genRecComment(d, n)
 
-  var r: TSrcGen
   # Obtain the plain rendered string for hyperlink titles.
-  initTokRender(r, n, {renderNoBody, renderNoComments, renderDocComments,
-    renderNoPragmas, renderNoProcDefs})
+  var r: TSrcGen = initTokRender(n, {renderNoBody, renderNoComments, renderDocComments,
+    renderNoPragmas, renderNoProcDefs, renderExpandUsing, renderNoPostfix})
   while true:
     getNextTok(r, kind, literal)
     if kind == tkEof:
       break
     plainName.add(literal)
 
-  var pragmaNode: PNode = nil
-  if n.isCallable and n[pragmasPos].kind != nkEmpty:
-    pragmaNode = findPragma(n[pragmasPos], wDeprecated)
+  var pragmaNode = getDeclPragma(n)
+  if pragmaNode != nil: pragmaNode = findPragma(pragmaNode, wDeprecated)
 
   inc(d.id)
   let
-    plainNameRope = rope(xmltree.escape(plainName.strip))
+    plainNameEsc = esc(d.target, plainName.strip)
+    typeDescr =
+      if k == skType and getTypeKind(n) != "": getTypeKind(n)
+      else: k.toHumanStr
+    detailedName = typeDescr & " " & (
+        if k in routineKinds: plainName else: name)
+    uniqueName = if k in routineKinds: plainNameEsc else: nameEsc
+    sortName = if k in routineKinds: plainName.strip else: name
     cleanPlainSymbol = renderPlainSymbolName(nameNode)
     complexSymbol = complexName(k, n, cleanPlainSymbol)
-    plainSymbolRope = rope(cleanPlainSymbol)
-    plainSymbolEncRope = rope(encodeUrl(cleanPlainSymbol))
-    itemIDRope = rope(d.id)
+    plainSymbolEnc = encodeUrl(cleanPlainSymbol, usePlus = false)
     symbolOrId = d.newUniquePlainSymbol(complexSymbol)
-    symbolOrIdRope = symbolOrId.rope
-    symbolOrIdEncRope = encodeUrl(symbolOrId).rope
-    deprecationMsgRope = genDeprecationMsg(d, pragmaNode)
-
-  nodeToHighlightedHtml(d, n, result, {renderNoBody, renderNoComments,
-    renderDocComments, renderSyms}, symbolOrIdEncRope)
-
-  let seeSrcRope = genSeeSrcRope(d, toFullPath(d.conf, n.info), n.info.line.int)
-  d.section[k].add(ropeFormatNamedVars(d.conf, getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.item"),
-    ["name", "header", "desc", "itemID", "header_plain", "itemSym",
-      "itemSymOrID", "itemSymEnc", "itemSymOrIDEnc", "seeSrc", "deprecationMsg"],
-    [nameRope, result, comm, itemIDRope, plainNameRope, plainSymbolRope,
-      symbolOrIdRope, plainSymbolEncRope, symbolOrIdEncRope, seeSrcRope,
-      deprecationMsgRope]))
+    symbolOrIdEnc = encodeUrl(symbolOrId, usePlus = false)
+    deprecationMsg = genDeprecationMsg(d, pragmaNode)
+    rstLangSymbol = toLangSymbol(k, n, cleanPlainSymbol)
+    symNameNode =
+      if nameNode.kind == nkPostfix: nameNode[1]
+      else: nameNode
+
+  # we generate anchors automatically for subsequent use in doc comments
+  let lineinfo = rstast.TLineInfo(
+      line: nameNode.info.line, col: nameNode.info.col,
+      fileIndex: addRstFileIndex(d, nameNode.info))
+  addAnchorNim(d.sharedState, external = false, refn = symbolOrId,
+               tooltip = detailedName, langSym = rstLangSymbol,
+               priority = symbolPriority(k), info = lineinfo,
+               module = addRstFileIndex(d, FileIndex d.module.position))
+
+  var renderFlags = {renderNoBody, renderNoComments, renderDocComments,
+    renderSyms, renderExpandUsing, renderNoPostfix}
+  if nonExports:
+    renderFlags.incl renderNonExportedFields
+  nodeToHighlightedHtml(d, n, result, renderFlags, symbolOrIdEnc)
+
+  let seeSrc = genSeeSrc(d, toFullPath(d.conf, n.info), n.info.line.int)
+
+  d.section[k].secItems.mgetOrPut(cleanPlainSymbol, newSeq[Item]()).add Item(
+    descRst: comm,
+    sortName: sortName,
+    info: lineinfo,
+    anchor: symbolOrId,
+    detailedName: detailedName,
+    name: name,
+    substitutions: @[
+     "uniqueName", uniqueName,
+     "header", result, "itemID", $d.id,
+     "header_plain", plainNameEsc, "itemSym", cleanPlainSymbol,
+     "itemSymEnc", plainSymbolEnc,
+     "itemSymOrIDEnc", symbolOrIdEnc, "seeSrc", seeSrc,
+     "deprecationMsg", deprecationMsg])
 
   let external = d.destFile.AbsoluteFile.relativeTo(d.conf.outDir, '/').changeFileExt(HtmlExt).string
 
-  var attype: Rope
-  if k in routineKinds and nameNode.kind == nkSym:
+  var attype = ""
+  if k in routineKinds and symNameNode.kind == nkSym:
     let att = attachToType(d, nameNode.sym)
     if att != nil:
-      attype = rope esc(d.target, att.name.s)
-  elif k == skType and nameNode.kind == nkSym and nameNode.sym.typ.kind in {tyEnum, tyBool}:
-    let etyp = nameNode.sym.typ
+      attype = esc(d.target, att.name.s)
+  elif k == skType and symNameNode.kind == nkSym and
+      symNameNode.sym.typ.kind in {tyEnum, tyBool}:
+    let etyp = symNameNode.sym.typ
     for e in etyp.n:
       if e.sym.kind != skEnumField: continue
       let plain = renderPlainSymbolName(e)
       let symbolOrId = d.newUniquePlainSymbol(plain)
-      setIndexTerm(d[], external, symbolOrId, plain, nameNode.sym.name.s & '.' & plain,
-        xmltree.escape(getPlainDocstring(e).docstringSummary))
-
-  d.toc[k].add(ropeFormatNamedVars(d.conf, getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.item.toc"),
-    ["name", "header_plain", "itemSymOrIDEnc"],
-    [nameRope, plainNameRope, symbolOrIdEncRope]))
-
-  d.tocTable[k].mgetOrPut(cleanPlainSymbol, nil).add(ropeFormatNamedVars(
-    d.conf, getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.item.tocTable"),
-    ["name", "header_plain", "itemSymOrID", "itemSymOrIDEnc"],
-    [nameRope, plainNameRope, rope(symbolOrId.replace(",", ",<wbr>")), symbolOrIdEncRope]))
-
-  # Ironically for types the complexSymbol is *cleaner* than the plainName
-  # because it doesn't include object fields or documentation comments. So we
-  # use the plain one for callable elements, and the complex for the rest.
-  var linkTitle = changeFileExt(extractFilename(d.filename), "") & ": "
-  if n.isCallable: linkTitle.add(xmltree.escape(plainName.strip))
-  else: linkTitle.add(xmltree.escape(complexSymbol.strip))
-
-  setIndexTerm(d[], external, symbolOrId, name, linkTitle,
-    xmltree.escape(plainDocstring.docstringSummary))
-  if k == skType and nameNode.kind == nkSym:
-    d.types.strTableAdd nameNode.sym
-
-proc genJsonItem(d: PDoc, n, nameNode: PNode, k: TSymKind): JsonNode =
+      setIndexTerm(d[], ieNim, htmlFile = external, id = symbolOrId,
+                   term = plain, linkTitle = symNameNode.sym.name.s & '.' & plain,
+                   linkDesc = xmltree.escape(getPlainDocstring(e).docstringSummary),
+                   line = n.info.line.int)
+
+  d.tocSimple[k].add TocItem(
+    sortName: sortName,
+    content: getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.item.toc") % [
+      "name", name, "header_plain", plainNameEsc,
+      "itemSymOrIDEnc", symbolOrIdEnc])
+
+  d.tocTable[k].mgetOrPut(cleanPlainSymbol, newSeq[TocItem]()).add TocItem(
+    sortName: sortName,
+    content: getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.item.tocTable") % [
+      "name", name, "header_plain", plainNameEsc,
+      "itemSymOrID", symbolOrId.replace(",", ",<wbr>"),
+      "itemSymOrIDEnc", symbolOrIdEnc])
+
+  setIndexTerm(d[], ieNim, htmlFile = external, id = symbolOrId, term = name,
+               linkTitle = detailedName,
+               linkDesc = xmltree.escape(plainDocstring.docstringSummary),
+               line = n.info.line.int)
+  if k == skType and symNameNode.kind == nkSym:
+    d.types.strTableAdd symNameNode.sym
+
+proc genJsonItem(d: PDoc, n, nameNode: PNode, k: TSymKind, nonExports = false): JsonItem =
   if not isVisible(d, nameNode): return
   var
-    name = getName(d, nameNode)
-    comm = $genRecComment(d, n)
+    name = getNameEsc(d, nameNode)
+    comm = genRecComment(d, n)
     r: TSrcGen
-  initTokRender(r, n, {renderNoBody, renderNoComments, renderDocComments})
-  result = %{ "name": %name, "type": %($k), "line": %n.info.line.int,
-                 "col": %n.info.col}
-  if comm.len > 0:
-    result["description"] = %comm
+    renderFlags = {renderNoBody, renderNoComments, renderDocComments,
+      renderExpandUsing, renderNoPostfix}
+  if nonExports:
+    renderFlags.incl renderNonExportedFields
+  r = initTokRender(n, renderFlags)
+  result = JsonItem(json: %{ "name": %name, "type": %($k), "line": %n.info.line.int,
+                   "col": %n.info.col}
+  )
+  if comm != nil:
+    result.rst = comm
+    result.rstField = "description"
   if r.buf.len > 0:
-    result["code"] = %r.buf
+    result.json["code"] = %r.buf
   if k in routineKinds:
-    result["signature"] = newJObject()
+    result.json["signature"] = newJObject()
     if n[paramsPos][0].kind != nkEmpty:
-      result["signature"]["return"] = %($n[paramsPos][0])
+      result.json["signature"]["return"] = %($n[paramsPos][0])
     if n[paramsPos].len > 1:
-      result["signature"]["arguments"] = newJArray()
+      result.json["signature"]["arguments"] = newJArray()
     for paramIdx in 1 ..< n[paramsPos].len:
       for identIdx in 0 ..< n[paramsPos][paramIdx].len - 2:
         let
@@ -966,22 +1193,61 @@ proc genJsonItem(d: PDoc, n, nameNode: PNode, k: TSymKind): JsonNode =
           paramType = $n[paramsPos][paramIdx][^2]
         if n[paramsPos][paramIdx][^1].kind != nkEmpty:
           let paramDefault = $n[paramsPos][paramIdx][^1]
-          result["signature"]["arguments"].add %{"name": %paramName, "type": %paramType, "default": %paramDefault}
+          result.json["signature"]["arguments"].add %{"name": %paramName, "type": %paramType, "default": %paramDefault}
         else:
-          result["signature"]["arguments"].add %{"name": %paramName, "type": %paramType}
+          result.json["signature"]["arguments"].add %{"name": %paramName, "type": %paramType}
     if n[pragmasPos].kind != nkEmpty:
-      result["signature"]["pragmas"] = newJArray()
+      result.json["signature"]["pragmas"] = newJArray()
       for pragma in n[pragmasPos]:
-        result["signature"]["pragmas"].add %($pragma)
+        result.json["signature"]["pragmas"].add %($pragma)
     if n[genericParamsPos].kind != nkEmpty:
-      result["signature"]["genericParams"] = newJArray()
+      result.json["signature"]["genericParams"] = newJArray()
       for genericParam in n[genericParamsPos]:
         var param = %{"name": %($genericParam)}
-        if genericParam.sym.typ.sons.len > 0:
+        if genericParam.sym.typ.len > 0:
           param["types"] = newJArray()
-        for kind in genericParam.sym.typ.sons:
-          param["types"].add %($kind)
-        result["signature"]["genericParams"].add param
+          param["types"] = %($genericParam.sym.typ.elementType)
+        result.json["signature"]["genericParams"].add param
+  if optGenIndex in d.conf.globalOptions:
+    genItem(d, n, nameNode, k, kForceExport)
+
+proc setDoctype(d: PDoc, n: PNode) =
+  ## Processes `{.doctype.}` pragma changing Markdown/RST parsing options.
+  if n == nil:
+    return
+  if n.len != 2:
+    localError(d.conf, n.info, errUser,
+      "doctype pragma takes exactly 1 argument"
+    )
+    return
+  var dt = ""
+  case n[1].kind
+  of nkStrLit:
+    dt = toLowerAscii(n[1].strVal)
+  of nkIdent:
+    dt = toLowerAscii(n[1].ident.s)
+  else:
+    localError(d.conf, n.info, errUser,
+      "unknown argument type $1 provided to doctype" % [$n[1].kind]
+    )
+    return
+  case dt
+  of "markdown":
+    d.sharedState.options.incl roSupportMarkdown
+    d.sharedState.options.incl roPreferMarkdown
+  of "rstmarkdown":
+    d.sharedState.options.incl roSupportMarkdown
+    d.sharedState.options.excl roPreferMarkdown
+  of "rst":
+    d.sharedState.options.excl roSupportMarkdown
+    d.sharedState.options.excl roPreferMarkdown
+  else:
+    localError(d.conf, n.info, errUser,
+      (
+        "unknown doctype value \"$1\", should be from " &
+        "\"RST\", \"Markdown\", \"RstMarkdown\""
+      ) % [dt]
+    )
 
 proc checkForFalse(n: PNode): bool =
   result = n.kind == nkIdent and cmpIgnoreStyle(n.ident.s, "false") == 0
@@ -998,42 +1264,44 @@ proc traceDeps(d: PDoc, it: PNode) =
     for x in it[2]:
       a[2] = x
       traceDeps(d, a)
-  elif it.kind == nkSym and belongsToPackage(d.conf, it.sym):
+  elif it.kind == nkSym and belongsToProjectPackage(d.conf, it.sym):
     let external = externalDep(d, it.sym)
-    if d.section[k] != nil: d.section[k].add(", ")
-    dispA(d.conf, d.section[k],
+    if d.section[k].finalMarkup != "": d.section[k].finalMarkup.add(", ")
+    dispA(d.conf, d.section[k].finalMarkup,
           "<a class=\"reference external\" href=\"$2\">$1</a>",
-          "$1", [rope esc(d.target, external.prettyLink),
-          rope changeFileExt(external, "html")])
+          "$1", [esc(d.target, external.prettyLink),
+                 changeFileExt(external, "html")])
 
 proc exportSym(d: PDoc; s: PSym) =
   const k = exportSection
-  if s.kind == skModule and belongsToPackage(d.conf, s):
+  if s.kind == skModule and belongsToProjectPackage(d.conf, s):
     let external = externalDep(d, s)
-    if d.section[k] != nil: d.section[k].add(", ")
-    dispA(d.conf, d.section[k],
+    if d.section[k].finalMarkup != "": d.section[k].finalMarkup.add(", ")
+    dispA(d.conf, d.section[k].finalMarkup,
           "<a class=\"reference external\" href=\"$2\">$1</a>",
-          "$1", [rope esc(d.target, external.prettyLink),
-          rope changeFileExt(external, "html")])
+          "$1", [esc(d.target, external.prettyLink),
+                 changeFileExt(external, "html")])
   elif s.kind != skModule and s.owner != nil:
     let module = originatingModule(s)
-    if belongsToPackage(d.conf, module):
+    if belongsToProjectPackage(d.conf, module):
       let
         complexSymbol = complexName(s.kind, s.ast, s.name.s)
-        symbolOrIdRope = rope(d.newUniquePlainSymbol(complexSymbol))
+        symbolOrId = d.newUniquePlainSymbol(complexSymbol)
         external = externalDep(d, module)
-      if d.section[k] != nil: d.section[k].add(", ")
+      if d.section[k].finalMarkup != "": d.section[k].finalMarkup.add(", ")
       # XXX proper anchor generation here
-      dispA(d.conf, d.section[k],
+      dispA(d.conf, d.section[k].finalMarkup,
             "<a href=\"$2#$3\"><span class=\"Identifier\">$1</span></a>",
-            "$1", [rope esc(d.target, s.name.s),
-            rope changeFileExt(external, "html"),
-            symbolOrIdRope])
+            "$1", [esc(d.target, s.name.s),
+                   changeFileExt(external, "html"),
+                   symbolOrId])
 
 proc documentNewEffect(cache: IdentCache; n: PNode): PNode =
   let s = n[namePos].sym
   if tfReturnsNew in s.typ.flags:
     result = newIdentNode(getIdent(cache, "new"), n.info)
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc documentEffect(cache: IdentCache; n, x: PNode, effectType: TSpecialWord, idx: int): PNode =
   let spec = effectSpec(x, effectType)
@@ -1043,10 +1311,11 @@ proc documentEffect(cache: IdentCache; n, x: PNode, effectType: TSpecialWord, id
     let actual = s.typ.n[0]
     if actual.len != effectListLen: return
     let real = actual[idx]
-
+    if real == nil: return
+    let realLen = real.len
     # warning: hack ahead:
-    var effects = newNodeI(nkBracket, n.info, real.len)
-    for i in 0..<real.len:
+    var effects = newNodeI(nkBracket, n.info, realLen)
+    for i in 0..<realLen:
       var t = typeToString(real[i].typ)
       if t.startsWith("ref "): t = substr(t, 4)
       effects[i] = newIdentNode(getIdent(cache, t), n.info)
@@ -1055,6 +1324,8 @@ proc documentEffect(cache: IdentCache; n, x: PNode, effectType: TSpecialWord, id
 
     result = newTreeI(nkExprColonExpr, n.info,
       newIdentNode(getIdent(cache, $effectType), n.info), effects)
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc documentWriteEffect(cache: IdentCache; n: PNode; flag: TSymFlag; pragmaName: string): PNode =
   let s = n[namePos].sym
@@ -1068,6 +1339,8 @@ proc documentWriteEffect(cache: IdentCache; n: PNode; flag: TSymFlag; pragmaName
   if effects.len > 0:
     result = newTreeI(nkExprColonExpr, n.info,
       newIdentNode(getIdent(cache, pragmaName), n.info), effects)
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc documentRaises*(cache: IdentCache; n: PNode) =
   if n[namePos].kind != nkSym: return
@@ -1077,8 +1350,9 @@ proc documentRaises*(cache: IdentCache; n: PNode) =
   let p3 = documentWriteEffect(cache, n, sfWrittenTo, "writes")
   let p4 = documentNewEffect(cache, n)
   let p5 = documentWriteEffect(cache, n, sfEscapes, "escapes")
+  let p6 = documentEffect(cache, n, pragmas, wForbids, forbiddenEffects)
 
-  if p1 != nil or p2 != nil or p3 != nil or p4 != nil or p5 != nil:
+  if p1 != nil or p2 != nil or p3 != nil or p4 != nil or p5 != nil or p6 != nil:
     if pragmas.kind == nkEmpty:
       n[pragmasPos] = newNodeI(nkPragma, n.info)
     if p1 != nil: n[pragmasPos].add p1
@@ -1086,15 +1360,22 @@ proc documentRaises*(cache: IdentCache; n: PNode) =
     if p3 != nil: n[pragmasPos].add p3
     if p4 != nil: n[pragmasPos].add p4
     if p5 != nil: n[pragmasPos].add p5
+    if p6 != nil: n[pragmasPos].add p6
 
-proc generateDoc*(d: PDoc, n, orig: PNode, docFlags: DocFlags = kDefault) =
+proc generateDoc*(d: PDoc, n, orig: PNode, config: ConfigRef, docFlags: DocFlags = kDefault) =
+  ## Goes through nim nodes recursively and collects doc comments.
+  ## Main function for `doc`:option: command,
+  ## which is implemented in ``docgen2.nim``.
   template genItemAux(skind) =
     genItem(d, n, n[namePos], skind, docFlags)
+  let showNonExports = optShowNonExportedFields in config.globalOptions
   case n.kind
   of nkPragma:
     let pragmaNode = findPragma(n, wDeprecated)
     d.modDeprecationMsg.add(genDeprecationMsg(d, pragmaNode))
-  of nkCommentStmt: d.modDesc.add(genComment(d, n))
+    let doctypeNode = findPragma(n, wDoctype)
+    setDoctype(d, doctypeNode)
+  of nkCommentStmt: d.modDescPre.add(genComment(d, n))
   of nkProcDef, nkFuncDef:
     when useEffectSystem: documentRaises(d.cache, n)
     genItemAux(skProc)
@@ -1114,40 +1395,185 @@ proc generateDoc*(d: PDoc, n, orig: PNode, docFlags: DocFlags = kDefault) =
       if n[i].kind != nkCommentStmt:
         # order is always 'type var let const':
         genItem(d, n[i], n[i][0],
-                succ(skType, ord(n.kind)-ord(nkTypeSection)), docFlags)
+                succ(skType, ord(n.kind)-ord(nkTypeSection)), docFlags, showNonExports)
   of nkStmtList:
-    for i in 0..<n.len: generateDoc(d, n[i], orig)
+    for i in 0..<n.len: generateDoc(d, n[i], orig, config)
   of nkWhenStmt:
     # generate documentation for the first branch only:
     if not checkForFalse(n[0][0]):
-      generateDoc(d, lastSon(n[0]), orig)
+      generateDoc(d, lastSon(n[0]), orig, config)
   of nkImportStmt:
     for it in n: traceDeps(d, it)
   of nkExportStmt:
     for it in n:
-      if it.kind == nkSym:
+      # bug #23051; don't generate documentation for exported symbols again
+      if it.kind == nkSym and sfExported notin it.sym.flags:
         if d.module != nil and d.module == it.sym.owner:
-          generateDoc(d, it.sym.ast, orig, kForceExport)
+          generateDoc(d, it.sym.ast, orig, config, kForceExport)
         elif it.sym.ast != nil:
           exportSym(d, it.sym)
   of nkExportExceptStmt: discard "transformed into nkExportStmt by semExportExcept"
   of nkFromStmt, nkImportExceptStmt: traceDeps(d, n[0])
   of nkCallKinds:
-    var comm: Rope = nil
+    var comm: ItemPre = default(ItemPre)
     getAllRunnableExamples(d, n, comm)
-    if comm != nil: d.modDesc.add(comm)
+    if comm.len != 0: d.modDescPre.add(comm)
   else: discard
 
-proc add(d: PDoc; j: JsonNode) =
-  if j != nil: d.jArray.add j
+proc overloadGroupName(s: string, k: TSymKind): string =
+  ## Turns a name like `f` into anchor `f-procs-all`
+  s & "-" & k.toHumanStr & "s-all"
+
+proc setIndexTitle(d: PDoc, useMetaTitle: bool) =
+  let titleKind = if d.standaloneDoc: ieMarkupTitle else: ieNimTitle
+  let external = AbsoluteFile(d.destFile)
+    .relativeTo(d.conf.outDir, '/')
+    .changeFileExt(HtmlExt)
+    .string
+  var term, linkTitle: string
+  if useMetaTitle and d.meta[metaTitle].len != 0:
+    term = d.meta[metaTitleRaw]
+    linkTitle = d.meta[metaTitleRaw]
+  else:
+    let filename = extractFilename(d.filename)
+    term =
+      if d.standaloneDoc: filename  # keep .rst/.md extension
+      else: changeFileExt(filename, "")  # rm .nim extension
+    linkTitle =
+      if d.standaloneDoc: term  # keep .rst/.md extension
+      else: canonicalImport(d.conf, AbsoluteFile d.filename)
+  if not d.standaloneDoc:
+    linkTitle = "module " & linkTitle
+  setIndexTerm(d[], titleKind, htmlFile = external, id = "",
+               term = term, linkTitle = linkTitle)
+
+proc finishGenerateDoc*(d: var PDoc) =
+  ## Perform 2nd RST pass for resolution of links/footnotes/headings...
+  # copy file map `filenames` to ``rstgen.nim`` for its warnings
+  d.filenames = d.sharedState.filenames
+
+  # Main title/subtitle are allowed only in the first RST fragment of document
+  var firstRst = PRstNode(nil)
+  for fragment in d.modDescPre:
+    if fragment.isRst:
+      firstRst = fragment.rst
+      break
+  d.hasToc = d.hasToc or d.sharedState.hasToc
+  # in --index:only mode we do NOT want to load other .idx, only write ours:
+  let importdoc = optGenIndexOnly notin d.conf.globalOptions and
+                  optNoImportdoc notin d.conf.globalOptions
+  preparePass2(d.sharedState, firstRst, importdoc)
+
+  if optGenIndexOnly in d.conf.globalOptions:
+    # Top-level doc.comments may contain titles and :idx: statements:
+    for fragment in d.modDescPre:
+      if fragment.isRst:
+        traverseForIndex(d[], fragment.rst)
+    setIndexTitle(d, useMetaTitle = d.standaloneDoc)
+    # Symbol-associated doc.comments may contain :idx: statements:
+    for k in TSymKind:
+      for _, overloadChoices in d.section[k].secItems:
+        for item in overloadChoices:
+          for fragment in item.descRst:
+            if fragment.isRst:
+              traverseForIndex(d[], fragment.rst)
+
+  # add anchors to overload groups before RST resolution
+  for k in TSymKind:
+    if k in routineKinds:
+      for plainName, overloadChoices in d.section[k].secItems:
+        if overloadChoices.len > 1:
+          let refn = overloadGroupName(plainName, k)
+          let tooltip = "$1 ($2 overloads)" % [
+                      k.toHumanStr & " " & plainName, $overloadChoices.len]
+          let name = nimIdentBackticksNormalize(plainName)
+          # save overload group to ``.idx``
+          let external = d.destFile.AbsoluteFile.relativeTo(d.conf.outDir, '/').
+                         changeFileExt(HtmlExt).string
+          setIndexTerm(d[], ieNimGroup, htmlFile = external, id = refn,
+                       term = name, linkTitle = k.toHumanStr,
+                       linkDesc = "", line = overloadChoices[0].info.line.int)
+          if optGenIndexOnly in d.conf.globalOptions: continue
+          addAnchorNim(d.sharedState, external=false, refn, tooltip,
+                       LangSymbol(symKind: k.toHumanStr,
+                                  name: name,
+                                  isGroup: true),
+                       priority = symbolPriority(k),
+                       # select index `0` just to have any meaningful warning:
+                       info = overloadChoices[0].info,
+                       module = addRstFileIndex(d, FileIndex d.module.position))
+
+  if optGenIndexOnly in d.conf.globalOptions:
+    return
+
+  # Finalize fragments of ``.nim`` or ``.rst`` file
+  proc renderItemPre(d: PDoc, fragments: ItemPre, result: var string) =
+    for f in fragments:
+      case f.isRst:
+      of true:
+        var resolved = resolveSubs(d.sharedState, f.rst)
+        renderRstToOut(d[], resolved, result)
+      of false: result &= f.str
+  proc cmp(x, y: Item): int = cmpDecimalsIgnoreCase(x.sortName, y.sortName)
+  for k in TSymKind:
+    # add symbols to section for each `k`, while optionally wrapping
+    # overloadable items with the same basic name by ``doc.item2``
+    let overloadableNames = toSeq(keys(d.section[k].secItems))
+    for plainName in overloadableNames.sorted(cmpDecimalsIgnoreCase):
+      var overloadChoices = d.section[k].secItems[plainName]
+      overloadChoices.sort(cmp)
+      var nameContent = ""
+      for item in overloadChoices:
+        var itemDesc: string = ""
+        renderItemPre(d, item.descRst, itemDesc)
+        nameContent.add(
+          getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.item") % (
+              item.substitutions & @[
+                "desc", itemDesc,
+                "name", item.name,
+                "itemSymOrID", item.anchor]))
+      if k in routineKinds:
+        let plainNameEsc1 = esc(d.target, plainName.strip)
+        let plainNameEsc2 = esc(d.target, plainName.strip, escMode=emUrl)
+        d.section[k].finalMarkup.add(
+          getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.item2") % (
+            @["header_plain", plainNameEsc1,
+              "overloadGroupName", overloadGroupName(plainNameEsc2, k),
+              "content", nameContent]))
+      else:
+        d.section[k].finalMarkup.add(nameContent)
+    d.section[k].secItems.clear
+  renderItemPre(d, d.modDescPre, d.modDescFinal)
+  d.modDescPre.setLen 0
+
+  # Finalize fragments of ``.json`` file
+  for i, entry in d.jEntriesPre:
+    if entry.rst != nil:
+      let resolved = resolveSubs(d.sharedState, entry.rst)
+      var str: string = ""
+      renderRstToOut(d[], resolved, str)
+      entry.json[entry.rstField] = %str
+      d.jEntriesPre[i].rst = nil
+
+    d.jEntriesFinal.add entry.json # generates docs
+
+  setIndexTitle(d, useMetaTitle = d.standaloneDoc)
+  completePass2(d.sharedState)
 
-proc generateJson*(d: PDoc, n: PNode, includeComments: bool = true) =
+proc add(d: PDoc; j: JsonItem) =
+  if j.json != nil or j.rst != nil: d.jEntriesPre.add j
+
+proc generateJson*(d: PDoc, n: PNode, config: ConfigRef, includeComments: bool = true) =
   case n.kind
+  of nkPragma:
+    let doctypeNode = findPragma(n, wDoctype)
+    setDoctype(d, doctypeNode)
   of nkCommentStmt:
     if includeComments:
-      d.add %*{"comment": genComment(d, n)}
+      d.add JsonItem(rst: genComment(d, n), rstField: "comment",
+                     json: %Table[string, string]())
     else:
-      d.modDesc.add(genComment(d, n))
+      d.modDescPre.add(genComment(d, n))
   of nkProcDef, nkFuncDef:
     when useEffectSystem: documentRaises(d.cache, n)
     d.add genJsonItem(d, n, n[namePos], skProc)
@@ -1169,20 +1595,20 @@ proc generateJson*(d: PDoc, n: PNode, includeComments: bool = true) =
       if n[i].kind != nkCommentStmt:
         # order is always 'type var let const':
         d.add genJsonItem(d, n[i], n[i][0],
-                succ(skType, ord(n.kind)-ord(nkTypeSection)))
+                succ(skType, ord(n.kind)-ord(nkTypeSection)), optShowNonExportedFields in config.globalOptions)
   of nkStmtList:
     for i in 0..<n.len:
-      generateJson(d, n[i], includeComments)
+      generateJson(d, n[i], config, includeComments)
   of nkWhenStmt:
     # generate documentation for the first branch only:
     if not checkForFalse(n[0][0]):
-      generateJson(d, lastSon(n[0]), includeComments)
+      generateJson(d, lastSon(n[0]), config, includeComments)
   else: discard
 
 proc genTagsItem(d: PDoc, n, nameNode: PNode, k: TSymKind): string =
-  result = getName(d, nameNode) & "\n"
+  result = getNameEsc(d, nameNode) & "\n"
 
-proc generateTags*(d: PDoc, n: PNode, r: var Rope) =
+proc generateTags*(d: PDoc, n: PNode, r: var string) =
   case n.kind
   of nkCommentStmt:
     if startsWith(n.comment, "##"):
@@ -1227,85 +1653,116 @@ proc genSection(d: PDoc, kind: TSymKind, groupedToc = false) =
     "Imports", "Types", "Vars", "Lets", "Consts", "Vars", "Procs", "Funcs",
     "Methods", "Iterators", "Converters", "Macros", "Templates", "Exports"
   ]
-  if d.section[kind] == nil: return
-  var title = sectionNames[kind].rope
-  d.section[kind] = ropeFormatNamedVars(d.conf, getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.section"), [
-      "sectionid", "sectionTitle", "sectionTitleID", "content"], [
-      ord(kind).rope, title, rope(ord(kind) + 50), d.section[kind]])
+  if d.section[kind].finalMarkup == "": return
+  var title = sectionNames[kind]
+  d.section[kind].finalMarkup = getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.section") % [
+      "sectionid", $ord(kind), "sectionTitle", title,
+      "sectionTitleID", $(ord(kind) + 50), "content", d.section[kind].finalMarkup]
 
-  var tocSource = d.toc
+  proc cmp(x, y: TocItem): int = cmpDecimalsIgnoreCase(x.sortName, y.sortName)
   if groupedToc:
-    for p in d.tocTable[kind].keys:
-      d.toc2[kind].add ropeFormatNamedVars(d.conf, getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.section.toc2"), [
-          "sectionid", "sectionTitle", "sectionTitleID", "content", "plainName"], [
-          ord(kind).rope, title, rope(ord(kind) + 50), d.tocTable[kind][p], p.rope])
-    tocSource = d.toc2
+    let overloadableNames = toSeq(keys(d.tocTable[kind]))
+    for plainName in overloadableNames.sorted(cmpDecimalsIgnoreCase):
+      var overloadChoices = d.tocTable[kind][plainName]
+      overloadChoices.sort(cmp)
+      var content: string = ""
+      for item in overloadChoices:
+        content.add item.content
+      d.toc2[kind].add getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.section.toc2") % [
+          "sectionid", $ord(kind), "sectionTitle", title,
+          "sectionTitleID", $(ord(kind) + 50),
+          "content", content, "plainName", plainName]
+  else:
+    for item in d.tocSimple[kind].sorted(cmp):
+      d.toc2[kind].add item.content
 
-  d.toc[kind] = ropeFormatNamedVars(d.conf, getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.section.toc"), [
-      "sectionid", "sectionTitle", "sectionTitleID", "content"], [
-      ord(kind).rope, title, rope(ord(kind) + 50), tocSource[kind]])
+  let sectionValues = @[
+     "sectionID", $ord(kind), "sectionTitleID", $(ord(kind) + 50),
+     "sectionTitle", title
+  ]
 
-proc relLink(outDir: AbsoluteDir, destFile: AbsoluteFile, linkto: RelativeFile): Rope =
-  rope($relativeTo(outDir / linkto, destFile.splitFile().dir, '/'))
+  # Check if the toc has any children
+  if d.toc2[kind] != "":
+    # Use the dropdown version instead and store the children in the dropdown
+    d.toc[kind] = getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.section.toc") % (sectionValues & @[
+       "content", d.toc2[kind]
+    ])
+  else:
+    # Just have the link
+    d.toc[kind] =  getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.section.toc_item") % sectionValues
 
-proc genOutFile(d: PDoc, groupedToc = false): Rope =
+proc relLink(outDir: AbsoluteDir, destFile: AbsoluteFile, linkto: RelativeFile): string =
+  $relativeTo(outDir / linkto, destFile.splitFile().dir, '/')
+
+proc genOutFile(d: PDoc, groupedToc = false): string =
   var
-    code, content: Rope
+    code, content: string = ""
     title = ""
   var j = 0
-  var tmp = ""
-  renderTocEntries(d[], j, 1, tmp)
-  var toc = tmp.rope
+  var toc = ""
+  renderTocEntries(d[], j, 1, toc)
   for i in TSymKind:
     var shouldSort = i in routineKinds and groupedToc
     genSection(d, i, shouldSort)
     toc.add(d.toc[i])
-  if toc != nil:
-    toc = ropeFormatNamedVars(d.conf, getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.toc"), ["content"], [toc])
-  for i in TSymKind: code.add(d.section[i])
+  if toc != "" or d.target == outLatex:
+    # for Latex $doc.toc will automatically generate TOC if `d.hasToc` is set
+    toc = getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.toc") % ["content", toc]
+  for i in TSymKind: code.add(d.section[i].finalMarkup)
 
   # Extract the title. Non API modules generate an entry in the index table.
   if d.meta[metaTitle].len != 0:
     title = d.meta[metaTitle]
-    let external = presentationPath(d.conf, AbsoluteFile d.filename).changeFileExt(HtmlExt).string.nativeToUnixPath
-    setIndexTerm(d[], external, "", title)
   else:
-    # Modules get an automatic title for the HTML, but no entry in the index.
     title = canonicalImport(d.conf, AbsoluteFile d.filename)
-  var subtitle = "".rope
+  title = esc(d.target, title)
+  var subtitle = ""
   if d.meta[metaSubtitle] != "":
     dispA(d.conf, subtitle, "<h2 class=\"subtitle\">$1</h2>",
-        "\\\\\\vspace{0.5em}\\large $1", [d.meta[metaSubtitle].rope])
+        "\\\\\\vspace{0.5em}\\large $1", [esc(d.target, d.meta[metaSubtitle])])
 
   var groupsection = getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.body_toc_groupsection")
-  let bodyname = if d.hasToc and not d.isPureRst:
+  let bodyname = if d.hasToc and not d.standaloneDoc and not d.conf.isLatexCmd:
                    groupsection.setLen 0
                    "doc.body_toc_group"
                  elif d.hasToc: "doc.body_toc"
                  else: "doc.body_no_toc"
-  let seeSrcRope = genSeeSrcRope(d, d.filename, 1)
-  content = ropeFormatNamedVars(d.conf, getConfigVar(d.conf, bodyname), ["title", "subtitle",
-      "tableofcontents", "moduledesc", "date", "time", "content", "deprecationMsg", "theindexhref", "body_toc_groupsection", "seeSrc"],
-      [title.rope, subtitle, toc, d.modDesc, rope(getDateStr()),
-      rope(getClockStr()), code, d.modDeprecationMsg, relLink(d.conf.outDir, d.destFile.AbsoluteFile, theindexFname.RelativeFile), groupsection.rope, seeSrcRope])
+  let seeSrc = genSeeSrc(d, d.filename, 1)
+  content = getConfigVar(d.conf, bodyname) % [
+      "title", title, "subtitle", subtitle,
+      "tableofcontents", toc, "moduledesc", d.modDescFinal, "date", getDateStr(),
+      "time", getClockStr(), "content", code,
+      "deprecationMsg", d.modDeprecationMsg,
+      "theindexhref", relLink(d.conf.outDir, d.destFile.AbsoluteFile,
+                              theindexFname.RelativeFile),
+      "body_toc_groupsection", groupsection, "seeSrc", seeSrc]
   if optCompileOnly notin d.conf.globalOptions:
     # XXX what is this hack doing here? 'optCompileOnly' means raw output!?
-    code = ropeFormatNamedVars(d.conf, getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.file"), [
-        "nimdoccss", "dochackjs",  "title", "subtitle", "tableofcontents", "moduledesc", "date", "time",
-        "content", "author", "version", "analytics", "deprecationMsg"],
-        [relLink(d.conf.outDir, d.destFile.AbsoluteFile, nimdocOutCss.RelativeFile),
-        relLink(d.conf.outDir, d.destFile.AbsoluteFile, docHackJsFname.RelativeFile),
-        title.rope, subtitle, toc, d.modDesc, rope(getDateStr()), rope(getClockStr()),
-        content, d.meta[metaAuthor].rope, d.meta[metaVersion].rope, d.analytics.rope, d.modDeprecationMsg])
+    code = getConfigVar(d.conf, "doc.file") % [
+        "nimdoccss", relLink(d.conf.outDir, d.destFile.AbsoluteFile,
+                             nimdocOutCss.RelativeFile),
+        "dochackjs", relLink(d.conf.outDir, d.destFile.AbsoluteFile,
+                             docHackJsFname.RelativeFile),
+        "title", title, "subtitle", subtitle, "tableofcontents", toc,
+        "moduledesc", d.modDescFinal, "date", getDateStr(), "time", getClockStr(),
+        "content", content, "author", d.meta[metaAuthor],
+        "version", esc(d.target, d.meta[metaVersion]), "analytics", d.analytics,
+        "deprecationMsg", d.modDeprecationMsg, "nimVersion", $NimMajor & "." & $NimMinor & "." & $NimPatch]
   else:
     code = content
   result = code
 
+proc indexFile(d: PDoc): AbsoluteFile =
+  let dir = d.conf.outDir
+  result = dir / changeFileExt(presentationPath(d.conf,
+                                                AbsoluteFile d.filename),
+                               IndexExt)
+  let (finalDir, _, _) = result.string.splitFile
+  createDir(finalDir)
+
 proc generateIndex*(d: PDoc) =
   if optGenIndex in d.conf.globalOptions:
-    let dir = d.conf.outDir
-    createDir(dir)
-    let dest = dir / changeFileExt(presentationPath(d.conf, AbsoluteFile d.filename), IndexExt)
+    let dest = indexFile(d)
     writeIndexFile(d[], dest.string)
 
 proc updateOutfile(d: PDoc, outfile: AbsoluteFile) =
@@ -1316,22 +1773,31 @@ proc updateOutfile(d: PDoc, outfile: AbsoluteFile) =
         d.conf.outFile = splitPath(d.conf.outFile.string)[1].RelativeFile
 
 proc writeOutput*(d: PDoc, useWarning = false, groupedToc = false) =
+  if optGenIndexOnly in d.conf.globalOptions:
+    d.conf.outFile = indexFile(d).relativeTo(d.conf.outDir)  # just for display
+    return
   runAllExamples(d)
   var content = genOutFile(d, groupedToc)
   if optStdout in d.conf.globalOptions:
-    writeRope(stdout, content)
+    write(stdout, content)
   else:
     template outfile: untyped = d.destFile.AbsoluteFile
     #let outfile = getOutFile2(d.conf, shortenDir(d.conf, filename), outExt)
     let dir = outfile.splitFile.dir
     createDir(dir)
     updateOutfile(d, outfile)
-    if not writeRope(content, outfile):
+    try:
+      writeFile(outfile, content)
+    except IOError:
       rawMessage(d.conf, if useWarning: warnCannotOpenFile else: errCannotOpenFile,
         outfile.string)
-    elif not d.wroteSupportFiles: # nimdoc.css + dochack.js
+    if not d.wroteSupportFiles: # nimdoc.css + dochack.js
       let nimr = $d.conf.getPrefixDir()
-      copyFile(docCss.interp(nimr = nimr), $d.conf.outDir / nimdocOutCss)
+      case d.target
+      of outHtml:
+        copyFile(docCss.interp(nimr = nimr), $d.conf.outDir / nimdocOutCss)
+      of outLatex:
+        copyFile(docCls.interp(nimr = nimr), $d.conf.outDir / nimdocOutCls)
       if optGenIndex in d.conf.globalOptions:
         let docHackJs2 = getDocHacksJs(nimr, nim = getAppFilename())
         copyFile(docHackJs2, $d.conf.outDir / docHackJs2.lastPathPart)
@@ -1339,17 +1805,19 @@ proc writeOutput*(d: PDoc, useWarning = false, groupedToc = false) =
 
 proc writeOutputJson*(d: PDoc, useWarning = false) =
   runAllExamples(d)
-  var modDesc: string
-  for desc in d.modDesc:
+  var modDesc: string = ""
+  for desc in d.modDescFinal:
     modDesc &= desc
   let content = %*{"orig": d.filename,
     "nimble": getPackageName(d.conf, d.filename),
     "moduleDescription": modDesc,
-    "entries": d.jArray}
+    "entries": d.jEntriesFinal}
   if optStdout in d.conf.globalOptions:
-    write(stdout, $content)
+    writeLine(stdout, $content)
   else:
-    var f: File
+    let dir = d.destFile.splitFile.dir
+    createDir(dir)
+    var f: File = default(File)
     if open(f, d.destFile, fmWrite):
       write(f, $content)
       close(f)
@@ -1367,94 +1835,120 @@ proc handleDocOutputOptions*(conf: ConfigRef) =
     conf.outDir = AbsoluteDir(conf.outDir / conf.outFile)
 
 proc commandDoc*(cache: IdentCache, conf: ConfigRef) =
+  ## implementation of deprecated ``doc0`` command (without semantic checking)
   handleDocOutputOptions conf
   var ast = parseFile(conf.projectMainIdx, cache, conf)
   if ast == nil: return
-  var d = newDocumentor(conf.projectFull, cache, conf)
-  d.hasToc = true
-  generateDoc(d, ast, ast)
+  var d = newDocumentor(conf.projectFull, cache, conf, hasToc = true)
+  generateDoc(d, ast, ast, conf)
+  finishGenerateDoc(d)
   writeOutput(d)
   generateIndex(d)
 
 proc commandRstAux(cache: IdentCache, conf: ConfigRef;
-                   filename: AbsoluteFile, outExt: string) =
+                   filename: AbsoluteFile, outExt: string,
+                   preferMarkdown: bool) =
   var filen = addFileExt(filename, "txt")
-  var d = newDocumentor(filen, cache, conf, outExt)
-
-  d.isPureRst = true
-  var rst = parseRst(readFile(filen.string), filen.string,
-                     line=LineRstInit, column=ColRstInit,
-                     d.hasToc, {roSupportRawDirective, roSupportMarkdown}, conf)
-  var modDesc = newStringOfCap(30_000)
-  renderRstToOut(d[], rst, modDesc)
-  d.modDesc = rope(modDesc)
-  writeOutput(d)
-  generateIndex(d)
-
-proc commandRst2Html*(cache: IdentCache, conf: ConfigRef) =
-  commandRstAux(cache, conf, conf.projectFull, HtmlExt)
-
-proc commandRst2TeX*(cache: IdentCache, conf: ConfigRef) =
-  commandRstAux(cache, conf, conf.projectFull, TexExt)
+  var d = newDocumentor(filen, cache, conf, outExt, standaloneDoc = true,
+                        preferMarkdown = preferMarkdown, hasToc = false)
+  try:
+    let rst = parseRst(readFile(filen.string),
+                      line=LineRstInit, column=ColRstInit,
+                      conf, d.sharedState)
+    d.modDescPre = @[ItemFragment(isRst: true, rst: rst)]
+    finishGenerateDoc(d)
+    writeOutput(d)
+    generateIndex(d)
+  except ERecoverableError:
+    discard "already reported the error"
+
+proc commandRst2Html*(cache: IdentCache, conf: ConfigRef,
+                      preferMarkdown=false) =
+  commandRstAux(cache, conf, conf.projectFull, HtmlExt, preferMarkdown)
+
+proc commandRst2TeX*(cache: IdentCache, conf: ConfigRef,
+                     preferMarkdown=false) =
+  commandRstAux(cache, conf, conf.projectFull, TexExt, preferMarkdown)
 
 proc commandJson*(cache: IdentCache, conf: ConfigRef) =
+  ## implementation of a deprecated jsondoc0 command
   var ast = parseFile(conf.projectMainIdx, cache, conf)
   if ast == nil: return
-  var d = newDocumentor(conf.projectFull, cache, conf)
+  var d = newDocumentor(conf.projectFull, cache, conf, hasToc = true)
   d.onTestSnippet = proc (d: var RstGenerator; filename, cmd: string;
-                          status: int; content: string) =
+                          status: int; content: string) {.gcsafe.} =
     localError(conf, newLineInfo(conf, AbsoluteFile d.filename, -1, -1),
                warnUser, "the ':test:' attribute is not supported by this backend")
-  d.hasToc = true
-  generateJson(d, ast)
-  let json = d.jArray
-  let content = rope(pretty(json))
+  generateJson(d, ast, conf)
+  finishGenerateDoc(d)
+  let json = d.jEntriesFinal
+  let content = pretty(json)
 
   if optStdout in d.conf.globalOptions:
-    writeRope(stdout, content)
+    write(stdout, content)
   else:
     #echo getOutFile(gProjectFull, JsonExt)
     let filename = getOutFile(conf, RelativeFile conf.projectName, JsonExt)
-    if not writeRope(content, filename):
+    try:
+      writeFile(filename, content)
+    except IOError:
       rawMessage(conf, errCannotOpenFile, filename.string)
 
 proc commandTags*(cache: IdentCache, conf: ConfigRef) =
   var ast = parseFile(conf.projectMainIdx, cache, conf)
   if ast == nil: return
-  var d = newDocumentor(conf.projectFull, cache, conf)
+  var d = newDocumentor(conf.projectFull, cache, conf, hasToc = true)
   d.onTestSnippet = proc (d: var RstGenerator; filename, cmd: string;
-                          status: int; content: string) =
+                          status: int; content: string) {.gcsafe.} =
     localError(conf, newLineInfo(conf, AbsoluteFile d.filename, -1, -1),
                warnUser, "the ':test:' attribute is not supported by this backend")
-  d.hasToc = true
   var
-    content: Rope
+    content = ""
   generateTags(d, ast, content)
 
   if optStdout in d.conf.globalOptions:
-    writeRope(stdout, content)
+    write(stdout, content)
   else:
     #echo getOutFile(gProjectFull, TagsExt)
     let filename = getOutFile(conf, RelativeFile conf.projectName, TagsExt)
-    if not writeRope(content, filename):
+    try:
+      writeFile(filename, content)
+    except IOError:
       rawMessage(conf, errCannotOpenFile, filename.string)
 
 proc commandBuildIndex*(conf: ConfigRef, dir: string, outFile = RelativeFile"") =
-  var content = mergeIndexes(dir).rope
+  if optGenIndexOnly in conf.globalOptions:
+    return
+  var content = mergeIndexes(dir)
 
   var outFile = outFile
   if outFile.isEmpty: outFile = theindexFname.RelativeFile.changeFileExt("")
   let filename = getOutFile(conf, outFile, HtmlExt)
 
-  let code = ropeFormatNamedVars(conf, getConfigVar(conf, "doc.file"), [
-      "nimdoccss", "dochackjs",
-      "title", "subtitle", "tableofcontents", "moduledesc", "date", "time",
-      "content", "author", "version", "analytics"],
-      [relLink(conf.outDir, filename, nimdocOutCss.RelativeFile),
-      relLink(conf.outDir, filename, docHackJsFname.RelativeFile),
-      rope"Index", rope"", nil, nil, rope(getDateStr()),
-      rope(getClockStr()), content, nil, nil, nil])
+  let code = getConfigVar(conf, "doc.file") % [
+      "nimdoccss", relLink(conf.outDir, filename, nimdocOutCss.RelativeFile),
+      "dochackjs", relLink(conf.outDir, filename, docHackJsFname.RelativeFile),
+      "title", "Index",
+      "subtitle", "", "tableofcontents", "", "moduledesc", "",
+      "date", getDateStr(), "time", getClockStr(),
+      "content", content, "author", "", "version", "", "analytics", "", "nimVersion", $NimMajor & "." & $NimMinor & "." & $NimPatch]
   # no analytics because context is not available
 
-  if not writeRope(code, filename):
+  try:
+    writeFile(filename, code)
+  except IOError:
+    rawMessage(conf, errCannotOpenFile, filename.string)
+
+proc commandBuildIndexJson*(conf: ConfigRef, dir: string, outFile = RelativeFile"") =
+  var (modules, symbols, docs) = readIndexDir(dir)
+  let documents = toSeq(keys(Table[IndexEntry, seq[IndexEntry]](docs)))
+  let body = %*({"documents": documents, "modules": modules, "symbols": symbols})
+
+  var outFile = outFile
+  if outFile.isEmpty: outFile = theindexFname.RelativeFile.changeFileExt("")
+  let filename = getOutFile(conf, outFile, JsonExt)
+
+  try:
+    writeFile(filename, $body)
+  except IOError:
     rawMessage(conf, errCannotOpenFile, filename.string)
diff --git a/compiler/docgen2.nim b/compiler/docgen2.nim
index cfbb33156..7fb11a3bd 100644
--- a/compiler/docgen2.nim
+++ b/compiler/docgen2.nim
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 # semantic checking.
 
 import
-  options, ast, msgs, passes, docgen, lineinfos, pathutils
+  options, ast, msgs, docgen, lineinfos, pathutils, packages
 
 from modulegraphs import ModuleGraph, PPassContext
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ type
   PGen = ref TGen
 
 proc shouldProcess(g: PGen): bool =
-  (optWholeProject in g.doc.conf.globalOptions and g.module.getnimblePkgId == g.doc.conf.mainPackageId) or
+  (optWholeProject in g.doc.conf.globalOptions and g.doc.conf.belongsToProjectPackage(g.module)) or
       sfMainModule in g.module.flags or g.config.projectMainIdx == g.module.info.fileIndex
 
 template closeImpl(body: untyped) {.dirty.} =
@@ -31,31 +31,34 @@ template closeImpl(body: untyped) {.dirty.} =
   let useWarning = sfMainModule notin g.module.flags
   let groupedToc = true
   if shouldProcess(g):
+    finishGenerateDoc(g.doc)
     body
     try:
       generateIndex(g.doc)
     except IOError:
       discard
 
-proc close(graph: ModuleGraph; p: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc closeDoc*(graph: ModuleGraph; p: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+  result = nil
   closeImpl:
     writeOutput(g.doc, useWarning, groupedToc)
 
-proc closeJson(graph: ModuleGraph; p: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc closeJson*(graph: ModuleGraph; p: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+  result = nil
   closeImpl:
     writeOutputJson(g.doc, useWarning)
 
-proc processNode(c: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc processNode*(c: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   result = n
   var g = PGen(c)
   if shouldProcess(g):
-    generateDoc(g.doc, n, n)
+    generateDoc(g.doc, n, n, g.config)
 
-proc processNodeJson(c: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc processNodeJson*(c: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   result = n
   var g = PGen(c)
   if shouldProcess(g):
-    generateJson(g.doc, n, false)
+    generateJson(g.doc, n, g.config, false)
 
 template myOpenImpl(ext: untyped) {.dirty.} =
   var g: PGen
@@ -63,20 +66,15 @@ template myOpenImpl(ext: untyped) {.dirty.} =
   g.module = module
   g.config = graph.config
   var d = newDocumentor(AbsoluteFile toFullPath(graph.config, FileIndex module.position),
-      graph.cache, graph.config, ext, module)
-  d.hasToc = true
+      graph.cache, graph.config, ext, module, hasToc = true)
   g.doc = d
   result = g
 
-proc myOpen(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PPassContext =
+proc openHtml*(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PPassContext =
   myOpenImpl(HtmlExt)
 
-proc myOpenJson(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PPassContext =
-  myOpenImpl(JsonExt)
-
-const docgen2Pass* = makePass(open = myOpen, process = processNode, close = close)
-const docgen2JsonPass* = makePass(open = myOpenJson, process = processNodeJson,
-                                  close = closeJson)
+proc openTex*(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PPassContext =
+  myOpenImpl(TexExt)
 
-proc finishDoc2Pass*(project: string) =
-  discard
+proc openJson*(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PPassContext =
+  myOpenImpl(JsonExt)
diff --git a/compiler/enumtostr.nim b/compiler/enumtostr.nim
index 9bfa7001a..dc516d2e5 100644
--- a/compiler/enumtostr.nim
+++ b/compiler/enumtostr.nim
@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
 
 import ast, idents, lineinfos, modulegraphs, magicsys
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+
 proc genEnumToStrProc*(t: PType; info: TLineInfo; g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator): PSym =
-  result = newSym(skProc, getIdent(g.cache, "$"), nextSymId idgen, t.owner, info)
+  result = newSym(skProc, getIdent(g.cache, "$"), idgen, t.owner, info)
 
-  let dest = newSym(skParam, getIdent(g.cache, "e"), nextSymId idgen, result, info)
+  let dest = newSym(skParam, getIdent(g.cache, "e"), idgen, result, info)
   dest.typ = t
 
-  let res = newSym(skResult, getIdent(g.cache, "result"), nextSymId idgen, result, info)
+  let res = newSym(skResult, getIdent(g.cache, "result"), idgen, result, info)
   res.typ = getSysType(g, info, tyString)
 
-  result.typ = newType(tyProc, nextTypeId idgen, t.owner)
+  result.typ = newType(tyProc, idgen, t.owner)
   result.typ.n = newNodeI(nkFormalParams, info)
   rawAddSon(result.typ, res.typ)
   result.typ.n.add newNodeI(nkEffectList, info)
@@ -26,7 +30,7 @@ proc genEnumToStrProc*(t: PType; info: TLineInfo; g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGener
     assert(t.n[i].kind == nkSym)
     var field = t.n[i].sym
     let val = if field.ast == nil: field.name.s else: field.ast.strVal
-    caseStmt.add newTree(nkOfBranch, newSymNode(field),
+    caseStmt.add newTree(nkOfBranch, newIntTypeNode(field.position, t),
       newTree(nkStmtList, newTree(nkFastAsgn, newSymNode(res), newStrNode(val, info))))
     #newIntTypeNode(nkIntLit, field.position, t)
 
@@ -52,26 +56,27 @@ proc searchObjCaseImpl(obj: PNode; field: PSym): PNode =
     if obj.kind == nkRecCase and obj[0].kind == nkSym and obj[0].sym == field:
       result = obj
     else:
+      result = nil
       for x in obj:
         result = searchObjCaseImpl(x, field)
         if result != nil: break
 
 proc searchObjCase(t: PType; field: PSym): PNode =
   result = searchObjCaseImpl(t.n, field)
-  if result == nil and t.len > 0:
-    result = searchObjCase(t[0].skipTypes({tyAlias, tyGenericInst, tyRef, tyPtr}), field)
+  if result == nil and t.baseClass != nil:
+    result = searchObjCase(t.baseClass.skipTypes({tyAlias, tyGenericInst, tyRef, tyPtr}), field)
   doAssert result != nil
 
 proc genCaseObjDiscMapping*(t: PType; field: PSym; info: TLineInfo; g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator): PSym =
-  result = newSym(skProc, getIdent(g.cache, "objDiscMapping"), nextSymId idgen, t.owner, info)
+  result = newSym(skProc, getIdent(g.cache, "objDiscMapping"), idgen, t.owner, info)
 
-  let dest = newSym(skParam, getIdent(g.cache, "e"), nextSymId idgen, result, info)
+  let dest = newSym(skParam, getIdent(g.cache, "e"), idgen, result, info)
   dest.typ = field.typ
 
-  let res = newSym(skResult, getIdent(g.cache, "result"), nextSymId idgen, result, info)
+  let res = newSym(skResult, getIdent(g.cache, "result"), idgen, result, info)
   res.typ = getSysType(g, info, tyUInt8)
 
-  result.typ = newType(tyProc, nextTypeId idgen, t.owner)
+  result.typ = newType(tyProc, idgen, t.owner)
   result.typ.n = newNodeI(nkFormalParams, info)
   rawAddSon(result.typ, res.typ)
   result.typ.n.add newNodeI(nkEffectList, info)
diff --git a/compiler/errorhandling.nim b/compiler/errorhandling.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2cde9e3fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/errorhandling.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+#
+#
+#           The Nim Compiler
+#        (c) Copyright 2021 Andreas Rumpf
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+## This module contains support code for new-styled error
+## handling via an `nkError` node kind.
+
+import ast, renderer, options, types
+import std/strutils
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+type
+  ErrorKind* = enum ## expand as you need.
+    RawTypeMismatchError
+    ExpressionCannotBeCalled
+    CustomError
+    WrongNumberOfArguments
+    AmbiguousCall
+
+proc errorSubNode*(n: PNode): PNode =
+  case n.kind
+  of nkEmpty..nkNilLit:
+    result = nil
+  of nkError:
+    result = n
+  else:
+    result = nil
+    for i in 0..<n.len:
+      result = errorSubNode(n[i])
+      if result != nil: break
+
+proc newError*(wrongNode: PNode; k: ErrorKind; args: varargs[PNode]): PNode =
+  assert wrongNode.kind != nkError
+  let innerError = errorSubNode(wrongNode)
+  if innerError != nil:
+    return innerError
+  var idgen = idGeneratorForPackage(-1'i32)
+  result = newNodeIT(nkError, wrongNode.info, newType(tyError, idgen, nil))
+  result.add wrongNode
+  result.add newIntNode(nkIntLit, ord(k))
+  for a in args: result.add a
+
+proc newError*(wrongNode: PNode; msg: string): PNode =
+  assert wrongNode.kind != nkError
+  let innerError = errorSubNode(wrongNode)
+  if innerError != nil:
+    return innerError
+  var idgen = idGeneratorForPackage(-1'i32)
+  result = newNodeIT(nkError, wrongNode.info, newType(tyError, idgen, nil))
+  result.add wrongNode
+  result.add newIntNode(nkIntLit, ord(CustomError))
+  result.add newStrNode(msg, wrongNode.info)
+
+proc errorToString*(config: ConfigRef; n: PNode): string =
+  assert n.kind == nkError
+  assert n.len > 1
+  let wrongNode = n[0]
+  case ErrorKind(n[1].intVal)
+  of RawTypeMismatchError:
+    result = "type mismatch"
+  of ExpressionCannotBeCalled:
+    result = "expression '$1' cannot be called" % wrongNode[0].renderTree
+  of CustomError:
+    result = n[2].strVal
+  of WrongNumberOfArguments:
+    result = "wrong number of arguments"
+  of AmbiguousCall:
+    let a = n[2].sym
+    let b = n[3].sym
+    var args = "("
+    for i in 1..<wrongNode.len:
+      if i > 1: args.add(", ")
+      args.add(typeToString(wrongNode[i].typ))
+    args.add(")")
+    result = "ambiguous call; both $1 and $2 match for: $3" % [
+      getProcHeader(config, a),
+      getProcHeader(config, b),
+      args]
diff --git a/compiler/evalffi.nim b/compiler/evalffi.nim
index 0d471cf98..9871c81af 100644
--- a/compiler/evalffi.nim
+++ b/compiler/evalffi.nim
@@ -9,9 +9,11 @@
 
 ## This file implements the FFI part of the evaluator for Nim code.
 
-import ast, types, options, tables, dynlib, msgs, lineinfos
-from os import getAppFilename
-import pkg/libffi
+import ast, types, options, msgs, lineinfos
+from std/os import getAppFilename
+import libffi/libffi
+
+import std/[tables, dynlib]
 
 when defined(windows):
   const libcDll = "msvcrt.dll"
@@ -37,9 +39,10 @@ else:
   var gExeHandle = loadLib()
 
 proc getDll(conf: ConfigRef, cache: var TDllCache; dll: string; info: TLineInfo): pointer =
+  result = nil
   if dll in cache:
     return cache[dll]
-  var libs: seq[string]
+  var libs: seq[string] = @[]
   libCandidates(dll, libs)
   for c in libs:
     result = loadLib(c)
@@ -61,23 +64,23 @@ proc importcSymbol*(conf: ConfigRef, sym: PSym): PNode =
     let lib = sym.annex
     if lib != nil and lib.path.kind notin {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit}:
       globalError(conf, sym.info, "dynlib needs to be a string lit")
-    var theAddr: pointer
+    var theAddr: pointer = nil
     if (lib.isNil or lib.kind == libHeader) and not gExeHandle.isNil:
       libPathMsg = "current exe: " & getAppFilename() & " nor libc: " & libcDll
       # first try this exe itself:
-      theAddr = gExeHandle.symAddr(name)
+      theAddr = gExeHandle.symAddr(name.cstring)
       # then try libc:
       if theAddr.isNil:
         let dllhandle = getDll(conf, gDllCache, libcDll, sym.info)
-        theAddr = dllhandle.symAddr(name)
+        theAddr = dllhandle.symAddr(name.cstring)
     elif not lib.isNil:
       let dll = if lib.kind == libHeader: libcDll else: lib.path.strVal
       libPathMsg = dll
       let dllhandle = getDll(conf, gDllCache, dll, sym.info)
-      theAddr = dllhandle.symAddr(name)
+      theAddr = dllhandle.symAddr(name.cstring)
     if theAddr.isNil: globalError(conf, sym.info,
       "cannot import symbol: " & name & " from " & libPathMsg)
-    result.intVal = cast[ByteAddress](theAddr)
+    result.intVal = cast[int](theAddr)
 
 proc mapType(conf: ConfigRef, t: ast.PType): ptr libffi.Type =
   if t == nil: return addr libffi.type_void
@@ -92,11 +95,11 @@ proc mapType(conf: ConfigRef, t: ast.PType): ptr libffi.Type =
     else: result = nil
   of tyFloat, tyFloat64: result = addr libffi.type_double
   of tyFloat32: result = addr libffi.type_float
-  of tyVar, tyLent, tyPointer, tyPtr, tyRef, tyCString, tySequence, tyString, tyUntyped,
+  of tyVar, tyLent, tyPointer, tyPtr, tyRef, tyCstring, tySequence, tyString, tyUntyped,
      tyTyped, tyTypeDesc, tyProc, tyArray, tyStatic, tyNil:
     result = addr libffi.type_pointer
   of tyDistinct, tyAlias, tySink:
-    result = mapType(conf, t[0])
+    result = mapType(conf, t.skipModifier)
   else:
     result = nil
   # too risky:
@@ -108,12 +111,13 @@ proc mapCallConv(conf: ConfigRef, cc: TCallingConvention, info: TLineInfo): TABI
   of ccStdCall: result = when defined(windows) and defined(x86): STDCALL else: DEFAULT_ABI
   of ccCDecl: result = DEFAULT_ABI
   else:
+    result = default(TABI)
     globalError(conf, info, "cannot map calling convention to FFI")
 
-template rd(T, p: untyped): untyped = (cast[ptr T](p))[]
-template wr(T, p, v: untyped): untyped = (cast[ptr T](p))[] = v
+template rd(typ, p: untyped): untyped = (cast[ptr typ](p))[]
+template wr(typ, p, v: untyped): untyped = (cast[ptr typ](p))[] = v
 template `+!`(x, y: untyped): untyped =
-  cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](x) + y)
+  cast[pointer](cast[int](x) + y)
 
 proc packSize(conf: ConfigRef, v: PNode, typ: PType): int =
   ## computes the size of the blob
@@ -122,16 +126,18 @@ proc packSize(conf: ConfigRef, v: PNode, typ: PType): int =
     if v.kind in {nkNilLit, nkPtrLit}:
       result = sizeof(pointer)
     else:
-      result = sizeof(pointer) + packSize(conf, v[0], typ.lastSon)
+      result = sizeof(pointer) + packSize(conf, v[0], typ.elementType)
   of tyDistinct, tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink:
-    result = packSize(conf, v, typ[0])
+    result = packSize(conf, v, typ.skipModifier)
   of tyArray:
     # consider: ptr array[0..1000_000, int] which is common for interfacing;
     # we use the real length here instead
     if v.kind in {nkNilLit, nkPtrLit}:
       result = sizeof(pointer)
     elif v.len != 0:
-      result = v.len * packSize(conf, v[0], typ[1])
+      result = v.len * packSize(conf, v[0], typ.elementType)
+    else:
+      result = 0
   else:
     result = getSize(conf, typ).int
 
@@ -140,6 +146,7 @@ proc pack(conf: ConfigRef, v: PNode, typ: PType, res: pointer)
 proc getField(conf: ConfigRef, n: PNode; position: int): PSym =
   case n.kind
   of nkRecList:
+    result = nil
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       result = getField(conf, n[i], position)
       if result != nil: return
@@ -154,7 +161,8 @@ proc getField(conf: ConfigRef, n: PNode; position: int): PSym =
       else: internalError(conf, n.info, "getField(record case branch)")
   of nkSym:
     if n.sym.position == position: result = n.sym
-  else: discard
+    else: result = nil
+  else: result = nil
 
 proc packObject(conf: ConfigRef, x: PNode, typ: PType, res: pointer) =
   internalAssert conf, x.kind in {nkObjConstr, nkPar, nkTupleConstr}
@@ -177,8 +185,8 @@ const maxPackDepth = 20
 var packRecCheck = 0
 
 proc pack(conf: ConfigRef, v: PNode, typ: PType, res: pointer) =
-  template awr(T, v: untyped): untyped =
-    wr(T, res, v)
+  template awr(typ, v: untyped): untyped =
+    wr(typ, res, v)
 
   case typ.kind
   of tyBool: awr(bool, v.intVal != 0)
@@ -205,7 +213,7 @@ proc pack(conf: ConfigRef, v: PNode, typ: PType, res: pointer) =
   of tyFloat32: awr(float32, v.floatVal)
   of tyFloat64: awr(float64, v.floatVal)
 
-  of tyPointer, tyProc,  tyCString, tyString:
+  of tyPointer, tyProc,  tyCstring, tyString:
     if v.kind == nkNilLit:
       # nothing to do since the memory is 0 initialized anyway
       discard
@@ -226,19 +234,19 @@ proc pack(conf: ConfigRef, v: PNode, typ: PType, res: pointer) =
         packRecCheck = 0
         globalError(conf, v.info, "cannot map value to FFI " & typeToString(v.typ))
       inc packRecCheck
-      pack(conf, v[0], typ.lastSon, res +! sizeof(pointer))
+      pack(conf, v[0], typ.elementType, res +! sizeof(pointer))
       dec packRecCheck
       awr(pointer, res +! sizeof(pointer))
   of tyArray:
-    let baseSize = getSize(conf, typ[1])
+    let baseSize = getSize(conf, typ.elementType)
     for i in 0..<v.len:
-      pack(conf, v[i], typ[1], res +! i * baseSize)
+      pack(conf, v[i], typ.elementType, res +! i * baseSize)
   of tyObject, tyTuple:
     packObject(conf, v, typ, res)
   of tyNil:
     discard
   of tyDistinct, tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink:
-    pack(conf, v, typ[0], res)
+    pack(conf, v, typ.skipModifier, res)
   else:
     globalError(conf, v.info, "cannot map value to FFI " & typeToString(v.typ))
 
@@ -296,9 +304,9 @@ proc unpackArray(conf: ConfigRef, x: pointer, typ: PType, n: PNode): PNode =
     result = n
     if result.kind != nkBracket:
       globalError(conf, n.info, "cannot map value from FFI")
-  let baseSize = getSize(conf, typ[1])
+  let baseSize = getSize(conf, typ.elementType)
   for i in 0..<result.len:
-    result[i] = unpack(conf, x +! i * baseSize, typ[1], result[i])
+    result[i] = unpack(conf, x +! i * baseSize, typ.elementType, result[i])
 
 proc canonNodeKind(k: TNodeKind): TNodeKind =
   case k
@@ -356,6 +364,7 @@ proc unpack(conf: ConfigRef, x: pointer, typ: PType, n: PNode): PNode =
     of 4: awi(nkIntLit, rd(int32, x).BiggestInt)
     of 8: awi(nkIntLit, rd(int64, x).BiggestInt)
     else:
+      result = nil
       globalError(conf, n.info, "cannot map value from FFI (tyEnum, tySet)")
   of tyFloat: awf(nkFloatLit, rd(float, x))
   of tyFloat32: awf(nkFloat32Lit, rd(float32, x))
@@ -369,24 +378,25 @@ proc unpack(conf: ConfigRef, x: pointer, typ: PType, n: PNode): PNode =
       # in their unboxed representation so nothing it to be unpacked:
       result = n
     else:
-      awi(nkPtrLit, cast[ByteAddress](p))
+      awi(nkPtrLit, cast[int](p))
   of tyPtr, tyRef, tyVar, tyLent:
     let p = rd(pointer, x)
     if p.isNil:
       setNil()
     elif n == nil or n.kind == nkPtrLit:
-      awi(nkPtrLit, cast[ByteAddress](p))
+      awi(nkPtrLit, cast[int](p))
     elif n != nil and n.len == 1:
       internalAssert(conf, n.kind == nkRefTy)
-      n[0] = unpack(conf, p, typ.lastSon, n[0])
+      n[0] = unpack(conf, p, typ.elementType, n[0])
       result = n
     else:
+      result = nil
       globalError(conf, n.info, "cannot map value from FFI " & typeToString(typ))
   of tyObject, tyTuple:
     result = unpackObject(conf, x, typ, n)
   of tyArray:
     result = unpackArray(conf, x, typ, n)
-  of tyCString, tyString:
+  of tyCstring, tyString:
     let p = rd(cstring, x)
     if p.isNil:
       setNil()
@@ -395,14 +405,15 @@ proc unpack(conf: ConfigRef, x: pointer, typ: PType, n: PNode): PNode =
   of tyNil:
     setNil()
   of tyDistinct, tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink:
-    result = unpack(conf, x, typ.lastSon, n)
+    result = unpack(conf, x, typ.skipModifier, n)
   else:
     # XXX what to do with 'array' here?
+    result = nil
     globalError(conf, n.info, "cannot map value from FFI " & typeToString(typ))
 
 proc fficast*(conf: ConfigRef, x: PNode, destTyp: PType): PNode =
   if x.kind == nkPtrLit and x.typ.kind in {tyPtr, tyRef, tyVar, tyLent, tyPointer,
-                                           tyProc, tyCString, tyString,
+                                           tyProc, tyCstring, tyString,
                                            tySequence}:
     result = newNodeIT(x.kind, x.info, destTyp)
     result.intVal = x.intVal
@@ -423,8 +434,8 @@ proc fficast*(conf: ConfigRef, x: PNode, destTyp: PType): PNode =
 proc callForeignFunction*(conf: ConfigRef, call: PNode): PNode =
   internalAssert conf, call[0].kind == nkPtrLit
 
-  var cif: TCif
-  var sig: ParamList
+  var cif: TCif = default(TCif)
+  var sig: ParamList = default(ParamList)
   # use the arguments' types for varargs support:
   for i in 1..<call.len:
     sig[i-1] = mapType(conf, call[i].typ)
@@ -433,24 +444,24 @@ proc callForeignFunction*(conf: ConfigRef, call: PNode): PNode =
 
   let typ = call[0].typ
   if prep_cif(cif, mapCallConv(conf, typ.callConv, call.info), cuint(call.len-1),
-              mapType(conf, typ[0]), sig) != OK:
+              mapType(conf, typ.returnType), sig) != OK:
     globalError(conf, call.info, "error in FFI call")
 
-  var args: ArgList
+  var args: ArgList = default(ArgList)
   let fn = cast[pointer](call[0].intVal)
   for i in 1..<call.len:
     var t = call[i].typ
     args[i-1] = alloc0(packSize(conf, call[i], t))
     pack(conf, call[i], t, args[i-1])
-  let retVal = if isEmptyType(typ[0]): pointer(nil)
-               else: alloc(getSize(conf, typ[0]).int)
+  let retVal = if isEmptyType(typ.returnType): pointer(nil)
+               else: alloc(getSize(conf, typ.returnType).int)
 
   libffi.call(cif, fn, retVal, args)
 
   if retVal.isNil:
     result = newNode(nkEmpty)
   else:
-    result = unpack(conf, retVal, typ[0], nil)
+    result = unpack(conf, retVal, typ.returnType, nil)
     result.info = call.info
 
   if retVal != nil: dealloc retVal
@@ -463,8 +474,8 @@ proc callForeignFunction*(conf: ConfigRef, fn: PNode, fntyp: PType,
                           info: TLineInfo): PNode =
   internalAssert conf, fn.kind == nkPtrLit
 
-  var cif: TCif
-  var sig: ParamList
+  var cif: TCif = default(TCif)
+  var sig: ParamList = default(ParamList)
   for i in 0..len-1:
     var aTyp = args[i+start].typ
     if aTyp.isNil:
@@ -478,7 +489,7 @@ proc callForeignFunction*(conf: ConfigRef, fn: PNode, fntyp: PType,
               mapType(conf, fntyp[0]), sig) != OK:
     globalError(conf, info, "error in FFI call")
 
-  var cargs: ArgList
+  var cargs: ArgList = default(ArgList)
   let fn = cast[pointer](fn.intVal)
   for i in 0..len-1:
     let t = args[i+start].typ
diff --git a/compiler/evaltempl.nim b/compiler/evaltempl.nim
index a85314ac2..77c136d63 100644
--- a/compiler/evaltempl.nim
+++ b/compiler/evaltempl.nim
@@ -9,16 +9,16 @@
 
 ## Template evaluation engine. Now hygienic.
 
-import
-  strutils, options, ast, astalgo, msgs, renderer, lineinfos, idents
+import options, ast, astalgo, msgs, renderer, lineinfos, idents, trees
+import std/strutils
 
 type
   TemplCtx = object
     owner, genSymOwner: PSym
     instLines: bool   # use the instantiation lines numbers
     isDeclarative: bool
-    mapping: TIdTable # every gensym'ed symbol needs to be mapped to some
-                      # new symbol
+    mapping: SymMapping # every gensym'ed symbol needs to be mapped to some
+                        # new symbol
     config: ConfigRef
     ic: IdentCache
     instID: int
@@ -26,13 +26,26 @@ type
 
 proc copyNode(ctx: TemplCtx, a, b: PNode): PNode =
   result = copyNode(a)
-  if ctx.instLines: result.info = b.info
+  if ctx.instLines: setInfoRecursive(result, b.info)
 
 proc evalTemplateAux(templ, actual: PNode, c: var TemplCtx, result: PNode) =
   template handleParam(param) =
     let x = param
     if x.kind == nkArgList:
       for y in items(x): result.add(y)
+    elif nfDefaultRefsParam in x.flags:
+      # value of default param needs to be evaluated like template body
+      # if it contains other template params
+      var res: PNode
+      if isAtom(x):
+        res = newNodeI(nkPar, x.info)
+        evalTemplateAux(x, actual, c, res)
+        if res.len == 1: res = res[0]
+      else:
+        res = copyNode(x)
+        for i in 0..<x.safeLen:
+          evalTemplateAux(x[i], actual, c, res)
+      result.add res
     else:
       result.add copyTree(x)
 
@@ -44,18 +57,19 @@ proc evalTemplateAux(templ, actual: PNode, c: var TemplCtx, result: PNode) =
         handleParam actual[s.position]
       elif (s.owner != nil) and (s.kind == skGenericParam or
            s.kind == skType and s.typ != nil and s.typ.kind == tyGenericParam):
-        handleParam actual[s.owner.typ.len + s.position - 1]
+        handleParam actual[s.owner.typ.signatureLen + s.position - 1]
       else:
         internalAssert c.config, sfGenSym in s.flags or s.kind == skType
-        var x = PSym(idTableGet(c.mapping, s))
+        var x = idTableGet(c.mapping, s)
         if x == nil:
-          x = copySym(s, nextSymId(c.idgen))
+          x = copySym(s, c.idgen)
           # sem'check needs to set the owner properly later, see bug #9476
           x.owner = nil # c.genSymOwner
           #if x.kind == skParam and x.owner.kind == skModule:
           #  internalAssert c.config, false
           idTablePut(c.mapping, s, x)
         if sfGenSym in s.flags:
+          # TODO: getIdent(c.ic, "`" & x.name.s & "`gensym" & $c.instID)
           result.add newIdentNode(getIdent(c.ic, x.name.s & "`gensym" & $c.instID),
             if c.instLines: actual.info else: templ.info)
         else:
@@ -83,10 +97,14 @@ proc evalTemplateAux(templ, actual: PNode, c: var TemplCtx, result: PNode) =
         not c.isDeclarative:
       c.isDeclarative = true
       isDeclarative = true
-    var res = copyNode(c, templ, actual)
-    for i in 0..<templ.len:
-      evalTemplateAux(templ[i], actual, c, res)
-    result.add res
+    if (not c.isDeclarative) and templ.kind in nkCallKinds and isRunnableExamples(templ[0]):
+      # fixes bug #16993, bug #18054
+      discard
+    else:
+      var res = copyNode(c, templ, actual)
+      for i in 0..<templ.len:
+        evalTemplateAux(templ[i], actual, c, res)
+      result.add res
     if isDeclarative: c.isDeclarative = false
 
 const
@@ -112,7 +130,7 @@ proc evalTemplateArgs(n: PNode, s: PSym; conf: ConfigRef; fromHlo: bool): PNode
     # now that we have working untyped parameters.
     genericParams = if fromHlo: 0
                     else: s.ast[genericParamsPos].len
-    expectedRegularParams = s.typ.len-1
+    expectedRegularParams = s.typ.paramsLen
     givenRegularParams = totalParams - genericParams
   if givenRegularParams < 0: givenRegularParams = 0
 
@@ -178,14 +196,14 @@ proc evalTemplate*(n: PNode, tmpl, genSymOwner: PSym;
 
   # replace each param by the corresponding node:
   var args = evalTemplateArgs(n, tmpl, conf, fromHlo)
-  var ctx: TemplCtx
-  ctx.owner = tmpl
-  ctx.genSymOwner = genSymOwner
-  ctx.config = conf
-  ctx.ic = ic
-  initIdTable(ctx.mapping)
-  ctx.instID = instID[]
-  ctx.idgen = idgen
+  var ctx = TemplCtx(owner: tmpl,
+    genSymOwner: genSymOwner,
+    config: conf,
+    ic: ic,
+    mapping: initSymMapping(),
+    instID: instID[],
+    idgen: idgen
+  )
 
   let body = tmpl.ast[bodyPos]
   #echo "instantion of ", renderTree(body, {renderIds})
@@ -200,7 +218,7 @@ proc evalTemplate*(n: PNode, tmpl, genSymOwner: PSym;
     result = copyNode(body)
     ctx.instLines = sfCallsite in tmpl.flags
     if ctx.instLines:
-      result.info = n.info
+      setInfoRecursive(result, n.info)
     for i in 0..<body.safeLen:
       evalTemplateAux(body[i], args, ctx, result)
   result.flags.incl nfFromTemplate
diff --git a/compiler/expanddefaults.nim b/compiler/expanddefaults.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c520d8849
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/expanddefaults.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+#
+#
+#           The Nim Compiler
+#        (c) Copyright 2023 Andreas Rumpf
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+import lineinfos, ast, types
+
+proc caseObjDefaultBranch*(obj: PNode; branch: Int128): int =
+  result = 0
+  for i in 1 ..< obj.len:
+    for j in 0 .. obj[i].len - 2:
+      if obj[i][j].kind == nkRange:
+        let x = getOrdValue(obj[i][j][0])
+        let y = getOrdValue(obj[i][j][1])
+        if branch >= x and branch <= y:
+          return i
+      elif getOrdValue(obj[i][j]) == branch:
+        return i
+    if obj[i].len == 1:
+      # else branch
+      return i
+  return 1
+
+template newZero(t: PType; info: TLineInfo; k = nkIntLit): PNode = newNodeIT(k, info, t)
+
+proc expandDefault*(t: PType; info: TLineInfo): PNode
+
+proc expandField(s: PSym; info: TLineInfo): PNode =
+  result = newNodeIT(nkExprColonExpr, info, s.typ)
+  result.add newSymNode(s)
+  result.add expandDefault(s.typ, info)
+
+proc expandDefaultN(n: PNode; info: TLineInfo; res: PNode) =
+  case n.kind
+  of nkRecList:
+    for i in 0..<n.len:
+      expandDefaultN(n[i], info, res)
+  of nkRecCase:
+    res.add expandField(n[0].sym, info)
+    var branch = Zero
+    let constOrNil = n[0].sym.astdef
+    if constOrNil != nil:
+      branch = getOrdValue(constOrNil)
+
+    let selectedBranch = caseObjDefaultBranch(n, branch)
+    let b = lastSon(n[selectedBranch])
+    expandDefaultN b, info, res
+  of nkSym:
+    res.add expandField(n.sym, info)
+  else:
+    discard
+
+proc expandDefaultObj(t: PType; info: TLineInfo; res: PNode) =
+  if t.baseClass != nil:
+    expandDefaultObj(t.baseClass, info, res)
+  expandDefaultN(t.n, info, res)
+
+proc expandDefault(t: PType; info: TLineInfo): PNode =
+  case t.kind
+  of tyInt:     result = newZero(t, info, nkIntLit)
+  of tyInt8:    result = newZero(t, info, nkInt8Lit)
+  of tyInt16:   result = newZero(t, info, nkInt16Lit)
+  of tyInt32:   result = newZero(t, info, nkInt32Lit)
+  of tyInt64:   result = newZero(t, info, nkInt64Lit)
+  of tyUInt:    result = newZero(t, info, nkUIntLit)
+  of tyUInt8:   result = newZero(t, info, nkUInt8Lit)
+  of tyUInt16:  result = newZero(t, info, nkUInt16Lit)
+  of tyUInt32:  result = newZero(t, info, nkUInt32Lit)
+  of tyUInt64:  result = newZero(t, info, nkUInt64Lit)
+  of tyFloat:   result = newZero(t, info, nkFloatLit)
+  of tyFloat32: result = newZero(t, info, nkFloat32Lit)
+  of tyFloat64: result = newZero(t, info, nkFloat64Lit)
+  of tyFloat128: result = newZero(t, info, nkFloat64Lit)
+  of tyChar:    result = newZero(t, info, nkCharLit)
+  of tyBool:    result = newZero(t, info, nkIntLit)
+  of tyEnum:
+    # Could use low(T) here to finally fix old language quirks
+    result = newZero(t, info, nkIntLit)
+  of tyRange:
+    # Could use low(T) here to finally fix old language quirks
+    result = expandDefault(skipModifier t, info)
+  of tyVoid: result = newZero(t, info, nkEmpty)
+  of tySink, tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyAlias, tyOwned:
+    result = expandDefault(t.skipModifier, info)
+  of tyOrdinal, tyGenericBody, tyGenericParam, tyInferred, tyStatic:
+    if t.hasElementType:
+      result = expandDefault(t.skipModifier, info)
+    else:
+      result = newZero(t, info, nkEmpty)
+  of tyFromExpr:
+    if t.n != nil and t.n.typ != nil:
+      result = expandDefault(t.n.typ, info)
+    else:
+      result = newZero(t, info, nkEmpty)
+  of tyArray:
+    result = newZero(t, info, nkBracket)
+    let n = toInt64(lengthOrd(nil, t))
+    for i in 0..<n:
+      result.add expandDefault(t.elementType, info)
+  of tyPtr, tyRef, tyProc, tyPointer, tyCstring:
+    result = newZero(t, info, nkNilLit)
+  of tyVar, tyLent:
+    let e = t.elementType
+    if e.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs}:
+      # skip the modifier, `var openArray` is a (ptr, len) pair too:
+      result = expandDefault(e, info)
+    else:
+      result = newZero(e, info, nkNilLit)
+  of tySet:
+    result = newZero(t, info, nkCurly)
+  of tyObject:
+    result = newNodeIT(nkObjConstr, info, t)
+    result.add newNodeIT(nkType, info, t)
+    expandDefaultObj(t, info, result)
+  of tyTuple:
+    result = newZero(t, info, nkTupleConstr)
+    for it in t.kids:
+      result.add expandDefault(it, info)
+  of tyVarargs, tyOpenArray, tySequence, tyUncheckedArray:
+    result = newZero(t, info, nkBracket)
+  of tyString:
+    result = newZero(t, info, nkStrLit)
+  of tyNone, tyEmpty, tyUntyped, tyTyped, tyTypeDesc,
+     tyNil, tyGenericInvocation, tyError, tyBuiltInTypeClass,
+     tyUserTypeClass, tyUserTypeClassInst, tyCompositeTypeClass,
+     tyAnd, tyOr, tyNot, tyAnything, tyConcept, tyIterable, tyForward:
+    result = newZero(t, info, nkEmpty) # bug indicator
diff --git a/compiler/extccomp.nim b/compiler/extccomp.nim
index e0fd5e206..ce25da773 100644
--- a/compiler/extccomp.nim
+++ b/compiler/extccomp.nim
@@ -12,9 +12,16 @@
 # from a lineinfos file, to provide generalized procedures to compile
 # nim files.
 
-import ropes, platform, condsyms, options, msgs, lineinfos, pathutils
+import ropes, platform, condsyms, options, msgs, lineinfos, pathutils, modulepaths
 
-import std/[os, strutils, osproc, sha1, streams, sequtils, times, strtabs, json]
+import std/[os, osproc, streams, sequtils, times, strtabs, json, jsonutils, sugar, parseutils]
+
+import std / strutils except addf
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions]
+
+import ../dist/checksums/src/checksums/sha1
 
 type
   TInfoCCProp* = enum         # properties of the C compiler:
@@ -26,6 +33,7 @@ type
     hasGnuAsm,                # CC's asm uses the absurd GNU assembler syntax
     hasDeclspec,              # CC has __declspec(X)
     hasAttribute,             # CC has __attribute__((X))
+    hasBuiltinUnreachable     # CC has __builtin_unreachable
   TInfoCCProps* = set[TInfoCCProp]
   TInfoCC* = tuple[
     name: string,        # the short name of the compiler
@@ -83,12 +91,12 @@ compiler gcc:
     linkLibCmd: " -l$1",
     debug: "",
     pic: "-fPIC",
-    asmStmtFrmt: "asm($1);$n",
+    asmStmtFrmt: "__asm__($1);$n",
     structStmtFmt: "$1 $3 $2 ", # struct|union [packed] $name
     produceAsm: gnuAsmListing,
-    cppXsupport: "-std=gnu++14 -funsigned-char",
+    cppXsupport: "-std=gnu++17 -funsigned-char",
     props: {hasSwitchRange, hasComputedGoto, hasCpp, hasGcGuard, hasGnuAsm,
-            hasAttribute})
+            hasAttribute, hasBuiltinUnreachable})
 
 # GNU C and C++ Compiler
 compiler nintendoSwitchGCC:
@@ -113,9 +121,9 @@ compiler nintendoSwitchGCC:
     asmStmtFrmt: "asm($1);$n",
     structStmtFmt: "$1 $3 $2 ", # struct|union [packed] $name
     produceAsm: gnuAsmListing,
-    cppXsupport: "-std=gnu++14 -funsigned-char",
+    cppXsupport: "-std=gnu++17 -funsigned-char",
     props: {hasSwitchRange, hasComputedGoto, hasCpp, hasGcGuard, hasGnuAsm,
-            hasAttribute})
+            hasAttribute, hasBuiltinUnreachable})
 
 # LLVM Frontend for GCC/G++
 compiler llvmGcc:
@@ -150,7 +158,7 @@ compiler vcc:
     compileTmpl: "/c$vccplatform $options $include /nologo /Fo$objfile $file",
     buildGui: " /SUBSYSTEM:WINDOWS user32.lib ",
     buildDll: " /LD",
-    buildLib: "lib /OUT:$libfile $objfiles",
+    buildLib: "vccexe --command:lib$vccplatform /nologo /OUT:$libfile $objfiles",
     linkerExe: "cl",
     linkTmpl: "$builddll$vccplatform /Fe$exefile $objfiles $buildgui /nologo $options",
     includeCmd: " /I",
@@ -164,6 +172,22 @@ compiler vcc:
     cppXsupport: "",
     props: {hasCpp, hasAssume, hasDeclspec})
 
+# Nvidia CUDA NVCC Compiler
+compiler nvcc:
+  result = gcc()
+  result.name = "nvcc"
+  result.compilerExe = "nvcc"
+  result.cppCompiler = "nvcc"
+  result.compileTmpl = "-c -x cu -Xcompiler=\"$options\" $include -o $objfile $file"
+  result.linkTmpl = "$buildgui $builddll -o $exefile $objfiles -Xcompiler=\"$options\""
+
+# AMD HIPCC Compiler (rocm/cuda)
+compiler hipcc:
+  result = clang()
+  result.name = "hipcc"
+  result.compilerExe = "hipcc"
+  result.cppCompiler = "hipcc"
+
 compiler clangcl:
   result = vcc()
   result.name = "clang_cl"
@@ -252,7 +276,7 @@ compiler envcc:
     buildGui: "",
     buildDll: " -shared ",
     buildLib: "", # XXX: not supported yet
-    linkerExe: "cc",
+    linkerExe: "",
     linkTmpl: "-o $exefile $buildgui $builddll $objfiles $options",
     includeCmd: " -I",
     linkDirCmd: "", # XXX: not supported yet
@@ -277,7 +301,9 @@ const
     envcc(),
     icl(),
     icc(),
-    clangcl()]
+    clangcl(),
+    hipcc(),
+    nvcc()]
 
   hExt* = ".h"
 
@@ -323,7 +349,9 @@ proc getConfigVar(conf: ConfigRef; c: TSystemCC, suffix: string): string =
                      platform.OS[conf.target.targetOS].name & '.' &
                      CC[c].name & fullSuffix
     result = getConfigVar(conf, fullCCname)
-    if result.len == 0:
+    if existsConfigVar(conf, fullCCname):
+      result = getConfigVar(conf, fullCCname)
+    else:
       # not overridden for this cross compilation setting?
       result = getConfigVar(conf, CC[c].name & fullSuffix)
   else:
@@ -367,6 +395,7 @@ proc initVars*(conf: ConfigRef) =
 
 proc completeCfilePath*(conf: ConfigRef; cfile: AbsoluteFile,
                         createSubDir: bool = true): AbsoluteFile =
+  ## Generate the absolute file path to the generated modules.
   result = completeGeneratedFilePath(conf, cfile, createSubDir)
 
 proc toObjFile*(conf: ConfigRef; filename: AbsoluteFile): AbsoluteFile =
@@ -377,7 +406,7 @@ proc addFileToCompile*(conf: ConfigRef; cf: Cfile) =
   conf.toCompile.add(cf)
 
 proc addLocalCompileOption*(conf: ConfigRef; option: string; nimfile: AbsoluteFile) =
-  let key = completeCfilePath(conf, withPackageName(conf, nimfile)).string
+  let key = completeCfilePath(conf, mangleModuleName(conf, nimfile).AbsoluteFile).string
   var value = conf.cfileSpecificOptions.getOrDefault(key)
   if strutils.find(value, option, 0) < 0:
     addOpt(value, option)
@@ -430,7 +459,13 @@ proc noAbsolutePaths(conf: ConfigRef): bool {.inline.} =
   # really: Cross compilation from Linux to Linux for example is entirely
   # reasonable.
   # `optGenMapping` is included here for niminst.
-  result = conf.globalOptions * {optGenScript, optGenMapping} != {}
+  # We use absolute paths for vcc / cl, see issue #19883.
+  let options =
+    if conf.cCompiler == ccVcc:
+      {optGenMapping}
+    else:
+      {optGenScript, optGenMapping}
+  result = conf.globalOptions * options != {}
 
 proc cFileSpecificOptions(conf: ConfigRef; nimname, fullNimFile: string): string =
   result = conf.compileOptions
@@ -470,6 +505,10 @@ proc vccplatform(conf: ConfigRef): string =
         of cpuArm: " --platform:arm"
         of cpuAmd64: " --platform:amd64"
         else: ""
+    else:
+      result = ""
+  else:
+    result = ""
 
 proc getLinkOptions(conf: ConfigRef): string =
   result = conf.linkOptions & " " & conf.linkOptionsCmd & " "
@@ -483,7 +522,10 @@ proc needsExeExt(conf: ConfigRef): bool {.inline.} =
            (conf.target.hostOS == osWindows)
 
 proc useCpp(conf: ConfigRef; cfile: AbsoluteFile): bool =
-  conf.backend == backendCpp and not cfile.string.endsWith(".c")
+  # List of possible file extensions taken from gcc
+  for ext in [".C", ".cc", ".cpp", ".CPP", ".c++", ".cp", ".cxx"]:
+    if cfile.string.endsWith(ext): return true
+  false
 
 proc envFlags(conf: ConfigRef): string =
   result = if conf.backend == backendCpp:
@@ -491,14 +533,14 @@ proc envFlags(conf: ConfigRef): string =
           else:
             getEnv("CFLAGS")
 
-proc getCompilerExe(conf: ConfigRef; compiler: TSystemCC; cfile: AbsoluteFile): string =
+proc getCompilerExe(conf: ConfigRef; compiler: TSystemCC; isCpp: bool): string =
   if compiler == ccEnv:
-    result = if useCpp(conf, cfile):
+    result = if isCpp:
               getEnv("CXX")
             else:
               getEnv("CC")
   else:
-    result = if useCpp(conf, cfile):
+    result = if isCpp:
               CC[compiler].cppCompiler
             else:
               CC[compiler].compilerExe
@@ -512,47 +554,36 @@ proc ccHasSaneOverflow*(conf: ConfigRef): bool =
     result = false # assume an old or crappy GCC
     var exe = getConfigVar(conf, conf.cCompiler, ".exe")
     if exe.len == 0: exe = CC[conf.cCompiler].compilerExe
-    let (s, exitCode) = try: execCmdEx(exe & " --version") except: ("", 1)
+    # NOTE: should we need the full version, use -dumpfullversion
+    let (s, exitCode) = try: execCmdEx(exe & " -dumpversion") except IOError, OSError, ValueError: ("", 1)
     if exitCode == 0:
-      var i = 0
-      var j = 0
-      # the version is the last part of the first line:
-      while i < s.len and s[i] != '\n':
-        if s[i] in {' ', '\t'}: j = i+1
-        inc i
-      if j > 0:
-        var major = 0
-        while j < s.len and s[j] in {'0'..'9'}:
-          major = major * 10 + (ord(s[j]) - ord('0'))
-          inc j
-        if i < s.len and s[j] == '.': inc j
-        while j < s.len and s[j] in {'0'..'9'}:
-          inc j
-        if j+1 < s.len and s[j] == '.' and s[j+1] in {'0'..'9'}:
-          # we found a third version number, chances are high
-          # we really parsed the version:
-          result = major >= 5
+      var major: int = 0
+      discard parseInt(s, major)
+      result = major >= 5
   else:
     result = conf.cCompiler == ccCLang
 
 proc getLinkerExe(conf: ConfigRef; compiler: TSystemCC): string =
   result = if CC[compiler].linkerExe.len > 0: CC[compiler].linkerExe
-           elif optMixedMode in conf.globalOptions and conf.backend != backendCpp: CC[compiler].cppCompiler
-           else: getCompilerExe(conf, compiler, AbsoluteFile"")
+           else: getCompilerExe(conf, compiler, optMixedMode in conf.globalOptions or conf.backend == backendCpp)
 
 proc getCompileCFileCmd*(conf: ConfigRef; cfile: Cfile,
                          isMainFile = false; produceOutput = false): string =
-  let c = conf.cCompiler
+  let
+    c = conf.cCompiler
+    isCpp = useCpp(conf, cfile.cname)
   # We produce files like module.nim.cpp, so the absolute Nim filename is not
   # cfile.name but `cfile.cname.changeFileExt("")`:
   var options = cFileSpecificOptions(conf, cfile.nimname, cfile.cname.changeFileExt("").string)
-  if useCpp(conf, cfile.cname):
+  if isCpp:
     # needs to be prepended so that --passc:-std=c++17 can override default.
     # we could avoid allocation by making cFileSpecificOptions inplace
     options = CC[c].cppXsupport & ' ' & options
+    # If any C++ file was compiled, we need to use C++ driver for linking as well
+    incl conf.globalOptions, optMixedMode
 
   var exe = getConfigVar(conf, c, ".exe")
-  if exe.len == 0: exe = getCompilerExe(conf, c, cfile.cname)
+  if exe.len == 0: exe = getCompilerExe(conf, c, isCpp)
 
   if needsExeExt(conf): exe = addFileExt(exe, "exe")
   if (optGenDynLib in conf.globalOptions or (conf.hcrOn and not isMainFile)) and
@@ -572,7 +603,7 @@ proc getCompileCFileCmd*(conf: ConfigRef; cfile: Cfile,
 
     compilePattern = joinPath(conf.cCompilerPath, exe)
   else:
-    compilePattern = getCompilerExe(conf, c, cfile.cname)
+    compilePattern = exe
 
   includeCmd.add(join([CC[c].includeCmd, quoteShell(conf.projectPath.string)]))
 
@@ -614,7 +645,7 @@ proc getCompileCFileCmd*(conf: ConfigRef; cfile: Cfile,
           "for the selected C compiler: " & CC[conf.cCompiler].name)
 
   result.add(' ')
-  result.addf(CC[c].compileTmpl, [
+  strutils.addf(result, CC[c].compileTmpl, [
     "dfile", dfile,
     "file", cfsh, "objfile", quoteShell(objfile),
     "options", options, "include", includeCmd,
@@ -634,9 +665,9 @@ proc footprint(conf: ConfigRef; cfile: Cfile): SecureHash =
 proc externalFileChanged(conf: ConfigRef; cfile: Cfile): bool =
   if conf.backend == backendJs: return false # pre-existing behavior, but not sure it's good
 
-  let hashFile = toGeneratedFile(conf, conf.withPackageName(cfile.cname), "sha1")
+  let hashFile = toGeneratedFile(conf, conf.mangleModuleName(cfile.cname).AbsoluteFile, "sha1")
   let currentHash = footprint(conf, cfile)
-  var f: File
+  var f: File = default(File)
   if open(f, hashFile.string, fmRead):
     let oldHash = parseSecureHash(f.readLine())
     close(f)
@@ -649,8 +680,10 @@ proc externalFileChanged(conf: ConfigRef; cfile: Cfile): bool =
       close(f)
 
 proc addExternalFileToCompile*(conf: ConfigRef; c: var Cfile) =
+  # we want to generate the hash file unconditionally
+  let extFileChanged = externalFileChanged(conf, c)
   if optForceFullMake notin conf.globalOptions and fileExists(c.obj) and
-      not externalFileChanged(conf, c):
+      not extFileChanged:
     c.flags.incl CfileFlag.Cached
   else:
     # make sure Nim keeps recompiling the external file on reruns
@@ -665,11 +698,13 @@ proc addExternalFileToCompile*(conf: ConfigRef; filename: AbsoluteFile) =
   addExternalFileToCompile(conf, c)
 
 proc getLinkCmd(conf: ConfigRef; output: AbsoluteFile,
-                objfiles: string, isDllBuild: bool): string =
+                objfiles: string, isDllBuild: bool, removeStaticFile: bool): string =
   if optGenStaticLib in conf.globalOptions:
-    removeFile output # fixes: bug #16947
+    if removeStaticFile:
+      removeFile output # fixes: bug #16947
     result = CC[conf.cCompiler].buildLib % ["libfile", quoteShell(output),
-                                            "objfiles", objfiles]
+                                            "objfiles", objfiles,
+                                            "vccplatform", vccplatform(conf)]
   else:
     var linkerExe = getConfigVar(conf, conf.cCompiler, ".linkerexe")
     if linkerExe.len == 0: linkerExe = getLinkerExe(conf, conf.cCompiler)
@@ -702,7 +737,7 @@ proc getLinkCmd(conf: ConfigRef; output: AbsoluteFile,
         "buildgui", buildgui, "options", linkOptions, "objfiles", objfiles,
         "exefile", exefile, "nim", getPrefixDir(conf).string, "lib", conf.libpath.string])
     result.add ' '
-    result.addf(linkTmpl, ["builddll", builddll,
+    strutils.addf(result, linkTmpl, ["builddll", builddll,
         "mapfile", mapfile,
         "buildgui", buildgui, "options", linkOptions,
         "objfiles", objfiles, "exefile", exefile,
@@ -750,8 +785,9 @@ proc getLinkCmd(conf: ConfigRef; output: AbsoluteFile,
   if optCDebug in conf.globalOptions and conf.cCompiler == ccVcc:
     result.add " /Zi /FS /Od"
 
-template getLinkCmd(conf: ConfigRef; output: AbsoluteFile, objfiles: string): string =
-  getLinkCmd(conf, output, objfiles, optGenDynLib in conf.globalOptions)
+template getLinkCmd(conf: ConfigRef; output: AbsoluteFile, objfiles: string,
+                    removeStaticFile = false): string =
+  getLinkCmd(conf, output, objfiles, optGenDynLib in conf.globalOptions, removeStaticFile)
 
 template tryExceptOSErrorMessage(conf: ConfigRef; errorPrefix: string = "", body: untyped) =
   try:
@@ -766,6 +802,7 @@ template tryExceptOSErrorMessage(conf: ConfigRef; errorPrefix: string = "", body
     raise
 
 proc getExtraCmds(conf: ConfigRef; output: AbsoluteFile): seq[string] =
+  result = @[]
   when defined(macosx):
     if optCDebug in conf.globalOptions and optGenStaticLib notin conf.globalOptions:
       # if needed, add an option to skip or override location
@@ -821,10 +858,22 @@ proc linkViaResponseFile(conf: ConfigRef; cmd: string) =
   else:
     writeFile(linkerArgs, args)
   try:
-    execLinkCmd(conf, cmd.substr(0, last) & " @" & linkerArgs)
+    when defined(macosx):
+      execLinkCmd(conf, "xargs " & cmd.substr(0, last) & " < " & linkerArgs)
+    else:
+      execLinkCmd(conf, cmd.substr(0, last) & " @" & linkerArgs)
   finally:
     removeFile(linkerArgs)
 
+proc linkViaShellScript(conf: ConfigRef; cmd: string) =
+  let linkerScript = conf.projectName & "_" & "linkerScript.sh"
+  writeFile(linkerScript, cmd)
+  let shell = getEnv("SHELL")
+  try:
+    execLinkCmd(conf, shell & " " & linkerScript)
+  finally:
+    removeFile(linkerScript)
+
 proc getObjFilePath(conf: ConfigRef, f: Cfile): string =
   if noAbsolutePaths(conf): f.obj.extractFilename
   else: f.obj.string
@@ -836,23 +885,38 @@ proc hcrLinkTargetName(conf: ConfigRef, objFile: string, isMain = false): Absolu
   result = conf.getNimcacheDir / RelativeFile(targetName)
 
 proc displayProgressCC(conf: ConfigRef, path, compileCmd: string): string =
+  result = ""
   if conf.hasHint(hintCC):
     if optListCmd in conf.globalOptions or conf.verbosity > 1:
-      result = MsgKindToStr[hintCC] % (demanglePackageName(path.splitFile.name) & ": " & compileCmd)
+      result = MsgKindToStr[hintCC] % (demangleModuleName(path.splitFile.name) & ": " & compileCmd)
+    else:
+      result = MsgKindToStr[hintCC] % demangleModuleName(path.splitFile.name)
+
+proc preventLinkCmdMaxCmdLen(conf: ConfigRef, linkCmd: string) =
+  # Prevent linkcmd from exceeding the maximum command line length.
+  # Windows's command line limit is about 8K (8191 characters) so C compilers on
+  # Windows support a feature where the command line can be passed via ``@linkcmd``
+  # to them.
+  const MaxCmdLen = when defined(windows): 8_000 elif defined(macosx): 260_000 else: 32_000
+  if linkCmd.len > MaxCmdLen:
+    when defined(macosx):
+      linkViaShellScript(conf, linkCmd)
     else:
-      result = MsgKindToStr[hintCC] % demanglePackageName(path.splitFile.name)
+      linkViaResponseFile(conf, linkCmd)
+  else:
+    execLinkCmd(conf, linkCmd)
 
 proc callCCompiler*(conf: ConfigRef) =
   var
-    linkCmd: string
+    linkCmd: string = ""
     extraCmds: seq[string]
   if conf.globalOptions * {optCompileOnly, optGenScript} == {optCompileOnly}:
     return # speed up that call if only compiling and no script shall be
            # generated
   #var c = cCompiler
-  var script: Rope = nil
-  var cmds: TStringSeq
-  var prettyCmds: TStringSeq
+  var script: Rope = ""
+  var cmds: TStringSeq = default(TStringSeq)
+  var prettyCmds: TStringSeq = default(TStringSeq)
   let prettyCb = proc (idx: int) = writePrettyCmdsStderr(prettyCmds[idx])
 
   for idx, it in conf.toCompile:
@@ -891,7 +955,7 @@ proc callCCompiler*(conf: ConfigRef) =
         let objFile = conf.getObjFilePath(x)
         let buildDll = idx != mainFileIdx
         let linkTarget = conf.hcrLinkTargetName(objFile, not buildDll)
-        cmds.add(getLinkCmd(conf, linkTarget, objfiles & " " & quoteShell(objFile), buildDll))
+        cmds.add(getLinkCmd(conf, linkTarget, objfiles & " " & quoteShell(objFile), buildDll, removeStaticFile = true))
         # try to remove all .pdb files for the current binary so they don't accumulate endlessly in the nimcache
         # for more info check the comment inside of getLinkCmd() where the /PDB:<filename> MSVC flag is used
         if isVSCompatible(conf):
@@ -913,18 +977,12 @@ proc callCCompiler*(conf: ConfigRef) =
         objfiles.add(' ')
         objfiles.add(quoteShell(objFile))
       let mainOutput = if optGenScript notin conf.globalOptions: conf.prepareToWriteOutput
-                       else: AbsoluteFile(conf.projectName)
-      linkCmd = getLinkCmd(conf, mainOutput, objfiles)
+                       else: AbsoluteFile(conf.outFile)
+
+      linkCmd = getLinkCmd(conf, mainOutput, objfiles, removeStaticFile = true)
       extraCmds = getExtraCmds(conf, mainOutput)
       if optCompileOnly notin conf.globalOptions:
-        const MaxCmdLen = when defined(windows): 8_000 else: 32_000
-        if linkCmd.len > MaxCmdLen:
-          # Windows's command line limit is about 8K (don't laugh...) so C compilers on
-          # Windows support a feature where the command line can be passed via ``@linkcmd``
-          # to them.
-          linkViaResponseFile(conf, linkCmd)
-        else:
-          execLinkCmd(conf, linkCmd)
+        preventLinkCmdMaxCmdLen(conf, linkCmd)
         for cmd in extraCmds:
           execExternalProgram(conf, cmd, hintExecuting)
   else:
@@ -934,208 +992,113 @@ proc callCCompiler*(conf: ConfigRef) =
     script.add("\n")
     generateScript(conf, script)
 
-
 template hashNimExe(): string = $secureHashFile(os.getAppFilename())
 
-proc writeJsonBuildInstructions*(conf: ConfigRef) =
-  template lit(x: string) = f.write x
-  template str(x: string) =
-    buf.setLen 0
-    escapeJson(x, buf)
-    f.write buf
-
-  proc cfiles(conf: ConfigRef; f: File; buf: var string; clist: CfileList, isExternal: bool) =
-    var comma = false
-    for i, it in clist:
-      if CfileFlag.Cached in it.flags: continue
-      let compileCmd = getCompileCFileCmd(conf, it)
-      if comma: lit ",\L" else: comma = true
-      lit "["
-      str it.cname.string
-      lit ", "
-      str compileCmd
-      lit "]"
-
-  proc linkfiles(conf: ConfigRef; f: File; buf, objfiles: var string; clist: CfileList;
-                 llist: seq[string]) =
-    var pastStart = false
-    for it in llist:
-      let objfile = if noAbsolutePaths(conf): it.extractFilename
-                    else: it
-      let objstr = addFileExt(objfile, CC[conf.cCompiler].objExt)
-      objfiles.add(' ')
-      objfiles.add(objstr)
-      if pastStart: lit ",\L"
-      str objstr
-      pastStart = true
-
-    for it in clist:
-      let objstr = quoteShell(it.obj)
-      objfiles.add(' ')
-      objfiles.add(objstr)
-      if pastStart: lit ",\L"
-      str objstr
-      pastStart = true
-    lit "\L"
-
-  proc depfiles(conf: ConfigRef; f: File; buf: var string) =
-    var i = 0
+proc jsonBuildInstructionsFile*(conf: ConfigRef): AbsoluteFile =
+  # `outFile` is better than `projectName`, as it allows having different json
+  # files for a given source file compiled with different options; it also
+  # works out of the box with `hashMainCompilationParams`.
+  result = getNimcacheDir(conf) / conf.outFile.changeFileExt("json")
+
+const cacheVersion = "D20240927T193831" # update when `BuildCache` spec changes
+type BuildCache = object
+  cacheVersion: string
+  outputFile: string
+  outputLastModificationTime: string
+  compile: seq[(string, string)]
+  link: seq[string]
+  linkcmd: string
+  extraCmds: seq[string]
+  configFiles: seq[string] # the hash shouldn't be needed
+  stdinInput: bool
+  projectIsCmd: bool
+  cmdInput: string
+  currentDir: string
+  cmdline: string
+  depfiles: seq[(string, string)]
+  nimexe: string
+
+proc writeJsonBuildInstructions*(conf: ConfigRef; deps: StringTableRef) =
+  var linkFiles = collect(for it in conf.externalToLink:
+    var it = it
+    if conf.noAbsolutePaths: it = it.extractFilename
+    it.addFileExt(CC[conf.cCompiler].objExt))
+  for it in conf.toCompile: linkFiles.add it.obj.string
+  var bcache = BuildCache(
+    cacheVersion: cacheVersion,
+    outputFile: conf.absOutFile.string,
+    compile: collect(for i, it in conf.toCompile:
+      if CfileFlag.Cached notin it.flags: (it.cname.string, getCompileCFileCmd(conf, it))),
+    link: linkFiles,
+    linkcmd: getLinkCmd(conf, conf.absOutFile, linkFiles.quoteShellCommand),
+    extraCmds: getExtraCmds(conf, conf.absOutFile),
+    stdinInput: conf.projectIsStdin,
+    projectIsCmd: conf.projectIsCmd,
+    cmdInput: conf.cmdInput,
+    configFiles: conf.configFiles.mapIt(it.string),
+    currentDir: getCurrentDir())
+  if optRun in conf.globalOptions or isDefined(conf, "nimBetterRun"):
+    bcache.cmdline = conf.commandLine
     for it in conf.m.fileInfos:
       let path = it.fullPath.string
       if isAbsolute(path): # TODO: else?
-        if i > 0: lit "],\L"
-        lit "["
-        str path
-        lit ", "
-        str $secureHashFile(path)
-        inc i
-    lit "]\L"
-
-
-  var buf = newStringOfCap(50)
-
-  let jsonFile = conf.getNimcacheDir / RelativeFile(conf.projectName & ".json")
-  conf.jsonBuildFile = jsonFile
-  let output = conf.absOutFile
-
-  var f: File
-  if open(f, jsonFile.string, fmWrite):
-    lit "{\L"
-    lit "\"outputFile\": "
-    str $output
-
-    lit ",\L\"compile\":[\L"
-    cfiles(conf, f, buf, conf.toCompile, false)
-    lit "],\L\"link\":[\L"
-    var objfiles = ""
-    # XXX add every file here that is to link
-    linkfiles(conf, f, buf, objfiles, conf.toCompile, conf.externalToLink)
-
-    lit "],\L\"linkcmd\": "
-    str getLinkCmd(conf, output, objfiles)
-
-    lit ",\L\"extraCmds\": "
-    lit $(%* getExtraCmds(conf, conf.absOutFile))
-
-    lit ",\L\"stdinInput\": "
-    lit $(%* conf.projectIsStdin)
-    lit ",\L\"projectIsCmd\": "
-    lit $(%* conf.projectIsCmd)
-    lit ",\L\"cmdInput\": "
-    lit $(%* conf.cmdInput)
-    lit ",\L\"currentDir\": "
-    lit $(%* getCurrentDir())
-
-    if optRun in conf.globalOptions or isDefined(conf, "nimBetterRun"):
-      lit ",\L\"cmdline\": "
-      str conf.commandLine
-      lit ",\L\"depfiles\":[\L"
-      depfiles(conf, f, buf)
-      lit "],\L\"nimexe\": \L"
-      str hashNimExe()
-      lit "\L"
-
-    lit "\L}\L"
-    close(f)
-
-proc changeDetectedViaJsonBuildInstructions*(conf: ConfigRef; projectfile: AbsoluteFile): bool =
-  let jsonFile = toGeneratedFile(conf, projectfile, "json")
-  if not fileExists(jsonFile): return true
-  if not fileExists(conf.absOutFile): return true
+        if path in deps:
+          bcache.depfiles.add (path, deps[path])
+        else: # backup for configs etc.
+          bcache.depfiles.add (path, $secureHashFile(path))
+
+    bcache.nimexe = hashNimExe()
+    if fileExists(bcache.outputFile):
+      bcache.outputLastModificationTime = $getLastModificationTime(bcache.outputFile)
+  conf.jsonBuildFile = conf.jsonBuildInstructionsFile
+  conf.jsonBuildFile.string.writeFile(bcache.toJson.pretty)
+
+proc changeDetectedViaJsonBuildInstructions*(conf: ConfigRef; jsonFile: AbsoluteFile): bool =
   result = false
-  try:
-    let data = json.parseFile(jsonFile.string)
-    for key in "depfiles cmdline stdinInput currentDir".split:
-      if not data.hasKey(key): return true
-    if getCurrentDir() != data["currentDir"].getStr:
-      # fixes bug #16271
-      # Note that simply comparing `expandFilename(projectFile)` would
-      # not be sufficient in case other flags depend implicitly on `getCurrentDir`,
-      # and would require much more care. Simply re-compiling is safer for now.
-      # A better strategy for future work would be to cache (with an LRU cache)
-      # the N most recent unique build instructions, as done with `rdmd`,
-      # which is both robust and avoids recompilation when switching back and forth
-      # between projects, see https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/199
-      return true
-    let oldCmdLine = data["cmdline"].getStr
-    if conf.commandLine != oldCmdLine:
-      return true
-    if hashNimExe() != data["nimexe"].getStr:
-      return true
-    let stdinInput = data["stdinInput"].getBool
-    let projectIsCmd = data["projectIsCmd"].getBool
-    if conf.projectIsStdin or stdinInput:
-      # could optimize by returning false if stdin input was the same,
-      # but I'm not sure how to get full stding input
-      return true
-
-    if conf.projectIsCmd or projectIsCmd:
-      if not (conf.projectIsCmd and projectIsCmd): return true
-      if not data.hasKey("cmdInput"): return true
-      let cmdInput = data["cmdInput"].getStr
-      if cmdInput != conf.cmdInput: return true
-
-    let depfilesPairs = data["depfiles"]
-    doAssert depfilesPairs.kind == JArray
-    for p in depfilesPairs:
-      doAssert p.kind == JArray
-      # >= 2 for forwards compatibility with potential later .json files:
-      doAssert p.len >= 2
-      let depFilename = p[0].getStr
-      let oldHashValue = p[1].getStr
-      let newHashValue = $secureHashFile(depFilename)
-      if oldHashValue != newHashValue:
-        return true
+  if not fileExists(jsonFile) or not fileExists(conf.absOutFile): return true
+  var bcache: BuildCache = default(BuildCache)
+  try: bcache.fromJson(jsonFile.string.parseFile)
   except IOError, OSError, ValueError:
-    echo "Warning: JSON processing failed: ", getCurrentExceptionMsg()
-    result = true
-
-proc runJsonBuildInstructions*(conf: ConfigRef; projectfile: AbsoluteFile) =
-  let jsonFile = toGeneratedFile(conf, projectfile, "json")
-  try:
-    let data = json.parseFile(jsonFile.string)
-
-    let output = data["outputFile"].getStr
-    createDir output.parentDir
-    let outputCurrent = $conf.absOutFile
-    if output != outputCurrent:
-      # previously, any specified output file would be silently ignored;
-      # simply copying won't work in some cases, for example with `extraCmds`,
-      # so we just make it an error, user should use same command for jsonscript
-      # as was used with --compileOnly.
-      globalError(conf, gCmdLineInfo, "jsonscript command outputFile '$1' must match '$2' which was specified during --compileOnly, see \"outputFile\" entry in '$3' " % [outputCurrent, output, jsonFile.string])
-
-    let toCompile = data["compile"]
-    doAssert toCompile.kind == JArray
-    var cmds: TStringSeq
-    var prettyCmds: TStringSeq
-    let prettyCb = proc (idx: int) = writePrettyCmdsStderr(prettyCmds[idx])
-    for c in toCompile:
-      doAssert c.kind == JArray
-      doAssert c.len >= 2
-
-      cmds.add(c[1].getStr)
-      prettyCmds.add displayProgressCC(conf, c[0].getStr, c[1].getStr)
-
-    execCmdsInParallel(conf, cmds, prettyCb)
-
-    let linkCmd = data["linkcmd"]
-    doAssert linkCmd.kind == JString
-    execLinkCmd(conf, linkCmd.getStr)
-    if data.hasKey("extraCmds"):
-      let extraCmds = data["extraCmds"]
-      doAssert extraCmds.kind == JArray
-      for cmd in extraCmds:
-        doAssert cmd.kind == JString, $cmd.kind
-        let cmd2 = cmd.getStr
-        execExternalProgram(conf, cmd2, hintExecuting)
-
-  except:
+    stderr.write "Warning: JSON processing failed for: $#\n" % jsonFile.string
+    return true
+  if bcache.currentDir != getCurrentDir() or # fixes bug #16271
+     bcache.configFiles != conf.configFiles.mapIt(it.string) or
+     bcache.cacheVersion != cacheVersion or bcache.outputFile != conf.absOutFile.string or
+     bcache.cmdline != conf.commandLine or bcache.nimexe != hashNimExe() or
+     bcache.projectIsCmd != conf.projectIsCmd or conf.cmdInput != bcache.cmdInput: return true
+  if bcache.stdinInput or conf.projectIsStdin: return true
+    # xxx optimize by returning false if stdin input was the same
+  for (file, hash) in bcache.depfiles:
+    if $secureHashFile(file) != hash: return true
+  if bcache.outputLastModificationTime != $getLastModificationTime(bcache.outputFile):
+    return true
+
+proc runJsonBuildInstructions*(conf: ConfigRef; jsonFile: AbsoluteFile) =
+  var bcache: BuildCache = default(BuildCache)
+  try: bcache.fromJson(jsonFile.string.parseFile)
+  except ValueError, KeyError, JsonKindError:
     let e = getCurrentException()
-    quit "\ncaught exception:\n" & e.msg & "\nstacktrace:\n" & e.getStackTrace() &
-         "error evaluating JSON file: " & jsonFile.string
+    conf.quitOrRaise "\ncaught exception:\n$#\nstacktrace:\n$#error evaluating JSON file: $#" %
+      [e.msg, e.getStackTrace(), jsonFile.string]
+  let output = bcache.outputFile
+  createDir output.parentDir
+  let outputCurrent = $conf.absOutFile
+  if output != outputCurrent or bcache.cacheVersion != cacheVersion:
+    globalError(conf, gCmdLineInfo,
+      "jsonscript command outputFile '$1' must match '$2' which was specified during --compileOnly, see \"outputFile\" entry in '$3' " %
+      [outputCurrent, output, jsonFile.string])
+  var cmds: TStringSeq = default(TStringSeq)
+  var prettyCmds: TStringSeq = default(TStringSeq)
+  let prettyCb = proc (idx: int) = writePrettyCmdsStderr(prettyCmds[idx])
+  for (name, cmd) in bcache.compile:
+    cmds.add cmd
+    prettyCmds.add displayProgressCC(conf, name, cmd)
+  execCmdsInParallel(conf, cmds, prettyCb)
+  preventLinkCmdMaxCmdLen(conf, bcache.linkcmd)
+  for cmd in bcache.extraCmds: execExternalProgram(conf, cmd, hintExecuting)
 
 proc genMappingFiles(conf: ConfigRef; list: CfileList): Rope =
+  result = ""
   for it in list:
     result.addf("--file:r\"$1\"$N", [rope(it.cname.string)])
 
diff --git a/compiler/filter_tmpl.nim b/compiler/filter_tmpl.nim
index 6165ff2f3..921a94b31 100644
--- a/compiler/filter_tmpl.nim
+++ b/compiler/filter_tmpl.nim
@@ -10,9 +10,11 @@
 # This module implements Nim's standard template filter.
 
 import
-  llstream, strutils, ast, msgs, options,
+  llstream, ast, msgs, options,
   filters, lineinfos, pathutils
 
+import std/strutils
+
 type
   TParseState = enum
     psDirective, psTempl
@@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ type
     info: TLineInfo
     indent, emitPar: int
     x: string                # the current input line
-    outp: PLLStream          # the output will be parsed by pnimsyn
+    outp: PLLStream          # the output will be parsed by parser
     subsChar, nimDirective: char
     emit, conc, toStr: string
     curly, bracket, par: int
@@ -201,17 +203,15 @@ proc parseLine(p: var TTmplParser) =
 
 proc filterTmpl*(conf: ConfigRef, stdin: PLLStream, filename: AbsoluteFile,
                  call: PNode): PLLStream =
-  var p: TTmplParser
-  p.config = conf
-  p.info = newLineInfo(conf, filename, 0, 0)
-  p.outp = llStreamOpen("")
-  p.inp = stdin
-  p.subsChar = charArg(conf, call, "subschar", 1, '$')
-  p.nimDirective = charArg(conf, call, "metachar", 2, '#')
-  p.emit = strArg(conf, call, "emit", 3, "result.add")
-  p.conc = strArg(conf, call, "conc", 4, " & ")
-  p.toStr = strArg(conf, call, "tostring", 5, "$")
-  p.x = newStringOfCap(120)
+  var p = TTmplParser(config: conf, info: newLineInfo(conf, filename, 0, 0),
+                outp: llStreamOpen(""), inp: stdin,
+                subsChar: charArg(conf, call, "subschar", 1, '$'),
+                nimDirective: charArg(conf, call, "metachar", 2, '#'),
+                emit: strArg(conf, call, "emit", 3, "result.add"),
+                conc: strArg(conf, call, "conc", 4, " & "),
+                toStr: strArg(conf, call, "tostring", 5, "$"),
+                x: newStringOfCap(120)
+                )
   # do not process the first line which contains the directive:
   if llStreamReadLine(p.inp, p.x):
     inc p.info.line
diff --git a/compiler/filters.nim b/compiler/filters.nim
index 8151c0b93..3cd56e3be 100644
--- a/compiler/filters.nim
+++ b/compiler/filters.nim
@@ -10,9 +10,11 @@
 # This module implements Nim's simple filters and helpers for filters.
 
 import
-  llstream, idents, strutils, ast, msgs, options,
+  llstream, idents, ast, msgs, options,
   renderer, pathutils
 
+import std/strutils
+
 proc invalidPragma(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode) =
   localError(conf, n.info,
       "'$1' not allowed here" % renderTree(n, {renderNoComments}))
@@ -29,23 +31,30 @@ proc getArg(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode, name: string, pos: int): PNode =
       return n[i]
 
 proc charArg*(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode, name: string, pos: int, default: char): char =
+
   var x = getArg(conf, n, name, pos)
   if x == nil: result = default
   elif x.kind == nkCharLit: result = chr(int(x.intVal))
-  else: invalidPragma(conf, n)
+  else:
+    result = default(char)
+    invalidPragma(conf, n)
 
 proc strArg*(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode, name: string, pos: int, default: string): string =
   var x = getArg(conf, n, name, pos)
   if x == nil: result = default
   elif x.kind in {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit}: result = x.strVal
-  else: invalidPragma(conf, n)
+  else:
+    result = ""
+    invalidPragma(conf, n)
 
 proc boolArg*(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode, name: string, pos: int, default: bool): bool =
   var x = getArg(conf, n, name, pos)
   if x == nil: result = default
   elif x.kind == nkIdent and cmpIgnoreStyle(x.ident.s, "true") == 0: result = true
   elif x.kind == nkIdent and cmpIgnoreStyle(x.ident.s, "false") == 0: result = false
-  else: invalidPragma(conf, n)
+  else:
+    result = false
+    invalidPragma(conf, n)
 
 proc filterStrip*(conf: ConfigRef; stdin: PLLStream, filename: AbsoluteFile, call: PNode): PLLStream =
   var pattern = strArg(conf, call, "startswith", 1, "")
diff --git a/compiler/gorgeimpl.nim b/compiler/gorgeimpl.nim
index d4aeb6a77..da911c84c 100644
--- a/compiler/gorgeimpl.nim
+++ b/compiler/gorgeimpl.nim
@@ -9,8 +9,14 @@
 
 ## Module that implements ``gorge`` for the compiler.
 
-import msgs, std / sha1, os, osproc, streams, options,
-  lineinfos, pathutils
+import msgs, options, lineinfos, pathutils
+
+import std/[os, osproc, streams]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
+
+import ../dist/checksums/src/checksums/sha1
 
 proc readOutput(p: Process): (string, int) =
   result[0] = ""
@@ -24,10 +30,11 @@ proc readOutput(p: Process): (string, int) =
 
 proc opGorge*(cmd, input, cache: string, info: TLineInfo; conf: ConfigRef): (string, int) =
   let workingDir = parentDir(toFullPath(conf, info))
+  result = ("", 0)
   if cache.len > 0:
     let h = secureHash(cmd & "\t" & input & "\t" & cache)
     let filename = toGeneratedFile(conf, AbsoluteFile("gorge_" & $h), "txt").string
-    var f: File
+    var f: File = default(File)
     if optForceFullMake notin conf.globalOptions and open(f, filename):
       result = (f.readAll, 0)
       f.close
@@ -46,7 +53,11 @@ proc opGorge*(cmd, input, cache: string, info: TLineInfo; conf: ConfigRef): (str
       if result[1] == 0:
         writeFile(filename, result[0])
     except IOError, OSError:
-      if not readSuccessful: result = ("", -1)
+      if not readSuccessful:
+        when defined(nimLegacyGorgeErrors):
+          result = ("", -1)
+        else:
+          result = ("Error running startProcess: " & getCurrentExceptionMsg(), -1)
   else:
     try:
       var p = startProcess(cmd, workingDir,
@@ -57,4 +68,7 @@ proc opGorge*(cmd, input, cache: string, info: TLineInfo; conf: ConfigRef): (str
       result = p.readOutput
       p.close()
     except IOError, OSError:
-      result = ("", -1)
+      when defined(nimLegacyGorgeErrors):
+        result = ("", -1)
+      else:
+        result = ("Error running startProcess: " & getCurrentExceptionMsg(), -1)
diff --git a/compiler/guards.nim b/compiler/guards.nim
index 028142127..bbb239867 100644
--- a/compiler/guards.nim
+++ b/compiler/guards.nim
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
 import ast, astalgo, msgs, magicsys, nimsets, trees, types, renderer, idents,
   saturate, modulegraphs, options, lineinfos, int128
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 const
   someEq = {mEqI, mEqF64, mEqEnum, mEqCh, mEqB, mEqRef, mEqProc,
     mEqStr, mEqSet, mEqCString}
@@ -48,6 +51,10 @@ proc isLet(n: PNode): bool =
     elif n.sym.kind == skParam and skipTypes(n.sym.typ,
                                              abstractInst).kind notin {tyVar}:
       result = true
+    else:
+      result = false
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc isVar(n: PNode): bool =
   n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind in {skResult, skVar} and
@@ -65,9 +72,12 @@ proc isLetLocation(m: PNode, isApprox: bool): bool =
     case n.kind
     of nkDotExpr, nkCheckedFieldExpr, nkObjUpConv, nkObjDownConv:
       n = n[0]
-    of nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref:
+    of nkDerefExpr:
       n = n[0]
       inc derefs
+    of nkHiddenDeref:
+      n = n[0]
+      if not isApprox: inc derefs
     of nkBracketExpr:
       if isConstExpr(n[1]) or isLet(n[1]) or isConstExpr(n[1].skipConv):
         n = n[0]
@@ -130,6 +140,8 @@ proc neg(n: PNode; o: Operators): PNode =
       result = a
     elif b != nil:
       result = b
+    else:
+      result = nil
   else:
     # leave  not (a == 4)  as it is
     result = newNodeI(nkCall, n.info, 2)
@@ -197,7 +209,7 @@ proc highBound*(conf: ConfigRef; x: PNode; o: Operators): PNode =
              nkIntLit.newIntNode(lastOrd(conf, typ))
            elif typ.kind == tySequence and x.kind == nkSym and
                x.sym.kind == skConst:
-             nkIntLit.newIntNode(x.sym.ast.len-1)
+             nkIntLit.newIntNode(x.sym.astdef.len-1)
            else:
              o.opAdd.buildCall(o.opLen.buildCall(x), minusOne())
   result.info = x.info
@@ -324,6 +336,8 @@ proc usefulFact(n: PNode; o: Operators): PNode =
         result = n
       elif n[1].getMagic in someLen or n[2].getMagic in someLen:
         result = n
+      else:
+        result = nil
   of someLe+someLt:
     if isLetLocation(n[1], true) or isLetLocation(n[2], true):
       # XXX algebraic simplifications!  'i-1 < a.len' --> 'i < a.len+1'
@@ -331,12 +345,18 @@ proc usefulFact(n: PNode; o: Operators): PNode =
     elif n[1].getMagic in someLen or n[2].getMagic in someLen:
       # XXX Rethink this whole idea of 'usefulFact' for semparallel
       result = n
+    else:
+      result = nil
   of mIsNil:
     if isLetLocation(n[1], false) or isVar(n[1]):
       result = n
+    else:
+      result = nil
   of someIn:
     if isLetLocation(n[1], true):
       result = n
+    else:
+      result = nil
   of mAnd:
     let
       a = usefulFact(n[1], o)
@@ -350,10 +370,14 @@ proc usefulFact(n: PNode; o: Operators): PNode =
       result = a
     elif b != nil:
       result = b
+    else:
+      result = nil
   of mNot:
     let a = usefulFact(n[1], o)
     if a != nil:
       result = a.neg(o)
+    else:
+      result = nil
   of mOr:
     # 'or' sucks! (p.isNil or q.isNil) --> hard to do anything
     # with that knowledge...
@@ -370,6 +394,8 @@ proc usefulFact(n: PNode; o: Operators): PNode =
       result[1] = a
       result[2] = b
       result = result.neg(o)
+    else:
+      result = nil
   elif n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind == skLet:
     # consider:
     #   let a = 2 < x
@@ -378,8 +404,12 @@ proc usefulFact(n: PNode; o: Operators): PNode =
     # We make can easily replace 'a' by '2 < x' here:
     if n.sym.astdef != nil:
       result = usefulFact(n.sym.astdef, o)
+    else:
+      result = nil
   elif n.kind == nkStmtListExpr:
     result = usefulFact(n.lastSon, o)
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 type
   TModel* = object
@@ -441,8 +471,15 @@ proc sameTree*(a, b: PNode): bool =
 proc hasSubTree(n, x: PNode): bool =
   if n.sameTree(x): result = true
   else:
-    for i in 0..n.safeLen-1:
-      if hasSubTree(n[i], x): return true
+    case n.kind
+    of nkEmpty..nkNilLit:
+      result = n.sameTree(x)
+    of nkFormalParams:
+      result = false
+    else:
+      result = false
+      for i in 0..<n.len:
+        if hasSubTree(n[i], x): return true
 
 proc invalidateFacts*(s: var seq[PNode], n: PNode) =
   # We are able to guard local vars (as opposed to 'let' variables)!
@@ -471,6 +508,8 @@ proc invalidateFacts*(m: var TModel, n: PNode) =
 proc valuesUnequal(a, b: PNode): bool =
   if a.isValue and b.isValue:
     result = not sameValue(a, b)
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc impliesEq(fact, eq: PNode): TImplication =
   let (loc, val) = if isLocation(eq[1]): (1, 2) else: (2, 1)
@@ -481,16 +520,26 @@ proc impliesEq(fact, eq: PNode): TImplication =
       # this is not correct; consider:  a == b;  a == 1 --> unknown!
       if sameTree(fact[2], eq[val]): result = impYes
       elif valuesUnequal(fact[2], eq[val]): result = impNo
+      else:
+        result = impUnknown
     elif sameTree(fact[2], eq[loc]):
       if sameTree(fact[1], eq[val]): result = impYes
       elif valuesUnequal(fact[1], eq[val]): result = impNo
+      else:
+        result = impUnknown
+    else:
+      result = impUnknown
   of mInSet:
     # remember: mInSet is 'contains' so the set comes first!
     if sameTree(fact[2], eq[loc]) and isValue(eq[val]):
       if inSet(fact[1], eq[val]): result = impYes
       else: result = impNo
-  of mNot, mOr, mAnd: assert(false, "impliesEq")
-  else: discard
+    else:
+      result = impUnknown
+  of mNot, mOr, mAnd:
+    result = impUnknown
+    assert(false, "impliesEq")
+  else: result = impUnknown
 
 proc leImpliesIn(x, c, aSet: PNode): TImplication =
   if c.kind in {nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit}:
@@ -500,13 +549,19 @@ proc leImpliesIn(x, c, aSet: PNode): TImplication =
     var value = newIntNode(c.kind, firstOrd(nil, x.typ))
     # don't iterate too often:
     if c.intVal - value.intVal < 1000:
-      var i, pos, neg: int
+      var i, pos, neg: int = 0
       while value.intVal <= c.intVal:
         if inSet(aSet, value): inc pos
         else: inc neg
         inc i; inc value.intVal
       if pos == i: result = impYes
       elif neg == i: result = impNo
+      else:
+        result = impUnknown
+    else:
+      result = impUnknown
+  else:
+    result = impUnknown
 
 proc geImpliesIn(x, c, aSet: PNode): TImplication =
   if c.kind in {nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit}:
@@ -517,17 +572,23 @@ proc geImpliesIn(x, c, aSet: PNode): TImplication =
     let max = lastOrd(nil, x.typ)
     # don't iterate too often:
     if max - getInt(value) < toInt128(1000):
-      var i, pos, neg: int
+      var i, pos, neg: int = 0
       while value.intVal <= max:
         if inSet(aSet, value): inc pos
         else: inc neg
         inc i; inc value.intVal
       if pos == i: result = impYes
       elif neg == i: result = impNo
+      else: result = impUnknown
+    else:
+      result = impUnknown
+  else:
+    result = impUnknown
 
 proc compareSets(a, b: PNode): TImplication =
   if equalSets(nil, a, b): result = impYes
   elif intersectSets(nil, a, b).len == 0: result = impNo
+  else: result = impUnknown
 
 proc impliesIn(fact, loc, aSet: PNode): TImplication =
   case fact[0].sym.magic
@@ -538,22 +599,32 @@ proc impliesIn(fact, loc, aSet: PNode): TImplication =
     elif sameTree(fact[2], loc):
       if inSet(aSet, fact[1]): result = impYes
       else: result = impNo
+    else:
+      result = impUnknown
   of mInSet:
     if sameTree(fact[2], loc):
       result = compareSets(fact[1], aSet)
+    else:
+      result = impUnknown
   of someLe:
     if sameTree(fact[1], loc):
       result = leImpliesIn(fact[1], fact[2], aSet)
     elif sameTree(fact[2], loc):
       result = geImpliesIn(fact[2], fact[1], aSet)
+    else:
+      result = impUnknown
   of someLt:
     if sameTree(fact[1], loc):
       result = leImpliesIn(fact[1], fact[2].pred, aSet)
     elif sameTree(fact[2], loc):
       # 4 < x  -->  3 <= x
       result = geImpliesIn(fact[2], fact[1].pred, aSet)
-  of mNot, mOr, mAnd: assert(false, "impliesIn")
-  else: discard
+    else:
+      result = impUnknown
+  of mNot, mOr, mAnd:
+    result = impUnknown
+    assert(false, "impliesIn")
+  else: result = impUnknown
 
 proc valueIsNil(n: PNode): TImplication =
   if n.kind == nkNilLit: impYes
@@ -565,13 +636,19 @@ proc impliesIsNil(fact, eq: PNode): TImplication =
   of mIsNil:
     if sameTree(fact[1], eq[1]):
       result = impYes
+    else:
+      result = impUnknown
   of someEq:
     if sameTree(fact[1], eq[1]):
       result = valueIsNil(fact[2].skipConv)
     elif sameTree(fact[2], eq[1]):
       result = valueIsNil(fact[1].skipConv)
-  of mNot, mOr, mAnd: assert(false, "impliesIsNil")
-  else: discard
+    else:
+      result = impUnknown
+  of mNot, mOr, mAnd:
+    result = impUnknown
+    assert(false, "impliesIsNil")
+  else: result = impUnknown
 
 proc impliesGe(fact, x, c: PNode): TImplication =
   assert isLocation(x)
@@ -582,32 +659,57 @@ proc impliesGe(fact, x, c: PNode): TImplication =
         # fact:  x = 4;  question x >= 56? --> true iff 4 >= 56
         if leValue(c, fact[2]): result = impYes
         else: result = impNo
+      else:
+        result = impUnknown
     elif sameTree(fact[2], x):
       if isValue(fact[1]) and isValue(c):
         if leValue(c, fact[1]): result = impYes
         else: result = impNo
+      else:
+        result = impUnknown
+    else:
+      result = impUnknown
   of someLt:
     if sameTree(fact[1], x):
       if isValue(fact[2]) and isValue(c):
         # fact:  x < 4;  question N <= x? --> false iff N <= 4
         if leValue(fact[2], c): result = impNo
+        else: result = impUnknown
         # fact:  x < 4;  question 2 <= x? --> we don't know
+      else:
+        result = impUnknown
     elif sameTree(fact[2], x):
       # fact: 3 < x; question: N-1 < x ?  --> true iff N-1 <= 3
       if isValue(fact[1]) and isValue(c):
         if leValue(c.pred, fact[1]): result = impYes
+        else: result = impUnknown
+      else:
+        result = impUnknown
+    else:
+      result = impUnknown
   of someLe:
     if sameTree(fact[1], x):
       if isValue(fact[2]) and isValue(c):
         # fact:  x <= 4;  question x >= 56? --> false iff 4 <= 56
         if leValue(fact[2], c): result = impNo
         # fact:  x <= 4;  question x >= 2? --> we don't know
+        else:
+          result = impUnknown
+      else:
+        result = impUnknown
     elif sameTree(fact[2], x):
       # fact: 3 <= x; question: x >= 2 ?  --> true iff 2 <= 3
       if isValue(fact[1]) and isValue(c):
         if leValue(c, fact[1]): result = impYes
-  of mNot, mOr, mAnd: assert(false, "impliesGe")
-  else: discard
+        else: result = impUnknown
+      else:
+        result = impUnknown
+    else:
+      result = impUnknown
+  of mNot, mOr, mAnd:
+    result = impUnknown
+    assert(false, "impliesGe")
+  else: result = impUnknown
 
 proc impliesLe(fact, x, c: PNode): TImplication =
   if not isLocation(x):
@@ -622,35 +724,59 @@ proc impliesLe(fact, x, c: PNode): TImplication =
         # fact:  x = 4;  question x <= 56? --> true iff 4 <= 56
         if leValue(fact[2], c): result = impYes
         else: result = impNo
+      else:
+        result = impUnknown
     elif sameTree(fact[2], x):
       if isValue(fact[1]) and isValue(c):
         if leValue(fact[1], c): result = impYes
         else: result = impNo
+      else:
+        result = impUnknown
+    else:
+      result = impUnknown
   of someLt:
     if sameTree(fact[1], x):
       if isValue(fact[2]) and isValue(c):
         # fact:  x < 4;  question x <= N? --> true iff N-1 <= 4
         if leValue(fact[2], c.pred): result = impYes
+        else:
+          result = impUnknown
         # fact:  x < 4;  question x <= 2? --> we don't know
+      else:
+        result = impUnknown
     elif sameTree(fact[2], x):
       # fact: 3 < x; question: x <= 1 ?  --> false iff 1 <= 3
       if isValue(fact[1]) and isValue(c):
         if leValue(c, fact[1]): result = impNo
-
+        else: result = impUnknown
+      else:
+        result = impUnknown
+    else:
+      result = impUnknown
   of someLe:
     if sameTree(fact[1], x):
       if isValue(fact[2]) and isValue(c):
         # fact:  x <= 4;  question x <= 56? --> true iff 4 <= 56
         if leValue(fact[2], c): result = impYes
+        else: result = impUnknown
         # fact:  x <= 4;  question x <= 2? --> we don't know
+      else:
+        result = impUnknown
 
     elif sameTree(fact[2], x):
       # fact: 3 <= x; question: x <= 2 ?  --> false iff 2 < 3
       if isValue(fact[1]) and isValue(c):
         if leValue(c, fact[1].pred): result = impNo
+        else:result = impUnknown
+      else:
+        result = impUnknown
+    else:
+      result = impUnknown
 
-  of mNot, mOr, mAnd: assert(false, "impliesLe")
-  else: discard
+  of mNot, mOr, mAnd:
+    result = impUnknown
+    assert(false, "impliesLe")
+  else: result = impUnknown
 
 proc impliesLt(fact, x, c: PNode): TImplication =
   # x < 3  same as x <= 2:
@@ -662,6 +788,8 @@ proc impliesLt(fact, x, c: PNode): TImplication =
     let q = x.pred
     if q != x:
       result = impliesLe(fact, q, c)
+    else:
+      result = impUnknown
 
 proc `~`(x: TImplication): TImplication =
   case x
@@ -713,6 +841,7 @@ proc factImplies(fact, prop: PNode): TImplication =
 
 proc doesImply*(facts: TModel, prop: PNode): TImplication =
   assert prop.kind in nkCallKinds
+  result = impUnknown
   for f in facts.s:
     # facts can be invalidated, in which case they are 'nil':
     if not f.isNil:
@@ -741,7 +870,7 @@ template isSub(x): untyped = x.getMagic in someSub
 template isVal(x): untyped = x.kind in {nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit}
 template isIntVal(x, y): untyped = x.intVal == y
 
-import macros
+import std/macros
 
 macro `=~`(x: PNode, pat: untyped): bool =
   proc m(x, pat, conds: NimNode) =
@@ -888,6 +1017,7 @@ proc applyReplacements(n: PNode; rep: TReplacements): PNode =
 
 proc pleViaModelRec(m: var TModel; a, b: PNode): TImplication =
   # now check for inferrable facts: a <= b and b <= c  implies a <= c
+  result = impUnknown
   for i in 0..m.s.high:
     let fact = m.s[i]
     if fact != nil and fact.getMagic in someLe:
@@ -933,7 +1063,7 @@ proc pleViaModel(model: TModel; aa, bb: PNode): TImplication =
       let b = fact[2]
       if a.kind == nkSym: replacements.add((a,b))
       else: replacements.add((b,a))
-  var m: TModel
+  var m = TModel()
   var a = aa
   var b = bb
   if replacements.len > 0:
@@ -968,8 +1098,8 @@ proc addFactLt*(m: var TModel; a, b: PNode) =
   addFactLe(m, a, bb)
 
 proc settype(n: PNode): PType =
-  result = newType(tySet, ItemId(module: -1, item: -1), n.typ.owner)
-  var idgen: IdGenerator
+  var idgen = idGeneratorForPackage(-1'i32)
+  result = newType(tySet, idgen, n.typ.owner)
   addSonSkipIntLit(result, n.typ, idgen)
 
 proc buildOf(it, loc: PNode; o: Operators): PNode =
@@ -1045,8 +1175,12 @@ proc buildProperFieldCheck(access, check: PNode; o: Operators): PNode =
     assert check.getMagic == mNot
     result = buildProperFieldCheck(access, check[1], o).neg(o)
 
-proc checkFieldAccess*(m: TModel, n: PNode; conf: ConfigRef) =
+proc checkFieldAccess*(m: TModel, n: PNode; conf: ConfigRef; produceError: bool) =
   for i in 1..<n.len:
     let check = buildProperFieldCheck(n[0], n[i], m.g.operators)
     if check != nil and m.doesImply(check) != impYes:
-      message(conf, n.info, warnProveField, renderTree(n[0])); break
+      if produceError:
+        localError(conf, n.info, "field access outside of valid case branch: " & renderTree(n[0]))
+      else:
+        message(conf, n.info, warnProveField, renderTree(n[0]))
+      break
diff --git a/compiler/hlo.nim b/compiler/hlo.nim
index af54cabbb..9fdec38c0 100644
--- a/compiler/hlo.nim
+++ b/compiler/hlo.nim
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #
 
 # This include implements the high level optimization pass.
+# included from sem.nim
 
 proc hlo(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode
 
@@ -16,9 +17,11 @@ proc evalPattern(c: PContext, n, orig: PNode): PNode =
   # we need to ensure that the resulting AST is semchecked. However, it's
   # awful to semcheck before macro invocation, so we don't and treat
   # templates and macros as immediate in this context.
-  var rule: string
-  if c.config.hasHint(hintPattern):
-    rule = renderTree(n, {renderNoComments})
+  var rule: string =
+    if c.config.hasHint(hintPattern):
+      renderTree(n, {renderNoComments})
+    else:
+      ""
   let s = n[0].sym
   case s.kind
   of skMacro:
@@ -67,9 +70,9 @@ proc hlo(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
     # already processed (special cases in semstmts.nim)
     result = n
   else:
-    if n.kind in {nkFastAsgn, nkAsgn, nkIdentDefs, nkVarTuple} and
+    if n.kind in {nkFastAsgn, nkAsgn, nkSinkAsgn, nkIdentDefs, nkVarTuple} and
         n[0].kind == nkSym and
-        {sfGlobal, sfPure} * n[0].sym.flags == {sfGlobal, sfPure}:
+        {sfGlobal, sfPure} <= n[0].sym.flags:
       # do not optimize 'var g {.global} = re(...)' again!
       return n
     result = applyPatterns(c, n)
diff --git a/compiler/ic/bitabs.nim b/compiler/ic/bitabs.nim
index 1f75b7759..0c9994c83 100644
--- a/compiler/ic/bitabs.nim
+++ b/compiler/ic/bitabs.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 ## A BiTable is a table that can be seen as an optimized pair
-## of (Table[LitId, Val], Table[Val, LitId]).
+## of `(Table[LitId, Val], Table[Val, LitId])`.
 
-import hashes, rodfiles
+import std/hashes
+import rodfiles
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 type
   LitId* = distinct uint32
@@ -10,6 +14,8 @@ type
     vals: seq[T] # indexed by LitId
     keys: seq[LitId]  # indexed by hash(val)
 
+proc initBiTable*[T](): BiTable[T] = BiTable[T](vals: @[], keys: @[])
+
 proc nextTry(h, maxHash: Hash): Hash {.inline.} =
   result = (h + 1) and maxHash
 
@@ -30,12 +36,14 @@ proc mustRehash(length, counter: int): bool {.inline.} =
   result = (length * 2 < counter * 3) or (length - counter < 4)
 
 const
-  idStart = 256 ##
-  ## Ids do not start with 0 but with this value. The IR needs it.
-  ## TODO: explain why
+  idStart = 1
 
 template idToIdx(x: LitId): int = x.int - idStart
 
+proc hasLitId*[T](t: BiTable[T]; x: LitId): bool =
+  let idx = idToIdx(x)
+  result = idx >= 0 and idx < t.vals.len
+
 proc enlarge[T](t: var BiTable[T]) =
   var n: seq[LitId]
   newSeq(n, len(t.keys) * 2)
@@ -86,13 +94,13 @@ proc getOrIncl*[T](t: var BiTable[T]; v: T): LitId =
   t.vals.add v
 
 
-proc `[]`*[T](t: var BiTable[T]; LitId: LitId): var T {.inline.} =
-  let idx = idToIdx LitId
+proc `[]`*[T](t: var BiTable[T]; litId: LitId): var T {.inline.} =
+  let idx = idToIdx litId
   assert idx < t.vals.len
   result = t.vals[idx]
 
-proc `[]`*[T](t: BiTable[T]; LitId: LitId): lent T {.inline.} =
-  let idx = idToIdx LitId
+proc `[]`*[T](t: BiTable[T]; litId: LitId): lent T {.inline.} =
+  let idx = idToIdx litId
   assert idx < t.vals.len
   result = t.vals[idx]
 
@@ -111,6 +119,12 @@ proc load*[T](f: var RodFile; t: var BiTable[T]) =
   loadSeq(f, t.vals)
   loadSeq(f, t.keys)
 
+proc sizeOnDisc*(t: BiTable[string]): int =
+  result = 4
+  for x in t.vals:
+    result += x.len + 4
+  result += t.keys.len * sizeof(LitId)
+
 when isMainModule:
 
   var t: BiTable[string]
diff --git a/compiler/ic/cbackend.nim b/compiler/ic/cbackend.nim
index 34ee59d52..83f1b4cc7 100644
--- a/compiler/ic/cbackend.nim
+++ b/compiler/ic/cbackend.nim
@@ -19,9 +19,12 @@
 ## anymore. DCE is now done as prepass over the entire packed module graph.
 
 import std/[packedsets, algorithm, tables]
-  # std/intsets would give `UnusedImport`, pending https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/14246
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 import ".."/[ast, options, lineinfos, modulegraphs, cgendata, cgen,
-  pathutils, extccomp, msgs]
+  pathutils, extccomp, msgs, modulepaths]
 
 import packed_ast, ic, dce, rodfiles
 
@@ -30,12 +33,16 @@ proc unpackTree(g: ModuleGraph; thisModule: int;
   var decoder = initPackedDecoder(g.config, g.cache)
   result = loadNodes(decoder, g.packed, thisModule, tree, n)
 
-proc generateCodeForModule(g: ModuleGraph; m: var LoadedModule; alive: var AliveSyms) =
+proc setupBackendModule(g: ModuleGraph; m: var LoadedModule) =
   if g.backend == nil:
     g.backend = cgendata.newModuleList(g)
-
+  assert g.backend != nil
   var bmod = cgen.newModule(BModuleList(g.backend), m.module, g.config)
   bmod.idgen = idgenFromLoadedModule(m)
+
+proc generateCodeForModule(g: ModuleGraph; m: var LoadedModule; alive: var AliveSyms) =
+  var bmod = BModuleList(g.backend).modules[m.module.position]
+  assert bmod != nil
   bmod.flags.incl useAliveDataFromDce
   bmod.alive = move alive[m.module.position]
 
@@ -44,9 +51,13 @@ proc generateCodeForModule(g: ModuleGraph; m: var LoadedModule; alive: var Alive
     cgen.genTopLevelStmt(bmod, n)
 
   finalCodegenActions(g, bmod, newNodeI(nkStmtList, m.module.info))
+  for disp in getDispatchers(g):
+    genProcAux(bmod, disp)
+  m.fromDisk.backendFlags = cgen.whichInitProcs(bmod)
 
 proc replayTypeInfo(g: ModuleGraph; m: var LoadedModule; origin: FileIndex) =
   for x in mitems(m.fromDisk.emittedTypeInfo):
+    #echo "found type ", x, " for file ", int(origin)
     g.emittedTypeInfo[x] = origin
 
 proc addFileToLink(config: ConfigRef; m: PSym) =
@@ -55,7 +66,8 @@ proc addFileToLink(config: ConfigRef; m: PSym) =
       if config.backend == backendCpp: ".nim.cpp"
       elif config.backend == backendObjc: ".nim.m"
       else: ".nim.c"
-  let cfile = changeFileExt(completeCfilePath(config, withPackageName(config, filename)), ext)
+  let cfile = changeFileExt(completeCfilePath(config,
+                            mangleModuleName(config, filename).AbsoluteFile), ext)
   let objFile = completeCfilePath(config, toObjFile(config, cfile))
   if fileExists(objFile):
     var cf = Cfile(nimname: m.name.s, cname: cfile,
@@ -64,7 +76,7 @@ proc addFileToLink(config: ConfigRef; m: PSym) =
     addFileToCompile(config, cf)
 
 when defined(debugDce):
-  import std / [os, packedsets]
+  import os, std/packedsets
 
 proc storeAliveSymsImpl(asymFile: AbsoluteFile; s: seq[int32]) =
   var f = rodfiles.create(asymFile.string)
@@ -88,7 +100,7 @@ proc aliveSymsChanged(config: ConfigRef; position: int; alive: AliveSyms): bool
   var f2 = rodfiles.open(asymFile.string)
   f2.loadHeader()
   f2.loadSection aliveSymsSection
-  var oldData: seq[int32]
+  var oldData: seq[int32] = @[]
   f2.loadSeq(oldData)
   f2.close
   if f2.err == ok and oldData == s:
@@ -98,38 +110,71 @@ proc aliveSymsChanged(config: ConfigRef; position: int; alive: AliveSyms): bool
       let oldAsSet = toPackedSet[int32](oldData)
       let newAsSet = toPackedSet[int32](s)
       echo "set of live symbols changed ", asymFile.changeFileExt("rod"), " ", position, " ", f2.err
-      echo "in old but not in new ", oldAsSet.difference(newAsSet)
-      echo "in new but not in old ", newAsSet.difference(oldAsSet)
-
-      if execShellCmd(getAppFilename() & " rod " & quoteShell(asymFile.changeFileExt("rod"))) != 0:
-        echo "command failed"
+      echo "in old but not in new ", oldAsSet.difference(newAsSet), " number of entries in old ", oldAsSet.len
+      echo "in new but not in old ", newAsSet.difference(oldAsSet), " number of entries in new ", newAsSet.len
+      #if execShellCmd(getAppFilename() & " rod " & quoteShell(asymFile.changeFileExt("rod"))) != 0:
+      #  echo "command failed"
     result = true
     storeAliveSymsImpl(asymFile, s)
 
+proc genPackedModule(g: ModuleGraph, i: int; alive: var AliveSyms) =
+  # case statement here to enforce exhaustive checks.
+  case g.packed[i].status
+  of undefined:
+    discard "nothing to do"
+  of loading, stored:
+    assert false
+  of storing, outdated:
+    storeAliveSyms(g.config, g.packed[i].module.position, alive)
+    generateCodeForModule(g, g.packed[i], alive)
+    closeRodFile(g, g.packed[i].module)
+  of loaded:
+    if g.packed[i].loadedButAliveSetChanged:
+      generateCodeForModule(g, g.packed[i], alive)
+    else:
+      addFileToLink(g.config, g.packed[i].module)
+      replayTypeInfo(g, g.packed[i], FileIndex(i))
+
+      if g.backend == nil:
+        g.backend = cgendata.newModuleList(g)
+      registerInitProcs(BModuleList(g.backend), g.packed[i].module, g.packed[i].fromDisk.backendFlags)
+
 proc generateCode*(g: ModuleGraph) =
   ## The single entry point, generate C(++) code for the entire
   ## Nim program aka `ModuleGraph`.
   resetForBackend(g)
   var alive = computeAliveSyms(g.packed, g.config)
 
-  for i in 0..high(g.packed):
+  when false:
+    for i in 0..<len(g.packed):
+      echo i, " is of status ", g.packed[i].status, " ", toFullPath(g.config, FileIndex(i))
+
+  # First pass: Setup all the backend modules for all the modules that have
+  # changed:
+  for i in 0..<len(g.packed):
     # case statement here to enforce exhaustive checks.
     case g.packed[i].status
     of undefined:
       discard "nothing to do"
-    of loading:
+    of loading, stored:
       assert false
     of storing, outdated:
-      generateCodeForModule(g, g.packed[i], alive)
-      closeRodFile(g, g.packed[i].module)
-      storeAliveSyms(g.config, g.packed[i].module.position, alive)
+      setupBackendModule(g, g.packed[i])
     of loaded:
       # Even though this module didn't change, DCE might trigger a change.
       # Consider this case: Module A uses symbol S from B and B does not use
       # S itself. A is then edited not to use S either. Thus we have to
       # recompile B in order to remove S from the final result.
       if aliveSymsChanged(g.config, g.packed[i].module.position, alive):
-        generateCodeForModule(g, g.packed[i], alive)
-      else:
-        addFileToLink(g.config, g.packed[i].module)
-        replayTypeInfo(g, g.packed[i], FileIndex(i))
+        g.packed[i].loadedButAliveSetChanged = true
+        setupBackendModule(g, g.packed[i])
+
+  # Second pass: Code generation.
+  let mainModuleIdx = g.config.projectMainIdx2.int
+  # We need to generate the main module last, because only then
+  # all init procs have been registered:
+  for i in 0..<len(g.packed):
+    if i != mainModuleIdx:
+      genPackedModule(g, i, alive)
+  if mainModuleIdx >= 0:
+    genPackedModule(g, mainModuleIdx, alive)
diff --git a/compiler/ic/dce.nim b/compiler/ic/dce.nim
index 0918fc379..6eb36431e 100644
--- a/compiler/ic/dce.nim
+++ b/compiler/ic/dce.nim
@@ -9,7 +9,11 @@
 
 ## Dead code elimination (=DCE) for IC.
 
-import std / [intsets, tables]
+import std/[intsets, tables]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 import ".." / [ast, options, lineinfos, types]
 
 import packed_ast, ic, bitabs
@@ -27,7 +31,7 @@ type
 proc isExportedToC(c: var AliveContext; g: PackedModuleGraph; symId: int32): bool =
   ## "Exported to C" procs are special (these are marked with '.exportc') because these
   ## must not be optimized away!
-  let symPtr = addr g[c.thisModule].fromDisk.sh.syms[symId]
+  let symPtr = unsafeAddr g[c.thisModule].fromDisk.syms[symId]
   let flags = symPtr.flags
   # due to a bug/limitation in the lambda lifting, unused inner procs
   # are not transformed correctly; issue (#411). However, the whole purpose here
@@ -36,10 +40,14 @@ proc isExportedToC(c: var AliveContext; g: PackedModuleGraph; symId: int32): boo
     if ({sfExportc, sfCompilerProc} * flags != {}) or
         (symPtr.kind == skMethod):
       result = true
+    else:
+      result = false
       # XXX: This used to be a condition to:
       #  (sfExportc in prc.flags and lfExportLib in prc.loc.flags) or
     if sfCompilerProc in flags:
-      c.compilerProcs[g[c.thisModule].fromDisk.sh.strings[symPtr.name]] = (c.thisModule, symId)
+      c.compilerProcs[g[c.thisModule].fromDisk.strings[symPtr.name]] = (c.thisModule, symId)
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 template isNotGeneric(n: NodePos): bool = ithSon(tree, n, genericParamsPos).kind == nkEmpty
 
@@ -47,17 +55,17 @@ proc followLater(c: var AliveContext; g: PackedModuleGraph; module: int; item: i
   ## Marks a symbol 'item' as used and later in 'followNow' the symbol's body will
   ## be analysed.
   if not c.alive[module].containsOrIncl(item):
-    var body = g[module].fromDisk.sh.syms[item].ast
+    var body = g[module].fromDisk.syms[item].ast
     if body != emptyNodeId:
-      let opt = g[module].fromDisk.sh.syms[item].options
-      if g[module].fromDisk.sh.syms[item].kind in routineKinds:
+      let opt = g[module].fromDisk.syms[item].options
+      if g[module].fromDisk.syms[item].kind in routineKinds:
         body = NodeId ithSon(g[module].fromDisk.bodies, NodePos body, bodyPos)
       c.stack.add((module, opt, NodePos(body)))
 
     when false:
-      let nid = g[module].fromDisk.sh.syms[item].name
+      let nid = g[module].fromDisk.syms[item].name
       if nid != LitId(0):
-        let name = g[module].fromDisk.sh.strings[nid]
+        let name = g[module].fromDisk.strings[nid]
         if name in ["nimFrame", "callDepthLimitReached"]:
           echo "I was called! ", name, " body exists: ", body != emptyNodeId, " ", module, " ", item
 
@@ -66,12 +74,12 @@ proc requestCompilerProc(c: var AliveContext; g: PackedModuleGraph; name: string
   followLater(c, g, module, item)
 
 proc loadTypeKind(t: PackedItemId; c: AliveContext; g: PackedModuleGraph; toSkip: set[TTypeKind]): TTypeKind =
-  template kind(t: ItemId): TTypeKind = g[t.module].fromDisk.sh.types[t.item].kind
+  template kind(t: ItemId): TTypeKind = g[t.module].fromDisk.types[t.item].kind
 
   var t2 = translateId(t, g, c.thisModule, c.decoder.config)
   result = t2.kind
   while result in toSkip:
-    t2 = translateId(g[t2.module].fromDisk.sh.types[t2.item].types[^1], g, t2.module, c.decoder.config)
+    t2 = translateId(g[t2.module].fromDisk.types[t2.item].types[^1], g, t2.module, c.decoder.config)
     result = t2.kind
 
 proc rangeCheckAnalysis(c: var AliveContext; g: PackedModuleGraph; tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos) =
@@ -101,13 +109,13 @@ proc aliveCode(c: var AliveContext; g: PackedModuleGraph; tree: PackedTree; n: N
     discard "ignore non-sym atoms"
   of nkSym:
     # This symbol is alive and everything its body references.
-    followLater(c, g, c.thisModule, n.operand)
+    followLater(c, g, c.thisModule, tree[n].soperand)
   of nkModuleRef:
     let (n1, n2) = sons2(tree, n)
-    assert n1.kind == nkInt32Lit
-    assert n2.kind == nkInt32Lit
+    assert n1.kind == nkNone
+    assert n2.kind == nkNone
     let m = n1.litId
-    let item = n2.operand
+    let item = tree[n2].soperand
     let otherModule = toFileIndexCached(c.decoder, g, c.thisModule, m).int
     followLater(c, g, otherModule, item)
   of nkMacroDef, nkTemplateDef, nkTypeSection, nkTypeOfExpr,
@@ -123,7 +131,7 @@ proc aliveCode(c: var AliveContext; g: PackedModuleGraph; tree: PackedTree; n: N
     rangeCheckAnalysis(c, g, tree, n)
   of nkProcDef, nkConverterDef, nkMethodDef, nkFuncDef, nkIteratorDef:
     if n.firstSon.kind == nkSym and isNotGeneric(n):
-      let item = n.firstSon.operand
+      let item = tree[n.firstSon].soperand
       if isExportedToC(c, g, item):
         # This symbol is alive and everything its body references.
         followLater(c, g, c.thisModule, item)
@@ -145,7 +153,7 @@ proc computeAliveSyms*(g: PackedModuleGraph; conf: ConfigRef): AliveSyms =
   var c = AliveContext(stack: @[], decoder: PackedDecoder(config: conf),
                        thisModule: -1, alive: newSeq[IntSet](g.len),
                        options: conf.options)
-  for i in countdown(high(g), 0):
+  for i in countdown(len(g)-1, 0):
     if g[i].status != undefined:
       c.thisModule = i
       for p in allNodes(g[i].fromDisk.topLevel):
diff --git a/compiler/ic/design.rst b/compiler/ic/design.rst
index d8e1315b1..b096e3103 100644
--- a/compiler/ic/design.rst
+++ b/compiler/ic/design.rst
@@ -7,12 +7,8 @@ The frontend produces a set of `.rod` files. Every `.nim` module
 produces its own `.rod` file.
 
 - The IR must be a faithful representation of the AST in memory.
-- The backend can do its own caching but doesn't have to.
-- We know by comparing 'nim check compiler/nim' against 'nim c compiler/nim'
-  that 2/3 of the compiler's runtime is spent in the frontend. Hence we
-  implement IC for the frontend first and only later for the backend. The
-  backend will recompile everything until we implement its own caching
-  mechanisms.
+- The backend can do its own caching but doesn't have to. In the
+  current implementation the backend also caches its results.
 
 Advantage of the "set of files" vs the previous global database:
 - By construction, we either read from the `.rod` file or from the
diff --git a/compiler/ic/ic.nim b/compiler/ic/ic.nim
index 230b4d087..8e81633ef 100644
--- a/compiler/ic/ic.nim
+++ b/compiler/ic/ic.nim
@@ -7,12 +7,19 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-import std / [hashes, tables, intsets, sha1]
+import std/[hashes, tables, intsets, monotimes]
 import packed_ast, bitabs, rodfiles
 import ".." / [ast, idents, lineinfos, msgs, ropes, options,
-  pathutils, condsyms]
+  pathutils, condsyms, packages, modulepaths]
 #import ".." / [renderer, astalgo]
-from std / os import removeFile, isAbsolute
+from std/os import removeFile, isAbsolute
+
+import ../../dist/checksums/src/checksums/sha1
+
+import iclineinfos
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions, formatfloat]
 
 type
   PackedConfig* = object
@@ -22,29 +29,43 @@ type
     options: TOptions
     globalOptions: TGlobalOptions
 
+  ModuleBackendFlag* = enum
+    HasDatInitProc
+    HasModuleInitProc
+
   PackedModule* = object ## the parts of a PackedEncoder that are part of the .rod file
     definedSymbols: string
-    includes: seq[(LitId, string)] # first entry is the module filename itself
+    moduleFlags: TSymFlags
+    includes*: seq[(LitId, string)] # first entry is the module filename itself
     imports: seq[LitId] # the modules this module depends on
-    toReplay: PackedTree # pragmas and VM specific state to replay.
+    toReplay*: PackedTree # pragmas and VM specific state to replay.
     topLevel*: PackedTree  # top level statements
     bodies*: PackedTree # other trees. Referenced from typ.n and sym.ast by their position.
     #producedGenerics*: Table[GenericKey, SymId]
     exports*: seq[(LitId, int32)]
-    reexports*: seq[(LitId, PackedItemId)]
+    hidden: seq[(LitId, int32)]
+    reexports: seq[(LitId, PackedItemId)]
     compilerProcs*: seq[(LitId, int32)]
     converters*, methods*, trmacros*, pureEnums*: seq[int32]
-    macroUsages*: seq[(PackedItemId, PackedLineInfo)]
 
     typeInstCache*: seq[(PackedItemId, PackedItemId)]
     procInstCache*: seq[PackedInstantiation]
-    attachedOps*: seq[(TTypeAttachedOp, PackedItemId, PackedItemId)]
-    methodsPerType*: seq[(PackedItemId, int, PackedItemId)]
+    attachedOps*: seq[(PackedItemId, TTypeAttachedOp, PackedItemId)]
+    methodsPerGenericType*: seq[(PackedItemId, int, PackedItemId)]
     enumToStringProcs*: seq[(PackedItemId, PackedItemId)]
+    methodsPerType*: seq[(PackedItemId, PackedItemId)]
+    dispatchers*: seq[PackedItemId]
 
     emittedTypeInfo*: seq[string]
+    backendFlags*: set[ModuleBackendFlag]
+
+    syms*: OrderedTable[int32, PackedSym]
+    types*: OrderedTable[int32, PackedType]
+    strings*: BiTable[string] # we could share these between modules.
+    numbers*: BiTable[BiggestInt] # we also store floats in here so
+                                  # that we can assure that every bit is kept
+    man*: LineInfoManager
 
-    sh*: Shared
     cfg: PackedConfig
 
   PackedEncoder* = object
@@ -59,6 +80,49 @@ type
     symMarker*: IntSet #Table[ItemId, SymId]    # ItemId.item -> SymId
     config*: ConfigRef
 
+proc toString*(tree: PackedTree; pos: NodePos; m: PackedModule; nesting: int;
+               result: var string) =
+  if result.len > 0 and result[^1] notin {' ', '\n'}:
+    result.add ' '
+
+  result.add $tree[pos].kind
+  case tree[pos].kind
+  of nkEmpty, nkNilLit, nkType: discard
+  of nkIdent, nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit:
+    result.add " "
+    result.add m.strings[LitId tree[pos].uoperand]
+  of nkSym:
+    result.add " "
+    result.add m.strings[m.syms[tree[pos].soperand].name]
+  of directIntLit:
+    result.add " "
+    result.addInt tree[pos].soperand
+  of externSIntLit:
+    result.add " "
+    result.addInt m.numbers[LitId tree[pos].uoperand]
+  of externUIntLit:
+    result.add " "
+    result.addInt cast[uint64](m.numbers[LitId tree[pos].uoperand])
+  of nkFloatLit..nkFloat128Lit:
+    result.add " "
+    result.addFloat cast[BiggestFloat](m.numbers[LitId tree[pos].uoperand])
+  else:
+    result.add "(\n"
+    for i in 1..(nesting+1)*2: result.add ' '
+    for child in sonsReadonly(tree, pos):
+      toString(tree, child, m, nesting + 1, result)
+    result.add "\n"
+    for i in 1..nesting*2: result.add ' '
+    result.add ")"
+    #for i in 1..nesting*2: result.add ' '
+
+proc toString*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos; m: PackedModule): string =
+  result = ""
+  toString(tree, n, m, 0, result)
+
+proc debug*(tree: PackedTree; m: PackedModule) =
+  stdout.write toString(tree, NodePos 0, m)
+
 proc isActive*(e: PackedEncoder): bool = e.config != nil
 proc disable(e: var PackedEncoder) = e.config = nil
 
@@ -83,14 +147,27 @@ proc rememberConfig(c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule; config: ConfigRef
   #primConfigFields rem
   m.cfg = pc
 
+const
+  debugConfigDiff = defined(debugConfigDiff)
+
+when debugConfigDiff:
+  import hashes, tables, intsets, sha1, strutils, sets
+
 proc configIdentical(m: PackedModule; config: ConfigRef): bool =
   result = m.definedSymbols == definedSymbolsAsString(config)
-  #if not result:
-  #  echo "A ", m.definedSymbols, " ", definedSymbolsAsString(config)
+  when debugConfigDiff:
+    if not result:
+      var wordsA = m.definedSymbols.split(Whitespace).toHashSet()
+      var wordsB = definedSymbolsAsString(config).split(Whitespace).toHashSet()
+      for c in wordsA - wordsB:
+        echo "in A but not in B ", c
+      for c in wordsB - wordsA:
+        echo "in B but not in A ", c
   template eq(x) =
     result = result and m.cfg.x == config.x
-    #if not result:
-    #  echo "B ", m.cfg.x, " ", config.x
+    when debugConfigDiff:
+      if m.cfg.x != config.x:
+        echo "B ", m.cfg.x, " ", config.x
   primConfigFields eq
 
 proc rememberStartupConfig*(dest: var PackedConfig, config: ConfigRef) =
@@ -114,14 +191,14 @@ proc toLitId(x: FileIndex; c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule): LitId =
     result = c.filenames.getOrDefault(x)
     if result == LitId(0):
       let p = msgs.toFullPath(c.config, x)
-      result = getOrIncl(m.sh.strings, p)
+      result = getOrIncl(m.strings, p)
       c.filenames[x] = result
     c.lastFile = x
     c.lastLit = result
-    assert result != LitId(0)
+  assert result != LitId(0)
 
 proc toFileIndex*(x: LitId; m: PackedModule; config: ConfigRef): FileIndex =
-  result = msgs.fileInfoIdx(config, AbsoluteFile m.sh.strings[x])
+  result = msgs.fileInfoIdx(config, AbsoluteFile m.strings[x])
 
 proc includesIdentical(m: var PackedModule; config: ConfigRef): bool =
   for it in mitems(m.includes):
@@ -131,12 +208,14 @@ proc includesIdentical(m: var PackedModule; config: ConfigRef): bool =
 
 proc initEncoder*(c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule; moduleSym: PSym; config: ConfigRef; pc: PackedConfig) =
   ## setup a context for serializing to packed ast
-  m.sh = Shared()
   c.thisModule = moduleSym.itemId.module
   c.config = config
+  m.moduleFlags = moduleSym.flags
   m.bodies = newTreeFrom(m.topLevel)
   m.toReplay = newTreeFrom(m.topLevel)
 
+  c.lastFile = FileIndex(-10)
+
   let thisNimFile = FileIndex c.thisModule
   var h = msgs.getHash(config, thisNimFile)
   if h.len == 0:
@@ -155,11 +234,20 @@ proc addIncludeFileDep*(c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule; f: FileIndex)
 proc addImportFileDep*(c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule; f: FileIndex) =
   m.imports.add toLitId(f, c, m)
 
+proc addHidden*(c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule; s: PSym) =
+  assert s.kind != skUnknown
+  let nameId = getOrIncl(m.strings, s.name.s)
+  m.hidden.add((nameId, s.itemId.item))
+  assert s.itemId.module == c.thisModule
+
 proc addExported*(c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule; s: PSym) =
-  let nameId = getOrIncl(m.sh.strings, s.name.s)
+  assert s.kind != skUnknown
+  assert s.itemId.module == c.thisModule
+  let nameId = getOrIncl(m.strings, s.name.s)
   m.exports.add((nameId, s.itemId.item))
 
 proc addConverter*(c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule; s: PSym) =
+  assert c.thisModule == s.itemId.module
   m.converters.add(s.itemId.item)
 
 proc addTrmacro*(c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule; s: PSym) =
@@ -173,12 +261,14 @@ proc addMethod*(c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule; s: PSym) =
   m.methods.add s.itemId.item
 
 proc addReexport*(c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule; s: PSym) =
-  let nameId = getOrIncl(m.sh.strings, s.name.s)
+  assert s.kind != skUnknown
+  if s.kind == skModule: return
+  let nameId = getOrIncl(m.strings, s.name.s)
   m.reexports.add((nameId, PackedItemId(module: toLitId(s.itemId.module.FileIndex, c, m),
                                         item: s.itemId.item)))
 
 proc addCompilerProc*(c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule; s: PSym) =
-  let nameId = getOrIncl(m.sh.strings, s.name.s)
+  let nameId = getOrIncl(m.strings, s.name.s)
   m.compilerProcs.add((nameId, s.itemId.item))
 
 proc toPackedNode*(n: PNode; ir: var PackedTree; c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule)
@@ -197,14 +287,15 @@ proc flush(c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule) =
 
 proc toLitId(x: string; m: var PackedModule): LitId =
   ## store a string as a literal
-  result = getOrIncl(m.sh.strings, x)
+  result = getOrIncl(m.strings, x)
 
 proc toLitId(x: BiggestInt; m: var PackedModule): LitId =
   ## store an integer as a literal
-  result = getOrIncl(m.sh.integers, x)
+  result = getOrIncl(m.numbers, x)
 
 proc toPackedInfo(x: TLineInfo; c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule): PackedLineInfo =
-  PackedLineInfo(line: x.line, col: x.col, file: toLitId(x.fileIndex, c, m))
+  pack(m.man, toLitId(x.fileIndex, c, m), x.line.int32, x.col.int32)
+  #PackedLineInfo(line: x.line, col: x.col, file: toLitId(x.fileIndex, c, m))
 
 proc safeItemId(s: PSym; c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule): PackedItemId {.inline.} =
   ## given a symbol, produce an ItemId with the correct properties
@@ -246,81 +337,55 @@ proc storeTypeLater(t: PType; c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule): Packed
   # we only write one tree into m.bodies after the other.
   if t.isNil: return nilItemId
 
-  if t.uniqueId.module != c.thisModule:
-    # XXX Assert here that it already was serialized in the foreign module!
-    # it is a foreign type:
-    assert t.uniqueId.module >= 0
-    assert t.uniqueId.item > 0
-    return PackedItemId(module: toLitId(t.uniqueId.module.FileIndex, c, m), item: t.uniqueId.item)
-  assert t.itemId.module >= 0
+  assert t.uniqueId.module >= 0
   assert t.uniqueId.item > 0
-  result = PackedItemId(module: toLitId(t.itemId.module.FileIndex, c, m), item: t.uniqueId.item)
-  addMissing(c, t)
+  result = PackedItemId(module: toLitId(t.uniqueId.module.FileIndex, c, m), item: t.uniqueId.item)
+  if t.uniqueId.module == c.thisModule:
+    # the type belongs to this module, so serialize it here, eventually.
+    addMissing(c, t)
 
 proc storeSymLater(s: PSym; c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule): PackedItemId =
   if s.isNil: return nilItemId
   assert s.itemId.module >= 0
-  if s.itemId.module != c.thisModule:
-    # XXX Assert here that it already was serialized in the foreign module!
-    # it is a foreign symbol:
-    assert s.itemId.module >= 0
-    return PackedItemId(module: toLitId(s.itemId.module.FileIndex, c, m), item: s.itemId.item)
-  assert s.itemId.module >= 0
+  assert s.itemId.item >= 0
   result = PackedItemId(module: toLitId(s.itemId.module.FileIndex, c, m), item: s.itemId.item)
-  addMissing(c, s)
+  if s.itemId.module == c.thisModule:
+    # the sym belongs to this module, so serialize it here, eventually.
+    addMissing(c, s)
 
 proc storeType(t: PType; c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule): PackedItemId =
   ## serialize a ptype
   if t.isNil: return nilItemId
 
-  if t.uniqueId.module != c.thisModule:
-    # XXX Assert here that it already was serialized in the foreign module!
-    # it is a foreign type:
-    assert t.uniqueId.module >= 0
-    assert t.uniqueId.item > 0
-    return PackedItemId(module: toLitId(t.uniqueId.module.FileIndex, c, m), item: t.uniqueId.item)
+  assert t.uniqueId.module >= 0
+  assert t.uniqueId.item > 0
+  result = PackedItemId(module: toLitId(t.uniqueId.module.FileIndex, c, m), item: t.uniqueId.item)
 
-  if not c.typeMarker.containsOrIncl(t.uniqueId.item):
-    if t.uniqueId.item >= m.sh.types.len:
-      setLen m.sh.types, t.uniqueId.item+1
+  if t.uniqueId.module == c.thisModule and not c.typeMarker.containsOrIncl(t.uniqueId.item):
+    #if t.uniqueId.item >= m.types.len:
+    #  setLen m.types, t.uniqueId.item+1
 
-    var p = PackedType(kind: t.kind, flags: t.flags, callConv: t.callConv,
+    var p = PackedType(id: t.uniqueId.item, kind: t.kind, flags: t.flags, callConv: t.callConv,
       size: t.size, align: t.align, nonUniqueId: t.itemId.item,
-      paddingAtEnd: t.paddingAtEnd, lockLevel: t.lockLevel)
+      paddingAtEnd: t.paddingAtEnd)
     storeNode(p, t, n)
-
-    when false:
-      for op, s in pairs t.attachedOps:
-        c.addMissing s
-        p.attachedOps[op] = s.safeItemId(c, m)
-
     p.typeInst = t.typeInst.storeType(c, m)
-    for kid in items t.sons:
+    for kid in kids t:
       p.types.add kid.storeType(c, m)
-
-    when false:
-      for i, s in items t.methods:
-        c.addMissing s
-        p.methods.add (i, s.safeItemId(c, m))
     c.addMissing t.sym
     p.sym = t.sym.safeItemId(c, m)
     c.addMissing t.owner
     p.owner = t.owner.safeItemId(c, m)
 
     # fill the reserved slot, nothing else:
-    m.sh.types[t.uniqueId.item] = p
-
-  assert t.itemId.module >= 0
-  assert t.uniqueId.item > 0
-  result = PackedItemId(module: toLitId(t.itemId.module.FileIndex, c, m), item: t.uniqueId.item)
+    m.types[t.uniqueId.item] = p
 
 proc toPackedLib(l: PLib; c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule): PackedLib =
   ## the plib hangs off the psym via the .annex field
   if l.isNil: return
-  result.kind = l.kind
-  result.generated = l.generated
-  result.isOverriden = l.isOverriden
-  result.name = toLitId($l.name, m)
+  result = PackedLib(kind: l.kind, generated: l.generated,
+    isOverridden: l.isOverridden, name: toLitId($l.name, m)
+  )
   storeNode(result, l, path)
 
 proc storeSym*(s: PSym; c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule): PackedItemId =
@@ -328,21 +393,16 @@ proc storeSym*(s: PSym; c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule): PackedItemId
   if s.isNil: return nilItemId
 
   assert s.itemId.module >= 0
+  result = PackedItemId(module: toLitId(s.itemId.module.FileIndex, c, m), item: s.itemId.item)
 
-  if s.itemId.module != c.thisModule:
-    # XXX Assert here that it already was serialized in the foreign module!
-    # it is a foreign symbol:
-    assert s.itemId.module >= 0
-    return PackedItemId(module: toLitId(s.itemId.module.FileIndex, c, m), item: s.itemId.item)
-
-  if not c.symMarker.containsOrIncl(s.itemId.item):
-    if s.itemId.item >= m.sh.syms.len:
-      setLen m.sh.syms, s.itemId.item+1
+  if s.itemId.module == c.thisModule and not c.symMarker.containsOrIncl(s.itemId.item):
+    #if s.itemId.item >= m.syms.len:
+    #  setLen m.syms, s.itemId.item+1
 
     assert sfForward notin s.flags
 
-    var p = PackedSym(kind: s.kind, flags: s.flags, info: s.info.toPackedInfo(c, m), magic: s.magic,
-      position: s.position, offset: s.offset, options: s.options,
+    var p = PackedSym(id: s.itemId.item, kind: s.kind, flags: s.flags, info: s.info.toPackedInfo(c, m), magic: s.magic,
+      position: s.position, offset: s.offset, disamb: s.disamb, options: s.options,
       name: s.name.s.toLitId(m))
 
     storeNode(p, s, ast)
@@ -354,7 +414,7 @@ proc storeSym*(s: PSym; c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule): PackedItemId
       p.bitsize = s.bitsize
       p.alignment = s.alignment
 
-    p.externalName = toLitId(if s.loc.r.isNil: "" else: $s.loc.r, m)
+    p.externalName = toLitId(s.loc.snippet, m)
     p.locFlags = s.loc.flags
     c.addMissing s.typ
     p.typ = s.typ.storeType(c, m)
@@ -363,63 +423,67 @@ proc storeSym*(s: PSym; c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule): PackedItemId
     p.annex = toPackedLib(s.annex, c, m)
     when hasFFI:
       p.cname = toLitId(s.cname, m)
+    p.instantiatedFrom = s.instantiatedFrom.safeItemId(c, m)
 
     # fill the reserved slot, nothing else:
-    m.sh.syms[s.itemId.item] = p
-
-  assert s.itemId.module >= 0
-  result = PackedItemId(module: toLitId(s.itemId.module.FileIndex, c, m), item: s.itemId.item)
+    m.syms[s.itemId.item] = p
 
 proc addModuleRef(n: PNode; ir: var PackedTree; c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule) =
   ## add a remote symbol reference to the tree
   let info = n.info.toPackedInfo(c, m)
-  ir.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: nkModuleRef, operand: 3.int32, # spans 3 nodes in total
-                          typeId: storeTypeLater(n.typ, c, m), info: info)
-  ir.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: nkInt32Lit, info: info,
-                          operand: toLitId(n.sym.itemId.module.FileIndex, c, m).int32)
-  ir.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: nkInt32Lit, info: info,
-                          operand: n.sym.itemId.item)
+  if n.typ != n.sym.typ:
+    ir.addNode(kind = nkModuleRef, operand = 3.int32, # spans 3 nodes in total
+               info = info, flags = n.flags,
+               typeId = storeTypeLater(n.typ, c, m))
+  else:
+    ir.addNode(kind = nkModuleRef, operand = 3.int32, # spans 3 nodes in total
+              info = info, flags = n.flags)
+  ir.addNode(kind = nkNone, info = info,
+             operand = toLitId(n.sym.itemId.module.FileIndex, c, m).int32)
+  ir.addNode(kind = nkNone, info = info,
+             operand = n.sym.itemId.item)
 
 proc toPackedNode*(n: PNode; ir: var PackedTree; c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule) =
   ## serialize a node into the tree
   if n == nil:
-    ir.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: nkNilRodNode, flags: {}, operand: 1)
+    ir.addNode(kind = nkNilRodNode, operand = 1, info = NoLineInfo)
     return
   let info = toPackedInfo(n.info, c, m)
   case n.kind
   of nkNone, nkEmpty, nkNilLit, nkType:
-    ir.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: n.kind, flags: n.flags, operand: 0,
-                            typeId: storeTypeLater(n.typ, c, m), info: info)
+    ir.addNode(kind = n.kind, flags = n.flags, operand = 0,
+               typeId = storeTypeLater(n.typ, c, m), info = info)
   of nkIdent:
-    ir.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: n.kind, flags: n.flags,
-                            operand: int32 getOrIncl(m.sh.strings, n.ident.s),
-                            typeId: storeTypeLater(n.typ, c, m), info: info)
+    ir.addNode(kind = n.kind, flags = n.flags,
+                operand = int32 getOrIncl(m.strings, n.ident.s),
+                typeId = storeTypeLater(n.typ, c, m), info = info)
   of nkSym:
     if n.sym.itemId.module == c.thisModule:
       # it is a symbol that belongs to the module we're currently
       # packing:
       let id = n.sym.storeSymLater(c, m).item
-      ir.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: nkSym, flags: n.flags, operand: id,
-                              typeId: storeTypeLater(n.typ, c, m), info: info)
+      if n.typ != n.sym.typ:
+        ir.addNode(kind = nkSym, flags = n.flags, operand = id,
+                   info = info,
+                   typeId = storeTypeLater(n.typ, c, m))
+      else:
+        ir.addNode(kind = nkSym, flags = n.flags, operand = id,
+                   info = info)
     else:
       # store it as an external module reference:
       addModuleRef(n, ir, c, m)
-  of directIntLit:
-    ir.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: n.kind, flags: n.flags,
-                            operand: int32(n.intVal),
-                            typeId: storeTypeLater(n.typ, c, m), info: info)
   of externIntLit:
-    ir.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: n.kind, flags: n.flags,
-                            operand: int32 getOrIncl(m.sh.integers, n.intVal),
-                            typeId: storeTypeLater(n.typ, c, m), info: info)
+    ir.addNode(kind = n.kind, flags = n.flags,
+               operand = int32 getOrIncl(m.numbers, n.intVal),
+               typeId = storeTypeLater(n.typ, c, m), info = info)
   of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit:
-    ir.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: n.kind, flags: n.flags,
-                            operand: int32 getOrIncl(m.sh.strings, n.strVal),
-                            typeId: storeTypeLater(n.typ, c, m), info: info)
+    ir.addNode(kind = n.kind, flags = n.flags,
+               operand = int32 getOrIncl(m.strings, n.strVal),
+               typeId = storeTypeLater(n.typ, c, m), info = info)
   of nkFloatLit..nkFloat128Lit:
-    ir.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: n.kind, flags: n.flags,
-                            operand: int32 getOrIncl(m.sh.floats, n.floatVal),
-                            typeId: storeTypeLater(n.typ, c, m), info: info)
+    ir.addNode(kind = n.kind, flags = n.flags,
+               operand = int32 getOrIncl(m.numbers, cast[BiggestInt](n.floatVal)),
+               typeId = storeTypeLater(n.typ, c, m), info = info)
   else:
     let patchPos = ir.prepare(n.kind, n.flags,
                               storeTypeLater(n.typ, c, m), info)
@@ -444,8 +508,8 @@ proc toPackedProcDef(n: PNode; ir: var PackedTree; c: var PackedEncoder; m: var
       # do not serialize the body of the proc, it's unnecessary since
       # n[0].sym.ast has the sem'checked variant of it which is what
       # everybody should use instead.
-      ir.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: nkEmpty, flags: {}, operand: 0,
-                              typeId: nilItemId, info: info)
+      ir.addNode(kind = nkEmpty, flags = {}, operand = 0,
+                 typeId = nilItemId, info = info)
   ir.patch patchPos
 
 proc toPackedNodeIgnoreProcDefs(n: PNode, encoder: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule) =
@@ -464,6 +528,9 @@ proc toPackedNodeIgnoreProcDefs(n: PNode, encoder: var PackedEncoder; m: var Pac
   of nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr:
     for it in n:
       toPackedNodeIgnoreProcDefs(it, encoder, m)
+  of nkImportStmt, nkImportExceptStmt, nkExportStmt, nkExportExceptStmt,
+     nkFromStmt, nkIncludeStmt:
+    discard "nothing to do"
   else:
     toPackedNode(n, m.topLevel, encoder, m)
 
@@ -480,6 +547,15 @@ proc toPackedGeneratedProcDef*(s: PSym, encoder: var PackedEncoder; m: var Packe
   toPackedProcDef(s.ast, m.topLevel, encoder, m)
   #flush encoder, m
 
+proc storeAttachedProcDef*(t: PType; op: TTypeAttachedOp; s: PSym,
+                           encoder: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule) =
+  assert s.kind in routineKinds
+  assert isActive(encoder)
+  let tid = storeTypeLater(t, encoder, m)
+  let sid = storeSymLater(s, encoder, m)
+  m.attachedOps.add (tid, op, sid)
+  toPackedGeneratedProcDef(s, encoder, m)
+
 proc storeInstantiation*(c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule; s: PSym; i: PInstantiation) =
   var t = newSeq[PackedItemId](i.concreteTypes.len)
   for j in 0..high(i.concreteTypes):
@@ -489,6 +565,9 @@ proc storeInstantiation*(c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule; s: PSym; i:
                                           concreteTypes: t)
   toPackedGeneratedProcDef(i.sym, c, m)
 
+proc storeExpansion*(c: var PackedEncoder; m: var PackedModule; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) =
+  toPackedNode(newSymNode(s, info), m.bodies, c, m)
+
 proc loadError(err: RodFileError; filename: AbsoluteFile; config: ConfigRef;) =
   case err
   of cannotOpen:
@@ -496,16 +575,35 @@ proc loadError(err: RodFileError; filename: AbsoluteFile; config: ConfigRef;) =
   of includeFileChanged:
     rawMessage(config, warnFileChanged, filename.string)
   else:
-    echo "Error: ", $err, " loading file: ", filename.string
+    rawMessage(config, warnCannotOpenFile, filename.string & " reason: " & $err)
+    #echo "Error: ", $err, " loading file: ", filename.string
+
+proc toRodFile*(conf: ConfigRef; f: AbsoluteFile; ext = RodExt): AbsoluteFile =
+  result = changeFileExt(completeGeneratedFilePath(conf,
+    mangleModuleName(conf, f).AbsoluteFile), ext)
+
+const
+  BenchIC* = false
+
+when BenchIC:
+  var gloadBodies: MonoTime
+
+  template bench(x, body) =
+    let start = getMonoTime()
+    body
+    x = x + (getMonoTime() - start)
+
+else:
+  template bench(x, body) = body
 
 proc loadRodFile*(filename: AbsoluteFile; m: var PackedModule; config: ConfigRef;
                   ignoreConfig = false): RodFileError =
-  m.sh = Shared()
   var f = rodfiles.open(filename.string)
   f.loadHeader()
   f.loadSection configSection
 
   f.loadPrim m.definedSymbols
+  f.loadPrim m.moduleFlags
   f.loadPrim m.cfg
 
   if f.err == ok and not configIdentical(m, config) and not ignoreConfig:
@@ -515,46 +613,59 @@ proc loadRodFile*(filename: AbsoluteFile; m: var PackedModule; config: ConfigRef
     f.loadSection section
     f.loadSeq data
 
+  template loadTableSection(section, data) {.dirty.} =
+    f.loadSection section
+    f.loadOrderedTable data
+
   template loadTabSection(section, data) {.dirty.} =
     f.loadSection section
     f.load data
 
-  loadTabSection stringsSection, m.sh.strings
+  loadTabSection stringsSection, m.strings
 
   loadSeqSection checkSumsSection, m.includes
-  if not includesIdentical(m, config):
+  if config.cmd != cmdM and not includesIdentical(m, config):
     f.err = includeFileChanged
 
   loadSeqSection depsSection, m.imports
 
-  loadTabSection integersSection, m.sh.integers
-  loadTabSection floatsSection, m.sh.floats
+  bench gloadBodies:
+
+    loadTabSection numbersSection, m.numbers
 
-  loadSeqSection exportsSection, m.exports
+    loadSeqSection exportsSection, m.exports
+    loadSeqSection hiddenSection, m.hidden
+    loadSeqSection reexportsSection, m.reexports
 
-  loadSeqSection reexportsSection, m.reexports
+    loadSeqSection compilerProcsSection, m.compilerProcs
 
-  loadSeqSection compilerProcsSection, m.compilerProcs
+    loadSeqSection trmacrosSection, m.trmacros
 
-  loadSeqSection trmacrosSection, m.trmacros
+    loadSeqSection convertersSection, m.converters
+    loadSeqSection methodsSection, m.methods
+    loadSeqSection pureEnumsSection, m.pureEnums
 
-  loadSeqSection convertersSection, m.converters
-  loadSeqSection methodsSection, m.methods
-  loadSeqSection pureEnumsSection, m.pureEnums
-  loadSeqSection macroUsagesSection, m.macroUsages
+    loadTabSection toReplaySection, m.toReplay
+    loadTabSection topLevelSection, m.topLevel
 
-  loadSeqSection toReplaySection, m.toReplay.nodes
-  loadSeqSection topLevelSection, m.topLevel.nodes
-  loadSeqSection bodiesSection, m.bodies.nodes
-  loadSeqSection symsSection, m.sh.syms
-  loadSeqSection typesSection, m.sh.types
+    loadTabSection bodiesSection, m.bodies
+    loadTableSection symsSection, m.syms
+    loadTableSection typesSection, m.types
 
-  loadSeqSection typeInstCacheSection, m.typeInstCache
-  loadSeqSection procInstCacheSection, m.procInstCache
-  loadSeqSection attachedOpsSection, m.attachedOps
-  loadSeqSection methodsPerTypeSection, m.methodsPerType
-  loadSeqSection enumToStringProcsSection, m.enumToStringProcs
-  loadSeqSection typeInfoSection, m.emittedTypeInfo
+    loadSeqSection typeInstCacheSection, m.typeInstCache
+    loadSeqSection procInstCacheSection, m.procInstCache
+    loadSeqSection attachedOpsSection, m.attachedOps
+    loadSeqSection methodsPerGenericTypeSection, m.methodsPerGenericType
+    loadSeqSection enumToStringProcsSection, m.enumToStringProcs
+    loadSeqSection methodsPerTypeSection, m.methodsPerType
+    loadSeqSection dispatchersSection, m.dispatchers
+    loadSeqSection typeInfoSection, m.emittedTypeInfo
+
+    f.loadSection backendFlagsSection
+    f.loadPrim m.backendFlags
+
+    f.loadSection sideChannelSection
+  f.load m.man
 
   close(f)
   result = f.err
@@ -573,6 +684,7 @@ proc saveRodFile*(filename: AbsoluteFile; encoder: var PackedEncoder; m: var Pac
   f.storeHeader()
   f.storeSection configSection
   f.storePrim m.definedSymbols
+  f.storePrim m.moduleFlags
   f.storePrim m.cfg
 
   template storeSeqSection(section, data) {.dirty.} =
@@ -583,17 +695,20 @@ proc saveRodFile*(filename: AbsoluteFile; encoder: var PackedEncoder; m: var Pac
     f.storeSection section
     f.store data
 
-  storeTabSection stringsSection, m.sh.strings
+  template storeTableSection(section, data) {.dirty.} =
+    f.storeSection section
+    f.storeOrderedTable data
+
+  storeTabSection stringsSection, m.strings
 
   storeSeqSection checkSumsSection, m.includes
 
   storeSeqSection depsSection, m.imports
 
-  storeTabSection integersSection, m.sh.integers
-  storeTabSection floatsSection, m.sh.floats
+  storeTabSection numbersSection, m.numbers
 
   storeSeqSection exportsSection, m.exports
-
+  storeSeqSection hiddenSection, m.hidden
   storeSeqSection reexportsSection, m.reexports
 
   storeSeqSection compilerProcsSection, m.compilerProcs
@@ -602,23 +717,30 @@ proc saveRodFile*(filename: AbsoluteFile; encoder: var PackedEncoder; m: var Pac
   storeSeqSection convertersSection, m.converters
   storeSeqSection methodsSection, m.methods
   storeSeqSection pureEnumsSection, m.pureEnums
-  storeSeqSection macroUsagesSection, m.macroUsages
 
-  storeSeqSection toReplaySection, m.toReplay.nodes
-  storeSeqSection topLevelSection, m.topLevel.nodes
+  storeTabSection toReplaySection, m.toReplay
+  storeTabSection topLevelSection, m.topLevel
 
-  storeSeqSection bodiesSection, m.bodies.nodes
-  storeSeqSection symsSection, m.sh.syms
+  storeTabSection bodiesSection, m.bodies
+  storeTableSection symsSection, m.syms
 
-  storeSeqSection typesSection, m.sh.types
+  storeTableSection typesSection, m.types
 
   storeSeqSection typeInstCacheSection, m.typeInstCache
   storeSeqSection procInstCacheSection, m.procInstCache
   storeSeqSection attachedOpsSection, m.attachedOps
-  storeSeqSection methodsPerTypeSection, m.methodsPerType
+  storeSeqSection methodsPerGenericTypeSection, m.methodsPerGenericType
   storeSeqSection enumToStringProcsSection, m.enumToStringProcs
+  storeSeqSection methodsPerTypeSection, m.methodsPerType
+  storeSeqSection dispatchersSection, m.dispatchers
   storeSeqSection typeInfoSection, m.emittedTypeInfo
 
+  f.storeSection backendFlagsSection
+  f.storePrim m.backendFlags
+
+  f.storeSection sideChannelSection
+  f.store m.man
+
   close(f)
   encoder.disable()
   if f.err != ok:
@@ -646,24 +768,43 @@ type
     storing,  # state is strictly for stress-testing purposes
     loading,
     loaded,
-    outdated
+    outdated,
+    stored    # store is complete, no further additions possible
 
   LoadedModule* = object
     status*: ModuleStatus
-    symsInit, typesInit: bool
+    symsInit, typesInit, loadedButAliveSetChanged*: bool
     fromDisk*: PackedModule
-    syms: seq[PSym] # indexed by itemId
-    types: seq[PType]
+    syms: OrderedTable[int32, PSym] # indexed by itemId
+    types: OrderedTable[int32, PType]
     module*: PSym # the one true module symbol.
-    iface: Table[PIdent, seq[PackedItemId]] # PackedItemId so that it works with reexported symbols too
+    iface, ifaceHidden: Table[PIdent, seq[PackedItemId]]
+      # PackedItemId so that it works with reexported symbols too
+      # ifaceHidden includes private symbols
 
-  PackedModuleGraph* = seq[LoadedModule] # indexed by FileIndex
+type
+  PackedModuleGraph* = object
+    pm*: seq[LoadedModule] # indexed by FileIndex
+    when BenchIC:
+      depAnalysis: MonoTime
+      loadBody: MonoTime
+      loadSym, loadType, loadBodies: MonoTime
+
+when BenchIC:
+  proc echoTimes*(m: PackedModuleGraph) =
+    echo "analysis: ", m.depAnalysis, " loadBody: ", m.loadBody, " loadSym: ",
+      m.loadSym, " loadType: ", m.loadType, " all bodies: ", gloadBodies
+
+template `[]`*(m: PackedModuleGraph; i: int): LoadedModule = m.pm[i]
+template len*(m: PackedModuleGraph): int = m.pm.len
 
 proc loadType(c: var PackedDecoder; g: var PackedModuleGraph; thisModule: int; t: PackedItemId): PType
 proc loadSym(c: var PackedDecoder; g: var PackedModuleGraph; thisModule: int; s: PackedItemId): PSym
 
 proc toFileIndexCached*(c: var PackedDecoder; g: PackedModuleGraph; thisModule: int; f: LitId): FileIndex =
-  if c.lastLit == f and c.lastModule == thisModule:
+  if f == LitId(0):
+    result = InvalidFileIdx
+  elif c.lastLit == f and c.lastModule == thisModule:
     result = c.lastFile
   else:
     result = toFileIndex(f, g[thisModule].fromDisk, c.config)
@@ -673,9 +814,10 @@ proc toFileIndexCached*(c: var PackedDecoder; g: PackedModuleGraph; thisModule:
 
 proc translateLineInfo(c: var PackedDecoder; g: var PackedModuleGraph; thisModule: int;
                        x: PackedLineInfo): TLineInfo =
-  assert g[thisModule].status in {loaded, storing}
-  result = TLineInfo(line: x.line, col: x.col,
-            fileIndex: toFileIndexCached(c, g, thisModule, x.file))
+  assert g[thisModule].status in {loaded, storing, stored}
+  let (fileId, line, col) = unpack(g[thisModule].fromDisk.man, x)
+  result = TLineInfo(line: line.uint16, col: col.int16,
+            fileIndex: toFileIndexCached(c, g, thisModule, fileId))
 
 proc loadNodes*(c: var PackedDecoder; g: var PackedModuleGraph; thisModule: int;
                 tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): PNode =
@@ -689,26 +831,28 @@ proc loadNodes*(c: var PackedDecoder; g: var PackedModuleGraph; thisModule: int;
   result.flags = n.flags
 
   case k
-  of nkEmpty, nkNilLit, nkType:
+  of nkNone, nkEmpty, nkNilLit, nkType:
     discard
   of nkIdent:
-    result.ident = getIdent(c.cache, g[thisModule].fromDisk.sh.strings[n.litId])
+    result.ident = getIdent(c.cache, g[thisModule].fromDisk.strings[n.litId])
   of nkSym:
-    result.sym = loadSym(c, g, thisModule, PackedItemId(module: LitId(0), item: tree.nodes[n.int].operand))
-  of directIntLit:
-    result.intVal = tree.nodes[n.int].operand
+    result.sym = loadSym(c, g, thisModule, PackedItemId(module: LitId(0), item: tree[n].soperand))
+    if result.typ == nil:
+      result.typ = result.sym.typ
   of externIntLit:
-    result.intVal = g[thisModule].fromDisk.sh.integers[n.litId]
+    result.intVal = g[thisModule].fromDisk.numbers[n.litId]
   of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit:
-    result.strVal = g[thisModule].fromDisk.sh.strings[n.litId]
+    result.strVal = g[thisModule].fromDisk.strings[n.litId]
   of nkFloatLit..nkFloat128Lit:
-    result.floatVal = g[thisModule].fromDisk.sh.floats[n.litId]
+    result.floatVal = cast[BiggestFloat](g[thisModule].fromDisk.numbers[n.litId])
   of nkModuleRef:
     let (n1, n2) = sons2(tree, n)
-    assert n1.kind == nkInt32Lit
-    assert n2.kind == nkInt32Lit
+    assert n1.kind == nkNone
+    assert n2.kind == nkNone
     transitionNoneToSym(result)
-    result.sym = loadSym(c, g, thisModule, PackedItemId(module: n1.litId, item: tree.nodes[n2.int].operand))
+    result.sym = loadSym(c, g, thisModule, PackedItemId(module: n1.litId, item: tree[n2].soperand))
+    if result.typ == nil:
+      result.typ = result.sym.typ
   else:
     for n0 in sonsReadonly(tree, n):
       result.addAllowNil loadNodes(c, g, thisModule, tree, n0)
@@ -740,6 +884,7 @@ proc loadProcHeader(c: var PackedDecoder; g: var PackedModuleGraph; thisModule:
 
 proc loadProcBody(c: var PackedDecoder; g: var PackedModuleGraph; thisModule: int;
                   tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): PNode =
+  result = nil
   var i = 0
   for n0 in sonsReadonly(tree, n):
     if i == bodyPos:
@@ -757,8 +902,10 @@ proc symHeaderFromPacked(c: var PackedDecoder; g: var PackedModuleGraph;
     kind: s.kind, magic: s.magic, flags: s.flags,
     info: translateLineInfo(c, g, si, s.info),
     options: s.options,
-    position: s.position,
-    name: getIdent(c.cache, g[si].fromDisk.sh.strings[s.name])
+    position: if s.kind in {skForVar, skVar, skLet, skTemp}: 0 else: s.position,
+    offset: if s.kind in routineKinds: defaultOffset else: s.offset,
+    disamb: s.disamb,
+    name: getIdent(c.cache, g[si].fromDisk.strings[s.name])
   )
 
 template loadAstBody(p, field) =
@@ -775,8 +922,8 @@ proc loadLib(c: var PackedDecoder; g: var PackedModuleGraph;
   if l.name.int == 0:
     result = nil
   else:
-    result = PLib(generated: l.generated, isOverriden: l.isOverriden,
-                  kind: l.kind, name: rope g[si].fromDisk.sh.strings[l.name])
+    result = PLib(generated: l.generated, isOverridden: l.isOverridden,
+                  kind: l.kind, name: rope g[si].fromDisk.strings[l.name])
     loadAstBody(l, path)
 
 proc symBodyFromPacked(c: var PackedDecoder; g: var PackedModuleGraph;
@@ -789,37 +936,53 @@ proc symBodyFromPacked(c: var PackedDecoder; g: var PackedModuleGraph;
     loadAstBody(s, ast)
   result.annex = loadLib(c, g, si, item, s.annex)
   when hasFFI:
-    result.cname = g[si].fromDisk.sh.strings[s.cname]
+    result.cname = g[si].fromDisk.strings[s.cname]
 
   if s.kind in {skLet, skVar, skField, skForVar}:
     result.guard = loadSym(c, g, si, s.guard)
     result.bitsize = s.bitsize
     result.alignment = s.alignment
   result.owner = loadSym(c, g, si, s.owner)
-  let externalName = g[si].fromDisk.sh.strings[s.externalName]
+  let externalName = g[si].fromDisk.strings[s.externalName]
   if externalName != "":
-    result.loc.r = rope externalName
+    result.loc.snippet = externalName
   result.loc.flags = s.locFlags
+  result.instantiatedFrom = loadSym(c, g, si, s.instantiatedFrom)
+
+proc needsRecompile(g: var PackedModuleGraph; conf: ConfigRef; cache: IdentCache;
+                    fileIdx: FileIndex; cachedModules: var seq[FileIndex]): bool
+proc loadToReplayNodes(g: var PackedModuleGraph; conf: ConfigRef; cache: IdentCache;
+                       fileIdx: FileIndex; m: var LoadedModule)
 
 proc loadSym(c: var PackedDecoder; g: var PackedModuleGraph; thisModule: int; s: PackedItemId): PSym =
   if s == nilItemId:
     result = nil
   else:
     let si = moduleIndex(c, g, thisModule, s)
-    assert g[si].status in {loaded, storing}
-    if not g[si].symsInit:
-      g[si].symsInit = true
-      setLen g[si].syms, g[si].fromDisk.sh.syms.len
-
-    if g[si].syms[s.item] == nil:
-      if g[si].fromDisk.sh.syms[s.item].kind != skModule:
-        result = symHeaderFromPacked(c, g, g[si].fromDisk.sh.syms[s.item], si, s.item)
+    if si >= g.len:
+      g.pm.setLen(si+1)
+
+    if g[si].status == undefined and c.config.cmd == cmdM:
+      var cachedModules: seq[FileIndex] = @[]
+      discard needsRecompile(g, c.config, c.cache, FileIndex(si), cachedModules)
+      for m in cachedModules:
+        loadToReplayNodes(g, c.config, c.cache, m, g[int m])
+
+    assert g[si].status in {loaded, storing, stored}
+    #if not g[si].symsInit:
+    #  g[si].symsInit = true
+    #  setLen g[si].syms, g[si].fromDisk.syms.len
+
+    if g[si].syms.getOrDefault(s.item) == nil:
+      if g[si].fromDisk.syms[s.item].kind != skModule:
+        result = symHeaderFromPacked(c, g, g[si].fromDisk.syms[s.item], si, s.item)
         # store it here early on, so that recursions work properly:
         g[si].syms[s.item] = result
-        symBodyFromPacked(c, g, g[si].fromDisk.sh.syms[s.item], si, s.item, result)
+        symBodyFromPacked(c, g, g[si].fromDisk.syms[s.item], si, s.item, result)
       else:
         result = g[si].module
         assert result != nil
+        g[si].syms[s.item] = result
 
     else:
       result = g[si].syms[s.item]
@@ -828,7 +991,7 @@ proc typeHeaderFromPacked(c: var PackedDecoder; g: var PackedModuleGraph;
                           t: PackedType; si, item: int32): PType =
   result = PType(itemId: ItemId(module: si, item: t.nonUniqueId), kind: t.kind,
                 flags: t.flags, size: t.size, align: t.align,
-                paddingAtEnd: t.paddingAtEnd, lockLevel: t.lockLevel,
+                paddingAtEnd: t.paddingAtEnd,
                 uniqueId: ItemId(module: si, item: item),
                 callConv: t.callConv)
 
@@ -840,8 +1003,10 @@ proc typeBodyFromPacked(c: var PackedDecoder; g: var PackedModuleGraph;
     for op, item in pairs t.attachedOps:
       result.attachedOps[op] = loadSym(c, g, si, item)
   result.typeInst = loadType(c, g, si, t.typeInst)
+  var sons = newSeq[PType]()
   for son in items t.types:
-    result.sons.add loadType(c, g, si, son)
+    sons.add loadType(c, g, si, son)
+  result.setSons(sons)
   loadAstBody(t, n)
   when false:
     for gen, id in items t.methods:
@@ -852,42 +1017,43 @@ proc loadType(c: var PackedDecoder; g: var PackedModuleGraph; thisModule: int; t
     result = nil
   else:
     let si = moduleIndex(c, g, thisModule, t)
-    assert g[si].status in {loaded, storing}
+    assert g[si].status in {loaded, storing, stored}
     assert t.item > 0
 
-    if not g[si].typesInit:
-      g[si].typesInit = true
-      setLen g[si].types, g[si].fromDisk.sh.types.len
+    #if not g[si].typesInit:
+    #  g[si].typesInit = true
+    #  setLen g[si].types, g[si].fromDisk.types.len
 
-    if g[si].types[t.item] == nil:
-      result = typeHeaderFromPacked(c, g, g[si].fromDisk.sh.types[t.item], si, t.item)
+    if g[si].types.getOrDefault(t.item) == nil:
+      result = typeHeaderFromPacked(c, g, g[si].fromDisk.types[t.item], si, t.item)
       # store it here early on, so that recursions work properly:
       g[si].types[t.item] = result
-      typeBodyFromPacked(c, g, g[si].fromDisk.sh.types[t.item], si, t.item, result)
+      typeBodyFromPacked(c, g, g[si].fromDisk.types[t.item], si, t.item, result)
+      #assert result.itemId.item == t.item, $(result.itemId.item, t.item)
+      assert result.itemId.item > 0, $(result.itemId.item, t.item)
     else:
       result = g[si].types[t.item]
-    assert result.itemId.item > 0
-
-proc newPackage(config: ConfigRef; cache: IdentCache; fileIdx: FileIndex): PSym =
-  let filename = AbsoluteFile toFullPath(config, fileIdx)
-  let name = getIdent(cache, splitFile(filename).name)
-  let info = newLineInfo(fileIdx, 1, 1)
-  let
-    pck = getPackageName(config, filename.string)
-    pck2 = if pck.len > 0: pck else: "unknown"
-    pack = getIdent(cache, pck2)
-  result = newSym(skPackage, getIdent(cache, pck2),
-    ItemId(module: PackageModuleId, item: int32(fileIdx)), nil, info)
+      assert result.itemId.item > 0, "2"
 
 proc setupLookupTables(g: var PackedModuleGraph; conf: ConfigRef; cache: IdentCache;
                        fileIdx: FileIndex; m: var LoadedModule) =
   m.iface = initTable[PIdent, seq[PackedItemId]]()
-  for e in m.fromDisk.exports:
+  m.ifaceHidden = initTable[PIdent, seq[PackedItemId]]()
+  template impl(iface, e) =
     let nameLit = e[0]
-    m.iface.mgetOrPut(cache.getIdent(m.fromDisk.sh.strings[nameLit]), @[]).add(PackedItemId(module: LitId(0), item: e[1]))
-  for re in m.fromDisk.reexports:
-    let nameLit = re[0]
-    m.iface.mgetOrPut(cache.getIdent(m.fromDisk.sh.strings[nameLit]), @[]).add(re[1])
+    let e2 =
+      when e[1] is PackedItemId: e[1]
+      else: PackedItemId(module: LitId(0), item: e[1])
+    iface.mgetOrPut(cache.getIdent(m.fromDisk.strings[nameLit]), @[]).add(e2)
+
+  for e in m.fromDisk.exports:
+    m.iface.impl(e)
+    m.ifaceHidden.impl(e)
+  for e in m.fromDisk.reexports:
+    m.iface.impl(e)
+    m.ifaceHidden.impl(e)
+  for e in m.fromDisk.hidden:
+    m.ifaceHidden.impl(e)
 
   let filename = AbsoluteFile toFullPath(conf, fileIdx)
   # We cannot call ``newSym`` here, because we have to circumvent the ID
@@ -896,9 +1062,8 @@ proc setupLookupTables(g: var PackedModuleGraph; conf: ConfigRef; cache: IdentCa
                   name: getIdent(cache, splitFile(filename).name),
                   info: newLineInfo(fileIdx, 1, 1),
                   position: int(fileIdx))
-  m.module.owner = newPackage(conf, cache, fileIdx)
-  if fileIdx == conf.projectMainIdx2:
-    m.module.flags.incl sfMainModule
+  m.module.owner = getPackage(conf, cache, fileIdx)
+  m.module.flags = m.fromDisk.moduleFlags
 
 proc loadToReplayNodes(g: var PackedModuleGraph; conf: ConfigRef; cache: IdentCache;
                        fileIdx: FileIndex; m: var LoadedModule) =
@@ -918,30 +1083,37 @@ proc needsRecompile(g: var PackedModuleGraph; conf: ConfigRef; cache: IdentCache
   # Does the file belong to the fileIdx need to be recompiled?
   let m = int(fileIdx)
   if m >= g.len:
-    g.setLen(m+1)
+    g.pm.setLen(m+1)
 
   case g[m].status
   of undefined:
     g[m].status = loading
     let fullpath = msgs.toFullPath(conf, fileIdx)
     let rod = toRodFile(conf, AbsoluteFile fullpath)
-    let err = loadRodFile(rod, g[m].fromDisk, conf)
+    let err = loadRodFile(rod, g[m].fromDisk, conf, ignoreConfig = conf.cmd == cmdM)
     if err == ok:
-      result = optForceFullMake in conf.globalOptions
-      # check its dependencies:
-      for dep in g[m].fromDisk.imports:
-        let fid = toFileIndex(dep, g[m].fromDisk, conf)
-        # Warning: we need to traverse the full graph, so
-        # do **not use break here**!
-        if needsRecompile(g, conf, cache, fid, cachedModules):
-          result = true
-
-      if not result:
+      if conf.cmd == cmdM:
         setupLookupTables(g, conf, cache, fileIdx, g[m])
         cachedModules.add fileIdx
         g[m].status = loaded
+        result = false
       else:
-        g[m] = LoadedModule(status: outdated, module: g[m].module)
+        result = optForceFullMake in conf.globalOptions
+        # check its dependencies:
+        let imp = g[m].fromDisk.imports
+        for dep in imp:
+          let fid = toFileIndex(dep, g[m].fromDisk, conf)
+          # Warning: we need to traverse the full graph, so
+          # do **not use break here**!
+          if needsRecompile(g, conf, cache, fid, cachedModules):
+            result = true
+
+        if not result:
+          setupLookupTables(g, conf, cache, fileIdx, g[m])
+          cachedModules.add fileIdx
+          g[m].status = loaded
+        else:
+          g.pm[m] = LoadedModule(status: outdated, module: g[m].module)
     else:
       loadError(err, rod, conf)
       g[m].status = outdated
@@ -950,18 +1122,19 @@ proc needsRecompile(g: var PackedModuleGraph; conf: ConfigRef; cache: IdentCache
   of loading, loaded:
     # For loading: Assume no recompile is required.
     result = false
-  of outdated, storing:
+  of outdated, storing, stored:
     result = true
 
 proc moduleFromRodFile*(g: var PackedModuleGraph; conf: ConfigRef; cache: IdentCache;
                         fileIdx: FileIndex; cachedModules: var seq[FileIndex]): PSym =
   ## Returns 'nil' if the module needs to be recompiled.
-  if needsRecompile(g, conf, cache, fileIdx, cachedModules):
-    result = nil
-  else:
-    result = g[int fileIdx].module
-    assert result != nil
-    assert result.position == int(fileIdx)
+  bench g.depAnalysis:
+    if needsRecompile(g, conf, cache, fileIdx, cachedModules):
+      result = nil
+    else:
+      result = g[int fileIdx].module
+      assert result != nil
+      assert result.position == int(fileIdx)
   for m in cachedModules:
     loadToReplayNodes(g, conf, cache, m, g[int m])
 
@@ -975,46 +1148,43 @@ template setupDecoder() {.dirty.} =
 
 proc loadProcBody*(config: ConfigRef, cache: IdentCache;
                    g: var PackedModuleGraph; s: PSym): PNode =
-  let mId = s.itemId.module
-  var decoder = PackedDecoder(
-    lastModule: int32(-1),
-    lastLit: LitId(0),
-    lastFile: FileIndex(-1),
-    config: config,
-    cache: cache)
-  let pos = g[mId].fromDisk.sh.syms[s.itemId.item].ast
-  assert pos != emptyNodeId
-  result = loadProcBody(decoder, g, mId, g[mId].fromDisk.bodies, NodePos pos)
-
-proc loadTypeFromId*(config: ConfigRef, cache: IdentCache;
-                     g: var PackedModuleGraph; module: int; id: PackedItemId): PType =
-  if id.item < g[module].types.len:
-    result = g[module].types[id.item]
-  else:
-    result = nil
-  if result == nil:
+  bench g.loadBody:
+    let mId = s.itemId.module
     var decoder = PackedDecoder(
       lastModule: int32(-1),
       lastLit: LitId(0),
       lastFile: FileIndex(-1),
       config: config,
       cache: cache)
-    result = loadType(decoder, g, module, id)
+    let pos = g[mId].fromDisk.syms[s.itemId.item].ast
+    assert pos != emptyNodeId
+    result = loadProcBody(decoder, g, mId, g[mId].fromDisk.bodies, NodePos pos)
+
+proc loadTypeFromId*(config: ConfigRef, cache: IdentCache;
+                     g: var PackedModuleGraph; module: int; id: PackedItemId): PType =
+  bench g.loadType:
+    result = g[module].types.getOrDefault(id.item)
+    if result == nil:
+      var decoder = PackedDecoder(
+        lastModule: int32(-1),
+        lastLit: LitId(0),
+        lastFile: FileIndex(-1),
+        config: config,
+        cache: cache)
+      result = loadType(decoder, g, module, id)
 
 proc loadSymFromId*(config: ConfigRef, cache: IdentCache;
                     g: var PackedModuleGraph; module: int; id: PackedItemId): PSym =
-  if id.item < g[module].syms.len:
-    result = g[module].syms[id.item]
-  else:
-    result = nil
-  if result == nil:
-    var decoder = PackedDecoder(
-      lastModule: int32(-1),
-      lastLit: LitId(0),
-      lastFile: FileIndex(-1),
-      config: config,
-      cache: cache)
-    result = loadSym(decoder, g, module, id)
+  bench g.loadSym:
+    result = g[module].syms.getOrDefault(id.item)
+    if result == nil:
+      var decoder = PackedDecoder(
+        lastModule: int32(-1),
+        lastLit: LitId(0),
+        lastFile: FileIndex(-1),
+        config: config,
+        cache: cache)
+      result = loadSym(decoder, g, module, id)
 
 proc translateId*(id: PackedItemId; g: PackedModuleGraph; thisModule: int; config: ConfigRef): ItemId =
   if id.module == LitId(0):
@@ -1022,19 +1192,6 @@ proc translateId*(id: PackedItemId; g: PackedModuleGraph; thisModule: int; confi
   else:
     ItemId(module: toFileIndex(id.module, g[thisModule].fromDisk, config).int32, item: id.item)
 
-proc checkForHoles(m: PackedModule; config: ConfigRef; moduleId: int) =
-  var bugs = 0
-  for i in 1 .. high(m.sh.syms):
-    if m.sh.syms[i].kind == skUnknown:
-      echo "EMPTY ID ", i, " module ", moduleId, " ", toFullPath(config, FileIndex(moduleId))
-      inc bugs
-  assert bugs == 0
-  when false:
-    var nones = 0
-    for i in 1 .. high(m.sh.types):
-      inc nones, m.sh.types[i].kind == tyNone
-    assert nones < 1
-
 proc simulateLoadedModule*(g: var PackedModuleGraph; conf: ConfigRef; cache: IdentCache;
                            moduleSym: PSym; m: PackedModule) =
   # For now only used for heavy debugging. In the future we could use this to reduce the
@@ -1054,24 +1211,31 @@ type
     values: seq[PackedItemId]
     i, module: int
 
+template interfSelect(a: LoadedModule, importHidden: bool): auto =
+  var ret = a.iface.addr
+  if importHidden: ret = a.ifaceHidden.addr
+  ret[]
+
 proc initRodIter*(it: var RodIter; config: ConfigRef, cache: IdentCache;
                   g: var PackedModuleGraph; module: FileIndex;
-                  name: PIdent): PSym =
+                  name: PIdent, importHidden: bool): PSym =
   it.decoder = PackedDecoder(
     lastModule: int32(-1),
     lastLit: LitId(0),
     lastFile: FileIndex(-1),
     config: config,
     cache: cache)
-  it.values = g[int module].iface.getOrDefault(name)
+  it.values = g[int module].interfSelect(importHidden).getOrDefault(name)
   it.i = 0
   it.module = int(module)
   if it.i < it.values.len:
     result = loadSym(it.decoder, g, int(module), it.values[it.i])
     inc it.i
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc initRodIterAllSyms*(it: var RodIter; config: ConfigRef, cache: IdentCache;
-                         g: var PackedModuleGraph; module: FileIndex): PSym =
+                         g: var PackedModuleGraph; module: FileIndex; importHidden: bool): PSym =
   it.decoder = PackedDecoder(
     lastModule: int32(-1),
     lastLit: LitId(0),
@@ -1080,23 +1244,27 @@ proc initRodIterAllSyms*(it: var RodIter; config: ConfigRef, cache: IdentCache;
     cache: cache)
   it.values = @[]
   it.module = int(module)
-  for v in g[int module].iface.values:
+  for v in g[int module].interfSelect(importHidden).values:
     it.values.add v
   it.i = 0
   if it.i < it.values.len:
     result = loadSym(it.decoder, g, int(module), it.values[it.i])
     inc it.i
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc nextRodIter*(it: var RodIter; g: var PackedModuleGraph): PSym =
   if it.i < it.values.len:
     result = loadSym(it.decoder, g, it.module, it.values[it.i])
     inc it.i
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 iterator interfaceSymbols*(config: ConfigRef, cache: IdentCache;
                            g: var PackedModuleGraph; module: FileIndex;
-                           name: PIdent): PSym =
+                           name: PIdent, importHidden: bool): PSym =
   setupDecoder()
-  let values = g[int module].iface.getOrDefault(name)
+  let values = g[int module].interfSelect(importHidden).getOrDefault(name)
   for pid in values:
     let s = loadSym(decoder, g, int(module), pid)
     assert s != nil
@@ -1104,51 +1272,72 @@ iterator interfaceSymbols*(config: ConfigRef, cache: IdentCache;
 
 proc interfaceSymbol*(config: ConfigRef, cache: IdentCache;
                       g: var PackedModuleGraph; module: FileIndex;
-                      name: PIdent): PSym =
+                      name: PIdent, importHidden: bool): PSym =
   setupDecoder()
-  let values = g[int module].iface.getOrDefault(name)
+  let values = g[int module].interfSelect(importHidden).getOrDefault(name)
   result = loadSym(decoder, g, int(module), values[0])
 
 proc idgenFromLoadedModule*(m: LoadedModule): IdGenerator =
-  IdGenerator(module: m.module.itemId.module, symId: int32 m.fromDisk.sh.syms.len,
-              typeId: int32 m.fromDisk.sh.types.len)
+  IdGenerator(module: m.module.itemId.module, symId: int32 m.fromDisk.syms.len,
+              typeId: int32 m.fromDisk.types.len)
 
 proc searchForCompilerproc*(m: LoadedModule; name: string): int32 =
   # slow, linear search, but the results are cached:
   for it in items(m.fromDisk.compilerProcs):
-    if m.fromDisk.sh.strings[it[0]] == name:
+    if m.fromDisk.strings[it[0]] == name:
       return it[1]
   return -1
 
 # ------------------------- .rod file viewer ---------------------------------
 
 proc rodViewer*(rodfile: AbsoluteFile; config: ConfigRef, cache: IdentCache) =
-  var m: PackedModule
+  var m: PackedModule = PackedModule()
   let err = loadRodFile(rodfile, m, config, ignoreConfig=true)
   if err != ok:
-    echo "Error: could not load: ", rodfile.string, " reason: ", err
-    quit 1
+    config.quitOrRaise "Error: could not load: " & $rodfile.string & " reason: " & $err
 
-  when true:
+  when false:
     echo "exports:"
     for ex in m.exports:
-      echo "  ", m.sh.strings[ex[0]], " local ID: ", ex[1]
-      assert ex[0] == m.sh.syms[ex[1]].name
+      echo "  ", m.strings[ex[0]], " local ID: ", ex[1]
+      assert ex[0] == m.syms[ex[1]].name
       # ex[1] int32
 
     echo "reexports:"
     for ex in m.reexports:
-      echo "  ", m.sh.strings[ex[0]]
+      echo "  ", m.strings[ex[0]]
     #  reexports*: seq[(LitId, PackedItemId)]
 
-  echo "all symbols"
-  for i in 0..high(m.sh.syms):
-    if m.sh.syms[i].name != LitId(0):
-      echo "  ", m.sh.strings[m.sh.syms[i].name], " local ID: ", i, " kind ", m.sh.syms[i].kind
-    else:
-      echo "  <anon symbol?> local ID: ", i, " kind ", m.sh.syms[i].kind
+    echo "hidden: " & $m.hidden.len
+    for ex in m.hidden:
+      echo "  ", m.strings[ex[0]], " local ID: ", ex[1]
+
+  when false:
+    echo "all symbols"
+    for i in 0..high(m.syms):
+      if m.syms[i].name != LitId(0):
+        echo "  ", m.strings[m.syms[i].name], " local ID: ", i, " kind ", m.syms[i].kind
+      else:
+        echo "  <anon symbol?> local ID: ", i, " kind ", m.syms[i].kind
+
+  echo "symbols: ", m.syms.len, " types: ", m.types.len,
+    " top level nodes: ", m.topLevel.len, " other nodes: ", m.bodies.len,
+    " strings: ", m.strings.len, " numbers: ", m.numbers.len
 
-  echo "symbols: ", m.sh.syms.len, " types: ", m.sh.types.len,
-    " top level nodes: ", m.topLevel.nodes.len, " other nodes: ", m.bodies.nodes.len,
-    " strings: ", m.sh.strings.len, " integers: ", m.sh.integers.len,
-    " floats: ", m.sh.floats.len
+  echo "SIZES:"
+  echo "symbols: ", m.syms.len * sizeof(PackedSym), " types: ", m.types.len * sizeof(PackedType),
+    " top level nodes: ", m.topLevel.len * sizeof(PackedNode),
+    " other nodes: ", m.bodies.len * sizeof(PackedNode),
+    " strings: ", sizeOnDisc(m.strings)
+  when false:
+    var tt = 0
+    var fc = 0
+    for x in m.topLevel:
+      if x.kind == nkSym or x.typeId == nilItemId: inc tt
+      if x.flags == {}: inc fc
+    for x in m.bodies:
+      if x.kind == nkSym or x.typeId == nilItemId: inc tt
+      if x.flags == {}: inc fc
+    let total = float(m.topLevel.len + m.bodies.len)
+    echo "nodes with nil type: ", tt, " in % ", tt.float / total
+    echo "nodes with empty flags: ", fc.float / total
diff --git a/compiler/ic/iclineinfos.nim b/compiler/ic/iclineinfos.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74a7d971b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/ic/iclineinfos.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#
+#
+#           The Nim Compiler
+#        (c) Copyright 2024 Andreas Rumpf
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+# For the line information we use 32 bits. They are used as follows:
+# Bit 0 (AsideBit): If we have inline line information or not. If not, the
+# remaining 31 bits are used as an index into a seq[(LitId, int, int)].
+#
+# We use 10 bits for the "file ID", this means a program can consist of as much
+# as 1024 different files. (If it uses more files than that, the overflow bit
+# would be set.)
+# This means we have 21 bits left to encode the (line, col) pair. We use 7 bits for the column
+# so 128 is the limit and 14 bits for the line number.
+# The packed representation supports files with up to 16384 lines.
+# Keep in mind that whenever any limit is reached the AsideBit is set and the real line
+# information is kept in a side channel.
+
+import std / assertions
+
+const
+  AsideBit = 1
+  FileBits = 10
+  LineBits = 14
+  ColBits = 7
+  FileMax = (1 shl FileBits) - 1
+  LineMax = (1 shl LineBits) - 1
+  ColMax = (1 shl ColBits) - 1
+
+static:
+  assert AsideBit + FileBits + LineBits + ColBits == 32
+
+import .. / ic / [bitabs, rodfiles] # for LitId
+
+type
+  PackedLineInfo* = distinct uint32
+
+  LineInfoManager* = object
+    aside: seq[(LitId, int32, int32)]
+
+const
+  NoLineInfo* = PackedLineInfo(0'u32)
+
+proc pack*(m: var LineInfoManager; file: LitId; line, col: int32): PackedLineInfo =
+  if file.uint32 <= FileMax.uint32 and line <= LineMax and col <= ColMax:
+    let col = if col < 0'i32: 0'u32 else: col.uint32
+    let line = if line < 0'i32: 0'u32 else: line.uint32
+    # use inline representation:
+    result = PackedLineInfo((file.uint32 shl 1'u32) or (line shl uint32(AsideBit + FileBits)) or
+      (col shl uint32(AsideBit + FileBits + LineBits)))
+  else:
+    result = PackedLineInfo((m.aside.len shl 1) or AsideBit)
+    m.aside.add (file, line, col)
+
+proc unpack*(m: LineInfoManager; i: PackedLineInfo): (LitId, int32, int32) =
+  let i = i.uint32
+  if (i and 1'u32) == 0'u32:
+    # inline representation:
+    result = (LitId((i shr 1'u32) and FileMax.uint32),
+      int32((i shr uint32(AsideBit + FileBits)) and LineMax.uint32),
+      int32((i shr uint32(AsideBit + FileBits + LineBits)) and ColMax.uint32))
+  else:
+    result = m.aside[int(i shr 1'u32)]
+
+proc getFileId*(m: LineInfoManager; i: PackedLineInfo): LitId =
+  result = unpack(m, i)[0]
+
+proc store*(r: var RodFile; m: LineInfoManager) = storeSeq(r, m.aside)
+proc load*(r: var RodFile; m: var LineInfoManager) = loadSeq(r, m.aside)
+
+when isMainModule:
+  var m = LineInfoManager(aside: @[])
+  for i in 0'i32..<16388'i32:
+    for col in 0'i32..<100'i32:
+      let packed = pack(m, LitId(1023), i, col)
+      let u = unpack(m, packed)
+      assert u[0] == LitId(1023)
+      assert u[1] == i
+      assert u[2] == col
+  echo m.aside.len
diff --git a/compiler/ic/integrity.nim b/compiler/ic/integrity.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e8ea2503
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/ic/integrity.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+#
+#
+#           The Nim Compiler
+#        (c) Copyright 2021 Andreas Rumpf
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+## Integrity checking for a set of .rod files.
+## The set must cover a complete Nim project.
+
+import std/[sets, tables]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+import ".." / [ast, modulegraphs]
+import packed_ast, bitabs, ic
+
+type
+  CheckedContext = object
+    g: ModuleGraph
+    thisModule: int32
+    checkedSyms: HashSet[ItemId]
+    checkedTypes: HashSet[ItemId]
+
+proc checkType(c: var CheckedContext; typeId: PackedItemId)
+proc checkForeignSym(c: var CheckedContext; symId: PackedItemId)
+proc checkNode(c: var CheckedContext; tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos)
+
+proc checkTypeObj(c: var CheckedContext; typ: PackedType) =
+  for child in typ.types:
+    checkType(c, child)
+  if typ.n != emptyNodeId:
+    checkNode(c, c.g.packed[c.thisModule].fromDisk.bodies, NodePos typ.n)
+  if typ.sym != nilItemId:
+    checkForeignSym(c, typ.sym)
+  if typ.owner != nilItemId:
+    checkForeignSym(c, typ.owner)
+  checkType(c, typ.typeInst)
+
+proc checkType(c: var CheckedContext; typeId: PackedItemId) =
+  if typeId == nilItemId: return
+  let itemId = translateId(typeId, c.g.packed, c.thisModule, c.g.config)
+  if not c.checkedTypes.containsOrIncl(itemId):
+    let oldThisModule = c.thisModule
+    c.thisModule = itemId.module
+    checkTypeObj c, c.g.packed[itemId.module].fromDisk.types[itemId.item]
+    c.thisModule = oldThisModule
+
+proc checkSym(c: var CheckedContext; s: PackedSym) =
+  if s.name != LitId(0):
+    assert c.g.packed[c.thisModule].fromDisk.strings.hasLitId s.name
+  checkType c, s.typ
+  if s.ast != emptyNodeId:
+    checkNode(c, c.g.packed[c.thisModule].fromDisk.bodies, NodePos s.ast)
+  if s.owner != nilItemId:
+    checkForeignSym(c, s.owner)
+
+proc checkLocalSym(c: var CheckedContext; item: int32) =
+  let itemId = ItemId(module: c.thisModule, item: item)
+  if not c.checkedSyms.containsOrIncl(itemId):
+    checkSym c, c.g.packed[c.thisModule].fromDisk.syms[item]
+
+proc checkForeignSym(c: var CheckedContext; symId: PackedItemId) =
+  let itemId = translateId(symId, c.g.packed, c.thisModule, c.g.config)
+  if not c.checkedSyms.containsOrIncl(itemId):
+    let oldThisModule = c.thisModule
+    c.thisModule = itemId.module
+    checkSym c, c.g.packed[itemId.module].fromDisk.syms[itemId.item]
+    c.thisModule = oldThisModule
+
+proc checkNode(c: var CheckedContext; tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos) =
+  let t = findType(tree, n)
+  if t != nilItemId:
+    checkType(c, t)
+  case n.kind
+  of nkEmpty, nkNilLit, nkType, nkNilRodNode:
+    discard
+  of nkIdent:
+    assert c.g.packed[c.thisModule].fromDisk.strings.hasLitId n.litId
+  of nkSym:
+    checkLocalSym(c, tree[n].soperand)
+  of directIntLit:
+    discard
+  of externIntLit, nkFloatLit..nkFloat128Lit:
+    assert c.g.packed[c.thisModule].fromDisk.numbers.hasLitId n.litId
+  of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit:
+    assert c.g.packed[c.thisModule].fromDisk.strings.hasLitId n.litId
+  of nkModuleRef:
+    let (n1, n2) = sons2(tree, n)
+    assert n1.kind == nkNone
+    assert n2.kind == nkNone
+    checkForeignSym(c, PackedItemId(module: n1.litId, item: tree[n2].soperand))
+  else:
+    for n0 in sonsReadonly(tree, n):
+      checkNode(c, tree, n0)
+
+proc checkTree(c: var CheckedContext; t: PackedTree) =
+  for p in allNodes(t): checkNode(c, t, p)
+
+proc checkLocalSymIds(c: var CheckedContext; m: PackedModule; symIds: seq[int32]) =
+  for symId in symIds:
+    assert symId >= 0 and symId < m.syms.len, $symId & " " & $m.syms.len
+
+proc checkModule(c: var CheckedContext; m: PackedModule) =
+  # We check that:
+  # - Every symbol references existing types and symbols.
+  # - Every tree node references existing types and symbols.
+  for _, v in pairs(m.syms):
+    checkLocalSym c, v.id
+
+  checkTree c, m.toReplay
+  checkTree c, m.topLevel
+
+  for e in m.exports:
+    #assert e[1] >= 0 and e[1] < m.syms.len
+    assert e[0] == m.syms[e[1]].name
+
+  for e in m.compilerProcs:
+    #assert e[1] >= 0 and e[1] < m.syms.len
+    assert e[0] == m.syms[e[1]].name
+
+  checkLocalSymIds c, m, m.converters
+  checkLocalSymIds c, m, m.methods
+  checkLocalSymIds c, m, m.trmacros
+  checkLocalSymIds c, m, m.pureEnums
+  #[
+    To do: Check all these fields:
+
+    reexports*: seq[(LitId, PackedItemId)]
+    macroUsages*: seq[(PackedItemId, PackedLineInfo)]
+
+    typeInstCache*: seq[(PackedItemId, PackedItemId)]
+    procInstCache*: seq[PackedInstantiation]
+    attachedOps*: seq[(TTypeAttachedOp, PackedItemId, PackedItemId)]
+    methodsPerGenericType*: seq[(PackedItemId, int, PackedItemId)]
+    enumToStringProcs*: seq[(PackedItemId, PackedItemId)]
+    methodsPerType*: seq[(PackedItemId, PackedItemId)]
+    dispatchers*: seq[PackedItemId]
+  ]#
+
+proc checkIntegrity*(g: ModuleGraph) =
+  var c = CheckedContext(g: g)
+  for i in 0..<len(g.packed):
+    # case statement here to enforce exhaustive checks.
+    case g.packed[i].status
+    of undefined:
+      discard "nothing to do"
+    of loading:
+      assert false, "cannot check integrity: Module still loading"
+    of stored, storing, outdated, loaded:
+      c.thisModule = int32 i
+      checkModule(c, g.packed[i].fromDisk)
diff --git a/compiler/ic/navigator.nim b/compiler/ic/navigator.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39037b94f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/ic/navigator.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+#
+#
+#           The Nim Compiler
+#        (c) Copyright 2021 Andreas Rumpf
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+## Supports the "nim check --ic:on --defusages:FILE,LINE,COL"
+## IDE-like features. It uses the set of .rod files to accomplish
+## its task. The set must cover a complete Nim project.
+
+import std/[sets, tables]
+
+from std/os import nil
+from std/private/miscdollars import toLocation
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+import ".." / [ast, modulegraphs, msgs, options]
+import iclineinfos
+import packed_ast, bitabs, ic
+
+type
+  UnpackedLineInfo = object
+    file: LitId
+    line, col: int
+  NavContext = object
+    g: ModuleGraph
+    thisModule: int32
+    trackPos: UnpackedLineInfo
+    alreadyEmitted: HashSet[string]
+    outputSep: char # for easier testing, use short filenames and spaces instead of tabs.
+
+proc isTracked(man: LineInfoManager; current: PackedLineInfo, trackPos: UnpackedLineInfo, tokenLen: int): bool =
+  let (currentFile, currentLine, currentCol) = man.unpack(current)
+  if currentFile == trackPos.file and currentLine == trackPos.line:
+    let col = trackPos.col
+    if col >= currentCol and col < currentCol+tokenLen:
+      result = true
+    else:
+      result = false
+  else:
+    result = false
+
+proc searchLocalSym(c: var NavContext; s: PackedSym; info: PackedLineInfo): bool =
+  result = s.name != LitId(0) and
+    isTracked(c.g.packed[c.thisModule].fromDisk.man, info, c.trackPos, c.g.packed[c.thisModule].fromDisk.strings[s.name].len)
+
+proc searchForeignSym(c: var NavContext; s: ItemId; info: PackedLineInfo): bool =
+  let name = c.g.packed[s.module].fromDisk.syms[s.item].name
+  result = name != LitId(0) and
+    isTracked(c.g.packed[c.thisModule].fromDisk.man, info, c.trackPos, c.g.packed[s.module].fromDisk.strings[name].len)
+
+const
+  EmptyItemId = ItemId(module: -1'i32, item: -1'i32)
+
+proc search(c: var NavContext; tree: PackedTree): ItemId =
+  # We use the linear representation here directly:
+  for i in 0..<len(tree):
+    let i = NodePos(i)
+    case tree[i].kind
+    of nkSym:
+      let item = tree[i].soperand
+      if searchLocalSym(c, c.g.packed[c.thisModule].fromDisk.syms[item], tree[i].info):
+        return ItemId(module: c.thisModule, item: item)
+    of nkModuleRef:
+      let (currentFile, currentLine, currentCol) = c.g.packed[c.thisModule].fromDisk.man.unpack(tree[i].info)
+      if currentLine == c.trackPos.line and currentFile == c.trackPos.file:
+        let (n1, n2) = sons2(tree, i)
+        assert n1.kind == nkInt32Lit
+        assert n2.kind == nkInt32Lit
+        let pId = PackedItemId(module: n1.litId, item: tree[n2].soperand)
+        let itemId = translateId(pId, c.g.packed, c.thisModule, c.g.config)
+        if searchForeignSym(c, itemId, tree[i].info):
+          return itemId
+    else: discard
+  return EmptyItemId
+
+proc isDecl(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): bool =
+  # XXX This is not correct yet.
+  const declarativeNodes = procDefs + {nkMacroDef, nkTemplateDef,
+    nkLetSection, nkVarSection, nkUsingStmt, nkConstSection, nkTypeSection,
+    nkIdentDefs, nkEnumTy, nkVarTuple}
+  result = n.int >= 0 and tree[n].kind in declarativeNodes
+
+proc usage(c: var NavContext; info: PackedLineInfo; isDecl: bool) =
+  let (fileId, line, col) = unpack(c.g.packed[c.thisModule].fromDisk.man, info)
+  var m = ""
+  var file = c.g.packed[c.thisModule].fromDisk.strings[fileId]
+  if c.outputSep == ' ':
+    file = os.extractFilename file
+  toLocation(m, file, line, col + ColOffset)
+  if not c.alreadyEmitted.containsOrIncl(m):
+    msgWriteln c.g.config, (if isDecl: "def" else: "usage") & c.outputSep & m
+
+proc list(c: var NavContext; tree: PackedTree; sym: ItemId) =
+  for i in 0..<len(tree):
+    let i = NodePos(i)
+    case tree[i].kind
+    of nkSym:
+      let item = tree[i].soperand
+      if sym.item == item and sym.module == c.thisModule:
+        usage(c, tree[i].info, isDecl(tree, parent(i)))
+    of nkModuleRef:
+      let (n1, n2) = sons2(tree, i)
+      assert n1.kind == nkNone
+      assert n2.kind == nkNone
+      let pId = PackedItemId(module: n1.litId, item: tree[n2].soperand)
+      let itemId = translateId(pId, c.g.packed, c.thisModule, c.g.config)
+      if itemId.item == sym.item and sym.module == itemId.module:
+        usage(c, tree[i].info, isDecl(tree, parent(i)))
+    else: discard
+
+proc searchForIncludeFile(g: ModuleGraph; fullPath: string): int =
+  for i in 0..<len(g.packed):
+    for k in 1..high(g.packed[i].fromDisk.includes):
+      # we start from 1 because the first "include" file is
+      # the module's filename.
+      if os.cmpPaths(g.packed[i].fromDisk.strings[g.packed[i].fromDisk.includes[k][0]], fullPath) == 0:
+        return i
+  return -1
+
+proc nav(g: ModuleGraph) =
+  # translate the track position to a packed position:
+  let unpacked = g.config.m.trackPos
+  var mid = unpacked.fileIndex.int
+
+  let fullPath = toFullPath(g.config, unpacked.fileIndex)
+
+  if g.packed[mid].status == undefined:
+    # check if 'mid' is an include file of some other module:
+    mid = searchForIncludeFile(g, fullPath)
+
+  if mid < 0:
+    localError(g.config, unpacked, "unknown file name: " & fullPath)
+    return
+
+  let fileId = g.packed[mid].fromDisk.strings.getKeyId(fullPath)
+
+  if fileId == LitId(0):
+    internalError(g.config, unpacked, "cannot find a valid file ID")
+    return
+
+  var c = NavContext(
+    g: g,
+    thisModule: int32 mid,
+    trackPos: UnpackedLineInfo(line: unpacked.line.int, col: unpacked.col.int, file: fileId),
+    outputSep: if isDefined(g.config, "nimIcNavigatorTests"): ' ' else: '\t'
+  )
+  var symId = search(c, g.packed[mid].fromDisk.topLevel)
+  if symId == EmptyItemId:
+    symId = search(c, g.packed[mid].fromDisk.bodies)
+
+  if symId == EmptyItemId:
+    localError(g.config, unpacked, "no symbol at this position")
+    return
+
+  for i in 0..<len(g.packed):
+    # case statement here to enforce exhaustive checks.
+    case g.packed[i].status
+    of undefined:
+      discard "nothing to do"
+    of loading:
+      assert false, "cannot check integrity: Module still loading"
+    of stored, storing, outdated, loaded:
+      c.thisModule = int32 i
+      list(c, g.packed[i].fromDisk.topLevel, symId)
+      list(c, g.packed[i].fromDisk.bodies, symId)
+
+proc navDefinition*(g: ModuleGraph) = nav(g)
+proc navUsages*(g: ModuleGraph) = nav(g)
+proc navDefusages*(g: ModuleGraph) = nav(g)
+
+proc writeRodFiles*(g: ModuleGraph) =
+  for i in 0..<len(g.packed):
+    case g.packed[i].status
+    of undefined, loading, stored, loaded:
+      discard "nothing to do"
+    of storing, outdated:
+      closeRodFile(g, g.packed[i].module)
diff --git a/compiler/ic/packed_ast.nim b/compiler/ic/packed_ast.nim
index 353cc3a42..a39bb7adf 100644
--- a/compiler/ic/packed_ast.nim
+++ b/compiler/ic/packed_ast.nim
@@ -12,10 +12,15 @@
 ## use this representation directly in all the transformations,
 ## it is superior.
 
-import std / [hashes, tables, strtabs]
-import bitabs
+import std/[hashes, tables, strtabs]
+import bitabs, rodfiles
 import ".." / [ast, options]
 
+import iclineinfos
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 type
   SymId* = distinct int32
   ModuleId* = distinct int32
@@ -28,25 +33,21 @@ type
     item*: int32         # same as the in-memory representation
 
 const
-  nilItemId* = PackedItemId(module: LitId(0), item: -1.int32)
+  nilItemId* = PackedItemId(module: LitId(0), item: 0.int32)
 
 const
   emptyNodeId* = NodeId(-1)
 
 type
-  PackedLineInfo* = object
-    line*: uint16
-    col*: int16
-    file*: LitId
-
   PackedLib* = object
     kind*: TLibKind
     generated*: bool
-    isOverriden*: bool
+    isOverridden*: bool
     name*: LitId
     path*: NodeId
 
   PackedSym* = object
+    id*: int32
     kind*: TSymKind
     name*: LitId
     typ*: PackedItemId
@@ -60,15 +61,18 @@ type
     alignment*: int # for alignment
     options*: TOptions
     position*: int
-    offset*: int
+    offset*: int32
+    disamb*: int32
     externalName*: LitId # instead of TLoc
     locFlags*: TLocFlags
     annex*: PackedLib
     when hasFFI:
       cname*: LitId
     constraint*: NodeId
+    instantiatedFrom*: PackedItemId
 
   PackedType* = object
+    id*: int32
     kind*: TTypeKind
     callConv*: TCallingConvention
     #nodekind*: TNodeKind
@@ -81,39 +85,39 @@ type
     size*: BiggestInt
     align*: int16
     paddingAtEnd*: int16
-    lockLevel*: TLockLevel # lock level as required for deadlock checking
     # not serialized: loc*: TLoc because it is backend-specific
     typeInst*: PackedItemId
     nonUniqueId*: int32
 
-  PackedNode* = object     # 20 bytes
-    kind*: TNodeKind
-    flags*: TNodeFlags
-    operand*: int32  # for kind in {nkSym, nkSymDef}: SymId
-                     # for kind in {nkStrLit, nkIdent, nkNumberLit}: LitId
-                     # for kind in nkInt32Lit: direct value
-                     # for non-atom kinds: the number of nodes (for easy skipping)
-    typeId*: PackedItemId
+  PackedNode* = object     # 8 bytes
+    x: uint32
     info*: PackedLineInfo
 
   PackedTree* = object ## usually represents a full Nim module
-    nodes*: seq[PackedNode]
-    #sh*: Shared
-
-  Shared* = ref object # shared between different versions of 'Module'.
-                       # (though there is always exactly one valid
-                       # version of a module)
-    syms*: seq[PackedSym]
-    types*: seq[PackedType]
-    strings*: BiTable[string] # we could share these between modules.
-    integers*: BiTable[BiggestInt]
-    floats*: BiTable[BiggestFloat]
-    #config*: ConfigRef
+    nodes: seq[PackedNode]
+    withFlags: seq[(int32, TNodeFlags)]
+    withTypes: seq[(int32, PackedItemId)]
 
   PackedInstantiation* = object
     key*, sym*: PackedItemId
     concreteTypes*: seq[PackedItemId]
 
+const
+  NodeKindBits = 8'u32
+  NodeKindMask = (1'u32 shl NodeKindBits) - 1'u32
+
+template kind*(n: PackedNode): TNodeKind = TNodeKind(n.x and NodeKindMask)
+template uoperand*(n: PackedNode): uint32 = (n.x shr NodeKindBits)
+template soperand*(n: PackedNode): int32 = int32(uoperand(n))
+
+template toX(k: TNodeKind; operand: uint32): uint32 =
+  uint32(k) or (operand shl NodeKindBits)
+
+template toX(k: TNodeKind; operand: LitId): uint32 =
+  uint32(k) or (operand.uint32 shl NodeKindBits)
+
+template typeId*(n: PackedNode): PackedItemId = n.typ
+
 proc `==`*(a, b: SymId): bool {.borrow.}
 proc hash*(a: SymId): Hash {.borrow.}
 
@@ -122,71 +126,35 @@ proc `==`*(a, b: NodePos): bool {.borrow.}
 proc `==`*(a, b: NodeId): bool {.borrow.}
 
 proc newTreeFrom*(old: PackedTree): PackedTree =
-  result.nodes = @[]
+  result = PackedTree(nodes: @[])
   when false: result.sh = old.sh
 
-when false:
-  proc declareSym*(tree: var PackedTree; kind: TSymKind;
-                  name: LitId; info: PackedLineInfo): SymId =
-    result = SymId(tree.sh.syms.len)
-    tree.sh.syms.add PackedSym(kind: kind, name: name, flags: {}, magic: mNone, info: info)
-
-  proc litIdFromName*(tree: PackedTree; name: string): LitId =
-    result = tree.sh.strings.getOrIncl(name)
-
-  proc add*(tree: var PackedTree; kind: TNodeKind; token: string; info: PackedLineInfo) =
-    tree.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: kind, info: info,
-                              operand: int32 getOrIncl(tree.sh.strings, token))
-
-  proc add*(tree: var PackedTree; kind: TNodeKind; info: PackedLineInfo) =
-    tree.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: kind, operand: 0, info: info)
-
-proc throwAwayLastNode*(tree: var PackedTree) =
-  tree.nodes.setLen(tree.nodes.len-1)
-
 proc addIdent*(tree: var PackedTree; s: LitId; info: PackedLineInfo) =
-  tree.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: nkIdent, operand: int32(s), info: info)
+  tree.nodes.add PackedNode(x: toX(nkIdent, uint32(s)), info: info)
 
 proc addSym*(tree: var PackedTree; s: int32; info: PackedLineInfo) =
-  tree.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: nkSym, operand: s, info: info)
-
-proc addModuleId*(tree: var PackedTree; s: ModuleId; info: PackedLineInfo) =
-  tree.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: nkInt32Lit, operand: int32(s), info: info)
+  tree.nodes.add PackedNode(x: toX(nkSym, cast[uint32](s)), info: info)
 
 proc addSymDef*(tree: var PackedTree; s: SymId; info: PackedLineInfo) =
-  tree.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: nkSym, operand: int32(s), info: info)
+  tree.nodes.add PackedNode(x: toX(nkSym, cast[uint32](s)), info: info)
 
 proc isAtom*(tree: PackedTree; pos: int): bool {.inline.} = tree.nodes[pos].kind <= nkNilLit
 
-proc copyTree*(dest: var PackedTree; tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos) =
-  # and this is why the IR is superior. We can copy subtrees
-  # via a linear scan.
-  let pos = n.int
-  let L = if isAtom(tree, pos): 1 else: tree.nodes[pos].operand
-  let d = dest.nodes.len
-  dest.nodes.setLen(d + L)
-  for i in 0..<L:
-    dest.nodes[d+i] = tree.nodes[pos+i]
-
-when false:
-  proc copySym*(dest: var PackedTree; tree: PackedTree; s: SymId): SymId =
-    result = SymId(dest.sh.syms.len)
-    assert int(s) < tree.sh.syms.len
-    let oldSym = tree.sh.syms[s.int]
-    dest.sh.syms.add oldSym
-
 type
   PatchPos = distinct int
 
-when false:
-  proc prepare*(tree: var PackedTree; kind: TNodeKind; info: PackedLineInfo): PatchPos =
-    result = PatchPos tree.nodes.len
-    tree.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: kind, operand: 0, info: info)
+proc addNode*(t: var PackedTree; kind: TNodeKind; operand: int32;
+              typeId: PackedItemId = nilItemId; info: PackedLineInfo;
+              flags: TNodeFlags = {}) =
+  t.nodes.add PackedNode(x: toX(kind, cast[uint32](operand)), info: info)
+  if flags != {}:
+    t.withFlags.add (t.nodes.len.int32 - 1, flags)
+  if typeId != nilItemId:
+    t.withTypes.add (t.nodes.len.int32 - 1, typeId)
 
 proc prepare*(tree: var PackedTree; kind: TNodeKind; flags: TNodeFlags; typeId: PackedItemId; info: PackedLineInfo): PatchPos =
   result = PatchPos tree.nodes.len
-  tree.nodes.add PackedNode(kind: kind, flags: flags, operand: 0, info: info,
-                            typeId: typeId)
+  tree.addNode(kind = kind, flags = flags, operand = 0, info = info, typeId = typeId)
 
 proc prepare*(dest: var PackedTree; source: PackedTree; sourcePos: NodePos): PatchPos =
   result = PatchPos dest.nodes.len
@@ -194,26 +162,30 @@ proc prepare*(dest: var PackedTree; source: PackedTree; sourcePos: NodePos): Pat
 
 proc patch*(tree: var PackedTree; pos: PatchPos) =
   let pos = pos.int
-  assert tree.nodes[pos].kind > nkNilLit
+  let k = tree.nodes[pos].kind
+  assert k > nkNilLit
   let distance = int32(tree.nodes.len - pos)
-  tree.nodes[pos].operand = distance
+  assert distance > 0
+  tree.nodes[pos].x = toX(k, cast[uint32](distance))
 
 proc len*(tree: PackedTree): int {.inline.} = tree.nodes.len
 
-proc `[]`*(tree: PackedTree; i: int): lent PackedNode {.inline.} =
-  tree.nodes[i]
+proc `[]`*(tree: PackedTree; i: NodePos): lent PackedNode {.inline.} =
+  tree.nodes[i.int]
+
+template rawSpan(n: PackedNode): int = int(uoperand(n))
 
 proc nextChild(tree: PackedTree; pos: var int) {.inline.} =
   if tree.nodes[pos].kind > nkNilLit:
-    assert tree.nodes[pos].operand > 0
-    inc pos, tree.nodes[pos].operand
+    assert tree.nodes[pos].uoperand > 0
+    inc pos, tree.nodes[pos].rawSpan
   else:
     inc pos
 
 iterator sonsReadonly*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): NodePos =
   var pos = n.int
   assert tree.nodes[pos].kind > nkNilLit
-  let last = pos + tree.nodes[pos].operand
+  let last = pos + tree.nodes[pos].rawSpan
   inc pos
   while pos < last:
     yield NodePos pos
@@ -234,7 +206,7 @@ iterator isons*(dest: var PackedTree; tree: PackedTree;
 iterator sonsFrom1*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): NodePos =
   var pos = n.int
   assert tree.nodes[pos].kind > nkNilLit
-  let last = pos + tree.nodes[pos].operand
+  let last = pos + tree.nodes[pos].rawSpan
   inc pos
   if pos < last:
     nextChild tree, pos
@@ -248,7 +220,7 @@ iterator sonsWithoutLast2*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): NodePos =
     inc count
   var pos = n.int
   assert tree.nodes[pos].kind > nkNilLit
-  let last = pos + tree.nodes[pos].operand
+  let last = pos + tree.nodes[pos].rawSpan
   inc pos
   while pos < last and count > 2:
     yield NodePos pos
@@ -258,9 +230,9 @@ iterator sonsWithoutLast2*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): NodePos =
 proc parentImpl(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): NodePos =
   # finding the parent of a node is rather easy:
   var pos = n.int - 1
-  while pos >= 0 and isAtom(tree, pos) or (pos + tree.nodes[pos].operand - 1 < n.int):
+  while pos >= 0 and (isAtom(tree, pos) or (pos + tree.nodes[pos].rawSpan - 1 < n.int)):
     dec pos
-  assert pos >= 0, "node has no parent"
+  #assert pos >= 0, "node has no parent"
   result = NodePos(pos)
 
 template parent*(n: NodePos): NodePos = parentImpl(tree, n)
@@ -284,20 +256,32 @@ proc firstSon*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): NodePos {.inline.} =
 proc kind*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): TNodeKind {.inline.} =
   tree.nodes[n.int].kind
 proc litId*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): LitId {.inline.} =
-  LitId tree.nodes[n.int].operand
+  LitId tree.nodes[n.int].uoperand
 proc info*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): PackedLineInfo {.inline.} =
   tree.nodes[n.int].info
 
+proc findType*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): PackedItemId =
+  for x in tree.withTypes:
+    if x[0] == int32(n): return x[1]
+    if x[0] > int32(n): return nilItemId
+  return nilItemId
+
+proc findFlags*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): TNodeFlags =
+  for x in tree.withFlags:
+    if x[0] == int32(n): return x[1]
+    if x[0] > int32(n): return {}
+  return {}
+
 template typ*(n: NodePos): PackedItemId =
-  tree.nodes[n.int].typeId
+  tree.findType(n)
 template flags*(n: NodePos): TNodeFlags =
-  tree.nodes[n.int].flags
+  tree.findFlags(n)
 
-template operand*(n: NodePos): int32 =
-  tree.nodes[n.int].operand
+template uoperand*(n: NodePos): uint32 =
+  tree.nodes[n.int].uoperand
 
 proc span*(tree: PackedTree; pos: int): int {.inline.} =
-  if isAtom(tree, pos): 1 else: tree.nodes[pos].operand
+  if isAtom(tree, pos): 1 else: tree.nodes[pos].rawSpan
 
 proc sons2*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): (NodePos, NodePos) =
   assert(not isAtom(tree, n.int))
@@ -313,6 +297,7 @@ proc sons3*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): (NodePos, NodePos, NodePos) =
   result = (NodePos a, NodePos b, NodePos c)
 
 proc ithSon*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos; i: int): NodePos =
+  result = default(NodePos)
   if tree.nodes[n.int].kind > nkNilLit:
     var count = 0
     for child in sonsReadonly(tree, n):
@@ -326,105 +311,28 @@ when false:
 
 template kind*(n: NodePos): TNodeKind = tree.nodes[n.int].kind
 template info*(n: NodePos): PackedLineInfo = tree.nodes[n.int].info
-template litId*(n: NodePos): LitId = LitId tree.nodes[n.int].operand
+template litId*(n: NodePos): LitId = LitId tree.nodes[n.int].uoperand
 
-template symId*(n: NodePos): SymId = SymId tree.nodes[n.int].operand
+template symId*(n: NodePos): SymId = SymId tree.nodes[n.int].soperand
 
 proc firstSon*(n: NodePos): NodePos {.inline.} = NodePos(n.int+1)
 
-when false:
-  proc strLit*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): lent string =
-    assert n.kind == nkStrLit
-    result = tree.sh.strings[LitId tree.nodes[n.int].operand]
-
-  proc strVal*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): string =
-    assert n.kind == nkStrLit
-    result = tree.sh.strings[LitId tree.nodes[n.int].operand]
-    #result = cookedStrLit(raw)
-
-  proc filenameVal*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): string =
-    case n.kind
-    of nkStrLit:
-      result = strVal(tree, n)
-    of nkIdent:
-      result = tree.sh.strings[n.litId]
-    of nkSym:
-      result = tree.sh.strings[tree.sh.syms[int n.symId].name]
-    else:
-      result = ""
-
-  proc identAsStr*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): lent string =
-    assert n.kind == nkIdent
-    result = tree.sh.strings[LitId tree.nodes[n.int].operand]
-
 const
   externIntLit* = {nkCharLit,
     nkIntLit,
     nkInt8Lit,
     nkInt16Lit,
+    nkInt32Lit,
     nkInt64Lit,
     nkUIntLit,
     nkUInt8Lit,
     nkUInt16Lit,
     nkUInt32Lit,
-    nkUInt64Lit} # nkInt32Lit is missing by design!
+    nkUInt64Lit}
 
-  externSIntLit* = {nkIntLit, nkInt8Lit, nkInt16Lit, nkInt64Lit}
+  externSIntLit* = {nkIntLit, nkInt8Lit, nkInt16Lit, nkInt32Lit, nkInt64Lit}
   externUIntLit* = {nkUIntLit, nkUInt8Lit, nkUInt16Lit, nkUInt32Lit, nkUInt64Lit}
-  directIntLit* = nkInt32Lit
-
-proc toString*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos; sh: Shared; nesting: int;
-               result: var string) =
-  let pos = n.int
-  if result.len > 0 and result[^1] notin {' ', '\n'}:
-    result.add ' '
-
-  result.add $tree[pos].kind
-  case tree.nodes[pos].kind
-  of nkNone, nkEmpty, nkNilLit, nkType: discard
-  of nkIdent, nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit:
-    result.add " "
-    result.add sh.strings[LitId tree.nodes[pos].operand]
-  of nkSym:
-    result.add " "
-    result.add sh.strings[sh.syms[tree.nodes[pos].operand].name]
-  of directIntLit:
-    result.add " "
-    result.addInt tree.nodes[pos].operand
-  of externSIntLit:
-    result.add " "
-    result.addInt sh.integers[LitId tree.nodes[pos].operand]
-  of externUIntLit:
-    result.add " "
-    result.add $cast[uint64](sh.integers[LitId tree.nodes[pos].operand])
-  else:
-    result.add "(\n"
-    for i in 1..(nesting+1)*2: result.add ' '
-    for child in sonsReadonly(tree, n):
-      toString(tree, child, sh, nesting + 1, result)
-    result.add "\n"
-    for i in 1..nesting*2: result.add ' '
-    result.add ")"
-    #for i in 1..nesting*2: result.add ' '
-
-
-proc toString*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos; sh: Shared): string =
-  result = ""
-  toString(tree, n, sh, 0, result)
-
-proc debug*(tree: PackedTree; sh: Shared) =
-  stdout.write toString(tree, NodePos 0, sh)
-
-when false:
-  proc identIdImpl(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos): LitId =
-    if n.kind == nkIdent:
-      result = n.litId
-    elif n.kind == nkSym:
-      result = tree.sh.syms[int n.symId].name
-    else:
-      result = LitId(0)
-
-  template identId*(n: NodePos): LitId = identIdImpl(tree, n)
+  directIntLit* = nkNone
 
 template copyInto*(dest, n, body) =
   let patchPos = prepare(dest, tree, n)
@@ -436,28 +344,8 @@ template copyIntoKind*(dest, kind, info, body) =
   body
   patch dest, patchPos
 
-when false:
-  proc hasPragma*(tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos; pragma: string): bool =
-    let litId = tree.sh.strings.getKeyId(pragma)
-    if litId == LitId(0):
-      return false
-    assert n.kind == nkPragma
-    for ch0 in sonsReadonly(tree, n):
-      if ch0.kind == nkExprColonExpr:
-        if ch0.firstSon.identId == litId:
-          return true
-      elif ch0.identId == litId:
-        return true
-
 proc getNodeId*(tree: PackedTree): NodeId {.inline.} = NodeId tree.nodes.len
 
-when false:
-  proc produceError*(dest: var PackedTree; tree: PackedTree; n: NodePos; msg: string) =
-    let patchPos = prepare(dest, nkError, n.info)
-    dest.add nkStrLit, msg, n.info
-    copyTree(dest, tree, n)
-    patch dest, patchPos
-
 iterator allNodes*(tree: PackedTree): NodePos =
   var p = 0
   while p < tree.len:
@@ -467,3 +355,13 @@ iterator allNodes*(tree: PackedTree): NodePos =
 
 proc toPackedItemId*(item: int32): PackedItemId {.inline.} =
   PackedItemId(module: LitId(0), item: item)
+
+proc load*(f: var RodFile; t: var PackedTree) =
+  loadSeq f, t.nodes
+  loadSeq f, t.withFlags
+  loadSeq f, t.withTypes
+
+proc store*(f: var RodFile; t: PackedTree) =
+  storeSeq f, t.nodes
+  storeSeq f, t.withFlags
+  storeSeq f, t.withTypes
diff --git a/compiler/ic/replayer.nim b/compiler/ic/replayer.nim
index 61aa0e697..b244ec885 100644
--- a/compiler/ic/replayer.nim
+++ b/compiler/ic/replayer.nim
@@ -14,7 +14,10 @@
 import ".." / [ast, modulegraphs, trees, extccomp, btrees,
   msgs, lineinfos, pathutils, options, cgmeth]
 
-import tables
+import std/tables
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 import packed_ast, ic, bitabs
 
@@ -86,6 +89,31 @@ proc replayStateChanges*(module: PSym; g: ModuleGraph) =
       else:
         internalAssert g.config, false
 
+proc replayBackendProcs*(g: ModuleGraph; module: int) =
+  for it in mitems(g.packed[module].fromDisk.attachedOps):
+    let key = translateId(it[0], g.packed, module, g.config)
+    let op = it[1]
+    let tmp = translateId(it[2], g.packed, module, g.config)
+    let symId = FullId(module: tmp.module, packed: it[2])
+    g.attachedOps[op][key] = LazySym(id: symId, sym: nil)
+
+  for it in mitems(g.packed[module].fromDisk.enumToStringProcs):
+    let key = translateId(it[0], g.packed, module, g.config)
+    let tmp = translateId(it[1], g.packed, module, g.config)
+    let symId = FullId(module: tmp.module, packed: it[1])
+    g.enumToStringProcs[key] = LazySym(id: symId, sym: nil)
+
+  for it in mitems(g.packed[module].fromDisk.methodsPerType):
+    let key = translateId(it[0], g.packed, module, g.config)
+    let tmp = translateId(it[1], g.packed, module, g.config)
+    let symId = FullId(module: tmp.module, packed: it[1])
+    g.methodsPerType.mgetOrPut(key, @[]).add LazySym(id: symId, sym: nil)
+
+  for it in mitems(g.packed[module].fromDisk.dispatchers):
+    let tmp = translateId(it, g.packed, module, g.config)
+    let symId = FullId(module: tmp.module, packed: it)
+    g.dispatchers.add LazySym(id: symId, sym: nil)
+
 proc replayGenericCacheInformation*(g: ModuleGraph; module: int) =
   ## We remember the generic instantiations a module performed
   ## in order to to avoid the code bloat that generic code tends
@@ -110,18 +138,14 @@ proc replayGenericCacheInformation*(g: ModuleGraph; module: int) =
       module: module, sym: FullId(module: sym.module, packed: it.sym),
       concreteTypes: concreteTypes, inst: nil)
 
-  for it in mitems(g.packed[module].fromDisk.methodsPerType):
+  for it in mitems(g.packed[module].fromDisk.methodsPerGenericType):
     let key = translateId(it[0], g.packed, module, g.config)
     let col = it[1]
     let tmp = translateId(it[2], g.packed, module, g.config)
     let symId = FullId(module: tmp.module, packed: it[2])
-    g.methodsPerType.mgetOrPut(key, @[]).add (col, LazySym(id: symId, sym: nil))
+    g.methodsPerGenericType.mgetOrPut(key, @[]).add (col, LazySym(id: symId, sym: nil))
 
-  for it in mitems(g.packed[module].fromDisk.enumToStringProcs):
-    let key = translateId(it[0], g.packed, module, g.config)
-    let tmp = translateId(it[1], g.packed, module, g.config)
-    let symId = FullId(module: tmp.module, packed: it[1])
-    g.enumToStringProcs[key] = LazySym(id: symId, sym: nil)
+  replayBackendProcs(g, module)
 
   for it in mitems(g.packed[module].fromDisk.methods):
     let sym = loadSymFromId(g.config, g.cache, g.packed, module,
diff --git a/compiler/ic/rodfiles.nim b/compiler/ic/rodfiles.nim
index a518870f8..ac995dd2e 100644
--- a/compiler/ic/rodfiles.nim
+++ b/compiler/ic/rodfiles.nim
@@ -7,7 +7,68 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-from typetraits import supportsCopyMem
+## Low level binary format used by the compiler to store and load various AST
+## and related data.
+##
+## NB: this is incredibly low level and if you're interested in how the
+##     compiler works and less a storage format, you're probably looking for
+##     the `ic` or `packed_ast` modules to understand the logical format.
+
+from std/typetraits import supportsCopyMem
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions]
+
+import std / tables
+
+## Overview
+## ========
+## `RodFile` represents a Rod File (versioned binary format), and the
+## associated data for common interactions such as IO and error tracking
+## (`RodFileError`). The file format broken up into sections (`RodSection`)
+## and preceded by a header (see: `cookie`). The precise layout, section
+## ordering and data following the section are determined by the user. See
+## `ic.loadRodFile`.
+##
+## A basic but "wrong" example of the lifecycle:
+## ---------------------------------------------
+## 1. `create` or `open`        - create a new one or open an existing
+## 2. `storeHeader`             - header info
+## 3. `storePrim` or `storeSeq` - save your stuff
+## 4. `close`                   - and we're done
+##
+## Now read the bits below to understand what's missing.
+##
+## ### Issues with the Example
+## Missing Sections:
+## This is a low level API, so headers and sections need to be stored and
+## loaded by the user, see `storeHeader` & `loadHeader` and `storeSection` &
+## `loadSection`, respectively.
+##
+## No Error Handling:
+## The API is centered around IO and prone to error, each operation checks or
+## sets the `RodFile.err` field. A user of this API needs to handle these
+## appropriately.
+##
+## API Notes
+## =========
+##
+## Valid inputs for Rod files
+## --------------------------
+## ASTs, hopes, dreams, and anything as long as it and any children it may have
+## support `copyMem`. This means anything that is not a pointer and that does not contain a pointer. At a glance these are:
+## * string
+## * objects & tuples (fields are recursed)
+## * sequences AKA `seq[T]`
+##
+## Note on error handling style
+## ----------------------------
+## A flag based approach is used where operations no-op in case of a
+## preexisting error and set the flag if they encounter one.
+##
+## Misc
+## ----
+## * 'Prim' is short for 'primitive', as in a non-sequence type
 
 type
   RodSection* = enum
@@ -16,16 +77,15 @@ type
     stringsSection
     checkSumsSection
     depsSection
-    integersSection
-    floatsSection
+    numbersSection
     exportsSection
+    hiddenSection
     reexportsSection
     compilerProcsSection
     trmacrosSection
     convertersSection
     methodsSection
     pureEnumsSection
-    macroUsagesSection
     toReplaySection
     topLevelSection
     bodiesSection
@@ -34,10 +94,16 @@ type
     typeInstCacheSection
     procInstCacheSection
     attachedOpsSection
-    methodsPerTypeSection
+    methodsPerGenericTypeSection
     enumToStringProcsSection
+    methodsPerTypeSection
+    dispatchersSection
     typeInfoSection  # required by the backend
+    backendFlagsSection
     aliveSymsSection # beware, this is stored in a `.alivesyms` file.
+    sideChannelSection
+    namespaceSection
+    symnamesSection
 
   RodFileError* = enum
     ok, tooBig, cannotOpen, ioFailure, wrongHeader, wrongSection, configMismatch,
@@ -50,8 +116,8 @@ type
                        # better than exceptions.
 
 const
-  RodVersion = 1
-  cookie = [byte(0), byte('R'), byte('O'), byte('D'),
+  RodVersion = 2
+  defaultCookie = [byte(0), byte('R'), byte('O'), byte('D'),
             byte(sizeof(int)*8), byte(system.cpuEndian), byte(0), byte(RodVersion)]
 
 proc setError(f: var RodFile; err: RodFileError) {.inline.} =
@@ -59,6 +125,8 @@ proc setError(f: var RodFile; err: RodFileError) {.inline.} =
   #raise newException(IOError, "IO error")
 
 proc storePrim*(f: var RodFile; s: string) =
+  ## Stores a string.
+  ## The len is prefixed to allow for later retreival.
   if f.err != ok: return
   if s.len >= high(int32):
     setError f, tooBig
@@ -72,6 +140,9 @@ proc storePrim*(f: var RodFile; s: string) =
         setError f, ioFailure
 
 proc storePrim*[T](f: var RodFile; x: T) =
+  ## Stores a non-sequence/string `T`.
+  ## If `T` doesn't support `copyMem` and is an object or tuple then the fields
+  ## are written -- the user from context will need to know which `T` to load.
   if f.err != ok: return
   when supportsCopyMem(T):
     if writeBuffer(f.f, unsafeAddr(x), sizeof(x)) != sizeof(x):
@@ -89,6 +160,7 @@ proc storePrim*[T](f: var RodFile; x: T) =
     {.error: "unsupported type for 'storePrim'".}
 
 proc storeSeq*[T](f: var RodFile; s: seq[T]) =
+  ## Stores a sequence of `T`s, with the len as a prefix for later retrieval.
   if f.err != ok: return
   if s.len >= high(int32):
     setError f, tooBig
@@ -100,7 +172,20 @@ proc storeSeq*[T](f: var RodFile; s: seq[T]) =
     for i in 0..<s.len:
       storePrim(f, s[i])
 
+proc storeOrderedTable*[K, T](f: var RodFile; s: OrderedTable[K, T]) =
+  if f.err != ok: return
+  if s.len >= high(int32):
+    setError f, tooBig
+    return
+  var lenPrefix = int32(s.len)
+  if writeBuffer(f.f, addr lenPrefix, sizeof(lenPrefix)) != sizeof(lenPrefix):
+    setError f, ioFailure
+  else:
+    for _, v in s:
+      storePrim(f, v)
+
 proc loadPrim*(f: var RodFile; s: var string) =
+  ## Read a string, the length was stored as a prefix
   if f.err != ok: return
   var lenPrefix = int32(0)
   if readBuffer(f.f, addr lenPrefix, sizeof(lenPrefix)) != sizeof(lenPrefix):
@@ -112,6 +197,7 @@ proc loadPrim*(f: var RodFile; s: var string) =
         setError f, ioFailure
 
 proc loadPrim*[T](f: var RodFile; x: var T) =
+  ## Load a non-sequence/string `T`.
   if f.err != ok: return
   when supportsCopyMem(T):
     if readBuffer(f.f, unsafeAddr(x), sizeof(x)) != sizeof(x):
@@ -129,6 +215,7 @@ proc loadPrim*[T](f: var RodFile; x: var T) =
     {.error: "unsupported type for 'loadPrim'".}
 
 proc loadSeq*[T](f: var RodFile; s: var seq[T]) =
+  ## `T` must be compatible with `copyMem`, see `loadPrim`
   if f.err != ok: return
   var lenPrefix = int32(0)
   if readBuffer(f.f, addr lenPrefix, sizeof(lenPrefix)) != sizeof(lenPrefix):
@@ -138,38 +225,59 @@ proc loadSeq*[T](f: var RodFile; s: var seq[T]) =
     for i in 0..<lenPrefix:
       loadPrim(f, s[i])
 
-proc storeHeader*(f: var RodFile) =
+proc loadOrderedTable*[K, T](f: var RodFile; s: var OrderedTable[K, T]) =
+  ## `T` must be compatible with `copyMem`, see `loadPrim`
+  if f.err != ok: return
+  var lenPrefix = int32(0)
+  if readBuffer(f.f, addr lenPrefix, sizeof(lenPrefix)) != sizeof(lenPrefix):
+    setError f, ioFailure
+  else:
+    s = initOrderedTable[K, T](lenPrefix)
+    for i in 0..<lenPrefix:
+      var x = default T
+      loadPrim(f, x)
+      s[x.id] = x
+
+proc storeHeader*(f: var RodFile; cookie = defaultCookie) =
+  ## stores the header which is described by `cookie`.
   if f.err != ok: return
   if f.f.writeBytes(cookie, 0, cookie.len) != cookie.len:
     setError f, ioFailure
 
-proc loadHeader*(f: var RodFile) =
+proc loadHeader*(f: var RodFile; cookie = defaultCookie) =
+  ## Loads the header which is described by `cookie`.
   if f.err != ok: return
-  var thisCookie: array[cookie.len, byte]
+  var thisCookie: array[cookie.len, byte] = default(array[cookie.len, byte])
   if f.f.readBytes(thisCookie, 0, thisCookie.len) != thisCookie.len:
     setError f, ioFailure
   elif thisCookie != cookie:
     setError f, wrongHeader
 
 proc storeSection*(f: var RodFile; s: RodSection) =
+  ## update `currentSection` and writes the bytes value of s.
   if f.err != ok: return
   assert f.currentSection < s
   f.currentSection = s
   storePrim(f, s)
 
 proc loadSection*(f: var RodFile; expected: RodSection) =
+  ## read the bytes value of s, sets and error if the section is incorrect.
   if f.err != ok: return
-  var s: RodSection
+  var s: RodSection = default(RodSection)
   loadPrim(f, s)
   if expected != s and f.err == ok:
     setError f, wrongSection
 
 proc create*(filename: string): RodFile =
+  ## create the file and open it for writing
+  result = default(RodFile)
   if not open(result.f, filename, fmWrite):
     setError result, cannotOpen
 
 proc close*(f: var RodFile) = close(f.f)
 
 proc open*(filename: string): RodFile =
+  ## open the file for reading
+  result = default(RodFile)
   if not open(result.f, filename, fmRead):
     setError result, cannotOpen
diff --git a/compiler/idents.nim b/compiler/idents.nim
index d2a84fd36..34177e76d 100644
--- a/compiler/idents.nim
+++ b/compiler/idents.nim
@@ -11,8 +11,11 @@
 # An identifier is a shared immutable string that can be compared by its
 # id. This module is essential for the compiler's performance.
 
-import
-  hashes, wordrecg
+import wordrecg
+import std/hashes
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 type
   PIdent* = ref TIdent
diff --git a/compiler/importer.nim b/compiler/importer.nim
index cb529795a..ffb7e0305 100644
--- a/compiler/importer.nim
+++ b/compiler/importer.nim
@@ -10,9 +10,15 @@
 ## This module implements the symbol importing mechanism.
 
 import
-  intsets, ast, astalgo, msgs, options, idents, lookups,
-  semdata, modulepaths, sigmatch, lineinfos, sets,
-  modulegraphs
+  ast, astalgo, msgs, options, idents, lookups,
+  semdata, modulepaths, sigmatch, lineinfos,
+  modulegraphs, wordrecg
+from std/strutils import `%`, startsWith
+from std/sequtils import addUnique
+import std/[sets, tables, intsets]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 proc readExceptSet*(c: PContext, n: PNode): IntSet =
   assert n.kind in {nkImportExceptStmt, nkExportExceptStmt}
@@ -107,7 +113,26 @@ proc rawImportSymbol(c: PContext, s, origin: PSym; importSet: var IntSet) =
   if s.owner != origin:
     c.exportIndirections.incl((origin.id, s.id))
 
+proc splitPragmas(c: PContext, n: PNode): (PNode, seq[TSpecialWord]) =
+  template bail = globalError(c.config, n.info, "invalid pragma")
+  result = (nil, @[])
+  if n.kind == nkPragmaExpr:
+    if n.len == 2 and n[1].kind == nkPragma:
+      result[0] = n[0]
+      for ni in n[1]:
+        if ni.kind == nkIdent: result[1].add whichKeyword(ni.ident)
+        else: bail()
+    else: bail()
+  else:
+    result[0] = n
+    if result[0].safeLen > 0:
+      (result[0][^1], result[1]) = splitPragmas(c, result[0][^1])
+
 proc importSymbol(c: PContext, n: PNode, fromMod: PSym; importSet: var IntSet) =
+  let (n, kws) = splitPragmas(c, n)
+  if kws.len > 0:
+    globalError(c.config, n.info, "unexpected pragma")
+
   let ident = lookups.considerQuotedIdent(c, n)
   let s = someSym(c.graph, fromMod, ident)
   if s == nil:
@@ -119,7 +144,7 @@ proc importSymbol(c: PContext, n: PNode, fromMod: PSym; importSet: var IntSet) =
     # for an enumeration we have to add all identifiers
     if multiImport:
       # for a overloadable syms add all overloaded routines
-      var it: ModuleIter
+      var it: ModuleIter = default(ModuleIter)
       var e = initModuleIter(it, c.graph, fromMod, s.name)
       while e != nil:
         if e.name.id != s.name.id: internalError(c.config, n.info, "importSymbol: 3")
@@ -163,19 +188,24 @@ proc addImport(c: PContext; im: sink ImportedModule) =
   c.imports.add im
 
 template addUnnamedIt(c: PContext, fromMod: PSym; filter: untyped) {.dirty.} =
-  for it in c.graph.ifaces[fromMod.position].converters:
+  for it in mitems c.graph.ifaces[fromMod.position].converters:
     if filter:
-      addConverter(c, it)
-  for it in c.graph.ifaces[fromMod.position].patterns:
+      loadPackedSym(c.graph, it)
+      if sfExported in it.sym.flags:
+        addConverter(c, it)
+  for it in mitems c.graph.ifaces[fromMod.position].patterns:
     if filter:
-      addPattern(c, it)
-  for it in c.graph.ifaces[fromMod.position].pureEnums:
+      loadPackedSym(c.graph, it)
+      if sfExported in it.sym.flags:
+        addPattern(c, it)
+  for it in mitems c.graph.ifaces[fromMod.position].pureEnums:
     if filter:
+      loadPackedSym(c.graph, it)
       importPureEnumFields(c, it.sym, it.sym.typ)
 
 proc importAllSymbolsExcept(c: PContext, fromMod: PSym, exceptSet: IntSet) =
   c.addImport ImportedModule(m: fromMod, mode: importExcept, exceptSet: exceptSet)
-  addUnnamedIt(c, fromMod, it.sym.id notin exceptSet)
+  addUnnamedIt(c, fromMod, it.sym.name.id notin exceptSet)
 
 proc importAllSymbols*(c: PContext, fromMod: PSym) =
   c.addImport ImportedModule(m: fromMod, mode: importAll)
@@ -201,18 +231,48 @@ proc importForwarded(c: PContext, n: PNode, exceptSet: IntSet; fromMod: PSym; im
     for i in 0..n.safeLen-1:
       importForwarded(c, n[i], exceptSet, fromMod, importSet)
 
-proc importModuleAs(c: PContext; n: PNode, realModule: PSym): PSym =
+proc importModuleAs(c: PContext; n: PNode, realModule: PSym, importHidden: bool): PSym =
   result = realModule
-  c.unusedImports.add((realModule, n.info))
+  template createModuleAliasImpl(ident): untyped =
+    createModuleAlias(realModule, c.idgen, ident, n.info, c.config.options)
   if n.kind != nkImportAs: discard
   elif n.len != 2 or n[1].kind != nkIdent:
     localError(c.config, n.info, "module alias must be an identifier")
   elif n[1].ident.id != realModule.name.id:
     # some misguided guy will write 'import abc.foo as foo' ...
-    result = createModuleAlias(realModule, nextSymId c.idgen, n[1].ident, realModule.info,
-                               c.config.options)
+    result = createModuleAliasImpl(n[1].ident)
+  if result == realModule:
+    # avoids modifying `realModule`, see D20201209T194412 for `import {.all.}`
+    result = createModuleAliasImpl(realModule.name)
+  if importHidden:
+    result.options.incl optImportHidden
+  let moduleIdent = if n.kind == nkInfix: n[^1] else: n
+  c.unusedImports.add((result, moduleIdent.info))
+  c.importModuleMap[result.id] = realModule.id
+  c.importModuleLookup.mgetOrPut(result.name.id, @[]).addUnique realModule.id
 
-proc myImportModule(c: PContext, n: PNode; importStmtResult: PNode): PSym =
+proc transformImportAs(c: PContext; n: PNode): tuple[node: PNode, importHidden: bool] =
+  result = (nil, false)
+  var ret = default(typeof(result))
+  proc processPragma(n2: PNode): PNode =
+    let (result2, kws) = splitPragmas(c, n2)
+    result = result2
+    for ai in kws:
+      case ai
+      of wImportHidden: ret.importHidden = true
+      else: globalError(c.config, n.info, "invalid pragma, expected: " & ${wImportHidden})
+
+  if n.kind == nkInfix and considerQuotedIdent(c, n[0]).s == "as":
+    ret.node = newNodeI(nkImportAs, n.info)
+    ret.node.add n[1].processPragma
+    ret.node.add n[2]
+  else:
+    ret.node = n.processPragma
+  return ret
+
+proc myImportModule(c: PContext, n: var PNode, importStmtResult: PNode): PSym =
+  let transf = transformImportAs(c, n)
+  n = transf.node
   let f = checkModuleName(c.config, n)
   if f != InvalidFileIdx:
     addImportFileDep(c, f)
@@ -228,64 +288,80 @@ proc myImportModule(c: PContext, n: PNode; importStmtResult: PNode): PSym =
                 toFullPath(c.config, c.graph.importStack[i+1])
       c.recursiveDep = err
 
+    var realModule: PSym
     discard pushOptionEntry(c)
-    result = importModuleAs(c, n, c.graph.importModuleCallback(c.graph, c.module, f))
+    realModule = c.graph.importModuleCallback(c.graph, c.module, f)
+    result = importModuleAs(c, n, realModule, transf.importHidden)
     popOptionEntry(c)
 
     #echo "set back to ", L
     c.graph.importStack.setLen(L)
     # we cannot perform this check reliably because of
-    # test: modules/import_in_config)
-    when true:
-      if result.info.fileIndex == c.module.info.fileIndex and
-          result.info.fileIndex == n.info.fileIndex:
-        localError(c.config, n.info, "A module cannot import itself")
-    if sfDeprecated in result.flags:
-      if result.constraint != nil:
-        message(c.config, n.info, warnDeprecated, result.constraint.strVal & "; " & result.name.s & " is deprecated")
+    # test: modules/import_in_config) # xxx is that still true?
+    if realModule == c.module:
+      localError(c.config, n.info, "module '$1' cannot import itself" % realModule.name.s)
+    if sfDeprecated in realModule.flags:
+      var prefix = ""
+      if realModule.constraint != nil: prefix = realModule.constraint.strVal & "; "
+      message(c.config, n.info, warnDeprecated, prefix & realModule.name.s & " is deprecated")
+    let moduleName = getModuleName(c.config, n)
+    if belongsToStdlib(c.graph, result) and not startsWith(moduleName, stdPrefix) and
+        not startsWith(moduleName, "system/") and not startsWith(moduleName, "packages/"):
+      message(c.config, n.info, warnStdPrefix, realModule.name.s)
+
+    proc suggestMod(n: PNode; s: PSym) =
+      if n.kind == nkImportAs:
+        suggestMod(n[0], realModule)
+      elif n.kind == nkInfix:
+        suggestMod(n[2], s)
       else:
-        message(c.config, n.info, warnDeprecated, result.name.s & " is deprecated")
-    suggestSym(c.graph, n.info, result, c.graph.usageSym, false)
+        suggestSym(c.graph, n.info, s, c.graph.usageSym, false)
+    suggestMod(n, result)
     importStmtResult.add newSymNode(result, n.info)
     #newStrNode(toFullPath(c.config, f), n.info)
-
-proc transformImportAs(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
-  if n.kind == nkInfix and considerQuotedIdent(c, n[0]).s == "as":
-    result = newNodeI(nkImportAs, n.info)
-    result.add n[1]
-    result.add n[2]
   else:
-    result = n
+    result = nil
+
+proc afterImport(c: PContext, m: PSym) =
+  if isCachedModule(c.graph, m): return
+  # fixes bug #17510, for re-exported symbols
+  let realModuleId = c.importModuleMap[m.id]
+  for s in allSyms(c.graph, m):
+    if s.owner.id != realModuleId:
+      c.exportIndirections.incl((m.id, s.id))
 
 proc impMod(c: PContext; it: PNode; importStmtResult: PNode) =
-  let it = transformImportAs(c, it)
+  var it = it
   let m = myImportModule(c, it, importStmtResult)
   if m != nil:
     # ``addDecl`` needs to be done before ``importAllSymbols``!
     addDecl(c, m, it.info) # add symbol to symbol table of module
     importAllSymbols(c, m)
     #importForwarded(c, m.ast, emptySet, m)
+    afterImport(c, m)
 
 proc evalImport*(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(nkImportStmt, n.info)
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     let it = n[i]
-    if it.kind == nkInfix and it.len == 3 and it[2].kind == nkBracket:
-      let sep = it[0]
-      let dir = it[1]
-      var imp = newNodeI(nkInfix, it.info)
-      imp.add sep
-      imp.add dir
-      imp.add sep # dummy entry, replaced in the loop
-      for x in it[2]:
+    if it.kind in {nkInfix, nkPrefix} and it[^1].kind == nkBracket:
+      let lastPos = it.len - 1
+      var imp = copyNode(it)
+      newSons(imp, it.len)
+      for i in 0 ..< lastPos: imp[i] = it[i]
+      imp[lastPos] = imp[0] # dummy entry, replaced in the loop
+      for x in it[lastPos]:
         # transform `a/b/[c as d]` to `/a/b/c as d`
         if x.kind == nkInfix and x[0].ident.s == "as":
-          let impAs = copyTree(x)
-          imp[2] = x[1]
+          var impAs = copyNode(x)
+          newSons(impAs, 3)
+          impAs[0] = x[0]
+          imp[lastPos] = x[1]
           impAs[1] = imp
-          impMod(c, imp, result)
+          impAs[2] = x[2]
+          impMod(c, impAs, result)
         else:
-          imp[2] = x
+          imp[lastPos] = x
           impMod(c, imp, result)
     else:
       impMod(c, it, result)
@@ -293,7 +369,6 @@ proc evalImport*(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
 proc evalFrom*(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(nkImportStmt, n.info)
   checkMinSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
-  n[0] = transformImportAs(c, n[0])
   var m = myImportModule(c, n[0], result)
   if m != nil:
     n[0] = newSymNode(m)
@@ -304,14 +379,15 @@ proc evalFrom*(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
       if n[i].kind != nkNilLit:
         importSymbol(c, n[i], m, im.imported)
     c.addImport im
+    afterImport(c, m)
 
 proc evalImportExcept*(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(nkImportStmt, n.info)
   checkMinSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
-  n[0] = transformImportAs(c, n[0])
   var m = myImportModule(c, n[0], result)
   if m != nil:
     n[0] = newSymNode(m)
     addDecl(c, m, n.info)               # add symbol to symbol table of module
     importAllSymbolsExcept(c, m, readExceptSet(c, n))
     #importForwarded(c, m.ast, exceptSet, m)
+    afterImport(c, m)
diff --git a/compiler/injectdestructors.nim b/compiler/injectdestructors.nim
index b65391252..3dcc364a3 100644
--- a/compiler/injectdestructors.nim
+++ b/compiler/injectdestructors.nim
@@ -14,22 +14,31 @@
 ## See doc/destructors.rst for a spec of the implemented rewrite rules
 
 import
-  intsets, strtabs, ast, astalgo, msgs, renderer, magicsys, types, idents,
-  strutils, options, dfa, lowerings, tables, modulegraphs, msgs,
+  ast, astalgo, msgs, renderer, magicsys, types, idents,
+  options, lowerings, modulegraphs,
   lineinfos, parampatterns, sighashes, liftdestructors, optimizer,
-  varpartitions
+  varpartitions, aliasanalysis, dfa, wordrecg
 
-from trees import exprStructuralEquivalent, getRoot
+import std/[strtabs, tables, strutils, intsets]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+from trees import exprStructuralEquivalent, getRoot, whichPragma
 
 type
   Con = object
     owner: PSym
-    g: ControlFlowGraph
+    when true:
+      g: ControlFlowGraph
     graph: ModuleGraph
     inLoop, inSpawn, inLoopCond: int
     uninit: IntSet # set of uninit'ed vars
-    uninitComputed: bool
     idgen: IdGenerator
+    body: PNode
+    otherUsage: TLineInfo
+    inUncheckedAssignSection: int
+    inEnsureMove: int
 
   Scope = object # we do scope-based memory management.
     # a scope is comparable to an nkStmtListExpr like
@@ -37,6 +46,8 @@ type
     vars: seq[PSym]
     wasMoved: seq[PNode]
     final: seq[PNode] # finally section
+    locals: seq[PSym]
+    body: PNode
     needsTry: bool
     parent: ptr Scope
 
@@ -46,181 +57,122 @@ type
     sinkArg
 
 const toDebug {.strdefine.} = ""
+when toDebug.len > 0:
+  var shouldDebug = false
+
+template dbg(body) =
+  when toDebug.len > 0:
+    if shouldDebug:
+      body
 
 proc hasDestructor(c: Con; t: PType): bool {.inline.} =
   result = ast.hasDestructor(t)
   when toDebug.len > 0:
     # for more effective debugging
-    if not result and c.graph.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc}:
+    if not result and c.graph.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc, gcAtomicArc}:
       assert(not containsGarbageCollectedRef(t))
 
-template dbg(body) =
-  when toDebug.len > 0:
-    if c.owner.name.s == toDebug or toDebug == "always":
-      body
-
 proc getTemp(c: var Con; s: var Scope; typ: PType; info: TLineInfo): PNode =
-  let sym = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(c.graph.cache, ":tmpD"), nextSymId c.idgen, c.owner, info)
+  let sym = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(c.graph.cache, ":tmpD"), c.idgen, c.owner, info)
   sym.typ = typ
   s.vars.add(sym)
   result = newSymNode(sym)
 
-proc nestedScope(parent: var Scope): Scope =
-  Scope(vars: @[], wasMoved: @[], final: @[], needsTry: false, parent: addr(parent))
-
-proc p(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; mode: ProcessMode): PNode
-proc moveOrCopy(dest, ri: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; isDecl = false): PNode
-
-import sets, hashes, tables
-
-proc hash(n: PNode): Hash = hash(cast[pointer](n))
-
-type AliasCache = Table[(PNode, PNode), AliasKind]
-proc aliasesCached(cache: var AliasCache, obj, field: PNode): AliasKind =
-  let key = (obj, field)
-  if not cache.hasKey(key):
-    cache[key] = aliases(obj, field)
-  cache[key]
-
-proc collectLastReads(cfg: ControlFlowGraph; cache: var AliasCache, lastReads, potLastReads: var IntSet; pc: var int, until: int) =
-  template aliasesCached(obj, field: PNode): untyped =
-    aliasesCached(cache, obj, field)
-  while pc < until:
-    case cfg[pc].kind
-    of def:
-      let potLastReadsCopy = potLastReads
-      for r in potLastReadsCopy:
-        if cfg[pc].n.aliasesCached(cfg[r].n) == yes:
-          # the path leads to a redefinition of 's' --> sink 's'.
-          lastReads.incl r
-          potLastReads.excl r
-        elif cfg[r].n.aliasesCached(cfg[pc].n) != no:
-          # only partially writes to 's' --> can't sink 's', so this def reads 's'
-          # or maybe writes to 's' --> can't sink 's'
-          cfg[r].n.comment = '\n' & $pc
-          potLastReads.excl r
-
-      inc pc
-    of use:
-      let potLastReadsCopy = potLastReads
-      for r in potLastReadsCopy:
-        if cfg[pc].n.aliasesCached(cfg[r].n) != no or cfg[r].n.aliasesCached(cfg[pc].n) != no:
-          cfg[r].n.comment = '\n' & $pc
-          potLastReads.excl r
-
-      potLastReads.incl pc
-
-      inc pc
-    of goto:
-      pc += cfg[pc].dest
-    of fork:
-      var variantA = pc + 1
-      var variantB = pc + cfg[pc].dest
-      var potLastReadsA, potLastReadsB = potLastReads
-      var lastReadsA, lastReadsB: IntSet
-      while variantA != variantB and max(variantA, variantB) < cfg.len and min(variantA, variantB) < until:
-        if variantA < variantB:
-          collectLastReads(cfg, cache, lastReadsA, potLastReadsA, variantA, min(variantB, until))
-        else:
-          collectLastReads(cfg, cache, lastReadsB, potLastReadsB, variantB, min(variantA, until))
-
-      # Add those last reads that were turned into last reads on both branches
-      lastReads.incl lastReadsA * lastReadsB
-      # Add those last reads that were turned into last reads on only one branch,
-      # but where the read operation itself also belongs to only that branch
-      lastReads.incl (lastReadsA + lastReadsB) - potLastReads
-
-      let oldPotLastReads = potLastReads
-      potLastReads = initIntSet()
-
-      potLastReads.incl potLastReadsA + potLastReadsB
-
-      # Remove potential last reads that were invalidated in a branch,
-      # but don't remove those which were turned into last reads on that branch
-      potLastReads.excl ((oldPotLastReads - potLastReadsA) - lastReadsA)
-      potLastReads.excl ((oldPotLastReads - potLastReadsB) - lastReadsB)
-
-      pc = min(variantA, variantB)
-
-proc collectFirstWrites(cfg: ControlFlowGraph; alreadySeen: var HashSet[PNode]; pc: var int, until: int) =
-  while pc < until:
-    case cfg[pc].kind
-    of def:
-      var alreadySeenThisNode = false
-      for s in alreadySeen:
-        if cfg[pc].n.aliases(s) != no or s.aliases(cfg[pc].n) != no:
-          alreadySeenThisNode = true; break
-      if alreadySeenThisNode: cfg[pc].n.flags.excl nfFirstWrite
-      else: cfg[pc].n.flags.incl nfFirstWrite
-
-      alreadySeen.incl cfg[pc].n
-
-      inc pc
-    of use:
-      alreadySeen.incl cfg[pc].n
-
-      inc pc
-    of goto:
-      pc += cfg[pc].dest
-    of fork:
-      var variantA = pc + 1
-      var variantB = pc + cfg[pc].dest
-      var alreadySeenA, alreadySeenB = alreadySeen
-      while variantA != variantB and max(variantA, variantB) < cfg.len and min(variantA, variantB) < until:
-        if variantA < variantB:
-          collectFirstWrites(cfg, alreadySeenA, variantA, min(variantB, until))
-        else:
-          collectFirstWrites(cfg, alreadySeenB, variantB, min(variantA, until))
+proc nestedScope(parent: var Scope; body: PNode): Scope =
+  Scope(vars: @[], locals: @[], wasMoved: @[], final: @[], body: body, needsTry: false, parent: addr(parent))
+
+proc p(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; mode: ProcessMode; tmpFlags = {sfSingleUsedTemp}; inReturn = false): PNode
+
+type
+  MoveOrCopyFlag = enum
+    IsDecl, IsExplicitSink, IsReturn
+
+proc moveOrCopy(dest, ri: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; flags: set[MoveOrCopyFlag] = {}): PNode
+
+when false:
+  var
+    perfCounters: array[InstrKind, int]
+
+  proc showCounters*() =
+    for i in low(InstrKind)..high(InstrKind):
+      echo "INSTR ", i, " ", perfCounters[i]
 
-      alreadySeen.incl alreadySeenA + alreadySeenB
+proc isLastReadImpl(n: PNode; c: var Con; scope: var Scope): bool =
+  let root = parampatterns.exprRoot(n, allowCalls=false)
+  if root == nil: return false
 
-      pc = min(variantA, variantB)
+  var s = addr(scope)
+  while s != nil:
+    if s.locals.contains(root): break
+    s = s.parent
 
-proc isLastRead(n: PNode; c: var Con): bool =
-  let m = dfa.skipConvDfa(n)
-  (m.kind == nkSym and sfSingleUsedTemp in m.sym.flags) or nfLastRead in m.flags
+  c.g = constructCfg(c.owner, if s != nil: s.body else: c.body, root)
+  dbg:
+    echo "\n### ", c.owner.name.s, ":\nCFG:"
+    echoCfg(c.g)
+    #echo c.body
+
+  var j = 0
+  while j < c.g.len:
+    if c.g[j].kind == use and c.g[j].n == n: break
+    inc j
+  c.otherUsage = unknownLineInfo
+  if j < c.g.len:
+    var pcs = @[j+1]
+    var marked = initIntSet()
+    result = true
+    while pcs.len > 0:
+      var pc = pcs.pop()
+      if not marked.contains(pc):
+        let oldPc = pc
+        while pc < c.g.len:
+          dbg:
+            echo "EXEC ", c.g[pc].kind, " ", pc, " ", n
+          when false:
+            inc perfCounters[c.g[pc].kind]
+          case c.g[pc].kind
+          of loop:
+            let back = pc + c.g[pc].dest
+            if not marked.containsOrIncl(back):
+              pc = back
+            else:
+              break
+          of goto:
+            pc = pc + c.g[pc].dest
+          of fork:
+            if not marked.contains(pc+1):
+              pcs.add pc + 1
+            pc = pc + c.g[pc].dest
+          of use:
+            if c.g[pc].n.aliases(n) != no or n.aliases(c.g[pc].n) != no:
+              c.otherUsage = c.g[pc].n.info
+              return false
+            inc pc
+          of def:
+            if c.g[pc].n.aliases(n) == yes:
+              # the path leads to a redefinition of 's' --> sink 's'.
+              break
+            elif n.aliases(c.g[pc].n) != no:
+              # only partially writes to 's' --> can't sink 's', so this def reads 's'
+              # or maybe writes to 's' --> can't sink 's'
+              c.otherUsage = c.g[pc].n.info
+              return false
+            inc pc
+        marked.incl oldPc
+  else:
+    result = false
+
+proc isLastRead(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope): bool =
+  # bug #23354; an object type could have a non-trival assignements when it is passed to a sink parameter
+  if not hasDestructor(c, n.typ) and (n.typ.kind != tyObject or isTrival(getAttachedOp(c.graph, n.typ, attachedAsgn))): return true
+
+  let m = skipConvDfa(n)
+  result = (m.kind == nkSym and sfSingleUsedTemp in m.sym.flags) or
+      isLastReadImpl(n, c, s)
 
 proc isFirstWrite(n: PNode; c: var Con): bool =
-  let m = dfa.skipConvDfa(n)
-  nfFirstWrite in m.flags
-
-proc initialized(code: ControlFlowGraph; pc: int,
-                 init, uninit: var IntSet; until: int): int =
-  ## Computes the set of definitely initialized variables across all code paths
-  ## as an IntSet of IDs.
-  var pc = pc
-  while pc < code.len:
-    case code[pc].kind
-    of goto:
-      pc += code[pc].dest
-    of fork:
-      var initA = initIntSet()
-      var initB = initIntSet()
-      var variantA = pc + 1
-      var variantB = pc + code[pc].dest
-      while variantA != variantB:
-        if max(variantA, variantB) > until:
-          break
-        if variantA < variantB:
-          variantA = initialized(code, variantA, initA, uninit, min(variantB, until))
-        else:
-          variantB = initialized(code, variantB, initB, uninit, min(variantA, until))
-      pc = min(variantA, variantB)
-      # we add vars if they are in both branches:
-      for v in initA:
-        if v in initB:
-          init.incl v
-    of use:
-      let v = code[pc].n.sym
-      if v.kind != skParam and v.id notin init:
-        # attempt to read an uninit'ed variable
-        uninit.incl v.id
-      inc pc
-    of def:
-      let v = code[pc].n.sym
-      init.incl v.id
-      inc pc
-  return pc
+  let m = skipConvDfa(n)
+  result = nfFirstWrite in m.flags
 
 proc isCursor(n: PNode): bool =
   case n.kind
@@ -236,41 +188,52 @@ proc isCursor(n: PNode): bool =
 template isUnpackedTuple(n: PNode): bool =
   ## we move out all elements of unpacked tuples,
   ## hence unpacked tuples themselves don't need to be destroyed
-  (n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind == skTemp and n.sym.typ.kind == tyTuple)
+  ## except it's already a cursor
+  (n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind == skTemp and
+   n.sym.typ.kind == tyTuple and sfCursor notin n.sym.flags)
 
-from strutils import parseInt
-
-proc checkForErrorPragma(c: Con; t: PType; ri: PNode; opname: string) =
+proc checkForErrorPragma(c: Con; t: PType; ri: PNode; opname: string; inferredFromCopy = false) =
   var m = "'" & opname & "' is not available for type <" & typeToString(t) & ">"
-  if (opname == "=" or opname == "=copy") and ri != nil:
+  if inferredFromCopy:
+    m.add ", which is inferred from unavailable '=copy'"
+
+  if (opname == "=" or opname == "=copy" or opname == "=dup") and ri != nil:
     m.add "; requires a copy because it's not the last read of '"
     m.add renderTree(ri)
     m.add '\''
-    if ri.comment.startsWith('\n'):
+    if c.otherUsage != unknownLineInfo:
+       # ri.comment.startsWith('\n'):
       m.add "; another read is done here: "
-      m.add c.graph.config $ c.g[parseInt(ri.comment[1..^1])].n.info
+      m.add c.graph.config $ c.otherUsage
+      #m.add c.graph.config $ c.g[parseInt(ri.comment[1..^1])].n.info
     elif ri.kind == nkSym and ri.sym.kind == skParam and not isSinkType(ri.sym.typ):
       m.add "; try to make "
       m.add renderTree(ri)
       m.add " a 'sink' parameter"
   m.add "; routine: "
   m.add c.owner.name.s
+  #m.add "\n\n"
+  #m.add renderTree(c.body, {renderIds})
   localError(c.graph.config, ri.info, errGenerated, m)
 
 proc makePtrType(c: var Con, baseType: PType): PType =
-  result = newType(tyPtr, nextTypeId c.idgen, c.owner)
+  result = newType(tyPtr, c.idgen, c.owner)
   addSonSkipIntLit(result, baseType, c.idgen)
 
 proc genOp(c: var Con; op: PSym; dest: PNode): PNode =
-  let addrExp = newNodeIT(nkHiddenAddr, dest.info, makePtrType(c, dest.typ))
-  addrExp.add(dest)
+  var addrExp: PNode
+  if op.typ != nil and op.typ.signatureLen > 1 and op.typ.firstParamType.kind != tyVar:
+    addrExp = dest
+  else:
+    addrExp = newNodeIT(nkHiddenAddr, dest.info, makePtrType(c, dest.typ))
+    addrExp.add(dest)
   result = newTree(nkCall, newSymNode(op), addrExp)
 
 proc genOp(c: var Con; t: PType; kind: TTypeAttachedOp; dest, ri: PNode): PNode =
   var op = getAttachedOp(c.graph, t, kind)
   if op == nil or op.ast.isGenericRoutine:
     # give up and find the canonical type instead:
-    let h = sighashes.hashType(t, {CoType, CoConsiderOwned, CoDistinct})
+    let h = sighashes.hashType(t, c.graph.config, {CoType, CoConsiderOwned, CoDistinct})
     let canon = c.graph.canonTypes.getOrDefault(h)
     if canon != nil:
       op = getAttachedOp(c.graph, canon, kind)
@@ -301,10 +264,20 @@ proc canBeMoved(c: Con; t: PType): bool {.inline.} =
 proc isNoInit(dest: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
   result = dest.kind == nkSym and sfNoInit in dest.sym.flags
 
-proc genSink(c: var Con; dest, ri: PNode, isDecl = false): PNode =
-  if (c.inLoopCond == 0 and (isUnpackedTuple(dest) or isDecl or
+proc deepAliases(dest, ri: PNode): bool =
+  case ri.kind
+  of nkCallKinds, nkStmtListExpr, nkBracket, nkTupleConstr, nkObjConstr,
+     nkCast, nkConv, nkObjUpConv, nkObjDownConv:
+    for r in ri:
+      if deepAliases(dest, r): return true
+    return false
+  else:
+    return aliases(dest, ri) != no
+
+proc genSink(c: var Con; s: var Scope; dest, ri: PNode; flags: set[MoveOrCopyFlag] = {}): PNode =
+  if (c.inLoopCond == 0 and (isUnpackedTuple(dest) or IsDecl in flags or
       (isAnalysableFieldAccess(dest, c.owner) and isFirstWrite(dest, c)))) or
-      isNoInit(dest):
+      isNoInit(dest) or IsReturn in flags:
     # optimize sink call into a bitwise memcopy
     result = newTree(nkFastAsgn, dest, ri)
   else:
@@ -315,12 +288,19 @@ proc genSink(c: var Con; dest, ri: PNode, isDecl = false): PNode =
     else:
       # the default is to use combination of `=destroy(dest)` and
       # and copyMem(dest, source). This is efficient.
-      result = newTree(nkStmtList, c.genDestroy(dest), newTree(nkFastAsgn, dest, ri))
+      if deepAliases(dest, ri):
+        # consider: x = x + y, it is wrong to destroy the destination first!
+        # tmp to support self assignments
+        let tmp = c.getTemp(s, dest.typ, dest.info)
+        result = newTree(nkStmtList, newTree(nkFastAsgn, tmp, dest), newTree(nkFastAsgn, dest, ri),
+                         c.genDestroy(tmp))
+      else:
+        result = newTree(nkStmtList, c.genDestroy(dest), newTree(nkFastAsgn, dest, ri))
 
 proc isCriticalLink(dest: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
   #[
   Lins's idea that only "critical" links can introduce a cycle. This is
-  critical for the performance gurantees that we strive for: If you
+  critical for the performance guarantees that we strive for: If you
   traverse a data structure, no tracing will be performed at all.
   ORC is about this promise: The GC only touches the memory that the
   mutator touches too.
@@ -337,16 +317,17 @@ proc isCriticalLink(dest: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
   ]#
   result = dest.kind != nkSym
 
-proc finishCopy(c: var Con; result, dest: PNode; isFromSink: bool) =
-  if c.graph.config.selectedGC == gcOrc:
-    let t = dest.typ.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyDistinct})
-    if cyclicType(t):
+proc finishCopy(c: var Con; result, dest: PNode; flags: set[MoveOrCopyFlag]; isFromSink: bool) =
+  if c.graph.config.selectedGC == gcOrc and IsExplicitSink notin flags:
+    # add cyclic flag, but not to sink calls, which IsExplicitSink generates
+    let t = dest.typ.skipTypes(tyUserTypeClasses + {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyDistinct})
+    if cyclicType(c.graph, t):
       result.add boolLit(c.graph, result.info, isFromSink or isCriticalLink(dest))
 
 proc genMarkCyclic(c: var Con; result, dest: PNode) =
   if c.graph.config.selectedGC == gcOrc:
     let t = dest.typ.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyDistinct})
-    if cyclicType(t):
+    if cyclicType(c.graph, t):
       if t.kind == tyRef:
         result.add callCodegenProc(c.graph, "nimMarkCyclic", dest.info, dest)
       else:
@@ -354,16 +335,25 @@ proc genMarkCyclic(c: var Con; result, dest: PNode) =
         xenv.typ = getSysType(c.graph, dest.info, tyPointer)
         result.add callCodegenProc(c.graph, "nimMarkCyclic", dest.info, xenv)
 
-proc genCopyNoCheck(c: var Con; dest, ri: PNode): PNode =
+proc genCopyNoCheck(c: var Con; dest, ri: PNode; a: TTypeAttachedOp): PNode =
   let t = dest.typ.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink})
-  result = c.genOp(t, attachedAsgn, dest, ri)
+  result = c.genOp(t, a, dest, ri)
+  assert ri.typ != nil
 
-proc genCopy(c: var Con; dest, ri: PNode): PNode =
+proc genCopy(c: var Con; dest, ri: PNode; flags: set[MoveOrCopyFlag]): PNode =
+  if c.inEnsureMove > 0:
+    localError(c.graph.config, ri.info, errFailedMove, "cannot move '" & $ri &
+                                                      "', which introduces an implicit copy")
   let t = dest.typ
   if tfHasOwned in t.flags and ri.kind != nkNilLit:
     # try to improve the error message here:
-    c.checkForErrorPragma(t, ri, "=copy")
-  result = c.genCopyNoCheck(dest, ri)
+    if IsExplicitSink in flags:
+      c.checkForErrorPragma(t, ri, "=sink")
+    else:
+      c.checkForErrorPragma(t, ri, "=copy")
+  let a = if IsExplicitSink in flags: attachedSink else: attachedAsgn
+  result = c.genCopyNoCheck(dest, ri, a)
+  assert ri.typ != nil
 
 proc genDiscriminantAsgn(c: var Con; s: var Scope; n: PNode): PNode =
   # discriminator is ordinal value that doesn't need sink destroy
@@ -382,30 +372,38 @@ proc genDiscriminantAsgn(c: var Con; s: var Scope; n: PNode): PNode =
 
   if hasDestructor(c, objType):
     if getAttachedOp(c.graph, objType, attachedDestructor) != nil and
-        sfOverriden in getAttachedOp(c.graph, objType, attachedDestructor).flags:
+        sfOverridden in getAttachedOp(c.graph, objType, attachedDestructor).flags:
       localError(c.graph.config, n.info, errGenerated, """Assignment to discriminant for objects with user defined destructor is not supported, object must have default destructor.
 It is best to factor out piece of object that needs custom destructor into separate object or not use discriminator assignment""")
       result.add newTree(nkFastAsgn, le, tmp)
       return
 
     # generate: if le != tmp: `=destroy`(le)
-    let branchDestructor = produceDestructorForDiscriminator(c.graph, objType, leDotExpr[1].sym, n.info, c.idgen)
-    let cond = newNodeIT(nkInfix, n.info, getSysType(c.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyBool))
-    cond.add newSymNode(getMagicEqSymForType(c.graph, le.typ, n.info))
-    cond.add le
-    cond.add tmp
-    let notExpr = newNodeIT(nkPrefix, n.info, getSysType(c.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyBool))
-    notExpr.add newSymNode(createMagic(c.graph, c.idgen, "not", mNot))
-    notExpr.add cond
-    result.add newTree(nkIfStmt, newTree(nkElifBranch, notExpr, c.genOp(branchDestructor, le)))
+    if c.inUncheckedAssignSection != 0:
+      let branchDestructor = produceDestructorForDiscriminator(c.graph, objType, leDotExpr[1].sym, n.info, c.idgen)
+      let cond = newNodeIT(nkInfix, n.info, getSysType(c.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyBool))
+      cond.add newSymNode(getMagicEqSymForType(c.graph, le.typ, n.info))
+      cond.add le
+      cond.add tmp
+      let notExpr = newNodeIT(nkPrefix, n.info, getSysType(c.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyBool))
+      notExpr.add newSymNode(createMagic(c.graph, c.idgen, "not", mNot))
+      notExpr.add cond
+      result.add newTree(nkIfStmt, newTree(nkElifBranch, notExpr, c.genOp(branchDestructor, le)))
   result.add newTree(nkFastAsgn, le, tmp)
 
 proc genWasMoved(c: var Con, n: PNode): PNode =
-  result = newNodeI(nkCall, n.info)
-  result.add(newSymNode(createMagic(c.graph, c.idgen, "wasMoved", mWasMoved)))
-  result.add copyTree(n) #mWasMoved does not take the address
-  #if n.kind != nkSym:
-  #  message(c.graph.config, n.info, warnUser, "wasMoved(" & $n & ")")
+  let typ = n.typ.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink})
+  let op = getAttachedOp(c.graph, n.typ, attachedWasMoved)
+  if op != nil:
+    if sfError in op.flags:
+      c.checkForErrorPragma(n.typ, n, "=wasMoved")
+    result = genOp(c, op, n)
+  else:
+    result = newNodeI(nkCall, n.info)
+    result.add(newSymNode(createMagic(c.graph, c.idgen, "`=wasMoved`", mWasMoved)))
+    result.add copyTree(n) #mWasMoved does not take the address
+    #if n.kind != nkSym:
+    #  message(c.graph.config, n.info, warnUser, "wasMoved(" & $n & ")")
 
 proc genDefaultCall(t: PType; c: Con; info: TLineInfo): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(nkCall, info)
@@ -414,13 +412,16 @@ proc genDefaultCall(t: PType; c: Con; info: TLineInfo): PNode =
 
 proc destructiveMoveVar(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope): PNode =
   # generate: (let tmp = v; reset(v); tmp)
-  if not hasDestructor(c, n.typ):
-    assert n.kind != nkSym or not hasDestructor(c, n.sym.typ)
+  if (not hasDestructor(c, n.typ)) and c.inEnsureMove == 0:
+    assert n.kind != nkSym or not hasDestructor(c, n.sym.typ) or
+          (n.typ.kind == tyPtr and n.sym.typ.kind == tyRef)
+      # bug #23505; transformed by `transf`: addr (deref ref) -> ptr
+      # we know it's really a pointer; so here we assign it directly
     result = copyTree(n)
   else:
     result = newNodeIT(nkStmtListExpr, n.info, n.typ)
 
-    var temp = newSym(skLet, getIdent(c.graph.cache, "blitTmp"), nextSymId c.idgen, c.owner, n.info)
+    var temp = newSym(skLet, getIdent(c.graph.cache, "blitTmp"), c.idgen, c.owner, n.info)
     temp.typ = n.typ
     var v = newNodeI(nkLetSection, n.info)
     let tempAsNode = newSymNode(temp)
@@ -433,7 +434,8 @@ proc destructiveMoveVar(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope): PNode =
 
     result.add v
     let nn = skipConv(n)
-    c.genMarkCyclic(result, nn)
+    if hasDestructor(c, n.typ):
+      c.genMarkCyclic(result, nn)
     let wasMovedCall = c.genWasMoved(nn)
     result.add wasMovedCall
     result.add tempAsNode
@@ -441,24 +443,50 @@ proc destructiveMoveVar(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope): PNode =
 proc isCapturedVar(n: PNode): bool =
   let root = getRoot(n)
   if root != nil: result = root.name.s[0] == ':'
+  else: result = false
 
 proc passCopyToSink(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope): PNode =
   result = newNodeIT(nkStmtListExpr, n.info, n.typ)
-  let tmp = c.getTemp(s, n.typ, n.info)
-  if hasDestructor(c, n.typ):
-    result.add c.genWasMoved(tmp)
-    var m = c.genCopy(tmp, n)
-    m.add p(n, c, s, normal)
-    c.finishCopy(m, n, isFromSink = true)
-    result.add m
-    if isLValue(n) and not isCapturedVar(n) and n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind != tyRef and c.inSpawn == 0:
+  let nTyp = n.typ.skipTypes(tyUserTypeClasses)
+  let tmp = c.getTemp(s, nTyp, n.info)
+  if hasDestructor(c, nTyp):
+    let typ = nTyp.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink})
+    let op = getAttachedOp(c.graph, typ, attachedDup)
+    if op != nil and tfHasOwned notin typ.flags:
+      if sfError in op.flags:
+        c.checkForErrorPragma(nTyp, n, "=dup")
+      else:
+        let copyOp = getAttachedOp(c.graph, typ, attachedAsgn)
+        if copyOp != nil and sfError in copyOp.flags and
+           sfOverridden notin op.flags:
+          c.checkForErrorPragma(nTyp, n, "=dup", inferredFromCopy = true)
+
+      let src = p(n, c, s, normal)
+      var newCall = newTreeIT(nkCall, src.info, src.typ,
+            newSymNode(op),
+            src)
+      c.finishCopy(newCall, n, {}, isFromSink = true)
+      result.add newTreeI(nkFastAsgn,
+          src.info, tmp,
+          newCall
+      )
+    else:
+      result.add c.genWasMoved(tmp)
+      var m = c.genCopy(tmp, n, {})
+      m.add p(n, c, s, normal)
+      c.finishCopy(m, n, {}, isFromSink = true)
+      result.add m
+    if isLValue(n) and not isCapturedVar(n) and nTyp.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind != tyRef and c.inSpawn == 0:
       message(c.graph.config, n.info, hintPerformance,
         ("passing '$1' to a sink parameter introduces an implicit copy; " &
         "if possible, rearrange your program's control flow to prevent it") % $n)
+    if c.inEnsureMove > 0:
+      localError(c.graph.config, n.info, errFailedMove,
+        ("cannot move '$1', passing '$1' to a sink parameter introduces an implicit copy") % $n)
   else:
-    if c.graph.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc}:
-      assert(not containsManagedMemory(n.typ))
-    if n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs}:
+    if c.graph.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc, gcAtomicArc}:
+      assert(not containsManagedMemory(nTyp))
+    if nTyp.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs}:
       localError(c.graph.config, n.info, "cannot create an implicit openArray copy to be passed to a sink parameter")
     result.add newTree(nkAsgn, tmp, p(n, c, s, normal))
   # Since we know somebody will take over the produced copy, there is
@@ -467,14 +495,14 @@ proc passCopyToSink(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope): PNode =
 
 proc isDangerousSeq(t: PType): bool {.inline.} =
   let t = t.skipTypes(abstractInst)
-  result = t.kind == tySequence and tfHasOwned notin t[0].flags
+  result = t.kind == tySequence and tfHasOwned notin t.elementType.flags
 
 proc containsConstSeq(n: PNode): bool =
   if n.kind == nkBracket and n.len > 0 and n.typ != nil and isDangerousSeq(n.typ):
     return true
   result = false
   case n.kind
-  of nkExprEqExpr, nkExprColonExpr, nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv:
+  of nkExprEqExpr, nkExprColonExpr, nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkCast:
     result = containsConstSeq(n[1])
   of nkObjConstr, nkClosure:
     for i in 1..<n.len:
@@ -492,14 +520,14 @@ proc ensureDestruction(arg, orig: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope): PNode =
     # This was already done in the sink parameter handling logic.
     result = newNodeIT(nkStmtListExpr, arg.info, arg.typ)
     let tmp = c.getTemp(s, arg.typ, arg.info)
-    result.add c.genSink(tmp, arg, isDecl = true)
+    result.add c.genSink(s, tmp, arg, {IsDecl})
     result.add tmp
     s.final.add c.genDestroy(tmp)
   else:
     result = arg
 
 proc cycleCheck(n: PNode; c: var Con) =
-  if c.graph.config.selectedGC != gcArc: return
+  if c.graph.config.selectedGC notin {gcArc, gcAtomicArc}: return
   var value = n[1]
   if value.kind == nkClosure:
     value = value[1]
@@ -537,7 +565,7 @@ proc pVarTopLevel(v: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; res: PNode) =
       res.add newTree(nkFastAsgn, v, genDefaultCall(v.typ, c, v.info))
   elif sfThread notin v.sym.flags and sfCursor notin v.sym.flags:
     # do not destroy thread vars for now at all for consistency.
-    if sfGlobal in v.sym.flags and s.parent == nil: #XXX: Rethink this logic (see tarcmisc.test2)
+    if {sfGlobal, sfPure} <= v.sym.flags or sfGlobal in v.sym.flags and s.parent == nil:
       c.graph.globalDestructors.add c.genDestroy(v)
     else:
       s.final.add c.genDestroy(v)
@@ -564,16 +592,19 @@ proc processScope(c: var Con; s: var Scope; ret: PNode): PNode =
 
   if s.parent != nil: s.parent[].needsTry = s.parent[].needsTry or s.needsTry
 
-template processScopeExpr(c: var Con; s: var Scope; ret: PNode, processCall: untyped): PNode =
+template processScopeExpr(c: var Con; s: var Scope; ret: PNode, processCall: untyped, tmpFlags: TSymFlags): PNode =
   assert not ret.typ.isEmptyType
-  var result = newNodeI(nkStmtListExpr, ret.info)
+  var result = newNodeIT(nkStmtListExpr, ret.info, ret.typ)
   # There is a possibility to do this check: s.wasMoved.len > 0 or s.final.len > 0
   # later and use it to eliminate the temporary when theres no need for it, but its
   # tricky because you would have to intercept moveOrCopy at a certain point
   let tmp = c.getTemp(s.parent[], ret.typ, ret.info)
-  tmp.sym.flags.incl sfSingleUsedTemp
-  let cpy = if hasDestructor(c, ret.typ):
-              moveOrCopy(tmp, ret, c, s, isDecl = true)
+  tmp.sym.flags = tmpFlags
+  let cpy = if hasDestructor(c, ret.typ) and
+                ret.typ.kind notin {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs}:
+                # bug #23247 we don't own the data, so it's harmful to destroy it
+              s.parent[].final.add c.genDestroy(tmp)
+              moveOrCopy(tmp, ret, c, s, {IsDecl})
             else:
               newTree(nkFastAsgn, tmp, p(ret, c, s, normal))
 
@@ -597,7 +628,8 @@ template processScopeExpr(c: var Con; s: var Scope; ret: PNode, processCall: unt
 
   result
 
-template handleNestedTempl(n, processCall: untyped, willProduceStmt = false) =
+template handleNestedTempl(n, processCall: untyped, willProduceStmt = false,
+                           tmpFlags = {sfSingleUsedTemp}) =
   template maybeVoid(child, s): untyped =
     if isEmptyType(child.typ): p(child, c, s, normal)
     else: processCall(child, s)
@@ -621,11 +653,11 @@ template handleNestedTempl(n, processCall: untyped, willProduceStmt = false) =
       var branch = shallowCopy(it)
       for j in 0 ..< it.len-1:
         branch[j] = copyTree(it[j])
-      var ofScope = nestedScope(s)
-      branch[^1] = if it[^1].typ.isEmptyType or willProduceStmt:
+      var ofScope = nestedScope(s, it.lastSon)
+      branch[^1] = if n.typ.isEmptyType or it[^1].typ.isEmptyType or willProduceStmt:
                      processScope(c, ofScope, maybeVoid(it[^1], ofScope))
                    else:
-                     processScopeExpr(c, ofScope, it[^1], processCall)
+                     processScopeExpr(c, ofScope, it[^1], processCall, tmpFlags)
       result.add branch
 
   of nkWhileStmt:
@@ -634,7 +666,7 @@ template handleNestedTempl(n, processCall: untyped, willProduceStmt = false) =
     result = copyNode(n)
     result.add p(n[0], c, s, normal)
     dec c.inLoopCond
-    var bodyScope = nestedScope(s)
+    var bodyScope = nestedScope(s, n[1])
     let bodyResult = p(n[1], c, bodyScope, normal)
     result.add processScope(c, bodyScope, bodyResult)
     dec c.inLoop
@@ -646,7 +678,7 @@ template handleNestedTempl(n, processCall: untyped, willProduceStmt = false) =
     for i in 0..<last-1:
       result[i] = n[i]
     result[last-1] = p(n[last-1], c, s, normal)
-    var bodyScope = nestedScope(s)
+    var bodyScope = nestedScope(s, n[1])
     let bodyResult = p(n[last], c, bodyScope, normal)
     result[last] = processScope(c, bodyScope, bodyResult)
     dec c.inLoop
@@ -654,51 +686,71 @@ template handleNestedTempl(n, processCall: untyped, willProduceStmt = false) =
   of nkBlockStmt, nkBlockExpr:
     result = copyNode(n)
     result.add n[0]
-    var bodyScope = nestedScope(s)
+    var bodyScope = nestedScope(s, n[1])
     result.add if n[1].typ.isEmptyType or willProduceStmt:
                  processScope(c, bodyScope, processCall(n[1], bodyScope))
                else:
-                 processScopeExpr(c, bodyScope, n[1], processCall)
+                 processScopeExpr(c, bodyScope, n[1], processCall, tmpFlags)
 
   of nkIfStmt, nkIfExpr:
     result = copyNode(n)
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       let it = n[i]
       var branch = shallowCopy(it)
-      var branchScope = nestedScope(s)
+      var branchScope = nestedScope(s, it.lastSon)
       if it.kind in {nkElifBranch, nkElifExpr}:
         #Condition needs to be destroyed outside of the condition/branch scope
         branch[0] = p(it[0], c, s, normal)
 
-      branch[^1] = if it[^1].typ.isEmptyType or willProduceStmt:
+      branch[^1] = if n.typ.isEmptyType or it[^1].typ.isEmptyType or willProduceStmt:
                      processScope(c, branchScope, maybeVoid(it[^1], branchScope))
                    else:
-                     processScopeExpr(c, branchScope, it[^1], processCall)
+                     processScopeExpr(c, branchScope, it[^1], processCall, tmpFlags)
       result.add branch
 
   of nkTryStmt:
     result = copyNode(n)
-    var tryScope = nestedScope(s)
+    var tryScope = nestedScope(s, n[0])
     result.add if n[0].typ.isEmptyType or willProduceStmt:
                  processScope(c, tryScope, maybeVoid(n[0], tryScope))
                else:
-                 processScopeExpr(c, tryScope, n[0], maybeVoid)
+                 processScopeExpr(c, tryScope, n[0], maybeVoid, tmpFlags)
 
     for i in 1..<n.len:
       let it = n[i]
       var branch = copyTree(it)
-      var branchScope = nestedScope(s)
+      var branchScope = nestedScope(s, it[^1])
       branch[^1] = if it[^1].typ.isEmptyType or willProduceStmt or it.kind == nkFinally:
                      processScope(c, branchScope, if it.kind == nkFinally: p(it[^1], c, branchScope, normal)
                                                   else: maybeVoid(it[^1], branchScope))
                    else:
-                     processScopeExpr(c, branchScope, it[^1], processCall)
+                     processScopeExpr(c, branchScope, it[^1], processCall, tmpFlags)
       result.add branch
 
   of nkWhen: # This should be a "when nimvm" node.
     result = copyTree(n)
     result[1][0] = processCall(n[1][0], s)
-  else: assert(false)
+
+  of nkPragmaBlock:
+    var inUncheckedAssignSection = 0
+    let pragmaList = n[0]
+    for pi in pragmaList:
+      if whichPragma(pi) == wCast:
+        case whichPragma(pi[1])
+        of wUncheckedAssign:
+          inUncheckedAssignSection = 1
+        else:
+          discard
+    result = shallowCopy(n)
+    inc c.inUncheckedAssignSection, inUncheckedAssignSection
+    for i in 0 ..< n.len-1:
+      result[i] = p(n[i], c, s, normal)
+    result[^1] = maybeVoid(n[^1], s)
+    dec c.inUncheckedAssignSection, inUncheckedAssignSection
+
+  else:
+    result = nil
+    assert(false)
 
 proc pRaiseStmt(n: PNode, c: var Con; s: var Scope): PNode =
   if optOwnedRefs in c.graph.config.globalOptions and n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
@@ -708,9 +760,9 @@ proc pRaiseStmt(n: PNode, c: var Con; s: var Scope): PNode =
       result.add call
     else:
       let tmp = c.getTemp(s, n[0].typ, n.info)
-      var m = c.genCopyNoCheck(tmp, n[0])
+      var m = c.genCopyNoCheck(tmp, n[0], attachedAsgn)
       m.add p(n[0], c, s, normal)
-      c.finishCopy(m, n[0], isFromSink = false)
+      c.finishCopy(m, n[0], {}, isFromSink = false)
       result = newTree(nkStmtList, c.genWasMoved(tmp), m)
       var toDisarm = n[0]
       if toDisarm.kind == nkStmtListExpr: toDisarm = toDisarm.lastSon
@@ -725,11 +777,23 @@ proc pRaiseStmt(n: PNode, c: var Con; s: var Scope): PNode =
       result.add copyNode(n[0])
   s.needsTry = true
 
-proc p(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; mode: ProcessMode): PNode =
+template isCustomDestructor(c: Con, t: PType): bool =
+  hasDestructor(c, t) and
+          getAttachedOp(c.graph, t, attachedDestructor) != nil and
+          sfOverridden in getAttachedOp(c.graph, t, attachedDestructor).flags
+
+proc hasCustomDestructor(c: Con, t: PType): bool =
+  result = isCustomDestructor(c, t)
+  var obj = t
+  while obj.baseClass != nil:
+    obj = skipTypes(obj.baseClass, abstractPtrs)
+    result = result or isCustomDestructor(c, obj)
+
+proc p(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; mode: ProcessMode; tmpFlags = {sfSingleUsedTemp}; inReturn = false): PNode =
   if n.kind in {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr, nkBlockStmt, nkBlockExpr, nkIfStmt,
-                nkIfExpr, nkCaseStmt, nkWhen, nkWhileStmt, nkParForStmt, nkTryStmt}:
+                nkIfExpr, nkCaseStmt, nkWhen, nkWhileStmt, nkParForStmt, nkTryStmt, nkPragmaBlock}:
     template process(child, s): untyped = p(child, c, s, mode)
-    handleNestedTempl(n, process)
+    handleNestedTempl(n, process, tmpFlags = tmpFlags)
   elif mode == sinkArg:
     if n.containsConstSeq:
       # const sequences are not mutable and so we need to pass a copy to the
@@ -738,9 +802,17 @@ proc p(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; mode: ProcessMode): PNode =
       result = passCopyToSink(n, c, s)
     elif n.kind in {nkBracket, nkObjConstr, nkTupleConstr, nkClosure, nkNilLit} +
          nkCallKinds + nkLiterals:
-      result = p(n, c, s, consumed)
+      if n.kind in nkCallKinds and n[0].kind == nkSym:
+        if n[0].sym.magic == mEnsureMove:
+          inc c.inEnsureMove
+          result = p(n[1], c, s, sinkArg)
+          dec c.inEnsureMove
+        else:
+          result = p(n, c, s, consumed)
+      else:
+        result = p(n, c, s, consumed)
     elif ((n.kind == nkSym and isSinkParam(n.sym)) or isAnalysableFieldAccess(n, c.owner)) and
-        isLastRead(n, c) and not (n.kind == nkSym and isCursor(n)):
+        isLastRead(n, c, s) and not (n.kind == nkSym and isCursor(n)):
       # Sinked params can be consumed only once. We need to reset the memory
       # to disable the destructor which we have not elided
       result = destructiveMoveVar(n, c, s)
@@ -758,6 +830,9 @@ proc p(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; mode: ProcessMode): PNode =
     elif n.kind in {nkObjDownConv, nkObjUpConv}:
       result = copyTree(n)
       result[0] = p(n[0], c, s, sinkArg)
+    elif n.kind == nkCast and n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyString, tySequence}:
+      result = copyTree(n)
+      result[1] = p(n[1], c, s, sinkArg)
     elif n.typ == nil:
       # 'raise X' can be part of a 'case' expression. Deal with it here:
       result = p(n, c, s, normal)
@@ -766,7 +841,7 @@ proc p(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; mode: ProcessMode): PNode =
       result = passCopyToSink(n, c, s)
   else:
     case n.kind
-    of nkBracket, nkObjConstr, nkTupleConstr, nkClosure, nkCurly:
+    of nkBracket, nkTupleConstr, nkClosure, nkCurly:
       # Let C(x) be the construction, 'x' the vector of arguments.
       # C(x) either owns 'x' or it doesn't.
       # If C(x) owns its data, we must consume C(x).
@@ -777,13 +852,11 @@ proc p(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; mode: ProcessMode): PNode =
       # don't destroy it"
       # but if C(x) is a ref it MUST own its data since we must destroy it
       # so then we have no choice but to use 'sinkArg'.
-      let isRefConstr = n.kind == nkObjConstr and n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tyRef
-      let m = if isRefConstr: sinkArg
-              elif mode == normal: normal
+      let m = if mode == normal: normal
               else: sinkArg
 
       result = copyTree(n)
-      for i in ord(n.kind in {nkObjConstr, nkClosure})..<n.len:
+      for i in ord(n.kind == nkClosure)..<n.len:
         if n[i].kind == nkExprColonExpr:
           result[i][1] = p(n[i][1], c, s, m)
         elif n[i].kind == nkRange:
@@ -791,17 +864,43 @@ proc p(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; mode: ProcessMode): PNode =
           result[i][1] = p(n[i][1], c, s, m)
         else:
           result[i] = p(n[i], c, s, m)
-      if mode == normal and isRefConstr:
+    of nkObjConstr:
+      # see also the remark about `nkTupleConstr`.
+      let t = n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)
+      let isRefConstr = t.kind == tyRef
+      let m = if isRefConstr: sinkArg
+              elif mode == normal: normal
+              else: sinkArg
+
+      result = copyTree(n)
+      for i in 1..<n.len:
+        if n[i].kind == nkExprColonExpr:
+          let field = lookupFieldAgain(t, n[i][0].sym)
+          if field != nil and (sfCursor in field.flags or field.typ.kind in {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs}):
+            # don't sink fields with openarray types
+            result[i][1] = p(n[i][1], c, s, normal)
+          else:
+            result[i][1] = p(n[i][1], c, s, m)
+        else:
+          result[i] = p(n[i], c, s, m)
+      if mode == normal and (isRefConstr or hasCustomDestructor(c, t)):
         result = ensureDestruction(result, n, c, s)
     of nkCallKinds:
+      if n[0].kind == nkSym and n[0].sym.magic == mEnsureMove:
+        inc c.inEnsureMove
+        result = p(n[1], c, s, sinkArg)
+        dec c.inEnsureMove
+        return
+
       let inSpawn = c.inSpawn
       if n[0].kind == nkSym and n[0].sym.magic == mSpawn:
         c.inSpawn.inc
       elif c.inSpawn > 0:
         c.inSpawn.dec
 
-      let parameters = n[0].typ
-      let L = if parameters != nil: parameters.len else: 0
+      # bug #23907; skips tyGenericInst for generic callbacks
+      let parameters = if n[0].typ != nil: n[0].typ.skipTypes(abstractInst) else: n[0].typ
+      let L = if parameters != nil: parameters.signatureLen else: 0
 
       when false:
         var isDangerous = false
@@ -824,14 +923,17 @@ proc p(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; mode: ProcessMode): PNode =
 
       if n[0].kind == nkSym and n[0].sym.magic in {mNew, mNewFinalize}:
         result[0] = copyTree(n[0])
-        if c.graph.config.selectedGC in {gcHooks, gcArc, gcOrc}:
+        if c.graph.config.selectedGC in {gcHooks, gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc}:
           let destroyOld = c.genDestroy(result[1])
           result = newTree(nkStmtList, destroyOld, result)
       else:
         result[0] = p(n[0], c, s, normal)
       if canRaise(n[0]): s.needsTry = true
       if mode == normal:
-        result = ensureDestruction(result, n, c, s)
+        if result.typ != nil and result.typ.kind notin {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs}:
+          # Returns of openarray types shouldn't be destroyed
+          # bug #19435; # bug #23247
+          result = ensureDestruction(result, n, c, s)
     of nkDiscardStmt: # Small optimization
       result = shallowCopy(n)
       if n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
@@ -844,32 +946,45 @@ proc p(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; mode: ProcessMode): PNode =
       for it in n:
         var ri = it[^1]
         if it.kind == nkVarTuple and hasDestructor(c, ri.typ):
+          for i in 0..<it.len-2:
+            if it[i].kind == nkSym: s.locals.add it[i].sym
           let x = lowerTupleUnpacking(c.graph, it, c.idgen, c.owner)
           result.add p(x, c, s, consumed)
-        elif it.kind == nkIdentDefs and hasDestructor(c, it[0].typ):
+        elif it.kind == nkIdentDefs and hasDestructor(c, skipPragmaExpr(it[0]).typ):
           for j in 0..<it.len-2:
-            let v = it[j]
+            let v = skipPragmaExpr(it[j])
             if v.kind == nkSym:
               if sfCompileTime in v.sym.flags: continue
+              s.locals.add v.sym
               pVarTopLevel(v, c, s, result)
             if ri.kind != nkEmpty:
-              result.add moveOrCopy(v, ri, c, s, isDecl = v.kind == nkSym)
+              result.add moveOrCopy(v, ri, c, s, if v.kind == nkSym: {IsDecl} else: {})
             elif ri.kind == nkEmpty and c.inLoop > 0:
-              result.add moveOrCopy(v, genDefaultCall(v.typ, c, v.info), c, s, isDecl = v.kind == nkSym)
+              let skipInit = v.kind == nkDotExpr and # Closure var
+                             sfNoInit in v[1].sym.flags
+              if not skipInit:
+                result.add moveOrCopy(v, genDefaultCall(v.typ, c, v.info), c, s, if v.kind == nkSym: {IsDecl} else: {})
         else: # keep the var but transform 'ri':
           var v = copyNode(n)
           var itCopy = copyNode(it)
           for j in 0..<it.len-1:
             itCopy.add it[j]
-          itCopy.add p(it[^1], c, s, normal)
+          var flags = {sfSingleUsedTemp}
+          if it.kind == nkIdentDefs and it.len == 3 and it[0].kind == nkSym and
+                                        sfGlobal in it[0].sym.flags:
+            flags.incl sfGlobal
+          itCopy.add p(it[^1], c, s, normal, tmpFlags = flags)
           v.add itCopy
           result.add v
-    of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn:
+    of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn:
       if hasDestructor(c, n[0].typ) and n[1].kind notin {nkProcDef, nkDo, nkLambda}:
         if n[0].kind in {nkDotExpr, nkCheckedFieldExpr}:
           cycleCheck(n, c)
-        assert n[1].kind notin {nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn}
-        result = moveOrCopy(p(n[0], c, s, mode), n[1], c, s)
+        assert n[1].kind notin {nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn}
+        var flags = if n.kind == nkSinkAsgn: {IsExplicitSink} else: {}
+        if inReturn:
+          flags.incl(IsReturn)
+        result = moveOrCopy(p(n[0], c, s, mode), n[1], c, s, flags)
       elif isDiscriminantField(n[0]):
         result = c.genDiscriminantAsgn(s, n)
       else:
@@ -888,7 +1003,7 @@ proc p(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; mode: ProcessMode): PNode =
        nkTypeOfExpr, nkMixinStmt, nkBindStmt:
       result = n
 
-    of nkStringToCString, nkCStringToString, nkChckRangeF, nkChckRange64, nkChckRange, nkPragmaBlock:
+    of nkStringToCString, nkCStringToString, nkChckRangeF, nkChckRange64, nkChckRange:
       result = shallowCopy(n)
       for i in 0 ..< n.len:
         result[i] = p(n[i], c, s, normal)
@@ -923,7 +1038,7 @@ proc p(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; mode: ProcessMode): PNode =
       for i in 1 ..< n.len:
         result[i] = n[i]
       if mode == sinkArg and hasDestructor(c, n.typ):
-        if isAnalysableFieldAccess(n, c.owner) and isLastRead(n, c):
+        if isAnalysableFieldAccess(n, c.owner) and isLastRead(n, c, s):
           s.wasMoved.add c.genWasMoved(n)
         else:
           result = passCopyToSink(result, c, s)
@@ -933,7 +1048,7 @@ proc p(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; mode: ProcessMode): PNode =
       for i in 0 ..< n.len:
         result[i] = p(n[i], c, s, normal)
       if mode == sinkArg and hasDestructor(c, n.typ):
-        if isAnalysableFieldAccess(n, c.owner) and isLastRead(n, c):
+        if isAnalysableFieldAccess(n, c.owner) and isLastRead(n, c, s):
           # consider 'a[(g; destroy(g); 3)]', we want to say 'wasMoved(a[3])'
           # without the junk, hence 'c.genWasMoved(n)'
           # and not 'c.genWasMoved(result)':
@@ -952,7 +1067,7 @@ proc p(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; mode: ProcessMode): PNode =
     of nkReturnStmt:
       result = shallowCopy(n)
       for i in 0..<n.len:
-        result[i] = p(n[i], c, s, mode)
+        result[i] = p(n[i], c, s, mode, inReturn=true)
       s.needsTry = true
     of nkCast:
       result = shallowCopy(n)
@@ -966,11 +1081,12 @@ proc p(n: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope; mode: ProcessMode): PNode =
     of nkGotoState, nkState, nkAsmStmt:
       result = n
     else:
+      result = nil
       internalError(c.graph.config, n.info, "cannot inject destructors to node kind: " & $n.kind)
 
 proc sameLocation*(a, b: PNode): bool =
   proc sameConstant(a, b: PNode): bool =
-    a.kind in nkLiterals and a.intVal == b.intVal
+    a.kind in nkLiterals and b.kind in nkLiterals and a.intVal == b.intVal
 
   const nkEndPoint = {nkSym, nkDotExpr, nkCheckedFieldExpr, nkBracketExpr}
   if a.kind in nkEndPoint and b.kind in nkEndPoint:
@@ -994,140 +1110,159 @@ proc sameLocation*(a, b: PNode): bool =
     of nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv: sameLocation(a[1], b)
     else: false
 
-proc moveOrCopy(dest, ri: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope, isDecl = false): PNode =
+proc genFieldAccessSideEffects(c: var Con; s: var Scope; dest, ri: PNode; flags: set[MoveOrCopyFlag] = {}): PNode =
+  # with side effects
+  var temp = newSym(skLet, getIdent(c.graph.cache, "bracketTmp"), c.idgen, c.owner, ri[1].info)
+  temp.typ = ri[1].typ
+  var v = newNodeI(nkLetSection, ri[1].info)
+  let tempAsNode = newSymNode(temp)
+
+  var vpart = newNodeI(nkIdentDefs, tempAsNode.info, 3)
+  vpart[0] = tempAsNode
+  vpart[1] = newNodeI(nkEmpty, tempAsNode.info)
+  vpart[2] = ri[1]
+  v.add(vpart)
+
+  var newAccess = copyNode(ri)
+  newAccess.add ri[0]
+  newAccess.add tempAsNode
+
+  var snk = c.genSink(s, dest, newAccess, flags)
+  result = newTree(nkStmtList, v, snk, c.genWasMoved(newAccess))
+
+proc moveOrCopy(dest, ri: PNode; c: var Con; s: var Scope, flags: set[MoveOrCopyFlag] = {}): PNode =
+  var ri = ri
+  var isEnsureMove = 0
+  if ri.kind in nkCallKinds and ri[0].kind == nkSym and ri[0].sym.magic == mEnsureMove:
+    ri = ri[1]
+    isEnsureMove = 1
   if sameLocation(dest, ri):
     # rule (self-assignment-removal):
     result = newNodeI(nkEmpty, dest.info)
-  elif isCursor(dest):
+  elif isCursor(dest) or dest.typ.kind in {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs}:
+    # hoisted openArray parameters might end up here
+    # openArray types don't have a lifted assignment operation (it's empty)
+    # bug #22132
     case ri.kind:
     of nkStmtListExpr, nkBlockExpr, nkIfExpr, nkCaseStmt, nkTryStmt:
-      template process(child, s): untyped = moveOrCopy(dest, child, c, s, isDecl)
+      template process(child, s): untyped = moveOrCopy(dest, child, c, s, flags)
       # We know the result will be a stmt so we use that fact to optimize
       handleNestedTempl(ri, process, willProduceStmt = true)
     else:
       result = newTree(nkFastAsgn, dest, p(ri, c, s, normal))
   else:
-    case ri.kind
+    let ri2 = if ri.kind == nkWhen: ri[1][0] else: ri
+    case ri2.kind
     of nkCallKinds:
-      result = c.genSink(dest, p(ri, c, s, consumed), isDecl)
+      result = c.genSink(s, dest, p(ri, c, s, consumed), flags)
     of nkBracketExpr:
       if isUnpackedTuple(ri[0]):
         # unpacking of tuple: take over the elements
-        result = c.genSink(dest, p(ri, c, s, consumed), isDecl)
-      elif isAnalysableFieldAccess(ri, c.owner) and isLastRead(ri, c):
+        result = c.genSink(s, dest, p(ri, c, s, consumed), flags)
+      elif isAnalysableFieldAccess(ri, c.owner) and isLastRead(ri, c, s):
         if aliases(dest, ri) == no:
           # Rule 3: `=sink`(x, z); wasMoved(z)
-          var snk = c.genSink(dest, ri, isDecl)
-          result = newTree(nkStmtList, snk, c.genWasMoved(ri))
+          if isAtom(ri[1]):
+            var snk = c.genSink(s, dest, ri, flags)
+            result = newTree(nkStmtList, snk, c.genWasMoved(ri))
+          else:
+            result = genFieldAccessSideEffects(c, s, dest, ri, flags)
         else:
-          result = c.genSink(dest, destructiveMoveVar(ri, c, s), isDecl)
+          result = c.genSink(s, dest, destructiveMoveVar(ri, c, s), flags)
       else:
-        result = c.genCopy(dest, ri)
+        inc c.inEnsureMove, isEnsureMove
+        result = c.genCopy(dest, ri, flags)
+        dec c.inEnsureMove, isEnsureMove
         result.add p(ri, c, s, consumed)
-        c.finishCopy(result, dest, isFromSink = false)
+        c.finishCopy(result, dest, flags, isFromSink = false)
     of nkBracket:
       # array constructor
       if ri.len > 0 and isDangerousSeq(ri.typ):
-        result = c.genCopy(dest, ri)
+        inc c.inEnsureMove, isEnsureMove
+        result = c.genCopy(dest, ri, flags)
+        dec c.inEnsureMove, isEnsureMove
         result.add p(ri, c, s, consumed)
-        c.finishCopy(result, dest, isFromSink = false)
+        c.finishCopy(result, dest, flags, isFromSink = false)
       else:
-        result = c.genSink(dest, p(ri, c, s, consumed), isDecl)
+        result = c.genSink(s, dest, p(ri, c, s, consumed), flags)
     of nkObjConstr, nkTupleConstr, nkClosure, nkCharLit..nkNilLit:
-      result = c.genSink(dest, p(ri, c, s, consumed), isDecl)
+      result = c.genSink(s, dest, p(ri, c, s, consumed), flags)
     of nkSym:
-      if isSinkParam(ri.sym) and isLastRead(ri, c):
+      if isSinkParam(ri.sym) and isLastRead(ri, c, s):
         # Rule 3: `=sink`(x, z); wasMoved(z)
-        let snk = c.genSink(dest, ri, isDecl)
+        let snk = c.genSink(s, dest, ri, flags)
         result = newTree(nkStmtList, snk, c.genWasMoved(ri))
-      elif ri.sym.kind != skParam and ri.sym.owner == c.owner and
-          isLastRead(ri, c) and canBeMoved(c, dest.typ) and not isCursor(ri):
+      elif ri.sym.kind != skParam and
+          isAnalysableFieldAccess(ri, c.owner) and
+          isLastRead(ri, c, s) and canBeMoved(c, dest.typ):
         # Rule 3: `=sink`(x, z); wasMoved(z)
-        let snk = c.genSink(dest, ri, isDecl)
+        let snk = c.genSink(s, dest, ri, flags)
         result = newTree(nkStmtList, snk, c.genWasMoved(ri))
       else:
-        result = c.genCopy(dest, ri)
+        inc c.inEnsureMove, isEnsureMove
+        result = c.genCopy(dest, ri, flags)
+        dec c.inEnsureMove, isEnsureMove
         result.add p(ri, c, s, consumed)
-        c.finishCopy(result, dest, isFromSink = false)
-    of nkHiddenSubConv, nkHiddenStdConv, nkConv, nkObjDownConv, nkObjUpConv:
-      result = c.genSink(dest, p(ri, c, s, sinkArg), isDecl)
+        c.finishCopy(result, dest, flags, isFromSink = false)
+    of nkHiddenSubConv, nkHiddenStdConv, nkConv, nkObjDownConv, nkObjUpConv, nkCast:
+      result = c.genSink(s, dest, p(ri, c, s, sinkArg), flags)
     of nkStmtListExpr, nkBlockExpr, nkIfExpr, nkCaseStmt, nkTryStmt:
-      template process(child, s): untyped = moveOrCopy(dest, child, c, s, isDecl)
+      template process(child, s): untyped = moveOrCopy(dest, child, c, s, flags)
       # We know the result will be a stmt so we use that fact to optimize
       handleNestedTempl(ri, process, willProduceStmt = true)
     of nkRaiseStmt:
       result = pRaiseStmt(ri, c, s)
     else:
-      if isAnalysableFieldAccess(ri, c.owner) and isLastRead(ri, c) and
+      if isAnalysableFieldAccess(ri, c.owner) and isLastRead(ri, c, s) and
           canBeMoved(c, dest.typ):
         # Rule 3: `=sink`(x, z); wasMoved(z)
-        let snk = c.genSink(dest, ri, isDecl)
+        let snk = c.genSink(s, dest, ri, flags)
         result = newTree(nkStmtList, snk, c.genWasMoved(ri))
       else:
-        result = c.genCopy(dest, ri)
+        inc c.inEnsureMove, isEnsureMove
+        result = c.genCopy(dest, ri, flags)
+        dec c.inEnsureMove, isEnsureMove
         result.add p(ri, c, s, consumed)
-        c.finishCopy(result, dest, isFromSink = false)
+        c.finishCopy(result, dest, flags, isFromSink = false)
 
-proc computeUninit(c: var Con) =
-  if not c.uninitComputed:
-    c.uninitComputed = true
-    c.uninit = initIntSet()
-    var init = initIntSet()
-    discard initialized(c.g, pc = 0, init, c.uninit, int.high)
+when false:
+  proc computeUninit(c: var Con) =
+    if not c.uninitComputed:
+      c.uninitComputed = true
+      c.uninit = initIntSet()
+      var init = initIntSet()
+      discard initialized(c.g, pc = 0, init, c.uninit, int.high)
 
-proc injectDefaultCalls(n: PNode, c: var Con) =
-  case n.kind
-  of nkVarSection, nkLetSection:
-    for it in n:
-      if it.kind == nkIdentDefs and it[^1].kind == nkEmpty:
-        computeUninit(c)
-        for j in 0..<it.len-2:
-          let v = it[j]
-          doAssert v.kind == nkSym
-          if c.uninit.contains(v.sym.id):
-            it[^1] = genDefaultCall(v.sym.typ, c, v.info)
-            break
-  of nkNone..nkNilLit, nkTypeSection, nkProcDef, nkConverterDef, nkMethodDef,
-      nkIteratorDef, nkMacroDef, nkTemplateDef, nkLambda, nkDo, nkFuncDef:
-    discard
-  else:
-    for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
-      injectDefaultCalls(n[i], c)
+  proc injectDefaultCalls(n: PNode, c: var Con) =
+    case n.kind
+    of nkVarSection, nkLetSection:
+      for it in n:
+        if it.kind == nkIdentDefs and it[^1].kind == nkEmpty:
+          computeUninit(c)
+          for j in 0..<it.len-2:
+            let v = skipPragmaExpr(it[j])
+            doAssert v.kind == nkSym
+            if c.uninit.contains(v.sym.id):
+              it[^1] = genDefaultCall(v.sym.typ, c, v.info)
+              break
+    of nkNone..nkNilLit, nkTypeSection, nkProcDef, nkConverterDef, nkMethodDef,
+        nkIteratorDef, nkMacroDef, nkTemplateDef, nkLambda, nkDo, nkFuncDef:
+      discard
+    else:
+      for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
+        injectDefaultCalls(n[i], c)
 
 proc injectDestructorCalls*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym; n: PNode): PNode =
+  when toDebug.len > 0:
+    shouldDebug = toDebug == owner.name.s or toDebug == "always"
   if sfGeneratedOp in owner.flags or (owner.kind == skIterator and isInlineIterator(owner.typ)):
     return n
-  var c = Con(owner: owner, graph: g, g: constructCfg(owner, n), idgen: idgen)
-  dbg:
-    echo "\n### ", owner.name.s, ":\nCFG:"
-    echoCfg(c.g)
-    echo n
+  var c = Con(owner: owner, graph: g, idgen: idgen, body: n, otherUsage: unknownLineInfo)
 
   if optCursorInference in g.config.options:
     computeCursors(owner, n, g)
 
-  block:
-    var cache = initTable[(PNode, PNode), AliasKind]()
-    var lastReads, potLastReads: IntSet
-    var pc = 0
-    collectLastReads(c.g, cache, lastReads, potLastReads, pc, c.g.len)
-    lastReads.incl potLastReads
-    var lastReadTable: Table[PNode, seq[int]]
-    for position, node in c.g:
-      if node.kind == use:
-        lastReadTable.mgetOrPut(node.n, @[]).add position
-    for node, positions in lastReadTable:
-      var allPositionsLastRead = true
-      for p in positions:
-        if p notin lastReads: allPositionsLastRead = false; break
-      if allPositionsLastRead:
-        node.flags.incl nfLastRead
-
-    var alreadySeen: HashSet[PNode]
-    pc = 0
-    collectFirstWrites(c.g, alreadySeen, pc, c.g.len)
-
-  var scope: Scope
+  var scope = Scope(body: n)
   let body = p(n, c, scope, normal)
 
   if owner.kind in {skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skIterator, skConverter}:
diff --git a/compiler/installer.ini b/compiler/installer.ini
index 3f1630a92..54a35dbee 100644
--- a/compiler/installer.ini
+++ b/compiler/installer.ini
@@ -6,13 +6,14 @@ Name: "Nim"
 Version: "$version"
 Platforms: """
   windows: i386;amd64
-  linux: i386;hppa;ia64;alpha;amd64;powerpc64;arm;sparc;sparc64;m68k;mips;mipsel;mips64;mips64el;powerpc;powerpc64el;arm64;riscv32;riscv64
+  linux: i386;hppa;ia64;alpha;amd64;powerpc64;arm;sparc;sparc64;m68k;mips;mipsel;mips64;mips64el;powerpc;powerpc64el;arm64;riscv32;riscv64;loongarch64
   macosx: i386;amd64;powerpc64;arm64
   solaris: i386;amd64;sparc;sparc64
   freebsd: i386;amd64;powerpc64;arm;arm64;riscv64;sparc64;mips;mipsel;mips64;mips64el;powerpc;powerpc64el
-  netbsd: i386;amd64
+  netbsd: i386;amd64;arm64
   openbsd: i386;amd64;arm;arm64
   dragonfly: i386;amd64
+  crossos: amd64
   haiku: i386;amd64
   android: i386;arm;arm64
   nintendoswitch: arm64
@@ -64,11 +65,13 @@ Files: "compiler"
 Files: "doc"
 Files: "doc/html"
 Files: "tools"
-Files: "tools/nim-gdb.py"
+Files: "tools/debug/nim-gdb.py"
 Files: "nimpretty"
 Files: "testament"
 Files: "nimsuggest"
 Files: "nimsuggest/tests/*.nim"
+Files: "changelogs/*.md"
+Files: "ci/funs.sh"
 
 [Lib]
 Files: "lib"
@@ -76,6 +79,7 @@ Files: "lib"
 [Other]
 Files: "examples"
 Files: "dist/nimble"
+Files: "dist/checksums"
 
 Files: "tests"
 
@@ -89,6 +93,7 @@ Files: "bin/nimgrab.exe"
 Files: "bin/nimpretty.exe"
 Files: "bin/testament.exe"
 Files: "bin/nim-gdb.bat"
+Files: "bin/atlas.exe"
 
 Files: "koch.exe"
 Files: "finish.exe"
@@ -119,7 +124,7 @@ Files: "bin/nim"
 InstallScript: "yes"
 UninstallScript: "yes"
 Files: "bin/nim-gdb"
-Files: "bin/nim-gdb.bash"
+Files: "build_all.sh"
 
 
 [InnoSetup]
@@ -141,5 +146,5 @@ shortDesc: "The Nim Compiler"
 licenses: "bin/nim,MIT;lib/*,MIT;"
 
 [nimble]
-pkgName: "compiler"
-pkgFiles: "compiler/*;doc/basicopt.txt;doc/advopt.txt;doc/nimdoc.css"
+pkgName: "nim"
+pkgFiles: "compiler/*;doc/basicopt.txt;doc/advopt.txt;doc/nimdoc.css;doc/nimdoc.cls"
diff --git a/compiler/int128.nim b/compiler/int128.nim
index 8d3cd7113..74e581cd5 100644
--- a/compiler/int128.nim
+++ b/compiler/int128.nim
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@
 
 from std/math import trunc
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 type
   Int128* = object
     udata: array[4, uint32]
@@ -30,39 +33,35 @@ template high*(t: typedesc[Int128]): Int128 = Max
 proc `$`*(a: Int128): string
 
 proc toInt128*[T: SomeInteger | bool](arg: T): Int128 =
-  when T is bool: result.sdata(0) = int32(arg)
-  elif T is SomeUnsignedInt:
-    when sizeof(arg) <= 4:
-      result.udata[0] = uint32(arg)
+  {.noSideEffect.}:
+    result = Zero
+    when T is bool: result.sdata(0) = int32(arg)
+    elif T is SomeUnsignedInt:
+      when sizeof(arg) <= 4:
+        result.udata[0] = uint32(arg)
+      else:
+        result.udata[0] = uint32(arg and T(0xffffffff))
+        result.udata[1] = uint32(arg shr 32)
+    elif sizeof(arg) <= 4:
+      result.sdata(0) = int32(arg)
+      if arg < 0: # sign extend
+        result.sdata(1) = -1
+        result.sdata(2) = -1
+        result.sdata(3) = -1
     else:
-      result.udata[0] = uint32(arg and T(0xffffffff))
-      result.udata[1] = uint32(arg shr 32)
-  elif sizeof(arg) <= 4:
-    result.sdata(0) = int32(arg)
-    if arg < 0: # sign extend
-      result.sdata(1) = -1
-      result.sdata(2) = -1
-      result.sdata(3) = -1
-  else:
-    let tmp = int64(arg)
-    result.udata[0] = uint32(tmp and 0xffffffff)
-    result.sdata(1) = int32(tmp shr 32)
-    if arg < 0: # sign extend
-      result.sdata(2) = -1
-      result.sdata(3) = -1
+      let tmp = int64(arg)
+      result.udata[0] = uint32(tmp and 0xffffffff)
+      result.sdata(1) = int32(tmp shr 32)
+      if arg < 0: # sign extend
+        result.sdata(2) = -1
+        result.sdata(3) = -1
 
 template isNegative(arg: Int128): bool =
   arg.sdata(3) < 0
 
-template isNegative(arg: int32): bool =
-  arg < 0
-
 proc bitconcat(a, b: uint32): uint64 =
   (uint64(a) shl 32) or uint64(b)
 
-proc bitsplit(a: uint64): (uint32, uint32) =
-  (cast[uint32](a shr 32), cast[uint32](a))
-
 proc toInt64*(arg: Int128): int64 =
   if isNegative(arg):
     assert(arg.sdata(3) == -1, "out of range")
@@ -173,6 +172,7 @@ proc addToHex*(result: var string; arg: Int128) =
     i -= 1
 
 proc toHex*(arg: Int128): string =
+  result = ""
   result.addToHex(arg)
 
 proc inc*(a: var Int128, y: uint32 = 1) =
@@ -208,37 +208,36 @@ proc `==`*(a, b: Int128): bool =
   if a.udata[3] != b.udata[3]: return false
   return true
 
-proc inplaceBitnot(a: var Int128) =
-  a.udata[0] = not a.udata[0]
-  a.udata[1] = not a.udata[1]
-  a.udata[2] = not a.udata[2]
-  a.udata[3] = not a.udata[3]
-
 proc bitnot*(a: Int128): Int128 =
+  result = Zero
   result.udata[0] = not a.udata[0]
   result.udata[1] = not a.udata[1]
   result.udata[2] = not a.udata[2]
   result.udata[3] = not a.udata[3]
 
 proc bitand*(a, b: Int128): Int128 =
+  result = Zero
   result.udata[0] = a.udata[0] and b.udata[0]
   result.udata[1] = a.udata[1] and b.udata[1]
   result.udata[2] = a.udata[2] and b.udata[2]
   result.udata[3] = a.udata[3] and b.udata[3]
 
 proc bitor*(a, b: Int128): Int128 =
+  result = Zero
   result.udata[0] = a.udata[0] or b.udata[0]
   result.udata[1] = a.udata[1] or b.udata[1]
   result.udata[2] = a.udata[2] or b.udata[2]
   result.udata[3] = a.udata[3] or b.udata[3]
 
 proc bitxor*(a, b: Int128): Int128 =
+  result = Zero
   result.udata[0] = a.udata[0] xor b.udata[0]
   result.udata[1] = a.udata[1] xor b.udata[1]
   result.udata[2] = a.udata[2] xor b.udata[2]
   result.udata[3] = a.udata[3] xor b.udata[3]
 
 proc `shr`*(a: Int128, b: int): Int128 =
+  result = Zero
   let b = b and 127
   if b < 32:
     result.sdata(3) = a.sdata(3) shr b
@@ -265,6 +264,7 @@ proc `shr`*(a: Int128, b: int): Int128 =
     result.sdata(0) = a.sdata(3) shr (b and 31)
 
 proc `shl`*(a: Int128, b: int): Int128 =
+  result = Zero
   let b = b and 127
   if b < 32:
     result.udata[0] = a.udata[0] shl b
@@ -288,6 +288,7 @@ proc `shl`*(a: Int128, b: int): Int128 =
     result.udata[3] = a.udata[0] shl (b and 31)
 
 proc `+`*(a, b: Int128): Int128 =
+  result = Zero
   let tmp0 = uint64(a.udata[0]) + uint64(b.udata[0])
   result.udata[0] = cast[uint32](tmp0)
   let tmp1 = uint64(a.udata[1]) + uint64(b.udata[1]) + (tmp0 shr 32)
@@ -320,6 +321,7 @@ proc abs(a: int32): int =
   if a < 0: -a else: a
 
 proc `*`(a: Int128, b: uint32): Int128 =
+  result = Zero
   let tmp0 = uint64(a.udata[0]) * uint64(b)
   let tmp1 = uint64(a.udata[1]) * uint64(b)
   let tmp2 = uint64(a.udata[2]) * uint64(b)
@@ -338,10 +340,11 @@ proc `*`*(a: Int128, b: int32): Int128 =
   if b < 0:
     result = -result
 
-proc `*=`*(a: var Int128, b: int32): Int128 =
-  result = result * b
+proc `*=`(a: var Int128, b: int32) =
+  a = a * b
 
 proc makeInt128(high, low: uint64): Int128 =
+  result = Zero
   result.udata[0] = cast[uint32](low)
   result.udata[1] = cast[uint32](low shr 32)
   result.udata[2] = cast[uint32](high)
@@ -354,23 +357,10 @@ proc low64(a: Int128): uint64 =
   bitconcat(a.udata[1], a.udata[0])
 
 proc `*`*(lhs, rhs: Int128): Int128 =
-  let
-    a = cast[uint64](lhs.udata[0])
-    b = cast[uint64](lhs.udata[1])
-    c = cast[uint64](lhs.udata[2])
-    d = cast[uint64](lhs.udata[3])
-
-    e = cast[uint64](rhs.udata[0])
-    f = cast[uint64](rhs.udata[1])
-    g = cast[uint64](rhs.udata[2])
-    h = cast[uint64](rhs.udata[3])
-
-
-  let a32 = cast[uint64](lhs.udata[1])
-  let a00 = cast[uint64](lhs.udata[0])
-  let b32 = cast[uint64](rhs.udata[1])
-  let b00 = cast[uint64](rhs.udata[0])
-
+  let a32 = uint64(lhs.udata[1])
+  let a00 = uint64(lhs.udata[0])
+  let b32 = uint64(rhs.udata[1])
+  let b00 = uint64(rhs.udata[0])
   result = makeInt128(high64(lhs) * low64(rhs) + low64(lhs) * high64(rhs) + a32 * b32, a00 * b00)
   result += toInt128(a32 * b00) shl 32
   result += toInt128(a00 * b32) shl 32
@@ -381,6 +371,7 @@ proc `*=`*(a: var Int128, b: Int128) =
 import std/bitops
 
 proc fastLog2*(a: Int128): int =
+  result = 0
   if a.udata[3] != 0:
     return 96 + fastLog2(a.udata[3])
   if a.udata[2] != 0:
@@ -392,6 +383,8 @@ proc fastLog2*(a: Int128): int =
 
 proc divMod*(dividend, divisor: Int128): tuple[quotient, remainder: Int128] =
   assert(divisor != Zero)
+  result = (Zero, Zero)
+
   let isNegativeA = isNegative(dividend)
   let isNegativeB = isNegative(divisor)
 
@@ -441,17 +434,17 @@ proc divMod*(dividend, divisor: Int128): tuple[quotient, remainder: Int128] =
     result.remainder = dividend
 
 proc `div`*(a, b: Int128): Int128 =
-  let (a, b) = divMod(a, b)
+  let (a, _) = divMod(a, b)
   return a
 
 proc `mod`*(a, b: Int128): Int128 =
-  let (a, b) = divMod(a, b)
+  let (_, b) = divMod(a, b)
   return b
 
 proc addInt128*(result: var string; value: Int128) =
   let initialSize = result.len
   if value == Zero:
-    result.add "0"
+    result.add '0'
   elif value == low(Int128):
     result.add "-170141183460469231731687303715884105728"
   else:
@@ -472,6 +465,8 @@ proc addInt128*(result: var string; value: Int128) =
       j -= 1
 
 proc `$`*(a: Int128): string =
+  # "-170141183460469231731687303715884105728".len == 41
+  result = newStringOfCap(41)
   result.addInt128(a)
 
 proc parseDecimalInt128*(arg: string, pos: int = 0): Int128 =
@@ -556,24 +551,28 @@ proc toInt128*(arg: float64): Int128 =
     return res
 
 proc maskUInt64*(arg: Int128): Int128 {.noinit, inline.} =
+  result = Zero
   result.udata[0] = arg.udata[0]
   result.udata[1] = arg.udata[1]
   result.udata[2] = 0
   result.udata[3] = 0
 
 proc maskUInt32*(arg: Int128): Int128 {.noinit, inline.} =
+  result = Zero
   result.udata[0] = arg.udata[0]
   result.udata[1] = 0
   result.udata[2] = 0
   result.udata[3] = 0
 
 proc maskUInt16*(arg: Int128): Int128 {.noinit, inline.} =
+  result = Zero
   result.udata[0] = arg.udata[0] and 0xffff
   result.udata[1] = 0
   result.udata[2] = 0
   result.udata[3] = 0
 
 proc maskUInt8*(arg: Int128): Int128 {.noinit, inline.} =
+  result = Zero
   result.udata[0] = arg.udata[0] and 0xff
   result.udata[1] = 0
   result.udata[2] = 0
@@ -590,4 +589,4 @@ proc maskBytes*(arg: Int128, numbytes: int): Int128 {.noinit.} =
   of 8:
     return maskUInt64(arg)
   else:
-    assert(false, "masking only implemented for 1, 2, 4 and 8 bytes")
+    raiseAssert "masking only implemented for 1, 2, 4 and 8 bytes"
diff --git a/compiler/isolation_check.nim b/compiler/isolation_check.nim
index 01f0a002a..17fbde29e 100644
--- a/compiler/isolation_check.nim
+++ b/compiler/isolation_check.nim
@@ -11,13 +11,19 @@
 ## https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/244 for more details.
 
 import
-  ast, types, renderer, intsets
+  ast, types, renderer
+
+import std/intsets
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 proc canAlias(arg, ret: PType; marker: var IntSet): bool
 
 proc canAliasN(arg: PType; n: PNode; marker: var IntSet): bool =
   case n.kind
   of nkRecList:
+    result = false
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       result = canAliasN(arg, n[i], marker)
       if result: return
@@ -33,7 +39,7 @@ proc canAliasN(arg: PType; n: PNode; marker: var IntSet): bool =
       else: discard
   of nkSym:
     result = canAlias(arg, n.sym.typ, marker)
-  else: discard
+  else: result = false
 
 proc canAlias(arg, ret: PType; marker: var IntSet): bool =
   if containsOrIncl(marker, ret.id):
@@ -48,35 +54,115 @@ proc canAlias(arg, ret: PType; marker: var IntSet): bool =
   of tyObject:
     if isFinal(ret):
       result = canAliasN(arg, ret.n, marker)
-      if not result and ret.len > 0 and ret[0] != nil:
-        result = canAlias(arg, ret[0], marker)
+      if not result and ret.baseClass != nil:
+        result = canAlias(arg, ret.baseClass, marker)
     else:
       result = true
   of tyTuple:
-    for i in 0..<ret.len:
-      result = canAlias(arg, ret[i], marker)
+    result = false
+    for r in ret.kids:
+      result = canAlias(arg, r, marker)
       if result: break
   of tyArray, tySequence, tyDistinct, tyGenericInst,
      tyAlias, tyInferred, tySink, tyLent, tyOwned, tyRef:
-    result = canAlias(arg, ret.lastSon, marker)
+    result = canAlias(arg, ret.skipModifier, marker)
   of tyProc:
     result = ret.callConv == ccClosure
   else:
     result = false
 
-proc isValueOnlyType(t: PType): bool = 
+proc isValueOnlyType(t: PType): bool =
   # t doesn't contain pointers and references
   proc wrap(t: PType): bool {.nimcall.} = t.kind in {tyRef, tyPtr, tyVar, tyLent}
   result = not types.searchTypeFor(t, wrap)
 
+type
+  SearchResult = enum
+    NotFound, Abort, Found
+
+proc containsDangerousRefAux(t: PType; marker: var IntSet): SearchResult
+
+proc containsDangerousRefAux(n: PNode; marker: var IntSet): SearchResult =
+  result = NotFound
+  case n.kind
+  of nkRecList:
+    for i in 0..<n.len:
+      result = containsDangerousRefAux(n[i], marker)
+      if result == Found: return result
+  of nkRecCase:
+    assert(n[0].kind == nkSym)
+    result = containsDangerousRefAux(n[0], marker)
+    if result == Found: return result
+    for i in 1..<n.len:
+      case n[i].kind
+      of nkOfBranch, nkElse:
+        result = containsDangerousRefAux(lastSon(n[i]), marker)
+        if result == Found: return result
+      else: discard
+  of nkSym:
+    result = containsDangerousRefAux(n.sym.typ, marker)
+  else: discard
+
+proc containsDangerousRefAux(t: PType; marker: var IntSet): SearchResult =
+  result = NotFound
+  if t == nil: return result
+  if containsOrIncl(marker, t.id): return result
+
+  if t.kind == tyRef or (t.kind == tyProc and t.callConv == ccClosure):
+    result = Found
+  elif tfSendable in t.flags:
+    result = Abort
+  else:
+    # continue the type traversal:
+    result = NotFound
+
+  if result != NotFound: return result
+  case t.kind
+  of tyObject:
+    if t.baseClass != nil:
+      result = containsDangerousRefAux(t.baseClass.skipTypes(skipPtrs), marker)
+    if result == NotFound: result = containsDangerousRefAux(t.n, marker)
+  of tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyAlias, tySink:
+    result = containsDangerousRefAux(skipModifier(t), marker)
+  of tyArray, tySet, tySequence:
+    result = containsDangerousRefAux(t.elementType, marker)
+  of tyTuple:
+    for a in t.kids:
+      result = containsDangerousRefAux(a, marker)
+      if result == Found: return result
+  else:
+    discard
+
+proc containsDangerousRef(t: PType): bool =
+  # a `ref` type is "dangerous" if it occurs not within a type that is like `Isolated[T]`.
+  # For example:
+  # `ref int` # dangerous
+  # `Isolated[ref int]` # not dangerous
+  var marker = initIntSet()
+  result = containsDangerousRefAux(t, marker) == Found
+
 proc canAlias*(arg, ret: PType): bool =
   if isValueOnlyType(arg):
-    # can alias only with unsafeAddr(arg.x) and we don't care if it is not safe
+    # can alias only with addr(arg.x) and we don't care if it is not safe
     result = false
   else:
     var marker = initIntSet()
     result = canAlias(arg, ret, marker)
 
+const
+  SomeVar = {skForVar, skParam, skVar, skLet, skConst, skResult, skTemp}
+
+proc containsVariable(n: PNode): bool =
+  case n.kind
+  of nodesToIgnoreSet:
+    result = false
+  of nkSym:
+    result = n.sym.kind in SomeVar
+  else:
+    for ch in n:
+      if containsVariable(ch): return true
+    result = false
+
 proc checkIsolate*(n: PNode): bool =
   if types.containsTyRef(n.typ):
     # XXX Maybe require that 'n.typ' is acyclic. This is not much
@@ -85,26 +171,41 @@ proc checkIsolate*(n: PNode): bool =
     of nkCharLit..nkNilLit:
       result = true
     of nkCallKinds:
-      if n[0].typ.flags * {tfGcSafe, tfNoSideEffect} == {}:
+      # XXX: as long as we don't update the analysis while examining arguments
+      #      we can do an early check of the return type, otherwise this is a
+      #      bug and needs to be moved below
+      if tfNoSideEffect notin n[0].typ.flags:
         return false
       for i in 1..<n.len:
         if checkIsolate(n[i]):
           discard "fine, it is isolated already"
         else:
           let argType = n[i].typ
-          if argType != nil and not isCompileTimeOnly(argType) and containsTyRef(argType):
-            if argType.canAlias(n.typ):
+          if argType != nil and not isCompileTimeOnly(argType) and containsDangerousRef(argType):
+            if argType.canAlias(n.typ) or containsVariable(n[i]):
+              # bug #19013: Alias information is not enough, we need to check for potential
+              # "overlaps". I claim the problem can only happen by reading again from a location
+              # that materialized which is only possible if a variable that contains a `ref`
+              # is involved.
               return false
       result = true
     of nkIfStmt, nkIfExpr:
+      result = false
       for it in n:
         result = checkIsolate(it.lastSon)
         if not result: break
-    of nkCaseStmt, nkObjConstr:
+    of nkCaseStmt:
+      result = false
+      for i in 1..<n.len:
+        result = checkIsolate(n[i].lastSon)
+        if not result: break
+    of nkObjConstr:
+      result = true
       for i in 1..<n.len:
         result = checkIsolate(n[i].lastSon)
         if not result: break
     of nkBracket, nkTupleConstr, nkPar:
+      result = false
       for it in n:
         result = checkIsolate(it)
         if not result: break
@@ -117,10 +218,15 @@ proc checkIsolate*(n: PNode): bool =
         result = checkIsolate(n[^1])
       else:
         result = false
+    of nkSym:
+      result = true
+      if n.sym.kind in SomeVar:
+        let argType = n.typ
+        if argType != nil and not isCompileTimeOnly(argType) and containsDangerousRef(argType):
+          result = false
     else:
       # unanalysable expression:
       result = false
   else:
     # no ref, no cry:
     result = true
-
diff --git a/compiler/jsgen.nim b/compiler/jsgen.nim
index 3fc7708bf..713944def 100644
--- a/compiler/jsgen.nim
+++ b/compiler/jsgen.nim
@@ -31,13 +31,20 @@ implements the required case distinction.
 import
   ast, trees, magicsys, options,
   nversion, msgs, idents, types,
-  ropes, passes, ccgutils, wordrecg, renderer,
-  cgmeth, lowerings, sighashes, modulegraphs, lineinfos, rodutils,
-  transf, injectdestructors, sourcemap
+  ropes, wordrecg, renderer,
+  cgmeth, lowerings, sighashes, modulegraphs, lineinfos,
+  transf, injectdestructors, sourcemap, astmsgs, pushpoppragmas,
+  mangleutils
 
-import std/[json, sets, math, tables, intsets, strutils]
+import pipelineutils
 
-from modulegraphs import ModuleGraph, PPassContext
+import std/[json, sets, math, tables, intsets]
+import std/strutils except addf
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, syncio]
+
+import std/formatfloat
 
 type
   TJSGen = object of PPassContext
@@ -45,6 +52,7 @@ type
     graph: ModuleGraph
     config: ConfigRef
     sigConflicts: CountTable[SigHash]
+    initProc: PProc
 
   BModule = ref TJSGen
   TJSTypeKind = enum       # necessary JS "types"
@@ -95,34 +103,37 @@ type
     prc: PSym
     globals, locals, body: Rope
     options: TOptions
+    optionsStack: seq[(TOptions, TNoteKinds)]
     module: BModule
     g: PGlobals
-    generatedParamCopies: IntSet
     beforeRetNeeded: bool
     unique: int    # for temp identifier generation
     blocks: seq[TBlock]
     extraIndent: int
+    previousFileName: string  # For frameInfo inside templates.
+    # legacy: generatedParamCopies and up fields are used for jsNoLambdaLifting
+    generatedParamCopies: IntSet
     up: PProc     # up the call chain; required for closure support
-    declaredGlobals: IntSet
 
 template config*(p: PProc): ConfigRef = p.module.config
 
 proc indentLine(p: PProc, r: Rope): Rope =
-  result = r
   var p = p
-  while true:
-    for i in 0..<p.blocks.len + p.extraIndent:
-      prepend(result, rope"  ")
-    if p.up == nil or p.up.prc != p.prc.owner:
-      break
-    p = p.up
+  if jsNoLambdaLifting in p.config.legacyFeatures:
+    var ind = 0
+    while true:
+      inc ind, p.blocks.len + p.extraIndent
+      if p.up == nil or p.up.prc != p.prc.owner:
+        break
+      p = p.up
+    result = repeat(' ', ind*2) & r
+  else:
+    let ind = p.blocks.len + p.extraIndent
+    result = repeat(' ', ind*2) & r
 
 template line(p: PProc, added: string) =
   p.body.add(indentLine(p, rope(added)))
 
-template line(p: PProc, added: Rope) =
-  p.body.add(indentLine(p, added))
-
 template lineF(p: PProc, frmt: FormatStr, args: varargs[Rope]) =
   p.body.add(indentLine(p, ropes.`%`(frmt, args)))
 
@@ -132,17 +143,15 @@ template nested(p, body) =
   dec p.extraIndent
 
 proc newGlobals(): PGlobals =
-  new(result)
-  result.forwarded = @[]
-  result.generatedSyms = initIntSet()
-  result.typeInfoGenerated = initIntSet()
-
-proc initCompRes(r: var TCompRes) =
-  r.address = nil
-  r.res = nil
-  r.tmpLoc = nil
-  r.typ = etyNone
-  r.kind = resNone
+  result = PGlobals(forwarded: @[],
+        generatedSyms: initIntSet(),
+        typeInfoGenerated: initIntSet()
+        )
+
+proc initCompRes(): TCompRes =
+  result = TCompRes(address: "", res: "",
+    tmpLoc: "", typ: etyNone, kind: resNone
+  )
 
 proc rdLoc(a: TCompRes): Rope {.inline.} =
   if a.typ != etyBaseIndex:
@@ -154,6 +163,8 @@ proc newProc(globals: PGlobals, module: BModule, procDef: PNode,
              options: TOptions): PProc =
   result = PProc(
     blocks: @[],
+    optionsStack: if module.initProc != nil: module.initProc.optionsStack
+                  else: @[],
     options: options,
     module: module,
     procDef: procDef,
@@ -169,10 +180,6 @@ proc initProcOptions(module: BModule): TOptions =
 proc newInitProc(globals: PGlobals, module: BModule): PProc =
   result = newProc(globals, module, nil, initProcOptions(module))
 
-proc declareGlobal(p: PProc; id: int; r: Rope) =
-  if p.prc != nil and not p.declaredGlobals.containsOrIncl(id):
-    p.locals.addf("global $1;$n", [r])
-
 const
   MappedToObject = {tyObject, tyArray, tyTuple, tyOpenArray,
     tySet, tyVarargs}
@@ -180,16 +187,17 @@ const
 proc mapType(typ: PType): TJSTypeKind =
   let t = skipTypes(typ, abstractInst)
   case t.kind
-  of tyVar, tyRef, tyPtr, tyLent:
-    if skipTypes(t.lastSon, abstractInst).kind in MappedToObject:
+  of tyVar, tyRef, tyPtr:
+    if skipTypes(t.elementType, abstractInst).kind in MappedToObject:
       result = etyObject
     else:
       result = etyBaseIndex
   of tyPointer:
     # treat a tyPointer like a typed pointer to an array of bytes
     result = etyBaseIndex
-  of tyRange, tyDistinct, tyOrdinal, tyProxy:
-    result = mapType(t[0])
+  of tyRange, tyDistinct, tyOrdinal, tyError, tyLent:
+    # tyLent is no-op as JS has pass-by-reference semantics
+    result = mapType(skipModifier t)
   of tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64, tyEnum, tyChar: result = etyInt
   of tyBool: result = etyBool
   of tyFloat..tyFloat128: result = etyFloat
@@ -205,13 +213,14 @@ proc mapType(typ: PType): TJSTypeKind =
     result = etyNone
   of tyGenericInst, tyInferred, tyAlias, tyUserTypeClass, tyUserTypeClassInst,
      tySink, tyOwned:
-    result = mapType(typ.lastSon)
+    result = mapType(typ.skipModifier)
   of tyStatic:
-    if t.n != nil: result = mapType(lastSon t)
+    if t.n != nil: result = mapType(skipModifier t)
     else: result = etyNone
   of tyProc: result = etyProc
-  of tyCString: result = etyString
-  of tyConcept: doAssert false
+  of tyCstring: result = etyString
+  of tyConcept, tyIterable:
+    raiseAssert "unreachable"
 
 proc mapType(p: PProc; typ: PType): TJSTypeKind =
   result = mapType(typ)
@@ -237,8 +246,8 @@ proc mangleName(m: BModule, s: PSym): Rope =
     for chr in name:
       if chr notin {'A'..'Z','a'..'z','_','$','0'..'9'}:
         return false
-  result = s.loc.r
-  if result == nil:
+  result = s.loc.snippet
+  if result == "":
     if s.kind == skField and s.name.s.validJsName:
       result = rope(s.name.s)
     elif s.kind == skTemp:
@@ -260,11 +269,15 @@ proc mangleName(m: BModule, s: PSym): Rope =
       if m.config.hcrOn:
         # When hot reloading is enabled, we must ensure that the names
         # of functions and types will be preserved across rebuilds:
-        result.add(idOrSig(s, m.module.name.s, m.sigConflicts))
+        result.add(idOrSig(s, m.module.name.s, m.sigConflicts, m.config))
+      elif s.kind == skParam:
+        result.add mangleParamExt(s)
+      elif s.kind in routineKinds:
+        result.add mangleProcNameExt(m.graph, s)
       else:
         result.add("_")
         result.add(rope(s.id))
-    s.loc.r = result
+    s.loc.snippet = result
 
 proc escapeJSString(s: string): string =
   result = newStringOfCap(s.len + s.len shr 2)
@@ -289,6 +302,21 @@ proc makeJSString(s: string, escapeNonAscii = true): Rope =
   else:
     result = escapeJSString(s).rope
 
+proc makeJsNimStrLit(s: string): Rope =
+  var x = newStringOfCap(4*s.len+1)
+  x.add "["
+  var i = 0
+  if i < s.len:
+    x.addInt int64(s[i])
+    inc i
+  while i < s.len:
+    x.add ","
+    x.addInt int64(s[i])
+    inc i
+  x.add "]"
+  result = rope(x)
+
+
 include jstypes
 
 proc gen(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes)
@@ -312,23 +340,30 @@ proc useMagic(p: PProc, name: string) =
 
 proc isSimpleExpr(p: PProc; n: PNode): bool =
   # calls all the way down --> can stay expression based
-  if n.kind in nkCallKinds+{nkBracketExpr, nkDotExpr, nkPar, nkTupleConstr} or
-      (n.kind in {nkObjConstr, nkBracket, nkCurly}):
+  case n.kind
+  of nkCallKinds, nkBracketExpr, nkDotExpr, nkPar, nkTupleConstr,
+    nkObjConstr, nkBracket, nkCurly,
+    nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref, nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr,
+    nkConv, nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv:
     for c in n:
       if not p.isSimpleExpr(c): return false
     result = true
-  elif n.isAtom:
-    result = true
+  of nkStmtListExpr:
+    for i in 0..<n.len-1:
+      if n[i].kind notin {nkCommentStmt, nkEmpty}: return false
+    result = isSimpleExpr(p, n.lastSon)
+  else:
+    result = n.isAtom
 
 proc getTemp(p: PProc, defineInLocals: bool = true): Rope =
   inc(p.unique)
-  result = "Tmp$1" % [rope(p.unique)]
+  result = "Temporary$1" % [rope(p.unique)]
   if defineInLocals:
     p.locals.add(p.indentLine("var $1;$n" % [result]))
 
 proc genAnd(p: PProc, a, b: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   assert r.kind == resNone
-  var x, y: TCompRes
+  var x, y: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   if p.isSimpleExpr(a) and p.isSimpleExpr(b):
     gen(p, a, x)
     gen(p, b, y)
@@ -355,7 +390,7 @@ proc genAnd(p: PProc, a, b: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
 
 proc genOr(p: PProc, a, b: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   assert r.kind == resNone
-  var x, y: TCompRes
+  var x, y: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   if p.isSimpleExpr(a) and p.isSimpleExpr(b):
     gen(p, a, x)
     gen(p, b, y)
@@ -434,15 +469,13 @@ const # magic checked op; magic unchecked op;
     mUnaryMinusF64: ["", ""],
     mCharToStr: ["nimCharToStr", "nimCharToStr"],
     mBoolToStr: ["nimBoolToStr", "nimBoolToStr"],
-    mIntToStr: ["cstrToNimstr", "cstrToNimstr"],
-    mInt64ToStr: ["cstrToNimstr", "cstrToNimstr"],
-    mFloatToStr: ["cstrToNimstr", "cstrToNimstr"],
     mCStrToStr: ["cstrToNimstr", "cstrToNimstr"],
     mStrToStr: ["", ""]]
 
 proc needsTemp(p: PProc; n: PNode): bool =
   # check if n contains a call to determine
   # if a temp should be made to prevent multiple evals
+  result = false
   if n.kind in nkCallKinds + {nkTupleConstr, nkObjConstr, nkBracket, nkCurly}:
     return true
   for c in n:
@@ -455,7 +488,7 @@ proc maybeMakeTemp(p: PProc, n: PNode; x: TCompRes): tuple[a, tmp: Rope] =
     b = a
   if needsTemp(p, n):
     # if we have tmp just use it
-    if x.tmpLoc != nil and (mapType(n.typ) == etyBaseIndex or n.kind in {nkHiddenDeref, nkDerefExpr}):
+    if x.tmpLoc != "" and (mapType(n.typ) == etyBaseIndex or n.kind in {nkHiddenDeref, nkDerefExpr}):
       b = "$1[0][$1[1]]" % [x.tmpLoc]
       (a: a, tmp: b)
     else:
@@ -472,29 +505,29 @@ proc maybeMakeTempAssignable(p: PProc, n: PNode; x: TCompRes): tuple[a, tmp: Rop
     b = a
   if needsTemp(p, n):
     # if we have tmp just use it
-    if x.tmpLoc != nil and (mapType(n.typ) == etyBaseIndex or n.kind in {nkHiddenDeref, nkDerefExpr}):
+    if x.tmpLoc != "" and (mapType(n.typ) == etyBaseIndex or n.kind in {nkHiddenDeref, nkDerefExpr}):
       b = "$1[0][$1[1]]" % [x.tmpLoc]
       result = (a: a, tmp: b)
-    elif x.tmpLoc != nil and n.kind == nkBracketExpr:
+    elif x.tmpLoc != "" and n.kind == nkBracketExpr:
       # genArrayAddr
       var
-        address, index: TCompRes
-        first: Int128
+        address, index: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
+        first: Int128 = Zero
       gen(p, n[0], address)
       gen(p, n[1], index)
       let (m1, tmp1) = maybeMakeTemp(p, n[0], address)
       let typ = skipTypes(n[0].typ, abstractPtrs)
       if typ.kind == tyArray:
-        first = firstOrd(p.config, typ[0])
+        first = firstOrd(p.config, typ.indexType)
       if optBoundsCheck in p.options:
         useMagic(p, "chckIndx")
         if first == 0: # save a couple chars
-          index.res = "chckIndx($1, 0, ($2).length-1)" % [index.res, tmp1]
+          index.res = "chckIndx($1, 0, ($2).length - 1)" % [index.res, tmp1]
         else:
-          index.res = "chckIndx($1, $2, ($3).length+($2)-1)-($2)" % [
+          index.res = "chckIndx($1, $2, ($3).length + ($2) - 1) - ($2)" % [
             index.res, rope(first), tmp1]
       elif first != 0:
-        index.res = "($1)-($2)" % [index.res, rope(first)]
+        index.res = "($1) - ($2)" % [index.res, rope(first)]
       else:
         discard # index.res = index.res
       let (n1, tmp2) = maybeMakeTemp(p, n[1], index)
@@ -511,7 +544,7 @@ template binaryExpr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes, magic, frmt: string,
   # $1 and $2 in the `frmt` string bind to lhs and rhs of the expr,
   # if $3 or $4 are present they will be substituted with temps for
   # lhs and rhs respectively
-  var x, y: TCompRes
+  var x, y: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   useMagic(p, magic)
   gen(p, n[1], x)
   gen(p, n[2], y)
@@ -528,28 +561,36 @@ template binaryExpr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes, magic, frmt: string,
   r.res = frmt % [a, b, tmp, tmp2]
   r.kind = resExpr
 
-proc unsignedTrimmerJS(size: BiggestInt): Rope =
+proc unsignedTrimmer(size: BiggestInt): string =
   case size
-  of 1: rope"& 0xff"
-  of 2: rope"& 0xffff"
-  of 4: rope">>> 0"
-  else: rope""
-
+  of 1: "& 0xff"
+  of 2: "& 0xffff"
+  of 4: ">>> 0"
+  else: ""
 
-template unsignedTrimmer(size: BiggestInt): Rope =
-  size.unsignedTrimmerJS
+proc signedTrimmer(size: BiggestInt): string =
+  # sign extension is done by shifting to the left and then back to the right
+  "<< $1 >> $1" % [$(32 - size * 8)]
 
 proc binaryUintExpr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes, op: string,
                     reassign: static[bool] = false) =
-  var x, y: TCompRes
+  var x, y: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   gen(p, n[1], x)
   gen(p, n[2], y)
-  let trimmer = unsignedTrimmer(n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractRange).size)
+  let size = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractRange).size
   when reassign:
     let (a, tmp) = maybeMakeTempAssignable(p, n[1], x)
-    r.res = "$1 = (($5 $2 $3) $4)" % [a, rope op, y.rdLoc, trimmer, tmp]
+    if size == 8 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      r.res = "$1 = BigInt.asUintN(64, ($4 $2 $3))" % [a, rope op, y.rdLoc, tmp]
+    else:
+      let trimmer = unsignedTrimmer(size)
+      r.res = "$1 = (($5 $2 $3) $4)" % [a, rope op, y.rdLoc, trimmer, tmp]
   else:
-    r.res = "(($1 $2 $3) $4)" % [x.rdLoc, rope op, y.rdLoc, trimmer]
+    if size == 8 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      r.res = "BigInt.asUintN(64, ($1 $2 $3))" % [x.rdLoc, rope op, y.rdLoc]
+    else:
+      let trimmer = unsignedTrimmer(size)
+      r.res = "(($1 $2 $3) $4)" % [x.rdLoc, rope op, y.rdLoc, trimmer]
   r.kind = resExpr
 
 template ternaryExpr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes, magic, frmt: string) =
@@ -570,10 +611,21 @@ template unaryExpr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes, magic, frmt: string) =
   r.res = frmt % [a, tmp]
   r.kind = resExpr
 
+proc genBreakState(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
+  var a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
+  # mangle `:state` properly somehow
+  if n.kind == nkClosure:
+    gen(p, n[1], a)
+    r.res = "(($1).HEX3Astate < 0)" % [rdLoc(a)]
+  else:
+    gen(p, n, a)
+    r.res = "((($1.ClE_0).HEX3Astate) < 0)" % [rdLoc(a)]
+  r.kind = resExpr
+
 proc arithAux(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes, op: TMagic) =
   var
-    x, y: TCompRes
-    xLoc,yLoc: Rope
+    x, y: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
+    xLoc, yLoc: Rope = ""
   let i = ord(optOverflowCheck notin p.options)
   useMagic(p, jsMagics[op][i])
   if n.len > 2:
@@ -590,32 +642,133 @@ proc arithAux(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes, op: TMagic) =
   template applyFormat(frmtA, frmtB) =
     if i == 0: applyFormat(frmtA) else: applyFormat(frmtB)
 
-  case op:
-  of mAddI: applyFormat("addInt($1, $2)", "($1 + $2)")
-  of mSubI: applyFormat("subInt($1, $2)", "($1 - $2)")
-  of mMulI: applyFormat("mulInt($1, $2)", "($1 * $2)")
-  of mDivI: applyFormat("divInt($1, $2)", "Math.trunc($1 / $2)")
-  of mModI: applyFormat("modInt($1, $2)", "Math.trunc($1 % $2)")
-  of mSucc: applyFormat("addInt($1, $2)", "($1 + $2)")
-  of mPred: applyFormat("subInt($1, $2)", "($1 - $2)")
+  template bitwiseExpr(op: string) =
+    let typ = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVarRange)
+    if typ.kind in {tyUInt, tyUInt32}:
+      r.res = "(($1 $2 $3) >>> 0)" % [xLoc, op, yLoc]
+    else:
+      r.res = "($1 $2 $3)" % [xLoc, op, yLoc]
+
+  case op
+  of mAddI:
+    if i == 0:
+      if n[1].typ.size == 8 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+        useMagic(p, "addInt64")
+        applyFormat("addInt64($1, $2)")
+      else:
+        applyFormat("addInt($1, $2)")
+    else:
+      applyFormat("($1 + $2)")
+  of mSubI:
+    if i == 0:
+      if n[1].typ.size == 8 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+        useMagic(p, "subInt64")
+        applyFormat("subInt64($1, $2)")
+      else:
+        applyFormat("subInt($1, $2)")
+    else:
+      applyFormat("($1 - $2)")
+  of mMulI:
+    if i == 0:
+      if n[1].typ.size == 8 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+        useMagic(p, "mulInt64")
+        applyFormat("mulInt64($1, $2)")
+      else:
+        applyFormat("mulInt($1, $2)")
+    else:
+      applyFormat("($1 * $2)")
+  of mDivI:
+    if n[1].typ.size == 8 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      useMagic(p, "divInt64")
+      applyFormat("divInt64($1, $2)", "$1 / $2")
+    else:
+      applyFormat("divInt($1, $2)", "Math.trunc($1 / $2)")
+  of mModI:
+    if n[1].typ.size == 8 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      useMagic(p, "modInt64")
+      applyFormat("modInt64($1, $2)", "$1 % $2")
+    else:
+      applyFormat("modInt($1, $2)", "Math.trunc($1 % $2)")
+  of mSucc:
+    let typ = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVarRange)
+    case typ.kind
+    of tyUInt..tyUInt32:
+      binaryUintExpr(p, n, r, "+")
+    of tyUInt64:
+      if optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+        applyFormat("BigInt.asUintN(64, $1 + BigInt($2))")
+      else: binaryUintExpr(p, n, r, "+")
+    elif typ.kind == tyInt64 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      if optOverflowCheck notin p.options:
+        applyFormat("BigInt.asIntN(64, $1 + BigInt($2))")
+      else: binaryExpr(p, n, r, "addInt64", "addInt64($1, BigInt($2))")
+    else:
+      if optOverflowCheck notin p.options: applyFormat("$1 + $2")
+      else: binaryExpr(p, n, r, "addInt", "addInt($1, $2)")
+  of mPred:
+    let typ = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVarRange)
+    case typ.kind
+    of tyUInt..tyUInt32:
+      binaryUintExpr(p, n, r, "-")
+    of tyUInt64:
+      if optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+        applyFormat("BigInt.asUintN(64, $1 - BigInt($2))")
+      else: binaryUintExpr(p, n, r, "-")
+    elif typ.kind == tyInt64 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      if optOverflowCheck notin p.options:
+        applyFormat("BigInt.asIntN(64, $1 - BigInt($2))")
+      else: binaryExpr(p, n, r, "subInt64", "subInt64($1, BigInt($2))")
+    else:
+      if optOverflowCheck notin p.options: applyFormat("$1 - $2")
+      else: binaryExpr(p, n, r, "subInt", "subInt($1, $2)")
   of mAddF64: applyFormat("($1 + $2)", "($1 + $2)")
   of mSubF64: applyFormat("($1 - $2)", "($1 - $2)")
   of mMulF64: applyFormat("($1 * $2)", "($1 * $2)")
   of mDivF64: applyFormat("($1 / $2)", "($1 / $2)")
-  of mShrI: applyFormat("", "")
+  of mShrI:
+    let typ = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVarRange)
+    if typ.kind == tyInt64 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      applyFormat("BigInt.asIntN(64, BigInt.asUintN(64, $1) >> BigInt($2))")
+    elif typ.kind == tyUInt64 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      applyFormat("($1 >> BigInt($2))")
+    else:
+      if typ.kind in {tyInt..tyInt32}:
+        let trimmerU = unsignedTrimmer(typ.size)
+        let trimmerS = signedTrimmer(typ.size)
+        r.res = "((($1 $2) >>> $3) $4)" % [xLoc, trimmerU, yLoc, trimmerS]
+      else:
+        applyFormat("($1 >>> $2)")
   of mShlI:
-    if n[1].typ.size <= 4:
-      applyFormat("($1 << $2)", "($1 << $2)")
+    let typ = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVarRange)
+    if typ.size == 8:
+      if typ.kind == tyInt64 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+        applyFormat("BigInt.asIntN(64, $1 << BigInt($2))")
+      elif typ.kind == tyUInt64 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+        applyFormat("BigInt.asUintN(64, $1 << BigInt($2))")
+      else:
+        applyFormat("($1 * Math.pow(2, $2))")
     else:
-      applyFormat("($1 * Math.pow(2,$2))", "($1 * Math.pow(2,$2))")
+      if typ.kind in {tyUInt..tyUInt32}:
+        let trimmer = unsignedTrimmer(typ.size)
+        r.res = "(($1 << $2) $3)" % [xLoc, yLoc, trimmer]
+      else:
+        let trimmer = signedTrimmer(typ.size)
+        r.res = "(($1 << $2) $3)" % [xLoc, yLoc, trimmer]
   of mAshrI:
-    if n[1].typ.size <= 4:
-      applyFormat("($1 >> $2)", "($1 >> $2)")
+    let typ = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVarRange)
+    if typ.size == 8:
+      if optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+        applyFormat("($1 >> BigInt($2))")
+      else:
+        applyFormat("Math.floor($1 / Math.pow(2, $2))")
     else:
-      applyFormat("Math.floor($1 / Math.pow(2,$2))", "Math.floor($1 / Math.pow(2,$2))")
-  of mBitandI: applyFormat("($1 & $2)", "($1 & $2)")
-  of mBitorI: applyFormat("($1 | $2)", "($1 | $2)")
-  of mBitxorI: applyFormat("($1 ^ $2)", "($1 ^ $2)")
+      if typ.kind in {tyUInt..tyUInt32}:
+        applyFormat("($1 >>> $2)")
+      else:
+        applyFormat("($1 >> $2)")
+  of mBitandI: bitwiseExpr("&")
+  of mBitorI: bitwiseExpr("|")
+  of mBitxorI: bitwiseExpr("^")
   of mMinI: applyFormat("nimMin($1, $2)", "nimMin($1, $2)")
   of mMaxI: applyFormat("nimMax($1, $2)", "nimMax($1, $2)")
   of mAddU: applyFormat("", "")
@@ -648,21 +801,31 @@ proc arithAux(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes, op: TMagic) =
   of mEqProc: applyFormat("($1 == $2)", "($1 == $2)")
   of mUnaryMinusI: applyFormat("negInt($1)", "-($1)")
   of mUnaryMinusI64: applyFormat("negInt64($1)", "-($1)")
-  of mAbsI: applyFormat("absInt($1)", "Math.abs($1)")
+  of mAbsI:
+    let typ = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVarRange)
+    if typ.kind == tyInt64 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      useMagic(p, "absInt64")
+      applyFormat("absInt64($1)", "absInt64($1)")
+    else:
+      applyFormat("absInt($1)", "Math.abs($1)")
   of mNot: applyFormat("!($1)", "!($1)")
   of mUnaryPlusI: applyFormat("+($1)", "+($1)")
-  of mBitnotI: applyFormat("~($1)", "~($1)")
+  of mBitnotI:
+    let typ = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVarRange)
+    if typ.kind in {tyUInt..tyUInt64}:
+      if typ.size == 8 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+        applyFormat("BigInt.asUintN(64, ~($1))")
+      else:
+        let trimmer = unsignedTrimmer(typ.size)
+        r.res = "(~($1) $2)" % [xLoc, trimmer]
+    else:
+      applyFormat("~($1)")
   of mUnaryPlusF64: applyFormat("+($1)", "+($1)")
   of mUnaryMinusF64: applyFormat("-($1)", "-($1)")
   of mCharToStr: applyFormat("nimCharToStr($1)", "nimCharToStr($1)")
   of mBoolToStr: applyFormat("nimBoolToStr($1)", "nimBoolToStr($1)")
-  of mIntToStr: applyFormat("cstrToNimstr(($1)+\"\")", "cstrToNimstr(($1)+\"\")")
-  of mInt64ToStr: applyFormat("cstrToNimstr(($1)+\"\")", "cstrToNimstr(($1)+\"\")")
-  of mFloatToStr:
-    useMagic(p, "nimFloatToString")
-    applyFormat "cstrToNimstr(nimFloatToString($1))"
   of mCStrToStr: applyFormat("cstrToNimstr($1)", "cstrToNimstr($1)")
-  of mStrToStr, mUnown, mIsolate: applyFormat("$1", "$1")
+  of mStrToStr, mUnown, mIsolate, mFinished: applyFormat("$1", "$1")
   else:
     assert false, $op
 
@@ -673,29 +836,29 @@ proc arith(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes, op: TMagic) =
   of mMulU: binaryUintExpr(p, n, r, "*")
   of mDivU:
     binaryUintExpr(p, n, r, "/")
-    if n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractRange).size == 8:
+    if optJsBigInt64 notin p.config.globalOptions and
+        n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractRange).size == 8:
+      # bigint / already truncates
       r.res = "Math.trunc($1)" % [r.res]
   of mDivI:
     arithAux(p, n, r, op)
   of mModI:
     arithAux(p, n, r, op)
-  of mShrI:
-    var x, y: TCompRes
-    gen(p, n[1], x)
-    gen(p, n[2], y)
-    let trimmer = unsignedTrimmer(n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractRange).size)
-    r.res = "(($1 $2) >>> $3)" % [x.rdLoc, trimmer, y.rdLoc]
-  of mCharToStr, mBoolToStr, mIntToStr, mInt64ToStr, mFloatToStr,
-      mCStrToStr, mStrToStr, mEnumToStr:
+  of mCharToStr, mBoolToStr, mCStrToStr, mStrToStr, mEnumToStr:
     arithAux(p, n, r, op)
   of mEqRef:
     if mapType(n[1].typ) != etyBaseIndex:
       arithAux(p, n, r, op)
     else:
-      var x, y: TCompRes
+      var x, y: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
       gen(p, n[1], x)
       gen(p, n[2], y)
       r.res = "($# == $# && $# == $#)" % [x.address, y.address, x.res, y.res]
+  of mEqProc:
+    if skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractInst).callConv == ccClosure:
+      binaryExpr(p, n, r, "cmpClosures", "cmpClosures($1, $2)")
+    else:
+      arithAux(p, n, r, op)
   else:
     arithAux(p, n, r, op)
   r.kind = resExpr
@@ -705,20 +868,27 @@ proc hasFrameInfo(p: PProc): bool =
       ((p.prc == nil) or not (sfPure in p.prc.flags))
 
 proc lineDir(config: ConfigRef, info: TLineInfo, line: int): Rope =
-  ropes.`%`("// line $2 \"$1\"$n",
-         [rope(toFullPath(config, info)), rope(line)])
+  "/* line $2:$3 \"$1\" */$n" % [
+    rope(toFullPath(config, info)), rope(line), rope(info.toColumn)
+  ]
 
 proc genLineDir(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
   let line = toLinenumber(n.info)
   if line < 0:
     return
+  if optEmbedOrigSrc in p.config.globalOptions:
+    lineF(p, "//$1$n", [sourceLine(p.config, n.info)])
   if optLineDir in p.options or optLineDir in p.config.options:
     lineF(p, "$1", [lineDir(p.config, n.info, line)])
   if hasFrameInfo(p):
     lineF(p, "F.line = $1;$n", [rope(line)])
+    let currentFileName = toFilename(p.config, n.info)
+    if p.previousFileName != currentFileName:
+      lineF(p, "F.filename = $1;$n", [makeJSString(currentFileName)])
+      p.previousFileName = currentFileName
 
 proc genWhileStmt(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
-  var cond: TCompRes
+  var cond: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   internalAssert p.config, isEmptyType(n.typ)
   genLineDir(p, n)
   inc(p.unique)
@@ -726,9 +896,9 @@ proc genWhileStmt(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
   p.blocks[^1].id = -p.unique
   p.blocks[^1].isLoop = true
   let labl = p.unique.rope
-  lineF(p, "L$1: while (true) {$n", [labl])
+  lineF(p, "Label$1: while (true) {$n", [labl])
   p.nested: gen(p, n[0], cond)
-  lineF(p, "if (!$1) break L$2;$n",
+  lineF(p, "if (!$1) break Label$2;$n",
        [cond.res, labl])
   p.nested: genStmt(p, n[1])
   lineF(p, "}$n", [labl])
@@ -741,7 +911,7 @@ proc moveInto(p: PProc, src: var TCompRes, dest: TCompRes) =
     else:
       lineF(p, "$1;$n", [src.rdLoc])
     src.kind = resNone
-    src.res = nil
+    src.res = ""
 
 proc genTry(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   # code to generate:
@@ -751,8 +921,8 @@ proc genTry(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   #  try {
   #    stmts;
   #    --excHandler;
-  #  } catch (EXC) {
-  #    var prevJSError = lastJSError; lastJSError = EXC;
+  #  } catch (EXCEPTION) {
+  #    var prevJSError = lastJSError; lastJSError = EXCEPTION;
   #    framePtr = tmpFramePtr;
   #    --excHandler;
   #    if (e.typ && e.typ == NTI433 || e.typ == NTI2321) {
@@ -777,18 +947,16 @@ proc genTry(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   if catchBranchesExist:
     p.body.add("++excHandler;\L")
   var tmpFramePtr = rope"F"
-  if optStackTrace notin p.options:
-    tmpFramePtr = p.getTemp(true)
-    line(p, tmpFramePtr & " = framePtr;\L")
   lineF(p, "try {$n", [])
-  var a: TCompRes
+  var a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   gen(p, n[0], a)
   moveInto(p, a, r)
   var generalCatchBranchExists = false
   if catchBranchesExist:
-    p.body.addf("--excHandler;$n} catch (EXC) {$n var prevJSError = lastJSError;$n" &
-        " lastJSError = EXC;$n --excHandler;$n", [])
-    line(p, "framePtr = $1;$n" % [tmpFramePtr])
+    p.body.addf("--excHandler;$n} catch (EXCEPTION) {$n var prevJSError = lastJSError;$n" &
+        " lastJSError = EXCEPTION;$n --excHandler;$n", [])
+    if hasFrameInfo(p):
+      line(p, "framePtr = $1;$n" % [tmpFramePtr])
   while i < n.len and n[i].kind == nkExceptBranch:
     if n[i].len == 1:
       # general except section:
@@ -798,7 +966,7 @@ proc genTry(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
       moveInto(p, a, r)
       if i > 1: lineF(p, "}$n", [])
     else:
-      var orExpr: Rope = nil
+      var orExpr: Rope = ""
       var excAlias: PNode = nil
 
       useMagic(p, "isObj")
@@ -811,19 +979,20 @@ proc genTry(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
           excAlias = it[2]
           # If this is a ``except exc as sym`` branch there must be no following
           # nodes
-          doAssert orExpr == nil
+          doAssert orExpr == ""
         elif it.kind == nkType:
           throwObj = it
         else:
+          throwObj = nil
           internalError(p.config, n.info, "genTryStmt")
 
-        if orExpr != nil: orExpr.add("||")
+        if orExpr != "": orExpr.add("||")
         # Generate the correct type checking code depending on whether this is a
         # NIM-native or a JS-native exception
         # if isJsObject(throwObj.typ):
         if isImportedException(throwObj.typ, p.config):
           orExpr.addf("lastJSError instanceof $1",
-            [throwObj.typ.sym.loc.r])
+            [throwObj.typ.sym.loc.snippet])
         else:
           orExpr.addf("isObj(lastJSError.m_type, $1)",
                [genTypeInfo(p, throwObj.typ)])
@@ -833,8 +1002,8 @@ proc genTry(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
       # If some branch requires a local alias introduce it here. This is needed
       # since JS cannot do ``catch x as y``.
       if excAlias != nil:
-        excAlias.sym.loc.r = mangleName(p.module, excAlias.sym)
-        lineF(p, "var $1 = lastJSError;$n", excAlias.sym.loc.r)
+        excAlias.sym.loc.snippet = mangleName(p.module, excAlias.sym)
+        lineF(p, "var $1 = lastJSError;$n", excAlias.sym.loc.snippet)
       gen(p, n[i][^1], a)
       moveInto(p, a, r)
       lineF(p, "}$n", [])
@@ -847,14 +1016,15 @@ proc genTry(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
       line(p, "}\L")
     lineF(p, "lastJSError = prevJSError;$n")
   line(p, "} finally {\L")
-  line(p, "framePtr = $1;$n" % [tmpFramePtr])
+  if hasFrameInfo(p):
+    line(p, "framePtr = $1;$n" % [tmpFramePtr])
   if i < n.len and n[i].kind == nkFinally:
     genStmt(p, n[i][0])
   line(p, "}\L")
 
 proc genRaiseStmt(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
   if n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
-    var a: TCompRes
+    var a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
     gen(p, n[0], a)
     let typ = skipTypes(n[0].typ, abstractPtrs)
     genLineDir(p, n)
@@ -868,14 +1038,18 @@ proc genRaiseStmt(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
 
 proc genCaseJS(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   var
-    cond, stmt: TCompRes
-    totalRange = 0
+    a, b, cond, stmt: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   genLineDir(p, n)
   gen(p, n[0], cond)
-  let stringSwitch = skipTypes(n[0].typ, abstractVar).kind == tyString
-  if stringSwitch:
+  let typeKind = skipTypes(n[0].typ, abstractVar+{tyRange}).kind
+  var transferRange = false
+  let anyString = typeKind in {tyString, tyCstring}
+  case typeKind
+  of tyString:
     useMagic(p, "toJSStr")
     lineF(p, "switch (toJSStr($1)) {$n", [cond.rdLoc])
+  of tyFloat..tyFloat128, tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64:
+    transferRange = true
   else:
     lineF(p, "switch ($1) {$n", [cond.rdLoc])
   if not isEmptyType(n.typ):
@@ -883,41 +1057,76 @@ proc genCaseJS(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
     r.res = getTemp(p)
   for i in 1..<n.len:
     let it = n[i]
+    let itLen = it.len
     case it.kind
     of nkOfBranch:
-      for j in 0..<it.len - 1:
+      if transferRange:
+        if i == 1:
+          lineF(p, "if (", [])
+        else:
+          lineF(p, "else if (", [])
+      for j in 0..<itLen - 1:
         let e = it[j]
         if e.kind == nkRange:
-          var v = copyNode(e[0])
-          inc(totalRange, int(e[1].intVal - v.intVal))
-          if totalRange > 65535:
-            localError(p.config, n.info,
-                       "Your case statement contains too many branches, consider using if/else instead!")
-          while v.intVal <= e[1].intVal:
-            gen(p, v, cond)
-            lineF(p, "case $1:$n", [cond.rdLoc])
-            inc(v.intVal)
+          if transferRange:
+            gen(p, e[0], a)
+            gen(p, e[1], b)
+            if j != itLen - 2:
+              lineF(p, "$1 >= $2 && $1 <= $3 || $n", [cond.rdLoc, a.rdLoc, b.rdLoc])
+            else:
+              lineF(p, "$1 >= $2 && $1 <= $3", [cond.rdLoc, a.rdLoc, b.rdLoc])
+          else:
+            var v = copyNode(e[0])
+            while v.intVal <= e[1].intVal:
+              gen(p, v, cond)
+              lineF(p, "case $1:$n", [cond.rdLoc])
+              inc(v.intVal)
         else:
-          if stringSwitch:
+          if anyString:
             case e.kind
             of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit: lineF(p, "case $1:$n",
                 [makeJSString(e.strVal, false)])
+            of nkNilLit: lineF(p, "case null:$n", [])
             else: internalError(p.config, e.info, "jsgen.genCaseStmt: 2")
           else:
-            gen(p, e, cond)
-            lineF(p, "case $1:$n", [cond.rdLoc])
+            if transferRange:
+              gen(p, e, a)
+              if j != itLen - 2:
+                lineF(p, "$1 == $2 || $n", [cond.rdLoc, a.rdLoc])
+              else:
+                lineF(p, "$1 == $2", [cond.rdLoc, a.rdLoc])
+            else:
+              gen(p, e, a)
+              lineF(p, "case $1:$n", [a.rdLoc])
+      if transferRange:
+        lineF(p, "){", [])
       p.nested:
         gen(p, lastSon(it), stmt)
         moveInto(p, stmt, r)
-        lineF(p, "break;$n", [])
+        if transferRange:
+          lineF(p, "}$n", [])
+        else:
+          lineF(p, "break;$n", [])
     of nkElse:
-      lineF(p, "default: $n", [])
+      if transferRange:
+        if n.len == 2: # a dangling else for a case statement
+          transferRange = false
+          lineF(p, "switch ($1) {$n", [cond.rdLoc])
+          lineF(p, "default: $n", [])
+        else:
+          lineF(p, "else{$n", [])
+      else:
+        lineF(p, "default: $n", [])
       p.nested:
         gen(p, it[0], stmt)
         moveInto(p, stmt, r)
-        lineF(p, "break;$n", [])
+        if transferRange:
+          lineF(p, "}$n", [])
+        else:
+          lineF(p, "break;$n", [])
     else: internalError(p.config, it.info, "jsgen.genCaseStmt")
-  lineF(p, "}$n", [])
+  if not transferRange:
+    lineF(p, "}$n", [])
 
 proc genBlock(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   inc(p.unique)
@@ -929,12 +1138,12 @@ proc genBlock(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
     sym.loc.k = locOther
     sym.position = idx+1
   let labl = p.unique
-  lineF(p, "L$1: do {$n", [labl.rope])
+  lineF(p, "Label$1: {$n", [labl.rope])
   setLen(p.blocks, idx + 1)
   p.blocks[idx].id = - p.unique # negative because it isn't used yet
   gen(p, n[1], r)
   setLen(p.blocks, idx)
-  lineF(p, "} while(false);$n", [labl.rope])
+  lineF(p, "};$n", [labl.rope])
 
 proc genBreakStmt(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
   var idx: int
@@ -952,12 +1161,16 @@ proc genBreakStmt(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
     if idx < 0 or not p.blocks[idx].isLoop:
       internalError(p.config, n.info, "no loop to break")
   p.blocks[idx].id = abs(p.blocks[idx].id) # label is used
-  lineF(p, "break L$1;$n", [rope(p.blocks[idx].id)])
+  lineF(p, "break Label$1;$n", [rope(p.blocks[idx].id)])
 
-proc genAsmOrEmitStmt(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
+proc genAsmOrEmitStmt(p: PProc, n: PNode; isAsmStmt = false) =
   genLineDir(p, n)
-  p.body.add p.indentLine(nil)
-  for i in 0..<n.len:
+  p.body.add p.indentLine("")
+  let offset =
+    if isAsmStmt: 1 # first son is pragmas
+    else: 0
+
+  for i in offset..<n.len:
     let it = n[i]
     case it.kind
     of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit:
@@ -968,29 +1181,29 @@ proc genAsmOrEmitStmt(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
       if false:
         discard
       else:
-        var r: TCompRes
+        var r = default(TCompRes)
         gen(p, it, r)
 
         if it.typ.kind == tyPointer:
           # A fat pointer is disguised as an array
           r.res = r.address
-          r.address = nil
+          r.address = ""
           r.typ = etyNone
         elif r.typ == etyBaseIndex:
           # Deference first
           r.res = "$1[$2]" % [r.address, r.res]
-          r.address = nil
+          r.address = ""
           r.typ = etyNone
 
         p.body.add(r.rdLoc)
     else:
-      var r: TCompRes
+      var r: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
       gen(p, it, r)
       p.body.add(r.rdLoc)
   p.body.add "\L"
 
 proc genIf(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
-  var cond, stmt: TCompRes
+  var cond, stmt: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   var toClose = 0
   if not isEmptyType(n.typ):
     r.kind = resVal
@@ -1012,13 +1225,22 @@ proc genIf(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
     lineF(p, "}$n", [])
   line(p, repeat('}', toClose) & "\L")
 
-proc generateHeader(p: PProc, typ: PType): Rope =
-  result = nil
+proc generateHeader(p: PProc, prc: PSym): Rope =
+  result = ""
+  let typ = prc.typ
+  if jsNoLambdaLifting notin p.config.legacyFeatures:
+    if typ.callConv == ccClosure:
+      # we treat Env as the `this` parameter of the function
+      # to keep it simple
+      let env = prc.ast[paramsPos].lastSon
+      assert env.kind == nkSym, "env is missing"
+      env.sym.loc.snippet = "this"
+
   for i in 1..<typ.n.len:
     assert(typ.n[i].kind == nkSym)
     var param = typ.n[i].sym
     if isCompileTimeOnly(param.typ): continue
-    if result != nil: result.add(", ")
+    if result != "": result.add(", ")
     var name = mangleName(p.module, param)
     result.add(name)
     if mapType(param.typ) == etyBaseIndex:
@@ -1027,6 +1249,7 @@ proc generateHeader(p: PProc, typ: PType): Rope =
       result.add("_Idx")
 
 proc countJsParams(typ: PType): int =
+  result = 0
   for i in 1..<typ.n.len:
     assert(typ.n[i].kind == nkSym)
     var param = typ.n[i].sym
@@ -1045,16 +1268,17 @@ const
 
 proc needsNoCopy(p: PProc; y: PNode): bool =
   return y.kind in nodeKindsNeedNoCopy or
-        ((mapType(y.typ) != etyBaseIndex or (y.kind == nkSym and y.sym.kind == skParam)) and
+        ((mapType(y.typ) != etyBaseIndex or
+          (jsNoLambdaLifting in p.config.legacyFeatures and y.kind == nkSym and y.sym.kind == skParam)) and
           (skipTypes(y.typ, abstractInst).kind in
-            {tyRef, tyPtr, tyLent, tyVar, tyCString, tyProc, tyOwned} + IntegralTypes))
+            {tyRef, tyPtr, tyLent, tyVar, tyCstring, tyProc, tyOwned, tyOpenArray} + IntegralTypes))
 
 proc genAsgnAux(p: PProc, x, y: PNode, noCopyNeeded: bool) =
-  var a, b: TCompRes
+  var a, b: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   var xtyp = mapType(p, x.typ)
 
   # disable `[]=` for cstring
-  if x.kind == nkBracketExpr and x.len >= 2 and x[0].typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tyCString:
+  if x.kind == nkBracketExpr and x.len >= 2 and x[0].typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tyCstring:
     localError(p.config, x.info, "cstring doesn't support `[]=` operator")
 
   gen(p, x, a)
@@ -1067,14 +1291,14 @@ proc genAsgnAux(p: PProc, x, y: PNode, noCopyNeeded: bool) =
     xtyp = etySeq
   case xtyp
   of etySeq:
-    if (needsNoCopy(p, y) and needsNoCopy(p, x)) or noCopyNeeded:
+    if x.typ.kind in {tyVar, tyLent} or (needsNoCopy(p, y) and needsNoCopy(p, x)) or noCopyNeeded:
       lineF(p, "$1 = $2;$n", [a.rdLoc, b.rdLoc])
     else:
       useMagic(p, "nimCopy")
       lineF(p, "$1 = nimCopy(null, $2, $3);$n",
                [a.rdLoc, b.res, genTypeInfo(p, y.typ)])
   of etyObject:
-    if x.typ.kind in {tyVar} or (needsNoCopy(p, y) and needsNoCopy(p, x)) or noCopyNeeded:
+    if x.typ.kind in {tyVar, tyLent, tyOpenArray, tyVarargs} or (needsNoCopy(p, y) and needsNoCopy(p, x)) or noCopyNeeded:
       lineF(p, "$1 = $2;$n", [a.rdLoc, b.rdLoc])
     else:
       useMagic(p, "nimCopy")
@@ -1093,16 +1317,24 @@ proc genAsgnAux(p: PProc, x, y: PNode, noCopyNeeded: bool) =
       elif b.typ == etyBaseIndex:
         lineF(p, "$# = [$#, $#];$n", [a.res, b.address, b.res])
       elif b.typ == etyNone:
-        internalAssert p.config, b.address == nil
+        internalAssert p.config, b.address == ""
         lineF(p, "$# = [$#, 0];$n", [a.address, b.res])
       elif x.typ.kind == tyVar and y.typ.kind == tyPtr:
         lineF(p, "$# = [$#, $#];$n", [a.res, b.address, b.res])
         lineF(p, "$1 = $2;$n", [a.address, b.res])
         lineF(p, "$1 = $2;$n", [a.rdLoc, b.rdLoc])
+      elif a.typ == etyBaseIndex:
+        # array indexing may not map to var type
+        if b.address != "":
+          lineF(p, "$1 = $2; $3 = $4;$n", [a.address, b.address, a.res, b.res])
+        else:
+          lineF(p, "$1 = $2;$n", [a.address, b.res])
       else:
         internalError(p.config, x.info, $("genAsgn", b.typ, a.typ))
-    else:
+    elif b.address != "":
       lineF(p, "$1 = $2; $3 = $4;$n", [a.address, b.address, a.res, b.res])
+    else:
+      lineF(p, "$1 = $2;$n", [a.address, b.res])
   else:
     lineF(p, "$1 = $2;$n", [a.rdLoc, b.rdLoc])
 
@@ -1121,28 +1353,21 @@ proc genFastAsgn(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
   genAsgnAux(p, n[0], n[1], noCopyNeeded=noCopy)
 
 proc genSwap(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
-  var a, b: TCompRes
-  gen(p, n[1], a)
-  gen(p, n[2], b)
-  var tmp = p.getTemp(false)
-  if mapType(p, skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractVar)) == etyBaseIndex:
-    let tmp2 = p.getTemp(false)
-    if a.typ != etyBaseIndex or b.typ != etyBaseIndex:
-      internalError(p.config, n.info, "genSwap")
-    lineF(p, "var $1 = $2; $2 = $3; $3 = $1;$n",
-             [tmp, a.address, b.address])
-    tmp = tmp2
-  lineF(p, "var $1 = $2; $2 = $3; $3 = $1;",
-           [tmp, a.res, b.res])
+  let stmtList = lowerSwap(p.module.graph, n, p.module.idgen, if p.prc != nil: p.prc else: p.module.module)
+  assert stmtList.kind == nkStmtList
+  for i in 0..<stmtList.len:
+    genStmt(p, stmtList[i])
 
 proc getFieldPosition(p: PProc; f: PNode): int =
   case f.kind
   of nkIntLit..nkUInt64Lit: result = int(f.intVal)
   of nkSym: result = f.sym.position
-  else: internalError(p.config, f.info, "genFieldPosition")
+  else:
+    result = 0
+    internalError(p.config, f.info, "genFieldPosition")
 
 proc genFieldAddr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
-  var a: TCompRes
+  var a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   r.typ = etyBaseIndex
   let b = if n.kind == nkHiddenAddr: n[0] else: n
   gen(p, b[0], a)
@@ -1151,8 +1376,8 @@ proc genFieldAddr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   else:
     if b[1].kind != nkSym: internalError(p.config, b[1].info, "genFieldAddr")
     var f = b[1].sym
-    if f.loc.r == nil: f.loc.r = mangleName(p.module, f)
-    r.res = makeJSString($f.loc.r)
+    if f.loc.snippet == "": f.loc.snippet = mangleName(p.module, f)
+    r.res = makeJSString($f.loc.snippet)
   internalAssert p.config, a.typ != etyBaseIndex
   r.address = a.res
   r.kind = resExpr
@@ -1179,8 +1404,8 @@ proc genFieldAccess(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   else:
     if n[1].kind != nkSym: internalError(p.config, n[1].info, "genFieldAccess")
     var f = n[1].sym
-    if f.loc.r == nil: f.loc.r = mangleName(p.module, f)
-    r.res = "$1.$2" % [r.res, f.loc.r]
+    if f.loc.snippet == "": f.loc.snippet = mangleName(p.module, f)
+    r.res = "$1.$2" % [r.res, f.loc.snippet]
     mkTemp(1)
   r.kind = resExpr
 
@@ -1200,42 +1425,43 @@ proc genCheckedFieldOp(p: PProc, n: PNode, addrTyp: PType, r: var TCompRes) =
   # Field symbol
   var field = accessExpr[1].sym
   internalAssert p.config, field.kind == skField
-  if field.loc.r == nil: field.loc.r = mangleName(p.module, field)
+  if field.loc.snippet == "": field.loc.snippet = mangleName(p.module, field)
   # Discriminant symbol
   let disc = checkExpr[2].sym
   internalAssert p.config, disc.kind == skField
-  if disc.loc.r == nil: disc.loc.r = mangleName(p.module, disc)
+  if disc.loc.snippet == "": disc.loc.snippet = mangleName(p.module, disc)
 
-  var setx: TCompRes
+  var setx: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   gen(p, checkExpr[1], setx)
 
-  var obj: TCompRes
+  var obj: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   gen(p, accessExpr[0], obj)
   # Avoid evaluating the LHS twice (one to read the discriminant and one to read
   # the field)
   let tmp = p.getTemp()
   lineF(p, "var $1 = $2;$n", tmp, obj.res)
 
-  useMagic(p, "raiseFieldError")
+  useMagic(p, "raiseFieldError2")
   useMagic(p, "makeNimstrLit")
-  let msg = genFieldDefect(field, disc)
-  lineF(p, "if ($1[$2.$3]$4undefined) { raiseFieldError(makeNimstrLit($5)); }$n",
-    setx.res, tmp, disc.loc.r, if negCheck: ~"!==" else: ~"===",
-    makeJSString(msg))
+  useMagic(p, "reprDiscriminant") # no need to offset by firstOrd unlike for cgen
+  let msg = genFieldDefect(p.config, field.name.s, disc)
+  lineF(p, "if ($1[$2.$3]$4undefined) { raiseFieldError2(makeNimstrLit($5), reprDiscriminant($2.$3, $6)); }$n",
+    setx.res, tmp, disc.loc.snippet, if negCheck: "!==" else: "===",
+    makeJSString(msg), genTypeInfo(p, disc.typ))
 
   if addrTyp != nil and mapType(p, addrTyp) == etyBaseIndex:
     r.typ = etyBaseIndex
-    r.res = makeJSString($field.loc.r)
+    r.res = makeJSString($field.loc.snippet)
     r.address = tmp
   else:
     r.typ = etyNone
-    r.res = "$1.$2" % [tmp, field.loc.r]
+    r.res = "$1.$2" % [tmp, field.loc.snippet]
   r.kind = resExpr
 
 proc genArrayAddr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   var
-    a, b: TCompRes
-    first: Int128
+    a, b: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
+    first: Int128 = Zero
   r.typ = etyBaseIndex
   let m = if n.kind == nkHiddenAddr: n[0] else: n
   gen(p, m[0], a)
@@ -1245,32 +1471,32 @@ proc genArrayAddr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   r.address = x
   var typ = skipTypes(m[0].typ, abstractPtrs)
   if typ.kind == tyArray:
-    first = firstOrd(p.config, typ[0])
+    first = firstOrd(p.config, typ.indexType)
   if optBoundsCheck in p.options:
     useMagic(p, "chckIndx")
     if first == 0: # save a couple chars
-      r.res = "chckIndx($1, 0, ($2).length-1)" % [b.res, tmp]
+      r.res = "chckIndx($1, 0, ($2).length - 1)" % [b.res, tmp]
     else:
-      r.res = "chckIndx($1, $2, ($3).length+($2)-1)-($2)" % [
+      r.res = "chckIndx($1, $2, ($3).length + ($2) - 1) - ($2)" % [
         b.res, rope(first), tmp]
   elif first != 0:
-    r.res = "($1)-($2)" % [b.res, rope(first)]
+    r.res = "($1) - ($2)" % [b.res, rope(first)]
   else:
     r.res = b.res
   r.kind = resExpr
 
 proc genArrayAccess(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
-  var ty = skipTypes(n[0].typ, abstractVarRange)
-  if ty.kind in {tyRef, tyPtr, tyLent, tyOwned}: ty = skipTypes(ty.lastSon, abstractVarRange)
+  var ty = skipTypes(n[0].typ, abstractVarRange+tyUserTypeClasses)
+  if ty.kind in {tyRef, tyPtr, tyLent, tyOwned}: ty = skipTypes(ty.elementType, abstractVarRange)
   case ty.kind
-  of tyArray, tyOpenArray, tySequence, tyString, tyCString, tyVarargs:
+  of tyArray, tyOpenArray, tySequence, tyString, tyCstring, tyVarargs:
     genArrayAddr(p, n, r)
   of tyTuple:
     genFieldAddr(p, n, r)
   else: internalError(p.config, n.info, "expr(nkBracketExpr, " & $ty.kind & ')')
   r.typ = mapType(n.typ)
-  if r.res == nil: internalError(p.config, n.info, "genArrayAccess")
-  if ty.kind == tyCString:
+  if r.res == "": internalError(p.config, n.info, "genArrayAccess")
+  if ty.kind == tyCstring:
     r.res = "$1.charCodeAt($2)" % [r.address, r.res]
   elif r.typ == etyBaseIndex:
     if needsTemp(p, n[0]):
@@ -1294,75 +1520,96 @@ template isIndirect(x: PSym): bool =
     v.kind notin {skProc, skFunc, skConverter, skMethod, skIterator,
                   skConst, skTemp, skLet})
 
-proc genAddr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
-  case n[0].kind
-  of nkSym:
-    let s = n[0].sym
-    if s.loc.r == nil: internalError(p.config, n.info, "genAddr: 3")
-    case s.kind
-    of skParam:
-      r.res = s.loc.r
-      r.address = nil
+proc genSymAddr(p: PProc, n: PNode, typ: PType, r: var TCompRes) =
+  let s = n.sym
+  if s.loc.snippet == "": internalError(p.config, n.info, "genAddr: 3")
+  case s.kind
+  of skParam:
+    r.res = s.loc.snippet
+    r.address = ""
+    r.typ = etyNone
+  of skVar, skLet, skResult:
+    r.kind = resExpr
+    let jsType = mapType(p):
+      if typ.isNil:
+        n.typ
+      else:
+        typ
+    if jsType == etyObject:
+      # make addr() a no-op:
       r.typ = etyNone
-    of skVar, skLet, skResult:
-      r.kind = resExpr
-      let jsType = mapType(p, n.typ)
-      if jsType == etyObject:
-        # make addr() a no-op:
-        r.typ = etyNone
-        if isIndirect(s):
-          r.res = s.loc.r & "[0]"
-        else:
-          r.res = s.loc.r
-        r.address = nil
-      elif {sfGlobal, sfAddrTaken} * s.flags != {} or jsType == etyBaseIndex:
-        # for ease of code generation, we do not distinguish between
-        # sfAddrTaken and sfGlobal.
-        r.typ = etyBaseIndex
-        r.address = s.loc.r
-        r.res = rope("0")
+      if isIndirect(s):
+        r.res = s.loc.snippet & "[0]"
       else:
-        # 'var openArray' for instance produces an 'addr' but this is harmless:
-        gen(p, n[0], r)
-        #internalError(p.config, n.info, "genAddr: 4 " & renderTree(n))
-    else: internalError(p.config, n.info, $("genAddr: 2", s.kind))
-  of nkCheckedFieldExpr:
-    genCheckedFieldOp(p, n[0], n.typ, r)
-  of nkDotExpr:
-    if mapType(p, n.typ) == etyBaseIndex:
-      genFieldAddr(p, n[0], r)
-    else:
-      genFieldAccess(p, n[0], r)
-  of nkBracketExpr:
-    var ty = skipTypes(n[0].typ, abstractVarRange)
-    if ty.kind in MappedToObject:
-      gen(p, n[0], r)
+        r.res = s.loc.snippet
+      r.address = ""
+    elif {sfGlobal, sfAddrTaken} * s.flags != {} or jsType == etyBaseIndex:
+      # for ease of code generation, we do not distinguish between
+      # sfAddrTaken and sfGlobal.
+      r.typ = etyBaseIndex
+      r.address = s.loc.snippet
+      r.res = rope("0")
     else:
-      let kindOfIndexedExpr = skipTypes(n[0][0].typ, abstractVarRange).kind
-      case kindOfIndexedExpr
-      of tyArray, tyOpenArray, tySequence, tyString, tyCString, tyVarargs:
-        genArrayAddr(p, n[0], r)
-      of tyTuple:
-        genFieldAddr(p, n[0], r)
-      else: internalError(p.config, n[0].info, "expr(nkBracketExpr, " & $kindOfIndexedExpr & ')')
-  of nkObjDownConv:
-    gen(p, n[0], r)
-  of nkHiddenDeref:
-    gen(p, n[0], r)
-  of nkHiddenAddr:
-    gen(p, n[0], r)
-  of nkStmtListExpr:
-    if n.len == 1: gen(p, n[0], r)
-    else: internalError(p.config, n[0].info, "genAddr for complex nkStmtListExpr")
-  of nkCallKinds:
-    if n[0].typ.kind == tyOpenArray:
       # 'var openArray' for instance produces an 'addr' but this is harmless:
-      # namely toOpenArray(a, 1, 3)
+      gen(p, n, r)
+      #internalError(p.config, n.info, "genAddr: 4 " & renderTree(n))
+  else: internalError(p.config, n.info, $("genAddr: 2", s.kind))
+
+proc genAddr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
+  if n.kind == nkSym:
+    genSymAddr(p, n, nil, r)
+  else:
+    case n[0].kind
+    of nkSym:
+      genSymAddr(p, n[0], n.typ, r)
+    of nkCheckedFieldExpr:
+      genCheckedFieldOp(p, n[0], n.typ, r)
+    of nkDotExpr:
+      if mapType(p, n.typ) == etyBaseIndex:
+        genFieldAddr(p, n[0], r)
+      else:
+        genFieldAccess(p, n[0], r)
+    of nkBracketExpr:
+      var ty = skipTypes(n[0].typ, abstractVarRange)
+      if ty.kind in MappedToObject:
+        gen(p, n[0], r)
+      else:
+        let kindOfIndexedExpr = skipTypes(n[0][0].typ, abstractVarRange+tyUserTypeClasses).kind
+        case kindOfIndexedExpr
+        of tyArray, tyOpenArray, tySequence, tyString, tyCstring, tyVarargs:
+          genArrayAddr(p, n[0], r)
+        of tyTuple:
+          genFieldAddr(p, n[0], r)
+        of tyGenericBody:
+          genAddr(p, n[^1], r)
+        else: internalError(p.config, n[0].info, "expr(nkBracketExpr, " & $kindOfIndexedExpr & ')')
+    of nkObjDownConv:
       gen(p, n[0], r)
+    of nkHiddenDeref:
+      gen(p, n[0], r)
+    of nkDerefExpr:
+      var x = n[0]
+      if n.kind == nkHiddenAddr:
+        x = n[0][0]
+        if n.typ.skipTypes(abstractVar).kind != tyOpenArray:
+          x.typ = n.typ
+      gen(p, x, r)
+    of nkHiddenAddr:
+      gen(p, n[0], r)
+    of nkConv:
+      genAddr(p, n[0], r)
+    of nkStmtListExpr:
+      if n.len == 1: gen(p, n[0], r)
+      else: internalError(p.config, n[0].info, "genAddr for complex nkStmtListExpr")
+    of nkCallKinds:
+      if n[0].typ.kind == tyOpenArray:
+        # 'var openArray' for instance produces an 'addr' but this is harmless:
+        # namely toOpenArray(a, 1, 3)
+        gen(p, n[0], r)
+      else:
+        internalError(p.config, n[0].info, "genAddr: " & $n[0].kind)
     else:
       internalError(p.config, n[0].info, "genAddr: " & $n[0].kind)
-  else:
-    internalError(p.config, n[0].info, "genAddr: " & $n[0].kind)
 
 proc attachProc(p: PProc; content: Rope; s: PSym) =
   p.g.code.add(content)
@@ -1373,12 +1620,15 @@ proc attachProc(p: PProc; s: PSym) =
 
 proc genProcForSymIfNeeded(p: PProc, s: PSym) =
   if not p.g.generatedSyms.containsOrIncl(s.id):
-    let newp = genProc(p, s)
-    var owner = p
-    while owner != nil and owner.prc != s.owner:
-      owner = owner.up
-    if owner != nil: owner.locals.add(newp)
-    else: attachProc(p, newp, s)
+    if jsNoLambdaLifting in p.config.legacyFeatures:
+      let newp = genProc(p, s)
+      var owner = p
+      while owner != nil and owner.prc != s.owner:
+        owner = owner.up
+      if owner != nil: owner.locals.add(newp)
+      else: attachProc(p, newp, s)
+    else:
+      attachProc(p, s)
 
 proc genCopyForParamIfNeeded(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
   let s = n.sym
@@ -1390,7 +1640,7 @@ proc genCopyForParamIfNeeded(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
       internalError(p.config, n.info, "couldn't find the owner proc of the closed over param: " & s.name.s)
     if owner.prc == s.owner:
       if not owner.generatedParamCopies.containsOrIncl(s.id):
-        let copy = "$1 = nimCopy(null, $1, $2);$n" % [s.loc.r, genTypeInfo(p, s.typ)]
+        let copy = "$1 = nimCopy(null, $1, $2);$n" % [s.loc.snippet, genTypeInfo(p, s.typ)]
         owner.locals.add(owner.indentLine(copy))
       return
     owner = owner.up
@@ -1401,41 +1651,41 @@ proc genSym(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   var s = n.sym
   case s.kind
   of skVar, skLet, skParam, skTemp, skResult, skForVar:
-    if s.loc.r == nil:
+    if s.loc.snippet == "":
       internalError(p.config, n.info, "symbol has no generated name: " & s.name.s)
     if sfCompileTime in s.flags:
-      genVarInit(p, s, if s.ast != nil: s.ast else: newNodeI(nkEmpty, s.info))
-    if s.kind == skParam:
+      genVarInit(p, s, if s.astdef != nil: s.astdef else: newNodeI(nkEmpty, s.info))
+    if jsNoLambdaLifting in p.config.legacyFeatures and s.kind == skParam:
       genCopyForParamIfNeeded(p, n)
     let k = mapType(p, s.typ)
     if k == etyBaseIndex:
       r.typ = etyBaseIndex
       if {sfAddrTaken, sfGlobal} * s.flags != {}:
         if isIndirect(s):
-          r.address = "$1[0][0]" % [s.loc.r]
-          r.res = "$1[0][1]" % [s.loc.r]
+          r.address = "$1[0][0]" % [s.loc.snippet]
+          r.res = "$1[0][1]" % [s.loc.snippet]
         else:
-          r.address = "$1[0]" % [s.loc.r]
-          r.res = "$1[1]" % [s.loc.r]
+          r.address = "$1[0]" % [s.loc.snippet]
+          r.res = "$1[1]" % [s.loc.snippet]
       else:
-        r.address = s.loc.r
-        r.res = s.loc.r & "_Idx"
+        r.address = s.loc.snippet
+        r.res = s.loc.snippet & "_Idx"
     elif isIndirect(s):
-      r.res = "$1[0]" % [s.loc.r]
+      r.res = "$1[0]" % [s.loc.snippet]
     else:
-      r.res = s.loc.r
+      r.res = s.loc.snippet
   of skConst:
     genConstant(p, s)
-    if s.loc.r == nil:
+    if s.loc.snippet == "":
       internalError(p.config, n.info, "symbol has no generated name: " & s.name.s)
-    r.res = s.loc.r
-  of skProc, skFunc, skConverter, skMethod:
+    r.res = s.loc.snippet
+  of skProc, skFunc, skConverter, skMethod, skIterator:
     if sfCompileTime in s.flags:
       localError(p.config, n.info, "request to generate code for .compileTime proc: " &
           s.name.s)
     discard mangleName(p.module, s)
-    r.res = s.loc.r
-    if lfNoDecl in s.loc.flags or s.magic notin {mNone, mIsolate} or
+    r.res = s.loc.snippet
+    if lfNoDecl in s.loc.flags or s.magic notin generatedMagics or
        {sfImportc, sfInfixCall} * s.flags != {}:
       discard
     elif s.kind == skMethod and getBody(p.module.graph, s).kind == nkEmpty:
@@ -1446,18 +1696,22 @@ proc genSym(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
     else:
       genProcForSymIfNeeded(p, s)
   else:
-    if s.loc.r == nil:
+    if s.loc.snippet == "":
       internalError(p.config, n.info, "symbol has no generated name: " & s.name.s)
-    r.res = s.loc.r
+    if mapType(p, s.typ) == etyBaseIndex:
+      r.address = s.loc.snippet
+      r.res = s.loc.snippet & "_Idx"
+    else:
+      r.res = s.loc.snippet
   r.kind = resVal
 
 proc genDeref(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   let it = n[0]
   let t = mapType(p, it.typ)
-  if t == etyObject:
+  if t == etyObject or it.typ.kind == tyLent:
     gen(p, it, r)
   else:
-    var a: TCompRes
+    var a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
     gen(p, it, a)
     r.kind = a.kind
     r.typ = mapType(p, n.typ)
@@ -1467,14 +1721,14 @@ proc genDeref(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
       r.res = "$1[1]" % [tmp]
       r.tmpLoc = tmp
     elif a.typ == etyBaseIndex:
-      if a.tmpLoc != nil:
+      if a.tmpLoc != "":
         r.tmpLoc = a.tmpLoc
       r.res = a.rdLoc
     else:
       internalError(p.config, n.info, "genDeref")
 
 proc genArgNoParam(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
-  var a: TCompRes
+  var a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   gen(p, n, a)
   if a.typ == etyBaseIndex:
     r.res.add(a.address)
@@ -1484,7 +1738,7 @@ proc genArgNoParam(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
     r.res.add(a.res)
 
 proc genArg(p: PProc, n: PNode, param: PSym, r: var TCompRes; emitted: ptr int = nil) =
-  var a: TCompRes
+  var a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   gen(p, n, a)
   if skipTypes(param.typ, abstractVar).kind in {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs} and
       a.typ == etyBaseIndex:
@@ -1590,9 +1844,9 @@ proc genPatternCall(p: PProc; n: PNode; pat: string; typ: PType;
 proc genInfixCall(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   # don't call '$' here for efficiency:
   let f = n[0].sym
-  if f.loc.r == nil: f.loc.r = mangleName(p.module, f)
+  if f.loc.snippet == "": f.loc.snippet = mangleName(p.module, f)
   if sfInfixCall in f.flags:
-    let pat = n[0].sym.loc.r.data
+    let pat = $n[0].sym.loc.snippet
     internalAssert p.config, pat.len > 0
     if pat.contains({'#', '(', '@'}):
       var typ = skipTypes(n[0].typ, abstractInst)
@@ -1602,13 +1856,13 @@ proc genInfixCall(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   if n.len != 1:
     gen(p, n[1], r)
     if r.typ == etyBaseIndex:
-      if r.address == nil:
+      if r.address == "":
         globalError(p.config, n.info, "cannot invoke with infix syntax")
       r.res = "$1[$2]" % [r.address, r.res]
-      r.address = nil
+      r.address = ""
       r.typ = etyNone
     r.res.add(".")
-  var op: TCompRes
+  var op: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   gen(p, n[0], op)
   r.res.add(op.res)
   genArgs(p, n, r, 2)
@@ -1670,33 +1924,56 @@ proc createObjInitList(p: PProc, typ: PType, excludedFieldIDs: IntSet, output: v
   while t != nil:
     t = t.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
     createRecordVarAux(p, t.n, excludedFieldIDs, output)
-    t = t[0]
+    t = t.baseClass
 
-proc arrayTypeForElemType(typ: PType): string =
-  # XXX This should also support tyEnum and tyBool
+proc arrayTypeForElemType(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType): string =
+  let typ = typ.skipTypes(abstractRange)
   case typ.kind
   of tyInt, tyInt32: "Int32Array"
   of tyInt16: "Int16Array"
   of tyInt8: "Int8Array"
+  of tyInt64:
+    if optJsBigInt64 in conf.globalOptions:
+      "BigInt64Array"
+    else:
+      ""
   of tyUInt, tyUInt32: "Uint32Array"
   of tyUInt16: "Uint16Array"
-  of tyUInt8: "Uint8Array"
+  of tyUInt8, tyChar, tyBool: "Uint8Array"
+  of tyUInt64:
+    if optJsBigInt64 in conf.globalOptions:
+      "BigUint64Array"
+    else:
+      ""
   of tyFloat32: "Float32Array"
   of tyFloat64, tyFloat: "Float64Array"
+  of tyEnum:
+    case typ.size
+    of 1: "Uint8Array"
+    of 2: "Uint16Array"
+    of 4: "Uint32Array"
+    else: ""
   else: ""
 
 proc createVar(p: PProc, typ: PType, indirect: bool): Rope =
   var t = skipTypes(typ, abstractInst)
   case t.kind
-  of tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64, tyEnum, tyChar:
-    if $t.sym.loc.r == "bigint":
+  of tyInt8..tyInt32, tyUInt8..tyUInt32, tyEnum, tyChar:
+    result = putToSeq("0", indirect)
+  of tyInt, tyUInt:
+    if $t.sym.loc.snippet == "bigint":
+      result = putToSeq("0n", indirect)
+    else:
+      result = putToSeq("0", indirect)
+  of tyInt64, tyUInt64:
+    if optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
       result = putToSeq("0n", indirect)
     else:
       result = putToSeq("0", indirect)
   of tyFloat..tyFloat128:
     result = putToSeq("0.0", indirect)
-  of tyRange, tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned:
-    result = createVar(p, lastSon(typ), indirect)
+  of tyRange, tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned, tyLent:
+    result = createVar(p, skipModifier(typ), indirect)
   of tySet:
     result = putToSeq("{}", indirect)
   of tyBool:
@@ -1706,7 +1983,7 @@ proc createVar(p: PProc, typ: PType, indirect: bool): Rope =
   of tyArray:
     let length = toInt(lengthOrd(p.config, t))
     let e = elemType(t)
-    let jsTyp = arrayTypeForElemType(e)
+    let jsTyp = arrayTypeForElemType(p.config, e)
     if jsTyp.len > 0:
       result = "new $1($2)" % [rope(jsTyp), rope(length)]
     elif length > 32:
@@ -1733,34 +2010,34 @@ proc createVar(p: PProc, typ: PType, indirect: bool): Rope =
     result.add("}")
     if indirect: result = "[$1]" % [result]
   of tyObject:
-    var initList: Rope
+    var initList: Rope = ""
     createObjInitList(p, t, initIntSet(), initList)
     result = ("({$1})") % [initList]
     if indirect: result = "[$1]" % [result]
-  of tyVar, tyPtr, tyLent, tyRef, tyPointer:
+  of tyVar, tyPtr, tyRef, tyPointer:
     if mapType(p, t) == etyBaseIndex:
       result = putToSeq("[null, 0]", indirect)
     else:
       result = putToSeq("null", indirect)
   of tySequence, tyString:
     result = putToSeq("[]", indirect)
-  of tyCString, tyProc:
+  of tyCstring, tyProc, tyOpenArray:
     result = putToSeq("null", indirect)
   of tyStatic:
     if t.n != nil:
-      result = createVar(p, lastSon t, indirect)
+      result = createVar(p, skipModifier t, indirect)
     else:
       internalError(p.config, "createVar: " & $t.kind)
-      result = nil
+      result = ""
   else:
     internalError(p.config, "createVar: " & $t.kind)
-    result = nil
+    result = ""
 
-template returnType: untyped = ~""
+template returnType: untyped = ""
 
 proc genVarInit(p: PProc, v: PSym, n: PNode) =
   var
-    a: TCompRes
+    a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
     s: Rope
     varCode: string
     varName = mangleName(p.module, v)
@@ -1775,7 +2052,7 @@ proc genVarInit(p: PProc, v: PSym, n: PNode) =
       inc p.extraIndent
     elif useGlobalPragmas:
       lineF(p, "if (globalThis.$1 === undefined) {$n", varName)
-      varCode = $varName
+      varCode = "globalThis." & $varName
       inc p.extraIndent
     else:
       varCode = "var $2"
@@ -1796,7 +2073,7 @@ proc genVarInit(p: PProc, v: PSym, n: PNode) =
     gen(p, n, a)
     case mapType(p, v.typ)
     of etyObject, etySeq:
-      if needsNoCopy(p, n):
+      if v.typ.kind in {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs} or needsNoCopy(p, n):
         s = a.res
       else:
         useMagic(p, "nimCopy")
@@ -1806,33 +2083,44 @@ proc genVarInit(p: PProc, v: PSym, n: PNode) =
       if a.typ == etyBaseIndex:
         if targetBaseIndex:
           line(p, runtimeFormat(varCode & " = $3, $2_Idx = $4;$n",
-                   [returnType, v.loc.r, a.address, a.res]))
+                   [returnType, v.loc.snippet, a.address, a.res]))
         else:
           if isIndirect(v):
             line(p, runtimeFormat(varCode & " = [[$3, $4]];$n",
-                     [returnType, v.loc.r, a.address, a.res]))
+                     [returnType, v.loc.snippet, a.address, a.res]))
           else:
             line(p, runtimeFormat(varCode & " = [$3, $4];$n",
-                     [returnType, v.loc.r, a.address, a.res]))
+                     [returnType, v.loc.snippet, a.address, a.res]))
       else:
         if targetBaseIndex:
           let tmp = p.getTemp
           lineF(p, "var $1 = $2, $3 = $1[0], $3_Idx = $1[1];$n",
-                   [tmp, a.res, v.loc.r])
+                   [tmp, a.res, v.loc.snippet])
         else:
-          line(p, runtimeFormat(varCode & " = $3;$n", [returnType, v.loc.r, a.res]))
+          line(p, runtimeFormat(varCode & " = $3;$n", [returnType, v.loc.snippet, a.res]))
       return
     else:
       s = a.res
     if isIndirect(v):
-      line(p, runtimeFormat(varCode & " = [$3];$n", [returnType, v.loc.r, s]))
+      line(p, runtimeFormat(varCode & " = [$3];$n", [returnType, v.loc.snippet, s]))
     else:
-      line(p, runtimeFormat(varCode & " = $3;$n", [returnType, v.loc.r, s]))
+      line(p, runtimeFormat(varCode & " = $3;$n", [returnType, v.loc.snippet, s]))
 
   if useReloadingGuard or useGlobalPragmas:
     dec p.extraIndent
     lineF(p, "}$n")
 
+proc genClosureVar(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
+  # assert n[2].kind != nkEmpty
+  # TODO: fixme transform `var env.x` into `var env.x = default()` after
+  # the order of transf and lambdalifting is fixed
+  if n[2].kind != nkEmpty:
+    genAsgnAux(p, n[0], n[2], false)
+  else:
+    var a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
+    gen(p, n[0], a)
+    line(p, runtimeFormat("$1 = $2;$n", [rdLoc(a), createVar(p, n[0].typ, false)]))
+
 proc genVarStmt(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     var a = n[i]
@@ -1842,27 +2130,28 @@ proc genVarStmt(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
         genStmt(p, unpacked)
       else:
         assert(a.kind == nkIdentDefs)
-        assert(a[0].kind == nkSym)
-        var v = a[0].sym
-        if lfNoDecl notin v.loc.flags and sfImportc notin v.flags:
-          genLineDir(p, a)
-          if sfCompileTime notin v.flags:
-            genVarInit(p, v, a[2])
-          else:
-            # lazy emit, done when it's actually used.
-            if v.ast == nil: v.ast = a[2]
+        if a[0].kind == nkSym:
+          var v = a[0].sym
+          if lfNoDecl notin v.loc.flags and sfImportc notin v.flags:
+            genLineDir(p, a)
+            if sfCompileTime notin v.flags:
+              genVarInit(p, v, a[2])
+            else:
+              # lazy emit, done when it's actually used.
+              if v.ast == nil: v.ast = a[2]
+        else: # closure
+          genClosureVar(p, a)
 
 proc genConstant(p: PProc, c: PSym) =
   if lfNoDecl notin c.loc.flags and not p.g.generatedSyms.containsOrIncl(c.id):
-    let oldBody = p.body
-    p.body = nil
-    #genLineDir(p, c.ast)
-    genVarInit(p, c, c.ast)
+    let oldBody = move p.body
+    #genLineDir(p, c.astdef)
+    genVarInit(p, c, c.astdef)
     p.g.constants.add(p.body)
     p.body = oldBody
 
 proc genNew(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
-  var a: TCompRes
+  var a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   gen(p, n[1], a)
   var t = skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractVar)[0]
   if mapType(t) == etyObject:
@@ -1873,52 +2162,56 @@ proc genNew(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
     lineF(p, "$1 = [[$2], 0];$n", [a.rdLoc, createVar(p, t, false)])
 
 proc genNewSeq(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
-  var x, y: TCompRes
+  var x, y: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   gen(p, n[1], x)
   gen(p, n[2], y)
   let t = skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractVar)[0]
-  lineF(p, "$1 = new Array($2); for (var i=0;i<$2;++i) {$1[i]=$3;}", [
+  lineF(p, "$1 = new Array($2); for (var i = 0 ; i < $2 ; ++i) { $1[i] = $3; }", [
     x.rdLoc, y.rdLoc, createVar(p, t, false)])
 
 proc genOrd(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   case skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractVar + abstractRange).kind
-  of tyEnum, tyInt..tyUInt64, tyChar: gen(p, n[1], r)
-  of tyBool: unaryExpr(p, n, r, "", "($1 ? 1:0)")
+  of tyEnum, tyInt..tyInt32, tyUInt..tyUInt32, tyChar: gen(p, n[1], r)
+  of tyInt64, tyUInt64:
+    if optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      unaryExpr(p, n, r, "", "Number($1)")
+    else: gen(p, n[1], r)
+  of tyBool: unaryExpr(p, n, r, "", "($1 ? 1 : 0)")
   else: internalError(p.config, n.info, "genOrd")
 
 proc genConStrStr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
-  var a: TCompRes
+  var a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
 
   gen(p, n[1], a)
   r.kind = resExpr
   if skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractVarRange).kind == tyChar:
     r.res.add("[$1].concat(" % [a.res])
   else:
-    r.res.add("($1 || []).concat(" % [a.res])
+    r.res.add("($1).concat(" % [a.res])
 
   for i in 2..<n.len - 1:
     gen(p, n[i], a)
     if skipTypes(n[i].typ, abstractVarRange).kind == tyChar:
       r.res.add("[$1]," % [a.res])
     else:
-      r.res.add("$1 || []," % [a.res])
+      r.res.add("$1," % [a.res])
 
   gen(p, n[^1], a)
   if skipTypes(n[^1].typ, abstractVarRange).kind == tyChar:
     r.res.add("[$1])" % [a.res])
   else:
-    r.res.add("$1 || [])" % [a.res])
+    r.res.add("$1)" % [a.res])
 
-proc genReprAux(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes, magic: string, typ: Rope = nil) =
+proc genReprAux(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes, magic: string, typ: Rope = "") =
   useMagic(p, magic)
   r.res.add(magic & "(")
-  var a: TCompRes
+  var a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
 
   gen(p, n[1], a)
   if magic == "reprAny":
     # the pointer argument in reprAny is expandend to
     # (pointedto, pointer), so we need to fill it
-    if a.address.isNil:
+    if a.address.len == 0:
       r.res.add(a.res)
       r.res.add(", null")
     else:
@@ -1926,14 +2219,14 @@ proc genReprAux(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes, magic: string, typ: Rope =
   else:
     r.res.add(a.res)
 
-  if not typ.isNil:
+  if typ != "":
     r.res.add(", ")
     r.res.add(typ)
   r.res.add(")")
 
 proc genRepr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   let t = skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractVarRange)
-  case t.kind:
+  case t.kind
   of tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64:
     genReprAux(p, n, r, "reprInt")
   of tyChar:
@@ -1959,7 +2252,7 @@ proc genRepr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   r.kind = resExpr
 
 proc genOf(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
-  var x: TCompRes
+  var x: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   let t = skipTypes(n[2].typ,
                     abstractVarRange+{tyRef, tyPtr, tyLent, tyTypeDesc, tyOwned})
   gen(p, n[1], x)
@@ -1974,28 +2267,36 @@ proc genDefault(p: PProc, n: PNode; r: var TCompRes) =
   r.res = createVar(p, n.typ, indirect = false)
   r.kind = resExpr
 
-proc genReset(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
-  var x: TCompRes
-  useMagic(p, "genericReset")
+proc genWasMoved(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
+  # TODO: it should be done by nir
+  var x: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   gen(p, n[1], x)
   if x.typ == etyBaseIndex:
     lineF(p, "$1 = null, $2 = 0;$n", [x.address, x.res])
   else:
-    let (a, tmp) = maybeMakeTempAssignable(p, n[1], x)
-    lineF(p, "$1 = genericReset($3, $2);$n", [a,
-                  genTypeInfo(p, n[1].typ), tmp])
+    var y: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
+    genDefault(p, n[1], y)
+    let (a, _) = maybeMakeTempAssignable(p, n[1], x)
+    lineF(p, "$1 = $2;$n", [a, y.rdLoc])
 
 proc genMove(p: PProc; n: PNode; r: var TCompRes) =
-  var a: TCompRes
+  var a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   r.kind = resVal
   r.res = p.getTemp()
   gen(p, n[1], a)
   lineF(p, "$1 = $2;$n", [r.rdLoc, a.rdLoc])
-  genReset(p, n)
+  genWasMoved(p, n)
   #lineF(p, "$1 = $2;$n", [dest.rdLoc, src.rdLoc])
 
+proc genDup(p: PProc; n: PNode; r: var TCompRes) =
+  var a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
+  r.kind = resVal
+  r.res = p.getTemp()
+  gen(p, n[1], a)
+  lineF(p, "$1 = $2;$n", [r.rdLoc, a.rdLoc])
+
 proc genJSArrayConstr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
-  var a: TCompRes
+  var a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   r.res = rope("[")
   r.kind = resExpr
   for i in 0 ..< n.len:
@@ -2026,11 +2327,11 @@ proc genMagic(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
     binaryExpr(p, n, r, "addChar",
         "addChar($1, $2);")
   of mAppendStrStr:
-    var lhs, rhs: TCompRes
+    var lhs, rhs: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
     gen(p, n[1], lhs)
     gen(p, n[2], rhs)
 
-    if skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractVarRange).kind == tyCString:
+    if skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractVarRange).kind == tyCstring:
       let (b, tmp) = maybeMakeTemp(p, n[2], rhs)
       r.res = "if (null != $1) { if (null == $2) $2 = $3; else $2 += $3; }" %
         [b, lhs.rdLoc, tmp]
@@ -2039,7 +2340,7 @@ proc genMagic(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
       r.res = "$1.push.apply($3, $2);" % [a, rhs.rdLoc, tmp]
     r.kind = resExpr
   of mAppendSeqElem:
-    var x, y: TCompRes
+    var x, y: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
     gen(p, n[1], x)
     gen(p, n[2], y)
     if mapType(n[2].typ) == etyBaseIndex:
@@ -2067,7 +2368,7 @@ proc genMagic(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
     if mapType(n[1].typ) != etyBaseIndex:
       unaryExpr(p, n, r, "", "($1 == null)")
     else:
-      var x: TCompRes
+      var x: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
       gen(p, n[1], x)
       r.res = "($# == null && $# === 0)" % [x.address, x.res]
   of mEnumToStr: genRepr(p, n, r)
@@ -2078,52 +2379,76 @@ proc genMagic(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
     if n[1].kind == nkBracket:
       genJSArrayConstr(p, n[1], r)
     else:
-      var x: TCompRes
+      var x: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
       gen(p, n[1], x)
       useMagic(p, "nimCopy")
       r.res = "nimCopy(null, $1, $2)" % [x.rdLoc, genTypeInfo(p, n.typ)]
-  of mDestroy: discard "ignore calls to the default destructor"
+  of mOpenArrayToSeq:
+    genCall(p, n, r)
+  of mDestroy, mTrace: discard "ignore calls to the default destructor"
   of mOrd: genOrd(p, n, r)
   of mLengthStr, mLengthSeq, mLengthOpenArray, mLengthArray:
-    var x: TCompRes
+    var x: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
     gen(p, n[1], x)
-    if skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractInst).kind == tyCString:
+    if skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractInst).kind == tyCstring:
       let (a, tmp) = maybeMakeTemp(p, n[1], x)
       r.res = "(($1) == null ? 0 : ($2).length)" % [a, tmp]
     else:
       r.res = "($1).length" % [x.rdLoc]
     r.kind = resExpr
   of mHigh:
-    var x: TCompRes
+    var x: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
     gen(p, n[1], x)
-    if skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractInst).kind == tyCString:
+    if skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractInst).kind == tyCstring:
       let (a, tmp) = maybeMakeTemp(p, n[1], x)
       r.res = "(($1) == null ? -1 : ($2).length - 1)" % [a, tmp]
     else:
       r.res = "($1).length - 1" % [x.rdLoc]
     r.kind = resExpr
   of mInc:
-    if n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractRange).kind in {tyUInt..tyUInt64}:
+    let typ = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVarRange)
+    case typ.kind
+    of tyUInt..tyUInt32:
       binaryUintExpr(p, n, r, "+", true)
+    of tyUInt64:
+      if optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+        binaryExpr(p, n, r, "", "$1 = BigInt.asUintN(64, $3 + BigInt($2))", true)
+      else: binaryUintExpr(p, n, r, "+", true)
+    elif typ.kind == tyInt64 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      if optOverflowCheck notin p.options:
+        binaryExpr(p, n, r, "", "$1 = BigInt.asIntN(64, $3 + BigInt($2))", true)
+      else: binaryExpr(p, n, r, "addInt64", "$1 = addInt64($3, BigInt($2))", true)
     else:
       if optOverflowCheck notin p.options: binaryExpr(p, n, r, "", "$1 += $2")
       else: binaryExpr(p, n, r, "addInt", "$1 = addInt($3, $2)", true)
   of ast.mDec:
-    if n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractRange).kind in {tyUInt..tyUInt64}:
+    let typ = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVarRange)
+    case typ.kind
+    of tyUInt..tyUInt32:
       binaryUintExpr(p, n, r, "-", true)
+    of tyUInt64:
+      if optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+        binaryExpr(p, n, r, "", "$1 = BigInt.asUintN(64, $3 - BigInt($2))", true)
+      else: binaryUintExpr(p, n, r, "-", true)
+    elif typ.kind == tyInt64 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      if optOverflowCheck notin p.options:
+        binaryExpr(p, n, r, "", "$1 = BigInt.asIntN(64, $3 - BigInt($2))", true)
+      else: binaryExpr(p, n, r, "subInt64", "$1 = subInt64($3, BigInt($2))", true)
     else:
       if optOverflowCheck notin p.options: binaryExpr(p, n, r, "", "$1 -= $2")
       else: binaryExpr(p, n, r, "subInt", "$1 = subInt($3, $2)", true)
   of mSetLengthStr:
-    binaryExpr(p, n, r, "mnewString", "($1.length = $2)")
+    binaryExpr(p, n, r, "mnewString",
+      """if ($1.length < $2) { for (var i = $3.length; i < $4; ++i) $3.push(0); }
+         else {$3.length = $4; }""")
   of mSetLengthSeq:
-    var x, y: TCompRes
+    var x, y: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
     gen(p, n[1], x)
     gen(p, n[2], y)
     let t = skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractVar)[0]
     let (a, tmp) = maybeMakeTemp(p, n[1], x)
     let (b, tmp2) = maybeMakeTemp(p, n[2], y)
-    r.res = """if ($1.length < $2) { for (var i=$4.length;i<$5;++i) $4.push($3); }
+    r.res = """if ($1.length < $2) { for (var i = $4.length ; i < $5 ; ++i) $4.push($3); }
                else { $4.length = $5; }""" % [a, b, createVar(p, t, false), tmp, tmp2]
     r.kind = resExpr
   of mCard: unaryExpr(p, n, r, "SetCard", "SetCard($1)")
@@ -2140,8 +2465,8 @@ proc genMagic(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   of mNewSeq: genNewSeq(p, n)
   of mNewSeqOfCap: unaryExpr(p, n, r, "", "[]")
   of mOf: genOf(p, n, r)
-  of mDefault: genDefault(p, n, r)
-  of mReset, mWasMoved: genReset(p, n)
+  of mDefault, mZeroDefault: genDefault(p, n, r)
+  of mWasMoved: genWasMoved(p, n)
   of mEcho: genEcho(p, n, r)
   of mNLen..mNError, mSlurp, mStaticExec:
     localError(p.config, n.info, errXMustBeCompileTime % n[0].sym.name.s)
@@ -2156,21 +2481,25 @@ proc genMagic(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
     genCall(p, n, r)
   of mSlice:
     # arr.slice([begin[, end]]): 'end' is exclusive
-    var x, y, z: TCompRes
+    var x, y, z: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
     gen(p, n[1], x)
     gen(p, n[2], y)
     gen(p, n[3], z)
-    r.res = "($1.slice($2, $3+1))" % [x.rdLoc, y.rdLoc, z.rdLoc]
+    r.res = "($1.slice($2, $3 + 1))" % [x.rdLoc, y.rdLoc, z.rdLoc]
     r.kind = resExpr
   of mMove:
     genMove(p, n, r)
+  of mDup:
+    genDup(p, n, r)
+  of mEnsureMove:
+    gen(p, n[1], r)
   else:
     genCall(p, n, r)
     #else internalError(p.config, e.info, 'genMagic: ' + magicToStr[op]);
 
 proc genSetConstr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   var
-    a, b: TCompRes
+    a, b: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   useMagic(p, "setConstr")
   r.res = rope("setConstr(")
   r.kind = resExpr
@@ -2202,12 +2531,12 @@ proc genArrayConstr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   ## Nim sequence maps to JS array.
   var t = skipTypes(n.typ, abstractInst)
   let e = elemType(t)
-  let jsTyp = arrayTypeForElemType(e)
+  let jsTyp = arrayTypeForElemType(p.config, e)
   if skipTypes(n.typ, abstractVarRange).kind != tySequence and jsTyp.len > 0:
     # generate typed array
     # for example Nim generates `new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3])` for `[byte(1), 2, 3]`
     # TODO use `set` or loop to initialize typed array which improves performances in some situations
-    var a: TCompRes
+    var a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
     r.res = "new $1([" % [rope(jsTyp)]
     r.kind = resExpr
     for i in 0 ..< n.len:
@@ -2219,7 +2548,7 @@ proc genArrayConstr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
     genJSArrayConstr(p, n, r)
 
 proc genTupleConstr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
-  var a: TCompRes
+  var a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   r.res = rope("{")
   r.kind = resExpr
   for i in 0..<n.len:
@@ -2238,10 +2567,11 @@ proc genTupleConstr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   r.res.add("}")
 
 proc genObjConstr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
-  var a: TCompRes
+  var a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   r.kind = resExpr
-  var initList : Rope
+  var initList : Rope = ""
   var fieldIDs = initIntSet()
+  let nTyp = n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)
   for i in 1..<n.len:
     if i > 1: initList.add(", ")
     var it = n[i]
@@ -2249,17 +2579,17 @@ proc genObjConstr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
     let val = it[1]
     gen(p, val, a)
     var f = it[0].sym
-    if f.loc.r == nil: f.loc.r = mangleName(p.module, f)
-    fieldIDs.incl(f.id)
+    if f.loc.snippet == "": f.loc.snippet = mangleName(p.module, f)
+    fieldIDs.incl(lookupFieldAgain(n.typ.skipTypes({tyDistinct}), f).id)
 
     let typ = val.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)
     if a.typ == etyBaseIndex:
-      initList.addf("$#: [$#, $#]", [f.loc.r, a.address, a.res])
+      initList.addf("$#: [$#, $#]", [f.loc.snippet, a.address, a.res])
     else:
       if not needsNoCopy(p, val):
         useMagic(p, "nimCopy")
         a.res = "nimCopy(null, $1, $2)" % [a.rdLoc, genTypeInfo(p, typ)]
-      initList.addf("$#: $#", [f.loc.r, a.res])
+      initList.addf("$#: $#", [f.loc.snippet, a.res])
   let t = skipTypes(n.typ, abstractInst + skipPtrs)
   createObjInitList(p, t, fieldIDs, initList)
   r.res = ("{$1}") % [initList]
@@ -2282,7 +2612,29 @@ proc genConv(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
     r.res = "(!!($1))" % [r.res]
     r.kind = resExpr
   elif toInt:
-    r.res = "(($1)|0)" % [r.res]
+    if src.kind in {tyInt64, tyUInt64} and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      r.res = "Number($1)" % [r.res]
+    else:
+      r.res = "(($1) | 0)" % [r.res]
+  elif dest.kind == tyInt64 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+    if fromInt or fromUint or src.kind in {tyBool, tyChar, tyEnum}:
+      r.res = "BigInt($1)" % [r.res]
+    elif src.kind in {tyFloat..tyFloat64}:
+      r.res = "BigInt(Math.trunc($1))" % [r.res]
+    elif src.kind == tyUInt64:
+      r.res = "BigInt.asIntN(64, $1)" % [r.res]
+  elif dest.kind == tyUInt64 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+    if fromUint or src.kind in {tyBool, tyChar, tyEnum}:
+      r.res = "BigInt($1)" % [r.res]
+    elif fromInt: # could be negative
+      r.res = "BigInt.asUintN(64, BigInt($1))" % [r.res]
+    elif src.kind in {tyFloat..tyFloat64}:
+      r.res = "BigInt.asUintN(64, BigInt(Math.trunc($1)))" % [r.res]
+    elif src.kind == tyInt64:
+      r.res = "BigInt.asUintN(64, $1)" % [r.res]
+  elif toUint or dest.kind in tyFloat..tyFloat64:
+    if src.kind in {tyInt64, tyUInt64} and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      r.res = "Number($1)" % [r.res]
   else:
     # TODO: What types must we handle here?
     discard
@@ -2291,12 +2643,29 @@ proc upConv(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   gen(p, n[0], r)        # XXX
 
 proc genRangeChck(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes, magic: string) =
-  var a, b: TCompRes
+  var a, b: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   gen(p, n[0], r)
-  if optRangeCheck notin p.options or (skipTypes(n.typ, abstractVar).kind in {tyUInt..tyUInt64} and
-      checkUnsignedConversions notin p.config.legacyFeatures):
-    discard "XXX maybe emit masking instructions here"
+  let src = skipTypes(n[0].typ, abstractVarRange)
+  let dest = skipTypes(n.typ, abstractVarRange)
+  if optRangeCheck notin p.options:
+    if optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions and
+          dest.kind in {tyUInt..tyUInt32, tyInt..tyInt32} and
+          src.kind in {tyInt64, tyUInt64}:
+      # conversions to Number are kept
+      r.res = "Number($1)" % [r.res]
+    else:
+      discard
+  elif dest.kind in {tyUInt..tyUInt64} and checkUnsignedConversions notin p.config.legacyFeatures:
+    if src.kind in {tyInt64, tyUInt64} and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      r.res = "BigInt.asUintN($1, $2)" % [$(dest.size * 8), r.res]
+    else:
+      r.res = "BigInt.asUintN($1, BigInt($2))" % [$(dest.size * 8), r.res]
+    if not (dest.kind == tyUInt64 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions):
+      r.res = "Number($1)" % [r.res]
   else:
+    if src.kind in {tyInt64, tyUInt64} and dest.kind notin {tyInt64, tyUInt64} and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      # we do a range check anyway, so it's ok if the number gets rounded
+      r.res = "Number($1)" % [r.res]
     gen(p, n[1], a)
     gen(p, n[2], b)
     useMagic(p, "chckRange")
@@ -2310,7 +2679,7 @@ proc convStrToCStr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
     gen(p, n[0][0], r)
   else:
     gen(p, n[0], r)
-    if r.res == nil: internalError(p.config, n.info, "convStrToCStr")
+    if r.res == "": internalError(p.config, n.info, "convStrToCStr")
     useMagic(p, "toJSStr")
     r.res = "toJSStr($1)" % [r.res]
     r.kind = resExpr
@@ -2322,7 +2691,7 @@ proc convCStrToStr(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
     gen(p, n[0][0], r)
   else:
     gen(p, n[0], r)
-    if r.res == nil: internalError(p.config, n.info, "convCStrToStr")
+    if r.res == "": internalError(p.config, n.info, "convCStrToStr")
     useMagic(p, "cstrToNimstr")
     r.res = "cstrToNimstr($1)" % [r.res]
     r.kind = resExpr
@@ -2338,7 +2707,7 @@ proc genReturnStmt(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
 
 proc frameCreate(p: PProc; procname, filename: Rope): Rope =
   const frameFmt =
-    "var F={procname:$1,prev:framePtr,filename:$2,line:0};$n"
+    "var F = {procname: $1, prev: framePtr, filename: $2, line: 0};$n"
 
   result = p.indentLine(frameFmt % [procname, filename])
   result.add p.indentLine(ropes.`%`("framePtr = F;$n", []))
@@ -2352,11 +2721,11 @@ proc genProcBody(p: PProc, prc: PSym): Rope =
               makeJSString(prc.owner.name.s & '.' & prc.name.s),
               makeJSString(toFilenameOption(p.config, prc.info.fileIndex, foStacktrace)))
   else:
-    result = nil
+    result = ""
   if p.beforeRetNeeded:
-    result.add p.indentLine(~"BeforeRet: do {$n")
+    result.add p.indentLine("BeforeRet: {\n")
     result.add p.body
-    result.add p.indentLine(~"} while (false);$n")
+    result.add p.indentLine("};\n")
   else:
     result.add(p.body)
   if prc.typ.callConv == ccSysCall:
@@ -2366,29 +2735,33 @@ proc genProcBody(p: PProc, prc: PSym): Rope =
     result.add(frameDestroy(p))
 
 proc optionalLine(p: Rope): Rope =
-  if p == nil:
-    return nil
+  if p == "":
+    return ""
   else:
     return p & "\L"
 
 proc genProc(oldProc: PProc, prc: PSym): Rope =
+  ## Generate a JS procedure ('function').
+  result = ""
   var
     resultSym: PSym
-    a: TCompRes
+    a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   #if gVerbosity >= 3:
   #  echo "BEGIN generating code for: " & prc.name.s
   var p = newProc(oldProc.g, oldProc.module, prc.ast, prc.options)
   p.up = oldProc
-  var returnStmt: Rope = nil
-  var resultAsgn: Rope = nil
+  var returnStmt: Rope = ""
+  var resultAsgn: Rope = ""
   var name = mangleName(p.module, prc)
-  let header = generateHeader(p, prc.typ)
-  if prc.typ[0] != nil and sfPure notin prc.flags:
+  let header = generateHeader(p, prc)
+  if prc.typ.returnType != nil and sfPure notin prc.flags:
     resultSym = prc.ast[resultPos].sym
     let mname = mangleName(p.module, resultSym)
-    if not isIndirect(resultSym) and
+    # otherwise uses "fat pointers"
+    let useRawPointer = not isIndirect(resultSym) and
       resultSym.typ.kind in {tyVar, tyPtr, tyLent, tyRef, tyOwned} and
-        mapType(p, resultSym.typ) == etyBaseIndex:
+        mapType(p, resultSym.typ) == etyBaseIndex
+    if useRawPointer:
       resultAsgn = p.indentLine(("var $# = null;$n") % [mname])
       resultAsgn.add p.indentLine("var $#_Idx = 0;$n" % [mname])
     else:
@@ -2400,7 +2773,7 @@ proc genProc(oldProc: PProc, prc: PSym): Rope =
     else:
       returnStmt = "return $#;$n" % [a.res]
 
-  var transformedBody = transformBody(p.module.graph, p.module.idgen, prc, cache = false)
+  var transformedBody = transformBody(p.module.graph, p.module.idgen, prc, {})
   if sfInjectDestructors in prc.flags:
     transformedBody = injectDestructorCalls(p.module.graph, p.module.idgen, prc, transformedBody)
 
@@ -2423,7 +2796,7 @@ proc genProc(oldProc: PProc, prc: PSym): Rope =
               optionalLine(p.indentLine(returnStmt))])
   else:
     # if optLineDir in p.config.options:
-      # result.add(~"\L")
+      # result.add("\L")
 
     if p.config.hcrOn:
       # Here, we introduce thunks that create the equivalent of a jump table
@@ -2432,10 +2805,10 @@ proc genProc(oldProc: PProc, prc: PSym): Rope =
       # references will end up calling the reloaded code.
       var thunkName = name
       name = name & "IMLP"
-      result.add("function $#() { return $#.apply(this, arguments); }$n" %
+      result.add("\Lfunction $#() { return $#.apply(this, arguments); }$n" %
                  [thunkName, name])
 
-    def = "function $#($#) {$n$#$#$#$#$#" %
+    def = "\Lfunction $#($#) {$n$#$#$#$#$#" %
             [ name,
               header,
               optionalLine(p.globals),
@@ -2446,20 +2819,25 @@ proc genProc(oldProc: PProc, prc: PSym): Rope =
 
   dec p.extraIndent
   result.add p.indentLine(def)
-  result.add p.indentLine(~"}$n")
+  result.add p.indentLine("}\n")
 
   #if gVerbosity >= 3:
   #  echo "END   generated code for: " & prc.name.s
 
 proc genStmt(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
-  var r: TCompRes
+  var r: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
   gen(p, n, r)
-  if r.res != nil: lineF(p, "$#;$n", [r.res])
+  if r.res != "": lineF(p, "$#;$n", [r.res])
 
 proc genPragma(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
-  for it in n.sons:
+  for i in 0..<n.len:
+    let it = n[i]
     case whichPragma(it)
     of wEmit: genAsmOrEmitStmt(p, it[1])
+    of wPush:
+      processPushBackendOption(p.config, p.optionsStack, p.options, n, i+1)
+    of wPop:
+      processPopBackendOption(p.config, p.optionsStack, p.options)
     else: discard
 
 proc genCast(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
@@ -2474,27 +2852,38 @@ proc genCast(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   let fromInt = (src.kind in tyInt..tyInt32)
   let fromUint = (src.kind in tyUInt..tyUInt32)
 
-  if toUint and (fromInt or fromUint):
-    let trimmer = unsignedTrimmer(dest.size)
-    r.res = "($1 $2)" % [r.res, trimmer]
+  if toUint:
+    if fromInt or fromUint:
+      r.res = "Number(BigInt.asUintN($1, BigInt($2)))" % [$(dest.size * 8), r.res]
+    elif src.kind in {tyInt64, tyUInt64} and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      r.res = "Number(BigInt.asUintN($1, $2))" % [$(dest.size * 8), r.res]
   elif toInt:
-    if fromInt:
-      return
-    elif fromUint:
-      if src.size == 4 and dest.size == 4:
-        # XXX prevent multi evaluations
-        r.res = "($1|0)" % [r.res]
-      else:
-        let trimmer = unsignedTrimmer(dest.size)
-        let minuend = case dest.size
-          of 1: "0xfe"
-          of 2: "0xfffe"
-          of 4: "0xfffffffe"
-          else: ""
-        r.res = "($1 - ($2 $3))" % [rope minuend, r.res, trimmer]
+    if fromInt or fromUint:
+      r.res = "Number(BigInt.asIntN($1, BigInt($2)))" % [$(dest.size * 8), r.res]
+    elif src.kind in {tyInt64, tyUInt64} and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      r.res = "Number(BigInt.asIntN($1, $2))" % [$(dest.size * 8), r.res]
+  elif dest.kind == tyInt64 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+    if fromInt or fromUint or src.kind in {tyBool, tyChar, tyEnum}:
+      r.res = "BigInt($1)" % [r.res]
+    elif src.kind in {tyFloat..tyFloat64}:
+      r.res = "BigInt(Math.trunc($1))" % [r.res]
+    elif src.kind == tyUInt64:
+      r.res = "BigInt.asIntN(64, $1)" % [r.res]
+  elif dest.kind == tyUInt64 and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+    if fromUint or src.kind in {tyBool, tyChar, tyEnum}:
+      r.res = "BigInt($1)" % [r.res]
+    elif fromInt: # could be negative
+      r.res = "BigInt.asUintN(64, BigInt($1))" % [r.res]
+    elif src.kind in {tyFloat..tyFloat64}:
+      r.res = "BigInt.asUintN(64, BigInt(Math.trunc($1)))" % [r.res]
+    elif src.kind == tyInt64:
+      r.res = "BigInt.asUintN(64, $1)" % [r.res]
+  elif dest.kind in tyFloat..tyFloat64:
+    if src.kind in {tyInt64, tyUInt64} and optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+      r.res = "Number($1)" % [r.res]
   elif (src.kind == tyPtr and mapType(p, src) == etyObject) and dest.kind == tyPointer:
     r.address = r.res
-    r.res = ~"null"
+    r.res = "null"
     r.typ = etyBaseIndex
   elif (dest.kind == tyPtr and mapType(p, dest) == etyObject) and src.kind == tyPointer:
     r.res = r.address
@@ -2503,17 +2892,32 @@ proc genCast(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
 proc gen(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   r.typ = etyNone
   if r.kind != resCallee: r.kind = resNone
-  #r.address = nil
-  r.res = nil
+  #r.address = ""
+  r.res = ""
 
   case n.kind
   of nkSym:
     genSym(p, n, r)
   of nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit:
-    if n.typ.kind == tyBool:
+    case n.typ.skipTypes(abstractVarRange).kind
+    of tyBool:
       r.res = if n.intVal == 0: rope"false" else: rope"true"
+    of tyUInt64:
+      r.res = rope($cast[BiggestUInt](n.intVal))
+      if optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+        r.res.add('n')
+    of tyInt64:
+      let wrap = n.intVal < 0 # wrap negative integers with parens
+      if wrap: r.res.add '('
+      r.res.addInt n.intVal
+      if optJsBigInt64 in p.config.globalOptions:
+        r.res.add('n')
+      if wrap: r.res.add ')'
     else:
-      r.res = rope(n.intVal)
+      let wrap = n.intVal < 0 # wrap negative integers with parens
+      if wrap: r.res.add '('
+      r.res.addInt n.intVal
+      if wrap: r.res.add ')'
     r.kind = resExpr
   of nkNilLit:
     if isEmptyType(n.typ):
@@ -2528,11 +2932,11 @@ proc gen(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
       r.kind = resExpr
   of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit:
     if skipTypes(n.typ, abstractVarRange).kind == tyString:
-      if n.strVal.len != 0:
+      if n.strVal.len <= 64:
+        r.res = makeJsNimStrLit(n.strVal)
+      else:
         useMagic(p, "makeNimstrLit")
         r.res = "makeNimstrLit($1)" % [makeJSString(n.strVal)]
-      else:
-        r.res = rope"[]"
     else:
       r.res = makeJSString(n.strVal, false)
     r.kind = resExpr
@@ -2552,7 +2956,11 @@ proc gen(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
       r.res = rope"Infinity"
     of fcNegInf:
       r.res = rope"-Infinity"
-    else: r.res = rope(f.toStrMaxPrecision)
+    else:
+      if n.typ.skipTypes(abstractVarRange).kind == tyFloat32:
+        r.res.addFloatRoundtrip(f.float32)
+      else:
+        r.res.addFloatRoundtrip(f)
     r.kind = resExpr
   of nkCallKinds:
     if isEmptyType(n.typ):
@@ -2564,15 +2972,33 @@ proc gen(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
       genInfixCall(p, n, r)
     else:
       genCall(p, n, r)
-  of nkClosure: gen(p, n[0], r)
+  of nkClosure:
+    if jsNoLambdaLifting in p.config.legacyFeatures:
+      gen(p, n[0], r)
+    else:
+      let tmp = getTemp(p)
+      var a: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
+      var b: TCompRes = default(TCompRes)
+      gen(p, n[0], a)
+      gen(p, n[1], b)
+      lineF(p, "$1 = $2.bind($3); $1.ClP_0 = $2; $1.ClE_0 = $3;$n", [tmp, a.rdLoc, b.rdLoc])
+      r.res = tmp
+      r.kind = resVal
   of nkCurly: genSetConstr(p, n, r)
   of nkBracket: genArrayConstr(p, n, r)
   of nkPar, nkTupleConstr: genTupleConstr(p, n, r)
   of nkObjConstr: genObjConstr(p, n, r)
   of nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkConv: genConv(p, n, r)
   of nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr:
-    genAddr(p, n, r)
-  of nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref: genDeref(p, n, r)
+    if n.typ.kind in {tyLent}:
+      gen(p, n[0], r)
+    else:
+      genAddr(p, n, r)
+  of nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref:
+    if n.typ.kind in {tyLent}:
+      gen(p, n[0], r)
+    else:
+      genDeref(p, n, r)
   of nkBracketExpr: genArrayAccess(p, n, r)
   of nkDotExpr: genFieldAccess(p, n, r)
   of nkCheckedFieldExpr: genCheckedFieldOp(p, n, nil, r)
@@ -2588,8 +3014,8 @@ proc gen(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   of nkLambdaKinds:
     let s = n[namePos].sym
     discard mangleName(p.module, s)
-    r.res = s.loc.r
-    if lfNoDecl in s.loc.flags or s.magic notin {mNone, mIsolate}: discard
+    r.res = s.loc.snippet
+    if lfNoDecl in s.loc.flags or s.magic notin generatedMagics: discard
     elif not p.g.generatedSyms.containsOrIncl(s.id):
       p.locals.add(genProc(p, s))
   of nkType: r.res = genTypeInfo(p, n.typ)
@@ -2615,47 +3041,48 @@ proc gen(p: PProc, n: PNode, r: var TCompRes) =
   of nkReturnStmt: genReturnStmt(p, n)
   of nkBreakStmt: genBreakStmt(p, n)
   of nkAsgn: genAsgn(p, n)
-  of nkFastAsgn: genFastAsgn(p, n)
+  of nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn: genFastAsgn(p, n)
   of nkDiscardStmt:
     if n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
       genLineDir(p, n)
       gen(p, n[0], r)
-      r.res = "var _ = " & r.res
-  of nkAsmStmt: genAsmOrEmitStmt(p, n)
+      r.res = "(" & r.res & ")"
+  of nkAsmStmt:
+    warningDeprecated(p.config, n.info, "'asm' for the JS target is deprecated, use the 'emit' pragma")
+    genAsmOrEmitStmt(p, n, true)
   of nkTryStmt, nkHiddenTryStmt: genTry(p, n, r)
   of nkRaiseStmt: genRaiseStmt(p, n)
   of nkTypeSection, nkCommentStmt, nkIncludeStmt,
      nkImportStmt, nkImportExceptStmt, nkExportStmt, nkExportExceptStmt,
-     nkFromStmt, nkTemplateDef, nkMacroDef, nkStaticStmt,
+     nkFromStmt, nkTemplateDef, nkMacroDef, nkIteratorDef, nkStaticStmt,
      nkMixinStmt, nkBindStmt: discard
-  of nkIteratorDef:
-    if n[0].sym.typ.callConv == TCallingConvention.ccClosure:
-      globalError(p.config, n.info, "Closure iterators are not supported by JS backend!")
   of nkPragma: genPragma(p, n)
   of nkProcDef, nkFuncDef, nkMethodDef, nkConverterDef:
     var s = n[namePos].sym
     if {sfExportc, sfCompilerProc} * s.flags == {sfExportc}:
       genSym(p, n[namePos], r)
-      r.res = nil
+      r.res = ""
   of nkGotoState, nkState:
-    globalError(p.config, n.info, "First class iterators not implemented")
+    globalError(p.config, n.info, "not implemented")
+  of nkBreakState:
+    genBreakState(p, n[0], r)
   of nkPragmaBlock: gen(p, n.lastSon, r)
   of nkComesFrom:
     discard "XXX to implement for better stack traces"
   else: internalError(p.config, n.info, "gen: unknown node type: " & $n.kind)
 
 proc newModule(g: ModuleGraph; module: PSym): BModule =
-  new(result)
-  result.module = module
-  result.sigConflicts = initCountTable[SigHash]()
+  ## Create a new JS backend module node.
   if g.backend == nil:
     g.backend = newGlobals()
-  result.graph = g
-  result.config = g.config
+  result = BModule(module: module, sigConflicts: initCountTable[SigHash](),
+                   graph: g, config: g.config
+  )
   if sfSystemModule in module.flags:
     PGlobals(g.backend).inSystem = true
 
 proc genHeader(): Rope =
+  ## Generate the JS header.
   result = rope("""/* Generated by the Nim Compiler v$1 */
     var framePtr = null;
     var excHandler = 0;
@@ -2686,6 +3113,8 @@ proc addHcrInitGuards(p: PProc, n: PNode,
     genStmt(p, n)
 
 proc genModule(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
+  ## Generate the JS module code.
+  ## Called for each top level node in a Nim module.
   if optStackTrace in p.options:
     p.body.add(frameCreate(p,
         makeJSString("module " & p.module.module.name.s),
@@ -2696,7 +3125,7 @@ proc genModule(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
   if p.config.hcrOn and n.kind == nkStmtList:
     let moduleSym = p.module.module
     var moduleLoadedVar = rope(moduleSym.name.s) & "_loaded" &
-                          idOrSig(moduleSym, moduleSym.name.s, p.module.sigConflicts)
+                          idOrSig(moduleSym, moduleSym.name.s, p.module.sigConflicts, p.config)
     lineF(p, "var $1;$n", [moduleLoadedVar])
     var inGuardedBlock = false
 
@@ -2713,65 +3142,71 @@ proc genModule(p: PProc, n: PNode) =
   if optStackTrace in p.options:
     p.body.add(frameDestroy(p))
 
-proc myProcess(b: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc processJSCodeGen*(b: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+  ## Generate JS code for a node.
   result = n
   let m = BModule(b)
-  if passes.skipCodegen(m.config, n): return n
+  if pipelineutils.skipCodegen(m.config, n): return n
   if m.module == nil: internalError(m.config, n.info, "myProcess")
   let globals = PGlobals(m.graph.backend)
   var p = newInitProc(globals, m)
+  m.initProc = p
   p.unique = globals.unique
   genModule(p, n)
   p.g.code.add(p.locals)
   p.g.code.add(p.body)
 
 proc wholeCode(graph: ModuleGraph; m: BModule): Rope =
+  ## Combine source code from all nodes.
   let globals = PGlobals(graph.backend)
   for prc in globals.forwarded:
     if not globals.generatedSyms.containsOrIncl(prc.id):
       var p = newInitProc(globals, m)
       attachProc(p, prc)
 
-  var disp = generateMethodDispatchers(graph)
-  for i in 0..<disp.len:
-    let prc = disp[i].sym
+  generateIfMethodDispatchers(graph, m.idgen)
+  for prc in getDispatchers(graph):
     if not globals.generatedSyms.containsOrIncl(prc.id):
       var p = newInitProc(globals, m)
       attachProc(p, prc)
 
   result = globals.typeInfo & globals.constants & globals.code
 
-proc getClassName(t: PType): Rope =
-  var s = t.sym
-  if s.isNil or sfAnon in s.flags:
-    s = skipTypes(t, abstractPtrs).sym
-  if s.isNil or sfAnon in s.flags:
-    doAssert(false, "cannot retrieve class name")
-  if s.loc.r != nil: result = s.loc.r
-  else: result = rope(s.name.s)
-
-proc myClose(graph: ModuleGraph; b: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
-  result = myProcess(b, n)
+proc finalJSCodeGen*(graph: ModuleGraph; b: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+  ## Finalize JS code generation of a Nim module.
+  ## Param `n` may contain nodes returned from the last module close call.
   var m = BModule(b)
   if sfMainModule in m.module.flags:
-    for destructorCall in graph.globalDestructors:
-      n.add destructorCall
+    # Add global destructors to the module.
+    # This must come before the last call to `myProcess`.
+    for i in countdown(high(graph.globalDestructors), 0):
+      n.add graph.globalDestructors[i]
+  # Process any nodes left over from the last call to `myClose`.
+  result = processJSCodeGen(b, n)
+  # Some codegen is different (such as no stacktraces; see `initProcOptions`)
+  # when `std/system` is being processed.
   if sfSystemModule in m.module.flags:
     PGlobals(graph.backend).inSystem = false
-  if passes.skipCodegen(m.config, n): return n
+  # Check if codegen should continue before any files are generated.
+  # It may bail early is if too many errors have been raised.
+  if pipelineutils.skipCodegen(m.config, n): return n
+  # Nim modules are compiled into a single JS file.
+  # If this is the main module, then this is the final call to `myClose`.
   if sfMainModule in m.module.flags:
     var code = genHeader() & wholeCode(graph, m)
     let outFile = m.config.prepareToWriteOutput()
-
+    # Generate an optional source map.
     if optSourcemap in m.config.globalOptions:
       var map: SourceMap
-      (code, map) = genSourceMap($(code), outFile.string)
+      map = genSourceMap($code, outFile.string)
+      code &= "\n//# sourceMappingURL=$#.map" % [outFile.string]
       writeFile(outFile.string & ".map", $(%map))
-    discard writeRopeIfNotEqual(code, outFile)
+    # Check if the generated JS code matches the output file, or else
+    # write it to the file.
+    if not equalsFile(code, outFile):
+      if not writeRope(code, outFile):
+        rawMessage(m.config, errCannotOpenFile, outFile.string)
 
-
-proc myOpen(graph: ModuleGraph; s: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PPassContext =
+proc setupJSgen*(graph: ModuleGraph; s: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PPassContext =
   result = newModule(graph, s)
   result.idgen = idgen
-
-const JSgenPass* = makePass(myOpen, myProcess, myClose)
diff --git a/compiler/jstypes.nim b/compiler/jstypes.nim
index 2073c252e..d980f9989 100644
--- a/compiler/jstypes.nim
+++ b/compiler/jstypes.nim
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ proc genObjectFields(p: PProc, typ: PType, n: PNode): Rope =
     s, u: Rope
     field: PSym
     b: PNode
-  result = nil
+  result = ""
   case n.kind
   of nkRecList:
     if n.len == 1:
       result = genObjectFields(p, typ, n[0])
     else:
-      s = nil
+      s = ""
       for i in 0..<n.len:
         if i > 0: s.add(", \L")
         s.add(genObjectFields(p, typ, n[i]))
@@ -44,13 +44,13 @@ proc genObjectFields(p: PProc, typ: PType, n: PNode): Rope =
     s = genTypeInfo(p, field.typ)
     for i in 1..<n.len:
       b = n[i]           # branch
-      u = nil
+      u = ""
       case b.kind
       of nkOfBranch:
         if b.len < 2:
           internalError(p.config, b.info, "genObjectFields; nkOfBranch broken")
         for j in 0..<b.len - 1:
-          if u != nil: u.add(", ")
+          if u != "": u.add(", ")
           if b[j].kind == nkRange:
             u.addf("[$1, $2]", [rope(getOrdValue(b[j][0])),
                                  rope(getOrdValue(b[j][1]))])
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ proc genObjectFields(p: PProc, typ: PType, n: PNode): Rope =
       of nkElse:
         u = rope(lengthOrd(p.config, field.typ))
       else: internalError(p.config, n.info, "genObjectFields(nkRecCase)")
-      if result != nil: result.add(", \L")
+      if result != "": result.add(", \L")
       result.addf("[setConstr($1), $2]",
            [u, genObjectFields(p, typ, lastSon(b))])
     result = ("{kind: 3, offset: \"$1\", len: $3, " &
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ proc genObjectFields(p: PProc, typ: PType, n: PNode): Rope =
   else: internalError(p.config, n.info, "genObjectFields")
 
 proc objHasTypeField(t: PType): bool {.inline.} =
-  tfInheritable in t.flags or t[0] != nil
+  tfInheritable in t.flags or t.baseClass != nil
 
 proc genObjectInfo(p: PProc, typ: PType, name: Rope) =
   let kind = if objHasTypeField(typ): tyObject else: tyTuple
@@ -79,12 +79,12 @@ proc genObjectInfo(p: PProc, typ: PType, name: Rope) =
   p.g.typeInfo.addf("var NNI$1 = $2;$n",
        [rope(typ.id), genObjectFields(p, typ, typ.n)])
   p.g.typeInfo.addf("$1.node = NNI$2;$n", [name, rope(typ.id)])
-  if (typ.kind == tyObject) and (typ[0] != nil):
+  if (typ.kind == tyObject) and (typ.baseClass != nil):
     p.g.typeInfo.addf("$1.base = $2;$n",
-         [name, genTypeInfo(p, typ[0].skipTypes(skipPtrs))])
+         [name, genTypeInfo(p, typ.baseClass.skipTypes(skipPtrs))])
 
 proc genTupleFields(p: PProc, typ: PType): Rope =
-  var s: Rope = nil
+  var s: Rope = ""
   for i in 0..<typ.len:
     if i > 0: s.add(", \L")
     s.addf("{kind: 1, offset: \"Field$1\", len: 0, " &
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ proc genTupleInfo(p: PProc, typ: PType, name: Rope) =
   p.g.typeInfo.addf("$1.node = NNI$2;$n", [name, rope(typ.id)])
 
 proc genEnumInfo(p: PProc, typ: PType, name: Rope) =
-  var s: Rope = nil
+  var s: Rope = ""
   for i in 0..<typ.n.len:
     if (typ.n[i].kind != nkSym): internalError(p.config, typ.n.info, "genEnumInfo")
     let field = typ.n[i].sym
@@ -117,9 +117,9 @@ proc genEnumInfo(p: PProc, typ: PType, name: Rope) =
   prepend(p.g.typeInfo, s)
   p.g.typeInfo.add(n)
   p.g.typeInfo.addf("$1.node = NNI$2;$n", [name, rope(typ.id)])
-  if typ[0] != nil:
+  if typ.baseClass != nil:
     p.g.typeInfo.addf("$1.base = $2;$n",
-         [name, genTypeInfo(p, typ[0])])
+         [name, genTypeInfo(p, typ.baseClass)])
 
 proc genTypeInfo(p: PProc, typ: PType): Rope =
   let t = typ.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})
@@ -127,30 +127,30 @@ proc genTypeInfo(p: PProc, typ: PType): Rope =
   if containsOrIncl(p.g.typeInfoGenerated, t.id): return
   case t.kind
   of tyDistinct:
-    result = genTypeInfo(p, t[0])
-  of tyPointer, tyProc, tyBool, tyChar, tyCString, tyString, tyInt..tyUInt64:
+    result = genTypeInfo(p, t.skipModifier)
+  of tyPointer, tyProc, tyBool, tyChar, tyCstring, tyString, tyInt..tyUInt64:
     var s =
       "var $1 = {size: 0,kind: $2,base: null,node: null,finalizer: null};$n" %
       [result, rope(ord(t.kind))]
     prepend(p.g.typeInfo, s)
-  of tyVar, tyLent, tyRef, tyPtr, tySequence, tyRange, tySet:
+  of tyVar, tyLent, tyRef, tyPtr, tySequence, tyRange, tySet, tyOpenArray:
     var s =
-      "var $1 = {size: 0,kind: $2,base: null,node: null,finalizer: null};$n" %
+      "var $1 = {size: 0, kind: $2, base: null, node: null, finalizer: null};$n" %
               [result, rope(ord(t.kind))]
     prepend(p.g.typeInfo, s)
     p.g.typeInfo.addf("$1.base = $2;$n",
-         [result, genTypeInfo(p, t.lastSon)])
+         [result, genTypeInfo(p, t.elementType)])
   of tyArray:
     var s =
-      "var $1 = {size: 0,kind: $2,base: null,node: null,finalizer: null};$n" %
+      "var $1 = {size: 0, kind: $2, base: null, node: null, finalizer: null};$n" %
               [result, rope(ord(t.kind))]
     prepend(p.g.typeInfo, s)
     p.g.typeInfo.addf("$1.base = $2;$n",
-         [result, genTypeInfo(p, t[1])])
+         [result, genTypeInfo(p, t.elementType)])
   of tyEnum: genEnumInfo(p, t, result)
   of tyObject: genObjectInfo(p, t, result)
   of tyTuple: genTupleInfo(p, t, result)
   of tyStatic:
-    if t.n != nil: result = genTypeInfo(p, lastSon t)
+    if t.n != nil: result = genTypeInfo(p, skipModifier t)
     else: internalError(p.config, "genTypeInfo(" & $t.kind & ')')
   else: internalError(p.config, "genTypeInfo(" & $t.kind & ')')
diff --git a/compiler/lambdalifting.nim b/compiler/lambdalifting.nim
index 6f43649a1..54cdfc5bc 100644
--- a/compiler/lambdalifting.nim
+++ b/compiler/lambdalifting.nim
@@ -10,9 +10,14 @@
 # This file implements lambda lifting for the transformator.
 
 import
-  intsets, strutils, options, ast, astalgo, msgs,
-  idents, renderer, types, magicsys, lowerings, tables, modulegraphs, lineinfos,
-  transf, liftdestructors
+  options, ast, astalgo, msgs,
+  idents, renderer, types, magicsys, lowerings, modulegraphs, lineinfos,
+  transf, liftdestructors, typeallowed
+
+import std/[strutils, tables, intsets]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 discard """
   The basic approach is that captured vars need to be put on the heap and
@@ -130,29 +135,31 @@ proc createClosureIterStateType*(g: ModuleGraph; iter: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator)
   var n = newNodeI(nkRange, iter.info)
   n.add newIntNode(nkIntLit, -1)
   n.add newIntNode(nkIntLit, 0)
-  result = newType(tyRange, nextTypeId(idgen), iter)
+  result = newType(tyRange, idgen, iter)
   result.n = n
   var intType = nilOrSysInt(g)
-  if intType.isNil: intType = newType(tyInt, nextTypeId(idgen), iter)
+  if intType.isNil: intType = newType(tyInt, idgen, iter)
   rawAddSon(result, intType)
 
 proc createStateField(g: ModuleGraph; iter: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PSym =
-  result = newSym(skField, getIdent(g.cache, ":state"), nextSymId(idgen), iter, iter.info)
+  result = newSym(skField, getIdent(g.cache, ":state"), idgen, iter, iter.info)
   result.typ = createClosureIterStateType(g, iter, idgen)
 
+template isIterator*(owner: PSym): bool =
+  owner.kind == skIterator and owner.typ.callConv == ccClosure
+
 proc createEnvObj(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym; info: TLineInfo): PType =
-  # YYY meh, just add the state field for every closure for now, it's too
-  # hard to figure out if it comes from a closure iterator:
   result = createObj(g, idgen, owner, info, final=false)
-  rawAddField(result, createStateField(g, owner, idgen))
+  if owner.isIterator or not isDefined(g.config, "nimOptIters"):
+    rawAddField(result, createStateField(g, owner, idgen))
 
 proc getClosureIterResult*(g: ModuleGraph; iter: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PSym =
   if resultPos < iter.ast.len:
     result = iter.ast[resultPos].sym
   else:
     # XXX a bit hacky:
-    result = newSym(skResult, getIdent(g.cache, ":result"), nextSymId(idgen), iter, iter.info, {})
-    result.typ = iter.typ[0]
+    result = newSym(skResult, getIdent(g.cache, ":result"), idgen, iter, iter.info, {})
+    result.typ = iter.typ.returnType
     incl(result.flags, sfUsed)
     iter.ast.add newSymNode(result)
 
@@ -167,37 +174,35 @@ proc addHiddenParam(routine: PSym, param: PSym) =
   assert sfFromGeneric in param.flags
   #echo "produced environment: ", param.id, " for ", routine.id
 
-proc getHiddenParam(g: ModuleGraph; routine: PSym): PSym =
+proc getEnvParam*(routine: PSym): PSym =
   let params = routine.ast[paramsPos]
   let hidden = lastSon(params)
   if hidden.kind == nkSym and hidden.sym.kind == skParam and hidden.sym.name.s == paramName:
     result = hidden.sym
     assert sfFromGeneric in result.flags
   else:
+    result = nil
+
+proc getHiddenParam(g: ModuleGraph; routine: PSym): PSym =
+  result = getEnvParam(routine)
+  if result.isNil:
     # writeStackTrace()
     localError(g.config, routine.info, "internal error: could not find env param for " & routine.name.s)
     result = routine
 
-proc getEnvParam*(routine: PSym): PSym =
-  let params = routine.ast[paramsPos]
-  let hidden = lastSon(params)
-  if hidden.kind == nkSym and hidden.sym.name.s == paramName:
-    result = hidden.sym
-    assert sfFromGeneric in result.flags
-
 proc interestingVar(s: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
   result = s.kind in {skVar, skLet, skTemp, skForVar, skParam, skResult} and
     sfGlobal notin s.flags and
     s.typ.kind notin {tyStatic, tyTypeDesc}
 
 proc illegalCapture(s: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
-  result = skipTypes(s.typ, abstractInst).kind in
-                   {tyVar, tyOpenArray, tyVarargs, tyLent} or
-      s.kind == skResult
+  result = classifyViewType(s.typ) != noView or s.kind == skResult
 
 proc isInnerProc(s: PSym): bool =
   if s.kind in {skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skConverter, skIterator} and s.magic == mNone:
     result = s.skipGenericOwner.kind in routineKinds
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc newAsgnStmt(le, ri: PNode, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
   # Bugfix: unfortunately we cannot use 'nkFastAsgn' here as that would
@@ -224,34 +229,38 @@ proc makeClosure*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; prc: PSym; env: PNode; inf
     prc.flags.incl sfInjectDestructors
 
 proc interestingIterVar(s: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
+  # unused with -d:nimOptIters
   # XXX optimization: Only lift the variable if it lives across
   # yield/return boundaries! This can potentially speed up
   # closure iterators quite a bit.
   result = s.kind in {skResult, skVar, skLet, skTemp, skForVar} and sfGlobal notin s.flags
 
-template isIterator*(owner: PSym): bool =
-  owner.kind == skIterator and owner.typ.callConv == ccClosure
-
-proc liftingHarmful(conf: ConfigRef; owner: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
+template liftingHarmful(conf: ConfigRef; owner: PSym): bool =
   ## lambda lifting can be harmful for JS-like code generators.
   let isCompileTime = sfCompileTime in owner.flags or owner.kind == skMacro
-  result = conf.backend == backendJs and not isCompileTime
+  jsNoLambdaLifting in conf.legacyFeatures and conf.backend == backendJs and not isCompileTime
 
 proc createTypeBoundOpsLL(g: ModuleGraph; refType: PType; info: TLineInfo; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym) =
   if owner.kind != skMacro:
-    createTypeBoundOps(g, nil, refType.lastSon, info, idgen)
+    createTypeBoundOps(g, nil, refType.elementType, info, idgen)
     createTypeBoundOps(g, nil, refType, info, idgen)
     if tfHasAsgn in refType.flags or optSeqDestructors in g.config.globalOptions:
       owner.flags.incl sfInjectDestructors
 
+proc genCreateEnv(env: PNode): PNode =
+  var c = newNodeIT(nkObjConstr, env.info, env.typ)
+  c.add newNodeIT(nkType, env.info, env.typ)
+  let e = copyTree(env)
+  e.flags.incl nfFirstWrite
+  result = newAsgnStmt(e, c)
+
 proc liftIterSym*(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym): PNode =
   # transforms  (iter)  to  (let env = newClosure[iter](); (iter, env))
   if liftingHarmful(g.config, owner): return n
   let iter = n.sym
   assert iter.isIterator
 
-  result = newNodeIT(nkStmtListExpr, n.info, n.typ)
-
+  result = newNodeIT(nkStmtListExpr, n.info, iter.typ)
   let hp = getHiddenParam(g, iter)
   var env: PNode
   if owner.isIterator:
@@ -259,7 +268,7 @@ proc liftIterSym*(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym): PN
     addUniqueField(it.typ.skipTypes({tyOwned})[0], hp, g.cache, idgen)
     env = indirectAccess(newSymNode(it), hp, hp.info)
   else:
-    let e = newSym(skLet, iter.name, nextSymId(idgen), owner, n.info)
+    let e = newSym(skLet, iter.name, idgen, owner, n.info)
     e.typ = hp.typ
     e.flags = hp.flags
     env = newSymNode(e)
@@ -267,54 +276,53 @@ proc liftIterSym*(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym): PN
     addVar(v, env)
     result.add(v)
   # add 'new' statement:
-  result.add newCall(getSysSym(g, n.info, "internalNew"), env)
+  #result.add newCall(getSysSym(g, n.info, "internalNew"), env)
+  result.add genCreateEnv(env)
   createTypeBoundOpsLL(g, env.typ, n.info, idgen, owner)
   result.add makeClosure(g, idgen, iter, env, n.info)
 
 proc freshVarForClosureIter*(g: ModuleGraph; s: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym): PNode =
+  # unused with -d:nimOptIters
   let envParam = getHiddenParam(g, owner)
   let obj = envParam.typ.skipTypes({tyOwned, tyRef, tyPtr})
-  addField(obj, s, g.cache, idgen)
+  let field = addField(obj, s, g.cache, idgen)
 
   var access = newSymNode(envParam)
   assert obj.kind == tyObject
-  let field = getFieldFromObj(obj, s)
-  if field != nil:
-    result = rawIndirectAccess(access, field, s.info)
-  else:
-    localError(g.config, s.info, "internal error: cannot generate fresh variable")
-    result = access
+  result = rawIndirectAccess(access, field, s.info)
 
 # ------------------ new stuff -------------------------------------------
 
 proc markAsClosure(g: ModuleGraph; owner: PSym; n: PNode) =
   let s = n.sym
+  let isEnv = s.name.id == getIdent(g.cache, ":env").id
   if illegalCapture(s):
     localError(g.config, n.info,
       ("'$1' is of type <$2> which cannot be captured as it would violate memory" &
-       " safety, declared here: $3; using '-d:nimWorkaround14447' helps in some cases") %
-      [s.name.s, typeToString(s.typ), g.config$s.info])
-  elif not (owner.typ.callConv == ccClosure or owner.typ.callConv == ccNimCall and tfExplicitCallConv notin owner.typ.flags):
+       " safety, declared here: $3; using '-d:nimNoLentIterators' helps in some cases." &
+       " Consider using a <ref T> which can be captured.") %
+      [s.name.s, typeToString(s.typ.skipTypes({tyVar})), g.config$s.info])
+  elif not (owner.typ.isClosure or owner.isNimcall and not owner.isExplicitCallConv or isEnv):
     localError(g.config, n.info, "illegal capture '$1' because '$2' has the calling convention: <$3>" %
       [s.name.s, owner.name.s, $owner.typ.callConv])
   incl(owner.typ.flags, tfCapturesEnv)
-  owner.typ.callConv = ccClosure
+  if not isEnv:
+    owner.typ.callConv = ccClosure
 
 type
   DetectionPass = object
     processed, capturedVars: IntSet
     ownerToType: Table[int, PType]
     somethingToDo: bool
+    inTypeOf: bool
     graph: ModuleGraph
     idgen: IdGenerator
 
 proc initDetectionPass(g: ModuleGraph; fn: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): DetectionPass =
-  result.processed = initIntSet()
-  result.capturedVars = initIntSet()
-  result.ownerToType = initTable[int, PType]()
-  result.processed.incl(fn.id)
-  result.graph = g
-  result.idgen = idgen
+  result = DetectionPass(processed: toIntSet([fn.id]),
+    capturedVars: initIntSet(), ownerToType: initTable[int, PType](),
+    graph: g, idgen: idgen
+  )
 
 discard """
 proc outer =
@@ -330,15 +338,19 @@ proc getEnvTypeForOwner(c: var DetectionPass; owner: PSym;
                         info: TLineInfo): PType =
   result = c.ownerToType.getOrDefault(owner.id)
   if result.isNil:
-    result = newType(tyRef, nextTypeId(c.idgen), owner)
-    let obj = createEnvObj(c.graph, c.idgen, owner, info)
-    rawAddSon(result, obj)
+    let env = getEnvParam(owner)
+    if env.isNil or not owner.isIterator or not isDefined(c.graph.config, "nimOptIters"):
+      result = newType(tyRef, c.idgen, owner)
+      let obj = createEnvObj(c.graph, c.idgen, owner, info)
+      rawAddSon(result, obj)
+    else:
+      result = env.typ
     c.ownerToType[owner.id] = result
 
 proc asOwnedRef(c: var DetectionPass; t: PType): PType =
   if optOwnedRefs in c.graph.config.globalOptions:
     assert t.kind == tyRef
-    result = newType(tyOwned, nextTypeId(c.idgen), t.owner)
+    result = newType(tyOwned, c.idgen, t.owner)
     result.flags.incl tfHasOwned
     result.rawAddSon t
   else:
@@ -347,7 +359,7 @@ proc asOwnedRef(c: var DetectionPass; t: PType): PType =
 proc getEnvTypeForOwnerUp(c: var DetectionPass; owner: PSym;
                           info: TLineInfo): PType =
   var r = c.getEnvTypeForOwner(owner, info)
-  result = newType(tyPtr, nextTypeId(c.idgen), owner)
+  result = newType(tyPtr, c.idgen, owner)
   rawAddSon(result, r.skipTypes({tyOwned, tyRef, tyPtr}))
 
 proc createUpField(c: var DetectionPass; dest, dep: PSym; info: TLineInfo) =
@@ -375,7 +387,7 @@ proc createUpField(c: var DetectionPass; dest, dep: PSym; info: TLineInfo) =
       if c.graph.config.selectedGC == gcDestructors and sfCursor notin upField.flags:
         localError(c.graph.config, dep.info, "internal error: up reference is not a .cursor")
   else:
-    let result = newSym(skField, upIdent, nextSymId(c.idgen), obj.owner, obj.owner.info)
+    let result = newSym(skField, upIdent, c.idgen, obj.owner, obj.owner.info)
     result.typ = fieldType
     when false:
       if c.graph.config.selectedGC == gcDestructors:
@@ -408,12 +420,15 @@ Consider:
 
 """
 
+proc isTypeOf(n: PNode): bool =
+  n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.magic in {mTypeOf, mType}
+
 proc addClosureParam(c: var DetectionPass; fn: PSym; info: TLineInfo) =
   var cp = getEnvParam(fn)
   let owner = if fn.kind == skIterator: fn else: fn.skipGenericOwner
   let t = c.getEnvTypeForOwner(owner, info)
   if cp == nil:
-    cp = newSym(skParam, getIdent(c.graph.cache, paramName), nextSymId(c.idgen), fn, fn.info)
+    cp = newSym(skParam, getIdent(c.graph.cache, paramName), c.idgen, fn, fn.info)
     incl(cp.flags, sfFromGeneric)
     cp.typ = t
     addHiddenParam(fn, cp)
@@ -436,24 +451,28 @@ proc detectCapturedVars(n: PNode; owner: PSym; c: var DetectionPass) =
     if innerProc:
       if s.isIterator: c.somethingToDo = true
       if not c.processed.containsOrIncl(s.id):
-        let body = transformBody(c.graph, c.idgen, s, cache = true)
+        let body = transformBody(c.graph, c.idgen, s, {useCache})
         detectCapturedVars(body, s, c)
     let ow = s.skipGenericOwner
+    let innerClosure = innerProc and s.typ.callConv == ccClosure and not s.isIterator
+    let interested = interestingVar(s)
     if ow == owner:
       if owner.isIterator:
         c.somethingToDo = true
         addClosureParam(c, owner, n.info)
-        if interestingIterVar(s):
-          if not c.capturedVars.containsOrIncl(s.id):
+        if not isDefined(c.graph.config, "nimOptIters") and interestingIterVar(s):
+          if not c.capturedVars.contains(s.id):
+            if not c.inTypeOf: c.capturedVars.incl(s.id)
             let obj = getHiddenParam(c.graph, owner).typ.skipTypes({tyOwned, tyRef, tyPtr})
             #let obj = c.getEnvTypeForOwner(s.owner).skipTypes({tyOwned, tyRef, tyPtr})
 
             if s.name.id == getIdent(c.graph.cache, ":state").id:
+              obj.n[0].sym.flags.incl sfNoInit
               obj.n[0].sym.itemId = ItemId(module: s.itemId.module, item: -s.itemId.item)
             else:
-              addField(obj, s, c.graph.cache, c.idgen)
+              discard addField(obj, s, c.graph.cache, c.idgen)
     # direct or indirect dependency:
-    elif (innerProc and s.typ.callConv == ccClosure) or interestingVar(s):
+    elif innerClosure or interested:
       discard """
         proc outer() =
           var x: int
@@ -470,10 +489,12 @@ proc detectCapturedVars(n: PNode; owner: PSym; c: var DetectionPass) =
       addClosureParam(c, owner, n.info)
       #echo "capturing ", n.info
       # variable 's' is actually captured:
-      if interestingVar(s) and not c.capturedVars.containsOrIncl(s.id):
-        let obj = c.getEnvTypeForOwner(ow, n.info).skipTypes({tyOwned, tyRef, tyPtr})
-        #getHiddenParam(owner).typ.skipTypes({tyOwned, tyRef, tyPtr})
-        addField(obj, s, c.graph.cache, c.idgen)
+      if interestingVar(s):
+        if not c.capturedVars.contains(s.id):
+          if not c.inTypeOf: c.capturedVars.incl(s.id)
+          let obj = c.getEnvTypeForOwner(ow, n.info).skipTypes({tyOwned, tyRef, tyPtr})
+          #getHiddenParam(owner).typ.skipTypes({tyOwned, tyRef, tyPtr})
+          discard addField(obj, s, c.graph.cache, c.idgen)
       # create required upFields:
       var w = owner.skipGenericOwner
       if isInnerProc(w) or owner.isIterator:
@@ -505,9 +526,14 @@ proc detectCapturedVars(n: PNode; owner: PSym; c: var DetectionPass) =
       detectCapturedVars(n[namePos], owner, c)
   of nkReturnStmt:
     detectCapturedVars(n[0], owner, c)
+  of nkIdentDefs:
+    detectCapturedVars(n[^1], owner, c)
   else:
+    if n.isCallExpr and n[0].isTypeOf:
+      c.inTypeOf = true
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       detectCapturedVars(n[i], owner, c)
+    c.inTypeOf = false
 
 type
   LiftingPass = object
@@ -517,9 +543,8 @@ type
     unownedEnvVars: Table[int, PNode] # only required for --newruntime
 
 proc initLiftingPass(fn: PSym): LiftingPass =
-  result.processed = initIntSet()
-  result.processed.incl(fn.id)
-  result.envVars = initTable[int, PNode]()
+  result = LiftingPass(processed: toIntSet([fn.id]),
+                envVars: initTable[int, PNode]())
 
 proc accessViaEnvParam(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode; owner: PSym): PNode =
   let s = n.sym
@@ -527,8 +552,8 @@ proc accessViaEnvParam(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode; owner: PSym): PNode =
   let envParam = getHiddenParam(g, owner)
   if not envParam.isNil:
     var access = newSymNode(envParam)
+    var obj = access.typ.elementType
     while true:
-      let obj = access.typ[0]
       assert obj.kind == tyObject
       let field = getFieldFromObj(obj, s)
       if field != nil:
@@ -536,18 +561,19 @@ proc accessViaEnvParam(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode; owner: PSym): PNode =
       let upField = lookupInRecord(obj.n, getIdent(g.cache, upName))
       if upField == nil: break
       access = rawIndirectAccess(access, upField, n.info)
+      obj = access.typ.baseClass
   localError(g.config, n.info, "internal error: environment misses: " & s.name.s)
   result = n
 
 proc newEnvVar(cache: IdentCache; owner: PSym; typ: PType; info: TLineInfo; idgen: IdGenerator): PNode =
-  var v = newSym(skVar, getIdent(cache, envName), nextSymId(idgen), owner, info)
+  var v = newSym(skVar, getIdent(cache, envName), idgen, owner, info)
   v.flags = {sfShadowed, sfGeneratedOp}
   v.typ = typ
   result = newSymNode(v)
   when false:
     if owner.kind == skIterator and owner.typ.callConv == ccClosure:
       let it = getHiddenParam(owner)
-      addUniqueField(it.typ[0], v)
+      addUniqueField(it.typ.elementType, v)
       result = indirectAccess(newSymNode(it), v, v.info)
     else:
       result = newSymNode(v)
@@ -564,7 +590,7 @@ proc setupEnvVar(owner: PSym; d: var DetectionPass;
     result = newEnvVar(d.graph.cache, owner, asOwnedRef(d, envVarType), info, d.idgen)
     c.envVars[owner.id] = result
     if optOwnedRefs in d.graph.config.globalOptions:
-      var v = newSym(skVar, getIdent(d.graph.cache, envName & "Alt"), nextSymId d.idgen, owner, info)
+      var v = newSym(skVar, getIdent(d.graph.cache, envName & "Alt"), d.idgen, owner, info)
       v.flags = {sfShadowed, sfGeneratedOp}
       v.typ = envVarType
       c.unownedEnvVars[owner.id] = newSymNode(v)
@@ -599,7 +625,7 @@ proc rawClosureCreation(owner: PSym;
         addVar(v, unowned)
 
     # add 'new' statement:
-    result.add(newCall(getSysSym(d.graph, env.info, "internalNew"), env))
+    result.add genCreateEnv(env)
     if optOwnedRefs in d.graph.config.globalOptions:
       let unowned = c.unownedEnvVars[owner.id]
       assert unowned != nil
@@ -648,7 +674,7 @@ proc closureCreationForIter(iter: PNode;
                             d: var DetectionPass; c: var LiftingPass): PNode =
   result = newNodeIT(nkStmtListExpr, iter.info, iter.sym.typ)
   let owner = iter.sym.skipGenericOwner
-  var v = newSym(skVar, getIdent(d.graph.cache, envName), nextSymId(d.idgen), owner, iter.info)
+  var v = newSym(skVar, getIdent(d.graph.cache, envName), d.idgen, owner, iter.info)
   incl(v.flags, sfShadowed)
   v.typ = asOwnedRef(d, getHiddenParam(d.graph, iter.sym).typ)
   var vnode: PNode
@@ -661,7 +687,7 @@ proc closureCreationForIter(iter: PNode;
     var vs = newNodeI(nkVarSection, iter.info)
     addVar(vs, vnode)
     result.add(vs)
-  result.add(newCall(getSysSym(d.graph, iter.info, "internalNew"), vnode))
+  result.add genCreateEnv(vnode)
   createTypeBoundOpsLL(d.graph, vnode.typ, iter.info, d.idgen, owner)
 
   let upField = lookupInRecord(v.typ.skipTypes({tyOwned, tyRef, tyPtr}).n, getIdent(d.graph.cache, upName))
@@ -706,6 +732,7 @@ proc symToClosure(n: PNode; owner: PSym; d: var DetectionPass;
     # direct dependency, so use the outer's env variable:
     result = makeClosure(d.graph, d.idgen, s, setupEnvVar(owner, d, c, n.info), n.info)
   else:
+    result = nil
     let available = getHiddenParam(d.graph, owner)
     let wanted = getHiddenParam(d.graph, s).typ
     # ugh: call through some other inner proc;
@@ -732,7 +759,7 @@ proc liftCapturedVars(n: PNode; owner: PSym; d: var DetectionPass;
         #  echo renderTree(s.getBody, {renderIds})
         let oldInContainer = c.inContainer
         c.inContainer = 0
-        var body = transformBody(d.graph, d.idgen, s, cache = false)
+        var body = transformBody(d.graph, d.idgen, s, {})
         body = liftCapturedVars(body, s, d, c)
         if c.envVars.getOrDefault(s.id).isNil:
           s.transformedBody = body
@@ -747,7 +774,7 @@ proc liftCapturedVars(n: PNode; owner: PSym; d: var DetectionPass;
     elif s.id in d.capturedVars:
       if s.owner != owner:
         result = accessViaEnvParam(d.graph, n, owner)
-      elif owner.isIterator and interestingIterVar(s):
+      elif owner.isIterator and not isDefined(d.graph.config, "nimOptIters") and interestingIterVar(s):
         result = accessViaEnvParam(d.graph, n, owner)
       else:
         result = accessViaEnvVar(n, owner, d, c)
@@ -777,7 +804,7 @@ proc liftCapturedVars(n: PNode; owner: PSym; d: var DetectionPass;
       n[1] = liftCapturedVars(n[1], owner, d, c)
       if n[1].kind == nkClosure: result = n[1]
   of nkReturnStmt:
-    if n[0].kind in {nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn}:
+    if n[0].kind in {nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn}:
       # we have a `result = result` expression produced by the closure
       # transform, let's not touch the LHS in order to make the lifting pass
       # correct when `result` is lifted
@@ -787,6 +814,8 @@ proc liftCapturedVars(n: PNode; owner: PSym; d: var DetectionPass;
   of nkTypeOfExpr:
     result = n
   else:
+    if n.isCallExpr and n[0].isTypeOf:
+      return
     if owner.isIterator:
       if nfLL in n.flags:
         # special case 'when nimVm' due to bug #3636:
@@ -854,20 +883,19 @@ proc liftIterToProc*(g: ModuleGraph; fn: PSym; body: PNode; ptrType: PType;
   fn.typ.callConv = oldCC
 
 proc liftLambdas*(g: ModuleGraph; fn: PSym, body: PNode; tooEarly: var bool;
-                  idgen: IdGenerator): PNode =
-  # XXX backend == backendJs does not suffice! The compiletime stuff needs
-  # the transformation even when compiling to JS ...
-
-  # However we can do lifting for the stuff which is *only* compiletime.
+                  idgen: IdGenerator; flags: TransformFlags): PNode =
   let isCompileTime = sfCompileTime in fn.flags or fn.kind == skMacro
 
-  if body.kind == nkEmpty or (
+  if body.kind == nkEmpty or (jsNoLambdaLifting in g.config.legacyFeatures and
       g.config.backend == backendJs and not isCompileTime) or
-      fn.skipGenericOwner.kind != skModule:
+      (fn.skipGenericOwner.kind != skModule and force notin flags):
 
     # ignore forward declaration:
     result = body
     tooEarly = true
+    if fn.isIterator and isDefined(g.config, "nimOptIters"):
+      var d = initDetectionPass(g, fn, idgen)
+      addClosureParam(d, fn, body.info)
   else:
     var d = initDetectionPass(g, fn, idgen)
     detectCapturedVars(body, fn, d)
@@ -931,14 +959,14 @@ proc liftForLoop*(g: ModuleGraph; body: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym):
   result = newNodeI(nkStmtList, body.info)
 
   # static binding?
-  var env: PSym
+  var env: PSym = nil
   let op = call[0]
   if op.kind == nkSym and op.sym.isIterator:
     # createClosure()
     let iter = op.sym
 
     let hp = getHiddenParam(g, iter)
-    env = newSym(skLet, iter.name, nextSymId(idgen), owner, body.info)
+    env = newSym(skLet, iter.name, idgen, owner, body.info)
     env.typ = hp.typ
     env.flags = hp.flags
 
@@ -946,7 +974,7 @@ proc liftForLoop*(g: ModuleGraph; body: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym):
     addVar(v, newSymNode(env))
     result.add(v)
     # add 'new' statement:
-    result.add(newCall(getSysSym(g, env.info, "internalNew"), env.newSymNode))
+    result.add genCreateEnv(env.newSymNode)
     createTypeBoundOpsLL(g, env.typ, body.info, idgen, owner)
 
   elif op.kind == nkStmtListExpr:
@@ -966,12 +994,15 @@ proc liftForLoop*(g: ModuleGraph; body: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym):
   # gather vars in a tuple:
   var v2 = newNodeI(nkLetSection, body.info)
   var vpart = newNodeI(if body.len == 3: nkIdentDefs else: nkVarTuple, body.info)
-  for i in 0..<body.len-2:
-    if body[i].kind == nkSym:
-      body[i].sym.transitionToLet()
-    vpart.add body[i]
+  if body.len == 3 and body[0].kind == nkVarTuple:
+    vpart = body[0] # fixes for (i,j) in walk() # bug #15924
+  else:
+    for i in 0..<body.len-2:
+      if body[i].kind == nkSym:
+        body[i].sym.transitionToLet()
+      vpart.add body[i]
 
-  vpart.add newNodeI(nkEmpty, body.info) # no explicit type
+    vpart.add newNodeI(nkEmpty, body.info) # no explicit type
   if not env.isNil:
     call[0] = makeClosure(g, idgen, call[0].sym, env.newSymNode, body.info)
   vpart.add call
diff --git a/compiler/layouter.nim b/compiler/layouter.nim
index ec9db6aad..0121b1185 100644
--- a/compiler/layouter.nim
+++ b/compiler/layouter.nim
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 ## Layouter for nimpretty.
 
-import idents, lexer, lineinfos, llstream, options, msgs, strutils, pathutils
+import idents, lexer, ast, lineinfos, llstream, options, msgs, strutils, pathutils
 
 const
   MinLineLen = 15
@@ -243,23 +243,28 @@ proc renderTokens*(em: var Emitter): string =
 
   return content
 
-proc writeOut*(em: Emitter, content: string)  =
+type
+  FinalCheck = proc (content: string; origAst: PNode): bool {.nimcall.}
+
+proc writeOut*(em: Emitter; content: string; origAst: PNode; check: FinalCheck) =
   ## Write to disk
   let outFile = em.config.absOutFile
   if fileExists(outFile) and readFile(outFile.string) == content:
     discard "do nothing, see #9499"
     return
-  var f = llStreamOpen(outFile, fmWrite)
-  if f == nil:
-    rawMessage(em.config, errGenerated, "cannot open file: " & outFile.string)
-    return
-  f.llStreamWrite content
-  llStreamClose(f)
 
-proc closeEmitter*(em: var Emitter) =
+  if check(content, origAst):
+    var f = llStreamOpen(outFile, fmWrite)
+    if f == nil:
+      rawMessage(em.config, errGenerated, "cannot open file: " & outFile.string)
+      return
+    f.llStreamWrite content
+    llStreamClose(f)
+
+proc closeEmitter*(em: var Emitter; origAst: PNode; check: FinalCheck) =
   ## Renders emitter tokens and write to a file
   let content = renderTokens(em)
-  em.writeOut(content)
+  em.writeOut(content, origAst, check)
 
 proc wr(em: var Emitter; x: string; lt: LayoutToken) =
   em.tokens.add x
@@ -510,7 +515,7 @@ proc emitTok*(em: var Emitter; L: Lexer; tok: Token) =
     rememberSplit(splitComma)
     wrSpace em
   of openPars:
-    if tok.strongSpaceA > 0 and not em.endsInWhite and
+    if tsLeading in tok.spacing and not em.endsInWhite and
         (not em.wasExportMarker or tok.tokType == tkCurlyDotLe):
       wrSpace em
     wr(em, $tok.tokType, ltSomeParLe)
@@ -528,7 +533,7 @@ proc emitTok*(em: var Emitter; L: Lexer; tok: Token) =
     wr(em, $tok.tokType, ltOther)
     if not em.inquote: wrSpace(em)
   of tkOpr, tkDotDot:
-    if em.inquote or ((tok.strongSpaceA == 0 and tok.strongSpaceB == 0) and
+    if em.inquote or (tok.spacing == {} and
         tok.ident.s notin ["<", ">", "<=", ">=", "==", "!="]):
       # bug #9504: remember to not spacify a keyword:
       lastTokWasTerse = true
@@ -538,7 +543,7 @@ proc emitTok*(em: var Emitter; L: Lexer; tok: Token) =
       if not em.endsInWhite: wrSpace(em)
       wr(em, tok.ident.s, ltOpr)
       template isUnary(tok): bool =
-        tok.strongSpaceB == 0 and tok.strongSpaceA > 0
+        tok.spacing == {tsLeading}
 
       if not isUnary(tok):
         rememberSplit(splitBinary)
@@ -551,11 +556,15 @@ proc emitTok*(em: var Emitter; L: Lexer; tok: Token) =
     if not preventComment:
       emitComment(em, tok, dontIndent = false)
   of tkIntLit..tkStrLit, tkRStrLit, tkTripleStrLit, tkGStrLit, tkGTripleStrLit, tkCharLit:
-    let lit = fileSection(em.config, em.fid, tok.offsetA, tok.offsetB)
-    if endsInAlpha(em) and tok.tokType notin {tkGStrLit, tkGTripleStrLit}: wrSpace(em)
-    em.lineSpan = countNewlines(lit)
-    if em.lineSpan > 0: calcCol(em, lit)
-    wr em, lit, ltLit
+    if not em.inquote:
+      let lit = fileSection(em.config, em.fid, tok.offsetA, tok.offsetB)
+      if endsInAlpha(em) and tok.tokType notin {tkGStrLit, tkGTripleStrLit}: wrSpace(em)
+      em.lineSpan = countNewlines(lit)
+      if em.lineSpan > 0: calcCol(em, lit)
+      wr em, lit, ltLit
+    else:
+      if endsInAlpha(em): wrSpace(em)
+      wr em, tok.literal, ltLit
   of tkEof: discard
   else:
     let lit = if tok.ident != nil: tok.ident.s else: tok.literal
diff --git a/compiler/lexer.nim b/compiler/lexer.nim
index 729ba3435..ad5dd560c 100644
--- a/compiler/lexer.nim
+++ b/compiler/lexer.nim
@@ -7,25 +7,30 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-# This scanner is handwritten for efficiency. I used an elegant buffering
+# This lexer is handwritten for efficiency. I used an elegant buffering
 # scheme which I have not seen anywhere else:
 # We guarantee that a whole line is in the buffer. Thus only when scanning
 # the \n or \r character we have to check whether we need to read in the next
 # chunk. (\n or \r already need special handling for incrementing the line
-# counter; choosing both \n and \r allows the scanner to properly read Unix,
+# counter; choosing both \n and \r allows the lexer to properly read Unix,
 # DOS or Macintosh text files, even when it is not the native format.
 
 import
-  hashes, options, msgs, strutils, platform, idents, nimlexbase, llstream,
-  wordrecg, lineinfos, pathutils, parseutils
+  options, msgs, platform, idents, nimlexbase, llstream,
+  wordrecg, lineinfos, pathutils
+
+import std/[hashes, parseutils, strutils]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, formatfloat]
 
 const
-  MaxLineLength* = 80         # lines longer than this lead to a warning
   numChars*: set[char] = {'0'..'9', 'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z'}
   SymChars*: set[char] = {'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', '0'..'9', '\x80'..'\xFF'}
   SymStartChars*: set[char] = {'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', '\x80'..'\xFF'}
   OpChars*: set[char] = {'+', '-', '*', '/', '\\', '<', '>', '!', '?', '^', '.',
     '|', '=', '%', '&', '$', '@', '~', ':'}
+  UnaryMinusWhitelist = {' ', '\t', '\n', '\r', ',', ';', '(', '[', '{'}
 
 # don't forget to update the 'highlite' module if these charsets should change
 
@@ -51,26 +56,27 @@ type
     tkVar = "var", tkWhen = "when", tkWhile = "while", tkXor = "xor",
     tkYield = "yield", # end of keywords
 
-    tkIntLit = "tkIntLit", tkInt8Lit = "tkInt8Lit", tkInt16Lit = "tkInt16Lit", 
+    tkIntLit = "tkIntLit", tkInt8Lit = "tkInt8Lit", tkInt16Lit = "tkInt16Lit",
     tkInt32Lit = "tkInt32Lit", tkInt64Lit = "tkInt64Lit",
-    tkUIntLit = "tkUIntLit", tkUInt8Lit = "tkUInt8Lit", tkUInt16Lit = "tkUInt16Lit", 
+    tkUIntLit = "tkUIntLit", tkUInt8Lit = "tkUInt8Lit", tkUInt16Lit = "tkUInt16Lit",
     tkUInt32Lit = "tkUInt32Lit", tkUInt64Lit = "tkUInt64Lit",
     tkFloatLit = "tkFloatLit", tkFloat32Lit = "tkFloat32Lit",
     tkFloat64Lit = "tkFloat64Lit", tkFloat128Lit = "tkFloat128Lit",
     tkStrLit = "tkStrLit", tkRStrLit = "tkRStrLit", tkTripleStrLit = "tkTripleStrLit",
-    tkGStrLit = "tkGStrLit", tkGTripleStrLit = "tkGTripleStrLit", tkCharLit = "tkCharLit", 
-    
+    tkGStrLit = "tkGStrLit", tkGTripleStrLit = "tkGTripleStrLit", tkCharLit = "tkCharLit",
+    tkCustomLit = "tkCustomLit",
+
     tkParLe = "(", tkParRi = ")", tkBracketLe = "[",
     tkBracketRi = "]", tkCurlyLe = "{", tkCurlyRi = "}",
     tkBracketDotLe = "[.", tkBracketDotRi = ".]",
     tkCurlyDotLe = "{.", tkCurlyDotRi = ".}",
     tkParDotLe = "(.", tkParDotRi = ".)",
     tkComma = ",", tkSemiColon = ";",
-    tkColon = ":", tkColonColon = "::", tkEquals = "=", 
+    tkColon = ":", tkColonColon = "::", tkEquals = "=",
     tkDot = ".", tkDotDot = "..", tkBracketLeColon = "[:",
     tkOpr, tkComment, tkAccent = "`",
     # these are fake tokens used by renderer.nim
-    tkSpaces, tkInfixOpr, tkPrefixOpr, tkPostfixOpr
+    tkSpaces, tkInfixOpr, tkPrefixOpr, tkPostfixOpr, tkHideableStart, tkHideableEnd
 
   TokTypes* = set[TokType]
 
@@ -88,19 +94,21 @@ type
                               # so that it is the correct default value
     base2, base8, base16
 
-  Token* = object             # a Nim token
-    tokType*: TokType         # the type of the token
-    indent*: int              # the indentation; != -1 if the token has been
-                              # preceded with indentation
-    ident*: PIdent            # the parsed identifier
-    iNumber*: BiggestInt      # the parsed integer literal
-    fNumber*: BiggestFloat    # the parsed floating point literal
-    base*: NumericalBase      # the numerical base; only valid for int
-                              # or float literals
-    strongSpaceA*: int8       # leading spaces of an operator
-    strongSpaceB*: int8       # trailing spaces of an operator
-    literal*: string          # the parsed (string) literal; and
-                              # documentation comments are here too
+  TokenSpacing* = enum
+    tsLeading, tsTrailing, tsEof
+
+  Token* = object                # a Nim token
+    tokType*: TokType            # the type of the token
+    base*: NumericalBase         # the numerical base; only valid for int
+                                 # or float literals
+    spacing*: set[TokenSpacing]  # spaces around token
+    indent*: int                 # the indentation; != -1 if the token has been
+                                 # preceded with indentation
+    ident*: PIdent               # the parsed identifier
+    iNumber*: BiggestInt         # the parsed integer literal
+    fNumber*: BiggestFloat       # the parsed floating point literal
+    literal*: string             # the parsed (string) literal; and
+                                 # documentation comments are here too
     line*, col*: int
     when defined(nimpretty):
       offsetA*, offsetB*: int # used for pretty printing so that literals
@@ -114,11 +122,12 @@ type
                               # this is needed because scanning comments
                               # needs so much look-ahead
     currLineIndent*: int
-    strongSpaces*, allowTabs*: bool
     errorHandler*: ErrorHandler
     cache*: IdentCache
     when defined(nimsuggest):
       previousToken: TLineInfo
+      tokenEnd*: TLineInfo
+      previousTokenEnd*: TLineInfo
     config*: ConfigRef
 
 proc getLineInfo*(L: Lexer, tok: Token): TLineInfo {.inline.} =
@@ -140,9 +149,11 @@ proc isNimIdentifier*(s: string): bool =
     var i = 1
     while i < sLen:
       if s[i] == '_': inc(i)
-      if i < sLen and s[i] notin SymChars: return
+      if i < sLen and s[i] notin SymChars: return false
       inc(i)
     result = true
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc `$`*(tok: Token): string =
   case tok.tokType
@@ -161,34 +172,9 @@ proc prettyTok*(tok: Token): string =
   else: $tok
 
 proc printTok*(conf: ConfigRef; tok: Token) =
+  # xxx factor with toLocation
   msgWriteln(conf, $tok.line & ":" & $tok.col & "\t" & $tok.tokType & " " & $tok)
 
-proc initToken*(L: var Token) =
-  L.tokType = tkInvalid
-  L.iNumber = 0
-  L.indent = 0
-  L.strongSpaceA = 0
-  L.literal = ""
-  L.fNumber = 0.0
-  L.base = base10
-  L.ident = nil
-  when defined(nimpretty):
-    L.commentOffsetA = 0
-    L.commentOffsetB = 0
-
-proc fillToken(L: var Token) =
-  L.tokType = tkInvalid
-  L.iNumber = 0
-  L.indent = 0
-  L.strongSpaceA = 0
-  setLen(L.literal, 0)
-  L.fNumber = 0.0
-  L.base = base10
-  L.ident = nil
-  when defined(nimpretty):
-    L.commentOffsetA = 0
-    L.commentOffsetB = 0
-
 proc openLexer*(lex: var Lexer, fileIdx: FileIndex, inputstream: PLLStream;
                  cache: IdentCache; config: ConfigRef) =
   openBaseLexer(lex, inputstream)
@@ -312,11 +298,9 @@ proc getNumber(L: var Lexer, result: var Token) =
 
   proc lexMessageLitNum(L: var Lexer, msg: string, startpos: int, msgKind = errGenerated) =
     # Used to get slightly human friendlier err messages.
-    const literalishChars = {'A'..'F', 'a'..'f', '0'..'9', 'X', 'x', 'o', 'O',
-      'c', 'C', 'b', 'B', '_', '.', '\'', 'd', 'i', 'u'}
+    const literalishChars = {'A'..'Z', 'a'..'z', '0'..'9', '_', '.', '\''}
     var msgPos = L.bufpos
-    var t: Token
-    t.literal = ""
+    var t = Token(literal: "")
     L.bufpos = startpos # Use L.bufpos as pos because of matchChars
     matchChars(L, t, literalishChars)
     # We must verify +/- specifically so that we're not past the literal
@@ -325,15 +309,14 @@ proc getNumber(L: var Lexer, result: var Token) =
       t.literal.add(L.buf[L.bufpos])
       inc(L.bufpos)
       matchChars(L, t, literalishChars)
-    if L.buf[L.bufpos] in {'\'', 'f', 'F', 'd', 'D', 'i', 'I', 'u', 'U'}:
-      inc(L.bufpos)
+    if L.buf[L.bufpos] in literalishChars:
       t.literal.add(L.buf[L.bufpos])
+      inc(L.bufpos)
       matchChars(L, t, {'0'..'9'})
     L.bufpos = msgPos
     lexMessage(L, msgKind, msg % t.literal)
 
   var
-    startpos, endpos: int
     xi: BiggestInt
     isBase10 = true
     numDigits = 0
@@ -345,8 +328,17 @@ proc getNumber(L: var Lexer, result: var Token) =
   result.tokType = tkIntLit   # int literal until we know better
   result.literal = ""
   result.base = base10
-  startpos = L.bufpos
-  tokenBegin(result, startpos)
+  tokenBegin(result, L.bufpos)
+
+  var isPositive = true
+  if L.buf[L.bufpos] == '-':
+    eatChar(L, result)
+    isPositive = false
+
+  let startpos = L.bufpos
+
+  template setNumber(field, value) =
+    field = (if isPositive: value else: -value)
 
   # First stage: find out base, make verifications, build token literal string
   # {'c', 'C'} is added for deprecation reasons to provide a clear error message
@@ -386,200 +378,184 @@ proc getNumber(L: var Lexer, result: var Token) =
       discard matchUnderscoreChars(L, result, {'0'..'9'})
     if L.buf[L.bufpos] in {'e', 'E'}:
       result.tokType = tkFloatLit
-      eatChar(L, result, 'e')
+      eatChar(L, result)
       if L.buf[L.bufpos] in {'+', '-'}:
         eatChar(L, result)
       discard matchUnderscoreChars(L, result, {'0'..'9'})
-  endpos = L.bufpos
+  let endpos = L.bufpos
 
   # Second stage, find out if there's a datatype suffix and handle it
   var postPos = endpos
+
   if L.buf[postPos] in {'\'', 'f', 'F', 'd', 'D', 'i', 'I', 'u', 'U'}:
+    let errPos = postPos
+    var customLitPossible = false
     if L.buf[postPos] == '\'':
       inc(postPos)
+      customLitPossible = true
 
-    case L.buf[postPos]
-    of 'f', 'F':
-      inc(postPos)
-      if (L.buf[postPos] == '3') and (L.buf[postPos + 1] == '2'):
-        result.tokType = tkFloat32Lit
-        inc(postPos, 2)
-      elif (L.buf[postPos] == '6') and (L.buf[postPos + 1] == '4'):
-        result.tokType = tkFloat64Lit
-        inc(postPos, 2)
-      elif (L.buf[postPos] == '1') and
-           (L.buf[postPos + 1] == '2') and
-           (L.buf[postPos + 2] == '8'):
-        result.tokType = tkFloat128Lit
-        inc(postPos, 3)
-      else:   # "f" alone defaults to float32
-        result.tokType = tkFloat32Lit
-    of 'd', 'D':  # ad hoc convenience shortcut for f64
-      inc(postPos)
-      result.tokType = tkFloat64Lit
-    of 'i', 'I':
-      inc(postPos)
-      if (L.buf[postPos] == '6') and (L.buf[postPos + 1] == '4'):
-        result.tokType = tkInt64Lit
-        inc(postPos, 2)
-      elif (L.buf[postPos] == '3') and (L.buf[postPos + 1] == '2'):
-        result.tokType = tkInt32Lit
-        inc(postPos, 2)
-      elif (L.buf[postPos] == '1') and (L.buf[postPos + 1] == '6'):
-        result.tokType = tkInt16Lit
-        inc(postPos, 2)
-      elif (L.buf[postPos] == '8'):
-        result.tokType = tkInt8Lit
-        inc(postPos)
-      else:
-        lexMessageLitNum(L, "invalid number: '$1'", startpos)
-    of 'u', 'U':
-      inc(postPos)
-      if (L.buf[postPos] == '6') and (L.buf[postPos + 1] == '4'):
-        result.tokType = tkUInt64Lit
-        inc(postPos, 2)
-      elif (L.buf[postPos] == '3') and (L.buf[postPos + 1] == '2'):
-        result.tokType = tkUInt32Lit
-        inc(postPos, 2)
-      elif (L.buf[postPos] == '1') and (L.buf[postPos + 1] == '6'):
-        result.tokType = tkUInt16Lit
-        inc(postPos, 2)
-      elif (L.buf[postPos] == '8'):
-        result.tokType = tkUInt8Lit
-        inc(postPos)
+    if L.buf[postPos] in SymChars:
+      var suffix = newStringOfCap(10)
+      while true:
+        suffix.add L.buf[postPos]
+        inc postPos
+        if L.buf[postPos] notin SymChars+{'_'}: break
+      let suffixAsLower = suffix.toLowerAscii
+      case suffixAsLower
+      of "f", "f32": result.tokType = tkFloat32Lit
+      of "d", "f64": result.tokType = tkFloat64Lit
+      of "f128": result.tokType = tkFloat128Lit
+      of "i8": result.tokType = tkInt8Lit
+      of "i16": result.tokType = tkInt16Lit
+      of "i32": result.tokType = tkInt32Lit
+      of "i64": result.tokType = tkInt64Lit
+      of "u": result.tokType = tkUIntLit
+      of "u8": result.tokType = tkUInt8Lit
+      of "u16": result.tokType = tkUInt16Lit
+      of "u32": result.tokType = tkUInt32Lit
+      of "u64": result.tokType = tkUInt64Lit
+      elif customLitPossible:
+        # remember the position of the `'` so that the parser doesn't
+        # have to reparse the custom literal:
+        result.iNumber = len(result.literal)
+        result.literal.add '\''
+        result.literal.add suffix
+        result.tokType = tkCustomLit
       else:
-        result.tokType = tkUIntLit
+        lexMessageLitNum(L, "invalid number suffix: '$1'", errPos)
     else:
-      lexMessageLitNum(L, "invalid number: '$1'", startpos)
+      lexMessageLitNum(L, "invalid number suffix: '$1'", errPos)
 
   # Is there still a literalish char awaiting? Then it's an error!
   if  L.buf[postPos] in literalishChars or
      (L.buf[postPos] == '.' and L.buf[postPos + 1] in {'0'..'9'}):
     lexMessageLitNum(L, "invalid number: '$1'", startpos)
 
-  # Third stage, extract actual number
-  L.bufpos = startpos            # restore position
-  var pos: int = startpos
-  try:
-    if (L.buf[pos] == '0') and (L.buf[pos + 1] in baseCodeChars):
-      inc(pos, 2)
-      xi = 0                  # it is a base prefix
-
-      case L.buf[pos - 1]
-      of 'b', 'B':
-        result.base = base2
-        while pos < endpos:
-          if L.buf[pos] != '_':
-            xi = `shl`(xi, 1) or (ord(L.buf[pos]) - ord('0'))
-          inc(pos)
-      # 'c', 'C' is deprecated
-      of 'o', 'c', 'C':
-        result.base = base8
-        while pos < endpos:
-          if L.buf[pos] != '_':
-            xi = `shl`(xi, 3) or (ord(L.buf[pos]) - ord('0'))
-          inc(pos)
-      of 'x', 'X':
-        result.base = base16
-        while pos < endpos:
-          case L.buf[pos]
-          of '_':
-            inc(pos)
-          of '0'..'9':
-            xi = `shl`(xi, 4) or (ord(L.buf[pos]) - ord('0'))
-            inc(pos)
-          of 'a'..'f':
-            xi = `shl`(xi, 4) or (ord(L.buf[pos]) - ord('a') + 10)
+  if result.tokType != tkCustomLit:
+    # Third stage, extract actual number
+    L.bufpos = startpos            # restore position
+    var pos = startpos
+    try:
+      if (L.buf[pos] == '0') and (L.buf[pos + 1] in baseCodeChars):
+        inc(pos, 2)
+        xi = 0                  # it is a base prefix
+
+        case L.buf[pos - 1]
+        of 'b', 'B':
+          result.base = base2
+          while pos < endpos:
+            if L.buf[pos] != '_':
+              xi = `shl`(xi, 1) or (ord(L.buf[pos]) - ord('0'))
             inc(pos)
-          of 'A'..'F':
-            xi = `shl`(xi, 4) or (ord(L.buf[pos]) - ord('A') + 10)
+        # 'c', 'C' is deprecated (a warning is issued elsewhere)
+        of 'o', 'c', 'C':
+          result.base = base8
+          while pos < endpos:
+            if L.buf[pos] != '_':
+              xi = `shl`(xi, 3) or (ord(L.buf[pos]) - ord('0'))
             inc(pos)
-          else:
-            break
+        of 'x', 'X':
+          result.base = base16
+          while pos < endpos:
+            case L.buf[pos]
+            of '_':
+              inc(pos)
+            of '0'..'9':
+              xi = `shl`(xi, 4) or (ord(L.buf[pos]) - ord('0'))
+              inc(pos)
+            of 'a'..'f':
+              xi = `shl`(xi, 4) or (ord(L.buf[pos]) - ord('a') + 10)
+              inc(pos)
+            of 'A'..'F':
+              xi = `shl`(xi, 4) or (ord(L.buf[pos]) - ord('A') + 10)
+              inc(pos)
+            else:
+              break
+        else:
+          internalError(L.config, getLineInfo(L), "getNumber")
+
+        case result.tokType
+        of tkIntLit, tkInt64Lit: setNumber result.iNumber, xi
+        of tkInt8Lit: setNumber result.iNumber, ashr(xi shl 56, 56)
+        of tkInt16Lit: setNumber result.iNumber, ashr(xi shl 48, 48)
+        of tkInt32Lit: setNumber result.iNumber, ashr(xi shl 32, 32)
+        of tkUIntLit, tkUInt64Lit: setNumber result.iNumber, xi
+        of tkUInt8Lit: setNumber result.iNumber, xi and 0xff
+        of tkUInt16Lit: setNumber result.iNumber, xi and 0xffff
+        of tkUInt32Lit: setNumber result.iNumber, xi and 0xffffffff
+        of tkFloat32Lit:
+          setNumber result.fNumber, (cast[ptr float32](addr(xi)))[]
+          # note: this code is endian neutral!
+          # XXX: Test this on big endian machine!
+        of tkFloat64Lit, tkFloatLit:
+          setNumber result.fNumber, (cast[ptr float64](addr(xi)))[]
+        else: internalError(L.config, getLineInfo(L), "getNumber")
+
+        # Bounds checks. Non decimal literals are allowed to overflow the range of
+        # the datatype as long as their pattern don't overflow _bitwise_, hence
+        # below checks of signed sizes against uint*.high is deliberate:
+        # (0x80'u8 = 128, 0x80'i8 = -128, etc == OK)
+        if result.tokType notin floatTypes:
+          let outOfRange =
+            case result.tokType
+            of tkUInt8Lit, tkUInt16Lit, tkUInt32Lit: result.iNumber != xi
+            of tkInt8Lit:  (xi > BiggestInt(uint8.high))
+            of tkInt16Lit: (xi > BiggestInt(uint16.high))
+            of tkInt32Lit: (xi > BiggestInt(uint32.high))
+            else: false
+
+          if outOfRange:
+            #echo "out of range num: ", result.iNumber, " vs ", xi
+            lexMessageLitNum(L, "number out of range: '$1'", startpos)
+
       else:
-        internalError(L.config, getLineInfo(L), "getNumber")
-
-      case result.tokType
-      of tkIntLit, tkInt64Lit: result.iNumber = xi
-      of tkInt8Lit: result.iNumber = ashr(xi shl 56, 56)
-      of tkInt16Lit: result.iNumber = ashr(xi shl 48, 48)
-      of tkInt32Lit: result.iNumber = ashr(xi shl 32, 32)
-      of tkUIntLit, tkUInt64Lit: result.iNumber = xi
-      of tkUInt8Lit: result.iNumber = xi and 0xff
-      of tkUInt16Lit: result.iNumber = xi and 0xffff
-      of tkUInt32Lit: result.iNumber = xi and 0xffffffff
-      of tkFloat32Lit:
-        result.fNumber = (cast[PFloat32](addr(xi)))[]
-        # note: this code is endian neutral!
-        # XXX: Test this on big endian machine!
-      of tkFloat64Lit, tkFloatLit:
-        result.fNumber = (cast[PFloat64](addr(xi)))[]
-      else: internalError(L.config, getLineInfo(L), "getNumber")
-
-      # Bounds checks. Non decimal literals are allowed to overflow the range of
-      # the datatype as long as their pattern don't overflow _bitwise_, hence
-      # below checks of signed sizes against uint*.high is deliberate:
-      # (0x80'u8 = 128, 0x80'i8 = -128, etc == OK)
-      if result.tokType notin floatTypes:
-        let outOfRange = case result.tokType:
-        of tkUInt8Lit, tkUInt16Lit, tkUInt32Lit: result.iNumber != xi
-        of tkInt8Lit: (xi > BiggestInt(uint8.high))
-        of tkInt16Lit: (xi > BiggestInt(uint16.high))
-        of tkInt32Lit: (xi > BiggestInt(uint32.high))
-        else: false
+        case result.tokType
+        of floatTypes:
+          result.fNumber = parseFloat(result.literal)
+        of tkUInt64Lit, tkUIntLit:
+          var iNumber: uint64 = uint64(0)
+          var len: int = 0
+          try:
+            len = parseBiggestUInt(result.literal, iNumber)
+          except ValueError:
+            raise newException(OverflowDefect, "number out of range: " & result.literal)
+          if len != result.literal.len:
+            raise newException(ValueError, "invalid integer: " & result.literal)
+          result.iNumber = cast[int64](iNumber)
+        else:
+          var iNumber: int64 = int64(0)
+          var len: int = 0
+          try:
+            len = parseBiggestInt(result.literal, iNumber)
+          except ValueError:
+            raise newException(OverflowDefect, "number out of range: " & result.literal)
+          if len != result.literal.len:
+            raise newException(ValueError, "invalid integer: " & result.literal)
+          result.iNumber = iNumber
+
+        # Explicit bounds checks.
+        let outOfRange =
+          case result.tokType
+          of tkInt8Lit: result.iNumber > int8.high or result.iNumber < int8.low
+          of tkUInt8Lit: result.iNumber > BiggestInt(uint8.high) or result.iNumber < 0
+          of tkInt16Lit: result.iNumber > int16.high or result.iNumber < int16.low
+          of tkUInt16Lit: result.iNumber > BiggestInt(uint16.high) or result.iNumber < 0
+          of tkInt32Lit: result.iNumber > int32.high or result.iNumber < int32.low
+          of tkUInt32Lit: result.iNumber > BiggestInt(uint32.high) or result.iNumber < 0
+          else: false
 
         if outOfRange:
-          #echo "out of range num: ", result.iNumber, " vs ", xi
           lexMessageLitNum(L, "number out of range: '$1'", startpos)
 
-    else:
-      case result.tokType
-      of floatTypes:
-        result.fNumber = parseFloat(result.literal)
-      of tkUInt64Lit, tkUIntLit:
-        var iNumber: uint64
-        var len: int
-        try:
-          len = parseBiggestUInt(result.literal, iNumber)
-        except ValueError:
-          raise newException(OverflowDefect, "number out of range: " & $result.literal)
-        if len != result.literal.len:
-          raise newException(ValueError, "invalid integer: " & $result.literal)
-        result.iNumber = cast[int64](iNumber)
-      else:
-        var iNumber: int64
-        var len: int
-        try:
-          len = parseBiggestInt(result.literal, iNumber)
-        except ValueError:
-          raise newException(OverflowDefect, "number out of range: " & $result.literal)
-        if len != result.literal.len:
-          raise newException(ValueError, "invalid integer: " & $result.literal)
-        result.iNumber = iNumber
-
-      # Explicit bounds checks. Only T.high needs to be considered
-      # since result.iNumber can't be negative.
-      let outOfRange =
-        case result.tokType
-        of tkInt8Lit: result.iNumber > int8.high
-        of tkUInt8Lit: result.iNumber > BiggestInt(uint8.high)
-        of tkInt16Lit: result.iNumber > int16.high
-        of tkUInt16Lit: result.iNumber > BiggestInt(uint16.high)
-        of tkInt32Lit: result.iNumber > int32.high
-        of tkUInt32Lit: result.iNumber > BiggestInt(uint32.high)
-        else: false
-
-      if outOfRange: lexMessageLitNum(L, "number out of range: '$1'", startpos)
-
-    # Promote int literal to int64? Not always necessary, but more consistent
-    if result.tokType == tkIntLit:
-      if result.iNumber > high(int32):
-        result.tokType = tkInt64Lit
-
-  except ValueError:
-    lexMessageLitNum(L, "invalid number: '$1'", startpos)
-  except OverflowDefect, RangeDefect:
-    lexMessageLitNum(L, "number out of range: '$1'", startpos)
+      # Promote int literal to int64? Not always necessary, but more consistent
+      if result.tokType == tkIntLit:
+        if result.iNumber > high(int32) or result.iNumber < low(int32):
+          result.tokType = tkInt64Lit
+
+    except ValueError:
+      lexMessageLitNum(L, "invalid number: '$1'", startpos)
+    except OverflowDefect, RangeDefect:
+      lexMessageLitNum(L, "number out of range: '$1'", startpos)
   tokenEnd(result, postPos-1)
   L.bufpos = postPos
 
@@ -735,10 +711,6 @@ proc handleCRLF(L: var Lexer, pos: int): int =
   template registerLine =
     let col = L.getColNumber(pos)
 
-    when not defined(nimpretty):
-      if col > MaxLineLength:
-        lexMessagePos(L, hintLineTooLong, pos)
-
   case L.buf[pos]
   of CR:
     registerLine()
@@ -798,7 +770,7 @@ proc getString(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token, mode: StringMode) =
     if mode != normal: tok.tokType = tkRStrLit
     else: tok.tokType = tkStrLit
     while true:
-      var c = L.buf[pos]
+      let c = L.buf[pos]
       if c == '\"':
         if mode != normal and L.buf[pos+1] == '\"':
           inc(pos, 2)
@@ -820,10 +792,11 @@ proc getString(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token, mode: StringMode) =
         inc(pos)
     L.bufpos = pos
 
-proc getCharacter(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
+proc getCharacter(L: var Lexer; tok: var Token) =
   tokenBegin(tok, L.bufpos)
+  let startPos = L.bufpos
   inc(L.bufpos)               # skip '
-  var c = L.buf[L.bufpos]
+  let c = L.buf[L.bufpos]
   case c
   of '\0'..pred(' '), '\'':
     lexMessage(L, errGenerated, "invalid character literal")
@@ -832,10 +805,59 @@ proc getCharacter(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
   else:
     tok.literal = $c
     inc(L.bufpos)
-  if L.buf[L.bufpos] != '\'':
-    lexMessage(L, errGenerated, "missing closing ' for character literal")
-  tokenEndIgnore(tok, L.bufpos)
-  inc(L.bufpos)               # skip '
+  if L.buf[L.bufpos] == '\'':
+    tokenEndIgnore(tok, L.bufpos)
+    inc(L.bufpos)               # skip '
+  else:
+    if startPos > 0 and L.buf[startPos-1] == '`':
+      tok.literal = "'"
+      L.bufpos = startPos+1
+    else:
+      lexMessage(L, errGenerated, "missing closing ' for character literal")
+    tokenEndIgnore(tok, L.bufpos)
+
+const
+  UnicodeOperatorStartChars = {'\226', '\194', '\195'}
+    # the allowed unicode characters ("∙ ∘ × ★ ⊗ ⊘ ⊙ ⊛ ⊠ ⊡ ∩ ∧ ⊓ ± ⊕ ⊖ ⊞ ⊟ ∪ ∨ ⊔")
+    # all start with one of these.
+
+type
+  UnicodeOprPred = enum
+    Mul, Add
+
+proc unicodeOprLen(buf: cstring; pos: int): (int8, UnicodeOprPred) =
+  template m(len): untyped = (int8(len), Mul)
+  template a(len): untyped = (int8(len), Add)
+  result = 0.m
+  case buf[pos]
+  of '\226':
+    if buf[pos+1] == '\136':
+      if buf[pos+2] == '\152': result = 3.m # ∘
+      elif buf[pos+2] == '\153': result = 3.m # ∙
+      elif buf[pos+2] == '\167': result = 3.m # ∧
+      elif buf[pos+2] == '\168': result = 3.a # ∨
+      elif buf[pos+2] == '\169': result = 3.m # ∩
+      elif buf[pos+2] == '\170': result = 3.a # ∪
+    elif buf[pos+1] == '\138':
+      if buf[pos+2] == '\147': result = 3.m # ⊓
+      elif buf[pos+2] == '\148': result = 3.a # ⊔
+      elif buf[pos+2] == '\149': result = 3.a # ⊕
+      elif buf[pos+2] == '\150': result = 3.a # ⊖
+      elif buf[pos+2] == '\151': result = 3.m # ⊗
+      elif buf[pos+2] == '\152': result = 3.m # ⊘
+      elif buf[pos+2] == '\153': result = 3.m # ⊙
+      elif buf[pos+2] == '\155': result = 3.m # ⊛
+      elif buf[pos+2] == '\158': result = 3.a # ⊞
+      elif buf[pos+2] == '\159': result = 3.a # ⊟
+      elif buf[pos+2] == '\160': result = 3.m # ⊠
+      elif buf[pos+2] == '\161': result = 3.m # ⊡
+    elif buf[pos+1] == '\152' and buf[pos+2] == '\133': result = 3.m # ★
+  of '\194':
+    if buf[pos+1] == '\177': result = 2.a # ±
+  of '\195':
+    if buf[pos+1] == '\151': result = 2.m # ×
+  else:
+    discard
 
 proc getSymbol(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
   var h: Hash = 0
@@ -845,7 +867,7 @@ proc getSymbol(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
   while true:
     var c = L.buf[pos]
     case c
-    of 'a'..'z', '0'..'9', '\x80'..'\xFF':
+    of 'a'..'z', '0'..'9':
       h = h !& ord(c)
       inc(pos)
     of 'A'..'Z':
@@ -859,10 +881,16 @@ proc getSymbol(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
         break
       inc(pos)
       suspicious = true
+    of '\x80'..'\xFF':
+      if c in UnicodeOperatorStartChars and unicodeOprLen(L.buf, pos)[0] != 0:
+        break
+      else:
+        h = h !& ord(c)
+        inc(pos)
     else: break
   tokenEnd(tok, pos-1)
   h = !$h
-  tok.ident = L.cache.getIdent(addr(L.buf[L.bufpos]), pos - L.bufpos, h)
+  tok.ident = L.cache.getIdent(cast[cstring](addr(L.buf[L.bufpos])), pos - L.bufpos, h)
   if (tok.ident.id < ord(tokKeywordLow) - ord(tkSymbol)) or
       (tok.ident.id > ord(tokKeywordHigh) - ord(tkSymbol)):
     tok.tokType = tkSymbol
@@ -876,7 +904,7 @@ proc getSymbol(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
 proc endOperator(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token, pos: int,
                  hash: Hash) {.inline.} =
   var h = !$hash
-  tok.ident = L.cache.getIdent(addr(L.buf[L.bufpos]), pos - L.bufpos, h)
+  tok.ident = L.cache.getIdent(cast[cstring](addr(L.buf[L.bufpos])), pos - L.bufpos, h)
   if (tok.ident.id < oprLow) or (tok.ident.id > oprHigh): tok.tokType = tkOpr
   else: tok.tokType = TokType(tok.ident.id - oprLow + ord(tkColon))
   L.bufpos = pos
@@ -886,43 +914,66 @@ proc getOperator(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
   tokenBegin(tok, pos)
   var h: Hash = 0
   while true:
-    var c = L.buf[pos]
-    if c notin OpChars: break
-    h = h !& ord(c)
-    inc(pos)
+    let c = L.buf[pos]
+    if c in OpChars:
+      h = h !& ord(c)
+      inc(pos)
+    elif c in UnicodeOperatorStartChars:
+      let oprLen = unicodeOprLen(L.buf, pos)[0]
+      if oprLen == 0: break
+      for i in 0..<oprLen:
+        h = h !& ord(L.buf[pos])
+        inc pos
+    else:
+      break
   endOperator(L, tok, pos, h)
   tokenEnd(tok, pos-1)
   # advance pos but don't store it in L.bufpos so the next token (which might
   # be an operator too) gets the preceding spaces:
-  tok.strongSpaceB = 0
+  tok.spacing = tok.spacing - {tsTrailing, tsEof}
+  var trailing = false
   while L.buf[pos] == ' ':
     inc pos
-    inc tok.strongSpaceB
+    trailing = true
   if L.buf[pos] in {CR, LF, nimlexbase.EndOfFile}:
-    tok.strongSpaceB = -1
+    tok.spacing.incl(tsEof)
+  elif trailing:
+    tok.spacing.incl(tsTrailing)
 
 proc getPrecedence*(tok: Token): int =
   ## Calculates the precedence of the given token.
+  const
+    MulPred = 9
+    PlusPred = 8
   case tok.tokType
   of tkOpr:
     let relevantChar = tok.ident.s[0]
 
     # arrow like?
     if tok.ident.s.len > 1 and tok.ident.s[^1] == '>' and
-      tok.ident.s[^2] in {'-', '~', '='}: return 1
+      tok.ident.s[^2] in {'-', '~', '='}: return 0
 
     template considerAsgn(value: untyped) =
       result = if tok.ident.s[^1] == '=': 1 else: value
 
     case relevantChar
     of '$', '^': considerAsgn(10)
-    of '*', '%', '/', '\\': considerAsgn(9)
+    of '*', '%', '/', '\\': considerAsgn(MulPred)
     of '~': result = 8
-    of '+', '-', '|': considerAsgn(8)
+    of '+', '-', '|': considerAsgn(PlusPred)
     of '&': considerAsgn(7)
     of '=', '<', '>', '!': result = 5
     of '.': considerAsgn(6)
     of '?': result = 2
+    of UnicodeOperatorStartChars:
+      if tok.ident.s[^1] == '=':
+        result = 1
+      else:
+        let (len, pred) = unicodeOprLen(cstring(tok.ident.s), 0)
+        if len != 0:
+          result = if pred == Mul: MulPred else: PlusPred
+        else:
+          result = 2
     else: considerAsgn(2)
   of tkDiv, tkMod, tkShl, tkShr: result = 9
   of tkDotDot: result = 6
@@ -931,22 +982,6 @@ proc getPrecedence*(tok: Token): int =
   of tkOr, tkXor, tkPtr, tkRef: result = 3
   else: return -10
 
-proc newlineFollows*(L: Lexer): bool =
-  var pos = L.bufpos
-  while true:
-    case L.buf[pos]
-    of ' ', '\t':
-      inc(pos)
-    of CR, LF:
-      result = true
-      break
-    of '#':
-      inc(pos)
-      if L.buf[pos] == '#': inc(pos)
-      if L.buf[pos] != '[': return true
-    else:
-      break
-
 proc skipMultiLineComment(L: var Lexer; tok: var Token; start: int;
                           isDoc: bool) =
   var pos = start
@@ -998,7 +1033,6 @@ proc skipMultiLineComment(L: var Lexer; tok: var Token; start: int;
       when defined(nimpretty): tok.literal.add "\L"
       if isDoc:
         when not defined(nimpretty): tok.literal.add "\n"
-        inc tok.iNumber
         var c = toStrip
         while L.buf[pos] == ' ' and c > 0:
           inc pos
@@ -1017,8 +1051,6 @@ proc skipMultiLineComment(L: var Lexer; tok: var Token; start: int;
 proc scanComment(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
   var pos = L.bufpos
   tok.tokType = tkComment
-  # iNumber contains the number of '\n' in the token
-  tok.iNumber = 0
   assert L.buf[pos+1] == '#'
   when defined(nimpretty):
     tok.commentOffsetA = L.offsetBase + pos
@@ -1041,9 +1073,7 @@ proc scanComment(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
         toStrip = 0
       else:  # found first non-whitespace character
         stripInit = true
-    var lastBackslash = -1
     while L.buf[pos] notin {CR, LF, nimlexbase.EndOfFile}:
-      if L.buf[pos] == '\\': lastBackslash = pos+1
       tok.literal.add(L.buf[pos])
       inc(pos)
     tokenEndIgnore(tok, pos)
@@ -1061,7 +1091,6 @@ proc scanComment(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
         while L.buf[pos] == ' ' and c > 0:
           inc pos
           dec c
-        inc tok.iNumber
     else:
       if L.buf[pos] > ' ':
         L.indentAhead = indent
@@ -1074,7 +1103,7 @@ proc scanComment(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
 proc skip(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
   var pos = L.bufpos
   tokenBegin(tok, pos)
-  tok.strongSpaceA = 0
+  tok.spacing.excl(tsLeading)
   when defined(nimpretty):
     var hasComment = false
     var commentIndent = L.currLineIndent
@@ -1085,9 +1114,9 @@ proc skip(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
     case L.buf[pos]
     of ' ':
       inc(pos)
-      inc(tok.strongSpaceA)
+      tok.spacing.incl(tsLeading)
     of '\t':
-      if not L.allowTabs: lexMessagePos(L, errGenerated, pos, "tabs are not allowed, use spaces instead")
+      lexMessagePos(L, errGenerated, pos, "tabs are not allowed, use spaces instead")
       inc(pos)
     of CR, LF:
       tokenEndPrevious(tok, pos)
@@ -1107,7 +1136,7 @@ proc skip(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
           pos = L.bufpos
         else:
           break
-      tok.strongSpaceA = 0
+      tok.spacing.excl(tsLeading)
       when defined(nimpretty):
         if L.buf[pos] == '#' and tok.line < 0: commentIndent = indent
       if L.buf[pos] > ' ' and (L.buf[pos] != '#' or L.buf[pos+1] == '#'):
@@ -1146,12 +1175,16 @@ proc skip(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
 proc rawGetTok*(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
   template atTokenEnd() {.dirty.} =
     when defined(nimsuggest):
+      L.previousTokenEnd.line = L.tokenEnd.line
+      L.previousTokenEnd.col = L.tokenEnd.col
+      L.tokenEnd.line = tok.line.uint16
+      L.tokenEnd.col = getColNumber(L, L.bufpos).int16
       # we attach the cursor to the last *strong* token
       if tok.tokType notin weakTokens:
         L.previousToken.line = tok.line.uint16
         L.previousToken.col = tok.col.int16
 
-  fillToken(tok)
+  reset(tok)
   if L.indentAhead >= 0:
     tok.indent = L.indentAhead
     L.currLineIndent = L.indentAhead
@@ -1163,13 +1196,18 @@ proc rawGetTok*(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
     if tok.tokType == tkComment:
       L.indentAhead = L.currLineIndent
       return
-  var c = L.buf[L.bufpos]
+  let c = L.buf[L.bufpos]
   tok.line = L.lineNumber
   tok.col = getColNumber(L, L.bufpos)
-  if c in SymStartChars - {'r', 'R'}:
+  if c in SymStartChars - {'r', 'R'} - UnicodeOperatorStartChars:
     getSymbol(L, tok)
   else:
     case c
+    of UnicodeOperatorStartChars:
+      if unicodeOprLen(L.buf, L.bufpos)[0] != 0:
+        getOperator(L, tok)
+      else:
+        getSymbol(L, tok)
     of '#':
       scanComment(L, tok)
     of '*':
@@ -1277,7 +1315,28 @@ proc rawGetTok*(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
       getNumber(L, tok)
       let c = L.buf[L.bufpos]
       if c in SymChars+{'_'}:
-        lexMessage(L, errGenerated, "invalid token: no whitespace between number and identifier")
+        if c in UnicodeOperatorStartChars and
+            unicodeOprLen(L.buf, L.bufpos)[0] != 0:
+          discard
+        else:
+          lexMessage(L, errGenerated, "invalid token: no whitespace between number and identifier")
+    of '-':
+      if L.buf[L.bufpos+1] in {'0'..'9'} and
+          (L.bufpos-1 == 0 or L.buf[L.bufpos-1] in UnaryMinusWhitelist):
+        # x)-23 # binary minus
+        # ,-23  # unary minus
+        # \n-78 # unary minus? Yes.
+        # =-3   # parsed as `=-` anyway
+        getNumber(L, tok)
+        let c = L.buf[L.bufpos]
+        if c in SymChars+{'_'}:
+          if c in UnicodeOperatorStartChars and
+              unicodeOprLen(L.buf, L.bufpos)[0] != 0:
+            discard
+          else:
+            lexMessage(L, errGenerated, "invalid token: no whitespace between number and identifier")
+      else:
+        getOperator(L, tok)
     else:
       if c in OpChars:
         getOperator(L, tok)
@@ -1293,9 +1352,9 @@ proc rawGetTok*(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
 
 proc getIndentWidth*(fileIdx: FileIndex, inputstream: PLLStream;
                      cache: IdentCache; config: ConfigRef): int =
-  var lex: Lexer
-  var tok: Token
-  initToken(tok)
+  result = 0
+  var lex: Lexer = default(Lexer)
+  var tok: Token = default(Token)
   openLexer(lex, fileIdx, inputstream, cache, config)
   var prevToken = tkEof
   while tok.tokType != tkEof:
@@ -1308,11 +1367,11 @@ proc getIndentWidth*(fileIdx: FileIndex, inputstream: PLLStream;
 
 proc getPrecedence*(ident: PIdent): int =
   ## assumes ident is binary operator already
-  var tok: Token
-  initToken(tok)
-  tok.ident = ident
-  tok.tokType =
-    if tok.ident.id in ord(tokKeywordLow) - ord(tkSymbol)..ord(tokKeywordHigh) - ord(tkSymbol):
-      TokType(tok.ident.id + ord(tkSymbol))
-    else: tkOpr
+  let
+    tokType =
+      if ident.id in ord(tokKeywordLow) - ord(tkSymbol)..ord(tokKeywordHigh) - ord(tkSymbol):
+        TokType(ident.id + ord(tkSymbol))
+      else: tkOpr
+    tok = Token(ident: ident, tokType: tokType)
+
   getPrecedence(tok)
diff --git a/compiler/liftdestructors.nim b/compiler/liftdestructors.nim
index 980e77e4b..9ff5c0a9d 100644
--- a/compiler/liftdestructors.nim
+++ b/compiler/liftdestructors.nim
@@ -8,13 +8,17 @@
 #
 
 ## This module implements lifting for type-bound operations
-## (``=sink``, ``=``, ``=destroy``, ``=deepCopy``).
+## (`=sink`, `=copy`, `=destroy`, `=deepCopy`, `=wasMoved`, `=dup`).
 
 import modulegraphs, lineinfos, idents, ast, renderer, semdata,
-  sighashes, lowerings, options, types, msgs, magicsys, tables
+  sighashes, lowerings, options, types, msgs, magicsys, ccgutils
 
+import std/tables
 from trees import isCaseObj
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 type
   TLiftCtx = object
     g: ModuleGraph
@@ -31,11 +35,12 @@ type
 
 template destructor*(t: PType): PSym = getAttachedOp(c.g, t, attachedDestructor)
 template assignment*(t: PType): PSym = getAttachedOp(c.g, t, attachedAsgn)
+template dup*(t: PType): PSym = getAttachedOp(c.g, t, attachedDup)
 template asink*(t: PType): PSym = getAttachedOp(c.g, t, attachedSink)
 
 proc fillBody(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode)
 proc produceSym(g: ModuleGraph; c: PContext; typ: PType; kind: TTypeAttachedOp;
-              info: TLineInfo; idgen: IdGenerator): PSym
+              info: TLineInfo; idgen: IdGenerator; isDistinct = false): PSym
 
 proc createTypeBoundOps*(g: ModuleGraph; c: PContext; orig: PType; info: TLineInfo;
                          idgen: IdGenerator)
@@ -46,15 +51,15 @@ proc at(a, i: PNode, elemType: PType): PNode =
   result[1] = i
   result.typ = elemType
 
-proc destructorOverriden(g: ModuleGraph; t: PType): bool =
+proc destructorOverridden(g: ModuleGraph; t: PType): bool =
   let op = getAttachedOp(g, t, attachedDestructor)
-  op != nil and sfOverriden in op.flags
+  op != nil and sfOverridden in op.flags
 
 proc fillBodyTup(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
-  for i in 0..<t.len:
+  for i, a in t.ikids:
     let lit = lowerings.newIntLit(c.g, x.info, i)
-    let b = if c.kind == attachedTrace: y else: y.at(lit, t[i])
-    fillBody(c, t[i], body, x.at(lit, t[i]), b)
+    let b = if c.kind == attachedTrace: y else: y.at(lit, a)
+    fillBody(c, a, body, x.at(lit, a), b)
 
 proc dotField(x: PNode, f: PSym): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(nkDotExpr, x.info, 2)
@@ -79,12 +84,14 @@ proc genBuiltin(c: var TLiftCtx; magic: TMagic; name: string; i: PNode): PNode =
   result = genBuiltin(c.g, c.idgen, magic, name, i)
 
 proc defaultOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
-  if c.kind in {attachedAsgn, attachedDeepCopy, attachedSink}:
+  if c.kind in {attachedAsgn, attachedDeepCopy, attachedSink, attachedDup}:
     body.add newAsgnStmt(x, y)
   elif c.kind == attachedDestructor and c.addMemReset:
     let call = genBuiltin(c, mDefault, "default", x)
     call.typ = t
     body.add newAsgnStmt(x, call)
+  elif c.kind == attachedWasMoved:
+    body.add genBuiltin(c, mWasMoved, "`=wasMoved`", x)
 
 proc genAddr(c: var TLiftCtx; x: PNode): PNode =
   if x.kind == nkHiddenDeref:
@@ -132,27 +139,36 @@ proc genContainerOf(c: var TLiftCtx; objType: PType, field, x: PSym): PNode =
   result.add minusExpr
 
 proc destructorCall(c: var TLiftCtx; op: PSym; x: PNode): PNode =
-  var destroy = newNodeIT(nkCall, x.info, op.typ[0])
+  var destroy = newNodeIT(nkCall, x.info, op.typ.returnType)
   destroy.add(newSymNode(op))
-  destroy.add genAddr(c, x)
+  if op.typ.firstParamType.kind != tyVar:
+    destroy.add x
+  else:
+    destroy.add genAddr(c, x)
   if sfNeverRaises notin op.flags:
     c.canRaise = true
   if c.addMemReset:
-    result = newTree(nkStmtList, destroy, genBuiltin(c, mWasMoved,  "wasMoved", x))
+    result = newTree(nkStmtList, destroy, genBuiltin(c, mWasMoved,  "`=wasMoved`", x))
   else:
     result = destroy
 
-proc fillBodyObj(c: var TLiftCtx; n, body, x, y: PNode; enforceDefaultOp: bool) =
+proc genWasMovedCall(c: var TLiftCtx; op: PSym; x: PNode): PNode =
+  result = newNodeIT(nkCall, x.info, op.typ.returnType)
+  result.add(newSymNode(op))
+  result.add genAddr(c, x)
+
+proc fillBodyObj(c: var TLiftCtx; n, body, x, y: PNode; enforceDefaultOp: bool, enforceWasMoved = false) =
   case n.kind
   of nkSym:
     if c.filterDiscriminator != nil: return
     let f = n.sym
     let b = if c.kind == attachedTrace: y else: y.dotField(f)
-    if (sfCursor in f.flags and f.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyRef, tyProc} and
-        c.g.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc, gcHooks}) or
+    if (sfCursor in f.flags and c.g.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc, gcHooks}) or
         enforceDefaultOp:
       defaultOp(c, f.typ, body, x.dotField(f), b)
     else:
+      if enforceWasMoved:
+        body.add genBuiltin(c, mWasMoved, "`=wasMoved`", x.dotField(f))
       fillBody(c, f.typ, body, x.dotField(f), b)
   of nkNilLit: discard
   of nkRecCase:
@@ -162,9 +178,12 @@ proc fillBodyObj(c: var TLiftCtx; n, body, x, y: PNode; enforceDefaultOp: bool)
       # the value needs to be destroyed before we assign the selector
       # or the value is lost
       let prevKind = c.kind
+      let prevAddMemReset = c.addMemReset
       c.kind = attachedDestructor
+      c.addMemReset = true
       fillBodyObj(c, n, body, x, y, enforceDefaultOp = false)
       c.kind = prevKind
+      c.addMemReset = prevAddMemReset
       localEnforceDefaultOp = true
 
     if c.kind != attachedDestructor:
@@ -188,7 +207,7 @@ proc fillBodyObj(c: var TLiftCtx; n, body, x, y: PNode; enforceDefaultOp: bool)
       branch[^1] = newNodeI(nkStmtList, c.info)
 
       fillBodyObj(c, n[i].lastSon, branch[^1], x, y,
-                  enforceDefaultOp = localEnforceDefaultOp)
+                  enforceDefaultOp = localEnforceDefaultOp, enforceWasMoved = c.kind == attachedAsgn)
       if branch[^1].len == 0: inc emptyBranches
       caseStmt.add(branch)
     if emptyBranches != n.len-1:
@@ -199,20 +218,29 @@ proc fillBodyObj(c: var TLiftCtx; n, body, x, y: PNode; enforceDefaultOp: bool)
       fillBodyObj(c, n[0], body, x, y, enforceDefaultOp = false)
     c.filterDiscriminator = oldfilterDiscriminator
   of nkRecList:
-    for t in items(n): fillBodyObj(c, t, body, x, y, enforceDefaultOp)
+    for t in items(n): fillBodyObj(c, t, body, x, y, enforceDefaultOp, enforceWasMoved)
   else:
     illFormedAstLocal(n, c.g.config)
 
 proc fillBodyObjTImpl(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType, body, x, y: PNode) =
-  if t.len > 0 and t[0] != nil:
-    fillBody(c, skipTypes(t[0], abstractPtrs), body, x, y)
+  if t.baseClass != nil:
+    let dest = newNodeIT(nkHiddenSubConv, c.info, t.baseClass)
+    dest.add newNodeI(nkEmpty, c.info)
+    dest.add x
+    var src = y
+    if c.kind in {attachedAsgn, attachedDeepCopy, attachedSink}:
+      src = newNodeIT(nkHiddenSubConv, c.info, t.baseClass)
+      src.add newNodeI(nkEmpty, c.info)
+      src.add y
+
+    fillBody(c, skipTypes(t.baseClass, abstractPtrs), body, dest, src)
   fillBodyObj(c, t.n, body, x, y, enforceDefaultOp = false)
 
 proc fillBodyObjT(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType, body, x, y: PNode) =
   var hasCase = isCaseObj(t.n)
   var obj = t
-  while obj.len > 0 and obj[0] != nil:
-    obj = skipTypes(obj[0], abstractPtrs)
+  while obj.baseClass != nil:
+    obj = skipTypes(obj.baseClass, abstractPtrs)
     hasCase = hasCase or isCaseObj(obj.n)
 
   if hasCase and c.kind in {attachedAsgn, attachedDeepCopy}:
@@ -230,7 +258,16 @@ proc fillBodyObjT(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType, body, x, y: PNode) =
     # for every field (dependent on dest.kind):
     #   `=` dest.field, src.field
     # =destroy(blob)
-    var temp = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(c.g.cache, lowerings.genPrefix), nextSymId c.idgen, c.fn, c.info)
+    var dummy = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(c.g.cache, lowerings.genPrefix), c.idgen, c.fn, c.info)
+    dummy.typ = y.typ
+    if ccgIntroducedPtr(c.g.config, dummy, y.typ):
+      # Because of potential aliasing when the src param is passed by ref, we need to check for equality here,
+      # because the wasMoved(dest) call would zero out src, if dest aliases src.
+      var cond = newTree(nkCall, newSymNode(c.g.getSysMagic(c.info, "==", mEqRef)),
+        newTreeIT(nkAddr, c.info, makePtrType(c.fn, x.typ, c.idgen), x), newTreeIT(nkAddr, c.info, makePtrType(c.fn, y.typ, c.idgen), y))
+      cond.typ = getSysType(c.g, x.info, tyBool)
+      body.add genIf(c, cond, newTreeI(nkReturnStmt, c.info, newNodeI(nkEmpty, c.info)))
+    var temp = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(c.g.cache, lowerings.genPrefix), c.idgen, c.fn, c.info)
     temp.typ = x.typ
     incl(temp.flags, sfFromGeneric)
     var v = newNodeI(nkVarSection, c.info)
@@ -240,7 +277,7 @@ proc fillBodyObjT(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType, body, x, y: PNode) =
     #body.add newAsgnStmt(blob, x)
 
     var wasMovedCall = newNodeI(nkCall, c.info)
-    wasMovedCall.add(newSymNode(createMagic(c.g, c.idgen, "wasMoved", mWasMoved)))
+    wasMovedCall.add(newSymNode(createMagic(c.g, c.idgen, "`=wasMoved`", mWasMoved)))
     wasMovedCall.add x # mWasMoved does not take the address
     body.add wasMovedCall
 
@@ -253,6 +290,7 @@ proc fillBodyObjT(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType, body, x, y: PNode) =
     c.kind = attachedDestructor
     fillBodyObjTImpl(c, t, body, blob, y)
     c.kind = prevKind
+
   else:
     fillBodyObjTImpl(c, t, body, x, y)
 
@@ -261,8 +299,8 @@ proc boolLit*(g: ModuleGraph; info: TLineInfo; value: bool): PNode =
   result.typ = getSysType(g, info, tyBool)
 
 proc getCycleParam(c: TLiftCtx): PNode =
-  assert c.kind == attachedAsgn
-  if c.fn.typ.len == 4:
+  assert c.kind in {attachedAsgn, attachedDup}
+  if c.fn.typ.len == 3 + ord(c.kind == attachedAsgn):
     result = c.fn.typ.n.lastSon
     assert result.kind == nkSym
     assert result.sym.name.s == "cyclic"
@@ -276,30 +314,41 @@ proc newHookCall(c: var TLiftCtx; op: PSym; x, y: PNode): PNode =
   result.add newSymNode(op)
   if sfNeverRaises notin op.flags:
     c.canRaise = true
-  if op.typ.sons[1].kind == tyVar:
+  if op.typ.firstParamType.kind == tyVar:
     result.add genAddr(c, x)
   else:
     result.add x
   if y != nil:
     result.add y
-  if op.typ.len == 4:
+  if op.typ.signatureLen == 4:
     assert y != nil
-    if c.fn.typ.len == 4:
+    if c.fn.typ.signatureLen == 4:
       result.add getCycleParam(c)
     else:
       # assume the worst: A cycle is created:
       result.add boolLit(c.g, y.info, true)
 
 proc newOpCall(c: var TLiftCtx; op: PSym; x: PNode): PNode =
-  result = newNodeIT(nkCall, x.info, op.typ[0])
+  result = newNodeIT(nkCall, x.info, op.typ.returnType)
   result.add(newSymNode(op))
   result.add x
   if sfNeverRaises notin op.flags:
     c.canRaise = true
 
+  if c.kind == attachedDup and op.typ.len == 3:
+    assert x != nil
+    if c.fn.typ.len == 3:
+      result.add getCycleParam(c)
+    else:
+      # assume the worst: A cycle is created:
+      result.add boolLit(c.g, x.info, true)
+
 proc newDeepCopyCall(c: var TLiftCtx; op: PSym; x, y: PNode): PNode =
   result = newAsgnStmt(x, newOpCall(c, op, y))
 
+proc newDupCall(c: var TLiftCtx; op: PSym; x, y: PNode): PNode =
+  result = newAsgnStmt(x, newOpCall(c, op, y))
+
 proc usesBuiltinArc(t: PType): bool =
   proc wrap(t: PType): bool {.nimcall.} = ast.isGCedMem(t)
   result = types.searchTypeFor(t, wrap)
@@ -324,9 +373,9 @@ proc considerAsgnOrSink(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode;
                         field: var PSym): bool =
   if optSeqDestructors in c.g.config.globalOptions:
     var op = field
-    let destructorOverriden = destructorOverriden(c.g, t)
+    let destructorOverridden = destructorOverridden(c.g, t)
     if op != nil and op != c.fn and
-        (sfOverriden in op.flags or destructorOverriden):
+        (sfOverridden in op.flags or destructorOverridden):
       if sfError in op.flags:
         incl c.fn.flags, sfError
       #else:
@@ -334,10 +383,12 @@ proc considerAsgnOrSink(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode;
       onUse(c.info, op)
       body.add newHookCall(c, op, x, y)
       result = true
-    elif op == nil and destructorOverriden:
+    elif op == nil and destructorOverridden:
       op = produceSym(c.g, c.c, t, c.kind, c.info, c.idgen)
       body.add newHookCall(c, op, x, y)
       result = true
+    else:
+      result = false
   elif tfHasAsgn in t.flags:
     var op: PSym
     if sameType(t, c.asgnForType):
@@ -367,12 +418,14 @@ proc considerAsgnOrSink(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode;
     assert op.ast[genericParamsPos].kind == nkEmpty
     body.add newHookCall(c, op, x, y)
     result = true
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc addDestructorCall(c: var TLiftCtx; orig: PType; body, x: PNode) =
   let t = orig.skipTypes(abstractInst - {tyDistinct})
   var op = t.destructor
 
-  if op != nil and sfOverriden in op.flags:
+  if op != nil and sfOverridden in op.flags:
     if op.ast.isGenericRoutine:
       # patch generic destructor:
       op = instantiateGeneric(c, op, t, t.typeInst)
@@ -395,7 +448,7 @@ proc considerUserDefinedOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode): bool =
   case c.kind
   of attachedDestructor:
     var op = t.destructor
-    if op != nil and sfOverriden in op.flags:
+    if op != nil and sfOverridden in op.flags:
 
       if op.ast.isGenericRoutine:
         # patch generic destructor:
@@ -406,17 +459,21 @@ proc considerUserDefinedOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode): bool =
       onUse(c.info, op)
       body.add destructorCall(c, op, x)
       result = true
+    else:
+      result = false
     #result = addDestructorCall(c, t, body, x)
   of attachedAsgn, attachedSink, attachedTrace:
     var op = getAttachedOp(c.g, t, c.kind)
+    if op != nil and sfOverridden in op.flags:
+      if op.ast.isGenericRoutine:
+        # patch generic =trace:
+        op = instantiateGeneric(c, op, t, t.typeInst)
+        setAttachedOp(c.g, c.idgen.module, t, c.kind, op)
+
     result = considerAsgnOrSink(c, t, body, x, y, op)
     if op != nil:
       setAttachedOp(c.g, c.idgen.module, t, c.kind, op)
-  of attachedDispose:
-    var op = getAttachedOp(c.g, t, c.kind)
-    result = considerAsgnOrSink(c, t, body, x, nil, op)
-    if op != nil:
-      setAttachedOp(c.g, c.idgen.module, t, c.kind, op)
+
   of attachedDeepCopy:
     let op = getAttachedOp(c.g, t, attachedDeepCopy)
     if op != nil:
@@ -424,9 +481,43 @@ proc considerUserDefinedOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode): bool =
       onUse(c.info, op)
       body.add newDeepCopyCall(c, op, x, y)
       result = true
+    else:
+      result = false
+
+  of attachedWasMoved:
+    var op = getAttachedOp(c.g, t, attachedWasMoved)
+    if op != nil and sfOverridden in op.flags:
+
+      if op.ast.isGenericRoutine:
+        # patch generic destructor:
+        op = instantiateGeneric(c, op, t, t.typeInst)
+        setAttachedOp(c.g, c.idgen.module, t, attachedWasMoved, op)
+
+      #markUsed(c.g.config, c.info, op, c.g.usageSym)
+      onUse(c.info, op)
+      body.add genWasMovedCall(c, op, x)
+      result = true
+    else:
+      result = false
+
+  of attachedDup:
+    var op = getAttachedOp(c.g, t, attachedDup)
+    if op != nil and sfOverridden in op.flags:
+
+      if op.ast.isGenericRoutine:
+        # patch generic destructor:
+        op = instantiateGeneric(c, op, t, t.typeInst)
+        setAttachedOp(c.g, c.idgen.module, t, attachedDup, op)
+
+      #markUsed(c.g.config, c.info, op, c.g.usageSym)
+      onUse(c.info, op)
+      body.add newDupCall(c, op, x, y)
+      result = true
+    else:
+      result = false
 
 proc declareCounter(c: var TLiftCtx; body: PNode; first: BiggestInt): PNode =
-  var temp = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(c.g.cache, lowerings.genPrefix), nextSymId(c.idgen), c.fn, c.info)
+  var temp = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(c.g.cache, lowerings.genPrefix), c.idgen, c.fn, c.info)
   temp.typ = getSysType(c.g, body.info, tyInt)
   incl(temp.flags, sfFromGeneric)
 
@@ -436,7 +527,7 @@ proc declareCounter(c: var TLiftCtx; body: PNode; first: BiggestInt): PNode =
   body.add v
 
 proc declareTempOf(c: var TLiftCtx; body: PNode; value: PNode): PNode =
-  var temp = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(c.g.cache, lowerings.genPrefix), nextSymId(c.idgen), c.fn, c.info)
+  var temp = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(c.g.cache, lowerings.genPrefix), c.idgen, c.fn, c.info)
   temp.typ = value.typ
   incl(temp.flags, sfFromGeneric)
 
@@ -471,22 +562,40 @@ proc setLenSeqCall(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; x, y: PNode): PNode =
   result = newTree(nkCall, newSymNode(op, x.info), x, lenCall)
 
 proc forallElements(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
+  let counterIdx = body.len
   let i = declareCounter(c, body, toInt64(firstOrd(c.g.config, t)))
   let whileLoop = genWhileLoop(c, i, x)
-  let elemType = t.lastSon
+  let elemType = t.elementType
   let b = if c.kind == attachedTrace: y else: y.at(i, elemType)
   fillBody(c, elemType, whileLoop[1], x.at(i, elemType), b)
-  addIncStmt(c, whileLoop[1], i)
-  body.add whileLoop
+  if whileLoop[1].len > 0:
+    addIncStmt(c, whileLoop[1], i)
+    body.add whileLoop
+  else:
+    body.sons.setLen counterIdx
+
+proc checkSelfAssignment(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
+  var cond = callCodegenProc(c.g, "sameSeqPayload", c.info,
+      newTreeIT(nkAddr, c.info, makePtrType(c.fn, x.typ, c.idgen), x),
+      newTreeIT(nkAddr, c.info, makePtrType(c.fn, y.typ, c.idgen), y)
+      )
+  cond.typ = getSysType(c.g, c.info, tyBool)
+  body.add genIf(c, cond, newTreeI(nkReturnStmt, c.info, newNodeI(nkEmpty, c.info)))
 
 proc fillSeqOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
   case c.kind
+  of attachedDup:
+    body.add setLenSeqCall(c, t, x, y)
+    forallElements(c, t, body, x, y)
   of attachedAsgn, attachedDeepCopy:
     # we generate:
+    # if x.p == y.p:
+    #   return
     # setLen(dest, y.len)
     # var i = 0
     # while i < y.len: dest[i] = y[i]; inc(i)
     # This is usually more efficient than a destroy/create pair.
+    checkSelfAssignment(c, t, body, x, y)
     body.add setLenSeqCall(c, t, x, y)
     forallElements(c, t, body, x, y)
   of attachedSink:
@@ -500,19 +609,18 @@ proc fillSeqOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
     forallElements(c, t, body, x, y)
     body.add genBuiltin(c, mDestroy, "destroy", x)
   of attachedTrace:
-    # follow all elements:
-    forallElements(c, t, body, x, y)
-  of attachedDispose:
-    forallElements(c, t, body, x, y)
-    body.add genBuiltin(c, mDestroy, "destroy", x)
+    if canFormAcycle(c.g, t.elemType):
+      # follow all elements:
+      forallElements(c, t, body, x, y)
+  of attachedWasMoved: body.add genBuiltin(c, mWasMoved, "`=wasMoved`", x)
 
 proc useSeqOrStrOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
   createTypeBoundOps(c.g, c.c, t, body.info, c.idgen)
   # recursions are tricky, so we might need to forward the generated
   # operation here:
   var t = t
-  if t.assignment == nil or t.destructor == nil:
-    let h = sighashes.hashType(t, {CoType, CoConsiderOwned, CoDistinct})
+  if t.assignment == nil or t.destructor == nil or t.dup == nil:
+    let h = sighashes.hashType(t,c.g.config, {CoType, CoConsiderOwned, CoDistinct})
     let canon = c.g.canonTypes.getOrDefault(h)
     if canon != nil: t = canon
 
@@ -537,19 +645,22 @@ proc useSeqOrStrOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
     doAssert t.destructor != nil
     body.add destructorCall(c, t.destructor, x)
   of attachedTrace:
+    if t.kind != tyString and canFormAcycle(c.g, t.elemType):
+      let op = getAttachedOp(c.g, t, c.kind)
+      if op == nil:
+        return # protect from recursion
+      body.add newHookCall(c, op, x, y)
+  of attachedWasMoved: body.add genBuiltin(c, mWasMoved, "`=wasMoved`", x)
+  of attachedDup:
+    # XXX: replace these with assertions.
     let op = getAttachedOp(c.g, t, c.kind)
     if op == nil:
       return # protect from recursion
-    body.add newHookCall(c, op, x, y)
-  of attachedDispose:
-    let op = getAttachedOp(c.g, t, c.kind)
-    if op == nil:
-      return # protect from recursion
-    body.add newHookCall(c, op, x, nil)
+    body.add newDupCall(c, op, x, y)
 
 proc fillStrOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
   case c.kind
-  of attachedAsgn, attachedDeepCopy:
+  of attachedAsgn, attachedDeepCopy, attachedDup:
     body.add callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimAsgnStrV2", c.info, genAddr(c, x), y)
   of attachedSink:
     let moveCall = genBuiltin(c, mMove, "move", x)
@@ -557,14 +668,15 @@ proc fillStrOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
     doAssert t.destructor != nil
     moveCall.add destructorCall(c, t.destructor, x)
     body.add moveCall
-  of attachedDestructor, attachedDispose:
+  of attachedDestructor:
     body.add genBuiltin(c, mDestroy, "destroy", x)
   of attachedTrace:
     discard "strings are atomic and have no inner elements that are to trace"
+  of attachedWasMoved: body.add genBuiltin(c, mWasMoved, "`=wasMoved`", x)
 
-proc cyclicType*(t: PType): bool =
+proc cyclicType*(g: ModuleGraph, t: PType): bool =
   case t.kind
-  of tyRef: result = types.canFormAcycle(t.lastSon)
+  of tyRef: result = types.canFormAcycle(g, t.elementType)
   of tyProc: result = t.callConv == ccClosure
   else: result = false
 
@@ -589,13 +701,18 @@ proc atomicRefOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
 
   ]#
   var actions = newNodeI(nkStmtList, c.info)
-  let elemType = t.lastSon
+  let elemType = t.elementType
 
   createTypeBoundOps(c.g, c.c, elemType, c.info, c.idgen)
-  let isCyclic = c.g.config.selectedGC == gcOrc and types.canFormAcycle(elemType)
+  let isCyclic = c.g.config.selectedGC == gcOrc and types.canFormAcycle(c.g, elemType)
+
+  let isInheritableAcyclicRef = c.g.config.selectedGC == gcOrc and
+                      (not isPureObject(elemType)) and
+                      tfAcyclic in skipTypes(elemType, abstractInst+{tyOwned}-{tyTypeDesc}).flags
+  # dynamic Acyclic refs need to use dyn decRef
 
   let tmp =
-    if isCyclic and c.kind in {attachedAsgn, attachedSink}:
+    if isCyclic and c.kind in {attachedAsgn, attachedSink, attachedDup}:
       declareTempOf(c, body, x)
     else:
       x
@@ -617,6 +734,8 @@ proc atomicRefOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
       cond = callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimDecRefIsLastCyclicStatic", c.info, tmp, typInfo)
     else:
       cond = callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimDecRefIsLastCyclicDyn", c.info, tmp)
+  elif isInheritableAcyclicRef:
+    cond = callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimDecRefIsLastDyn", c.info, x)
   else:
     cond = callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimDecRefIsLast", c.info, x)
   cond.typ = getSysType(c.g, x.info, tyBool)
@@ -643,21 +762,25 @@ proc atomicRefOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
     body.add genIf(c, cond, actions)
   of attachedDeepCopy: assert(false, "cannot happen")
   of attachedTrace:
-    if isFinal(elemType):
-      let typInfo = genBuiltin(c, mGetTypeInfoV2, "getTypeInfoV2", newNodeIT(nkType, x.info, elemType))
-      typInfo.typ = getSysType(c.g, c.info, tyPointer)
-      body.add callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimTraceRef", c.info, genAddrOf(x, c.idgen), typInfo, y)
+    if isCyclic:
+      if isFinal(elemType):
+        let typInfo = genBuiltin(c, mGetTypeInfoV2, "getTypeInfoV2", newNodeIT(nkType, x.info, elemType))
+        typInfo.typ = getSysType(c.g, c.info, tyPointer)
+        body.add callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimTraceRef", c.info, genAddrOf(x, c.idgen), typInfo, y)
+      else:
+        # If the ref is polymorphic we have to account for this
+        body.add callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimTraceRefDyn", c.info, genAddrOf(x, c.idgen), y)
+      #echo "can follow ", elemType, " static ", isFinal(elemType)
+  of attachedWasMoved: body.add genBuiltin(c, mWasMoved, "`=wasMoved`", x)
+  of attachedDup:
+    if isCyclic:
+      body.add newAsgnStmt(x, y)
+      body.add genIf(c, y, callCodegenProc(c.g,
+          "nimIncRefCyclic", c.info, y, getCycleParam(c)))
     else:
-      # If the ref is polymorphic we have to account for this
-      body.add callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimTraceRefDyn", c.info, genAddrOf(x, c.idgen), y)
-  of attachedDispose:
-    # this is crucial! dispose is like =destroy but we don't follow refs
-    # as that is dealt within the cycle collector.
-    when false:
-      let cond = copyTree(x)
-      cond.typ = getSysType(c.g, x.info, tyBool)
-      actions.add callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimRawDispose", c.info, x)
-      body.add genIf(c, cond, actions)
+      body.add newAsgnStmt(x, y)
+      body.add genIf(c, y, callCodegenProc(c.g,
+          "nimIncRef", c.info, y))
 
 proc atomicClosureOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
   ## Closures are really like refs except they always use a virtual destructor
@@ -667,7 +790,7 @@ proc atomicClosureOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
 
   let isCyclic = c.g.config.selectedGC == gcOrc
   let tmp =
-    if isCyclic and c.kind in {attachedAsgn, attachedSink}:
+    if isCyclic and c.kind in {attachedAsgn, attachedSink, attachedDup}:
       declareTempOf(c, body, xenv)
     else:
       xenv
@@ -701,19 +824,21 @@ proc atomicClosureOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
 
       body.add genIf(c, cond, actions)
       body.add newAsgnStmt(x, y)
+  of attachedDup:
+    let yenv = genBuiltin(c, mAccessEnv, "accessEnv", y)
+    yenv.typ = getSysType(c.g, c.info, tyPointer)
+    if isCyclic:
+      body.add newAsgnStmt(x, y)
+      body.add genIf(c, yenv, callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimIncRefCyclic", c.info, yenv, getCycleParam(c)))
+    else:
+      body.add newAsgnStmt(x, y)
+      body.add genIf(c, yenv, callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimIncRef", c.info, yenv))
   of attachedDestructor:
     body.add genIf(c, cond, actions)
   of attachedDeepCopy: assert(false, "cannot happen")
   of attachedTrace:
     body.add callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimTraceRefDyn", c.info, genAddrOf(xenv, c.idgen), y)
-  of attachedDispose:
-    # this is crucial! dispose is like =destroy but we don't follow refs
-    # as that is dealt within the cycle collector.
-    when false:
-      let cond = copyTree(xenv)
-      cond.typ = getSysType(c.g, xenv.info, tyBool)
-      actions.add callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimRawDispose", c.info, xenv)
-      body.add genIf(c, cond, actions)
+  of attachedWasMoved: body.add genBuiltin(c, mWasMoved, "`=wasMoved`", x)
 
 proc weakrefOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
   case c.kind
@@ -726,6 +851,9 @@ proc weakrefOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
     body.add genIf(c, y, callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimIncRef", c.info, y))
     body.add genIf(c, x, callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimDecWeakRef", c.info, x))
     body.add newAsgnStmt(x, y)
+  of attachedDup:
+    body.add newAsgnStmt(x, y)
+    body.add genIf(c, y, callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimIncRef", c.info, y))
   of attachedDestructor:
     # it's better to prepend the destruction of weak refs in order to
     # prevent wrong "dangling refs exist" problems:
@@ -737,12 +865,13 @@ proc weakrefOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
     else:
       body.sons.insert(des, 0)
   of attachedDeepCopy: assert(false, "cannot happen")
-  of attachedTrace, attachedDispose: discard
+  of attachedTrace: discard
+  of attachedWasMoved: body.add genBuiltin(c, mWasMoved, "`=wasMoved`", x)
 
 proc ownedRefOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
   var actions = newNodeI(nkStmtList, c.info)
 
-  let elemType = t.lastSon
+  let elemType = t.skipModifier
   #fillBody(c, elemType, actions, genDeref(x), genDeref(y))
   #var disposeCall = genBuiltin(c, mDispose, "dispose", x)
 
@@ -759,10 +888,13 @@ proc ownedRefOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
   of attachedSink, attachedAsgn:
     body.add genIf(c, x, actions)
     body.add newAsgnStmt(x, y)
+  of attachedDup:
+    body.add newAsgnStmt(x, y)
   of attachedDestructor:
     body.add genIf(c, x, actions)
   of attachedDeepCopy: assert(false, "cannot happen")
-  of attachedTrace, attachedDispose: discard
+  of attachedTrace: discard
+  of attachedWasMoved: body.add genBuiltin(c, mWasMoved, "`=wasMoved`", x)
 
 proc closureOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
   if c.kind == attachedDeepCopy:
@@ -774,7 +906,7 @@ proc closureOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
     call[1] = y
     body.add newAsgnStmt(x, call)
   elif (optOwnedRefs in c.g.config.globalOptions and
-      optRefCheck in c.g.config.options) or c.g.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc}:
+      optRefCheck in c.g.config.options) or c.g.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc}:
     let xx = genBuiltin(c, mAccessEnv, "accessEnv", x)
     xx.typ = getSysType(c.g, c.info, tyPointer)
     case c.kind
@@ -789,6 +921,11 @@ proc closureOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
       body.add genIf(c, yy, callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimIncRef", c.info, yy))
       body.add genIf(c, xx, callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimDecWeakRef", c.info, xx))
       body.add newAsgnStmt(x, y)
+    of attachedDup:
+      let yy = genBuiltin(c, mAccessEnv, "accessEnv", y)
+      yy.typ = getSysType(c.g, c.info, tyPointer)
+      body.add newAsgnStmt(x, y)
+      body.add genIf(c, yy, callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimIncRef", c.info, yy))
     of attachedDestructor:
       let des = genIf(c, xx, callCodegenProc(c.g, "nimDecWeakRef", c.info, xx))
       if body.len == 0:
@@ -796,7 +933,8 @@ proc closureOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
       else:
         body.sons.insert(des, 0)
     of attachedDeepCopy: assert(false, "cannot happen")
-    of attachedTrace, attachedDispose: discard
+    of attachedTrace: discard
+    of attachedWasMoved: body.add genBuiltin(c, mWasMoved, "`=wasMoved`", x)
 
 proc ownedClosureOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
   let xx = genBuiltin(c, mAccessEnv, "accessEnv", x)
@@ -808,19 +946,22 @@ proc ownedClosureOp(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
   of attachedSink, attachedAsgn:
     body.add genIf(c, xx, actions)
     body.add newAsgnStmt(x, y)
+  of attachedDup:
+    body.add newAsgnStmt(x, y)
   of attachedDestructor:
     body.add genIf(c, xx, actions)
   of attachedDeepCopy: assert(false, "cannot happen")
-  of attachedTrace, attachedDispose: discard
+  of attachedTrace: discard
+  of attachedWasMoved: body.add genBuiltin(c, mWasMoved, "`=wasMoved`", x)
 
 proc fillBody(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
   case t.kind
   of tyNone, tyEmpty, tyVoid: discard
-  of tyPointer, tySet, tyBool, tyChar, tyEnum, tyInt..tyUInt64, tyCString,
+  of tyPointer, tySet, tyBool, tyChar, tyEnum, tyInt..tyUInt64, tyCstring,
       tyPtr, tyUncheckedArray, tyVar, tyLent:
     defaultOp(c, t, body, x, y)
   of tyRef:
-    if c.g.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc}:
+    if c.g.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc, gcAtomicArc}:
       atomicRefOp(c, t, body, x, y)
     elif (optOwnedRefs in c.g.config.globalOptions and
         optRefCheck in c.g.config.options):
@@ -829,7 +970,7 @@ proc fillBody(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
       defaultOp(c, t, body, x, y)
   of tyProc:
     if t.callConv == ccClosure:
-      if c.g.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc}:
+      if c.g.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc, gcAtomicArc}:
         atomicClosureOp(c, t, body, x, y)
       else:
         closureOp(c, t, body, x, y)
@@ -875,13 +1016,28 @@ proc fillBody(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
       defaultOp(c, t, body, x, y)
   of tyObject:
     if not considerUserDefinedOp(c, t, body, x, y):
-      if c.kind in {attachedAsgn, attachedSink} and t.sym != nil and sfImportc in t.sym.flags:
-        body.add newAsgnStmt(x, y)
+      if t.sym != nil and sfImportc in t.sym.flags:
+        case c.kind
+        of {attachedAsgn, attachedSink, attachedDup}:
+          body.add newAsgnStmt(x, y)
+        of attachedWasMoved:
+          body.add genBuiltin(c, mWasMoved, "`=wasMoved`", x)
+        else:
+          fillBodyObjT(c, t, body, x, y)
       else:
-        fillBodyObjT(c, t, body, x, y)
+        if c.kind == attachedDup:
+          var op2 = getAttachedOp(c.g, t, attachedAsgn)
+          if op2 != nil and sfOverridden in op2.flags:
+            #markUsed(c.g.config, c.info, op, c.g.usageSym)
+            onUse(c.info, op2)
+            body.add newHookCall(c, t.assignment, x, y)
+          else:
+            fillBodyObjT(c, t, body, x, y)
+        else:
+          fillBodyObjT(c, t, body, x, y)
   of tyDistinct:
     if not considerUserDefinedOp(c, t, body, x, y):
-      fillBody(c, t[0], body, x, y)
+      fillBody(c, t.elementType, body, x, y)
   of tyTuple:
     fillBodyTup(c, t, body, x, y)
   of tyVarargs, tyOpenArray:
@@ -890,7 +1046,7 @@ proc fillBody(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
     else:
       discard "cannot copy openArray"
 
-  of tyFromExpr, tyProxy, tyBuiltInTypeClass, tyUserTypeClass,
+  of tyFromExpr, tyError, tyBuiltInTypeClass, tyUserTypeClass,
      tyUserTypeClassInst, tyCompositeTypeClass, tyAnd, tyOr, tyNot, tyAnything,
      tyGenericParam, tyGenericBody, tyNil, tyUntyped, tyTyped,
      tyTypeDesc, tyGenericInvocation, tyForward, tyStatic:
@@ -898,42 +1054,86 @@ proc fillBody(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
     discard
   of tyOrdinal, tyRange, tyInferred,
      tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink:
-    fillBody(c, lastSon(t), body, x, y)
-  of tyConcept: doAssert false
+    fillBody(c, skipModifier(t), body, x, y)
+  of tyConcept, tyIterable: raiseAssert "unreachable"
 
 proc produceSymDistinctType(g: ModuleGraph; c: PContext; typ: PType;
                             kind: TTypeAttachedOp; info: TLineInfo;
                             idgen: IdGenerator): PSym =
   assert typ.kind == tyDistinct
-  let baseType = typ[0]
+  let baseType = typ.elementType
   if getAttachedOp(g, baseType, kind) == nil:
-    discard produceSym(g, c, baseType, kind, info, idgen)
+    # TODO: fixme `isDistinct` is a fix for #23552; remove it after
+    # `-d:nimPreviewNonVarDestructor` becomes the default
+    discard produceSym(g, c, baseType, kind, info, idgen, isDistinct = true)
   result = getAttachedOp(g, baseType, kind)
   setAttachedOp(g, idgen.module, typ, kind, result)
 
-proc symPrototype(g: ModuleGraph; typ: PType; owner: PSym; kind: TTypeAttachedOp;
+proc symDupPrototype(g: ModuleGraph; typ: PType; owner: PSym; kind: TTypeAttachedOp;
               info: TLineInfo; idgen: IdGenerator): PSym =
+  let procname = getIdent(g.cache, AttachedOpToStr[kind])
+  result = newSym(skProc, procname, idgen, owner, info)
+  let res = newSym(skResult, getIdent(g.cache, "result"), idgen, result, info)
+  let src = newSym(skParam, getIdent(g.cache, "src"),
+                   idgen, result, info)
+  res.typ = typ
+  src.typ = typ
+
+  result.typ = newType(tyProc, idgen, owner)
+  result.typ.n = newNodeI(nkFormalParams, info)
+  rawAddSon(result.typ, res.typ)
+  result.typ.n.add newNodeI(nkEffectList, info)
+
+  result.typ.addParam src
+
+  if g.config.selectedGC == gcOrc and
+    cyclicType(g, typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)):
+    let cycleParam = newSym(skParam, getIdent(g.cache, "cyclic"),
+                            idgen, result, info)
+    cycleParam.typ = getSysType(g, info, tyBool)
+    result.typ.addParam cycleParam
+
+  var n = newNodeI(nkProcDef, info, bodyPos+2)
+  for i in 0..<n.len: n[i] = newNodeI(nkEmpty, info)
+  n[namePos] = newSymNode(result)
+  n[paramsPos] = result.typ.n
+  n[bodyPos] = newNodeI(nkStmtList, info)
+  n[resultPos] = newSymNode(res)
+  result.ast = n
+  incl result.flags, sfFromGeneric
+  incl result.flags, sfGeneratedOp
+
+proc symPrototype(g: ModuleGraph; typ: PType; owner: PSym; kind: TTypeAttachedOp;
+              info: TLineInfo; idgen: IdGenerator; isDiscriminant = false; isDistinct = false): PSym =
+  if kind == attachedDup:
+    return symDupPrototype(g, typ, owner, kind, info, idgen)
 
   let procname = getIdent(g.cache, AttachedOpToStr[kind])
-  result = newSym(skProc, procname, nextSymId(idgen), owner, info)
-  let dest = newSym(skParam, getIdent(g.cache, "dest"), nextSymId(idgen), result, info)
+  result = newSym(skProc, procname, idgen, owner, info)
+  let dest = newSym(skParam, getIdent(g.cache, "dest"), idgen, result, info)
   let src = newSym(skParam, getIdent(g.cache, if kind == attachedTrace: "env" else: "src"),
-                   nextSymId(idgen), result, info)
-  dest.typ = makeVarType(typ.owner, typ, idgen)
+                   idgen, result, info)
+
+  if kind == attachedDestructor and g.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc, gcAtomicArc} and
+     ((g.config.isDefined("nimPreviewNonVarDestructor") and not isDiscriminant) or (typ.kind in {tyRef, tyString, tySequence} and not isDistinct)):
+    dest.typ = typ
+  else:
+    dest.typ = makeVarType(typ.owner, typ, idgen)
+
   if kind == attachedTrace:
     src.typ = getSysType(g, info, tyPointer)
   else:
     src.typ = typ
 
-  result.typ = newProcType(info, nextTypeId(idgen), owner)
+  result.typ = newProcType(info, idgen, owner)
   result.typ.addParam dest
-  if kind notin {attachedDestructor, attachedDispose}:
+  if kind notin {attachedDestructor, attachedWasMoved}:
     result.typ.addParam src
 
   if kind == attachedAsgn and g.config.selectedGC == gcOrc and
-      cyclicType(typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)):
+      cyclicType(g, typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)):
     let cycleParam = newSym(skParam, getIdent(g.cache, "cyclic"),
-                            nextSymId(idgen), result, info)
+                            idgen, result, info)
     cycleParam.typ = getSysType(g, info, tyBool)
     result.typ.addParam cycleParam
 
@@ -945,36 +1145,48 @@ proc symPrototype(g: ModuleGraph; typ: PType; owner: PSym; kind: TTypeAttachedOp
   result.ast = n
   incl result.flags, sfFromGeneric
   incl result.flags, sfGeneratedOp
+  if kind == attachedWasMoved:
+    incl result.flags, sfNoSideEffect
+    incl result.typ.flags, tfNoSideEffect
 
+proc genTypeFieldCopy(c: var TLiftCtx; t: PType; body, x, y: PNode) =
+  let xx = genBuiltin(c, mAccessTypeField, "accessTypeField", x)
+  let yy = genBuiltin(c, mAccessTypeField, "accessTypeField", y)
+  xx.typ = getSysType(c.g, c.info, tyPointer)
+  yy.typ = xx.typ
+  body.add newAsgnStmt(xx, yy)
 
 proc produceSym(g: ModuleGraph; c: PContext; typ: PType; kind: TTypeAttachedOp;
-              info: TLineInfo; idgen: IdGenerator): PSym =
+              info: TLineInfo; idgen: IdGenerator; isDistinct = false): PSym =
   if typ.kind == tyDistinct:
     return produceSymDistinctType(g, c, typ, kind, info, idgen)
 
   result = getAttachedOp(g, typ, kind)
   if result == nil:
-    result = symPrototype(g, typ, typ.owner, kind, info, idgen)
+    result = symPrototype(g, typ, typ.owner, kind, info, idgen, isDistinct = isDistinct)
 
   var a = TLiftCtx(info: info, g: g, kind: kind, c: c, asgnForType: typ, idgen: idgen,
                    fn: result)
 
-  let dest = result.typ.n[1].sym
-  let d = newDeref(newSymNode(dest))
-  let src = if kind in {attachedDestructor, attachedDispose}: newNodeIT(nkSym, info, getSysType(g, info, tyPointer))
+  let dest = if kind == attachedDup: result.ast[resultPos].sym else: result.typ.n[1].sym
+  let d = if result.typ.firstParamType.kind == tyVar: newDeref(newSymNode(dest)) else: newSymNode(dest)
+  let src = case kind
+            of {attachedDestructor, attachedWasMoved}: newNodeIT(nkSym, info, getSysType(g, info, tyPointer))
+            of attachedDup: newSymNode(result.typ.n[1].sym)
             else: newSymNode(result.typ.n[2].sym)
 
   # register this operation already:
   setAttachedOpPartial(g, idgen.module, typ, kind, result)
 
-  if kind == attachedSink and destructorOverriden(g, typ):
+  if kind == attachedSink and destructorOverridden(g, typ):
     ## compiler can use a combination of `=destroy` and memCopy for sink op
     dest.flags.incl sfCursor
-    result.ast[bodyPos].add newOpCall(a, getAttachedOp(g, typ, attachedDestructor), d[0])
+    let op = getAttachedOp(g, typ, attachedDestructor)
+    result.ast[bodyPos].add newOpCall(a, op, if op.typ.firstParamType.kind == tyVar: d[0] else: d)
     result.ast[bodyPos].add newAsgnStmt(d, src)
   else:
     var tk: TTypeKind
-    if g.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc, gcHooks}:
+    if g.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc, gcHooks, gcAtomicArc}:
       tk = skipTypes(typ, {tyOrdinal, tyRange, tyInferred, tyGenericInst, tyStatic, tyAlias, tySink}).kind
     else:
       tk = tyNone # no special casing for strings and seqs
@@ -985,14 +1197,24 @@ proc produceSym(g: ModuleGraph; c: PContext; typ: PType; kind: TTypeAttachedOp;
       fillStrOp(a, typ, result.ast[bodyPos], d, src)
     else:
       fillBody(a, typ, result.ast[bodyPos], d, src)
-  if not a.canRaise: incl result.flags, sfNeverRaises
+      if tk == tyObject and a.kind in {attachedAsgn, attachedSink, attachedDeepCopy, attachedDup} and not lacksMTypeField(typ):
+        # bug #19205: Do not forget to also copy the hidden type field:
+        genTypeFieldCopy(a, typ, result.ast[bodyPos], d, src)
+
+  if not a.canRaise:
+    incl result.flags, sfNeverRaises
+    result.ast[pragmasPos] = newNodeI(nkPragma, info)
+    result.ast[pragmasPos].add newTree(nkExprColonExpr,
+        newIdentNode(g.cache.getIdent("raises"),  info), newNodeI(nkBracket, info))
+
   completePartialOp(g, idgen.module, typ, kind, result)
 
 
 proc produceDestructorForDiscriminator*(g: ModuleGraph; typ: PType; field: PSym,
                                         info: TLineInfo; idgen: IdGenerator): PSym =
   assert(typ.skipTypes({tyAlias, tyGenericInst}).kind == tyObject)
-  result = symPrototype(g, field.typ, typ.owner, attachedDestructor, info, idgen)
+  # discrimantor assignments needs pointers to destroy fields; alas, we cannot use non-var destructor here
+  result = symPrototype(g, field.typ, typ.owner, attachedDestructor, info, idgen, isDiscriminant = true)
   var a = TLiftCtx(info: info, g: g, kind: attachedDestructor, asgnForType: typ, idgen: idgen,
                    fn: result)
   a.asgnForType = typ
@@ -1000,7 +1222,7 @@ proc produceDestructorForDiscriminator*(g: ModuleGraph; typ: PType; field: PSym,
   a.addMemReset = true
   let discrimantDest = result.typ.n[1].sym
 
-  let dst = newSym(skVar, getIdent(g.cache, "dest"), nextSymId(idgen), result, info)
+  let dst = newSym(skVar, getIdent(g.cache, "dest"), idgen, result, info)
   dst.typ = makePtrType(typ.owner, typ, idgen)
   let dstSym = newSymNode(dst)
   let d = newDeref(dstSym)
@@ -1026,7 +1248,7 @@ proc patchBody(g: ModuleGraph; c: PContext; n: PNode; info: TLineInfo; idgen: Id
       if op != nil:
         if op.ast.isGenericRoutine:
           internalError(g.config, info, "resolved destructor is generic")
-        if op.magic == mDestroy:
+        if op.magic == mDestroy and t.kind != tyString:
           internalError(g.config, info, "patching mDestroy with mDestroy?")
         n[0] = newSymNode(op)
   for x in n: patchBody(g, c, x, info, idgen)
@@ -1036,13 +1258,7 @@ proc inst(g: ModuleGraph; c: PContext; t: PType; kind: TTypeAttachedOp; idgen: I
   let op = getAttachedOp(g, t, kind)
   if op != nil and op.ast != nil and op.ast.isGenericRoutine:
     if t.typeInst != nil:
-      var a: TLiftCtx
-      a.info = info
-      a.g = g
-      a.kind = kind
-      a.c = c
-      a.idgen = idgen
-
+      var a = TLiftCtx(info: info, g: g, kind: kind, c: c, idgen: idgen)
       let opInst = instantiateGeneric(a, op, t, t.typeInst)
       if opInst.ast != nil:
         patchBody(g, c, opInst.ast, info, a.idgen)
@@ -1050,7 +1266,7 @@ proc inst(g: ModuleGraph; c: PContext; t: PType; kind: TTypeAttachedOp; idgen: I
     else:
       localError(g.config, info, "unresolved generic parameter")
 
-proc isTrival(s: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
+proc isTrival*(s: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
   s == nil or (s.ast != nil and s.ast[bodyPos].len == 0)
 
 proc createTypeBoundOps(g: ModuleGraph; c: PContext; orig: PType; info: TLineInfo;
@@ -1064,7 +1280,7 @@ proc createTypeBoundOps(g: ModuleGraph; c: PContext; orig: PType; info: TLineInf
   let skipped = orig.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink})
   if isEmptyContainer(skipped) or skipped.kind == tyStatic: return
 
-  let h = sighashes.hashType(skipped, {CoType, CoConsiderOwned, CoDistinct})
+  let h = sighashes.hashType(skipped, g.config, {CoType, CoConsiderOwned, CoDistinct})
   var canon = g.canonTypes.getOrDefault(h)
   if canon == nil:
     g.canonTypes[h] = skipped
@@ -1077,23 +1293,23 @@ proc createTypeBoundOps(g: ModuleGraph; c: PContext; orig: PType; info: TLineInf
   # 4. We have a custom destructor.
   # 5. We have a (custom) generic destructor.
 
-  # we do not generate '=trace' nor '=dispose' procs if we
+  # we do not generate '=trace' procs if we
   # have the cycle detection disabled, saves code size.
-  let lastAttached = if g.config.selectedGC == gcOrc: attachedDispose
+  let lastAttached = if g.config.selectedGC == gcOrc: attachedTrace
                      else: attachedSink
 
   # bug #15122: We need to produce all prototypes before entering the
   # mind boggling recursion. Hacks like these imply we should rewrite
   # this module.
-  var generics: array[attachedDestructor..attachedDispose, bool]
-  for k in attachedDestructor..lastAttached:
+  var generics: array[attachedWasMoved..attachedTrace, bool] = default(array[attachedWasMoved..attachedTrace, bool])
+  for k in attachedWasMoved..lastAttached:
     generics[k] = getAttachedOp(g, canon, k) != nil
     if not generics[k]:
       setAttachedOp(g, idgen.module, canon, k,
           symPrototype(g, canon, canon.owner, k, info, idgen))
 
   # we generate the destructor first so that other operators can depend on it:
-  for k in attachedDestructor..lastAttached:
+  for k in attachedWasMoved..lastAttached:
     if not generics[k]:
       discard produceSym(g, c, canon, k, info, idgen)
     else:
diff --git a/compiler/liftlocals.nim b/compiler/liftlocals.nim
index 7ca46ab1b..aaa0707e0 100644
--- a/compiler/liftlocals.nim
+++ b/compiler/liftlocals.nim
@@ -10,9 +10,11 @@
 ## This module implements the '.liftLocals' pragma.
 
 import
-  strutils, options, ast, msgs,
+  options, ast, msgs,
   idents, renderer, types, lowerings, lineinfos
 
+import std/strutils
+
 from pragmas import getPragmaVal
 from wordrecg import wLiftLocals
 
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ proc liftLocals(n: PNode; i: int; c: var Ctx) =
       liftLocals(it, i, c)
 
 proc lookupParam(params, dest: PNode): PSym =
+  result = nil
   if dest.kind != nkIdent: return nil
   for i in 1..<params.len:
     if params[i].kind == nkSym and params[i].sym.name.id == dest.ident.id:
diff --git a/compiler/lineinfos.nim b/compiler/lineinfos.nim
index d8f82aea0..94a483299 100644
--- a/compiler/lineinfos.nim
+++ b/compiler/lineinfos.nim
@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-## This module contains the ``TMsgKind`` enum as well as the
-## ``TLineInfo`` object.
+## This module contains the `TMsgKind` enum as well as the
+## `TLineInfo` object.
 
-import ropes, tables, pathutils, hashes
+import ropes, pathutils
+import std/[hashes, tables]
 
 const
   explanationsBaseUrl* = "https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim"
@@ -27,26 +28,40 @@ proc createDocLink*(urlSuffix: string): string =
 
 type
   TMsgKind* = enum
-    errUnknown, errInternal, errIllFormedAstX, errCannotOpenFile,
+    # fatal errors
+    errUnknown, errFatal, errInternal,
+    # non-fatal errors
+    errIllFormedAstX, errCannotOpenFile,
     errXExpected,
-    errGridTableNotImplemented,
-    errMarkdownIllformedTable,
-    errGeneralParseError,
-    errNewSectionExpected,
-    errInvalidDirectiveX,
-    errFootnoteMismatch,
+    errRstMissingClosing,
+    errRstGridTableNotImplemented,
+    errRstMarkdownIllformedTable,
+    errRstIllformedTable,
+    errRstNewSectionExpected,
+    errRstGeneralParseError,
+    errRstInvalidDirectiveX,
+    errRstInvalidField,
+    errRstFootnoteMismatch,
+    errRstSandboxedDirective,
     errProveInit, # deadcode
     errGenerated,
+    errFailedMove,
     errUser,
-
+    # warnings
     warnCannotOpenFile = "CannotOpenFile", warnOctalEscape = "OctalEscape",
     warnXIsNeverRead = "XIsNeverRead", warnXmightNotBeenInit = "XmightNotBeenInit",
     warnDeprecated = "Deprecated", warnConfigDeprecated = "ConfigDeprecated",
+    warnDotLikeOps = "DotLikeOps",
     warnSmallLshouldNotBeUsed = "SmallLshouldNotBeUsed", warnUnknownMagic = "UnknownMagic",
-    warnRedefinitionOfLabel = "RedefinitionOfLabel", warnUnknownSubstitutionX = "UnknownSubstitutionX",
-    warnLanguageXNotSupported = "LanguageXNotSupported",
-    warnFieldXNotSupported = "FieldXNotSupported",
-    warnRstStyle = "warnRstStyle", warnCommentXIgnored = "CommentXIgnored",
+    warnRstRedefinitionOfLabel = "RedefinitionOfLabel",
+    warnRstUnknownSubstitutionX = "UnknownSubstitutionX",
+    warnRstAmbiguousLink = "AmbiguousLink",
+    warnRstBrokenLink = "BrokenLink",
+    warnRstLanguageXNotSupported = "LanguageXNotSupported",
+    warnRstFieldXNotSupported = "FieldXNotSupported",
+    warnRstUnusedImportdoc = "UnusedImportdoc",
+    warnRstStyle = "warnRstStyle",
+    warnCommentXIgnored = "CommentXIgnored",
     warnTypelessParam = "TypelessParam",
     warnUseBase = "UseBase", warnWriteToForeignHeap = "WriteToForeignHeap",
     warnUnsafeCode = "UnsafeCode", warnUnusedImportX = "UnusedImport",
@@ -56,19 +71,38 @@ type
     warnUnreachableElse = "UnreachableElse", warnUnreachableCode = "UnreachableCode",
     warnStaticIndexCheck = "IndexCheck", warnGcUnsafe = "GcUnsafe", warnGcUnsafe2 = "GcUnsafe2",
     warnUninit = "Uninit", warnGcMem = "GcMem", warnDestructor = "Destructor",
-    warnLockLevel = "LockLevel", warnResultShadowed = "ResultShadowed",
+    warnLockLevel = "LockLevel", # deadcode
+    warnResultShadowed = "ResultShadowed",
     warnInconsistentSpacing = "Spacing",  warnCaseTransition = "CaseTransition",
     warnCycleCreated = "CycleCreated", warnObservableStores = "ObservableStores",
     warnStrictNotNil = "StrictNotNil",
+    warnResultUsed = "ResultUsed",
     warnCannotOpen = "CannotOpen",
     warnFileChanged = "FileChanged",
+    warnSuspiciousEnumConv = "EnumConv",
+    warnAnyEnumConv = "AnyEnumConv",
+    warnHoleEnumConv = "HoleEnumConv",
+    warnCstringConv = "CStringConv",
+    warnPtrToCstringConv = "PtrToCstringConv",
+    warnEffect = "Effect",
+    warnCastSizes = "CastSizes", # deadcode
+    warnAboveMaxSizeSet = "AboveMaxSizeSet",
+    warnImplicitTemplateRedefinition = "ImplicitTemplateRedefinition",
+    warnUnnamedBreak = "UnnamedBreak",
+    warnStmtListLambda = "StmtListLambda",
+    warnBareExcept = "BareExcept",
+    warnImplicitDefaultValue = "ImplicitDefaultValue",
+    warnIgnoredSymbolInjection = "IgnoredSymbolInjection",
+    warnStdPrefix = "StdPrefix"
     warnUser = "User",
-
-    hintSuccess = "Success", hintSuccessX = "SuccessX", hintCC = "CC",
-    hintLineTooLong = "LineTooLong", hintXDeclaredButNotUsed = "XDeclaredButNotUsed",
+    warnGlobalVarConstructorTemporary = "GlobalVarConstructorTemporary",
+    # hints
+    hintSuccess = "Success", hintSuccessX = "SuccessX",
+    hintCC = "CC",
+    hintXDeclaredButNotUsed = "XDeclaredButNotUsed", hintDuplicateModuleImport = "DuplicateModuleImport",
     hintXCannotRaiseY = "XCannotRaiseY", hintConvToBaseNotNeeded = "ConvToBaseNotNeeded",
     hintConvFromXtoItselfNotNeeded = "ConvFromXtoItselfNotNeeded", hintExprAlwaysX = "ExprAlwaysX",
-    hintQuitCalled = "QuitCalled", hintProcessing = "Processing", hintCodeBegin = "CodeBegin",
+    hintQuitCalled = "QuitCalled", hintProcessing = "Processing", hintProcessingStmt = "ProcessingStmt", hintCodeBegin = "CodeBegin",
     hintCodeEnd = "CodeEnd", hintConf = "Conf", hintPath = "Path",
     hintConditionAlwaysTrue = "CondTrue", hintConditionAlwaysFalse = "CondFalse", hintName = "Name",
     hintPattern = "Pattern", hintExecuting = "Exec", hintLinking = "Link", hintDependency = "Dependency",
@@ -77,22 +111,29 @@ type
     hintUser = "User", hintUserRaw = "UserRaw", hintExtendedContext = "ExtendedContext",
     hintMsgOrigin = "MsgOrigin", # since 1.3.5
     hintDeclaredLoc = "DeclaredLoc", # since 1.5.1
+    hintUnknownHint = "UnknownHint"
 
 const
   MsgKindToStr*: array[TMsgKind, string] = [
     errUnknown: "unknown error",
+    errFatal: "fatal error: $1",
     errInternal: "internal error: $1",
     errIllFormedAstX: "illformed AST: $1",
     errCannotOpenFile: "cannot open '$1'",
     errXExpected: "'$1' expected",
-    errGridTableNotImplemented: "grid table is not implemented",
-    errMarkdownIllformedTable: "illformed delimiter row of a markdown table",
-    errGeneralParseError: "general parse error",
-    errNewSectionExpected: "new section expected $1",
-    errInvalidDirectiveX: "invalid directive: '$1'",
-    errFootnoteMismatch: "number of footnotes and their references don't match: $1",
+    errRstMissingClosing: "$1",
+    errRstGridTableNotImplemented: "grid table is not implemented",
+    errRstMarkdownIllformedTable: "illformed delimiter row of a markdown table",
+    errRstIllformedTable: "Illformed table: $1",
+    errRstNewSectionExpected: "new section expected $1",
+    errRstGeneralParseError: "general parse error",
+    errRstInvalidDirectiveX: "invalid directive: '$1'",
+    errRstInvalidField: "invalid field: $1",
+    errRstFootnoteMismatch: "number of footnotes and their references don't match: $1",
+    errRstSandboxedDirective: "disabled directive: '$1'",
     errProveInit: "Cannot prove that '$1' is initialized.",  # deadcode
     errGenerated: "$1",
+    errFailedMove: "$1",
     errUser: "$1",
     warnCannotOpenFile: "cannot open '$1'",
     warnOctalEscape: "octal escape sequences do not exist; leading zero is ignored",
@@ -100,15 +141,19 @@ const
     warnXmightNotBeenInit: "'$1' might not have been initialized",
     warnDeprecated: "$1",
     warnConfigDeprecated: "config file '$1' is deprecated",
+    warnDotLikeOps: "$1",
     warnSmallLshouldNotBeUsed: "'l' should not be used as an identifier; may look like '1' (one)",
     warnUnknownMagic: "unknown magic '$1' might crash the compiler",
-    warnRedefinitionOfLabel: "redefinition of label '$1'",
-    warnUnknownSubstitutionX: "unknown substitution '$1'",
-    warnLanguageXNotSupported: "language '$1' not supported",
-    warnFieldXNotSupported: "field '$1' not supported",
+    warnRstRedefinitionOfLabel: "redefinition of label '$1'",
+    warnRstUnknownSubstitutionX: "unknown substitution '$1'",
+    warnRstAmbiguousLink: "ambiguous doc link $1",
+    warnRstBrokenLink: "broken link '$1'",
+    warnRstLanguageXNotSupported: "language '$1' not supported",
+    warnRstFieldXNotSupported: "field '$1' not supported",
+    warnRstUnusedImportdoc: "importdoc for '$1' is not used",
     warnRstStyle: "RST style: $1",
     warnCommentXIgnored: "comment '$1' ignored",
-    warnTypelessParam: "'$1' has no type. Typeless parameters are deprecated; only allowed for 'template'",
+    warnTypelessParam: "", # deadcode
     warnUseBase: "use {.base.} for base methods; baseless methods are deprecated",
     warnWriteToForeignHeap: "write to foreign heap",
     warnUnsafeCode: "unsafe code: '$1'",
@@ -130,28 +175,46 @@ const
     warnUninit: "use explicit initialization of '$1' for clarity",
     warnGcMem: "'$1' uses GC'ed memory",
     warnDestructor: "usage of a type with a destructor in a non destructible context. This will become a compile time error in the future.",
-    warnLockLevel: "$1",
+    warnLockLevel: "$1", # deadcode
     warnResultShadowed: "Special variable 'result' is shadowed.",
     warnInconsistentSpacing: "Number of spaces around '$#' is not consistent",
     warnCaseTransition: "Potential object case transition, instantiate new object instead",
     warnCycleCreated: "$1",
     warnObservableStores: "observable stores to '$1'",
     warnStrictNotNil: "$1",
+    warnResultUsed: "used 'result' variable",
     warnCannotOpen: "cannot open: $1",
     warnFileChanged: "file changed: $1",
+    warnSuspiciousEnumConv: "$1",
+    warnAnyEnumConv: "$1",
+    warnHoleEnumConv: "$1",
+    warnCstringConv: "$1",
+    warnPtrToCstringConv: "unsafe conversion to 'cstring' from '$1'; Use a `cast` operation like `cast[cstring](x)`; this will become a compile time error in the future",
+    warnEffect: "$1",
+    warnCastSizes: "$1", # deadcode
+    warnAboveMaxSizeSet: "$1",
+    warnImplicitTemplateRedefinition: "template '$1' is implicitly redefined; this is deprecated, add an explicit .redefine pragma",
+    warnUnnamedBreak: "Using an unnamed break in a block is deprecated; Use a named block with a named break instead",
+    warnStmtListLambda: "statement list expression assumed to be anonymous proc; this is deprecated, use `do (): ...` or `proc () = ...` instead",
+    warnBareExcept: "$1",
+    warnImplicitDefaultValue: "$1",
+    warnIgnoredSymbolInjection: "$1",
+    warnStdPrefix: "$1 needs the 'std' prefix",
     warnUser: "$1",
+    warnGlobalVarConstructorTemporary: "global variable '$1' initialization requires a temporary variable",
     hintSuccess: "operation successful: $#",
     # keep in sync with `testament.isSuccess`
-    hintSuccessX: "${loc} lines; ${sec}s; $mem; $build build; proj: $project; out: $output",
+    hintSuccessX: "$build\n$loc lines; ${sec}s; $mem; proj: $project; out: $output",
     hintCC: "CC: $1",
-    hintLineTooLong: "line too long",
     hintXDeclaredButNotUsed: "'$1' is declared but not used",
+    hintDuplicateModuleImport: "$1",
     hintXCannotRaiseY: "$1",
     hintConvToBaseNotNeeded: "conversion to base object is not needed",
     hintConvFromXtoItselfNotNeeded: "conversion from $1 to itself is pointless",
     hintExprAlwaysX: "expression evaluates always to '$1'",
     hintQuitCalled: "quit() called",
     hintProcessing: "$1",
+    hintProcessingStmt: "$1",
     hintCodeBegin: "generated code listing:",
     hintCodeEnd: "end of listing",
     hintConf: "used config file '$1'",
@@ -174,28 +237,30 @@ const
     hintExtendedContext: "$1",
     hintMsgOrigin: "$1",
     hintDeclaredLoc: "$1",
+    hintUnknownHint: "unknown hint: $1"
   ]
 
 const
-  fatalMin* = errUnknown
-  fatalMax* = errInternal
+  fatalMsgs* = {errUnknown..errInternal}
   errMin* = errUnknown
   errMax* = errUser
   warnMin* = warnCannotOpenFile
   warnMax* = pred(hintSuccess)
   hintMin* = hintSuccess
   hintMax* = high(TMsgKind)
+  rstWarnings* = {warnRstRedefinitionOfLabel..warnRstStyle}
 
 type
   TNoteKind* = range[warnMin..hintMax] # "notes" are warnings or hints
   TNoteKinds* = set[TNoteKind]
 
 proc computeNotesVerbosity(): array[0..3, TNoteKinds] =
-  result[3] = {low(TNoteKind)..high(TNoteKind)} - {warnObservableStores}
-  result[2] = result[3] - {hintStackTrace, warnUninit, hintExtendedContext, hintDeclaredLoc}
+  result = default(array[0..3, TNoteKinds])
+  result[3] = {low(TNoteKind)..high(TNoteKind)} - {warnObservableStores, warnResultUsed, warnAnyEnumConv, warnBareExcept, warnStdPrefix}
+  result[2] = result[3] - {hintStackTrace, hintExtendedContext, hintDeclaredLoc, hintProcessingStmt}
   result[1] = result[2] - {warnProveField, warnProveIndex,
     warnGcUnsafe, hintPath, hintDependency, hintCodeBegin, hintCodeEnd,
-    hintSource, hintGlobalVar, hintGCStats, hintMsgOrigin}
+    hintSource, hintGlobalVar, hintGCStats, hintMsgOrigin, hintPerformance}
   result[0] = result[1] - {hintSuccessX, hintSuccess, hintConf,
     hintProcessing, hintPattern, hintExecuting, hintLinking, hintCC}
 
@@ -203,6 +268,7 @@ const
   NotesVerbosity* = computeNotesVerbosity()
   errXMustBeCompileTime* = "'$1' can only be used in compile-time context"
   errArgsNeedRunOption* = "arguments can only be given if the '--run' option is selected"
+  errFloatToString* = "cannot convert '$1' to '$2'"
 
 type
   TFileInfo* = object
@@ -222,7 +288,7 @@ type
                                # and parsed; usually "" but is used
                                # for 'nimsuggest'
     hash*: string              # the checksum of the file
-    dirty*: bool               # for 'nimfix' / 'nimpretty' like tooling
+    dirty*: bool               # for 'nimpretty' like tooling
     when defined(nimpretty):
       fullContent*: string
   FileIndex* = distinct int32
@@ -253,7 +319,7 @@ proc `==`*(a, b: FileIndex): bool {.borrow.}
 proc hash*(i: TLineInfo): Hash =
   hash (i.line.int, i.col.int, i.fileIndex.int)
 
-proc raiseRecoverableError*(msg: string) {.noinline.} =
+proc raiseRecoverableError*(msg: string) {.noinline, noreturn.} =
   raise newException(ERecoverableError, msg)
 
 const
@@ -284,9 +350,8 @@ type
 
 
 proc initMsgConfig*(): MsgConfig =
-  result.msgContext = @[]
-  result.lastError = unknownLineInfo
-  result.filenameToIndexTbl = initTable[string, FileIndex]()
-  result.fileInfos = @[]
-  result.errorOutputs = {eStdOut, eStdErr}
+  result = MsgConfig(msgContext: @[], lastError: unknownLineInfo,
+                     filenameToIndexTbl: initTable[string, FileIndex](),
+                     fileInfos: @[], errorOutputs: {eStdOut, eStdErr}
+  )
   result.filenameToIndexTbl["???"] = FileIndex(-1)
diff --git a/compiler/linter.nim b/compiler/linter.nim
index 1ae1fb097..a80c377e9 100644
--- a/compiler/linter.nim
+++ b/compiler/linter.nim
@@ -9,18 +9,22 @@
 
 ## This module implements the style checker.
 
-import strutils
+import std/strutils
+from std/sugar import dup
 
-import options, ast, msgs, idents, lineinfos, wordrecg
+import options, ast, msgs, idents, lineinfos, wordrecg, astmsgs, semdata, packages
+export packages
 
 const
   Letters* = {'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', '0'..'9', '\x80'..'\xFF', '_'}
 
 proc identLen*(line: string, start: int): int =
+  result = 0
   while start+result < line.len and line[start+result] in Letters:
     inc result
 
 proc `=~`(s: string, a: openArray[string]): bool =
+  result = false
   for x in a:
     if s.startsWith(x): return true
 
@@ -40,7 +44,7 @@ proc beautifyName(s: string, k: TSymKind): string =
              "pointer", "float", "csize", "csize_t", "cdouble", "cchar", "cschar",
              "cshort", "cu", "nil", "typedesc", "auto", "any",
              "range", "openarray", "varargs", "set", "cfloat", "ref", "ptr",
-             "untyped", "typed", "static", "sink", "lent", "type", "owned"]:
+             "untyped", "typed", "static", "sink", "lent", "type", "owned", "iterable"]:
       result.add s[i]
     else:
       result.add toUpperAscii(s[i])
@@ -84,24 +88,33 @@ proc differ*(line: string, a, b: int, x: string): string =
       result = y
 
 proc nep1CheckDefImpl(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym; k: TSymKind) =
-  # operators stay as they are:
-  if k in {skResult, skTemp} or s.name.s[0] notin Letters: return
-  if k in {skType, skGenericParam} and sfAnon in s.flags: return
-  if s.typ != nil and s.typ.kind == tyTypeDesc: return
-  if {sfImportc, sfExportc} * s.flags != {}: return
-  if optStyleCheck notin s.options: return
   let beau = beautifyName(s.name.s, k)
   if s.name.s != beau:
     lintReport(conf, info, beau, s.name.s)
 
-template styleCheckDef*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym; k: TSymKind) =
-  if {optStyleHint, optStyleError} * conf.globalOptions != {}:
-    nep1CheckDefImpl(conf, info, s, k)
-
-template styleCheckDef*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) =
-  styleCheckDef(conf, info, s, s.kind)
-template styleCheckDef*(conf: ConfigRef; s: PSym) =
-  styleCheckDef(conf, s.info, s, s.kind)
+template styleCheckDef*(ctx: PContext; info: TLineInfo; sym: PSym; k: TSymKind) =
+  ## Check symbol definitions adhere to NEP1 style rules.
+  if optStyleCheck in ctx.config.options and # ignore if styleChecks are off
+     {optStyleHint, optStyleError} * ctx.config.globalOptions != {} and # check only if hint/error is enabled
+     hintName in ctx.config.notes and # ignore if name checks are not requested
+     ctx.config.belongsToProjectPackage(sym) and # ignore foreign packages
+     optStyleUsages notin ctx.config.globalOptions and # ignore if requested to only check name usage
+     sym.kind != skResult and # ignore `result`
+     sym.kind != skTemp and # ignore temporary variables created by the compiler
+     sym.name.s[0] in Letters and # ignore operators TODO: what about unicode symbols???
+     k notin {skType, skGenericParam} and # ignore types and generic params
+     (sym.typ == nil or sym.typ.kind != tyTypeDesc) and # ignore `typedesc`
+     {sfImportc, sfExportc} * sym.flags == {} and # ignore FFI
+     sfAnon notin sym.flags: # ignore if created by compiler
+    nep1CheckDefImpl(ctx.config, info, sym, k)
+
+template styleCheckDef*(ctx: PContext; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) =
+  ## Check symbol definitions adhere to NEP1 style rules.
+  styleCheckDef(ctx, info, s, s.kind)
+
+template styleCheckDef*(ctx: PContext; s: PSym) =
+  ## Check symbol definitions adhere to NEP1 style rules.
+  styleCheckDef(ctx, s.info, s, s.kind)
 
 proc differs(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo; newName: string): string =
   let line = sourceLine(conf, info)
@@ -115,21 +128,31 @@ proc differs(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo; newName: string): string =
   let last = first+identLen(line, first)-1
   result = differ(line, first, last, newName)
 
-proc styleCheckUse*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) =
-  if info.fileIndex.int < 0: return
-  # we simply convert it to what it looks like in the definition
-  # for consistency
-
-  # operators stay as they are:
-  if s.kind == skTemp or s.name.s[0] notin Letters or sfAnon in s.flags:
-    return
-
+proc styleCheckUseImpl(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) =
   let newName = s.name.s
-  let oldName = differs(conf, info, newName)
-  if oldName.len > 0:
-    lintReport(conf, info, newName, oldName)
-
-proc checkPragmaUse*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo; w: TSpecialWord; pragmaName: string) =
+  let badName = differs(conf, info, newName)
+  if badName.len > 0:
+    lintReport(conf, info, newName, badName, "".dup(addDeclaredLoc(conf, s)))
+
+template styleCheckUse*(ctx: PContext; info: TLineInfo; sym: PSym) =
+  ## Check symbol uses match their definition's style.
+  if {optStyleHint, optStyleError} * ctx.config.globalOptions != {} and # ignore if styleChecks are off
+     hintName in ctx.config.notes and # ignore if name checks are not requested
+     ctx.config.belongsToProjectPackage(sym) and # ignore foreign packages
+     sym.kind != skTemp and # ignore temporary variables created by the compiler
+     sym.name.s[0] in Letters and # ignore operators TODO: what about unicode symbols???
+     sfAnon notin sym.flags: # ignore temporary variables created by the compiler
+    styleCheckUseImpl(ctx.config, info, sym)
+
+proc checkPragmaUseImpl(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo; w: TSpecialWord; pragmaName: string) =
   let wanted = $w
   if pragmaName != wanted:
     lintReport(conf, info, wanted, pragmaName)
+
+template checkPragmaUse*(ctx: PContext; info: TLineInfo; w: TSpecialWord; pragmaName: string, sym: PSym) =
+  ## Check builtin pragma uses match their definition's style.
+  ## Note: This only applies to builtin pragmas, not user pragmas.
+  if {optStyleHint, optStyleError} * ctx.config.globalOptions != {} and # ignore if styleChecks are off
+     hintName in ctx.config.notes and # ignore if name checks are not requested
+     (sym != nil and ctx.config.belongsToProjectPackage(sym)): # ignore foreign packages
+    checkPragmaUseImpl(ctx.config, info, w, pragmaName)
diff --git a/compiler/llstream.nim b/compiler/llstream.nim
index 865a98ee0..cc8148483 100644
--- a/compiler/llstream.nim
+++ b/compiler/llstream.nim
@@ -12,11 +12,14 @@
 import
   pathutils
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
+
 # support `useGnuReadline`, `useLinenoise` for backwards compatibility
 const hasRstdin = (defined(nimUseLinenoise) or defined(useLinenoise) or defined(useGnuReadline)) and
   not defined(windows)
 
-when hasRstdin: import rdstdin
+when hasRstdin: import std/rdstdin
 
 type
   TLLRepl* = proc (s: PLLStream, buf: pointer, bufLen: int): int
@@ -37,33 +40,22 @@ type
 
   PLLStream* = ref TLLStream
 
-proc llStreamOpen*(data: string): PLLStream =
-  new(result)
-  result.s = data
-  result.kind = llsString
+proc llStreamOpen*(data: sink string): PLLStream =
+  PLLStream(kind: llsString, s: data)
 
 proc llStreamOpen*(f: File): PLLStream =
-  new(result)
-  result.f = f
-  result.kind = llsFile
+  PLLStream(kind: llsFile, f: f)
 
 proc llStreamOpen*(filename: AbsoluteFile, mode: FileMode): PLLStream =
-  new(result)
-  result.kind = llsFile
+  result = PLLStream(kind: llsFile)
   if not open(result.f, filename.string, mode): result = nil
 
 proc llStreamOpen*(): PLLStream =
-  new(result)
-  result.kind = llsNone
+  PLLStream(kind: llsNone)
 
 proc llReadFromStdin(s: PLLStream, buf: pointer, bufLen: int): int
 proc llStreamOpenStdIn*(r: TLLRepl = llReadFromStdin, onPrompt: OnPrompt = nil): PLLStream =
-  new(result)
-  result.kind = llsStdIn
-  result.s = ""
-  result.lineOffset = -1
-  result.repl = r
-  result.onPrompt = onPrompt
+  PLLStream(kind: llsStdIn, s: "", lineOffset: -1, repl: r, onPrompt: onPrompt)
 
 proc llStreamClose*(s: PLLStream) =
   case s.kind
@@ -76,6 +68,7 @@ when not declared(readLineFromStdin):
   # fallback implementation:
   proc readLineFromStdin(prompt: string, line: var string): bool =
     stdout.write(prompt)
+    stdout.flushFile()
     result = readLine(stdin, line)
     if not result:
       stdout.write("\n")
@@ -86,6 +79,8 @@ proc endsWith*(x: string, s: set[char]): bool =
   while i >= 0 and x[i] == ' ': dec(i)
   if i >= 0 and x[i] in s:
     result = true
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 const
   LineContinuationOprs = {'+', '-', '*', '/', '\\', '<', '>', '!', '?', '^',
@@ -101,6 +96,7 @@ proc continueLine(line: string, inTripleString: bool): bool {.inline.} =
         line.endsWith(LineContinuationOprs+AdditionalLineContinuationOprs))
 
 proc countTriples(s: string): int =
+  result = 0
   var i = 0
   while i+2 < s.len:
     if s[i] == '"' and s[i+1] == '"' and s[i+2] == '"':
diff --git a/compiler/lookups.nim b/compiler/lookups.nim
index 15a22c778..d8fcf73e0 100644
--- a/compiler/lookups.nim
+++ b/compiler/lookups.nim
@@ -8,11 +8,16 @@
 #
 
 # This module implements lookup helpers.
+import std/[algorithm, strutils, tables]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 import
-  intsets, ast, astalgo, idents, semdata, types, msgs, options,
-  renderer, nimfix/prettybase, lineinfos, strutils,
-  modulegraphs
+  ast, astalgo, idents, semdata, types, msgs, options,
+  renderer, lineinfos, modulegraphs, astmsgs, wordrecg
+
+import std/[intsets, sets]
 
 proc ensureNoMissingOrUnusedSymbols(c: PContext; scope: PScope)
 
@@ -45,6 +50,11 @@ proc considerQuotedIdent*(c: PContext; n: PNode, origin: PNode = nil): PIdent =
         case x.kind
         of nkIdent: id.add(x.ident.s)
         of nkSym: id.add(x.sym.name.s)
+        of nkSymChoices, nkOpenSym:
+          if x[0].kind == nkSym:
+            id.add(x[0].sym.name.s)
+          else:
+            handleError(n, origin)
         of nkLiterals - nkFloatLiterals: id.add(x.renderTree)
         else: handleError(n, origin)
       result = getIdent(c.cache, id)
@@ -53,6 +63,8 @@ proc considerQuotedIdent*(c: PContext; n: PNode, origin: PNode = nil): PIdent =
       result = n[0].sym.name
     else:
       handleError(n, origin)
+  of nkOpenSym:
+    result = considerQuotedIdent(c, n[0], origin)
   else:
     handleError(n, origin)
 
@@ -64,7 +76,7 @@ proc addUniqueSym*(scope: PScope, s: PSym): PSym =
 
 proc openScope*(c: PContext): PScope {.discardable.} =
   result = PScope(parent: c.currentScope,
-                  symbols: newStrTable(),
+                  symbols: initStrTable(),
                   depthLevel: c.scopeDepth + 1)
   c.currentScope = result
 
@@ -75,7 +87,7 @@ proc closeScope*(c: PContext) =
   ensureNoMissingOrUnusedSymbols(c, c.currentScope)
   rawCloseScope(c)
 
-iterator allScopes(scope: PScope): PScope =
+iterator allScopes*(scope: PScope): PScope =
   var current = scope
   while current != nil:
     yield current
@@ -86,17 +98,6 @@ iterator localScopesFrom*(c: PContext; scope: PScope): PScope =
     if s == c.topLevelScope: break
     yield s
 
-proc skipAlias*(s: PSym; n: PNode; conf: ConfigRef): PSym =
-  if s == nil or s.kind != skAlias:
-    result = s
-  else:
-    result = s.owner
-    if conf.cmd == cmdNimfix:
-      prettybase.replaceDeprecated(conf, n.info, s, result)
-    else:
-      message(conf, n.info, warnDeprecated, "use " & result.name.s & " instead; " &
-              s.name.s & " is deprecated")
-
 proc isShadowScope*(s: PScope): bool {.inline.} =
   s.parent != nil and s.parent.depthLevel == s.depthLevel
 
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ proc nextIdentIter(ti: var ModuleIter; marked: var IntSet; im: ImportedModule;
         return result
 
 iterator symbols(im: ImportedModule; marked: var IntSet; name: PIdent; g: ModuleGraph): PSym =
-  var ti: ModuleIter
+  var ti: ModuleIter = default(ModuleIter)
   var candidate = initIdentIter(ti, marked, im, name, g)
   while candidate != nil:
     yield candidate
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ iterator importedItems*(c: PContext; name: PIdent): PSym =
       yield s
 
 proc allPureEnumFields(c: PContext; name: PIdent): seq[PSym] =
-  var ti: TIdentIter
+  var ti: TIdentIter = default(TIdentIter)
   result = @[]
   var res = initIdentIter(ti, c.pureEnumFields, name)
   while res != nil:
@@ -162,6 +163,7 @@ iterator allSyms*(c: PContext): (PSym, int, bool) =
   # really iterate over all symbols in all the scopes. This is expensive
   # and only used by suggest.nim.
   var isLocal = true
+
   var scopeN = 0
   for scope in allScopes(c.currentScope):
     if scope == c.topLevelScope: isLocal = false
@@ -176,16 +178,29 @@ iterator allSyms*(c: PContext): (PSym, int, bool) =
       assert s != nil
       yield (s, scopeN, isLocal)
 
+iterator uniqueSyms*(c: PContext): (PSym, int, bool) =
+  ## Like [allSyms] except only returns unique symbols (Uniqueness determined by line + name)
+  # Track seen symbols so we don't duplicate them.
+  # The int is for the symbols name, and line info is
+  # to be able to tell apart symbols with same name but on different lines
+  var seen = initHashSet[(TLineInfo, int)]()
+  for res in allSyms(c):
+    if not seen.containsOrIncl((res[0].info, res[0].name.id)):
+      yield res
+
+
 proc someSymFromImportTable*(c: PContext; name: PIdent; ambiguous: var bool): PSym =
   var marked = initIntSet()
+  var symSet = OverloadableSyms
   result = nil
-  for im in c.imports.mitems:
-    for s in symbols(im, marked, name, c.graph):
-      if result == nil:
-        result = s
-      else:
-        if s.kind notin OverloadableSyms or result.kind notin OverloadableSyms:
+  block outer:
+    for im in c.imports.mitems:
+      for s in symbols(im, marked, name, c.graph):
+        if result == nil:
+          result = s
+        elif s.kind notin symSet or result.kind notin symSet:
           ambiguous = true
+          break outer
 
 proc searchInScopes*(c: PContext, s: PIdent; ambiguous: var bool): PSym =
   for scope in allScopes(c.currentScope):
@@ -206,15 +221,14 @@ proc debugScopes*(c: PContext; limit=0, max = int.high) {.deprecated.} =
     if i == limit: return
     inc i
 
-proc searchInScopesFilterBy*(c: PContext, s: PIdent, filter: TSymKinds): seq[PSym] =
+proc searchInScopesAllCandidatesFilterBy*(c: PContext, s: PIdent, filter: TSymKinds): seq[PSym] =
   result = @[]
   for scope in allScopes(c.currentScope):
-    var ti: TIdentIter
+    var ti: TIdentIter = default(TIdentIter)
     var candidate = initIdentIter(ti, scope.symbols, s)
     while candidate != nil:
       if candidate.kind in filter:
-        if result.len == 0:
-          result.add candidate
+        result.add candidate
       candidate = nextIdentIter(ti, scope.symbols)
 
   if result.len == 0:
@@ -224,8 +238,83 @@ proc searchInScopesFilterBy*(c: PContext, s: PIdent, filter: TSymKinds): seq[PSy
         if s.kind in filter:
           result.add s
 
-proc errorSym*(c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym =
+proc searchInScopesFilterBy*(c: PContext, s: PIdent, filter: TSymKinds): seq[PSym] =
+  result = @[]
+  block outer:
+    for scope in allScopes(c.currentScope):
+      var ti: TIdentIter = default(TIdentIter)
+      var candidate = initIdentIter(ti, scope.symbols, s)
+      while candidate != nil:
+        if candidate.kind in filter:
+          result.add candidate
+          # Break here, because further symbols encountered would be shadowed
+          break outer
+        candidate = nextIdentIter(ti, scope.symbols)
+
+  if result.len == 0:
+    var marked = initIntSet()
+    for im in c.imports.mitems:
+      for s in symbols(im, marked, s, c.graph):
+        if s.kind in filter:
+          result.add s
+
+proc cmpScopes*(ctx: PContext, s: PSym): int =
+  # Do not return a negative number
+  if s.originatingModule == ctx.module:
+    result = 2
+    var owner = s
+    while true:
+      owner = owner.skipGenericOwner
+      if owner.kind == skModule: break
+      inc result
+  else:
+    result = 1
+
+proc isAmbiguous*(c: PContext, s: PIdent, filter: TSymKinds, sym: var PSym): bool =
+  result = false
+  block outer:
+    for scope in allScopes(c.currentScope):
+      var ti: TIdentIter = default(TIdentIter)
+      var candidate = initIdentIter(ti, scope.symbols, s)
+      var scopeHasCandidate = false
+      while candidate != nil:
+        if candidate.kind in filter:
+          if scopeHasCandidate:
+            # 2 candidates in same scope, ambiguous
+            return true
+          else:
+            scopeHasCandidate = true
+            sym = candidate
+        candidate = nextIdentIter(ti, scope.symbols)
+      if scopeHasCandidate:
+        # scope had a candidate but wasn't ambiguous
+        return false
+
+  var importsHaveCandidate = false
+  var marked = initIntSet()
+  for im in c.imports.mitems:
+    for s in symbols(im, marked, s, c.graph):
+      if s.kind in filter:
+        if importsHaveCandidate:
+          # 2 candidates among imports, ambiguous
+          return true
+        else:
+          importsHaveCandidate = true
+          sym = s
+  if importsHaveCandidate:
+    # imports had a candidate but wasn't ambiguous
+    return false
+
+proc errorSym*(c: PContext, ident: PIdent, info: TLineInfo): PSym =
   ## creates an error symbol to avoid cascading errors (for IDE support)
+  result = newSym(skError, ident, c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), info, {})
+  result.typ = errorType(c)
+  incl(result.flags, sfDiscardable)
+  # pretend it's from the top level scope to prevent cascading errors:
+  if c.config.cmd != cmdInteractive and c.compilesContextId == 0:
+    c.moduleScope.addSym(result)
+
+proc errorSym*(c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym =
   var m = n
   # ensure that 'considerQuotedIdent' can't fail:
   if m.kind == nkDotExpr: m = m[1]
@@ -233,12 +322,7 @@ proc errorSym*(c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym =
       considerQuotedIdent(c, m)
     else:
       getIdent(c.cache, "err:" & renderTree(m))
-  result = newSym(skError, ident, nextSymId(c.idgen), getCurrOwner(c), n.info, {})
-  result.typ = errorType(c)
-  incl(result.flags, sfDiscardable)
-  # pretend it's from the top level scope to prevent cascading errors:
-  if c.config.cmd != cmdInteractive and c.compilesContextId == 0:
-    c.moduleScope.addSym(result)
+  result = errorSym(c, ident, n.info)
 
 type
   TOverloadIterMode* = enum
@@ -265,9 +349,10 @@ proc getSymRepr*(conf: ConfigRef; s: PSym, getDeclarationPath = true): string =
 
 proc ensureNoMissingOrUnusedSymbols(c: PContext; scope: PScope) =
   # check if all symbols have been used and defined:
-  var it: TTabIter
+  var it: TTabIter = default(TTabIter)
   var s = initTabIter(it, scope.symbols)
   var missingImpls = 0
+  var unusedSyms: seq[tuple[sym: PSym, key: string]] = @[]
   while s != nil:
     if sfForward in s.flags and s.kind notin {skType, skModule}:
       # too many 'implementation of X' errors are annoying
@@ -282,74 +367,113 @@ proc ensureNoMissingOrUnusedSymbols(c: PContext; scope: PScope) =
         # maybe they can be made skGenericParam as well.
         if s.typ != nil and tfImplicitTypeParam notin s.typ.flags and
            s.typ.kind != tyGenericParam:
-          message(c.config, s.info, hintXDeclaredButNotUsed, s.name.s)
+          unusedSyms.add (s, toFileLineCol(c.config, s.info))
     s = nextIter(it, scope.symbols)
+  for (s, _) in sortedByIt(unusedSyms, it.key):
+    message(c.config, s.info, hintXDeclaredButNotUsed, s.name.s)
 
 proc wrongRedefinition*(c: PContext; info: TLineInfo, s: string;
-                        conflictsWith: TLineInfo) =
+                        conflictsWith: TLineInfo, note = errGenerated) =
   ## Emit a redefinition error if in non-interactive mode
   if c.config.cmd != cmdInteractive:
-    localError(c.config, info,
+    localError(c.config, info, note,
       "redefinition of '$1'; previous declaration here: $2" %
       [s, c.config $ conflictsWith])
 
-proc addDecl*(c: PContext, sym: PSym, info: TLineInfo) =
-  let conflict = c.currentScope.addUniqueSym(sym)
+# xxx pending bootstrap >= 1.4, replace all those overloads with a single one:
+# proc addDecl*(c: PContext, sym: PSym, info = sym.info, scope = c.currentScope) {.inline.} =
+proc addDeclAt*(c: PContext; scope: PScope, sym: PSym, info: TLineInfo) =
+  if sym.name.id == ord(wUnderscore): return
+  let conflict = scope.addUniqueSym(sym)
   if conflict != nil:
-    wrongRedefinition(c, info, sym.name.s, conflict.info)
+    if sym.kind == skModule and conflict.kind == skModule:
+      # e.g.: import foo; import foo
+      # xxx we could refine this by issuing a different hint for the case
+      # where a duplicate import happens inside an include.
+      if c.importModuleMap[sym.id] == c.importModuleMap[conflict.id]:
+        #only hints if the conflict is the actual module not just a shared name
+        localError(c.config, info, hintDuplicateModuleImport,
+          "duplicate import of '$1'; previous import here: $2" %
+          [sym.name.s, c.config $ conflict.info])
+    else:
+      wrongRedefinition(c, info, sym.name.s, conflict.info, errGenerated)
 
-proc addDecl*(c: PContext, sym: PSym) =
-  let conflict = strTableInclReportConflict(c.currentScope.symbols, sym, true)
-  if conflict != nil:
-    wrongRedefinition(c, sym.info, sym.name.s, conflict.info)
+proc addDeclAt*(c: PContext; scope: PScope, sym: PSym) {.inline.} =
+  addDeclAt(c, scope, sym, sym.info)
+
+proc addDecl*(c: PContext, sym: PSym, info: TLineInfo) {.inline.} =
+  addDeclAt(c, c.currentScope, sym, info)
+
+proc addDecl*(c: PContext, sym: PSym) {.inline.} =
+  addDeclAt(c, c.currentScope, sym)
 
 proc addPrelimDecl*(c: PContext, sym: PSym) =
   discard c.currentScope.addUniqueSym(sym)
 
-proc addDeclAt*(c: PContext; scope: PScope, sym: PSym) =
-  let conflict = scope.addUniqueSym(sym)
-  if conflict != nil:
-    wrongRedefinition(c, sym.info, sym.name.s, conflict.info)
+from ic / ic import addHidden
 
 proc addInterfaceDeclAux(c: PContext, sym: PSym) =
+  ## adds symbol to the module for either private or public access.
   if sfExported in sym.flags:
     # add to interface:
     if c.module != nil: exportSym(c, sym)
     else: internalError(c.config, sym.info, "addInterfaceDeclAux")
+  elif sym.kind in ExportableSymKinds and c.module != nil and isTopLevelInsideDeclaration(c, sym):
+    strTableAdd(semtabAll(c.graph, c.module), sym)
+    if c.config.symbolFiles != disabledSf:
+      addHidden(c.encoder, c.packedRepr, sym)
 
 proc addInterfaceDeclAt*(c: PContext, scope: PScope, sym: PSym) =
+  ## adds a symbol on the scope and the interface if appropriate
   addDeclAt(c, scope, sym)
-  addInterfaceDeclAux(c, sym)
+  if not scope.isShadowScope:
+    # adding into a non-shadow scope, we need to handle exports, etc
+    addInterfaceDeclAux(c, sym)
+
+proc addInterfaceDecl*(c: PContext, sym: PSym) {.inline.} =
+  ## adds a decl and the interface if appropriate
+  addInterfaceDeclAt(c, c.currentScope, sym)
 
 proc addOverloadableSymAt*(c: PContext; scope: PScope, fn: PSym) =
+  ## adds an symbol to the given scope, will check for and raise errors if it's
+  ## a redefinition as opposed to an overload.
   if fn.kind notin OverloadableSyms:
     internalError(c.config, fn.info, "addOverloadableSymAt")
     return
-  let check = strTableGet(scope.symbols, fn.name)
-  if check != nil and check.kind notin OverloadableSyms:
-    wrongRedefinition(c, fn.info, fn.name.s, check.info)
-  else:
-    scope.addSym(fn)
-
-proc addInterfaceDecl*(c: PContext, sym: PSym) =
-  # it adds the symbol to the interface if appropriate
-  addDecl(c, sym)
-  addInterfaceDeclAux(c, sym)
+  if fn.name.id != ord(wUnderscore):
+    let check = strTableGet(scope.symbols, fn.name)
+    if check != nil and check.kind notin OverloadableSyms:
+      wrongRedefinition(c, fn.info, fn.name.s, check.info)
+    else:
+      scope.addSym(fn)
 
 proc addInterfaceOverloadableSymAt*(c: PContext, scope: PScope, sym: PSym) =
-  # it adds the symbol to the interface if appropriate
+  ## adds an overloadable symbol on the scope and the interface if appropriate
   addOverloadableSymAt(c, scope, sym)
-  addInterfaceDeclAux(c, sym)
+  if not scope.isShadowScope:
+    # adding into a non-shadow scope, we need to handle exports, etc
+    addInterfaceDeclAux(c, sym)
 
 proc openShadowScope*(c: PContext) =
+  ## opens a shadow scope, just like any other scope except the depth is the
+  ## same as the parent -- see `isShadowScope`.
   c.currentScope = PScope(parent: c.currentScope,
-                          symbols: newStrTable(),
+                          symbols: initStrTable(),
                           depthLevel: c.scopeDepth)
 
 proc closeShadowScope*(c: PContext) =
-  c.closeScope
+  ## closes the shadow scope, but doesn't merge any of the symbols
+  ## Does not check for unused symbols or missing forward decls since a macro
+  ## or template consumes this AST
+  rawCloseScope(c)
 
 proc mergeShadowScope*(c: PContext) =
+  ## close the existing scope and merge in all defined symbols, this will also
+  ## trigger any export related code if this is into a non-shadow scope.
+  ##
+  ## Merges:
+  ## shadow -> shadow: add symbols to the parent but check for redefinitions etc
+  ## shadow -> non-shadow: the above, but also handle exports and all that
   let shadowScope = c.currentScope
   c.rawCloseScope
   for sym in shadowScope.symbols:
@@ -358,13 +482,6 @@ proc mergeShadowScope*(c: PContext) =
     else:
       c.addInterfaceDecl(sym)
 
-when false:
-  # `nimfix` used to call `altSpelling` and prettybase.replaceDeprecated(n.info, ident, alt)
-  proc altSpelling(c: PContext, x: PIdent): PIdent =
-    case x.s[0]
-    of 'A'..'Z': result = getIdent(c.cache, toLowerAscii(x.s[0]) & x.s.substr(1))
-    of 'a'..'z': result = getIdent(c.cache, toLowerAscii(x.s[0]) & x.s.substr(1))
-    else: result = x
 
 import std/[editdistance, heapqueue]
 
@@ -374,7 +491,7 @@ type SpellCandidate = object
   msg: string
   sym: PSym
 
-template toOrderTup(a: SpellCandidate): auto =
+template toOrderTup(a: SpellCandidate): (int, int, string) =
   # `dist` is first, to favor nearby matches
   # `depth` is next, to favor nearby enclosing scopes among ties
   # `sym.name.s` is last, to make the list ordered and deterministic among ties
@@ -387,7 +504,7 @@ proc mustFixSpelling(c: PContext): bool {.inline.} =
   result = c.config.spellSuggestMax != 0 and c.compilesContextId == 0
     # don't slowdown inside compiles()
 
-proc fixSpelling(c: PContext, n: PNode, ident: PIdent, result: var string) =
+proc fixSpelling(c: PContext, ident: PIdent, result: var string) =
   ## when we cannot find the identifier, suggest nearby spellings
   var list = initHeapQueue[SpellCandidate]()
   let name0 = ident.s.nimIdentNormalize
@@ -395,36 +512,37 @@ proc fixSpelling(c: PContext, n: PNode, ident: PIdent, result: var string) =
   for (sym, depth, isLocal) in allSyms(c):
     let depth = -depth - 1
     let dist = editDistance(name0, sym.name.s.nimIdentNormalize)
-    var msg: string
+    var msg: string = ""
     msg.add "\n ($1, $2): '$3'" % [$dist, $depth, sym.name.s]
-    addDeclaredLoc(msg, c.config, sym) # `msg` needed for deterministic ordering.
     list.push SpellCandidate(dist: dist, depth: depth, msg: msg, sym: sym)
 
   if list.len == 0: return
   let e0 = list[0]
-  var count = 0
+  var
+    count = 0
+    last: PIdent = nil
   while true:
     # pending https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/373 use more efficient `itemsSorted`.
     if list.len == 0: break
     let e = list.pop()
     if c.config.spellSuggestMax == spellSuggestSecretSauce:
       const
-        smallThres = 2
-        maxCountForSmall = 4
-        # avoids ton of operator matches when mis-matching short symbols such as `i`
-        # other heuristics could be devised, such as only suggesting operators if `name0`
-        # is an operator (likewise with non-operators).
-      if e.dist > e0.dist or (name0.len <= smallThres and count >= maxCountForSmall): break
+        minLengthForSuggestion = 4
+        maxCount = 3 # avoids ton of matches; three counts for equal distances
+      if e.dist > e0.dist or count >= maxCount or name0.len < minLengthForSuggestion: break
     elif count >= c.config.spellSuggestMax: break
     if count == 0:
       result.add "\ncandidates (edit distance, scope distance); see '--spellSuggest': "
-    result.add e.msg
-    count.inc
+    if e.sym.name != last:
+      result.add e.msg
+      count.inc
+      last = e.sym.name
 
 proc errorUseQualifier(c: PContext; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym; amb: var bool): PSym =
   var err = "ambiguous identifier: '" & s.name.s & "'"
   var i = 0
   var ignoredModules = 0
+  result = nil
   for candidate in importedItems(c, s.name):
     if i == 0: err.add " -- use one of the following:\n"
     else: err.add "\n"
@@ -442,51 +560,76 @@ proc errorUseQualifier(c: PContext; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym; amb: var bool): PS
     amb = false
 
 proc errorUseQualifier*(c: PContext; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) =
-  var amb: bool
+  var amb: bool = false
   discard errorUseQualifier(c, info, s, amb)
 
-proc errorUseQualifier(c: PContext; info: TLineInfo; candidates: seq[PSym]) =
-  var err = "ambiguous identifier: '" & candidates[0].name.s & "'"
+proc ambiguousIdentifierMsg*(candidates: seq[PSym], prefix = "use one of", indent = 0): string =
+  result = ""
+  for i in 0 ..< indent:
+    result.add(' ')
+  result.add "ambiguous identifier: '" & candidates[0].name.s & "'"
   var i = 0
   for candidate in candidates:
-    if i == 0: err.add " -- use one of the following:\n"
-    else: err.add "\n"
-    err.add "  " & candidate.owner.name.s & "." & candidate.name.s
-    err.add ": " & typeToString(candidate.typ)
+    if i == 0: result.add " -- $1 the following:\n" % prefix
+    else: result.add "\n"
+    for i in 0 ..< indent:
+      result.add(' ')
+    result.add "  " & candidate.owner.name.s & "." & candidate.name.s
+    result.add ": " & typeToString(candidate.typ)
     inc i
-  localError(c.config, info, errGenerated, err)
+
+proc errorUseQualifier*(c: PContext; info: TLineInfo; candidates: seq[PSym]) =
+  localError(c.config, info, errGenerated, ambiguousIdentifierMsg(candidates))
+
+proc ambiguousIdentifierMsg*(choices: PNode, indent = 0): string =
+  var candidates = newSeq[PSym](choices.len)
+  let prefix = if choices[0].typ.kind != tyProc: "use one of" else: "you need a helper proc to disambiguate"
+  for i, n in choices:
+    candidates[i] = n.sym
+  result = ambiguousIdentifierMsg(candidates, prefix, indent)
+
+proc errorUseQualifier*(c: PContext; info:TLineInfo; choices: PNode) =
+  localError(c.config, info, errGenerated, ambiguousIdentifierMsg(choices))
 
 proc errorUndeclaredIdentifier*(c: PContext; info: TLineInfo; name: string, extra = "") =
-  var err = "undeclared identifier: '" & name & "'" & extra
-  if c.recursiveDep.len > 0:
-    err.add "\nThis might be caused by a recursive module dependency:\n"
-    err.add c.recursiveDep
-    # prevent excessive errors for 'nim check'
-    c.recursiveDep = ""
+  var err: string
+  if name == "_":
+    err = "the special identifier '_' is ignored in declarations and cannot be used"
+  else:
+    err = "undeclared identifier: '" & name & "'"
+    if "`gensym" in name:
+      err.add "; if declared in a template, this identifier may be inconsistently marked inject or gensym"
+    if extra.len != 0:
+      err.add extra
+    if c.recursiveDep.len > 0:
+      err.add "\nThis might be caused by a recursive module dependency:\n"
+      err.add c.recursiveDep
+      # prevent excessive errors for 'nim check'
+      c.recursiveDep = ""
   localError(c.config, info, errGenerated, err)
 
-proc errorUndeclaredIdentifierHint*(c: PContext; n: PNode, ident: PIdent): PSym =
+proc errorUndeclaredIdentifierHint*(c: PContext; ident: PIdent; info: TLineInfo): PSym =
   var extra = ""
-  if c.mustFixSpelling: fixSpelling(c, n, ident, extra)
-  errorUndeclaredIdentifier(c, n.info, ident.s, extra)
-  result = errorSym(c, n)
+  if c.mustFixSpelling: fixSpelling(c, ident, extra)
+  errorUndeclaredIdentifier(c, info, ident.s, extra)
+  result = errorSym(c, ident, info)
 
 proc lookUp*(c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym =
   # Looks up a symbol. Generates an error in case of nil.
   var amb = false
   case n.kind
   of nkIdent:
-    result = searchInScopes(c, n.ident, amb).skipAlias(n, c.config)
-    if result == nil: result = errorUndeclaredIdentifierHint(c, n, n.ident)
+    result = searchInScopes(c, n.ident, amb)
+    if result == nil: result = errorUndeclaredIdentifierHint(c, n.ident, n.info)
   of nkSym:
     result = n.sym
   of nkAccQuoted:
     var ident = considerQuotedIdent(c, n)
-    result = searchInScopes(c, ident, amb).skipAlias(n, c.config)
-    if result == nil: result = errorUndeclaredIdentifierHint(c, n, ident)
+    result = searchInScopes(c, ident, amb)
+    if result == nil: result = errorUndeclaredIdentifierHint(c, ident, n.info)
   else:
     internalError(c.config, n.info, "lookUp")
-    return
+    return nil
   if amb:
     #contains(c.ambiguousSymbols, result.id):
     result = errorUseQualifier(c, n.info, result, amb)
@@ -497,54 +640,78 @@ type
   TLookupFlag* = enum
     checkAmbiguity, checkUndeclared, checkModule, checkPureEnumFields
 
+const allExceptModule = {low(TSymKind)..high(TSymKind)} - {skModule, skPackage}
+
+proc lookUpCandidates*(c: PContext, ident: PIdent, filter: set[TSymKind],
+                       includePureEnum = false): seq[PSym] =
+  result = searchInScopesFilterBy(c, ident, filter)
+  if skEnumField in filter and (result.len == 0 or includePureEnum):
+    result.add allPureEnumFields(c, ident)
+
 proc qualifiedLookUp*(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: set[TLookupFlag]): PSym =
-  const allExceptModule = {low(TSymKind)..high(TSymKind)} - {skModule, skPackage}
   case n.kind
   of nkIdent, nkAccQuoted:
     var amb = false
     var ident = considerQuotedIdent(c, n)
     if checkModule in flags:
-      result = searchInScopes(c, ident, amb).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+      result = searchInScopes(c, ident, amb)
+      if result == nil:
+        let candidates = allPureEnumFields(c, ident)
+        if candidates.len > 0:
+          result = candidates[0]
+          amb = candidates.len > 1
+          if amb and checkAmbiguity in flags:
+            errorUseQualifier(c, n.info, candidates)
     else:
-      let candidates = searchInScopesFilterBy(c, ident, allExceptModule) #.skipAlias(n, c.config)
-      if candidates.len > 0:
-        result = candidates[0]
-        amb = candidates.len > 1
-        if amb and checkAmbiguity in flags:
-          errorUseQualifier(c, n.info, candidates)
-    if result == nil:
-      let candidates = allPureEnumFields(c, ident)
+      let candidates = lookUpCandidates(c, ident, allExceptModule)
       if candidates.len > 0:
         result = candidates[0]
         amb = candidates.len > 1
         if amb and checkAmbiguity in flags:
           errorUseQualifier(c, n.info, candidates)
-
+      else:
+        result = nil
     if result == nil and checkUndeclared in flags:
-      result = errorUndeclaredIdentifierHint(c, n, ident)
+      result = errorUndeclaredIdentifierHint(c, ident, n.info)
     elif checkAmbiguity in flags and result != nil and amb:
       result = errorUseQualifier(c, n.info, result, amb)
     c.isAmbiguous = amb
   of nkSym:
     result = n.sym
+  of nkOpenSym:
+    result = qualifiedLookUp(c, n[0], flags)
   of nkDotExpr:
     result = nil
     var m = qualifiedLookUp(c, n[0], (flags * {checkUndeclared}) + {checkModule})
     if m != nil and m.kind == skModule:
       var ident: PIdent = nil
-      if n[1].kind == nkIdent:
-        ident = n[1].ident
-      elif n[1].kind == nkAccQuoted:
+      if n[1].kind == nkAccQuoted:
         ident = considerQuotedIdent(c, n[1])
+      else:
+        # this includes sym and symchoice nodes, but since we are looking in
+        # a module, it shouldn't matter what was captured
+        ident = n[1].getPIdent
       if ident != nil:
         if m == c.module:
-          result = strTableGet(c.topLevelScope.symbols, ident).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+          var ti: TIdentIter = default(TIdentIter)
+          result = initIdentIter(ti, c.topLevelScope.symbols, ident)
+          if result != nil and nextIdentIter(ti, c.topLevelScope.symbols) != nil:
+            # another symbol exists with same name
+            c.isAmbiguous = true
         else:
-          result = someSym(c.graph, m, ident).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+          var amb: bool = false
+          if c.importModuleLookup.getOrDefault(m.name.id).len > 1:
+            result = errorUseQualifier(c, n.info, m, amb)
+          else:
+            result = someSymAmb(c.graph, m, ident, amb)
+            if amb: c.isAmbiguous = true
         if result == nil and checkUndeclared in flags:
-          result = errorUndeclaredIdentifierHint(c, n[1], ident)
+          result = errorUndeclaredIdentifierHint(c, ident, n[1].info)
       elif n[1].kind == nkSym:
         result = n[1].sym
+        if result.owner != nil and result.owner != m and checkUndeclared in flags:
+          # dotExpr in templates can end up here
+          result = errorUndeclaredIdentifierHint(c, result.name, n[1].info)
       elif checkUndeclared in flags and
            n[1].kind notin {nkOpenSymChoice, nkClosedSymChoice}:
         localError(c.config, n[1].info, "identifier expected, but got: " &
@@ -556,15 +723,20 @@ proc qualifiedLookUp*(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: set[TLookupFlag]): PSym =
     if result != nil and result.kind == skStub: loadStub(result)
 
 proc initOverloadIter*(o: var TOverloadIter, c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym =
+  if n.kind == nkOpenSym:
+    # maybe the logic in semexprs should be mirrored here instead
+    # for now it only seems this is called for `pickSym` in `getTypeIdent` 
+    return initOverloadIter(o, c, n[0])
   o.importIdx = -1
   o.marked = initIntSet()
   case n.kind
   of nkIdent, nkAccQuoted:
+    result = nil
     var ident = considerQuotedIdent(c, n)
     var scope = c.currentScope
     o.mode = oimNoQualifier
     while true:
-      result = initIdentIter(o.it, scope.symbols, ident).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+      result = initIdentIter(o.it, scope.symbols, ident)
       if result != nil:
         o.currentScope = scope
         break
@@ -572,7 +744,7 @@ proc initOverloadIter*(o: var TOverloadIter, c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym =
         scope = scope.parent
         if scope == nil:
           for i in 0..c.imports.high:
-            result = initIdentIter(o.mit, o.marked, c.imports[i], ident, c.graph).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+            result = initIdentIter(o.mit, o.marked, c.imports[i], ident, c.graph)
             if result != nil:
               o.currentScope = nil
               o.importIdx = i
@@ -583,6 +755,7 @@ proc initOverloadIter*(o: var TOverloadIter, c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym =
     result = n.sym
     o.mode = oimDone
   of nkDotExpr:
+    result = nil
     o.mode = oimOtherModule
     o.m = qualifiedLookUp(c, n[0], {checkUndeclared, checkModule})
     if o.m != nil and o.m.kind == skModule:
@@ -595,10 +768,10 @@ proc initOverloadIter*(o: var TOverloadIter, c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym =
         if o.m == c.module:
           # a module may access its private members:
           result = initIdentIter(o.it, c.topLevelScope.symbols,
-                                 ident).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+                                 ident)
           o.mode = oimSelfModule
         else:
-          result = initModuleIter(o.mit, c.graph, o.m, ident).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+          result = initModuleIter(o.mit, c.graph, o.m, ident)
       else:
         noidentError(c.config, n[1], n)
         result = errorSym(c, n[1])
@@ -612,7 +785,7 @@ proc initOverloadIter*(o: var TOverloadIter, c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym =
     o.symChoiceIndex = 1
     o.marked = initIntSet()
     incl(o.marked, result.id)
-  else: discard
+  else: result = nil
   when false:
     if result != nil and result.kind == skStub: loadStub(result)
 
@@ -627,11 +800,12 @@ proc lastOverloadScope*(o: TOverloadIter): int =
   else: result = -1
 
 proc nextOverloadIterImports(o: var TOverloadIter, c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym =
+  result = nil
   assert o.currentScope == nil
   var idx = o.importIdx+1
   o.importIdx = c.imports.len # assume the other imported modules lack this symbol too
   while idx < c.imports.len:
-    result = initIdentIter(o.mit, o.marked, c.imports[idx], o.it.name, c.graph).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+    result = initIdentIter(o.mit, o.marked, c.imports[idx], o.it.name, c.graph)
     if result != nil:
       # oh, we were wrong, some other module had the symbol, so remember that:
       o.importIdx = idx
@@ -639,9 +813,10 @@ proc nextOverloadIterImports(o: var TOverloadIter, c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym
     inc idx
 
 proc symChoiceExtension(o: var TOverloadIter; c: PContext; n: PNode): PSym =
+  result = nil
   assert o.currentScope == nil
   while o.importIdx < c.imports.len:
-    result = initIdentIter(o.mit, o.marked, c.imports[o.importIdx], o.it.name, c.graph).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+    result = initIdentIter(o.mit, o.marked, c.imports[o.importIdx], o.it.name, c.graph)
     #while result != nil and result.id in o.marked:
     #  result = nextIdentIter(o.it, o.marked, c.imports[o.importIdx])
     if result != nil:
@@ -656,29 +831,29 @@ proc nextOverloadIter*(o: var TOverloadIter, c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym =
   of oimNoQualifier:
     if o.currentScope != nil:
       assert o.importIdx < 0
-      result = nextIdentIter(o.it, o.currentScope.symbols).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+      result = nextIdentIter(o.it, o.currentScope.symbols)
       while result == nil:
         o.currentScope = o.currentScope.parent
         if o.currentScope != nil:
-          result = initIdentIter(o.it, o.currentScope.symbols, o.it.name).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+          result = initIdentIter(o.it, o.currentScope.symbols, o.it.name)
           # BUGFIX: o.it.name <-> n.ident
         else:
           o.importIdx = 0
           if c.imports.len > 0:
-            result = initIdentIter(o.mit, o.marked, c.imports[o.importIdx], o.it.name, c.graph).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+            result = initIdentIter(o.mit, o.marked, c.imports[o.importIdx], o.it.name, c.graph)
             if result == nil:
               result = nextOverloadIterImports(o, c, n)
           break
     elif o.importIdx < c.imports.len:
-      result = nextIdentIter(o.mit, o.marked, c.imports[o.importIdx], c.graph).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+      result = nextIdentIter(o.mit, o.marked, c.imports[o.importIdx], c.graph)
       if result == nil:
         result = nextOverloadIterImports(o, c, n)
     else:
       result = nil
   of oimSelfModule:
-    result = nextIdentIter(o.it, c.topLevelScope.symbols).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+    result = nextIdentIter(o.it, c.topLevelScope.symbols)
   of oimOtherModule:
-    result = nextModuleIter(o.mit, c.graph).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+    result = nextModuleIter(o.mit, c.graph)
   of oimSymChoice:
     if o.symChoiceIndex < n.len:
       result = n[o.symChoiceIndex].sym
@@ -689,26 +864,28 @@ proc nextOverloadIter*(o: var TOverloadIter, c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym =
       o.mode = oimSymChoiceLocalLookup
       o.currentScope = c.currentScope
       result = firstIdentExcluding(o.it, o.currentScope.symbols,
-                                   n[0].sym.name, o.marked).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+                                   n[0].sym.name, o.marked)
       while result == nil:
         o.currentScope = o.currentScope.parent
         if o.currentScope != nil:
           result = firstIdentExcluding(o.it, o.currentScope.symbols,
-                                      n[0].sym.name, o.marked).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+                                      n[0].sym.name, o.marked)
         else:
           o.importIdx = 0
           result = symChoiceExtension(o, c, n)
           break
       if result != nil:
         incl o.marked, result.id
+    else:
+      result = nil
   of oimSymChoiceLocalLookup:
     if o.currentScope != nil:
-      result = nextIdentExcluding(o.it, o.currentScope.symbols, o.marked).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+      result = nextIdentExcluding(o.it, o.currentScope.symbols, o.marked)
       while result == nil:
         o.currentScope = o.currentScope.parent
         if o.currentScope != nil:
           result = firstIdentExcluding(o.it, o.currentScope.symbols,
-                                      n[0].sym.name, o.marked).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+                                      n[0].sym.name, o.marked)
         else:
           o.importIdx = 0
           result = symChoiceExtension(o, c, n)
@@ -717,20 +894,23 @@ proc nextOverloadIter*(o: var TOverloadIter, c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym =
         incl o.marked, result.id
 
     elif o.importIdx < c.imports.len:
-      result = nextIdentIter(o.mit, o.marked, c.imports[o.importIdx], c.graph).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+      result = nextIdentIter(o.mit, o.marked, c.imports[o.importIdx], c.graph)
       #assert result.id notin o.marked
       #while result != nil and result.id in o.marked:
-      #  result = nextIdentIter(o.it, c.imports[o.importIdx]).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+      #  result = nextIdentIter(o.it, c.imports[o.importIdx])
       if result == nil:
         inc o.importIdx
         result = symChoiceExtension(o, c, n)
+    else:
+      result = nil
 
   when false:
     if result != nil and result.kind == skStub: loadStub(result)
 
 proc pickSym*(c: PContext, n: PNode; kinds: set[TSymKind];
               flags: TSymFlags = {}): PSym =
-  var o: TOverloadIter
+  result = nil
+  var o: TOverloadIter = default(TOverloadIter)
   var a = initOverloadIter(o, c, n)
   while a != nil:
     if a.kind in kinds and flags <= a.flags:
diff --git a/compiler/lowerings.nim b/compiler/lowerings.nim
index 37405d8d9..2c9c4cb32 100644
--- a/compiler/lowerings.nim
+++ b/compiler/lowerings.nim
@@ -15,8 +15,11 @@ const
 import ast, astalgo, types, idents, magicsys, msgs, options, modulegraphs,
   lineinfos
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 proc newDeref*(n: PNode): PNode {.inline.} =
-  result = newNodeIT(nkHiddenDeref, n.info, n.typ[0])
+  result = newNodeIT(nkHiddenDeref, n.info, n.typ.elementType)
   result.add n
 
 proc newTupleAccess*(g: ModuleGraph; tup: PNode, i: int): PNode =
@@ -71,14 +74,20 @@ proc lowerTupleUnpacking*(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: P
   let value = n.lastSon
   result = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
 
-  var temp = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(g.cache, genPrefix), nextSymId(idgen),
-                    owner, value.info, g.config.options)
-  temp.typ = skipTypes(value.typ, abstractInst)
-  incl(temp.flags, sfFromGeneric)
+  var tempAsNode: PNode
+  let avoidTemp = value.kind == nkSym
+  if avoidTemp:
+    tempAsNode = value
+  else:
+    var temp = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(g.cache, genPrefix), idgen,
+                  owner, value.info, g.config.options)
+    temp.typ = skipTypes(value.typ, abstractInst)
+    incl(temp.flags, sfFromGeneric)
+    tempAsNode = newSymNode(temp)
 
   var v = newNodeI(nkVarSection, value.info)
-  let tempAsNode = newSymNode(temp)
-  v.addVar(tempAsNode, value)
+  if not avoidTemp:
+    v.addVar(tempAsNode, value)
   result.add(v)
 
   for i in 0..<n.len-2:
@@ -91,7 +100,7 @@ proc evalOnce*(g: ModuleGraph; value: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym): P
   ## freely, multiple times. This is frequently required and such a builtin would also be
   ## handy to have in macros.nim. The value that can be reused is 'result.lastSon'!
   result = newNodeIT(nkStmtListExpr, value.info, value.typ)
-  var temp = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(g.cache, genPrefix), nextSymId(idgen),
+  var temp = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(g.cache, genPrefix), idgen,
                     owner, value.info, g.config.options)
   temp.typ = skipTypes(value.typ, abstractInst)
   incl(temp.flags, sfFromGeneric)
@@ -113,29 +122,10 @@ proc newTupleAccessRaw*(tup: PNode, i: int): PNode =
 proc newTryFinally*(body, final: PNode): PNode =
   result = newTree(nkHiddenTryStmt, body, newTree(nkFinally, final))
 
-proc lowerTupleUnpackingForAsgn*(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym): PNode =
-  let value = n.lastSon
-  result = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
-
-  var temp = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(g.cache, "_"), nextSymId(idgen), owner, value.info, owner.options)
-  var v = newNodeI(nkLetSection, value.info)
-  let tempAsNode = newSymNode(temp) #newIdentNode(getIdent(genPrefix & $temp.id), value.info)
-
-  var vpart = newNodeI(nkIdentDefs, tempAsNode.info, 3)
-  vpart[0] = tempAsNode
-  vpart[1] = newNodeI(nkEmpty, value.info)
-  vpart[2] = value
-  v.add vpart
-  result.add(v)
-
-  let lhs = n[0]
-  for i in 0..<lhs.len:
-    result.add newAsgnStmt(lhs[i], newTupleAccessRaw(tempAsNode, i))
-
 proc lowerSwap*(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
   # note: cannot use 'skTemp' here cause we really need the copy for the VM :-(
-  var temp = newSym(skVar, getIdent(g.cache, genPrefix), nextSymId(idgen), owner, n.info, owner.options)
+  var temp = newSym(skVar, getIdent(g.cache, genPrefix), idgen, owner, n.info, owner.options)
   temp.typ = n[1].typ
   incl(temp.flags, sfFromGeneric)
   incl(temp.flags, sfGenSym)
@@ -154,7 +144,7 @@ proc lowerSwap*(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym): PNod
   result.add newFastAsgnStmt(n[2], tempAsNode)
 
 proc createObj*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym, info: TLineInfo; final=true): PType =
-  result = newType(tyObject, nextTypeId(idgen), owner)
+  result = newType(tyObject, idgen, owner)
   if final:
     rawAddSon(result, nil)
     incl result.flags, tfFinal
@@ -162,8 +152,7 @@ proc createObj*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym, info: TLineInfo
     rawAddSon(result, getCompilerProc(g, "RootObj").typ)
   result.n = newNodeI(nkRecList, info)
   let s = newSym(skType, getIdent(g.cache, "Env_" & toFilename(g.config, info) & "_" & $owner.name.s),
-                  nextSymId(idgen),
-                  owner, info, owner.options)
+                  idgen, owner, info, owner.options)
   incl s.flags, sfAnon
   s.typ = result
   result.sym = s
@@ -221,25 +210,30 @@ proc lookupInRecord(n: PNode, id: ItemId): PSym =
     if n.sym.itemId.module == id.module and n.sym.itemId.item == -abs(id.item): result = n.sym
   else: discard
 
-proc addField*(obj: PType; s: PSym; cache: IdentCache; idgen: IdGenerator) =
+proc addField*(obj: PType; s: PSym; cache: IdentCache; idgen: IdGenerator): PSym =
   # because of 'gensym' support, we have to mangle the name with its ID.
   # This is hacky but the clean solution is much more complex than it looks.
   var field = newSym(skField, getIdent(cache, s.name.s & $obj.n.len),
-                     nextSymId(idgen), s.owner, s.info, s.options)
+                     idgen, s.owner, s.info, s.options)
   field.itemId = ItemId(module: s.itemId.module, item: -s.itemId.item)
   let t = skipIntLit(s.typ, idgen)
   field.typ = t
+  if s.kind in {skLet, skVar, skField, skForVar}:
+    #field.bitsize = s.bitsize
+    field.alignment = s.alignment
   assert t.kind != tyTyped
   propagateToOwner(obj, t)
   field.position = obj.n.len
-  field.flags = s.flags * {sfCursor}
+  # sfNoInit flag for skField is used in closureiterator codegen
+  field.flags = s.flags * {sfCursor, sfNoInit}
   obj.n.add newSymNode(field)
   fieldCheck()
+  result = field
 
 proc addUniqueField*(obj: PType; s: PSym; cache: IdentCache; idgen: IdGenerator): PSym {.discardable.} =
   result = lookupInRecord(obj.n, s.itemId)
   if result == nil:
-    var field = newSym(skField, getIdent(cache, s.name.s & $obj.n.len), nextSymId(idgen),
+    var field = newSym(skField, getIdent(cache, s.name.s & $obj.n.len), idgen,
                        s.owner, s.info, s.options)
     field.itemId = ItemId(module: s.itemId.module, item: -s.itemId.item)
     let t = skipIntLit(s.typ, idgen)
@@ -261,14 +255,14 @@ proc newDotExpr*(obj, b: PSym): PNode =
 proc indirectAccess*(a: PNode, b: ItemId, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
   # returns a[].b as a node
   var deref = newNodeI(nkHiddenDeref, info)
-  deref.typ = a.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)[0]
+  deref.typ = a.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).elementType
   var t = deref.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)
   var field: PSym
   while true:
     assert t.kind == tyObject
     field = lookupInRecord(t.n, b)
     if field != nil: break
-    t = t[0]
+    t = t.baseClass
     if t == nil: break
     t = t.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
   #if field == nil:
@@ -284,7 +278,7 @@ proc indirectAccess*(a: PNode, b: ItemId, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
 proc indirectAccess*(a: PNode, b: string, info: TLineInfo; cache: IdentCache): PNode =
   # returns a[].b as a node
   var deref = newNodeI(nkHiddenDeref, info)
-  deref.typ = a.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)[0]
+  deref.typ = a.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).elementType
   var t = deref.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)
   var field: PSym
   let bb = getIdent(cache, b)
@@ -292,7 +286,7 @@ proc indirectAccess*(a: PNode, b: string, info: TLineInfo; cache: IdentCache): P
     assert t.kind == tyObject
     field = getSymFromList(t.n, bb)
     if field != nil: break
-    t = t[0]
+    t = t.baseClass
     if t == nil: break
     t = t.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
   #if field == nil:
@@ -312,7 +306,7 @@ proc getFieldFromObj*(t: PType; v: PSym): PSym =
     assert t.kind == tyObject
     result = lookupInRecord(t.n, v.itemId)
     if result != nil: break
-    t = t[0]
+    t = t.baseClass
     if t == nil: break
     t = t.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
 
@@ -326,17 +320,18 @@ proc indirectAccess*(a, b: PSym, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
 proc genAddrOf*(n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; typeKind = tyPtr): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(nkAddr, n.info, 1)
   result[0] = n
-  result.typ = newType(typeKind, nextTypeId(idgen), n.typ.owner)
+  result.typ = newType(typeKind, idgen, n.typ.owner)
   result.typ.rawAddSon(n.typ)
 
 proc genDeref*(n: PNode; k = nkHiddenDeref): PNode =
   result = newNodeIT(k, n.info,
-                     n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)[0])
+                     n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).elementType)
   result.add n
 
 proc callCodegenProc*(g: ModuleGraph; name: string;
                       info: TLineInfo = unknownLineInfo;
-                      arg1, arg2, arg3, optionalArgs: PNode = nil): PNode =
+                      arg1: PNode = nil, arg2: PNode = nil,
+                      arg3: PNode = nil, optionalArgs: PNode = nil): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(nkCall, info)
   let sym = magicsys.getCompilerProc(g, name)
   if sym == nil:
@@ -349,7 +344,7 @@ proc callCodegenProc*(g: ModuleGraph; name: string;
     if optionalArgs != nil:
       for i in 1..<optionalArgs.len-2:
         result.add optionalArgs[i]
-    result.typ = sym.typ[0]
+    result.typ = sym.typ.returnType
 
 proc newIntLit*(g: ModuleGraph; info: TLineInfo; value: BiggestInt): PNode =
   result = nkIntLit.newIntNode(value)
diff --git a/compiler/magicsys.nim b/compiler/magicsys.nim
index e91bdf272..1ec6b9a69 100644
--- a/compiler/magicsys.nim
+++ b/compiler/magicsys.nim
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ export createMagic
 proc nilOrSysInt*(g: ModuleGraph): PType = g.sysTypes[tyInt]
 
 proc newSysType(g: ModuleGraph; kind: TTypeKind, size: int): PType =
-  result = newType(kind, nextTypeId(g.idgen), g.systemModule)
+  result = newType(kind, g.idgen, g.systemModule)
   result.size = size
   result.align = size.int16
 
@@ -26,21 +26,21 @@ proc getSysSym*(g: ModuleGraph; info: TLineInfo; name: string): PSym =
   result = systemModuleSym(g, getIdent(g.cache, name))
   if result == nil:
     localError(g.config, info, "system module needs: " & name)
-    result = newSym(skError, getIdent(g.cache, name), nextSymId(g.idgen), g.systemModule, g.systemModule.info, {})
-    result.typ = newType(tyError, nextTypeId(g.idgen), g.systemModule)
-  if result.kind == skAlias: result = result.owner
+    result = newSym(skError, getIdent(g.cache, name), g.idgen, g.systemModule, g.systemModule.info, {})
+    result.typ = newType(tyError, g.idgen, g.systemModule)
 
 proc getSysMagic*(g: ModuleGraph; info: TLineInfo; name: string, m: TMagic): PSym =
+  result = nil
   let id = getIdent(g.cache, name)
   for r in systemModuleSyms(g, id):
     if r.magic == m:
       # prefer the tyInt variant:
-      if r.typ[0] != nil and r.typ[0].kind == tyInt: return r
+      if r.typ.returnType != nil and r.typ.returnType.kind == tyInt: return r
       result = r
   if result != nil: return result
   localError(g.config, info, "system module needs: " & name)
-  result = newSym(skError, id, nextSymId(g.idgen), g.systemModule, g.systemModule.info, {})
-  result.typ = newType(tyError, nextTypeId(g.idgen), g.systemModule)
+  result = newSym(skError, id, g.idgen, g.systemModule, g.systemModule.info, {})
+  result.typ = newType(tyError, g.idgen, g.systemModule)
 
 proc sysTypeFromName*(g: ModuleGraph; info: TLineInfo; name: string): PType =
   result = getSysSym(g, info, name).typ
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ proc getSysType*(g: ModuleGraph; info: TLineInfo; kind: TTypeKind): PType =
   result = g.sysTypes[kind]
   if result == nil:
     case kind
+    of tyVoid: result = sysTypeFromName("void")
     of tyInt: result = sysTypeFromName("int")
     of tyInt8: result = sysTypeFromName("int8")
     of tyInt16: result = sysTypeFromName("int16")
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ proc getSysType*(g: ModuleGraph; info: TLineInfo; kind: TTypeKind): PType =
     of tyBool: result = sysTypeFromName("bool")
     of tyChar: result = sysTypeFromName("char")
     of tyString: result = sysTypeFromName("string")
-    of tyCString: result = sysTypeFromName("cstring")
+    of tyCstring: result = sysTypeFromName("cstring")
     of tyPointer: result = sysTypeFromName("pointer")
     of tyNil: result = newSysType(g, tyNil, g.config.target.ptrSize)
     else: internalError(g.config, "request for typekind: " & $kind)
@@ -80,8 +81,8 @@ proc getSysType*(g: ModuleGraph; info: TLineInfo; kind: TTypeKind): PType =
 
 proc resetSysTypes*(g: ModuleGraph) =
   g.systemModule = nil
-  initStrTable(g.compilerprocs)
-  initStrTable(g.exposed)
+  g.compilerprocs = initStrTable()
+  g.exposed = initStrTable()
   for i in low(g.sysTypes)..high(g.sysTypes):
     g.sysTypes[i] = nil
 
@@ -92,16 +93,23 @@ proc getFloatLitType*(g: ModuleGraph; literal: PNode): PType =
 
 proc skipIntLit*(t: PType; id: IdGenerator): PType {.inline.} =
   if t.n != nil and t.kind in {tyInt, tyFloat}:
-    result = copyType(t, nextTypeId(id), t.owner)
+    result = copyType(t, id, t.owner)
     result.n = nil
   else:
     result = t
 
 proc addSonSkipIntLit*(father, son: PType; id: IdGenerator) =
   let s = son.skipIntLit(id)
-  father.sons.add(s)
+  father.add(s)
   propagateToOwner(father, s)
 
+proc makeVarType*(owner: PSym; baseType: PType; idgen: IdGenerator; kind = tyVar): PType =
+  if baseType.kind == kind:
+    result = baseType
+  else:
+    result = newType(kind, idgen, owner)
+    addSonSkipIntLit(result, baseType, idgen)
+
 proc getCompilerProc*(g: ModuleGraph; name: string): PSym =
   let ident = getIdent(g.cache, name)
   result = strTableGet(g.compilerprocs, ident)
@@ -123,7 +131,7 @@ proc registerNimScriptSymbol*(g: ModuleGraph; s: PSym) =
 proc getNimScriptSymbol*(g: ModuleGraph; name: string): PSym =
   strTableGet(g.exposed, getIdent(g.cache, name))
 
-proc resetNimScriptSymbols*(g: ModuleGraph) = initStrTable(g.exposed)
+proc resetNimScriptSymbols*(g: ModuleGraph) = g.exposed = initStrTable()
 
 proc getMagicEqSymForType*(g: ModuleGraph; t: PType; info: TLineInfo): PSym =
   case t.kind
@@ -145,7 +153,17 @@ proc getMagicEqSymForType*(g: ModuleGraph; t: PType; info: TLineInfo): PSym =
   of tyProc:
     result = getSysMagic(g, info, "==", mEqProc)
   else:
+    result = nil
     globalError(g.config, info,
       "can't find magic equals operator for type kind " & $t.kind)
 
+proc makePtrType*(baseType: PType; idgen: IdGenerator): PType =
+  result = newType(tyPtr, idgen, baseType.owner)
+  addSonSkipIntLit(result, baseType, idgen)
 
+proc makeAddr*(n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator): PNode =
+  if n.kind == nkHiddenAddr:
+    result = n
+  else:
+    result = newTree(nkHiddenAddr, n)
+    result.typ = makePtrType(n.typ, idgen)
diff --git a/compiler/main.nim b/compiler/main.nim
index b61cdcadb..4c52317cf 100644
--- a/compiler/main.nim
+++ b/compiler/main.nim
@@ -13,23 +13,27 @@ when not defined(nimcore):
   {.error: "nimcore MUST be defined for Nim's core tooling".}
 
 import
-  llstream, strutils, os, ast, lexer, syntaxes, options, msgs,
-  condsyms, times,
-  sem, idents, passes, extccomp,
-  cgen, json, nversion,
-  platform, nimconf, passaux, depends, vm,
+  std/[strutils, os, times, tables, with, json],
+  llstream, ast, lexer, syntaxes, options, msgs,
+  condsyms,
+  idents, extccomp,
+  cgen, nversion,
+  platform, nimconf, depends,
   modules,
-  modulegraphs, tables, lineinfos, pathutils, vmprofiler
+  modulegraphs, lineinfos, pathutils, vmprofiler
 
-import ic / cbackend
-from ic / ic import rodViewer
 
-when not defined(leanCompiler):
-  import jsgen, docgen, docgen2
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions]
+
+import ic / [cbackend, integrity, navigator, ic]
 
-proc semanticPasses(g: ModuleGraph) =
-  registerPass g, verbosePass
-  registerPass g, semPass
+import ../dist/checksums/src/checksums/sha1
+
+import pipelines
+
+when not defined(leanCompiler):
+  import docgen
 
 proc writeDepsFile(g: ModuleGraph) =
   let fname = g.config.nimcacheDir / RelativeFile(g.config.projectName & ".deps")
@@ -42,44 +46,83 @@ proc writeDepsFile(g: ModuleGraph) =
       f.writeLine(toFullPath(g.config, k))
   f.close()
 
+proc writeCMakeDepsFile(conf: ConfigRef) =
+  ## write a list of C files for build systems like CMake.
+  ## only updated when the C file list changes.
+  let fname = getNimcacheDir(conf) / conf.outFile.changeFileExt("cdeps")
+  # generate output files list
+  var cfiles: seq[string] = @[]
+  for it in conf.toCompile: cfiles.add(it.cname.string)
+  let fileset = cfiles.toCountTable()
+  # read old cfiles list
+  var fl: File = default(File)
+  var prevset = initCountTable[string]()
+  if open(fl, fname.string, fmRead):
+    for line in fl.lines: prevset.inc(line)
+    fl.close()
+  # write cfiles out
+  if fileset != prevset:
+    fl = open(fname.string, fmWrite)
+    for line in cfiles: fl.writeLine(line)
+    fl.close()
+
 proc commandGenDepend(graph: ModuleGraph) =
-  semanticPasses(graph)
-  registerPass(graph, gendependPass)
-  compileProject(graph)
+  setPipeLinePass(graph, GenDependPass)
+  compilePipelineProject(graph)
   let project = graph.config.projectFull
   writeDepsFile(graph)
   generateDot(graph, project)
+
+  # dot in graphivz tool kit is required
+  let graphvizDotPath = findExe("dot")
+  if graphvizDotPath.len == 0:
+    quit("gendepend: Graphviz's tool dot is required," &
+    "see https://graphviz.org/download for downloading")
+
   execExternalProgram(graph.config, "dot -Tpng -o" &
       changeFileExt(project, "png").string &
       ' ' & changeFileExt(project, "dot").string)
 
 proc commandCheck(graph: ModuleGraph) =
-  graph.config.setErrorMaxHighMaybe
-  defineSymbol(graph.config.symbols, "nimcheck")
-  semanticPasses(graph)  # use an empty backend for semantic checking only
-  compileProject(graph)
+  let conf = graph.config
+  conf.setErrorMaxHighMaybe
+  defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimcheck")
+  if optWasNimscript in conf.globalOptions:
+    defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimscript")
+    defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimconfig")
+  elif conf.backend == backendJs:
+    setTarget(conf.target, osJS, cpuJS)
+  setPipeLinePass(graph, SemPass)
+  compilePipelineProject(graph)
+
+  if conf.symbolFiles != disabledSf:
+    case conf.ideCmd
+    of ideDef: navDefinition(graph)
+    of ideUse: navUsages(graph)
+    of ideDus: navDefusages(graph)
+    else: discard
+    writeRodFiles(graph)
 
 when not defined(leanCompiler):
-  proc commandDoc2(graph: ModuleGraph; json: bool) =
+  proc commandDoc2(graph: ModuleGraph; ext: string) =
     handleDocOutputOptions graph.config
     graph.config.setErrorMaxHighMaybe
-    semanticPasses(graph)
-    if json: registerPass(graph, docgen2JsonPass)
-    else: registerPass(graph, docgen2Pass)
-    compileProject(graph)
-    finishDoc2Pass(graph.config.projectName)
+    case ext:
+    of TexExt:
+      setPipeLinePass(graph, Docgen2TexPass)
+    of JsonExt:
+      setPipeLinePass(graph, Docgen2JsonPass)
+    of HtmlExt:
+      setPipeLinePass(graph, Docgen2Pass)
+    else: raiseAssert $ext
+    compilePipelineProject(graph)
 
 proc commandCompileToC(graph: ModuleGraph) =
   let conf = graph.config
-  setOutFile(conf)
   extccomp.initVars(conf)
-  semanticPasses(graph)
   if conf.symbolFiles == disabledSf:
-    registerPass(graph, cgenPass)
-
     if {optRun, optForceFullMake} * conf.globalOptions == {optRun} or isDefined(conf, "nimBetterRun"):
-      let proj = changeFileExt(conf.projectFull, "")
-      if not changeDetectedViaJsonBuildInstructions(conf, proj):
+      if not changeDetectedViaJsonBuildInstructions(conf, conf.jsonBuildInstructionsFile):
         # nothing changed
         graph.config.notes = graph.config.mainPackageNotes
         return
@@ -87,12 +130,18 @@ proc commandCompileToC(graph: ModuleGraph) =
   if not extccomp.ccHasSaneOverflow(conf):
     conf.symbols.defineSymbol("nimEmulateOverflowChecks")
 
-  compileProject(graph)
+  if conf.symbolFiles == disabledSf:
+    setPipeLinePass(graph, CgenPass)
+  else:
+    setPipeLinePass(graph, SemPass)
+  compilePipelineProject(graph)
   if graph.config.errorCounter > 0:
     return # issue #9933
   if conf.symbolFiles == disabledSf:
     cgenWriteModules(graph.backend, conf)
   else:
+    if isDefined(conf, "nimIcIntegrityChecks"):
+      checkIntegrity(graph)
     generateCode(graph)
     # graph.backend can be nil under IC when nothing changed at all:
     if graph.backend != nil:
@@ -101,64 +150,52 @@ proc commandCompileToC(graph: ModuleGraph) =
     extccomp.callCCompiler(conf)
     # for now we do not support writing out a .json file with the build instructions when HCR is on
     if not conf.hcrOn:
-      extccomp.writeJsonBuildInstructions(conf)
+      extccomp.writeJsonBuildInstructions(conf, graph.cachedFiles)
     if optGenScript in graph.config.globalOptions:
       writeDepsFile(graph)
+    if optGenCDeps in graph.config.globalOptions:
+      writeCMakeDepsFile(conf)
 
 proc commandJsonScript(graph: ModuleGraph) =
-  let proj = changeFileExt(graph.config.projectFull, "")
-  extccomp.runJsonBuildInstructions(graph.config, proj)
+  extccomp.runJsonBuildInstructions(graph.config, graph.config.jsonBuildInstructionsFile)
 
 proc commandCompileToJS(graph: ModuleGraph) =
+  let conf = graph.config
   when defined(leanCompiler):
-    globalError(graph.config, unknownLineInfo, "compiler wasn't built with JS code generator")
+    globalError(conf, unknownLineInfo, "compiler wasn't built with JS code generator")
   else:
-    let conf = graph.config
     conf.exc = excCpp
-
-    if conf.outFile.isEmpty:
-      conf.outFile = RelativeFile(conf.projectName & ".js")
-
-    #incl(gGlobalOptions, optSafeCode)
-    setTarget(graph.config.target, osJS, cpuJS)
-    #initDefines()
-    defineSymbol(graph.config.symbols, "ecmascript") # For backward compatibility
-    semanticPasses(graph)
-    registerPass(graph, JSgenPass)
-    compileProject(graph)
-    if optGenScript in graph.config.globalOptions:
+    setTarget(conf.target, osJS, cpuJS)
+    defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "ecmascript") # For backward compatibility
+    setPipeLinePass(graph, JSgenPass)
+    compilePipelineProject(graph)
+    if optGenScript in conf.globalOptions:
       writeDepsFile(graph)
 
-proc interactivePasses(graph: ModuleGraph) =
+proc commandInteractive(graph: ModuleGraph) =
+  graph.config.setErrorMaxHighMaybe
   initDefines(graph.config.symbols)
   defineSymbol(graph.config.symbols, "nimscript")
   # note: seems redundant with -d:nimHasLibFFI
   when hasFFI: defineSymbol(graph.config.symbols, "nimffi")
-  registerPass(graph, verbosePass)
-  registerPass(graph, semPass)
-  registerPass(graph, evalPass)
-
-proc commandInteractive(graph: ModuleGraph) =
-  graph.config.setErrorMaxHighMaybe
-  interactivePasses(graph)
-  compileSystemModule(graph)
+  setPipeLinePass(graph, InterpreterPass)
+  compilePipelineSystemModule(graph)
   if graph.config.commandArgs.len > 0:
-    discard graph.compileModule(fileInfoIdx(graph.config, graph.config.projectFull), {})
+    discard graph.compilePipelineModule(fileInfoIdx(graph.config, graph.config.projectFull), {})
   else:
     var m = graph.makeStdinModule()
     incl(m.flags, sfMainModule)
     var idgen = IdGenerator(module: m.itemId.module, symId: m.itemId.item, typeId: 0)
     let s = llStreamOpenStdIn(onPrompt = proc() = flushDot(graph.config))
-    processModule(graph, m, idgen, s)
+    discard processPipelineModule(graph, m, idgen, s)
 
 proc commandScan(cache: IdentCache, config: ConfigRef) =
   var f = addFileExt(AbsoluteFile mainCommandArg(config), NimExt)
   var stream = llStreamOpen(f, fmRead)
   if stream != nil:
     var
-      L: Lexer
-      tok: Token
-    initToken(tok)
+      L: Lexer = default(Lexer)
+      tok: Token = default(Token)
     openLexer(L, f, stream, cache, config)
     while true:
       rawGetTok(L, tok)
@@ -175,12 +212,35 @@ proc commandView(graph: ModuleGraph) =
 const
   PrintRopeCacheStats = false
 
+proc hashMainCompilationParams*(conf: ConfigRef): string =
+  ## doesn't have to be complete; worst case is a cache hit and recompilation.
+  var state = newSha1State()
+  with state:
+    update os.getAppFilename() # nim compiler
+    update conf.commandLine # excludes `arguments`, as it should
+    update $conf.projectFull # so that running `nim r main` from 2 directories caches differently
+  result = $SecureHash(state.finalize())
+
+proc setOutFile*(conf: ConfigRef) =
+  proc libNameTmpl(conf: ConfigRef): string {.inline.} =
+    result = if conf.target.targetOS == osWindows: "$1.lib" else: "lib$1.a"
+
+  if conf.outFile.isEmpty:
+    var base = conf.projectName
+    if optUseNimcache in conf.globalOptions:
+      base.add "_" & hashMainCompilationParams(conf)
+    let targetName =
+      if conf.backend == backendJs: base & ".js"
+      elif optGenDynLib in conf.globalOptions:
+        platform.OS[conf.target.targetOS].dllFrmt % base
+      elif optGenStaticLib in conf.globalOptions: libNameTmpl(conf) % base
+      else: base & platform.OS[conf.target.targetOS].exeExt
+    conf.outFile = RelativeFile targetName
+
 proc mainCommand*(graph: ModuleGraph) =
   let conf = graph.config
   let cache = graph.cache
 
-  # In "nim serve" scenario, each command must reset the registered passes
-  clearPasses(graph)
   conf.lastCmdTime = epochTime()
   conf.searchPaths.add(conf.libpath)
 
@@ -205,23 +265,25 @@ proc mainCommand*(graph: ModuleGraph) =
         # and it has added this define implictly, so we must undo that here.
         # A better solution might be to fix system.nim
         undefSymbol(conf.symbols, "useNimRtl")
-    of backendInvalid: doAssert false
+    of backendInvalid: raiseAssert "unreachable"
 
   proc compileToBackend() =
     customizeForBackend(conf.backend)
+    setOutFile(conf)
     case conf.backend
     of backendC: commandCompileToC(graph)
     of backendCpp: commandCompileToC(graph)
     of backendObjc: commandCompileToC(graph)
     of backendJs: commandCompileToJS(graph)
-    of backendInvalid: doAssert false
+    of backendInvalid: raiseAssert "unreachable"
 
   template docLikeCmd(body) =
     when defined(leanCompiler):
-      quit "compiler wasn't built with documentation generator"
+      conf.quitOrRaise "compiler wasn't built with documentation generator"
     else:
       wantMainModule(conf)
-      loadConfigs(DocConfig, cache, conf, graph.idgen)
+      let docConf = if conf.cmd == cmdDoc2tex: DocTexConfig else: DocConfig
+      loadConfigs(docConf, cache, conf, graph.idgen)
       defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimdoc")
       body
 
@@ -233,13 +295,18 @@ proc mainCommand*(graph: ModuleGraph) =
     # so by default should not end up in $PWD nor in $projectPath.
     var ret = if optUseNimcache in conf.globalOptions: getNimcacheDir(conf)
               else: conf.projectPath
-    doAssert ret.string.isAbsolute # `AbsoluteDir` is not a real guarantee
-    if conf.cmd in cmdDocLike + {cmdRst2html, cmdRst2tex}: ret = ret / htmldocsDir
+    if not ret.string.isAbsolute: # `AbsoluteDir` is not a real guarantee
+      rawMessage(conf, errCannotOpenFile, ret.string & "/")
+    if conf.cmd in cmdDocLike + {cmdRst2html, cmdRst2tex, cmdMd2html, cmdMd2tex}:
+      ret = ret / htmldocsDir
     conf.outDir = ret
 
   ## process all commands
   case conf.cmd
-  of cmdBackends: compileToBackend()
+  of cmdBackends:
+    compileToBackend()
+    when BenchIC:
+      echoTimes graph.packed
   of cmdTcc:
     when hasTinyCBackend:
       extccomp.setCC(conf, "tcc", unknownLineInfo)
@@ -249,40 +316,43 @@ proc mainCommand*(graph: ModuleGraph) =
     else:
       rawMessage(conf, errGenerated, "'run' command not available; rebuild with -d:tinyc")
   of cmdDoc0: docLikeCmd commandDoc(cache, conf)
-  of cmdDoc2:
+  of cmdDoc:
     docLikeCmd():
-      conf.setNoteDefaults(warnLockLevel, false) # issue #13218
-      conf.setNoteDefaults(warnRedefinitionOfLabel, false) # issue #13218
+      conf.setNoteDefaults(warnRstRedefinitionOfLabel, false) # issue #13218
         # because currently generates lots of false positives due to conflation
         # of labels links in doc comments, e.g. for random.rand:
         #  ## * `rand proc<#rand,Rand,Natural>`_ that returns an integer
         #  ## * `rand proc<#rand,Rand,range[]>`_ that returns a float
-      commandDoc2(graph, false)
+      commandDoc2(graph, HtmlExt)
       if optGenIndex in conf.globalOptions and optWholeProject in conf.globalOptions:
         commandBuildIndex(conf, $conf.outDir)
-  of cmdRst2html:
+  of cmdRst2html, cmdMd2html:
     # XXX: why are warnings disabled by default for rst2html and rst2tex?
-    for warn in [warnUnknownSubstitutionX, warnLanguageXNotSupported,
-                 warnFieldXNotSupported, warnRstStyle]:
+    for warn in rstWarnings:
       conf.setNoteDefaults(warn, true)
-    conf.setNoteDefaults(warnRedefinitionOfLabel, false) # similar to issue #13218
+    conf.setNoteDefaults(warnRstRedefinitionOfLabel, false) # similar to issue #13218
     when defined(leanCompiler):
-      quit "compiler wasn't built with documentation generator"
+      conf.quitOrRaise "compiler wasn't built with documentation generator"
     else:
       loadConfigs(DocConfig, cache, conf, graph.idgen)
-      commandRst2Html(cache, conf)
-  of cmdRst2tex:
-    for warn in [warnRedefinitionOfLabel, warnUnknownSubstitutionX,
-                 warnLanguageXNotSupported,
-                 warnFieldXNotSupported, warnRstStyle]:
+      commandRst2Html(cache, conf, preferMarkdown = (conf.cmd == cmdMd2html))
+  of cmdRst2tex, cmdMd2tex, cmdDoc2tex:
+    for warn in rstWarnings:
       conf.setNoteDefaults(warn, true)
     when defined(leanCompiler):
-      quit "compiler wasn't built with documentation generator"
+      conf.quitOrRaise "compiler wasn't built with documentation generator"
     else:
-      loadConfigs(DocTexConfig, cache, conf, graph.idgen)
-      commandRst2TeX(cache, conf)
+      if conf.cmd in {cmdRst2tex, cmdMd2tex}:
+        loadConfigs(DocTexConfig, cache, conf, graph.idgen)
+        commandRst2TeX(cache, conf, preferMarkdown = (conf.cmd == cmdMd2tex))
+      else:
+        docLikeCmd commandDoc2(graph, TexExt)
   of cmdJsondoc0: docLikeCmd commandJson(cache, conf)
-  of cmdJsondoc: docLikeCmd commandDoc2(graph, true)
+  of cmdJsondoc:
+    docLikeCmd():
+      commandDoc2(graph, JsonExt)
+      if optGenIndex in conf.globalOptions and optWholeProject in conf.globalOptions:
+        commandBuildIndexJson(conf, $conf.outDir)
   of cmdCtags: docLikeCmd commandTags(cache, conf)
   of cmdBuildindex: docLikeCmd commandBuildIndex(conf, $conf.projectFull, conf.outFile)
   of cmdGendepend: commandGenDepend(graph)
@@ -321,15 +391,21 @@ proc mainCommand*(graph: ModuleGraph) =
         (key: "warnings", val: warnings),
       ]
 
-      msgWriteln(conf, $dumpdata, {msgStdout, msgSkipHook})
+      msgWriteln(conf, $dumpdata, {msgStdout, msgSkipHook, msgNoUnitSep})
+        # `msgNoUnitSep` to avoid generating invalid json, refs bug #17853
     else:
       msgWriteln(conf, "-- list of currently defined symbols --",
-                 {msgStdout, msgSkipHook})
-      for s in definedSymbolNames(conf.symbols): msgWriteln(conf, s, {msgStdout, msgSkipHook})
+                 {msgStdout, msgSkipHook, msgNoUnitSep})
+      for s in definedSymbolNames(conf.symbols): msgWriteln(conf, s, {msgStdout, msgSkipHook, msgNoUnitSep})
       msgWriteln(conf, "-- end of list --", {msgStdout, msgSkipHook})
 
       for it in conf.searchPaths: msgWriteln(conf, it.string)
-  of cmdCheck: commandCheck(graph)
+  of cmdCheck:
+    commandCheck(graph)
+  of cmdM:
+    graph.config.symbolFiles = v2Sf
+    setUseIc(graph.config.symbolFiles != disabledSf)
+    commandCheck(graph)
   of cmdParse:
     wantMainModule(conf)
     discard parseFile(conf.projectMainIdx, cache, conf)
@@ -342,46 +418,18 @@ proc mainCommand*(graph: ModuleGraph) =
     if conf.projectIsCmd or conf.projectIsStdin: discard
     elif not fileExists(conf.projectFull):
       rawMessage(conf, errGenerated, "NimScript file does not exist: " & conf.projectFull.string)
-    elif not conf.projectFull.string.endsWith(".nims"):
-      rawMessage(conf, errGenerated, "not a NimScript file: " & conf.projectFull.string)
     # main NimScript logic handled in `loadConfigs`.
   of cmdNop: discard
   of cmdJsonscript:
     setOutFile(graph.config)
     commandJsonScript(graph)
-  of cmdUnknown, cmdNone, cmdIdeTools, cmdNimfix:
+  of cmdUnknown, cmdNone, cmdIdeTools:
     rawMessage(conf, errGenerated, "invalid command: " & conf.command)
 
   if conf.errorCounter == 0 and conf.cmd notin {cmdTcc, cmdDump, cmdNop}:
-    let mem =
-      when declared(system.getMaxMem): formatSize(getMaxMem()) & " peakmem"
-      else: formatSize(getTotalMem()) & " totmem"
-    let loc = $conf.linesCompiled
-    let build = if isDefined(conf, "danger"): "Dangerous Release"
-                elif isDefined(conf, "release"): "Release"
-                else: "Debug"
-    let sec = formatFloat(epochTime() - conf.lastCmdTime, ffDecimal, 3)
-    let project = if optListFullPaths in conf.globalOptions: $conf.projectFull else: $conf.projectName
-
-    var output: string
-    if optCompileOnly in conf.globalOptions and conf.cmd != cmdJsonscript:
-      output = $conf.jsonBuildFile
-    elif conf.outFile.isEmpty and conf.cmd notin {cmdJsonscript} + cmdDocLike + cmdBackends:
-      # for some cmd we expect a valid absOutFile
-      output = "unknownOutput"
-    else:
-      output = $conf.absOutFile
-    if optListFullPaths notin conf.globalOptions: output = output.AbsoluteFile.extractFilename
     if optProfileVM in conf.globalOptions:
       echo conf.dump(conf.vmProfileData)
-    rawMessage(conf, hintSuccessX, [
-      "loc", loc,
-      "sec", sec,
-      "mem", mem,
-      "build", build,
-      "project", project,
-      "output", output,
-      ])
+    genSuccessX(conf)
 
   when PrintRopeCacheStats:
     echo "rope cache stats: "
diff --git a/compiler/mangleutils.nim b/compiler/mangleutils.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ae954518
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/mangleutils.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import std/strutils
+import ast, modulegraphs
+
+proc mangle*(name: string): string =
+  result = newStringOfCap(name.len)
+  var start = 0
+  if name[0] in Digits:
+    result.add("X" & name[0])
+    start = 1
+  var requiresUnderscore = false
+  template special(x) =
+    result.add x
+    requiresUnderscore = true
+  for i in start..<name.len:
+    let c = name[i]
+    case c
+    of 'a'..'z', '0'..'9', 'A'..'Z':
+      result.add(c)
+    of '_':
+      # we generate names like 'foo_9' for scope disambiguations and so
+      # disallow this here:
+      if i > 0 and i < name.len-1 and name[i+1] in Digits:
+        discard
+      else:
+        result.add(c)
+    of '$': special "dollar"
+    of '%': special "percent"
+    of '&': special "amp"
+    of '^': special "roof"
+    of '!': special "emark"
+    of '?': special "qmark"
+    of '*': special "star"
+    of '+': special "plus"
+    of '-': special "minus"
+    of '/': special "slash"
+    of '\\': special "backslash"
+    of '=': special "eq"
+    of '<': special "lt"
+    of '>': special "gt"
+    of '~': special "tilde"
+    of ':': special "colon"
+    of '.': special "dot"
+    of '@': special "at"
+    of '|': special "bar"
+    else:
+      result.add("X" & toHex(ord(c), 2))
+      requiresUnderscore = true
+  if requiresUnderscore:
+    result.add "_"
+
+proc mangleParamExt*(s: PSym): string =
+  result = "_p"
+  result.addInt s.position
+
+proc mangleProcNameExt*(graph: ModuleGraph, s: PSym): string =
+  result = "__"
+  result.add graph.ifaces[s.itemId.module].uniqueName
+  result.add "_u"
+  result.addInt s.itemId.item # s.disamb #
diff --git a/compiler/modulegraphs.nim b/compiler/modulegraphs.nim
index 9ac76457c..77762d23a 100644
--- a/compiler/modulegraphs.nim
+++ b/compiler/modulegraphs.nim
@@ -11,10 +11,15 @@
 ## represents a complete Nim project. Single modules can either be kept in RAM
 ## or stored in a rod-file.
 
-import std / [intsets, tables, hashes, md5]
-import ast, astalgo, options, lineinfos,idents, btrees, ropes, msgs, pathutils
+import std/[intsets, tables, hashes, strtabs, algorithm, os, strutils, parseutils]
+import ../dist/checksums/src/checksums/md5
+import ast, astalgo, options, lineinfos,idents, btrees, ropes, msgs, pathutils, packages, suggestsymdb
 import ic / [packed_ast, ic]
 
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 type
   SigHash* = distinct MD5Digest
 
@@ -29,6 +34,7 @@ type
     patterns*: seq[LazySym]
     pureEnums*: seq[LazySym]
     interf: TStrTable
+    interfHidden: TStrTable
     uniqueName*: Rope
 
   Operators* = object
@@ -49,25 +55,39 @@ type
     concreteTypes*: seq[FullId]
     inst*: PInstantiation
 
-  ModuleGraph* = ref object
+  PipelinePass* = enum
+    NonePass
+    SemPass
+    JSgenPass
+    CgenPass
+    EvalPass
+    InterpreterPass
+    GenDependPass
+    Docgen2TexPass
+    Docgen2JsonPass
+    Docgen2Pass
+
+  ModuleGraph* {.acyclic.} = ref object
     ifaces*: seq[Iface]  ## indexed by int32 fileIdx
     packed*: PackedModuleGraph
     encoders*: seq[PackedEncoder]
 
     typeInstCache*: Table[ItemId, seq[LazyType]] # A symbol's ItemId.
     procInstCache*: Table[ItemId, seq[LazyInstantiation]] # A symbol's ItemId.
-    attachedOps*: array[TTypeAttachedOp, Table[ItemId, PSym]] # Type ID, destructors, etc.
-    methodsPerType*: Table[ItemId, seq[(int, LazySym)]] # Type ID, attached methods
+    attachedOps*: array[TTypeAttachedOp, Table[ItemId, LazySym]] # Type ID, destructors, etc.
+    methodsPerGenericType*: Table[ItemId, seq[(int, LazySym)]] # Type ID, attached methods
+    memberProcsPerType*: Table[ItemId, seq[PSym]] # Type ID, attached member procs (only c++, virtual,member and ctor so far).
+    initializersPerType*: Table[ItemId, PNode] # Type ID, AST call to the default ctor (c++ only)
     enumToStringProcs*: Table[ItemId, LazySym]
     emittedTypeInfo*: Table[string, FileIndex]
 
     startupPackedConfig*: PackedConfig
     packageSyms*: TStrTable
-    modulesPerPackage*: Table[ItemId, TStrTable]
     deps*: IntSet # the dependency graph or potentially its transitive closure.
     importDeps*: Table[FileIndex, seq[FileIndex]] # explicit import module dependencies
     suggestMode*: bool # whether we are in nimsuggest mode or not.
     invalidTransitiveClosure: bool
+    interactive*: bool
     inclToMod*: Table[FileIndex, FileIndex] # mapping of include file to the
                                             # first module that included it
     importStack*: seq[FileIndex]  # The current import stack. Used for detecting recursive
@@ -77,10 +97,18 @@ type
     cache*: IdentCache
     vm*: RootRef # unfortunately the 'vm' state is shared project-wise, this will
                  # be clarified in later compiler implementations.
+    repl*: RootRef # REPL state is shared project-wise.
     doStopCompile*: proc(): bool {.closure.}
     usageSym*: PSym # for nimsuggest
     owners*: seq[PSym]
+    suggestSymbols*: SuggestSymbolDatabase
+    suggestErrors*: Table[FileIndex, seq[Suggest]]
     methods*: seq[tuple[methods: seq[PSym], dispatcher: PSym]] # needs serialization!
+    bucketTable*: CountTable[ItemId]
+    objectTree*: Table[ItemId, seq[tuple[depth: int, value: PType]]]
+    methodsPerType*: Table[ItemId, seq[LazySym]]
+    dispatchers*: seq[LazySym]
+
     systemModule*: PSym
     sysTypes*: array[TTypeKind, PType]
     compilerprocs*: TStrTable
@@ -95,6 +123,7 @@ type
     cacheCounters*: Table[string, BiggestInt] # IC: implemented
     cacheTables*: Table[string, BTree[string, PNode]] # IC: implemented
     passes*: seq[TPass]
+    pipelinePass*: PipelinePass
     onDefinition*: proc (graph: ModuleGraph; s: PSym; info: TLineInfo) {.nimcall.}
     onDefinitionResolveForward*: proc (graph: ModuleGraph; s: PSym; info: TLineInfo) {.nimcall.}
     onUsage*: proc (graph: ModuleGraph; s: PSym; info: TLineInfo) {.nimcall.}
@@ -104,6 +133,8 @@ type
     idgen*: IdGenerator
     operators*: Operators
 
+    cachedFiles*: StringTableRef
+
   TPassContext* = object of RootObj # the pass's context
     idgen*: IdGenerator
   PPassContext* = ref TPassContext
@@ -118,13 +149,15 @@ type
                  isFrontend: bool]
 
 proc resetForBackend*(g: ModuleGraph) =
-  initStrTable(g.compilerprocs)
+  g.compilerprocs = initStrTable()
   g.typeInstCache.clear()
   g.procInstCache.clear()
   for a in mitems(g.attachedOps):
     a.clear()
-  g.methodsPerType.clear()
+  g.methodsPerGenericType.clear()
   g.enumToStringProcs.clear()
+  g.dispatchers.setLen(0)
+  g.methodsPerType.clear()
 
 const
   cb64 = [
@@ -160,16 +193,32 @@ proc toBase64a(s: cstring, len: int): string =
     result.add cb64[a shr 2]
     result.add cb64[(a and 3) shl 4]
 
-template semtab*(m: PSym; g: ModuleGraph): TStrTable =
+template interfSelect(iface: Iface, importHidden: bool): TStrTable =
+  var ret = iface.interf.addr # without intermediate ptr, it creates a copy and compiler becomes 15x slower!
+  if importHidden: ret = iface.interfHidden.addr
+  ret[]
+
+template semtab(g: ModuleGraph, m: PSym): TStrTable =
   g.ifaces[m.position].interf
 
+template semtabAll*(g: ModuleGraph, m: PSym): TStrTable =
+  g.ifaces[m.position].interfHidden
+
+proc initStrTables*(g: ModuleGraph, m: PSym) =
+  semtab(g, m) = initStrTable()
+  semtabAll(g, m) = initStrTable()
+
+proc strTableAdds*(g: ModuleGraph, m: PSym, s: PSym) =
+  strTableAdd(semtab(g, m), s)
+  strTableAdd(semtabAll(g, m), s)
+
 proc isCachedModule(g: ModuleGraph; module: int): bool {.inline.} =
   result = module < g.packed.len and g.packed[module].status == loaded
 
-proc isCachedModule(g: ModuleGraph; m: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
+proc isCachedModule*(g: ModuleGraph; m: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
   isCachedModule(g, m.position)
 
-proc simulateCachedModule*(g: ModuleGraph; moduleSym: PSym; m: PackedModule) =
+proc simulateCachedModule(g: ModuleGraph; moduleSym: PSym; m: PackedModule) =
   when false:
     echo "simulating ", moduleSym.name.s, " ", moduleSym.position
   simulateLoadedModule(g.packed, g.config, g.cache, moduleSym, m)
@@ -187,45 +236,68 @@ type
     modIndex: int
     ti: TIdentIter
     rodIt: RodIter
+    importHidden: bool
 
 proc initModuleIter*(mi: var ModuleIter; g: ModuleGraph; m: PSym; name: PIdent): PSym =
   assert m.kind == skModule
   mi.modIndex = m.position
   mi.fromRod = isCachedModule(g, mi.modIndex)
+  mi.importHidden = optImportHidden in m.options
   if mi.fromRod:
-    result = initRodIter(mi.rodIt, g.config, g.cache, g.packed, FileIndex mi.modIndex, name)
+    result = initRodIter(mi.rodIt, g.config, g.cache, g.packed, FileIndex mi.modIndex, name, mi.importHidden)
   else:
-    result = initIdentIter(mi.ti, g.ifaces[mi.modIndex].interf, name)
+    result = initIdentIter(mi.ti, g.ifaces[mi.modIndex].interfSelect(mi.importHidden), name)
 
 proc nextModuleIter*(mi: var ModuleIter; g: ModuleGraph): PSym =
   if mi.fromRod:
     result = nextRodIter(mi.rodIt, g.packed)
   else:
-    result = nextIdentIter(mi.ti, g.ifaces[mi.modIndex].interf)
+    result = nextIdentIter(mi.ti, g.ifaces[mi.modIndex].interfSelect(mi.importHidden))
 
 iterator allSyms*(g: ModuleGraph; m: PSym): PSym =
+  let importHidden = optImportHidden in m.options
   if isCachedModule(g, m):
-    var rodIt: RodIter
-    var r = initRodIterAllSyms(rodIt, g.config, g.cache, g.packed, FileIndex m.position)
+    var rodIt: RodIter = default(RodIter)
+    var r = initRodIterAllSyms(rodIt, g.config, g.cache, g.packed, FileIndex m.position, importHidden)
     while r != nil:
       yield r
       r = nextRodIter(rodIt, g.packed)
   else:
-    for s in g.ifaces[m.position].interf.data:
+    for s in g.ifaces[m.position].interfSelect(importHidden).data:
       if s != nil:
         yield s
 
 proc someSym*(g: ModuleGraph; m: PSym; name: PIdent): PSym =
+  let importHidden = optImportHidden in m.options
   if isCachedModule(g, m):
-    result = interfaceSymbol(g.config, g.cache, g.packed, FileIndex(m.position), name)
+    result = interfaceSymbol(g.config, g.cache, g.packed, FileIndex(m.position), name, importHidden)
   else:
-    result = strTableGet(g.ifaces[m.position].interf, name)
+    result = strTableGet(g.ifaces[m.position].interfSelect(importHidden), name)
+
+proc someSymAmb*(g: ModuleGraph; m: PSym; name: PIdent; amb: var bool): PSym =
+  let importHidden = optImportHidden in m.options
+  if isCachedModule(g, m):
+    result = nil
+    for s in interfaceSymbols(g.config, g.cache, g.packed, FileIndex(m.position), name, importHidden):
+      if result == nil:
+        # set result to the first symbol
+        result = s
+      else:
+        # another symbol found
+        amb = true
+        break
+  else:
+    var ti: TIdentIter = default(TIdentIter)
+    result = initIdentIter(ti, g.ifaces[m.position].interfSelect(importHidden), name)
+    if result != nil and nextIdentIter(ti, g.ifaces[m.position].interfSelect(importHidden)) != nil:
+      # another symbol exists with same name
+      amb = true
 
 proc systemModuleSym*(g: ModuleGraph; name: PIdent): PSym =
   result = someSym(g, g.systemModule, name)
 
 iterator systemModuleSyms*(g: ModuleGraph; name: PIdent): PSym =
-  var mi: ModuleIter
+  var mi: ModuleIter = default(ModuleIter)
   var r = initModuleIter(mi, g, g.systemModule, name)
   while r != nil:
     yield r
@@ -256,6 +328,13 @@ proc resolveInst(g: ModuleGraph; t: var LazyInstantiation): PInstantiation =
     t.inst = result
   assert result != nil
 
+proc resolveAttachedOp*(g: ModuleGraph; t: var LazySym): PSym =
+  result = t.sym
+  if result == nil:
+    result = loadSymFromId(g.config, g.cache, g.packed, t.id.module, t.id.packed)
+    t.sym = result
+  assert result != nil
+
 iterator typeInstCacheItems*(g: ModuleGraph; s: PSym): PType =
   if g.typeInstCache.contains(s.itemId):
     let x = addr(g.typeInstCache[s.itemId])
@@ -268,25 +347,50 @@ iterator procInstCacheItems*(g: ModuleGraph; s: PSym): PInstantiation =
     for t in mitems(x[]):
       yield resolveInst(g, t)
 
+
 proc getAttachedOp*(g: ModuleGraph; t: PType; op: TTypeAttachedOp): PSym =
   ## returns the requested attached operation for type `t`. Can return nil
   ## if no such operation exists.
-  result = g.attachedOps[op].getOrDefault(t.itemId)
+  if g.attachedOps[op].contains(t.itemId):
+    result = resolveAttachedOp(g, g.attachedOps[op][t.itemId])
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc setAttachedOp*(g: ModuleGraph; module: int; t: PType; op: TTypeAttachedOp; value: PSym) =
   ## we also need to record this to the packed module.
-  g.attachedOps[op][t.itemId] = value
+  g.attachedOps[op][t.itemId] = LazySym(sym: value)
 
 proc setAttachedOpPartial*(g: ModuleGraph; module: int; t: PType; op: TTypeAttachedOp; value: PSym) =
   ## we also need to record this to the packed module.
-  g.attachedOps[op][t.itemId] = value
-  # XXX Also add to the packed module!
+  g.attachedOps[op][t.itemId] = LazySym(sym: value)
 
 proc completePartialOp*(g: ModuleGraph; module: int; t: PType; op: TTypeAttachedOp; value: PSym) =
   if g.config.symbolFiles != disabledSf:
     assert module < g.encoders.len
     assert isActive(g.encoders[module])
     toPackedGeneratedProcDef(value, g.encoders[module], g.packed[module].fromDisk)
+    #storeAttachedProcDef(t, op, value, g.encoders[module], g.packed[module].fromDisk)
+
+iterator getDispatchers*(g: ModuleGraph): PSym =
+  for i in g.dispatchers.mitems:
+    yield resolveSym(g, i)
+
+proc addDispatchers*(g: ModuleGraph, value: PSym) =
+  # TODO: add it for packed modules
+  g.dispatchers.add LazySym(sym: value)
+
+iterator resolveLazySymSeq(g: ModuleGraph, list: var seq[LazySym]): PSym =
+  for it in list.mitems:
+    yield resolveSym(g, it)
+
+proc setMethodsPerType*(g: ModuleGraph; id: ItemId, methods: seq[LazySym]) =
+  # TODO: add it for packed modules
+  g.methodsPerType[id] = methods
+
+iterator getMethodsPerType*(g: ModuleGraph; t: PType): PSym =
+  if g.methodsPerType.contains(t.itemId):
+    for it in mitems g.methodsPerType[t.itemId]:
+      yield resolveSym(g, it)
 
 proc getToStringProc*(g: ModuleGraph; t: PType): PSym =
   result = resolveSym(g, g.enumToStringProcs[t.itemId])
@@ -296,12 +400,12 @@ proc setToStringProc*(g: ModuleGraph; t: PType; value: PSym) =
   g.enumToStringProcs[t.itemId] = LazySym(sym: value)
 
 iterator methodsForGeneric*(g: ModuleGraph; t: PType): (int, PSym) =
-  if g.methodsPerType.contains(t.itemId):
-    for it in mitems g.methodsPerType[t.itemId]:
+  if g.methodsPerGenericType.contains(t.itemId):
+    for it in mitems g.methodsPerGenericType[t.itemId]:
       yield (it[0], resolveSym(g, it[1]))
 
 proc addMethodToGeneric*(g: ModuleGraph; module: int; t: PType; col: int; m: PSym) =
-  g.methodsPerType.mgetOrPut(t.itemId, @[]).add (col, LazySym(sym: m))
+  g.methodsPerGenericType.mgetOrPut(t.itemId, @[]).add (col, LazySym(sym: m))
 
 proc hasDisabledAsgn*(g: ModuleGraph; t: PType): bool =
   let op = getAttachedOp(g, t, attachedAsgn)
@@ -314,10 +418,11 @@ proc copyTypeProps*(g: ModuleGraph; module: int; dest, src: PType) =
       setAttachedOp(g, module, dest, k, op)
 
 proc loadCompilerProc*(g: ModuleGraph; name: string): PSym =
+  result = nil
   if g.config.symbolFiles == disabledSf: return nil
 
   # slow, linear search, but the results are cached:
-  for module in 0..high(g.packed):
+  for module in 0..<len(g.packed):
     #if isCachedModule(g, module):
     let x = searchForCompilerproc(g.packed[module], name)
     if x >= 0:
@@ -326,6 +431,10 @@ proc loadCompilerProc*(g: ModuleGraph; name: string): PSym =
         strTableAdd(g.compilerprocs, result)
       return result
 
+proc loadPackedSym*(g: ModuleGraph; s: var LazySym) =
+  if s.sym == nil:
+    s.sym = loadSymFromId(g.config, g.cache, g.packed, s.id.module, s.id.packed)
+
 proc `$`*(u: SigHash): string =
   toBase64a(cast[cstring](unsafeAddr u), sizeof(u))
 
@@ -339,27 +448,13 @@ proc hash*(u: SigHash): Hash =
 
 proc hash*(x: FileIndex): Hash {.borrow.}
 
-when defined(nimfind):
-  template onUse*(info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) =
-    when compiles(c.c.graph):
-      if c.c.graph.onUsage != nil: c.c.graph.onUsage(c.c.graph, s, info)
-    else:
-      if c.graph.onUsage != nil: c.graph.onUsage(c.graph, s, info)
-
-  template onDef*(info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) =
-    when compiles(c.c.graph):
-      if c.c.graph.onDefinition != nil: c.c.graph.onDefinition(c.c.graph, s, info)
-    else:
-      if c.graph.onDefinition != nil: c.graph.onDefinition(c.graph, s, info)
-
-  template onDefResolveForward*(info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) =
-    when compiles(c.c.graph):
-      if c.c.graph.onDefinitionResolveForward != nil:
-        c.c.graph.onDefinitionResolveForward(c.c.graph, s, info)
-    else:
-      if c.graph.onDefinitionResolveForward != nil:
-        c.graph.onDefinitionResolveForward(c.graph, s, info)
+template getPContext(): untyped =
+  when c is PContext: c
+  else: c.c
 
+when defined(nimsuggest):
+  template onUse*(info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) = discard
+  template onDefResolveForward*(info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) = discard
 else:
   template onUse*(info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) = discard
   template onDef*(info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) = discard
@@ -369,13 +464,56 @@ proc stopCompile*(g: ModuleGraph): bool {.inline.} =
   result = g.doStopCompile != nil and g.doStopCompile()
 
 proc createMagic*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; name: string, m: TMagic): PSym =
-  result = newSym(skProc, getIdent(g.cache, name), nextSymId(idgen), nil, unknownLineInfo, {})
+  result = newSym(skProc, getIdent(g.cache, name), idgen, nil, unknownLineInfo, {})
   result.magic = m
   result.flags = {sfNeverRaises}
 
 proc createMagic(g: ModuleGraph; name: string, m: TMagic): PSym =
   result = createMagic(g, g.idgen, name, m)
 
+proc uniqueModuleName*(conf: ConfigRef; m: PSym): string =
+  ## The unique module name is guaranteed to only contain {'A'..'Z', 'a'..'z', '0'..'9', '_'}
+  ## so that it is useful as a C identifier snippet.
+  let fid = FileIndex(m.position)
+  let path = AbsoluteFile toFullPath(conf, fid)
+  var isLib = false
+  var rel = ""
+  if path.string.startsWith(conf.libpath.string):
+    isLib = true
+    rel = relativeTo(path, conf.libpath).string
+  else:
+    rel = relativeTo(path, conf.projectPath).string
+
+  if not isLib and not belongsToProjectPackage(conf, m):
+    # special handlings for nimble packages
+    when DirSep == '\\':
+      let rel2 = replace(rel, '\\', '/')
+    else:
+      let rel2 = rel
+    const pkgs2 = "pkgs2/"
+    var start = rel2.find(pkgs2)
+    if start >= 0:
+      start += pkgs2.len
+      start += skipUntil(rel2, {'/'}, start)
+      if start+1 < rel2.len:
+        rel = "pkg/" & rel2[start+1..<rel.len] # strips paths
+
+  let trunc = if rel.endsWith(".nim"): rel.len - len(".nim") else: rel.len
+  result = newStringOfCap(trunc)
+  for i in 0..<trunc:
+    let c = rel[i]
+    case c
+    of 'a'..'z', '0'..'9':
+      result.add c
+    of {os.DirSep, os.AltSep}:
+      result.add 'Z' # because it looks a bit like '/'
+    of '.':
+      result.add 'O' # a circle
+    else:
+      # We mangle upper letters too so that there cannot
+      # be clashes with our special meanings of 'Z' and 'O'
+      result.addInt ord(c)
+
 proc registerModule*(g: ModuleGraph; m: PSym) =
   assert m != nil
   assert m.kind == skModule
@@ -384,49 +522,51 @@ proc registerModule*(g: ModuleGraph; m: PSym) =
     setLen(g.ifaces, m.position + 1)
 
   if m.position >= g.packed.len:
-    setLen(g.packed, m.position + 1)
+    setLen(g.packed.pm, m.position + 1)
 
   g.ifaces[m.position] = Iface(module: m, converters: @[], patterns: @[],
-                               uniqueName: rope(uniqueModuleName(g.config, FileIndex(m.position))))
-  initStrTable(g.ifaces[m.position].interf)
+                               uniqueName: rope(uniqueModuleName(g.config, m)))
+  initStrTables(g, m)
 
 proc registerModuleById*(g: ModuleGraph; m: FileIndex) =
   registerModule(g, g.packed[int m].module)
 
-proc initOperators(g: ModuleGraph): Operators =
+proc initOperators*(g: ModuleGraph): Operators =
   # These are safe for IC.
-  result.opLe = createMagic(g, "<=", mLeI)
-  result.opLt = createMagic(g, "<", mLtI)
-  result.opAnd = createMagic(g, "and", mAnd)
-  result.opOr = createMagic(g, "or", mOr)
-  result.opIsNil = createMagic(g, "isnil", mIsNil)
-  result.opEq = createMagic(g, "==", mEqI)
-  result.opAdd = createMagic(g, "+", mAddI)
-  result.opSub = createMagic(g, "-", mSubI)
-  result.opMul = createMagic(g, "*", mMulI)
-  result.opDiv = createMagic(g, "div", mDivI)
-  result.opLen = createMagic(g, "len", mLengthSeq)
-  result.opNot = createMagic(g, "not", mNot)
-  result.opContains = createMagic(g, "contains", mInSet)
-
-proc newModuleGraph*(cache: IdentCache; config: ConfigRef): ModuleGraph =
-  result = ModuleGraph()
+  # Public because it's used by DrNim.
+  result = Operators(
+    opLe: createMagic(g, "<=", mLeI),
+    opLt: createMagic(g, "<", mLtI),
+    opAnd: createMagic(g, "and", mAnd),
+    opOr: createMagic(g, "or", mOr),
+    opIsNil: createMagic(g, "isnil", mIsNil),
+    opEq: createMagic(g, "==", mEqI),
+    opAdd: createMagic(g, "+", mAddI),
+    opSub: createMagic(g, "-", mSubI),
+    opMul: createMagic(g, "*", mMulI),
+    opDiv: createMagic(g, "div", mDivI),
+    opLen: createMagic(g, "len", mLengthSeq),
+    opNot: createMagic(g, "not", mNot),
+    opContains: createMagic(g, "contains", mInSet)
+  )
+
+proc initModuleGraphFields(result: ModuleGraph) =
   # A module ID of -1 means that the symbol is not attached to a module at all,
   # but to the module graph:
   result.idgen = IdGenerator(module: -1'i32, symId: 0'i32, typeId: 0'i32)
-  initStrTable(result.packageSyms)
+  result.packageSyms = initStrTable()
   result.deps = initIntSet()
   result.importDeps = initTable[FileIndex, seq[FileIndex]]()
   result.ifaces = @[]
   result.importStack = @[]
   result.inclToMod = initTable[FileIndex, FileIndex]()
-  result.config = config
-  result.cache = cache
   result.owners = @[]
+  result.suggestSymbols = initTable[FileIndex, SuggestFileSymbolDatabase]()
+  result.suggestErrors = initTable[FileIndex, seq[Suggest]]()
   result.methods = @[]
-  initStrTable(result.compilerprocs)
-  initStrTable(result.exposed)
-  initStrTable(result.packageTypes)
+  result.compilerprocs = initStrTable()
+  result.exposed = initStrTable()
+  result.packageTypes = initStrTable()
   result.emptyNode = newNode(nkEmpty)
   result.cacheSeqs = initTable[string, PNode]()
   result.cacheCounters = initTable[string, BiggestInt]()
@@ -435,9 +575,16 @@ proc newModuleGraph*(cache: IdentCache; config: ConfigRef): ModuleGraph =
   result.symBodyHashes = initTable[int, SigHash]()
   result.operators = initOperators(result)
   result.emittedTypeInfo = initTable[string, FileIndex]()
+  result.cachedFiles = newStringTable()
+
+proc newModuleGraph*(cache: IdentCache; config: ConfigRef): ModuleGraph =
+  result = ModuleGraph()
+  result.config = config
+  result.cache = cache
+  initModuleGraphFields(result)
 
 proc resetAllModules*(g: ModuleGraph) =
-  initStrTable(g.packageSyms)
+  g.packageSyms = initStrTable()
   g.deps = initIntSet()
   g.ifaces = @[]
   g.importStack = @[]
@@ -445,21 +592,37 @@ proc resetAllModules*(g: ModuleGraph) =
   g.usageSym = nil
   g.owners = @[]
   g.methods = @[]
-  initStrTable(g.compilerprocs)
-  initStrTable(g.exposed)
+  g.compilerprocs = initStrTable()
+  g.exposed = initStrTable()
+  initModuleGraphFields(g)
 
 proc getModule*(g: ModuleGraph; fileIdx: FileIndex): PSym =
+  result = nil
   if fileIdx.int32 >= 0:
     if isCachedModule(g, fileIdx.int32):
       result = g.packed[fileIdx.int32].module
     elif fileIdx.int32 < g.ifaces.len:
       result = g.ifaces[fileIdx.int32].module
 
+proc moduleOpenForCodegen*(g: ModuleGraph; m: FileIndex): bool {.inline.} =
+  if g.config.symbolFiles == disabledSf:
+    result = true
+  else:
+    result = g.packed[m.int32].status notin {undefined, stored, loaded}
+
 proc rememberEmittedTypeInfo*(g: ModuleGraph; m: FileIndex; ti: string) =
   #assert(not isCachedModule(g, m.int32))
   if g.config.symbolFiles != disabledSf:
     #assert g.encoders[m.int32].isActive
+    assert g.packed[m.int32].status != stored
     g.packed[m.int32].fromDisk.emittedTypeInfo.add ti
+    #echo "added typeinfo ", m.int32, " ", ti, " suspicious ", not g.encoders[m.int32].isActive
+
+proc rememberFlag*(g: ModuleGraph; m: PSym; flag: ModuleBackendFlag) =
+  if g.config.symbolFiles != disabledSf:
+    #assert g.encoders[m.int32].isActive
+    assert g.packed[m.position].status != stored
+    g.packed[m.position].fromDisk.backendFlags.incl flag
 
 proc closeRodFile*(g: ModuleGraph; m: PSym) =
   if g.config.symbolFiles in {readOnlySf, v2Sf}:
@@ -469,6 +632,8 @@ proc closeRodFile*(g: ModuleGraph; m: PSym) =
     let mint = m.position
     saveRodFile(toRodFile(g.config, AbsoluteFile toFullPath(g.config, FileIndex(mint))),
                 g.encoders[mint], g.packed[mint].fromDisk)
+    g.packed[mint].status = stored
+
   elif g.config.symbolFiles == stressTest:
     # debug code, but maybe a good idea for production? Could reduce the compiler's
     # memory consumption considerably at the cost of more loads from disk.
@@ -509,7 +674,19 @@ proc transitiveClosure(g: var IntSet; n: int) =
 
 proc markDirty*(g: ModuleGraph; fileIdx: FileIndex) =
   let m = g.getModule fileIdx
-  if m != nil: incl m.flags, sfDirty
+  if m != nil:
+    g.suggestSymbols.del(fileIdx)
+    g.suggestErrors.del(fileIdx)
+    incl m.flags, sfDirty
+
+proc unmarkAllDirty*(g: ModuleGraph) =
+  for i in 0i32..<g.ifaces.len.int32:
+    let m = g.ifaces[i].module
+    if m != nil:
+      m.flags.excl sfDirty
+
+proc isDirty*(g: ModuleGraph; m: PSym): bool =
+  result = g.suggestMode and sfDirty in m.flags
 
 proc markClientsDirty*(g: ModuleGraph; fileIdx: FileIndex) =
   # we need to mark its dependent modules D as dirty right away because after
@@ -521,12 +698,28 @@ proc markClientsDirty*(g: ModuleGraph; fileIdx: FileIndex) =
 
   # every module that *depends* on this file is also dirty:
   for i in 0i32..<g.ifaces.len.int32:
+    if g.deps.contains(i.dependsOn(fileIdx.int)):
+      g.markDirty(FileIndex(i))
+
+proc needsCompilation*(g: ModuleGraph): bool =
+  # every module that *depends* on this file is also dirty:
+  result = false
+  for i in 0i32..<g.ifaces.len.int32:
     let m = g.ifaces[i].module
-    if m != nil and g.deps.contains(i.dependsOn(fileIdx.int)):
-      incl m.flags, sfDirty
+    if m != nil:
+      if sfDirty in m.flags:
+        return true
 
-proc isDirty*(g: ModuleGraph; m: PSym): bool =
-  result = g.suggestMode and sfDirty in m.flags
+proc needsCompilation*(g: ModuleGraph, fileIdx: FileIndex): bool =
+  result = false
+  let module = g.getModule(fileIdx)
+  if module != nil and g.isDirty(module):
+    return true
+
+  for i in 0i32..<g.ifaces.len.int32:
+    let m = g.ifaces[i].module
+    if m != nil and g.isDirty(m) and g.deps.contains(fileIdx.int32.dependsOn(i)):
+      return true
 
 proc getBody*(g: ModuleGraph; s: PSym): PNode {.inline.} =
   result = s.ast[bodyPos]
@@ -540,6 +733,47 @@ proc moduleFromRodFile*(g: ModuleGraph; fileIdx: FileIndex;
   ## Returns 'nil' if the module needs to be recompiled.
   if g.config.symbolFiles in {readOnlySf, v2Sf, stressTest}:
     result = moduleFromRodFile(g.packed, g.config, g.cache, fileIdx, cachedModules)
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc configComplete*(g: ModuleGraph) =
   rememberStartupConfig(g.startupPackedConfig, g.config)
+
+proc onProcessing*(graph: ModuleGraph, fileIdx: FileIndex, moduleStatus: string, fromModule: PSym, ) =
+  let conf = graph.config
+  let isNimscript = conf.isDefined("nimscript")
+  if (not isNimscript) or hintProcessing in conf.cmdlineNotes:
+    let path = toFilenameOption(conf, fileIdx, conf.filenameOption)
+    let indent = ">".repeat(graph.importStack.len)
+    let fromModule2 = if fromModule != nil: $fromModule.name.s else: "(toplevel)"
+    let mode = if isNimscript: "(nims) " else: ""
+    rawMessage(conf, hintProcessing, "$#$# $#: $#: $#" % [mode, indent, fromModule2, moduleStatus, path])
+
+proc getPackage*(graph: ModuleGraph; fileIdx: FileIndex): PSym =
+  ## Returns a package symbol for yet to be defined module for fileIdx.
+  ## The package symbol is added to the graph if it doesn't exist.
+  let pkgSym = getPackage(graph.config, graph.cache, fileIdx)
+  # check if the package is already in the graph
+  result = graph.packageSyms.strTableGet(pkgSym.name)
+  if result == nil:
+     # the package isn't in the graph, so create and add it
+    result = pkgSym
+    graph.packageSyms.strTableAdd(pkgSym)
+
+func belongsToStdlib*(graph: ModuleGraph, sym: PSym): bool =
+  ## Check if symbol belongs to the 'stdlib' package.
+  sym.getPackageSymbol.getPackageId == graph.systemModule.getPackageId
+
+proc fileSymbols*(graph: ModuleGraph, fileIdx: FileIndex): SuggestFileSymbolDatabase =
+  result = graph.suggestSymbols.getOrDefault(fileIdx, newSuggestFileSymbolDatabase(fileIdx, optIdeExceptionInlayHints in graph.config.globalOptions))
+  doAssert(result.fileIndex == fileIdx)
+
+iterator suggestSymbolsIter*(g: ModuleGraph): SymInfoPair =
+  for xs in g.suggestSymbols.values:
+    for i in xs.lineInfo.low..xs.lineInfo.high:
+      yield xs.getSymInfoPair(i)
+
+iterator suggestErrorsIter*(g: ModuleGraph): Suggest =
+  for xs in g.suggestErrors.values:
+    for x in xs:
+      yield x
diff --git a/compiler/modulepaths.nim b/compiler/modulepaths.nim
index 8511b1592..c9e6060e5 100644
--- a/compiler/modulepaths.nim
+++ b/compiler/modulepaths.nim
@@ -7,102 +7,10 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-import ast, renderer, strutils, msgs, options, idents, os, lineinfos,
+import ast, renderer, msgs, options, idents, lineinfos,
   pathutils
 
-when false:
-  const
-    considerParentDirs = not defined(noParentProjects)
-    considerNimbleDirs = not defined(noNimbleDirs)
-
-  proc findInNimbleDir(pkg, subdir, dir: string): string =
-    var best = ""
-    var bestv = ""
-    for k, p in os.walkDir(dir, relative=true):
-      if k == pcDir and p.len > pkg.len+1 and
-          p[pkg.len] == '-' and p.startsWith(pkg):
-        let (_, a) = getPathVersion(p)
-        if bestv.len == 0 or bestv < a:
-          bestv = a
-          best = dir / p
-
-    if best.len > 0:
-      var f: File
-      if open(f, best / changeFileExt(pkg, ".nimble-link")):
-        # the second line contains what we're interested in, see:
-        # https://github.com/nim-lang/nimble#nimble-link
-        var override = ""
-        discard readLine(f, override)
-        discard readLine(f, override)
-        close(f)
-        if not override.isAbsolute():
-          best = best / override
-        else:
-          best = override
-    let f = if subdir.len == 0: pkg else: subdir
-    let res = addFileExt(best / f, "nim")
-    if best.len > 0 and fileExists(res):
-      result = res
-
-when false:
-  proc resolveDollar(project, source, pkg, subdir: string; info: TLineInfo): string =
-    template attempt(a) =
-      let x = addFileExt(a, "nim")
-      if fileExists(x): return x
-
-    case pkg
-    of "stdlib":
-      if subdir.len == 0:
-        return options.libpath
-      else:
-        for candidate in stdlibDirs:
-          attempt(options.libpath / candidate / subdir)
-    of "root":
-      let root = project.splitFile.dir
-      if subdir.len == 0:
-        return root
-      else:
-        attempt(root / subdir)
-    else:
-      when considerParentDirs:
-        var p = parentDir(source.splitFile.dir)
-        # support 'import $karax':
-        let f = if subdir.len == 0: pkg else: subdir
-
-        while p.len > 0:
-          let dir = p / pkg
-          if dirExists(dir):
-            attempt(dir / f)
-            # 2nd attempt: try to use 'karax/karax'
-            attempt(dir / pkg / f)
-            # 3rd attempt: try to use 'karax/src/karax'
-            attempt(dir / "src" / f)
-            attempt(dir / "src" / pkg / f)
-          p = parentDir(p)
-
-      when considerNimbleDirs:
-        if not options.gNoNimblePath:
-          var nimbleDir = getEnv("NIMBLE_DIR")
-          if nimbleDir.len == 0: nimbleDir = getHomeDir() / ".nimble"
-          result = findInNimbleDir(pkg, subdir, nimbleDir / "pkgs")
-          if result.len > 0: return result
-          when not defined(windows):
-            result = findInNimbleDir(pkg, subdir, "/opt/nimble/pkgs")
-            if result.len > 0: return result
-
-  proc scriptableImport(pkg, sub: string; info: TLineInfo): string =
-    resolveDollar(gProjectFull, info.toFullPath(), pkg, sub, info)
-
-  proc lookupPackage(pkg, subdir: PNode): string =
-    let sub = if subdir != nil: renderTree(subdir, {renderNoComments}).replace(" ") else: ""
-    case pkg.kind
-    of nkStrLit, nkRStrLit, nkTripleStrLit:
-      result = scriptableImport(pkg.strVal, sub, pkg.info)
-    of nkIdent:
-      result = scriptableImport(pkg.ident.s, sub, pkg.info)
-    else:
-      localError(pkg.info, "package name must be an identifier or string literal")
-      result = ""
+import std/[strutils, os]
 
 proc getModuleName*(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode): string =
   # This returns a short relative module name without the nim extension
@@ -130,11 +38,18 @@ proc getModuleName*(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode): string =
           localError(n.info, "only '/' supported with $package notation")
           result = ""
     else:
-      let modname = getModuleName(conf, n[2])
-      # hacky way to implement 'x / y /../ z':
-      result = getModuleName(conf, n1)
-      result.add renderTree(n0, {renderNoComments}).replace(" ")
-      result.add modname
+      if n0.kind in nkIdentKinds:
+        let ident = n0.getPIdent
+        if ident != nil and ident.s[0] == '/':
+          let modname = getModuleName(conf, n[2])
+          # hacky way to implement 'x / y /../ z':
+          result = getModuleName(conf, n1)
+          result.add renderTree(n0, {renderNoComments}).replace(" ")
+          result.add modname
+        else:
+          result = ""
+      else:
+        result = ""
   of nkPrefix:
     when false:
       if n[0].kind == nkIdent and n[0].ident.s == "$":
@@ -163,3 +78,18 @@ proc checkModuleName*(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode; doLocalError=true): FileIndex =
     result = InvalidFileIdx
   else:
     result = fileInfoIdx(conf, fullPath)
+
+proc mangleModuleName*(conf: ConfigRef; path: AbsoluteFile): string =
+  ## Mangle a relative module path to avoid path and symbol collisions.
+  ##
+  ## Used by backends that need to generate intermediary files from Nim modules.
+  ## This is needed because the compiler uses a flat cache file hierarchy.
+  ##
+  ## Example:
+  ## `foo-#head/../bar` becomes `@foo-@hhead@s..@sbar`
+  "@m" & relativeTo(path, conf.projectPath).string.multiReplace(
+    {$os.DirSep: "@s", $os.AltSep: "@s", "#": "@h", "@": "@@", ":": "@c"})
+
+proc demangleModuleName*(path: string): string =
+  ## Demangle a relative module path.
+  result = path.multiReplace({"@@": "@", "@h": "#", "@s": "/", "@m": "", "@c": ":"})
diff --git a/compiler/modules.nim b/compiler/modules.nim
index 7d7a2b6f7..6e2af8bcc 100644
--- a/compiler/modules.nim
+++ b/compiler/modules.nim
@@ -10,11 +10,12 @@
 ## Implements the module handling, including the caching of modules.
 
 import
-  ast, astalgo, magicsys, msgs, options,
-  idents, lexer, passes, syntaxes, llstream, modulegraphs,
-  lineinfos, pathutils, tables
+  ast, magicsys, msgs, options,
+  idents, lexer, syntaxes, modulegraphs,
+  lineinfos, pathutils
 
-import ic / replayer
+import ../dist/checksums/src/checksums/sha1
+import std/strtabs
 
 proc resetSystemArtifacts*(g: ModuleGraph) =
   magicsys.resetSysTypes(g)
@@ -22,57 +23,12 @@ proc resetSystemArtifacts*(g: ModuleGraph) =
 template getModuleIdent(graph: ModuleGraph, filename: AbsoluteFile): PIdent =
   getIdent(graph.cache, splitFile(filename).name)
 
-template packageId(): untyped {.dirty.} = ItemId(module: PackageModuleId, item: int32(fileIdx))
-
-proc getPackage(graph: ModuleGraph; fileIdx: FileIndex): PSym =
-  ## returns package symbol (skPackage) for yet to be defined module for fileIdx
-  let filename = AbsoluteFile toFullPath(graph.config, fileIdx)
-  let name = getModuleIdent(graph, filename)
-  let info = newLineInfo(fileIdx, 1, 1)
-  let
-    pck = getPackageName(graph.config, filename.string)
-    pck2 = if pck.len > 0: pck else: "unknown"
-    pack = getIdent(graph.cache, pck2)
-  result = graph.packageSyms.strTableGet(pack)
-  if result == nil:
-    result = newSym(skPackage, getIdent(graph.cache, pck2), packageId(), nil, info)
-    #initStrTable(packSym.tab)
-    graph.packageSyms.strTableAdd(result)
-  else:
-    let modules = graph.modulesPerPackage.getOrDefault(result.itemId)
-    let existing = if modules.data.len > 0: strTableGet(modules, name) else: nil
-    if existing != nil and existing.info.fileIndex != info.fileIndex:
-      when false:
-        # we used to produce an error:
-        localError(graph.config, info,
-          "module names need to be unique per Nimble package; module clashes with " &
-            toFullPath(graph.config, existing.info.fileIndex))
-      else:
-        # but starting with version 0.20 we now produce a fake Nimble package instead
-        # to resolve the conflicts:
-        let pck3 = fakePackageName(graph.config, filename)
-        # this makes the new `result`'s owner be the original `result`
-        result = newSym(skPackage, getIdent(graph.cache, pck3), packageId(), result, info)
-        #initStrTable(packSym.tab)
-        graph.packageSyms.strTableAdd(result)
-
-proc partialInitModule(result: PSym; graph: ModuleGraph; fileIdx: FileIndex; filename: AbsoluteFile) =
+proc partialInitModule*(result: PSym; graph: ModuleGraph; fileIdx: FileIndex; filename: AbsoluteFile) =
   let packSym = getPackage(graph, fileIdx)
   result.owner = packSym
   result.position = int fileIdx
 
-  #initStrTable(result.tab(graph))
-  when false:
-    strTableAdd(result.tab, result) # a module knows itself
-    # This is now implemented via
-    #   c.moduleScope.addSym(module) # a module knows itself
-    # in sem.nim, around line 527
-
-  if graph.modulesPerPackage.getOrDefault(packSym.itemId).data.len == 0:
-    graph.modulesPerPackage[packSym.itemId] = newStrTable()
-  graph.modulesPerPackage[packSym.itemId].strTableAdd(result)
-
-proc newModule(graph: ModuleGraph; fileIdx: FileIndex): PSym =
+proc newModule*(graph: ModuleGraph; fileIdx: FileIndex): PSym =
   let filename = AbsoluteFile toFullPath(graph.config, fileIdx)
   # We cannot call ``newSym`` here, because we have to circumvent the ID
   # mechanism, which we do in order to assign each module a persistent ID.
@@ -80,103 +36,23 @@ proc newModule(graph: ModuleGraph; fileIdx: FileIndex): PSym =
                 name: getModuleIdent(graph, filename),
                 info: newLineInfo(fileIdx, 1, 1))
   if not isNimIdentifier(result.name.s):
-    rawMessage(graph.config, errGenerated, "invalid module name: " & result.name.s)
+    rawMessage(graph.config, errGenerated, "invalid module name: '" & result.name.s &
+              "'; a module name must be a valid Nim identifier.")
   partialInitModule(result, graph, fileIdx, filename)
   graph.registerModule(result)
 
-proc compileModule*(graph: ModuleGraph; fileIdx: FileIndex; flags: TSymFlags): PSym =
-  var flags = flags
-  if fileIdx == graph.config.projectMainIdx2: flags.incl sfMainModule
-  result = graph.getModule(fileIdx)
-
-  template processModuleAux =
-    var s: PLLStream
-    if sfMainModule in flags:
-      if graph.config.projectIsStdin: s = stdin.llStreamOpen
-      elif graph.config.projectIsCmd: s = llStreamOpen(graph.config.cmdInput)
-    discard processModule(graph, result, idGeneratorFromModule(result), s)
-  if result == nil:
-    var cachedModules: seq[FileIndex]
-    result = moduleFromRodFile(graph, fileIdx, cachedModules)
-    let filename = AbsoluteFile toFullPath(graph.config, fileIdx)
-    if result == nil:
-      result = newModule(graph, fileIdx)
-      result.flags.incl flags
-      registerModule(graph, result)
-      processModuleAux()
-    else:
-      if sfSystemModule in flags:
-        graph.systemModule = result
-      partialInitModule(result, graph, fileIdx, filename)
-    for m in cachedModules:
-      registerModuleById(graph, m)
-      replayStateChanges(graph.packed[m.int].module, graph)
-      replayGenericCacheInformation(graph, m.int)
-  elif graph.isDirty(result):
-    result.flags.excl sfDirty
-    # reset module fields:
-    initStrTable(result.semtab(graph))
-    result.ast = nil
-    processModuleAux()
-    graph.markClientsDirty(fileIdx)
-
-proc importModule*(graph: ModuleGraph; s: PSym, fileIdx: FileIndex): PSym =
-  # this is called by the semantic checking phase
-  assert graph.config != nil
-  result = compileModule(graph, fileIdx, {})
-  graph.addDep(s, fileIdx)
-  # keep track of import relationships
-  if graph.config.hcrOn:
-    graph.importDeps.mgetOrPut(FileIndex(s.position), @[]).add(fileIdx)
-  #if sfSystemModule in result.flags:
-  #  localError(result.info, errAttemptToRedefine, result.name.s)
-  # restore the notes for outer module:
-  graph.config.notes =
-    if s.getnimblePkgId == graph.config.mainPackageId or isDefined(graph.config, "booting"): graph.config.mainPackageNotes
-    else: graph.config.foreignPackageNotes
-
 proc includeModule*(graph: ModuleGraph; s: PSym, fileIdx: FileIndex): PNode =
   result = syntaxes.parseFile(fileIdx, graph.cache, graph.config)
   graph.addDep(s, fileIdx)
   graph.addIncludeDep(s.position.FileIndex, fileIdx)
-
-proc connectCallbacks*(graph: ModuleGraph) =
-  graph.includeFileCallback = includeModule
-  graph.importModuleCallback = importModule
-
-proc compileSystemModule*(graph: ModuleGraph) =
-  if graph.systemModule == nil:
-    connectCallbacks(graph)
-    graph.config.m.systemFileIdx = fileInfoIdx(graph.config,
-        graph.config.libpath / RelativeFile"system.nim")
-    discard graph.compileModule(graph.config.m.systemFileIdx, {sfSystemModule})
+  let path = toFullPath(graph.config, fileIdx)
+  graph.cachedFiles[path] = $secureHashFile(path)
 
 proc wantMainModule*(conf: ConfigRef) =
   if conf.projectFull.isEmpty:
-    fatal(conf, newLineInfo(conf, AbsoluteFile(commandLineDesc), 1, 1), errGenerated,
-        "command expects a filename")
+    fatal(conf, gCmdLineInfo, "command expects a filename")
   conf.projectMainIdx = fileInfoIdx(conf, addFileExt(conf.projectFull, NimExt))
 
-proc compileProject*(graph: ModuleGraph; projectFileIdx = InvalidFileIdx) =
-  connectCallbacks(graph)
-  let conf = graph.config
-  wantMainModule(conf)
-  configComplete(graph)
-
-  let systemFileIdx = fileInfoIdx(conf, conf.libpath / RelativeFile"system.nim")
-  let projectFile = if projectFileIdx == InvalidFileIdx: conf.projectMainIdx else: projectFileIdx
-  conf.projectMainIdx2 = projectFile
-
-  let packSym = getPackage(graph, projectFile)
-  graph.config.mainPackageId = packSym.getnimblePkgId
-  graph.importStack.add projectFile
-
-  if projectFile == systemFileIdx:
-    discard graph.compileModule(projectFile, {sfMainModule, sfSystemModule})
-  else:
-    graph.compileSystemModule()
-    discard graph.compileModule(projectFile, {sfMainModule})
-
 proc makeModule*(graph: ModuleGraph; filename: AbsoluteFile): PSym =
   result = graph.newModule(fileInfoIdx(graph.config, filename))
   registerModule(graph, result)
diff --git a/compiler/msgs.nim b/compiler/msgs.nim
index bbe40507f..c49ca8c9b 100644
--- a/compiler/msgs.nim
+++ b/compiler/msgs.nim
@@ -8,17 +8,26 @@
 #
 
 import
-  options, strutils, os, tables, ropes, terminal, macros,
-  lineinfos, pathutils
-import std/private/miscdollars
-import strutils2
+  std/[strutils, os, tables, terminal, macros, times],
+  std/private/miscdollars,
+  options, lineinfos, pathutils
+
+import ropes except `%`
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions]
+
 
 type InstantiationInfo* = typeof(instantiationInfo())
-template instLoc(): InstantiationInfo = instantiationInfo(-2, fullPaths = true)
+template instLoc*(): InstantiationInfo = instantiationInfo(-2, fullPaths = true)
 
 template toStdOrrKind(stdOrr): untyped =
   if stdOrr == stdout: stdOrrStdout else: stdOrrStderr
 
+proc toLowerAscii(a: var string) {.inline.} =
+  for c in mitems(a):
+    if isUpperAscii(c): c = char(uint8(c) xor 0b0010_0000'u8)
+
 proc flushDot*(conf: ConfigRef) =
   ## safe to call multiple times
   # xxx one edge case not yet handled is when `printf` is called at CT with `compiletimeFFI`.
@@ -28,7 +37,7 @@ proc flushDot*(conf: ConfigRef) =
     conf.lastMsgWasDot.excl stdOrrKind
     write(stdOrr, "\n")
 
-proc toCChar*(c: char; result: var string) =
+proc toCChar*(c: char; result: var string) {.inline.} =
   case c
   of '\0'..'\x1F', '\x7F'..'\xFF':
     result.add '\\'
@@ -40,28 +49,24 @@ proc toCChar*(c: char; result: var string) =
     result.add c
 
 proc makeCString*(s: string): Rope =
-  result = nil
-  var res = newStringOfCap(int(s.len.toFloat * 1.1) + 1)
-  res.add("\"")
+  result = newStringOfCap(int(s.len.toFloat * 1.1) + 1)
+  result.add("\"")
   for i in 0..<s.len:
     # line wrapping of string litterals in cgen'd code was a bad idea, e.g. causes: bug #16265
     # It also makes reading c sources or grepping harder, for zero benefit.
     # const MaxLineLength = 64
     # if (i + 1) mod MaxLineLength == 0:
     #   res.add("\"\L\"")
-    toCChar(s[i], res)
-  res.add('\"')
-  result.add(rope(res))
+    toCChar(s[i], result)
+  result.add('\"')
 
 proc newFileInfo(fullPath: AbsoluteFile, projPath: RelativeFile): TFileInfo =
-  result.fullPath = fullPath
-  #shallow(result.fullPath)
-  result.projPath = projPath
-  #shallow(result.projPath)
-  result.shortName = fullPath.extractFilename
+  result = TFileInfo(fullPath: fullPath, projPath: projPath,
+                    shortName: fullPath.extractFilename,
+                    quotedFullName: fullPath.string.makeCString,
+                    lines: @[]
+  )
   result.quotedName = result.shortName.makeCString
-  result.quotedFullName = fullPath.string.makeCString
-  result.lines = @[]
   when defined(nimpretty):
     if not result.fullPath.isEmpty:
       try:
@@ -75,7 +80,7 @@ when defined(nimpretty):
   proc fileSection*(conf: ConfigRef; fid: FileIndex; a, b: int): string =
     substr(conf.m.fileInfos[fid.int].fullContent, a, b)
 
-proc canonicalCase(path: var string) =
+proc canonicalCase(path: var string) {.inline.} =
   ## the idea is to only use this for checking whether a path is already in
   ## the table but otherwise keep the original case
   when FileSystemCaseSensitive: discard
@@ -98,15 +103,13 @@ proc fileInfoIdx*(conf: ConfigRef; filename: AbsoluteFile; isKnownFile: var bool
 
   try:
     canon = canonicalizePath(conf, filename)
-    shallow(canon.string)
   except OSError:
     canon = filename
     # The compiler uses "filenames" such as `command line` or `stdin`
     # This flag indicates that we are working with such a path here
     pseudoPath = true
 
-  var canon2: string
-  forceCopy(canon2, canon.string) # because `canon` may be shallow
+  var canon2 = canon.string
   canon2.canonicalCase
 
   if conf.m.filenameToIndexTbl.hasKey(canon2):
@@ -115,17 +118,23 @@ proc fileInfoIdx*(conf: ConfigRef; filename: AbsoluteFile; isKnownFile: var bool
   else:
     isKnownFile = false
     result = conf.m.fileInfos.len.FileIndex
-    #echo "ID ", result.int, " ", canon2
     conf.m.fileInfos.add(newFileInfo(canon, if pseudoPath: RelativeFile filename
                                             else: relativeTo(canon, conf.projectPath)))
     conf.m.filenameToIndexTbl[canon2] = result
 
 proc fileInfoIdx*(conf: ConfigRef; filename: AbsoluteFile): FileIndex =
-  var dummy: bool
+  var dummy: bool = false
   result = fileInfoIdx(conf, filename, dummy)
 
+proc fileInfoIdx*(conf: ConfigRef; filename: RelativeFile; isKnownFile: var bool): FileIndex =
+  fileInfoIdx(conf, AbsoluteFile expandFilename(filename.string), isKnownFile)
+
+proc fileInfoIdx*(conf: ConfigRef; filename: RelativeFile): FileIndex =
+  var dummy: bool = false
+  fileInfoIdx(conf, AbsoluteFile expandFilename(filename.string), dummy)
+
 proc newLineInfo*(fileInfoIdx: FileIndex, line, col: int): TLineInfo =
-  result.fileIndex = fileInfoIdx
+  result = TLineInfo(fileIndex: fileInfoIdx)
   if line < int high(uint16):
     result.line = uint16(line)
   else:
@@ -215,11 +224,18 @@ proc setDirtyFile*(conf: ConfigRef; fileIdx: FileIndex; filename: AbsoluteFile)
 
 proc setHash*(conf: ConfigRef; fileIdx: FileIndex; hash: string) =
   assert fileIdx.int32 >= 0
-  shallowCopy(conf.m.fileInfos[fileIdx.int32].hash, hash)
+  when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc) or defined(gcAtomicArc):
+    conf.m.fileInfos[fileIdx.int32].hash = hash
+  else:
+    shallowCopy(conf.m.fileInfos[fileIdx.int32].hash, hash)
+
 
 proc getHash*(conf: ConfigRef; fileIdx: FileIndex): string =
   assert fileIdx.int32 >= 0
-  shallowCopy(result, conf.m.fileInfos[fileIdx.int32].hash)
+  when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc) or defined(gcAtomicArc):
+    result = conf.m.fileInfos[fileIdx.int32].hash
+  else:
+    shallowCopy(result, conf.m.fileInfos[fileIdx.int32].hash)
 
 proc toFullPathConsiderDirty*(conf: ConfigRef; fileIdx: FileIndex): AbsoluteFile =
   if fileIdx.int32 < 0:
@@ -241,36 +257,30 @@ template toFullPath*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo): string =
 template toFullPathConsiderDirty*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo): string =
   string toFullPathConsiderDirty(conf, info.fileIndex)
 
-type FilenameOption* = enum
-  foAbs # absolute path, e.g.: /pathto/bar/foo.nim
-  foRelProject # relative to project path, e.g.: ../foo.nim
-  foMagicSauce # magic sauce, shortest of (foAbs, foRelProject)
-  foName # lastPathPart, e.g.: foo.nim
-  foStacktrace # if optExcessiveStackTrace: foAbs else: foName
-
 proc toFilenameOption*(conf: ConfigRef, fileIdx: FileIndex, opt: FilenameOption): string =
   case opt
   of foAbs: result = toFullPath(conf, fileIdx)
   of foRelProject: result = toProjPath(conf, fileIdx)
-  of foMagicSauce:
+  of foCanonical:
+    let absPath = toFullPath(conf, fileIdx)
+    result = canonicalImportAux(conf, absPath.AbsoluteFile)
+  of foName: result = toProjPath(conf, fileIdx).lastPathPart
+  of foLegacyRelProj:
     let
       absPath = toFullPath(conf, fileIdx)
       relPath = toProjPath(conf, fileIdx)
-    result = if (optListFullPaths in conf.globalOptions) or
-                (relPath.len > absPath.len) or
-                (relPath.count("..") > 2):
+    result = if (relPath.len > absPath.len) or (relPath.count("..") > 2):
                absPath
              else:
                relPath
-  of foName: result = toProjPath(conf, fileIdx).lastPathPart
   of foStacktrace:
     if optExcessiveStackTrace in conf.globalOptions:
       result = toFilenameOption(conf, fileIdx, foAbs)
     else:
       result = toFilenameOption(conf, fileIdx, foName)
 
-proc toMsgFilename*(conf: ConfigRef; info: FileIndex): string =
-  toFilenameOption(conf, info, foMagicSauce)
+proc toMsgFilename*(conf: ConfigRef; fileIdx: FileIndex): string =
+  toFilenameOption(conf, fileIdx, conf.filenameOption)
 
 template toMsgFilename*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo): string =
   toMsgFilename(conf, info.fileIndex)
@@ -282,9 +292,11 @@ proc toColumn*(info: TLineInfo): int {.inline.} =
   result = info.col
 
 proc toFileLineCol(info: InstantiationInfo): string {.inline.} =
+  result = ""
   result.toLocation(info.filename, info.line, info.column + ColOffset)
 
 proc toFileLineCol*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo): string {.inline.} =
+  result = ""
   result.toLocation(toMsgFilename(conf, info), info.line.int, info.col.int + ColOffset)
 
 proc `$`*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo): string = toFileLineCol(conf, info)
@@ -299,6 +311,7 @@ type
   MsgFlag* = enum  ## flags altering msgWriteln behavior
     msgStdout,     ## force writing to stdout, even stderr is default
     msgSkipHook    ## skip message hook even if it is present
+    msgNoUnitSep  ## the message is a complete "paragraph".
   MsgFlags* = set[MsgFlag]
 
 proc msgWriteln*(conf: ConfigRef; s: string, flags: MsgFlags = {}) =
@@ -310,17 +323,20 @@ proc msgWriteln*(conf: ConfigRef; s: string, flags: MsgFlags = {}) =
   ## This is used for 'nim dump' etc. where we don't have nimsuggest
   ## support.
   #if conf.cmd == cmdIdeTools and optCDebug notin gGlobalOptions: return
+  let sep = if msgNoUnitSep notin flags: conf.unitSep else: ""
   if not isNil(conf.writelnHook) and msgSkipHook notin flags:
-    conf.writelnHook(s)
+    conf.writelnHook(s & sep)
   elif optStdout in conf.globalOptions or msgStdout in flags:
     if eStdOut in conf.m.errorOutputs:
       flushDot(conf)
-      writeLine(stdout, s)
+      write stdout, s
+      writeLine(stdout, sep)
       flushFile(stdout)
   else:
     if eStdErr in conf.m.errorOutputs:
       flushDot(conf)
-      writeLine(stderr, s)
+      write stderr, s
+      writeLine(stderr, sep)
       # On Windows stderr is fully-buffered when piped, regardless of C std.
       when defined(windows):
         flushFile(stderr)
@@ -366,7 +382,7 @@ proc msgWrite(conf: ConfigRef; s: string) =
     flushFile(stdOrr)
     conf.lastMsgWasDot.incl stdOrr.toStdOrrKind() # subsequent writes need `flushDot`
 
-template styledMsgWriteln*(args: varargs[typed]) =
+template styledMsgWriteln(args: varargs[typed]) =
   if not isNil(conf.writelnHook):
     callIgnoringStyle(callWritelnHook, nil, args)
   elif optStdout in conf.globalOptions:
@@ -392,13 +408,14 @@ proc getMessageStr(msg: TMsgKind, arg: string): string = msgKindToString(msg) %
 type TErrorHandling* = enum doNothing, doAbort, doRaise
 
 proc log*(s: string) =
-  var f: File
+  var f: File = default(File)
   if open(f, getHomeDir() / "nimsuggest.log", fmAppend):
     f.writeLine(s)
     close(f)
 
 proc quit(conf: ConfigRef; msg: TMsgKind) {.gcsafe.} =
-  if defined(debug) or msg == errInternal or conf.hasHint(hintStackTrace):
+  if conf.isDefined("nimDebug"): quitOrRaise(conf, $msg)
+  elif defined(debug) or msg == errInternal or conf.hasHint(hintStackTrace):
     {.gcsafe.}:
       if stackTraceAvailable() and isNil(conf.writelnHook):
         writeStackTrace()
@@ -406,19 +423,26 @@ proc quit(conf: ConfigRef; msg: TMsgKind) {.gcsafe.} =
         styledMsgWriteln(fgRed, """
 No stack traceback available
 To create a stacktrace, rerun compilation with './koch temp $1 <file>', see $2 for details""" %
-          [conf.command, "intern.html#debugging-the-compiler".createDocLink])
+          [conf.command, "intern.html#debugging-the-compiler".createDocLink], conf.unitSep)
   quit 1
 
-proc handleError(conf: ConfigRef; msg: TMsgKind, eh: TErrorHandling, s: string) =
-  if msg >= fatalMin and msg <= fatalMax:
+proc handleError(conf: ConfigRef; msg: TMsgKind, eh: TErrorHandling, s: string, ignoreMsg: bool) =
+  if msg in fatalMsgs:
     if conf.cmd == cmdIdeTools: log(s)
-    quit(conf, msg)
+    if conf.cmd != cmdIdeTools or msg != errFatal:
+      quit(conf, msg)
   if msg >= errMin and msg <= errMax or
-      (msg in warnMin..hintMax and msg in conf.warningAsErrors):
+      (msg in warnMin..hintMax and msg in conf.warningAsErrors and not ignoreMsg):
     inc(conf.errorCounter)
     conf.exitcode = 1'i8
     if conf.errorCounter >= conf.errorMax:
-      quit(conf, msg)
+      # only really quit when we're not in the new 'nim check --def' mode:
+      if conf.ideCmd == ideNone:
+        when defined(nimsuggest):
+          #we need to inform the user that something went wrong when initializing NimSuggest
+          raiseRecoverableError(s)
+        else:
+          quit(conf, msg)
     elif eh == doAbort and conf.cmd != cmdIdeTools:
       quit(conf, msg)
     elif eh == doRaise:
@@ -441,10 +465,11 @@ proc writeContext(conf: ConfigRef; lastinfo: TLineInfo) =
         conf.structuredErrorHook(conf, context.info, instantiationFrom,
                                  Severity.Hint)
       else:
-        let message = if context.detail == "":
-          instantiationFrom
-        else:
-          instantiationOfFrom.format(context.detail)
+        let message =
+          if context.detail == "":
+            instantiationFrom
+          else:
+            instantiationOfFrom.format(context.detail)
         styledMsgWriteln(styleBright, conf.toFileLineCol(context.info), " ", resetStyle, message)
     info = context.info
 
@@ -476,11 +501,14 @@ proc sourceLine*(conf: ConfigRef; i: TLineInfo): string =
 
   result = conf.m.fileInfos[i.fileIndex.int32].lines[i.line.int-1]
 
-proc writeSurroundingSrc(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo) =
-  const indent = "  "
-  msgWriteln(conf, indent & $sourceLine(conf, info))
-  if info.col >= 0:
-    msgWriteln(conf, indent & spaces(info.col) & '^')
+proc getSurroundingSrc(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo): string =
+  if conf.hasHint(hintSource) and info != unknownLineInfo:
+    const indent = "  "
+    result = "\n" & indent & $sourceLine(conf, info)
+    if info.col >= 0:
+      result.add "\n" & indent & spaces(info.col) & '^'
+  else:
+    result = ""
 
 proc formatMsg*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo, msg: TMsgKind, arg: string): string =
   let title = case msg
@@ -490,12 +518,19 @@ proc formatMsg*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo, msg: TMsgKind, arg: string): s
   conf.toFileLineCol(info) & " " & title & getMessageStr(msg, arg)
 
 proc liMessage*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo, msg: TMsgKind, arg: string,
-               eh: TErrorHandling, info2: InstantiationInfo, isRaw = false) {.noinline.} =
+               eh: TErrorHandling, info2: InstantiationInfo, isRaw = false,
+               ignoreError = false) {.gcsafe, noinline.} =
   var
     title: string
     color: ForegroundColor
     ignoreMsg = false
     sev: Severity
+  let errorOutputsOld = conf.m.errorOutputs
+  if msg in fatalMsgs:
+    # don't gag, refs bug #7080, bug #18278; this can happen with `{.fatal.}`
+    # or inside a `tryConstExpr`.
+    conf.m.errorOutputs = {eStdOut, eStdErr}
+
   let kind = if msg in warnMin..hintMax and msg != hintUserRaw: $msg else: "" # xxx not sure why hintUserRaw is special
   case msg
   of errMin..errMax:
@@ -512,23 +547,23 @@ proc liMessage*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo, msg: TMsgKind, arg: string,
   of warnMin..warnMax:
     sev = Severity.Warning
     ignoreMsg = not conf.hasWarn(msg)
-    if msg in conf.warningAsErrors:
-      ignoreMsg = false
+    if not ignoreMsg and msg in conf.warningAsErrors:
       title = ErrorTitle
+      color = ErrorColor
     else:
       title = WarningTitle
+      color = WarningColor
     if not ignoreMsg: writeContext(conf, info)
-    color = WarningColor
     inc(conf.warnCounter)
   of hintMin..hintMax:
     sev = Severity.Hint
     ignoreMsg = not conf.hasHint(msg)
-    if msg in conf.warningAsErrors:
-      ignoreMsg = false
+    if not ignoreMsg and msg in conf.warningAsErrors:
       title = ErrorTitle
+      color = ErrorColor
     else:
       title = HintTitle
-    color = HintColor
+      color = HintColor
     inc(conf.hintCounter)
 
   let s = if isRaw: arg else: getMessageStr(msg, arg)
@@ -539,18 +574,22 @@ proc liMessage*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo, msg: TMsgKind, arg: string,
     if conf.structuredErrorHook != nil:
       conf.structuredErrorHook(conf, info, s & kindmsg, sev)
     if not ignoreMsgBecauseOfIdeTools(conf, msg):
-      if msg == hintProcessing:
+      if msg == hintProcessing and conf.hintProcessingDots:
         msgWrite(conf, ".")
       else:
-        styledMsgWriteln(styleBright, loc, resetStyle, color, title, resetStyle, s, KindColor, kindmsg)
-        if conf.hasHint(hintSource) and info != unknownLineInfo:
-          conf.writeSurroundingSrc(info)
+        styledMsgWriteln(styleBright, loc, resetStyle, color, title, resetStyle, s, KindColor, kindmsg,
+                         resetStyle, conf.getSurroundingSrc(info), conf.unitSep)
         if hintMsgOrigin in conf.mainPackageNotes:
+          # xxx needs a bit of refactoring to honor `conf.filenameOption`
           styledMsgWriteln(styleBright, toFileLineCol(info2), resetStyle,
             " compiler msg initiated here", KindColor,
             KindFormat % $hintMsgOrigin,
-            resetStyle)
-  handleError(conf, msg, eh, s)
+            resetStyle, conf.unitSep)
+  if not ignoreError:
+    handleError(conf, msg, eh, s, ignoreMsg)
+  if msg in fatalMsgs:
+    # most likely would have died here but just in case, we restore state
+    conf.m.errorOutputs = errorOutputsOld
 
 template rawMessage*(conf: ConfigRef; msg: TMsgKind, args: openArray[string]) =
   let arg = msgKindToString(msg) % args
@@ -559,9 +598,7 @@ template rawMessage*(conf: ConfigRef; msg: TMsgKind, args: openArray[string]) =
 template rawMessage*(conf: ConfigRef; msg: TMsgKind, arg: string) =
   liMessage(conf, unknownLineInfo, msg, arg, eh = doAbort, instLoc())
 
-template fatal*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo, msg: TMsgKind, arg = "") =
-  # this fixes bug #7080 so that it is at least obvious 'fatal' was executed.
-  conf.m.errorOutputs = {eStdOut, eStdErr}
+template fatal*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo, arg = "", msg = errFatal) =
   liMessage(conf, info, msg, arg, doAbort, instLoc())
 
 template globalAssert*(conf: ConfigRef; cond: untyped, info: TLineInfo = unknownLineInfo, arg = "") =
@@ -585,9 +622,6 @@ template localError*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo, msg: TMsgKind, arg = "")
 template localError*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo, arg: string) =
   liMessage(conf, info, errGenerated, arg, doNothing, instLoc())
 
-template localError*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo, format: string, params: openArray[string]) =
-  liMessage(conf, info, errGenerated, format % params, doNothing, instLoc())
-
 template message*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo, msg: TMsgKind, arg = "") =
   liMessage(conf, info, msg, arg, doNothing, instLoc())
 
@@ -595,7 +629,7 @@ proc warningDeprecated*(conf: ConfigRef, info: TLineInfo = gCmdLineInfo, msg = "
   message(conf, info, warnDeprecated, msg)
 
 proc internalErrorImpl(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo, errMsg: string, info2: InstantiationInfo) =
-  if conf.cmd == cmdIdeTools and conf.structuredErrorHook.isNil: return
+  if conf.cmd in {cmdIdeTools, cmdCheck} and conf.structuredErrorHook.isNil: return
   writeContext(conf, info)
   liMessage(conf, info, errInternal, errMsg, doAbort, info2)
 
@@ -612,47 +646,78 @@ template internalAssert*(conf: ConfigRef, e: bool) =
     let arg = info2.toFileLineCol
     internalErrorImpl(conf, unknownLineInfo, arg, info2)
 
-template lintReport*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo, beau, got: string) =
-  let m = "'$2' should be: '$1'" % [beau, got]
+template lintReport*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo, beau, got: string, extraMsg = "") =
+  let m = "'$1' should be: '$2'$3" % [got, beau, extraMsg]
   let msg = if optStyleError in conf.globalOptions: errGenerated else: hintName
   liMessage(conf, info, msg, m, doNothing, instLoc())
 
-proc quotedFilename*(conf: ConfigRef; i: TLineInfo): Rope =
-  if i.fileIndex.int32 < 0:
+proc quotedFilename*(conf: ConfigRef; fi: FileIndex): Rope =
+  if fi.int32 < 0:
     result = makeCString "???"
   elif optExcessiveStackTrace in conf.globalOptions:
-    result = conf.m.fileInfos[i.fileIndex.int32].quotedFullName
+    result = conf.m.fileInfos[fi.int32].quotedFullName
   else:
-    result = conf.m.fileInfos[i.fileIndex.int32].quotedName
+    result = conf.m.fileInfos[fi.int32].quotedName
+
+proc quotedFilename*(conf: ConfigRef; i: TLineInfo): Rope =
+  quotedFilename(conf, i.fileIndex)
 
 template listMsg(title, r) =
-  msgWriteln(conf, title)
-  for a in r: msgWriteln(conf, "  [$1] $2" % [if a in conf.notes: "x" else: " ", $a])
+  msgWriteln(conf, title, {msgNoUnitSep})
+  for a in r: msgWriteln(conf, "  [$1] $2" % [if a in conf.notes: "x" else: " ", $a], {msgNoUnitSep})
 
 proc listWarnings*(conf: ConfigRef) = listMsg("Warnings:", warnMin..warnMax)
 proc listHints*(conf: ConfigRef) = listMsg("Hints:", hintMin..hintMax)
 
-proc uniqueModuleName*(conf: ConfigRef; fid: FileIndex): string =
-  ## The unique module name is guaranteed to only contain {'A'..'Z', 'a'..'z', '0'..'9', '_'}
-  ## so that it is useful as a C identifier snippet.
-  let path = AbsoluteFile toFullPath(conf, fid)
-  let rel =
-    if path.string.startsWith(conf.libpath.string):
-      relativeTo(path, conf.libpath).string
+proc genSuccessX*(conf: ConfigRef) =
+  let mem =
+    when declared(system.getMaxMem): formatSize(getMaxMem()) & " peakmem"
+    else: formatSize(getTotalMem()) & " totmem"
+  let loc = $conf.linesCompiled
+  var build = ""
+  var flags = ""
+  const debugModeHints = "none (DEBUG BUILD, `-d:release` generates faster code)"
+  if conf.cmd in cmdBackends:
+    if conf.backend != backendJs:
+      build.add "mm: $#; " % $conf.selectedGC
+      if optThreads in conf.globalOptions: build.add "threads: on; "
+      build.add "opt: "
+      if optOptimizeSpeed in conf.options: build.add "speed"
+      elif optOptimizeSize in conf.options: build.add "size"
+      else: build.add debugModeHints
+        # pending https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/752, point to optimization.html
+      if isDefined(conf, "danger"): flags.add " -d:danger"
+      elif isDefined(conf, "release"): flags.add " -d:release"
     else:
-      relativeTo(path, conf.projectPath).string
-  let trunc = if rel.endsWith(".nim"): rel.len - len(".nim") else: rel.len
-  result = newStringOfCap(trunc)
-  for i in 0..<trunc:
-    let c = rel[i]
-    case c
-    of 'a'..'z':
-      result.add c
-    of {os.DirSep, os.AltSep}:
-      result.add 'Z' # because it looks a bit like '/'
-    of '.':
-      result.add 'O' # a circle
-    else:
-      # We mangle upper letters and digits too so that there cannot
-      # be clashes with our special meanings of 'Z' and 'O'
-      result.addInt ord(c)
+      build.add "opt: "
+      if isDefined(conf, "danger"):
+        build.add "speed"
+        flags.add " -d:danger"
+      elif isDefined(conf, "release"):
+        build.add "speed"
+        flags.add " -d:release"
+      else: build.add debugModeHints
+    if flags.len > 0: build.add "; options:" & flags
+  let sec = formatFloat(epochTime() - conf.lastCmdTime, ffDecimal, 3)
+  let project = if conf.filenameOption == foAbs: $conf.projectFull else: $conf.projectName
+    # xxx honor conf.filenameOption more accurately
+  var output: string
+  if optCompileOnly in conf.globalOptions and conf.cmd != cmdJsonscript:
+    output = $conf.jsonBuildFile
+  elif conf.outFile.isEmpty and conf.cmd notin {cmdJsonscript} + cmdDocLike + cmdBackends:
+    # for some cmd we expect a valid absOutFile
+    output = "unknownOutput"
+  elif optStdout in conf.globalOptions:
+    output = "stdout"
+  else:
+    output = $conf.absOutFile
+  if conf.filenameOption != foAbs: output = output.AbsoluteFile.extractFilename
+    # xxx honor filenameOption more accurately
+  rawMessage(conf, hintSuccessX, [
+    "build", build,
+    "loc", loc,
+    "sec", sec,
+    "mem", mem,
+    "project", project,
+    "output", output,
+    ])
diff --git a/compiler/ndi.nim b/compiler/ndi.nim
index 5af87237f..cc18ab39f 100644
--- a/compiler/ndi.nim
+++ b/compiler/ndi.nim
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
 
 import ast, msgs, ropes, options, pathutils
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions]
+
 type
   NdiFile* = object
     enabled: bool
@@ -26,7 +29,7 @@ proc doWrite(f: var NdiFile; s: PSym; conf: ConfigRef) =
   f.buf.add "\t"
   f.buf.addInt s.info.col.int
   f.f.write(s.name.s, "\t")
-  f.f.writeRope(s.loc.r)
+  f.f.writeRope(s.loc.snippet)
   f.f.writeLine("\t", toFullPath(conf, s.info), "\t", f.buf)
 
 template writeMangledName*(f: NdiFile; s: PSym; conf: ConfigRef) =
diff --git a/compiler/nilcheck.nim b/compiler/nilcheck.nim
index b779830d6..7e0efc34b 100644
--- a/compiler/nilcheck.nim
+++ b/compiler/nilcheck.nim
@@ -7,8 +7,11 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-import ast, renderer, intsets, tables, msgs, options, lineinfos, strformat, idents, treetab, hashes
-import sequtils, strutils, std / sets
+import ast, renderer, msgs, options, lineinfos, idents, treetab
+import std/[intsets, tables, sequtils, strutils, sets, strformat, hashes]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 # IMPORTANT: notes not up to date, i'll update this comment again
 #
@@ -306,6 +309,7 @@ proc symbol(n: PNode): Symbol =
   # echo "symbol ", n, " ", n.kind, " ", result.int
 
 func `$`(map: NilMap): string =
+  result = ""
   var now = map
   var stack: seq[NilMap] = @[]
   while not now.isNil:
@@ -413,7 +417,7 @@ proc moveOut(ctx: NilCheckerContext, map: NilMap, target: PNode) =
   if targetSetIndex != noSetIndex:
     var targetSet = map.sets[targetSetIndex]
     if targetSet.len > 1:
-      var other: ExprIndex
+      var other: ExprIndex = default(ExprIndex)
 
       for element in targetSet:
         if element.ExprIndex != targetIndex:
@@ -494,7 +498,7 @@ proc checkCall(n, ctx, map): Check =
   # check args and handle possible mutations
 
   var isNew = false
-  result.map = map
+  result = Check(map: map)
   for i, child in n:
     discard check(child, ctx, map)
 
@@ -503,7 +507,7 @@ proc checkCall(n, ctx, map): Check =
       # as it might have been mutated
       # TODO similar for normal refs and fields: find dependent exprs: brackets
 
-      if child.kind == nkHiddenAddr and not child.typ.isNil and child.typ.kind == tyVar and child.typ[0].kind == tyRef:
+      if child.kind == nkHiddenAddr and not child.typ.isNil and child.typ.kind == tyVar and child.typ.elementType.kind == tyRef:
         if not isNew:
           result.map = newNilMap(map)
           isNew = true
@@ -558,7 +562,7 @@ proc derefWarning(n, ctx, map; kind: Nilability) =
   if n.info in ctx.warningLocations:
     return
   ctx.warningLocations.incl(n.info)
-  var a: seq[History]
+  var a: seq[History] = @[]
   if n.kind == nkSym:
     a = history(map, ctx.index(n))
   var res = ""
@@ -749,6 +753,7 @@ proc checkReturn(n, ctx, map): Check =
 
 proc checkIf(n, ctx, map): Check =
   ## check branches based on condition
+  result = default(Check)
   var mapIf: NilMap = map
 
   # first visit the condition
@@ -762,7 +767,7 @@ proc checkIf(n, ctx, map): Check =
   # the state of the conditions: negating conditions before the current one
   var layerHistory = newNilMap(mapIf)
   # the state after branch effects
-  var afterLayer: NilMap
+  var afterLayer: NilMap = nil
   # the result nilability for expressions
   var nilability = Safe
 
@@ -821,7 +826,7 @@ proc checkFor(n, ctx, map): Check =
   var check2 = check(n.sons[2], ctx, m)
   var map2 = check2.map
 
-  result.map = ctx.union(map0, m)
+  result = Check(map: ctx.union(map0, m))
   result.map = ctx.union(result.map, map2)
   result.nilability = Safe
 
@@ -849,7 +854,7 @@ proc checkWhile(n, ctx, map): Check =
   var check2 = check(n.sons[1], ctx, m)
   var map2 = check2.map
 
-  result.map = ctx.union(map0, map1)
+  result = Check(map: ctx.union(map0, map1))
   result.map = ctx.union(result.map, map2)
   result.nilability = Safe
 
@@ -859,9 +864,10 @@ proc checkInfix(n, ctx, map): Check =
   ##   a or b : map is an union of a and b's
   ##   a == b : use checkCondition
   ##   else: no change, just check args
+  result = default(Check)
   if n[0].kind == nkSym:
-    var mapL: NilMap
-    var mapR: NilMap
+    var mapL: NilMap = nil
+    var mapR: NilMap = nil
     if n[0].sym.magic notin {mAnd, mEqRef}:
       mapL = checkCondition(n[1], ctx, map, false, false)
       mapR = checkCondition(n[2], ctx, map, false, false)
@@ -894,7 +900,7 @@ proc checkInfix(n, ctx, map): Check =
 proc checkIsNil(n, ctx, map; isElse: bool = false): Check =
   ## check isNil calls
   ## update the map depending on if it is not isNil or isNil
-  result.map = newNilMap(map)
+  result = Check(map: newNilMap(map))
   let value = n[1]
   result.map.store(ctx, ctx.index(n[1]), if not isElse: Nil else: Safe, TArg, n.info, n)
 
@@ -906,24 +912,24 @@ proc infix(ctx: NilCheckerContext, l: PNode, r: PNode, magic: TMagic): PNode =
     else: ""
 
   var cache = newIdentCache()
-  var op = newSym(skVar, cache.getIdent(name), nextSymId ctx.idgen, nil, r.info)
+  var op = newSym(skVar, cache.getIdent(name), ctx.idgen, nil, r.info)
 
   op.magic = magic
   result = nkInfix.newTree(
     newSymNode(op, r.info),
     l,
     r)
-  result.typ = newType(tyBool, nextTypeId ctx.idgen, nil)
+  result.typ = newType(tyBool, ctx.idgen, nil)
 
 proc prefixNot(ctx: NilCheckerContext, node: PNode): PNode =
   var cache = newIdentCache()
-  var op = newSym(skVar, cache.getIdent("not"), nextSymId ctx.idgen, nil, node.info)
+  var op = newSym(skVar, cache.getIdent("not"), ctx.idgen, nil, node.info)
 
   op.magic = mNot
   result = nkPrefix.newTree(
     newSymNode(op, node.info),
     node)
-  result.typ = newType(tyBool, nextTypeId ctx.idgen, nil)
+  result.typ = newType(tyBool, ctx.idgen, nil)
 
 proc infixEq(ctx: NilCheckerContext, l: PNode, r: PNode): PNode =
   infix(ctx, l, r, mEqRef)
@@ -942,9 +948,9 @@ proc checkCase(n, ctx, map): Check =
   #   c2
   # also a == true is a , a == false is not a
   let base = n[0]
-  result.map = map.copyMap()
+  result = Check(map: map.copyMap())
   result.nilability = Safe
-  var a: PNode
+  var a: PNode = nil
   for child in n:
     case child.kind:
     of nkOfBranch:
@@ -1214,12 +1220,12 @@ proc check(n: PNode, ctx: NilCheckerContext, map: NilMap): Check =
     result = check(n.sons[1], ctx, map)
   of nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr, nkChckRangeF, nkChckRange64, nkChckRange,
      nkBracket, nkCurly, nkPar, nkTupleConstr, nkClosure, nkObjConstr, nkElse:
-    result.map = map
+    result = Check(map: map)
     if n.kind in {nkObjConstr, nkTupleConstr}:
       # TODO deeper nested elements?
       # A(field: B()) #
       # field: Safe ->
-      var elements: seq[(PNode, Nilability)]
+      var elements: seq[(PNode, Nilability)] = @[]
       for i, child in n:
         result = check(child, ctx, result.map)
         if i > 0:
@@ -1239,12 +1245,12 @@ proc check(n: PNode, ctx: NilCheckerContext, map: NilMap): Check =
     result = check(n.sons[0], ctx, map)
   of nkIfStmt, nkIfExpr:
     result = checkIf(n, ctx, map)
-  of nkAsgn:
+  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn:
     result = checkAsgn(n[0], n[1], ctx, map)
-  of nkVarSection:
-    result.map = map
+  of nkVarSection, nkLetSection:
+    result = Check(map: map)
     for child in n:
-      result = checkAsgn(child[0], child[2], ctx, result.map)
+      result = checkAsgn(child[0].skipPragmaExpr, child[2], ctx, result.map)
   of nkForStmt:
     result = checkFor(n, ctx, map)
   of nkCaseStmt:
@@ -1268,8 +1274,7 @@ proc check(n: PNode, ctx: NilCheckerContext, map: NilMap): Check =
   else:
 
     var elementMap = map.copyMap()
-    var elementCheck: Check
-    elementCheck.map = elementMap
+    var elementCheck = Check(map: elementMap)
     for element in n:
       elementCheck = check(element, ctx, elementCheck.map)
 
@@ -1283,7 +1288,7 @@ proc typeNilability(typ: PType): Nilability =
   # echo "typeNilability ", $typ.flags, " ", $typ.kind
   result = if tfNotNil in typ.flags:
     Safe
-  elif typ.kind in {tyRef, tyCString, tyPtr, tyPointer}:
+  elif typ.kind in {tyRef, tyCstring, tyPtr, tyPointer}:
     #
     # tyVar ? tyVarargs ? tySink ? tyLent ?
     # TODO spec? tests?
@@ -1330,7 +1335,7 @@ proc preVisit(ctx: NilCheckerContext, s: PSym, body: PNode, conf: ConfigRef) =
   ctx.symbolIndices = {resultId: resultExprIndex}.toTable()
   var cache = newIdentCache()
   ctx.expressions = SeqOfDistinct[ExprIndex, PNode](@[newIdentNode(cache.getIdent("result"), s.ast.info)])
-  var emptySet: IntSet # set[ExprIndex]
+  var emptySet: IntSet = initIntSet() # set[ExprIndex]
   ctx.dependants = SeqOfDistinct[ExprIndex, IntSet](@[emptySet])
   for i, arg in s.typ.n.sons:
     if i > 0:
@@ -1362,7 +1367,7 @@ proc checkNil*(s: PSym; body: PNode; conf: ConfigRef, idgen: IdGenerator) =
         continue
       map.store(context, context.index(child), typeNilability(child.typ), TArg, child.info, child)
 
-  map.store(context, resultExprIndex, if not s.typ[0].isNil and s.typ[0].kind == tyRef: Nil else: Safe, TResult, s.ast.info)
+  map.store(context, resultExprIndex, if not s.typ.returnType.isNil and s.typ.returnType.kind == tyRef: Nil else: Safe, TResult, s.ast.info)
 
   # echo "checking ", s.name.s, " ", filename
 
@@ -1378,5 +1383,5 @@ proc checkNil*(s: PSym; body: PNode; conf: ConfigRef, idgen: IdGenerator) =
   # (ANotNil, BNotNil) :
   # do we check on asgn nilability at all?
 
-  if not s.typ[0].isNil and s.typ[0].kind == tyRef and tfNotNil in s.typ[0].flags:
+  if not s.typ.returnType.isNil and s.typ.returnType.kind == tyRef and tfNotNil in s.typ.returnType.flags:
     checkResult(s.ast, context, res.map)
diff --git a/compiler/nim.cfg b/compiler/nim.cfg
index 40e93d523..ce5a22ad2 100644
--- a/compiler/nim.cfg
+++ b/compiler/nim.cfg
@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@ hint[XDeclaredButNotUsed]:off
 
 define:booting
 define:nimcore
+define:nimPreviewFloatRoundtrip
+define:nimPreviewSlimSystem
+define:nimPreviewCstringConversion
+define:nimPreviewProcConversion
+define:nimPreviewRangeDefault
+define:nimPreviewNonVarDestructor
+threads:off
 
 #import:"$projectpath/testability"
 
@@ -22,5 +29,35 @@ define:useStdoutAsStdmsg
 #gc:markAndSweep
 
 @if nimHasWarningObservableStores:
-  warning[ObservableStores]: off
+  warning[ObservableStores]:off
+@end
+
+
+@if nimHasWarningAsError:
+  warningAsError[GcUnsafe2]:on
+@end
+
+@if nimHasWarnUnnamedBreak:
+  warningAserror[UnnamedBreak]:on
+@end
+
+@if nimHasWarnBareExcept:
+  warning[BareExcept]:on
+  warningAserror[BareExcept]:on
+@end
+
+
+@if nimUseStrictDefs:
+  experimental:strictDefs
+  warningAsError[Uninit]:on
+  warningAsError[ProveInit]:on
+@end
+
+@if nimHasWarnStdPrefix:
+  warning[StdPrefix]:on
+  warningAsError[StdPrefix]:on
+@end
+
+@if nimHasVtables:
+  experimental:vtables
 @end
diff --git a/compiler/nim.nim b/compiler/nim.nim
index df06a83a9..005f11a58 100644
--- a/compiler/nim.nim
+++ b/compiler/nim.nim
@@ -7,21 +7,25 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-when defined(gcc) and defined(windows):
-  when defined(x86):
-    {.link: "../icons/nim.res".}
-  else:
-    {.link: "../icons/nim_icon.o".}
+import std/[os, strutils, parseopt]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+when defined(windows):
+  when defined(gcc):
+    when defined(x86):
+      {.link: "../icons/nim.res".}
+    else:
+      {.link: "../icons/nim_icon.o".}
 
-when defined(amd64) and defined(windows) and defined(vcc):
-  {.link: "../icons/nim-amd64-windows-vcc.res".}
-when defined(i386) and defined(windows) and defined(vcc):
-  {.link: "../icons/nim-i386-windows-vcc.res".}
+  when defined(amd64) and defined(vcc):
+    {.link: "../icons/nim-amd64-windows-vcc.res".}
+  when defined(i386) and defined(vcc):
+    {.link: "../icons/nim-i386-windows-vcc.res".}
 
 import
-  commands, options, msgs,
-  extccomp, strutils, os, main, parseopt,
-  idents, lineinfos, cmdlinehelper,
+  commands, options, msgs, extccomp, main, idents, lineinfos, cmdlinehelper,
   pathutils, modulegraphs
 
 from std/browsers import openDefaultBrowser
@@ -34,6 +38,15 @@ when defined(profiler) or defined(memProfiler):
   {.hint: "Profiling support is turned on!".}
   import nimprof
 
+proc nimbleLockExists(config: ConfigRef): bool =
+  const nimbleLock = "nimble.lock"
+  let pd = if not config.projectPath.isEmpty: config.projectPath else: AbsoluteDir(getCurrentDir())
+  if optSkipParentConfigFiles notin config.globalOptions:
+    for dir in parentDirs(pd.string, fromRoot=true, inclusive=false):
+      if fileExists(dir / nimbleLock):
+        return true
+  return fileExists(pd.string / nimbleLock)
+
 proc processCmdLine(pass: TCmdLinePass, cmd: string; config: ConfigRef) =
   var p = parseopt.initOptParser(cmd)
   var argsCount = 0
@@ -67,6 +80,21 @@ proc processCmdLine(pass: TCmdLinePass, cmd: string; config: ConfigRef) =
         config.arguments.len > 0 and config.cmd notin {cmdTcc, cmdNimscript, cmdCrun}:
       rawMessage(config, errGenerated, errArgsNeedRunOption)
 
+  if config.nimbleLockExists:
+    # disable nimble path if nimble.lock is present.
+    # see https://github.com/nim-lang/nimble/issues/1004
+    disableNimblePath(config)
+
+proc getNimRunExe(conf: ConfigRef): string =
+  # xxx consider defining `conf.getConfigVar("nimrun.exe")` to allow users to
+  # customize the binary to run the command with, e.g. for custom `nodejs` or `wine`.
+  if conf.isDefined("mingw"):
+    if conf.isDefined("i386"): result = "wine"
+    elif conf.isDefined("amd64"): result = "wine64"
+    else: result = ""
+  else:
+    result = ""
+
 proc handleCmdLine(cache: IdentCache; conf: ConfigRef) =
   let self = NimProg(
     supportsStdinFile: true,
@@ -78,9 +106,21 @@ proc handleCmdLine(cache: IdentCache; conf: ConfigRef) =
     return
 
   self.processCmdLineAndProjectPath(conf)
+
   var graph = newModuleGraph(cache, conf)
   if not self.loadConfigsAndProcessCmdLine(cache, conf, graph):
     return
+
+  if conf.cmd == cmdCheck and optWasNimscript notin conf.globalOptions and
+       conf.backend == backendInvalid:
+    conf.backend = backendC
+
+  if conf.selectedGC == gcUnselected:
+    if conf.backend in {backendC, backendCpp, backendObjc} or
+        (conf.cmd in cmdDocLike and conf.backend != backendJs) or
+        conf.cmd == cmdGendepend:
+      initOrcDefines(conf)
+
   mainCommand(graph)
   if conf.hasHint(hintGCStats): echo(GC_getStatistics())
   #echo(GC_getStatistics())
@@ -92,19 +132,23 @@ proc handleCmdLine(cache: IdentCache; conf: ConfigRef) =
     let output = conf.absOutFile
     case conf.cmd
     of cmdBackends, cmdTcc:
+      let nimRunExe = getNimRunExe(conf)
       var cmdPrefix = ""
+      if nimRunExe.len > 0: cmdPrefix.add nimRunExe.quoteShell
       case conf.backend
       of backendC, backendCpp, backendObjc: discard
       of backendJs:
         # D20210217T215950:here this flag is needed for node < v15.0.0, otherwise
         # tasyncjs_fail` would fail, refs https://nodejs.org/api/cli.html#cli_unhandled_rejections_mode
-        cmdPrefix = findNodeJs() & " --unhandled-rejections=strict "
-      else: doAssert false, $conf.backend
-      # No space before command otherwise on windows you'd get a cryptic:
-      # `The parameter is incorrect`
-      execExternalProgram(conf, cmdPrefix & output.quoteShell & ' ' & conf.arguments)
-      # execExternalProgram(conf, cmdPrefix & ' ' & output.quoteShell & ' ' & conf.arguments)
-    of cmdDocLike, cmdRst2html, cmdRst2tex: # bugfix(cmdRst2tex was missing)
+        if cmdPrefix.len == 0: cmdPrefix = findNodeJs().quoteShell
+        cmdPrefix.add " --unhandled-rejections=strict"
+      else: raiseAssert $conf.backend
+      if cmdPrefix.len > 0: cmdPrefix.add " "
+        # without the `cmdPrefix.len > 0` check, on windows you'd get a cryptic:
+        # `The parameter is incorrect`
+      let cmd = cmdPrefix & output.quoteShell & ' ' & conf.arguments
+      execExternalProgram(conf, cmd.strip(leading=false,trailing=true))
+    of cmdDocLike, cmdRst2html, cmdRst2tex, cmdMd2html, cmdMd2tex: # bugfix(cmdRst2tex was missing)
       if conf.arguments.len > 0:
         # reserved for future use
         rawMessage(conf, errGenerated, "'$1 cannot handle arguments" % [$conf.cmd])
diff --git a/compiler/nimblecmd.nim b/compiler/nimblecmd.nim
index 28398289c..a5324ea76 100644
--- a/compiler/nimblecmd.nim
+++ b/compiler/nimblecmd.nim
@@ -9,8 +9,14 @@
 
 ## Implements some helper procs for Nimble (Nim's package manager) support.
 
-import parseutils, strutils, strtabs, os, options, msgs, sequtils,
-  lineinfos, pathutils
+import options, msgs, lineinfos, pathutils
+
+import std/[parseutils, strutils, os, tables, sequtils]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions]
+
+import ../dist/checksums/src/checksums/sha1
 
 proc addPath*(conf: ConfigRef; path: AbsoluteDir, info: TLineInfo) =
   if not conf.searchPaths.contains(path):
@@ -18,6 +24,7 @@ proc addPath*(conf: ConfigRef; path: AbsoluteDir, info: TLineInfo) =
 
 type
   Version* = distinct string
+  PackageInfo = Table[string, tuple[version, checksum: string]]
 
 proc `$`*(ver: Version): string {.borrow.}
 
@@ -31,11 +38,16 @@ proc isSpecial(ver: Version): bool =
 
 proc isValidVersion(v: string): bool =
   if v.len > 0:
-    if v[0] in {'#'} + Digits: return true
+    if v[0] in {'#'} + Digits:
+      result = true
+    else:
+      result = false
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc `<`*(ver: Version, ver2: Version): bool =
   ## This is synced from Nimble's version module.
-
+  result = false
   # Handling for special versions such as "#head" or "#branch".
   if ver.isSpecial or ver2.isSpecial:
     if ver2.isSpecial and ($ver2).normalize == "#head":
@@ -62,43 +74,66 @@ proc `<`*(ver: Version, ver2: Version): bool =
     else:
       return false
 
-proc getPathVersion*(p: string): tuple[name, version: string] =
-  ## Splits path ``p`` in the format ``/home/user/.nimble/pkgs/package-0.1``
-  ## into ``(/home/user/.nimble/pkgs/package, 0.1)``
-  result.name = ""
-  result.version = ""
+proc getPathVersionChecksum*(p: string): tuple[name, version, checksum: string] =
+  ## Splits path ``p`` in the format
+  ## ``/home/user/.nimble/pkgs/package-0.1-febadeaea2345e777f0f6f8433f7f0a52edd5d1b`` into
+  ## ``("/home/user/.nimble/pkgs/package", "0.1", "febadeaea2345e777f0f6f8433f7f0a52edd5d1b")``
+
+  result = ("", "", "")
 
-  const specialSeparator = "-#"
-  let last = p.rfind(p.lastPathPart) # the index where the last path part begins
-  var sepIdx = p.find(specialSeparator, start = last)
-  if sepIdx == -1:
-    sepIdx = p.rfind('-', start = last)
+  const checksumSeparator = '-'
+  const versionSeparator = '-'
+  const specialVersionSepartator = "-#"
+  const separatorNotFound = -1
 
-  if sepIdx == -1:
-    result.name = p
-    return
+  var checksumSeparatorIndex = p.rfind(checksumSeparator)
+  if checksumSeparatorIndex != separatorNotFound:
+    result.checksum = p.substr(checksumSeparatorIndex + 1)
+    if not result.checksum.isValidSha1Hash():
+      result.checksum = ""
+      checksumSeparatorIndex = p.len()
+  else:
+    checksumSeparatorIndex = p.len()
 
-  for i in sepIdx..<p.len:
-    if p[i] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
-      result.name = p
-      return
+  var versionSeparatorIndex = p.rfind(
+    specialVersionSepartator, 0, checksumSeparatorIndex - 1)
+  if versionSeparatorIndex != separatorNotFound:
+    result.version = p.substr(
+      versionSeparatorIndex + 1, checksumSeparatorIndex - 1)
+  else:
+    versionSeparatorIndex = p.rfind(
+      versionSeparator, 0, checksumSeparatorIndex - 1)
+    if versionSeparatorIndex != separatorNotFound:
+      result.version = p.substr(
+        versionSeparatorIndex + 1, checksumSeparatorIndex - 1)
+    else:
+      versionSeparatorIndex = checksumSeparatorIndex
 
-  result.name = p[0..sepIdx - 1]
-  result.version = p.substr(sepIdx + 1)
+  result.name = p[0..<versionSeparatorIndex]
 
-proc addPackage(conf: ConfigRef; packages: StringTableRef, p: string; info: TLineInfo) =
-  let (name, ver) = getPathVersion(p)
+proc addPackage*(conf: ConfigRef; packages: var PackageInfo, p: string;
+                 info: TLineInfo) =
+  let (name, ver, checksum) = getPathVersionChecksum(p)
   if isValidVersion(ver):
     let version = newVersion(ver)
-    if packages.getOrDefault(name).newVersion < version or
+    if packages.getOrDefault(name).version.newVersion < version or
       (not packages.hasKey(name)):
-      packages[name] = $version
+      if checksum.isValidSha1Hash():
+        packages[name] = ($version, checksum)
+      else:
+        packages[name] = ($version, "")
   else:
     localError(conf, info, "invalid package name: " & p)
 
-iterator chosen(packages: StringTableRef): string =
+iterator chosen(packages: PackageInfo): string =
   for key, val in pairs(packages):
-    let res = if val.len == 0: key else: key & '-' & val
+    var res = key
+    if val.version.len != 0:
+      res &= '-'
+      res &= val.version
+    if val.checksum.len != 0:
+      res &= '-'
+      res &= val.checksum
     yield res
 
 proc addNimblePath(conf: ConfigRef; p: string, info: TLineInfo) =
@@ -118,7 +153,7 @@ proc addNimblePath(conf: ConfigRef; p: string, info: TLineInfo) =
     conf.lazyPaths.insert(AbsoluteDir path, 0)
 
 proc addPathRec(conf: ConfigRef; dir: string, info: TLineInfo) =
-  var packages = newStringTable(modeStyleInsensitive)
+  var packages: PackageInfo = initTable[string, tuple[version, checksum: string]]()
   var pos = dir.len-1
   if dir[pos] in {DirSep, AltSep}: inc(pos)
   for k,p in os.walkDir(dir):
diff --git a/compiler/nimconf.nim b/compiler/nimconf.nim
index 1691e7ccf..5417cd1e9 100644
--- a/compiler/nimconf.nim
+++ b/compiler/nimconf.nim
@@ -10,11 +10,16 @@
 # This module handles the reading of the config file.
 
 import
-  llstream, commands, os, strutils, msgs, lexer, ast,
-  options, idents, wordrecg, strtabs, lineinfos, pathutils, scriptconfig
+  llstream, commands, msgs, lexer, ast,
+  options, idents, wordrecg, lineinfos, pathutils, scriptconfig
+
+import std/[os, strutils, strtabs]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
 
 # ---------------- configuration file parser -----------------------------
-# we use Nim's scanner here to save space and work
+# we use Nim's lexer here to save space and work
 
 proc ppGetTok(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
   # simple filter
@@ -159,7 +164,7 @@ proc checkSymbol(L: Lexer, tok: Token) =
     lexMessage(L, errGenerated, "expected identifier, but got: " & $tok)
 
 proc parseAssignment(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token;
-                     config: ConfigRef; condStack: var seq[bool]) =
+                     config: ConfigRef; filename: AbsoluteFile; condStack: var seq[bool]) =
   if tok.ident != nil:
     if tok.ident.s == "-" or tok.ident.s == "--":
       confTok(L, tok, config, condStack)           # skip unnecessary prefix
@@ -202,6 +207,7 @@ proc parseAssignment(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token;
       checkSymbol(L, tok)
       val.add($tok)
       confTok(L, tok, config, condStack)
+  config.currentConfigDir = parentDir(filename.string)
   if percent:
     processSwitch(s, strtabs.`%`(val, config.configVars,
                                 {useEnvironment, useEmpty}), passPP, info, config)
@@ -211,20 +217,21 @@ proc parseAssignment(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token;
 proc readConfigFile*(filename: AbsoluteFile; cache: IdentCache;
                     config: ConfigRef): bool =
   var
-    L: Lexer
+    L: Lexer = default(Lexer)
     tok: Token
     stream: PLLStream
   stream = llStreamOpen(filename, fmRead)
   if stream != nil:
-    initToken(tok)
     openLexer(L, filename, stream, cache, config)
-    tok.tokType = tkEof       # to avoid a pointless warning
+    tok = Token(tokType: tkEof)       # to avoid a pointless warning
     var condStack: seq[bool] = @[]
     confTok(L, tok, config, condStack)           # read in the first token
-    while tok.tokType != tkEof: parseAssignment(L, tok, config, condStack)
+    while tok.tokType != tkEof: parseAssignment(L, tok, config, filename, condStack)
     if condStack.len > 0: lexMessage(L, errGenerated, "expected @end")
     closeLexer(L)
     return true
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc getUserConfigPath*(filename: RelativeFile): AbsoluteFile =
   result = getConfigDir().AbsoluteDir / RelativeDir"nim" / filename
@@ -240,23 +247,20 @@ proc getSystemConfigPath*(conf: ConfigRef; filename: RelativeFile): AbsoluteFile
 
 proc loadConfigs*(cfg: RelativeFile; cache: IdentCache; conf: ConfigRef; idgen: IdGenerator) =
   setDefaultLibpath(conf)
-
-  var configFiles = newSeq[AbsoluteFile]()
-
   template readConfigFile(path) =
     let configPath = path
     if readConfigFile(configPath, cache, conf):
-      configFiles.add(configPath)
+      conf.configFiles.add(configPath)
 
   template runNimScriptIfExists(path: AbsoluteFile, isMain = false) =
     let p = path # eval once
-    var s: PLLStream
+    var s: PLLStream = nil
     if isMain and optWasNimscript in conf.globalOptions:
       if conf.projectIsStdin: s = stdin.llStreamOpen
       elif conf.projectIsCmd: s = llStreamOpen(conf.cmdInput)
     if s == nil and fileExists(p): s = llStreamOpen(p, fmRead)
     if s != nil:
-      configFiles.add(p)
+      conf.configFiles.add(p)
       runNimScript(cache, p, idgen, freshDefines = false, conf, s)
 
   if optSkipSystemConfigFile notin conf.globalOptions:
@@ -295,18 +299,22 @@ proc loadConfigs*(cfg: RelativeFile; cache: IdentCache; conf: ConfigRef; idgen:
   let scriptFile = conf.projectFull.changeFileExt("nims")
   let scriptIsProj = scriptFile == conf.projectFull
   template showHintConf =
-    for filename in configFiles:
+    for filename in conf.configFiles:
       # delayed to here so that `hintConf` is honored
       rawMessage(conf, hintConf, filename.string)
-  if scriptIsProj:
+  if conf.cmd == cmdNimscript:
     showHintConf()
-    configFiles.setLen 0
-  if conf.cmd != cmdIdeTools:
-    runNimScriptIfExists(scriptFile, isMain = true)
+    conf.configFiles.setLen 0
+  if conf.cmd notin {cmdIdeTools, cmdCheck, cmdDump}:
+    if conf.cmd == cmdNimscript:
+      runNimScriptIfExists(conf.projectFull, isMain = true)
+    else:
+      runNimScriptIfExists(scriptFile, isMain = true)
   else:
     if not scriptIsProj:
       runNimScriptIfExists(scriptFile, isMain = true)
     else:
       # 'nimsuggest foo.nims' means to just auto-complete the NimScript file
+      # `nim check foo.nims' means to check the syntax of the NimScript file
       discard
   showHintConf()
diff --git a/compiler/nimeval.nim b/compiler/nimeval.nim
index 9be595cce..0833cfeb3 100644
--- a/compiler/nimeval.nim
+++ b/compiler/nimeval.nim
@@ -9,10 +9,16 @@
 
 ## exposes the Nim VM to clients.
 import
-  ast, astalgo, modules, passes, condsyms,
-  options, sem, llstream, lineinfos, vm,
-  vmdef, modulegraphs, idents, os, pathutils,
-  passaux, scriptconfig, std/compilesettings
+  ast, modules, condsyms,
+  options, llstream, lineinfos, vm,
+  vmdef, modulegraphs, idents, pathutils,
+  scriptconfig, std/[compilesettings, tables, os]
+
+import pipelines
+
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, syncio]
 
 type
   Interpreter* = ref object ## Use Nim as an interpreter with this object
@@ -34,7 +40,7 @@ proc selectUniqueSymbol*(i: Interpreter; name: string;
   assert i != nil
   assert i.mainModule != nil, "no main module selected"
   let n = getIdent(i.graph.cache, name)
-  var it: ModuleIter
+  var it: ModuleIter = default(ModuleIter)
   var s = initModuleIter(it, i.graph, i.mainModule, n)
   result = nil
   while s != nil:
@@ -57,6 +63,10 @@ proc callRoutine*(i: Interpreter; routine: PSym; args: openArray[PNode]): PNode
 proc getGlobalValue*(i: Interpreter; letOrVar: PSym): PNode =
   result = vm.getGlobalValue(PCtx i.graph.vm, letOrVar)
 
+proc setGlobalValue*(i: Interpreter; letOrVar: PSym, val: PNode) =
+  ## Sets a global value to a given PNode, does not do any type checking.
+  vm.setGlobalValue(PCtx i.graph.vm, letOrVar, val)
+
 proc implementRoutine*(i: Interpreter; pkg, module, name: string;
                        impl: proc (a: VmArgs) {.closure, gcsafe.}) =
   assert i != nil
@@ -67,12 +77,15 @@ proc evalScript*(i: Interpreter; scriptStream: PLLStream = nil) =
   ## This can also be used to *reload* the script.
   assert i != nil
   assert i.mainModule != nil, "no main module selected"
-  initStrTable(i.mainModule.semtab(i.graph))
+  initStrTables(i.graph, i.mainModule)
+  i.graph.cacheSeqs.clear()
+  i.graph.cacheCounters.clear()
+  i.graph.cacheTables.clear()
   i.mainModule.ast = nil
 
   let s = if scriptStream != nil: scriptStream
           else: llStreamOpen(findFile(i.graph.config, i.scriptName), fmRead)
-  processModule(i.graph, i.mainModule, i.idgen, s)
+  discard processPipelineModule(i.graph, i.mainModule, i.idgen, s)
 
 proc findNimStdLib*(): string =
   ## Tries to find a path to a valid "system.nim" file.
@@ -105,12 +118,10 @@ proc createInterpreter*(scriptName: string;
   var conf = newConfigRef()
   var cache = newIdentCache()
   var graph = newModuleGraph(cache, conf)
-  connectCallbacks(graph)
+  connectPipelineCallbacks(graph)
   initDefines(conf.symbols)
   for define in defines:
     defineSymbol(conf.symbols, define[0], define[1])
-  registerPass(graph, semPass)
-  registerPass(graph, evalPass)
 
   for p in searchPaths:
     conf.searchPaths.add(AbsoluteDir p)
@@ -125,7 +136,8 @@ proc createInterpreter*(scriptName: string;
   if registerOps:
     vm.registerAdditionalOps() # Required to register parts of stdlib modules
   graph.vm = vm
-  graph.compileSystemModule()
+  setPipeLinePass(graph, EvalPass)
+  graph.compilePipelineSystemModule()
   result = Interpreter(mainModule: m, graph: graph, scriptName: scriptName, idgen: idgen)
 
 proc destroyInterpreter*(i: Interpreter) =
@@ -155,13 +167,11 @@ proc runRepl*(r: TLLRepl;
   defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimscript")
   if supportNimscript: defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimconfig")
   when hasFFI: defineSymbol(graph.config.symbols, "nimffi")
-  registerPass(graph, verbosePass)
-  registerPass(graph, semPass)
-  registerPass(graph, evalPass)
   var m = graph.makeStdinModule()
   incl(m.flags, sfMainModule)
   var idgen = idGeneratorFromModule(m)
 
   if supportNimscript: graph.vm = setupVM(m, cache, "stdin", graph, idgen)
-  graph.compileSystemModule()
-  processModule(graph, m, idgen, llStreamOpenStdIn(r))
+  setPipeLinePass(graph, InterpreterPass)
+  graph.compilePipelineSystemModule()
+  discard processPipelineModule(graph, m, idgen, llStreamOpenStdIn(r))
diff --git a/compiler/nimfix/nimfix.nim b/compiler/nimfix/nimfix.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 30c138f79..000000000
--- a/compiler/nimfix/nimfix.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#           The Nim Compiler
-#        (c) Copyright 2015 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-## Nimfix is a tool that helps to convert old-style Nimrod code to Nim code.
-
-import strutils, os, parseopt
-import compiler/[options, commands, modules, sem,
-  passes, passaux, linter,
-  msgs, nimconf,
-  extccomp, condsyms,
-  modulegraphs, idents]
-
-const Usage = """
-Nimfix - Tool to patch Nim code
-Usage:
-  nimfix [options] projectfile.nim
-
-Options:
-  --overwriteFiles:on|off          overwrite the original nim files.
-                                   DEFAULT is ON!
-  --wholeProject                   overwrite every processed file.
-  --checkExtern:on|off             style check also extern names
-  --styleCheck:on|off|auto         performs style checking for identifiers
-                                   and suggests an alternative spelling;
-                                   'auto' corrects the spelling.
-  --bestEffort                     try to fix the code even when there
-                                   are errors.
-
-In addition, all command line options of Nim are supported.
-"""
-
-proc mainCommand =
-  registerPass verbosePass
-  registerPass semPass
-  conf.setCmd cmdNimfix
-  searchPaths.add options.libpath
-  if gProjectFull.len != 0:
-    # current path is always looked first for modules
-    searchPaths.insert(gProjectPath, 0)
-
-  compileProject(newModuleGraph(), newIdentCache())
-  pretty.overwriteFiles()
-
-proc processCmdLine*(pass: TCmdLinePass, cmd: string, config: ConfigRef) =
-  var p = parseopt.initOptParser(cmd)
-  var argsCount = 0
-  gOnlyMainfile = true
-  while true:
-    parseopt.next(p)
-    case p.kind
-    of cmdEnd: break
-    of cmdLongoption, cmdShortOption:
-      case p.key.normalize
-      of "overwritefiles":
-        case p.val.normalize
-        of "on": gOverWrite = true
-        of "off": gOverWrite = false
-        else: localError(gCmdLineInfo, errOnOrOffExpected)
-      of "checkextern":
-        case p.val.normalize
-        of "on": gCheckExtern = true
-        of "off": gCheckExtern = false
-        else: localError(gCmdLineInfo, errOnOrOffExpected)
-      of "stylecheck":
-        case p.val.normalize
-        of "off": gStyleCheck = StyleCheck.None
-        of "on": gStyleCheck = StyleCheck.Warn
-        of "auto": gStyleCheck = StyleCheck.Auto
-        else: localError(gCmdLineInfo, errOnOrOffExpected)
-      of "wholeproject": gOnlyMainfile = false
-      of "besteffort": msgs.gErrorMax = high(int) # don't stop after first error
-      else:
-        processSwitch(pass, p, config)
-    of cmdArgument:
-      options.gProjectName = unixToNativePath(p.key)
-      # if processArgument(pass, p, argsCount): break
-
-proc handleCmdLine(config: ConfigRef) =
-  if paramCount() == 0:
-    stdout.writeLine(Usage)
-  else:
-    processCmdLine(passCmd1, "", config)
-    if gProjectName != "":
-      try:
-        gProjectFull = canonicalizePath(gProjectName)
-      except OSError:
-        gProjectFull = gProjectName
-      var p = splitFile(gProjectFull)
-      gProjectPath = p.dir
-      gProjectName = p.name
-    else:
-      gProjectPath = getCurrentDir()
-    loadConfigs(DefaultConfig, config) # load all config files
-    # now process command line arguments again, because some options in the
-    # command line can overwrite the config file's settings
-    extccomp.initVars()
-    processCmdLine(passCmd2, "", config)
-    mainCommand()
-
-when compileOption("gc", "refc"):
-  GC_disableMarkAndSweep()
-
-condsyms.initDefines()
-defineSymbol "nimfix"
-handleCmdline newConfigRef()
diff --git a/compiler/nimfix/nimfix.nim.cfg b/compiler/nimfix/nimfix.nim.cfg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0d9dbfa4b..000000000
--- a/compiler/nimfix/nimfix.nim.cfg
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-# Special configuration file for the Nim project
-# gc:markAndSweep
-
-hint[XDeclaredButNotUsed]:off
-path:"$projectPath/.."
-
-path:"$lib/packages/docutils"
-path:"$nim"
-
-define:useStdoutAsStdmsg
-symbol:nimfix
-define:nimfix
-
-cs:partial
-#define:useNodeIds
-define:booting
-define:noDocgen
diff --git a/compiler/nimfix/prettybase.nim b/compiler/nimfix/prettybase.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index fbc2e3bd1..000000000
--- a/compiler/nimfix/prettybase.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#           The Nim Compiler
-#        (c) Copyright 2015 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-import strutils except Letters
-import ".." / [ast, msgs, lineinfos, idents, options, linter]
-
-proc replaceDeprecated*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo; oldSym, newSym: PIdent) =
-  let line = sourceLine(conf, info)
-  var first = min(info.col.int, line.len)
-  if first < 0: return
-  #inc first, skipIgnoreCase(line, "proc ", first)
-  while first > 0 and line[first-1] in Letters: dec first
-  if first < 0: return
-  if line[first] == '`': inc first
-
-  let last = first+identLen(line, first)-1
-  if cmpIgnoreStyle(line[first..last], oldSym.s) == 0:
-    var x = line.substr(0, first-1) & newSym.s & line.substr(last+1)
-    system.shallowCopy(conf.m.fileInfos[info.fileIndex.int32].lines[info.line.int-1], x)
-    conf.m.fileInfos[info.fileIndex.int32].dirty = true
-    #if newSym.s == "File": writeStackTrace()
-
-proc replaceDeprecated*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo; oldSym, newSym: PSym) =
-  replaceDeprecated(conf, info, oldSym.name, newSym.name)
-
-proc replaceComment*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo) =
-  let line = sourceLine(conf, info)
-  var first = info.col.int
-  if line[first] != '#': inc first
-
-  var x = line.substr(0, first-1) & "discard " & line.substr(first+1).escape
-  system.shallowCopy(conf.m.fileInfos[info.fileIndex.int32].lines[info.line.int-1], x)
-  conf.m.fileInfos[info.fileIndex.int32].dirty = true
diff --git a/compiler/nimlexbase.nim b/compiler/nimlexbase.nim
index 99d07d093..6708b57f8 100644
--- a/compiler/nimlexbase.nim
+++ b/compiler/nimlexbase.nim
@@ -12,8 +12,12 @@
 # handling that exists! Only at line endings checks are necessary
 # if the buffer needs refilling.
 
-import
-  llstream, strutils
+import llstream
+
+import std/strutils
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 const
   Lrz* = ' '
@@ -104,7 +108,7 @@ proc fillBuffer(L: var TBaseLexer) =
         oldBufLen = L.bufLen
         L.bufLen = L.bufLen * 2
         L.bufStorage.setLen(L.bufLen)
-        L.buf = L.bufStorage
+        L.buf = L.bufStorage.cstring
         assert(L.bufLen - oldBufLen == oldBufLen)
         charsRead = llStreamRead(L.stream, addr(L.buf[oldBufLen]),
                                  oldBufLen)
@@ -147,7 +151,7 @@ proc openBaseLexer(L: var TBaseLexer, inputstream: PLLStream, bufLen = 8192) =
   L.bufpos = 0
   L.offsetBase = 0
   L.bufStorage = newString(bufLen)
-  L.buf = L.bufStorage
+  L.buf = L.bufStorage.cstring
   L.bufLen = bufLen
   L.sentinel = bufLen - 1
   L.lineStart = 0
diff --git a/compiler/nimpaths.nim b/compiler/nimpaths.nim
index 71bb9a7d7..0a66c3c1f 100644
--- a/compiler/nimpaths.nim
+++ b/compiler/nimpaths.nim
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ specialpaths is simpler because it doesn't need variables to be relocatable at
 runtime (eg for use in testament)
 
 interpolation variables:
-  $nimr: such that `$nimr/lib/system.nim` exists (avoids confusion with $nim binary)
+: $nimr: such that `$nimr/lib/system.nim` exists (avoids confusion with $nim binary)
          in compiler, it's obtainable via getPrefixDir(); for other tools (eg koch),
         this could be getCurrentDir() or getAppFilename().parentDir.parentDir,
         depending on use case
@@ -17,15 +17,21 @@ interpolation variables:
 Unstable API
 ]##
 
-import std/[os,strutils]
+import std/[os, strutils]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 
 const
   docCss* = "$nimr/doc/nimdoc.css"
+  docCls* = "$nimr/doc/nimdoc.cls"
   docHackNim* = "$nimr/tools/dochack/dochack.nim"
   docHackJs* = docHackNim.changeFileExt("js")
   docHackJsFname* = docHackJs.lastPathPart
   theindexFname* = "theindex.html"
   nimdocOutCss* = "nimdoc.out.css"
+  nimdocOutCls* = "nimdoc.cls"
     # `out` to make it easier to use with gitignore in user's repos
   htmldocsDirname* = "htmldocs"
   dotdotMangle* = "_._"  ## refs #13223
diff --git a/compiler/nimsets.nim b/compiler/nimsets.nim
index 8683604af..7edf55278 100644
--- a/compiler/nimsets.nim
+++ b/compiler/nimsets.nim
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
 import
   ast, astalgo, lineinfos, bitsets, types, options
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 proc inSet*(s: PNode, elem: PNode): bool =
   assert s.kind == nkCurly
   if s.kind != nkCurly:
@@ -59,8 +62,10 @@ proc someInSet*(s: PNode, a, b: PNode): bool =
   result = false
 
 proc toBitSet*(conf: ConfigRef; s: PNode): TBitSet =
-  var first, j: Int128
-  first = firstOrd(conf, s.typ[0])
+  result = @[]
+  var first: Int128 = Zero
+  var j: Int128 = Zero
+  first = firstOrd(conf, s.typ.elementType)
   bitSetInit(result, int(getSize(conf, s.typ)))
   for i in 0..<s.len:
     if s[i].kind == nkRange:
diff --git a/compiler/nodejs.nim b/compiler/nodejs.nim
index 781035bb7..9753e1c99 100644
--- a/compiler/nodejs.nim
+++ b/compiler/nodejs.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-import os
+import std/os
 
 proc findNodeJs*(): string {.inline.} =
   ## Find NodeJS executable and return it as a string.
   result = findExe("nodejs")
-  if result == "":
+  if result.len == 0:
     result = findExe("node")
+  if result.len == 0:
+    echo "Please install NodeJS first, see https://nodejs.org/en/download"
+    raise newException(IOError, "NodeJS not found in PATH")
diff --git a/compiler/nodekinds.nim b/compiler/nodekinds.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ccdbbd26d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/nodekinds.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+#
+#
+#           The Nim Compiler
+#        (c) Copyright 2015 Andreas Rumpf
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+## NodeKind enum.
+
+type
+  TNodeKind* = enum # order is extremely important, because ranges are used
+                    # to check whether a node belongs to a certain class
+    nkNone,               # unknown node kind: indicates an error
+                          # Expressions:
+                          # Atoms:
+    nkEmpty,              # the node is empty
+    nkIdent,              # node is an identifier
+    nkSym,                # node is a symbol
+    nkType,               # node is used for its typ field
+
+    nkCharLit,            # a character literal ''
+    nkIntLit,             # an integer literal
+    nkInt8Lit,
+    nkInt16Lit,
+    nkInt32Lit,
+    nkInt64Lit,
+    nkUIntLit,            # an unsigned integer literal
+    nkUInt8Lit,
+    nkUInt16Lit,
+    nkUInt32Lit,
+    nkUInt64Lit,
+    nkFloatLit,           # a floating point literal
+    nkFloat32Lit,
+    nkFloat64Lit,
+    nkFloat128Lit,
+    nkStrLit,             # a string literal ""
+    nkRStrLit,            # a raw string literal r""
+    nkTripleStrLit,       # a triple string literal """
+    nkNilLit,             # the nil literal
+                          # end of atoms
+    nkComesFrom,          # "comes from" template/macro information for
+                          # better stack trace generation
+    nkDotCall,            # used to temporarily flag a nkCall node;
+                          # this is used
+                          # for transforming ``s.len`` to ``len(s)``
+
+    nkCommand,            # a call like ``p 2, 4`` without parenthesis
+    nkCall,               # a call like p(x, y) or an operation like +(a, b)
+    nkCallStrLit,         # a call with a string literal
+                          # x"abc" has two sons: nkIdent, nkRStrLit
+                          # x"""abc""" has two sons: nkIdent, nkTripleStrLit
+    nkInfix,              # a call like (a + b)
+    nkPrefix,             # a call like !a
+    nkPostfix,            # something like a! (also used for visibility)
+    nkHiddenCallConv,     # an implicit type conversion via a type converter
+
+    nkExprEqExpr,         # a named parameter with equals: ''expr = expr''
+    nkExprColonExpr,      # a named parameter with colon: ''expr: expr''
+    nkIdentDefs,          # a definition like `a, b: typeDesc = expr`
+                          # either typeDesc or expr may be nil; used in
+                          # formal parameters, var statements, etc.
+    nkVarTuple,           # a ``var (a, b) = expr`` construct
+    nkPar,                # syntactic (); may be a tuple constructor
+    nkObjConstr,          # object constructor: T(a: 1, b: 2)
+    nkCurly,              # syntactic {}
+    nkCurlyExpr,          # an expression like a{i}
+    nkBracket,            # syntactic []
+    nkBracketExpr,        # an expression like a[i..j, k]
+    nkPragmaExpr,         # an expression like a{.pragmas.}
+    nkRange,              # an expression like i..j
+    nkDotExpr,            # a.b
+    nkCheckedFieldExpr,   # a.b, but b is a field that needs to be checked
+    nkDerefExpr,          # a^
+    nkIfExpr,             # if as an expression
+    nkElifExpr,
+    nkElseExpr,
+    nkLambda,             # lambda expression
+    nkDo,                 # lambda block appering as trailing proc param
+    nkAccQuoted,          # `a` as a node
+
+    nkTableConstr,        # a table constructor {expr: expr}
+    nkBind,               # ``bind expr`` node
+    nkClosedSymChoice,    # symbol choice node; a list of nkSyms (closed)
+    nkOpenSymChoice,      # symbol choice node; a list of nkSyms (open)
+    nkHiddenStdConv,      # an implicit standard type conversion
+    nkHiddenSubConv,      # an implicit type conversion from a subtype
+                          # to a supertype
+    nkConv,               # a type conversion
+    nkCast,               # a type cast
+    nkStaticExpr,         # a static expr
+    nkAddr,               # a addr expression
+    nkHiddenAddr,         # implicit address operator
+    nkHiddenDeref,        # implicit ^ operator
+    nkObjDownConv,        # down conversion between object types
+    nkObjUpConv,          # up conversion between object types
+    nkChckRangeF,         # range check for floats
+    nkChckRange64,        # range check for 64 bit ints
+    nkChckRange,          # range check for ints
+    nkStringToCString,    # string to cstring
+    nkCStringToString,    # cstring to string
+                          # end of expressions
+
+    nkAsgn,               # a = b
+    nkFastAsgn,           # internal node for a fast ``a = b``
+                          # (no string copy)
+    nkGenericParams,      # generic parameters
+    nkFormalParams,       # formal parameters
+    nkOfInherit,          # inherited from symbol
+
+    nkImportAs,           # a 'as' b in an import statement
+    nkProcDef,            # a proc
+    nkMethodDef,          # a method
+    nkConverterDef,       # a converter
+    nkMacroDef,           # a macro
+    nkTemplateDef,        # a template
+    nkIteratorDef,        # an iterator
+
+    nkOfBranch,           # used inside case statements
+                          # for (cond, action)-pairs
+    nkElifBranch,         # used in if statements
+    nkExceptBranch,       # an except section
+    nkElse,               # an else part
+    nkAsmStmt,            # an assembler block
+    nkPragma,             # a pragma statement
+    nkPragmaBlock,        # a pragma with a block
+    nkIfStmt,             # an if statement
+    nkWhenStmt,           # a when expression or statement
+    nkForStmt,            # a for statement
+    nkParForStmt,         # a parallel for statement
+    nkWhileStmt,          # a while statement
+    nkCaseStmt,           # a case statement
+    nkTypeSection,        # a type section (consists of type definitions)
+    nkVarSection,         # a var section
+    nkLetSection,         # a let section
+    nkConstSection,       # a const section
+    nkConstDef,           # a const definition
+    nkTypeDef,            # a type definition
+    nkYieldStmt,          # the yield statement as a tree
+    nkDefer,              # the 'defer' statement
+    nkTryStmt,            # a try statement
+    nkFinally,            # a finally section
+    nkRaiseStmt,          # a raise statement
+    nkReturnStmt,         # a return statement
+    nkBreakStmt,          # a break statement
+    nkContinueStmt,       # a continue statement
+    nkBlockStmt,          # a block statement
+    nkStaticStmt,         # a static statement
+    nkDiscardStmt,        # a discard statement
+    nkStmtList,           # a list of statements
+    nkImportStmt,         # an import statement
+    nkImportExceptStmt,   # an import x except a statement
+    nkExportStmt,         # an export statement
+    nkExportExceptStmt,   # an 'export except' statement
+    nkFromStmt,           # a from * import statement
+    nkIncludeStmt,        # an include statement
+    nkBindStmt,           # a bind statement
+    nkMixinStmt,          # a mixin statement
+    nkUsingStmt,          # an using statement
+    nkCommentStmt,        # a comment statement
+    nkStmtListExpr,       # a statement list followed by an expr; this is used
+                          # to allow powerful multi-line templates
+    nkBlockExpr,          # a statement block ending in an expr; this is used
+                          # to allow powerful multi-line templates that open a
+                          # temporary scope
+    nkStmtListType,       # a statement list ending in a type; for macros
+    nkBlockType,          # a statement block ending in a type; for macros
+                          # types as syntactic trees:
+
+    nkWith,               # distinct with `foo`
+    nkWithout,            # distinct without `foo`
+
+    nkTypeOfExpr,         # type(1+2)
+    nkObjectTy,           # object body
+    nkTupleTy,            # tuple body
+    nkTupleClassTy,       # tuple type class
+    nkTypeClassTy,        # user-defined type class
+    nkStaticTy,           # ``static[T]``
+    nkRecList,            # list of object parts
+    nkRecCase,            # case section of object
+    nkRecWhen,            # when section of object
+    nkRefTy,              # ``ref T``
+    nkPtrTy,              # ``ptr T``
+    nkVarTy,              # ``var T``
+    nkConstTy,            # ``const T``
+    nkOutTy,              # ``out T``
+    nkDistinctTy,         # distinct type
+    nkProcTy,             # proc type
+    nkIteratorTy,         # iterator type
+    nkSinkAsgn,           # '=sink(x, y)'
+    nkEnumTy,             # enum body
+    nkEnumFieldDef,       # `ident = expr` in an enumeration
+    nkArgList,            # argument list
+    nkPattern,            # a special pattern; used for matching
+    nkHiddenTryStmt,      # a hidden try statement
+    nkClosure,            # (prc, env)-pair (internally used for code gen)
+    nkGotoState,          # used for the state machine (for iterators)
+    nkState,              # give a label to a code section (for iterators)
+    nkBreakState,         # special break statement for easier code generation
+    nkFuncDef,            # a func
+    nkTupleConstr         # a tuple constructor
+    nkError               # erroneous AST node
+    nkModuleRef           # for .rod file support: A (moduleId, itemId) pair
+    nkReplayAction        # for .rod file support: A replay action
+    nkNilRodNode          # for .rod file support: a 'nil' PNode
+    nkOpenSym             # container for captured sym that can be overriden by local symbols
+
+const
+  nkCallKinds* = {nkCall, nkInfix, nkPrefix, nkPostfix,
+                  nkCommand, nkCallStrLit, nkHiddenCallConv}
diff --git a/compiler/nversion.nim b/compiler/nversion.nim
index 2da39b138..811008989 100644
--- a/compiler/nversion.nim
+++ b/compiler/nversion.nim
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 
 const
   MaxSetElements* = 1 shl 16  # (2^16) to support unicode character sets?
+  DefaultSetElements* = 1 shl 8
+    ## assumed set element count when using int literals
   VersionAsString* = system.NimVersion
   RodFileVersion* = "1223"       # modify this if the rod-format changes!
 
diff --git a/compiler/optimizer.nim b/compiler/optimizer.nim
index 744c82ab5..34e8ec80f 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizer.nim
+++ b/compiler/optimizer.nim
@@ -12,10 +12,12 @@
 ## - recognize "all paths lead to 'wasMoved(x)'"
 
 import
-  ast, renderer, idents, intsets
+  ast, renderer, idents
 
 from trees import exprStructuralEquivalent
 
+import std/[strutils, intsets]
+
 const
   nfMarkForDeletion = nfNone # faster than a lookup table
 
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ proc mergeBasicBlockInfo(parent: var BasicBlock; this: BasicBlock) {.inline.} =
 proc wasMovedTarget(matches: var IntSet; branch: seq[PNode]; moveTarget: PNode): bool =
   result = false
   for i in 0..<branch.len:
-    if exprStructuralEquivalent(branch[i][1].skipAddr, moveTarget,
+    if exprStructuralEquivalent(branch[i][1].skipHiddenAddr, moveTarget,
                                 strictSymEquality = true):
       result = true
       matches.incl i
@@ -74,7 +76,7 @@ proc intersect(summary: var seq[PNode]; branch: seq[PNode]) =
   var i = 0
   var matches = initIntSet()
   while i < summary.len:
-    if wasMovedTarget(matches, branch, summary[i][1].skipAddr):
+    if wasMovedTarget(matches, branch, summary[i][1].skipHiddenAddr):
       inc i
     else:
       summary.del i
@@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ proc intersect(summary: var seq[PNode]; branch: seq[PNode]) =
 proc invalidateWasMoved(c: var BasicBlock; x: PNode) =
   var i = 0
   while i < c.wasMovedLocs.len:
-    if exprStructuralEquivalent(c.wasMovedLocs[i][1].skipAddr, x,
+    if exprStructuralEquivalent(c.wasMovedLocs[i][1].skipHiddenAddr, x,
                                 strictSymEquality = true):
       c.wasMovedLocs.del i
     else:
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ proc invalidateWasMoved(c: var BasicBlock; x: PNode) =
 proc wasMovedDestroyPair(c: var Con; b: var BasicBlock; d: PNode) =
   var i = 0
   while i < b.wasMovedLocs.len:
-    if exprStructuralEquivalent(b.wasMovedLocs[i][1].skipAddr, d[1].skipAddr,
+    if exprStructuralEquivalent(b.wasMovedLocs[i][1].skipHiddenAddr, d[1].skipHiddenAddr,
                                 strictSymEquality = true):
       b.wasMovedLocs[i].flags.incl nfMarkForDeletion
       c.somethingTodo = true
@@ -110,16 +112,17 @@ proc analyse(c: var Con; b: var BasicBlock; n: PNode) =
     var reverse = false
     if n[0].kind == nkSym:
       let s = n[0].sym
-      if s.magic == mWasMoved:
+      let name = s.name.s.normalize
+      if name == "=wasmoved":
         b.wasMovedLocs.add n
         special = true
-      elif s.name.s == "=destroy":
+      elif name == "=destroy":
         if c.inFinally > 0 and (b.hasReturn or b.hasBreak):
           discard "cannot optimize away the destructor"
         else:
           c.wasMovedDestroyPair b, n
         special = true
-      elif s.name.s == "=sink":
+      elif name == "=sink":
         reverse = true
 
     if not special:
@@ -127,11 +130,11 @@ proc analyse(c: var Con; b: var BasicBlock; n: PNode) =
         for i in 0 ..< n.len:
           analyse(c, b, n[i])
       else:
-        #[ Test tmatrix.test3:
+        #[ Test destructor/tmatrix.test3:
         Prevent this from being elided. We should probably
         find a better solution...
 
-            `=sink`(b, - (
+            `=sink`(b, -
               let blitTmp = b;
               wasMoved(b);
               blitTmp + a)
@@ -154,7 +157,7 @@ proc analyse(c: var Con; b: var BasicBlock; n: PNode) =
       nkTypeOfExpr, nkMixinStmt, nkBindStmt:
     discard "do not follow the construct"
 
-  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn:
+  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn:
     # reverse order, see remark for `=sink`:
     analyse(c, b, n[1])
     analyse(c, b, n[0])
@@ -178,7 +181,7 @@ proc analyse(c: var Con; b: var BasicBlock; n: PNode) =
 
   of nkCaseStmt:
     let isExhaustive = skipTypes(n[0].typ,
-      abstractVarRange-{tyTypeDesc}).kind notin {tyFloat..tyFloat128, tyString} or
+      abstractVarRange-{tyTypeDesc}).kind notin {tyFloat..tyFloat128, tyString, tyCstring} or
       n[^1].kind == nkElse
 
     analyse(c, b, n[0])
@@ -276,8 +279,8 @@ proc optimize*(n: PNode): PNode =
 
     Now assume 'use' raises, then we shouldn't do the 'wasMoved(s)'
   ]#
-  var c: Con
-  var b: BasicBlock
+  var c: Con = Con()
+  var b: BasicBlock = default(BasicBlock)
   analyse(c, b, n)
   if c.somethingTodo:
     result = shallowCopy(n)
diff --git a/compiler/options.nim b/compiler/options.nim
index 2d63043df..b77bdd2a3 100644
--- a/compiler/options.nim
+++ b/compiler/options.nim
@@ -8,18 +8,26 @@
 #
 
 import
-  os, strutils, strtabs, sets, lineinfos, platform,
-  prefixmatches, pathutils, nimpaths, tables
+  lineinfos, platform,
+  prefixmatches, pathutils, nimpaths
+
+import std/[tables, os, strutils, strtabs, sets]
+from std/terminal import isatty
+from std/times import utc, fromUnix, local, getTime, format, DateTime
+from std/private/globs import nativeToUnixPath
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions]
 
-from terminal import isatty
-from times import utc, fromUnix, local, getTime, format, DateTime
 
 const
   hasTinyCBackend* = defined(tinyc)
   useEffectSystem* = true
   useWriteTracking* = false
   hasFFI* = defined(nimHasLibFFI)
-  copyrightYear* = "2021"
+  copyrightYear* = "2024"
+
+  nimEnableCovariance* = defined(nimEnableCovariance)
 
 type                          # please make sure we have under 32 options
                               # (improves code efficiency a lot!)
@@ -41,10 +49,11 @@ type                          # please make sure we have under 32 options
     optMemTracker,
     optSinkInference          # 'sink T' inference
     optCursorInference
-
+    optImportHidden
+    optQuirky
 
   TOptions* = set[TOption]
-  TGlobalOption* = enum       # **keep binary compatible**
+  TGlobalOption* = enum
     gloptNone, optForceFullMake,
     optWasNimscript,          # redundant with `cmdNimscript`, could be removed
     optListCmd, optCompileOnly, optNoLinking,
@@ -53,11 +62,13 @@ type                          # please make sure we have under 32 options
     optGenStaticLib,          # generate a static library
     optGenGuiApp,             # generate a GUI application
     optGenScript,             # generate a script file to compile the *.c files
+    optGenCDeps,              # generate a list of *.c files to be read by CMake
     optGenMapping,            # generate a mapping file
     optRun,                   # run the compiled project
     optUseNimcache,           # save artifacts (including binary) in $nimcache
     optStyleHint,             # check that the names adhere to NEP-1
     optStyleError,            # enforce that the names adhere to NEP-1
+    optStyleUsages,           # only enforce consistent **usages** of the symbol
     optSkipSystemConfigFile,  # skip the system's cfg/nims config file
     optSkipProjConfigFile,    # skip the project's cfg/nims config file
     optSkipUserConfigFile,    # skip the users's cfg/nims config file
@@ -69,16 +80,18 @@ type                          # please make sure we have under 32 options
     optThreadAnalysis,        # thread analysis pass
     optTlsEmulation,          # thread var emulation turned on
     optGenIndex               # generate index file for documentation;
+    optGenIndexOnly           # generate only index file for documentation
+    optNoImportdoc            # disable loading external documentation files
     optEmbedOrigSrc           # embed the original source in the generated code
                               # also: generate header file
     optIdeDebug               # idetools: debug mode
     optIdeTerse               # idetools: use terse descriptions
+    optIdeExceptionInlayHints
     optExcessiveStackTrace    # fully qualified module filenames
     optShowAllMismatches      # show all overloading resolution candidates
     optWholeProject           # for 'doc': output any dependency
     optDocInternal            # generate documentation for non-exported symbols
     optMixedMode              # true if some module triggered C++ codegen
-    optListFullPaths          # use full paths in toMsgFilename
     optDeclaredLocs           # show declaration locations in messages
     optNoNimblePath
     optHotCodeReloading
@@ -92,11 +105,11 @@ type                          # please make sure we have under 32 options
     optBenchmarkVM            # Enables cpuTime() in the VM
     optProduceAsm             # produce assembler code
     optPanics                 # turn panics (sysFatal) into a process termination
-    optNimV1Emulation         # emulate Nim v1.0
-    optNimV12Emulation        # emulate Nim v1.2
     optSourcemap
     optProfileVM              # enable VM profiler
     optEnableDeepCopy         # ORC specific: enable 'deepcopy' for all types.
+    optShowNonExportedFields  # for documentation: show fields that are not exported
+    optJsBigInt64             # use bigints for 64-bit integers in JS
 
   TGlobalOptions* = set[TGlobalOption]
 
@@ -132,18 +145,22 @@ type
   Command* = enum  ## Nim's commands
     cmdNone # not yet processed command
     cmdUnknown # command unmapped
-    cmdCompileToC, cmdCompileToCpp, cmdCompileToOC, cmdCompileToJS
+    cmdCompileToC, cmdCompileToCpp, cmdCompileToOC, cmdCompileToJS,
     cmdCrun # compile and run in nimache
     cmdTcc # run the project via TCC backend
     cmdCheck # semantic checking for whole project
+    cmdM     # only compile a single
     cmdParse # parse a single file (for debugging)
     cmdRod # .rod to some text representation (for debugging)
     cmdIdeTools # ide tools (e.g. nimsuggest)
     cmdNimscript # evaluate nimscript
     cmdDoc0
-    cmdDoc2
+    cmdDoc      # convert .nim doc comments to HTML
+    cmdDoc2tex  # convert .nim doc comments to LaTeX
     cmdRst2html # convert a reStructuredText file to HTML
     cmdRst2tex # convert a reStructuredText file to TeX
+    cmdMd2html # convert a Markdown file to HTML
+    cmdMd2tex # convert a Markdown file to TeX
     cmdJsondoc0
     cmdJsondoc
     cmdCtags
@@ -153,27 +170,37 @@ type
     cmdInteractive # start interactive session
     cmdNop
     cmdJsonscript # compile a .json build file
-    cmdNimfix
     # old unused: cmdInterpret, cmdDef: def feature (find definition for IDEs)
 
 const
-  cmdBackends* = {cmdCompileToC, cmdCompileToCpp, cmdCompileToOC, cmdCompileToJS, cmdCrun}
-  cmdDocLike* = {cmdDoc0, cmdDoc2, cmdJsondoc0, cmdJsondoc, cmdCtags, cmdBuildindex}
+  cmdBackends* = {cmdCompileToC, cmdCompileToCpp, cmdCompileToOC,
+                  cmdCompileToJS, cmdCrun}
+  cmdDocLike* = {cmdDoc0, cmdDoc, cmdDoc2tex, cmdJsondoc0, cmdJsondoc,
+                 cmdCtags, cmdBuildindex}
 
 type
   TStringSeq* = seq[string]
   TGCMode* = enum             # the selected GC
-    gcUnselected, gcNone, gcBoehm, gcRegions, gcArc, gcOrc,
-    gcMarkAndSweep, gcHooks, gcRefc, gcV2, gcGo
+    gcUnselected = "unselected"
+    gcNone = "none"
+    gcBoehm = "boehm"
+    gcRegions = "regions"
+    gcArc = "arc"
+    gcOrc = "orc"
+    gcAtomicArc = "atomicArc"
+    gcMarkAndSweep = "markAndSweep"
+    gcHooks = "hooks"
+    gcRefc = "refc"
+    gcGo = "go"
     # gcRefc and the GCs that follow it use a write barrier,
     # as far as usesWriteBarrier() is concerned
 
   IdeCmd* = enum
-    ideNone, ideSug, ideCon, ideDef, ideUse, ideDus, ideChk, ideMod,
-    ideHighlight, ideOutline, ideKnown, ideMsg, ideProject
+    ideNone, ideSug, ideCon, ideDef, ideUse, ideDus, ideChk, ideChkFile, ideMod,
+    ideHighlight, ideOutline, ideKnown, ideMsg, ideProject, ideGlobalSymbols,
+    ideRecompile, ideChanged, ideType, ideDeclaration, ideExpand, ideInlayHints
 
   Feature* = enum  ## experimental features; DO NOT RENAME THESE!
-    implicitDeref,
     dotOperators,
     callOperator,
     parallel,
@@ -181,16 +208,27 @@ type
     notnil,
     dynamicBindSym,
     forLoopMacros, # not experimental anymore; remains here for backwards compatibility
-    caseStmtMacros,
+    caseStmtMacros, # ditto
     codeReordering,
     compiletimeFFI,
       ## This requires building nim with `-d:nimHasLibFFI`
-      ## which itself requires `nimble install libffi`, see #10150
+      ## which itself requires `koch installdeps libffi`, see #10150
       ## Note: this feature can't be localized with {.push.}
     vmopsDanger,
     strictFuncs,
     views,
-    strictNotNil
+    strictNotNil,
+    overloadableEnums, # deadcode
+    strictEffects,
+    unicodeOperators, # deadcode
+    flexibleOptionalParams,
+    strictDefs,
+    strictCaseObjects,
+    inferGenericTypes,
+    openSym, # remove nfDisabledOpenSym when this is default
+    # alternative to above:
+    genericsOpenSym
+    vtables
 
   LegacyFeature* = enum
     allowSemcheckedAstModification,
@@ -201,13 +239,21 @@ type
       ## Historically and especially in version 1.0.0 of the language
       ## conversions to unsigned numbers were checked. In 1.0.4 they
       ## are not anymore.
+    laxEffects
+      ## Lax effects system prior to Nim 2.0.
+    verboseTypeMismatch
+    emitGenerics
+      ## generics are emitted in the module that contains them.
+      ## Useful for libraries that rely on local passC
+    jsNoLambdaLifting
+      ## Old transformation for closures in JS backend
 
   SymbolFilesOption* = enum
     disabledSf, writeOnlySf, readOnlySf, v2Sf, stressTest
 
   TSystemCC* = enum
     ccNone, ccGcc, ccNintendoSwitch, ccLLVM_Gcc, ccCLang, ccBcc, ccVcc,
-    ccTcc, ccEnv, ccIcl, ccIcc, ccClangCl
+    ccTcc, ccEnv, ccIcl, ccIcc, ccClangCl, ccHipcc, ccNvcc
 
   ExceptionSystem* = enum
     excNone,   # no exception system selected yet
@@ -245,8 +291,27 @@ type
     scope*, localUsages*, globalUsages*: int # more usages is better
     tokenLen*: int
     version*: int
+    endLine*: uint16
+    endCol*: int
+    inlayHintInfo*: SuggestInlayHint
+
   Suggestions* = seq[Suggest]
 
+  SuggestInlayHintKind* = enum
+    sihkType = "Type",
+    sihkParameter = "Parameter"
+    sihkException = "Exception"
+
+  SuggestInlayHint* = ref object
+    kind*: SuggestInlayHintKind
+    line*: int                   # Starts at 1
+    column*: int                 # Starts at 0
+    label*: string
+    paddingLeft*: bool
+    paddingRight*: bool
+    allowInsert*: bool
+    tooltip*: string
+
   ProfileInfo* = object
     time*: float
     count*: int
@@ -258,7 +323,15 @@ type
     stdOrrStdout
     stdOrrStderr
 
-  ConfigRef* = ref object ## every global configuration
+  FilenameOption* = enum
+    foAbs # absolute path, e.g.: /pathto/bar/foo.nim
+    foRelProject # relative to project path, e.g.: ../foo.nim
+    foCanonical # canonical module name
+    foLegacyRelProj # legacy, shortest of (foAbs, foRelProject)
+    foName # lastPathPart, e.g.: foo.nim
+    foStacktrace # if optExcessiveStackTrace: foAbs else: foName
+
+  ConfigRef* {.acyclic.} = ref object ## every global configuration
                           ## fields marked with '*' are subject to
                           ## the incremental compilation mechanisms
                           ## (+) means "part of the dependency"
@@ -270,6 +343,8 @@ type
     macrosToExpand*: StringTableRef
     arcToExpand*: StringTableRef
     m*: MsgConfig
+    filenameOption*: FilenameOption # how to render paths in compiler messages
+    unitSep*: string
     evalTemplateCounter*: int
     evalMacroCounter*: int
     exitcode*: int8
@@ -279,6 +354,7 @@ type
     implicitCmd*: bool # whether some flag triggered an implicit `command`
     selectedGC*: TGCMode       # the selected GC (+)
     exc*: ExceptionSystem
+    hintProcessingDots*: bool # true for dots, false for filenames
     verbosity*: int            # how verbose the compiler is
     numberOfProcessors*: int   # number of processors
     lastCmdTime*: float        # when caas is enabled, we measure each command
@@ -287,13 +363,13 @@ type
 
     cppDefines*: HashSet[string] # (*)
     headerFile*: string
+    nimbasePattern*: string # pattern to find nimbase.h
     features*: set[Feature]
     legacyFeatures*: set[LegacyFeature]
     arguments*: string ## the arguments to be passed to the program that
                        ## should be run
     ideCmd*: IdeCmd
-    oldNewlines*: bool
-    cCompiler*: TSystemCC
+    cCompiler*: TSystemCC # the used compiler
     modifiedyNotes*: TNoteKinds # notes that have been set/unset from either cmdline/configs
     cmdlineNotes*: TNoteKinds # notes that have been set/unset from cmdline
     foreignPackageNotes*: TNoteKinds
@@ -306,6 +382,7 @@ type
     warnCounter*: int
     errorMax*: int
     maxLoopIterationsVM*: int ## VM: max iterations of all loops
+    isVmTrace*: bool
     configVars*: StringTableRef
     symbols*: StringTableRef ## We need to use a StringTableRef here as defined
                              ## symbols are always guaranteed to be style
@@ -318,7 +395,7 @@ type
     outDir*: AbsoluteDir
     jsonBuildFile*: AbsoluteFile
     prefixDir*, libpath*, nimcacheDir*: AbsoluteDir
-    dllOverrides, moduleOverrides*, cfileSpecificOptions*: StringTableRef
+    dllOverrides*, moduleOverrides*, cfileSpecificOptions*: StringTableRef
     projectName*: string # holds a name like 'nim'
     projectPath*: AbsoluteDir # holds a path like /home/alice/projects/nim/compiler/
     projectFull*: AbsoluteFile # projectPath/projectName
@@ -330,7 +407,6 @@ type
     commandArgs*: seq[string] # any arguments after the main command
     commandLine*: string
     extraCmds*: seq[string] # for writeJsonBuildInstructions
-    keepComments*: bool # whether the parser needs to keep comments
     implicitImports*: seq[string] # modules that are to be implicitly imported
     implicitIncludes*: seq[string] # modules that are to be implicitly included
     docSeeSrcUrl*: string # if empty, no seeSrc will be generated. \
@@ -338,7 +414,7 @@ type
     docRoot*: string ## see nim --fullhelp for --docRoot
     docCmd*: string ## see nim --fullhelp for --docCmd
 
-     # the used compiler
+    configFiles*: seq[AbsoluteFile]     # config files (cfg,nims)
     cIncludes*: seq[AbsoluteDir]  # directories to search for included files
     cLibs*: seq[AbsoluteDir]      # directories to search for lib files
     cLinkedLibs*: seq[string]     # libraries to link
@@ -355,12 +431,23 @@ type
     suggestVersion*: int
     suggestMaxResults*: int
     lastLineInfo*: TLineInfo
-    writelnHook*: proc (output: string) {.closure.} # cannot make this gcsafe yet because of Nimble
+    writelnHook*: proc (output: string) {.closure, gcsafe.}
     structuredErrorHook*: proc (config: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo; msg: string;
                                 severity: Severity) {.closure, gcsafe.}
     cppCustomNamespace*: string
+    nimMainPrefix*: string
     vmProfileData*: ProfileData
 
+    expandProgress*: bool
+    expandLevels*: int
+    expandNodeResult*: string
+    expandPosition*: TLineInfo
+
+    currentConfigDir*: string # used for passPP only; absolute dir
+    clientProcessId*: int
+
+
+
 proc assignIfDefault*[T](result: var T, val: T, def = default(T)) =
   ## if `result` was already assigned to a value (that wasn't `def`), this is a noop.
   if result == def: result = val
@@ -390,7 +477,7 @@ proc hasHint*(conf: ConfigRef, note: TNoteKind): bool =
     note in conf.mainPackageNotes
   else: note in conf.notes
 
-proc hasWarn*(conf: ConfigRef, note: TNoteKind): bool =
+proc hasWarn*(conf: ConfigRef, note: TNoteKind): bool {.inline.} =
   optWarns in conf.options and note in conf.notes
 
 proc hcrOn*(conf: ConfigRef): bool = return optHotCodeReloading in conf.globalOptions
@@ -402,7 +489,7 @@ when false:
     fn(globalOptions)
     fn(selectedGC)
 
-const oldExperimentalFeatures* = {implicitDeref, dotOperators, callOperator, parallel}
+const oldExperimentalFeatures* = {dotOperators, callOperator, parallel}
 
 const
   ChecksOptions* = {optObjCheck, optFieldCheck, optRangeCheck,
@@ -413,8 +500,8 @@ const
     optBoundsCheck, optOverflowCheck, optAssert, optWarns, optRefCheck,
     optHints, optStackTrace, optLineTrace, # consider adding `optStackTraceMsgs`
     optTrMacros, optStyleCheck, optCursorInference}
-  DefaultGlobalOptions* = {optThreadAnalysis,
-    optExcessiveStackTrace, optListFullPaths}
+  DefaultGlobalOptions* = {optThreadAnalysis, optExcessiveStackTrace,
+    optJsBigInt64}
 
 proc getSrcTimestamp(): DateTime =
   try:
@@ -446,19 +533,33 @@ proc newProfileData(): ProfileData =
 const foreignPackageNotesDefault* = {
   hintProcessing, warnUnknownMagic, hintQuitCalled, hintExecuting, hintUser, warnUser}
 
+proc isDefined*(conf: ConfigRef; symbol: string): bool
+
+when defined(nimDebugUtils):
+  # this allows inserting debugging utilties in all modules that import `options`
+  # with a single switch, which is useful when debugging compiler.
+  import debugutils
+  export debugutils
+
+proc initConfigRefCommon(conf: ConfigRef) =
+  conf.selectedGC = gcUnselected
+  conf.verbosity = 1
+  conf.hintProcessingDots = true
+  conf.options = DefaultOptions
+  conf.globalOptions = DefaultGlobalOptions
+  conf.filenameOption = foAbs
+  conf.foreignPackageNotes = foreignPackageNotesDefault
+  conf.notes = NotesVerbosity[1]
+  conf.mainPackageNotes = NotesVerbosity[1]
+
 proc newConfigRef*(): ConfigRef =
   result = ConfigRef(
-    selectedGC: gcRefc,
     cCompiler: ccGcc,
-    verbosity: 1,
-    options: DefaultOptions,
-    globalOptions: DefaultGlobalOptions,
     macrosToExpand: newStringTable(modeStyleInsensitive),
     arcToExpand: newStringTable(modeStyleInsensitive),
     m: initMsgConfig(),
     cppDefines: initHashSet[string](),
-    headerFile: "", features: {}, legacyFeatures: {}, foreignPackageNotes: foreignPackageNotesDefault,
-    notes: NotesVerbosity[1], mainPackageNotes: NotesVerbosity[1],
+    headerFile: "", features: {}, legacyFeatures: {},
     configVars: newStringTable(modeStyleInsensitive),
     symbols: newStringTable(modeStyleInsensitive),
     packageCache: newPackageCache(),
@@ -479,7 +580,6 @@ proc newConfigRef*(): ConfigRef =
     command: "", # the main command (e.g. cc, check, scan, etc)
     commandArgs: @[], # any arguments after the main command
     commandLine: "",
-    keepComments: true, # whether the parser needs to keep comments
     implicitImports: @[], # modules that are to be implicitly imported
     implicitIncludes: @[], # modules that are to be implicitly included
     docSeeSrcUrl: "",
@@ -499,21 +599,23 @@ proc newConfigRef*(): ConfigRef =
     maxLoopIterationsVM: 10_000_000,
     vmProfileData: newProfileData(),
     spellSuggestMax: spellSuggestSecretSauce,
+    currentConfigDir: ""
   )
+  initConfigRefCommon(result)
   setTargetFromSystem(result.target)
   # enable colors by default on terminals
   if terminal.isatty(stderr):
     incl(result.globalOptions, optUseColors)
+  when defined(nimDebugUtils):
+    onNewConfigRef(result)
 
 proc newPartialConfigRef*(): ConfigRef =
   ## create a new ConfigRef that is only good enough for error reporting.
-  result = ConfigRef(
-    selectedGC: gcRefc,
-    verbosity: 1,
-    options: DefaultOptions,
-    globalOptions: DefaultGlobalOptions,
-    foreignPackageNotes: foreignPackageNotesDefault,
-    notes: NotesVerbosity[1], mainPackageNotes: NotesVerbosity[1])
+  when defined(nimDebugUtils):
+    result = getConfigRef()
+  else:
+    result = ConfigRef()
+    initConfigRefCommon(result)
 
 proc cppDefine*(c: ConfigRef; define: string) =
   c.cppDefines.incl define
@@ -535,11 +637,13 @@ proc isDefined*(conf: ConfigRef; symbol: string): bool =
                             osQnx, osAtari, osAix,
                             osHaiku, osVxWorks, osSolaris, osNetbsd,
                             osFreebsd, osOpenbsd, osDragonfly, osMacosx, osIos,
-                            osAndroid, osNintendoSwitch, osFreeRTOS}
+                            osAndroid, osNintendoSwitch, osFreeRTOS, osCrossos, osZephyr, osNuttX}
     of "linux":
       result = conf.target.targetOS in {osLinux, osAndroid}
     of "bsd":
-      result = conf.target.targetOS in {osNetbsd, osFreebsd, osOpenbsd, osDragonfly}
+      result = conf.target.targetOS in {osNetbsd, osFreebsd, osOpenbsd, osDragonfly, osCrossos}
+    of "freebsd":
+      result = conf.target.targetOS in {osFreebsd, osCrossos}
     of "emulatedthreadvars":
       result = platform.OS[conf.target.targetOS].props.contains(ospLacksThreadVars)
     of "msdos": result = conf.target.targetOS == osDos
@@ -551,12 +655,14 @@ proc isDefined*(conf: ConfigRef; symbol: string): bool =
     of "sunos": result = conf.target.targetOS == osSolaris
     of "nintendoswitch":
       result = conf.target.targetOS == osNintendoSwitch
-    of "freertos":
+    of "freertos", "lwip":
       result = conf.target.targetOS == osFreeRTOS
-    of "lwip":
-      result = conf.target.targetOS in {osFreeRTOS}
-    of "littleendian": result = CPU[conf.target.targetCPU].endian == platform.littleEndian
-    of "bigendian": result = CPU[conf.target.targetCPU].endian == platform.bigEndian
+    of "zephyr":
+      result = conf.target.targetOS == osZephyr
+    of "nuttx":
+      result = conf.target.targetOS == osNuttX
+    of "littleendian": result = CPU[conf.target.targetCPU].endian == littleEndian
+    of "bigendian": result = CPU[conf.target.targetCPU].endian == bigEndian
     of "cpu8": result = CPU[conf.target.targetCPU].bit == 8
     of "cpu16": result = CPU[conf.target.targetCPU].bit == 16
     of "cpu32": result = CPU[conf.target.targetCPU].bit == 32
@@ -564,7 +670,14 @@ proc isDefined*(conf: ConfigRef; symbol: string): bool =
     of "nimrawsetjmp":
       result = conf.target.targetOS in {osSolaris, osNetbsd, osFreebsd, osOpenbsd,
                             osDragonfly, osMacosx}
-    else: discard
+    else: result = false
+
+template quitOrRaise*(conf: ConfigRef, msg = "") =
+  # xxx in future work, consider whether to also intercept `msgQuit` calls
+  if conf.isDefined("nimDebug"):
+    raiseAssert msg
+  else:
+    quit(msg) # quits with QuitFailure
 
 proc importantComments*(conf: ConfigRef): bool {.inline.} = conf.cmd in cmdDocLike + {cmdIdeTools}
 proc usesWriteBarrier*(conf: ConfigRef): bool {.inline.} = conf.selectedGC >= gcRefc
@@ -622,22 +735,24 @@ proc getPrefixDir*(conf: ConfigRef): AbsoluteDir =
   ##  clone or using installed nim, so that these exist: `result/doc/advopt.txt`
   ## and `result/lib/system.nim`
   if not conf.prefixDir.isEmpty: result = conf.prefixDir
-  else: result = AbsoluteDir splitPath(getAppDir()).head
+  else:
+    let binParent = AbsoluteDir splitPath(getAppDir()).head
+    when defined(posix):
+      if binParent == AbsoluteDir"/usr":
+        result = AbsoluteDir"/usr/lib/nim"
+      elif binParent == AbsoluteDir"/usr/local":
+        result = AbsoluteDir"/usr/local/lib/nim"
+      else:
+        result = binParent
+    else:
+      result = binParent
 
 proc setDefaultLibpath*(conf: ConfigRef) =
   # set default value (can be overwritten):
   if conf.libpath.isEmpty:
     # choose default libpath:
     var prefix = getPrefixDir(conf)
-    when defined(posix):
-      if prefix == AbsoluteDir"/usr":
-        conf.libpath = AbsoluteDir"/usr/lib/nim"
-      elif prefix == AbsoluteDir"/usr/local":
-        conf.libpath = AbsoluteDir"/usr/local/lib/nim"
-      else:
-        conf.libpath = prefix / RelativeDir"lib"
-    else:
-      conf.libpath = prefix / RelativeDir"lib"
+    conf.libpath = prefix / RelativeDir"lib"
 
     # Special rule to support other tools (nimble) which import the compiler
     # modules and make use of them.
@@ -651,6 +766,19 @@ proc setDefaultLibpath*(conf: ConfigRef) =
 proc canonicalizePath*(conf: ConfigRef; path: AbsoluteFile): AbsoluteFile =
   result = AbsoluteFile path.string.expandFilename
 
+proc setFromProjectName*(conf: ConfigRef; projectName: string) =
+  try:
+    conf.projectFull = canonicalizePath(conf, AbsoluteFile projectName)
+  except OSError:
+    conf.projectFull = AbsoluteFile projectName
+  let p = splitFile(conf.projectFull)
+  let dir = if p.dir.isEmpty: AbsoluteDir getCurrentDir() else: p.dir
+  try:
+    conf.projectPath = AbsoluteDir canonicalizePath(conf, AbsoluteFile dir)
+  except OSError:
+    conf.projectPath = dir
+  conf.projectName = p.name
+
 proc removeTrailingDirSep*(path: string): string =
   if (path.len > 0) and (path[^1] == DirSep):
     result = substr(path, 0, path.len - 2)
@@ -675,14 +803,23 @@ proc getOsCacheDir(): string =
     result = getHomeDir() / genSubDir.string
 
 proc getNimcacheDir*(conf: ConfigRef): AbsoluteDir =
+  proc nimcacheSuffix(conf: ConfigRef): string =
+    if conf.cmd == cmdCheck: "_check"
+    elif isDefined(conf, "release") or isDefined(conf, "danger"): "_r"
+    else: "_d"
+
   # XXX projectName should always be without a file extension!
-  result = if not conf.nimcacheDir.isEmpty:
-             conf.nimcacheDir
-           elif conf.backend == backendJs:
-             conf.projectPath / genSubDir
-           else:
-            AbsoluteDir(getOsCacheDir() / splitFile(conf.projectName).name &
-               (if isDefined(conf, "release") or isDefined(conf, "danger"): "_r" else: "_d"))
+  result =
+    if not conf.nimcacheDir.isEmpty:
+      conf.nimcacheDir
+    elif conf.backend == backendJs:
+      if conf.outDir.isEmpty:
+        conf.projectPath / genSubDir
+      else:
+        conf.outDir / genSubDir
+    else:
+      AbsoluteDir(getOsCacheDir() / splitFile(conf.projectName).name &
+        nimcacheSuffix(conf))
 
 proc pathSubs*(conf: ConfigRef; p, config: string): string =
   let home = removeTrailingDirSep(os.getHomeDir())
@@ -712,19 +849,15 @@ proc toGeneratedFile*(conf: ConfigRef; path: AbsoluteFile,
 
 proc completeGeneratedFilePath*(conf: ConfigRef; f: AbsoluteFile,
                                 createSubDir: bool = true): AbsoluteFile =
+  ## Return an absolute path of a generated intermediary file.
+  ## Optionally creates the cache directory if `createSubDir` is `true`.
   let subdir = getNimcacheDir(conf)
   if createSubDir:
     try:
       createDir(subdir.string)
     except OSError:
-      writeLine(stdout, "cannot create directory: " & subdir.string)
-      quit(1)
+      conf.quitOrRaise "cannot create directory: " & subdir.string
   result = subdir / RelativeFile f.string.splitPath.tail
-  #echo "completeGeneratedFilePath(", f, ") = ", result
-
-proc toRodFile*(conf: ConfigRef; f: AbsoluteFile; ext = RodExt): AbsoluteFile =
-  result = changeFileExt(completeGeneratedFilePath(conf,
-    withPackageName(conf, f)), ext)
 
 proc rawFindFile(conf: ConfigRef; f: RelativeFile; suppressStdlib: bool): AbsoluteFile =
   for it in conf.searchPaths:
@@ -753,27 +886,21 @@ template patchModule(conf: ConfigRef) {.dirty.} =
       let ov = conf.moduleOverrides[key]
       if ov.len > 0: result = AbsoluteFile(ov)
 
-when (NimMajor, NimMinor) < (1, 1) or not declared(isRelativeTo):
-  proc isRelativeTo(path, base: string): bool =
-    # pending #13212 use os.isRelativeTo
-    let path = path.normalizedPath
-    let base = base.normalizedPath
-    let ret = relativePath(path, base)
-    result = path.len > 0 and not ret.startsWith ".."
-
-const stdlibDirs = [
+const stdlibDirs* = [
   "pure", "core", "arch",
   "pure/collections",
   "pure/concurrency",
   "pure/unidecode", "impure",
   "wrappers", "wrappers/linenoise",
-  "windows", "posix", "js"]
+  "windows", "posix", "js",
+  "deprecated/pure"]
 
 const
   pkgPrefix = "pkg/"
-  stdPrefix = "std/"
+  stdPrefix* = "std/"
 
 proc getRelativePathFromConfigPath*(conf: ConfigRef; f: AbsoluteFile, isTitle = false): RelativeFile =
+  result = RelativeFile("")
   let f = $f
   if isTitle:
     for dir in stdlibDirs:
@@ -804,19 +931,26 @@ proc findFile*(conf: ConfigRef; f: string; suppressStdlib = false): AbsoluteFile
 proc findModule*(conf: ConfigRef; modulename, currentModule: string): AbsoluteFile =
   # returns path to module
   var m = addFileExt(modulename, NimExt)
+  var hasRelativeDot = false
   if m.startsWith(pkgPrefix):
     result = findFile(conf, m.substr(pkgPrefix.len), suppressStdlib = true)
   else:
     if m.startsWith(stdPrefix):
+      result = AbsoluteFile("")
       let stripped = m.substr(stdPrefix.len)
       for candidate in stdlibDirs:
         let path = (conf.libpath.string / candidate / stripped)
         if fileExists(path):
-          m = path
+          result = AbsoluteFile path
           break
-    let currentPath = currentModule.splitFile.dir
-    result = AbsoluteFile currentPath / m
-    if not fileExists(result):
+    else: # If prefixed with std/ why would we add the current module path!
+      let currentPath = currentModule.splitFile.dir
+      result = AbsoluteFile currentPath / m
+      if m.startsWith('.') and not fileExists(result):
+        result = AbsoluteFile ""
+        hasRelativeDot = true
+
+    if not fileExists(result) and not hasRelativeDot:
       result = findFile(conf, m)
   patchModule(conf)
 
@@ -860,6 +994,25 @@ proc findProjectNimFile*(conf: ConfigRef; pkg: string): string =
     if dir == "": break
   return ""
 
+proc canonicalImportAux*(conf: ConfigRef, file: AbsoluteFile): string =
+  ##[
+  Shows the canonical module import, e.g.:
+  system, std/tables, fusion/pointers, system/assertions, std/private/asciitables
+  ]##
+  var ret = getRelativePathFromConfigPath(conf, file, isTitle = true)
+  let dir = getNimbleFile(conf, $file).parentDir.AbsoluteDir
+  if not dir.isEmpty:
+    let relPath = relativeTo(file, dir)
+    if not relPath.isEmpty and (ret.isEmpty or relPath.string.len < ret.string.len):
+      ret = relPath
+  if ret.isEmpty:
+    ret = relativeTo(file, conf.projectPath)
+  result = ret.string
+
+proc canonicalImport*(conf: ConfigRef, file: AbsoluteFile): string =
+  let ret = canonicalImportAux(conf, file)
+  result = ret.nativeToUnixPath.changeFileExt("")
+
 proc canonDynlibName(s: string): string =
   let start = if s.startsWith("lib"): 3 else: 0
   let ende = strutils.find(s, {'(', ')', '.'})
@@ -875,6 +1028,12 @@ proc isDynlibOverride*(conf: ConfigRef; lib: string): bool =
   result = optDynlibOverrideAll in conf.globalOptions or
      conf.dllOverrides.hasKey(lib.canonDynlibName)
 
+proc showNonExportedFields*(conf: ConfigRef) =
+  incl(conf.globalOptions, optShowNonExportedFields)
+
+proc expandDone*(conf: ConfigRef): bool =
+  result = conf.ideCmd == ideExpand and conf.expandLevels == 0 and conf.expandProgress
+
 proc parseIdeCmd*(s: string): IdeCmd =
   case s:
   of "sug": ideSug
@@ -883,12 +1042,17 @@ proc parseIdeCmd*(s: string): IdeCmd =
   of "use": ideUse
   of "dus": ideDus
   of "chk": ideChk
+  of "chkFile": ideChkFile
   of "mod": ideMod
   of "highlight": ideHighlight
   of "outline": ideOutline
   of "known": ideKnown
   of "msg": ideMsg
   of "project": ideProject
+  of "globalSymbols": ideGlobalSymbols
+  of "recompile": ideRecompile
+  of "changed": ideChanged
+  of "type": ideType
   else: ideNone
 
 proc `$`*(c: IdeCmd): string =
@@ -899,6 +1063,7 @@ proc `$`*(c: IdeCmd): string =
   of ideUse: "use"
   of ideDus: "dus"
   of ideChk: "chk"
+  of ideChkFile: "chkFile"
   of ideMod: "mod"
   of ideNone: "none"
   of ideHighlight: "highlight"
@@ -906,6 +1071,13 @@ proc `$`*(c: IdeCmd): string =
   of ideKnown: "known"
   of ideMsg: "msg"
   of ideProject: "project"
+  of ideGlobalSymbols: "globalSymbols"
+  of ideDeclaration: "declaration"
+  of ideExpand: "expand"
+  of ideRecompile: "recompile"
+  of ideChanged: "changed"
+  of ideType: "type"
+  of ideInlayHints: "inlayHints"
 
 proc floatInt64Align*(conf: ConfigRef): int16 =
   ## Returns either 4 or 8 depending on reasons.
@@ -916,18 +1088,3 @@ proc floatInt64Align*(conf: ConfigRef): int16 =
       # to 4bytes (except with -malign-double)
       return 4
   return 8
-
-proc setOutFile*(conf: ConfigRef) =
-  proc libNameTmpl(conf: ConfigRef): string {.inline.} =
-    result = if conf.target.targetOS == osWindows: "$1.lib" else: "lib$1.a"
-
-  if conf.outFile.isEmpty:
-    let base = conf.projectName
-    let targetName =
-      if optGenDynLib in conf.globalOptions:
-        platform.OS[conf.target.targetOS].dllFrmt % base
-      elif optGenStaticLib in conf.globalOptions:
-        libNameTmpl(conf) % base
-      else:
-        base & platform.OS[conf.target.targetOS].exeExt
-    conf.outFile = RelativeFile targetName
diff --git a/compiler/packagehandling.nim b/compiler/packagehandling.nim
index 4af0c28fa..30f407792 100644
--- a/compiler/packagehandling.nim
+++ b/compiler/packagehandling.nim
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ iterator myParentDirs(p: string): string =
 
 proc getNimbleFile*(conf: ConfigRef; path: string): string =
   ## returns absolute path to nimble file, e.g.: /pathto/cligen.nimble
+  result = ""
   var parents = 0
   block packageSearch:
     for d in myParentDirs(path):
@@ -37,24 +38,7 @@ proc getNimbleFile*(conf: ConfigRef; path: string): string =
 proc getPackageName*(conf: ConfigRef; path: string): string =
   ## returns nimble package name, e.g.: `cligen`
   let path = getNimbleFile(conf, path)
-  result = path.splitFile.name
-
-proc fakePackageName*(conf: ConfigRef; path: AbsoluteFile): string =
-  # Convert `path` so that 2 modules with same name
-  # in different directory get different name and they can be
-  # placed in a directory.
-  # foo-#head/../bar becomes @foo-@hhead@s..@sbar
-  result = "@m" & relativeTo(path, conf.projectPath).string.multiReplace(
-    {$os.DirSep: "@s", $os.AltSep: "@s", "#": "@h", "@": "@@", ":": "@c"})
-
-proc demanglePackageName*(path: string): string =
-  result = path.multiReplace({"@@": "@", "@h": "#", "@s": "/", "@m": "", "@c": ":"})
-
-proc withPackageName*(conf: ConfigRef; path: AbsoluteFile): AbsoluteFile =
-  let x = getPackageName(conf, path.string)
-  let (p, file, ext) = path.splitFile
-  if x == "stdlib":
-    # Hot code reloading now relies on 'stdlib_system' names etc.
-    result = p / RelativeFile((x & '_' & file) & ext)
+  if path.len > 0:
+    return path.splitFile.name
   else:
-    result = p / RelativeFile(fakePackageName(conf, path))
+    return "unknown"
diff --git a/compiler/packages.nim b/compiler/packages.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb54d6154
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/packages.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#
+#
+#           The Nim Compiler
+#        (c) Copyright 2022 Andreas Rumpf
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+## Package related procs.
+##
+## See Also:
+## * `packagehandling` for package path handling
+## * `modulegraphs.getPackage`
+## * `modulegraphs.belongsToStdlib`
+
+import "." / [options, ast, lineinfos, idents, pathutils, msgs]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+
+proc getPackage*(conf: ConfigRef; cache: IdentCache; fileIdx: FileIndex): PSym =
+  ## Return a new package symbol.
+  ##
+  ## See Also:
+  ## * `modulegraphs.getPackage`
+  let
+    filename = AbsoluteFile toFullPath(conf, fileIdx)
+    name = getIdent(cache, splitFile(filename).name)
+    info = newLineInfo(fileIdx, 1, 1)
+    pkgName = getPackageName(conf, filename.string)
+    pkgIdent = getIdent(cache, pkgName)
+  newSym(skPackage, pkgIdent, idGeneratorForPackage(int32(fileIdx)), nil, info)
+
+func getPackageSymbol*(sym: PSym): PSym =
+  ## Return the owning package symbol.
+  assert sym != nil
+  result = sym
+  while result.kind != skPackage:
+    result = result.owner
+    assert result != nil, repr(sym.info)
+
+func getPackageId*(sym: PSym): int =
+  ## Return the owning package ID.
+  sym.getPackageSymbol.id
+
+func belongsToProjectPackage*(conf: ConfigRef, sym: PSym): bool =
+  ## Return whether the symbol belongs to the project's package.
+  ##
+  ## See Also:
+  ## * `modulegraphs.belongsToStdlib`
+  conf.mainPackageId == sym.getPackageId
diff --git a/compiler/parampatterns.nim b/compiler/parampatterns.nim
index eb99004ab..e8ec22fe1 100644
--- a/compiler/parampatterns.nim
+++ b/compiler/parampatterns.nim
@@ -10,9 +10,11 @@
 ## This module implements the pattern matching features for term rewriting
 ## macro support.
 
-import strutils, ast, types, msgs, idents, renderer, wordrecg, trees,
+import ast, types, msgs, idents, renderer, wordrecg, trees,
   options
 
+import std/strutils
+
 # we precompile the pattern here for efficiency into some internal
 # stack based VM :-) Why? Because it's fun; I did no benchmarks to see if that
 # actually improves performance.
@@ -143,8 +145,11 @@ proc checkForSideEffects*(n: PNode): TSideEffectAnalysis =
       let s = op.sym
       if sfSideEffect in s.flags:
         return seSideEffect
-      # assume no side effect:
-      result = seNoSideEffect
+      elif tfNoSideEffect in op.typ.flags:
+        result = seNoSideEffect
+      else:
+        # assume side effect:
+        result = seSideEffect
     elif tfNoSideEffect in op.typ.flags:
       # indirect call without side effects:
       result = seNoSideEffect
@@ -176,10 +181,12 @@ type
     arLocalLValue,            # is an l-value, but local var; must not escape
                               # its stack frame!
     arDiscriminant,           # is a discriminant
+    arAddressableConst,       # an addressable const
     arLentValue,              # lent value
     arStrange                 # it is a strange beast like 'typedesc[var T]'
 
-proc exprRoot*(n: PNode): PSym =
+proc exprRoot*(n: PNode; allowCalls = true): PSym =
+  result = nil
   var it = n
   while true:
     case it.kind
@@ -200,7 +207,7 @@ proc exprRoot*(n: PNode): PSym =
       if it.len > 0 and it.typ != nil: it = it.lastSon
       else: break
     of nkCallKinds:
-      if it.typ != nil and it.typ.kind in {tyVar, tyLent} and it.len > 1:
+      if allowCalls and it.typ != nil and it.typ.kind in {tyVar, tyLent} and it.len > 1:
         # See RFC #7373, calls returning 'var T' are assumed to
         # return a view into the first argument (if there is one):
         it = it[1]
@@ -209,7 +216,7 @@ proc exprRoot*(n: PNode): PSym =
     else:
       break
 
-proc isAssignable*(owner: PSym, n: PNode; isUnsafeAddr=false): TAssignableResult =
+proc isAssignable*(owner: PSym, n: PNode): TAssignableResult =
   ## 'owner' can be nil!
   result = arNone
   case n.kind
@@ -217,20 +224,20 @@ proc isAssignable*(owner: PSym, n: PNode; isUnsafeAddr=false): TAssignableResult
     if n.typ != nil and n.typ.kind in {tyVar}:
       result = arLValue
   of nkSym:
-    let kinds = if isUnsafeAddr: {skVar, skResult, skTemp, skParam, skLet, skForVar}
-                else: {skVar, skResult, skTemp}
-    if n.sym.kind == skParam and n.sym.typ.kind in {tyVar, tySink}:
-      result = arLValue
-    elif isUnsafeAddr and n.sym.kind == skParam:
-      result = arLValue
-    elif isUnsafeAddr and n.sym.kind == skConst and dontInlineConstant(n, n.sym.ast):
-      result = arLValue
+    const kinds = {skVar, skResult, skTemp, skParam, skLet, skForVar}
+    if n.sym.kind == skParam:
+      result = if n.sym.typ.kind in {tyVar, tySink}: arLValue else: arAddressableConst
+    elif n.sym.kind == skConst and dontInlineConstant(n, n.sym.astdef):
+      result = arAddressableConst
     elif n.sym.kind in kinds:
-      if owner != nil and owner == n.sym.owner and
-          sfGlobal notin n.sym.flags:
-        result = arLocalLValue
+      if n.sym.kind in {skParam, skLet, skForVar}:
+        result = arAddressableConst
       else:
-        result = arLValue
+        if owner != nil and owner == n.sym.owner and
+            sfGlobal notin n.sym.flags:
+          result = arLocalLValue
+        else:
+          result = arLValue
     elif n.sym.kind == skType:
       let t = n.sym.typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
       if t.kind in {tyVar}: result = arStrange
@@ -238,10 +245,10 @@ proc isAssignable*(owner: PSym, n: PNode; isUnsafeAddr=false): TAssignableResult
     let t = skipTypes(n[0].typ, abstractInst-{tyTypeDesc})
     if t.kind in {tyVar, tySink, tyPtr, tyRef}:
       result = arLValue
-    elif isUnsafeAddr and t.kind == tyLent:
-      result = arLValue
+    elif t.kind == tyLent:
+      result = arAddressableConst
     else:
-      result = isAssignable(owner, n[0], isUnsafeAddr)
+      result = isAssignable(owner, n[0])
     if result != arNone and n[1].kind == nkSym and
         sfDiscriminant in n[1].sym.flags:
       result = arDiscriminant
@@ -249,23 +256,23 @@ proc isAssignable*(owner: PSym, n: PNode; isUnsafeAddr=false): TAssignableResult
     let t = skipTypes(n[0].typ, abstractInst-{tyTypeDesc})
     if t.kind in {tyVar, tySink, tyPtr, tyRef}:
       result = arLValue
-    elif isUnsafeAddr and t.kind == tyLent:
-      result = arLValue
+    elif t.kind == tyLent:
+      result = arAddressableConst
     else:
-      result = isAssignable(owner, n[0], isUnsafeAddr)
+      result = isAssignable(owner, n[0])
   of nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkConv:
     # Object and tuple conversions are still addressable, so we skip them
     # XXX why is 'tyOpenArray' allowed here?
     if skipTypes(n.typ, abstractPtrs-{tyTypeDesc}).kind in
         {tyOpenArray, tyTuple, tyObject}:
-      result = isAssignable(owner, n[1], isUnsafeAddr)
-    elif compareTypes(n.typ, n[1].typ, dcEqIgnoreDistinct):
+      result = isAssignable(owner, n[1])
+    elif compareTypes(n.typ, n[1].typ, dcEqIgnoreDistinct, {IgnoreRangeShallow}):
       # types that are equal modulo distinction preserve l-value:
-      result = isAssignable(owner, n[1], isUnsafeAddr)
+      result = isAssignable(owner, n[1])
   of nkHiddenDeref:
     let n0 = n[0]
     if n0.typ.kind == tyLent:
-      if isUnsafeAddr or (n0.kind == nkSym and n0.sym.kind == skResult):
+      if n0.kind == nkSym and n0.sym.kind == skResult:
         result = arLValue
       else:
         result = arLentValue
@@ -274,18 +281,26 @@ proc isAssignable*(owner: PSym, n: PNode; isUnsafeAddr=false): TAssignableResult
   of nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenAddr:
     result = arLValue
   of nkObjUpConv, nkObjDownConv, nkCheckedFieldExpr:
-    result = isAssignable(owner, n[0], isUnsafeAddr)
+    result = isAssignable(owner, n[0])
   of nkCallKinds:
-    # builtin slice keeps lvalue-ness:
-    if getMagic(n) in {mArrGet, mSlice}:
-      result = isAssignable(owner, n[1], isUnsafeAddr)
-    elif n.typ != nil and n.typ.kind in {tyVar}:
-      result = arLValue
-    elif isUnsafeAddr and n.typ != nil and n.typ.kind == tyLent:
-      result = arLValue
+    let m = getMagic(n)
+    if m == mSlice:
+      # builtin slice keeps l-value-ness
+      # except for pointers because slice dereferences
+      if n[1].typ.kind == tyPtr:
+        result = arLValue
+      else:
+        result = isAssignable(owner, n[1])
+    elif m == mArrGet:
+      result = isAssignable(owner, n[1])
+    elif n.typ != nil:
+      case n.typ.kind
+      of tyVar: result = arLValue
+      of tyLent: result = arLentValue
+      else: discard
   of nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr:
     if n.typ != nil:
-      result = isAssignable(owner, n.lastSon, isUnsafeAddr)
+      result = isAssignable(owner, n.lastSon)
   of nkVarTy:
     # XXX: The fact that this is here is a bit of a hack.
     # The goal is to allow the use of checks such as "foo(var T)"
diff --git a/compiler/parser.nim b/compiler/parser.nim
index fe857c81b..747505097 100644
--- a/compiler/parser.nim
+++ b/compiler/parser.nim
@@ -16,26 +16,55 @@
 
 
 # In fact the grammar is generated from this file:
-when isMainModule:
+when isMainModule or defined(nimTestGrammar):
   # Leave a note in grammar.txt that it is generated:
   #| # This file is generated by compiler/parser.nim.
-  import pegs
-  var outp = open("doc/grammar.txt", fmWrite)
-  for line in lines("compiler/parser.nim"):
-    if line =~ peg" \s* '#| ' {.*}":
-      outp.write matches[0], "\L"
-  outp.close
-
-  import ".." / tools / grammar_nanny
-  checkGrammarFile()
+  import std/pegs
+  when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+    import std/syncio
+
+  proc writeGrammarFile(x: string) =
+    var outp = open(x, fmWrite)
+    for line in lines("compiler/parser.nim"):
+      if line =~ peg" \s* '#| ' {.*}":
+        outp.write matches[0], "\L"
+    outp.close
+
+  when defined(nimTestGrammar):
+    import std/os
+    from ../testament/lib/stdtest/specialpaths import buildDir
+    const newGrammarText = buildDir / "grammar.txt"
+
+    if not dirExists(buildDir):
+      createDir(buildDir)
+
+    writeGrammarFile(newGrammarText)
+
+    proc checkSameGrammar*() =
+      doAssert sameFileContent(newGrammarText, "doc/grammar.txt"),
+              "execute 'nim r compiler/parser.nim' to keep grammar.txt up-to-date"
+  else:
+    writeGrammarFile("doc/grammar.txt")
+    import ".." / tools / grammar_nanny
+    checkGrammarFile()
 
 import
-  llstream, lexer, idents, strutils, ast, msgs, options, lineinfos,
+  llstream, lexer, idents, msgs, options, lineinfos,
   pathutils
 
+when not defined(nimCustomAst):
+  import ast
+else:
+  import plugins / customast
+
+import std/strutils
+
 when defined(nimpretty):
   import layouter
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 type
   Parser* = object            # A Parser object represents a file that
                               # is being parsed
@@ -44,9 +73,13 @@ type
     hasProgress: bool         # some while loop requires progress ensurance
     lex*: Lexer               # The lexer that is used for parsing
     tok*: Token               # The current token
+    lineStartPrevious*: int
+    lineNumberPrevious*: int
+    bufposPrevious*: int
     inPragma*: int            # Pragma level
     inSemiStmtList*: int
-    emptyNode: PNode
+    when not defined(nimCustomAst):
+      emptyNode: PNode
     when defined(nimpretty):
       em*: Emitter
 
@@ -54,11 +87,11 @@ type
     smNormal, smAllowNil, smAfterDot
 
   PrimaryMode = enum
-    pmNormal, pmTypeDesc, pmTypeDef, pmSkipSuffix
+    pmNormal, pmTypeDesc, pmTypeDef, pmTrySimple
 
-proc parseAll*(p: var Parser): PNode
-proc closeParser*(p: var Parser)
-proc parseTopLevelStmt*(p: var Parser): PNode
+when defined(nimCustomAst):
+  # For the `customast` version we cannot share nodes, not even empty nodes:
+  template emptyNode(p: Parser): PNode = newNode(nkEmpty)
 
 # helpers for the other parsers
 proc isOperator*(tok: Token): bool
@@ -68,7 +101,7 @@ proc skipComment*(p: var Parser, node: PNode)
 proc newNodeP*(kind: TNodeKind, p: Parser): PNode
 proc newIntNodeP*(kind: TNodeKind, intVal: BiggestInt, p: Parser): PNode
 proc newFloatNodeP*(kind: TNodeKind, floatVal: BiggestFloat, p: Parser): PNode
-proc newStrNodeP*(kind: TNodeKind, strVal: string, p: Parser): PNode
+proc newStrNodeP*(kind: TNodeKind, strVal: sink string, p: Parser): PNode
 proc newIdentNodeP*(ident: PIdent, p: Parser): PNode
 proc expectIdentOrKeyw*(p: Parser)
 proc expectIdent*(p: Parser)
@@ -77,7 +110,7 @@ proc eat*(p: var Parser, tokType: TokType)
 proc skipInd*(p: var Parser)
 proc optPar*(p: var Parser)
 proc optInd*(p: var Parser, n: PNode)
-proc indAndComment*(p: var Parser, n: PNode)
+proc indAndComment*(p: var Parser, n: PNode, maybeMissEquals = false)
 proc setBaseFlags*(n: PNode, base: NumericalBase)
 proc parseSymbol*(p: var Parser, mode = smNormal): PNode
 proc parseTry(p: var Parser; isExpr: bool): PNode
@@ -100,6 +133,9 @@ template prettySection(body) =
 proc getTok(p: var Parser) =
   ## Get the next token from the parser's lexer, and store it in the parser's
   ## `tok` member.
+  p.lineNumberPrevious = p.lex.lineNumber
+  p.lineStartPrevious = p.lex.lineStart
+  p.bufposPrevious = p.lex.bufpos
   rawGetTok(p.lex, p.tok)
   p.hasProgress = true
   when defined(nimpretty):
@@ -114,23 +150,22 @@ proc openParser*(p: var Parser, fileIdx: FileIndex, inputStream: PLLStream,
                  cache: IdentCache; config: ConfigRef) =
   ## Open a parser, using the given arguments to set up its internal state.
   ##
-  initToken(p.tok)
+  reset(p.tok)
   openLexer(p.lex, fileIdx, inputStream, cache, config)
   when defined(nimpretty):
     openEmitter(p.em, cache, config, fileIdx)
   getTok(p)                   # read the first token
   p.firstTok = true
-  p.emptyNode = newNode(nkEmpty)
+  when not defined(nimCustomAst):
+    p.emptyNode = newNode(nkEmpty)
 
 proc openParser*(p: var Parser, filename: AbsoluteFile, inputStream: PLLStream,
                  cache: IdentCache; config: ConfigRef) =
   openParser(p, fileInfoIdx(config, filename), inputStream, cache, config)
 
-proc closeParser(p: var Parser) =
+proc closeParser*(p: var Parser) =
   ## Close a parser, freeing up its resources.
   closeLexer(p.lex)
-  when defined(nimpretty):
-    closeEmitter(p.em)
 
 proc parMessage(p: Parser, msg: TMsgKind, arg = "") =
   ## Produce and emit the parser message `arg` to output.
@@ -164,13 +199,15 @@ proc validInd(p: var Parser): bool {.inline.} =
 proc rawSkipComment(p: var Parser, node: PNode) =
   if p.tok.tokType == tkComment:
     if node != nil:
+      var rhs = node.comment
       when defined(nimpretty):
         if p.tok.commentOffsetB > p.tok.commentOffsetA:
-          node.comment.add fileSection(p.lex.config, p.lex.fileIdx, p.tok.commentOffsetA, p.tok.commentOffsetB)
+          rhs.add fileSection(p.lex.config, p.lex.fileIdx, p.tok.commentOffsetA, p.tok.commentOffsetB)
         else:
-          node.comment.add p.tok.literal
+          rhs.add p.tok.literal
       else:
-        node.comment.add  p.tok.literal
+        rhs.add p.tok.literal
+      node.comment = move rhs
     else:
       parMessage(p, errInternal, "skipComment")
     getTok(p)
@@ -223,36 +260,37 @@ proc parLineInfo(p: Parser): TLineInfo =
   ## Retrieve the line information associated with the parser's current state.
   result = getLineInfo(p.lex, p.tok)
 
-proc indAndComment(p: var Parser, n: PNode) =
+proc indAndComment(p: var Parser, n: PNode, maybeMissEquals = false) =
   if p.tok.indent > p.currInd:
     if p.tok.tokType == tkComment: rawSkipComment(p, n)
+    elif maybeMissEquals:
+      let col = p.bufposPrevious - p.lineStartPrevious
+      var info = newLineInfo(p.lex.fileIdx, p.lineNumberPrevious, col)
+      parMessage(p, "invalid indentation, maybe you forgot a '=' at $1 ?" % [p.lex.config$info])
     else: parMessage(p, errInvalidIndentation)
   else:
     skipComment(p, n)
 
 proc newNodeP(kind: TNodeKind, p: Parser): PNode =
-  result = newNodeI(kind, parLineInfo(p))
+  result = newNode(kind, parLineInfo(p))
 
 proc newIntNodeP(kind: TNodeKind, intVal: BiggestInt, p: Parser): PNode =
-  result = newNodeP(kind, p)
-  result.intVal = intVal
+  result = newAtom(kind, intVal, parLineInfo(p))
 
 proc newFloatNodeP(kind: TNodeKind, floatVal: BiggestFloat,
                    p: Parser): PNode =
-  result = newNodeP(kind, p)
-  result.floatVal = floatVal
+  result = newAtom(kind, floatVal, parLineInfo(p))
 
-proc newStrNodeP(kind: TNodeKind, strVal: string, p: Parser): PNode =
-  result = newNodeP(kind, p)
-  result.strVal = strVal
+proc newStrNodeP(kind: TNodeKind, strVal: sink string, p: Parser): PNode =
+  result = newAtom(kind, strVal, parLineInfo(p))
 
 proc newIdentNodeP(ident: PIdent, p: Parser): PNode =
-  result = newNodeP(nkIdent, p)
-  result.ident = ident
+  result = newAtom(ident, parLineInfo(p))
 
 proc parseExpr(p: var Parser): PNode
 proc parseStmt(p: var Parser): PNode
-proc parseTypeDesc(p: var Parser): PNode
+proc parseTypeDesc(p: var Parser, fullExpr = false): PNode
+proc parseTypeDefValue(p: var Parser): PNode
 proc parseParamList(p: var Parser, retColon = true): PNode
 
 proc isSigilLike(tok: Token): bool {.inline.} =
@@ -263,26 +301,19 @@ proc isRightAssociative(tok: Token): bool {.inline.} =
   result = tok.tokType == tkOpr and tok.ident.s[0] == '^'
   # or (tok.ident.s.len > 1 and tok.ident.s[^1] == '>')
 
-proc isOperator(tok: Token): bool =
-  ## Determines if the given token is an operator type token.
-  tok.tokType in {tkOpr, tkDiv, tkMod, tkShl, tkShr, tkIn, tkNotin, tkIs,
-                  tkIsnot, tkNot, tkOf, tkAs, tkFrom, tkDotDot, tkAnd,
-                  tkOr, tkXor}
-
 proc isUnary(tok: Token): bool =
   ## Check if the given token is a unary operator
   tok.tokType in {tkOpr, tkDotDot} and
-  tok.strongSpaceB == 0 and
-  tok.strongSpaceA > 0
+  tok.spacing == {tsLeading}
 
 proc checkBinary(p: Parser) {.inline.} =
   ## Check if the current parser token is a binary operator.
   # we don't check '..' here as that's too annoying
   if p.tok.tokType == tkOpr:
-    if p.tok.strongSpaceB > 0 and p.tok.strongSpaceA == 0:
+    if p.tok.spacing == {tsTrailing}:
       parMessage(p, warnInconsistentSpacing, prettyTok(p.tok))
 
-#| module = stmt ^* (';' / IND{=})
+#| module = complexOrSimpleStmt ^* (';' / IND{=})
 #|
 #| comma = ',' COMMENT?
 #| semicolon = ';' COMMENT?
@@ -292,7 +323,7 @@ proc checkBinary(p: Parser) {.inline.} =
 #| operator =  OP0 | OP1 | OP2 | OP3 | OP4 | OP5 | OP6 | OP7 | OP8 | OP9
 #|          | 'or' | 'xor' | 'and'
 #|          | 'is' | 'isnot' | 'in' | 'notin' | 'of' | 'as' | 'from'
-#|          | 'div' | 'mod' | 'shl' | 'shr' | 'not' | 'static' | '..'
+#|          | 'div' | 'mod' | 'shl' | 'shr' | 'not' | '..'
 #|
 #| prefixOperator = operator
 #|
@@ -311,15 +342,30 @@ proc checkBinary(p: Parser) {.inline.} =
 #| mulExpr = dollarExpr (OP9 optInd dollarExpr)*
 #| dollarExpr = primary (OP10 optInd primary)*
 
+proc isOperator(tok: Token): bool =
+  #| operatorB = OP0 | OP1 | OP2 | OP3 | OP4 | OP5 | OP6 | OP7 | OP8 | OP9 |
+  #|             'div' | 'mod' | 'shl' | 'shr' | 'in' | 'notin' |
+  #|             'is' | 'isnot' | 'not' | 'of' | 'as' | 'from' | '..' | 'and' | 'or' | 'xor'
+  tok.tokType in {tkOpr, tkDiv, tkMod, tkShl, tkShr, tkIn, tkNotin, tkIs,
+                  tkIsnot, tkNot, tkOf, tkAs, tkFrom, tkDotDot, tkAnd,
+                  tkOr, tkXor}
+
 proc colcom(p: var Parser, n: PNode) =
   eat(p, tkColon)
   skipComment(p, n)
 
 const tkBuiltInMagics = {tkType, tkStatic, tkAddr}
 
+template setEndInfo() =
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    result.endInfo = TLineInfo(fileIndex: p.lex.fileIdx,
+                     line: p.lex.previousTokenEnd.line,
+                     col: p.lex.previousTokenEnd.col)
+
 proc parseSymbol(p: var Parser, mode = smNormal): PNode =
   #| symbol = '`' (KEYW|IDENT|literal|(operator|'('|')'|'['|']'|'{'|'}'|'=')+)+ '`'
-  #|        | IDENT | KEYW
+  #|        | IDENT | 'addr' | 'type' | 'static'
+  #| symbolOrKeyword = symbol | KEYW
   case p.tok.tokType
   of tkSymbol:
     result = newIdentNodeP(p.tok.ident, p)
@@ -342,7 +388,7 @@ proc parseSymbol(p: var Parser, mode = smNormal): PNode =
     while true:
       case p.tok.tokType
       of tkAccent:
-        if result.len == 0:
+        if not result.hasSon:
           parMessage(p, errIdentifierExpected, p.tok)
         break
       of tkOpr, tkDot, tkDotDot, tkEquals, tkParLe..tkParDotRi:
@@ -352,10 +398,9 @@ proc parseSymbol(p: var Parser, mode = smNormal): PNode =
                                 tkParLe..tkParDotRi}:
           accm.add($p.tok)
           getTok(p)
-        let node = newNodeI(nkIdent, lineinfo)
-        node.ident = p.lex.cache.getIdent(accm)
+        let node = newAtom(p.lex.cache.getIdent(accm), lineinfo)
         result.add(node)
-      of tokKeywordLow..tokKeywordHigh, tkSymbol, tkIntLit..tkCharLit:
+      of tokKeywordLow..tokKeywordHigh, tkSymbol, tkIntLit..tkCustomLit:
         result.add(newIdentNodeP(p.lex.cache.getIdent($p.tok), p))
         getTok(p)
       else:
@@ -369,32 +414,47 @@ proc parseSymbol(p: var Parser, mode = smNormal): PNode =
     # if it is a keyword:
     #if not isKeyword(p.tok.tokType): getTok(p)
     result = p.emptyNode
+  setEndInfo()
 
-proc colonOrEquals(p: var Parser, a: PNode): PNode =
-  if p.tok.tokType == tkColon:
-    result = newNodeP(nkExprColonExpr, p)
+proc equals(p: var Parser, a: PNode): PNode =
+  if p.tok.tokType == tkEquals:
+    result = newNodeP(nkExprEqExpr, p)
     getTok(p)
-    newlineWasSplitting(p)
     #optInd(p, result)
     result.add(a)
     result.add(parseExpr(p))
-  elif p.tok.tokType == tkEquals:
-    result = newNodeP(nkExprEqExpr, p)
+  else:
+    result = a
+
+proc colonOrEquals(p: var Parser, a: PNode): PNode =
+  if p.tok.tokType == tkColon:
+    result = newNodeP(nkExprColonExpr, p)
     getTok(p)
+    newlineWasSplitting(p)
     #optInd(p, result)
     result.add(a)
     result.add(parseExpr(p))
   else:
-    result = a
+    result = equals(p, a)
 
 proc exprColonEqExpr(p: var Parser): PNode =
-  #| exprColonEqExpr = expr (':'|'=' expr)?
+  #| exprColonEqExpr = expr ((':'|'=') expr
+  #|                        / doBlock extraPostExprBlock*)?
   var a = parseExpr(p)
   if p.tok.tokType == tkDo:
     result = postExprBlocks(p, a)
   else:
     result = colonOrEquals(p, a)
 
+proc exprEqExpr(p: var Parser): PNode =
+  #| exprEqExpr = expr ('=' expr
+  #|                   / doBlock extraPostExprBlock*)?
+  var a = parseExpr(p)
+  if p.tok.tokType == tkDo:
+    result = postExprBlocks(p, a)
+  else:
+    result = equals(p, a)
+
 proc exprList(p: var Parser, endTok: TokType, result: PNode) =
   #| exprList = expr ^+ comma
   when defined(nimpretty):
@@ -402,6 +462,24 @@ proc exprList(p: var Parser, endTok: TokType, result: PNode) =
   getTok(p)
   optInd(p, result)
   # progress guaranteed
+  var a = parseExpr(p)
+  result.add(a)
+  while (p.tok.tokType != endTok) and (p.tok.tokType != tkEof):
+    if p.tok.tokType != tkComma: break
+    getTok(p)
+    optInd(p, a)
+    var a = parseExpr(p)
+    result.add(a)
+  when defined(nimpretty):
+    dec p.em.doIndentMore
+
+proc optionalExprList(p: var Parser, endTok: TokType, result: PNode) =
+  #| optionalExprList = expr ^* comma
+  when defined(nimpretty):
+    inc p.em.doIndentMore
+  getTok(p)
+  optInd(p, result)
+  # progress guaranteed
   while (p.tok.tokType != endTok) and (p.tok.tokType != tkEof):
     var a = parseExpr(p)
     result.add(a)
@@ -421,10 +499,9 @@ proc exprColonEqExprListAux(p: var Parser, endTok: TokType, result: PNode) =
     var a = exprColonEqExpr(p)
     result.add(a)
     if p.tok.tokType != tkComma: break
-    getTok(p)
-    # (1,) produces a tuple expression
-    if endTok == tkParRi and p.tok.tokType == tkParRi and result.kind == nkPar:
+    elif result.kind == nkPar:
       result.transitionSonsKind(nkTupleConstr)
+    getTok(p)
     skipComment(p, a)
   optPar(p)
   eat(p, endTok)
@@ -436,29 +513,37 @@ proc exprColonEqExprList(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind,
   exprColonEqExprListAux(p, endTok, result)
 
 proc dotExpr(p: var Parser, a: PNode): PNode =
-  #| dotExpr = expr '.' optInd (symbol | '[:' exprList ']')
-  #| explicitGenericInstantiation = '[:' exprList ']' ( '(' exprColonEqExpr ')' )?
   var info = p.parLineInfo
   getTok(p)
-  result = newNodeI(nkDotExpr, info)
+  result = newNode(nkDotExpr, info)
   optInd(p, result)
   result.add(a)
   result.add(parseSymbol(p, smAfterDot))
-  if p.tok.tokType == tkBracketLeColon and p.tok.strongSpaceA <= 0:
-    var x = newNodeI(nkBracketExpr, p.parLineInfo)
+  if p.tok.tokType == tkBracketLeColon and tsLeading notin p.tok.spacing:
+    var x = newNode(nkBracketExpr, p.parLineInfo)
     # rewrite 'x.y[:z]()' to 'y[z](x)'
-    x.add result[1]
+    x.add result.secondSon
     exprList(p, tkBracketRi, x)
     eat(p, tkBracketRi)
-    var y = newNodeI(nkCall, p.parLineInfo)
+    var y = newNode(nkCall, p.parLineInfo)
     y.add x
-    y.add result[0]
-    if p.tok.tokType == tkParLe and p.tok.strongSpaceA <= 0:
+    y.add result.firstSon
+    if p.tok.tokType == tkParLe and tsLeading notin p.tok.spacing:
       exprColonEqExprListAux(p, tkParRi, y)
     result = y
 
+proc dotLikeExpr(p: var Parser, a: PNode): PNode =
+  var info = p.parLineInfo
+  result = newNode(nkInfix, info)
+  optInd(p, result)
+  var opNode = newIdentNodeP(p.tok.ident, p)
+  getTok(p)
+  result.add(opNode)
+  result.add(a)
+  result.add(parseSymbol(p, smAfterDot))
+
 proc qualifiedIdent(p: var Parser): PNode =
-  #| qualifiedIdent = symbol ('.' optInd symbol)?
+  #| qualifiedIdent = symbol ('.' optInd symbolOrKeyword)?
   result = parseSymbol(p)
   if p.tok.tokType == tkDot: result = dotExpr(p, result)
 
@@ -503,13 +588,20 @@ proc parseCast(p: var Parser): PNode =
     result.add(exprColonEqExpr(p))
   optPar(p)
   eat(p, tkParRi)
+  setEndInfo()
+
+template setNodeFlag(n: PNode; f: untyped) =
+  when defined(nimCustomAst):
+    discard
+  else:
+    incl n.flags, f
 
 proc setBaseFlags(n: PNode, base: NumericalBase) =
   case base
   of base10: discard
-  of base2: incl(n.flags, nfBase2)
-  of base8: incl(n.flags, nfBase8)
-  of base16: incl(n.flags, nfBase16)
+  of base2: setNodeFlag(n, nfBase2)
+  of base8: setNodeFlag(n, nfBase8)
+  of base16: setNodeFlag(n, nfBase16)
 
 proc parseGStrLit(p: var Parser, a: PNode): PNode =
   case p.tok.tokType
@@ -525,16 +617,20 @@ proc parseGStrLit(p: var Parser, a: PNode): PNode =
     getTok(p)
   else:
     result = a
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc complexOrSimpleStmt(p: var Parser): PNode
 proc simpleExpr(p: var Parser, mode = pmNormal): PNode
-proc parseIfExpr(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind): PNode
+proc parseIfOrWhenExpr(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind): PNode
 
 proc semiStmtList(p: var Parser, result: PNode) =
   inc p.inSemiStmtList
   withInd(p):
     # Be lenient with the first stmt/expr
-    let a = if p.tok.tokType == tkIf: parseIfExpr(p, nkIfStmt) else: complexOrSimpleStmt(p)
+    let a = case p.tok.tokType
+            of tkIf: parseIfOrWhenExpr(p, nkIfStmt)
+            of tkWhen: parseIfOrWhenExpr(p, nkWhenStmt)
+            else: complexOrSimpleStmt(p)
     result.add a
 
     while p.tok.tokType != tkEof:
@@ -547,6 +643,7 @@ proc semiStmtList(p: var Parser, result: PNode) =
       let a = complexOrSimpleStmt(p)
       if a.kind == nkEmpty:
         parMessage(p, errExprExpected, p.tok)
+        getTok(p)
       else:
         result.add a
   dec p.inSemiStmtList
@@ -557,10 +654,11 @@ proc parsePar(p: var Parser): PNode =
   #|         | 'finally' | 'except' | 'for' | 'block' | 'const' | 'let'
   #|         | 'when' | 'var' | 'mixin'
   #| par = '(' optInd
-  #|           ( &parKeyw (ifExpr \ complexOrSimpleStmt) ^+ ';'
-  #|           | ';' (ifExpr \ complexOrSimpleStmt) ^+ ';'
+  #|           ( &parKeyw (ifExpr / complexOrSimpleStmt) ^+ ';'
+  #|           | ';' (ifExpr / complexOrSimpleStmt) ^+ ';'
   #|           | pragmaStmt
-  #|           | simpleExpr ( ('=' expr (';' (ifExpr \ complexOrSimpleStmt) ^+ ';' )? )
+  #|           | simpleExpr ( (doBlock extraPostExprBlock*)
+  #|                        | ('=' expr (';' (ifExpr / complexOrSimpleStmt) ^+ ';' )? )
   #|                        | (':' expr (',' exprColonEqExpr     ^+ ',' )? ) ) )
   #|           optPar ')'
   #
@@ -584,7 +682,10 @@ proc parsePar(p: var Parser): PNode =
     semiStmtList(p, result)
   elif p.tok.tokType == tkCurlyDotLe:
     result.add(parseStmtPragma(p))
-  elif p.tok.tokType != tkParRi:
+  elif p.tok.tokType == tkParRi:
+    # Empty tuple '()'
+    result.transitionSonsKind(nkTupleConstr)
+  else:
     var a = simpleExpr(p)
     if p.tok.tokType == tkDo:
       result = postExprBlocks(p, a)
@@ -605,13 +706,14 @@ proc parsePar(p: var Parser): PNode =
       semiStmtList(p, result)
     else:
       a = colonOrEquals(p, a)
+      if a.kind == nkExprColonExpr:
+        result.transitionSonsKind(nkTupleConstr)
       result.add(a)
       if p.tok.tokType == tkComma:
         getTok(p)
         skipComment(p, a)
         # (1,) produces a tuple expression:
-        if p.tok.tokType == tkParRi:
-          result.transitionSonsKind(nkTupleConstr)
+        result.transitionSonsKind(nkTupleConstr)
         # progress guaranteed
         while p.tok.tokType != tkParRi and p.tok.tokType != tkEof:
           var a = exprColonEqExpr(p)
@@ -621,17 +723,18 @@ proc parsePar(p: var Parser): PNode =
           skipComment(p, a)
   optPar(p)
   eat(p, tkParRi)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc identOrLiteral(p: var Parser, mode: PrimaryMode): PNode =
   #| literal = | INT_LIT | INT8_LIT | INT16_LIT | INT32_LIT | INT64_LIT
   #|           | UINT_LIT | UINT8_LIT | UINT16_LIT | UINT32_LIT | UINT64_LIT
   #|           | FLOAT_LIT | FLOAT32_LIT | FLOAT64_LIT
   #|           | STR_LIT | RSTR_LIT | TRIPLESTR_LIT
-  #|           | CHAR_LIT
+  #|           | CHAR_LIT | CUSTOM_NUMERIC_LIT
   #|           | NIL
   #| generalizedLit = GENERALIZED_STR_LIT | GENERALIZED_TRIPLESTR_LIT
   #| identOrLiteral = generalizedLit | symbol | literal
-  #|                | par | arrayConstr | setOrTableConstr
+  #|                | par | arrayConstr | setOrTableConstr | tupleConstr
   #|                | castExpr
   #| tupleConstr = '(' optInd (exprColonEqExpr comma?)* optPar ')'
   #| arrayConstr = '[' optInd (exprColonEqExpr comma?)* optPar ']'
@@ -710,6 +813,14 @@ proc identOrLiteral(p: var Parser, mode: PrimaryMode): PNode =
   of tkCharLit:
     result = newIntNodeP(nkCharLit, ord(p.tok.literal[0]), p)
     getTok(p)
+  of tkCustomLit:
+    let splitPos = p.tok.iNumber.int
+    let str = newStrNodeP(nkRStrLit, p.tok.literal.substr(0, splitPos-1), p)
+    let callee = newIdentNodeP(getIdent(p.lex.cache, p.tok.literal.substr(splitPos)), p)
+    result = newNodeP(nkDotExpr, p)
+    result.add str
+    result.add callee
+    getTok(p)
   of tkNil:
     result = newNodeP(nkNilLit, p)
     getTok(p)
@@ -743,33 +854,37 @@ proc namedParams(p: var Parser, callee: PNode,
 proc commandParam(p: var Parser, isFirstParam: var bool; mode: PrimaryMode): PNode =
   if mode == pmTypeDesc:
     result = simpleExpr(p, mode)
+  elif not isFirstParam:
+    result = exprEqExpr(p)
   else:
     result = parseExpr(p)
-  if p.tok.tokType == tkDo:
-    result = postExprBlocks(p, result)
-  elif p.tok.tokType == tkEquals and not isFirstParam:
-    let lhs = result
-    result = newNodeP(nkExprEqExpr, p)
-    getTok(p)
-    result.add(lhs)
-    result.add(parseExpr(p))
+    if p.tok.tokType == tkDo:
+      result = postExprBlocks(p, result)
   isFirstParam = false
 
 proc commandExpr(p: var Parser; r: PNode; mode: PrimaryMode): PNode =
-  result = newNodeP(nkCommand, p)
-  result.add(r)
-  var isFirstParam = true
-  # progress NOT guaranteed
-  p.hasProgress = false
-  result.add commandParam(p, isFirstParam, mode)
+  if mode == pmTrySimple:
+    result = r
+  else:
+    result = newNodeP(nkCommand, p)
+    result.add(r)
+    var isFirstParam = true
+    # progress NOT guaranteed
+    p.hasProgress = false
+    result.add commandParam(p, isFirstParam, mode)
+
+proc isDotLike(tok: Token): bool =
+  result = tok.tokType == tkOpr and tok.ident.s.len > 1 and
+    tok.ident.s[0] == '.' and tok.ident.s[1] != '.'
 
 proc primarySuffix(p: var Parser, r: PNode,
                    baseIndent: int, mode: PrimaryMode): PNode =
   #| primarySuffix = '(' (exprColonEqExpr comma?)* ')'
-  #|       | '.' optInd symbol generalizedLit?
+  #|       | '.' optInd symbolOrKeyword ('[:' exprList ']' ( '(' exprColonEqExpr ')' )?)? generalizedLit?
+  #|       | DOTLIKEOP optInd symbolOrKeyword generalizedLit?
   #|       | '[' optInd exprColonEqExprList optPar ']'
   #|       | '{' optInd exprColonEqExprList optPar '}'
-  #|       | &( '`'|IDENT|literal|'cast'|'addr'|'type') expr # command syntax
+  # XXX strong spaces need to be reflected above
   result = r
 
   # progress guaranteed
@@ -778,18 +893,11 @@ proc primarySuffix(p: var Parser, r: PNode,
     case p.tok.tokType
     of tkParLe:
       # progress guaranteed
-      if p.tok.strongSpaceA > 0:
-        # inside type sections, expressions such as `ref (int, bar)`
-        # are parsed as a nkCommand with a single tuple argument (nkPar)
-        if mode == pmTypeDef:
-          result = newNodeP(nkCommand, p)
-          result.add r
-          result.add primary(p, pmNormal)
-        else:
-          result = commandExpr(p, result, mode)
+      if tsLeading in p.tok.spacing:
+        result = commandExpr(p, result, mode)
         break
       result = namedParams(p, result, nkCall, tkParRi)
-      if result.len > 1 and result[1].kind == nkExprColonExpr:
+      if result.has2Sons and result.secondSon.kind == nkExprColonExpr:
         result.transitionSonsKind(nkObjConstr)
     of tkDot:
       # progress guaranteed
@@ -797,17 +905,17 @@ proc primarySuffix(p: var Parser, r: PNode,
       result = parseGStrLit(p, result)
     of tkBracketLe:
       # progress guaranteed
-      if p.tok.strongSpaceA > 0:
+      if tsLeading in p.tok.spacing:
         result = commandExpr(p, result, mode)
         break
       result = namedParams(p, result, nkBracketExpr, tkBracketRi)
     of tkCurlyLe:
       # progress guaranteed
-      if p.tok.strongSpaceA > 0:
+      if tsLeading in p.tok.spacing:
         result = commandExpr(p, result, mode)
         break
       result = namedParams(p, result, nkCurlyExpr, tkCurlyRi)
-    of tkSymbol, tkAccent, tkIntLit..tkCharLit, tkNil, tkCast,
+    of tkSymbol, tkAccent, tkIntLit..tkCustomLit, tkNil, tkCast,
        tkOpr, tkDotDot, tkVar, tkOut, tkStatic, tkType, tkEnum, tkTuple,
        tkObject, tkProc:
       # XXX: In type sections we allow the free application of the
@@ -815,11 +923,19 @@ proc primarySuffix(p: var Parser, r: PNode,
       # `foo ref` or `foo ptr`. Unfortunately, these two are also
       # used as infix operators for the memory regions feature and
       # the current parsing rules don't play well here.
-      if p.inPragma == 0 and (isUnary(p.tok) or p.tok.tokType notin {tkOpr, tkDotDot}):
-        # actually parsing {.push hints:off.} as {.push(hints:off).} is a sweet
-        # solution, but pragmas.nim can't handle that
-        result = commandExpr(p, result, mode)
-      break
+      let isDotLike2 = p.tok.isDotLike
+      if isDotLike2 and p.lex.config.isDefined("nimPreviewDotLikeOps"):
+        # synchronize with `tkDot` branch
+        result = dotLikeExpr(p, result)
+        result = parseGStrLit(p, result)
+      else:
+        if isDotLike2:
+          parMessage(p, warnDotLikeOps, "dot-like operators will be parsed differently with `-d:nimPreviewDotLikeOps`")
+        if p.inPragma == 0 and (isUnary(p.tok) or p.tok.tokType notin {tkOpr, tkDotDot}):
+          # actually parsing {.push hints:off.} as {.push(hints:off).} is a sweet
+          # solution, but pragmas.nim can't handle that
+          result = commandExpr(p, result, mode)
+        break
     else:
       break
 
@@ -846,9 +962,13 @@ proc parseOperators(p: var Parser, headNode: PNode,
     a.add(b)
     result = a
     opPrec = getPrecedence(p.tok)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc simpleExprAux(p: var Parser, limit: int, mode: PrimaryMode): PNode =
+  var mode = mode
   result = primary(p, mode)
+  if mode == pmTrySimple:
+    mode = pmNormal
   if p.tok.tokType == tkCurlyDotLe and (p.tok.indent < 0 or realInd(p)) and
      mode == pmNormal:
     var pragmaExp = newNodeP(nkPragmaExpr, p)
@@ -892,10 +1012,11 @@ proc parsePragma(p: var Parser): PNode =
   when defined(nimpretty):
     dec p.em.doIndentMore
     dec p.em.keepIndents
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc identVis(p: var Parser; allowDot=false): PNode =
   #| identVis = symbol OPR?  # postfix position
-  #| identVisDot = symbol '.' optInd symbol OPR?
+  #| identVisDot = symbol '.' optInd symbolOrKeyword OPR?
   var a = parseSymbol(p)
   if p.tok.tokType == tkOpr:
     when defined(nimpretty):
@@ -929,9 +1050,9 @@ type
 
 proc parseIdentColonEquals(p: var Parser, flags: DeclaredIdentFlags): PNode =
   #| declColonEquals = identWithPragma (comma identWithPragma)* comma?
-  #|                   (':' optInd typeDesc)? ('=' optInd expr)?
+  #|                   (':' optInd typeDescExpr)? ('=' optInd expr)?
   #| identColonEquals = IDENT (comma IDENT)* comma?
-  #|      (':' optInd typeDesc)? ('=' optInd expr)?)
+  #|      (':' optInd typeDescExpr)? ('=' optInd expr)?)
   var a: PNode
   result = newNodeP(nkIdentDefs, p)
   # progress guaranteed
@@ -949,7 +1070,7 @@ proc parseIdentColonEquals(p: var Parser, flags: DeclaredIdentFlags): PNode =
   if p.tok.tokType == tkColon:
     getTok(p)
     optInd(p, result)
-    result.add(parseTypeDesc(p))
+    result.add(parseTypeDesc(p, fullExpr = true))
   else:
     result.add(newNodeP(nkEmpty, p))
     if p.tok.tokType != tkEquals and withBothOptional notin flags:
@@ -960,13 +1081,13 @@ proc parseIdentColonEquals(p: var Parser, flags: DeclaredIdentFlags): PNode =
     result.add(parseExpr(p))
   else:
     result.add(newNodeP(nkEmpty, p))
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseTuple(p: var Parser, indentAllowed = false): PNode =
-  #| inlTupleDecl = 'tuple'
-  #|     '[' optInd  (identColonEquals (comma/semicolon)?)*  optPar ']'
-  #| extTupleDecl = 'tuple'
-  #|     COMMENT? (IND{>} identColonEquals (IND{=} identColonEquals)*)?
-  #| tupleClass = 'tuple'
+  #| tupleTypeBracket = '[' optInd (identColonEquals (comma/semicolon)?)* optPar ']'
+  #| tupleType = 'tuple' tupleTypeBracket
+  #| tupleDecl = 'tuple' (tupleTypeBracket /
+  #|     COMMENT? (IND{>} identColonEquals (IND{=} identColonEquals)*)?)
   result = newNodeP(nkTupleTy, p)
   getTok(p)
   if p.tok.tokType == tkBracketLe:
@@ -1005,6 +1126,7 @@ proc parseTuple(p: var Parser, indentAllowed = false): PNode =
     parMessage(p, errGenerated, "the syntax for tuple types is 'tuple[...]', not 'tuple(...)'")
   else:
     result = newNodeP(nkTupleClassTy, p)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseParamList(p: var Parser, retColon = true): PNode =
   #| paramList = '(' declColonEquals ^* (comma/semicolon) ')'
@@ -1046,13 +1168,14 @@ proc parseParamList(p: var Parser, retColon = true): PNode =
   if hasRet and p.tok.indent < 0:
     getTok(p)
     optInd(p, result)
-    result[0] = parseTypeDesc(p)
+    result.replaceFirstSon parseTypeDesc(p)
   elif not retColon and not hasParLe:
     # Mark as "not there" in order to mark for deprecation in the semantic pass:
     result = p.emptyNode
   when defined(nimpretty):
     dec p.em.doIndentMore
     dec p.em.keepIndents
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc optPragmas(p: var Parser): PNode =
   if p.tok.tokType == tkCurlyDotLe and (p.tok.indent < 0 or realInd(p)):
@@ -1062,43 +1185,53 @@ proc optPragmas(p: var Parser): PNode =
 
 proc parseDoBlock(p: var Parser; info: TLineInfo): PNode =
   #| doBlock = 'do' paramListArrow pragma? colcom stmt
-  let params = parseParamList(p, retColon=false)
+  result = nil
+  var params = parseParamList(p, retColon=false)
   let pragmas = optPragmas(p)
   colcom(p, result)
   result = parseStmt(p)
-  if params.kind != nkEmpty:
+  if params.kind != nkEmpty or pragmas.kind != nkEmpty:
+    if params.kind == nkEmpty:
+      params = newNodeP(nkFormalParams, p)
+      params.add(p.emptyNode) # return type
     result = newProcNode(nkDo, info,
       body = result, params = params, name = p.emptyNode, pattern = p.emptyNode,
       genericParams = p.emptyNode, pragmas = pragmas, exceptions = p.emptyNode)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseProcExpr(p: var Parser; isExpr: bool; kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
-  #| procExpr = 'proc' paramListColon pragma? ('=' COMMENT? stmt)?
+  #| routineExpr = ('proc' | 'func' | 'iterator') paramListColon pragma? ('=' COMMENT? stmt)?
+  #| routineType = ('proc' | 'iterator') paramListColon pragma?
   # either a proc type or a anonymous proc
   let info = parLineInfo(p)
-  getTok(p)
   let hasSignature = p.tok.tokType in {tkParLe, tkColon} and p.tok.indent < 0
   let params = parseParamList(p)
   let pragmas = optPragmas(p)
   if p.tok.tokType == tkEquals and isExpr:
     getTok(p)
-    skipComment(p, result)
-    result = newProcNode(kind, info, body = parseStmt(p),
+    result = newProcNode(kind, info, body = p.emptyNode,
       params = params, name = p.emptyNode, pattern = p.emptyNode,
       genericParams = p.emptyNode, pragmas = pragmas, exceptions = p.emptyNode)
+    skipComment(p, result)
+    result.replaceSon bodyPos, parseStmt(p)
   else:
-    result = newNodeI(nkProcTy, info)
-    if hasSignature:
-      result.add(params)
+    result = newNode(if kind == nkIteratorDef: nkIteratorTy else: nkProcTy, info)
+    if hasSignature or pragmas.kind != nkEmpty:
+      if hasSignature:
+        result.add(params)
+      else: # pragmas but no param list, implies typeclass with pragmas
+        result.add(p.emptyNode)
       if kind == nkFuncDef:
         parMessage(p, "func keyword is not allowed in type descriptions, use proc with {.noSideEffect.} pragma instead")
       result.add(pragmas)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc isExprStart(p: Parser): bool =
   case p.tok.tokType
   of tkSymbol, tkAccent, tkOpr, tkNot, tkNil, tkCast, tkIf, tkFor,
      tkProc, tkFunc, tkIterator, tkBind, tkBuiltInMagics,
-     tkParLe, tkBracketLe, tkCurlyLe, tkIntLit..tkCharLit, tkVar, tkRef, tkPtr,
-     tkTuple, tkObject, tkWhen, tkCase, tkOut:
+     tkParLe, tkBracketLe, tkCurlyLe, tkIntLit..tkCustomLit, tkVar, tkRef, tkPtr,
+     tkEnum, tkTuple, tkObject, tkWhen, tkCase, tkOut, tkTry, tkBlock:
     result = true
   else: result = false
 
@@ -1111,16 +1244,20 @@ proc parseSymbolList(p: var Parser, result: PNode) =
     if p.tok.tokType != tkComma: break
     getTok(p)
     optInd(p, s)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseTypeDescKAux(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind,
                        mode: PrimaryMode): PNode =
-  #| distinct = 'distinct' optInd typeDesc
   result = newNodeP(kind, p)
   getTok(p)
   if p.tok.indent != -1 and p.tok.indent <= p.currInd: return
   optInd(p, result)
+  let isTypedef = mode == pmTypeDef and p.tok.tokType in {tkObject, tkTuple}
   if not isOperator(p.tok) and isExprStart(p):
-    result.add(primary(p, mode))
+    if isTypedef:
+      result.add(parseTypeDefValue(p))
+    else:
+      result.add(primary(p, mode))
   if kind == nkDistinctTy and p.tok.tokType == tkSymbol:
     # XXX document this feature!
     var nodeKind: TNodeKind
@@ -1134,11 +1271,14 @@ proc parseTypeDescKAux(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind,
     let list = newNodeP(nodeKind, p)
     result.add list
     parseSymbolList(p, list)
+  if mode == pmTypeDef and not isTypedef:
+    result = parseOperators(p, result, -1, mode)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseVarTuple(p: var Parser): PNode
 
 proc parseFor(p: var Parser): PNode =
-  #| forStmt = 'for' (identWithPragma ^+ comma) 'in' expr colcom stmt
+  #| forStmt = 'for' ((varTuple / identWithPragma) ^+ comma) 'in' expr colcom stmt
   #| forExpr = forStmt
   getTokNoInd(p)
   result = newNodeP(nkForStmt, p)
@@ -1159,6 +1299,7 @@ proc parseFor(p: var Parser): PNode =
   result.add(parseExpr(p))
   colcom(p, result)
   result.add(parseStmt(p))
+  setEndInfo()
 
 template nimprettyDontTouch(body) =
   when defined(nimpretty):
@@ -1181,13 +1322,13 @@ proc parseExpr(p: var Parser): PNode =
       result = parseBlock(p)
   of tkIf:
     nimprettyDontTouch:
-      result = parseIfExpr(p, nkIfExpr)
+      result = parseIfOrWhenExpr(p, nkIfExpr)
   of tkFor:
     nimprettyDontTouch:
       result = parseFor(p)
   of tkWhen:
     nimprettyDontTouch:
-      result = parseIfExpr(p, nkWhenExpr)
+      result = parseIfOrWhenExpr(p, nkWhenStmt)
   of tkCase:
     # Currently we think nimpretty is good enough with case expressions,
     # so it is allowed to touch them:
@@ -1197,85 +1338,74 @@ proc parseExpr(p: var Parser): PNode =
     nimprettyDontTouch:
       result = parseTry(p, isExpr=true)
   else: result = simpleExpr(p)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseEnum(p: var Parser): PNode
 proc parseObject(p: var Parser): PNode
 proc parseTypeClass(p: var Parser): PNode
 
 proc primary(p: var Parser, mode: PrimaryMode): PNode =
-  #| typeKeyw = 'var' | 'out' | 'ref' | 'ptr' | 'shared' | 'tuple'
-  #|          | 'proc' | 'iterator' | 'distinct' | 'object' | 'enum'
-  #| primary = typeKeyw optInd typeDesc
-  #|         /  prefixOperator* identOrLiteral primarySuffix*
-  #|         / 'bind' primary
+  #| simplePrimary = SIGILLIKEOP? identOrLiteral primarySuffix*
+  #| commandStart = &('`'|IDENT|literal|'cast'|'addr'|'type'|'var'|'out'|
+  #|                  'static'|'enum'|'tuple'|'object'|'proc')
+  #| primary = simplePrimary (commandStart expr (doBlock extraPostExprBlock*)?)?
+  #|         / operatorB primary
+  #|         / routineExpr
+  #|         / rawTypeDesc
+  #|         / prefixOperator primary
+  # XXX strong spaces need to be reflected in commandStart
+  # command part is handled in the primarySuffix proc
+
+  # prefix operators:
   if isOperator(p.tok):
+    # Note 'sigil like' operators are currently not reflected in the grammar
+    # and should be removed for Nim 2.0, I don't think anybody uses them.
     let isSigil = isSigilLike(p.tok)
     result = newNodeP(nkPrefix, p)
     var a = newIdentNodeP(p.tok.ident, p)
     result.add(a)
     getTok(p)
     optInd(p, a)
-    if isSigil:
-      #XXX prefix operators
+    const identOrLiteralKinds = tkBuiltInMagics + {tkSymbol, tkAccent, tkNil,
+      tkIntLit..tkCustomLit, tkCast, tkOut, tkParLe, tkBracketLe, tkCurlyLe}
+    if isSigil and p.tok.tokType in identOrLiteralKinds:
       let baseInd = p.lex.currLineIndent
-      result.add(primary(p, pmSkipSuffix))
+      result.add(identOrLiteral(p, mode))
       result = primarySuffix(p, result, baseInd, mode)
     else:
       result.add(primary(p, pmNormal))
     return
 
   case p.tok.tokType
-  of tkTuple: result = parseTuple(p, mode == pmTypeDef)
-  of tkProc: result = parseProcExpr(p, mode notin {pmTypeDesc, pmTypeDef}, nkLambda)
-  of tkFunc: result = parseProcExpr(p, mode notin {pmTypeDesc, pmTypeDef}, nkFuncDef)
+  of tkProc:
+    getTok(p)
+    result = parseProcExpr(p, mode != pmTypeDesc, nkLambda)
+  of tkFunc:
+    getTok(p)
+    result = parseProcExpr(p, mode != pmTypeDesc, nkFuncDef)
   of tkIterator:
-    result = parseProcExpr(p, mode notin {pmTypeDesc, pmTypeDef}, nkLambda)
-    if result.kind == nkLambda: result.transitionSonsKind(nkIteratorDef)
-    else: result.transitionSonsKind(nkIteratorTy)
-  of tkEnum:
-    if mode == pmTypeDef:
-      prettySection:
-        result = parseEnum(p)
-    else:
-      result = newNodeP(nkEnumTy, p)
-      getTok(p)
-  of tkObject:
-    if mode == pmTypeDef:
-      prettySection:
-        result = parseObject(p)
-    else:
-      result = newNodeP(nkObjectTy, p)
-      getTok(p)
-  of tkConcept:
-    if mode == pmTypeDef:
-      result = parseTypeClass(p)
-    else:
-      parMessage(p, "the 'concept' keyword is only valid in 'type' sections")
+    getTok(p)
+    result = parseProcExpr(p, mode != pmTypeDesc, nkIteratorDef)
   of tkBind:
+    # legacy syntax, no-op in current nim
     result = newNodeP(nkBind, p)
     getTok(p)
     optInd(p, result)
     result.add(primary(p, pmNormal))
-  of tkVar: result = parseTypeDescKAux(p, nkVarTy, mode)
-  of tkOut:
-    # I like this parser extension to be in 1.4 as it still might turn out
-    # useful in the long run.
-    result = parseTypeDescKAux(p, nkMutableTy, mode)
-  of tkRef: result = parseTypeDescKAux(p, nkRefTy, mode)
-  of tkPtr: result = parseTypeDescKAux(p, nkPtrTy, mode)
-  of tkDistinct: result = parseTypeDescKAux(p, nkDistinctTy, mode)
+  of tkTuple, tkEnum, tkObject, tkConcept,
+    tkVar, tkOut, tkRef, tkPtr, tkDistinct:
+    result = parseTypeDesc(p)
   else:
     let baseInd = p.lex.currLineIndent
     result = identOrLiteral(p, mode)
-    if mode != pmSkipSuffix:
-      result = primarySuffix(p, result, baseInd, mode)
+    result = primarySuffix(p, result, baseInd, mode)
 
 proc binaryNot(p: var Parser; a: PNode): PNode =
-  if p.tok.tokType == tkNot:
+  if p.tok.tokType == tkNot and p.tok.indent < 0:
     let notOpr = newIdentNodeP(p.tok.ident, p)
     getTok(p)
     optInd(p, notOpr)
-    let b = parseExpr(p)
+    let b = primary(p, pmTypeDesc)
     result = newNodeP(nkInfix, p)
     result.add notOpr
     result.add a
@@ -1283,33 +1413,91 @@ proc binaryNot(p: var Parser; a: PNode): PNode =
   else:
     result = a
 
-proc parseTypeDesc(p: var Parser): PNode =
-  #| typeDesc = simpleExpr ('not' expr)?
+proc parseTypeDesc(p: var Parser, fullExpr = false): PNode =
+  #| rawTypeDesc = (tupleType | routineType | 'enum' | 'object' |
+  #|                 ('var' | 'out' | 'ref' | 'ptr' | 'distinct') typeDesc?)
+  #|                 ('not' primary)?
+  #| typeDescExpr = (routineType / simpleExpr) ('not' primary)?
+  #| typeDesc = rawTypeDesc / typeDescExpr
   newlineWasSplitting(p)
-  result = simpleExpr(p, pmTypeDesc)
+  if fullExpr:
+    result = simpleExpr(p, pmTypeDesc)
+  else:
+    case p.tok.tokType
+    of tkTuple:
+      result = parseTuple(p, false)
+    of tkProc:
+      getTok(p)
+      result = parseProcExpr(p, false, nkLambda)
+    of tkIterator:
+      getTok(p)
+      result = parseProcExpr(p, false, nkIteratorDef)
+    of tkEnum:
+      result = newNodeP(nkEnumTy, p)
+      getTok(p)
+    of tkObject:
+      result = newNodeP(nkObjectTy, p)
+      getTok(p)
+    of tkConcept:
+      result = p.emptyNode
+      parMessage(p, "the 'concept' keyword is only valid in 'type' sections")
+    of tkVar: result = parseTypeDescKAux(p, nkVarTy, pmTypeDesc)
+    of tkOut: result = parseTypeDescKAux(p, nkOutTy, pmTypeDesc)
+    of tkRef: result = parseTypeDescKAux(p, nkRefTy, pmTypeDesc)
+    of tkPtr: result = parseTypeDescKAux(p, nkPtrTy, pmTypeDesc)
+    of tkDistinct: result = parseTypeDescKAux(p, nkDistinctTy, pmTypeDesc)
+    else:
+      result = simpleExpr(p, pmTypeDesc)
   result = binaryNot(p, result)
+  setEndInfo()
 
-proc parseTypeDefAux(p: var Parser): PNode =
-  #| typeDefAux = simpleExpr ('not' expr)?
-  #|            | 'concept' typeClass
-  result = simpleExpr(p, pmTypeDef)
+proc parseTypeDefValue(p: var Parser): PNode =
+  #| typeDefValue = ((tupleDecl | enumDecl | objectDecl | conceptDecl |
+  #|                  ('ref' | 'ptr' | 'distinct') (tupleDecl | objectDecl))
+  #|                / (simpleExpr (exprEqExpr ^+ comma postExprBlocks?)?))
+  #|                ('not' primary)?
+  case p.tok.tokType
+  of tkTuple: result = parseTuple(p, true)
+  of tkRef: result = parseTypeDescKAux(p, nkRefTy, pmTypeDef)
+  of tkPtr: result = parseTypeDescKAux(p, nkPtrTy, pmTypeDef)
+  of tkDistinct: result = parseTypeDescKAux(p, nkDistinctTy, pmTypeDef)
+  of tkEnum:
+    prettySection:
+      result = parseEnum(p)
+  of tkObject:
+    prettySection:
+      result = parseObject(p)
+  of tkConcept:
+    result = parseTypeClass(p)
+  else:
+    result = simpleExpr(p, pmTypeDef)
+    if p.tok.tokType != tkNot:
+      if result.kind == nkCommand:
+        var isFirstParam = false
+        while p.tok.tokType == tkComma:
+          getTok(p)
+          optInd(p, result)
+          result.add(commandParam(p, isFirstParam, pmTypeDef))
+      result = postExprBlocks(p, result)
   result = binaryNot(p, result)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc makeCall(n: PNode): PNode =
   ## Creates a call if the given node isn't already a call.
   if n.kind in nkCallKinds:
     result = n
   else:
-    result = newNodeI(nkCall, n.info)
+    result = newNode(nkCall, n.info)
     result.add n
 
 proc postExprBlocks(p: var Parser, x: PNode): PNode =
-  #| postExprBlocks = ':' stmt? ( IND{=} doBlock
-  #|                            | IND{=} 'of' exprList ':' stmt
-  #|                            | IND{=} 'elif' expr ':' stmt
-  #|                            | IND{=} 'except' exprList ':' stmt
-  #|                            | IND{=} 'finally' ':' stmt
-  #|                            | IND{=} 'else' ':' stmt )*
+  #| extraPostExprBlock = ( IND{=} doBlock
+  #|                      | IND{=} 'of' exprList ':' stmt
+  #|                      | IND{=} 'elif' expr ':' stmt
+  #|                      | IND{=} 'except' optionalExprList ':' stmt
+  #|                      | IND{=} 'finally' ':' stmt
+  #|                      | IND{=} 'else' ':' stmt )
+  #| postExprBlocks = (doBlock / ':' (extraPostExprBlock / stmt)) extraPostExprBlock*
   result = x
   if p.tok.indent >= 0: return
 
@@ -1326,14 +1514,17 @@ proc postExprBlocks(p: var Parser, x: PNode): PNode =
     result = makeCall(result)
     getTok(p)
     skipComment(p, result)
-    if p.tok.tokType notin {tkOf, tkElif, tkElse, tkExcept}:
+    if not (p.tok.tokType in {tkOf, tkElif, tkElse, tkExcept, tkFinally} and sameInd(p)):
       var stmtList = newNodeP(nkStmtList, p)
       stmtList.add parseStmt(p)
       # to keep backwards compatibility (see tests/vm/tstringnil)
-      if stmtList[0].kind == nkStmtList: stmtList = stmtList[0]
+      if stmtList.firstSon.kind == nkStmtList: stmtList = stmtList.firstSon
 
-      stmtList.flags.incl nfBlockArg
-      if openingParams.kind != nkEmpty:
+      setNodeFlag stmtList, nfBlockArg
+      if openingParams.kind != nkEmpty or openingPragmas.kind != nkEmpty:
+        if openingParams.kind == nkEmpty:
+          openingParams = newNodeP(nkFormalParams, p)
+          openingParams.add(p.emptyNode) # return type
         result.add newProcNode(nkDo, stmtList.info, body = stmtList,
                                params = openingParams,
                                name = p.emptyNode, pattern = p.emptyNode,
@@ -1362,7 +1553,7 @@ proc postExprBlocks(p: var Parser, x: PNode): PNode =
           nextBlock.add parseExpr(p)
         of tkExcept:
           nextBlock = newNodeP(nkExceptBranch, p)
-          exprList(p, tkColon, nextBlock)
+          optionalExprList(p, tkColon, nextBlock)
         of tkFinally:
           nextBlock = newNodeP(nkFinally, p)
           getTok(p)
@@ -1373,7 +1564,7 @@ proc postExprBlocks(p: var Parser, x: PNode): PNode =
         eat(p, tkColon)
         nextBlock.add parseStmt(p)
 
-      nextBlock.flags.incl nfBlockArg
+      setNodeFlag nextBlock, nfBlockArg
       result.add nextBlock
 
       if nextBlock.kind in {nkElse, nkFinally}: break
@@ -1382,12 +1573,10 @@ proc postExprBlocks(p: var Parser, x: PNode): PNode =
       parMessage(p, "expected ':'")
 
 proc parseExprStmt(p: var Parser): PNode =
-  #| exprStmt = simpleExpr
-  #|          (( '=' optInd expr colonBody? )
-  #|          / ( expr ^+ comma
-  #|              postExprBlocks
-  #|            ))?
-  var a = simpleExpr(p)
+  #| exprStmt = simpleExpr postExprBlocks?
+  #|          / simplePrimary (exprEqExpr ^+ comma) postExprBlocks?
+  #|          / simpleExpr '=' optInd (expr postExprBlocks?)
+  var a = simpleExpr(p, pmTrySimple)
   if p.tok.tokType == tkEquals:
     result = newNodeP(nkAsgn, p)
     getTok(p)
@@ -1397,25 +1586,23 @@ proc parseExprStmt(p: var Parser): PNode =
     result.add(a)
     result.add(b)
   else:
-    # simpleExpr parsed 'p a' from 'p a, b'?
     var isFirstParam = false
-    if p.tok.indent < 0 and p.tok.tokType == tkComma and a.kind == nkCommand:
-      result = a
-      while true:
-        getTok(p)
-        optInd(p, result)
-        result.add(commandParam(p, isFirstParam, pmNormal))
-        if p.tok.tokType != tkComma: break
-    elif p.tok.indent < 0 and isExprStart(p):
-      result = newTreeI(nkCommand, a.info, a)
+    # if an expression is starting here, a simplePrimary was parsed and
+    # this is the start of a command
+    if p.tok.indent < 0 and isExprStart(p):
+      result = newTree(nkCommand, a.info, a)
+      let baseIndent = p.currInd
       while true:
         result.add(commandParam(p, isFirstParam, pmNormal))
-        if p.tok.tokType != tkComma: break
+        if p.tok.tokType != tkComma or
+          (p.tok.indent >= 0 and p.tok.indent < baseIndent):
+          break
         getTok(p)
         optInd(p, result)
     else:
       result = a
     result = postExprBlocks(p, result)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseModuleName(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
   result = parseExpr(p)
@@ -1427,6 +1614,7 @@ proc parseModuleName(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
       getTok(p)
       result.add(a)
       result.add(parseExpr(p))
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseImport(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
   #| importStmt = 'import' optInd expr
@@ -1455,6 +1643,7 @@ proc parseImport(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
       getTok(p)
       optInd(p, a)
   #expectNl(p)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseIncludeStmt(p: var Parser): PNode =
   #| includeStmt = 'include' optInd expr ^+ comma
@@ -1471,6 +1660,7 @@ proc parseIncludeStmt(p: var Parser): PNode =
     getTok(p)
     optInd(p, a)
   #expectNl(p)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseFromStmt(p: var Parser): PNode =
   #| fromStmt = 'from' expr 'import' optInd expr (comma expr)*
@@ -1491,6 +1681,7 @@ proc parseFromStmt(p: var Parser): PNode =
     getTok(p)
     optInd(p, a)
   #expectNl(p)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseReturnOrRaise(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
   #| returnStmt = 'return' optInd expr?
@@ -1498,7 +1689,7 @@ proc parseReturnOrRaise(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
   #| yieldStmt = 'yield' optInd expr?
   #| discardStmt = 'discard' optInd expr?
   #| breakStmt = 'break' optInd expr?
-  #| continueStmt = 'break' optInd expr?
+  #| continueStmt = 'continue' optInd expr?
   result = newNodeP(kind, p)
   getTok(p)
   if p.tok.tokType == tkComment:
@@ -1512,6 +1703,7 @@ proc parseReturnOrRaise(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
     var e = parseExpr(p)
     e = postExprBlocks(p, e)
     result.add(e)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseIfOrWhen(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
   #| condStmt = expr colcom stmt COMMENT?
@@ -1536,11 +1728,12 @@ proc parseIfOrWhen(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
     colcom(p, branch)
     branch.add(parseStmt(p))
     result.add(branch)
+  setEndInfo()
 
-proc parseIfExpr(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
-  #| condExpr = expr colcom expr optInd
-  #|         ('elif' expr colcom expr optInd)*
-  #|          'else' colcom expr
+proc parseIfOrWhenExpr(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
+  #| condExpr = expr colcom stmt optInd
+  #|         ('elif' expr colcom stmt optInd)*
+  #|          'else' colcom stmt
   #| ifExpr = 'if' condExpr
   #| whenExpr = 'when' condExpr
   result = newNodeP(kind, p)
@@ -1560,6 +1753,7 @@ proc parseIfExpr(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
     colcom(p, branch)
     branch.add(parseStmt(p))
     result.add(branch)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseWhile(p: var Parser): PNode =
   #| whileStmt = 'while' expr colcom stmt
@@ -1569,6 +1763,7 @@ proc parseWhile(p: var Parser): PNode =
   result.add(parseExpr(p))
   colcom(p, result)
   result.add(parseStmt(p))
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseCase(p: var Parser): PNode =
   #| ofBranch = 'of' exprList colcom stmt
@@ -1616,24 +1811,27 @@ proc parseCase(p: var Parser): PNode =
 
   if wasIndented:
     p.currInd = oldInd
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseTry(p: var Parser; isExpr: bool): PNode =
   #| tryStmt = 'try' colcom stmt &(IND{=}? 'except'|'finally')
-  #|            (IND{=}? 'except' exprList colcom stmt)*
+  #|            (IND{=}? 'except' optionalExprList colcom stmt)*
   #|            (IND{=}? 'finally' colcom stmt)?
   #| tryExpr = 'try' colcom stmt &(optInd 'except'|'finally')
-  #|            (optInd 'except' exprList colcom stmt)*
+  #|            (optInd 'except' optionalExprList colcom stmt)*
   #|            (optInd 'finally' colcom stmt)?
   result = newNodeP(nkTryStmt, p)
+  let parentIndent = p.currInd # isExpr
   getTok(p)
   colcom(p, result)
   result.add(parseStmt(p))
   var b: PNode = nil
-  while sameOrNoInd(p) or isExpr:
+
+  while sameOrNoInd(p) or (isExpr and parentIndent <= p.tok.indent):
     case p.tok.tokType
     of tkExcept:
       b = newNodeP(nkExceptBranch, p)
-      exprList(p, tkColon, b)
+      optionalExprList(p, tkColon, b)
     of tkFinally:
       b = newNodeP(nkFinally, p)
       getTok(p)
@@ -1642,13 +1840,14 @@ proc parseTry(p: var Parser; isExpr: bool): PNode =
     b.add(parseStmt(p))
     result.add(b)
   if b == nil: parMessage(p, "expected 'except'")
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseExceptBlock(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
-  #| exceptBlock = 'except' colcom stmt
   result = newNodeP(kind, p)
   getTok(p)
   colcom(p, result)
   result.add(parseStmt(p))
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseBlock(p: var Parser): PNode =
   #| blockStmt = 'block' symbol? colcom stmt
@@ -1659,6 +1858,7 @@ proc parseBlock(p: var Parser): PNode =
   else: result.add(parseSymbol(p))
   colcom(p, result)
   result.add(parseStmt(p))
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseStaticOrDefer(p: var Parser; k: TNodeKind): PNode =
   #| staticStmt = 'static' colcom stmt
@@ -1667,6 +1867,7 @@ proc parseStaticOrDefer(p: var Parser; k: TNodeKind): PNode =
   getTok(p)
   colcom(p, result)
   result.add(parseStmt(p))
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseAsm(p: var Parser): PNode =
   #| asmStmt = 'asm' pragma? (STR_LIT | RSTR_LIT | TRIPLESTR_LIT)
@@ -1683,6 +1884,7 @@ proc parseAsm(p: var Parser): PNode =
     result.add(p.emptyNode)
     return
   getTok(p)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseGenericParam(p: var Parser): PNode =
   #| genericParam = symbol (comma symbol)* (colon expr)? ('=' optInd expr)?
@@ -1718,6 +1920,7 @@ proc parseGenericParam(p: var Parser): PNode =
     result.add(parseExpr(p))
   else:
     result.add(p.emptyNode)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseGenericParamList(p: var Parser): PNode =
   #| genericParamList = '[' optInd
@@ -1736,12 +1939,14 @@ proc parseGenericParamList(p: var Parser): PNode =
     skipComment(p, a)
   optPar(p)
   eat(p, tkBracketRi)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parsePattern(p: var Parser): PNode =
   #| pattern = '{' stmt '}'
   eat(p, tkCurlyLe)
   result = parseStmt(p)
   eat(p, tkCurlyRi)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseRoutine(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
   #| indAndComment = (IND{>} COMMENT)? | COMMENT?
@@ -1750,6 +1955,12 @@ proc parseRoutine(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
   result = newNodeP(kind, p)
   getTok(p)
   optInd(p, result)
+  if kind in {nkProcDef, nkLambda, nkIteratorDef, nkFuncDef} and
+      p.tok.tokType notin {tkSymbol, tokKeywordLow..tokKeywordHigh, tkAccent}:
+    # no name; lambda or proc type
+    # in every context that we can parse a routine, we can also parse these
+    result = parseProcExpr(p, true, if kind == nkProcDef: nkLambda else: kind)
+    return
   result.add(identVis(p))
   if p.tok.tokType == tkCurlyLe and p.validInd: result.add(p.parsePattern)
   else: result.add(p.emptyNode)
@@ -1762,13 +1973,25 @@ proc parseRoutine(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
   else: result.add(p.emptyNode)
   # empty exception tracking:
   result.add(p.emptyNode)
-  if p.tok.tokType == tkEquals and p.validInd:
+  let maybeMissEquals = p.tok.tokType != tkEquals
+  if (not maybeMissEquals) and p.validInd:
     getTok(p)
     skipComment(p, result)
     result.add(parseStmt(p))
   else:
     result.add(p.emptyNode)
-  indAndComment(p, result)
+  indAndComment(p, result, maybeMissEquals)
+  let body = result.lastSon
+  if body.kind == nkStmtList and body.hasSon and body.firstSon.comment.len > 0 and body.firstSon.kind != nkCommentStmt:
+    if result.comment.len == 0:
+      # proc fn*(a: int): int = a ## foo
+      # => moves comment `foo` to `fn`
+      result.comment = body.firstSon.comment
+      body.firstSon.comment = ""
+    #else:
+    #  assert false, p.lex.config$body.info # avoids hard to track bugs, fail early.
+    # Yeah, that worked so well. There IS a bug in this logic, now what?
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc newCommentStmt(p: var Parser): PNode =
   #| commentStmt = COMMENT
@@ -1798,15 +2021,16 @@ proc parseSection(p: var Parser, kind: TNodeKind,
         else:
           parMessage(p, errIdentifierExpected, p.tok)
           break
-    if result.len == 0: parMessage(p, errIdentifierExpected, p.tok)
+    if not result.hasSon: parMessage(p, errIdentifierExpected, p.tok)
   elif p.tok.tokType in {tkSymbol, tkAccent, tkParLe} and p.tok.indent < 0:
     # tkParLe is allowed for ``var (x, y) = ...`` tuple parsing
     result.add(defparser(p))
   else:
     parMessage(p, errIdentifierExpected, p.tok)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseEnum(p: var Parser): PNode =
-  #| enum = 'enum' optInd (symbol pragma? optInd ('=' optInd expr COMMENT?)? comma?)+
+  #| enumDecl = 'enum' optInd (symbol pragma? optInd ('=' optInd expr COMMENT?)? comma?)+
   result = newNodeP(nkEnumTy, p)
   getTok(p)
   result.add(p.emptyNode)
@@ -1819,7 +2043,7 @@ proc parseEnum(p: var Parser): PNode =
 
     var symPragma = a
     var pragma: PNode
-    if p.tok.tokType == tkCurlyDotLe:
+    if (p.tok.indent < 0 or p.tok.indent >= p.currInd) and p.tok.tokType == tkCurlyDotLe:
       pragma = optPragmas(p)
       symPragma = newNodeP(nkPragmaExpr, p)
       symPragma.add(a)
@@ -1848,8 +2072,9 @@ proc parseEnum(p: var Parser): PNode =
     if p.tok.indent >= 0 and p.tok.indent <= p.currInd or
         p.tok.tokType == tkEof:
       break
-  if result.len <= 1:
+  if not result.has2Sons:
     parMessage(p, errIdentifierExpected, p.tok)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseObjectPart(p: var Parser): PNode
 proc parseObjectWhen(p: var Parser): PNode =
@@ -1875,22 +2100,19 @@ proc parseObjectWhen(p: var Parser): PNode =
     branch.add(parseObjectPart(p))
     flexComment(p, branch)
     result.add(branch)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseObjectCase(p: var Parser): PNode =
   #| objectBranch = 'of' exprList colcom objectPart
   #| objectBranches = objectBranch (IND{=} objectBranch)*
   #|                       (IND{=} 'elif' expr colcom objectPart)*
   #|                       (IND{=} 'else' colcom objectPart)?
-  #| objectCase = 'case' identWithPragma ':' typeDesc ':'? COMMENT?
+  #| objectCase = 'case' declColonEquals ':'? COMMENT?
   #|             (IND{>} objectBranches DED
   #|             | IND{=} objectBranches)
   result = newNodeP(nkRecCase, p)
   getTokNoInd(p)
-  var a = newNodeP(nkIdentDefs, p)
-  a.add(identWithPragma(p))
-  eat(p, tkColon)
-  a.add(parseTypeDesc(p))
-  a.add(p.emptyNode)
+  var a = parseIdentColonEquals(p, {withPragma})
   result.add(a)
   if p.tok.tokType == tkColon: getTok(p)
   flexComment(p, result)
@@ -1920,6 +2142,7 @@ proc parseObjectCase(p: var Parser): PNode =
     if b.kind == nkElse: break
   if wasIndented:
     p.currInd = oldInd
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseObjectPart(p: var Parser): PNode =
   #| objectPart = IND{>} objectPart^+IND{=} DED
@@ -1952,17 +2175,13 @@ proc parseObjectPart(p: var Parser): PNode =
       result = p.emptyNode
   else:
     result = p.emptyNode
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseObject(p: var Parser): PNode =
-  #| object = 'object' pragma? ('of' typeDesc)? COMMENT? objectPart
+  #| objectDecl = 'object' ('of' typeDesc)? COMMENT? objectPart
   result = newNodeP(nkObjectTy, p)
   getTok(p)
-  if p.tok.tokType == tkCurlyDotLe and p.validInd:
-    # Deprecated since v0.20.0
-    parMessage(p, warnDeprecated, "type pragmas follow the type name; this form of writing pragmas is deprecated")
-    result.add(parsePragma(p))
-  else:
-    result.add(p.emptyNode)
+  result.add(p.emptyNode) # compatibility with old pragma node
   if p.tok.tokType == tkOf and p.tok.indent < 0:
     var a = newNodeP(nkOfInherit, p)
     getTok(p)
@@ -1977,10 +2196,13 @@ proc parseObject(p: var Parser): PNode =
     result.add(p.emptyNode)
   else:
     result.add(parseObjectPart(p))
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseTypeClassParam(p: var Parser): PNode =
-  let modifier = case p.tok.tokType
-    of tkOut, tkVar: nkVarTy
+  let modifier =
+    case p.tok.tokType
+    of tkVar: nkVarTy
+    of tkOut: nkOutTy
     of tkPtr: nkPtrTy
     of tkRef: nkRefTy
     of tkStatic: nkStaticTy
@@ -1993,10 +2215,11 @@ proc parseTypeClassParam(p: var Parser): PNode =
     result.add(p.parseSymbol)
   else:
     result = p.parseSymbol
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseTypeClass(p: var Parser): PNode =
-  #| typeClassParam = ('var' | 'out')? symbol
-  #| typeClass = typeClassParam ^* ',' (pragma)? ('of' typeDesc ^* ',')?
+  #| conceptParam = ('var' | 'out' | 'ptr' | 'ref' | 'static' | 'type')? symbol
+  #| conceptDecl = 'concept' conceptParam ^* ',' (pragma)? ('of' typeDesc ^* ',')?
   #|               &IND{>} stmt
   result = newNodeP(nkTypeClassTy, p)
   getTok(p)
@@ -2031,45 +2254,33 @@ proc parseTypeClass(p: var Parser): PNode =
     skipComment(p, result)
   # an initial IND{>} HAS to follow:
   if not realInd(p):
+    if result.isNewStyleConcept:
+      parMessage(p, "routine expected, but found '$1' (empty new-styled concepts are not allowed)", p.tok)
     result.add(p.emptyNode)
   else:
     result.add(parseStmt(p))
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseTypeDef(p: var Parser): PNode =
   #|
-  #| typeDef = identWithPragmaDot genericParamList? '=' optInd typeDefAux
-  #|             indAndComment? / identVisDot genericParamList? pragma '=' optInd typeDefAux
+  #| typeDef = identVisDot genericParamList? pragma '=' optInd typeDefValue
   #|             indAndComment?
   result = newNodeP(nkTypeDef, p)
   var identifier = identVis(p, allowDot=true)
   var identPragma = identifier
   var pragma: PNode
   var genericParam: PNode
-  var noPragmaYet = true
-
-  if p.tok.tokType == tkCurlyDotLe:
-    pragma = optPragmas(p)
-    identPragma = newNodeP(nkPragmaExpr, p)
-    identPragma.add(identifier)
-    identPragma.add(pragma)
-    noPragmaYet = false
 
   if p.tok.tokType == tkBracketLe and p.validInd:
-    if not noPragmaYet:
-      # Deprecated since v0.20.0
-      parMessage(p, warnDeprecated, "pragma before generic parameter list is deprecated")
     genericParam = parseGenericParamList(p)
   else:
     genericParam = p.emptyNode
 
-  if noPragmaYet:
-    pragma = optPragmas(p)
-    if pragma.kind != nkEmpty:
-      identPragma = newNodeP(nkPragmaExpr, p)
-      identPragma.add(identifier)
-      identPragma.add(pragma)
-  elif p.tok.tokType == tkCurlyDotLe:
-    parMessage(p, errGenerated, "pragma already present")
+  pragma = optPragmas(p)
+  if pragma.kind != nkEmpty:
+    identPragma = newNodeP(nkPragmaExpr, p)
+    identPragma.add(identifier)
+    identPragma.add(pragma)
 
   result.add(identPragma)
   result.add(genericParam)
@@ -2078,26 +2289,39 @@ proc parseTypeDef(p: var Parser): PNode =
     result.info = parLineInfo(p)
     getTok(p)
     optInd(p, result)
-    result.add(parseTypeDefAux(p))
+    result.add(parseTypeDefValue(p))
   else:
     result.add(p.emptyNode)
   indAndComment(p, result)    # special extension!
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseVarTuple(p: var Parser): PNode =
-  #| varTuple = '(' optInd identWithPragma ^+ comma optPar ')' '=' optInd expr
+  #| varTupleLhs = '(' optInd (identWithPragma / varTupleLhs) ^+ comma optPar ')' (':' optInd typeDescExpr)?
+  #| varTuple = varTupleLhs '=' optInd expr
   result = newNodeP(nkVarTuple, p)
   getTok(p)                   # skip '('
   optInd(p, result)
   # progress guaranteed
-  while p.tok.tokType in {tkSymbol, tkAccent}:
-    var a = identWithPragma(p, allowDot=true)
+  while p.tok.tokType in {tkSymbol, tkAccent, tkParLe}:
+    var a: PNode
+    if p.tok.tokType == tkParLe:
+      a = parseVarTuple(p)
+      a.add(p.emptyNode)
+    else:
+      a = identWithPragma(p, allowDot=true)
     result.add(a)
     if p.tok.tokType != tkComma: break
     getTok(p)
     skipComment(p, a)
-  result.add(p.emptyNode)         # no type desc
   optPar(p)
   eat(p, tkParRi)
+  if p.tok.tokType == tkColon:
+    getTok(p)
+    optInd(p, result)
+    result.add(parseTypeDesc(p, fullExpr = true))
+  else:
+    result.add(p.emptyNode)         # no type desc
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseVariable(p: var Parser): PNode =
   #| colonBody = colcom stmt postExprBlocks?
@@ -2108,8 +2332,9 @@ proc parseVariable(p: var Parser): PNode =
     optInd(p, result)
     result.add(parseExpr(p))
   else: result = parseIdentColonEquals(p, {withPragma, withDot})
-  result[^1] = postExprBlocks(p, result[^1])
+  result.setLastSon postExprBlocks(p, result.lastSon)
   indAndComment(p, result)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseConstant(p: var Parser): PNode =
   #| constant = (varTuple / identWithPragma) (colon typeDesc)? '=' optInd expr indAndComment
@@ -2126,9 +2351,10 @@ proc parseConstant(p: var Parser): PNode =
   eat(p, tkEquals)
   optInd(p, result)
   #add(result, parseStmtListExpr(p))
-  result.add(parseExpr(p))
-  result[^1] = postExprBlocks(p, result[^1])
+  let a = parseExpr(p)
+  result.add postExprBlocks(p, a)
   indAndComment(p, result)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseBind(p: var Parser, k: TNodeKind): PNode =
   #| bindStmt = 'bind' optInd qualifiedIdent ^+ comma
@@ -2144,17 +2370,19 @@ proc parseBind(p: var Parser, k: TNodeKind): PNode =
     getTok(p)
     optInd(p, a)
   #expectNl(p)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseStmtPragma(p: var Parser): PNode =
   #| pragmaStmt = pragma (':' COMMENT? stmt)?
   result = parsePragma(p)
   if p.tok.tokType == tkColon and p.tok.indent < 0:
     let a = result
-    result = newNodeI(nkPragmaBlock, a.info)
+    result = newNode(nkPragmaBlock, a.info)
     getTok(p)
     skipComment(p, result)
     result.add a
     result.add parseStmt(p)
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc simpleStmt(p: var Parser): PNode =
   #| simpleStmt = ((returnStmt | raiseStmt | yieldStmt | discardStmt | breakStmt
@@ -2297,23 +2525,13 @@ proc parseStmt(p: var Parser): PNode =
           if p.tok.tokType != tkSemiColon: break
           getTok(p)
           if err and p.tok.tokType == tkEof: break
+  setEndInfo()
 
-proc parseAll(p: var Parser): PNode =
-  ## Parses the rest of the input stream held by the parser into a PNode.
-  result = newNodeP(nkStmtList, p)
-  while p.tok.tokType != tkEof:
-    p.hasProgress = false
-    var a = complexOrSimpleStmt(p)
-    if a.kind != nkEmpty and p.hasProgress:
-      result.add(a)
-    else:
-      parMessage(p, errExprExpected, p.tok)
-      # bugfix: consume a token here to prevent an endless loop:
-      getTok(p)
-    if p.tok.indent != 0:
-      parMessage(p, errInvalidIndentation)
+proc checkFirstLineIndentation*(p: var Parser) =
+  if p.tok.indent != 0 and tsLeading in p.tok.spacing:
+    parMessage(p, errInvalidIndentation)
 
-proc parseTopLevelStmt(p: var Parser): PNode =
+proc parseTopLevelStmt*(p: var Parser): PNode =
   ## Implements an iterator which, when called repeatedly, returns the next
   ## top-level statement or emptyNode if end of stream.
   result = p.emptyNode
@@ -2341,6 +2559,17 @@ proc parseTopLevelStmt(p: var Parser): PNode =
       result = complexOrSimpleStmt(p)
       if result.kind == nkEmpty: parMessage(p, errExprExpected, p.tok)
       break
+  setEndInfo()
+
+proc parseAll*(p: var Parser): PNode =
+  ## Parses the rest of the input stream held by the parser into a PNode.
+  result = newNodeP(nkStmtList, p)
+  while true:
+    let nextStmt = p.parseTopLevelStmt()
+    if nextStmt.kind == nkEmpty:
+      break
+    result &= nextStmt
+  setEndInfo()
 
 proc parseString*(s: string; cache: IdentCache; config: ConfigRef;
                   filename: string = ""; line: int = 0;
@@ -2352,9 +2581,10 @@ proc parseString*(s: string; cache: IdentCache; config: ConfigRef;
   var stream = llStreamOpen(s)
   stream.lineOffset = line
 
-  var parser: Parser
-  parser.lex.errorHandler = errorHandler
-  openParser(parser, AbsoluteFile filename, stream, cache, config)
+  var p = Parser()
+  p.lex.errorHandler = errorHandler
+  openParser(p, AbsoluteFile filename, stream, cache, config)
 
-  result = parser.parseAll
-  closeParser(parser)
+  result = p.parseAll
+  closeParser(p)
+  setEndInfo()
diff --git a/compiler/passaux.nim b/compiler/passaux.nim
index 715b7d676..af507d210 100644
--- a/compiler/passaux.nim
+++ b/compiler/passaux.nim
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 ## implements some little helper passes
 
 import
-  ast, passes, idents, msgs, options, lineinfos
+  ast, passes, msgs, options, lineinfos
 
 from modulegraphs import ModuleGraph, PPassContext
 
@@ -19,17 +19,15 @@ type
     config: ConfigRef
 
 proc verboseOpen(graph: ModuleGraph; s: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PPassContext =
-  #MessageOut('compiling ' + s.name.s);
+  # xxx consider either removing this or keeping for documentation for how to add a pass
   result = VerboseRef(config: graph.config, idgen: idgen)
-  rawMessage(graph.config, hintProcessing, s.name.s)
+
+import std/objectdollar
 
 proc verboseProcess(context: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+  # called from `process` in `processTopLevelStmt`.
   result = n
   let v = VerboseRef(context)
-  if v.config.verbosity == 3:
-    # system.nim deactivates all hints, for verbosity:3 we want the processing
-    # messages nonetheless, so we activate them again (but honor cmdlineNotes)
-    v.config.setNote(hintProcessing)
-    message(v.config, n.info, hintProcessing, $v.idgen[])
+  message(v.config, n.info, hintProcessingStmt, $v.idgen[])
 
 const verbosePass* = makePass(open = verboseOpen, process = verboseProcess)
diff --git a/compiler/passes.nim b/compiler/passes.nim
index 3debce1f6..d6b141078 100644
--- a/compiler/passes.nim
+++ b/compiler/passes.nim
@@ -14,7 +14,22 @@ import
   options, ast, llstream, msgs,
   idents,
   syntaxes, modulegraphs, reorder,
-  lineinfos, pathutils
+  lineinfos,
+  pipelineutils,
+  modules, pathutils, packages,
+  sem, semdata
+
+import ic/replayer
+
+export skipCodegen, resolveMod, prepareConfigNotes
+
+when defined(nimsuggest):
+  import ../dist/checksums/src/checksums/sha1
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions]
+
+import std/tables
 
 type
   TPassData* = tuple[input: PNode, closeOutput: PNode]
@@ -32,12 +47,6 @@ proc makePass*(open: TPassOpen = nil,
   result.process = process
   result.isFrontend = isFrontend
 
-proc skipCodegen*(config: ConfigRef; n: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
-  # can be used by codegen passes to determine whether they should do
-  # something with `n`. Currently, this ignores `n` and uses the global
-  # error count instead.
-  result = config.errorCounter > 0
-
 const
   maxPasses = 10
 
@@ -74,13 +83,6 @@ proc processTopLevelStmt(graph: ModuleGraph, n: PNode, a: var TPassContextArray)
       if isNil(m): return false
   result = true
 
-proc resolveMod(conf: ConfigRef; module, relativeTo: string): FileIndex =
-  let fullPath = findModule(conf, module, relativeTo)
-  if fullPath.isEmpty:
-    result = InvalidFileIdx
-  else:
-    result = fileInfoIdx(conf, fullPath)
-
 proc processImplicits(graph: ModuleGraph; implicits: seq[string], nodeKind: TNodeKind,
                       a: var TPassContextArray; m: PSym) =
   # XXX fixme this should actually be relative to the config file!
@@ -94,29 +96,6 @@ proc processImplicits(graph: ModuleGraph; implicits: seq[string], nodeKind: TNod
       importStmt.add str
       if not processTopLevelStmt(graph, importStmt, a): break
 
-const
-  imperativeCode = {low(TNodeKind)..high(TNodeKind)} - {nkTemplateDef, nkProcDef, nkMethodDef,
-    nkMacroDef, nkConverterDef, nkIteratorDef, nkFuncDef, nkPragma,
-    nkExportStmt, nkExportExceptStmt, nkFromStmt, nkImportStmt, nkImportExceptStmt}
-
-proc prepareConfigNotes(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym) =
-  # don't be verbose unless the module belongs to the main package:
-  if module.getnimblePkgId == graph.config.mainPackageId:
-    graph.config.notes = graph.config.mainPackageNotes
-  else:
-    if graph.config.mainPackageNotes == {}: graph.config.mainPackageNotes = graph.config.notes
-    graph.config.notes = graph.config.foreignPackageNotes
-
-proc moduleHasChanged*(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
-  result = true
-  #module.id >= 0 or isDefined(graph.config, "nimBackendAssumesChange")
-
-proc partOfStdlib(x: PSym): bool =
-  var it = x.owner
-  while it != nil and it.kind == skPackage and it.owner != nil:
-    it = it.owner
-  result = it != nil and it.name.s == "stdlib"
-
 proc processModule*(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator;
                     stream: PLLStream): bool {.discardable.} =
   if graph.stopCompile(): return true
@@ -135,10 +114,15 @@ proc processModule*(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator;
       return false
   else:
     s = stream
+
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    let filename = toFullPathConsiderDirty(graph.config, fileIdx).string
+    msgs.setHash(graph.config, fileIdx, $sha1.secureHashFile(filename))
+
   while true:
     openParser(p, fileIdx, s, graph.cache, graph.config)
 
-    if not partOfStdlib(module) or module.name.s == "distros":
+    if (not belongsToStdlib(graph, module)) or module.name.s == "distros":
       # XXX what about caching? no processing then? what if I change the
       # modules to include between compilation runs? we'd need to track that
       # in ROD files. I think we should enable this feature only
@@ -147,43 +131,23 @@ proc processModule*(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator;
         processImplicits graph, graph.config.implicitImports, nkImportStmt, a, module
         processImplicits graph, graph.config.implicitIncludes, nkIncludeStmt, a, module
 
-    while true:
-      if graph.stopCompile(): break
+    checkFirstLineIndentation(p)
+    block processCode:
+      if graph.stopCompile(): break processCode
       var n = parseTopLevelStmt(p)
-      if n.kind == nkEmpty: break
-      if (sfSystemModule notin module.flags and
-          ({sfNoForward, sfReorder} * module.flags != {} or
-          codeReordering in graph.config.features)):
-        # read everything, no streaming possible
-        var sl = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
-        sl.add n
-        while true:
-          var n = parseTopLevelStmt(p)
-          if n.kind == nkEmpty: break
-          sl.add n
-        if sfReorder in module.flags or codeReordering in graph.config.features:
-          sl = reorder(graph, sl, module)
-        discard processTopLevelStmt(graph, sl, a)
-        break
-      elif n.kind in imperativeCode:
-        # read everything until the next proc declaration etc.
-        var sl = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
+      if n.kind == nkEmpty: break processCode
+
+      # read everything, no streaming possible
+      var sl = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
+      sl.add n
+      while true:
+        var n = parseTopLevelStmt(p)
+        if n.kind == nkEmpty: break
         sl.add n
-        var rest: PNode = nil
-        while true:
-          var n = parseTopLevelStmt(p)
-          if n.kind == nkEmpty or n.kind notin imperativeCode:
-            rest = n
-            break
-          sl.add n
-        #echo "-----\n", sl
-        if not processTopLevelStmt(graph, sl, a): break
-        if rest != nil:
-          #echo "-----\n", rest
-          if not processTopLevelStmt(graph, rest, a): break
-      else:
-        #echo "----- single\n", n
-        if not processTopLevelStmt(graph, n, a): break
+      if sfReorder in module.flags or codeReordering in graph.config.features:
+        sl = reorder(graph, sl, module)
+      discard processTopLevelStmt(graph, sl, a)
+
     closeParser(p)
     if s.kind != llsStdIn: break
   closePasses(graph, a)
@@ -193,3 +157,99 @@ proc processModule*(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator;
     # They are responsible for closing the rod files. See `cbackend.nim`.
     closeRodFile(graph, module)
   result = true
+
+proc compileModule*(graph: ModuleGraph; fileIdx: FileIndex; flags: TSymFlags, fromModule: PSym = nil): PSym =
+  var flags = flags
+  if fileIdx == graph.config.projectMainIdx2: flags.incl sfMainModule
+  result = graph.getModule(fileIdx)
+
+  template processModuleAux(moduleStatus) =
+    onProcessing(graph, fileIdx, moduleStatus, fromModule = fromModule)
+    var s: PLLStream = nil
+    if sfMainModule in flags:
+      if graph.config.projectIsStdin: s = stdin.llStreamOpen
+      elif graph.config.projectIsCmd: s = llStreamOpen(graph.config.cmdInput)
+    discard processModule(graph, result, idGeneratorFromModule(result), s)
+  if result == nil:
+    var cachedModules: seq[FileIndex] = @[]
+    result = moduleFromRodFile(graph, fileIdx, cachedModules)
+    let filename = AbsoluteFile toFullPath(graph.config, fileIdx)
+    if result == nil:
+      result = newModule(graph, fileIdx)
+      result.flags.incl flags
+      registerModule(graph, result)
+      processModuleAux("import")
+    else:
+      if sfSystemModule in flags:
+        graph.systemModule = result
+      partialInitModule(result, graph, fileIdx, filename)
+    for m in cachedModules:
+      registerModuleById(graph, m)
+      replayStateChanges(graph.packed.pm[m.int].module, graph)
+      replayGenericCacheInformation(graph, m.int)
+  elif graph.isDirty(result):
+    result.flags.excl sfDirty
+    # reset module fields:
+    initStrTables(graph, result)
+    result.ast = nil
+    processModuleAux("import(dirty)")
+    graph.markClientsDirty(fileIdx)
+
+proc importModule*(graph: ModuleGraph; s: PSym, fileIdx: FileIndex): PSym =
+  # this is called by the semantic checking phase
+  assert graph.config != nil
+  result = compileModule(graph, fileIdx, {}, s)
+  graph.addDep(s, fileIdx)
+  # keep track of import relationships
+  if graph.config.hcrOn:
+    graph.importDeps.mgetOrPut(FileIndex(s.position), @[]).add(fileIdx)
+  #if sfSystemModule in result.flags:
+  #  localError(result.info, errAttemptToRedefine, result.name.s)
+  # restore the notes for outer module:
+  graph.config.notes =
+    if graph.config.belongsToProjectPackage(s) or isDefined(graph.config, "booting"): graph.config.mainPackageNotes
+    else: graph.config.foreignPackageNotes
+
+proc connectCallbacks*(graph: ModuleGraph) =
+  graph.includeFileCallback = modules.includeModule
+  graph.importModuleCallback = importModule
+
+proc compileSystemModule*(graph: ModuleGraph) =
+  if graph.systemModule == nil:
+    connectCallbacks(graph)
+    graph.config.m.systemFileIdx = fileInfoIdx(graph.config,
+        graph.config.libpath / RelativeFile"system.nim")
+    discard graph.compileModule(graph.config.m.systemFileIdx, {sfSystemModule})
+
+proc compileProject*(graph: ModuleGraph; projectFileIdx = InvalidFileIdx) =
+  connectCallbacks(graph)
+  let conf = graph.config
+  wantMainModule(conf)
+  configComplete(graph)
+
+  let systemFileIdx = fileInfoIdx(conf, conf.libpath / RelativeFile"system.nim")
+  let projectFile = if projectFileIdx == InvalidFileIdx: conf.projectMainIdx else: projectFileIdx
+  conf.projectMainIdx2 = projectFile
+
+  let packSym = getPackage(graph, projectFile)
+  graph.config.mainPackageId = packSym.getPackageId
+  graph.importStack.add projectFile
+
+  if projectFile == systemFileIdx:
+    discard graph.compileModule(projectFile, {sfMainModule, sfSystemModule})
+  else:
+    graph.compileSystemModule()
+    discard graph.compileModule(projectFile, {sfMainModule})
+
+proc mySemOpen(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PPassContext =
+  result = preparePContext(graph, module, idgen)
+
+proc mySemClose(graph: ModuleGraph; context: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+  var c = PContext(context)
+  closePContext(graph, c, n)
+
+proc mySemProcess(context: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+  result = semWithPContext(PContext(context), n)
+
+const semPass* = makePass(mySemOpen, mySemProcess, mySemClose,
+                          isFrontend = true)
diff --git a/compiler/pathutils.nim b/compiler/pathutils.nim
index d8f3613b0..5f6212bb2 100644
--- a/compiler/pathutils.nim
+++ b/compiler/pathutils.nim
@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@
 ## Path handling utilities for Nim. Strictly typed code in order
 ## to avoid the never ending time sink in getting path handling right.
 
-import os, pathnorm
+import std/[os, pathnorm, strutils]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions]
 
 type
   AbsoluteFile* = distinct string
@@ -99,3 +102,52 @@ when true:
   proc addFileExt*(x: RelativeFile; ext: string): RelativeFile {.borrow.}
 
   proc writeFile*(x: AbsoluteFile; content: string) {.borrow.}
+
+proc skipHomeDir(x: string): int =
+  when defined(windows):
+    if x.continuesWith("Users/", len("C:/")):
+      result = 3
+    else:
+      result = 0
+  else:
+    if x.startsWith("/home/") or x.startsWith("/Users/"):
+      result = 3
+    elif x.startsWith("/mnt/") and x.continuesWith("/Users/", len("/mnt/c")):
+      result = 5
+    else:
+      result = 0
+
+proc relevantPart(s: string; afterSlashX: int): string =
+  result = newStringOfCap(s.len - 8)
+  var slashes = afterSlashX
+  for i in 0..<s.len:
+    if slashes == 0:
+      result.add s[i]
+    elif s[i] == '/':
+      dec slashes
+
+template canonSlashes(x: string): string =
+  when defined(windows):
+    x.replace('\\', '/')
+  else:
+    x
+
+proc customPathImpl(x: string): string =
+  # Idea: Encode a "protocol" via "//protocol/path" which is not ambiguous
+  # as path canonicalization would have removed the double slashes.
+  # /mnt/X/Users/Y
+  # X:\\Users\Y
+  # /home/Y
+  # -->
+  # //user/
+  if not isAbsolute(x):
+    result = customPathImpl(canonSlashes(getCurrentDir() / x))
+  else:
+    let slashes = skipHomeDir(x)
+    if slashes > 0:
+      result = "//user/" & relevantPart(x, slashes)
+    else:
+      result = x
+
+proc customPath*(x: string): string =
+  customPathImpl canonSlashes x
diff --git a/compiler/patterns.nim b/compiler/patterns.nim
index 1ef903161..32ec7fb53 100644
--- a/compiler/patterns.nim
+++ b/compiler/patterns.nim
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@
 import
   ast, types, semdata, sigmatch, idents, aliases, parampatterns, trees
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 type
   TPatternContext = object
     owner: PSym
@@ -26,6 +29,8 @@ type
 proc getLazy(c: PPatternContext, sym: PSym): PNode =
   if c.mappingIsFull:
     result = c.mapping[sym.position]
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc putLazy(c: PPatternContext, sym: PSym, n: PNode) =
   if not c.mappingIsFull:
@@ -36,12 +41,12 @@ proc putLazy(c: PPatternContext, sym: PSym, n: PNode) =
 proc matches(c: PPatternContext, p, n: PNode): bool
 
 proc canonKind(n: PNode): TNodeKind =
-  ## nodekind canonilization for pattern matching
+  ## nodekind canonicalization for pattern matching
   result = n.kind
   case result
   of nkCallKinds: result = nkCall
   of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit: result = nkStrLit
-  of nkFastAsgn: result = nkAsgn
+  of nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn: result = nkAsgn
   else: discard
 
 proc sameKinds(a, b: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
@@ -62,14 +67,21 @@ proc sameTrees*(a, b: PNode): bool =
         for i in 0..<a.len:
           if not sameTrees(a[i], b[i]): return
         result = true
+      else:
+        result = false
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc inSymChoice(sc, x: PNode): bool =
   if sc.kind == nkClosedSymChoice:
+    result = false
     for i in 0..<sc.len:
       if sc[i].sym == x.sym: return true
   elif sc.kind == nkOpenSymChoice:
     # same name suffices for open sym choices!
     result = sc[0].sym.name.id == x.sym.name.id
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc checkTypes(c: PPatternContext, p: PSym, n: PNode): bool =
   # check param constraints first here as this is quite optimized:
@@ -85,6 +97,7 @@ proc isPatternParam(c: PPatternContext, p: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
   result = p.kind == nkSym and p.sym.kind == skParam and p.sym.owner == c.owner
 
 proc matchChoice(c: PPatternContext, p, n: PNode): bool =
+  result = false
   for i in 1..<p.len:
     if matches(c, p[i], n): return true
 
@@ -96,6 +109,8 @@ proc bindOrCheck(c: PPatternContext, param: PSym, n: PNode): bool =
   elif n.kind == nkArgList or checkTypes(c, param, n):
     putLazy(c, param, n)
     result = true
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc gather(c: PPatternContext, param: PSym, n: PNode) =
   var pp = getLazy(c, param)
@@ -129,6 +144,10 @@ proc matchNested(c: PPatternContext, p, n: PNode, rpn: bool): bool =
     var arglist = newNodeI(nkArgList, n.info)
     if matchStarAux(c, p, n, arglist, rpn):
       result = bindOrCheck(c, p[2].sym, arglist)
+    else:
+      result = false
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc matches(c: PPatternContext, p, n: PNode): bool =
   let n = skipHidden(n)
@@ -143,7 +162,8 @@ proc matches(c: PPatternContext, p, n: PNode): bool =
   elif n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind == skConst:
     # try both:
     if p.kind == nkSym: result = p.sym == n.sym
-    elif matches(c, p, n.sym.ast): result = true
+    elif matches(c, p, n.sym.astdef): result = true
+    else: result = false
   elif p.kind == nkPattern:
     # pattern operators: | *
     let opr = p[0].ident.s
@@ -152,7 +172,9 @@ proc matches(c: PPatternContext, p, n: PNode): bool =
     of "*": result = matchNested(c, p, n, rpn=false)
     of "**": result = matchNested(c, p, n, rpn=true)
     of "~": result = not matches(c, p[1], n)
-    else: doAssert(false, "invalid pattern")
+    else:
+      result = false
+      doAssert(false, "invalid pattern")
     # template {add(a, `&` * b)}(a: string{noalias}, b: varargs[string]) =
     #   a.add(b)
   elif p.kind == nkCurlyExpr:
@@ -160,10 +182,14 @@ proc matches(c: PPatternContext, p, n: PNode): bool =
       if matches(c, p[0], n):
         gather(c, p[1][1].sym, n)
         result = true
+      else:
+        result = false
     else:
       assert isPatternParam(c, p[1])
       if matches(c, p[0], n):
         result = bindOrCheck(c, p[1].sym, n)
+      else:
+        result = false
   elif sameKinds(p, n):
     case p.kind
     of nkSym: result = p.sym == n.sym
@@ -176,6 +202,7 @@ proc matches(c: PPatternContext, p, n: PNode): bool =
     else:
       # special rule for p(X) ~ f(...); this also works for stuff like
       # partial case statements, etc! - Not really ... :-/
+      result = false
       let v = lastSon(p)
       if isPatternParam(c, v) and v.sym.typ.kind == tyVarargs:
         var arglist: PNode
@@ -204,6 +231,8 @@ proc matches(c: PPatternContext, p, n: PNode): bool =
         for i in 0..<p.len:
           if not matches(c, p[i], n[i]): return
         result = true
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc matchStmtList(c: PPatternContext, p, n: PNode): PNode =
   proc matchRange(c: PPatternContext, p, n: PNode, i: int): bool =
@@ -216,6 +245,7 @@ proc matchStmtList(c: PPatternContext, p, n: PNode): PNode =
     result = true
 
   if p.kind == nkStmtList and n.kind == p.kind and p.len < n.len:
+    result = nil
     let n = flattenStmts(n)
     # no need to flatten 'p' here as that has already been done
     for i in 0..n.len - p.len:
@@ -228,8 +258,11 @@ proc matchStmtList(c: PPatternContext, p, n: PNode): PNode =
         break
   elif matches(c, p, n):
     result = n
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc aliasAnalysisRequested(params: PNode): bool =
+  result = false
   if params.len >= 2:
     for i in 1..<params.len:
       let param = params[i].sym
@@ -243,10 +276,7 @@ proc addToArgList(result, n: PNode) =
 
 proc applyRule*(c: PContext, s: PSym, n: PNode): PNode =
   ## returns a tree to semcheck if the rule triggered; nil otherwise
-  var ctx: TPatternContext
-  ctx.owner = s
-  ctx.c = c
-  ctx.formals = s.typ.len-1
+  var ctx = TPatternContext(owner: s, c: c, formals: s.typ.paramsLen)
   var m = matchStmtList(ctx, s.ast[patternPos], n)
   if isNil(m): return nil
   # each parameter should have been bound; we simply setup a call and
@@ -255,9 +285,11 @@ proc applyRule*(c: PContext, s: PSym, n: PNode): PNode =
   result.add(newSymNode(s, n.info))
   let params = s.typ.n
   let requiresAA = aliasAnalysisRequested(params)
-  var args: PNode
-  if requiresAA:
-    args = newNodeI(nkArgList, n.info)
+  var args: PNode =
+    if requiresAA:
+      newNodeI(nkArgList, n.info)
+    else:
+      nil
   for i in 1..<params.len:
     let param = params[i].sym
     let x = getLazy(ctx, param)
diff --git a/compiler/pipelines.nim b/compiler/pipelines.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55e7fe892
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/pipelines.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+import sem, cgen, modulegraphs, ast, llstream, parser, msgs,
+       lineinfos, reorder, options, semdata, cgendata, modules, pathutils,
+       packages, syntaxes, depends, vm, pragmas, idents, lookups, wordrecg,
+       liftdestructors
+
+import pipelineutils
+
+import ../dist/checksums/src/checksums/sha1
+
+when not defined(leanCompiler):
+  import jsgen, docgen2
+
+import std/[syncio, objectdollar, assertions, tables, strutils, strtabs]
+import renderer
+import ic/replayer
+
+proc setPipeLinePass*(graph: ModuleGraph; pass: PipelinePass) =
+  graph.pipelinePass = pass
+
+proc processPipeline(graph: ModuleGraph; semNode: PNode; bModule: PPassContext): PNode =
+  case graph.pipelinePass
+  of CgenPass:
+    result = semNode
+    if bModule != nil:
+      genTopLevelStmt(BModule(bModule), result)
+  of JSgenPass:
+    when not defined(leanCompiler):
+      result = processJSCodeGen(bModule, semNode)
+    else:
+      result = nil
+  of GenDependPass:
+    result = addDotDependency(bModule, semNode)
+  of SemPass:
+    result = graph.emptyNode
+  of Docgen2Pass, Docgen2TexPass:
+    when not defined(leanCompiler):
+      result = processNode(bModule, semNode)
+    else:
+      result = nil
+  of Docgen2JsonPass:
+    when not defined(leanCompiler):
+      result = processNodeJson(bModule, semNode)
+    else:
+      result = nil
+  of EvalPass, InterpreterPass:
+    result = interpreterCode(bModule, semNode)
+  of NonePass:
+    raiseAssert "use setPipeLinePass to set a proper PipelinePass"
+
+proc processImplicitImports(graph: ModuleGraph; implicits: seq[string], nodeKind: TNodeKind,
+                      m: PSym, ctx: PContext, bModule: PPassContext, idgen: IdGenerator,
+                      ) =
+  # XXX fixme this should actually be relative to the config file!
+  let relativeTo = toFullPath(graph.config, m.info)
+  for module in items(implicits):
+    # implicit imports should not lead to a module importing itself
+    if m.position != resolveMod(graph.config, module, relativeTo).int32:
+      var importStmt = newNodeI(nodeKind, m.info)
+      var str = newStrNode(nkStrLit, module)
+      str.info = m.info
+      importStmt.add str
+      message(graph.config, importStmt.info, hintProcessingStmt, $idgen[])
+      let semNode = semWithPContext(ctx, importStmt)
+      if semNode == nil or processPipeline(graph, semNode, bModule) == nil:
+        break
+
+proc prePass(c: PContext; n: PNode) =
+  for son in n:
+    if son.kind == nkPragma:
+      for s in son:
+        var key = if s.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and s.len > 1: s[0] else: s
+        if key.kind in {nkBracketExpr, nkCast} or key.kind notin nkIdentKinds:
+          continue
+        let ident = whichKeyword(considerQuotedIdent(c, key))
+        case ident
+        of wReorder:
+          pragmaNoForward(c, s, flag = sfReorder)
+        of wExperimental:
+          if isTopLevel(c) and s.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and s.len == 2:
+            let name = c.semConstExpr(c, s[1])
+            case name.kind
+            of nkStrLit, nkRStrLit, nkTripleStrLit:
+              try:
+                let feature = parseEnum[Feature](name.strVal)
+                if feature == codeReordering:
+                  c.features.incl feature
+                  c.module.flags.incl sfReorder
+              except ValueError:
+                discard
+            else:
+              discard
+        else:
+          discard
+
+proc processPipelineModule*(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator;
+                    stream: PLLStream): bool =
+  if graph.stopCompile(): return true
+  var
+    p: Parser = default(Parser)
+    s: PLLStream
+    fileIdx = module.fileIdx
+
+  prepareConfigNotes(graph, module)
+  let ctx = preparePContext(graph, module, idgen)
+  let bModule: PPassContext =
+    case graph.pipelinePass
+    of CgenPass:
+      setupCgen(graph, module, idgen)
+    of JSgenPass:
+      when not defined(leanCompiler):
+        setupJSgen(graph, module, idgen)
+      else:
+        nil
+    of EvalPass, InterpreterPass:
+      setupEvalGen(graph, module, idgen)
+    of GenDependPass:
+      setupDependPass(graph, module, idgen)
+    of Docgen2Pass:
+      when not defined(leanCompiler):
+        openHtml(graph, module, idgen)
+      else:
+        nil
+    of Docgen2TexPass:
+      when not defined(leanCompiler):
+        openTex(graph, module, idgen)
+      else:
+        nil
+    of Docgen2JsonPass:
+      when not defined(leanCompiler):
+        openJson(graph, module, idgen)
+      else:
+        nil
+    of SemPass:
+      nil
+    of NonePass:
+      raiseAssert "use setPipeLinePass to set a proper PipelinePass"
+
+  if stream == nil:
+    let filename = toFullPathConsiderDirty(graph.config, fileIdx)
+    s = llStreamOpen(filename, fmRead)
+    if s == nil:
+      rawMessage(graph.config, errCannotOpenFile, filename.string)
+      return false
+    graph.interactive = false
+  else:
+    s = stream
+    graph.interactive = stream.kind == llsStdIn
+  while true:
+    syntaxes.openParser(p, fileIdx, s, graph.cache, graph.config)
+
+    if not belongsToStdlib(graph, module) or (belongsToStdlib(graph, module) and module.name.s == "distros"):
+      # XXX what about caching? no processing then? what if I change the
+      # modules to include between compilation runs? we'd need to track that
+      # in ROD files. I think we should enable this feature only
+      # for the interactive mode.
+      if module.name.s != "nimscriptapi":
+        processImplicitImports graph, graph.config.implicitImports, nkImportStmt, module, ctx, bModule, idgen
+        processImplicitImports graph, graph.config.implicitIncludes, nkIncludeStmt, module, ctx, bModule, idgen
+
+    checkFirstLineIndentation(p)
+    block processCode:
+      if graph.stopCompile(): break processCode
+      var n = parseTopLevelStmt(p)
+      if n.kind == nkEmpty: break processCode
+      # read everything, no streaming possible
+      var sl = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
+      sl.add n
+      while true:
+        var n = parseTopLevelStmt(p)
+        if n.kind == nkEmpty: break
+        sl.add n
+
+      prePass(ctx, sl)
+      if sfReorder in module.flags or codeReordering in graph.config.features:
+        sl = reorder(graph, sl, module)
+      if graph.pipelinePass != EvalPass:
+        message(graph.config, sl.info, hintProcessingStmt, $idgen[])
+      var semNode = semWithPContext(ctx, sl)
+      discard processPipeline(graph, semNode, bModule)
+
+    closeParser(p)
+    if s.kind != llsStdIn: break
+  let finalNode = closePContext(graph, ctx, nil)
+  case graph.pipelinePass
+  of CgenPass:
+    if bModule != nil:
+      let m = BModule(bModule)
+      finalCodegenActions(graph, m, finalNode)
+      if graph.dispatchers.len > 0:
+        let ctx = preparePContext(graph, module, idgen)
+        for disp in getDispatchers(graph):
+          let retTyp = disp.typ.returnType
+          if retTyp != nil:
+            # TODO: properly semcheck the code of dispatcher?
+            createTypeBoundOps(graph, ctx, retTyp, disp.ast.info, idgen)
+          genProcAux(m, disp)
+        discard closePContext(graph, ctx, nil)
+  of JSgenPass:
+    when not defined(leanCompiler):
+      discard finalJSCodeGen(graph, bModule, finalNode)
+  of EvalPass, InterpreterPass:
+    discard interpreterCode(bModule, finalNode)
+  of SemPass, GenDependPass:
+    discard
+  of Docgen2Pass, Docgen2TexPass:
+    when not defined(leanCompiler):
+      discard closeDoc(graph, bModule, finalNode)
+  of Docgen2JsonPass:
+    when not defined(leanCompiler):
+      discard closeJson(graph, bModule, finalNode)
+  of NonePass:
+    raiseAssert "use setPipeLinePass to set a proper PipelinePass"
+
+  if graph.config.backend notin {backendC, backendCpp, backendObjc}:
+    # We only write rod files here if no C-like backend is active.
+    # The C-like backends have been patched to support the IC mechanism.
+    # They are responsible for closing the rod files. See `cbackend.nim`.
+    closeRodFile(graph, module)
+  result = true
+
+proc compilePipelineModule*(graph: ModuleGraph; fileIdx: FileIndex; flags: TSymFlags; fromModule: PSym = nil): PSym =
+  var flags = flags
+  if fileIdx == graph.config.projectMainIdx2: flags.incl sfMainModule
+  result = graph.getModule(fileIdx)
+
+  template processModuleAux(moduleStatus) =
+    onProcessing(graph, fileIdx, moduleStatus, fromModule = fromModule)
+    var s: PLLStream = nil
+    if sfMainModule in flags:
+      if graph.config.projectIsStdin: s = stdin.llStreamOpen
+      elif graph.config.projectIsCmd: s = llStreamOpen(graph.config.cmdInput)
+    discard processPipelineModule(graph, result, idGeneratorFromModule(result), s)
+  if result == nil:
+    var cachedModules: seq[FileIndex] = @[]
+    result = moduleFromRodFile(graph, fileIdx, cachedModules)
+    let path = toFullPath(graph.config, fileIdx)
+    let filename = AbsoluteFile path
+    if fileExists(filename): # it could be a stdinfile
+      graph.cachedFiles[path] = $secureHashFile(path)
+    if result == nil:
+      result = newModule(graph, fileIdx)
+      result.flags.incl flags
+      registerModule(graph, result)
+      processModuleAux("import")
+    else:
+      if sfSystemModule in flags:
+        graph.systemModule = result
+      if sfMainModule in flags and graph.config.cmd == cmdM:
+        result.flags.incl flags
+        registerModule(graph, result)
+        processModuleAux("import")
+      partialInitModule(result, graph, fileIdx, filename)
+    for m in cachedModules:
+      registerModuleById(graph, m)
+      if sfMainModule in flags and graph.config.cmd == cmdM:
+        discard
+      else:
+        replayStateChanges(graph.packed.pm[m.int].module, graph)
+        replayGenericCacheInformation(graph, m.int)
+  elif graph.isDirty(result):
+    result.flags.excl sfDirty
+    # reset module fields:
+    initStrTables(graph, result)
+    result.ast = nil
+    processModuleAux("import(dirty)")
+    graph.markClientsDirty(fileIdx)
+
+proc importPipelineModule(graph: ModuleGraph; s: PSym, fileIdx: FileIndex): PSym =
+  # this is called by the semantic checking phase
+  assert graph.config != nil
+  result = compilePipelineModule(graph, fileIdx, {}, s)
+  graph.addDep(s, fileIdx)
+  # keep track of import relationships
+  if graph.config.hcrOn:
+    graph.importDeps.mgetOrPut(FileIndex(s.position), @[]).add(fileIdx)
+  #if sfSystemModule in result.flags:
+  #  localError(result.info, errAttemptToRedefine, result.name.s)
+  # restore the notes for outer module:
+  graph.config.notes =
+    if graph.config.belongsToProjectPackage(s) or isDefined(graph.config, "booting"): graph.config.mainPackageNotes
+    else: graph.config.foreignPackageNotes
+
+proc connectPipelineCallbacks*(graph: ModuleGraph) =
+  graph.includeFileCallback = modules.includeModule
+  graph.importModuleCallback = importPipelineModule
+
+proc compilePipelineSystemModule*(graph: ModuleGraph) =
+  if graph.systemModule == nil:
+    connectPipelineCallbacks(graph)
+    graph.config.m.systemFileIdx = fileInfoIdx(graph.config,
+        graph.config.libpath / RelativeFile"system.nim")
+    discard graph.compilePipelineModule(graph.config.m.systemFileIdx, {sfSystemModule})
+
+proc compilePipelineProject*(graph: ModuleGraph; projectFileIdx = InvalidFileIdx) =
+  connectPipelineCallbacks(graph)
+  let conf = graph.config
+  wantMainModule(conf)
+  configComplete(graph)
+
+  let systemFileIdx = fileInfoIdx(conf, conf.libpath / RelativeFile"system.nim")
+  let projectFile = if projectFileIdx == InvalidFileIdx: conf.projectMainIdx else: projectFileIdx
+  conf.projectMainIdx2 = projectFile
+
+  let packSym = getPackage(graph, projectFile)
+  graph.config.mainPackageId = packSym.getPackageId
+  graph.importStack.add projectFile
+
+  if projectFile == systemFileIdx:
+    discard graph.compilePipelineModule(projectFile, {sfMainModule, sfSystemModule})
+  else:
+    graph.compilePipelineSystemModule()
+    discard graph.compilePipelineModule(projectFile, {sfMainModule})
diff --git a/compiler/pipelineutils.nim b/compiler/pipelineutils.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75ba33f14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/pipelineutils.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import ast, options, lineinfos, pathutils, msgs, modulegraphs, packages
+
+proc skipCodegen*(config: ConfigRef; n: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
+  # can be used by codegen passes to determine whether they should do
+  # something with `n`. Currently, this ignores `n` and uses the global
+  # error count instead.
+  result = config.errorCounter > 0
+
+proc resolveMod*(conf: ConfigRef; module, relativeTo: string): FileIndex =
+  let fullPath = findModule(conf, module, relativeTo)
+  if fullPath.isEmpty:
+    result = InvalidFileIdx
+  else:
+    result = fileInfoIdx(conf, fullPath)
+
+proc prepareConfigNotes*(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym) =
+  # don't be verbose unless the module belongs to the main package:
+  if graph.config.belongsToProjectPackage(module):
+    graph.config.notes = graph.config.mainPackageNotes
+  else:
+    if graph.config.mainPackageNotes == {}: graph.config.mainPackageNotes = graph.config.notes
+    graph.config.notes = graph.config.foreignPackageNotes
+
+proc moduleHasChanged*(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
+  result = true
+  #module.id >= 0 or isDefined(graph.config, "nimBackendAssumesChange")
diff --git a/compiler/platform.nim b/compiler/platform.nim
index 413a91304..03d0cc461 100644
--- a/compiler/platform.nim
+++ b/compiler/platform.nim
@@ -14,15 +14,20 @@
 # Feel free to test for your excentric platform!
 
 import
-  strutils
+  std/strutils
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 
 type
   TSystemOS* = enum # Also add OS in initialization section and alias
                     # conditionals to condsyms (end of module).
     osNone, osDos, osWindows, osOs2, osLinux, osMorphos, osSkyos, osSolaris,
-    osIrix, osNetbsd, osFreebsd, osOpenbsd, osDragonfly, osAix, osPalmos, osQnx,
+    osIrix, osNetbsd, osFreebsd, osOpenbsd, osDragonfly, osCrossos, osAix, osPalmos, osQnx,
     osAmiga, osAtari, osNetware, osMacos, osMacosx, osIos, osHaiku, osAndroid, osVxWorks
-    osGenode, osJS, osNimVM, osStandalone, osNintendoSwitch, osFreeRTOS, osAny
+    osGenode, osJS, osNimVM, osStandalone, osNintendoSwitch, osFreeRTOS, osZephyr,
+    osNuttX, osAny
 
 type
   TInfoOSProp* = enum
@@ -105,6 +110,10 @@ const
       scriptExt: ".sh", curDir: ".",
       exeExt: "", extSep: ".",
       props: {ospNeedsPIC, ospPosix}),
+     (name: "CROSSOS", parDir: "..", dllFrmt: "lib$1.so", altDirSep: "/",
+      objExt: ".o", newLine: "\x0A", pathSep: ":", dirSep: "/",
+      scriptExt: ".sh", curDir: ".", exeExt: "", extSep: ".",
+      props: {ospNeedsPIC, ospPosix}),
      (name: "AIX", parDir: "..", dllFrmt: "lib$1.so", altDirSep: "/",
       objExt: ".o", newLine: "\x0A", pathSep: ":", dirSep: "/",
       scriptExt: ".sh", curDir: ".", exeExt: "", extSep: ".",
@@ -181,6 +190,14 @@ const
       objExt: ".o", newLine: "\x0A", pathSep: ":", dirSep: "/",
       scriptExt: ".sh", curDir: ".", exeExt: "", extSep: ".",
       props: {ospPosix}),
+     (name: "Zephyr", parDir: "..", dllFrmt: "lib$1.so", altDirSep: "/",
+      objExt: ".o", newLine: "\x0A", pathSep: ":", dirSep: "/",
+      scriptExt: ".sh", curDir: ".", exeExt: "", extSep: ".",
+      props: {ospPosix}),
+     (name: "NuttX", parDir: "..", dllFrmt: "lib$1.so", altDirSep: "/",
+      objExt: ".o", newLine: "\x0A", pathSep: ":", dirSep: "/",
+      scriptExt: ".sh", curDir: ".", exeExt: "", extSep: ".",
+      props: {ospPosix}),
      (name: "Any", parDir: "..", dllFrmt: "lib$1.so", altDirSep: "/",
       objExt: ".o", newLine: "\x0A", pathSep: ":", dirSep: "/",
       scriptExt: ".sh", curDir: ".", exeExt: "", extSep: ".",
@@ -193,16 +210,15 @@ type
     cpuNone, cpuI386, cpuM68k, cpuAlpha, cpuPowerpc, cpuPowerpc64,
     cpuPowerpc64el, cpuSparc, cpuVm, cpuHppa, cpuIa64, cpuAmd64, cpuMips,
     cpuMipsel, cpuArm, cpuArm64, cpuJS, cpuNimVM, cpuAVR, cpuMSP430,
-    cpuSparc64, cpuMips64, cpuMips64el, cpuRiscV32, cpuRiscV64, cpuEsp, cpuWasm32
+    cpuSparc64, cpuMips64, cpuMips64el, cpuRiscV32, cpuRiscV64, cpuEsp, cpuWasm32,
+    cpuE2k, cpuLoongArch64
 
 type
-  TEndian* = enum
-    littleEndian, bigEndian
-  TInfoCPU* = tuple[name: string, intSize: int, endian: TEndian,
+  TInfoCPU* = tuple[name: string, intSize: int, endian: Endianness,
                     floatSize, bit: int]
 
 const
-  EndianToStr*: array[TEndian, string] = ["littleEndian", "bigEndian"]
+  EndianToStr*: array[Endianness, string] = ["littleEndian", "bigEndian"]
   CPU*: array[succ(low(TSystemCPU))..high(TSystemCPU), TInfoCPU] = [
     (name: "i386", intSize: 32, endian: littleEndian, floatSize: 64, bit: 32),
     (name: "m68k", intSize: 32, endian: bigEndian, floatSize: 64, bit: 32),
@@ -230,7 +246,9 @@ const
     (name: "riscv32", intSize: 32, endian: littleEndian, floatSize: 64, bit: 32),
     (name: "riscv64", intSize: 64, endian: littleEndian, floatSize: 64, bit: 64),
     (name: "esp", intSize: 32, endian: littleEndian, floatSize: 64, bit: 32),
-    (name: "wasm32", intSize: 32, endian: littleEndian, floatSize: 64, bit: 32)]
+    (name: "wasm32", intSize: 32, endian: littleEndian, floatSize: 64, bit: 32),
+    (name: "e2k", intSize: 64, endian: littleEndian, floatSize: 64, bit: 64),
+    (name: "loongarch64", intSize: 64, endian: littleEndian, floatSize: 64, bit: 64)]
 
 type
   Target* = object
@@ -259,6 +277,7 @@ proc nameToOS*(name: string): TSystemOS =
   result = osNone
 
 proc listOSnames*(): seq[string] =
+  result = @[]
   for i in succ(osNone)..high(TSystemOS):
     result.add OS[i].name
 
@@ -269,6 +288,7 @@ proc nameToCPU*(name: string): TSystemCPU =
   result = cpuNone
 
 proc listCPUnames*(): seq[string] =
+  result = @[]
   for i in succ(cpuNone)..high(TSystemCPU):
     result.add CPU[i].name
 
diff --git a/compiler/plugins/customast.nim b/compiler/plugins/customast.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87461ae39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/plugins/customast.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# This file exists to make it overridable via
+# patchFile("plugins", "customast.nim", "customast.nim")
+
+## This also serves as a blueprint for a possible implementation.
+
+import "$nim" / compiler / [lineinfos, idents]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+import "$nim" / compiler / nodekinds
+export nodekinds
+
+type
+  PNode* = ref TNode
+  TNode*{.final, acyclic.} = object
+    case kind*: TNodeKind
+    of nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit:
+      intVal: BiggestInt
+    of nkFloatLit..nkFloat128Lit:
+      floatVal: BiggestFloat
+    of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit:
+      strVal: string
+    of nkSym:
+      discard
+    of nkIdent:
+      ident: PIdent
+    else:
+      son, next, last: PNode # linked structure instead of a `seq`
+    info*: TLineInfo
+
+const
+  bodyPos* = 6
+  paramsPos* = 3
+
+proc comment*(n: PNode): string =
+  result = ""
+
+proc `comment=`*(n: PNode, a: string) =
+  discard "XXX implement me"
+
+proc add*(father, son: PNode) =
+  assert son != nil
+  if father.son == nil:
+    father.son = son
+    father.last = son
+  else:
+    father.last.next = son
+    father.last = son
+
+template firstSon*(n: PNode): PNode = n.son
+template secondSon*(n: PNode): PNode = n.son.next
+
+proc replaceFirstSon*(n, newson: PNode) {.inline.} =
+  let old = n.son
+  n.son = newson
+  newson.next = old
+
+proc replaceSon*(n: PNode; i: int; newson: PNode) =
+  assert i > 0
+  assert newson.next == nil
+  var i = i
+  var it = n.son
+  while i > 0:
+    it = it.next
+    dec i
+  let old = it.next
+  it.next = newson
+  newson.next = old
+
+template newNodeImpl(info2) =
+  result = PNode(kind: kind, info: info2)
+
+proc newNode*(kind: TNodeKind): PNode =
+  ## new node with unknown line info, no type, and no children
+  newNodeImpl(unknownLineInfo)
+
+proc newNode*(kind: TNodeKind, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
+  ## new node with line info, no type, and no children
+  newNodeImpl(info)
+
+proc newTree*(kind: TNodeKind; info: TLineInfo; child: PNode): PNode =
+  result = newNode(kind, info)
+  result.son = child
+
+proc newAtom*(ident: PIdent, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
+  result = newNode(nkIdent)
+  result.ident = ident
+  result.info = info
+
+proc newAtom*(kind: TNodeKind, intVal: BiggestInt, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
+  result = newNode(kind, info)
+  result.intVal = intVal
+
+proc newAtom*(kind: TNodeKind, floatVal: BiggestFloat, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
+  result = newNode(kind, info)
+  result.floatVal = floatVal
+
+proc newAtom*(kind: TNodeKind; strVal: sink string; info: TLineInfo): PNode =
+  result = newNode(kind, info)
+  result.strVal = strVal
+
+proc lastSon*(n: PNode): PNode {.inline.} = n.last
+proc setLastSon*(n: PNode, s: PNode) =
+  assert s.next == nil
+  n.last = s
+  if n.son == nil: n.son = s
+
+proc newProcNode*(kind: TNodeKind, info: TLineInfo, body: PNode,
+                 params,
+                 name, pattern, genericParams,
+                 pragmas, exceptions: PNode): PNode =
+  result = newNode(kind, info)
+  result.add name
+  result.add pattern
+  result.add genericParams
+  result.add params
+  result.add pragmas
+  result.add exceptions
+  result.add body
+
+template transitionNodeKindCommon(k: TNodeKind) =
+  let obj {.inject.} = n[]
+  n[] = TNode(kind: k, info: obj.info)
+  # n.comment = obj.comment # shouldn't be needed, the address doesnt' change
+
+proc transitionSonsKind*(n: PNode, kind: range[nkComesFrom..nkTupleConstr]) =
+  transitionNodeKindCommon(kind)
+  n.son = obj.son
+
+template hasSon*(n: PNode): bool = n.son != nil
+template has2Sons*(n: PNode): bool = n.son != nil and n.son.next != nil
+
+proc isNewStyleConcept*(n: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
+  assert n.kind == nkTypeClassTy
+  result = n.firstSon.kind == nkEmpty
diff --git a/compiler/plugins/itersgen.nim b/compiler/plugins/itersgen.nim
index 24e26b2b7..e2c97bdc5 100644
--- a/compiler/plugins/itersgen.nim
+++ b/compiler/plugins/itersgen.nim
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ proc iterToProcImpl*(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
     return
 
   let t = n[2].typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc, tyGenericInst})
-  if t.kind notin {tyRef, tyPtr} or t.lastSon.kind != tyObject:
+  if t.kind notin {tyRef, tyPtr} or t.elementType.kind != tyObject:
     localError(c.config, n[2].info,
         "type must be a non-generic ref|ptr to object with state field")
     return
   let body = liftIterToProc(c.graph, iter.sym, getBody(c.graph, iter.sym), t, c.idgen)
 
-  let prc = newSym(skProc, n[3].ident, nextSymId c.idgen, iter.sym.owner, iter.sym.info)
-  prc.typ = copyType(iter.sym.typ, nextTypeId c.idgen, prc)
+  let prc = newSym(skProc, n[3].ident, c.idgen, iter.sym.owner, iter.sym.info)
+  prc.typ = copyType(iter.sym.typ, c.idgen, prc)
   excl prc.typ.flags, tfCapturesEnv
   prc.typ.n.add newSymNode(getEnvParam(iter.sym))
   prc.typ.rawAddSon t
diff --git a/compiler/plugins/locals.nim b/compiler/plugins/locals.nim
index c03a6986e..d3046cd65 100644
--- a/compiler/plugins/locals.nim
+++ b/compiler/plugins/locals.nim
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import ".." / [ast, astalgo,
 proc semLocals*(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   var counter = 0
   var tupleType = newTypeS(tyTuple, c)
-  result = newNodeIT(nkPar, n.info, tupleType)
+  result = newNodeIT(nkTupleConstr, n.info, tupleType)
   tupleType.n = newNodeI(nkRecList, n.info)
   let owner = getCurrOwner(c)
   # for now we skip openarrays ...
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ proc semLocals*(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
             {tyVarargs, tyOpenArray, tyTypeDesc, tyStatic, tyUntyped, tyTyped, tyEmpty}:
 
         if it.owner == owner:
-          var field = newSym(skField, it.name, nextSymId c.idgen, owner, n.info)
+          var field = newSym(skField, it.name, c.idgen, owner, n.info)
           field.typ = it.typ.skipTypes({tyVar})
           field.position = counter
           inc(counter)
diff --git a/compiler/plugins/plugins.nimble b/compiler/plugins/plugins.nimble
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/plugins/plugins.nimble
diff --git a/compiler/pragmas.nim b/compiler/pragmas.nim
index 35e75bc7b..9a298cd90 100644
--- a/compiler/pragmas.nim
+++ b/compiler/pragmas.nim
@@ -10,9 +10,16 @@
 # This module implements semantic checking for pragmas
 
 import
-  os, condsyms, ast, astalgo, idents, semdata, msgs, renderer,
-  wordrecg, ropes, options, strutils, extccomp, math, magicsys, trees,
-  types, lookups, lineinfos, pathutils, linter
+  condsyms, ast, astalgo, idents, semdata, msgs, renderer,
+  wordrecg, ropes, options, extccomp, magicsys, trees,
+  types, lookups, lineinfos, pathutils, linter, modulepaths
+
+from sigmatch import trySuggestPragmas
+
+import std/[os, math, strutils]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 from ic / ic import addCompilerProc
 
@@ -26,66 +33,72 @@ const
     ## common pragmas for declarations, to a good approximation
   procPragmas* = declPragmas + {FirstCallConv..LastCallConv,
     wMagic, wNoSideEffect, wSideEffect, wNoreturn, wNosinks, wDynlib, wHeader,
-    wCompilerProc, wNonReloadable, wCore, wProcVar, wVarargs, wCompileTime, wMerge,
+    wCompilerProc, wNonReloadable, wCore, wProcVar, wVarargs, wCompileTime,
     wBorrow, wImportCompilerProc, wThread,
     wAsmNoStackFrame, wDiscardable, wNoInit, wCodegenDecl,
-    wGensym, wInject, wRaises, wTags, wLocks, wDelegator, wGcSafe,
+    wGensym, wInject, wRaises, wEffectsOf, wTags, wForbids, wLocks, wDelegator, wGcSafe,
     wConstructor, wLiftLocals, wStackTrace, wLineTrace, wNoDestroy,
-    wRequires, wEnsures}
+    wRequires, wEnsures, wEnforceNoRaises, wSystemRaisesDefect, wVirtual, wQuirky, wMember}
   converterPragmas* = procPragmas
   methodPragmas* = procPragmas+{wBase}-{wImportCpp}
   templatePragmas* = {wDeprecated, wError, wGensym, wInject, wDirty,
-    wDelegator, wExportNims, wUsed, wPragma}
+    wDelegator, wExportNims, wUsed, wPragma, wRedefine, wCallsite}
   macroPragmas* = declPragmas + {FirstCallConv..LastCallConv,
     wMagic, wNoSideEffect, wCompilerProc, wNonReloadable, wCore,
     wDiscardable, wGensym, wInject, wDelegator}
   iteratorPragmas* = declPragmas + {FirstCallConv..LastCallConv, wNoSideEffect, wSideEffect,
     wMagic, wBorrow,
-    wDiscardable, wGensym, wInject, wRaises,
-    wTags, wLocks, wGcSafe, wRequires, wEnsures}
+    wDiscardable, wGensym, wInject, wRaises, wEffectsOf,
+    wTags, wForbids, wLocks, wGcSafe, wRequires, wEnsures}
   exprPragmas* = {wLine, wLocks, wNoRewrite, wGcSafe, wNoSideEffect}
-  stmtPragmas* = {wChecks, wObjChecks, wFieldChecks, wRangeChecks,
-    wBoundChecks, wOverflowChecks, wNilChecks, wStaticBoundchecks,
-    wStyleChecks, wAssertions,
-    wWarnings, wHints,
-    wLineDir, wStackTrace, wLineTrace, wOptimization, wHint, wWarning, wError,
+  stmtPragmas* = {
+    wHint, wWarning, wError,
     wFatal, wDefine, wUndef, wCompile, wLink, wLinksys, wPure, wPush, wPop,
     wPassl, wPassc, wLocalPassc,
     wDeadCodeElimUnused,  # deprecated, always on
     wDeprecated,
-    wFloatChecks, wInfChecks, wNanChecks, wPragma, wEmit, wUnroll,
+    wPragma, wEmit, wUnroll,
     wLinearScanEnd, wPatterns, wTrMacros, wEffects, wNoForward, wReorder, wComputedGoto,
-    wInjectStmt, wExperimental, wThis, wUsed, wInvariant, wAssume, wAssert}
+    wExperimental, wDoctype, wThis, wUsed, wInvariant, wAssume, wAssert}
+  stmtPragmasTopLevel* = {wChecks, wObjChecks, wFieldChecks, wRangeChecks,
+    wBoundChecks, wOverflowChecks, wNilChecks, wStaticBoundchecks,
+    wStyleChecks, wAssertions,
+    wWarnings, wHints,
+    wLineDir, wStackTrace, wLineTrace, wOptimization,
+    wFloatChecks, wInfChecks, wNanChecks}
   lambdaPragmas* = {FirstCallConv..LastCallConv,
     wNoSideEffect, wSideEffect, wNoreturn, wNosinks, wDynlib, wHeader,
     wThread, wAsmNoStackFrame,
-    wRaises, wLocks, wTags, wRequires, wEnsures,
+    wRaises, wLocks, wTags, wForbids, wRequires, wEnsures, wEffectsOf,
     wGcSafe, wCodegenDecl, wNoInit, wCompileTime}
   typePragmas* = declPragmas + {wMagic, wAcyclic,
     wPure, wHeader, wCompilerProc, wCore, wFinal, wSize, wShallow,
     wIncompleteStruct, wCompleteStruct, wByCopy, wByRef,
     wInheritable, wGensym, wInject, wRequiresInit, wUnchecked, wUnion, wPacked,
-    wCppNonPod, wBorrow, wGcSafe, wPartial, wExplain, wPackage}
+    wCppNonPod, wBorrow, wGcSafe, wPartial, wExplain, wPackage, wCodegenDecl,
+    wSendable, wNoInit}
   fieldPragmas* = declPragmas + {wGuard, wBitsize, wCursor,
-    wRequiresInit, wNoalias, wAlign} - {wExportNims, wNodecl} # why exclude these?
+    wRequiresInit, wNoalias, wAlign, wNoInit} - {wExportNims, wNodecl} # why exclude these?
   varPragmas* = declPragmas + {wVolatile, wRegister, wThreadVar,
     wMagic, wHeader, wCompilerProc, wCore, wDynlib,
-    wNoInit, wCompileTime, wGlobal,
+    wNoInit, wCompileTime, wGlobal, wLiftLocals,
     wGensym, wInject, wCodegenDecl,
     wGuard, wGoto, wCursor, wNoalias, wAlign}
   constPragmas* = declPragmas + {wHeader, wMagic,
     wGensym, wInject,
-    wIntDefine, wStrDefine, wBoolDefine, wCompilerProc, wCore}
-  paramPragmas* = {wNoalias, wInject, wGensym}
+    wIntDefine, wStrDefine, wBoolDefine, wDefine,
+    wCompilerProc, wCore}
+  paramPragmas* = {wNoalias, wInject, wGensym, wByRef, wByCopy, wCodegenDecl, wExportc, wExportCpp}
   letPragmas* = varPragmas
   procTypePragmas* = {FirstCallConv..LastCallConv, wVarargs, wNoSideEffect,
-                      wThread, wRaises, wLocks, wTags, wGcSafe,
+                      wThread, wRaises, wEffectsOf, wLocks, wTags, wForbids, wGcSafe,
                       wRequires, wEnsures}
   forVarPragmas* = {wInject, wGensym}
   allRoutinePragmas* = methodPragmas + iteratorPragmas + lambdaPragmas
   enumFieldPragmas* = {wDeprecated}
 
 proc getPragmaVal*(procAst: PNode; name: TSpecialWord): PNode =
+  result = nil
   let p = procAst[pragmasPos]
   if p.kind == nkEmpty: return nil
   for it in p:
@@ -108,8 +121,17 @@ const
 
 proc invalidPragma*(c: PContext; n: PNode) =
   localError(c.config, n.info, "invalid pragma: " & renderTree(n, {renderNoComments}))
+
 proc illegalCustomPragma*(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym) =
-  localError(c.config, n.info, "cannot attach a custom pragma to '" & s.name.s & "'")
+  var msg = "cannot attach a custom pragma to '" & s.name.s & "'"
+  if s != nil:
+    msg.add("; custom pragmas are not supported for ")
+    case s.kind
+    of skForVar: msg.add("`for` loop variables")
+    of skEnumField: msg.add("enum fields")
+    of skModule: msg.add("modules")
+    else: msg.add("symbol kind " & $s.kind)
+  localError(c.config, n.info, msg)
 
 proc pragmaProposition(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
   if n.kind notin nkPragmaCallKinds or n.len != 2:
@@ -123,44 +145,28 @@ proc pragmaEnsures(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
   else:
     openScope(c)
     let o = getCurrOwner(c)
-    if o.kind in routineKinds and o.typ != nil and o.typ.sons[0] != nil:
-      var s = newSym(skResult, getIdent(c.cache, "result"), nextSymId(c.idgen), o, n.info)
-      s.typ = o.typ.sons[0]
+    if o.kind in routineKinds and o.typ != nil and o.typ.returnType != nil:
+      var s = newSym(skResult, getIdent(c.cache, "result"), c.idgen, o, n.info)
+      s.typ = o.typ.returnType
       incl(s.flags, sfUsed)
       addDecl(c, s)
     n[1] = c.semExpr(c, n[1])
     closeScope(c)
 
-proc pragmaAsm*(c: PContext, n: PNode): char =
-  result = '\0'
-  if n != nil:
-    for i in 0..<n.len:
-      let it = n[i]
-      if it.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and it.len == 2 and it[0].kind == nkIdent:
-        case whichKeyword(it[0].ident)
-        of wSubsChar:
-          if it[1].kind == nkCharLit: result = chr(int(it[1].intVal))
-          else: invalidPragma(c, it)
-        else: invalidPragma(c, it)
-      else:
-        invalidPragma(c, it)
-
 proc setExternName(c: PContext; s: PSym, extname: string, info: TLineInfo) =
   # special cases to improve performance:
   if extname == "$1":
-    s.loc.r = rope(s.name.s)
+    s.loc.snippet = rope(s.name.s)
   elif '$' notin extname:
-    s.loc.r = rope(extname)
+    s.loc.snippet = rope(extname)
   else:
     try:
-      s.loc.r = rope(extname % s.name.s)
+      s.loc.snippet = rope(extname % s.name.s)
     except ValueError:
       localError(c.config, info, "invalid extern name: '" & extname & "'. (Forgot to escape '$'?)")
   when hasFFI:
-    s.cname = $s.loc.r
-  if c.config.cmd == cmdNimfix and '$' notin extname:
-    # note that '{.importc.}' is transformed into '{.importc: "$1".}'
-    s.loc.flags.incl(lfFullExternalName)
+    s.cname = $s.loc.snippet
+
 
 proc makeExternImport(c: PContext; s: PSym, extname: string, info: TLineInfo) =
   setExternName(c, s, extname, info)
@@ -195,9 +201,9 @@ proc processImportObjC(c: PContext; s: PSym, extname: string, info: TLineInfo) =
   let m = s.getModule()
   incl(m.flags, sfCompileToObjc)
 
-proc newEmptyStrNode(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode {.noinline.} =
+proc newEmptyStrNode(c: PContext; n: PNode, strVal: string = ""): PNode {.noinline.} =
   result = newNodeIT(nkStrLit, n.info, getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyString))
-  result.strVal = ""
+  result.strVal = strVal
 
 proc getStrLitNode(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   if n.kind notin nkPragmaCallKinds or n.len != 2:
@@ -217,6 +223,7 @@ proc expectStrLit(c: PContext, n: PNode): string =
   result = getStrLitNode(c, n).strVal
 
 proc expectIntLit(c: PContext, n: PNode): int =
+  result = 0
   if n.kind notin nkPragmaCallKinds or n.len != 2:
     localError(c.config, n.info, errIntLiteralExpected)
   else:
@@ -229,8 +236,17 @@ proc getOptionalStr(c: PContext, n: PNode, defaultStr: string): string =
   if n.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds: result = expectStrLit(c, n)
   else: result = defaultStr
 
+proc processVirtual(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym, flag: TSymFlag) =
+  s.constraint = newEmptyStrNode(c, n, getOptionalStr(c, n, "$1"))
+  s.constraint.strVal = s.constraint.strVal % s.name.s
+  s.flags.incl {flag, sfInfixCall, sfExportc, sfMangleCpp}
+
+  s.typ.callConv = ccMember
+  incl c.config.globalOptions, optMixedMode
+
 proc processCodegenDecl(c: PContext, n: PNode, sym: PSym) =
   sym.constraint = getStrLitNode(c, n)
+  sym.flags.incl sfCodegenDecl
 
 proc processMagic(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym) =
   #if sfSystemModule notin c.module.flags:
@@ -253,6 +269,7 @@ proc wordToCallConv(sw: TSpecialWord): TCallingConvention =
   TCallingConvention(ord(ccNimCall) + ord(sw) - ord(wNimcall))
 
 proc isTurnedOn(c: PContext, n: PNode): bool =
+  result = false
   if n.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and n.len == 2:
     let x = c.semConstBoolExpr(c, n[1])
     n[1] = x
@@ -263,7 +280,7 @@ proc onOff(c: PContext, n: PNode, op: TOptions, resOptions: var TOptions) =
   if isTurnedOn(c, n): resOptions.incl op
   else: resOptions.excl op
 
-proc pragmaNoForward(c: PContext, n: PNode; flag=sfNoForward) =
+proc pragmaNoForward*(c: PContext, n: PNode; flag=sfNoForward) =
   if isTurnedOn(c, n):
     incl(c.module.flags, flag)
     c.features.incl codeReordering
@@ -276,6 +293,24 @@ proc pragmaNoForward(c: PContext, n: PNode; flag=sfNoForward) =
           "use {.experimental: \"codeReordering\".} instead; " &
           (if flag == sfNoForward: "{.noForward.}" else: "{.reorder.}") & " is deprecated")
 
+proc pragmaAsm*(c: PContext, n: PNode): char =
+  ## Checks asm pragmas and get's the asm subschar (default: '`').
+  result = '\0'
+  if n != nil:
+    for i in 0..<n.len:
+      let it = n[i]
+      if it.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and it.len == 2 and it[0].kind == nkIdent:
+        case whichKeyword(it[0].ident)
+        of wSubsChar:
+          if it[1].kind == nkCharLit: result = chr(int(it[1].intVal))
+          else: invalidPragma(c, it)
+        of wAsmSyntax:
+          let s = expectStrLit(c, it)
+          if s notin ["gcc", "vcc"]: invalidPragma(c, it)
+        else: invalidPragma(c, it)
+      else:
+        invalidPragma(c, it)
+
 proc processCallConv(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
   if n.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and n.len == 2 and n[1].kind == nkIdent:
     let sw = whichKeyword(n[1].ident)
@@ -295,7 +330,7 @@ proc getLib(c: PContext, kind: TLibKind, path: PNode): PLib =
   result.path = path
   c.libs.add result
   if path.kind in {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit}:
-    result.isOverriden = options.isDynlibOverride(c.config, path.strVal)
+    result.isOverridden = options.isDynlibOverride(c.config, path.strVal)
 
 proc expectDynlibNode(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   if n.kind notin nkPragmaCallKinds or n.len != 2:
@@ -307,7 +342,7 @@ proc expectDynlibNode(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
     # {.dynlib: myGetProcAddr(...).}
     result = c.semExpr(c, n[1])
     if result.kind == nkSym and result.sym.kind == skConst:
-      result = result.sym.ast # look it up
+      result = c.semConstExpr(c, result) # fold const
     if result.typ == nil or result.typ.kind notin {tyPointer, tyString, tyProc}:
       localError(c.config, n.info, errStringLiteralExpected)
       result = newEmptyStrNode(c, n)
@@ -315,12 +350,12 @@ proc expectDynlibNode(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
 proc processDynLib(c: PContext, n: PNode, sym: PSym) =
   if (sym == nil) or (sym.kind == skModule):
     let lib = getLib(c, libDynamic, expectDynlibNode(c, n))
-    if not lib.isOverriden:
+    if not lib.isOverridden:
       c.optionStack[^1].dynlib = lib
   else:
     if n.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds:
       var lib = getLib(c, libDynamic, expectDynlibNode(c, n))
-      if not lib.isOverriden:
+      if not lib.isOverridden:
         addToLib(lib, sym)
         incl(sym.loc.flags, lfDynamicLib)
     else:
@@ -335,7 +370,7 @@ proc processDynLib(c: PContext, n: PNode, sym: PSym) =
 proc processNote(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
   template handleNote(enumVals, notes) =
     let x = findStr(enumVals.a, enumVals.b, n[0][1].ident.s, errUnknown)
-    if x !=  errUnknown:
+    if x != errUnknown:
       nk = TNoteKind(x)
       let x = c.semConstBoolExpr(c, n[1])
       n[1] = x
@@ -357,7 +392,7 @@ proc processNote(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
     else: invalidPragma(c, n)
   else: invalidPragma(c, n)
 
-proc pragmaToOptions(w: TSpecialWord): TOptions {.inline.} =
+proc pragmaToOptions*(w: TSpecialWord): TOptions {.inline.} =
   case w
   of wChecks: ChecksOptions
   of wObjChecks: {optObjCheck}
@@ -383,6 +418,7 @@ proc pragmaToOptions(w: TSpecialWord): TOptions {.inline.} =
   of wImplicitStatic: {optImplicitStatic}
   of wPatterns, wTrMacros: {optTrMacros}
   of wSinkInference: {optSinkInference}
+  of wQuirky: {optQuirky}
   else: {}
 
 proc processExperimental(c: PContext; n: PNode) =
@@ -444,6 +480,18 @@ proc processOption(c: PContext, n: PNode, resOptions: var TOptions) =
     # calling conventions (boring...):
     localError(c.config, n.info, "option expected")
 
+proc checkPushedPragma(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
+  let keyDeep = n.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and n.len > 1
+  var key = if keyDeep: n[0] else: n
+  if key.kind in nkIdentKinds:
+    let ident = considerQuotedIdent(c, key)
+    var userPragma = strTableGet(c.userPragmas, ident)
+    if userPragma == nil:
+      let k = whichKeyword(ident)
+      # TODO: might as well make a list which is not accepted by `push`: emit, cast etc.
+      if k == wEmit:
+        localError(c.config, n.info, "an 'emit' pragma cannot be pushed")
+
 proc processPush(c: PContext, n: PNode, start: int) =
   if n[start-1].kind in nkPragmaCallKinds:
     localError(c.config, n.info, "'push' cannot have arguments")
@@ -451,6 +499,7 @@ proc processPush(c: PContext, n: PNode, start: int) =
   for i in start..<n.len:
     if not tryProcessOption(c, n[i], c.config.options):
       # simply store it somewhere:
+      checkPushedPragma(c, n[i])
       if x.otherPragmas.isNil:
         x.otherPragmas = newNodeI(nkPragma, n.info)
       x.otherPragmas.add n[i]
@@ -470,8 +519,16 @@ proc processPop(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
   when defined(debugOptions):
     echo c.config $ n.info, " POP config is now ", c.config.options
 
-proc processDefine(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
-  if (n.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and n.len == 2) and (n[1].kind == nkIdent):
+proc processDefineConst(c: PContext, n: PNode, sym: PSym, kind: TMagic) =
+  sym.magic = kind
+  if n.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and n.len == 2:
+    # could also use TLib
+    n[1] = getStrLitNode(c, n)
+
+proc processDefine(c: PContext, n: PNode, sym: PSym) =
+  if sym != nil and sym.kind == skConst:
+    processDefineConst(c, n, sym, mGenericDefine)
+  elif (n.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and n.len == 2) and (n[1].kind == nkIdent):
     defineSymbol(c.config.symbols, n[1].ident.s)
   else:
     invalidPragma(c, n)
@@ -494,18 +551,28 @@ proc relativeFile(c: PContext; n: PNode; ext=""): AbsoluteFile =
       if result.isEmpty: result = AbsoluteFile s
 
 proc processCompile(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
+  ## This pragma can take two forms. The first is a simple file input:
+  ##     {.compile: "file.c".}
+  ## The second is a tuple where the second arg is the output name strutils formatter:
+  ##     {.compile: ("file.c", "$1.o").}
   proc docompile(c: PContext; it: PNode; src, dest: AbsoluteFile; customArgs: string) =
     var cf = Cfile(nimname: splitFile(src).name,
                    cname: src, obj: dest, flags: {CfileFlag.External},
                    customArgs: customArgs)
-    extccomp.addExternalFileToCompile(c.config, cf)
-    recordPragma(c, it, "compile", src.string, dest.string, customArgs)
+    if not fileExists(src):
+      localError(c.config, n.info, "cannot find: " & src.string)
+    else:
+      extccomp.addExternalFileToCompile(c.config, cf)
+      recordPragma(c, it, "compile", src.string, dest.string, customArgs)
 
   proc getStrLit(c: PContext, n: PNode; i: int): string =
     n[i] = c.semConstExpr(c, n[i])
     case n[i].kind
     of nkStrLit, nkRStrLit, nkTripleStrLit:
-      shallowCopy(result, n[i].strVal)
+      when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc) or defined(gcAtomicArc):
+        result = n[i].strVal
+      else:
+        shallowCopy(result, n[i].strVal)
     else:
       localError(c.config, n.info, errStringLiteralExpected)
       result = ""
@@ -536,7 +603,8 @@ proc processCompile(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
       else:
         found = findFile(c.config, s)
         if found.isEmpty: found = AbsoluteFile s
-    let obj = toObjFile(c.config, completeCfilePath(c.config, found, false))
+    let mangled = completeCfilePath(c.config, mangleModuleName(c.config, found).AbsoluteFile)
+    let obj = toObjFile(c.config, mangled)
     docompile(c, it, found, obj, customArgs)
 
 proc processLink(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
@@ -548,6 +616,7 @@ proc semAsmOrEmit*(con: PContext, n: PNode, marker: char): PNode =
   case n[1].kind
   of nkStrLit, nkRStrLit, nkTripleStrLit:
     result = newNodeI(if n.kind == nkAsmStmt: nkAsmStmt else: nkArgList, n.info)
+    if n.kind == nkAsmStmt: result.add n[0] # save asm pragmas for NIR
     var str = n[1].strVal
     if str == "":
       localError(con.config, n.info, "empty 'asm' statement")
@@ -579,6 +648,7 @@ proc semAsmOrEmit*(con: PContext, n: PNode, marker: char): PNode =
   else:
     illFormedAstLocal(n, con.config)
     result = newNodeI(nkAsmStmt, n.info)
+    if n.kind == nkAsmStmt: result.add n[0]
 
 proc pragmaEmit(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
   if n.kind notin nkPragmaCallKinds or n.len != 2:
@@ -588,7 +658,7 @@ proc pragmaEmit(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
     if n1.kind == nkBracket:
       var b = newNodeI(nkBracket, n1.info, n1.len)
       for i in 0..<n1.len:
-        b[i] = c.semExpr(c, n1[i])
+        b[i] = c.semExprWithType(c, n1[i], {efTypeAllowed})
       n[1] = b
     else:
       n[1] = c.semConstExpr(c, n1)
@@ -635,12 +705,17 @@ proc pragmaLine(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
     n.info = getInfoContext(c.config, -1)
 
 proc processPragma(c: PContext, n: PNode, i: int) =
+  ## Create and add a new custom pragma `{.pragma: name.}` node to the module's context.
   let it = n[i]
-  if it.kind notin nkPragmaCallKinds and it.safeLen == 2: invalidPragma(c, n)
+  if it.kind notin nkPragmaCallKinds and it.safeLen == 2:
+    invalidPragma(c, n)
+    return
   elif it.safeLen != 2 or it[0].kind != nkIdent or it[1].kind != nkIdent:
     invalidPragma(c, n)
+    return
 
-  var userPragma = newSym(skTemplate, it[1].ident, nextSymId(c.idgen), nil, it.info, c.config.options)
+  var userPragma = newSym(skTemplate, it[1].ident, c.idgen, c.module, it.info, c.config.options)
+  styleCheckDef(c, userPragma)
   userPragma.ast = newTreeI(nkPragma, n.info, n.sons[i+1..^1])
   strTableAdd(c.userPragmas, userPragma)
 
@@ -650,7 +725,7 @@ proc pragmaRaisesOrTags(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
       x.typ = makeTypeFromExpr(c, x)
     else:
       var t = skipTypes(c.semTypeNode(c, x, nil), skipPtrs)
-      if t.kind != tyObject and not t.isMetaType:
+      if t.kind notin {tyObject, tyOr}:
         localError(c.config, x.info, errGenerated, "invalid type for raises/tags list")
       x.typ = t
 
@@ -674,23 +749,6 @@ proc pragmaLockStmt(c: PContext; it: PNode) =
       for i in 0..<n.len:
         n[i] = c.semExpr(c, n[i])
 
-proc pragmaLocks(c: PContext, it: PNode): TLockLevel =
-  if it.kind notin nkPragmaCallKinds or it.len != 2:
-    invalidPragma(c, it)
-  else:
-    case it[1].kind
-    of nkStrLit, nkRStrLit, nkTripleStrLit:
-      if it[1].strVal == "unknown":
-        result = UnknownLockLevel
-      else:
-        localError(c.config, it[1].info, "invalid string literal for locks pragma (only allowed string is \"unknown\")")
-    else:
-      let x = expectIntLit(c, it)
-      if x < 0 or x > MaxLockLevel:
-        localError(c.config, it[1].info, "integer must be within 0.." & $MaxLockLevel)
-      else:
-        result = TLockLevel(x)
-
 proc typeBorrow(c: PContext; sym: PSym, n: PNode) =
   if n.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and n.len == 2:
     let it = n[1]
@@ -699,7 +757,7 @@ proc typeBorrow(c: PContext; sym: PSym, n: PNode) =
   incl(sym.typ.flags, tfBorrowDot)
 
 proc markCompilerProc(c: PContext; s: PSym) =
-  # minor hack ahead: FlowVar is the only generic .compilerProc type which
+  # minor hack ahead: FlowVar is the only generic .compilerproc type which
   # should not have an external name set:
   if s.kind != skType or s.name.s != "FlowVar":
     makeExternExport(c, s, "$1", s.info)
@@ -717,19 +775,8 @@ proc deprecatedStmt(c: PContext; outerPragma: PNode) =
     return
   if pragma.kind != nkBracket:
     localError(c.config, pragma.info, "list of key:value pairs expected"); return
-  for n in pragma:
-    if n.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and n.len == 2:
-      let dest = qualifiedLookUp(c, n[1], {checkUndeclared})
-      if dest == nil or dest.kind in routineKinds:
-        localError(c.config, n.info, warnUser, "the .deprecated pragma is unreliable for routines")
-      let src = considerQuotedIdent(c, n[0])
-      let alias = newSym(skAlias, src, nextSymId(c.idgen), dest, n[0].info, c.config.options)
-      incl(alias.flags, sfExported)
-      if sfCompilerProc in dest.flags: markCompilerProc(c, alias)
-      addInterfaceDecl(c, alias)
-      n[1] = newSymNode(dest)
-    else:
-      localError(c.config, n.info, "key:value pair expected")
+  message(c.config, pragma.info, warnDeprecated,
+    "deprecated statement is now a no-op, use regular deprecated pragma")
 
 proc pragmaGuard(c: PContext; it: PNode; kind: TSymKind): PSym =
   if it.kind notin nkPragmaCallKinds or it.len != 2:
@@ -745,31 +792,39 @@ proc pragmaGuard(c: PContext; it: PNode; kind: TSymKind): PSym =
       # We return a dummy symbol; later passes over the type will repair it.
       # Generic instantiation needs to know about this too. But we're lazy
       # and perform the lookup on demand instead.
-      result = newSym(skUnknown, considerQuotedIdent(c, n), nextSymId(c.idgen), nil, n.info,
+      result = newSym(skUnknown, considerQuotedIdent(c, n), c.idgen, nil, n.info,
         c.config.options)
   else:
     result = qualifiedLookUp(c, n, {checkUndeclared})
 
-proc semCustomPragma(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc semCustomPragma(c: PContext, n: PNode, sym: PSym): PNode =
   var callNode: PNode
 
-  if n.kind in {nkIdent, nkSym}:
+  case n.kind
+  of nkIdentKinds:
     # pragma -> pragma()
     callNode = newTree(nkCall, n)
-  elif n.kind == nkExprColonExpr:
+  of nkExprColonExpr:
     # pragma: arg -> pragma(arg)
     callNode = newTree(nkCall, n[0], n[1])
-  elif n.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds:
+  of nkPragmaCallKinds - {nkExprColonExpr}:
     callNode = n
   else:
     invalidPragma(c, n)
     return n
 
+  trySuggestPragmas(c, callNode[0])
+
   let r = c.semOverloadedCall(c, callNode, n, {skTemplate}, {efNoUndeclared})
   if r.isNil or sfCustomPragma notin r[0].sym.flags:
     invalidPragma(c, n)
     return n
 
+  # we have a valid custom pragma
+  if sym != nil and sym.kind in {skEnumField, skForVar, skModule}:
+    illegalCustomPragma(c, n, sym)
+    return n
+
   result = r
   # Transform the nkCall node back to its original form if possible
   if n.kind == nkIdent and r.len == 1:
@@ -779,11 +834,33 @@ proc semCustomPragma(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
     # pragma(arg) -> pragma: arg
     result.transitionSonsKind(n.kind)
 
+proc processEffectsOf(c: PContext, n: PNode; owner: PSym) =
+  proc processParam(c: PContext; n: PNode) =
+    let r = c.semExpr(c, n)
+    if r.kind == nkSym and r.sym.kind == skParam:
+      if r.sym.owner == owner:
+        incl r.sym.flags, sfEffectsDelayed
+      else:
+        localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated, "parameter cannot be declared as .effectsOf")
+    else:
+      localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated, "parameter name expected")
+
+  if n.kind notin nkPragmaCallKinds or n.len != 2:
+    localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated, "parameter name expected")
+  else:
+    let it = n[1]
+    if it.kind in {nkCurly, nkBracket}:
+      for x in items(it): processParam(c, x)
+    else:
+      processParam(c, it)
+
 proc singlePragma(c: PContext, sym: PSym, n: PNode, i: var int,
                   validPragmas: TSpecialWords,
                   comesFromPush, isStatement: bool): bool =
+  result = false
   var it = n[i]
-  var key = if it.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and it.len > 1: it[0] else: it
+  let keyDeep = it.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and it.len > 1
+  var key = if keyDeep: it[0] else: it
   if key.kind == nkBracketExpr:
     processNote(c, it)
     return
@@ -793,38 +870,39 @@ proc singlePragma(c: PContext, sym: PSym, n: PNode, i: var int,
     elif not isStatement:
       localError(c.config, n.info, "'cast' pragma only allowed in a statement context")
     case whichPragma(key[1])
-    of wRaises, wTags: pragmaRaisesOrTags(c, key[1])
+    of wRaises, wTags, wForbids: pragmaRaisesOrTags(c, key[1])
     else: discard
     return
   elif key.kind notin nkIdentKinds:
-    n[i] = semCustomPragma(c, it)
+    n[i] = semCustomPragma(c, it, sym)
     return
   let ident = considerQuotedIdent(c, key)
   var userPragma = strTableGet(c.userPragmas, ident)
   if userPragma != nil:
-    if {optStyleHint, optStyleError} * c.config.globalOptions != {}:
-      styleCheckUse(c.config, key.info, userPragma)
+    styleCheckUse(c, key.info, userPragma)
 
     # number of pragmas increase/decrease with user pragma expansion
     inc c.instCounter
+    defer: dec c.instCounter
     if c.instCounter > 100:
       globalError(c.config, it.info, "recursive dependency: " & userPragma.name.s)
 
+    if keyDeep:
+      localError(c.config, it.info, "user pragma cannot have arguments")
+
     pragma(c, sym, userPragma.ast, validPragmas, isStatement)
     n.sons[i..i] = userPragma.ast.sons # expand user pragma with its content
     i.inc(userPragma.ast.len - 1) # inc by -1 is ok, user pragmas was empty
-    dec c.instCounter
   else:
     let k = whichKeyword(ident)
     if k in validPragmas:
-      if {optStyleHint, optStyleError} * c.config.globalOptions != {}:
-        checkPragmaUse(c.config, key.info, k, ident.s)
+      checkPragmaUse(c, key.info, k, ident.s, (if sym != nil: sym else: c.module))
       case k
       of wExportc, wExportCpp:
         makeExternExport(c, sym, getOptionalStr(c, it, "$1"), it.info)
         if k == wExportCpp:
           if c.config.backend != backendCpp:
-            localError(c.config, it.info, "exportcpp requires `cpp` backend, got " & $c.config.backend)
+            localError(c.config, it.info, "exportcpp requires `cpp` backend, got: " & $c.config.backend)
           else:
             incl(sym.flags, sfMangleCpp)
         incl(sym.flags, sfUsed) # avoid wrong hints
@@ -842,6 +920,12 @@ proc singlePragma(c: PContext, sym: PSym, n: PNode, i: var int,
       of wDirty:
         if sym.kind == skTemplate: incl(sym.flags, sfDirty)
         else: invalidPragma(c, it)
+      of wRedefine:
+        if sym.kind == skTemplate: incl(sym.flags, sfTemplateRedefinition)
+        else: invalidPragma(c, it)
+      of wCallsite:
+        if sym.kind == skTemplate: incl(sym.flags, sfCallsite)
+        else: invalidPragma(c, it)
       of wImportCpp:
         processImportCpp(c, sym, getOptionalStr(c, it, "$1"), it.info)
       of wCppNonPod:
@@ -895,10 +979,13 @@ proc singlePragma(c: PContext, sym: PSym, n: PNode, i: var int,
       of wNoalias:
         noVal(c, it)
         incl(sym.flags, sfNoalias)
+      of wEffectsOf:
+        processEffectsOf(c, it, sym)
       of wThreadVar:
         noVal(c, it)
         incl(sym.flags, {sfThread, sfGlobal})
-      of wDeadCodeElimUnused: discard  # deprecated, dead code elim always on
+      of wDeadCodeElimUnused:
+        warningDeprecated(c.config, n.info, "'{.deadcodeelim: on.}' is deprecated, now a noop")  # deprecated, dead code elim always on
       of wNoForward: pragmaNoForward(c, it)
       of wReorder: pragmaNoForward(c, it, flag = sfReorder)
       of wMagic: processMagic(c, it, sym)
@@ -914,12 +1001,13 @@ proc singlePragma(c: PContext, sym: PSym, n: PNode, i: var int,
         noVal(c, it)
         incl(sym.flags, sfGlobal)
         incl(sym.flags, sfPure)
-      of wMerge:
-        # only supported for backwards compat, doesn't do anything anymore
-        noVal(c, it)
       of wConstructor:
-        noVal(c, it)
         incl(sym.flags, sfConstructor)
+        if sfImportc notin sym.flags:
+          sym.constraint = newEmptyStrNode(c, it, getOptionalStr(c, it, ""))
+          sym.constraint.strVal = sym.constraint.strVal
+          sym.flags.incl {sfExportc, sfMangleCpp}
+          sym.typ.callConv = ccNoConvention
       of wHeader:
         var lib = getLib(c, libHeader, getStrLitNode(c, it))
         addToLib(lib, sym)
@@ -927,7 +1015,7 @@ proc singlePragma(c: PContext, sym: PSym, n: PNode, i: var int,
         incl(sym.loc.flags, lfHeader)
         incl(sym.loc.flags, lfNoDecl)
         # implies nodecl, because otherwise header would not make sense
-        if sym.loc.r == nil: sym.loc.r = rope(sym.name.s)
+        if sym.loc.snippet == "": sym.loc.snippet = rope(sym.name.s)
       of wNoSideEffect:
         noVal(c, it)
         if sym != nil:
@@ -941,7 +1029,7 @@ proc singlePragma(c: PContext, sym: PSym, n: PNode, i: var int,
         # Disable the 'noreturn' annotation when in the "Quirky Exceptions" mode!
         if c.config.exc != excQuirky:
           incl(sym.flags, sfNoReturn)
-        if sym.typ[0] != nil:
+        if sym.typ.returnType != nil:
           localError(c.config, sym.ast[paramsPos][0].info,
             ".noreturn with return type not allowed")
       of wNoDestroy:
@@ -960,12 +1048,12 @@ proc singlePragma(c: PContext, sym: PSym, n: PNode, i: var int,
       of wNonReloadable:
         sym.flags.incl sfNonReloadable
       of wProcVar:
+        # old procvar annotation, no longer needed
         noVal(c, it)
-        incl(sym.flags, sfProcvar)
       of wExplain:
         sym.flags.incl sfExplain
       of wDeprecated:
-        if sym != nil and sym.kind in routineKinds + {skType, skVar, skLet}:
+        if sym != nil and sym.kind in routineKinds + {skType, skVar, skLet, skConst}:
           if it.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds: discard getStrLitNode(c, it)
           incl(sym.flags, sfDeprecated)
         elif sym != nil and sym.kind != skModule:
@@ -1010,10 +1098,15 @@ proc singlePragma(c: PContext, sym: PSym, n: PNode, i: var int,
       of wThread:
         noVal(c, it)
         incl(sym.flags, sfThread)
-        incl(sym.flags, sfProcvar)
         if sym.typ != nil:
           incl(sym.typ.flags, tfThread)
           if sym.typ.callConv == ccClosure: sym.typ.callConv = ccNimCall
+      of wSendable:
+        noVal(c, it)
+        if sym != nil and sym.typ != nil:
+          incl(sym.typ.flags, tfSendable)
+        else:
+          invalidPragma(c, it)
       of wGcSafe:
         noVal(c, it)
         if sym != nil:
@@ -1047,22 +1140,30 @@ proc singlePragma(c: PContext, sym: PSym, n: PNode, i: var int,
           let s = expectStrLit(c, it)
           recordPragma(c, it, "error", s)
           localError(c.config, it.info, errUser, s)
-      of wFatal: fatal(c.config, it.info, errUser, expectStrLit(c, it))
-      of wDefine: processDefine(c, it)
+      of wFatal: fatal(c.config, it.info, expectStrLit(c, it))
+      of wDefine: processDefine(c, it, sym)
       of wUndef: processUndef(c, it)
-      of wCompile: processCompile(c, it)
+      of wCompile:
+        let m = sym.getModule()
+        incl(m.flags, sfUsed)
+        processCompile(c, it)
       of wLink: processLink(c, it)
       of wPassl:
+        let m = sym.getModule()
+        incl(m.flags, sfUsed)
         let s = expectStrLit(c, it)
         extccomp.addLinkOption(c.config, s)
         recordPragma(c, it, "passl", s)
       of wPassc:
+        let m = sym.getModule()
+        incl(m.flags, sfUsed)
         let s = expectStrLit(c, it)
         extccomp.addCompileOption(c.config, s)
         recordPragma(c, it, "passc", s)
       of wLocalPassc:
         assert sym != nil and sym.kind == skModule
         let s = expectStrLit(c, it)
+        appendToModule(sym, n)
         extccomp.addLocalCompileOption(c.config, s, toFullPathConsiderDirty(c.config, sym.info.fileIndex))
         recordPragma(c, it, "localpassl", s)
       of wPush:
@@ -1138,13 +1239,17 @@ proc singlePragma(c: PContext, sym: PSym, n: PNode, i: var int,
           invalidPragma(c, it)
       of wByRef:
         noVal(c, it)
-        if sym == nil or sym.typ == nil:
+        if sym != nil and sym.kind == skParam:
+          sym.options.incl optByRef
+        elif sym == nil or sym.typ == nil:
           processOption(c, it, c.config.options)
         else:
           incl(sym.typ.flags, tfByRef)
       of wByCopy:
         noVal(c, it)
-        if sym.kind != skType or sym.typ == nil: invalidPragma(c, it)
+        if sym.kind == skParam:
+          incl(sym.flags, sfByCopy)
+        elif sym.kind != skType or sym.typ == nil: invalidPragma(c, it)
         else: incl(sym.typ.flags, tfByCopy)
       of wPartial:
         noVal(c, it)
@@ -1157,11 +1262,11 @@ proc singlePragma(c: PContext, sym: PSym, n: PNode, i: var int,
         noVal(c, it)
         if sym == nil: invalidPragma(c, it)
       of wLine: pragmaLine(c, it)
-      of wRaises, wTags: pragmaRaisesOrTags(c, it)
+      of wRaises, wTags, wForbids: pragmaRaisesOrTags(c, it)
       of wLocks:
         if sym == nil: pragmaLockStmt(c, it)
         elif sym.typ == nil: invalidPragma(c, it)
-        else: sym.typ.lockLevel = pragmaLocks(c, it)
+        else: warningDeprecated(c.config, n.info, "'Lock levels' are deprecated, now a noop")
       of wBitsize:
         if sym == nil or sym.kind != skField:
           invalidPragma(c, it)
@@ -1182,55 +1287,49 @@ proc singlePragma(c: PContext, sym: PSym, n: PNode, i: var int,
       of wExportNims:
         if sym == nil: invalidPragma(c, it)
         else: magicsys.registerNimScriptSymbol(c.graph, sym)
-      of wInjectStmt:
-        if it.kind notin nkPragmaCallKinds or it.len != 2:
-          localError(c.config, it.info, "expression expected")
-        else:
-          it[1] = c.semExpr(c, it[1])
       of wExperimental:
         if not isTopLevel(c):
           localError(c.config, n.info, "'experimental' pragma only valid as toplevel statement or in a 'push' environment")
         processExperimental(c, it)
-      of wThis:
-        if it.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and it.len == 2:
-          c.selfName = considerQuotedIdent(c, it[1])
-          message(c.config, n.info, warnDeprecated, "the '.this' pragma is deprecated")
-        elif it.kind == nkIdent or it.len == 1:
-          c.selfName = getIdent(c.cache, "self")
-          message(c.config, n.info, warnDeprecated, "the '.this' pragma is deprecated")
-        else:
-          localError(c.config, it.info, "'this' pragma is allowed to have zero or one arguments")
+      of wDoctype:
+        if not isTopLevel(c):
+          localError(c.config, n.info, "\"doctype\" pragma only valid as top-level statement")
       of wNoRewrite:
         noVal(c, it)
       of wBase:
         noVal(c, it)
         sym.flags.incl sfBase
       of wIntDefine:
-        sym.magic = mIntDefine
+        processDefineConst(c, n, sym, mIntDefine)
       of wStrDefine:
-        sym.magic = mStrDefine
+        processDefineConst(c, n, sym, mStrDefine)
       of wBoolDefine:
-        sym.magic = mBoolDefine
+        processDefineConst(c, n, sym, mBoolDefine)
       of wUsed:
         noVal(c, it)
         if sym == nil: invalidPragma(c, it)
         else: sym.flags.incl sfUsed
-      of wLiftLocals: discard
+      of wLiftLocals:
+        sym.flags.incl(sfForceLift)
       of wRequires, wInvariant, wAssume, wAssert:
         pragmaProposition(c, it)
       of wEnsures:
         pragmaEnsures(c, it)
+      of wEnforceNoRaises, wQuirky:
+        sym.flags.incl sfNeverRaises
+      of wSystemRaisesDefect:
+        sym.flags.incl sfSystemRaisesDefect
+      of wVirtual:
+        processVirtual(c, it, sym, sfVirtual)
+      of wMember:
+        processVirtual(c, it, sym, sfMember)
+
       else: invalidPragma(c, it)
     elif comesFromPush and whichKeyword(ident) != wInvalid:
       discard "ignore the .push pragma; it doesn't apply"
     else:
-      if sym == nil or (sym.kind in {skVar, skLet, skParam,
-                        skField, skProc, skFunc, skConverter, skMethod, skType}):
-        n[i] = semCustomPragma(c, it)
-      elif sym != nil:
-        illegalCustomPragma(c, it, sym)
-      else:
-        invalidPragma(c, it)
+      # semCustomPragma gives appropriate error for invalid pragmas
+      n[i] = semCustomPragma(c, it, sym)
 
 proc overwriteLineInfo(n: PNode; info: TLineInfo) =
   n.info = info
@@ -1245,12 +1344,22 @@ proc mergePragmas(n, pragmas: PNode) =
   else:
     for p in pragmas: n[pragmasPos].add p
 
+proc mergeValidPragmas(n, pragmas: PNode, validPragmas: TSpecialWords) =
+  if n[pragmasPos].kind == nkEmpty:
+    n[pragmasPos] = newNodeI(nkPragma, n.info)
+  for p in pragmas:
+    let prag = whichPragma(p)
+    if prag in validPragmas:
+      let copy = copyTree(p)
+      overwriteLineInfo copy, n.info
+      n[pragmasPos].add copy
+
 proc implicitPragmas*(c: PContext, sym: PSym, info: TLineInfo,
                       validPragmas: TSpecialWords) =
   if sym != nil and sym.kind != skModule:
     for it in c.optionStack:
       let o = it.otherPragmas
-      if not o.isNil and sfFromGeneric notin sym.flags: # see issue #12985
+      if not o.isNil and sfFromGeneric notin sym.flags: # bug #23019
         pushInfoContext(c.config, info)
         var i = 0
         while i < o.len:
@@ -1258,7 +1367,8 @@ proc implicitPragmas*(c: PContext, sym: PSym, info: TLineInfo,
             internalError(c.config, info, "implicitPragmas")
           inc i
         popInfoContext(c.config)
-        if sym.kind in routineKinds and sym.ast != nil: mergePragmas(sym.ast, o)
+        if sym.kind in routineKinds and sym.ast != nil:
+          mergeValidPragmas(sym.ast, o, validPragmas)
 
     if lfExportLib in sym.loc.flags and sfExportc notin sym.flags:
       localError(c.config, info, ".dynlib requires .exportc")
@@ -1267,7 +1377,7 @@ proc implicitPragmas*(c: PContext, sym: PSym, info: TLineInfo,
         sfImportc in sym.flags and lib != nil:
       incl(sym.loc.flags, lfDynamicLib)
       addToLib(lib, sym)
-      if sym.loc.r == nil: sym.loc.r = rope(sym.name.s)
+      if sym.loc.snippet == "": sym.loc.snippet = rope(sym.name.s)
 
 proc hasPragma*(n: PNode, pragma: TSpecialWord): bool =
   if n == nil: return false
diff --git a/compiler/prefixmatches.nim b/compiler/prefixmatches.nim
index 71ae9a844..bfbe3d888 100644
--- a/compiler/prefixmatches.nim
+++ b/compiler/prefixmatches.nim
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-from strutils import toLowerAscii
+from std/strutils import toLowerAscii
 
 type
   PrefixMatch* {.pure.} = enum
diff --git a/compiler/procfind.nim b/compiler/procfind.nim
index 0bdb3dae6..c2cc6e71f 100644
--- a/compiler/procfind.nim
+++ b/compiler/procfind.nim
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@
 # This is needed for proper handling of forward declarations.
 
 import
-  ast, astalgo, msgs, semdata, types, trees, strutils, lookups
+  ast, astalgo, msgs, semdata, types, trees, lookups
+
+import std/strutils
 
 proc equalGenericParams(procA, procB: PNode): bool =
   if procA.len != procB.len: return false
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ proc equalGenericParams(procA, procB: PNode): bool =
 proc searchForProcAux(c: PContext, scope: PScope, fn: PSym): PSym =
   const flags = {ExactGenericParams, ExactTypeDescValues,
                  ExactConstraints, IgnoreCC}
-  var it: TIdentIter
+  var it: TIdentIter = default(TIdentIter)
   result = initIdentIter(it, scope.symbols, fn.name)
   while result != nil:
     if result.kind == fn.kind: #and sameType(result.typ, fn.typ, flags):
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ proc searchForProcAux(c: PContext, scope: PScope, fn: PSym): PSym =
 
 proc searchForProc*(c: PContext, scope: PScope, fn: PSym): tuple[proto: PSym, comesFromShadowScope: bool] =
   var scope = scope
-  result.proto = searchForProcAux(c, scope, fn)
+  result = (searchForProcAux(c, scope, fn), false)
   while result.proto == nil and scope.isShadowScope:
     scope = scope.parent
     result.proto = searchForProcAux(c, scope, fn)
@@ -74,7 +76,7 @@ when false:
   proc searchForBorrowProc*(c: PContext, startScope: PScope, fn: PSym): PSym =
     # Searches for the fn in the symbol table. If the parameter lists are suitable
     # for borrowing the sym in the symbol table is returned, else nil.
-    var it: TIdentIter
+    var it: TIdentIter = default(TIdentIter)
     for scope in walkScopes(startScope):
       result = initIdentIter(it, scope.symbols, fn.Name)
       while result != nil:
diff --git a/compiler/pushpoppragmas.nim b/compiler/pushpoppragmas.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..773e7013b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/pushpoppragmas.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import pragmas, options, ast, trees, lineinfos, idents, wordrecg
+import std/assertions
+
+import renderer
+
+
+proc processNote(config: ConfigRef, n: PNode) =
+  template handleNote(enumVals, notes) =
+    let x = findStr(enumVals.a, enumVals.b, n[0][1].ident.s, errUnknown)
+    assert x != errUnknown
+    assert n[1].kind == nkIntLit
+
+    nk = TNoteKind(x)
+    if n[1].intVal != 0: incl(notes, nk)
+    else: excl(notes, nk)
+
+  var nk: TNoteKind
+  case whichKeyword(n[0][0].ident)
+  of wHint: handleNote(hintMin .. hintMax, config.notes)
+  of wWarning: handleNote(warnMin .. warnMax, config.notes)
+  of wWarningAsError: handleNote(warnMin .. warnMax, config.warningAsErrors)
+  of wHintAsError: handleNote(hintMin .. hintMax, config.warningAsErrors)
+  else: discard
+
+proc pushBackendOption(optionsStack: var seq[(TOptions, TNoteKinds)], options: TOptions, notes: TNoteKinds) =
+  optionsStack.add (options, notes)
+
+proc popBackendOption(config: ConfigRef, optionsStack: var seq[(TOptions, TNoteKinds)], options: var TOptions) =
+  let entry = optionsStack[^1]
+  options = entry[0]
+  config.notes = entry[1]
+  optionsStack.setLen(optionsStack.len-1)
+
+proc processPushBackendOption*(config: ConfigRef, optionsStack: var seq[(TOptions, TNoteKinds)], options: var TOptions,
+                           n: PNode, start: int) =
+  pushBackendOption(optionsStack, options, config.notes)
+  for i in start..<n.len:
+    let it = n[i]
+    if it.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and it.len == 2:
+      if it[0].kind == nkBracketExpr and
+          it[0].len == 2 and
+          it[0][1].kind == nkIdent and it[0][0].kind == nkIdent:
+        processNote(config, it)
+      elif it[1].kind == nkIntLit:
+        let sw = whichPragma(it[0])
+        let opts = pragmaToOptions(sw)
+        if opts != {}:
+          if it[1].intVal != 0:
+            options.incl opts
+          else:
+            options.excl opts
+
+template processPopBackendOption*(config: ConfigRef, optionsStack: var seq[(TOptions, TNoteKinds)], options: var TOptions) =
+  popBackendOption(config, optionsStack, options)
diff --git a/compiler/readme.md b/compiler/readme.md
index ac47508dc..4a197991c 100644
--- a/compiler/readme.md
+++ b/compiler/readme.md
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@
 - Note that this code has been translated from a bootstrapping version written in Pascal.
 - So the code is **not** a poster child of good Nim code.
 
-See [Internals of the Nim Compiler](https://nim-lang.org/docs/intern.html) for more information.
+See [Internals of the Nim Compiler](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/intern.html) for more information.
diff --git a/compiler/renderer.nim b/compiler/renderer.nim
index c36eaaf11..cc07c0c2d 100644
--- a/compiler/renderer.nim
+++ b/compiler/renderer.nim
@@ -9,25 +9,34 @@
 
 # This module implements the renderer of the standard Nim representation.
 
-when defined(nimHasUsed):
-  # 'import renderer' is so useful for debugging
-  # that Nim shouldn't produce a warning for that:
-  {.used.}
+# 'import renderer' is so useful for debugging
+# that Nim shouldn't produce a warning for that:
+{.used.}
 
 import
-  lexer, options, idents, strutils, ast, msgs, lineinfos
+  lexer, options, idents, ast, msgs, lineinfos, wordrecg
+
+import std/[strutils]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions, formatfloat]
 
 type
   TRenderFlag* = enum
     renderNone, renderNoBody, renderNoComments, renderDocComments,
     renderNoPragmas, renderIds, renderNoProcDefs, renderSyms, renderRunnableExamples,
-    renderIr
+    renderIr, renderNonExportedFields, renderExpandUsing, renderNoPostfix
+
   TRenderFlags* = set[TRenderFlag]
   TRenderTok* = object
     kind*: TokType
     length*: int16
     sym*: PSym
 
+  Section = enum
+    GenericParams
+    ObjectDef
+
   TRenderTokSeq* = seq[TRenderTok]
   TSrcGen* = object
     indent*: int
@@ -42,7 +51,7 @@ type
     pendingWhitespace: int
     comStack*: seq[PNode]  # comment stack
     flags*: TRenderFlags
-    inGenericParams: bool
+    inside: set[Section] # Keeps track of contexts we are in
     checkAnon: bool        # we're in a context that can contain sfAnon
     inPragma: int
     when defined(nimpretty):
@@ -51,6 +60,8 @@ type
     config*: ConfigRef
     mangler: seq[PSym]
 
+proc renderTree*(n: PNode, renderFlags: TRenderFlags = {}): string
+
 # We render the source code in a two phases: The first
 # determines how long the subtree will likely be, the second
 # phase appends to a buffer that will be the output.
@@ -67,6 +78,18 @@ proc isKeyword*(i: PIdent): bool =
   if (i.id >= ord(tokKeywordLow) - ord(tkSymbol)) and
       (i.id <= ord(tokKeywordHigh) - ord(tkSymbol)):
     result = true
+  else:
+    result = false
+
+proc isExported(n: PNode): bool =
+  ## Checks if an ident is exported.
+  ## This is meant to be used with idents in nkIdentDefs.
+  case n.kind
+  of nkPostfix:
+    n[0].ident.s == "*" and n[1].kind == nkIdent
+  of nkPragmaExpr:
+    n[0].isExported()
+  else: false
 
 proc renderDefinitionName*(s: PSym, noQuotes = false): string =
   ## Returns the definition name of the symbol.
@@ -80,9 +103,30 @@ proc renderDefinitionName*(s: PSym, noQuotes = false): string =
   else:
     result = '`' & x & '`'
 
+template inside(g: var TSrcGen, section: Section, body: untyped) =
+  ## Runs `body` with `section` included in `g.inside`.
+  ## Removes it at the end of the body if `g` wasn't inside it
+  ## before the template.
+  let wasntInSection = section notin g.inside
+  g.inside.incl section
+  body
+  if wasntInSection:
+    g.inside.excl section
+
+template outside(g: var TSrcGen, section: Section, body: untyped) =
+  ## Temporarily removes `section` from `g.inside`. Adds it back
+  ## at the end of the body if `g` was inside it before the template
+  let wasInSection = section in g.inside
+  g.inside.excl section
+  body
+  if wasInSection:
+    g.inside.incl section
+
 const
   IndentWidth = 2
   longIndentWid = IndentWidth * 2
+  MaxLineLen = 80
+  LineCommentColumn = 30
 
 when defined(nimpretty):
   proc minmaxLine(n: PNode): (int, int) =
@@ -101,23 +145,13 @@ when defined(nimpretty):
   proc lineDiff(a, b: PNode): int =
     result = minmaxLine(b)[0] - minmaxLine(a)[1]
 
-const
-  MaxLineLen = 80
-  LineCommentColumn = 30
-
-proc initSrcGen(g: var TSrcGen, renderFlags: TRenderFlags; config: ConfigRef) =
-  g.comStack = @[]
-  g.tokens = @[]
-  g.indent = 0
-  g.lineLen = 0
-  g.pos = 0
-  g.idx = 0
-  g.buf = ""
-  g.flags = renderFlags
-  g.pendingNL = -1
-  g.pendingWhitespace = -1
-  g.inGenericParams = false
-  g.config = config
+proc initSrcGen(renderFlags: TRenderFlags; config: ConfigRef): TSrcGen =
+  result = TSrcGen(comStack: @[], tokens: @[], indent: 0,
+                   lineLen: 0, pos: 0, idx: 0, buf: "",
+                   flags: renderFlags, pendingNL: -1,
+                   pendingWhitespace: -1, inside: {},
+                   config: config
+                   )
 
 proc addTok(g: var TSrcGen, kind: TokType, s: string; sym: PSym = nil) =
   g.tokens.add TRenderTok(kind: kind, length: int16(s.len), sym: sym)
@@ -160,6 +194,7 @@ proc putNL(g: var TSrcGen) =
 proc optNL(g: var TSrcGen, indent: int) =
   g.pendingNL = indent
   g.lineLen = indent
+  g.col = g.indent
   when defined(nimpretty): g.pendingNewlineCount = 0
 
 proc optNL(g: var TSrcGen) =
@@ -168,6 +203,7 @@ proc optNL(g: var TSrcGen) =
 proc optNL(g: var TSrcGen; a, b: PNode) =
   g.pendingNL = g.indent
   g.lineLen = g.indent
+  g.col = g.indent
   when defined(nimpretty): g.pendingNewlineCount = lineDiff(a, b)
 
 proc indentNL(g: var TSrcGen) =
@@ -185,7 +221,7 @@ proc dedent(g: var TSrcGen) =
 proc put(g: var TSrcGen, kind: TokType, s: string; sym: PSym = nil) =
   if kind != tkSpaces:
     addPendingNL(g)
-    if s.len > 0:
+    if s.len > 0 or kind in {tkHideableStart, tkHideableEnd}:
       addTok(g, kind, s, sym)
   else:
     g.pendingWhitespace = s.len
@@ -234,6 +270,7 @@ proc putComment(g: var TSrcGen, s: string) =
   optNL(g)
 
 proc maxLineLength(s: string): int =
+  result = 0
   if s.len == 0: return 0
   var i = 0
   let hi = s.len - 1
@@ -329,8 +366,9 @@ proc litAux(g: TSrcGen; n: PNode, x: BiggestInt, size: int): string =
     result = t
     while result != nil and result.kind in {tyGenericInst, tyRange, tyVar,
                           tyLent, tyDistinct, tyOrdinal, tyAlias, tySink}:
-      result = lastSon(result)
+      result = skipModifier(result)
 
+  result = ""
   let typ = n.typ.skip
   if typ != nil and typ.kind in {tyBool, tyEnum}:
     if sfPure in typ.sym.flags:
@@ -372,6 +410,7 @@ proc atom(g: TSrcGen; n: PNode): string =
   of nkEmpty: result = ""
   of nkIdent: result = n.ident.s
   of nkSym: result = n.sym.name.s
+  of nkClosedSymChoice, nkOpenSymChoice: result = n[0].sym.name.s
   of nkStrLit: result = ""; result.addQuoted(n.strVal)
   of nkRStrLit: result = "r\"" & replace(n.strVal, "\"", "\"\"") & '\"'
   of nkTripleStrLit: result = "\"\"\"" & n.strVal & "\"\"\""
@@ -391,24 +430,29 @@ proc atom(g: TSrcGen; n: PNode): string =
   of nkUInt64Lit: result = ulitAux(g, n, n.intVal, 8) & "\'u64"
   of nkFloatLit:
     if n.flags * {nfBase2, nfBase8, nfBase16} == {}: result = $(n.floatVal)
-    else: result = litAux(g, n, (cast[PInt64](addr(n.floatVal)))[] , 8)
+    else: result = litAux(g, n, (cast[ptr int64](addr(n.floatVal)))[] , 8)
   of nkFloat32Lit:
     if n.flags * {nfBase2, nfBase8, nfBase16} == {}:
       result = $n.floatVal & "\'f32"
     else:
       f = n.floatVal.float32
-      result = litAux(g, n, (cast[PInt32](addr(f)))[], 4) & "\'f32"
+      result = litAux(g, n, (cast[ptr int32](addr(f)))[], 4) & "\'f32"
   of nkFloat64Lit:
     if n.flags * {nfBase2, nfBase8, nfBase16} == {}:
       result = $n.floatVal & "\'f64"
     else:
-      result = litAux(g, n, (cast[PInt64](addr(n.floatVal)))[], 8) & "\'f64"
+      result = litAux(g, n, (cast[ptr int64](addr(n.floatVal)))[], 8) & "\'f64"
+  of nkFloat128Lit:
+    if n.flags * {nfBase2, nfBase8, nfBase16} == {}:
+      result = $n.floatVal & "\'f128"
+    else:
+      result = litAux(g, n, (cast[ptr int64](addr(n.floatVal)))[], 8) & "\'f128"
   of nkNilLit: result = "nil"
   of nkType:
     if (n.typ != nil) and (n.typ.sym != nil): result = n.typ.sym.name.s
     else: result = "[type node]"
   else:
-    internalError(g.config, "rnimsyn.atom " & $n.kind)
+    internalError(g.config, "renderer.atom " & $n.kind)
     result = ""
 
 proc lcomma(g: TSrcGen; n: PNode, start: int = 0, theEnd: int = - 1): int =
@@ -427,8 +471,27 @@ proc lsons(g: TSrcGen; n: PNode, start: int = 0, theEnd: int = - 1): int =
   result = 0
   for i in start..n.len + theEnd: inc(result, lsub(g, n[i]))
 
+proc origUsingType(n: PNode): PSym {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the type that a parameter references. Check with referencesUsing first
+  ## to check `n` is actually referencing a using node
+  # If the node is untyped the typ field will be nil
+  if n[0].sym.typ != nil:
+    n[0].sym.typ.sym
+  else: nil
+
+proc referencesUsing(n: PNode): bool =
+  ## Returns true if n references a using statement.
+  ## e.g. proc foo(x) # x doesn't have type or def value so it references a using
+  result = n.kind == nkIdentDefs and
+           # Sometimes the node might not have been semmed (e.g. doc0) and will be nkIdent instead
+           n[0].kind == nkSym and
+           # Templates/macros can have parameters with no type (But their orig type will be nil)
+           n.origUsingType != nil and
+           n[1].kind == nkEmpty and n[2].kind == nkEmpty
+
 proc lsub(g: TSrcGen; n: PNode): int =
   # computes the length of a tree
+  result = 0
   if isNil(n): return 0
   if shouldRenderComment(g, n): return MaxLineLen + 1
   case n.kind
@@ -456,6 +519,7 @@ proc lsub(g: TSrcGen; n: PNode): int =
     result = if n.len > 0: lcomma(g, n) + 2 else: len("{:}")
   of nkClosedSymChoice, nkOpenSymChoice:
     if n.len > 0: result += lsub(g, n[0])
+  of nkOpenSym: result = lsub(g, n[0])
   of nkTupleTy: result = lcomma(g, n) + len("tuple[]")
   of nkTupleClassTy: result = len("tuple")
   of nkDotExpr: result = lsons(g, n) + 1
@@ -467,8 +531,11 @@ proc lsub(g: TSrcGen; n: PNode): int =
   of nkDo: result = lsons(g, n) + len("do__:_")
   of nkConstDef, nkIdentDefs:
     result = lcomma(g, n, 0, - 3)
-    if n[^2].kind != nkEmpty: result += lsub(g, n[^2]) + 2
-    if n[^1].kind != nkEmpty: result += lsub(g, n[^1]) + 3
+    if n.referencesUsing:
+      result += lsub(g, newSymNode(n.origUsingType)) + 2
+    else:
+      if n[^2].kind != nkEmpty: result += lsub(g, n[^2]) + 2
+      if n[^1].kind != nkEmpty: result += lsub(g, n[^1]) + 3
   of nkVarTuple:
     if n[^1].kind == nkEmpty:
       result = lcomma(g, n, 0, - 2) + len("()")
@@ -485,7 +552,11 @@ proc lsub(g: TSrcGen; n: PNode): int =
   of nkInfix: result = lsons(g, n) + 2
   of nkPrefix:
     result = lsons(g, n)+1+(if n.len > 0 and n[1].kind == nkInfix: 2 else: 0)
-  of nkPostfix: result = lsons(g, n)
+  of nkPostfix:
+    if renderNoPostfix notin g.flags:
+      result = lsons(g, n)
+    else:
+      result = lsub(g, n[1])
   of nkCallStrLit: result = lsons(g, n)
   of nkPragmaExpr: result = lsub(g, n[0]) + lcomma(g, n, 1)
   of nkRange: result = lsons(g, n) + 2
@@ -499,7 +570,7 @@ proc lsub(g: TSrcGen; n: PNode): int =
   of nkTypeOfExpr: result = (if n.len > 0: lsub(g, n[0]) else: 0)+len("typeof()")
   of nkRefTy: result = (if n.len > 0: lsub(g, n[0])+1 else: 0) + len("ref")
   of nkPtrTy: result = (if n.len > 0: lsub(g, n[0])+1 else: 0) + len("ptr")
-  of nkVarTy: result = (if n.len > 0: lsub(g, n[0])+1 else: 0) + len("var")
+  of nkVarTy, nkOutTy: result = (if n.len > 0: lsub(g, n[0])+1 else: 0) + len("var")
   of nkDistinctTy:
     result = len("distinct") + (if n.len > 0: lsub(g, n[0])+1 else: 0)
     if n.len > 1:
@@ -511,7 +582,7 @@ proc lsub(g: TSrcGen; n: PNode): int =
   of nkOfInherit: result = lsub(g, n[0]) + len("of_")
   of nkProcTy: result = lsons(g, n) + len("proc_")
   of nkIteratorTy: result = lsons(g, n) + len("iterator_")
-  of nkSharedTy: result = lsons(g, n) + len("shared_")
+  of nkSinkAsgn: result = lsons(g, n) + len("`=sink`(, )")
   of nkEnumTy:
     if n.len > 0:
       result = lsub(g, n[0]) + lcomma(g, n, 1) + len("enum_")
@@ -525,7 +596,7 @@ proc lsub(g: TSrcGen; n: PNode): int =
     if n.len > 1: result = MaxLineLen + 1
     else: result = lsons(g, n) + len("using_")
   of nkReturnStmt:
-    if n.len > 0 and n[0].kind == nkAsgn:
+    if n.len > 0 and n[0].kind == nkAsgn and renderIr notin g.flags:
       result = len("return_") + lsub(g, n[0][1])
     else:
       result = len("return_") + lsub(g, n[0])
@@ -563,15 +634,13 @@ type
 const
   emptyContext: TContext = (spacing: 0, flags: {})
 
-proc initContext(c: var TContext) =
-  c.spacing = 0
-  c.flags = {}
+proc initContext(): TContext =
+  result = (spacing: 0, flags: {})
 
-proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext)
-proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
-  var c: TContext
-  initContext(c)
-  gsub(g, n, c)
+proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext, fromStmtList = false)
+proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, fromStmtList = false) =
+  var c: TContext = initContext()
+  gsub(g, n, c, fromStmtList = fromStmtList)
 
 proc hasCom(n: PNode): bool =
   result = false
@@ -587,13 +656,32 @@ proc putWithSpace(g: var TSrcGen, kind: TokType, s: string) =
   put(g, kind, s)
   put(g, tkSpaces, Space)
 
+proc isHideable(config: ConfigRef, n: PNode): bool =
+  # xxx compare `ident` directly with `getIdent(cache, wRaises)`, but
+  # this requires a `cache`.
+  case n.kind
+  of nkExprColonExpr:
+    result = n[0].kind == nkIdent and
+             n[0].ident.s.nimIdentNormalize in ["raises", "tags", "extern", "deprecated", "forbids", "stacktrace"]
+  of nkIdent: result = n.ident.s in ["gcsafe", "deprecated"]
+  else: result = false
+
 proc gcommaAux(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, ind: int, start: int = 0,
                theEnd: int = - 1, separator = tkComma) =
+  let inPragma = g.inPragma == 1 # just the top-level
+  var inHideable = false
   for i in start..n.len + theEnd:
-    var c = i < n.len + theEnd
-    var sublen = lsub(g, n[i]) + ord(c)
+    let c = i < n.len + theEnd
+    let sublen = lsub(g, n[i]) + ord(c)
     if not fits(g, g.lineLen + sublen) and (ind + sublen < MaxLineLen): optNL(g, ind)
     let oldLen = g.tokens.len
+    if inPragma:
+      if not inHideable and isHideable(g.config, n[i]):
+        inHideable = true
+        put(g, tkHideableStart, "")
+      elif inHideable and not isHideable(g.config, n[i]):
+        inHideable = false
+        put(g, tkHideableEnd, "")
     gsub(g, n[i])
     if c:
       if g.tokens.len > oldLen:
@@ -601,9 +689,12 @@ proc gcommaAux(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, ind: int, start: int = 0,
       if shouldRenderComment(g) and hasCom(n[i]):
         gcoms(g)
         optNL(g, ind)
+  if inHideable:
+    put(g, tkHideableEnd, "")
+    inHideable = false
 
 proc gcomma(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext, start: int = 0,
-            theEnd: int = - 1) =
+            theEnd: int = -1) =
   var ind: int
   if rfInConstExpr in c.flags:
     ind = g.indent + IndentWidth
@@ -659,7 +750,7 @@ proc gstmts(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext, doIndent=true) =
       if n[i].kind in {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr, nkStmtListType}:
         gstmts(g, n[i], c, doIndent=false)
       else:
-        gsub(g, n[i])
+        gsub(g, n[i], fromStmtList = true)
       gcoms(g)
     if doIndent: dedent(g)
   else:
@@ -678,9 +769,8 @@ proc gcond(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
     put(g, tkParRi, ")")
 
 proc gif(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
-  var c: TContext
+  var c: TContext = initContext()
   gcond(g, n[0][0])
-  initContext(c)
   putWithSpace(g, tkColon, ":")
   if longMode(g, n) or (lsub(g, n[0][1]) + g.lineLen > MaxLineLen):
     incl(c.flags, rfLongMode)
@@ -691,20 +781,18 @@ proc gif(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
     gsub(g, n[i], c)
 
 proc gwhile(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
-  var c: TContext
+  var c: TContext = initContext()
   putWithSpace(g, tkWhile, "while")
   gcond(g, n[0])
   putWithSpace(g, tkColon, ":")
-  initContext(c)
   if longMode(g, n) or (lsub(g, n[1]) + g.lineLen > MaxLineLen):
     incl(c.flags, rfLongMode)
   gcoms(g)                    # a good place for comments
   gstmts(g, n[1], c)
 
 proc gpattern(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
-  var c: TContext
+  var c: TContext = initContext()
   put(g, tkCurlyLe, "{")
-  initContext(c)
   if longMode(g, n) or (lsub(g, n[0]) + g.lineLen > MaxLineLen):
     incl(c.flags, rfLongMode)
   gcoms(g)                    # a good place for comments
@@ -712,20 +800,18 @@ proc gpattern(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
   put(g, tkCurlyRi, "}")
 
 proc gpragmaBlock(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
-  var c: TContext
+  var c: TContext = initContext()
   gsub(g, n[0])
   putWithSpace(g, tkColon, ":")
-  initContext(c)
   if longMode(g, n) or (lsub(g, n[1]) + g.lineLen > MaxLineLen):
     incl(c.flags, rfLongMode)
   gcoms(g)                    # a good place for comments
   gstmts(g, n[1], c)
 
 proc gtry(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
-  var c: TContext
+  var c: TContext = initContext()
   put(g, tkTry, "try")
   putWithSpace(g, tkColon, ":")
-  initContext(c)
   if longMode(g, n) or (lsub(g, n[0]) + g.lineLen > MaxLineLen):
     incl(c.flags, rfLongMode)
   gcoms(g)                    # a good place for comments
@@ -733,9 +819,8 @@ proc gtry(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
   gsons(g, n, c, 1)
 
 proc gfor(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
-  var c: TContext
+  var c: TContext = initContext()
   putWithSpace(g, tkFor, "for")
-  initContext(c)
   if longMode(g, n) or
       (lsub(g, n[^1]) + lsub(g, n[^2]) + 6 + g.lineLen > MaxLineLen):
     incl(c.flags, rfLongMode)
@@ -748,8 +833,7 @@ proc gfor(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
   gstmts(g, n[^1], c)
 
 proc gcase(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
-  var c: TContext
-  initContext(c)
+  var c: TContext = initContext()
   if n.len == 0: return
   var last = if n[^1].kind == nkElse: -2 else: -1
   if longMode(g, n, 0, last): incl(c.flags, rfLongMode)
@@ -759,17 +843,17 @@ proc gcase(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
   optNL(g)
   gsons(g, n, c, 1, last)
   if last == - 2:
-    initContext(c)
+    c = initContext()
     if longMode(g, n[^1]): incl(c.flags, rfLongMode)
     gsub(g, n[^1], c)
 
 proc genSymSuffix(result: var string, s: PSym) {.inline.} =
-  if sfGenSym in s.flags:
+  if sfGenSym in s.flags and s.name.id != ord(wUnderscore):
     result.add '_'
     result.addInt s.id
 
 proc gproc(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
-  var c: TContext
+  var c: TContext = initContext()
   if n[namePos].kind == nkSym:
     let s = n[namePos].sym
     var ret = renderDefinitionName(s)
@@ -780,25 +864,23 @@ proc gproc(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
 
   if n[patternPos].kind != nkEmpty:
     gpattern(g, n[patternPos])
-  let oldInGenericParams = g.inGenericParams
-  g.inGenericParams = true
-  if renderNoBody in g.flags and n[miscPos].kind != nkEmpty and
-      n[miscPos][1].kind != nkEmpty:
-    gsub(g, n[miscPos][1])
-  else:
-    gsub(g, n[genericParamsPos])
-  g.inGenericParams = oldInGenericParams
+  g.inside(GenericParams):
+    if renderNoBody in g.flags and n[miscPos].kind != nkEmpty and
+        n[miscPos][1].kind != nkEmpty:
+      gsub(g, n[miscPos][1])
+    else:
+      gsub(g, n[genericParamsPos])
   gsub(g, n[paramsPos])
   if renderNoPragmas notin g.flags:
     gsub(g, n[pragmasPos])
   if renderNoBody notin g.flags:
-    if n[bodyPos].kind != nkEmpty:
+    if n.len > bodyPos and n[bodyPos].kind != nkEmpty:
       put(g, tkSpaces, Space)
       putWithSpace(g, tkEquals, "=")
       indentNL(g)
       gcoms(g)
       dedent(g)
-      initContext(c)
+      c = initContext()
       gstmts(g, n[bodyPos], c)
       putNL(g)
     else:
@@ -807,8 +889,7 @@ proc gproc(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
       dedent(g)
 
 proc gTypeClassTy(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
-  var c: TContext
-  initContext(c)
+  var c: TContext = initContext()
   putWithSpace(g, tkConcept, "concept")
   gsons(g, n[0], c) # arglist
   gsub(g, n[1]) # pragmas
@@ -827,8 +908,7 @@ proc gblock(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
   if n.len == 0:
     return
 
-  var c: TContext
-  initContext(c)
+  var c: TContext = initContext()
 
   if n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
     putWithSpace(g, tkBlock, "block")
@@ -848,10 +928,9 @@ proc gblock(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
   gstmts(g, n[1], c)
 
 proc gstaticStmt(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
-  var c: TContext
+  var c: TContext = initContext()
   putWithSpace(g, tkStatic, "static")
   putWithSpace(g, tkColon, ":")
-  initContext(c)
   if longMode(g, n) or (lsub(g, n[0]) + g.lineLen > MaxLineLen):
     incl(c.flags, rfLongMode)
   gcoms(g)                    # a good place for comments
@@ -865,7 +944,7 @@ proc gasm(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
     gsub(g, n[1])
 
 proc gident(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
-  if g.inGenericParams and n.kind == nkSym:
+  if GenericParams in g.inside and n.kind == nkSym:
     if sfAnon in n.sym.flags or
       (n.typ != nil and tfImplicitTypeParam in n.typ.flags): return
 
@@ -889,7 +968,9 @@ proc gident(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
       s.addInt localId
     if sfCursor in n.sym.flags:
       s.add "_cursor"
-  elif n.kind == nkSym and (renderIds in g.flags or sfGenSym in n.sym.flags or n.sym.kind == skTemp):
+  elif n.kind == nkSym and (renderIds in g.flags or
+      (sfGenSym in n.sym.flags and n.sym.name.id != ord(wUnderscore)) or
+      n.sym.kind == skTemp):
     s.add '_'
     s.addInt n.sym.id
     when defined(debugMagics):
@@ -904,6 +985,7 @@ proc doParamsAux(g: var TSrcGen, params: PNode) =
     put(g, tkParRi, ")")
 
   if params.len > 0 and params[0].kind != nkEmpty:
+    put(g, tkSpaces, Space)
     putWithSpace(g, tkOpr, "->")
     gsub(g, params[0])
 
@@ -922,6 +1004,7 @@ proc bracketKind*(g: TSrcGen, n: PNode): BracketKind =
     case n.kind
     of nkClosedSymChoice, nkOpenSymChoice:
       if n.len > 0: result = bracketKind(g, n[0])
+      else: result = bkNone
     of nkSym:
       result = case n.sym.name.s
         of "[]": bkBracket
@@ -930,11 +1013,13 @@ proc bracketKind*(g: TSrcGen, n: PNode): BracketKind =
         of "{}=": bkCurlyAsgn
         else: bkNone
     else: result = bkNone
+  else:
+    result = bkNone
 
 proc skipHiddenNodes(n: PNode): PNode =
   result = n
   while result != nil:
-    if result.kind in {nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkHiddenCallConv} and result.len > 1:
+    if result.kind in {nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkHiddenCallConv, nkOpenSym} and result.len > 1:
       result = result[1]
     elif result.kind in {nkCheckedFieldExpr, nkHiddenAddr, nkHiddenDeref, nkStringToCString, nkCStringToString} and
         result.len > 0:
@@ -942,14 +1027,12 @@ proc skipHiddenNodes(n: PNode): PNode =
     else: break
 
 proc accentedName(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
-  const backticksNeeded = OpChars + {'[', '{'}
+  # This is for cases where ident should've really been a `nkAccQuoted`, e.g. `:tmp`
+  # or if user writes a macro with `ident":foo"`. It's unclear whether these should be legal.
+  const backticksNeeded = OpChars + {'[', '{', '\''}
   if n == nil: return
-  let isOperator =
-    if n.kind == nkIdent and n.ident.s.len > 0 and n.ident.s[0] in backticksNeeded: true
-    elif n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.name.s.len > 0 and n.sym.name.s[0] in backticksNeeded: true
-    else: false
-
-  if isOperator:
+  let ident = n.getPIdent
+  if ident != nil and ident.s[0] in backticksNeeded:
     put(g, tkAccent, "`")
     gident(g, n)
     put(g, tkAccent, "`")
@@ -957,7 +1040,7 @@ proc accentedName(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode) =
     gsub(g, n)
 
 proc infixArgument(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, i: int) =
-  if i < 1 and i > 2: return
+  if i < 1 or i > 2: return
   var needsParenthesis = false
   let nNext = n[i].skipHiddenNodes
   if nNext.kind == nkInfix:
@@ -976,10 +1059,41 @@ proc infixArgument(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, i: int) =
   if needsParenthesis:
     put(g, tkParRi, ")")
 
-proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
+const postExprBlocks = {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr,
+  nkOfBranch, nkElifBranch, nkElse,
+  nkExceptBranch, nkFinally, nkDo}
+
+proc postStatements(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, i: int, fromStmtList: bool) =
+  var i = i
+  if n[i].kind in {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr}:
+    if fromStmtList:
+      put(g, tkColon, ":")
+    else:
+      put(g, tkSpaces, Space)
+      put(g, tkDo, "do")
+      put(g, tkColon, ":")
+  gsub(g, n, i)
+  i.inc
+  for j in i ..< n.len:
+    if n[j].kind == nkDo:
+      optNL(g)
+    elif n[j].kind in {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr}:
+      optNL(g)
+      put(g, tkDo, "do")
+      put(g, tkColon, ":")
+    gsub(g, n, j)
+
+proc isCustomLit(n: PNode): bool =
+  if n.len == 2 and n[0].kind == nkRStrLit:
+    let ident = n[1].getPIdent
+    result = ident != nil and ident.s.startsWith('\'')
+  else:
+    result = false
+
+proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext, fromStmtList = false) =
   if isNil(n): return
   var
-    a: TContext
+    a: TContext = default(TContext)
   if shouldRenderComment(g, n): pushCom(g, n)
   case n.kind                 # atoms:
   of nkTripleStrLit: put(g, tkTripleStrLit, atom(g, n))
@@ -1005,21 +1119,15 @@ proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
   of nkCharLit: put(g, tkCharLit, atom(g, n))
   of nkNilLit: put(g, tkNil, atom(g, n))    # complex expressions
   of nkCall, nkConv, nkDotCall, nkPattern, nkObjConstr:
-    if n.len > 1 and n.lastSon.kind in {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr}:
+    if n.len > 1 and n.lastSon.kind in postExprBlocks:
       accentedName(g, n[0])
       var i = 1
-      while i < n.len and n[i].kind notin {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr}: i.inc
+      while i < n.len and n[i].kind notin postExprBlocks: i.inc
       if i > 1:
         put(g, tkParLe, "(")
         gcomma(g, n, 1, i - 1 - n.len)
         put(g, tkParRi, ")")
-      put(g, tkColon, ":")
-      gsub(g, n, i)
-      for j in i+1 ..< n.len:
-        optNL(g)
-        put(g, tkDo, "do")
-        put(g, tkColon, ":")
-        gsub(g, n, j)
+      postStatements(g, n, i, fromStmtList)
     elif n.len >= 1:
       case bracketKind(g, n[0])
       of bkBracket:
@@ -1119,14 +1227,12 @@ proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
   of nkCommand:
     accentedName(g, n[0])
     put(g, tkSpaces, Space)
-    if n[^1].kind == nkStmtList:
-      for i, child in n:
-        if i > 1 and i < n.len - 1:
-          put(g, tkComma, ",")
-        elif i == n.len - 1:
-          put(g, tkColon, ":")
-        if i > 0:
-          gsub(g, child)
+    if n.len > 1 and n.lastSon.kind in postExprBlocks:
+      var i = 1
+      while i < n.len and n[i].kind notin postExprBlocks: i.inc
+      if i > 1:
+        gcomma(g, n, 1, i - 1 - n.len)
+      postStatements(g, n, i, fromStmtList)
     else:
       gcomma(g, n, 1)
   of nkExprEqExpr, nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn:
@@ -1134,6 +1240,11 @@ proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
     put(g, tkSpaces, Space)
     putWithSpace(g, tkEquals, "=")
     gsub(g, n, 1)
+  of nkSinkAsgn:
+    put(g, tkSymbol, "`=sink`")
+    put(g, tkParLe, "(")
+    gcomma(g, n)
+    put(g, tkParRi, ")")
   of nkChckRangeF:
     put(g, tkSymbol, "chckRangeF")
     put(g, tkParLe, "(")
@@ -1170,6 +1281,7 @@ proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
       put(g, tkParRi, if n.kind == nkOpenSymChoice: "|...)" else: ")")
     else:
       gsub(g, n, 0)
+  of nkOpenSym: gsub(g, n, 0)
   of nkPar, nkClosure:
     put(g, tkParLe, "(")
     gcomma(g, n, c)
@@ -1177,7 +1289,7 @@ proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
   of nkTupleConstr:
     put(g, tkParLe, "(")
     gcomma(g, n, c)
-    if n.len == 1: put(g, tkComma, ",")
+    if n.len == 1 and n[0].kind != nkExprColonExpr: put(g, tkComma, ",")
     put(g, tkParRi, ")")
   of nkCurly:
     put(g, tkCurlyLe, "{")
@@ -1195,14 +1307,25 @@ proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
     gcomma(g, n, c)
     put(g, tkBracketRi, "]")
   of nkDotExpr:
-    gsub(g, n, 0)
-    put(g, tkDot, ".")
-    gsub(g, n, 1)
+    if isCustomLit(n):
+      put(g, tkCustomLit, n[0].strVal)
+      gsub(g, n, 1)
+    else:
+      gsub(g, n, 0)
+      put(g, tkDot, ".")
+      assert n.len == 2, $n.len
+      accentedName(g, n[1])
   of nkBind:
     putWithSpace(g, tkBind, "bind")
     gsub(g, n, 0)
   of nkCheckedFieldExpr, nkHiddenAddr, nkHiddenDeref, nkStringToCString, nkCStringToString:
+    if renderIds in g.flags:
+      put(g, tkAddr, $n.kind)
+      put(g, tkParLe, "(")
     gsub(g, n, 0)
+    if renderIds in g.flags:
+      put(g, tkParRi, ")")
+
   of nkLambda:
     putWithSpace(g, tkProc, "proc")
     gsub(g, n, paramsPos)
@@ -1217,11 +1340,38 @@ proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
     gsub(g, n, pragmasPos)
     put(g, tkColon, ":")
     gsub(g, n, bodyPos)
-  of nkConstDef, nkIdentDefs:
+  of nkIdentDefs:
+    var exclFlags: TRenderFlags = {}
+    if ObjectDef in g.inside:
+      if not n[0].isExported() and renderNonExportedFields notin g.flags:
+        # Skip if this is a property in a type and its not exported
+        # (While also not allowing rendering of non exported fields)
+        return
+      # render postfix for object fields:
+      exclFlags = g.flags * {renderNoPostfix}
+    # We render the identDef without being inside the section incase we render something like
+    # y: proc (x: string) # (We wouldn't want to check if x is exported)
+    g.outside(ObjectDef):
+      g.flags.excl(exclFlags)
+      gcomma(g, n, 0, -3)
+      g.flags.incl(exclFlags)
+      if n.len >= 2 and n[^2].kind != nkEmpty:
+        putWithSpace(g, tkColon, ":")
+        gsub(g, n[^2], c)
+      elif n.referencesUsing and renderExpandUsing in g.flags:
+        putWithSpace(g, tkColon, ":")
+        gsub(g, newSymNode(n.origUsingType), c)
+
+      if n.len >= 1 and n[^1].kind != nkEmpty:
+        put(g, tkSpaces, Space)
+        putWithSpace(g, tkEquals, "=")
+        gsub(g, n[^1], c)
+  of nkConstDef:
     gcomma(g, n, 0, -3)
     if n.len >= 2 and n[^2].kind != nkEmpty:
       putWithSpace(g, tkColon, ":")
-      gsub(g, n, n.len - 2)
+      gsub(g, n[^2], c)
+
     if n.len >= 1 and n[^1].kind != nkEmpty:
       put(g, tkSpaces, Space)
       putWithSpace(g, tkEquals, "=")
@@ -1243,6 +1393,10 @@ proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
     putWithSpace(g, tkColon, ":")
     gsub(g, n, 1)
   of nkInfix:
+    if n.len < 3:
+      var i = 0
+      put(g, tkOpr, "Too few children for nkInfix")
+      return
     let oldLineLen = g.lineLen # we cache this because lineLen gets updated below
     infixArgument(g, n, 1)
     put(g, tkSpaces, Space)
@@ -1253,11 +1407,12 @@ proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
     else:
       put(g, tkSpaces, Space)
     infixArgument(g, n, 2)
+    if n.len > 3 and n.lastSon.kind in postExprBlocks:
+      var i = 3
+      while i < n.len and n[i].kind notin postExprBlocks: i.inc
+      postStatements(g, n, i, fromStmtList)
   of nkPrefix:
-    if n.len > 0 and n[0].kind == nkIdent and n[0].ident.s == "<//>":
-      discard "XXX Remove this hack after 0.20 has been released!"
-    else:
-      gsub(g, n, 0)
+    gsub(g, n, 0)
     if n.len > 1:
       let opr = if n[0].kind == nkIdent: n[0].ident
                 elif n[0].kind == nkSym: n[0].sym.name
@@ -1272,9 +1427,14 @@ proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
         put(g, tkParRi, ")")
       else:
         gsub(g, n[1])
+    if n.len > 2 and n.lastSon.kind in postExprBlocks:
+      var i = 2
+      while i < n.len and n[i].kind notin postExprBlocks: i.inc
+      postStatements(g, n, i, fromStmtList)
   of nkPostfix:
     gsub(g, n, 1)
-    gsub(g, n, 0)
+    if renderNoPostfix notin g.flags:
+      gsub(g, n, 0)
   of nkRange:
     gsub(g, n, 0)
     put(g, tkDotDot, "..")
@@ -1284,9 +1444,22 @@ proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
     put(g, tkOpr, "[]")
   of nkAccQuoted:
     put(g, tkAccent, "`")
-    if n.len > 0: gsub(g, n[0])
-    for i in 1..<n.len:
-      put(g, tkSpaces, Space)
+    for i in 0..<n.len:
+      proc isAlpha(n: PNode): bool =
+        if n.kind in {nkIdent, nkSym}:
+          let tmp = n.getPIdent.s
+          result = tmp.len > 0 and tmp[0] in {'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z'}
+        else:
+          result = false
+      var useSpace = false
+      if i == 1 and n[0].kind == nkIdent and n[0].ident.s in ["=", "'"]:
+        if not n[1].isAlpha: # handle `=destroy`, `'big'
+          useSpace = true
+      elif i == 1 and n[1].kind == nkIdent and n[1].ident.s == "=":
+        if not n[0].isAlpha: # handle setters, e.g. `foo=`
+          useSpace = true
+      elif i > 0: useSpace = true
+      if useSpace:  put(g, tkSpaces, Space)
       gsub(g, n[i])
     put(g, tkAccent, "`")
   of nkIfExpr:
@@ -1327,6 +1500,12 @@ proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
       gsub(g, n[0])
     else:
       put(g, tkVar, "var")
+  of nkOutTy:
+    if n.len > 0:
+      putWithSpace(g, tkOut, "out")
+      gsub(g, n[0])
+    else:
+      put(g, tkOut, "out")
   of nkDistinctTy:
     if n.len > 0:
       putWithSpace(g, tkDistinct, "distinct")
@@ -1355,20 +1534,20 @@ proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
   of nkObjectTy:
     if n.len > 0:
       putWithSpace(g, tkObject, "object")
-      gsub(g, n[0])
-      gsub(g, n[1])
-      gcoms(g)
-      gsub(g, n[2])
+      g.inside(ObjectDef):
+        gsub(g, n[0])
+        gsub(g, n[1])
+        gcoms(g)
+        indentNL(g)
+        gsub(g, n[2])
+        dedent(g)
     else:
       put(g, tkObject, "object")
   of nkRecList:
-    indentNL(g)
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       optNL(g)
       gsub(g, n[i], c)
       gcoms(g)
-    dedent(g)
-    putNL(g)
   of nkOfInherit:
     putWithSpace(g, tkOf, "of")
     gsub(g, n, 0)
@@ -1408,7 +1587,13 @@ proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
     put(g, tkSpaces, Space)
     putWithSpace(g, tkEquals, "=")
     gsub(g, n, 1)
-  of nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr, nkStmtListType: gstmts(g, n, emptyContext)
+  of nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr, nkStmtListType:
+    if n.len == 1 and n[0].kind == nkDiscardStmt:
+      put(g, tkParLe, "(")
+      gsub(g, n[0])
+      put(g, tkParRi, ")")
+    else:
+      gstmts(g, n, emptyContext)
   of nkIfStmt:
     putWithSpace(g, tkIf, "if")
     gif(g, n)
@@ -1447,7 +1632,7 @@ proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
   of nkTypeSection:
     gsection(g, n, emptyContext, tkType, "type")
   of nkConstSection:
-    initContext(a)
+    a = initContext()
     incl(a.flags, rfInConstExpr)
     gsection(g, n, a, tkConst, "const")
   of nkVarSection, nkLetSection, nkUsingStmt:
@@ -1467,7 +1652,7 @@ proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
       gsub(g, n[0])
   of nkReturnStmt:
     putWithSpace(g, tkReturn, "return")
-    if n.len > 0 and n[0].kind == nkAsgn:
+    if n.len > 0 and n[0].kind == nkAsgn and renderIr notin g.flags:
       gsub(g, n[0], 1)
     else:
       gsub(g, n, 0)
@@ -1615,13 +1800,11 @@ proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
     gsub(g, n, 0)
     put(g, tkParRi, ")")
   of nkGotoState:
-    var c: TContext
-    initContext c
+    var c: TContext = initContext()
     putWithSpace g, tkSymbol, "goto"
     gsons(g, n, c)
   of nkState:
-    var c: TContext
-    initContext c
+    var c: TContext = initContext()
     putWithSpace g, tkSymbol, "state"
     gsub(g, n[0], c)
     putWithSpace(g, tkColon, ":")
@@ -1635,14 +1818,17 @@ proc gsub(g: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, c: TContext) =
       gsons(g, n, c, 0)
   of nkTypeClassTy:
     gTypeClassTy(g, n)
+  of nkError:
+    putWithSpace(g, tkSymbol, "error")
+    #gcomma(g, n, c)
+    gsub(g, n[0], c)
   else:
     #nkNone, nkExplicitTypeListCall:
-    internalError(g.config, n.info, "rnimsyn.gsub(" & $n.kind & ')')
+    internalError(g.config, n.info, "renderer.gsub(" & $n.kind & ')')
 
 proc renderTree*(n: PNode, renderFlags: TRenderFlags = {}): string =
   if n == nil: return "<nil tree>"
-  var g: TSrcGen
-  initSrcGen(g, renderFlags, newPartialConfigRef())
+  var g: TSrcGen = initSrcGen(renderFlags, newPartialConfigRef())
   # do not indent the initial statement list so that
   # writeFile("file.nim", repr n)
   # produces working Nim code:
@@ -1659,9 +1845,8 @@ proc renderModule*(n: PNode, outfile: string,
                    fid = FileIndex(-1);
                    conf: ConfigRef = nil) =
   var
-    f: File
-    g: TSrcGen
-  initSrcGen(g, renderFlags, conf)
+    f: File = default(File)
+    g: TSrcGen = initSrcGen(renderFlags, conf)
   g.fid = fid
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     gsub(g, n[i])
@@ -1677,9 +1862,9 @@ proc renderModule*(n: PNode, outfile: string,
   else:
     rawMessage(g.config, errGenerated, "cannot open file: " & outfile)
 
-proc initTokRender*(r: var TSrcGen, n: PNode, renderFlags: TRenderFlags = {}) =
-  initSrcGen(r, renderFlags, newPartialConfigRef())
-  gsub(r, n)
+proc initTokRender*(n: PNode, renderFlags: TRenderFlags = {}): TSrcGen =
+  result = initSrcGen(renderFlags, newPartialConfigRef())
+  gsub(result, n)
 
 proc getNextTok*(r: var TSrcGen, kind: var TokType, literal: var string) =
   if r.idx < r.tokens.len:
@@ -1696,15 +1881,3 @@ proc getTokSym*(r: TSrcGen): PSym =
     result = r.tokens[r.idx-1].sym
   else:
     result = nil
-
-proc quoteExpr*(a: string): string {.inline.} =
-  ## can be used for quoting expressions in error msgs.
-  "'" & a & "'"
-
-proc genFieldDefect*(field: PSym, disc: PSym): string =
-  ## this needs to be in a module accessible by jsgen, ccgexprs, and vm to
-  ## provide this error msg FieldDefect; msgs would be better but it does not
-  ## import ast
-  result = field.name.s.quoteExpr & " is not accessible using discriminant " &
-    disc.name.s.quoteExpr & " of type " &
-    disc.owner.name.s.quoteExpr
diff --git a/compiler/renderverbatim.nim b/compiler/renderverbatim.nim
index 02d405844..c12595156 100644
--- a/compiler/renderverbatim.nim
+++ b/compiler/renderverbatim.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-import strutils
-from xmltree import addEscaped
+import std/strutils
 
 import ast, options, msgs
-import packages/docutils/highlite
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 
 const isDebug = false
 when isDebug:
@@ -38,6 +40,7 @@ type LineData = object
 
 proc tripleStrLitStartsAtNextLine(conf: ConfigRef, n: PNode): bool =
   # enabling TLineInfo.offsetA,offsetB would probably make this easier
+  result = false
   const tripleQuote = "\"\"\""
   let src = sourceLine(conf, n.info)
   let col = n.info.col
@@ -85,7 +88,7 @@ proc startOfLineInsideTriple(ldata: LineData, line: int): bool =
   if index >= ldata.lines.len: false
   else: ldata.lines[index]
 
-proc extractRunnableExamplesSource*(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode): string =
+proc extractRunnableExamplesSource*(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode, indent = 0): string =
   ## TLineInfo.offsetA,offsetB would be cleaner but it's only enabled for nimpretty,
   ## we'd need to check performance impact to enable it for nimdoc.
   var first = n.lastSon.info
@@ -104,7 +107,7 @@ proc extractRunnableExamplesSource*(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode): string =
 
   let last = n.lastNodeRec.info
   var info = first
-  var indent = info.col
+  var indent2 = info.col
   let numLines = numLines(conf, info.fileIndex).uint16
   var lastNonemptyPos = 0
 
@@ -120,33 +123,15 @@ proc extractRunnableExamplesSource*(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode): string =
     info.line = line
     let src = sourceLine(conf, info)
     let special = startOfLineInsideTriple(ldata, line.int)
-    if line > last.line and not special and not isInIndentationBlock(src, indent):
+    if line > last.line and not special and not isInIndentationBlock(src, indent2):
       break
     if line > first.line: result.add "\n"
     if special:
       result.add src
       lastNonemptyPos = result.len
-    elif src.len > indent:
-      result.add src[indent..^1]
+    elif src.len > indent2:
+      for i in 0..<indent: result.add ' '
+      result.add src[indent2..^1]
       lastNonemptyPos = result.len
   result.setLen lastNonemptyPos
 
-proc renderNimCode*(result: var string, code: string, isLatex = false) =
-  var toknizr: GeneralTokenizer
-  initGeneralTokenizer(toknizr, code)
-  var buf = ""
-  template append(kind, val) =
-    buf.setLen 0
-    buf.addEscaped(val)
-    let class = tokenClassToStr[kind]
-    if isLatex:
-      result.addf "\\span$1{$2}", [class, buf]
-    else:
-      result.addf  "<span class=\"$1\">$2</span>", [class, buf]
-  while true:
-    getNextToken(toknizr, langNim)
-    case toknizr.kind
-    of gtEof: break  # End Of File (or string)
-    else:
-      # TODO: avoid alloc; maybe toOpenArray
-      append(toknizr.kind, substr(code, toknizr.start, toknizr.length + toknizr.start - 1))
diff --git a/compiler/reorder.nim b/compiler/reorder.nim
index d2b89f392..2f7c04af1 100644
--- a/compiler/reorder.nim
+++ b/compiler/reorder.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,17 @@
 
 import
-  intsets, ast, idents, algorithm, renderer, strutils,
+  ast, idents, renderer,
   msgs, modulegraphs, syntaxes, options, modulepaths,
   lineinfos
 
+import std/[algorithm, strutils, intsets]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+when defined(nimDebugReorder):
+  import std/tables
+
 type
   DepN = ref object
     pnode: PNode
@@ -11,36 +19,27 @@ type
     onStack: bool
     kids: seq[DepN]
     hAQ, hIS, hB, hCmd: int
-    when defined(debugReorder):
+    when defined(nimDebugReorder):
       expls: seq[string]
   DepG = seq[DepN]
 
-when defined(debugReorder):
+when defined(nimDebugReorder):
   var idNames = newTable[int, string]()
 
 proc newDepN(id: int, pnode: PNode): DepN =
-  new(result)
-  result.id = id
-  result.pnode = pnode
-  result.idx = -1
-  result.lowLink = -1
-  result.onStack = false
-  result.kids = @[]
-  result.hAQ = -1
-  result.hIS = -1
-  result.hB = -1
-  result.hCmd = -1
-  when defined(debugReorder):
+  result = DepN(id: id, pnode: pnode, idx: -1,
+                lowLink: -1, onStack: false,
+                kids: @[], hAQ: -1, hIS: -1,
+                hB: -1, hCmd: -1
+  )
+  when defined(nimDebugReorder):
     result.expls = @[]
 
 proc accQuoted(cache: IdentCache; n: PNode): PIdent =
   var id = ""
   for i in 0..<n.len:
-    let x = n[i]
-    case x.kind
-    of nkIdent: id.add(x.ident.s)
-    of nkSym: id.add(x.sym.name.s)
-    else: discard
+    let ident = n[i].getPIdent
+    if ident != nil: id.add(ident.s)
   result = getIdent(cache, id)
 
 proc addDecl(cache: IdentCache; n: PNode; declares: var IntSet) =
@@ -49,16 +48,16 @@ proc addDecl(cache: IdentCache; n: PNode; declares: var IntSet) =
   of nkPragmaExpr: addDecl(cache, n[0], declares)
   of nkIdent:
     declares.incl n.ident.id
-    when defined(debugReorder):
+    when defined(nimDebugReorder):
       idNames[n.ident.id] = n.ident.s
   of nkSym:
     declares.incl n.sym.name.id
-    when defined(debugReorder):
+    when defined(nimDebugReorder):
       idNames[n.sym.name.id] = n.sym.name.s
   of nkAccQuoted:
     let a = accQuoted(cache, n)
     declares.incl a.id
-    when defined(debugReorder):
+    when defined(nimDebugReorder):
       idNames[a.id] = a.s
   of nkEnumFieldDef:
     addDecl(cache, n[0], declares)
@@ -103,13 +102,16 @@ proc computeDeps(cache: IdentCache; n: PNode, declares, uses: var IntSet; topLev
     if a.kind == nkExprColonExpr and a[0].kind == nkIdent and a[0].ident.s == "pragma":
       # user defined pragma
       decl(a[1])
+      for i in 1..<n.safeLen: deps(n[i])
     else:
       for i in 0..<n.safeLen: deps(n[i])
   of nkMixinStmt, nkBindStmt: discard
   else:
+    # XXX: for callables, this technically adds the return type dep before args
     for i in 0..<n.safeLen: deps(n[i])
 
-proc hasIncludes(n:PNode): bool =
+proc hasIncludes(n: PNode): bool =
+  result = false
   for a in n:
     if a.kind == nkIncludeStmt:
       return true
@@ -192,7 +194,7 @@ proc mergeSections(conf: ConfigRef; comps: seq[seq[DepN]], res: PNode) =
         # consecutive type and const sections
         var wmsg = "Circular dependency detected. `codeReordering` pragma may not be able to" &
           " reorder some nodes properly"
-        when defined(debugReorder):
+        when defined(nimDebugReorder):
           wmsg &= ":\n"
           for i in 0..<cs.len-1:
             for j in i..<cs.len:
@@ -229,8 +231,9 @@ proc hasImportStmt(n: PNode): bool =
   # i it contains one
   case n.kind
   of nkImportStmt, nkFromStmt, nkImportExceptStmt:
-    return true
+    result = true
   of nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr, nkWhenStmt, nkElifBranch, nkElse, nkStaticStmt:
+    result = false
     for a in n:
       if a.hasImportStmt:
         return true
@@ -251,6 +254,7 @@ proc hasCommand(n: PNode): bool =
   of nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr, nkWhenStmt, nkElifBranch, nkElse,
       nkStaticStmt, nkLetSection, nkConstSection, nkVarSection,
       nkIdentDefs:
+    result = false
     for a in n:
       if a.hasCommand:
         return true
@@ -263,6 +267,7 @@ proc hasCommand(n: DepN): bool =
   result = bool(n.hCmd)
 
 proc hasAccQuoted(n: PNode): bool =
+  result = false
   if n.kind == nkAccQuoted:
     return true
   for a in n:
@@ -278,6 +283,7 @@ proc hasAccQuotedDef(n: PNode): bool =
   of extendedProcDefs:
     result = n[0].hasAccQuoted
   of nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr, nkWhenStmt, nkElifBranch, nkElse, nkStaticStmt:
+    result = false
     for a in n:
       if hasAccQuotedDef(a):
         return true
@@ -298,6 +304,7 @@ proc hasBody(n: PNode): bool =
   of extendedProcDefs:
     result = n[^1].kind == nkStmtList
   of nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr, nkWhenStmt, nkElifBranch, nkElse, nkStaticStmt:
+    result = false
     for a in n:
       if a.hasBody:
         return true
@@ -310,10 +317,19 @@ proc hasBody(n: DepN): bool =
   result = bool(n.hB)
 
 proc intersects(s1, s2: IntSet): bool =
+  result = false
   for a in s1:
     if s2.contains(a):
       return true
 
+proc hasPushOrPopPragma(n: DepN): bool =
+  # Checks if the tree node has some pragmas that do not
+  # play well with reordering, like the push/pop pragma
+  # no crossing for push/pop barrier
+  let a = n.pnode
+  result = a.kind == nkPragma and a[0].kind == nkIdent and
+      (a[0].ident.s == "push" or a[0].ident.s == "pop")
+
 proc buildGraph(n: PNode, deps: seq[(IntSet, IntSet)]): DepG =
   # Build a dependency graph
   result = newSeqOfCap[DepN](deps.len)
@@ -331,13 +347,13 @@ proc buildGraph(n: PNode, deps: seq[(IntSet, IntSet)]): DepG =
       if j < i and nj.hasCommand and niHasCmd:
         # Preserve order for commands and calls
         ni.kids.add nj
-        when defined(debugReorder):
+        when defined(nimDebugReorder):
           ni.expls.add "both have commands and one comes after the other"
       elif j < i and nj.hasImportStmt:
         # Every node that comes after an import statement must
         # depend on that import
         ni.kids.add nj
-        when defined(debugReorder):
+        when defined(nimDebugReorder):
           ni.expls.add "parent is, or contains, an import statement and child comes after it"
       elif j < i and niHasBody and nj.hasAccQuotedDef:
         # Every function, macro, template... with a body depends
@@ -345,21 +361,28 @@ proc buildGraph(n: PNode, deps: seq[(IntSet, IntSet)]): DepG =
         # That's because it is hard to detect the use of functions
         # like "[]=", "[]", "or" ... in their bodies.
         ni.kids.add nj
-        when defined(debugReorder):
+        when defined(nimDebugReorder):
           ni.expls.add "one declares a quoted identifier and the other has a body and comes after it"
       elif j < i and niHasBody and not nj.hasBody and
         intersects(deps[i][0], declares):
           # Keep function declaration before function definition
           ni.kids.add nj
-          when defined(debugReorder):
+          when defined(nimDebugReorder):
             for dep in deps[i][0]:
               if dep in declares:
                 ni.expls.add "one declares \"" & idNames[dep] & "\" and the other defines it"
+      elif hasPushOrPopPragma(nj):
+        # Every node that comes after a push/pop pragma must
+        # depend on it; vice versa
+        if j < i:
+          ni.kids.add nj
+        else:
+          nj.kids.add ni
       else:
         for d in declares:
           if uses.contains(d):
             ni.kids.add nj
-            when defined(debugReorder):
+            when defined(nimDebugReorder):
               ni.expls.add "one declares \"" & idNames[d] & "\" and the other uses it"
 
 proc strongConnect(v: var DepN, idx: var int, s: var seq[DepN],
@@ -388,23 +411,14 @@ proc strongConnect(v: var DepN, idx: var int, s: var seq[DepN],
 proc getStrongComponents(g: var DepG): seq[seq[DepN]] =
   ## Tarjan's algorithm. Performs a topological sort
   ## and detects strongly connected components.
-  var s: seq[DepN]
+  result = @[]
+  var s: seq[DepN] = @[]
   var idx = 0
   for v in g.mitems:
     if v.idx < 0:
       strongConnect(v, idx, s, result)
 
-proc hasForbiddenPragma(n: PNode): bool =
-  # Checks if the tree node has some pragmas that do not
-  # play well with reordering, like the push/pop pragma
-  for a in n:
-    if a.kind == nkPragma and a[0].kind == nkIdent and
-        a[0].ident.s == "push":
-      return true
-
 proc reorder*(graph: ModuleGraph, n: PNode, module: PSym): PNode =
-  if n.hasForbiddenPragma:
-    return n
   var includedFiles = initIntSet()
   let mpath = toFullPath(graph.config, module.fileIdx)
   let n = expandIncludes(graph, module, n, mpath,
diff --git a/compiler/rodutils.nim b/compiler/rodutils.nim
index 353992fca..5355829c1 100644
--- a/compiler/rodutils.nim
+++ b/compiler/rodutils.nim
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@
 ## Serialization utilities for the compiler.
 import std/[strutils, math]
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 # bcc on windows doesn't have C99 functions
 when defined(windows) and defined(bcc):
   {.emit: """#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1900
@@ -31,7 +34,7 @@ when defined(windows) and defined(bcc):
   #endif
   """.}
 
-proc c_snprintf(s: cstring; n:uint; frmt: cstring): cint {.importc: "snprintf", header: "<stdio.h>", nodecl, varargs.}
+proc c_snprintf(s: cstring; n: uint; frmt: cstring): cint {.importc: "snprintf", header: "<stdio.h>", nodecl, varargs.}
 
 
 when not declared(signbit):
@@ -39,7 +42,10 @@ when not declared(signbit):
   proc signbit*(x: SomeFloat): bool {.inline.} =
     result = c_signbit(x) != 0
 
-proc toStrMaxPrecision*(f: BiggestFloat, literalPostfix = ""): string =
+import std/formatfloat
+
+proc toStrMaxPrecision*(f: BiggestFloat | float32): string =
+  const literalPostfix = when f is float32: "f" else: ""
   case classify(f)
   of fcNan:
     if signbit(f):
@@ -55,9 +61,9 @@ proc toStrMaxPrecision*(f: BiggestFloat, literalPostfix = ""): string =
   of fcNegInf:
     result = "-INF"
   else:
-    result = newString(81)
-    let n = c_snprintf(result.cstring, result.len.uint, "%#.16e%s", f, literalPostfix.cstring)
-    setLen(result, n)
+    result = ""
+    result.addFloatRoundtrip(f)
+    result.add literalPostfix
 
 proc encodeStr*(s: string, result: var string) =
   for i in 0..<s.len:
diff --git a/compiler/ropes.nim b/compiler/ropes.nim
index 1e7957337..e0d5aa0d3 100644
--- a/compiler/ropes.nim
+++ b/compiler/ropes.nim
@@ -7,213 +7,55 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-# Ropes for the C code generator
-#
-#  Ropes are a data structure that represents a very long string
-#  efficiently; especially concatenation is done in O(1) instead of O(N).
-#  Ropes make use a lazy evaluation: They are essentially concatenation
-#  trees that are only flattened when converting to a native Nim
-#  string or when written to disk. The empty string is represented by a
-#  nil pointer.
-#  A little picture makes everything clear:
-#
-#  "this string" & " is internally " & "represented as"
-#
-#             con  -- inner nodes do not contain raw data
-#            /   \
-#           /     \
-#          /       \
-#        con       "represented as"
-#       /   \
-#      /     \
-#     /       \
-#    /         \
-#   /           \
-#"this string"  " is internally "
-#
-#  Note that this is the same as:
-#  "this string" & (" is internally " & "represented as")
-#
-#             con
-#            /   \
-#           /     \
-#          /       \
-# "this string"    con
-#                 /   \
-#                /     \
-#               /       \
-#              /         \
-#             /           \
-#" is internally "        "represented as"
-#
-#  The 'con' operator is associative! This does not matter however for
-#  the algorithms we use for ropes.
-#
-#  Note that the left and right pointers are not needed for leaves.
-#  Leaves have relatively high memory overhead (~30 bytes on a 32
-#  bit machines) and we produce many of them. This is why we cache and
-#  share leaves across different rope trees.
-#  To cache them they are inserted in a `cache` array.
-
-import
-  hashes
+# Ropes for the C code generator. Ropes are mapped to `string` directly nowadays.
 
 from pathutils import AbsoluteFile
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, syncio, formatfloat]
+
 type
   FormatStr* = string  # later we may change it to CString for better
                        # performance of the code generator (assignments
                        # copy the format strings
                        # though it is not necessary)
-  Rope* = ref RopeObj
-  RopeObj*{.acyclic.} = object of RootObj # the empty rope is represented
-                                          # by nil to safe space
-    left, right: Rope
-    L: int                    # <= 0 if a leaf
-    data*: string
+  Rope* = string
 
-proc len*(a: Rope): int =
-  ## the rope's length
-  if a == nil: result = 0
-  else: result = abs a.L
+proc newRopeAppender*(cap = 80): string {.inline.} =
+  result = newStringOfCap(cap)
 
-proc newRope(data: string = ""): Rope =
-  new(result)
-  result.L = -data.len
-  result.data = data
+proc freeze*(r: Rope) {.inline.} = discard
 
-when not compileOption("threads"):
-  var
-    cache: array[0..2048*2 - 1, Rope]
-
-  proc resetRopeCache* =
-    for i in low(cache)..high(cache):
-      cache[i] = nil
-
-proc ropeInvariant(r: Rope): bool =
-  if r == nil:
-    result = true
-  else:
-    result = true #
-                  #    if r.data <> snil then
-                  #      result := true
-                  #    else begin
-                  #      result := (r.left <> nil) and (r.right <> nil);
-                  #      if result then result := ropeInvariant(r.left);
-                  #      if result then result := ropeInvariant(r.right);
-                  #    end
-
-var gCacheTries* = 0
-var gCacheMisses* = 0
-var gCacheIntTries* = 0
+proc resetRopeCache* = discard
 
-proc insertInCache(s: string): Rope =
-  when declared(cache):
-    inc gCacheTries
-    var h = hash(s) and high(cache)
-    result = cache[h]
-    if isNil(result) or result.data != s:
-      inc gCacheMisses
-      result = newRope(s)
-      cache[h] = result
-  else:
-    result = newRope(s)
-
-proc rope*(s: string): Rope =
-  ## Converts a string to a rope.
-  if s.len == 0:
-    result = nil
-  else:
-    result = insertInCache(s)
-  assert(ropeInvariant(result))
+template rope*(s: string): string = s
 
 proc rope*(i: BiggestInt): Rope =
   ## Converts an int to a rope.
-  inc gCacheIntTries
   result = rope($i)
 
 proc rope*(f: BiggestFloat): Rope =
   ## Converts a float to a rope.
   result = rope($f)
 
-proc `&`*(a, b: Rope): Rope =
-  if a == nil:
-    result = b
-  elif b == nil:
-    result = a
-  else:
-    result = newRope()
-    result.L = abs(a.L) + abs(b.L)
-    result.left = a
-    result.right = b
-
-proc `&`*(a: Rope, b: string): Rope =
-  ## the concatenation operator for ropes.
-  result = a & rope(b)
-
-proc `&`*(a: string, b: Rope): Rope =
-  ## the concatenation operator for ropes.
-  result = rope(a) & b
-
-proc `&`*(a: openArray[Rope]): Rope =
-  ## the concatenation operator for an openarray of ropes.
-  for i in 0..high(a): result = result & a[i]
-
-proc add*(a: var Rope, b: Rope) =
-  ## adds `b` to the rope `a`.
-  a = a & b
-
-proc add*(a: var Rope, b: string) =
-  ## adds `b` to the rope `a`.
-  a = a & b
-
-iterator leaves*(r: Rope): string =
-  ## iterates over any leaf string in the rope `r`.
-  if r != nil:
-    var stack = @[r]
-    while stack.len > 0:
-      var it = stack.pop
-      while it.left != nil:
-        assert it.right != nil
-        stack.add(it.right)
-        it = it.left
-        assert(it != nil)
-      yield it.data
-
-iterator items*(r: Rope): char =
-  ## iterates over any character in the rope `r`.
-  for s in leaves(r):
-    for c in items(s): yield c
-
 proc writeRope*(f: File, r: Rope) =
   ## writes a rope to a file.
-  for s in leaves(r): write(f, s)
+  write(f, r)
 
 proc writeRope*(head: Rope, filename: AbsoluteFile): bool =
-  var f: File
+  var f: File = default(File)
   if open(f, filename.string, fmWrite):
-    if head != nil: writeRope(f, head)
+    writeRope(f, head)
     close(f)
     result = true
   else:
     result = false
 
-proc `$`*(r: Rope): string =
-  ## converts a rope back to a string.
-  result = newString(r.len)
-  setLen(result, 0)
-  for s in leaves(r): result.add(s)
-
-proc ropeConcat*(a: varargs[Rope]): Rope =
-  # not overloaded version of concat to speed-up `rfmt` a little bit
-  for i in 0..high(a): result = result & a[i]
-
-proc prepend*(a: var Rope, b: Rope) = a = b & a
 proc prepend*(a: var Rope, b: string) = a = b & a
 
 proc runtimeFormat*(frmt: FormatStr, args: openArray[Rope]): Rope =
   var i = 0
-  result = nil
+  result = newRopeAppender()
   var num = 0
   while i < frmt.len:
     if frmt[i] == '$':
@@ -234,7 +76,7 @@ proc runtimeFormat*(frmt: FormatStr, args: openArray[Rope]): Rope =
           if i >= frmt.len or frmt[i] notin {'0'..'9'}: break
         num = j
         if j > high(args) + 1:
-          doAssert false, "invalid format string: " & frmt
+          raiseAssert "invalid format string: " & frmt
         else:
           result.add(args[j-1])
       of '{':
@@ -246,10 +88,10 @@ proc runtimeFormat*(frmt: FormatStr, args: openArray[Rope]): Rope =
         num = j
         if frmt[i] == '}': inc(i)
         else:
-          doAssert false, "invalid format string: " & frmt
+          raiseAssert "invalid format string: " & frmt
 
         if j > high(args) + 1:
-          doAssert false, "invalid format string: " & frmt
+          raiseAssert "invalid format string: " & frmt
         else:
           result.add(args[j-1])
       of 'n':
@@ -259,14 +101,10 @@ proc runtimeFormat*(frmt: FormatStr, args: openArray[Rope]): Rope =
         result.add("\n")
         inc(i)
       else:
-        doAssert false, "invalid format string: " & frmt
-    var start = i
-    while i < frmt.len:
-      if frmt[i] != '$': inc(i)
-      else: break
-    if i - 1 >= start:
-      result.add(substr(frmt, start, i - 1))
-  assert(ropeInvariant(result))
+        raiseAssert "invalid format string: " & frmt
+    else:
+      result.add(frmt[i])
+      inc(i)
 
 proc `%`*(frmt: static[FormatStr], args: openArray[Rope]): Rope =
   runtimeFormat(frmt, args)
@@ -275,30 +113,19 @@ template addf*(c: var Rope, frmt: FormatStr, args: openArray[Rope]) =
   ## shortcut for ``add(c, frmt % args)``.
   c.add(frmt % args)
 
-when true:
-  template `~`*(r: string): Rope = r % []
-else:
-  {.push stack_trace: off, line_trace: off.}
-  proc `~`*(r: static[string]): Rope =
-    # this is the new optimized "to rope" operator
-    # the mnemonic is that `~` looks a bit like a rope :)
-    var r {.global.} = r % []
-    return r
-  {.pop.}
-
 const
   bufSize = 1024              # 1 KB is reasonable
 
-proc equalsFile*(r: Rope, f: File): bool =
+proc equalsFile*(s: Rope, f: File): bool =
   ## returns true if the contents of the file `f` equal `r`.
   var
-    buf: array[bufSize, char]
+    buf: array[bufSize, char] = default(array[bufSize, char])
     bpos = buf.len
     blen = buf.len
     btotal = 0
     rtotal = 0
 
-  for s in leaves(r):
+  when true:
     var spos = 0
     rtotal += s.len
     while spos < s.len:
@@ -324,15 +151,8 @@ proc equalsFile*(r: Rope, f: File): bool =
 proc equalsFile*(r: Rope, filename: AbsoluteFile): bool =
   ## returns true if the contents of the file `f` equal `r`. If `f` does not
   ## exist, false is returned.
-  var f: File
+  var f: File = default(File)
   result = open(f, filename.string)
   if result:
     result = equalsFile(r, f)
     close(f)
-
-proc writeRopeIfNotEqual*(r: Rope, filename: AbsoluteFile): bool =
-  # returns true if overwritten
-  if not equalsFile(r, filename):
-    result = writeRope(r, filename)
-  else:
-    result = false
diff --git a/compiler/scriptconfig.nim b/compiler/scriptconfig.nim
index ef1ceb12b..e3d2bcd45 100644
--- a/compiler/scriptconfig.nim
+++ b/compiler/scriptconfig.nim
@@ -11,13 +11,18 @@
 ## language.
 
 import
-  ast, modules, idents, passes, condsyms,
-  options, sem, llstream, vm, vmdef, commands,
-  os, times, osproc, wordrecg, strtabs, modulegraphs,
-  pathutils
+  ast, modules, idents, condsyms,
+  options, llstream, vm, vmdef, commands,
+  wordrecg, modulegraphs,
+  pathutils, pipelines
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions]
+
+import std/[strtabs, os, times, osproc]
 
 # we support 'cmpIgnoreStyle' natively for efficiency:
-from strutils import cmpIgnoreStyle, contains
+from std/strutils import cmpIgnoreStyle, contains
 
 proc listDirs(a: VmArgs, filter: set[PathComponent]) =
   let dir = getString(a, 0)
@@ -151,21 +156,13 @@ proc setupVM*(module: PSym; cache: IdentCache; scriptName: string;
     setResult(a, strutils.cmpIgnoreCase(a.getString 0, a.getString 1))
   cbconf setCommand:
     conf.setCommandEarly(a.getString 0)
-    # xxx move remaining logic to commands.nim or other
     let arg = a.getString 1
     incl(conf.globalOptions, optWasNimscript)
-    if arg.len > 0:
-      conf.projectName = arg
-      let path =
-        if conf.projectName.isAbsolute: AbsoluteFile(conf.projectName)
-        else: conf.projectPath / RelativeFile(conf.projectName)
-      try:
-        conf.projectFull = canonicalizePath(conf, path)
-      except OSError:
-        conf.projectFull = path
+    if arg.len > 0: setFromProjectName(conf, arg)
   cbconf getCommand:
     setResult(a, conf.command)
   cbconf switch:
+    conf.currentConfigDir = vthisDir
     processSwitch(a.getString 0, a.getString 1, passPP, module.info, conf)
   cbconf hintImpl:
     processSpecificNote(a.getString 0, wHint, passPP, module.info,
@@ -187,15 +184,13 @@ proc setupVM*(module: PSym; cache: IdentCache; scriptName: string;
     options.cppDefine(conf, a.getString(0))
   cbexc stdinReadLine, EOFError:
     if defined(nimsuggest) or graph.config.cmd == cmdCheck:
-      discard
-    else:
       setResult(a, "")
+    else:
       setResult(a, stdin.readLine())
   cbexc stdinReadAll, EOFError:
     if defined(nimsuggest) or graph.config.cmd == cmdCheck:
-      discard
-    else:
       setResult(a, "")
+    else:
       setResult(a, stdin.readAll())
 
 proc runNimScript*(cache: IdentCache; scriptName: AbsoluteFile;
@@ -205,20 +200,18 @@ proc runNimScript*(cache: IdentCache; scriptName: AbsoluteFile;
   conf.symbolFiles = disabledSf
 
   let graph = newModuleGraph(cache, conf)
-  connectCallbacks(graph)
+  connectPipelineCallbacks(graph)
   if freshDefines: initDefines(conf.symbols)
 
   defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimscript")
   defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimconfig")
-  registerPass(graph, semPass)
-  registerPass(graph, evalPass)
 
   conf.searchPaths.add(conf.libpath)
 
   let oldGlobalOptions = conf.globalOptions
   let oldSelectedGC = conf.selectedGC
-  undefSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimv2")
-  conf.globalOptions.excl {optTinyRtti, optOwnedRefs, optSeqDestructors}
+  unregisterArcOrc(conf)
+  conf.globalOptions.excl optOwnedRefs
   conf.selectedGC = gcUnselected
 
   var m = graph.makeModule(scriptName)
@@ -226,8 +219,9 @@ proc runNimScript*(cache: IdentCache; scriptName: AbsoluteFile;
   var vm = setupVM(m, cache, scriptName.string, graph, idgen)
   graph.vm = vm
 
-  graph.compileSystemModule()
-  discard graph.processModule(m, vm.idgen, stream)
+  graph.setPipeLinePass(EvalPass)
+  graph.compilePipelineSystemModule()
+  discard graph.processPipelineModule(m, vm.idgen, stream)
 
   # watch out, "newruntime" can be set within NimScript itself and then we need
   # to remember this:
@@ -236,9 +230,20 @@ proc runNimScript*(cache: IdentCache; scriptName: AbsoluteFile;
   if optOwnedRefs in oldGlobalOptions:
     conf.globalOptions.incl {optTinyRtti, optOwnedRefs, optSeqDestructors}
     defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimv2")
-  if conf.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc}:
+  if conf.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc, gcAtomicArc}:
     conf.globalOptions.incl {optTinyRtti, optSeqDestructors}
     defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimv2")
+    defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcdestructors")
+    defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "nimSeqsV2")
+    case conf.selectedGC
+    of gcArc:
+      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcarc")
+    of gcOrc:
+      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcorc")
+    of gcAtomicArc:
+      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, "gcatomicarc")
+    else:
+      raiseAssert "unreachable"
 
   # ensure we load 'system.nim' again for the real non-config stuff!
   resetSystemArtifacts(graph)
diff --git a/compiler/sem.nim b/compiler/sem.nim
index 6b3f0c80d..2cf93d365 100644
--- a/compiler/sem.nim
+++ b/compiler/sem.nim
@@ -10,28 +10,35 @@
 # This module implements the semantic checking pass.
 
 import
-  ast, strutils, options, astalgo, trees,
-  wordrecg, ropes, msgs, idents, renderer, types, platform, math,
+  ast, options, astalgo, trees,
+  wordrecg, ropes, msgs, idents, renderer, types, platform,
   magicsys, nversion, nimsets, semfold, modulepaths, importer,
-  procfind, lookups, pragmas, passes, semdata, semtypinst, sigmatch,
-  intsets, transf, vmdef, vm, aliases, cgmeth, lambdalifting,
+  procfind, lookups, pragmas, semdata, semtypinst, sigmatch,
+  transf, vmdef, vm, aliases, cgmeth, lambdalifting,
   evaltempl, patterns, parampatterns, sempass2, linter, semmacrosanity,
-  lowerings, plugins/active, lineinfos, strtabs, int128,
-  isolation_check, typeallowed, modulegraphs, enumtostr, concepts
+  lowerings, plugins/active, lineinfos, int128,
+  isolation_check, typeallowed, modulegraphs, enumtostr, concepts, astmsgs,
+  extccomp
 
-when defined(nimfix):
-  import nimfix/prettybase
+import vtables
+import std/[strtabs, math, tables, intsets, strutils, packedsets]
 
 when not defined(leanCompiler):
   import spawn
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[
+    formatfloat,
+    assertions,
+  ]
+
 # implementation
 
-proc semExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode
-proc semExprWithType(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode
+proc semExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}, expectedType: PType = nil): PNode
+proc semExprWithType(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}, expectedType: PType = nil): PNode
 proc semExprNoType(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode
 proc semExprNoDeref(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode
-proc semProcBody(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode
+proc semProcBody(c: PContext, n: PNode; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode
 
 proc fitNode(c: PContext, formal: PType, arg: PNode; info: TLineInfo): PNode
 proc changeType(c: PContext; n: PNode, newType: PType, check: bool)
@@ -48,7 +55,7 @@ proc semQuoteAst(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode
 proc finishMethod(c: PContext, s: PSym)
 proc evalAtCompileTime(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode
 proc indexTypesMatch(c: PContext, f, a: PType, arg: PNode): PNode
-proc semStaticExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode
+proc semStaticExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode
 proc semStaticType(c: PContext, childNode: PNode, prev: PType): PType
 proc semTypeOf(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode
 proc computeRequiresInit(c: PContext, t: PType): bool
@@ -77,7 +84,8 @@ template semIdeForTemplateOrGeneric(c: PContext; n: PNode;
 
 proc fitNodePostMatch(c: PContext, formal: PType, arg: PNode): PNode =
   let x = arg.skipConv
-  if x.kind in {nkPar, nkTupleConstr, nkCurly} and formal.kind != tyUntyped:
+  if (x.kind == nkCurly and formal.kind == tySet and formal.base.kind != tyGenericParam) or
+    (x.kind in {nkPar, nkTupleConstr}) and formal.kind notin {tyUntyped, tyBuiltInTypeClass, tyAnything}:
     changeType(c, x, formal, check=true)
   result = arg
   result = skipHiddenSubConv(result, c.graph, c.idgen)
@@ -90,6 +98,13 @@ proc fitNode(c: PContext, formal: PType, arg: PNode; info: TLineInfo): PNode =
     # error correction:
     result = copyTree(arg)
     result.typ = formal
+  elif arg.kind in nkSymChoices and formal.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tyEnum:
+    # Pick the right 'sym' from the sym choice by looking at 'formal' type:
+    result = nil
+    for ch in arg:
+      if sameType(ch.typ, formal):
+        return ch
+    typeMismatch(c.config, info, formal, arg.typ, arg)
   else:
     result = indexTypesMatch(c, formal, arg.typ, arg)
     if result == nil:
@@ -100,6 +115,16 @@ proc fitNode(c: PContext, formal: PType, arg: PNode; info: TLineInfo): PNode =
     else:
       result = fitNodePostMatch(c, formal, result)
 
+proc fitNodeConsiderViewType(c: PContext, formal: PType, arg: PNode; info: TLineInfo): PNode =
+  let a = fitNode(c, formal, arg, info)
+  if formal.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}:
+    #classifyViewType(formal) != noView:
+    result = newNodeIT(nkHiddenAddr, a.info, formal)
+    result.add a
+    formal.flags.incl tfVarIsPtr
+  else:
+   result = a
+
 proc inferWithMetatype(c: PContext, formal: PType,
                        arg: PNode, coerceDistincts = false): PNode
 
@@ -119,26 +144,26 @@ proc commonType*(c: PContext; x, y: PType): PType =
   elif b.kind == tyTyped: result = b
   elif a.kind == tyTypeDesc:
     # turn any concrete typedesc into the abstract typedesc type
-    if a.len == 0: result = a
+    if not a.hasElementType: result = a
     else:
-      result = newType(tyTypeDesc, nextTypeId(c.idgen), a.owner)
-      rawAddSon(result, newType(tyNone, nextTypeId(c.idgen), a.owner))
+      result = newType(tyTypeDesc, c.idgen, a.owner)
+      rawAddSon(result, newType(tyNone, c.idgen, a.owner))
   elif b.kind in {tyArray, tySet, tySequence} and
       a.kind == b.kind:
     # check for seq[empty] vs. seq[int]
     let idx = ord(b.kind == tyArray)
     if a[idx].kind == tyEmpty: return y
-  elif a.kind == tyTuple and b.kind == tyTuple and a.len == b.len:
-    var nt: PType
-    for i in 0..<a.len:
-      let aEmpty = isEmptyContainer(a[i])
-      let bEmpty = isEmptyContainer(b[i])
+  elif a.kind == tyTuple and b.kind == tyTuple and sameTupleLengths(a, b):
+    var nt: PType = nil
+    for i, aa, bb in tupleTypePairs(a, b):
+      let aEmpty = isEmptyContainer(aa)
+      let bEmpty = isEmptyContainer(bb)
       if aEmpty != bEmpty:
         if nt.isNil:
-          nt = copyType(a, nextTypeId(c.idgen), a.owner)
+          nt = copyType(a, c.idgen, a.owner)
           copyTypeProps(c.graph, c.idgen.module, nt, a)
 
-        nt[i] = if aEmpty: b[i] else: a[i]
+        nt[i] = if aEmpty: bb else: aa
     if not nt.isNil: result = nt
     #elif b[idx].kind == tyEmpty: return x
   elif a.kind == tyRange and b.kind == tyRange:
@@ -159,14 +184,20 @@ proc commonType*(c: PContext; x, y: PType): PType =
         result = b #.skipIntLit
       elif a.kind in IntegralTypes and a.n != nil:
         result = a #.skipIntLit
+  elif a.kind == tyProc and b.kind == tyProc:
+    if a.callConv == ccClosure and b.callConv != ccClosure:
+      result = x
+    elif compatibleEffects(a, b) != efCompat or
+        (b.flags * {tfNoSideEffect, tfGcSafe}) < (a.flags * {tfNoSideEffect, tfGcSafe}):
+      result = y
   else:
     var k = tyNone
     if a.kind in {tyRef, tyPtr}:
       k = a.kind
       if b.kind != a.kind: return x
       # bug #7601, array construction of ptr generic
-      a = a.lastSon.skipTypes({tyGenericInst})
-      b = b.lastSon.skipTypes({tyGenericInst})
+      a = a.elementType.skipTypes({tyGenericInst})
+      b = b.elementType.skipTypes({tyGenericInst})
     if a.kind == tyObject and b.kind == tyObject:
       result = commonSuperclass(a, b)
       # this will trigger an error later:
@@ -176,16 +207,22 @@ proc commonType*(c: PContext; x, y: PType): PType =
       # ill-formed AST, no need for additional tyRef/tyPtr
       if k != tyNone and x.kind != tyGenericInst:
         let r = result
-        result = newType(k, nextTypeId(c.idgen), r.owner)
+        result = newType(k, c.idgen, r.owner)
         result.addSonSkipIntLit(r, c.idgen)
 
-proc endsInNoReturn(n: PNode): bool =
-  # check if expr ends in raise exception or call of noreturn proc
-  var it = n
-  while it.kind in {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr} and it.len > 0:
-    it = it.lastSon
-  result = it.kind in nkLastBlockStmts or
-    it.kind in nkCallKinds and it[0].kind == nkSym and sfNoReturn in it[0].sym.flags
+const shouldChckCovered = {tyInt..tyInt64, tyChar, tyEnum, tyUInt..tyUInt64, tyBool}
+proc shouldCheckCaseCovered(caseTyp: PType): bool =
+  result = false
+  case caseTyp.kind
+  of shouldChckCovered:
+    result = true
+  of tyRange:
+    if skipTypes(caseTyp[0], abstractInst).kind in shouldChckCovered:
+      result = true
+  else:
+    discard
+
+proc endsInNoReturn(n: PNode): bool
 
 proc commonType*(c: PContext; x: PType, y: PNode): PType =
   # ignore exception raising branches in case/if expressions
@@ -193,7 +230,7 @@ proc commonType*(c: PContext; x: PType, y: PNode): PType =
   commonType(c, x, y.typ)
 
 proc newSymS(kind: TSymKind, n: PNode, c: PContext): PSym =
-  result = newSym(kind, considerQuotedIdent(c, n), nextSymId c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), n.info)
+  result = newSym(kind, considerQuotedIdent(c, n), c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), n.info)
   when defined(nimsuggest):
     suggestDecl(c, n, result)
 
@@ -216,7 +253,9 @@ proc newSymG*(kind: TSymKind, n: PNode, c: PContext): PSym =
     # template; we must fix it here: see #909
     result.owner = getCurrOwner(c)
   else:
-    result = newSym(kind, considerQuotedIdent(c, n), nextSymId c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), n.info)
+    result = newSym(kind, considerQuotedIdent(c, n), c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), n.info)
+    if find(result.name.s, '`') >= 0:
+      result.flags.incl sfWasGenSym
   #if kind in {skForVar, skLet, skVar} and result.owner.kind == skModule:
   #  incl(result.flags, sfGlobal)
   when defined(nimsuggest):
@@ -226,7 +265,7 @@ proc semIdentVis(c: PContext, kind: TSymKind, n: PNode,
                  allowed: TSymFlags): PSym
   # identifier with visibility
 proc semIdentWithPragma(c: PContext, kind: TSymKind, n: PNode,
-                        allowed: TSymFlags): PSym
+                        allowed: TSymFlags, fromTopLevel = false): PSym
 
 proc typeAllowedCheck(c: PContext; info: TLineInfo; typ: PType; kind: TSymKind;
                       flags: TTypeAllowedFlags = {}) =
@@ -246,22 +285,12 @@ proc paramsTypeCheck(c: PContext, typ: PType) {.inline.} =
   typeAllowedCheck(c, typ.n.info, typ, skProc)
 
 proc expectMacroOrTemplateCall(c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym
-proc semDirectOp(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode
+proc semDirectOp(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode
 proc semWhen(c: PContext, n: PNode, semCheck: bool = true): PNode
 proc semTemplateExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym,
-                     flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode
+                     flags: TExprFlags = {}; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode
 proc semMacroExpr(c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode, sym: PSym,
-                  flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode
-
-proc symFromType(c: PContext; t: PType, info: TLineInfo): PSym =
-  if t.sym != nil: return t.sym
-  result = newSym(skType, getIdent(c.cache, "AnonType"), nextSymId c.idgen, t.owner, info)
-  result.flags.incl sfAnon
-  result.typ = t
-
-proc symNodeFromType(c: PContext, t: PType, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
-  result = newSymNode(symFromType(c, t, info), info)
-  result.typ = makeTypeDesc(c, t)
+                  flags: TExprFlags = {}; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode
 
 when false:
   proc createEvalContext(c: PContext, mode: TEvalMode): PEvalContext =
@@ -279,6 +308,7 @@ when false:
       result = isOpImpl(c, n)
 
 proc hasCycle(n: PNode): bool =
+  result = false
   incl n.flags, nfNone
   for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
     if nfNone in n[i].flags or hasCycle(n[i]):
@@ -296,8 +326,7 @@ proc fixupTypeAfterEval(c: PContext, evaluated, eOrig: PNode): PNode =
       result = evaluated
       let expectedType = eOrig.typ.skipTypes({tyStatic})
       if hasCycle(result):
-        globalError(c.config, eOrig.info, "the resulting AST is cyclic and cannot be processed further")
-        result = errorNode(c, eOrig)
+        result = localErrorNode(c, eOrig, "the resulting AST is cyclic and cannot be processed further")
       else:
         semmacrosanity.annotateType(result, expectedType, c.config)
   else:
@@ -312,8 +341,8 @@ proc fixupTypeAfterEval(c: PContext, evaluated, eOrig: PNode): PNode =
          isArrayConstr(arg):
         arg.typ = eOrig.typ
 
-proc tryConstExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
-  var e = semExprWithType(c, n)
+proc tryConstExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
+  var e = semExprWithType(c, n, expectedType = expectedType)
   if e == nil: return
 
   result = getConstExpr(c.module, e, c.idgen, c.graph)
@@ -326,6 +355,11 @@ proc tryConstExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   c.config.m.errorOutputs = {}
   c.config.errorMax = high(int) # `setErrorMaxHighMaybe` not appropriate here
 
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    # Remove the error hook so nimsuggest doesn't report errors there
+    let tempHook = c.graph.config.structuredErrorHook
+    c.graph.config.structuredErrorHook = nil
+
   try:
     result = evalConstExpr(c.module, c.idgen, c.graph, e)
     if result == nil or result.kind == nkEmpty:
@@ -336,6 +370,10 @@ proc tryConstExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   except ERecoverableError:
     result = nil
 
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    # Restore the error hook
+    c.graph.config.structuredErrorHook = tempHook
+
   c.config.errorCounter = oldErrorCount
   c.config.errorMax = oldErrorMax
   c.config.m.errorOutputs = oldErrorOutputs
@@ -343,11 +381,13 @@ proc tryConstExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
 const
   errConstExprExpected = "constant expression expected"
 
-proc semConstExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
-  var e = semExprWithType(c, n)
+proc semConstExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
+  var e = semExprWithType(c, n, expectedType = expectedType)
   if e == nil:
     localError(c.config, n.info, errConstExprExpected)
     return n
+  if e.kind in nkSymChoices and e[0].typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tyEnum:
+    return e
   result = getConstExpr(c.module, e, c.idgen, c.graph)
   if result == nil:
     #if e.kind == nkEmpty: globalError(n.info, errConstExprExpected)
@@ -364,32 +404,32 @@ proc semConstExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
     else:
       result = fixupTypeAfterEval(c, result, e)
 
-proc semExprFlagDispatched(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+proc semExprFlagDispatched(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   if efNeedStatic in flags:
     if efPreferNilResult in flags:
-      return tryConstExpr(c, n)
+      return tryConstExpr(c, n, expectedType)
     else:
-      return semConstExpr(c, n)
+      return semConstExpr(c, n, expectedType)
   else:
-    result = semExprWithType(c, n, flags)
+    result = semExprWithType(c, n, flags, expectedType)
     if efPreferStatic in flags:
       var evaluated = getConstExpr(c.module, result, c.idgen, c.graph)
       if evaluated != nil: return evaluated
       evaluated = evalAtCompileTime(c, result)
       if evaluated != nil: return evaluated
 
-when not defined(nimHasSinkInference):
-  {.pragma: nosinks.}
+proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode
 
 include hlo, seminst, semcall
 
 proc resetSemFlag(n: PNode) =
-  excl n.flags, nfSem
-  for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
-    resetSemFlag(n[i])
+  if n != nil:
+    excl n.flags, nfSem
+    for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
+      resetSemFlag(n[i])
 
 proc semAfterMacroCall(c: PContext, call, macroResult: PNode,
-                       s: PSym, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+                       s: PSym, flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   ## Semantically check the output of a macro.
   ## This involves processes such as re-checking the macro output for type
   ## coherence, making sure that variables declared with 'let' aren't
@@ -401,22 +441,22 @@ proc semAfterMacroCall(c: PContext, call, macroResult: PNode,
   c.friendModules.add(s.owner.getModule)
   result = macroResult
   resetSemFlag result
-  if s.typ[0] == nil:
+  if s.typ.returnType == nil:
     result = semStmt(c, result, flags)
   else:
-    var retType = s.typ[0]
+    var retType = s.typ.returnType
     if retType.kind == tyTypeDesc and tfUnresolved in retType.flags and
-        retType.len == 1:
+        retType.hasElementType:
       # bug #11941: template fails(T: type X, v: auto): T
       # does not mean we expect a tyTypeDesc.
-      retType = retType[0]
+      retType = retType.skipModifier
     case retType.kind
-    of tyUntyped:
+    of tyUntyped, tyAnything:
       # Not expecting a type here allows templates like in ``tmodulealias.in``.
-      result = semExpr(c, result, flags)
+      result = semExpr(c, result, flags, expectedType)
     of tyTyped:
       # More restrictive version.
-      result = semExprWithType(c, result, flags)
+      result = semExprWithType(c, result, flags, expectedType)
     of tyTypeDesc:
       if result.kind == nkStmtList: result.transitionSonsKind(nkStmtListType)
       var typ = semTypeNode(c, result, nil)
@@ -433,25 +473,34 @@ proc semAfterMacroCall(c: PContext, call, macroResult: PNode,
         # e.g. template foo(T: typedesc): seq[T]
         # We will instantiate the return type here, because
         # we now know the supplied arguments
-        var paramTypes = newIdTable()
+        var paramTypes = initTypeMapping()
         for param, value in genericParamsInMacroCall(s, call):
-          idTablePut(paramTypes, param.typ, value.typ)
+          var givenType = value.typ
+          # the sym nodes used for the supplied generic arguments for
+          # templates and macros leave type nil so regular sem can handle it
+          # in this case, get the type directly from the sym
+          if givenType == nil and value.kind == nkSym and value.sym.typ != nil:
+            givenType = value.sym.typ
+          idTablePut(paramTypes, param.typ, givenType)
 
         retType = generateTypeInstance(c, paramTypes,
                                        macroResult.info, retType)
 
-      result = semExpr(c, result, flags)
-      result = fitNode(c, retType, result, result.info)
-      #globalError(s.info, errInvalidParamKindX, typeToString(s.typ[0]))
+      if retType.kind == tyVoid:
+        result = semStmt(c, result, flags)
+      else:
+        result = semExpr(c, result, flags, expectedType)
+        result = fitNode(c, retType, result, result.info)
+      #globalError(s.info, errInvalidParamKindX, typeToString(s.typ.returnType))
   dec(c.config.evalTemplateCounter)
   discard c.friendModules.pop()
 
 const
   errMissingGenericParamsForTemplate = "'$1' has unspecified generic parameters"
-  errFloatToString = "cannot convert '$1' to '$2'"
 
 proc semMacroExpr(c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode, sym: PSym,
-                  flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
+                  flags: TExprFlags = {}; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
+  rememberExpansion(c, nOrig.info, sym)
   pushInfoContext(c.config, nOrig.info, sym.detailedInfo)
 
   let info = getCallLineInfo(n)
@@ -470,7 +519,7 @@ proc semMacroExpr(c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode, sym: PSym,
   #  c.evalContext = c.createEvalContext(emStatic)
   result = evalMacroCall(c.module, c.idgen, c.graph, c.templInstCounter, n, nOrig, sym)
   if efNoSemCheck notin flags:
-    result = semAfterMacroCall(c, n, result, sym, flags)
+    result = semAfterMacroCall(c, n, result, sym, flags, expectedType)
   if c.config.macrosToExpand.hasKey(sym.name.s):
     message(c.config, nOrig.info, hintExpandMacro, renderTree(result))
   result = wrapInComesFrom(nOrig.info, sym, result)
@@ -481,11 +530,9 @@ proc forceBool(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   if result == nil: result = n
 
 proc semConstBoolExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
-  result = forceBool(c, semConstExpr(c, n))
+  result = forceBool(c, semConstExpr(c, n, getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyBool)))
   if result.kind != nkIntLit:
     localError(c.config, n.info, errConstExprExpected)
-
-proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode
 proc semConceptBody(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode
 
 include semtypes
@@ -509,6 +556,147 @@ proc setGenericParamsMisc(c: PContext; n: PNode) =
   else:
     n[miscPos][1] = orig
 
+proc caseBranchMatchesExpr(branch, matched: PNode): bool =
+  result = false
+  for i in 0 ..< branch.len-1:
+    if branch[i].kind == nkRange:
+      if overlap(branch[i], matched): return true
+    elif exprStructuralEquivalent(branch[i], matched):
+      return true
+
+proc pickCaseBranchIndex(caseExpr, matched: PNode): int =
+  result = 0
+  let endsWithElse = caseExpr[^1].kind == nkElse
+  for i in 1..<caseExpr.len - endsWithElse.int:
+    if caseExpr[i].caseBranchMatchesExpr(matched):
+      return i
+  if endsWithElse:
+    return caseExpr.len - 1
+
+proc defaultFieldsForTheUninitialized(c: PContext, recNode: PNode, checkDefault: bool): seq[PNode]
+proc defaultNodeField(c: PContext, a: PNode, aTyp: PType, checkDefault: bool): PNode
+proc defaultNodeField(c: PContext, a: PNode, checkDefault: bool): PNode
+
+const defaultFieldsSkipTypes = {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink}
+
+proc defaultFieldsForTuple(c: PContext, recNode: PNode, hasDefault: var bool, checkDefault: bool): seq[PNode] =
+  result = @[]
+  case recNode.kind
+  of nkRecList:
+    for field in recNode:
+      result.add defaultFieldsForTuple(c, field, hasDefault, checkDefault)
+  of nkSym:
+    let field = recNode.sym
+    let recType = recNode.typ.skipTypes(defaultFieldsSkipTypes)
+    if field.ast != nil: #Try to use default value
+      hasDefault = true
+      result.add newTree(nkExprColonExpr, recNode, field.ast)
+    else:
+      if recType.kind in {tyObject, tyArray, tyTuple}:
+        let asgnExpr = defaultNodeField(c, recNode, recNode.typ, checkDefault)
+        if asgnExpr != nil:
+          hasDefault = true
+          asgnExpr.flags.incl nfSkipFieldChecking
+          result.add newTree(nkExprColonExpr, recNode, asgnExpr)
+          return
+
+      let asgnType = newType(tyTypeDesc, c.idgen, recNode.typ.owner)
+      rawAddSon(asgnType, recNode.typ)
+      let asgnExpr = newTree(nkCall,
+                      newSymNode(getSysMagic(c.graph, recNode.info, "zeroDefault", mZeroDefault)),
+                      newNodeIT(nkType, recNode.info, asgnType)
+                    )
+      asgnExpr.flags.incl nfSkipFieldChecking
+      asgnExpr.typ = recNode.typ
+      result.add newTree(nkExprColonExpr, recNode, asgnExpr)
+  else:
+    raiseAssert "unreachable"
+
+proc defaultFieldsForTheUninitialized(c: PContext, recNode: PNode, checkDefault: bool): seq[PNode] =
+  result = @[]
+  case recNode.kind
+  of nkRecList:
+    for field in recNode:
+      result.add defaultFieldsForTheUninitialized(c, field, checkDefault)
+  of nkRecCase:
+    let discriminator = recNode[0]
+    var selectedBranch: int
+    var defaultValue = discriminator.sym.ast
+    if defaultValue == nil:
+      # None of the branches were explicitly selected by the user and no value
+      # was given to the discrimator. We can assume that it will be initialized
+      # to zero and this will select a particular branch as a result:
+      if checkDefault: # don't add defaults when checking whether a case branch has default fields
+        return
+      defaultValue = newIntNode(nkIntLit#[c.graph]#, 0)
+      defaultValue.typ = discriminator.typ
+    selectedBranch = recNode.pickCaseBranchIndex defaultValue
+    defaultValue.flags.incl nfSkipFieldChecking
+    result.add newTree(nkExprColonExpr, discriminator, defaultValue)
+    result.add defaultFieldsForTheUninitialized(c, recNode[selectedBranch][^1], checkDefault)
+  of nkSym:
+    let field = recNode.sym
+    let recType = recNode.typ.skipTypes(defaultFieldsSkipTypes)
+    if field.ast != nil: #Try to use default value
+      result.add newTree(nkExprColonExpr, recNode, field.ast)
+    elif recType.kind in {tyObject, tyArray, tyTuple}:
+      let asgnExpr = defaultNodeField(c, recNode, recNode.typ, checkDefault)
+      if asgnExpr != nil:
+        asgnExpr.typ = recNode.typ
+        asgnExpr.flags.incl nfSkipFieldChecking
+        result.add newTree(nkExprColonExpr, recNode, asgnExpr)
+  else:
+    raiseAssert "unreachable"
+
+proc defaultNodeField(c: PContext, a: PNode, aTyp: PType, checkDefault: bool): PNode =
+  let aTypSkip = aTyp.skipTypes(defaultFieldsSkipTypes)
+  case aTypSkip.kind
+  of tyObject:
+    let child = defaultFieldsForTheUninitialized(c, aTypSkip.n, checkDefault)
+    if child.len > 0:
+      var asgnExpr = newTree(nkObjConstr, newNodeIT(nkType, a.info, aTyp))
+      asgnExpr.typ = aTyp
+      asgnExpr.sons.add child
+      result = semExpr(c, asgnExpr)
+    else:
+      result = nil
+  of tyArray:
+    let child = defaultNodeField(c, a, aTypSkip[1], checkDefault)
+
+    if child != nil:
+      let node = newNode(nkIntLit)
+      node.intVal = toInt64(lengthOrd(c.graph.config, aTypSkip))
+      result = semExpr(c, newTree(nkCall, newSymNode(getSysSym(c.graph, a.info, "arrayWith"), a.info),
+              semExprWithType(c, child),
+              node
+                ))
+      result.typ = aTyp
+    else:
+      result = nil
+  of tyTuple:
+    var hasDefault = false
+    if aTypSkip.n != nil:
+      let children = defaultFieldsForTuple(c, aTypSkip.n, hasDefault, checkDefault)
+      if hasDefault and children.len > 0:
+        result = newNodeI(nkTupleConstr, a.info)
+        result.typ = aTyp
+        result.sons.add children
+        result = semExpr(c, result)
+      else:
+        result = nil
+    else:
+      result = nil
+  of tyRange:
+    if c.graph.config.isDefined("nimPreviewRangeDefault"):
+      result = firstRange(c.config, aTypSkip)
+    else:
+      result = nil
+  else:
+    result = nil
+
+proc defaultNodeField(c: PContext, a: PNode, checkDefault: bool): PNode =
+  result = defaultNodeField(c, a, a.typ, checkDefault)
+
 include semtempl, semgnrc, semstmts, semexprs
 
 proc addCodeForGenerics(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
@@ -521,53 +709,63 @@ proc addCodeForGenerics(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
         n.add prc.ast
   c.lastGenericIdx = c.generics.len
 
-proc myOpen(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PPassContext {.nosinks.} =
-  var c = newContext(graph, module)
-  c.idgen = idgen
-  c.enforceVoidContext = newType(tyTyped, nextTypeId(idgen), nil)
-
-  if c.p != nil: internalError(graph.config, module.info, "sem.myOpen")
-  c.semConstExpr = semConstExpr
-  c.semExpr = semExpr
-  c.semTryExpr = tryExpr
-  c.semTryConstExpr = tryConstExpr
-  c.computeRequiresInit = computeRequiresInit
-  c.semOperand = semOperand
-  c.semConstBoolExpr = semConstBoolExpr
-  c.semOverloadedCall = semOverloadedCall
-  c.semInferredLambda = semInferredLambda
-  c.semGenerateInstance = generateInstance
-  c.semTypeNode = semTypeNode
-  c.instTypeBoundOp = sigmatch.instTypeBoundOp
-  c.hasUnresolvedArgs = hasUnresolvedArgs
-  c.templInstCounter = new int
-
-  pushProcCon(c, module)
-  pushOwner(c, c.module)
-
-  c.moduleScope = openScope(c)
-  c.moduleScope.addSym(module) # a module knows itself
+proc preparePContext*(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PContext =
+  result = newContext(graph, module)
+  result.idgen = idgen
+  result.enforceVoidContext = newType(tyTyped, idgen, nil)
+  result.voidType = newType(tyVoid, idgen, nil)
+
+  if result.p != nil: internalError(graph.config, module.info, "sem.preparePContext")
+  result.semConstExpr = semConstExpr
+  result.semExpr = semExpr
+  result.semExprWithType = semExprWithType
+  result.semTryExpr = tryExpr
+  result.semTryConstExpr = tryConstExpr
+  result.computeRequiresInit = computeRequiresInit
+  result.semOperand = semOperand
+  result.semConstBoolExpr = semConstBoolExpr
+  result.semOverloadedCall = semOverloadedCall
+  result.semInferredLambda = semInferredLambda
+  result.semGenerateInstance = generateInstance
+  result.instantiateOnlyProcType = instantiateOnlyProcType
+  result.semTypeNode = semTypeNode
+  result.instTypeBoundOp = sigmatch.instTypeBoundOp
+  result.hasUnresolvedArgs = hasUnresolvedArgs
+  result.templInstCounter = new int
+
+  pushProcCon(result, module)
+  pushOwner(result, result.module)
+
+  result.moduleScope = openScope(result)
+  result.moduleScope.addSym(module) # a module knows itself
 
   if sfSystemModule in module.flags:
     graph.systemModule = module
-  c.topLevelScope = openScope(c)
-  result = c
+  result.topLevelScope = openScope(result)
 
 proc isImportSystemStmt(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode): bool =
   if g.systemModule == nil: return false
+  var n = n
+  if n.kind == nkStmtList:
+    for i in 0..<n.len-1:
+      if n[i].kind notin {nkCommentStmt, nkEmpty}:
+        n = n[i]
+        break
   case n.kind
   of nkImportStmt:
+    result = false
     for x in n:
       if x.kind == nkIdent:
         let f = checkModuleName(g.config, x, false)
         if f == g.systemModule.info.fileIndex:
           return true
   of nkImportExceptStmt, nkFromStmt:
+    result = false
     if n[0].kind == nkIdent:
       let f = checkModuleName(g.config, n[0], false)
       if f == g.systemModule.info.fileIndex:
         return true
-  else: discard
+  else: result = false
 
 proc isEmptyTree(n: PNode): bool =
   case n.kind
@@ -610,6 +808,13 @@ proc semStmtAndGenerateGenerics(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   if c.config.cmd == cmdIdeTools:
     appendToModule(c.module, result)
   trackStmt(c, c.module, result, isTopLevel = true)
+  if optMultiMethods notin c.config.globalOptions and
+      c.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc, gcAtomicArc} and
+      Feature.vtables in c.config.features:
+    sortVTableDispatchers(c.graph)
+
+    if sfMainModule in c.module.flags:
+      collectVTableDispatchers(c.graph)
 
 proc recoverContext(c: PContext) =
   # clean up in case of a semantic error: We clean up the stacks, etc. This is
@@ -619,8 +824,7 @@ proc recoverContext(c: PContext) =
   while getCurrOwner(c).kind != skModule: popOwner(c)
   while c.p != nil and c.p.owner.kind != skModule: c.p = c.p.next
 
-proc myProcess(context: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode {.nosinks.} =
-  var c = PContext(context)
+proc semWithPContext*(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   # no need for an expensive 'try' if we stop after the first error anyway:
   if c.config.errorMax <= 1:
     result = semStmtAndGenerateGenerics(c, n)
@@ -641,13 +845,14 @@ proc myProcess(context: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode {.nosinks.} =
       #if c.config.cmd == cmdIdeTools: findSuggest(c, n)
   storeRodNode(c, result)
 
+
 proc reportUnusedModules(c: PContext) =
+  if c.config.cmd == cmdM: return
   for i in 0..high(c.unusedImports):
     if sfUsed notin c.unusedImports[i][0].flags:
       message(c.config, c.unusedImports[i][1], warnUnusedImportX, c.unusedImports[i][0].name.s)
 
-proc myClose(graph: ModuleGraph; context: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
-  var c = PContext(context)
+proc closePContext*(graph: ModuleGraph; c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   if c.config.cmd == cmdIdeTools and not c.suggestionsMade:
     suggestSentinel(c)
   closeScope(c)         # close module's scope
@@ -662,6 +867,3 @@ proc myClose(graph: ModuleGraph; context: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   popOwner(c)
   popProcCon(c)
   sealRodFile(c)
-
-const semPass* = makePass(myOpen, myProcess, myClose,
-                          isFrontend = true)
diff --git a/compiler/semcall.nim b/compiler/semcall.nim
index 99979c382..13f2273a9 100644
--- a/compiler/semcall.nim
+++ b/compiler/semcall.nim
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
 ## This module implements semantic checking for calls.
 # included from sem.nim
 
-from algorithm import sort
+from std/algorithm import sort
+
 
 proc sameMethodDispatcher(a, b: PSym): bool =
   result = false
@@ -42,16 +43,29 @@ proc initCandidateSymbols(c: PContext, headSymbol: PNode,
                           best, alt: var TCandidate,
                           o: var TOverloadIter,
                           diagnostics: bool): seq[tuple[s: PSym, scope: int]] =
+  ## puts all overloads into a seq and prepares best+alt
   result = @[]
   var symx = initOverloadIter(o, c, headSymbol)
   while symx != nil:
     if symx.kind in filter:
       result.add((symx, o.lastOverloadScope))
+    elif symx.kind == skGenericParam:
+      #[
+        This code handles looking up a generic parameter when it's a static callable.
+        For instance:
+          proc name[T: static proc()]() = T()
+          name[proc() = echo"hello"]()
+      ]#
+      for paramSym in searchInScopesAllCandidatesFilterBy(c, symx.name, {skConst}):
+        let paramTyp = paramSym.typ
+        if paramTyp.n.kind == nkSym and paramTyp.n.sym.kind in filter:
+          result.add((paramTyp.n.sym, o.lastOverloadScope))
+
     symx = nextOverloadIter(o, c, headSymbol)
   if result.len > 0:
-    initCandidate(c, best, result[0].s, initialBinding,
+    best = initCandidate(c, result[0].s, initialBinding,
                   result[0].scope, diagnostics)
-    initCandidate(c, alt, result[0].s, initialBinding,
+    alt = initCandidate(c, result[0].s, initialBinding,
                   result[0].scope, diagnostics)
     best.state = csNoMatch
 
@@ -62,40 +76,43 @@ proc pickBestCandidate(c: PContext, headSymbol: PNode,
                        best, alt: var TCandidate,
                        errors: var CandidateErrors,
                        diagnosticsFlag: bool,
-                       errorsEnabled: bool) =
-  var o: TOverloadIter
-  var sym = initOverloadIter(o, c, headSymbol)
-  var scope = o.lastOverloadScope
-  # Thanks to the lazy semchecking for operands, we need to check whether
-  # 'initCandidate' modifies the symbol table (via semExpr).
-  # This can occur in cases like 'init(a, 1, (var b = new(Type2); b))'
-  let counterInitial = c.currentScope.symbols.counter
-  var syms: seq[tuple[s: PSym, scope: int]]
-  var noSyms = true
-  var nextSymIndex = 0
-  while sym != nil:
-    if sym.kind in filter:
-      # Initialise 'best' and 'alt' with the first available symbol
-      initCandidate(c, best, sym, initialBinding, scope, diagnosticsFlag)
-      initCandidate(c, alt, sym, initialBinding, scope, diagnosticsFlag)
-      best.state = csNoMatch
-      break
-    else:
-      sym = nextOverloadIter(o, c, headSymbol)
-      scope = o.lastOverloadScope
-  var z: TCandidate
-  while sym != nil:
-    if sym.kind notin filter:
-      sym = nextOverloadIter(o, c, headSymbol)
-      scope = o.lastOverloadScope
-      continue
+                       errorsEnabled: bool, flags: TExprFlags) =
+  # `matches` may find new symbols, so keep track of count
+  var symCount = c.currentScope.symbols.counter
+
+  var o: TOverloadIter = default(TOverloadIter)
+  # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/21272
+  # prevent mutation during iteration by storing them in a seq
+  # luckily `initCandidateSymbols` does just that
+  var syms = initCandidateSymbols(c, headSymbol, initialBinding, filter,
+                                  best, alt, o, diagnosticsFlag)
+  if len(syms) == 0:
+    return
+  # current overload being considered
+  var sym = syms[0].s
+  var scope = syms[0].scope
+
+  # starts at 1 because 0 is already done with setup, only needs checking
+  var nextSymIndex = 1
+  var z: TCandidate # current candidate
+  while true:
     determineType(c, sym)
-    initCandidate(c, z, sym, initialBinding, scope, diagnosticsFlag)
-    if c.currentScope.symbols.counter == counterInitial or syms.len != 0:
+    z = initCandidate(c, sym, initialBinding, scope, diagnosticsFlag)
+
+    # this is kinda backwards as without a check here the described
+    # problems in recalc would not happen, but instead it 100%
+    # does check forever in some cases
+    if c.currentScope.symbols.counter == symCount:
+      # may introduce new symbols with caveats described in recalc branch
       matches(c, n, orig, z)
+
       if z.state == csMatch:
         # little hack so that iterators are preferred over everything else:
-        if sym.kind == skIterator: inc(z.exactMatches, 200)
+        if sym.kind == skIterator:
+          if not (efWantIterator notin flags and efWantIterable in flags):
+            inc(z.exactMatches, 200)
+          else:
+            dec(z.exactMatches, 200)
         case best.state
         of csEmpty, csNoMatch: best = z
         of csMatch:
@@ -108,22 +125,36 @@ proc pickBestCandidate(c: PContext, headSymbol: PNode,
           firstMismatch: z.firstMismatch,
           diagnostics: z.diagnostics))
     else:
+      # this branch feels like a ticking timebomb
+      # one of two bad things could happen
+      # 1) new symbols are discovered but the loop ends before we recalc
+      # 2) new symbols are discovered and resemmed forever
+      # not 100% sure if these are possible though as they would rely
+      #  on somehow introducing a new overload during overload resolution
+
       # Symbol table has been modified. Restart and pre-calculate all syms
       # before any further candidate init and compare. SLOW, but rare case.
       syms = initCandidateSymbols(c, headSymbol, initialBinding, filter,
                                   best, alt, o, diagnosticsFlag)
-      noSyms = false
-    if noSyms:
-      sym = nextOverloadIter(o, c, headSymbol)
-      scope = o.lastOverloadScope
-    elif nextSymIndex < syms.len:
-      # rare case: retrieve the next pre-calculated symbol
-      sym = syms[nextSymIndex].s
-      scope = syms[nextSymIndex].scope
-      nextSymIndex += 1
-    else:
+
+      # reset counter because syms may be in a new order
+      symCount = c.currentScope.symbols.counter
+      nextSymIndex = 0
+
+      # just in case, should be impossible though
+      if syms.len == 0:
+        break
+
+    if nextSymIndex > high(syms):
+      # we have reached the end
       break
 
+    # advance to next sym
+    sym = syms[nextSymIndex].s
+    scope = syms[nextSymIndex].scope
+    inc(nextSymIndex)
+
+
 proc effectProblem(f, a: PType; result: var string; c: PContext) =
   if f.kind == tyProc and a.kind == tyProc:
     if tfThread in f.flags and tfThread notin a.flags:
@@ -145,9 +176,10 @@ proc effectProblem(f, a: PType; result: var string; c: PContext) =
       of efTagsUnknown:
         result.add "\n  The `.tags` requirements differ. Annotate the " &
             "proc with {.tags: [].} to get extended error information."
-      of efLockLevelsDiffer:
-        result.add "\n  The `.locks` requirements differ. Annotate the " &
-            "proc with {.locks: 0.} to get extended error information."
+      of efEffectsDelayed:
+        result.add "\n  The `.effectsOf` annotations differ."
+      of efTagsIllegal:
+        result.add "\n  The `.forbids` requirements caught an illegal tag."
       when defined(drnim):
         if not c.graph.compatibleProps(c.graph, f, a):
           result.add "\n  The `.requires` or `.ensures` properties are incompatible."
@@ -187,7 +219,7 @@ proc presentFailedCandidates(c: PContext, n: PNode, errors: CandidateErrors):
   # argument in order to remove plenty of candidates. This is
   # comparable to what C# does and C# is doing fine.
   var filterOnlyFirst = false
-  if optShowAllMismatches notin c.config.globalOptions:
+  if optShowAllMismatches notin c.config.globalOptions and verboseTypeMismatch in c.config.legacyFeatures:
     for err in errors:
       if err.firstMismatch.arg > 1:
         filterOnlyFirst = true
@@ -195,7 +227,7 @@ proc presentFailedCandidates(c: PContext, n: PNode, errors: CandidateErrors):
 
   var maybeWrongSpace = false
 
-  var candidatesAll: seq[string]
+  var candidatesAll: seq[string] = @[]
   var candidates = ""
   var skipped = 0
   for err in errors:
@@ -203,6 +235,10 @@ proc presentFailedCandidates(c: PContext, n: PNode, errors: CandidateErrors):
     if filterOnlyFirst and err.firstMismatch.arg == 1:
       inc skipped
       continue
+
+    if verboseTypeMismatch notin c.config.legacyFeatures:
+      candidates.add "[" & $err.firstMismatch.arg & "] "
+
     if err.sym.kind in routineKinds and err.sym.ast != nil:
       candidates.add(renderTree(err.sym.ast,
             {renderNoBody, renderNoComments, renderNoPragmas}))
@@ -210,44 +246,151 @@ proc presentFailedCandidates(c: PContext, n: PNode, errors: CandidateErrors):
       candidates.add(getProcHeader(c.config, err.sym, prefer))
     candidates.addDeclaredLocMaybe(c.config, err.sym)
     candidates.add("\n")
-    let nArg = if err.firstMismatch.arg < n.len: n[err.firstMismatch.arg] else: nil
+    const genericParamMismatches = {kGenericParamTypeMismatch, kExtraGenericParam, kMissingGenericParam}
+    let isGenericMismatch = err.firstMismatch.kind in genericParamMismatches
+    var argList = n
+    if isGenericMismatch and n[0].kind == nkBracketExpr:
+      argList = n[0]
+    let nArg =
+      if err.firstMismatch.arg < argList.len:
+        argList[err.firstMismatch.arg]
+      else:
+        nil
     let nameParam = if err.firstMismatch.formal != nil: err.firstMismatch.formal.name.s else: ""
     if n.len > 1:
-      candidates.add("  first type mismatch at position: " & $err.firstMismatch.arg)
-      # candidates.add "\n  reason: " & $err.firstMismatch.kind # for debugging
-      case err.firstMismatch.kind
-      of kUnknownNamedParam:
-        if nArg == nil:
-          candidates.add("\n  unknown named parameter")
-        else:
-          candidates.add("\n  unknown named parameter: " & $nArg[0])
-      of kAlreadyGiven: candidates.add("\n  named param already provided: " & $nArg[0])
-      of kPositionalAlreadyGiven: candidates.add("\n  positional param was already given as named param")
-      of kExtraArg: candidates.add("\n  extra argument given")
-      of kMissingParam: candidates.add("\n  missing parameter: " & nameParam)
-      of kTypeMismatch, kVarNeeded:
-        doAssert nArg != nil
-        var wanted = err.firstMismatch.formal.typ
-        doAssert err.firstMismatch.formal != nil
-        candidates.add("\n  required type for " & nameParam &  ": ")
-        candidates.add typeToString(wanted)
-        candidates.addDeclaredLocMaybe(c.config, wanted)
-        candidates.add "\n  but expression '"
-        if err.firstMismatch.kind == kVarNeeded:
+      if verboseTypeMismatch notin c.config.legacyFeatures:
+        case err.firstMismatch.kind
+        of kUnknownNamedParam:
+          if nArg == nil:
+            candidates.add("  unknown named parameter")
+          else:
+            candidates.add("  unknown named parameter: " & $nArg[0])
+          candidates.add "\n"
+        of kAlreadyGiven:
+          candidates.add("  named param already provided: " & $nArg[0])
+          candidates.add "\n"
+        of kPositionalAlreadyGiven:
+          candidates.add("  positional param was already given as named param")
+          candidates.add "\n"
+        of kExtraArg:
+          candidates.add("  extra argument given")
+          candidates.add "\n"
+        of kMissingParam:
+          candidates.add("  missing parameter: " & nameParam)
+          candidates.add "\n"
+        of kExtraGenericParam:
+          candidates.add("  extra generic param given")
+          candidates.add "\n"
+        of kMissingGenericParam:
+          candidates.add("  missing generic parameter: " & nameParam)
+          candidates.add "\n"
+        of kVarNeeded:
+          doAssert nArg != nil
+          doAssert err.firstMismatch.formal != nil
+          candidates.add "  expression '"
           candidates.add renderNotLValue(nArg)
           candidates.add "' is immutable, not 'var'"
-        else:
-          candidates.add renderTree(nArg)
-          candidates.add "' is of type: "
-          var got = nArg.typ
-          candidates.add typeToString(got)
-          candidates.addDeclaredLocMaybe(c.config, got)
+          candidates.add "\n"
+        of kTypeMismatch:
+          doAssert nArg != nil
+          if nArg.kind in nkSymChoices:
+            candidates.add ambiguousIdentifierMsg(nArg, indent = 2)
+          let wanted = err.firstMismatch.formal.typ
+          doAssert err.firstMismatch.formal != nil
+          doAssert wanted != nil
+          let got = nArg.typ
+          if got != nil and got.kind == tyProc and wanted.kind == tyProc:
+            # These are proc mismatches so,
+            # add the extra explict detail of the mismatch
+            candidates.add "  expression '"
+            candidates.add renderTree(nArg)
+            candidates.add "' is of type: "
+            candidates.addTypeDeclVerboseMaybe(c.config, got)
+            candidates.addPragmaAndCallConvMismatch(wanted, got, c.config)
+            effectProblem(wanted, got, candidates, c)
+            candidates.add "\n"
+        of kGenericParamTypeMismatch:
+          let pos = err.firstMismatch.arg
+          doAssert n[0].kind == nkBracketExpr and pos < n[0].len
+          let arg = n[0][pos]
+          doAssert arg != nil
+          var wanted = err.firstMismatch.formal.typ
+          if wanted.kind == tyGenericParam and wanted.genericParamHasConstraints:
+            wanted = wanted.genericConstraint
+          let got = arg.typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
+          doAssert err.firstMismatch.formal != nil
           doAssert wanted != nil
-          if got != nil: effectProblem(wanted, got, candidates, c)
-      of kUnknown: discard "do not break 'nim check'"
-      candidates.add "\n"
-      if err.firstMismatch.arg == 1 and nArg.kind == nkTupleConstr and
-          n.kind == nkCommand:
+          doAssert got != nil
+          candidates.add "  generic parameter mismatch, expected "
+          candidates.addTypeDeclVerboseMaybe(c.config, wanted)
+          candidates.add " but got '"
+          candidates.add renderTree(arg)
+          candidates.add "' of type: "
+          candidates.addTypeDeclVerboseMaybe(c.config, got)
+          if nArg.kind in nkSymChoices:
+            candidates.add "\n"
+            candidates.add ambiguousIdentifierMsg(nArg, indent = 2)
+          if got != nil and got.kind == tyProc and wanted.kind == tyProc:
+            # These are proc mismatches so,
+            # add the extra explict detail of the mismatch
+            candidates.addPragmaAndCallConvMismatch(wanted, got, c.config)
+          if got != nil:
+            effectProblem(wanted, got, candidates, c)
+          candidates.add "\n"
+        of kUnknown: discard "do not break 'nim check'"
+      else:
+        candidates.add("  first type mismatch at position: " & $err.firstMismatch.arg)
+        if err.firstMismatch.kind in genericParamMismatches:
+          candidates.add(" in generic parameters")
+        # candidates.add "\n  reason: " & $err.firstMismatch.kind # for debugging
+        case err.firstMismatch.kind
+        of kUnknownNamedParam:
+          if nArg == nil:
+            candidates.add("\n  unknown named parameter")
+          else:
+            candidates.add("\n  unknown named parameter: " & $nArg[0])
+        of kAlreadyGiven: candidates.add("\n  named param already provided: " & $nArg[0])
+        of kPositionalAlreadyGiven: candidates.add("\n  positional param was already given as named param")
+        of kExtraArg: candidates.add("\n  extra argument given")
+        of kMissingParam: candidates.add("\n  missing parameter: " & nameParam)
+        of kExtraGenericParam:
+          candidates.add("\n  extra generic param given")
+        of kMissingGenericParam:
+          candidates.add("\n  missing generic parameter: " & nameParam)
+        of kTypeMismatch, kGenericParamTypeMismatch, kVarNeeded:
+          doAssert nArg != nil
+          var wanted = err.firstMismatch.formal.typ
+          if isGenericMismatch and wanted.kind == tyGenericParam and
+              wanted.genericParamHasConstraints:
+            wanted = wanted.genericConstraint
+          doAssert err.firstMismatch.formal != nil
+          candidates.add("\n  required type for " & nameParam &  ": ")
+          candidates.addTypeDeclVerboseMaybe(c.config, wanted)
+          candidates.add "\n  but expression '"
+          if err.firstMismatch.kind == kVarNeeded:
+            candidates.add renderNotLValue(nArg)
+            candidates.add "' is immutable, not 'var'"
+          else:
+            candidates.add renderTree(nArg)
+            candidates.add "' is of type: "
+            var got = nArg.typ
+            if isGenericMismatch: got = got.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
+            candidates.addTypeDeclVerboseMaybe(c.config, got)
+            if nArg.kind in nkSymChoices:
+              candidates.add "\n"
+              candidates.add ambiguousIdentifierMsg(nArg, indent = 2)
+            doAssert wanted != nil
+            if got != nil:
+              if got.kind == tyProc and wanted.kind == tyProc:
+                # These are proc mismatches so,
+                # add the extra explict detail of the mismatch
+                candidates.addPragmaAndCallConvMismatch(wanted, got, c.config)
+              effectProblem(wanted, got, candidates, c)
+
+        of kUnknown: discard "do not break 'nim check'"
+        candidates.add "\n"
+      if err.firstMismatch.arg == 1 and nArg != nil and
+          nArg.kind == nkTupleConstr and n.kind == nkCommand:
         maybeWrongSpace = true
     for diag in err.diagnostics:
       candidates.add(diag & "\n")
@@ -264,24 +407,21 @@ proc presentFailedCandidates(c: PContext, n: PNode, errors: CandidateErrors):
 
 const
   errTypeMismatch = "type mismatch: got <"
-  errButExpected = "but expected one of: "
+  errButExpected = "but expected one of:"
+  errExpectedPosition = "Expected one of (first mismatch at [position]):"
   errUndeclaredField = "undeclared field: '$1'"
   errUndeclaredRoutine = "attempting to call undeclared routine: '$1'"
   errBadRoutine = "attempting to call routine: '$1'$2"
   errAmbiguousCallXYZ = "ambiguous call; both $1 and $2 match for: $3"
 
-proc notFoundError*(c: PContext, n: PNode, errors: CandidateErrors) =
-  # Gives a detailed error message; this is separated from semOverloadedCall,
-  # as semOverlodedCall is already pretty slow (and we need this information
-  # only in case of an error).
-  if c.config.m.errorOutputs == {}:
-    # fail fast:
-    globalError(c.config, n.info, "type mismatch")
-    return
-  if errors.len == 0:
-    localError(c.config, n.info, "expression '$1' cannot be called" % n[0].renderTree)
-    return
+proc describeParamList(c: PContext, n: PNode, startIdx = 1; prefer = preferName): string =
+  result = "Expression: " & $n
+  for i in startIdx..<n.len:
+    result.add "\n  [" & $i & "] " & renderTree(n[i]) & ": "
+    result.add describeArg(c, n, i, startIdx, prefer)
+  result.add "\n"
 
+template legacynotFoundError(c: PContext, n: PNode, errors: CandidateErrors) =
   let (prefer, candidates) = presentFailedCandidates(c, n, errors)
   var result = errTypeMismatch
   result.add(describeArgs(c, n, 1, prefer))
@@ -290,39 +430,60 @@ proc notFoundError*(c: PContext, n: PNode, errors: CandidateErrors) =
     result.add("\n" & errButExpected & "\n" & candidates)
   localError(c.config, n.info, result & "\nexpression: " & $n)
 
-proc bracketNotFoundError(c: PContext; n: PNode) =
-  var errors: CandidateErrors = @[]
-  var o: TOverloadIter
-  let headSymbol = n[0]
-  var symx = initOverloadIter(o, c, headSymbol)
-  while symx != nil:
-    if symx.kind in routineKinds:
-      errors.add(CandidateError(sym: symx,
-                                firstMismatch: MismatchInfo(),
-                                diagnostics: @[],
-                                enabled: false))
-    symx = nextOverloadIter(o, c, headSymbol)
+proc notFoundError*(c: PContext, n: PNode, errors: CandidateErrors) =
+  # Gives a detailed error message; this is separated from semOverloadedCall,
+  # as semOverloadedCall is already pretty slow (and we need this information
+  # only in case of an error).
+  if c.config.m.errorOutputs == {}:
+    # fail fast:
+    globalError(c.config, n.info, "type mismatch")
+    return
+  # see getMsgDiagnostic:
+  if nfExplicitCall notin n.flags and {nfDotField, nfDotSetter} * n.flags != {}:
+    let ident = considerQuotedIdent(c, n[0], n).s
+    let sym = n[1].typ.typSym
+    var typeHint = ""
+    if sym == nil:
+      discard
+    else:
+      typeHint = " for type " & getProcHeader(c.config, sym)
+    localError(c.config, n.info, errUndeclaredField % ident & typeHint)
+    return
   if errors.len == 0:
-    localError(c.config, n.info, "could not resolve: " & $n)
+    if n[0].kind in nkIdentKinds:
+      let ident = considerQuotedIdent(c, n[0], n).s
+      localError(c.config, n.info, errUndeclaredRoutine % ident)
+    else:
+      localError(c.config, n.info, "expression '$1' cannot be called" % n[0].renderTree)
+    return
+
+  if verboseTypeMismatch in c.config.legacyFeatures:
+    legacynotFoundError(c, n, errors)
   else:
-    notFoundError(c, n, errors)
+    let (prefer, candidates) = presentFailedCandidates(c, n, errors)
+    var result = "type mismatch\n"
+    result.add describeParamList(c, n, 1, prefer)
+    if candidates != "":
+      result.add("\n" & errExpectedPosition & "\n" & candidates)
+    localError(c.config, n.info, result)
 
 proc getMsgDiagnostic(c: PContext, flags: TExprFlags, n, f: PNode): string =
+  result = ""
   if c.compilesContextId > 0:
     # we avoid running more diagnostic when inside a `compiles(expr)`, to
     # errors while running diagnostic (see test D20180828T234921), and
     # also avoid slowdowns in evaluating `compiles(expr)`.
     discard
   else:
-    var o: TOverloadIter
+    var o: TOverloadIter = default(TOverloadIter)
     var sym = initOverloadIter(o, c, f)
     while sym != nil:
       result &= "\n  found $1" % [getSymRepr(c.config, sym)]
       sym = nextOverloadIter(o, c, f)
 
   let ident = considerQuotedIdent(c, f, n).s
-  if {nfDotField, nfExplicitCall} * n.flags == {nfDotField}:
-    let sym = n[1].typ.sym
+  if nfExplicitCall notin n.flags and {nfDotField, nfDotSetter} * n.flags != {}:
+    let sym = n[1].typ.typSym
     var typeHint = ""
     if sym == nil:
       # Perhaps we're in a `compiles(foo.bar)` expression, or
@@ -333,7 +494,8 @@ proc getMsgDiagnostic(c: PContext, flags: TExprFlags, n, f: PNode): string =
       discard
     else:
       typeHint = " for type " & getProcHeader(c.config, sym)
-    result = errUndeclaredField % ident & typeHint & " " & result
+    let suffix = if result.len > 0: " " & result else: ""
+    result = errUndeclaredField % ident & typeHint & suffix
   else:
     if result.len == 0: result = errUndeclaredRoutine % ident
     else: result = errBadRoutine % [ident, result]
@@ -342,8 +504,9 @@ proc resolveOverloads(c: PContext, n, orig: PNode,
                       filter: TSymKinds, flags: TExprFlags,
                       errors: var CandidateErrors,
                       errorsEnabled: bool): TCandidate =
+  result = default(TCandidate)
   var initialBinding: PNode
-  var alt: TCandidate
+  var alt: TCandidate = default(TCandidate)
   var f = n[0]
   if f.kind == nkBracketExpr:
     # fill in the bindings:
@@ -353,30 +516,18 @@ proc resolveOverloads(c: PContext, n, orig: PNode,
   else:
     initialBinding = nil
 
-  template pickBest(headSymbol) =
+  pickBestCandidate(c, f, n, orig, initialBinding,
+                    filter, result, alt, errors, efExplain in flags,
+                    errorsEnabled, flags)
+
+  var dummyErrors: CandidateErrors = @[]
+  template pickSpecialOp(headSymbol) =
     pickBestCandidate(c, headSymbol, n, orig, initialBinding,
-                      filter, result, alt, errors, efExplain in flags,
-                      errorsEnabled)
-  pickBest(f)
+                      filter, result, alt, dummyErrors, efExplain in flags,
+                      false, flags)
 
   let overloadsState = result.state
   if overloadsState != csMatch:
-    if c.p != nil and c.p.selfSym != nil:
-      # we need to enforce semchecking of selfSym again because it
-      # might need auto-deref:
-      var hiddenArg = newSymNode(c.p.selfSym)
-      hiddenArg.typ = nil
-      n.sons.insert(hiddenArg, 1)
-      orig.sons.insert(hiddenArg, 1)
-
-      pickBest(f)
-
-      if result.state != csMatch:
-        n.sons.delete(1)
-        orig.sons.delete(1)
-        excl n.flags, nfExprCall
-      else: return
-
     if nfDotField in n.flags:
       internalAssert c.config, f.kind == nkIdent and n.len >= 2
 
@@ -389,7 +540,7 @@ proc resolveOverloads(c: PContext, n, orig: PNode,
         let op = newIdentNode(getIdent(c.cache, x), n.info)
         n[0] = op
         orig[0] = op
-        pickBest(op)
+        pickSpecialOp(op)
 
       if nfExplicitCall in n.flags:
         tryOp ".()"
@@ -403,10 +554,14 @@ proc resolveOverloads(c: PContext, n, orig: PNode,
       let callOp = newIdentNode(getIdent(c.cache, ".="), n.info)
       n.sons[0..1] = [callOp, n[1], calleeName]
       orig.sons[0..1] = [callOp, orig[1], calleeName]
-      pickBest(callOp)
+      pickSpecialOp(callOp)
 
     if overloadsState == csEmpty and result.state == csEmpty:
       if efNoUndeclared notin flags: # for tests/pragmas/tcustom_pragma.nim
+        result.state = csNoMatch
+        if c.inGenericContext > 0 and nfExprCall in n.flags:
+          # untyped expression calls end up here, see #24099
+          return
         # xxx adapt/use errorUndeclaredIdentifierHint(c, n, f.ident)
         localError(c.config, n.info, getMsgDiagnostic(c, flags, n, f))
       return
@@ -441,6 +596,39 @@ proc resolveOverloads(c: PContext, n, orig: PNode,
         getProcHeader(c.config, alt.calleeSym),
         args])
 
+proc bracketNotFoundError(c: PContext; n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags) =
+  var errors: CandidateErrors = @[]
+  let headSymbol = n[0]
+  block:
+    # we build a closed symchoice of all `[]` overloads for their errors,
+    # except add a custom error for the magics which always match
+    var choice = newNodeIT(nkClosedSymChoice, headSymbol.info, newTypeS(tyNone, c))
+    var o: TOverloadIter = default(TOverloadIter)
+    var symx = initOverloadIter(o, c, headSymbol)
+    while symx != nil:
+      if symx.kind in routineKinds:
+        if symx.magic in {mArrGet, mArrPut}:
+          errors.add(CandidateError(sym: symx,
+                                    firstMismatch: MismatchInfo(),
+                                    diagnostics: @[],
+                                    enabled: false))
+        else:
+          choice.add newSymNode(symx, headSymbol.info)
+      symx = nextOverloadIter(o, c, headSymbol)
+    n[0] = choice
+  # copied from semOverloadedCallAnalyzeEffects, might be overkill:
+  const baseFilter = {skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skConverter, skMacro, skTemplate}
+  let filter =
+    if flags*{efInTypeof, efWantIterator, efWantIterable} != {}:
+      baseFilter + {skIterator}
+    else: baseFilter
+  # this will add the errors:
+  var r = resolveOverloads(c, n, n, filter, flags, errors, true)
+  if errors.len == 0:
+    localError(c.config, n.info, "could not resolve: " & $n)
+  else:
+    notFoundError(c, n, errors)
+
 proc instGenericConvertersArg*(c: PContext, a: PNode, x: TCandidate) =
   let a = if a.kind == nkHiddenDeref: a[0] else: a
   if a.kind == nkHiddenCallConv and a[0].kind == nkSym:
@@ -449,7 +637,7 @@ proc instGenericConvertersArg*(c: PContext, a: PNode, x: TCandidate) =
       let finalCallee = generateInstance(c, s, x.bindings, a.info)
       a[0].sym = finalCallee
       a[0].typ = finalCallee.typ
-      #a.typ = finalCallee.typ[0]
+      #a.typ = finalCallee.typ.returnType
 
 proc instGenericConvertersSons*(c: PContext, n: PNode, x: TCandidate) =
   assert n.kind in nkCallKinds
@@ -482,7 +670,7 @@ proc inferWithMetatype(c: PContext, formal: PType,
     result = copyTree(arg)
     result.typ = formal
 
-proc updateDefaultParams(call: PNode) =
+proc updateDefaultParams(c: PContext, call: PNode) =
   # In generic procs, the default parameter may be unique for each
   # instantiation (see tlateboundgenericparams).
   # After a call is resolved, we need to re-assign any default value
@@ -492,8 +680,18 @@ proc updateDefaultParams(call: PNode) =
   let calleeParams = call[0].sym.typ.n
   for i in 1..<call.len:
     if nfDefaultParam in call[i].flags:
-      let def = calleeParams[i].sym.ast
+      let formal = calleeParams[i].sym
+      let def = formal.ast
       if nfDefaultRefsParam in def.flags: call.flags.incl nfDefaultRefsParam
+      # mirrored with sigmatch:
+      if def.kind == nkEmpty:
+        # The default param value is set to empty in `instantiateProcType`
+        # when the type of the default expression doesn't match the type
+        # of the instantiated proc param:
+        pushInfoContext(c.config, call.info, call[0].sym.detailedInfo)
+        typeMismatch(c.config, def.info, formal.typ, def.typ, formal.ast)
+        popInfoContext(c.config)
+        def.typ = errorType(c)
       call[i] = def
 
 proc getCallLineInfo(n: PNode): TLineInfo =
@@ -508,20 +706,77 @@ proc getCallLineInfo(n: PNode): TLineInfo =
     discard
   result = n.info
 
-proc semResolvedCall(c: PContext, x: TCandidate,
-                     n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+proc inheritBindings(c: PContext, x: var TCandidate, expectedType: PType) =
+  ## Helper proc to inherit bound generic parameters from expectedType into x.
+  ## Does nothing if 'inferGenericTypes' isn't in c.features.
+  if inferGenericTypes notin c.features: return
+  if expectedType == nil or x.callee.returnType == nil: return # required for inference
+
+  var
+    flatUnbound: seq[PType] = @[]
+    flatBound: seq[PType] = @[]
+  # seq[(result type, expected type)]
+  var typeStack = newSeq[(PType, PType)]()
+
+  template stackPut(a, b) =
+    ## skips types and puts the skipped version on stack
+    # It might make sense to skip here one by one. It's not part of the main
+    #  type reduction because the right side normally won't be skipped
+    const toSkip = {tyVar, tyLent, tyStatic, tyCompositeTypeClass, tySink}
+    let
+      x = a.skipTypes(toSkip)
+      y = if a.kind notin toSkip: b
+          else: b.skipTypes(toSkip)
+    typeStack.add((x, y))
+
+  stackPut(x.callee.returnType, expectedType)
+
+  while typeStack.len() > 0:
+    let (t, u) = typeStack.pop()
+    if t == u or t == nil or u == nil or t.kind == tyAnything or u.kind == tyAnything:
+      continue
+    case t.kind
+    of ConcreteTypes, tyGenericInvocation, tyUncheckedArray:
+      # XXX This logic makes no sense for `tyUncheckedArray`
+      # nested, add all the types to stack
+      let
+        startIdx = if u.kind in ConcreteTypes: 0 else: 1
+        endIdx = min(u.kidsLen() - startIdx, t.kidsLen())
+
+      for i in startIdx ..< endIdx:
+        # early exit with current impl
+        if t[i] == nil or u[i] == nil: return
+        stackPut(t[i], u[i])
+    of tyGenericParam:
+      let prebound = x.bindings.idTableGet(t)
+      if prebound != nil:
+        continue # Skip param, already bound
+
+      # fully reduced generic param, bind it
+      if t notin flatUnbound:
+        flatUnbound.add(t)
+        flatBound.add(u)
+    else:
+      discard
+  # update bindings
+  for i in 0 ..< flatUnbound.len():
+    x.bindings.idTablePut(flatUnbound[i], flatBound[i])
+
+proc semResolvedCall(c: PContext, x: var TCandidate,
+                     n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags;
+                     expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   assert x.state == csMatch
   var finalCallee = x.calleeSym
   let info = getCallLineInfo(n)
   markUsed(c, info, finalCallee)
   onUse(info, finalCallee)
   assert finalCallee.ast != nil
-  if x.hasFauxMatch:
+  if x.matchedErrorType:
     result = x.call
     result[0] = newSymNode(finalCallee, getCallLineInfo(result[0]))
-    if containsGenericType(result.typ) or x.fauxMatch == tyUnknown:
-      result.typ = newTypeS(x.fauxMatch, c)
-      if result.typ.kind == tyError: incl result.typ.flags, tfCheckedForDestructor
+    if containsGenericType(result.typ):
+      result.typ = newTypeS(tyError, c)
+      incl result.typ.flags, tfCheckedForDestructor
     return
   let gp = finalCallee.ast[genericParamsPos]
   if gp.isGenericParams:
@@ -529,27 +784,35 @@ proc semResolvedCall(c: PContext, x: TCandidate,
       if x.calleeSym.magic in {mArrGet, mArrPut}:
         finalCallee = x.calleeSym
       else:
+        c.inheritBindings(x, expectedType)
         finalCallee = generateInstance(c, x.calleeSym, x.bindings, n.info)
     else:
       # For macros and templates, the resolved generic params
       # are added as normal params.
+      c.inheritBindings(x, expectedType)
       for s in instantiateGenericParamList(c, gp, x.bindings):
         case s.kind
         of skConst:
-          if not s.ast.isNil:
-            x.call.add s.ast
+          if not s.astdef.isNil:
+            x.call.add s.astdef
           else:
             x.call.add c.graph.emptyNode
         of skType:
-          x.call.add newSymNode(s, n.info)
+          var tn = newSymNode(s, n.info)
+          # this node will be used in template substitution,
+          # pretend this is an untyped node and let regular sem handle the type
+          # to prevent problems where a generic parameter is treated as a value
+          tn.typ = nil
+          x.call.add tn
         else:
           internalAssert c.config, false
 
   result = x.call
   instGenericConvertersSons(c, result, x)
   result[0] = newSymNode(finalCallee, getCallLineInfo(result[0]))
-  result.typ = finalCallee.typ[0]
-  updateDefaultParams(result)
+  if finalCallee.magic notin {mArrGet, mArrPut}:
+    result.typ = finalCallee.typ.returnType
+  updateDefaultParams(c, result)
 
 proc canDeref(n: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
   result = n.len >= 2 and (let t = n[1].typ;
@@ -561,7 +824,8 @@ proc tryDeref(n: PNode): PNode =
   result.add n
 
 proc semOverloadedCall(c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode,
-                       filter: TSymKinds, flags: TExprFlags): PNode {.nosinks.} =
+                       filter: TSymKinds, flags: TExprFlags;
+                       expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   var errors: CandidateErrors = @[] # if efExplain in flags: @[] else: nil
   var r = resolveOverloads(c, n, nOrig, filter, flags, errors, efExplain in flags)
   if r.state == csMatch:
@@ -571,57 +835,36 @@ proc semOverloadedCall(c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode,
       message(c.config, n.info, hintUserRaw,
               "Non-matching candidates for " & renderTree(n) & "\n" &
               candidates)
-    result = semResolvedCall(c, r, n, flags)
-  elif implicitDeref in c.features and canDeref(n):
-    # try to deref the first argument and then try overloading resolution again:
-    #
-    # XXX: why is this here?
-    # it could be added to the long list of alternatives tried
-    # inside `resolveOverloads` or it could be moved all the way
-    # into sigmatch with hidden conversion produced there
-    #
-    n[1] = n[1].tryDeref
-    var r = resolveOverloads(c, n, nOrig, filter, flags, errors, efExplain in flags)
-    if r.state == csMatch: result = semResolvedCall(c, r, n, flags)
-    else:
-      # get rid of the deref again for a better error message:
-      n[1] = n[1][0]
-      #notFoundError(c, n, errors)
-      if efExplain notin flags:
-        # repeat the overload resolution,
-        # this time enabling all the diagnostic output (this should fail again)
-        discard semOverloadedCall(c, n, nOrig, filter, flags + {efExplain})
-      elif efNoUndeclared notin flags:
-        notFoundError(c, n, errors)
+    result = semResolvedCall(c, r, n, flags, expectedType)
   else:
-    if efExplain notin flags:
+    if c.inGenericContext > 0 and c.matchedConcept == nil:
+      result = semGenericStmt(c, n)
+      result.typ = makeTypeFromExpr(c, result.copyTree)
+    elif efExplain notin flags:
       # repeat the overload resolution,
       # this time enabling all the diagnostic output (this should fail again)
-      discard semOverloadedCall(c, n, nOrig, filter, flags + {efExplain})
+      result = semOverloadedCall(c, n, nOrig, filter, flags + {efExplain})
     elif efNoUndeclared notin flags:
+      result = nil
       notFoundError(c, n, errors)
+    else:
+      result = nil
 
 proc explicitGenericInstError(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
   localError(c.config, getCallLineInfo(n), errCannotInstantiateX % renderTree(n))
   result = n
 
 proc explicitGenericSym(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym): PNode =
+  if s.kind in {skTemplate, skMacro}:
+    internalError c.config, n.info, "cannot get explicitly instantiated symbol of " &
+      (if s.kind == skTemplate: "template" else: "macro")
   # binding has to stay 'nil' for this to work!
   var m = newCandidate(c, s, nil)
-
-  for i in 1..<n.len:
-    let formal = s.ast[genericParamsPos][i-1].typ
-    var arg = n[i].typ
-    # try transforming the argument into a static one before feeding it into
-    # typeRel
-    if formal.kind == tyStatic and arg.kind != tyStatic:
-      let evaluated = c.semTryConstExpr(c, n[i])
-      if evaluated != nil:
-        arg = newTypeS(tyStatic, c)
-        arg.sons = @[evaluated.typ]
-        arg.n = evaluated
-    let tm = typeRel(m, formal, arg)
-    if tm in {isNone, isConvertible}: return nil
+  matchGenericParams(m, n, s)
+  if m.state != csMatch:
+    # state is csMatch only if *all* generic params were matched,
+    # including implicit parameters
+    return nil
   var newInst = generateInstance(c, s, m.bindings, n.info)
   newInst.typ.flags.excl tfUnresolved
   let info = getCallLineInfo(n)
@@ -629,14 +872,24 @@ proc explicitGenericSym(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym): PNode =
   onUse(info, s)
   result = newSymNode(newInst, info)
 
-proc explicitGenericInstantiation(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym): PNode =
-  assert n.kind == nkBracketExpr
+proc setGenericParams(c: PContext, n, expectedParams: PNode) =
+  ## sems generic params in subscript expression
   for i in 1..<n.len:
-    let e = semExpr(c, n[i])
+    let
+      constraint =
+        if expectedParams != nil and i <= expectedParams.len:
+          expectedParams[i - 1].typ
+        else:
+          nil
+      e = semExprWithType(c, n[i], expectedType = constraint)
     if e.typ == nil:
       n[i].typ = errorType(c)
     else:
       n[i].typ = e.typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
+
+proc explicitGenericInstantiation(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym): PNode =
+  assert n.kind == nkBracketExpr
+  setGenericParams(c, n, s.ast[genericParamsPos])
   var s = s
   var a = n[0]
   if a.kind == nkSym:
@@ -671,32 +924,58 @@ proc explicitGenericInstantiation(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym): PNode =
   else:
     result = explicitGenericInstError(c, n)
 
-proc searchForBorrowProc(c: PContext, startScope: PScope, fn: PSym): PSym =
+proc searchForBorrowProc(c: PContext, startScope: PScope, fn: PSym): tuple[s: PSym, state: TBorrowState] =
   # Searches for the fn in the symbol table. If the parameter lists are suitable
   # for borrowing the sym in the symbol table is returned, else nil.
   # New approach: generate fn(x, y, z) where x, y, z have the proper types
   # and use the overloading resolution mechanism:
+  const desiredTypes = abstractVar + {tyCompositeTypeClass} - {tyTypeDesc, tyDistinct}
+
+  template getType(isDistinct: bool; t: PType):untyped =
+    if isDistinct: t.baseOfDistinct(c.graph, c.idgen) else: t
+
+  result = default(tuple[s: PSym, state: TBorrowState])
   var call = newNodeI(nkCall, fn.info)
   var hasDistinct = false
+  var isDistinct: bool
+  var x: PType
+  var t: PType
   call.add(newIdentNode(fn.name, fn.info))
   for i in 1..<fn.typ.n.len:
     let param = fn.typ.n[i]
-    let t = skipTypes(param.typ, abstractVar-{tyTypeDesc, tyDistinct})
-    if t.kind == tyDistinct or param.typ.kind == tyDistinct: hasDistinct = true
-    var x: PType
+    #[.
+      # We only want the type not any modifiers such as `ptr`, `var`, `ref` ...
+      # tyCompositeTypeClass is here for
+      # when using something like:
+      type Foo[T] = distinct int
+      proc `$`(f: Foo): string {.borrow.}
+      # We want to skip the `Foo` to get `int`
+    ]#
+    t = skipTypes(param.typ, desiredTypes)
+    isDistinct = t.kind == tyDistinct or param.typ.kind == tyDistinct
+    if t.kind == tyGenericInvocation and t.genericHead.last.kind == tyDistinct:
+      result.state = bsGeneric
+      return
+    if isDistinct: hasDistinct = true
     if param.typ.kind == tyVar:
       x = newTypeS(param.typ.kind, c)
-      x.addSonSkipIntLit(t.baseOfDistinct(c.graph, c.idgen), c.idgen)
+      x.addSonSkipIntLit(getType(isDistinct, t), c.idgen)
     else:
-      x = t.baseOfDistinct(c.graph, c.idgen)
-    call.add(newNodeIT(nkEmpty, fn.info, x))
+      x = getType(isDistinct, t)
+    var s = copySym(param.sym, c.idgen)
+    s.typ = x
+    s.info = param.info
+    call.add(newSymNode(s))
   if hasDistinct:
     let filter = if fn.kind in {skProc, skFunc}: {skProc, skFunc} else: {fn.kind}
     var resolved = semOverloadedCall(c, call, call, filter, {})
     if resolved != nil:
-      result = resolved[0].sym
-      if not compareTypes(result.typ[0], fn.typ[0], dcEqIgnoreDistinct):
-        result = nil
-      elif result.magic in {mArrPut, mArrGet}:
+      result.s = resolved[0].sym
+      result.state = bsMatch
+      if not compareTypes(result.s.typ.returnType, fn.typ.returnType, dcEqIgnoreDistinct, {IgnoreFlags}):
+        result.state = bsReturnNotMatch
+      elif result.s.magic in {mArrPut, mArrGet}:
         # cannot borrow these magics for now
-        result = nil
+        result.state = bsNotSupported
+  else:
+    result.state = bsNoDistinct
diff --git a/compiler/semdata.nim b/compiler/semdata.nim
index c655047e2..ca35ddc53 100644
--- a/compiler/semdata.nim
+++ b/compiler/semdata.nim
@@ -9,11 +9,14 @@
 
 ## This module contains the data structures for the semantic checking phase.
 
-import std / tables
+import std/[tables, intsets, sets]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 import
-  intsets, options, ast, astalgo, msgs, idents, renderer,
-  magicsys, vmdef, modulegraphs, lineinfos, sets, pathutils
+  options, ast, astalgo, msgs, idents, renderer,
+  magicsys, vmdef, modulegraphs, lineinfos, pathutils
 
 import ic / ic
 
@@ -29,18 +32,16 @@ type
 
   POptionEntry* = ref TOptionEntry
   PProcCon* = ref TProcCon
-  TProcCon* = object          # procedure context; also used for top-level
-                              # statements
+  TProcCon* {.acyclic.} = object # procedure context; also used for top-level
+                                 # statements
     owner*: PSym              # the symbol this context belongs to
     resultSym*: PSym          # the result symbol (if we are in a proc)
-    selfSym*: PSym            # the 'self' symbol (if available)
     nestedLoopCounter*: int   # whether we are in a loop or not
     nestedBlockCounter*: int  # whether we are in a block or not
-    inTryStmt*: int           # whether we are in a try statement; works also
-                              # in standalone ``except`` and ``finally``
+    breakInLoop*: bool        # whether we are in a loop without block
     next*: PProcCon           # used for stacking procedure contexts
     mappingExists*: bool
-    mapping*: TIdTable
+    mapping*: Table[ItemId, PSym]
     caseContext*: seq[tuple[n: PNode, idx: int]]
     localBindStmts*: seq[PNode]
 
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ type
     inst*: PInstantiation
 
   TExprFlag* = enum
-    efLValue, efWantIterator, efInTypeof,
+    efLValue, efWantIterator, efWantIterable, efInTypeof,
     efNeedStatic,
       # Use this in contexts where a static value is mandatory
     efPreferStatic,
@@ -67,11 +68,15 @@ type
       # you may be in position to supply a better error message
       # to the user.
     efWantStmt, efAllowStmt, efDetermineType, efExplain,
-    efAllowDestructor, efWantValue, efOperand, efNoSemCheck,
+    efWantValue, efOperand, efNoSemCheck,
     efNoEvaluateGeneric, efInCall, efFromHlo, efNoSem2Check,
-    efNoUndeclared
+    efNoUndeclared, efIsDotCall, efCannotBeDotCall,
       # Use this if undeclared identifiers should not raise an error during
       # overload resolution.
+    efTypeAllowed # typeAllowed will be called after
+    efWantNoDefaults
+    efIgnoreDefaults # var statements without initialization
+    efAllowSymChoice # symchoice node should not be resolved
 
   TExprFlags* = set[TExprFlag]
 
@@ -90,6 +95,9 @@ type
   TContext* = object of TPassContext # a context represents the module
                                      # that is currently being compiled
     enforceVoidContext*: PType
+      # for `if cond: stmt else: foo`, `foo` will be evaluated under
+      # enforceVoidContext != nil
+    voidType*: PType # for typeof(stmt)
     module*: PSym              # the module sym belonging to the context
     currentScope*: PScope      # current scope
     moduleScope*: PScope       # scope for modules
@@ -114,24 +122,26 @@ type
     converters*: seq[PSym]
     patterns*: seq[PSym]       # sequence of pattern matchers
     optionStack*: seq[POptionEntry]
-    symMapping*: TIdTable      # every gensym'ed symbol needs to be mapped
-                               # to some new symbol in a generic instantiation
     libs*: seq[PLib]           # all libs used by this module
-    semConstExpr*: proc (c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode {.nimcall.} # for the pragmas
-    semExpr*: proc (c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode {.nimcall.}
+    semConstExpr*: proc (c: PContext, n: PNode; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode {.nimcall.} # for the pragmas
+    semExpr*: proc (c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}, expectedType: PType = nil): PNode {.nimcall.}
+    semExprWithType*: proc (c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}, expectedType: PType = nil): PNode {.nimcall.}
     semTryExpr*: proc (c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode {.nimcall.}
-    semTryConstExpr*: proc (c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode {.nimcall.}
+    semTryConstExpr*: proc (c: PContext, n: PNode; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode {.nimcall.}
     computeRequiresInit*: proc (c: PContext, t: PType): bool {.nimcall.}
     hasUnresolvedArgs*: proc (c: PContext, n: PNode): bool
 
     semOperand*: proc (c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode {.nimcall.}
     semConstBoolExpr*: proc (c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode {.nimcall.} # XXX bite the bullet
     semOverloadedCall*: proc (c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode,
-                              filter: TSymKinds, flags: TExprFlags): PNode {.nimcall.}
+                              filter: TSymKinds, flags: TExprFlags, expectedType: PType = nil): PNode {.nimcall.}
     semTypeNode*: proc(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType {.nimcall.}
-    semInferredLambda*: proc(c: PContext, pt: TIdTable, n: PNode): PNode
-    semGenerateInstance*: proc (c: PContext, fn: PSym, pt: TIdTable,
+    semInferredLambda*: proc(c: PContext, pt: Table[ItemId, PType], n: PNode): PNode
+    semGenerateInstance*: proc (c: PContext, fn: PSym, pt: Table[ItemId, PType],
                                 info: TLineInfo): PSym
+    instantiateOnlyProcType*: proc (c: PContext, pt: TypeMapping,
+                                    prc: PSym, info: TLineInfo): PType
+      # used by sigmatch for explicit generic instantiations
     includedFiles*: IntSet    # used to detect recursive include files
     pureEnumFields*: TStrTable   # pure enum fields that can be used unambiguously
     userPragmas*: TStrTable
@@ -145,7 +155,6 @@ type
     inParallelStmt*: int
     instTypeBoundOp*: proc (c: PContext; dc: PSym; t: PType; info: TLineInfo;
                             op: TTypeAttachedOp; col: int): PSym {.nimcall.}
-    selfName*: PIdent
     cache*: IdentCache
     graph*: ModuleGraph
     signatures*: TStrTable
@@ -155,8 +164,16 @@ type
     features*: set[Feature]
     inTypeContext*, inConceptDecl*: int
     unusedImports*: seq[(PSym, TLineInfo)]
-    exportIndirections*: HashSet[(int, int)]
+    exportIndirections*: HashSet[(int, int)] # (module.id, symbol.id)
+    importModuleMap*: Table[int, int] # (module.id, module.id)
     lastTLineInfo*: TLineInfo
+    sideEffects*: Table[int, seq[(TLineInfo, PSym)]] # symbol.id index
+    inUncheckedAssignSection*: int
+    importModuleLookup*: Table[int, seq[int]] # (module.ident.id, [module.id])
+    skipTypes*: seq[PNode] # used to skip types between passes in type section. So far only used for inheritance, sets and generic bodies.
+    inTypeofContext*: int
+  TBorrowState* = enum
+    bsNone, bsReturnNotMatch, bsNoDistinct, bsGeneric, bsNotSupported, bsMatch
 
 template config*(c: PContext): ConfigRef = c.graph.config
 
@@ -167,12 +184,12 @@ proc getIntLitType*(c: PContext; literal: PNode): PType =
     result = c.intTypeCache[value.int]
     if result == nil:
       let ti = getSysType(c.graph, literal.info, tyInt)
-      result = copyType(ti, nextTypeId(c.idgen), ti.owner)
+      result = copyType(ti, c.idgen, ti.owner)
       result.n = literal
       c.intTypeCache[value.int] = result
   else:
     let ti = getSysType(c.graph, literal.info, tyInt)
-    result = copyType(ti, nextTypeId(c.idgen), ti.owner)
+    result = copyType(ti, c.idgen, ti.owner)
     result.n = literal
 
 proc setIntLitType*(c: PContext; result: PNode) =
@@ -205,12 +222,11 @@ proc setIntLitType*(c: PContext; result: PNode) =
     internalError(c.config, result.info, "invalid int size")
 
 proc makeInstPair*(s: PSym, inst: PInstantiation): TInstantiationPair =
-  result.genericSym = s
-  result.inst = inst
+  result = TInstantiationPair(genericSym: s, inst: inst)
 
 proc filename*(c: PContext): string =
   # the module's filename
-  return toFilename(c.config, FileIndex c.module.position)
+  result = toFilename(c.config, FileIndex c.module.position)
 
 proc scopeDepth*(c: PContext): int {.inline.} =
   result = if c.currentScope != nil: c.currentScope.depthLevel
@@ -237,14 +253,14 @@ proc popProcCon*(c: PContext) {.inline.} = c.p = c.p.next
 
 proc put*(p: PProcCon; key, val: PSym) =
   if not p.mappingExists:
-    initIdTable(p.mapping)
+    p.mapping = initTable[ItemId, PSym]()
     p.mappingExists = true
   #echo "put into table ", key.info
-  p.mapping.idTablePut(key, val)
+  p.mapping[key.itemId] = val
 
 proc get*(p: PProcCon; key: PSym): PSym =
   if not p.mappingExists: return nil
-  result = PSym(p.mapping.idTableGet(key))
+  result = p.mapping.getOrDefault(key.itemId)
 
 proc getGenSym*(c: PContext; s: PSym): PSym =
   if sfGenSym notin s.flags: return s
@@ -258,7 +274,9 @@ proc getGenSym*(c: PContext; s: PSym): PSym =
   result = s
 
 proc considerGenSyms*(c: PContext; n: PNode) =
-  if n.kind == nkSym:
+  if n == nil:
+    discard "can happen for nkFormalParams/nkArgList"
+  elif n.kind == nkSym:
     let s = getGenSym(c, n.sym)
     if n.sym != s:
       n.sym = s
@@ -301,17 +319,18 @@ proc newContext*(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym): PContext =
   result.converters = @[]
   result.patterns = @[]
   result.includedFiles = initIntSet()
-  initStrTable(result.pureEnumFields)
-  initStrTable(result.userPragmas)
+  result.pureEnumFields = initStrTable()
+  result.userPragmas = initStrTable()
   result.generics = @[]
   result.unknownIdents = initIntSet()
   result.cache = graph.cache
   result.graph = graph
-  initStrTable(result.signatures)
+  result.signatures = initStrTable()
   result.features = graph.config.features
   if graph.config.symbolFiles != disabledSf:
     let id = module.position
-    assert graph.packed[id].status in {undefined, outdated}
+    if graph.config.cmd != cmdM:
+      assert graph.packed[id].status in {undefined, outdated}
     graph.packed[id].status = storing
     graph.packed[id].module = module
     initEncoder graph, module
@@ -341,6 +360,9 @@ proc addConverter*(c: PContext, conv: LazySym) =
   assert conv.sym != nil
   if inclSym(c.converters, conv.sym):
     add(c.graph.ifaces[c.module.position].converters, conv)
+
+proc addConverterDef*(c: PContext, conv: LazySym) =
+  addConverter(c, conv)
   if c.config.symbolFiles != disabledSf:
     addConverter(c.encoder, c.packedRepr, conv.sym)
 
@@ -358,30 +380,29 @@ proc addPattern*(c: PContext, p: LazySym) =
     addTrmacro(c.encoder, c.packedRepr, p.sym)
 
 proc exportSym*(c: PContext; s: PSym) =
-  strTableAdd(c.module.semtab(c.graph), s)
+  strTableAdds(c.graph, c.module, s)
   if c.config.symbolFiles != disabledSf:
     addExported(c.encoder, c.packedRepr, s)
 
 proc reexportSym*(c: PContext; s: PSym) =
-  strTableAdd(c.module.semtab(c.graph), s)
+  strTableAdds(c.graph, c.module, s)
   if c.config.symbolFiles != disabledSf:
     addReexport(c.encoder, c.packedRepr, s)
 
 proc newLib*(kind: TLibKind): PLib =
   new(result)
-  result.kind = kind          #initObjectSet(result.syms)
+  result.kind = kind          #result.syms = initObjectSet()
 
 proc addToLib*(lib: PLib, sym: PSym) =
   #if sym.annex != nil and not isGenericRoutine(sym):
   #  LocalError(sym.info, errInvalidPragma)
   sym.annex = lib
 
-proc newTypeS*(kind: TTypeKind, c: PContext): PType =
-  result = newType(kind, nextTypeId(c.idgen), getCurrOwner(c))
+proc newTypeS*(kind: TTypeKind; c: PContext; son: sink PType = nil): PType =
+  result = newType(kind, c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), son = son)
 
 proc makePtrType*(owner: PSym, baseType: PType; idgen: IdGenerator): PType =
-  result = newType(tyPtr, nextTypeId(idgen), owner)
-  addSonSkipIntLit(result, baseType, idgen)
+  result = newType(tyPtr, idgen, owner, skipIntLit(baseType, idgen))
 
 proc makePtrType*(c: PContext, baseType: PType): PType =
   makePtrType(getCurrOwner(c), baseType, c.idgen)
@@ -394,29 +415,20 @@ proc makeTypeWithModifier*(c: PContext,
   if modifier in {tyVar, tyLent, tyTypeDesc} and baseType.kind == modifier:
     result = baseType
   else:
-    result = newTypeS(modifier, c)
-    addSonSkipIntLit(result, baseType, c.idgen)
+    result = newTypeS(modifier, c, skipIntLit(baseType, c.idgen))
 
 proc makeVarType*(c: PContext, baseType: PType; kind = tyVar): PType =
   if baseType.kind == kind:
     result = baseType
   else:
-    result = newTypeS(kind, c)
-    addSonSkipIntLit(result, baseType, c.idgen)
-
-proc makeVarType*(owner: PSym, baseType: PType; idgen: IdGenerator; kind = tyVar): PType =
-  if baseType.kind == kind:
-    result = baseType
-  else:
-    result = newType(kind, nextTypeId(idgen), owner)
-    addSonSkipIntLit(result, baseType, idgen)
+    result = newTypeS(kind, c, skipIntLit(baseType, c.idgen))
 
 proc makeTypeSymNode*(c: PContext, typ: PType, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
   let typedesc = newTypeS(tyTypeDesc, c)
   incl typedesc.flags, tfCheckedForDestructor
   internalAssert(c.config, typ != nil)
   typedesc.addSonSkipIntLit(typ, c.idgen)
-  let sym = newSym(skType, c.cache.idAnon, nextSymId(c.idgen), getCurrOwner(c), info,
+  let sym = newSym(skType, c.cache.idAnon, c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), info,
                    c.config.options).linkTo(typedesc)
   result = newSymNode(sym, info)
 
@@ -425,38 +437,40 @@ proc makeTypeFromExpr*(c: PContext, n: PNode): PType =
   assert n != nil
   result.n = n
 
-proc newTypeWithSons*(owner: PSym, kind: TTypeKind, sons: seq[PType];
-                      idgen: IdGenerator): PType =
-  result = newType(kind, nextTypeId(idgen), owner)
-  result.sons = sons
+when false:
+  proc newTypeWithSons*(owner: PSym, kind: TTypeKind, sons: seq[PType];
+                        idgen: IdGenerator): PType =
+    result = newType(kind, idgen, owner, sons = sons)
 
-proc newTypeWithSons*(c: PContext, kind: TTypeKind,
-                      sons: seq[PType]): PType =
-  result = newType(kind, nextTypeId(c.idgen), getCurrOwner(c))
-  result.sons = sons
+  proc newTypeWithSons*(c: PContext, kind: TTypeKind,
+                        sons: seq[PType]): PType =
+    result = newType(kind, c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), sons = sons)
 
 proc makeStaticExpr*(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(nkStaticExpr, n.info)
   result.sons = @[n]
   result.typ = if n.typ != nil and n.typ.kind == tyStatic: n.typ
-               else: newTypeWithSons(c, tyStatic, @[n.typ])
+               else: newTypeS(tyStatic, c, n.typ)
 
 proc makeAndType*(c: PContext, t1, t2: PType): PType =
   result = newTypeS(tyAnd, c)
-  result.sons = @[t1, t2]
+  result.rawAddSon t1
+  result.rawAddSon t2
   propagateToOwner(result, t1)
   propagateToOwner(result, t2)
   result.flags.incl((t1.flags + t2.flags) * {tfHasStatic})
   result.flags.incl tfHasMeta
 
 proc makeOrType*(c: PContext, t1, t2: PType): PType =
-  result = newTypeS(tyOr, c)
   if t1.kind != tyOr and t2.kind != tyOr:
-    result.sons = @[t1, t2]
+    result = newTypeS(tyOr, c)
+    result.rawAddSon t1
+    result.rawAddSon t2
   else:
+    result = newTypeS(tyOr, c)
     template addOr(t1) =
       if t1.kind == tyOr:
-        for x in t1.sons: result.rawAddSon x
+        for x in t1.kids: result.rawAddSon x
       else:
         result.rawAddSon t1
     addOr(t1)
@@ -467,8 +481,7 @@ proc makeOrType*(c: PContext, t1, t2: PType): PType =
   result.flags.incl tfHasMeta
 
 proc makeNotType*(c: PContext, t1: PType): PType =
-  result = newTypeS(tyNot, c)
-  result.sons = @[t1]
+  result = newTypeS(tyNot, c, son = t1)
   propagateToOwner(result, t1)
   result.flags.incl(t1.flags * {tfHasStatic})
   result.flags.incl tfHasMeta
@@ -479,8 +492,7 @@ proc nMinusOne(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
 # Remember to fix the procs below this one when you make changes!
 proc makeRangeWithStaticExpr*(c: PContext, n: PNode): PType =
   let intType = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyInt)
-  result = newTypeS(tyRange, c)
-  result.sons = @[intType]
+  result = newTypeS(tyRange, c, son = intType)
   if n.typ != nil and n.typ.n == nil:
     result.flags.incl tfUnresolved
   result.n = newTreeI(nkRange, n.info, newIntTypeNode(0, intType),
@@ -498,6 +510,25 @@ proc errorNode*(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(nkEmpty, n.info)
   result.typ = errorType(c)
 
+# These mimic localError
+template localErrorNode*(c: PContext, n: PNode, info: TLineInfo, msg: TMsgKind, arg: string): PNode =
+  liMessage(c.config, info, msg, arg, doNothing, instLoc())
+  errorNode(c, n)
+
+template localErrorNode*(c: PContext, n: PNode, info: TLineInfo, arg: string): PNode =
+  liMessage(c.config, info, errGenerated, arg, doNothing, instLoc())
+  errorNode(c, n)
+
+template localErrorNode*(c: PContext, n: PNode, msg: TMsgKind, arg: string): PNode =
+  let n2 = n
+  liMessage(c.config, n2.info, msg, arg, doNothing, instLoc())
+  errorNode(c, n2)
+
+template localErrorNode*(c: PContext, n: PNode, arg: string): PNode =
+  let n2 = n
+  liMessage(c.config, n2.info, errGenerated, arg, doNothing, instLoc())
+  errorNode(c, n2)
+
 proc fillTypeS*(dest: PType, kind: TTypeKind, c: PContext) =
   dest.kind = kind
   dest.owner = getCurrOwner(c)
@@ -513,6 +544,27 @@ proc makeRangeType*(c: PContext; first, last: BiggestInt;
   result.n = n
   addSonSkipIntLit(result, intType, c.idgen) # basetype of range
 
+proc isSelf*(t: PType): bool {.inline.} =
+  ## Is this the magical 'Self' type from concepts?
+  t.kind == tyTypeDesc and tfPacked in t.flags
+
+proc makeTypeDesc*(c: PContext, typ: PType): PType =
+  if typ.kind == tyTypeDesc and not isSelf(typ):
+    result = typ
+  else:
+    result = newTypeS(tyTypeDesc, c, skipIntLit(typ, c.idgen))
+    incl result.flags, tfCheckedForDestructor
+
+proc symFromType*(c: PContext; t: PType, info: TLineInfo): PSym =
+  if t.sym != nil: return t.sym
+  result = newSym(skType, getIdent(c.cache, "AnonType"), c.idgen, t.owner, info)
+  result.flags.incl sfAnon
+  result.typ = t
+
+proc symNodeFromType*(c: PContext, t: PType, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
+  result = newSymNode(symFromType(c, t, info), info)
+  result.typ = makeTypeDesc(c, t)
+
 proc markIndirect*(c: PContext, s: PSym) {.inline.} =
   if s.kind in {skProc, skFunc, skConverter, skMethod, skIterator}:
     incl(s.flags, sfAddrTaken)
@@ -533,6 +585,10 @@ proc checkMinSonsLen*(n: PNode, length: int; conf: ConfigRef) =
 proc isTopLevel*(c: PContext): bool {.inline.} =
   result = c.currentScope.depthLevel <= 2
 
+proc isTopLevelInsideDeclaration*(c: PContext, sym: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
+  # for routeKinds the scope isn't closed yet:
+  c.currentScope.depthLevel <= 2 + ord(sym.kind in routineKinds)
+
 proc pushCaseContext*(c: PContext, caseNode: PNode) =
   c.p.caseContext.add((caseNode, 0))
 
@@ -567,3 +623,13 @@ proc sealRodFile*(c: PContext) =
         if m == c.module:
           addPragmaComputation(c, n)
     c.idgen.sealed = true # no further additions are allowed
+
+proc rememberExpansion*(c: PContext; info: TLineInfo; expandedSym: PSym) =
+  ## Templates and macros are very special in Nim; these have
+  ## inlining semantics so after semantic checking they leave no trace
+  ## in the sem'checked AST. This is very bad for IDE-like tooling
+  ## ("find all usages of this template" would not work). We need special
+  ## logic to remember macro/template expansions. This is done here and
+  ## delegated to the "rod" file mechanism.
+  if c.config.symbolFiles != disabledSf:
+    storeExpansion(c.encoder, c.packedRepr, info, expandedSym)
diff --git a/compiler/semexprs.nim b/compiler/semexprs.nim
index 27b78aa6f..2885142a7 100644
--- a/compiler/semexprs.nim
+++ b/compiler/semexprs.nim
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 # this module does the semantic checking for expressions
 # included from sem.nim
 
-when defined(nimCompilerStackraceHints):
+when defined(nimCompilerStacktraceHints):
   import std/stackframes
 
 const
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ const
   errUndeclaredFieldX = "undeclared field: '$1'"
 
 proc semTemplateExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym,
-                     flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
+                     flags: TExprFlags = {}; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
+  rememberExpansion(c, n.info, s)
   let info = getCallLineInfo(n)
   markUsed(c, info, s)
   onUse(info, s)
@@ -35,7 +36,8 @@ proc semTemplateExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym,
   pushInfoContext(c.config, n.info, s.detailedInfo)
   result = evalTemplate(n, s, getCurrOwner(c), c.config, c.cache,
                         c.templInstCounter, c.idgen, efFromHlo in flags)
-  if efNoSemCheck notin flags: result = semAfterMacroCall(c, n, result, s, flags)
+  if efNoSemCheck notin flags:
+    result = semAfterMacroCall(c, n, result, s, flags, expectedType)
   popInfoContext(c.config)
 
   # XXX: A more elaborate line info rewrite might be needed
@@ -50,11 +52,8 @@ template rejectEmptyNode(n: PNode) =
 proc semOperand(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
   rejectEmptyNode(n)
   # same as 'semExprWithType' but doesn't check for proc vars
-  result = semExpr(c, n, flags + {efOperand})
+  result = semExpr(c, n, flags + {efOperand, efAllowSymChoice})
   if result.typ != nil:
-    # XXX tyGenericInst here?
-    if result.typ.kind == tyProc and tfUnresolved in result.typ.flags:
-      localError(c.config, n.info, errProcHasNoConcreteType % n.renderTree)
     if result.typ.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}: result = newDeref(result)
   elif {efWantStmt, efAllowStmt} * flags != {}:
     result.typ = newTypeS(tyVoid, c)
@@ -63,9 +62,9 @@ proc semOperand(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
                renderTree(result, {renderNoComments}))
     result.typ = errorType(c)
 
-proc semExprCheck(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+proc semExprCheck(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags, expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   rejectEmptyNode(n)
-  result = semExpr(c, n, flags+{efWantValue})
+  result = semExpr(c, n, flags+{efWantValue}, expectedType)
 
   let
     isEmpty = result.kind == nkEmpty
@@ -80,15 +79,29 @@ proc semExprCheck(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
     # do not produce another redundant error message:
     result = errorNode(c, n)
 
-proc semExprWithType(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
-  result = semExprCheck(c, n, flags)
-  if result.typ == nil or result.typ == c.enforceVoidContext:
+proc semExprWithType(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}, expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
+  result = semExprCheck(c, n, flags-{efTypeAllowed}, expectedType)
+  if result.typ == nil and efInTypeof in flags:
+    result.typ = c.voidType
+  elif result.typ == nil or result.typ == c.enforceVoidContext:
     localError(c.config, n.info, errExprXHasNoType %
                 renderTree(result, {renderNoComments}))
     result.typ = errorType(c)
   elif result.typ.kind == tyError:
     # associates the type error to the current owner
     result.typ = errorType(c)
+  elif efTypeAllowed in flags and result.typ.kind == tyProc and
+      hasUnresolvedParams(result, {}):
+    # mirrored with semOperand but only on efTypeAllowed
+    let owner = result.typ.owner
+    let err =
+      # consistent error message with evaltempl/semMacroExpr
+      if owner != nil and owner.kind in {skTemplate, skMacro}:
+        errMissingGenericParamsForTemplate % n.renderTree
+      else:
+        errProcHasNoConcreteType % n.renderTree
+    localError(c.config, n.info, err)
+    result.typ = errorType(c)
   else:
     if result.typ.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}: result = newDeref(result)
 
@@ -102,8 +115,114 @@ proc semExprNoDeref(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
 proc semSymGenericInstantiation(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym): PNode =
   result = symChoice(c, n, s, scClosed)
 
+proc semSym(c: PContext, n: PNode, sym: PSym, flags: TExprFlags): PNode
+
+proc isSymChoice(n: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
+  result = n.kind in nkSymChoices
+
+proc resolveSymChoice(c: PContext, n: var PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}, expectedType: PType = nil) =
+  ## Attempts to resolve a symchoice `n`, `n` remains a symchoice if
+  ## it cannot be resolved (this is the case even when `n.len == 1`).
+  if expectedType != nil:
+    # resolve from type inference, see paramTypesMatch
+    n = fitNode(c, expectedType, n, n.info)
+  if isSymChoice(n) and efAllowSymChoice notin flags:
+    # some contexts might want sym choices preserved for later disambiguation
+    # in general though they are ambiguous
+    let first = n[0].sym
+    var foundSym: PSym = nil
+    if first.kind == skEnumField and
+        not isAmbiguous(c, first.name, {skEnumField}, foundSym) and
+        foundSym == first:
+      # choose the first resolved enum field, i.e. the latest in scope
+      # to mirror behavior before overloadable enums
+      n = n[0]
+
+proc semOpenSym(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags, expectedType: PType,
+                warnDisabled = false): PNode =
+  ## sem the child of an `nkOpenSym` node, that is, captured symbols that can be
+  ## replaced by newly injected symbols in generics. `s` must be the captured
+  ## symbol if the original node is an `nkSym` node; and `nil` if it is an
+  ## `nkOpenSymChoice`, in which case only non-overloadable injected symbols
+  ## will be considered.
+  let isSym = n.kind == nkSym
+  let ident = n.getPIdent
+  assert ident != nil
+  let id = newIdentNode(ident, n.info)
+  c.isAmbiguous = false
+  let s2 = qualifiedLookUp(c, id, {})
+  # for `nkSym`, the first found symbol being different and unambiguous is
+  # enough to replace the original
+  # for `nkOpenSymChoice`, the first found symbol must be non-overloadable,
+  # since otherwise we have to use regular `nkOpenSymChoice` functionality
+  # but of the overloadable sym kinds, semExpr does not handle skModule, skMacro, skTemplate
+  # as overloaded in the case where `nkIdent` finds them first
+  if s2 != nil and not c.isAmbiguous and
+      ((isSym and s2 != n.sym) or
+        (not isSym and s2.kind notin OverloadableSyms-{skModule, skMacro, skTemplate})):
+    # only consider symbols defined under current proc:
+    var o = s2.owner
+    while o != nil:
+      if o == c.p.owner:
+        if not warnDisabled:
+          result = semExpr(c, id, flags, expectedType)
+          return
+        else:
+          var msg =
+            "a new symbol '" & ident.s & "' has been injected during " &
+            # msgContext should show what is being instantiated:
+            "template or generic instantiation, however "
+          if isSym:
+            msg.add(
+              getSymRepr(c.config, n.sym) & " captured at " &
+              "the proc declaration will be used instead; " &
+              "either enable --experimental:openSym to use the injected symbol, " &
+              "or `bind` this captured symbol explicitly")
+          else:
+            msg.add(
+              "overloads of " & ident.s & " will be used instead; " &
+              "either enable --experimental:openSym to use the injected symbol, " &
+              "or `bind` this symbol explicitly")
+          message(c.config, n.info, warnIgnoredSymbolInjection, msg)
+          break
+      o = o.owner
+  # nothing found
+  n.flags.excl nfDisabledOpenSym
+  if not warnDisabled and isSym:
+    result = semExpr(c, n, flags, expectedType)
+  else:
+    result = nil
+    if not isSym:
+      # set symchoice node type back to None
+      n.typ = newTypeS(tyNone, c)
+
+proc semSymChoice(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}, expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
+  if n.kind == nkOpenSymChoice:
+    result = semOpenSym(c, n, flags, expectedType,
+      warnDisabled = nfDisabledOpenSym in n.flags and
+        genericsOpenSym notin c.features)
+    if result != nil:
+      return
+  result = n
+  resolveSymChoice(c, result, flags, expectedType)
+  if isSymChoice(result) and result.len == 1:
+    # resolveSymChoice can leave 1 sym
+    result = result[0]
+  if isSymChoice(result) and efAllowSymChoice notin flags:
+    var err = "ambiguous identifier: '" & result[0].sym.name.s &
+      "' -- use one of the following:\n"
+    for child in n:
+      let candidate = child.sym
+      err.add "  " & candidate.owner.name.s & "." & candidate.name.s
+      err.add ": " & typeToString(candidate.typ) & "\n"
+    localError(c.config, n.info, err)
+    n.typ = errorType(c)
+    result = n
+  if result.kind == nkSym:
+    result = semSym(c, result, result.sym, flags)
+
 proc inlineConst(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym): PNode {.inline.} =
-  result = copyTree(s.ast)
+  result = copyTree(s.astdef)
   if result.isNil:
     localError(c.config, n.info, "constant of type '" & typeToString(s.typ) & "' has no value")
     result = newSymNode(s)
@@ -139,19 +258,19 @@ proc checkConvertible(c: PContext, targetTyp: PType, src: PNode): TConvStatus =
   var d = skipTypes(targetTyp, abstractVar)
   var s = srcTyp
   if s.kind in tyUserTypeClasses and s.isResolvedUserTypeClass:
-    s = s.lastSon
+    s = s.last
   s = skipTypes(s, abstractVar-{tyTypeDesc, tyOwned})
   if s.kind == tyOwned and d.kind != tyOwned:
-    s = s.lastSon
+    s = s.skipModifier
   var pointers = 0
   while (d != nil) and (d.kind in {tyPtr, tyRef, tyOwned}):
     if s.kind == tyOwned and d.kind != tyOwned:
-      s = s.lastSon
+      s = s.skipModifier
     elif d.kind != s.kind:
       break
     else:
-      d = d.lastSon
-      s = s.lastSon
+      d = d.elementType
+      s = s.elementType
     inc pointers
 
   let targetBaseTyp = skipTypes(targetTyp, abstractVarRange)
@@ -163,11 +282,16 @@ proc checkConvertible(c: PContext, targetTyp: PType, src: PNode): TConvStatus =
     result = checkConversionBetweenObjects(d.skipTypes(abstractInst), s.skipTypes(abstractInst), pointers)
   elif (targetBaseTyp.kind in IntegralTypes) and
       (srcBaseTyp.kind in IntegralTypes):
+    if targetTyp.kind == tyEnum and srcBaseTyp.kind == tyEnum and
+        not sameType(targetTyp, srcBaseTyp):
+      message(c.config, src.info, warnSuspiciousEnumConv, "suspicious code: enum to enum conversion")
+    # `elif` would be incorrect here
     if targetTyp.kind == tyBool:
       discard "convOk"
     elif targetTyp.isOrdinalType:
       if src.kind in nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit and
-          src.getInt notin firstOrd(c.config, targetTyp)..lastOrd(c.config, targetTyp):
+          src.getInt notin firstOrd(c.config, targetTyp)..lastOrd(c.config, targetTyp) and
+          targetTyp.kind notin {tyUInt..tyUInt64}:
         result = convNotInRange
       elif src.kind in nkFloatLit..nkFloat64Lit and
           (classify(src.floatVal) in {fcNan, fcNegInf, fcInf} or
@@ -182,6 +306,9 @@ proc checkConvertible(c: PContext, targetTyp: PType, src: PNode): TConvStatus =
         result = convNotInRange
   else:
     # we use d, s here to speed up that operation a bit:
+    if d.kind == tyFromExpr:
+      result = convNotLegal
+      return
     case cmpTypes(c, d, s)
     of isNone, isGeneric:
       if not compareTypes(targetTyp.skipTypes(abstractVar), srcTyp.skipTypes({tyOwned}), dcEqIgnoreDistinct):
@@ -189,10 +316,10 @@ proc checkConvertible(c: PContext, targetTyp: PType, src: PNode): TConvStatus =
     else:
       discard
 
-proc isCastable(c: PContext; dst, src: PType): bool =
+proc isCastable(c: PContext; dst, src: PType, info: TLineInfo): bool =
   ## Checks whether the source type can be cast to the destination type.
   ## Casting is very unrestrictive; casts are allowed as long as
-  ## castDest.size >= src.size, and typeAllowed(dst, skParam)
+  ## dst.size >= src.size, and typeAllowed(dst, skParam)
   #const
   #  castableTypeKinds = {tyInt, tyPtr, tyRef, tyCstring, tyString,
   #                       tySequence, tyPointer, tyNil, tyOpenArray,
@@ -205,11 +332,13 @@ proc isCastable(c: PContext; dst, src: PType): bool =
   if skipTypes(dst, abstractInst).kind == tyBuiltInTypeClass:
     return false
   let conf = c.config
-  if conf.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc}:
+  if conf.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc, gcAtomicArc}:
     let d = skipTypes(dst, abstractInst)
     let s = skipTypes(src, abstractInst)
     if d.kind == tyRef and s.kind == tyRef and s[0].isFinal != d[0].isFinal:
       return false
+    elif d.kind in IntegralTypes and s.kind in {tyString, tySequence}:
+      return false
 
   var dstSize, srcSize: BiggestInt
   dstSize = computeSize(conf, dst)
@@ -219,22 +348,19 @@ proc isCastable(c: PContext; dst, src: PType): bool =
     # Just assume the programmer knows what he is doing.
     return true
   if dstSize < 0:
-    result = false
+    return false
   elif srcSize < 0:
-    result = false
-  elif typeAllowed(dst, skParam, c) != nil:
-    result = false
+    return false
+  elif typeAllowed(dst, skParam, c, {taIsCastable}) != nil:
+    return false
   elif dst.kind == tyProc and dst.callConv == ccClosure:
-    result = src.kind == tyProc and src.callConv == ccClosure
+    return src.kind == tyProc and src.callConv == ccClosure
   else:
     result = (dstSize >= srcSize) or
         (skipTypes(dst, abstractInst).kind in IntegralTypes) or
         (skipTypes(src, abstractInst-{tyTypeDesc}).kind in IntegralTypes)
   if result and src.kind == tyNil:
-    result = dst.size <= conf.target.ptrSize
-
-proc isSymChoice(n: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
-  result = n.kind in nkSymChoices
+    return dst.size <= conf.target.ptrSize
 
 proc maybeLiftType(t: var PType, c: PContext, info: TLineInfo) =
   # XXX: liftParamType started to perform addDecl
@@ -250,7 +376,7 @@ proc isOwnedSym(c: PContext; n: PNode): bool =
   let s = qualifiedLookUp(c, n, {})
   result = s != nil and sfSystemModule in s.owner.flags and s.name.s == "owned"
 
-proc semConv(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc semConv(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags = {}, expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   if n.len != 2:
     localError(c.config, n.info, "a type conversion takes exactly one argument")
     return n
@@ -258,7 +384,7 @@ proc semConv(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(nkConv, n.info)
 
   var targetType = semTypeNode(c, n[0], nil)
-  case targetType.kind
+  case targetType.skipTypes({tyDistinct}).kind
   of tyTypeDesc:
     internalAssert c.config, targetType.len > 0
     if targetType.base.kind == tyNone:
@@ -266,7 +392,7 @@ proc semConv(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
     else:
       targetType = targetType.base
   of tyStatic:
-    var evaluated = semStaticExpr(c, n[1])
+    var evaluated = semStaticExpr(c, n[1], expectedType)
     if evaluated.kind == nkType or evaluated.typ.kind == tyTypeDesc:
       result = n
       result.typ = c.makeTypeDesc semStaticType(c, evaluated, nil)
@@ -275,16 +401,17 @@ proc semConv(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
       return evaluated
     else:
       targetType = targetType.base
+  of tyAnything, tyUntyped, tyTyped:
+    localError(c.config, n.info, "illegal type conversion to '$1'" % typeToString(targetType))
   else: discard
 
   maybeLiftType(targetType, c, n[0].info)
 
   if targetType.kind in {tySink, tyLent} or isOwnedSym(c, n[0]):
     let baseType = semTypeNode(c, n[1], nil).skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
-    let t = newTypeS(targetType.kind, c)
+    let t = newTypeS(targetType.kind, c, baseType)
     if targetType.kind == tyOwned:
       t.flags.incl tfHasOwned
-    t.rawAddSonNoPropagationOfTypeFlags baseType
     result = newNodeI(nkType, n.info)
     result.typ = makeTypeDesc(c, t)
     return
@@ -295,7 +422,10 @@ proc semConv(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   if n[1].kind == nkExprEqExpr and
       targetType.skipTypes(abstractPtrs).kind == tyObject:
     localError(c.config, n.info, "object construction uses ':', not '='")
-  var op = semExprWithType(c, n[1])
+  var op = semExprWithType(c, n[1], flags * {efDetermineType} + {efAllowSymChoice})
+  if isSymChoice(op) and op[0].sym.kind notin routineKinds:
+    # T(foo) disambiguation syntax only allowed for routines
+    op = semSymChoice(c, op)
   if targetType.kind != tyGenericParam and targetType.isMetaType:
     let final = inferWithMetatype(c, targetType, op, true)
     result.add final
@@ -307,7 +437,9 @@ proc semConv(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   # here or needs to be overwritten too then.
   result.add op
 
-  if targetType.kind == tyGenericParam:
+  if targetType.kind == tyGenericParam or
+      (op.typ != nil and op.typ.kind == tyFromExpr and c.inGenericContext > 0):
+    # expression is compiled early in a generic body
     result.typ = makeTypeFromExpr(c, copyTree(result))
     return result
 
@@ -321,7 +453,8 @@ proc semConv(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
       elif op.kind in {nkPar, nkTupleConstr} and targetType.kind == tyTuple:
         op = fitNode(c, targetType, op, result.info)
     of convNotNeedeed:
-      message(c.config, n.info, hintConvFromXtoItselfNotNeeded, result.typ.typeToString)
+      if efNoSem2Check notin flags:
+        message(c.config, n.info, hintConvFromXtoItselfNotNeeded, result.typ.typeToString)
     of convNotLegal:
       result = fitNode(c, result.typ, result[1], result.info)
       if result == nil:
@@ -348,13 +481,14 @@ proc semCast(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
   let targetType = semTypeNode(c, n[0], nil)
   let castedExpr = semExprWithType(c, n[1])
+  if castedExpr.kind == nkClosedSymChoice:
+    errorUseQualifier(c, n[1].info, castedExpr)
+  if targetType == nil:
+    localError(c.config, n.info, "Invalid usage of cast, cast requires a type to convert to, e.g., cast[int](0d).")
   if tfHasMeta in targetType.flags:
     localError(c.config, n[0].info, "cannot cast to a non concrete type: '$1'" % $targetType)
-  if not isCastable(c, targetType, castedExpr.typ):
-    let tar = $targetType
-    let alt = typeToString(targetType, preferDesc)
-    let msg = if tar != alt: tar & "=" & alt else: tar
-    localError(c.config, n.info, "expression cannot be cast to " & msg)
+  if not isCastable(c, targetType, castedExpr.typ, n.info):
+    localError(c.config, n.info, "expression cannot be cast to '$1'" % $targetType)
   result = newNodeI(nkCast, n.info)
   result.typ = targetType
   result.add copyTree(n[0])
@@ -369,10 +503,12 @@ proc semLowHigh(c: PContext, n: PNode, m: TMagic): PNode =
     n[1] = semExprWithType(c, n[1], {efDetermineType})
     var typ = skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractVarRange + {tyTypeDesc, tyUserTypeClassInst})
     case typ.kind
-    of tySequence, tyString, tyCString, tyOpenArray, tyVarargs:
+    of tySequence, tyString, tyCstring, tyOpenArray, tyVarargs:
       n.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyInt)
     of tyArray:
-      n.typ = typ[0] # indextype
+      n.typ = typ.indexType
+      if n.typ.kind == tyRange and emptyRange(n.typ.n[0], n.typ.n[1]): #Invalid range
+        n.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyInt)
     of tyInt..tyInt64, tyChar, tyBool, tyEnum, tyUInt..tyUInt64, tyFloat..tyFloat64:
       n.typ = n[1].typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
     of tyGenericParam:
@@ -395,7 +531,7 @@ proc fixupStaticType(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
   # apply this measure only in code that is enlightened to work
   # with static types.
   if n.typ.kind != tyStatic:
-    n.typ = newTypeWithSons(getCurrOwner(c), tyStatic, @[n.typ], c.idgen)
+    n.typ = newTypeS(tyStatic, c, n.typ)
     n.typ.n = n # XXX: cycles like the one here look dangerous.
                 # Consider using `n.copyTree`
 
@@ -420,6 +556,7 @@ proc isOpImpl(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
       res = t.kind == tyProc and
             t.callConv == ccClosure
     of "iterator":
+      # holdover from when `is iterator` didn't work
       let t = skipTypes(t1, abstractRange)
       res = t.kind == tyProc and
             t.callConv == ccClosure and
@@ -447,8 +584,9 @@ proc isOpImpl(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
   result.typ = n.typ
 
 proc semIs(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
-  if n.len != 3:
+  if n.len != 3 or n[2].kind == nkEmpty:
     localError(c.config, n.info, "'is' operator takes 2 arguments")
+    return errorNode(c, n)
 
   let boolType = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyBool)
   result = n
@@ -482,15 +620,14 @@ proc semIs(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
       n[1] = makeTypeSymNode(c, lhsType, n[1].info)
       lhsType = n[1].typ
   else:
-    if lhsType.base.kind == tyNone or
-        (c.inGenericContext > 0 and lhsType.base.containsGenericType):
+    if c.inGenericContext > 0 and lhsType.base.containsUnresolvedType:
       # BUGFIX: don't evaluate this too early: ``T is void``
       return
 
   result = isOpImpl(c, n, flags)
 
 proc semOpAux(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
-  const flags = {efDetermineType}
+  const flags = {efDetermineType, efAllowSymChoice}
   for i in 1..<n.len:
     var a = n[i]
     if a.kind == nkExprEqExpr and a.len == 2:
@@ -511,11 +648,18 @@ proc overloadedCallOpr(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
     result = newNodeI(nkCall, n.info)
     result.add newIdentNode(par, n.info)
     for i in 0..<n.len: result.add n[i]
-    result = semExpr(c, result)
+    result = semExpr(c, result, flags = {efNoUndeclared})
 
 proc changeType(c: PContext; n: PNode, newType: PType, check: bool) =
   case n.kind
-  of nkCurly, nkBracket:
+  of nkCurly:
+    for i in 0..<n.len:
+      if n[i].kind == nkRange:
+        changeType(c, n[i][0], elemType(newType), check)
+        changeType(c, n[i][1], elemType(newType), check)
+      else:
+        changeType(c, n[i], elemType(newType), check)
+  of nkBracket:
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       changeType(c, n[i], elemType(newType), check)
   of nkPar, nkTupleConstr:
@@ -548,14 +692,20 @@ proc changeType(c: PContext; n: PNode, newType: PType, check: bool) =
           a.add m
           changeType(m, tup[i], check)
   of nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit:
-    if check and n.kind != nkUInt64Lit and not sameType(n.typ, newType):
+    if check and n.kind != nkUInt64Lit and not sameTypeOrNil(n.typ, newType):
       let value = n.intVal
       if value < firstOrd(c.config, newType) or value > lastOrd(c.config, newType):
         localError(c.config, n.info, "cannot convert " & $value &
-                                         " to " & typeToString(newType))
+                                         " to " & typeNameAndDesc(newType))
   of nkFloatLit..nkFloat64Lit:
     if check and not floatRangeCheck(n.floatVal, newType):
-      localError(c.config, n.info, errFloatToString % [$n.floatVal, typeToString(newType)])
+      localError(c.config, n.info, errFloatToString % [$n.floatVal, typeNameAndDesc(newType)])
+  of nkSym:
+    if check and n.sym.kind == skEnumField and not sameTypeOrNil(n.sym.typ, newType):
+      let value = n.sym.position
+      if value < firstOrd(c.config, newType) or value > lastOrd(c.config, newType):
+        localError(c.config, n.info, "cannot convert '" & n.sym.name.s &
+                                         "' to '" & typeNameAndDesc(newType) & "'")
   else: discard
   n.typ = newType
 
@@ -567,24 +717,51 @@ proc arrayConstrType(c: PContext, n: PNode): PType =
   else:
     var t = skipTypes(n[0].typ, {tyGenericInst, tyVar, tyLent, tyOrdinal, tyAlias, tySink})
     addSonSkipIntLit(typ, t, c.idgen)
-  typ[0] = makeRangeType(c, 0, n.len - 1, n.info)
+  typ.setIndexType makeRangeType(c, 0, n.len - 1, n.info)
   result = typ
 
-proc semArrayConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+proc semArrayConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(nkBracket, n.info)
-  result.typ = newTypeS(tyArray, c)
-  rawAddSon(result.typ, nil)     # index type
+  # nkBracket nodes can also be produced by the VM as seq constant nodes
+  # in which case, we cannot produce a new array type for the node,
+  # as this might lose type info even when the node has array type
+  let constructType = n.typ.isNil
+  var expectedElementType, expectedIndexType: PType = nil
+  var expectedBase: PType = nil
+  if constructType:
+    result.typ = newTypeS(tyArray, c)
+    rawAddSon(result.typ, nil)     # index type
+    if expectedType != nil:
+      expectedBase = expectedType.skipTypes(abstractRange-{tyDistinct})
+  else:
+    result.typ = n.typ
+    expectedBase = n.typ.skipTypes(abstractRange) # include tyDistinct this time
+  if expectedBase != nil:
+    case expectedBase.kind
+    of tyArray:
+      expectedIndexType = expectedBase[0]
+      expectedElementType = expectedBase[1]
+    of tyOpenArray, tySequence:
+      # typed bracket expressions can also have seq type
+      expectedElementType = expectedBase[0]
+    else: discard
   var
-    firstIndex, lastIndex: Int128
+    firstIndex, lastIndex: Int128 = Zero
     indexType = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyInt)
     lastValidIndex = lastOrd(c.config, indexType)
   if n.len == 0:
-    rawAddSon(result.typ, newTypeS(tyEmpty, c)) # needs an empty basetype!
+    if constructType:
+      rawAddSon(result.typ,
+        if expectedElementType != nil and
+            typeAllowed(expectedElementType, skLet, c) == nil:
+          expectedElementType
+        else:
+          newTypeS(tyEmpty, c)) # needs an empty basetype!
     lastIndex = toInt128(-1)
   else:
     var x = n[0]
     if x.kind == nkExprColonExpr and x.len == 2:
-      var idx = semConstExpr(c, x[0])
+      var idx = semConstExpr(c, x[0], expectedIndexType)
       if not isOrdinalType(idx.typ):
         localError(c.config, idx.info, "expected ordinal value for array " &
                    "index, got '$1'" % renderTree(idx))
@@ -595,8 +772,14 @@ proc semArrayConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
         lastValidIndex = lastOrd(c.config, indexType)
         x = x[1]
 
-    let yy = semExprWithType(c, x)
-    var typ = yy.typ
+    let yy = semExprWithType(c, x, {efTypeAllowed}, expectedElementType)
+    var typ: PType
+    if constructType:
+      typ = yy.typ
+      if expectedElementType == nil:
+        expectedElementType = typ
+    else:
+      typ = expectedElementType
     result.add yy
     #var typ = skipTypes(result[0].typ, {tyGenericInst, tyVar, tyLent, tyOrdinal})
     for i in 1..<n.len:
@@ -608,45 +791,53 @@ proc semArrayConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
 
       x = n[i]
       if x.kind == nkExprColonExpr and x.len == 2:
-        var idx = semConstExpr(c, x[0])
+        var idx = semConstExpr(c, x[0], indexType)
         idx = fitNode(c, indexType, idx, x.info)
         if lastIndex+1 != getOrdValue(idx):
           localError(c.config, x.info, "invalid order in array constructor")
         x = x[1]
 
-      let xx = semExprWithType(c, x, flags*{efAllowDestructor})
+      let xx = semExprWithType(c, x, {efTypeAllowed}, expectedElementType)
       result.add xx
-      typ = commonType(c, typ, xx.typ)
-      #n[i] = semExprWithType(c, x, flags*{efAllowDestructor})
+      if constructType:
+        typ = commonType(c, typ, xx.typ)
+      #n[i] = semExprWithType(c, x, {})
       #result.add fitNode(c, typ, n[i])
       inc(lastIndex)
-    addSonSkipIntLit(result.typ, typ, c.idgen)
+    if constructType:
+      addSonSkipIntLit(result.typ, typ, c.idgen)
     for i in 0..<result.len:
       result[i] = fitNode(c, typ, result[i], result[i].info)
-  result.typ[0] = makeRangeType(c, toInt64(firstIndex), toInt64(lastIndex), n.info,
-                                     indexType)
+  if constructType:
+    result.typ.setIndexType(
+      makeRangeType(c,
+        toInt64(firstIndex), toInt64(lastIndex),
+        n.info, indexType))
 
 proc fixAbstractType(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
   for i in 1..<n.len:
     let it = n[i]
+    if it == nil:
+      localError(c.config, n.info, "'$1' has nil child at index $2" % [renderTree(n, {renderNoComments}), $i])
+      return
     # do not get rid of nkHiddenSubConv for OpenArrays, the codegen needs it:
     if it.kind == nkHiddenSubConv and
         skipTypes(it.typ, abstractVar).kind notin {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs}:
       if skipTypes(it[1].typ, abstractVar).kind in
             {tyNil, tyTuple, tySet} or it[1].isArrayConstr:
-        var s = skipTypes(it.typ, abstractVar)
+        var s = skipTypes(it.typ, abstractVar + tyUserTypeClasses)
         if s.kind != tyUntyped:
           changeType(c, it[1], s, check=true)
         n[i] = it[1]
 
-proc isAssignable(c: PContext, n: PNode; isUnsafeAddr=false): TAssignableResult =
-  result = parampatterns.isAssignable(c.p.owner, n, isUnsafeAddr)
+proc isAssignable(c: PContext, n: PNode): TAssignableResult =
+  result = parampatterns.isAssignable(c.p.owner, n)
 
 proc isUnresolvedSym(s: PSym): bool =
   result = s.kind == skGenericParam
   if not result and s.typ != nil:
     result = tfInferrableStatic in s.typ.flags or
-        (s.kind == skParam and s.typ.isMetaType) or
+        (s.kind == skParam and (s.typ.isMetaType or sfTemplateParam in s.flags)) or
         (s.kind == skType and
         s.typ.flags * {tfGenericTypeParam, tfImplicitTypeParam} != {})
 
@@ -674,7 +865,7 @@ proc hasUnresolvedArgs(c: PContext, n: PNode): bool =
       if hasUnresolvedArgs(c, n[i]): return true
     return false
 
-proc newHiddenAddrTaken(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc newHiddenAddrTaken(c: PContext, n: PNode, isOutParam: bool): PNode =
   if n.kind == nkHiddenDeref and not (c.config.backend == backendCpp or
                                       sfCompileToCpp in c.module.flags):
     checkSonsLen(n, 1, c.config)
@@ -682,10 +873,18 @@ proc newHiddenAddrTaken(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   else:
     result = newNodeIT(nkHiddenAddr, n.info, makeVarType(c, n.typ))
     result.add n
-    if isAssignable(c, n) notin {arLValue, arLocalLValue}:
-      localError(c.config, n.info, errVarForOutParamNeededX % renderNotLValue(n))
+    let aa = isAssignable(c, n)
+    let sym = getRoot(n)
+    if aa notin {arLValue, arLocalLValue}:
+      if aa == arDiscriminant and c.inUncheckedAssignSection > 0:
+        discard "allow access within a cast(unsafeAssign) section"
+      elif strictDefs in c.features and aa == arAddressableConst and
+              sym != nil and sym.kind == skLet and isOutParam:
+        discard "allow let varaibles to be passed to out parameters"
+      else:
+        localError(c.config, n.info, errVarForOutParamNeededX % renderNotLValue(n))
 
-proc analyseIfAddressTaken(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc analyseIfAddressTaken(c: PContext, n: PNode, isOutParam: bool): PNode =
   result = n
   case n.kind
   of nkSym:
@@ -693,7 +892,7 @@ proc analyseIfAddressTaken(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
     if n.sym.typ != nil and
         skipTypes(n.sym.typ, abstractInst-{tyTypeDesc}).kind notin {tyVar, tyLent}:
       incl(n.sym.flags, sfAddrTaken)
-      result = newHiddenAddrTaken(c, n)
+      result = newHiddenAddrTaken(c, n, isOutParam)
   of nkDotExpr:
     checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
     if n[1].kind != nkSym:
@@ -701,27 +900,35 @@ proc analyseIfAddressTaken(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
       return
     if skipTypes(n[1].sym.typ, abstractInst-{tyTypeDesc}).kind notin {tyVar, tyLent}:
       incl(n[1].sym.flags, sfAddrTaken)
-      result = newHiddenAddrTaken(c, n)
+      result = newHiddenAddrTaken(c, n, isOutParam)
   of nkBracketExpr:
     checkMinSonsLen(n, 1, c.config)
     if skipTypes(n[0].typ, abstractInst-{tyTypeDesc}).kind notin {tyVar, tyLent}:
       if n[0].kind == nkSym: incl(n[0].sym.flags, sfAddrTaken)
-      result = newHiddenAddrTaken(c, n)
+      result = newHiddenAddrTaken(c, n, isOutParam)
   else:
-    result = newHiddenAddrTaken(c, n)
+    result = newHiddenAddrTaken(c, n, isOutParam)
 
-proc analyseIfAddressTakenInCall(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
+proc analyseIfAddressTakenInCall(c: PContext, n: PNode, isConverter = false) =
   checkMinSonsLen(n, 1, c.config)
+  if n[0].typ == nil:
+    # n[0] might be erroring node in nimsuggest
+    return
   const
     FakeVarParams = {mNew, mNewFinalize, mInc, ast.mDec, mIncl, mExcl,
       mSetLengthStr, mSetLengthSeq, mAppendStrCh, mAppendStrStr, mSwap,
-      mAppendSeqElem, mNewSeq, mReset, mShallowCopy, mDeepCopy, mMove,
+      mAppendSeqElem, mNewSeq, mShallowCopy, mDeepCopy, mMove,
       mWasMoved}
 
+  template checkIfConverterCalled(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
+    ## Checks if there is a converter call which wouldn't be checked otherwise
+    # Call can sometimes be wrapped in a deref
+    let node = if n.kind == nkHiddenDeref: n[0] else: n
+    if node.kind == nkHiddenCallConv:
+      analyseIfAddressTakenInCall(c, node, true)
   # get the real type of the callee
   # it may be a proc var with a generic alias type, so we skip over them
   var t = n[0].typ.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink})
-
   if n[0].kind == nkSym and n[0].sym.magic in FakeVarParams:
     # BUGFIX: check for L-Value still needs to be done for the arguments!
     # note sometimes this is eval'ed twice so we check for nkHiddenAddr here:
@@ -729,9 +936,15 @@ proc analyseIfAddressTakenInCall(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
       if i < t.len and t[i] != nil and
           skipTypes(t[i], abstractInst-{tyTypeDesc}).kind in {tyVar}:
         let it = n[i]
-        if isAssignable(c, it) notin {arLValue, arLocalLValue}:
+        let aa = isAssignable(c, it)
+        if aa notin {arLValue, arLocalLValue}:
           if it.kind != nkHiddenAddr:
-            localError(c.config, it.info, errVarForOutParamNeededX % $it)
+            if aa == arDiscriminant and c.inUncheckedAssignSection > 0:
+              discard "allow access within a cast(unsafeAssign) section"
+            else:
+              localError(c.config, it.info, errVarForOutParamNeededX % $it)
+        # Make sure to still check arguments for converters
+        c.checkIfConverterCalled(n[i])
     # bug #5113: disallow newSeq(result) where result is a 'var T':
     if n[0].sym.magic in {mNew, mNewFinalize, mNewSeq}:
       var arg = n[1] #.skipAddr
@@ -743,14 +956,13 @@ proc analyseIfAddressTakenInCall(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
     return
   for i in 1..<n.len:
     let n = if n.kind == nkHiddenDeref: n[0] else: n
-    if n[i].kind == nkHiddenCallConv:
-      # we need to recurse explicitly here as converters can create nested
-      # calls and then they wouldn't be analysed otherwise
-      analyseIfAddressTakenInCall(c, n[i])
+    c.checkIfConverterCalled(n[i])
     if i < t.len and
         skipTypes(t[i], abstractInst-{tyTypeDesc}).kind in {tyVar}:
-      if n[i].kind != nkHiddenAddr:
-        n[i] = analyseIfAddressTaken(c, n[i])
+      # Converters wrap var parameters in nkHiddenAddr but they haven't been analysed yet.
+      # So we need to make sure we are checking them still when in a converter call
+      if n[i].kind != nkHiddenAddr or isConverter:
+        n[i] = analyseIfAddressTaken(c, n[i].skipAddr(), isOutParam(skipTypes(t[i], abstractInst-{tyTypeDesc})))
 
 include semmagic
 
@@ -790,7 +1002,7 @@ proc evalAtCompileTime(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
         if n[i].typ.isNil or n[i].typ.kind != tyStatic or
             tfUnresolved notin n[i].typ.flags:
           break maybeLabelAsStatic
-      n.typ = newTypeWithSons(c, tyStatic, @[n.typ])
+      n.typ = newTypeS(tyStatic, c, n.typ)
       n.typ.flags.incl tfUnresolved
 
   # optimization pass: not necessary for correctness of the semantic pass
@@ -804,7 +1016,8 @@ proc evalAtCompileTime(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
 
     if callee.magic notin ctfeWhitelist: return
 
-    if callee.kind notin {skProc, skFunc, skConverter, skConst} or callee.isGenericRoutine:
+    if callee.kind notin {skProc, skFunc, skConverter, skConst} or
+        callee.isGenericRoutineStrict:
       return
 
     if n.typ != nil and typeAllowed(n.typ, skConst, c) != nil: return
@@ -832,10 +1045,10 @@ proc evalAtCompileTime(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
     #if result != n:
     #  echo "SUCCESS evaluated at compile time: ", call.renderTree
 
-proc semStaticExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc semStaticExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   inc c.inStaticContext
   openScope(c)
-  let a = semExprWithType(c, n)
+  let a = semExprWithType(c, n, expectedType = expectedType)
   closeScope(c)
   dec c.inStaticContext
   if a.findUnresolvedStatic != nil: return a
@@ -847,111 +1060,146 @@ proc semStaticExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
     result = fixupTypeAfterEval(c, result, a)
 
 proc semOverloadedCallAnalyseEffects(c: PContext, n: PNode, nOrig: PNode,
-                                     flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
-  if flags*{efInTypeof, efWantIterator} != {}:
+                                     flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
+  if flags*{efInTypeof, efWantIterator, efWantIterable} != {}:
     # consider: 'for x in pReturningArray()' --> we don't want the restriction
     # to 'skIterator' anymore; skIterator is preferred in sigmatch already
     # for typeof support.
     # for ``typeof(countup(1,3))``, see ``tests/ttoseq``.
     result = semOverloadedCall(c, n, nOrig,
-      {skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skConverter, skMacro, skTemplate, skIterator}, flags)
+      {skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skConverter, skMacro, skTemplate, skIterator}, flags, expectedType)
   else:
     result = semOverloadedCall(c, n, nOrig,
-      {skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skConverter, skMacro, skTemplate}, flags)
+      {skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skConverter, skMacro, skTemplate}, flags, expectedType)
 
   if result != nil:
     if result[0].kind != nkSym:
-      internalError(c.config, "semOverloadedCallAnalyseEffects")
+      if not (c.inGenericContext > 0): # see generic context check in semOverloadedCall
+        internalError(c.config, "semOverloadedCallAnalyseEffects")
       return
     let callee = result[0].sym
     case callee.kind
     of skMacro, skTemplate: discard
     else:
-      if callee.kind == skIterator and callee.id == c.p.owner.id:
+      if callee.kind == skIterator and callee.id == c.p.owner.id and
+          not isClosureIterator(c.p.owner.typ):
         localError(c.config, n.info, errRecursiveDependencyIteratorX % callee.name.s)
         # error correction, prevents endless for loop elimination in transf.
         # See bug #2051:
         result[0] = newSymNode(errorSym(c, n))
-
-proc semObjConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode
+      elif callee.kind == skIterator:
+        if efWantIterable in flags:
+          let typ = newTypeS(tyIterable, c)
+          rawAddSon(typ, result.typ)
+          result.typ = typ
 
 proc resolveIndirectCall(c: PContext; n, nOrig: PNode;
                          t: PType): TCandidate =
-  initCandidate(c, result, t)
+  result = initCandidate(c, t)
   matches(c, n, nOrig, result)
-  if result.state != csMatch:
-    # try to deref the first argument:
-    if implicitDeref in c.features and canDeref(n):
-      n[1] = n[1].tryDeref
-      initCandidate(c, result, t)
-      matches(c, n, nOrig, result)
-
-proc bracketedMacro(n: PNode): PSym =
-  if n.len >= 1 and n[0].kind == nkSym:
-    result = n[0].sym
-    if result.kind notin {skMacro, skTemplate}:
-      result = nil
 
-proc setGenericParams(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
-  for i in 1..<n.len:
-    n[i].typ = semTypeNode(c, n[i], nil)
+proc finishOperand(c: PContext, a: PNode): PNode =
+  if a.typ.isNil:
+    result = c.semOperand(c, a, {efDetermineType})
+  else:
+    result = a
+  # XXX tyGenericInst here?
+  if result.typ.kind == tyProc and hasUnresolvedParams(result, {efOperand}):
+    #and tfUnresolved in result.typ.flags:
+    let owner = result.typ.owner
+    let err =
+      # consistent error message with evaltempl/semMacroExpr
+      if owner != nil and owner.kind in {skTemplate, skMacro}:
+        errMissingGenericParamsForTemplate % a.renderTree
+      else:
+        errProcHasNoConcreteType % a.renderTree
+    localError(c.config, a.info, err)
+  considerGenSyms(c, result)
 
-proc afterCallActions(c: PContext; n, orig: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+proc semFinishOperands(c: PContext; n: PNode; isBracketExpr = false) =
+  # this needs to be called to ensure that after overloading resolution every
+  # argument has been sem'checked
+
+  # skip the first argument for operands of `[]` since it may be an unresolved
+  # generic proc, which is handled in semMagic
+  let start = 1 + ord(isBracketExpr)
+  for i in start..<n.len:
+    n[i] = finishOperand(c, n[i])
+
+proc afterCallActions(c: PContext; n, orig: PNode, flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   if efNoSemCheck notin flags and n.typ != nil and n.typ.kind == tyError:
     return errorNode(c, n)
+  if n.typ != nil and n.typ.kind == tyFromExpr and c.inGenericContext > 0:
+    return n
 
   result = n
+
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    if c.config.expandProgress:
+      if c.config.expandLevels == 0:
+        return n
+      else:
+        c.config.expandLevels -= 1
+
   let callee = result[0].sym
   case callee.kind
-  of skMacro: result = semMacroExpr(c, result, orig, callee, flags)
-  of skTemplate: result = semTemplateExpr(c, result, callee, flags)
+  of skMacro: result = semMacroExpr(c, result, orig, callee, flags, expectedType)
+  of skTemplate: result = semTemplateExpr(c, result, callee, flags, expectedType)
   else:
-    semFinishOperands(c, result)
+    semFinishOperands(c, result, isBracketExpr = callee.magic in {mArrGet, mArrPut})
     activate(c, result)
     fixAbstractType(c, result)
     analyseIfAddressTakenInCall(c, result)
     if callee.magic != mNone:
-      result = magicsAfterOverloadResolution(c, result, flags)
+      result = magicsAfterOverloadResolution(c, result, flags, expectedType)
     when false:
       if result.typ != nil and
-          not (result.typ.kind == tySequence and result.typ[0].kind == tyEmpty):
+          not (result.typ.kind == tySequence and result.elementType.kind == tyEmpty):
         liftTypeBoundOps(c, result.typ, n.info)
     #result = patchResolvedTypeBoundOp(c, result)
-  if c.matchedConcept == nil:
+  if c.matchedConcept == nil and (c.inTypeofContext == 0 or callee.magic != mNone):
+    # don't fold calls in concepts and typeof
     result = evalAtCompileTime(c, result)
 
-proc semIndirectOp(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+proc semIndirectOp(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   result = nil
   checkMinSonsLen(n, 1, c.config)
   var prc = n[0]
   if n[0].kind == nkDotExpr:
     checkSonsLen(n[0], 2, c.config)
-    let n0 = semFieldAccess(c, n[0])
+    let n0 = semFieldAccess(c, n[0], {efIsDotCall})
     if n0.kind == nkDotCall:
       # it is a static call!
       result = n0
       result.transitionSonsKind(nkCall)
       result.flags.incl nfExplicitCall
       for i in 1..<n.len: result.add n[i]
-      return semExpr(c, result, flags)
+      return semExpr(c, result, flags, expectedType)
+    elif n0.typ.kind == tyFromExpr and c.inGenericContext > 0:
+      # don't make assumptions, entire expression needs to be tyFromExpr
+      result = semGenericStmt(c, n)
+      result.typ = makeTypeFromExpr(c, result.copyTree)
+      return
     else:
       n[0] = n0
   else:
-    n[0] = semExpr(c, n[0], {efInCall})
+    n[0] = semExpr(c, n[0], {efInCall, efAllowSymChoice})
     let t = n[0].typ
     if t != nil and t.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}:
       n[0] = newDeref(n[0])
-    elif n[0].kind == nkBracketExpr:
-      let s = bracketedMacro(n[0])
-      if s != nil:
-        setGenericParams(c, n[0])
-        return semDirectOp(c, n, flags)
+    elif isSymChoice(n[0]) and nfDotField notin n.flags:
+      # overloaded generic procs e.g. newSeq[int] can end up here
+      return semDirectOp(c, n, flags, expectedType)
 
-  let nOrig = n.copyTree
-  semOpAux(c, n)
   var t: PType = nil
   if n[0].typ != nil:
     t = skipTypes(n[0].typ, abstractInst+{tyOwned}-{tyTypeDesc, tyDistinct})
+  if t != nil and t.kind == tyTypeDesc:
+    if n.len == 1: return semObjConstr(c, n, flags, expectedType)
+    return semConv(c, n, flags)
+
+  let nOrig = n.copyTree
+  semOpAux(c, n)
   if t != nil and t.kind == tyProc:
     # This is a proc variable, apply normal overload resolution
     let m = resolveIndirectCall(c, n, nOrig, t)
@@ -972,7 +1220,7 @@ proc semIndirectOp(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
             break
         if not hasErrorType:
           let typ = n[0].typ
-          msg.add(">\nbut expected one of: \n" &
+          msg.add(">\nbut expected one of:\n" &
               typeToString(typ))
           # prefer notin preferToResolveSymbols
           # t.sym != nil
@@ -985,19 +1233,15 @@ proc semIndirectOp(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
           msg.addDeclaredLocMaybe(c.config, typ)
           localError(c.config, n.info, msg)
         return errorNode(c, n)
-      result = nil
     else:
       result = m.call
       instGenericConvertersSons(c, result, m)
 
-  elif t != nil and t.kind == tyTypeDesc:
-    if n.len == 1: return semObjConstr(c, n, flags)
-    return semConv(c, n)
   else:
-    result = overloadedCallOpr(c, n)
+    result = overloadedCallOpr(c, n) # this uses efNoUndeclared
     # Now that nkSym does not imply an iteration over the proc/iterator space,
     # the old ``prc`` (which is likely an nkIdent) has to be restored:
-    if result == nil:
+    if result == nil or result.kind == nkEmpty:
       # XXX: hmm, what kind of symbols will end up here?
       # do we really need to try the overload resolution?
       n[0] = prc
@@ -1011,17 +1255,17 @@ proc semIndirectOp(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
       return result
   #result = afterCallActions(c, result, nOrig, flags)
   if result[0].kind == nkSym:
-    result = afterCallActions(c, result, nOrig, flags)
+    result = afterCallActions(c, result, nOrig, flags, expectedType)
   else:
     fixAbstractType(c, result)
     analyseIfAddressTakenInCall(c, result)
 
-proc semDirectOp(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+proc semDirectOp(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   # this seems to be a hotspot in the compiler!
   let nOrig = n.copyTree
   #semLazyOpAux(c, n)
-  result = semOverloadedCallAnalyseEffects(c, n, nOrig, flags)
-  if result != nil: result = afterCallActions(c, result, nOrig, flags)
+  result = semOverloadedCallAnalyseEffects(c, n, nOrig, flags, expectedType)
+  if result != nil: result = afterCallActions(c, result, nOrig, flags, expectedType)
   else: result = errorNode(c, n)
 
 proc buildEchoStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
@@ -1031,9 +1275,9 @@ proc buildEchoStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   if e != nil:
     result.add(newSymNode(e))
   else:
-    localError(c.config, n.info, "system needs: echo")
-    result.add(errorNode(c, n))
+    result.add localErrorNode(c, n, "system needs: echo")
   result.add(n)
+  result.add(newStrNode(nkStrLit, ": " & n.typ.typeToString))
   result = semExpr(c, result)
 
 proc semExprNoType(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
@@ -1131,7 +1375,7 @@ proc readTypeParameter(c: PContext, typ: PType,
             # This seems semantically correct and then we'll be able
             # to return the section symbol directly here
             let foundType = makeTypeDesc(c, def[2].typ)
-            return newSymNode(copySym(def[0].sym, nextSymId c.idgen).linkTo(foundType), info)
+            return newSymNode(copySym(def[0].sym, c.idgen).linkTo(foundType), info)
 
       of nkConstSection:
         for def in statement:
@@ -1142,7 +1386,7 @@ proc readTypeParameter(c: PContext, typ: PType,
         discard
 
   if typ.kind != tyUserTypeClass:
-    let ty = if typ.kind == tyCompositeTypeClass: typ[1].skipGenericAlias
+    let ty = if typ.kind == tyCompositeTypeClass: typ.firstGenericParam.skipGenericAlias
              else: typ.skipGenericAlias
     let tbody = ty[0]
     for s in 0..<tbody.len-1:
@@ -1156,19 +1400,22 @@ proc readTypeParameter(c: PContext, typ: PType,
             return c.graph.emptyNode
         else:
           let foundTyp = makeTypeDesc(c, rawTyp)
-          return newSymNode(copySym(tParam.sym, nextSymId c.idgen).linkTo(foundTyp), info)
+          return newSymNode(copySym(tParam.sym, c.idgen).linkTo(foundTyp), info)
 
   return nil
 
 proc semSym(c: PContext, n: PNode, sym: PSym, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+  result = nil
+  assert n.kind in nkIdentKinds + {nkDotExpr}
   let s = getGenSym(c, sym)
   case s.kind
   of skConst:
-    markUsed(c, n.info, s)
+    if n.kind != nkDotExpr: # dotExpr is already checked by builtinFieldAccess
+      markUsed(c, n.info, s)
     onUse(n.info, s)
     let typ = skipTypes(s.typ, abstractInst-{tyTypeDesc})
     case typ.kind
-    of  tyNil, tyChar, tyInt..tyInt64, tyFloat..tyFloat128,
+    of tyNil, tyChar, tyInt..tyInt64, tyFloat..tyFloat128,
         tyTuple, tySet, tyUInt..tyUInt64:
       if s.magic == mNone: result = inlineConst(c, n, s)
       else: result = newSymNode(s, n.info)
@@ -1183,7 +1430,7 @@ proc semSym(c: PContext, n: PNode, sym: PSym, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
       # It is clear that ``[]`` means two totally different things. Thus, we
       # copy `x`'s AST into each context, so that the type fixup phase can
       # deal with two different ``[]``.
-      if s.ast.safeLen == 0: result = inlineConst(c, n, s)
+      if s.astdef.safeLen == 0: result = inlineConst(c, n, s)
       else: result = newSymNode(s, n.info)
     of tyStatic:
       if typ.n != nil:
@@ -1193,24 +1440,18 @@ proc semSym(c: PContext, n: PNode, sym: PSym, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
         result = newSymNode(s, n.info)
     else:
       result = newSymNode(s, n.info)
-  of skMacro:
-    if efNoEvaluateGeneric in flags and s.ast[genericParamsPos].len > 0 or
-       (n.kind notin nkCallKinds and s.requiredParams > 0):
-      markUsed(c, n.info, s)
-      onUse(n.info, s)
-      result = symChoice(c, n, s, scClosed)
-    else:
-      result = semMacroExpr(c, n, n, s, flags)
-  of skTemplate:
-    if efNoEvaluateGeneric in flags and s.ast[genericParamsPos].len > 0 or
-       (n.kind notin nkCallKinds and s.requiredParams > 0) or
-       sfCustomPragma in sym.flags:
+  of skMacro, skTemplate:
+    # check if we cannot use alias syntax (no required args or generic params)
+    if sfNoalias in s.flags:
       let info = getCallLineInfo(n)
       markUsed(c, info, s)
       onUse(info, s)
       result = symChoice(c, n, s, scClosed)
     else:
-      result = semTemplateExpr(c, n, s, flags)
+      case s.kind
+      of skMacro: result = semMacroExpr(c, n, n, s, flags)
+      of skTemplate: result = semTemplateExpr(c, n, s, flags)
+      else: discard # unreachable
   of skParam:
     markUsed(c, n.info, s)
     onUse(n.info, s)
@@ -1225,13 +1466,17 @@ proc semSym(c: PContext, n: PNode, sym: PSym, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
     if s.magic == mNimvm:
       localError(c.config, n.info, "illegal context for 'nimvm' magic")
 
-    markUsed(c, n.info, s)
+    if n.kind != nkDotExpr: # dotExpr is already checked by builtinFieldAccess
+      markUsed(c, n.info, s)
     onUse(n.info, s)
     result = newSymNode(s, n.info)
     # We cannot check for access to outer vars for example because it's still
     # not sure the symbol really ends up being used:
     # var len = 0 # but won't be called
     # genericThatUsesLen(x) # marked as taking a closure?
+    if hasWarn(c.config, warnResultUsed):
+      message(c.config, n.info, warnResultUsed)
+
   of skGenericParam:
     onUse(n.info, s)
     if s.typ.kind == tyStatic:
@@ -1243,44 +1488,24 @@ proc semSym(c: PContext, n: PNode, sym: PSym, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
       n.typ = s.typ
       return n
   of skType:
-    markUsed(c, n.info, s)
+    if n.kind != nkDotExpr: # dotExpr is already checked by builtinFieldAccess
+      markUsed(c, n.info, s)
     onUse(n.info, s)
     if s.typ.kind == tyStatic and s.typ.base.kind != tyNone and s.typ.n != nil:
       return s.typ.n
     result = newSymNode(s, n.info)
     result.typ = makeTypeDesc(c, s.typ)
   of skField:
-    var p = c.p
-    while p != nil and p.selfSym == nil:
-      p = p.next
-    if p != nil and p.selfSym != nil:
-      var ty = skipTypes(p.selfSym.typ, {tyGenericInst, tyVar, tyLent, tyPtr, tyRef,
-                                         tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})
-      while tfBorrowDot in ty.flags: ty = ty.skipTypes({tyDistinct})
-      var check: PNode = nil
-      if ty.kind == tyObject:
-        while true:
-          check = nil
-          let f = lookupInRecordAndBuildCheck(c, n, ty.n, s.name, check)
-          if f != nil and fieldVisible(c, f):
-            # is the access to a public field or in the same module or in a friend?
-            doAssert f == s
-            markUsed(c, n.info, f)
-            onUse(n.info, f)
-            result = newNodeIT(nkDotExpr, n.info, f.typ)
-            result.add makeDeref(newSymNode(p.selfSym))
-            result.add newSymNode(f) # we now have the correct field
-            if check != nil:
-              check[0] = result
-              check.typ = result.typ
-              result = check
-            return result
-          if ty[0] == nil: break
-          ty = skipTypes(ty[0], skipPtrs)
     # old code, not sure if it's live code:
     markUsed(c, n.info, s)
     onUse(n.info, s)
     result = newSymNode(s, n.info)
+  of skModule:
+    # make sure type is None and not nil for discard checking
+    if efWantStmt in flags: s.typ = newTypeS(tyNone, c)
+    markUsed(c, n.info, s)
+    onUse(n.info, s)
+    result = newSymNode(s, n.info)
   else:
     let info = getCallLineInfo(n)
     #if efInCall notin flags:
@@ -1290,24 +1515,39 @@ proc semSym(c: PContext, n: PNode, sym: PSym, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
 
 proc tryReadingGenericParam(c: PContext, n: PNode, i: PIdent, t: PType): PNode =
   case t.kind
-  of tyTypeParamsHolders:
+  of tyGenericInst:
     result = readTypeParameter(c, t, i, n.info)
     if result == c.graph.emptyNode:
-      result = n
-      n.typ = makeTypeFromExpr(c, n.copyTree)
+      if c.inGenericContext > 0:
+        result = semGenericStmt(c, n)
+        result.typ = makeTypeFromExpr(c, result.copyTree)
+      else:
+        result = nil
   of tyUserTypeClasses:
     if t.isResolvedUserTypeClass:
       result = readTypeParameter(c, t, i, n.info)
+    elif c.inGenericContext > 0:
+      result = semGenericStmt(c, n)
+      result.typ = makeTypeFromExpr(c, copyTree(result))
     else:
-      n.typ = makeTypeFromExpr(c, copyTree(n))
-      result = n
-  of tyGenericParam, tyAnything:
-    n.typ = makeTypeFromExpr(c, copyTree(n))
-    result = n
+      result = nil
+  of tyGenericBody, tyCompositeTypeClass:
+    if c.inGenericContext > 0:
+      result = readTypeParameter(c, t, i, n.info)
+      if result != nil:
+        # generic parameter exists, stop here but delay until instantiation
+        result = semGenericStmt(c, n)
+        result.typ = makeTypeFromExpr(c, copyTree(result))
+    else:
+      result = nil
+  elif c.inGenericContext > 0 and t.containsUnresolvedType:
+    result = semGenericStmt(c, n)
+    result.typ = makeTypeFromExpr(c, copyTree(result))
   else:
-    discard
+    result = nil
 
 proc tryReadingTypeField(c: PContext, n: PNode, i: PIdent, ty: PType): PNode =
+  result = nil
   var ty = ty.skipTypes(tyDotOpTransparent)
   case ty.kind
   of tyEnum:
@@ -1316,7 +1556,7 @@ proc tryReadingTypeField(c: PContext, n: PNode, i: PIdent, ty: PType): PNode =
     while ty != nil:
       f = getSymFromList(ty.n, i)
       if f != nil: break
-      ty = ty.sons[0]         # enum inheritance
+      ty = ty[0]         # enum inheritance
     if f != nil:
       result = newSymNode(f)
       result.info = n.info
@@ -1330,13 +1570,13 @@ proc tryReadingTypeField(c: PContext, n: PNode, i: PIdent, ty: PType): PNode =
         n.typ = makeTypeDesc(c, field.typ)
         result = n
   of tyGenericInst:
-    result = tryReadingTypeField(c, n, i, ty.lastSon)
+    result = tryReadingTypeField(c, n, i, ty.skipModifier)
     if result == nil:
       result = tryReadingGenericParam(c, n, i, ty)
   else:
     result = tryReadingGenericParam(c, n, i, ty)
 
-proc builtinFieldAccess(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+proc builtinFieldAccess(c: PContext; n: PNode; flags: var TExprFlags): PNode =
   ## returns nil if it's not a built-in field access
   checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
   # tests/bind/tbindoverload.nim wants an early exit here, but seems to
@@ -1359,7 +1599,8 @@ proc builtinFieldAccess(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
     onUse(n[1].info, s)
     return
 
-  n[0] = semExprWithType(c, n[0], flags+{efDetermineType})
+  # extra flags since LHS may become a call operand:
+  n[0] = semExprWithType(c, n[0], flags+{efDetermineType, efWantIterable, efAllowSymChoice})
   #restoreOldStyleType(n[0])
   var i = considerQuotedIdent(c, n[1], n)
   var ty = n[0].typ
@@ -1374,21 +1615,24 @@ proc builtinFieldAccess(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
       # field access and we leave the compiler to compile a normal call:
       if getCurrOwner(c).kind != skMacro:
         n.typ = makeTypeFromExpr(c, n.copyTree)
+        flags.incl efCannotBeDotCall
         return n
       else:
         return nil
     else:
+      flags.incl efCannotBeDotCall
       return tryReadingTypeField(c, n, i, ty.base)
   elif isTypeExpr(n.sons[0]):
+    flags.incl efCannotBeDotCall
     return tryReadingTypeField(c, n, i, ty)
   elif ty.kind == tyError:
     # a type error doesn't have any builtin fields
     return nil
 
   if ty.kind in tyUserTypeClasses and ty.isResolvedUserTypeClass:
-    ty = ty.lastSon
-  ty = skipTypes(ty, {tyGenericInst, tyVar, tyLent, tyPtr, tyRef, tyOwned, tyAlias, tySink})
-  while tfBorrowDot in ty.flags: ty = ty.skipTypes({tyDistinct})
+    ty = ty.last
+  ty = skipTypes(ty, {tyGenericInst, tyVar, tyLent, tyPtr, tyRef, tyOwned, tyAlias, tySink, tyStatic})
+  while tfBorrowDot in ty.flags: ty = ty.skipTypes({tyDistinct, tyGenericInst, tyAlias})
   var check: PNode = nil
   if ty.kind == tyObject:
     while true:
@@ -1406,8 +1650,10 @@ proc builtinFieldAccess(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
         # is the access to a public field or in the same module or in a friend?
         markUsed(c, n[1].info, f)
         onUse(n[1].info, f)
+        let info = n[1].info
         n[0] = makeDeref(n[0])
         n[1] = newSymNode(f) # we now have the correct field
+        n[1].info = info # preserve the original info
         n.typ = f.typ
         if check == nil:
           result = n
@@ -1429,9 +1675,12 @@ proc builtinFieldAccess(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
   if result == nil:
     let t = n[0].typ.skipTypes(tyDotOpTransparent)
     result = tryReadingGenericParam(c, n, i, t)
+    flags.incl efCannotBeDotCall
 
 proc dotTransformation(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
-  if isSymChoice(n[1]):
+  if isSymChoice(n[1]) or
+      # generics usually leave field names as symchoices, but not types
+      (n[1].kind == nkSym and n[1].sym.kind == skType):
     result = newNodeI(nkDotCall, n.info)
     result.add n[1]
     result.add copyTree(n[0])
@@ -1445,8 +1694,11 @@ proc dotTransformation(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
 proc semFieldAccess(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
   # this is difficult, because the '.' is used in many different contexts
   # in Nim. We first allow types in the semantic checking.
-  result = builtinFieldAccess(c, n, flags)
-  if result == nil:
+  var f = flags - {efIsDotCall}
+  result = builtinFieldAccess(c, n, f)
+  if result == nil or ((result.typ == nil or result.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind != tyProc) and
+      efIsDotCall in flags and callOperator notin c.features and
+      efCannotBeDotCall notin f):
     result = dotTransformation(c, n)
 
 proc buildOverloadedSubscripts(n: PNode, ident: PIdent): PNode =
@@ -1454,34 +1706,59 @@ proc buildOverloadedSubscripts(n: PNode, ident: PIdent): PNode =
   result.add(newIdentNode(ident, n.info))
   for s in n: result.add s
 
-proc semDeref(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc semDeref(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
   checkSonsLen(n, 1, c.config)
   n[0] = semExprWithType(c, n[0])
   let a = getConstExpr(c.module, n[0], c.idgen, c.graph)
   if a != nil:
-    if a.kind == nkNilLit:
+    if a.kind == nkNilLit and efInTypeof notin flags:
       localError(c.config, n.info, "nil dereference is not allowed")
     n[0] = a
   result = n
   var t = skipTypes(n[0].typ, {tyGenericInst, tyVar, tyLent, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})
   case t.kind
-  of tyRef, tyPtr: n.typ = t.lastSon
+  of tyRef, tyPtr: n.typ = t.elementType
+  of tyMetaTypes, tyFromExpr:
+    n.typ = makeTypeFromExpr(c, n.copyTree)
   else: result = nil
   #GlobalError(n[0].info, errCircumNeedsPointer)
 
+proc maybeInstantiateGeneric(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym): PNode =
+  ## Instantiates generic if not lacking implicit generics,
+  ## otherwise returns n.
+  let
+    neededGenParams = s.ast[genericParamsPos].len
+    heldGenParams = n.len - 1
+  var implicitParams = 0
+  for x in s.ast[genericParamsPos]:
+    if tfImplicitTypeParam in x.typ.flags:
+      inc implicitParams
+  if heldGenParams != neededGenParams and implicitParams + heldGenParams == neededGenParams:
+    # This is an implicit + explicit generic procedure without all args passed,
+    # kicking back the sem'd symbol fixes #17212
+    # Uncertain the hackiness of this solution.
+    result = n
+  else:
+    result = explicitGenericInstantiation(c, n, s)
+    if result == n:
+      n[0] = copyTree(result[0])
+
 proc semSubscript(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
   ## returns nil if not a built-in subscript operator; also called for the
   ## checking of assignments
+  result = nil
   if n.len == 1:
-    let x = semDeref(c, n)
+    let x = semDeref(c, n, flags)
     if x == nil: return nil
+    if x.typ.kind == tyFromExpr:
+      # depends on generic type
+      return x
     result = newNodeIT(nkDerefExpr, x.info, x.typ)
     result.add(x[0])
     return
   checkMinSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
-  # make sure we don't evaluate generic macros/templates
-  n[0] = semExprWithType(c, n[0],
-                              {efNoEvaluateGeneric})
+  # signal that generic parameters may be applied after
+  n[0] = semExprWithType(c, n[0], {efNoEvaluateGeneric, efAllowSymChoice})
   var arr = skipTypes(n[0].typ, {tyGenericInst, tyUserTypeClassInst, tyOwned,
                                       tyVar, tyLent, tyPtr, tyRef, tyAlias, tySink})
   if arr.kind == tyStatic:
@@ -1495,7 +1772,7 @@ proc semSubscript(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
       arr = arr.base
 
   case arr.kind
-  of tyArray, tyOpenArray, tyVarargs, tySequence, tyString, tyCString,
+  of tyArray, tyOpenArray, tyVarargs, tySequence, tyString, tyCstring,
     tyUncheckedArray:
     if n.len != 2: return nil
     n[0] = makeDeref(n[0])
@@ -1531,24 +1808,23 @@ proc semSubscript(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
         {tyInt..tyInt64}:
       let idx = getOrdValue(n[1])
       if idx >= 0 and idx < arr.len: n.typ = arr[toInt(idx)]
-      else: localError(c.config, n.info, "invalid index value for tuple subscript")
+      else:
+        localError(c.config, n.info,
+          "invalid index $1 in subscript for tuple of length $2" %
+            [$idx, $arr.len])
       result = n
     else:
       result = nil
   else:
     let s = if n[0].kind == nkSym: n[0].sym
-            elif n[0].kind in nkSymChoices: n[0][0].sym
+            elif n[0].kind in nkSymChoices + {nkOpenSym}: n[0][0].sym
             else: nil
     if s != nil:
       case s.kind
       of skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skConverter, skIterator:
         # type parameters: partial generic specialization
         n[0] = semSymGenericInstantiation(c, n[0], s)
-        result = explicitGenericInstantiation(c, n, s)
-        if result == n:
-          n[0] = copyTree(result)
-        else:
-          n[0] = result
+        result = maybeInstantiateGeneric(c, n, s)
       of skMacro, skTemplate:
         if efInCall in flags:
           # We are processing macroOrTmpl[] in macroOrTmpl[](...) call.
@@ -1568,11 +1844,11 @@ proc semSubscript(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
       else:
         discard
 
-proc semArrayAccess(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+proc semArrayAccess(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   result = semSubscript(c, n, flags)
   if result == nil:
     # overloaded [] operator:
-    result = semExpr(c, buildOverloadedSubscripts(n, getIdent(c.cache, "[]")))
+    result = semExpr(c, buildOverloadedSubscripts(n, getIdent(c.cache, "[]")), flags, expectedType)
 
 proc propertyWriteAccess(c: PContext, n, nOrig, a: PNode): PNode =
   var id = considerQuotedIdent(c, a[1], a)
@@ -1581,7 +1857,7 @@ proc propertyWriteAccess(c: PContext, n, nOrig, a: PNode): PNode =
   # this is ugly. XXX Semantic checking should use the ``nfSem`` flag for
   # nodes?
   let aOrig = nOrig[0]
-  result = newTreeI(nkCall, n.info, setterId, a[0], semExprWithType(c, n[1]))
+  result = newTreeI(nkCall, n.info, setterId, a[0], n[1])
   result.flags.incl nfDotSetter
   let orig = newTreeI(nkCall, n.info, setterId, aOrig[0], nOrig[1])
   result = semOverloadedCallAnalyseEffects(c, result, orig, {})
@@ -1613,23 +1889,30 @@ proc takeImplicitAddr(c: PContext, n: PNode; isLent: bool): PNode =
     # `proc fun(a: var int): var int = a`
     discard
   else: discard
-  let valid = isAssignable(c, n, isLent)
+  let valid = isAssignable(c, n)
   if valid != arLValue:
-    if valid == arLocalLValue:
+    if valid in {arAddressableConst, arLentValue} and isLent:
+      discard "ok"
+    elif valid == arLocalLValue:
       localError(c.config, n.info, errXStackEscape % renderTree(n, {renderNoComments}))
     else:
       localError(c.config, n.info, errExprHasNoAddress)
-  result = newNodeIT(nkHiddenAddr, n.info, makePtrType(c, n.typ))
+  result = newNodeIT(nkHiddenAddr, n.info, if n.typ.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}: n.typ else: makePtrType(c, n.typ))
+  if n.typ.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}:
+    n.typ = n.typ.elementType
   result.add(n)
 
 proc asgnToResultVar(c: PContext, n, le, ri: PNode) {.inline.} =
   if le.kind == nkHiddenDeref:
     var x = le[0]
-    if (x.typ.kind in {tyVar, tyLent} or classifyViewType(x.typ) != noView) and x.kind == nkSym and x.sym.kind == skResult:
-      n[0] = x # 'result[]' --> 'result'
-      n[1] = takeImplicitAddr(c, ri, x.typ.kind == tyLent)
-      x.typ.flags.incl tfVarIsPtr
-      #echo x.info, " setting it for this type ", typeToString(x.typ), " ", n.info
+    if x.kind == nkSym:
+      if x.sym.kind == skResult and (x.typ.kind in {tyVar, tyLent} or classifyViewType(x.typ) != noView):
+        n[0] = x # 'result[]' --> 'result'
+        n[1] = takeImplicitAddr(c, ri, x.typ.kind == tyLent)
+        x.typ.flags.incl tfVarIsPtr
+        #echo x.info, " setting it for this type ", typeToString(x.typ), " ", n.info
+      elif sfGlobal in x.sym.flags:
+        x.typ.flags.incl tfVarIsPtr
 
 proc borrowCheck(c: PContext, n, le, ri: PNode) =
   const
@@ -1683,6 +1966,39 @@ proc goodLineInfo(arg: PNode): TLineInfo =
   else:
     arg.info
 
+proc makeTupleAssignments(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
+  ## expand tuple unpacking assignment into series of assignments
+  ##
+  ## mirrored with semstmts.makeVarTupleSection
+  let lhs = n[0]
+  let value = semExprWithType(c, n[1], {efTypeAllowed})
+  if value.typ.kind != tyTuple:
+    localError(c.config, n[1].info, errTupleUnpackingTupleExpected %
+      [typeToString(value.typ, preferDesc)])
+  elif lhs.len != value.typ.len:
+    localError(c.config, n.info, errTupleUnpackingDifferentLengths %
+      [$lhs.len, typeToString(value.typ, preferDesc), $value.typ.len])
+  result = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
+
+  let temp = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(c.cache, "tmpTupleAsgn"), c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), n.info)
+  temp.typ = value.typ
+  temp.flags.incl(sfGenSym)
+  var v = newNodeI(nkLetSection, value.info)
+  let tempNode = newSymNode(temp) #newIdentNode(getIdent(genPrefix & $temp.id), value.info)
+  var vpart = newNodeI(nkIdentDefs, v.info, 3)
+  vpart[0] = tempNode
+  vpart[1] = c.graph.emptyNode
+  vpart[2] = value
+  v.add vpart
+  result.add(v)
+
+  for i in 0..<lhs.len:
+    if lhs[i].kind == nkIdent and lhs[i].ident.id == ord(wUnderscore):
+      # skip _ assignments if we are using a temp as they are already evaluated
+      discard
+    else:
+      result.add newAsgnStmt(lhs[i], newTupleAccessRaw(tempNode, i))
+
 proc semAsgn(c: PContext, n: PNode; mode=asgnNormal): PNode =
   checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
   var a = n[0]
@@ -1691,7 +2007,8 @@ proc semAsgn(c: PContext, n: PNode; mode=asgnNormal): PNode =
     # r.f = x
     # --> `f=` (r, x)
     let nOrig = n.copyTree
-    a = builtinFieldAccess(c, a, {efLValue})
+    var flags = {efLValue}
+    a = builtinFieldAccess(c, a, flags)
     if a == nil:
       a = propertyWriteAccess(c, n, nOrig, n[0])
       if a != nil: return a
@@ -1709,8 +2026,8 @@ proc semAsgn(c: PContext, n: PNode; mode=asgnNormal): PNode =
       result = buildOverloadedSubscripts(n[0], getIdent(c.cache, "[]="))
       result.add(n[1])
       if mode == noOverloadedSubscript:
-        bracketNotFoundError(c, result)
-        return n
+        bracketNotFoundError(c, result, {})
+        return errorNode(c, n)
       else:
         result = semExprNoType(c, result)
         return result
@@ -1720,11 +2037,11 @@ proc semAsgn(c: PContext, n: PNode; mode=asgnNormal): PNode =
     result.add(n[1])
     return semExprNoType(c, result)
   of nkPar, nkTupleConstr:
-    if a.len >= 2:
+    if a.len >= 2 or a.kind == nkTupleConstr:
       # unfortunately we need to rewrite ``(x, y) = foo()`` already here so
       # that overloading of the assignment operator still works. Usually we
       # prefer to do these rewritings in transf.nim:
-      return semStmt(c, lowerTupleUnpackingForAsgn(c.graph, n, c.idgen, c.p.owner), {})
+      return semStmt(c, makeTupleAssignments(c, n), {})
     else:
       a = semExprWithType(c, a, {efLValue})
   else:
@@ -1733,34 +2050,37 @@ proc semAsgn(c: PContext, n: PNode; mode=asgnNormal): PNode =
   # a = b # both are vars, means: a[] = b[]
   # a = b # b no 'var T' means: a = addr(b)
   var le = a.typ
+  let assignable = isAssignable(c, a)
+  let root = getRoot(a)
+  let useStrictDefLet = root != nil and root.kind == skLet and
+                       assignable == arAddressableConst and
+                       strictDefs in c.features and isLocalSym(root)
   if le == nil:
     localError(c.config, a.info, "expression has no type")
   elif (skipTypes(le, {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink}).kind notin {tyVar} and
-        isAssignable(c, a) in {arNone, arLentValue}) or (
-      skipTypes(le, abstractVar).kind in {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs} and views notin c.features):
+        assignable in {arNone, arLentValue, arAddressableConst} and not useStrictDefLet
+        ) or (skipTypes(le, abstractVar).kind in {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs} and views notin c.features):
     # Direct assignment to a discriminant is allowed!
     localError(c.config, a.info, errXCannotBeAssignedTo %
                renderTree(a, {renderNoComments}))
   else:
-    let
-      lhs = n[0]
-      lhsIsResult = lhs.kind == nkSym and lhs.sym.kind == skResult
-    var
-      rhs = semExprWithType(c, n[1],
-        if lhsIsResult: {efAllowDestructor} else: {})
-    if lhsIsResult:
+    let lhs = n[0]
+    let rhs = semExprWithType(c, n[1], {efTypeAllowed}, le)
+    if lhs.kind == nkSym and lhs.sym.kind == skResult:
       n.typ = c.enforceVoidContext
       if c.p.owner.kind != skMacro and resultTypeIsInferrable(lhs.sym.typ):
         var rhsTyp = rhs.typ
         if rhsTyp.kind in tyUserTypeClasses and rhsTyp.isResolvedUserTypeClass:
-          rhsTyp = rhsTyp.lastSon
+          rhsTyp = rhsTyp.last
+        if lhs.sym.typ.kind == tyAnything:
+          rhsTyp = rhsTyp.skipTypes({tySink}).skipIntLit(c.idgen)
         if cmpTypes(c, lhs.typ, rhsTyp) in {isGeneric, isEqual}:
           internalAssert c.config, c.p.resultSym != nil
           # Make sure the type is valid for the result variable
           typeAllowedCheck(c, n.info, rhsTyp, skResult)
           lhs.typ = rhsTyp
           c.p.resultSym.typ = rhsTyp
-          c.p.owner.typ[0] = rhsTyp
+          c.p.owner.typ.setReturnType rhsTyp
         else:
           typeMismatch(c.config, n.info, lhs.typ, rhsTyp, rhs)
     borrowCheck(c, n, lhs, rhs)
@@ -1796,9 +2116,12 @@ proc semReturn(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   else:
     localError(c.config, n.info, "'return' not allowed here")
 
-proc semProcBody(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc semProcBody(c: PContext, n: PNode; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    if c.graph.config.expandDone():
+      return n
   openScope(c)
-  result = semExpr(c, n)
+  result = semExpr(c, n, expectedType = expectedType)
   if c.p.resultSym != nil and not isEmptyType(result.typ):
     if result.kind == nkNilLit:
       # or ImplicitlyDiscardable(result):
@@ -1823,12 +2146,12 @@ proc semProcBody(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
     if isEmptyType(result.typ):
       # we inferred a 'void' return type:
       c.p.resultSym.typ = errorType(c)
-      c.p.owner.typ[0] = nil
+      c.p.owner.typ.setReturnType nil
     else:
       localError(c.config, c.p.resultSym.info, errCannotInferReturnType %
         c.p.owner.name.s)
-  if isInlineIterator(c.p.owner.typ) and c.p.owner.typ[0] != nil and
-      c.p.owner.typ[0].kind == tyUntyped:
+  if isIterator(c.p.owner.typ) and c.p.owner.typ.returnType != nil and
+      c.p.owner.typ.returnType.kind == tyAnything:
     localError(c.config, c.p.owner.info, errCannotInferReturnType %
       c.p.owner.name.s)
   closeScope(c)
@@ -1854,6 +2177,8 @@ proc semYieldVarResult(c: PContext, n: PNode, restype: PType) =
             tupleConstr[i] = takeImplicitAddr(c, tupleConstr[i], e.kind == tyLent)
         else:
           localError(c.config, n[0].info, errXExpected, "tuple constructor")
+      elif e.kind == tyEmpty:
+        localError(c.config, n[0].info, errTypeExpected)
   else:
     when false:
       # XXX investigate what we really need here.
@@ -1866,12 +2191,10 @@ proc semYield(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   if c.p.owner == nil or c.p.owner.kind != skIterator:
     localError(c.config, n.info, errYieldNotAllowedHere)
   elif n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
-    n[0] = semExprWithType(c, n[0]) # check for type compatibility:
     var iterType = c.p.owner.typ
     let restype = iterType[0]
+    n[0] = semExprWithType(c, n[0], {}, restype) # check for type compatibility:
     if restype != nil:
-      if restype.kind != tyUntyped:
-        n[0] = fitNode(c, restype, n[0], n.info)
       if n[0].typ == nil: internalError(c.config, n.info, "semYield")
 
       if resultTypeIsInferrable(restype):
@@ -1879,18 +2202,32 @@ proc semYield(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
         iterType[0] = inferred
         if c.p.resultSym != nil:
           c.p.resultSym.typ = inferred
+      else:
+        n[0] = fitNode(c, restype, n[0], n.info)
 
       semYieldVarResult(c, n, restype)
     else:
       localError(c.config, n.info, errCannotReturnExpr)
-  elif c.p.owner.typ[0] != nil:
+  elif c.p.owner.typ.returnType != nil:
     localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated, "yield statement must yield a value")
 
+proc considerQuotedIdentOrDot(c: PContext, n: PNode, origin: PNode = nil): PIdent =
+  if n.kind == nkDotExpr:
+    let a = considerQuotedIdentOrDot(c, n[0], origin).s
+    let b = considerQuotedIdentOrDot(c, n[1], origin).s
+    var s = newStringOfCap(a.len + b.len + 1)
+    s.add(a)
+    s.add('.')
+    s.add(b)
+    result = getIdent(c.cache, s)
+  else:
+    result = considerQuotedIdent(c, n, origin)
+
 proc semDefined(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
   # we replace this node by a 'true' or 'false' node:
   result = newIntNode(nkIntLit, 0)
-  result.intVal = ord isDefined(c.config, considerQuotedIdent(c, n[1], n).s)
+  result.intVal = ord isDefined(c.config, considerQuotedIdentOrDot(c, n[1], n).s)
   result.info = n.info
   result.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyBool)
 
@@ -1918,6 +2255,8 @@ proc lookUpForDeclared(c: PContext, n: PNode, onlyCurrentScope: bool): PSym =
     result = n.sym
   of nkOpenSymChoice, nkClosedSymChoice:
     result = n[0].sym
+  of nkOpenSym:
+    result = lookUpForDeclared(c, n[0], onlyCurrentScope)
   else:
     localError(c.config, n.info, "identifier expected, but got: " & renderTree(n))
     result = nil
@@ -1953,10 +2292,11 @@ proc expectString(c: PContext, n: PNode): string =
   if n.kind in nkStrKinds:
     return n.strVal
   else:
+    result = ""
     localError(c.config, n.info, errStringLiteralExpected)
 
 proc newAnonSym(c: PContext; kind: TSymKind, info: TLineInfo): PSym =
-  result = newSym(kind, c.cache.idAnon, nextSymId c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), info)
+  result = newSym(kind, c.cache.idAnon, c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), info)
 
 proc semExpandToAst(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   let macroCall = n[1]
@@ -1977,7 +2317,7 @@ proc semExpandToAst(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
     let headSymbol = macroCall[0]
     var cands = 0
     var cand: PSym = nil
-    var o: TOverloadIter
+    var o: TOverloadIter = default(TOverloadIter)
     var symx = initOverloadIter(o, c, headSymbol)
     while symx != nil:
       if symx.kind in {skTemplate, skMacro} and symx.typ.len == macroCall.len:
@@ -2073,20 +2413,26 @@ proc semQuoteAst(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   ids[0] = newAnonSym(c, skParam, n.info).newSymNode
   processQuotations(c, quotedBlock, op, quotes, ids)
 
+  let dummyTemplateSym = newAnonSym(c, skTemplate, n.info)
+  incl(dummyTemplateSym.flags, sfTemplateRedefinition)
   var dummyTemplate = newProcNode(
     nkTemplateDef, quotedBlock.info, body = quotedBlock,
     params = c.graph.emptyNode,
-    name = newAnonSym(c, skTemplate, n.info).newSymNode,
+    name = dummyTemplateSym.newSymNode,
               pattern = c.graph.emptyNode, genericParams = c.graph.emptyNode,
               pragmas = c.graph.emptyNode, exceptions = c.graph.emptyNode)
 
   if ids.len > 0:
     dummyTemplate[paramsPos] = newNodeI(nkFormalParams, n.info)
     dummyTemplate[paramsPos].add getSysSym(c.graph, n.info, "untyped").newSymNode # return type
-    ids.add getSysSym(c.graph, n.info, "untyped").newSymNode # params type
-    ids.add c.graph.emptyNode # no default value
-    dummyTemplate[paramsPos].add newTreeI(nkIdentDefs, n.info, ids)
-
+    dummyTemplate[paramsPos].add newTreeI(nkIdentDefs, n.info, ids[0], getSysSym(c.graph, n.info, "typed").newSymNode, c.graph.emptyNode)
+    for i in 1..<ids.len:
+      let exp = semExprWithType(c, quotes[i+1], {})
+      let typ = exp.typ
+      if tfTriggersCompileTime notin typ.flags and typ.kind != tyStatic and exp.kind == nkSym and exp.sym.kind notin routineKinds + {skType}:
+        dummyTemplate[paramsPos].add newTreeI(nkIdentDefs, n.info, ids[i], newNodeIT(nkType, n.info, typ), c.graph.emptyNode)
+      else:
+        dummyTemplate[paramsPos].add newTreeI(nkIdentDefs, n.info, ids[i], getSysSym(c.graph, n.info, "typed").newSymNode, c.graph.emptyNode)
   var tmpl = semTemplateDef(c, dummyTemplate)
   quotes[0] = tmpl[namePos]
   # This adds a call to newIdentNode("result") as the first argument to the template call
@@ -2142,7 +2488,7 @@ proc tryExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
     if c.config.errorCounter != oldErrorCount:
       result = nil
   except ERecoverableError:
-    discard
+    result = nil
   # undo symbol table changes (as far as it's possible):
   c.compilesContextId = oldCompilesId
   c.generics = oldGenerics
@@ -2181,7 +2527,7 @@ proc semShallowCopy(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
     result = semDirectOp(c, n, flags)
 
 proc createFlowVar(c: PContext; t: PType; info: TLineInfo): PType =
-  result = newType(tyGenericInvocation, nextTypeId c.idgen, c.module)
+  result = newType(tyGenericInvocation, c.idgen, c.module)
   addSonSkipIntLit(result, magicsys.getCompilerProc(c.graph, "FlowVar").typ, c.idgen)
   addSonSkipIntLit(result, t, c.idgen)
   result = instGenericContainer(c, info, result, allowMetaTypes = false)
@@ -2191,15 +2537,14 @@ proc instantiateCreateFlowVarCall(c: PContext; t: PType;
   let sym = magicsys.getCompilerProc(c.graph, "nimCreateFlowVar")
   if sym == nil:
     localError(c.config, info, "system needs: nimCreateFlowVar")
-  var bindings: TIdTable
-  initIdTable(bindings)
+  var bindings = initTypeMapping()
   bindings.idTablePut(sym.ast[genericParamsPos][0].typ, t)
   result = c.semGenerateInstance(c, sym, bindings, info)
   # since it's an instantiation, we unmark it as a compilerproc. Otherwise
   # codegen would fail:
   if sfCompilerProc in result.flags:
     result.flags.excl {sfCompilerProc, sfExportc, sfImportc}
-    result.loc.r = nil
+    result.loc.snippet = ""
 
 proc setMs(n: PNode, s: PSym): PNode =
   result = n
@@ -2215,16 +2560,14 @@ proc semSizeof(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   n.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyInt)
   result = foldSizeOf(c.config, n, n)
 
-proc semMagic(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+proc semMagic(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym, flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   # this is a hotspot in the compiler!
   result = n
   case s.magic # magics that need special treatment
   of mAddr:
     markUsed(c, n.info, s)
     checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
-    result[0] = newSymNode(s, n[0].info)
-    result[1] = semAddrArg(c, n[1], s.name.s == "unsafeAddr")
-    result.typ = makePtrType(c, result[1].typ)
+    result = semAddr(c, n[1])
   of mTypeOf:
     markUsed(c, n.info, s)
     result = semTypeOf(c, n)
@@ -2270,12 +2613,15 @@ proc semMagic(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
   of mSpawn:
     markUsed(c, n.info, s)
     when defined(leanCompiler):
-      localError(c.config, n.info, "compiler was built without 'spawn' support")
-      result = n
+      result = localErrorNode(c, n, "compiler was built without 'spawn' support")
     else:
       result = setMs(n, s)
       for i in 1..<n.len:
         result[i] = semExpr(c, n[i])
+
+      if n.len > 1 and n[1].kind notin nkCallKinds:
+        return localErrorNode(c, n, n[1].info, "'spawn' takes a call expression; got: " & $n[1])
+
       let typ = result[^1].typ
       if not typ.isEmptyType:
         if spawnResult(typ, c.inParallelStmt > 0) == srFlowVar:
@@ -2328,16 +2674,30 @@ proc semMagic(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
   of mSizeOf:
     markUsed(c, n.info, s)
     result = semSizeof(c, setMs(n, s))
+  of mArrToSeq, mOpenArrayToSeq:
+    if expectedType != nil and (
+        let expected = expectedType.skipTypes(abstractRange-{tyDistinct});
+        expected.kind in {tySequence, tyOpenArray}):
+      # seq type inference
+      var arrayType = newType(tyOpenArray, c.idgen, expected.owner)
+      arrayType.rawAddSon(expected[0])
+      if n[0].kind == nkSym and sfFromGeneric in n[0].sym.flags:
+        # may have been resolved to `@`[empty] at some point,
+        # reset to `@` to deal with this
+        n[0] = newSymNode(n[0].sym.instantiatedFrom, n[0].info)
+      n[1] = semExpr(c, n[1], flags, arrayType)
+    result = semDirectOp(c, n, flags, expectedType)
   else:
-    result = semDirectOp(c, n, flags)
+    result = semDirectOp(c, n, flags, expectedType)
 
 proc semWhen(c: PContext, n: PNode, semCheck = true): PNode =
   # If semCheck is set to false, ``when`` will return the verbatim AST of
   # the correct branch. Otherwise the AST will be passed through semStmt.
   result = nil
+  let flags = if semCheck: {efWantStmt} else: {}
 
   template setResult(e: untyped) =
-    if semCheck: result = semExpr(c, e) # do not open a new scope!
+    if semCheck: result = semExpr(c, e, flags) # do not open a new scope!
     else: result = e
 
   # Check if the node is "when nimvm"
@@ -2347,15 +2707,18 @@ proc semWhen(c: PContext, n: PNode, semCheck = true): PNode =
   #   ...
   var whenNimvm = false
   var typ = commonTypeBegin
-  if n.len == 2 and n[0].kind == nkElifBranch and
-      n[1].kind == nkElse:
-    let exprNode = n[0][0]
+  if n.len in 1..2 and n[0].kind == nkElifBranch and (
+      n.len == 1 or n[1].kind == nkElse):
+    var exprNode = n[0][0]
+    if exprNode.kind == nkOpenSym:
+      exprNode = exprNode[0]
     if exprNode.kind == nkIdent:
       whenNimvm = lookUp(c, exprNode).magic == mNimvm
     elif exprNode.kind == nkSym:
       whenNimvm = exprNode.sym.magic == mNimvm
     if whenNimvm: n.flags.incl nfLL
 
+  var cannotResolve = false
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     var it = n[i]
     case it.kind
@@ -2363,9 +2726,22 @@ proc semWhen(c: PContext, n: PNode, semCheck = true): PNode =
       checkSonsLen(it, 2, c.config)
       if whenNimvm:
         if semCheck:
-          it[1] = semExpr(c, it[1])
+          it[1] = semExpr(c, it[1], flags)
           typ = commonType(c, typ, it[1].typ)
         result = n # when nimvm is not elimited until codegen
+      elif c.inGenericContext > 0:
+        let e = semExprWithType(c, it[0])
+        if e.typ.kind == tyFromExpr:
+          it[0] = makeStaticExpr(c, e)
+          cannotResolve = true
+        else:
+          it[0] = forceBool(c, e)
+          let val = getConstExpr(c.module, it[0], c.idgen, c.graph)
+          if val == nil or val.kind != nkIntLit:
+            cannotResolve = true
+          elif not cannotResolve and val.intVal != 0 and result == nil:
+            setResult(it[1])
+            return # we're not in nimvm and we already have a result
       else:
         let e = forceBool(c, semConstExpr(c, it[0]))
         if e.kind != nkIntLit:
@@ -2377,48 +2753,81 @@ proc semWhen(c: PContext, n: PNode, semCheck = true): PNode =
           return # we're not in nimvm and we already have a result
     of nkElse, nkElseExpr:
       checkSonsLen(it, 1, c.config)
-      if result == nil or whenNimvm:
+      if cannotResolve:
+        discard
+      elif result == nil or whenNimvm:
         if semCheck:
-          it[0] = semExpr(c, it[0])
+          it[0] = semExpr(c, it[0], flags)
           typ = commonType(c, typ, it[0].typ)
+          if typ != nil and typ.kind != tyUntyped:
+            it[0] = fitNode(c, typ, it[0], it[0].info)
         if result == nil:
           result = it[0]
     else: illFormedAst(n, c.config)
+  if cannotResolve:
+    result = semGenericStmt(c, n)
+    result.typ = makeTypeFromExpr(c, result.copyTree)
+    return
   if result == nil:
     result = newNodeI(nkEmpty, n.info)
-  if whenNimvm: result.typ = typ
+  if whenNimvm:
+    result.typ = typ
+    if n.len == 1:
+      result.add(newTree(nkElse, newNode(nkStmtList)))
 
-proc semSetConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc semSetConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(nkCurly, n.info)
   result.typ = newTypeS(tySet, c)
+  result.typ.flags.incl tfIsConstructor
+  var expectedElementType: PType = nil
+  if expectedType != nil and (
+      let expected = expectedType.skipTypes(abstractRange-{tyDistinct});
+      expected.kind == tySet):
+    expectedElementType = expected[0]
   if n.len == 0:
-    rawAddSon(result.typ, newTypeS(tyEmpty, c))
+    rawAddSon(result.typ,
+      if expectedElementType != nil and
+          typeAllowed(expectedElementType, skLet, c) == nil:
+        expectedElementType
+      else:
+        newTypeS(tyEmpty, c))
   else:
     # only semantic checking for all elements, later type checking:
     var typ: PType = nil
     for i in 0..<n.len:
+      let doSetType = typ == nil
       if isRange(n[i]):
         checkSonsLen(n[i], 3, c.config)
-        n[i][1] = semExprWithType(c, n[i][1])
-        n[i][2] = semExprWithType(c, n[i][2])
-        if typ == nil:
+        n[i][1] = semExprWithType(c, n[i][1], {efTypeAllowed}, expectedElementType)
+        n[i][2] = semExprWithType(c, n[i][2], {efTypeAllowed}, expectedElementType)
+        if doSetType:
           typ = skipTypes(n[i][1].typ,
                           {tyGenericInst, tyVar, tyLent, tyOrdinal, tyAlias, tySink})
         n[i].typ = n[i][2].typ # range node needs type too
       elif n[i].kind == nkRange:
         # already semchecked
-        if typ == nil:
+        if doSetType:
           typ = skipTypes(n[i][0].typ,
                           {tyGenericInst, tyVar, tyLent, tyOrdinal, tyAlias, tySink})
       else:
-        n[i] = semExprWithType(c, n[i])
-        if typ == nil:
+        n[i] = semExprWithType(c, n[i], {efTypeAllowed}, expectedElementType)
+        if doSetType:
           typ = skipTypes(n[i].typ, {tyGenericInst, tyVar, tyLent, tyOrdinal, tyAlias, tySink})
-    if not isOrdinalType(typ, allowEnumWithHoles=true):
-      localError(c.config, n.info, errOrdinalTypeExpected)
-      typ = makeRangeType(c, 0, MaxSetElements-1, n.info)
-    elif lengthOrd(c.config, typ) > MaxSetElements:
-      typ = makeRangeType(c, 0, MaxSetElements-1, n.info)
+      if doSetType:
+        if not isOrdinalType(typ, allowEnumWithHoles=true):
+          localError(c.config, n.info, errOrdinalTypeExpected % typeToString(typ, preferDesc))
+          typ = makeRangeType(c, 0, MaxSetElements-1, n.info)
+        elif isIntLit(typ):
+          # set of int literal, use a default range smaller than the max range
+          typ = makeRangeType(c, 0, DefaultSetElements-1, n.info)
+        elif lengthOrd(c.config, typ) > MaxSetElements:
+          message(c.config, n.info, warnAboveMaxSizeSet, "type '" &
+            typeToString(typ, preferDesc) & "' is too big to be a `set` element, " &
+            "assuming a range of 0.." & $(MaxSetElements - 1) &
+            ", explicitly write this range to get rid of warning")
+          typ = makeRangeType(c, 0, MaxSetElements-1, n.info)
+        if expectedElementType == nil:
+          expectedElementType = typ
     addSonSkipIntLit(result.typ, typ, c.idgen)
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       var m: PNode
@@ -2432,7 +2841,7 @@ proc semSetConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
         m = fitNode(c, typ, n[i], info)
       result.add m
 
-proc semTableConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc semTableConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   # we simply transform ``{key: value, key2, key3: value}`` to
   # ``[(key, value), (key2, value2), (key3, value2)]``
   result = newNodeI(nkBracket, n.info)
@@ -2454,7 +2863,7 @@ proc semTableConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
       lastKey = i+1
 
   if lastKey != n.len: illFormedAst(n, c.config)
-  result = semExpr(c, result)
+  result = semExpr(c, result, expectedType = expectedType)
 
 type
   TParKind = enum
@@ -2481,8 +2890,13 @@ proc checkPar(c: PContext; n: PNode): TParKind =
           localError(c.config, n[i].info, errNamedExprNotAllowed)
           return paNone
 
-proc semTupleFieldsConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+proc semTupleFieldsConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(nkTupleConstr, n.info)
+  var expected: PType = nil
+  if expectedType != nil:
+    expected = expectedType.skipTypes(abstractRange-{tyDistinct})
+    if not (expected.kind == tyTuple and expected.len == n.len):
+      expected = nil
   var typ = newTypeS(tyTuple, c)
   typ.n = newNodeI(nkRecList, n.info) # nkIdentDefs
   var ids = initIntSet()
@@ -2492,15 +2906,22 @@ proc semTupleFieldsConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
     let id = considerQuotedIdent(c, n[i][0])
     if containsOrIncl(ids, id.id):
       localError(c.config, n[i].info, errFieldInitTwice % id.s)
-    n[i][1] = semExprWithType(c, n[i][1],
-                                        flags*{efAllowDestructor})
+    # can check if field name matches expected type here
+    let expectedElemType = if expected != nil: expected[i] else: nil
+    n[i][1] = semExprWithType(c, n[i][1], {}, expectedElemType)
+    if expectedElemType != nil and
+        (expectedElemType.kind != tyNil and not hasEmpty(expectedElemType)):
+      # hasEmpty/nil check is to not break existing code like
+      # `const foo = [(1, {}), (2, {false})]`,
+      # `const foo = if true: (0, nil) else: (1, new(int))`
+      n[i][1] = fitNode(c, expectedElemType, n[i][1], n[i][1].info)
 
     if n[i][1].typ.kind == tyTypeDesc:
       localError(c.config, n[i][1].info, "typedesc not allowed as tuple field.")
       n[i][1].typ = errorType(c)
 
     var f = newSymS(skField, n[i][0], c)
-    f.typ = skipIntLit(n[i][1].typ, c.idgen)
+    f.typ = skipIntLit(n[i][1].typ.skipTypes({tySink}), c.idgen)
     f.position = i
     rawAddSon(typ, f.typ)
     typ.n.add newSymNode(f)
@@ -2508,20 +2929,34 @@ proc semTupleFieldsConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
     result.add n[i]
   result.typ = typ
 
-proc semTuplePositionsConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+proc semTuplePositionsConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   result = n                  # we don't modify n, but compute the type:
   result.transitionSonsKind(nkTupleConstr)
+  var expected: PType = nil
+  if expectedType != nil:
+    expected = expectedType.skipTypes(abstractRange-{tyDistinct})
+    if not (expected.kind == tyTuple and expected.len == n.len):
+      expected = nil
   var typ = newTypeS(tyTuple, c)  # leave typ.n nil!
   for i in 0..<n.len:
-    n[i] = semExprWithType(c, n[i], flags*{efAllowDestructor})
-    addSonSkipIntLit(typ, n[i].typ, c.idgen)
+    let expectedElemType = if expected != nil: expected[i] else: nil
+    n[i] = semExprWithType(c, n[i], {}, expectedElemType)
+    if expectedElemType != nil and
+        (expectedElemType.kind != tyNil and not hasEmpty(expectedElemType)):
+      # hasEmpty/nil check is to not break existing code like
+      # `const foo = [(1, {}), (2, {false})]`,
+      # `const foo = if true: (0, nil) else: (1, new(int))`
+      n[i] = fitNode(c, expectedElemType, n[i], n[i].info)
+    addSonSkipIntLit(typ, n[i].typ.skipTypes({tySink}), c.idgen)
   result.typ = typ
 
 include semobjconstr
 
-proc semBlock(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+proc semBlock(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   result = n
   inc(c.p.nestedBlockCounter)
+  let oldBreakInLoop = c.p.breakInLoop
+  c.p.breakInLoop = false
   checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
   openScope(c) # BUGFIX: label is in the scope of block!
   if n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
@@ -2532,13 +2967,14 @@ proc semBlock(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
       labl.owner = c.p.owner
     n[0] = newSymNode(labl, n[0].info)
     suggestSym(c.graph, n[0].info, labl, c.graph.usageSym)
-    styleCheckDef(c.config, labl)
+    styleCheckDef(c, labl)
     onDef(n[0].info, labl)
-  n[1] = semExpr(c, n[1], flags)
+  n[1] = semExpr(c, n[1], flags, expectedType)
   n.typ = n[1].typ
   if isEmptyType(n.typ): n.transitionSonsKind(nkBlockStmt)
   else: n.transitionSonsKind(nkBlockExpr)
   closeScope(c)
+  c.p.breakInLoop = oldBreakInLoop
   dec(c.p.nestedBlockCounter)
 
 proc semExportExcept(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
@@ -2566,7 +3002,7 @@ proc semExport(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(nkExportStmt, n.info)
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     let a = n[i]
-    var o: TOverloadIter
+    var o: TOverloadIter = default(TOverloadIter)
     var s = initOverloadIter(o, c, a)
     if s == nil:
       localError(c.config, a.info, errGenerated, "cannot export: " & renderTree(a))
@@ -2600,16 +3036,15 @@ proc semExport(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
 
         s = nextOverloadIter(o, c, a)
 
-proc semTupleConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
-  var tupexp = semTuplePositionsConstr(c, n, flags)
-  var isTupleType: bool
+proc semTupleConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
+  var tupexp = semTuplePositionsConstr(c, n, flags, expectedType)
+  var isTupleType: bool = false
   if tupexp.len > 0: # don't interpret () as type
     isTupleType = tupexp[0].typ.kind == tyTypeDesc
     # check if either everything or nothing is tyTypeDesc
     for i in 1..<tupexp.len:
       if isTupleType != (tupexp[i].typ.kind == tyTypeDesc):
-        localError(c.config, tupexp[i].info, "Mixing types and values in tuples is not allowed.")
-        return(errorNode(c,n))
+        return localErrorNode(c, n, tupexp[i].info, "Mixing types and values in tuples is not allowed.")
   if isTupleType: # expressions as ``(int, string)`` are reinterpret as type expressions
     result = n
     var typ = semTypeNode(c, n, nil).skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
@@ -2617,18 +3052,73 @@ proc semTupleConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
   else:
     result = tupexp
 
-proc shouldBeBracketExpr(n: PNode): bool =
+proc isExplicitGenericCall(c: PContext, n: PNode): bool =
+  ## checks if a call node `n` is a routine call with explicit generic params
+  ## 
+  ## the callee node needs to be either an nkBracketExpr or a call to a
+  ## symchoice of `[]` in which case it will be transformed into nkBracketExpr
+  ## 
+  ## the LHS of the bracket expr has to either be a symchoice or resolve to
+  ## a routine symbol
+  template checkCallee(n: PNode) =
+    # check subscript LHS, `n` must be mutable
+    if isSymChoice(n):
+      result = true
+    else:
+      let s = qualifiedLookUp(c, n, {})
+      if s != nil and s.kind in routineKinds:
+        result = true
+        n = semSymGenericInstantiation(c, n, s)
   assert n.kind in nkCallKinds
+  result = false
   let a = n[0]
-  if a.kind in nkCallKinds:
+  case a.kind
+  of nkBracketExpr:
+    checkCallee(a[0])
+  of nkCallKinds:
     let b = a[0]
     if b.kind in nkSymChoices:
-      for i in 0..<b.len:
-        if b[i].kind == nkSym and b[i].sym.magic == mArrGet:
-          let be = newNodeI(nkBracketExpr, n.info)
+      let name = b.getPIdent
+      if name != nil and name.s == "[]":
+        checkCallee(a[1])
+        if result:
+          # transform callee into normal bracket expr, only on success
+          let be = newNodeI(nkBracketExpr, a.info)
           for i in 1..<a.len: be.add(a[i])
           n[0] = be
-          return true
+  else:
+    result = false
+
+proc asBracketExpr(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
+  proc isGeneric(c: PContext; n: PNode): bool =
+    if n.kind in {nkIdent, nkAccQuoted}:
+      let s = qualifiedLookUp(c, n, {})
+      result = s != nil and isGenericRoutineStrict(s)
+    else:
+      result = false
+
+  assert n.kind in nkCallKinds
+  if n.len > 1 and isGeneric(c, n[1]):
+    let b = n[0]
+    if b.kind in nkSymChoices:
+      for i in 0..<b.len:
+        if b[i].kind == nkSym and b[i].sym.magic == mArrGet:
+          result = newNodeI(nkBracketExpr, n.info)
+          for i in 1..<n.len: result.add(n[i])
+          return result
+  return nil
+
+proc isOpenArraySym(x: PNode): bool =
+  var x = x
+  while true:
+    case x.kind
+    of {nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr}:
+      x = x[0]
+    of {nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenDeref}:
+      x = x[1]
+    else:
+      break
+  result = x.kind == nkSym
 
 proc hoistParamsUsedInDefault(c: PContext, call, letSection, defExpr: var PNode) =
   # This takes care of complicated signatures such as:
@@ -2647,11 +3137,18 @@ proc hoistParamsUsedInDefault(c: PContext, call, letSection, defExpr: var PNode)
   # duty is activated by returning a non-nil value. The caller is responsible
   # for replacing the input to the function with the returned non-nil value.
   # (which is the hoisted symbol)
-  if defExpr.kind == nkSym and defExpr.sym.kind == skParam and defExpr.sym.owner == call[0].sym:
+  if defExpr.kind == nkSym and defExpr.sym.kind == skParam and
+      (defExpr.sym.owner == call[0].sym or
+        # symbol was resolved before proc was instantiated:
+        (sfFromGeneric in call[0].sym.flags and
+          defExpr.sym.owner == call[0].sym.instantiatedFrom)):
     let paramPos = defExpr.sym.position + 1
 
-    if call[paramPos].kind != nkSym:
-      let hoistedVarSym = newSym(skLet, getIdent(c.graph.cache, genPrefix), nextSymId c.idgen,
+    if call[paramPos].skipAddr.kind != nkSym and not (
+      skipTypes(call[paramPos].typ, abstractVar).kind in {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs} and
+      isOpenArraySym(call[paramPos])
+    ):
+      let hoistedVarSym = newSym(skLet, getIdent(c.graph.cache, genPrefix), c.idgen,
                                  c.p.owner, letSection.info, c.p.owner.options)
       hoistedVarSym.typ = call[paramPos].typ
 
@@ -2662,7 +3159,7 @@ proc hoistParamsUsedInDefault(c: PContext, call, letSection, defExpr: var PNode)
 
       call[paramPos] = newSymNode(hoistedVarSym) # Refer the original arg to its hoisted sym
 
-    # arg we refer to is a sym, wether introduced by hoisting or not doesn't matter, we simply reuse it
+    # arg we refer to is a sym, whether introduced by hoisting or not doesn't matter, we simply reuse it
     defExpr = call[paramPos]
   else:
     for i in 0..<defExpr.safeLen:
@@ -2676,23 +3173,133 @@ proc getNilType(c: PContext): PType =
     result.align = c.config.target.ptrSize.int16
     c.nilTypeCache = result
 
-proc semExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
-  when defined(nimCompilerStackraceHints):
+proc enumFieldSymChoice(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+  var o: TOverloadIter = default(TOverloadIter)
+  var i = 0
+  var a = initOverloadIter(o, c, n)
+  while a != nil:
+    if a.kind == skEnumField:
+      inc(i)
+      if i > 1: break
+    a = nextOverloadIter(o, c, n)
+  let info = getCallLineInfo(n)
+  if i <= 1:
+    if sfGenSym notin s.flags:
+      result = newSymNode(s, info)
+      markUsed(c, info, s, efInCall notin flags)
+      onUse(info, s)
+    else:
+      result = n
+  else:
+    result = newNodeIT(nkClosedSymChoice, info, newTypeS(tyNone, c))
+    a = initOverloadIter(o, c, n)
+    while a != nil:
+      if a.kind == skEnumField:
+        incl(a.flags, sfUsed)
+        markOwnerModuleAsUsed(c, a)
+        result.add newSymNode(a, info)
+        onUse(info, a)
+      a = nextOverloadIter(o, c, n)
+
+proc semPragmaStmt(c: PContext; n: PNode) =
+  if c.p.owner.kind == skModule:
+    pragma(c, c.p.owner, n, stmtPragmas+stmtPragmasTopLevel, true)
+  else:
+    pragma(c, c.p.owner, n, stmtPragmas, true)
+
+proc resolveIdentToSym(c: PContext, n: PNode, resultNode: var PNode,
+                       flags: TExprFlags, expectedType: PType): PSym =
+  # result is nil on error or if a node that can't produce a sym is resolved
+  let ident = considerQuotedIdent(c, n)
+  var filter = {low(TSymKind)..high(TSymKind)}
+  if efNoEvaluateGeneric in flags or expectedType != nil:
+    # `a[...]` where `a` is a module or package is not possible
+    filter.excl {skModule, skPackage}
+  let includePureEnum = expectedType != nil and
+    expectedType.skipTypes(abstractRange-{tyDistinct}).kind == tyEnum
+  let candidates = lookUpCandidates(c, ident, filter,
+    includePureEnum = includePureEnum)
+  if candidates.len == 0:
+    result = errorUndeclaredIdentifierHint(c, ident, n.info)
+  elif candidates.len == 1 or {efNoEvaluateGeneric, efInCall} * flags != {}:
+    # unambiguous, or we don't care about ambiguity
+    result = candidates[0]
+  else:
+    # ambiguous symbols have 1 last chance as a symchoice
+    var choice = newNodeIT(nkClosedSymChoice, n.info, newTypeS(tyNone, c))
+    for cand in candidates:
+      case cand.kind
+      of skModule, skPackage:
+        discard
+      of skType:
+        choice.add newSymNodeTypeDesc(cand, c.idgen, n.info)
+      else:
+        choice.add newSymNode(cand, n.info)
+    if choice.len == 0:
+      # we know candidates.len > 1, we just couldn't put any in a symchoice
+      errorUseQualifier(c, n.info, candidates)
+      return nil
+    resolveSymChoice(c, choice, flags, expectedType)
+    # choice.len == 1 can be true here but as long as it's a symchoice
+    # it's still not resolved
+    if isSymChoice(choice):
+      result = nil
+      if efAllowSymChoice in flags:
+        resultNode = choice
+      else:
+        errorUseQualifier(c, n.info, candidates)
+    else:
+      if choice.kind == nkSym:
+        result = choice.sym
+      else:
+        # resolution could have generated nkHiddenStdConv etc
+        resultNode = semExpr(c, choice, flags, expectedType)
+        result = nil
+
+proc semExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}, expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
+  when defined(nimCompilerStacktraceHints):
     setFrameMsg c.config$n.info & " " & $n.kind
+  when false: # see `tdebugutils`
+    if isCompilerDebug():
+      echo (">", c.config$n.info, n, flags, n.kind)
+    defer:
+      if isCompilerDebug():
+        echo ("<", c.config$n.info, n, ?.result.typ)
+  template directLiteral(typeKind: TTypeKind) =
+    if result.typ == nil:
+      if expectedType != nil and (
+          let expected = expectedType.skipTypes(abstractRange-{tyDistinct});
+          expected.kind == typeKind):
+        result.typ = expected
+        changeType(c, result, expectedType, check=true)
+      else:
+        result.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, typeKind)
+
   result = n
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    var expandStarted = false
+    if c.config.ideCmd == ideExpand and not c.config.expandProgress and
+        ((n.kind in {nkFuncDef, nkProcDef, nkIteratorDef, nkTemplateDef, nkMethodDef, nkConverterDef} and
+          n.info.exactEquals(c.config.expandPosition)) or
+         (n.kind in {nkCall, nkCommand} and
+          n[0].info.exactEquals(c.config.expandPosition))):
+      expandStarted = true
+      c.config.expandProgress = true
+      if c.config.expandLevels == 0:
+        c.config.expandNodeResult = $n
+        suggestQuit()
+
   if c.config.cmd == cmdIdeTools: suggestExpr(c, n)
   if nfSem in n.flags: return
   case n.kind
   of nkIdent, nkAccQuoted:
-    let checks = if efNoEvaluateGeneric in flags:
-        {checkUndeclared, checkPureEnumFields}
-      elif efInCall in flags:
-        {checkUndeclared, checkModule, checkPureEnumFields}
-      else:
-        {checkUndeclared, checkModule, checkAmbiguity, checkPureEnumFields}
-    var s = qualifiedLookUp(c, n, checks)
+    let s = resolveIdentToSym(c, n, result, flags, expectedType)
+    if s == nil:
+      # resolveIdentToSym either errored or gave a result node
+      return
     if c.matchedConcept == nil: semCaptureSym(s, c.p.owner)
-    if s.kind in {skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skConverter, skIterator}:
+    case s.kind
+    of skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skConverter, skIterator:
       #performProcvarCheck(c, n, s)
       result = symChoice(c, n, s, scClosed)
       if result.kind == nkSym:
@@ -2702,62 +3309,96 @@ proc semExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
       # "procs literals" are 'owned'
       if optOwnedRefs in c.config.globalOptions:
         result.typ = makeVarType(c, result.typ, tyOwned)
+    of skEnumField:
+      result = enumFieldSymChoice(c, n, s, flags)
     else:
       result = semSym(c, n, s, flags)
+    if isSymChoice(result):
+      result = semSymChoice(c, result, flags, expectedType)
+  of nkClosedSymChoice, nkOpenSymChoice:
+    result = semSymChoice(c, n, flags, expectedType)
   of nkSym:
+    let s = n.sym
+    if nfDisabledOpenSym in n.flags:
+      let override = genericsOpenSym in c.features
+      let res = semOpenSym(c, n, flags, expectedType,
+        warnDisabled = not override)
+      if res != nil:
+        assert override
+        return res
     # because of the changed symbol binding, this does not mean that we
     # don't have to check the symbol for semantics here again!
-    result = semSym(c, n, n.sym, flags)
+    result = semSym(c, n, s, flags)
+  of nkOpenSym:
+    assert n.len == 1
+    let inner = n[0]
+    result = semOpenSym(c, inner, flags, expectedType)
   of nkEmpty, nkNone, nkCommentStmt, nkType:
     discard
   of nkNilLit:
-    if result.typ == nil: result.typ = getNilType(c)
+    if result.typ == nil:
+      result.typ = getNilType(c)
+      if expectedType != nil and expectedType.kind notin {tyUntyped, tyTyped}:
+        var m = newCandidate(c, result.typ)
+        if typeRel(m, expectedType, result.typ) >= isSubtype:
+          result.typ = expectedType
+        # or: result = fitNode(c, expectedType, result, n.info)
   of nkIntLit:
-    if result.typ == nil: setIntLitType(c, result)
-  of nkInt8Lit:
-    if result.typ == nil: result.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyInt8)
-  of nkInt16Lit:
-    if result.typ == nil: result.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyInt16)
-  of nkInt32Lit:
-    if result.typ == nil: result.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyInt32)
-  of nkInt64Lit:
-    if result.typ == nil: result.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyInt64)
-  of nkUIntLit:
-    if result.typ == nil: result.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyUInt)
-  of nkUInt8Lit:
-    if result.typ == nil: result.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyUInt8)
-  of nkUInt16Lit:
-    if result.typ == nil: result.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyUInt16)
-  of nkUInt32Lit:
-    if result.typ == nil: result.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyUInt32)
-  of nkUInt64Lit:
-    if result.typ == nil: result.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyUInt64)
-  #of nkFloatLit:
-  #  if result.typ == nil: result.typ = getFloatLitType(result)
-  of nkFloat32Lit:
-    if result.typ == nil: result.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyFloat32)
-  of nkFloat64Lit, nkFloatLit:
-    if result.typ == nil: result.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyFloat64)
-  of nkFloat128Lit:
-    if result.typ == nil: result.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyFloat128)
+    if result.typ == nil:
+      if expectedType != nil and (
+          let expected = expectedType.skipTypes(abstractRange-{tyDistinct});
+          expected.kind in {tyInt..tyInt64,
+            tyUInt..tyUInt64,
+            tyFloat..tyFloat128}):
+        if expected.kind in {tyFloat..tyFloat128}:
+          n.transitionIntToFloatKind(nkFloatLit)
+        changeType(c, result, expectedType, check=true)
+      else:
+        setIntLitType(c, result)
+  of nkInt8Lit: directLiteral(tyInt8)
+  of nkInt16Lit: directLiteral(tyInt16)
+  of nkInt32Lit: directLiteral(tyInt32)
+  of nkInt64Lit: directLiteral(tyInt64)
+  of nkUIntLit: directLiteral(tyUInt)
+  of nkUInt8Lit: directLiteral(tyUInt8)
+  of nkUInt16Lit: directLiteral(tyUInt16)
+  of nkUInt32Lit: directLiteral(tyUInt32)
+  of nkUInt64Lit: directLiteral(tyUInt64)
+  of nkFloatLit:
+    if result.typ == nil:
+      if expectedType != nil and (
+          let expected = expectedType.skipTypes(abstractRange-{tyDistinct});
+          expected.kind in {tyFloat..tyFloat128}):
+        result.typ = expected
+        changeType(c, result, expectedType, check=true)
+      else:
+        result.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyFloat64)
+  of nkFloat32Lit: directLiteral(tyFloat32)
+  of nkFloat64Lit: directLiteral(tyFloat64)
+  of nkFloat128Lit: directLiteral(tyFloat128)
   of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit:
-    if result.typ == nil: result.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyString)
-  of nkCharLit:
-    if result.typ == nil: result.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyChar)
+    if result.typ == nil:
+      if expectedType != nil and (
+          let expected = expectedType.skipTypes(abstractRange-{tyDistinct});
+          expected.kind in {tyString, tyCstring}):
+        result.typ = expectedType
+      else:
+        result.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyString)
+  of nkCharLit: directLiteral(tyChar)
   of nkDotExpr:
     result = semFieldAccess(c, n, flags)
     if result.kind == nkDotCall:
       result.transitionSonsKind(nkCall)
-      result = semExpr(c, result, flags)
+      result = semExpr(c, result, flags, expectedType)
   of nkBind:
     message(c.config, n.info, warnDeprecated, "bind is deprecated")
-    result = semExpr(c, n[0], flags)
-  of nkTypeOfExpr, nkTupleTy, nkTupleClassTy, nkRefTy..nkEnumTy, nkStaticTy:
+    result = semExpr(c, n[0], flags, expectedType)
+  of nkTypeOfExpr..nkTupleClassTy, nkStaticTy, nkRefTy..nkEnumTy:
     if c.matchedConcept != nil and n.len == 1:
       let modifier = n.modifierTypeKindOfNode
       if modifier != tyNone:
         var baseType = semExpr(c, n[0]).typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
-        result.typ = c.makeTypeDesc(c.newTypeWithSons(modifier, @[baseType]))
+        result.typ = c.makeTypeDesc(newTypeS(modifier, c, baseType))
         return
     var typ = semTypeNode(c, n, nil).skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
     result.typ = makeTypeDesc(c, typ)
@@ -2773,38 +3414,39 @@ proc semExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
     c.isAmbiguous = false
     var s = qualifiedLookUp(c, n[0], mode)
     if s != nil:
-      #if c.config.cmd == cmdNimfix and n[0].kind == nkDotExpr:
-      #  pretty.checkUse(n[0][1].info, s)
       case s.kind
       of skMacro, skTemplate:
-        result = semDirectOp(c, n, flags)
+        result = semDirectOp(c, n, flags, expectedType)
       of skType:
         # XXX think about this more (``set`` procs)
         let ambig = c.isAmbiguous
-        if not (n[0].kind in {nkClosedSymChoice, nkOpenSymChoice, nkIdent} and ambig) and n.len == 2:
-          result = semConv(c, n)
-        elif ambig and n.len == 1:
-          errorUseQualifier(c, n.info, s)
+        if not (n[0].kind in nkSymChoices + {nkIdent, nkDotExpr} and ambig) and n.len == 2:
+          result = semConv(c, n, flags, expectedType)
         elif n.len == 1:
-          result = semObjConstr(c, n, flags)
-        elif s.magic == mNone: result = semDirectOp(c, n, flags)
-        else: result = semMagic(c, n, s, flags)
+          if ambig:
+            errorUseQualifier(c, n.info, s)
+          else:
+            result = semObjConstr(c, n, flags, expectedType)
+        elif s.magic == mNone: result = semDirectOp(c, n, flags, expectedType)
+        else: result = semMagic(c, n, s, flags, expectedType)
       of skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skConverter, skIterator:
-        if s.magic == mNone: result = semDirectOp(c, n, flags)
-        else: result = semMagic(c, n, s, flags)
+        if s.magic == mNone: result = semDirectOp(c, n, flags, expectedType)
+        else: result = semMagic(c, n, s, flags, expectedType)
       else:
         #liMessage(n.info, warnUser, renderTree(n));
-        result = semIndirectOp(c, n, flags)
-    elif (n[0].kind == nkBracketExpr or shouldBeBracketExpr(n)) and
-        isSymChoice(n[0][0]):
-      # indirectOp can deal with explicit instantiations; the fixes
-      # the 'newSeq[T](x)' bug
-      setGenericParams(c, n[0])
-      result = semDirectOp(c, n, flags)
-    elif isSymChoice(n[0]) or nfDotField in n.flags:
-      result = semDirectOp(c, n, flags)
+        result = semIndirectOp(c, n, flags, expectedType)
+    elif isExplicitGenericCall(c, n): # this modifies `n` if true
+      result = semDirectOp(c, n, flags, expectedType)
+    elif nfDotField in n.flags:
+      result = semDirectOp(c, n, flags, expectedType)
+    elif isSymChoice(n[0]):
+      let b = asBracketExpr(c, n)
+      if b != nil:
+        result = semExpr(c, b, flags, expectedType)
+      else:
+        result = semDirectOp(c, n, flags, expectedType)
     else:
-      result = semIndirectOp(c, n, flags)
+      result = semIndirectOp(c, n, flags, expectedType)
 
     if nfDefaultRefsParam in result.flags:
       result = result.copyTree #XXX: Figure out what causes default param nodes to be shared.. (sigmatch bug?)
@@ -2823,12 +3465,12 @@ proc semExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
         # This is a "when nimvm" stmt.
         result = semWhen(c, n, true)
       else:
-        result = semExpr(c, result, flags)
+        result = semExpr(c, result, flags, expectedType)
   of nkBracketExpr:
     checkMinSonsLen(n, 1, c.config)
-    result = semArrayAccess(c, n, flags)
+    result = semArrayAccess(c, n, flags, expectedType)
   of nkCurlyExpr:
-    result = semExpr(c, buildOverloadedSubscripts(n, getIdent(c.cache, "{}")), flags)
+    result = semExpr(c, buildOverloadedSubscripts(n, getIdent(c.cache, "{}")), flags, expectedType)
   of nkPragmaExpr:
     var
       pragma = n[1]
@@ -2850,24 +3492,24 @@ proc semExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
   of nkPar, nkTupleConstr:
     case checkPar(c, n)
     of paNone: result = errorNode(c, n)
-    of paTuplePositions: result = semTupleConstr(c, n, flags)
-    of paTupleFields: result = semTupleFieldsConstr(c, n, flags)
-    of paSingle: result = semExpr(c, n[0], flags)
-  of nkCurly: result = semSetConstr(c, n)
-  of nkBracket: result = semArrayConstr(c, n, flags)
-  of nkObjConstr: result = semObjConstr(c, n, flags)
+    of paTuplePositions: result = semTupleConstr(c, n, flags, expectedType)
+    of paTupleFields: result = semTupleFieldsConstr(c, n, flags, expectedType)
+    of paSingle: result = semExpr(c, n[0], flags, expectedType)
+  of nkCurly: result = semSetConstr(c, n, expectedType)
+  of nkBracket:
+    result = semArrayConstr(c, n, flags, expectedType)
+  of nkObjConstr: result = semObjConstr(c, n, flags, expectedType)
   of nkLambdaKinds: result = semProcAux(c, n, skProc, lambdaPragmas, flags)
-  of nkDerefExpr: result = semDeref(c, n)
+  of nkDerefExpr: result = semDeref(c, n, flags)
   of nkAddr:
     result = n
     checkSonsLen(n, 1, c.config)
-    result[0] = semAddrArg(c, n[0])
-    result.typ = makePtrType(c, result[0].typ)
+    result = semAddr(c, n[0])
   of nkHiddenAddr, nkHiddenDeref:
     checkSonsLen(n, 1, c.config)
-    n[0] = semExpr(c, n[0], flags)
+    n[0] = semExpr(c, n[0], flags, expectedType)
   of nkCast: result = semCast(c, n)
-  of nkIfExpr, nkIfStmt: result = semIf(c, n, flags)
+  of nkIfExpr, nkIfStmt: result = semIf(c, n, flags, expectedType)
   of nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkConv, nkHiddenCallConv:
     checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
     considerGenSyms(c, n)
@@ -2881,15 +3523,11 @@ proc semExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
     checkMinSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
     considerGenSyms(c, n)
   of nkTableConstr:
-    result = semTableConstr(c, n)
-  of nkClosedSymChoice, nkOpenSymChoice:
-    # handling of sym choices is context dependent
-    # the node is left intact for now
-    discard
-  of nkStaticExpr: result = semStaticExpr(c, n[0])
-  of nkAsgn: result = semAsgn(c, n)
-  of nkBlockStmt, nkBlockExpr: result = semBlock(c, n, flags)
-  of nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr: result = semStmtList(c, n, flags)
+    result = semTableConstr(c, n, expectedType)
+  of nkStaticExpr: result = semStaticExpr(c, n[0], expectedType)
+  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn: result = semAsgn(c, n)
+  of nkBlockStmt, nkBlockExpr: result = semBlock(c, n, flags, expectedType)
+  of nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr: result = semStmtList(c, n, flags, expectedType)
   of nkRaiseStmt: result = semRaise(c, n)
   of nkVarSection: result = semVarOrLet(c, n, skVar)
   of nkLetSection: result = semVarOrLet(c, n, skLet)
@@ -2897,15 +3535,15 @@ proc semExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
   of nkTypeSection: result = semTypeSection(c, n)
   of nkDiscardStmt: result = semDiscard(c, n)
   of nkWhileStmt: result = semWhile(c, n, flags)
-  of nkTryStmt, nkHiddenTryStmt: result = semTry(c, n, flags)
+  of nkTryStmt, nkHiddenTryStmt: result = semTry(c, n, flags, expectedType)
   of nkBreakStmt, nkContinueStmt: result = semBreakOrContinue(c, n)
   of nkForStmt, nkParForStmt: result = semFor(c, n, flags)
-  of nkCaseStmt: result = semCase(c, n, flags)
+  of nkCaseStmt: result = semCase(c, n, flags, expectedType)
   of nkReturnStmt: result = semReturn(c, n)
   of nkUsingStmt: result = semUsing(c, n)
   of nkAsmStmt: result = semAsm(c, n)
   of nkYieldStmt: result = semYield(c, n)
-  of nkPragma: pragma(c, c.p.owner, n, stmtPragmas, true)
+  of nkPragma: semPragmaStmt(c, n)
   of nkIteratorDef: result = semIterator(c, n)
   of nkProcDef: result = semProc(c, n)
   of nkFuncDef: result = semFunc(c, n)
@@ -2939,13 +3577,15 @@ proc semExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
     if not isTopLevel(c): localError(c.config, n.info, errXOnlyAtModuleScope % "export")
     result = semExportExcept(c, n)
   of nkPragmaBlock:
-    result = semPragmaBlock(c, n)
+    result = semPragmaBlock(c, n, expectedType)
   of nkStaticStmt:
     result = semStaticStmt(c, n)
   of nkDefer:
     if c.currentScope == c.topLevelScope:
       localError(c.config, n.info, "defer statement not supported at top level")
+    openScope(c)
     n[0] = semExpr(c, n[0])
+    closeScope(c)
     if not n[0].typ.isEmptyType and not implicitlyDiscardable(n[0]):
       localError(c.config, n.info, "'defer' takes a 'void' expression")
     #localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated, "'defer' not allowed in this context")
@@ -2957,7 +3597,8 @@ proc semExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
   of nkMixinStmt: discard
   of nkBindStmt:
     if c.p != nil:
-      c.p.localBindStmts.add n
+      if n.len > 0 and n[0].kind == nkSym:
+        c.p.localBindStmts.add n
     else:
       localError(c.config, n.info, "invalid context for 'bind' statement: " &
                 renderTree(n, {renderNoComments}))
@@ -2965,3 +3606,8 @@ proc semExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
     localError(c.config, n.info, "invalid expression: " &
                renderTree(n, {renderNoComments}))
   if result != nil: incl(result.flags, nfSem)
+
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    if expandStarted:
+      c.config.expandNodeResult = $result
+      suggestQuit()
diff --git a/compiler/semfields.nim b/compiler/semfields.nim
index 93184c568..874055cdc 100644
--- a/compiler/semfields.nim
+++ b/compiler/semfields.nim
@@ -64,10 +64,12 @@ type
 proc semForObjectFields(c: TFieldsCtx, typ, forLoop, father: PNode) =
   case typ.kind
   of nkSym:
-    var fc: TFieldInstCtx  # either 'tup[i]' or 'field' is valid
-    fc.c = c.c
-    fc.field = typ.sym
-    fc.replaceByFieldName = c.m == mFieldPairs
+    # either 'tup[i]' or 'field' is valid
+    var fc = TFieldInstCtx(
+      c: c.c,
+      field: typ.sym,
+      replaceByFieldName: c.m == mFieldPairs
+    )
     openScope(c.c)
     inc c.c.inUnrolledContext
     let body = instFieldLoopBody(fc, lastSon(forLoop), forLoop)
@@ -109,7 +111,7 @@ proc semForFields(c: PContext, n: PNode, m: TMagic): PNode =
   var trueSymbol = systemModuleSym(c.graph, getIdent(c.cache, "true"))
   if trueSymbol == nil:
     localError(c.config, n.info, "system needs: 'true'")
-    trueSymbol = newSym(skUnknown, getIdent(c.cache, "true"), nextSymId c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), n.info)
+    trueSymbol = newSym(skUnknown, getIdent(c.cache, "true"), c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), n.info)
     trueSymbol.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyBool)
 
   result[0] = newSymNode(trueSymbol, n.info)
@@ -133,29 +135,31 @@ proc semForFields(c: PContext, n: PNode, m: TMagic): PNode =
       typeMismatch(c.config, calli.info, tupleTypeA, tupleTypeB, calli)
 
   inc(c.p.nestedLoopCounter)
+  let oldBreakInLoop = c.p.breakInLoop
+  c.p.breakInLoop = true
   if tupleTypeA.kind == tyTuple:
     var loopBody = n[^1]
     for i in 0..<tupleTypeA.len:
       openScope(c)
-      var fc: TFieldInstCtx
-      fc.tupleType = tupleTypeA
-      fc.tupleIndex = i
-      fc.c = c
-      fc.replaceByFieldName = m == mFieldPairs
+      var fc = TFieldInstCtx(
+          tupleType: tupleTypeA,
+          tupleIndex: i,
+          c: c,
+          replaceByFieldName: m == mFieldPairs
+      )
       var body = instFieldLoopBody(fc, loopBody, n)
       inc c.inUnrolledContext
       stmts.add(semStmt(c, body, {}))
       dec c.inUnrolledContext
       closeScope(c)
   else:
-    var fc: TFieldsCtx
-    fc.m = m
-    fc.c = c
+    var fc = TFieldsCtx(m: m, c: c)
     var t = tupleTypeA
     while t.kind == tyObject:
       semForObjectFields(fc, t.n, n, stmts)
-      if t[0] == nil: break
-      t = skipTypes(t[0], skipPtrs)
+      if t.baseClass == nil: break
+      t = skipTypes(t.baseClass, skipPtrs)
+  c.p.breakInLoop = oldBreakInLoop
   dec(c.p.nestedLoopCounter)
   # for TR macros this 'while true: ...; break' loop is pretty bad, so
   # we avoid it now if we can:
diff --git a/compiler/semfold.nim b/compiler/semfold.nim
index a3b9a8dde..80144ccc0 100644
--- a/compiler/semfold.nim
+++ b/compiler/semfold.nim
@@ -11,21 +11,25 @@
 # and evaluation phase
 
 import
-  strutils, options, ast, trees, nimsets,
-  platform, math, msgs, idents, renderer, types,
-  commands, magicsys, modulegraphs, strtabs, lineinfos
+  options, ast, trees, nimsets,
+  platform, msgs, idents, renderer, types,
+  commands, magicsys, modulegraphs, lineinfos, wordrecg
 
+import std/[strutils, math, strtabs]
 from system/memory import nimCStrLen
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, formatfloat]
+
 proc errorType*(g: ModuleGraph): PType =
   ## creates a type representing an error state
-  result = newType(tyError, nextTypeId(g.idgen), g.owners[^1])
+  result = newType(tyError, g.idgen, g.owners[^1])
   result.flags.incl tfCheckedForDestructor
 
 proc getIntLitTypeG(g: ModuleGraph; literal: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator): PType =
   # we cache some common integer literal types for performance:
   let ti = getSysType(g, literal.info, tyInt)
-  result = copyType(ti, nextTypeId(idgen), ti.owner)
+  result = copyType(ti, idgen, ti.owner)
   result.n = literal
 
 proc newIntNodeT*(intVal: Int128, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): PNode =
@@ -62,24 +66,34 @@ proc foldAdd(a, b: Int128, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): PNode
   let res = a + b
   if checkInRange(g.config, n, res):
     result = newIntNodeT(res, n, idgen, g)
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc foldSub(a, b: Int128, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): PNode =
   let res = a - b
   if checkInRange(g.config, n, res):
     result = newIntNodeT(res, n, idgen, g)
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc foldUnarySub(a: Int128, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator, g: ModuleGraph): PNode =
   if a != firstOrd(g.config, n.typ):
     result = newIntNodeT(-a, n, idgen, g)
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc foldAbs(a: Int128, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): PNode =
   if a != firstOrd(g.config, n.typ):
     result = newIntNodeT(abs(a), n, idgen, g)
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc foldMul(a, b: Int128, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): PNode =
   let res = a * b
   if checkInRange(g.config, n, res):
     return newIntNodeT(res, n, idgen, g)
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc ordinalValToString*(a: PNode; g: ModuleGraph): string =
   # because $ has the param ordinal[T], `a` is not necessarily an enum, but an
@@ -91,6 +105,7 @@ proc ordinalValToString*(a: PNode; g: ModuleGraph): string =
   of tyChar:
     result = $chr(toInt64(x) and 0xff)
   of tyEnum:
+    result = ""
     var n = t.n
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       if n[i].kind != nkSym: internalError(g.config, a.info, "ordinalValToString")
@@ -107,10 +122,10 @@ proc ordinalValToString*(a: PNode; g: ModuleGraph): string =
     result = $x
 
 proc isFloatRange(t: PType): bool {.inline.} =
-  result = t.kind == tyRange and t[0].kind in {tyFloat..tyFloat128}
+  result = t.kind == tyRange and t.elementType.kind in {tyFloat..tyFloat128}
 
 proc isIntRange(t: PType): bool {.inline.} =
-  result = t.kind == tyRange and t[0].kind in {
+  result = t.kind == tyRange and t.elementType.kind in {
       tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt8..tyUInt32}
 
 proc pickIntRange(a, b: PType): PType =
@@ -133,7 +148,7 @@ proc evalOp(m: TMagic, n, a, b, c: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): P
   of mCard: result = newIntNodeT(toInt128(nimsets.cardSet(g.config, a)), n, idgen, g)
   of mBitnotI:
     if n.typ.isUnsigned:
-      result = newIntNodeT(bitnot(getInt(a)).maskBytes(int(n.typ.size)), n, idgen, g)
+      result = newIntNodeT(bitnot(getInt(a)).maskBytes(int(getSize(g.config, n.typ))), n, idgen, g)
     else:
       result = newIntNodeT(bitnot(getInt(a)), n, idgen, g)
   of mLengthArray: result = newIntNodeT(lengthOrd(g.config, a.typ), n, idgen, g)
@@ -143,8 +158,8 @@ proc evalOp(m: TMagic, n, a, b, c: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): P
     elif a.kind in {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit}:
       if a.typ.kind == tyString:
         result = newIntNodeT(toInt128(a.strVal.len), n, idgen, g)
-      elif a.typ.kind == tyCString:
-        result = newIntNodeT(toInt128(nimCStrLen(a.strVal)), n, idgen, g)
+      elif a.typ.kind == tyCstring:
+        result = newIntNodeT(toInt128(nimCStrLen(a.strVal.cstring)), n, idgen, g)
     else:
       result = newIntNodeT(toInt128(a.len), n, idgen, g)
   of mUnaryPlusI, mUnaryPlusF64: result = a # throw `+` away
@@ -227,7 +242,13 @@ proc evalOp(m: TMagic, n, a, b, c: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): P
   of mMulF64: result = newFloatNodeT(getFloat(a) * getFloat(b), n, g)
   of mDivF64:
     result = newFloatNodeT(getFloat(a) / getFloat(b), n, g)
-  of mIsNil: result = newIntNodeT(toInt128(ord(a.kind == nkNilLit)), n, idgen, g)
+  of mIsNil:
+    let val = a.kind == nkNilLit or
+      # nil closures have the value (nil, nil)
+      (a.typ != nil and skipTypes(a.typ, abstractRange).kind == tyProc and
+        a.kind == nkTupleConstr and a.len == 2 and
+        a[0].kind == nkNilLit and a[1].kind == nkNilLit)
+    result = newIntNodeT(toInt128(ord(val)), n, idgen, g)
   of mLtI, mLtB, mLtEnum, mLtCh:
     result = newIntNodeT(toInt128(ord(getOrdValue(a) < getOrdValue(b))), n, idgen, g)
   of mLeI, mLeB, mLeEnum, mLeCh:
@@ -248,23 +269,23 @@ proc evalOp(m: TMagic, n, a, b, c: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): P
   of mBitorI, mOr: result = newIntNodeT(bitor(getInt(a), getInt(b)), n, idgen, g)
   of mBitxorI, mXor: result = newIntNodeT(bitxor(getInt(a), getInt(b)), n, idgen, g)
   of mAddU:
-    let val = maskBytes(getInt(a) + getInt(b), int(n.typ.size))
+    let val = maskBytes(getInt(a) + getInt(b), int(getSize(g.config, n.typ)))
     result = newIntNodeT(val, n, idgen, g)
   of mSubU:
-    let val = maskBytes(getInt(a) - getInt(b), int(n.typ.size))
+    let val = maskBytes(getInt(a) - getInt(b), int(getSize(g.config, n.typ)))
     result = newIntNodeT(val, n, idgen, g)
     # echo "subU: ", val, " n: ", n, " result: ", val
   of mMulU:
-    let val = maskBytes(getInt(a) * getInt(b), int(n.typ.size))
+    let val = maskBytes(getInt(a) * getInt(b), int(getSize(g.config, n.typ)))
     result = newIntNodeT(val, n, idgen, g)
   of mModU:
-    let argA = maskBytes(getInt(a), int(a.typ.size))
-    let argB = maskBytes(getInt(b), int(a.typ.size))
+    let argA = maskBytes(getInt(a), int(getSize(g.config, a.typ)))
+    let argB = maskBytes(getInt(b), int(getSize(g.config, a.typ)))
     if argB != Zero:
       result = newIntNodeT(argA mod argB, n, idgen, g)
   of mDivU:
-    let argA = maskBytes(getInt(a), int(a.typ.size))
-    let argB = maskBytes(getInt(b), int(a.typ.size))
+    let argA = maskBytes(getInt(a), int(getSize(g.config, a.typ)))
+    let argB = maskBytes(getInt(b), int(getSize(g.config, a.typ)))
     if argB != Zero:
       result = newIntNodeT(argA div argB, n, idgen, g)
   of mLeSet: result = newIntNodeT(toInt128(ord(containsSets(g.config, a, b))), n, idgen, g)
@@ -286,19 +307,11 @@ proc evalOp(m: TMagic, n, a, b, c: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): P
   of mRepr:
     # BUGFIX: we cannot eval mRepr here for reasons that I forgot.
     discard
-  of mIntToStr, mInt64ToStr: result = newStrNodeT($(getOrdValue(a)), n, g)
   of mBoolToStr:
     if getOrdValue(a) == 0: result = newStrNodeT("false", n, g)
     else: result = newStrNodeT("true", n, g)
-  of mFloatToStr: result = newStrNodeT($getFloat(a), n, g)
   of mCStrToStr, mCharToStr:
-    if a.kind == nkBracket:
-      var s = ""
-      for b in a.sons:
-        s.add b.getStrOrChar
-      result = newStrNodeT(s, n, g)
-    else:
-      result = newStrNodeT(getStrOrChar(a), n, g)
+    result = newStrNodeT(getStrOrChar(a), n, g)
   of mStrToStr: result = newStrNodeT(getStrOrChar(a), n, g)
   of mEnumToStr: result = newStrNodeT(ordinalValToString(a, g), n, g)
   of mArrToSeq:
@@ -349,7 +362,7 @@ proc magicCall(m: PSym, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): PNode =
 
   var s = n[0].sym
   var a = getConstExpr(m, n[1], idgen, g)
-  var b, c: PNode
+  var b, c: PNode = nil
   if a == nil: return
   if n.len > 2:
     b = getConstExpr(m, n[2], idgen, g)
@@ -374,6 +387,11 @@ proc rangeCheck(n: PNode, value: Int128; g: ModuleGraph) =
     localError(g.config, n.info, "cannot convert " & $value &
                                     " to " & typeToString(n.typ))
 
+proc floatRangeCheck(n: PNode, value: BiggestFloat; g: ModuleGraph) =
+  if value < firstFloat(n.typ) or value > lastFloat(n.typ):
+    localError(g.config, n.info, "cannot convert " & $value &
+                                    " to " & typeToString(n.typ))
+
 proc foldConv(n, a: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph; check = false): PNode =
   let dstTyp = skipTypes(n.typ, abstractRange - {tyTypeDesc})
   let srcTyp = skipTypes(a.typ, abstractRange - {tyTypeDesc})
@@ -394,31 +412,35 @@ proc foldConv(n, a: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph; check = false): P
     of tyBool, tyEnum: # xxx shouldn't we disallow `tyEnum`?
       result = a
       result.typ = n.typ
-    else: doAssert false, $srcTyp.kind
+    else:
+      raiseAssert $srcTyp.kind
   of tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64:
     case srcTyp.kind
     of tyFloat..tyFloat64:
       result = newIntNodeT(toInt128(getFloat(a)), n, idgen, g)
     of tyChar, tyUInt..tyUInt64, tyInt..tyInt64:
       var val = a.getOrdValue
-      if check: rangeCheck(n, val, g)
-      result = newIntNodeT(val, n, idgen, g)
       if dstTyp.kind in {tyUInt..tyUInt64}:
+        result = newIntNodeT(maskBytes(val, int getSize(g.config, dstTyp)), n, idgen, g)
         result.transitionIntKind(nkUIntLit)
+      else:
+        if check: rangeCheck(n, val, g)
+        result = newIntNodeT(val, n, idgen, g)
     else:
       result = a
       result.typ = n.typ
-    if check and result.kind in {nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit}:
+    if check and result.kind in {nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit} and
+          dstTyp.kind notin {tyUInt..tyUInt64}:
       rangeCheck(n, getInt(result), g)
   of tyFloat..tyFloat64:
     case srcTyp.kind
-    of tyInt..tyInt64, tyEnum, tyBool, tyChar:
+    of tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64, tyEnum, tyBool, tyChar:
       result = newFloatNodeT(toFloat64(getOrdValue(a)), n, g)
     else:
       result = a
       result.typ = n.typ
   of tyOpenArray, tyVarargs, tyProc, tyPointer:
-    discard
+    result = nil
   else:
     result = a
     result.typ = n.typ
@@ -445,21 +467,26 @@ proc foldArrayAccess(m: PSym, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): PNo
       result = x.sons[idx]
       if result.kind == nkExprColonExpr: result = result[1]
     else:
+      result = nil
       localError(g.config, n.info, formatErrorIndexBound(idx, x.len-1) & $n)
   of nkBracket:
     idx -= toInt64(firstOrd(g.config, x.typ))
     if idx >= 0 and idx < x.len: result = x[int(idx)]
-    else: localError(g.config, n.info, formatErrorIndexBound(idx, x.len-1) & $n)
+    else:
+      result = nil
+      localError(g.config, n.info, formatErrorIndexBound(idx, x.len-1) & $n)
   of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit:
     result = newNodeIT(nkCharLit, x.info, n.typ)
     if idx >= 0 and idx < x.strVal.len:
       result.intVal = ord(x.strVal[int(idx)])
     else:
       localError(g.config, n.info, formatErrorIndexBound(idx, x.strVal.len-1) & $n)
-  else: discard
+  else: result = nil
 
 proc foldFieldAccess(m: PSym, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): PNode =
   # a real field access; proc calls have already been transformed
+  result = nil
+  if n[1].kind != nkSym: return nil
   var x = getConstExpr(m, n[0], idgen, g)
   if x == nil or x.kind notin {nkObjConstr, nkPar, nkTupleConstr}: return
 
@@ -487,11 +514,89 @@ proc foldConStrStr(m: PSym, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): PNode
 proc newSymNodeTypeDesc*(s: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator; info: TLineInfo): PNode =
   result = newSymNode(s, info)
   if s.typ.kind != tyTypeDesc:
-    result.typ = newType(tyTypeDesc, idgen.nextTypeId, s.owner)
+    result.typ = newType(tyTypeDesc, idgen, s.owner)
     result.typ.addSonSkipIntLit(s.typ, idgen)
   else:
     result.typ = s.typ
 
+proc foldDefine(m, s: PSym, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): PNode =
+  result = nil
+  var name = s.name.s
+  let prag = extractPragma(s)
+  if prag != nil:
+    for it in prag:
+      if it.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and it.len == 2 and it[0].kind == nkIdent:
+        let word = whichKeyword(it[0].ident)
+        if word in {wStrDefine, wIntDefine, wBoolDefine, wDefine}:
+          # should be processed in pragmas.nim already
+          if it[1].kind in {nkStrLit, nkRStrLit, nkTripleStrLit}:
+            name = it[1].strVal
+  if isDefined(g.config, name):
+    let str = g.config.symbols[name]
+    case s.magic
+    of mIntDefine:
+      try:
+        result = newIntNodeT(toInt128(str.parseInt), n, idgen, g)
+      except ValueError:
+        localError(g.config, s.info,
+          "{.intdefine.} const was set to an invalid integer: '" &
+            str & "'")
+    of mStrDefine:
+      result = newStrNodeT(str, n, g)
+    of mBoolDefine:
+      try:
+        result = newIntNodeT(toInt128(str.parseBool.int), n, idgen, g)
+      except ValueError:
+        localError(g.config, s.info,
+          "{.booldefine.} const was set to an invalid bool: '" &
+            str & "'")
+    of mGenericDefine:
+      let rawTyp = s.typ
+      # pretend we don't support distinct types
+      let typ = rawTyp.skipTypes(abstractVarRange-{tyDistinct})
+      try:
+        template intNode(value): PNode =
+          let val = toInt128(value)
+          rangeCheck(n, val, g)
+          newIntNodeT(val, n, idgen, g)
+        case typ.kind
+        of tyString, tyCstring:
+          result = newStrNodeT(str, n, g)
+        of tyInt..tyInt64:
+          result = intNode(str.parseBiggestInt)
+        of tyUInt..tyUInt64:
+          result = intNode(str.parseBiggestUInt)
+        of tyBool:
+          result = intNode(str.parseBool.int)
+        of tyEnum:
+          # compile time parseEnum
+          let ident = getIdent(g.cache, str)
+          for e in typ.n:
+            if e.kind != nkSym: internalError(g.config, "foldDefine for enum")
+            let es = e.sym
+            let match =
+              if es.ast.isNil:
+                es.name.id == ident.id
+              else:
+                es.ast.strVal == str
+            if match:
+              result = intNode(es.position)
+              break
+          if result.isNil:
+            raise newException(ValueError, "invalid enum value: " & str)
+        else:
+          localError(g.config, s.info, "unsupported type $1 for define '$2'" %
+            [name, typeToString(rawTyp)])
+      except ValueError as e:
+        localError(g.config, s.info,
+          "could not process define '$1' of type $2; $3" %
+            [name, typeToString(rawTyp), e.msg])
+    else: result = copyTree(s.astdef) # unreachable
+  else:
+    result = copyTree(s.astdef)
+    if result != nil:
+      result.info = n.info
+
 proc getConstExpr(m: PSym, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): PNode =
   result = nil
   case n.kind
@@ -511,33 +616,12 @@ proc getConstExpr(m: PSym, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): PNode
       of mBuildOS: result = newStrNodeT(toLowerAscii(platform.OS[g.config.target.hostOS].name), n, g)
       of mBuildCPU: result = newStrNodeT(platform.CPU[g.config.target.hostCPU].name.toLowerAscii, n, g)
       of mAppType: result = getAppType(n, g)
-      of mIntDefine:
-        if isDefined(g.config, s.name.s):
-          try:
-            result = newIntNodeT(toInt128(g.config.symbols[s.name.s].parseInt), n, idgen, g)
-          except ValueError:
-            localError(g.config, s.info,
-              "{.intdefine.} const was set to an invalid integer: '" &
-                g.config.symbols[s.name.s] & "'")
-        else:
-          result = copyTree(s.ast)
-      of mStrDefine:
-        if isDefined(g.config, s.name.s):
-          result = newStrNodeT(g.config.symbols[s.name.s], n, g)
-        else:
-          result = copyTree(s.ast)
-      of mBoolDefine:
-        if isDefined(g.config, s.name.s):
-          try:
-            result = newIntNodeT(toInt128(g.config.symbols[s.name.s].parseBool.int), n, idgen, g)
-          except ValueError:
-            localError(g.config, s.info,
-              "{.booldefine.} const was set to an invalid bool: '" &
-                g.config.symbols[s.name.s] & "'")
-        else:
-          result = copyTree(s.ast)
+      of mIntDefine, mStrDefine, mBoolDefine, mGenericDefine:
+        result = foldDefine(m, s, n, idgen, g)
       else:
-        result = copyTree(s.ast)
+        result = copyTree(s.astdef)
+        if result != nil:
+          result.info = n.info
     of skProc, skFunc, skMethod:
       result = n
     of skParam:
@@ -578,7 +662,7 @@ proc getConstExpr(m: PSym, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): PNode
           result = newIntNodeT(firstOrd(g.config, n[1].typ), n, idgen, g)
       of mHigh:
         if skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractVar+{tyUserTypeClassInst}).kind notin
-            {tySequence, tyString, tyCString, tyOpenArray, tyVarargs}:
+            {tySequence, tyString, tyCstring, tyOpenArray, tyVarargs}:
           if skipTypes(n[1].typ, abstractVarRange).kind in tyFloat..tyFloat64:
             result = newFloatNodeT(lastFloat(n[1].typ), n, g)
           else:
@@ -620,13 +704,10 @@ proc getConstExpr(m: PSym, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): PNode
     except DivByZeroDefect:
       localError(g.config, n.info, "division by zero")
   of nkAddr:
-    var a = getConstExpr(m, n[0], idgen, g)
-    if a != nil:
-      result = n
-      n[0] = a
+    result = nil # don't fold paths containing nkAddr
   of nkBracket, nkCurly:
     result = copyNode(n)
-    for i, son in n.pairs:
+    for son in n.items:
       var a = getConstExpr(m, son, idgen, g)
       if a == nil: return nil
       result.add a
@@ -650,7 +731,7 @@ proc getConstExpr(m: PSym, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): PNode
     # tuple constructor
     result = copyNode(n)
     if (n.len > 0) and (n[0].kind == nkExprColonExpr):
-      for i, expr in n.pairs:
+      for expr in n.items:
         let exprNew = copyNode(expr) # nkExprColonExpr
         exprNew.add expr[0]
         let a = getConstExpr(m, expr[1], idgen, g)
@@ -658,7 +739,7 @@ proc getConstExpr(m: PSym, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): PNode
         exprNew.add a
         result.add exprNew
     else:
-      for i, expr in n.pairs:
+      for expr in n.items:
         let a = getConstExpr(m, expr, idgen, g)
         if a == nil: return nil
         result.add a
@@ -669,6 +750,8 @@ proc getConstExpr(m: PSym, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): PNode
     if leValueConv(n[1], a) and leValueConv(a, n[2]):
       result = a              # a <= x and x <= b
       result.typ = n.typ
+    elif n.typ.kind in {tyUInt..tyUInt64}:
+      discard "don't check uints"
     else:
       localError(g.config, n.info,
         "conversion from $1 to $2 is invalid" %
@@ -685,11 +768,13 @@ proc getConstExpr(m: PSym, n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph): PNode
   of nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref:
     let a = getConstExpr(m, n[0], idgen, g)
     if a != nil and a.kind == nkNilLit:
-       localError(g.config, n.info, "nil dereference is not allowed")
+      result = nil
+      #localError(g.config, n.info, "nil dereference is not allowed")
   of nkCast:
     var a = getConstExpr(m, n[1], idgen, g)
     if a == nil: return
-    if n.typ != nil and n.typ.kind in NilableTypes:
+    if n.typ != nil and n.typ.kind in NilableTypes and
+        not (n.typ.kind == tyProc and a.typ.kind == tyProc):
       # we allow compile-time 'cast' for pointer types:
       result = a
       result.typ = n.typ
diff --git a/compiler/semgnrc.nim b/compiler/semgnrc.nim
index dfbb022c8..2639aba6c 100644
--- a/compiler/semgnrc.nim
+++ b/compiler/semgnrc.nim
@@ -50,52 +50,83 @@ proc semGenericStmtScope(c: PContext, n: PNode,
   result = semGenericStmt(c, n, flags, ctx)
   closeScope(c)
 
-template macroToExpand(s): untyped =
-  s.kind in {skMacro, skTemplate} and (s.typ.len == 1 or sfAllUntyped in s.flags)
-
-template macroToExpandSym(s): untyped =
-  sfCustomPragma notin s.flags and s.kind in {skMacro, skTemplate} and
-    (s.typ.len == 1) and not fromDotExpr
-
 template isMixedIn(sym): bool =
   let s = sym
   s.name.id in ctx.toMixin or (withinConcept in flags and
                                s.magic == mNone and
                                s.kind in OverloadableSyms)
 
+template canOpenSym(s): bool =
+  {withinMixin, withinConcept} * flags == {withinMixin} and s.id notin ctx.toBind
+
 proc semGenericStmtSymbol(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym,
                           ctx: var GenericCtx; flags: TSemGenericFlags,
+                          isAmbiguous: bool,
                           fromDotExpr=false): PNode =
+  result = nil
   semIdeForTemplateOrGenericCheck(c.config, n, ctx.cursorInBody)
   incl(s.flags, sfUsed)
+  template maybeDotChoice(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym, fromDotExpr: bool) =
+    if fromDotExpr:
+      result = symChoice(c, n, s, scForceOpen)
+      if result.kind == nkOpenSymChoice and result.len == 1:
+        result.transitionSonsKind(nkClosedSymChoice)
+    else:
+      result = symChoice(c, n, s, scOpen)
+      if canOpenSym(s):
+        if openSym in c.features:
+          if result.kind == nkSym:
+            result = newOpenSym(result)
+          else:
+            result.typ = nil
+        else:
+          result.flags.incl nfDisabledOpenSym
+          result.typ = nil
   case s.kind
   of skUnknown:
     # Introduced in this pass! Leave it as an identifier.
     result = n
-  of skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skIterator, skConverter, skModule:
-    result = symChoice(c, n, s, scOpen)
-  of skTemplate:
-    if macroToExpandSym(s):
-      onUse(n.info, s)
-      result = semTemplateExpr(c, n, s, {efNoSemCheck})
-      result = semGenericStmt(c, result, {}, ctx)
-    else:
-      result = symChoice(c, n, s, scOpen)
-  of skMacro:
-    if macroToExpandSym(s):
+  of skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skIterator, skConverter, skModule, skEnumField:
+    maybeDotChoice(c, n, s, fromDotExpr)
+  of skTemplate, skMacro:
+    # alias syntax, see semSym for skTemplate, skMacro
+    if sfNoalias notin s.flags and not fromDotExpr:
       onUse(n.info, s)
-      result = semMacroExpr(c, n, n, s, {efNoSemCheck})
+      case s.kind
+      of skTemplate: result = semTemplateExpr(c, n, s, {efNoSemCheck})
+      of skMacro: result = semMacroExpr(c, n, n, s, {efNoSemCheck})
+      else: discard # unreachable
+      c.friendModules.add(s.owner.getModule)
       result = semGenericStmt(c, result, {}, ctx)
+      discard c.friendModules.pop()
     else:
-      result = symChoice(c, n, s, scOpen)
+      maybeDotChoice(c, n, s, fromDotExpr)
   of skGenericParam:
     if s.typ != nil and s.typ.kind == tyStatic:
       if s.typ.n != nil:
         result = s.typ.n
+      elif c.inGenericContext > 0 and withinConcept notin flags:
+        # don't leave generic param as identifier node in generic type,
+        # sigmatch will try to instantiate generic type AST without all params
+        # fine to give a symbol node a generic type here since
+        # we are in a generic context and `prepareNode` will be called
+        result = newSymNodeTypeDesc(s, c.idgen, n.info)
+        if canOpenSym(result.sym):
+          if openSym in c.features:
+            result = newOpenSym(result)
+          else:
+            result.flags.incl nfDisabledOpenSym
+            result.typ = nil
       else:
         result = n
     else:
       result = newSymNodeTypeDesc(s, c.idgen, n.info)
+      if canOpenSym(result.sym):
+        if openSym in c.features:
+          result = newOpenSym(result)
+        else:
+          result.flags.incl nfDisabledOpenSym
+          result.typ = nil
     onUse(n.info, s)
   of skParam:
     result = n
@@ -103,12 +134,41 @@ proc semGenericStmtSymbol(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym,
   of skType:
     if (s.typ != nil) and
        (s.typ.flags * {tfGenericTypeParam, tfImplicitTypeParam} == {}):
+      if isAmbiguous:
+        # ambiguous types should be symchoices since lookup behaves
+        # differently for them in regular expressions
+        maybeDotChoice(c, n, s, fromDotExpr)
+        return
+      result = newSymNodeTypeDesc(s, c.idgen, n.info)
+      if canOpenSym(result.sym):
+        if openSym in c.features:
+          result = newOpenSym(result)
+        else:
+          result.flags.incl nfDisabledOpenSym
+          result.typ = nil
+    elif c.inGenericContext > 0 and withinConcept notin flags:
+      # don't leave generic param as identifier node in generic type,
+      # sigmatch will try to instantiate generic type AST without all params
+      # fine to give a symbol node a generic type here since
+      # we are in a generic context and `prepareNode` will be called
       result = newSymNodeTypeDesc(s, c.idgen, n.info)
+      if canOpenSym(result.sym):
+        if openSym in c.features:
+          result = newOpenSym(result)
+        else:
+          result.flags.incl nfDisabledOpenSym
+          result.typ = nil
     else:
       result = n
     onUse(n.info, s)
   else:
     result = newSymNode(s, n.info)
+    if canOpenSym(result.sym):
+      if openSym in c.features:
+        result = newOpenSym(result)
+      else:
+        result.flags.incl nfDisabledOpenSym
+        result.typ = nil
     onUse(n.info, s)
 
 proc lookup(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TSemGenericFlags,
@@ -116,7 +176,7 @@ proc lookup(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TSemGenericFlags,
   result = n
   let ident = considerQuotedIdent(c, n)
   var amb = false
-  var s = searchInScopes(c, ident, amb).skipAlias(n, c.config)
+  var s = searchInScopes(c, ident, amb)
   if s == nil:
     s = strTableGet(c.pureEnumFields, ident)
     #if s != nil and contains(c.ambiguousSymbols, s.id):
@@ -130,7 +190,7 @@ proc lookup(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TSemGenericFlags,
     elif s.isMixedIn:
       result = symChoice(c, n, s, scForceOpen)
     else:
-      result = semGenericStmtSymbol(c, n, s, ctx, flags)
+      result = semGenericStmtSymbol(c, n, s, ctx, flags, amb)
   # else: leave as nkIdent
 
 proc newDot(n, b: PNode): PNode =
@@ -139,43 +199,66 @@ proc newDot(n, b: PNode): PNode =
   result.add(b)
 
 proc fuzzyLookup(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TSemGenericFlags,
-                 ctx: var GenericCtx; isMacro: var bool): PNode =
+                 ctx: var GenericCtx; isMacro: var bool;
+                 inCall = false): PNode =
   assert n.kind == nkDotExpr
   semIdeForTemplateOrGenericCheck(c.config, n, ctx.cursorInBody)
 
   let luf = if withinMixin notin flags: {checkUndeclared, checkModule} else: {checkModule}
 
+  c.isAmbiguous = false
   var s = qualifiedLookUp(c, n, luf)
   if s != nil:
-    result = semGenericStmtSymbol(c, n, s, ctx, flags)
+    isMacro = s.kind in {skTemplate, skMacro}
+    result = semGenericStmtSymbol(c, n, s, ctx, flags, c.isAmbiguous)
   else:
     n[0] = semGenericStmt(c, n[0], flags, ctx)
     result = n
     let n = n[1]
     let ident = considerQuotedIdent(c, n)
-    var candidates = searchInScopesFilterBy(c, ident, routineKinds) # .skipAlias(n, c.config)
+    # could be type conversion if like a.T and not a.T()
+    let symKinds = if inCall: routineKinds else: routineKinds+{skType}
+    var candidates = searchInScopesFilterBy(c, ident, symKinds)
     if candidates.len > 0:
       let s = candidates[0] # XXX take into account the other candidates!
       isMacro = s.kind in {skTemplate, skMacro}
       if withinBind in flags or s.id in ctx.toBind:
-        result = newDot(result, symChoice(c, n, s, scClosed))
+        if s.kind == skType: # don't put types in sym choice
+          var ambig = false
+          if candidates.len > 1:
+            let s2 = searchInScopes(c, ident, ambig)
+          result = newDot(result, semGenericStmtSymbol(c, n, s, ctx, flags,
+            isAmbiguous = ambig, fromDotExpr = true))
+        else:
+          result = newDot(result, symChoice(c, n, s, scClosed))
       elif s.isMixedIn:
         result = newDot(result, symChoice(c, n, s, scForceOpen))
       else:
-        let syms = semGenericStmtSymbol(c, n, s, ctx, flags, fromDotExpr=true)
-        if syms.kind == nkSym:
-          let choice = symChoice(c, n, s, scForceOpen)
-          choice.transitionSonsKind(nkClosedSymChoice)
-          result = newDot(result, choice)
-        else:
-          result = newDot(result, syms)
+        var ambig = false
+        if s.kind == skType and candidates.len > 1:
+          discard searchInScopes(c, ident, ambig)
+        let syms = semGenericStmtSymbol(c, n, s, ctx, flags,
+          isAmbiguous = ambig, fromDotExpr = true)
+        result = newDot(result, syms)
 
 proc addTempDecl(c: PContext; n: PNode; kind: TSymKind) =
   let s = newSymS(skUnknown, getIdentNode(c, n), c)
   addPrelimDecl(c, s)
-  styleCheckDef(c.config, n.info, s, kind)
+  styleCheckDef(c, n.info, s, kind)
   onDef(n.info, s)
 
+proc addTempDeclToIdents(c: PContext; n: PNode; kind: TSymKind; inCall: bool) =
+  case n.kind 
+  of nkIdent:
+    if inCall:
+      addTempDecl(c, n, kind)
+  of nkCallKinds:
+    for s in n:
+      addTempDeclToIdents(c, s, kind, true)  
+  else:
+    for s in n:
+      addTempDeclToIdents(c, s, kind, inCall)
+
 proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode,
                     flags: TSemGenericFlags, ctx: var GenericCtx): PNode =
   result = n
@@ -189,12 +272,15 @@ proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode,
   case n.kind
   of nkIdent, nkAccQuoted:
     result = lookup(c, n, flags, ctx)
+    if result != nil and result.kind == nkSym:
+      assert result.sym != nil
+      markUsed(c, n.info, result.sym)
   of nkDotExpr:
     #let luf = if withinMixin notin flags: {checkUndeclared} else: {}
     #var s = qualifiedLookUp(c, n, luf)
     #if s != nil: result = semGenericStmtSymbol(c, n, s)
     # XXX for example: ``result.add`` -- ``add`` needs to be looked up here...
-    var dummy: bool
+    var dummy: bool = false
     result = fuzzyLookup(c, n, flags, ctx, dummy)
   of nkSym:
     let a = n.sym
@@ -219,7 +305,9 @@ proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode,
     # check if it is an expression macro:
     checkMinSonsLen(n, 1, c.config)
     let fn = n[0]
+    c.isAmbiguous = false
     var s = qualifiedLookUp(c, fn, {})
+    let ambig = c.isAmbiguous
     if s == nil and
         {withinMixin, withinConcept}*flags == {} and
         fn.kind in {nkIdent, nkAccQuoted} and
@@ -236,20 +324,17 @@ proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode,
                         else: scOpen
       let sc = symChoice(c, fn, s, whichChoice)
       case s.kind
-      of skMacro:
-        if macroToExpand(s) and sc.safeLen <= 1:
+      of skMacro, skTemplate:
+        # unambiguous macros/templates are expanded if all params are untyped
+        if sfAllUntyped in s.flags and sc.safeLen <= 1:
           onUse(fn.info, s)
-          result = semMacroExpr(c, n, n, s, {efNoSemCheck})
-          result = semGenericStmt(c, result, flags, ctx)
-        else:
-          n[0] = sc
-          result = n
-        mixinContext = true
-      of skTemplate:
-        if macroToExpand(s) and sc.safeLen <= 1:
-          onUse(fn.info, s)
-          result = semTemplateExpr(c, n, s, {efNoSemCheck})
+          case s.kind
+          of skMacro: result = semMacroExpr(c, n, n, s, {efNoSemCheck})
+          of skTemplate: result = semTemplateExpr(c, n, s, {efNoSemCheck})
+          else: discard # unreachable
+          c.friendModules.add(s.owner.getModule)
           result = semGenericStmt(c, result, flags, ctx)
+          discard c.friendModules.pop()
         else:
           n[0] = sc
           result = n
@@ -275,7 +360,12 @@ proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode,
       of skType:
         # bad hack for generics:
         if (s.typ != nil) and (s.typ.kind != tyGenericParam):
-          result[0] = newSymNodeTypeDesc(s, c.idgen, fn.info)
+          if ambig:
+            # ambiguous types should be symchoices since lookup behaves
+            # differently for them in regular expressions
+            result[0] = sc
+          else:
+            result[0] = newSymNodeTypeDesc(s, c.idgen, fn.info)
           onUse(fn.info, s)
           first = 1
       else:
@@ -283,7 +373,7 @@ proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode,
         onUse(fn.info, s)
         first = 1
     elif fn.kind == nkDotExpr:
-      result[0] = fuzzyLookup(c, fn, flags, ctx, mixinContext)
+      result[0] = fuzzyLookup(c, fn, flags, ctx, mixinContext, inCall = true)
       first = 1
     # Consider 'when declared(globalsSlot): ThreadVarSetValue(globalsSlot, ...)'
     # in threads.nim: the subtle preprocessing here binds 'globalsSlot' which
@@ -300,9 +390,8 @@ proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode,
     result = newNodeI(nkCall, n.info)
     result.add newIdentNode(getIdent(c.cache, "[]"), n.info)
     for i in 0..<n.len: result.add(n[i])
-    withBracketExpr ctx, n[0]:
-      result = semGenericStmt(c, result, flags, ctx)
-  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn:
+    result = semGenericStmt(c, result, flags, ctx)
+  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn:
     checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
     let a = n[0]
     let b = n[1]
@@ -320,8 +409,7 @@ proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode,
       result.add newIdentNode(getIdent(c.cache, "[]="), n.info)
       for i in 0..<a.len: result.add(a[i])
       result.add(b)
-      withBracketExpr ctx, a[0]:
-        result = semGenericStmt(c, result, flags, ctx)
+      result = semGenericStmt(c, result, flags, ctx)
     else:
       for i in 0..<n.len:
         result[i] = semGenericStmt(c, n[i], flags, ctx)
@@ -350,7 +438,9 @@ proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode,
       var a = n[i]
       checkMinSonsLen(a, 1, c.config)
       for j in 0..<a.len-1:
-        a[j] = semGenericStmt(c, a[j], flags, ctx)
+        a[j] = semGenericStmt(c, a[j], flags+{withinMixin}, ctx)
+        addTempDeclToIdents(c, a[j], skVar, false)
+
       a[^1] = semGenericStmtScope(c, a[^1], flags, ctx)
     closeScope(c)
   of nkForStmt, nkParForStmt:
@@ -390,16 +480,24 @@ proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode,
       a[^1] = semGenericStmtScope(c, a[^1], flags, ctx)
       closeScope(c)
 
-  of nkVarSection, nkLetSection:
+  of nkVarSection, nkLetSection, nkConstSection:
+    let varKind =
+      case n.kind
+      of nkVarSection: skVar
+      of nkLetSection: skLet
+      else: skConst
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       var a = n[i]
-      if a.kind == nkCommentStmt: continue
-      if (a.kind != nkIdentDefs) and (a.kind != nkVarTuple): illFormedAst(a, c.config)
-      checkMinSonsLen(a, 3, c.config)
-      a[^2] = semGenericStmt(c, a[^2], flags+{withinTypeDesc}, ctx)
-      a[^1] = semGenericStmt(c, a[^1], flags, ctx)
-      for j in 0..<a.len-2:
-        addTempDecl(c, getIdentNode(c, a[j]), skVar)
+      case a.kind:
+      of nkCommentStmt: continue
+      of nkIdentDefs, nkVarTuple, nkConstDef:
+        checkMinSonsLen(a, 3, c.config)
+        a[^2] = semGenericStmt(c, a[^2], flags+{withinTypeDesc}, ctx)
+        a[^1] = semGenericStmt(c, a[^1], flags, ctx)
+        for j in 0..<a.len-2:
+          addTempDecl(c, getIdentNode(c, a[j]), varKind)
+      else:
+        illFormedAst(a, c.config)
   of nkGenericParams:
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       var a = n[i]
@@ -409,15 +507,6 @@ proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode,
       # do not perform symbol lookup for default expressions
       for j in 0..<a.len-2:
         addTempDecl(c, getIdentNode(c, a[j]), skType)
-  of nkConstSection:
-    for i in 0..<n.len:
-      var a = n[i]
-      if a.kind == nkCommentStmt: continue
-      if (a.kind != nkConstDef): illFormedAst(a, c.config)
-      checkSonsLen(a, 3, c.config)
-      addTempDecl(c, getIdentNode(c, a[0]), skConst)
-      a[1] = semGenericStmt(c, a[1], flags+{withinTypeDesc}, ctx)
-      a[2] = semGenericStmt(c, a[2], flags, ctx)
   of nkTypeSection:
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       var a = n[i]
@@ -442,18 +531,55 @@ proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode,
       if n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
         n[0] = semGenericStmt(c, n[0], flags+{withinTypeDesc}, ctx)
       for i in 1..<n.len:
-        var a: PNode
+        var a: PNode = nil
         case n[i].kind
         of nkEnumFieldDef: a = n[i][0]
         of nkIdent: a = n[i]
         else: illFormedAst(n, c.config)
         addDecl(c, newSymS(skUnknown, getIdentNode(c, a), c))
-  of nkObjectTy, nkTupleTy, nkTupleClassTy:
-    discard
+  of nkTupleTy:
+    for i in 0..<n.len:
+      var a = n[i]
+      case a.kind:
+      of nkCommentStmt, nkNilLit, nkSym, nkEmpty: continue
+      of nkIdentDefs:
+        checkMinSonsLen(a, 3, c.config)
+        a[^2] = semGenericStmt(c, a[^2], flags+{withinTypeDesc}, ctx)
+        a[^1] = semGenericStmt(c, a[^1], flags, ctx)
+        for j in 0..<a.len-2:
+          addTempDecl(c, getIdentNode(c, a[j]), skField)
+      else:
+        illFormedAst(a, c.config)
+  of nkObjectTy:
+    if n.len > 0:
+      openScope(c)
+      for i in 0..<n.len:
+        result[i] = semGenericStmt(c, n[i], flags, ctx)
+      closeScope(c)
+  of nkRecList:
+    for i in 0..<n.len:
+      var a = n[i]
+      case a.kind:
+      of nkCommentStmt, nkNilLit, nkSym, nkEmpty: continue
+      of nkIdentDefs:
+        checkMinSonsLen(a, 3, c.config)
+        a[^2] = semGenericStmt(c, a[^2], flags+{withinTypeDesc}, ctx)
+        a[^1] = semGenericStmt(c, a[^1], flags, ctx)
+        for j in 0..<a.len-2:
+          addTempDecl(c, getIdentNode(c, a[j]), skField)
+      of nkRecCase, nkRecWhen:
+        n[i] = semGenericStmt(c, a, flags, ctx)
+      else:
+        illFormedAst(a, c.config)
+  of nkRecCase:
+    checkSonsLen(n[0], 3, c.config)
+    n[0][^2] = semGenericStmt(c, n[0][^2], flags+{withinTypeDesc}, ctx)
+    n[0][^1] = semGenericStmt(c, n[0][^1], flags, ctx)
+    addTempDecl(c, getIdentNode(c, n[0][0]), skField)
+    for i in 1..<n.len:
+      n[i] = semGenericStmt(c, n[i], flags, ctx)
   of nkFormalParams:
     checkMinSonsLen(n, 1, c.config)
-    if n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
-      n[0] = semGenericStmt(c, n[0], flags+{withinTypeDesc}, ctx)
     for i in 1..<n.len:
       var a = n[i]
       if (a.kind != nkIdentDefs): illFormedAst(a, c.config)
@@ -462,6 +588,10 @@ proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode,
       a[^1] = semGenericStmt(c, a[^1], flags, ctx)
       for j in 0..<a.len-2:
         addTempDecl(c, getIdentNode(c, a[j]), skParam)
+    # XXX: last change was moving this down here, search for "1.." to keep
+    #      going from this file onward
+    if n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
+      n[0] = semGenericStmt(c, n[0], flags+{withinTypeDesc}, ctx)
   of nkProcDef, nkMethodDef, nkConverterDef, nkMacroDef, nkTemplateDef,
      nkFuncDef, nkIteratorDef, nkLambdaKinds:
     checkSonsLen(n, bodyPos + 1, c.config)
@@ -472,7 +602,7 @@ proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode,
                                               flags, ctx)
     if n[paramsPos].kind != nkEmpty:
       if n[paramsPos][0].kind != nkEmpty:
-        addPrelimDecl(c, newSym(skUnknown, getIdent(c.cache, "result"), nextSymId c.idgen, nil, n.info))
+        addPrelimDecl(c, newSym(skUnknown, getIdent(c.cache, "result"), c.idgen, nil, n.info))
       n[paramsPos] = semGenericStmt(c, n[paramsPos], flags, ctx)
     n[pragmasPos] = semGenericStmt(c, n[pragmasPos], flags, ctx)
     var body: PNode
@@ -483,12 +613,27 @@ proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode,
       else:
         body = getBody(c.graph, s)
     else: body = n[bodyPos]
-    n[bodyPos] = semGenericStmtScope(c, body, flags, ctx)
+    let bodyFlags = if n.kind == nkTemplateDef: flags + {withinMixin} else: flags
+    n[bodyPos] = semGenericStmtScope(c, body, bodyFlags, ctx)
     closeScope(c)
   of nkPragma, nkPragmaExpr: discard
   of nkExprColonExpr, nkExprEqExpr:
     checkMinSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
     result[1] = semGenericStmt(c, n[1], flags, ctx)
+  of nkObjConstr:
+    for i in 0..<n.len:
+      result[i] = semGenericStmt(c, n[i], flags, ctx)
+    if result[0].kind == nkSym:
+      let fmoduleId = getModule(result[0].sym).id
+      var isVisable = false
+      for module in c.friendModules:
+        if module.id == fmoduleId:
+          isVisable = true
+          break
+      if isVisable:
+        for i in 1..<result.len:
+          if result[i].kind == nkExprColonExpr:
+            result[i][1].flags.incl nfSkipFieldChecking
   else:
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       result[i] = semGenericStmt(c, n[i], flags, ctx)
@@ -497,16 +642,18 @@ proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode,
     if withinTypeDesc in flags: dec c.inTypeContext
 
 proc semGenericStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
-  var ctx: GenericCtx
-  ctx.toMixin = initIntSet()
-  ctx.toBind = initIntSet()
+  var ctx = GenericCtx(
+    toMixin: initIntSet(),
+    toBind: initIntSet()
+  )
   result = semGenericStmt(c, n, {}, ctx)
   semIdeForTemplateOrGeneric(c, result, ctx.cursorInBody)
 
 proc semConceptBody(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
-  var ctx: GenericCtx
-  ctx.toMixin = initIntSet()
-  ctx.toBind = initIntSet()
+  var ctx = GenericCtx(
+    toMixin: initIntSet(),
+    toBind: initIntSet()
+  )
   result = semGenericStmt(c, n, {withinConcept}, ctx)
   semIdeForTemplateOrGeneric(c, result, ctx.cursorInBody)
 
diff --git a/compiler/seminst.nim b/compiler/seminst.nim
index 68ab2a310..1bc6d31a2 100644
--- a/compiler/seminst.nim
+++ b/compiler/seminst.nim
@@ -28,54 +28,41 @@ proc addObjFieldsToLocalScope(c: PContext; n: PNode) =
       # it is not an error to shadow fields via parameters
   else: discard
 
-proc rawPushProcCon(c: PContext, owner: PSym) =
-  var x: PProcCon
-  new(x)
-  x.owner = owner
-  x.next = c.p
-  c.p = x
-
-proc rawHandleSelf(c: PContext; owner: PSym) =
-  const callableSymbols = {skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skConverter, skIterator, skMacro}
-  if c.selfName != nil and owner.kind in callableSymbols and owner.typ != nil:
-    let params = owner.typ.n
-    if params.len > 1:
-      let arg = params[1].sym
-      if arg.name.id == c.selfName.id:
-        c.p.selfSym = arg
-        arg.flags.incl sfIsSelf
-        var t = c.p.selfSym.typ.skipTypes(abstractPtrs)
-        while t.kind == tyObject:
-          addObjFieldsToLocalScope(c, t.n)
-          if t[0] == nil: break
-          t = t[0].skipTypes(skipPtrs)
-
 proc pushProcCon*(c: PContext; owner: PSym) =
-  rawPushProcCon(c, owner)
-  rawHandleSelf(c, owner)
+  c.p = PProcCon(owner: owner, next: c.p)
 
 const
   errCannotInstantiateX = "cannot instantiate: '$1'"
 
-iterator instantiateGenericParamList(c: PContext, n: PNode, pt: TIdTable): PSym =
+iterator instantiateGenericParamList(c: PContext, n: PNode, pt: TypeMapping): PSym =
   internalAssert c.config, n.kind == nkGenericParams
-  for i, a in n.pairs:
+  for a in n.items:
     internalAssert c.config, a.kind == nkSym
     var q = a.sym
     if q.typ.kind in {tyTypeDesc, tyGenericParam, tyStatic, tyConcept}+tyTypeClasses:
       let symKind = if q.typ.kind == tyStatic: skConst else: skType
-      var s = newSym(symKind, q.name, nextSymId(c.idgen), getCurrOwner(c), q.info)
+      var s = newSym(symKind, q.name, c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), q.info)
       s.flags.incl {sfUsed, sfFromGeneric}
-      var t = PType(idTableGet(pt, q.typ))
+      var t = idTableGet(pt, q.typ)
       if t == nil:
         if tfRetType in q.typ.flags:
           # keep the generic type and allow the return type to be bound
           # later by semAsgn in return type inference scenario
           t = q.typ
         else:
-          localError(c.config, a.info, errCannotInstantiateX % s.name.s)
+          if q.typ.kind != tyCompositeTypeClass:
+            localError(c.config, a.info, errCannotInstantiateX % s.name.s)
           t = errorType(c)
-      elif t.kind in {tyGenericParam, tyConcept}:
+      elif t.kind in {tyGenericParam, tyConcept, tyFromExpr}:
+        localError(c.config, a.info, errCannotInstantiateX % q.name.s)
+        t = errorType(c)
+      elif isUnresolvedStatic(t) and (q.typ.kind == tyStatic or
+            (q.typ.kind == tyGenericParam and
+              q.typ.genericParamHasConstraints and
+              q.typ.genericConstraint.kind == tyStatic)) and
+          c.inGenericContext == 0 and c.matchedConcept == nil:
+        # generic/concept type bodies will try to instantiate static values but
+        # won't actually use them
         localError(c.config, a.info, errCannotInstantiateX % q.name.s)
         t = errorType(c)
       elif t.kind == tyGenericInvocation:
@@ -91,11 +78,15 @@ proc sameInstantiation(a, b: TInstantiation): bool =
     for i in 0..a.concreteTypes.high:
       if not compareTypes(a.concreteTypes[i], b.concreteTypes[i],
                           flags = {ExactTypeDescValues,
-                                   ExactGcSafety}): return
+                                   ExactGcSafety,
+                                   PickyCAliases}): return
     result = true
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc genericCacheGet(g: ModuleGraph; genericSym: PSym, entry: TInstantiation;
                      id: CompilesId): PSym =
+  result = nil
   for inst in procInstCacheItems(g, genericSym):
     if (inst.compilesId == 0 or inst.compilesId == id) and sameInstantiation(entry, inst[]):
       return inst.sym
@@ -104,7 +95,7 @@ when false:
   proc `$`(x: PSym): string =
     result = x.name.s & " " & " id " & $x.id
 
-proc freshGenSyms(c: PContext; n: PNode, owner, orig: PSym, symMap: var TIdTable) =
+proc freshGenSyms(c: PContext; n: PNode, owner, orig: PSym, symMap: var SymMapping) =
   # we need to create a fresh set of gensym'ed symbols:
   #if n.kind == nkSym and sfGenSym in n.sym.flags:
   #  if n.sym.owner != orig:
@@ -112,12 +103,12 @@ proc freshGenSyms(c: PContext; n: PNode, owner, orig: PSym, symMap: var TIdTable
   if n.kind == nkSym and sfGenSym in n.sym.flags: # and
     #  (n.sym.owner == orig or n.sym.owner.kind in {skPackage}):
     let s = n.sym
-    var x = PSym(idTableGet(symMap, s))
+    var x = idTableGet(symMap, s)
     if x != nil:
       n.sym = x
     elif s.owner == nil or s.owner.kind == skPackage:
       #echo "copied this ", s.name.s
-      x = copySym(s, nextSymId c.idgen)
+      x = copySym(s, c.idgen)
       x.owner = owner
       idTablePut(symMap, s, x)
       n.sym = x
@@ -136,18 +127,28 @@ proc instantiateBody(c: PContext, n, params: PNode, result, orig: PSym) =
     inc c.inGenericInst
     # add it here, so that recursive generic procs are possible:
     var b = n[bodyPos]
-    var symMap: TIdTable
-    initIdTable symMap
+    var symMap = initSymMapping()
     if params != nil:
       for i in 1..<params.len:
         let param = params[i].sym
         if sfGenSym in param.flags:
           idTablePut(symMap, params[i].sym, result.typ.n[param.position+1].sym)
     freshGenSyms(c, b, result, orig, symMap)
-    b = semProcBody(c, b)
+
+    if sfBorrow notin orig.flags:
+      # We do not want to generate a body for generic borrowed procs.
+      # As body is a sym to the borrowed proc.
+      let resultType = # todo probably refactor it into a function
+        if result.kind == skMacro:
+          sysTypeFromName(c.graph, n.info, "NimNode")
+        elif not isInlineIterator(result.typ):
+          result.typ.returnType
+        else:
+          nil
+      b = semProcBody(c, b, resultType)
     result.ast[bodyPos] = hloBody(c, b)
-    trackProc(c, result, result.ast[bodyPos])
     excl(result.flags, sfForward)
+    trackProc(c, result, result.ast[bodyPos])
     dec c.inGenericInst
 
 proc fixupInstantiatedSymbols(c: PContext, s: PSym) =
@@ -176,17 +177,12 @@ proc instGenericContainer(c: PContext, info: TLineInfo, header: PType,
                           allowMetaTypes = false): PType =
   internalAssert c.config, header.kind == tyGenericInvocation
 
-  var
-    cl: TReplTypeVars
+  var cl: TReplTypeVars = TReplTypeVars(symMap: initSymMapping(),
+        localCache: initTypeMapping(), typeMap: LayeredIdTable(),
+        info: info, c: c, allowMetaTypes: allowMetaTypes
+      )
 
-  initIdTable(cl.symMap)
-  initIdTable(cl.localCache)
-  cl.typeMap = LayeredIdTable()
-  initIdTable(cl.typeMap.topLayer)
-
-  cl.info = info
-  cl.c = c
-  cl.allowMetaTypes = allowMetaTypes
+  cl.typeMap.topLayer = initTypeMapping()
 
   # We must add all generic params in scope, because the generic body
   # may include tyFromExpr nodes depending on these generic params.
@@ -194,12 +190,11 @@ proc instGenericContainer(c: PContext, info: TLineInfo, header: PType,
   # perhaps the code can be extracted in a shared function.
   openScope(c)
   let genericTyp = header.base
-  for i in 0..<genericTyp.len - 1:
-    let genParam = genericTyp[i]
+  for i, genParam in genericBodyParams(genericTyp):
     var param: PSym
 
     template paramSym(kind): untyped =
-      newSym(kind, genParam.sym.name, nextSymId c.idgen, genericTyp.sym, genParam.sym.info)
+      newSym(kind, genParam.sym.name, c.idgen, genericTyp.sym, genParam.sym.info)
 
     if genParam.kind == tyStatic:
       param = paramSym skConst
@@ -225,7 +220,7 @@ proc referencesAnotherParam(n: PNode, p: PSym): bool =
       if referencesAnotherParam(n[i], p): return true
     return false
 
-proc instantiateProcType(c: PContext, pt: TIdTable,
+proc instantiateProcType(c: PContext, pt: TypeMapping,
                          prc: PSym, info: TLineInfo) =
   # XXX: Instantiates a generic proc signature, while at the same
   # time adding the instantiated proc params into the current scope.
@@ -247,20 +242,26 @@ proc instantiateProcType(c: PContext, pt: TIdTable,
   var result = instCopyType(cl, prc.typ)
   let originalParams = result.n
   result.n = originalParams.shallowCopy
-  for i in 1..<result.len:
+  for i, resulti in paramTypes(result):
     # twrong_field_caching requires these 'resetIdTable' calls:
-    if i > 1:
+    if i > FirstParamAt:
       resetIdTable(cl.symMap)
       resetIdTable(cl.localCache)
 
     # take a note of the original type. If't a free type or static parameter
     # we'll need to keep it unbound for the `fitNode` operation below...
-    var typeToFit = result[i]
+    var typeToFit = resulti
 
-    let needsStaticSkipping = result[i].kind == tyFromExpr
-    result[i] = replaceTypeVarsT(cl, result[i])
+    let needsStaticSkipping = resulti.kind == tyFromExpr
+    let needsTypeDescSkipping = resulti.kind == tyTypeDesc and tfUnresolved in resulti.flags
+    if resulti.kind == tyFromExpr:
+      resulti.flags.incl tfNonConstExpr
+    result[i] = replaceTypeVarsT(cl, resulti)
     if needsStaticSkipping:
       result[i] = result[i].skipTypes({tyStatic})
+    if needsTypeDescSkipping:
+      result[i] = result[i].skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
+      typeToFit = result[i]
 
     # ...otherwise, we use the instantiated type in `fitNode`
     if (typeToFit.kind != tyTypeDesc or typeToFit.base.kind != tyNone) and
@@ -269,7 +270,7 @@ proc instantiateProcType(c: PContext, pt: TIdTable,
 
     internalAssert c.config, originalParams[i].kind == nkSym
     let oldParam = originalParams[i].sym
-    let param = copySym(oldParam, nextSymId c.idgen)
+    let param = copySym(oldParam, c.idgen)
     param.owner = prc
     param.typ = result[i]
 
@@ -278,11 +279,14 @@ proc instantiateProcType(c: PContext, pt: TIdTable,
     # call head symbol, because this leads to infinite recursion.
     if oldParam.ast != nil:
       var def = oldParam.ast.copyTree
-      if def.kind == nkCall:
-        for i in 1..<def.len:
-          def[i] = replaceTypeVarsN(cl, def[i])
-
-      def = semExprWithType(c, def)
+      if def.typ.kind == tyFromExpr:
+        def.typ.flags.incl tfNonConstExpr
+      if not isIntLit(def.typ):
+        def = prepareNode(cl, def)
+
+      # allow symchoice since node will be fit later
+      # although expectedType should cover it
+      def = semExprWithType(c, def, {efAllowSymChoice}, typeToFit)
       if def.referencesAnotherParam(getCurrOwner(c)):
         def.flags.incl nfDefaultRefsParam
 
@@ -295,6 +299,8 @@ proc instantiateProcType(c: PContext, pt: TIdTable,
         # the user calls an explicit instantiation of the proc (this is
         # the only way the default value might be inserted).
         param.ast = errorNode(c, def)
+        # we know the node is empty, we need the actual type for error message
+        param.ast.typ = def.typ
       else:
         param.ast = fitNodePostMatch(c, typeToFit, converted)
       param.typ = result[i]
@@ -306,7 +312,7 @@ proc instantiateProcType(c: PContext, pt: TIdTable,
   resetIdTable(cl.symMap)
   resetIdTable(cl.localCache)
   cl.isReturnType = true
-  result[0] = replaceTypeVarsT(cl, result[0])
+  result.setReturnType replaceTypeVarsT(cl, result.returnType)
   cl.isReturnType = false
   result.n[0] = originalParams[0].copyTree
   if result[0] != nil:
@@ -318,6 +324,22 @@ proc instantiateProcType(c: PContext, pt: TIdTable,
   prc.typ = result
   popInfoContext(c.config)
 
+proc instantiateOnlyProcType(c: PContext, pt: TypeMapping, prc: PSym, info: TLineInfo): PType =
+  # instantiates only the type of a given proc symbol
+  # used by sigmatch for explicit generics
+  # wouldn't be needed if sigmatch could handle complex cases,
+  # examples are in texplicitgenerics
+  # might be buggy, see rest of generateInstance if problems occur
+  let fakeSym = copySym(prc, c.idgen)
+  incl(fakeSym.flags, sfFromGeneric)
+  fakeSym.instantiatedFrom = prc
+  openScope(c)
+  for s in instantiateGenericParamList(c, prc.ast[genericParamsPos], pt):
+    addDecl(c, s)
+  instantiateProcType(c, pt, fakeSym, info)
+  closeScope(c)
+  result = fakeSym.typ
+
 proc fillMixinScope(c: PContext) =
   var p = c.p
   while p != nil:
@@ -326,8 +348,20 @@ proc fillMixinScope(c: PContext) =
         addSym(c.currentScope, n.sym)
     p = p.next
 
-proc generateInstance(c: PContext, fn: PSym, pt: TIdTable,
-                      info: TLineInfo): PSym {.nosinks.} =
+proc getLocalPassC(c: PContext, s: PSym): string =
+  when defined(nimsuggest): return ""
+  if s.ast == nil or s.ast.len == 0: return ""
+  result = ""
+  template extractPassc(p: PNode) =
+    if p.kind == nkPragma and p[0][0].ident == c.cache.getIdent"localpassc":
+      return p[0][1].strVal
+  extractPassc(s.ast[0]) #it is set via appendToModule in pragmas (fast access)
+  for n in s.ast:
+    for p in n:
+      extractPassc(p)
+
+proc generateInstance(c: PContext, fn: PSym, pt: TypeMapping,
+                      info: TLineInfo): PSym =
   ## Generates a new instance of a generic procedure.
   ## The `pt` parameter is a type-unsafe mapping table used to link generic
   ## parameters to their concrete types within the generic instance.
@@ -336,19 +370,28 @@ proc generateInstance(c: PContext, fn: PSym, pt: TIdTable,
   # generates an instantiated proc
   if c.instCounter > 50:
     globalError(c.config, info, "generic instantiation too nested")
-  inc(c.instCounter)
+  inc c.instCounter
+  defer: dec c.instCounter
   # careful! we copy the whole AST including the possibly nil body!
   var n = copyTree(fn.ast)
   # NOTE: for access of private fields within generics from a different module
   # we set the friend module:
-  c.friendModules.add(getModule(fn))
+  let producer = getModule(fn)
+  c.friendModules.add(producer)
   let oldMatchedConcept = c.matchedConcept
   c.matchedConcept = nil
   let oldScope = c.currentScope
   while not isTopLevel(c): c.currentScope = c.currentScope.parent
-  result = copySym(fn, nextSymId c.idgen)
+  result = copySym(fn, c.idgen)
   incl(result.flags, sfFromGeneric)
-  result.owner = fn
+  result.instantiatedFrom = fn
+  if sfGlobal in result.flags and c.config.symbolFiles != disabledSf:
+    let passc = getLocalPassC(c, producer)
+    if passc != "": #pass the local compiler options to the consumer module too
+      extccomp.addLocalCompileOption(c.config, passc, toFullPathConsiderDirty(c.config, c.module.info.fileIndex))
+    result.owner = c.module
+  else:
+    result.owner = fn
   result.ast = n
   pushOwner(c, result)
 
@@ -358,7 +401,9 @@ proc generateInstance(c: PContext, fn: PSym, pt: TIdTable,
 
   openScope(c)
   let gp = n[genericParamsPos]
-  internalAssert c.config, gp.kind == nkGenericParams
+  if gp.kind != nkGenericParams:
+    # bug #22137
+    globalError(c.config, info, "generic instantiation too nested")
   n[namePos] = newSymNode(result)
   pushInfoContext(c.config, info, fn.detailedInfo)
   var entry = TInstantiation.new
@@ -367,16 +412,20 @@ proc generateInstance(c: PContext, fn: PSym, pt: TIdTable,
   # generic[void](), generic[int]()
   # see ttypeor.nim test.
   var i = 0
-  newSeq(entry.concreteTypes, fn.typ.len+gp.len-1)
+  newSeq(entry.concreteTypes, fn.typ.paramsLen+gp.len)
+  # let param instantiation know we are in a concept for unresolved statics:
+  c.matchedConcept = oldMatchedConcept
   for s in instantiateGenericParamList(c, gp, pt):
     addDecl(c, s)
     entry.concreteTypes[i] = s.typ
     inc i
-  rawPushProcCon(c, result)
+  c.matchedConcept = nil
+  pushProcCon(c, result)
   instantiateProcType(c, pt, result, info)
-  for j in 1..<result.typ.len:
-    entry.concreteTypes[i] = result.typ[j]
+  for _, param in paramTypes(result.typ):
+    entry.concreteTypes[i] = param
     inc i
+  #echo "INSTAN ", fn.name.s, " ", typeToString(result.typ), " ", entry.concreteTypes.len
   if tfTriggersCompileTime in result.typ.flags:
     incl(result.flags, sfCompileTime)
   n[genericParamsPos] = c.graph.emptyNode
@@ -387,21 +436,27 @@ proc generateInstance(c: PContext, fn: PSym, pt: TIdTable,
     # a ``compiles`` context but this is the lesser evil. See
     # bug #1055 (tevilcompiles).
     #if c.compilesContextId == 0:
-    rawHandleSelf(c, result)
     entry.compilesId = c.compilesContextId
     addToGenericProcCache(c, fn, entry)
     c.generics.add(makeInstPair(fn, entry))
+    # bug #12985 bug #22913
+    # TODO: use the context of the declaration of generic functions instead
+    # TODO: consider fixing options as well
+    let otherPragmas = c.optionStack[^1].otherPragmas
+    c.optionStack[^1].otherPragmas = nil
     if n[pragmasPos].kind != nkEmpty:
       pragma(c, result, n[pragmasPos], allRoutinePragmas)
     if isNil(n[bodyPos]):
       n[bodyPos] = copyTree(getBody(c.graph, fn))
-    if c.inGenericContext == 0:
-      instantiateBody(c, n, fn.typ.n, result, fn)
+    instantiateBody(c, n, fn.typ.n, result, fn)
+    c.optionStack[^1].otherPragmas = otherPragmas
     sideEffectsCheck(c, result)
     if result.magic notin {mSlice, mTypeOf}:
       # 'toOpenArray' is special and it is allowed to return 'openArray':
       paramsTypeCheck(c, result.typ)
+    #echo "INSTAN ", fn.name.s, " ", typeToString(result.typ), " <-- NEW PROC!", " ", entry.concreteTypes.len
   else:
+    #echo "INSTAN ", fn.name.s, " ", typeToString(result.typ), " <-- CACHED! ", typeToString(oldPrc.typ), " ", entry.concreteTypes.len
     result = oldPrc
   popProcCon(c)
   popInfoContext(c.config)
@@ -410,7 +465,6 @@ proc generateInstance(c: PContext, fn: PSym, pt: TIdTable,
   popOwner(c)
   c.currentScope = oldScope
   discard c.friendModules.pop()
-  dec(c.instCounter)
   c.matchedConcept = oldMatchedConcept
   if result.kind == skMethod: finishMethod(c, result)
 
diff --git a/compiler/semmacrosanity.nim b/compiler/semmacrosanity.nim
index a8eb62067..727f36470 100644
--- a/compiler/semmacrosanity.nim
+++ b/compiler/semmacrosanity.nim
@@ -35,12 +35,12 @@ proc ithField(n: PNode, field: var int): PSym =
   else: discard
 
 proc ithField(t: PType, field: var int): PSym =
-  var base = t[0]
+  var base = t.baseClass
   while base != nil:
     let b = skipTypes(base, skipPtrs)
     result = ithField(b.n, field)
     if result != nil: return result
-    base = b[0]
+    base = b.baseClass
   result = ithField(t.n, field)
 
 proc annotateType*(n: PNode, t: PType; conf: ConfigRef) =
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ proc annotateType*(n: PNode, t: PType; conf: ConfigRef) =
   of nkObjConstr:
     let x = t.skipTypes(abstractPtrs)
     n.typ = t
+    n[0].typ = t
     for i in 1..<n.len:
       var j = i-1
       let field = x.ithField(j)
@@ -63,10 +64,31 @@ proc annotateType*(n: PNode, t: PType; conf: ConfigRef) =
     if x.kind == tyTuple:
       n.typ = t
       for i in 0..<n.len:
-        if i >= x.len: globalError conf, n.info, "invalid field at index " & $i
+        if i >= x.kidsLen: globalError conf, n.info, "invalid field at index " & $i
         else: annotateType(n[i], x[i], conf)
     elif x.kind == tyProc and x.callConv == ccClosure:
       n.typ = t
+    elif x.kind == tyOpenArray: # `opcSlice` transforms slices into tuples
+      if n.kind == nkTupleConstr:
+        let
+          bracketExpr = newNodeI(nkBracket, n.info)
+          left = int n[1].intVal
+          right = int n[2].intVal
+        bracketExpr.flags = n.flags
+        case n[0].kind # is this a string slice or a array slice
+        of nkStrKinds:
+          for i in left..right:
+            bracketExpr.add newIntNode(nkCharLit, BiggestInt n[0].strVal[i])
+            annotateType(bracketExpr[^1], x.elementType, conf)
+        of nkBracket:
+          for i in left..right:
+            bracketExpr.add n[0][i]
+            annotateType(bracketExpr[^1], x.elementType, conf)
+        else:
+          globalError(conf, n.info, "Incorrectly generated tuple constr")
+        n[] = bracketExpr[]
+
+      n.typ = t
     else:
       globalError(conf, n.info, "() must have a tuple type")
   of nkBracket:
@@ -92,7 +114,7 @@ proc annotateType*(n: PNode, t: PType; conf: ConfigRef) =
     else:
       globalError(conf, n.info, "integer literal must have some int type")
   of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit:
-    if x.kind in {tyString, tyCString}:
+    if x.kind in {tyString, tyCstring}:
       n.typ = t
     else:
       globalError(conf, n.info, "string literal must be of some string type")
diff --git a/compiler/semmagic.nim b/compiler/semmagic.nim
index c80e689a5..a12e933e7 100644
--- a/compiler/semmagic.nim
+++ b/compiler/semmagic.nim
@@ -10,18 +10,35 @@
 # This include file implements the semantic checking for magics.
 # included from sem.nim
 
-proc semAddrArg(c: PContext; n: PNode; isUnsafeAddr = false): PNode =
+proc semObjConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode
+
+
+proc addDefaultFieldForNew(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+  result = n
+  let typ = result[1].typ # new(x)
+  if typ.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink}).kind == tyRef and typ.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink})[0].kind == tyObject:
+    var asgnExpr = newTree(nkObjConstr, newNodeIT(nkType, result[1].info, typ))
+    asgnExpr.typ = typ
+    var t = typ.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink})[0]
+    while true:
+      asgnExpr.sons.add defaultFieldsForTheUninitialized(c, t.n, false)
+      let base = t.baseClass
+      if base == nil:
+        break
+      t = skipTypes(base, skipPtrs)
+
+    if asgnExpr.sons.len > 1:
+      result = newTree(nkAsgn, result[1], asgnExpr)
+
+proc semAddr(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
+  result = newNodeI(nkAddr, n.info)
   let x = semExprWithType(c, n)
   if x.kind == nkSym:
     x.sym.flags.incl(sfAddrTaken)
-  if isAssignable(c, x, isUnsafeAddr) notin {arLValue, arLocalLValue}:
-    # Do not suggest the use of unsafeAddr if this expression already is a
-    # unsafeAddr
-    if isUnsafeAddr:
-      localError(c.config, n.info, errExprHasNoAddress)
-    else:
-      localError(c.config, n.info, errExprHasNoAddress & "; maybe use 'unsafeAddr'")
-  result = x
+  if isAssignable(c, x) notin {arLValue, arLocalLValue, arAddressableConst, arLentValue}:
+    localError(c.config, n.info, errExprHasNoAddress)
+  result.add x
+  result.typ = makePtrType(c, x.typ)
 
 proc semTypeOf(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
   var m = BiggestInt 1 # typeOfIter
@@ -32,8 +49,12 @@ proc semTypeOf(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
     else:
       m = mode.intVal
   result = newNodeI(nkTypeOfExpr, n.info)
+  inc c.inTypeofContext
+  defer: dec c.inTypeofContext # compiles can raise an exception
   let typExpr = semExprWithType(c, n[1], if m == 1: {efInTypeof} else: {})
   result.add typExpr
+  if typExpr.typ.kind == tyFromExpr:
+    typExpr.typ.flags.incl tfNonConstExpr
   result.typ = makeTypeDesc(c, typExpr.typ)
 
 type
@@ -49,22 +70,31 @@ proc semArrGet(c: PContext; n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
   if result.isNil:
     let x = copyTree(n)
     x[0] = newIdentNode(getIdent(c.cache, "[]"), n.info)
-    bracketNotFoundError(c, x)
+    if c.inGenericContext > 0:
+      for i in 0..<n.len:
+        let a = n[i]
+        if a.typ != nil and a.typ.kind in {tyGenericParam, tyFromExpr}:
+          # expression is compiled early in a generic body
+          result = semGenericStmt(c, x)
+          result.typ = makeTypeFromExpr(c, copyTree(result))
+          result.typ.flags.incl tfNonConstExpr
+          return
+    bracketNotFoundError(c, x, flags)
     #localError(c.config, n.info, "could not resolve: " & $n)
-    result = n
+    result = errorNode(c, n)
 
 proc semArrPut(c: PContext; n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
   # rewrite `[]=`(a, i, x)  back to ``a[i] = x``.
   let b = newNodeI(nkBracketExpr, n.info)
-  b.add(n[1].skipAddr)
+  b.add(n[1].skipHiddenAddr)
   for i in 2..<n.len-1: b.add(n[i])
   result = newNodeI(nkAsgn, n.info, 2)
   result[0] = b
   result[1] = n.lastSon
   result = semAsgn(c, result, noOverloadedSubscript)
 
-proc semAsgnOpr(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
-  result = newNodeI(nkAsgn, n.info, 2)
+proc semAsgnOpr(c: PContext; n: PNode; k: TNodeKind): PNode =
+  result = newNodeI(k, n.info, 2)
   result[0] = n[1]
   result[1] = n[2]
   result = semAsgn(c, result, noOverloadedAsgn)
@@ -77,7 +107,9 @@ proc expectIntLit(c: PContext, n: PNode): int =
   let x = c.semConstExpr(c, n)
   case x.kind
   of nkIntLit..nkInt64Lit: result = int(x.intVal)
-  else: localError(c.config, n.info, errIntLiteralExpected)
+  else:
+    result = 0
+    localError(c.config, n.info, errIntLiteralExpected)
 
 proc semInstantiationInfo(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   result = newNodeIT(nkTupleConstr, n.info, n.typ)
@@ -115,14 +147,22 @@ proc uninstantiate(t: PType): PType =
   result = case t.kind
     of tyMagicGenerics: t
     of tyUserDefinedGenerics: t.base
-    of tyCompositeTypeClass: uninstantiate t[1]
+    of tyCompositeTypeClass: uninstantiate t.firstGenericParam
     else: t
 
 proc getTypeDescNode(c: PContext; typ: PType, sym: PSym, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
-  var resType = newType(tyTypeDesc, nextTypeId c.idgen, sym)
+  var resType = newType(tyTypeDesc, c.idgen, sym)
   rawAddSon(resType, typ)
   result = toNode(resType, info)
 
+proc buildBinaryPredicate(kind: TTypeKind; c: PContext; context: PSym; a, b: sink PType): PType =
+  result = newType(kind, c.idgen, context)
+  result.rawAddSon a
+  result.rawAddSon b
+
+proc buildNotPredicate(c: PContext; context: PSym; a: sink PType): PType =
+  result = newType(tyNot, c.idgen, context, a)
+
 proc evalTypeTrait(c: PContext; traitCall: PNode, operand: PType, context: PSym): PNode =
   const skippedTypes = {tyTypeDesc, tyAlias, tySink}
   let trait = traitCall[0]
@@ -132,20 +172,17 @@ proc evalTypeTrait(c: PContext; traitCall: PNode, operand: PType, context: PSym)
   template operand2: PType =
     traitCall[2].typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
 
-  template typeWithSonsResult(kind, sons): PNode =
-    newTypeWithSons(context, kind, sons, c.idgen).toNode(traitCall.info)
-
   if operand.kind == tyGenericParam or (traitCall.len > 2 and operand2.kind == tyGenericParam):
     return traitCall  ## too early to evaluate
 
   let s = trait.sym.name.s
   case s
   of "or", "|":
-    return typeWithSonsResult(tyOr, @[operand, operand2])
+    return buildBinaryPredicate(tyOr, c, context, operand, operand2).toNode(traitCall.info)
   of "and":
-    return typeWithSonsResult(tyAnd, @[operand, operand2])
+    return buildBinaryPredicate(tyAnd, c, context, operand, operand2).toNode(traitCall.info)
   of "not":
-    return typeWithSonsResult(tyNot, @[operand])
+    return buildNotPredicate(c, context, operand).toNode(traitCall.info)
   of "typeToString":
     var prefer = preferTypeName
     if traitCall.len >= 2:
@@ -160,7 +197,7 @@ proc evalTypeTrait(c: PContext; traitCall: PNode, operand: PType, context: PSym)
     result.info = traitCall.info
   of "arity":
     result = newIntNode(nkIntLit, operand.len - ord(operand.kind==tyProc))
-    result.typ = newType(tyInt, nextTypeId c.idgen, context)
+    result.typ = newType(tyInt, c.idgen, context)
     result.info = traitCall.info
   of "genericHead":
     var arg = operand
@@ -172,7 +209,7 @@ proc evalTypeTrait(c: PContext; traitCall: PNode, operand: PType, context: PSym)
     #   result = toNode(resType, traitCall.info) # doesn't work yet
     else:
       localError(c.config, traitCall.info, "expected generic type, got: type $2 of kind $1" % [arg.kind.toHumanStr, typeToString(operand)])
-      result = newType(tyError, nextTypeId c.idgen, context).toNode(traitCall.info)
+      result = newType(tyError, c.idgen, context).toNode(traitCall.info)
   of "stripGenericParams":
     result = uninstantiate(operand).toNode(traitCall.info)
   of "supportsCopyMem":
@@ -180,6 +217,8 @@ proc evalTypeTrait(c: PContext; traitCall: PNode, operand: PType, context: PSym)
     let complexObj = containsGarbageCollectedRef(t) or
                      hasDestructor(t)
     result = newIntNodeT(toInt128(ord(not complexObj)), traitCall, c.idgen, c.graph)
+  of "hasDefaultValue":
+    result = newIntNodeT(toInt128(ord(not operand.requiresInit)), traitCall, c.idgen, c.graph)
   of "isNamedTuple":
     var operand = operand.skipTypes({tyGenericInst})
     let cond = operand.kind == tyTuple and operand.n != nil
@@ -190,10 +229,21 @@ proc evalTypeTrait(c: PContext; traitCall: PNode, operand: PType, context: PSym)
     result = newIntNodeT(toInt128(operand.len), traitCall, c.idgen, c.graph)
   of "distinctBase":
     var arg = operand.skipTypes({tyGenericInst})
+    let rec = semConstExpr(c, traitCall[2]).intVal != 0
     while arg.kind == tyDistinct:
+      arg = arg.base.skipTypes(skippedTypes + {tyGenericInst})
+      if not rec: break
+    result = getTypeDescNode(c, arg, operand.owner, traitCall.info)
+  of "rangeBase":
+    # return the base type of a range type
+    var arg = operand.skipTypes({tyGenericInst})
+    if arg.kind == tyRange:
       arg = arg.base
-      arg = arg.skipTypes(skippedTypes + {tyGenericInst})
     result = getTypeDescNode(c, arg, operand.owner, traitCall.info)
+  of "isCyclic":
+    var operand = operand.skipTypes({tyGenericInst})
+    let isCyclic = canFormAcycle(c.graph, operand)
+    result = newIntNodeT(toInt128(ord(isCyclic)), traitCall, c.idgen, c.graph)
   else:
     localError(c.config, traitCall.info, "unknown trait: " & s)
     result = newNodeI(nkEmpty, traitCall.info)
@@ -201,7 +251,7 @@ proc evalTypeTrait(c: PContext; traitCall: PNode, operand: PType, context: PSym)
 proc semTypeTraits(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   checkMinSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
   let t = n[1].typ
-  internalAssert c.config, t != nil and t.kind == tyTypeDesc
+  internalAssert c.config, t != nil and t.skipTypes({tyAlias}).kind == tyTypeDesc
   if t.len > 0:
     # This is either a type known to sem or a typedesc
     # param to a regular proc (again, known at instantiation)
@@ -215,12 +265,8 @@ proc semOrd(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   let parType = n[1].typ
   if isOrdinalType(parType, allowEnumWithHoles=true):
     discard
-  elif parType.kind == tySet:
-    let a = toInt64(firstOrd(c.config, parType))
-    let b = toInt64(lastOrd(c.config, parType))
-    result.typ = makeRangeType(c, a, b, n.info)
   else:
-    localError(c.config, n.info, errOrdinalTypeExpected)
+    localError(c.config, n.info, errOrdinalTypeExpected % typeToString(parType, preferDesc))
     result.typ = errorType(c)
 
 proc semBindSym(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
@@ -229,14 +275,12 @@ proc semBindSym(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
 
   let sl = semConstExpr(c, n[1])
   if sl.kind notin {nkStrLit, nkRStrLit, nkTripleStrLit}:
-    localError(c.config, n[1].info, errStringLiteralExpected)
-    return errorNode(c, n)
+    return localErrorNode(c, n, n[1].info, errStringLiteralExpected)
 
   let isMixin = semConstExpr(c, n[2])
   if isMixin.kind != nkIntLit or isMixin.intVal < 0 or
       isMixin.intVal > high(TSymChoiceRule).int:
-    localError(c.config, n[2].info, errConstExprExpected)
-    return errorNode(c, n)
+    return localErrorNode(c, n, n[2].info, errConstExprExpected)
 
   let id = newIdentNode(getIdent(c.cache, sl.strVal), n.info)
   let s = qualifiedLookUp(c, id, {checkUndeclared})
@@ -253,12 +297,10 @@ proc semBindSym(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
 
 proc opBindSym(c: PContext, scope: PScope, n: PNode, isMixin: int, info: PNode): PNode =
   if n.kind notin {nkStrLit, nkRStrLit, nkTripleStrLit, nkIdent}:
-    localError(c.config, info.info, errStringOrIdentNodeExpected)
-    return errorNode(c, n)
+    return localErrorNode(c, n, info.info, errStringOrIdentNodeExpected)
 
   if isMixin < 0 or isMixin > high(TSymChoiceRule).int:
-    localError(c.config, info.info, errConstExprExpected)
-    return errorNode(c, n)
+    return localErrorNode(c, n, info.info, errConstExprExpected)
 
   let id = if n.kind == nkIdent: n
     else: newIdentNode(getIdent(c.cache, n.strVal), info.info)
@@ -270,6 +312,7 @@ proc opBindSym(c: PContext, scope: PScope, n: PNode, isMixin: int, info: PNode):
     # we need to mark all symbols:
     result = symChoice(c, id, s, TSymChoiceRule(isMixin))
   else:
+    result = nil
     errorUndeclaredIdentifier(c, info.info, if n.kind == nkIdent: n.ident.s
       else: n.strVal)
   c.currentScope = tmpScope
@@ -365,18 +408,18 @@ proc semUnown(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
         elems[i] = unownedType(c, t[i])
         if elems[i] != t[i]: someChange = true
       if someChange:
-        result = newType(tyTuple, nextTypeId c.idgen, t.owner)
+        result = newType(tyTuple, c.idgen, t.owner)
         # we have to use 'rawAddSon' here so that type flags are
         # properly computed:
         for e in elems: result.rawAddSon(e)
       else:
         result = t
-    of tyOwned: result = t[0]
+    of tyOwned: result = t.elementType
     of tySequence, tyOpenArray, tyArray, tyVarargs, tyVar, tyLent,
        tyGenericInst, tyAlias:
       let b = unownedType(c, t[^1])
       if b != t[^1]:
-        result = copyType(t, nextTypeId c.idgen, t.owner)
+        result = copyType(t, c.idgen, t.owner)
         copyTypeProps(c.graph, c.idgen.module, result, t)
 
         result[^1] = b
@@ -396,34 +439,30 @@ proc turnFinalizerIntoDestructor(c: PContext; orig: PSym; info: TLineInfo): PSym
   # Replace nkDerefExpr by nkHiddenDeref
   # nkDeref is for 'ref T':  x[].field
   # nkHiddenDeref is for 'var T': x<hidden deref [] here>.field
-  proc transform(c: PContext; procSym: PSym; n: PNode; old, fresh: PType; oldParam, newParam: PSym): PNode =
+  proc transform(c: PContext; n: PNode; old, fresh: PType; oldParam, newParam: PSym): PNode =
     result = shallowCopy(n)
     if sameTypeOrNil(n.typ, old):
       result.typ = fresh
-    if n.kind == nkSym:
-      if n.sym == oldParam:
-        result.sym = newParam
-      elif n.sym.owner == orig:
-        result.sym = copySym(n.sym, nextSymId c.idgen)
-        result.sym.owner = procSym
+    if n.kind == nkSym and n.sym == oldParam:
+      result.sym = newParam
     for i in 0 ..< safeLen(n):
-      result[i] = transform(c, procSym, n[i], old, fresh, oldParam, newParam)
+      result[i] = transform(c, n[i], old, fresh, oldParam, newParam)
     #if n.kind == nkDerefExpr and sameType(n[0].typ, old):
     #  result =
 
-  result = copySym(orig, nextSymId c.idgen)
+  result = copySym(orig, c.idgen)
   result.info = info
   result.flags.incl sfFromGeneric
   result.owner = orig
-  let origParamType = orig.typ[1]
+  let origParamType = orig.typ.firstParamType
   let newParamType = makeVarType(result, origParamType.skipTypes(abstractPtrs), c.idgen)
   let oldParam = orig.typ.n[1].sym
-  let newParam = newSym(skParam, oldParam.name, nextSymId c.idgen, result, result.info)
+  let newParam = newSym(skParam, oldParam.name, c.idgen, result, result.info)
   newParam.typ = newParamType
   # proc body:
-  result.ast = transform(c, result, orig.ast, origParamType, newParamType, oldParam, newParam)
+  result.ast = transform(c, orig.ast, origParamType, newParamType, oldParam, newParam)
   # proc signature:
-  result.typ = newProcType(result.info, nextTypeId c.idgen, result)
+  result.typ = newProcType(result.info, c.idgen, result)
   result.typ.addParam newParam
 
 proc semQuantifier(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
@@ -440,7 +479,7 @@ proc semQuantifier(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
       let op = considerQuotedIdent(c, it[0])
       if op.id == ord(wIn):
         let v = newSymS(skForVar, it[1], c)
-        styleCheckDef(c.config, v)
+        styleCheckDef(c, v)
         onDef(it[1].info, v)
         let domain = semExprWithType(c, it[2], {efWantIterator})
         v.typ = domain.typ
@@ -461,8 +500,74 @@ proc semOld(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
     localError(c.config, n[1].info, n[1].sym.name.s & " does not belong to " & getCurrOwner(c).name.s)
   result = n
 
+proc semNewFinalize(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
+  # Make sure the finalizer procedure refers to a procedure
+  if n[^1].kind == nkSym and n[^1].sym.kind notin {skProc, skFunc}:
+    localError(c.config, n.info, "finalizer must be a direct reference to a proc")
+  elif optTinyRtti in c.config.globalOptions:
+    let nfin = skipConvCastAndClosure(n[^1])
+    let fin = case nfin.kind
+      of nkSym: nfin.sym
+      of nkLambda, nkDo: nfin[namePos].sym
+      else:
+        localError(c.config, n.info, "finalizer must be a direct reference to a proc")
+        nil
+    if fin != nil:
+      if fin.kind notin {skProc, skFunc}:
+        # calling convention is checked in codegen
+        localError(c.config, n.info, "finalizer must be a direct reference to a proc")
+
+      # check if we converted this finalizer into a destructor already:
+      let t = whereToBindTypeHook(c, fin.typ.firstParamType.skipTypes(abstractInst+{tyRef}))
+      if t != nil and getAttachedOp(c.graph, t, attachedDestructor) != nil and
+          getAttachedOp(c.graph, t, attachedDestructor).owner == fin:
+        discard "already turned this one into a finalizer"
+      else:
+        if fin.instantiatedFrom != nil and fin.instantiatedFrom != fin.owner: #undo move
+          fin.owner = fin.instantiatedFrom
+        let wrapperSym = newSym(skProc, getIdent(c.graph.cache, fin.name.s & "FinalizerWrapper"), c.idgen, fin.owner, fin.info)
+        let selfSymNode = newSymNode(copySym(fin.ast[paramsPos][1][0].sym, c.idgen))
+        selfSymNode.typ = fin.typ.firstParamType
+        wrapperSym.flags.incl sfUsed
+
+        let wrapper = c.semExpr(c, newProcNode(nkProcDef, fin.info, body = newTree(nkCall, newSymNode(fin), selfSymNode),
+          params = nkFormalParams.newTree(c.graph.emptyNode,
+                  newTree(nkIdentDefs, selfSymNode, newNodeIT(nkType,
+                  fin.ast[paramsPos][1][1].info, fin.typ.firstParamType), c.graph.emptyNode)
+                  ),
+          name = newSymNode(wrapperSym), pattern = fin.ast[patternPos],
+          genericParams = fin.ast[genericParamsPos], pragmas = fin.ast[pragmasPos], exceptions = fin.ast[miscPos]), {})
+
+        var transFormedSym = turnFinalizerIntoDestructor(c, wrapperSym, wrapper.info)
+        transFormedSym.owner = fin
+        if c.config.backend == backendCpp or sfCompileToCpp in c.module.flags:
+          let origParamType = transFormedSym.ast[bodyPos][1].typ
+          let selfSymbolType = makePtrType(c, origParamType.skipTypes(abstractPtrs))
+          let selfPtr = newNodeI(nkHiddenAddr, transFormedSym.ast[bodyPos][1].info)
+          selfPtr.add transFormedSym.ast[bodyPos][1]
+          selfPtr.typ = selfSymbolType
+          transFormedSym.ast[bodyPos][1] = c.semExpr(c, selfPtr)
+        # TODO: suppress var destructor warnings; if newFinalizer is not
+        # TODO: deprecated, try to implement plain T destructor
+        bindTypeHook(c, transFormedSym, n, attachedDestructor, suppressVarDestructorWarning = true)
+  result = addDefaultFieldForNew(c, n)
+
+proc semPrivateAccess(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+  let t = n[1].typ.elementType.toObjectFromRefPtrGeneric
+  if t.kind == tyObject:
+    assert t.sym != nil
+    c.currentScope.allowPrivateAccess.add t.sym
+  result = newNodeIT(nkEmpty, n.info, getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyVoid))
+
+proc checkDefault(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+  result = n
+  c.config.internalAssert result[1].typ.kind == tyTypeDesc
+  let constructed = result[1].typ.base
+  if constructed.requiresInit:
+    message(c.config, n.info, warnUnsafeDefault, typeToString(constructed))
+
 proc magicsAfterOverloadResolution(c: PContext, n: PNode,
-                                   flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+                                   flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   ## This is the preferred code point to implement magics.
   ## ``c`` the current module, a symbol table to a very good approximation
   ## ``n`` the ast like it would be passed to a real macro
@@ -472,9 +577,7 @@ proc magicsAfterOverloadResolution(c: PContext, n: PNode,
   case n[0].sym.magic
   of mAddr:
     checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
-    result = n
-    result[1] = semAddrArg(c, n[1], n[0].sym.name.s == "unsafeAddr")
-    result.typ = makePtrType(c, result[1].typ)
+    result = semAddr(c, n[1])
   of mTypeOf:
     result = semTypeOf(c, n)
   of mSizeOf:
@@ -489,7 +592,9 @@ proc magicsAfterOverloadResolution(c: PContext, n: PNode,
     result = semArrPut(c, n, flags)
   of mAsgn:
     if n[0].sym.name.s == "=":
-      result = semAsgnOpr(c, n)
+      result = semAsgnOpr(c, n, nkAsgn)
+    elif n[0].sym.name.s == "=sink":
+      result = semAsgnOpr(c, n, nkSinkAsgn)
     else:
       result = semShallowCopy(c, n, flags)
   of mIsPartOf: result = semIsPartOf(c, n, flags)
@@ -519,37 +624,50 @@ proc magicsAfterOverloadResolution(c: PContext, n: PNode,
       result = n
     else:
       result = plugin(c, n)
+  of mNew:
+    if n[0].sym.name.s == "unsafeNew": # special case for unsafeNew
+      result = n
+    else:
+      result = addDefaultFieldForNew(c, n)
   of mNewFinalize:
-    # Make sure the finalizer procedure refers to a procedure
-    if n[^1].kind == nkSym and n[^1].sym.kind notin {skProc, skFunc}:
-      localError(c.config, n.info, "finalizer must be a direct reference to a proc")
-    elif optTinyRtti in c.config.globalOptions:
-      let nfin = skipConvCastAndClosure(n[^1])
-      let fin = case nfin.kind
-        of nkSym: nfin.sym
-        of nkLambda, nkDo: nfin[namePos].sym
-        else:
-          localError(c.config, n.info, "finalizer must be a direct reference to a proc")
-          nil
-      if fin != nil:
-        if fin.kind notin {skProc, skFunc}:
-          # calling convention is checked in codegen
-          localError(c.config, n.info, "finalizer must be a direct reference to a proc")
-
-        # check if we converted this finalizer into a destructor already:
-        let t = whereToBindTypeHook(c, fin.typ[1].skipTypes(abstractInst+{tyRef}))
-        if t != nil and getAttachedOp(c.graph, t, attachedDestructor) != nil and
-            getAttachedOp(c.graph, t, attachedDestructor).owner == fin:
-          discard "already turned this one into a finalizer"
-        else:
-          bindTypeHook(c, turnFinalizerIntoDestructor(c, fin, n.info), n, attachedDestructor)
-    result = n
+    result = semNewFinalize(c, n)
   of mDestroy:
     result = n
     let t = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVar)
     let op = getAttachedOp(c.graph, t, attachedDestructor)
     if op != nil:
       result[0] = newSymNode(op)
+      if op.typ != nil and op.typ.len == 2 and op.typ.firstParamType.kind != tyVar:
+        if n[1].kind == nkSym and n[1].sym.kind == skParam and
+            n[1].typ.kind == tyVar:
+          result[1] = genDeref(n[1])
+        else:
+          result[1] = skipAddr(n[1])
+  of mTrace:
+    result = n
+    let t = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVar)
+    let op = getAttachedOp(c.graph, t, attachedTrace)
+    if op != nil:
+      result[0] = newSymNode(op)
+  of mDup:
+    result = n
+    let t = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVar)
+    let op = getAttachedOp(c.graph, t, attachedDup)
+    if op != nil:
+      result[0] = newSymNode(op)
+      if op.typ.len == 3:
+        let boolLit = newIntLit(c.graph, n.info, 1)
+        boolLit.typ = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyBool)
+        result.add boolLit
+  of mWasMoved:
+    result = n
+    let t = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVar)
+    let op = getAttachedOp(c.graph, t, attachedWasMoved)
+    if op != nil:
+      result[0] = newSymNode(op)
+      let addrExp = newNodeIT(nkHiddenAddr, result[1].info, makePtrType(c, t))
+      addrExp.add result[1]
+      result[1] = addrExp
   of mUnown:
     result = semUnown(c, n)
   of mExists, mForall:
@@ -564,18 +682,28 @@ proc magicsAfterOverloadResolution(c: PContext, n: PNode,
     if seqType.kind == tySequence and seqType.base.requiresInit:
       message(c.config, n.info, warnUnsafeSetLen, typeToString(seqType.base))
   of mDefault:
-    result = n
-    c.config.internalAssert result[1].typ.kind == tyTypeDesc
-    let constructed = result[1].typ.base
-    if constructed.requiresInit:
-      message(c.config, n.info, warnUnsafeDefault, typeToString(constructed))
+    result = checkDefault(c, n)
+    let typ = result[^1].typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
+    let defaultExpr = defaultNodeField(c, result[^1], typ, false)
+    if defaultExpr != nil:
+      result = defaultExpr
+  of mZeroDefault:
+    result = checkDefault(c, n)
   of mIsolate:
     if not checkIsolate(n[1]):
       localError(c.config, n.info, "expression cannot be isolated: " & $n[1])
     result = n
-  of mPred:
-    if n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyUInt..tyUInt64}:
-      n[0].sym.magic = mSubU
+  of mPrivateAccess:
+    result = semPrivateAccess(c, n)
+  of mArrToSeq:
+    result = n
+    if result.typ != nil and expectedType != nil and result.typ.kind == tySequence and
+        expectedType.kind == tySequence and result.typ.elementType.kind == tyEmpty:
+      result.typ = expectedType # type inference for empty sequence # bug #21377
+  of mEnsureMove:
     result = n
+    if n[1].kind in {nkStmtListExpr, nkBlockExpr,
+              nkIfExpr, nkCaseStmt, nkTryStmt}:
+      localError(c.config, n.info, "Nested expressions cannot be moved: '" & $n[1] & "'")
   else:
     result = n
diff --git a/compiler/semobjconstr.nim b/compiler/semobjconstr.nim
index 792488c9f..048053115 100644
--- a/compiler/semobjconstr.nim
+++ b/compiler/semobjconstr.nim
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 
 # included from sem.nim
 
+from std/sugar import dup
+
 type
   ObjConstrContext = object
     typ: PType               # The constructed type
@@ -19,6 +21,7 @@ type
                              # set this to true while visiting
                              # parent types.
     missingFields: seq[PSym] # Fields that the user failed to specify
+    checkDefault: bool       # Checking defaults
 
   InitStatus = enum # This indicates the result of object construction
     initUnknown
@@ -27,6 +30,10 @@ type
     initNone     # None of the fields have been initialized
     initConflict # Fields from different branches have been initialized
 
+
+proc semConstructFields(c: PContext, n: PNode, constrCtx: var ObjConstrContext,
+                        flags: TExprFlags): tuple[status: InitStatus, defaults: seq[PNode]]
+
 proc mergeInitStatus(existing: var InitStatus, newStatus: InitStatus) =
   case newStatus
   of initConflict:
@@ -55,14 +62,13 @@ proc invalidObjConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
 
 proc locateFieldInInitExpr(c: PContext, field: PSym, initExpr: PNode): PNode =
   # Returns the assignment nkExprColonExpr node or nil
+  result = nil
   let fieldId = field.name.id
   for i in 1..<initExpr.len:
     let assignment = initExpr[i]
     if assignment.kind != nkExprColonExpr:
       invalidObjConstr(c, assignment)
-      continue
-
-    if fieldId == considerQuotedIdent(c, assignment[0]).id:
+    elif fieldId == considerQuotedIdent(c, assignment[0]).id:
       return assignment
 
 proc semConstrField(c: PContext, flags: TExprFlags,
@@ -70,27 +76,23 @@ proc semConstrField(c: PContext, flags: TExprFlags,
   let assignment = locateFieldInInitExpr(c, field, initExpr)
   if assignment != nil:
     if nfSem in assignment.flags: return assignment[1]
-    if not fieldVisible(c, field):
+    if nfSkipFieldChecking in assignment[1].flags:
+      discard
+    elif not fieldVisible(c, field):
       localError(c.config, initExpr.info,
         "the field '$1' is not accessible." % [field.name.s])
       return
 
-    var initValue = semExprFlagDispatched(c, assignment[1], flags)
+    var initValue = semExprFlagDispatched(c, assignment[1], flags, field.typ)
     if initValue != nil:
-      initValue = fitNode(c, field.typ, initValue, assignment.info)
+      initValue = fitNodeConsiderViewType(c, field.typ, initValue, assignment.info)
+    initValue.flags.incl nfSkipFieldChecking
     assignment[0] = newSymNode(field)
     assignment[1] = initValue
     assignment.flags.incl nfSem
-    return initValue
-
-proc caseBranchMatchesExpr(branch, matched: PNode): bool =
-  for i in 0..<branch.len-1:
-    if branch[i].kind == nkRange:
-      if overlap(branch[i], matched): return true
-    elif exprStructuralEquivalent(branch[i], matched):
-      return true
-
-  return false
+    result = initValue
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc branchVals(c: PContext, caseNode: PNode, caseIdx: int,
                 isStmtBranch: bool): IntSet =
@@ -105,6 +107,7 @@ proc branchVals(c: PContext, caseNode: PNode, caseIdx: int,
         result.excl(val)
 
 proc findUsefulCaseContext(c: PContext, discrimator: PNode): (PNode, int) =
+  result = (nil, 0)
   for i in countdown(c.p.caseContext.high, 0):
     let
       (caseNode, index) = c.p.caseContext[i]
@@ -120,7 +123,9 @@ proc pickCaseBranch(caseExpr, matched: PNode): PNode =
       return caseExpr[i]
 
   if endsWithElse:
-    return caseExpr[^1]
+    result = caseExpr[^1]
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 iterator directFieldsInRecList(recList: PNode): PNode =
   # XXX: We can remove this case by making all nkOfBranch nodes
@@ -131,8 +136,8 @@ iterator directFieldsInRecList(recList: PNode): PNode =
   else:
     doAssert recList.kind == nkRecList
     for field in recList:
-      if field.kind != nkSym: continue
-      yield field
+      if field.kind == nkSym:
+        yield field
 
 template quoteStr(s: string): string = "'" & s & "'"
 
@@ -143,48 +148,90 @@ proc fieldsPresentInInitExpr(c: PContext, fieldsRecList, initExpr: PNode): strin
       if result.len != 0: result.add ", "
       result.add field.sym.name.s.quoteStr
 
+proc locateFieldInDefaults(sym: PSym, defaults: seq[PNode]): bool =
+  result = false
+  for d in defaults:
+    if sym.id == d[0].sym.id:
+      return true
+
 proc collectMissingFields(c: PContext, fieldsRecList: PNode,
-                          constrCtx: var ObjConstrContext) =
+                          constrCtx: var ObjConstrContext, defaults: seq[PNode]
+                          ): seq[PSym] =
+  result = @[]
   for r in directFieldsInRecList(fieldsRecList):
-    if constrCtx.needsFullInit or
-       sfRequiresInit in r.sym.flags or
-       r.sym.typ.requiresInit:
-      let assignment = locateFieldInInitExpr(c, r.sym, constrCtx.initExpr)
-      if assignment == nil:
+    let assignment = locateFieldInInitExpr(c, r.sym, constrCtx.initExpr)
+    if assignment == nil and not locateFieldInDefaults(r.sym, defaults):
+      if constrCtx.needsFullInit or
+        sfRequiresInit in r.sym.flags or
+          r.sym.typ.requiresInit:
         constrCtx.missingFields.add r.sym
+      else:
+        result.add r.sym
 
-
-proc semConstructFields(c: PContext, n: PNode,
-                        constrCtx: var ObjConstrContext,
-                        flags: TExprFlags): InitStatus =
-  result = initUnknown
-
+proc collectMissingCaseFields(c: PContext, branchNode: PNode,
+                          constrCtx: var ObjConstrContext, defaults: seq[PNode]): seq[PSym] =
+  if branchNode != nil:
+    let fieldsRecList = branchNode[^1]
+    result = collectMissingFields(c, fieldsRecList, constrCtx, defaults)
+  else:
+    result = @[]
+
+proc collectOrAddMissingCaseFields(c: PContext, branchNode: PNode,
+                          constrCtx: var ObjConstrContext, defaults: var seq[PNode]) =
+  let res = collectMissingCaseFields(c, branchNode, constrCtx, defaults)
+  for sym in res:
+    let asgnType = newType(tyTypeDesc, c.idgen, sym.typ.owner)
+    let recTyp = sym.typ.skipTypes(defaultFieldsSkipTypes)
+    rawAddSon(asgnType, recTyp)
+    let asgnExpr = newTree(nkCall,
+          newSymNode(getSysMagic(c.graph, constrCtx.initExpr.info, "zeroDefault", mZeroDefault)),
+          newNodeIT(nkType, constrCtx.initExpr.info, asgnType)
+        )
+    asgnExpr.flags.incl nfSkipFieldChecking
+    asgnExpr.typ = recTyp
+    defaults.add newTree(nkExprColonExpr, newSymNode(sym), asgnExpr)
+
+proc collectBranchFields(c: PContext, n: PNode, discriminatorVal: PNode,
+                          constrCtx: var ObjConstrContext, flags: TExprFlags) =
+  # All bets are off. If any of the branches has a mandatory
+  # fields we must produce an error:
+  for i in 1..<n.len:
+    let branchNode = n[i]
+    if branchNode != nil:
+      let oldCheckDefault = constrCtx.checkDefault
+      constrCtx.checkDefault = true
+      let (_, defaults) = semConstructFields(c, branchNode[^1], constrCtx, flags)
+      constrCtx.checkDefault = oldCheckDefault
+      if len(defaults) > 0:
+        localError(c.config, discriminatorVal.info, "branch initialization " &
+                    "with a runtime discriminator is not supported " &
+                    "for a branch whose fields have default values.")
+    discard collectMissingCaseFields(c, n[i], constrCtx, @[])
+
+proc semConstructFields(c: PContext, n: PNode, constrCtx: var ObjConstrContext,
+                        flags: TExprFlags): tuple[status: InitStatus, defaults: seq[PNode]] =
+  result = (initUnknown, @[])
   case n.kind
   of nkRecList:
     for field in n:
-      let status = semConstructFields(c, field, constrCtx, flags)
-      mergeInitStatus(result, status)
-
+      let (subSt, subDf) = semConstructFields(c, field, constrCtx, flags)
+      result.status.mergeInitStatus subSt
+      result.defaults.add subDf
   of nkRecCase:
     template fieldsPresentInBranch(branchIdx: int): string =
       let branch = n[branchIdx]
       let fields = branch[^1]
       fieldsPresentInInitExpr(c, fields, constrCtx.initExpr)
 
-    template collectMissingFields(branchNode: PNode) =
-      if branchNode != nil:
-        let fields = branchNode[^1]
-        collectMissingFields(c, fields, constrCtx)
-
     let discriminator = n[0]
     internalAssert c.config, discriminator.kind == nkSym
     var selectedBranch = -1
 
     for i in 1..<n.len:
       let innerRecords = n[i][^1]
-      let status = semConstructFields(c, innerRecords, constrCtx, flags)
+      let (status, _) = semConstructFields(c, innerRecords, constrCtx, flags) # todo
       if status notin {initNone, initUnknown}:
-        mergeInitStatus(result, status)
+        result.status.mergeInitStatus status
         if selectedBranch != -1:
           let prevFields = fieldsPresentInBranch(selectedBranch)
           let currentFields = fieldsPresentInBranch(i)
@@ -192,26 +239,28 @@ proc semConstructFields(c: PContext, n: PNode,
             ("The fields '$1' and '$2' cannot be initialized together, " &
             "because they are from conflicting branches in the case object.") %
             [prevFields, currentFields])
-          result = initConflict
+          result.status = initConflict
         else:
           selectedBranch = i
 
     if selectedBranch != -1:
       template badDiscriminatorError =
-        let fields = fieldsPresentInBranch(selectedBranch)
-        localError(c.config, constrCtx.initExpr.info,
-          ("cannot prove that it's safe to initialize $1 with " &
-          "the runtime value for the discriminator '$2' ") %
-          [fields, discriminator.sym.name.s])
-        mergeInitStatus(result, initNone)
+        if c.inUncheckedAssignSection == 0:
+          let fields = fieldsPresentInBranch(selectedBranch)
+          localError(c.config, constrCtx.initExpr.info,
+            ("cannot prove that it's safe to initialize $1 with " &
+            "the runtime value for the discriminator '$2' ") %
+            [fields, discriminator.sym.name.s])
+        mergeInitStatus(result.status, initNone)
 
       template wrongBranchError(i) =
-        let fields = fieldsPresentInBranch(i)
-        localError(c.config, constrCtx.initExpr.info,
-          "a case selecting discriminator '$1' with value '$2' " &
-          "appears in the object construction, but the field(s) $3 " &
-          "are in conflict with this value.",
-          [discriminator.sym.name.s, discriminatorVal.renderTree, fields])
+        if c.inUncheckedAssignSection == 0:
+          let fields = fieldsPresentInBranch(i)
+          localError(c.config, constrCtx.initExpr.info,
+            ("a case selecting discriminator '$1' with value '$2' " &
+            "appears in the object construction, but the field(s) $3 " &
+            "are in conflict with this value.") %
+            [discriminator.sym.name.s, discriminatorVal.renderTree, fields])
 
       template valuesInConflictError(valsDiff) =
         localError(c.config, discriminatorVal.info, ("possible values " &
@@ -220,8 +269,7 @@ proc semConstructFields(c: PContext, n: PNode,
           valsDiff.renderAsType(n[0].typ)])
 
       let branchNode = n[selectedBranch]
-      let flags = flags*{efAllowDestructor} + {efPreferStatic,
-                                               efPreferNilResult}
+      let flags = {efPreferStatic, efPreferNilResult}
       var discriminatorVal = semConstrField(c, flags,
                                             discriminator.sym,
                                             constrCtx.initExpr)
@@ -250,9 +298,10 @@ proc semConstructFields(c: PContext, n: PNode,
             badDiscriminatorError()
         elif discriminatorVal.sym.kind notin {skLet, skParam} or
             discriminatorVal.sym.typ.kind in {tyVar}:
-          localError(c.config, discriminatorVal.info,
-            "runtime discriminator must be immutable if branch fields are " &
-            "initialized, a 'let' binding is required.")
+          if c.inUncheckedAssignSection == 0:
+            localError(c.config, discriminatorVal.info,
+              "runtime discriminator must be immutable if branch fields are " &
+              "initialized, a 'let' binding is required.")
         elif ctorCase[ctorIdx].kind == nkElifBranch:
           localError(c.config, discriminatorVal.info, "branch initialization " &
             "with a runtime discriminator is not supported inside of an " &
@@ -285,56 +334,92 @@ proc semConstructFields(c: PContext, n: PNode,
           else:
             wrongBranchError(failedBranch)
 
+      let (_, defaults) = semConstructFields(c, branchNode[^1], constrCtx, flags)
+      result.defaults.add defaults
+
       # When a branch is selected with a partial match, some of the fields
       # that were not initialized may be mandatory. We must check for this:
-      if result == initPartial:
-        collectMissingFields branchNode
-
+      if result.status == initPartial:
+        collectOrAddMissingCaseFields(c, branchNode, constrCtx, result.defaults)
     else:
-      result = initNone
+      result.status = initNone
       let discriminatorVal = semConstrField(c, flags + {efPreferStatic},
                                             discriminator.sym,
                                             constrCtx.initExpr)
       if discriminatorVal == nil:
-        # None of the branches were explicitly selected by the user and no
-        # value was given to the discrimator. We can assume that it will be
-        # initialized to zero and this will select a particular branch as
-        # a result:
-        let defaultValue = newIntLit(c.graph, constrCtx.initExpr.info, 0)
-        let matchedBranch = n.pickCaseBranch defaultValue
-        collectMissingFields matchedBranch
+        if discriminator.sym.ast != nil:
+          # branch is selected by the default field value of discriminator
+          let discriminatorDefaultVal = discriminator.sym.ast
+          result.status = initUnknown
+          result.defaults.add newTree(nkExprColonExpr, n[0], discriminatorDefaultVal)
+          if discriminatorDefaultVal.kind == nkIntLit:
+            let matchedBranch = n.pickCaseBranch discriminatorDefaultVal
+            if matchedBranch != nil:
+              let (_, defaults) = semConstructFields(c, matchedBranch[^1], constrCtx, flags)
+              result.defaults.add defaults
+              collectOrAddMissingCaseFields(c, matchedBranch, constrCtx, result.defaults)
+          else:
+            collectBranchFields(c, n, discriminatorDefaultVal, constrCtx, flags)
+        else:
+          # None of the branches were explicitly selected by the user and no
+          # value was given to the discrimator. We can assume that it will be
+          # initialized to zero and this will select a particular branch as
+          # a result:
+          let defaultValue = newIntLit(c.graph, constrCtx.initExpr.info, 0)
+          let matchedBranch = n.pickCaseBranch defaultValue
+          discard collectMissingCaseFields(c, matchedBranch, constrCtx, @[])
       else:
-        result = initPartial
+        result.status = initPartial
         if discriminatorVal.kind == nkIntLit:
           # When the discriminator is a compile-time value, we also know
           # which branch will be selected:
           let matchedBranch = n.pickCaseBranch discriminatorVal
-          if matchedBranch != nil: collectMissingFields matchedBranch
+          if matchedBranch != nil:
+            let (_, defaults) = semConstructFields(c, matchedBranch[^1], constrCtx, flags)
+            result.defaults.add defaults
+            collectOrAddMissingCaseFields(c, matchedBranch, constrCtx, result.defaults)
         else:
-          # All bets are off. If any of the branches has a mandatory
-          # fields we must produce an error:
-          for i in 1..<n.len: collectMissingFields n[i]
+          collectBranchFields(c, n, discriminatorVal, constrCtx, flags)
 
   of nkSym:
     let field = n.sym
     let e = semConstrField(c, flags, field, constrCtx.initExpr)
-    result = if e != nil: initFull else: initNone
-
+    if e != nil:
+      result.status = initFull
+    elif field.ast != nil:
+      if efIgnoreDefaults notin flags:
+        result.status = initUnknown
+        result.defaults.add newTree(nkExprColonExpr, n, field.ast)
+      else:
+        result.status = initNone
+    else:
+      if {efWantNoDefaults, efIgnoreDefaults} * flags == {}: # cannot compute defaults at the typeRightPass
+        let defaultExpr = defaultNodeField(c, n, constrCtx.checkDefault)
+        if defaultExpr != nil:
+          result.status = initUnknown
+          result.defaults.add newTree(nkExprColonExpr, n, defaultExpr)
+        else:
+          result.status = initNone
+      else:
+        result.status = initNone
   else:
     internalAssert c.config, false
 
 proc semConstructTypeAux(c: PContext,
                          constrCtx: var ObjConstrContext,
-                         flags: TExprFlags): InitStatus =
-  result = initUnknown
+                         flags: TExprFlags): tuple[status: InitStatus, defaults: seq[PNode]] =
+  result = (initUnknown, @[])
   var t = constrCtx.typ
   while true:
-    let status = semConstructFields(c, t.n, constrCtx, flags)
-    mergeInitStatus(result, status)
+    let (status, defaults) = semConstructFields(c, t.n, constrCtx, flags)
+    result.status.mergeInitStatus status
+    result.defaults.add defaults
     if status in {initPartial, initNone, initUnknown}:
-      collectMissingFields c, t.n, constrCtx
-    let base = t[0]
-    if base == nil: break
+      discard collectMissingFields(c, t.n, constrCtx, result.defaults)
+    let base = t.baseClass
+    if base == nil or base.id == t.id or
+        base.kind in {tyRef, tyPtr} and base.elementType.id == t.id:
+      break
     t = skipTypes(base, skipPtrs)
     if t.kind != tyObject:
       # XXX: This is not supposed to happen, but apparently
@@ -351,60 +436,70 @@ proc initConstrContext(t: PType, initExpr: PNode): ObjConstrContext =
 proc computeRequiresInit(c: PContext, t: PType): bool =
   assert t.kind == tyObject
   var constrCtx = initConstrContext(t, newNode(nkObjConstr))
-  let initResult = semConstructTypeAux(c, constrCtx, {})
+  let initResult = semConstructTypeAux(c, constrCtx, {efWantNoDefaults})
   constrCtx.missingFields.len > 0
 
 proc defaultConstructionError(c: PContext, t: PType, info: TLineInfo) =
   var objType = t
   while objType.kind notin {tyObject, tyDistinct}:
-    objType = objType.lastSon
+    objType = objType.last
     assert objType != nil
   if objType.kind == tyObject:
     var constrCtx = initConstrContext(objType, newNodeI(nkObjConstr, info))
-    let initResult = semConstructTypeAux(c, constrCtx, {})
-    assert constrCtx.missingFields.len > 0
-    localError(c.config, info,
-      "The $1 type doesn't have a default value. The following fields must " &
-      "be initialized: $2.",
-      [typeToString(t), listSymbolNames(constrCtx.missingFields)])
+    let initResult = semConstructTypeAux(c, constrCtx, {efIgnoreDefaults})
+    if constrCtx.missingFields.len > 0:
+      localError(c.config, info,
+        "The $1 type doesn't have a default value. The following fields must be initialized: $2." % [typeToString(t), listSymbolNames(constrCtx.missingFields)])
   elif objType.kind == tyDistinct:
     localError(c.config, info,
-      "The $1 distinct type doesn't have a default value.", [typeToString(t)])
+      "The $1 distinct type doesn't have a default value." % typeToString(t))
   else:
     assert false, "Must not enter here."
 
-proc semObjConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+proc semObjConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   var t = semTypeNode(c, n[0], nil)
   result = newNodeIT(nkObjConstr, n.info, t)
-  for child in n: result.add child
+  for i in 0..<n.len:
+    result.add n[i]
 
   if t == nil:
-    localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated, "object constructor needs an object type")
-    return
+    return localErrorNode(c, result, "object constructor needs an object type")
+
+  if t.skipTypes({tyGenericInst,
+      tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned, tyRef}).kind != tyObject and
+      expectedType != nil and expectedType.skipTypes({tyGenericInst,
+      tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned, tyRef}).kind == tyObject:
+    t = expectedType
 
   t = skipTypes(t, {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})
   if t.kind == tyRef:
-    t = skipTypes(t[0], {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})
+    t = skipTypes(t.elementType, {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})
     if optOwnedRefs in c.config.globalOptions:
       result.typ = makeVarType(c, result.typ, tyOwned)
       # we have to watch out, there are also 'owned proc' types that can be used
       # multiple times as long as they don't have closures.
       result.typ.flags.incl tfHasOwned
   if t.kind != tyObject:
-    localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated, "object constructor needs an object type")
-    return
+    return localErrorNode(c, result, if t.kind != tyGenericBody:
+      "object constructor needs an object type".dup(addTypeNodeDeclaredLoc(c.config, t))
+      else: "cannot instantiate: '" &
+        typeToString(t, preferDesc) &
+        "'; the object's generic parameters cannot be inferred and must be explicitly given"
+      )
 
   # Check if the object is fully initialized by recursively testing each
   # field (if this is a case object, initialized fields in two different
   # branches will be reported as an error):
   var constrCtx = initConstrContext(t, result)
-  let initResult = semConstructTypeAux(c, constrCtx, flags)
+  let (initResult, defaults) = semConstructTypeAux(c, constrCtx, flags)
+  var hasError = false # needed to split error detect/report for better msgs
 
   # It's possible that the object was not fully initialized while
   # specifying a .requiresInit. pragma:
   if constrCtx.missingFields.len > 0:
+    hasError = true
     localError(c.config, result.info,
-      "The $1 type requires the following fields to be initialized: $2.",
+      "The $1 type requires the following fields to be initialized: $2." %
       [t.sym.name.s, listSymbolNames(constrCtx.missingFields)])
 
   # Since we were traversing the object fields, it's possible that
@@ -415,6 +510,7 @@ proc semObjConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
     if nfSem notin field.flags:
       if field.kind != nkExprColonExpr:
         invalidObjConstr(c, field)
+        hasError = true
         continue
       let id = considerQuotedIdent(c, field[0])
       # This node was not processed. There are two possible reasons:
@@ -423,10 +519,18 @@ proc semObjConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
         let prevId = considerQuotedIdent(c, result[j][0])
         if prevId.id == id.id:
           localError(c.config, field.info, errFieldInitTwice % id.s)
-          return
+          hasError = true
+          break
       # 2) No such field exists in the constructed type
-      localError(c.config, field.info, errUndeclaredFieldX % id.s)
-      return
+      let msg = errUndeclaredField % id.s & " for type " & getProcHeader(c.config, t.sym)
+      localError(c.config, field.info, msg)
+      hasError = true
+      break
+
+  result.sons.add defaults
 
   if initResult == initFull:
     incl result.flags, nfAllFieldsSet
+
+  # wrap in an error see #17437
+  if hasError: result = errorNode(c, result)
diff --git a/compiler/semparallel.nim b/compiler/semparallel.nim
index b5b0be91b..23a8e6362 100644
--- a/compiler/semparallel.nim
+++ b/compiler/semparallel.nim
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ import
   ast, astalgo, idents, lowerings, magicsys, guards, msgs,
   renderer, types, modulegraphs, options, spawn, lineinfos
 
-from trees import getMagic, isTrue, getRoot
-from strutils import `%`
+from trees import getMagic, getRoot
+from std/strutils import `%`
 
 discard """
 
@@ -77,12 +77,12 @@ type
     graph: ModuleGraph
 
 proc initAnalysisCtx(g: ModuleGraph): AnalysisCtx =
-  result.locals = @[]
-  result.slices = @[]
-  result.args = @[]
+  result = AnalysisCtx(locals: @[],
+    slices: @[],
+    args: @[],
+    graph: g)
   result.guards.s = @[]
   result.guards.g = g
-  result.graph = g
 
 proc lookupSlot(c: AnalysisCtx; s: PSym): int =
   for i in 0..<c.locals.len:
@@ -184,7 +184,10 @@ proc stride(c: AnalysisCtx; n: PNode): BiggestInt =
     let s = c.lookupSlot(n.sym)
     if s >= 0 and c.locals[s].stride != nil:
       result = c.locals[s].stride.intVal
+    else:
+      result = 0
   else:
+    result = 0
     for i in 0..<n.safeLen: result += stride(c, n[i])
 
 proc subStride(c: AnalysisCtx; n: PNode): PNode =
@@ -323,7 +326,7 @@ proc analyseIf(c: var AnalysisCtx; n: PNode) =
 
 proc analyse(c: var AnalysisCtx; n: PNode) =
   case n.kind
-  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn:
+  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn:
     let y = n[1].skipConv
     if n[0].isSingleAssignable and y.isLocal:
       let slot = c.getSlot(y.sym)
@@ -402,6 +405,9 @@ proc transformSlices(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; n: PNode): PNode =
     let op = n[0].sym
     if op.name.s == "[]" and op.fromSystem:
       result = copyNode(n)
+      var typ = newType(tyOpenArray, idgen, result.typ.owner)
+      typ.add result.typ.elementType
+      result.typ = typ
       let opSlice = newSymNode(createMagic(g, idgen, "slice", mSlice))
       opSlice.typ = getSysType(g, n.info, tyInt)
       result.add opSlice
@@ -435,16 +441,16 @@ proc transformSpawn(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym; n, barrier:
         if result.isNil:
           result = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
           result.add n
-        let t = b[1][0].typ[0]
+        let t = b[1][0].typ.returnType
         if spawnResult(t, true) == srByVar:
           result.add wrapProcForSpawn(g, idgen, owner, m, b.typ, barrier, it[0])
           it[^1] = newNodeI(nkEmpty, it.info)
         else:
           it[^1] = wrapProcForSpawn(g, idgen, owner, m, b.typ, barrier, nil)
     if result.isNil: result = n
-  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn:
+  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn:
     let b = n[1]
-    if getMagic(b) == mSpawn and (let t = b[1][0].typ[0];
+    if getMagic(b) == mSpawn and (let t = b[1][0].typ.returnType;
         spawnResult(t, true) == srByVar):
       let m = transformSlices(g, idgen, b)
       return wrapProcForSpawn(g, idgen, owner, m, b.typ, barrier, n[0])
@@ -460,10 +466,10 @@ proc transformSpawn(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym; n, barrier:
     result = n
 
 proc checkArgs(a: var AnalysisCtx; n: PNode) =
-  discard "too implement"
+  discard "to implement"
 
 proc generateAliasChecks(a: AnalysisCtx; result: PNode) =
-  discard "too implement"
+  discard "to implement"
 
 proc liftParallel*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym; n: PNode): PNode =
   # this needs to be called after the 'for' loop elimination
@@ -483,7 +489,7 @@ proc liftParallel*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym; n: PNode): P
   checkArgs(a, body)
 
   var varSection = newNodeI(nkVarSection, n.info)
-  var temp = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(g.cache, "barrier"), nextSymId idgen, owner, n.info)
+  var temp = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(g.cache, "barrier"), idgen, owner, n.info)
   temp.typ = magicsys.getCompilerProc(g, "Barrier").typ
   incl(temp.flags, sfFromGeneric)
   let tempNode = newSymNode(temp)
diff --git a/compiler/sempass2.nim b/compiler/sempass2.nim
index f269afe4c..0a160897f 100644
--- a/compiler/sempass2.nim
+++ b/compiler/sempass2.nim
@@ -8,9 +8,15 @@
 #
 
 import
-  intsets, ast, astalgo, msgs, renderer, magicsys, types, idents, trees,
-  wordrecg, strutils, options, guards, lineinfos, semfold, semdata,
-  modulegraphs, varpartitions, typeallowed, nilcheck
+  ast, astalgo, msgs, renderer, magicsys, types, idents, trees,
+  wordrecg, options, guards, lineinfos, semfold, semdata,
+  modulegraphs, varpartitions, typeallowed, nilcheck, errorhandling,
+  semstrictfuncs, suggestsymdb, pushpoppragmas
+
+import std/[tables, intsets, strutils, sequtils]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 when defined(useDfa):
   import dfa
@@ -60,32 +66,69 @@ discard """
 """
 
 type
+  CaughtExceptionsStack = object
+    nodes: seq[seq[PType]]
   TEffects = object
     exc: PNode  # stack of exceptions
+    when defined(nimsuggest):
+      caughtExceptions: CaughtExceptionsStack
     tags: PNode # list of tags
-    bottom, inTryStmt, inExceptOrFinallyStmt, leftPartOfAsgn: int
+    forbids: PNode # list of tags
+    bottom, inTryStmt, inExceptOrFinallyStmt, leftPartOfAsgn, inIfStmt, currentBlock: int
     owner: PSym
     ownerModule: PSym
     init: seq[int] # list of initialized variables
+    scopes: Table[int, int] # maps var-id to its scope (see also `currentBlock`).
     guards: TModel # nested guards
     locked: seq[PNode] # locked locations
     gcUnsafe, isRecursive, isTopLevel, hasSideEffect, inEnforcedGcSafe: bool
-    hasDangerousAssign, isInnerProc: bool
+    isInnerProc: bool
     inEnforcedNoSideEffects: bool
-    maxLockLevel, currLockLevel: TLockLevel
     currOptions: TOptions
+    optionsStack: seq[(TOptions, TNoteKinds)]
     config: ConfigRef
     graph: ModuleGraph
     c: PContext
+    escapingParams: IntSet
   PEffects = var TEffects
 
-proc `<`(a, b: TLockLevel): bool {.borrow.}
-proc `<=`(a, b: TLockLevel): bool {.borrow.}
-proc `==`(a, b: TLockLevel): bool {.borrow.}
-proc max(a, b: TLockLevel): TLockLevel {.borrow.}
+const
+  errXCannotBeAssignedTo = "'$1' cannot be assigned to"
+  errLetNeedsInit = "'let' symbol requires an initialization"
+
+proc getObjDepth(t: PType): (int, ItemId) =
+  var x = t
+  result = (-1, default(ItemId))
+  var stack = newSeq[ItemId]()
+  while x != nil:
+    x = skipTypes(x, skipPtrs)
+    if x.kind != tyObject:
+      return (-3, default(ItemId))
+    stack.add x.itemId
+    x = x.baseClass
+    inc(result[0])
+  result[1] = stack[^2]
+
+proc collectObjectTree(graph: ModuleGraph, n: PNode) =
+  for section in n:
+    if section.kind == nkTypeDef and section[^1].kind in {nkObjectTy, nkRefTy, nkPtrTy} and section[^1].typ != nil:
+      let typ = section[^1].typ.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
+      if typ.kind == tyObject and typ.baseClass != nil:
+        let (depthLevel, root) = getObjDepth(typ)
+        if depthLevel != -3:
+          if depthLevel == 1:
+            graph.objectTree[root] = @[]
+          else:
+            if root notin graph.objectTree:
+              graph.objectTree[root] = @[(depthLevel, typ)]
+            else:
+              graph.objectTree[root].add (depthLevel, typ)
 
 proc createTypeBoundOps(tracked: PEffects, typ: PType; info: TLineInfo) =
-  if typ == nil: return
+  if typ == nil or sfGeneratedOp in tracked.owner.flags:
+    # don't create type bound ops for anything in a function with a `nodestroy` pragma
+    # bug #21987
+    return
   when false:
     let realType = typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)
     if realType.kind == tyRef and
@@ -97,38 +140,16 @@ proc createTypeBoundOps(tracked: PEffects, typ: PType; info: TLineInfo) =
       optSeqDestructors in tracked.config.globalOptions:
     tracked.owner.flags.incl sfInjectDestructors
 
-proc isLocalVar(a: PEffects, s: PSym): bool =
-  # and (s.kind != skParam or s.typ.kind == tyOut)
-  s.kind in {skVar, skResult} and sfGlobal notin s.flags and
-    s.owner == a.owner and s.typ != nil
-
-proc getLockLevel(t: PType): TLockLevel =
-  var t = t
-  # tyGenericInst(TLock {tyGenericBody}, tyStatic, tyObject):
-  if t.kind == tyGenericInst and t.len == 3: t = t[1]
-  if t.kind == tyStatic and t.n != nil and t.n.kind in {nkCharLit..nkInt64Lit}:
-    result = t.n.intVal.TLockLevel
+proc isLocalSym(a: PEffects, s: PSym): bool =
+  s.typ != nil and (s.kind in {skLet, skVar, skResult} or (s.kind == skParam and isOutParam(s.typ))) and
+    sfGlobal notin s.flags and s.owner == a.owner
 
 proc lockLocations(a: PEffects; pragma: PNode) =
   if pragma.kind != nkExprColonExpr:
     localError(a.config, pragma.info, "locks pragma without argument")
     return
-  var firstLL = TLockLevel(-1'i16)
   for x in pragma[1]:
-    let thisLL = getLockLevel(x.typ)
-    if thisLL != 0.TLockLevel:
-      if thisLL < 0.TLockLevel or thisLL > MaxLockLevel.TLockLevel:
-        localError(a.config, x.info, "invalid lock level: " & $thisLL)
-      elif firstLL < 0.TLockLevel: firstLL = thisLL
-      elif firstLL != thisLL:
-        localError(a.config, x.info,
-          "multi-lock requires the same static lock level for every operand")
-      a.maxLockLevel = max(a.maxLockLevel, firstLL)
     a.locked.add x
-  if firstLL >= 0.TLockLevel and firstLL != a.currLockLevel:
-    if a.currLockLevel > 0.TLockLevel and a.currLockLevel <= firstLL:
-      localError(a.config, pragma.info, "invalid nested locking")
-    a.currLockLevel = firstLL
 
 proc guardGlobal(a: PEffects; n: PNode; guard: PSym) =
   # check whether the corresponding lock is held:
@@ -137,7 +158,7 @@ proc guardGlobal(a: PEffects; n: PNode; guard: PSym) =
   # we allow accesses nevertheless in top level statements for
   # easier initialization:
   #if a.isTopLevel:
-  #  message(n.info, warnUnguardedAccess, renderTree(n))
+  #  message(a.config, n.info, warnUnguardedAccess, renderTree(n))
   #else:
   if not a.isTopLevel:
     localError(a.config, n.info, "unguarded access: " & renderTree(n))
@@ -184,23 +205,54 @@ proc makeVolatile(a: PEffects; s: PSym) {.inline.} =
   if a.inTryStmt > 0 and a.config.exc == excSetjmp:
     incl(s.flags, sfVolatile)
 
+proc varDecl(a: PEffects; n: PNode) {.inline.} =
+  if n.kind == nkSym:
+    a.scopes[n.sym.id] = a.currentBlock
+
+proc skipHiddenDeref(n: PNode): PNode {.inline.} =
+  result = if n.kind == nkHiddenDeref: n[0] else: n
+
 proc initVar(a: PEffects, n: PNode; volatileCheck: bool) =
+  let n = skipHiddenDeref(n)
   if n.kind != nkSym: return
   let s = n.sym
-  if isLocalVar(a, s):
+  if isLocalSym(a, s):
     if volatileCheck: makeVolatile(a, s)
     for x in a.init:
-      if x == s.id: return
+      if x == s.id:
+        if strictDefs in a.c.features and s.kind == skLet:
+          localError(a.config, n.info, errXCannotBeAssignedTo %
+                    renderTree(n, {renderNoComments}
+                ))
+        return
     a.init.add s.id
+    if a.scopes.getOrDefault(s.id) == a.currentBlock:
+      #[ Consider this case:
+
+      var x: T
+      while true:
+        if cond:
+          x = T() #1
+        else:
+          x = T() #2
+        use x
+
+      Even though both #1 and #2 are first writes we must use the `=copy`
+      here so that the old value is destroyed because `x`'s destructor is
+      run outside of the while loop. This is why we need the check here that
+      the assignment is done in the same logical block as `x` was declared in.
+      ]#
+      n.flags.incl nfFirstWrite
 
 proc initVarViaNew(a: PEffects, n: PNode) =
+  let n = skipHiddenDeref(n)
   if n.kind != nkSym: return
   let s = n.sym
   if {tfRequiresInit, tfNotNil} * s.typ.flags <= {tfNotNil}:
     # 'x' is not nil, but that doesn't mean its "not nil" children
     # are initialized:
     initVar(a, n, volatileCheck=true)
-  elif isLocalVar(a, s):
+  elif isLocalSym(a, s):
     makeVolatile(a, s)
 
 proc warnAboutGcUnsafe(n: PNode; conf: ConfigRef) =
@@ -219,16 +271,24 @@ proc markGcUnsafe(a: PEffects; reason: PNode) =
       if reason.kind == nkSym:
         a.owner.gcUnsafetyReason = reason.sym
       else:
-        a.owner.gcUnsafetyReason = newSym(skUnknown, a.owner.name, nextSymId a.c.idgen,
+        a.owner.gcUnsafetyReason = newSym(skUnknown, a.owner.name, a.c.idgen,
                                           a.owner, reason.info, {})
 
-when true:
-  template markSideEffect(a: PEffects; reason: typed) =
-    if not a.inEnforcedNoSideEffects: a.hasSideEffect = true
-else:
-  template markSideEffect(a: PEffects; reason: typed) =
-    if not a.inEnforcedNoSideEffects: a.hasSideEffect = true
-    markGcUnsafe(a, reason)
+proc markSideEffect(a: PEffects; reason: PNode | PSym; useLoc: TLineInfo) =
+  if not a.inEnforcedNoSideEffects:
+    a.hasSideEffect = true
+    if a.owner.kind in routineKinds:
+      var sym: PSym
+      when reason is PNode:
+        if reason.kind == nkSym:
+          sym = reason.sym
+        else:
+          let kind = if reason.kind == nkHiddenDeref: skParam else: skUnknown
+          sym = newSym(kind, a.owner.name, a.c.idgen, a.owner, reason.info, {})
+      else:
+        sym = reason
+      a.c.sideEffects.mgetOrPut(a.owner.id, @[]).add (useLoc, sym)
+    when false: markGcUnsafe(a, reason)
 
 proc listGcUnsafety(s: PSym; onlyWarning: bool; cycleCheck: var IntSet; conf: ConfigRef) =
   let u = s.gcUnsafetyReason
@@ -236,16 +296,26 @@ proc listGcUnsafety(s: PSym; onlyWarning: bool; cycleCheck: var IntSet; conf: Co
     let msgKind = if onlyWarning: warnGcUnsafe2 else: errGenerated
     case u.kind
     of skLet, skVar:
-      message(conf, s.info, msgKind,
-        ("'$#' is not GC-safe as it accesses '$#'" &
-        " which is a global using GC'ed memory") % [s.name.s, u.name.s])
+      if u.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tyProc:
+        message(conf, s.info, msgKind,
+          "'$#' is not GC-safe as it calls '$#'" %
+          [s.name.s, u.name.s])
+      else:
+        message(conf, s.info, msgKind,
+          ("'$#' is not GC-safe as it accesses '$#'" &
+          " which is a global using GC'ed memory") % [s.name.s, u.name.s])
     of routineKinds:
       # recursive call *always* produces only a warning so the full error
       # message is printed:
-      listGcUnsafety(u, true, cycleCheck, conf)
-      message(conf, s.info, msgKind,
-        "'$#' is not GC-safe as it calls '$#'" %
-        [s.name.s, u.name.s])
+      if u.kind == skMethod and {sfBase, sfThread} * u.flags == {sfBase}:
+        message(conf, u.info, msgKind,
+          "Base method '$#' requires explicit '{.gcsafe.}' to be GC-safe" %
+          [u.name.s])
+      else:
+        listGcUnsafety(u, true, cycleCheck, conf)
+        message(conf, s.info, msgKind,
+          "'$#' is not GC-safe as it calls '$#'" %
+          [s.name.s, u.name.s])
     of skParam, skForVar:
       message(conf, s.info, msgKind,
         "'$#' is not GC-safe as it performs an indirect call via '$#'" %
@@ -258,6 +328,31 @@ proc listGcUnsafety(s: PSym; onlyWarning: bool; conf: ConfigRef) =
   var cycleCheck = initIntSet()
   listGcUnsafety(s, onlyWarning, cycleCheck, conf)
 
+proc listSideEffects(result: var string; s: PSym; cycleCheck: var IntSet;
+                     conf: ConfigRef; context: PContext; indentLevel: int) =
+  template addHint(msg; lineInfo; sym; level = indentLevel) =
+    result.addf("$# $# Hint: '$#' $#\n", repeat(">", level), conf $ lineInfo, sym, msg)
+  if context.sideEffects.hasKey(s.id):
+    for (useLineInfo, u) in context.sideEffects[s.id]:
+      if u != nil and not cycleCheck.containsOrIncl(u.id):
+        case u.kind
+        of skLet, skVar:
+          addHint("accesses global state '$#'" % u.name.s, useLineInfo, s.name.s)
+          addHint("accessed by '$#'" % s.name.s, u.info, u.name.s, indentLevel + 1)
+        of routineKinds:
+          addHint("calls `.sideEffect` '$#'" % u.name.s, useLineInfo, s.name.s)
+          addHint("called by '$#'" % s.name.s, u.info, u.name.s, indentLevel + 1)
+          listSideEffects(result, u, cycleCheck, conf, context, indentLevel + 2)
+        of skParam, skForVar:
+          addHint("calls routine via hidden pointer indirection", useLineInfo, s.name.s)
+        else:
+          addHint("calls routine via pointer indirection", useLineInfo, s.name.s)
+
+proc listSideEffects(result: var string; s: PSym; conf: ConfigRef; context: PContext) =
+  var cycleCheck = initIntSet()
+  result.addf("'$#' can have side effects\n", s.name.s)
+  listSideEffects(result, s, cycleCheck, conf, context, 1)
+
 proc useVarNoInitCheck(a: PEffects; n: PNode; s: PSym) =
   if {sfGlobal, sfThread} * s.flags != {} and s.kind in {skVar, skLet} and
       s.magic != mNimvm:
@@ -266,9 +361,7 @@ proc useVarNoInitCheck(a: PEffects; n: PNode; s: PSym) =
         (tfHasGCedMem in s.typ.flags or s.typ.isGCedMem):
       #if a.config.hasWarn(warnGcUnsafe): warnAboutGcUnsafe(n)
       markGcUnsafe(a, s)
-      markSideEffect(a, s)
-    else:
-      markSideEffect(a, s)
+    markSideEffect(a, s, n.info)
   if s.owner != a.owner and s.kind in {skVar, skLet, skForVar, skResult, skParam} and
      {sfGlobal, sfThread} * s.flags == {}:
     a.isInnerProc = true
@@ -277,7 +370,7 @@ proc useVar(a: PEffects, n: PNode) =
   let s = n.sym
   if a.inExceptOrFinallyStmt > 0:
     incl s.flags, sfUsedInFinallyOrExcept
-  if isLocalVar(a, s):
+  if isLocalSym(a, s):
     if sfNoInit in s.flags:
       # If the variable is explicitly marked as .noinit. do not emit any error
       a.init.add s.id
@@ -285,32 +378,45 @@ proc useVar(a: PEffects, n: PNode) =
       if s.typ.requiresInit:
         message(a.config, n.info, warnProveInit, s.name.s)
       elif a.leftPartOfAsgn <= 0:
-        message(a.config, n.info, warnUninit, s.name.s)
+        if strictDefs in a.c.features:
+          if s.kind == skLet:
+            localError(a.config, n.info, errLetNeedsInit)
+          else:
+            message(a.config, n.info, warnUninit, s.name.s)
       # prevent superfluous warnings about the same variable:
       a.init.add s.id
   useVarNoInitCheck(a, n, s)
 
+type
+  BreakState = enum
+    bsNone
+    bsBreakOrReturn
+    bsNoReturn
 
 type
   TIntersection = seq[tuple[id, count: int]] # a simple count table
 
-proc addToIntersection(inter: var TIntersection, s: int) =
+proc addToIntersection(inter: var TIntersection, s: int, state: BreakState) =
   for j in 0..<inter.len:
     if s == inter[j].id:
-      inc inter[j].count
+      if state == bsNone:
+        inc inter[j].count
       return
-  inter.add((id: s, count: 1))
+  if state == bsNone:
+    inter.add((id: s, count: 1))
+  else:
+    inter.add((id: s, count: 0))
 
 proc throws(tracked, n, orig: PNode) =
   if n.typ == nil or n.typ.kind != tyError:
     if orig != nil:
-      let x = copyNode(n)
-      x.info = orig.info
+      let x = copyTree(orig)
+      x.typ = n.typ
       tracked.add x
     else:
       tracked.add n
 
-proc getEbase(g: ModuleGraph; info: TLineInfo): PType =
+proc getEbase*(g: ModuleGraph; info: TLineInfo): PType =
   result = g.sysTypeFromName(info, "Exception")
 
 proc excType(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode): PType =
@@ -329,7 +435,7 @@ proc createTag(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode): PNode =
   if not n.isNil: result.info = n.info
 
 proc addRaiseEffect(a: PEffects, e, comesFrom: PNode) =
-  assert e.kind != nkRaiseStmt
+  #assert e.kind != nkRaiseStmt
   var aa = a.exc
   for i in a.bottom..<aa.len:
     # we only track the first node that can have the effect E in order
@@ -337,7 +443,7 @@ proc addRaiseEffect(a: PEffects, e, comesFrom: PNode) =
     if sameType(a.graph.excType(aa[i]), a.graph.excType(e)): return
 
   if e.typ != nil:
-    if optNimV1Emulation in a.config.globalOptions or not isDefectException(e.typ):
+    if not isDefectException(e.typ):
       throws(a.exc, e, comesFrom)
 
 proc addTag(a: PEffects, e, comesFrom: PNode) =
@@ -348,6 +454,12 @@ proc addTag(a: PEffects, e, comesFrom: PNode) =
     if sameType(aa[i].typ.skipTypes(skipPtrs), e.typ.skipTypes(skipPtrs)): return
   throws(a.tags, e, comesFrom)
 
+proc addNotTag(a: PEffects, e, comesFrom: PNode) =
+  var aa = a.forbids
+  for i in 0..<aa.len:
+    if sameType(aa[i].typ.skipTypes(skipPtrs), e.typ.skipTypes(skipPtrs)): return
+  throws(a.forbids, e, comesFrom)
+
 proc mergeRaises(a: PEffects, b, comesFrom: PNode) =
   if b.isNil:
     addRaiseEffect(a, createRaise(a.graph, comesFrom), comesFrom)
@@ -363,8 +475,7 @@ proc mergeTags(a: PEffects, b, comesFrom: PNode) =
 proc listEffects(a: PEffects) =
   for e in items(a.exc):  message(a.config, e.info, hintUser, typeToString(e.typ))
   for e in items(a.tags): message(a.config, e.info, hintUser, typeToString(e.typ))
-  #if a.maxLockLevel != 0:
-  #  message(e.info, hintUser, "lockLevel: " & a.maxLockLevel)
+  for e in items(a.forbids): message(a.config, e.info, hintUser, typeToString(e.typ))
 
 proc catches(tracked: PEffects, e: PType) =
   let e = skipTypes(e, skipPtrs)
@@ -386,6 +497,18 @@ proc catchesAll(tracked: PEffects) =
   if tracked.exc.len > 0:
     setLen(tracked.exc.sons, tracked.bottom)
 
+proc push(s: var CaughtExceptionsStack) =
+  s.nodes.add(@[])
+
+proc pop(s: var CaughtExceptionsStack) =
+  s.nodes.del(high(s.nodes))
+
+proc addCatch(s: var CaughtExceptionsStack, e: PType) =
+  s.nodes[high(s.nodes)].add(e)
+
+proc addCatchAll(s: var CaughtExceptionsStack) =
+  s.nodes[high(s.nodes)].add(nil)
+
 proc track(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode)
 proc trackTryStmt(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
   let oldBottom = tracked.bottom
@@ -394,11 +517,32 @@ proc trackTryStmt(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
   let oldState = tracked.init.len
   var inter: TIntersection = @[]
 
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    tracked.caughtExceptions.push
+    for i in 1..<n.len:
+      let b = n[i]
+      if b.kind == nkExceptBranch:
+        if b.len == 1:
+          tracked.caughtExceptions.addCatchAll
+        else:
+          for j in 0..<b.len - 1:
+            if b[j].isInfixAs():
+              assert(b[j][1].kind == nkType)
+              tracked.caughtExceptions.addCatch(b[j][1].typ)
+            else:
+              assert(b[j].kind == nkType)
+              tracked.caughtExceptions.addCatch(b[j].typ)
+      else:
+        assert b.kind == nkFinally
+
   inc tracked.inTryStmt
   track(tracked, n[0])
   dec tracked.inTryStmt
   for i in oldState..<tracked.init.len:
-    addToIntersection(inter, tracked.init[i])
+    addToIntersection(inter, tracked.init[i], bsNone)
+
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    tracked.caughtExceptions.pop
 
   var branches = 1
   var hasFinally = false
@@ -427,9 +571,13 @@ proc trackTryStmt(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
     let b = n[i]
     if b.kind == nkExceptBranch:
       setLen(tracked.init, oldState)
+      for j in 0..<b.len - 1:
+        if b[j].isInfixAs(): # skips initialization checks
+          assert(b[j][2].kind == nkSym)
+          tracked.init.add b[j][2].sym.id
       track(tracked, b[^1])
       for i in oldState..<tracked.init.len:
-        addToIntersection(inter, tracked.init[i])
+        addToIntersection(inter, tracked.init[i], bsNone)
     else:
       setLen(tracked.init, oldState)
       track(tracked, b[^1])
@@ -442,16 +590,24 @@ proc trackTryStmt(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
   for id, count in items(inter):
     if count == branches: tracked.init.add id
 
-proc isIndirectCall(n: PNode, owner: PSym): bool =
+proc isIndirectCall(tracked: PEffects; n: PNode): bool =
   # we don't count f(...) as an indirect call if 'f' is an parameter.
   # Instead we track expressions of type tyProc too. See the manual for
   # details:
   if n.kind != nkSym:
     result = true
   elif n.sym.kind == skParam:
-    result = owner != n.sym.owner or owner == nil
+    if laxEffects notin tracked.c.config.legacyFeatures:
+      if tracked.owner == n.sym.owner and sfEffectsDelayed in n.sym.flags:
+        result = false # it is not a harmful call
+      else:
+        result = true
+    else:
+      result = tracked.owner != n.sym.owner or tracked.owner == nil
   elif n.sym.kind notin routineKinds:
     result = true
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc isForwardedProc(n: PNode): bool =
   result = n.kind == nkSym and sfForward in n.sym.flags
@@ -460,9 +616,16 @@ proc trackPragmaStmt(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     var it = n[i]
     let pragma = whichPragma(it)
-    if pragma == wEffects:
+    case pragma
+    of wEffects:
       # list the computed effects up to here:
       listEffects(tracked)
+    of wPush:
+      processPushBackendOption(tracked.c.config, tracked.optionsStack, tracked.currOptions, n, i+1)
+    of wPop:
+      processPopBackendOption(tracked.c.config, tracked.optionsStack, tracked.currOptions)
+    else:
+      discard
 
 template notGcSafe(t): untyped = {tfGcSafe, tfNoSideEffect} * t.flags == {}
 
@@ -470,25 +633,6 @@ proc importedFromC(n: PNode): bool =
   # when imported from C, we assume GC-safety.
   result = n.kind == nkSym and sfImportc in n.sym.flags
 
-proc getLockLevel(s: PSym): TLockLevel =
-  result = s.typ.lockLevel
-  if result == UnspecifiedLockLevel:
-    if {sfImportc, sfNoSideEffect} * s.flags != {} or
-       tfNoSideEffect in s.typ.flags:
-      result = 0.TLockLevel
-    else:
-      result = UnknownLockLevel
-      #message(s.info, warnUser, "FOR THIS " & s.name.s)
-
-proc mergeLockLevels(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode, lockLevel: TLockLevel) =
-  if lockLevel >= tracked.currLockLevel:
-    # if in lock section:
-    if tracked.currLockLevel > 0.TLockLevel:
-      localError tracked.config, n.info, errGenerated,
-        "expected lock level < " & $tracked.currLockLevel &
-        " but got lock level " & $lockLevel
-    tracked.maxLockLevel = max(tracked.maxLockLevel, lockLevel)
-
 proc propagateEffects(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode, s: PSym) =
   let pragma = s.ast[pragmasPos]
   let spec = effectSpec(pragma, wRaises)
@@ -501,14 +645,14 @@ proc propagateEffects(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode, s: PSym) =
     if tracked.config.hasWarn(warnGcUnsafe): warnAboutGcUnsafe(n, tracked.config)
     markGcUnsafe(tracked, s)
   if tfNoSideEffect notin s.typ.flags:
-    markSideEffect(tracked, s)
-  mergeLockLevels(tracked, n, s.getLockLevel)
+    markSideEffect(tracked, s, n.info)
 
 proc procVarCheck(n: PNode; conf: ConfigRef) =
   if n.kind in nkSymChoices:
     for x in n: procVarCheck(x, conf)
   elif n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.magic != mNone and n.sym.kind in routineKinds:
-    localError(conf, n.info, "'$1' cannot be passed to a procvar" % n.sym.name.s)
+    localError(conf, n.info, ("'$1' is a built-in and cannot be used as " &
+      "a first-class procedure") % n.sym.name.s)
 
 proc notNilCheck(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode, paramType: PType) =
   let n = n.skipConv
@@ -520,7 +664,7 @@ proc notNilCheck(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode, paramType: PType) =
   if paramType != nil and tfNotNil in paramType.flags and n.typ != nil:
     let ntyp = n.typ.skipTypesOrNil({tyVar, tyLent, tySink})
     if ntyp != nil and tfNotNil notin ntyp.flags:
-      if isAddrNode(n):
+      if n.kind in {nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr}:
         # addr(x[]) can't be proven, but addr(x) can:
         if not containsNode(n, {nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref}): return
       elif (n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind in routineKinds) or
@@ -541,28 +685,32 @@ proc notNilCheck(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode, paramType: PType) =
 proc assumeTheWorst(tracked: PEffects; n: PNode; op: PType) =
   addRaiseEffect(tracked, createRaise(tracked.graph, n), nil)
   addTag(tracked, createTag(tracked.graph, n), nil)
-  let lockLevel = if op.lockLevel == UnspecifiedLockLevel: UnknownLockLevel
-                  else: op.lockLevel
-  #if lockLevel == UnknownLockLevel:
-  #  message(n.info, warnUser, "had to assume the worst here")
-  mergeLockLevels(tracked, n, lockLevel)
 
-proc isOwnedProcVar(n: PNode; owner: PSym): bool =
+proc isOwnedProcVar(tracked: PEffects; n: PNode): bool =
   # XXX prove the soundness of this effect system rule
-  result = n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind == skParam and owner == n.sym.owner
+  result = n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind == skParam and
+    tracked.owner == n.sym.owner
+  #if result and sfPolymorphic notin n.sym.flags:
+  #  echo tracked.config $ n.info, " different here!"
+  if laxEffects notin tracked.c.config.legacyFeatures:
+    result = result and sfEffectsDelayed in n.sym.flags
 
 proc isNoEffectList(n: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
   assert n.kind == nkEffectList
-  n.len == 0 or (n[tagEffects] == nil and n[exceptionEffects] == nil)
+  n.len == 0 or (n[tagEffects] == nil and n[exceptionEffects] == nil and n[forbiddenEffects] == nil)
 
 proc isTrival(caller: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
   result = caller.kind == nkSym and caller.sym.magic in {mEqProc, mIsNil, mMove, mWasMoved, mSwap}
 
-proc trackOperandForIndirectCall(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode, paramType: PType; caller: PNode) =
+proc trackOperandForIndirectCall(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode, formals: PType; argIndex: int; caller: PNode) =
   let a = skipConvCastAndClosure(n)
   let op = a.typ
+  let param = if formals != nil and formals.n != nil and argIndex < formals.n.len: formals.n[argIndex].sym else: nil
   # assume indirect calls are taken here:
-  if op != nil and op.kind == tyProc and n.skipConv.kind != nkNilLit and not isTrival(caller):
+  if op != nil and op.kind == tyProc and n.skipConv.kind != nkNilLit and
+      not isTrival(caller) and
+      ((param != nil and sfEffectsDelayed in param.flags) or laxEffects in tracked.c.config.legacyFeatures):
+
     internalAssert tracked.config, op.n[0].kind == nkEffectList
     var effectList = op.n[0]
     var s = n.skipConv
@@ -575,15 +723,15 @@ proc trackOperandForIndirectCall(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode, paramType: PType;
         # we have no explicit effects but it's a forward declaration and so it's
         # stated there are no additional effects, so simply propagate them:
         propagateEffects(tracked, n, n.sym)
-      elif not isOwnedProcVar(a, tracked.owner):
+      elif not isOwnedProcVar(tracked, a):
         # we have no explicit effects so assume the worst:
         assumeTheWorst(tracked, n, op)
       # assume GcUnsafe unless in its type; 'forward' does not matter:
-      if notGcSafe(op) and not isOwnedProcVar(a, tracked.owner):
+      if notGcSafe(op) and not isOwnedProcVar(tracked, a):
         if tracked.config.hasWarn(warnGcUnsafe): warnAboutGcUnsafe(n, tracked.config)
         markGcUnsafe(tracked, a)
-      elif tfNoSideEffect notin op.flags and not isOwnedProcVar(a, tracked.owner):
-        markSideEffect(tracked, a)
+      elif tfNoSideEffect notin op.flags and not isOwnedProcVar(tracked, a):
+        markSideEffect(tracked, a, n.info)
     else:
       mergeRaises(tracked, effectList[exceptionEffects], n)
       mergeTags(tracked, effectList[tagEffects], n)
@@ -591,10 +739,11 @@ proc trackOperandForIndirectCall(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode, paramType: PType;
         if tracked.config.hasWarn(warnGcUnsafe): warnAboutGcUnsafe(n, tracked.config)
         markGcUnsafe(tracked, a)
       elif tfNoSideEffect notin op.flags:
-        markSideEffect(tracked, a)
+        markSideEffect(tracked, a, n.info)
+  let paramType = if formals != nil and argIndex < formals.signatureLen: formals[argIndex] else: nil
   if paramType != nil and paramType.kind in {tyVar}:
     invalidateFacts(tracked.guards, n)
-    if n.kind == nkSym and isLocalVar(tracked, n.sym):
+    if n.kind == nkSym and isLocalSym(tracked, n.sym):
       makeVolatile(tracked, n.sym)
   if paramType != nil and paramType.kind == tyProc and tfGcSafe in paramType.flags:
     let argtype = skipTypes(a.typ, abstractInst)
@@ -604,26 +753,66 @@ proc trackOperandForIndirectCall(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode, paramType: PType;
       localError(tracked.config, n.info, $n & " is not GC safe")
   notNilCheck(tracked, n, paramType)
 
-proc breaksBlock(n: PNode): bool =
+
+proc breaksBlock(n: PNode): BreakState =
   # semantic check doesn't allow statements after raise, break, return or
   # call to noreturn proc, so it is safe to check just the last statements
   var it = n
   while it.kind in {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr} and it.len > 0:
     it = it.lastSon
 
-  result = it.kind in {nkBreakStmt, nkReturnStmt, nkRaiseStmt} or
-    it.kind in nkCallKinds and it[0].kind == nkSym and sfNoReturn in it[0].sym.flags
+  case it.kind
+  of nkBreakStmt, nkReturnStmt:
+    result = bsBreakOrReturn
+  of nkRaiseStmt:
+    result = bsNoReturn
+  of nkCallKinds:
+    if it[0].kind == nkSym and sfNoReturn in it[0].sym.flags:
+      result = bsNoReturn
+    else:
+      result = bsNone
+  else:
+    result = bsNone
+
+proc addIdToIntersection(tracked: PEffects, inter: var TIntersection, resCounter: var int,
+            hasBreaksBlock: BreakState, oldState: int, resSym: PSym, hasResult: bool) =
+  if hasResult:
+    var alreadySatisfy = false
+
+    if hasBreaksBlock == bsNoReturn:
+      alreadySatisfy = true
+      inc resCounter
+
+    for i in oldState..<tracked.init.len:
+      if tracked.init[i] == resSym.id:
+        if not alreadySatisfy:
+          inc resCounter
+          alreadySatisfy = true
+      else:
+        addToIntersection(inter, tracked.init[i], hasBreaksBlock)
+  else:
+    for i in oldState..<tracked.init.len:
+      addToIntersection(inter, tracked.init[i], hasBreaksBlock)
+
+template hasResultSym(s: PSym): bool =
+  s != nil and s.kind in {skProc, skFunc, skConverter, skMethod} and
+    not isEmptyType(s.typ.returnType)
 
 proc trackCase(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
   track(tracked, n[0])
+  inc tracked.inIfStmt
   let oldState = tracked.init.len
   let oldFacts = tracked.guards.s.len
   let stringCase = n[0].typ != nil and skipTypes(n[0].typ,
-        abstractVarRange-{tyTypeDesc}).kind in {tyFloat..tyFloat128, tyString}
+        abstractVarRange-{tyTypeDesc}).kind in {tyFloat..tyFloat128, tyString, tyCstring}
   let interesting = not stringCase and interestingCaseExpr(n[0]) and
-        tracked.config.hasWarn(warnProveField)
+        (tracked.config.hasWarn(warnProveField) or strictCaseObjects in tracked.c.features)
   var inter: TIntersection = @[]
   var toCover = 0
+  let hasResult = hasResultSym(tracked.owner)
+  let resSym = if hasResult: tracked.owner.ast[resultPos].sym else: nil
+  var resCounter = 0
+
   for i in 1..<n.len:
     let branch = n[i]
     setLen(tracked.init, oldState)
@@ -632,29 +821,39 @@ proc trackCase(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
       addCaseBranchFacts(tracked.guards, n, i)
     for i in 0..<branch.len:
       track(tracked, branch[i])
-    if not breaksBlock(branch.lastSon): inc toCover
-    for i in oldState..<tracked.init.len:
-      addToIntersection(inter, tracked.init[i])
+    let hasBreaksBlock = breaksBlock(branch.lastSon)
+    if hasBreaksBlock == bsNone:
+      inc toCover
+    addIdToIntersection(tracked, inter, resCounter, hasBreaksBlock, oldState, resSym, hasResult)
 
   setLen(tracked.init, oldState)
   if not stringCase or lastSon(n).kind == nkElse:
+    if hasResult and resCounter == n.len-1:
+        tracked.init.add resSym.id
     for id, count in items(inter):
       if count >= toCover: tracked.init.add id
     # else we can't merge
   setLen(tracked.guards.s, oldFacts)
+  dec tracked.inIfStmt
 
 proc trackIf(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
   track(tracked, n[0][0])
+  inc tracked.inIfStmt
   let oldFacts = tracked.guards.s.len
   addFact(tracked.guards, n[0][0])
   let oldState = tracked.init.len
 
+  let hasResult = hasResultSym(tracked.owner)
+  let resSym = if hasResult: tracked.owner.ast[resultPos].sym else: nil
+  var resCounter = 0
+
   var inter: TIntersection = @[]
   var toCover = 0
   track(tracked, n[0][1])
-  if not breaksBlock(n[0][1]): inc toCover
-  for i in oldState..<tracked.init.len:
-    addToIntersection(inter, tracked.init[i])
+  let hasBreaksBlock = breaksBlock(n[0][1])
+  if hasBreaksBlock == bsNone:
+    inc toCover
+  addIdToIntersection(tracked, inter, resCounter, hasBreaksBlock, oldState, resSym, hasResult)
 
   for i in 1..<n.len:
     let branch = n[i]
@@ -666,15 +865,20 @@ proc trackIf(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
     setLen(tracked.init, oldState)
     for i in 0..<branch.len:
       track(tracked, branch[i])
-    if not breaksBlock(branch.lastSon): inc toCover
-    for i in oldState..<tracked.init.len:
-      addToIntersection(inter, tracked.init[i])
+    let hasBreaksBlock = breaksBlock(branch.lastSon)
+    if hasBreaksBlock == bsNone:
+      inc toCover
+    addIdToIntersection(tracked, inter, resCounter, hasBreaksBlock, oldState, resSym, hasResult)
+
   setLen(tracked.init, oldState)
   if lastSon(n).len == 1:
+    if hasResult and resCounter == n.len:
+        tracked.init.add resSym.id
     for id, count in items(inter):
       if count >= toCover: tracked.init.add id
     # else we can't merge as it is not exhaustive
   setLen(tracked.guards.s, oldFacts)
+  dec tracked.inIfStmt
 
 proc trackBlock(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
   if n.kind in {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr}:
@@ -692,11 +896,8 @@ proc trackBlock(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
   else:
     track(tracked, n)
 
-proc paramType(op: PType, i: int): PType =
-  if op != nil and i < op.len: result = op[i]
-
 proc cstringCheck(tracked: PEffects; n: PNode) =
-  if n[0].typ.kind == tyCString and (let a = skipConv(n[1]);
+  if n[0].typ.kind == tyCstring and (let a = skipConv(n[1]);
       a.typ.kind == tyString and a.kind notin {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit}):
     message(tracked.config, n.info, warnUnsafeCode, renderTree(n))
 
@@ -738,6 +939,42 @@ proc checkRange(c: PEffects; value: PNode; typ: PType) =
     checkLe(c, lowBound, value)
     checkLe(c, value, highBound)
 
+#[
+proc passedToEffectsDelayedParam(tracked: PEffects; n: PNode) =
+  let t = n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)
+  if t.kind == tyProc:
+    if n.kind == nkSym and tracked.owner == n.sym.owner and sfEffectsDelayed in n.sym.flags:
+      discard "the arg is itself a delayed parameter, so do nothing"
+    else:
+      var effectList = t.n[0]
+      if effectList.len == effectListLen:
+        mergeRaises(tracked, effectList[exceptionEffects], n)
+        mergeTags(tracked, effectList[tagEffects], n)
+      if not importedFromC(n):
+        if notGcSafe(t):
+          if tracked.config.hasWarn(warnGcUnsafe): warnAboutGcUnsafe(n, tracked.config)
+          markGcUnsafe(tracked, n)
+        if tfNoSideEffect notin t.flags:
+          markSideEffect(tracked, n, n.info)
+]#
+
+proc checkForSink(tracked: PEffects; n: PNode) =
+  if tracked.inIfStmt == 0 and optSinkInference in tracked.config.options:
+    checkForSink(tracked.config, tracked.c.idgen, tracked.owner, n)
+
+proc markCaughtExceptions(tracked: PEffects; g: ModuleGraph; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym; usageSym: var PSym) =
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    proc internalMarkCaughtExceptions(tracked: PEffects; q: var SuggestFileSymbolDatabase; info: TLineInfo) =
+      var si = q.findSymInfoIndex(info)
+      if si != -1:
+        q.caughtExceptionsSet[si] = true
+        for w1 in tracked.caughtExceptions.nodes:
+          for w2 in w1:
+            q.caughtExceptions[si].add(w2)
+
+    if optIdeExceptionInlayHints in tracked.config.globalOptions:
+      internalMarkCaughtExceptions(tracked, g.suggestSymbols.mgetOrPut(info.fileIndex, newSuggestFileSymbolDatabase(info.fileIndex, true)), info)
+
 proc trackCall(tracked: PEffects; n: PNode) =
   template gcsafeAndSideeffectCheck() =
     if notGcSafe(op) and not importedFromC(a):
@@ -748,8 +985,7 @@ proc trackCall(tracked: PEffects; n: PNode) =
     if tfNoSideEffect notin op.flags and not importedFromC(a):
       # and it's not a recursive call:
       if not (a.kind == nkSym and a.sym == tracked.owner):
-        markSideEffect(tracked, a)
-
+        markSideEffect(tracked, a, n.info)
   # p's effects are ours too:
   var a = n[0]
   #if canRaise(a):
@@ -758,7 +994,16 @@ proc trackCall(tracked: PEffects; n: PNode) =
   if n.typ != nil:
     if tracked.owner.kind != skMacro and n.typ.skipTypes(abstractVar).kind != tyOpenArray:
       createTypeBoundOps(tracked, n.typ, n.info)
-  if getConstExpr(tracked.ownerModule, n, tracked.c.idgen, tracked.graph) == nil:
+
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    var actualLoc = a.info
+    if n.kind == nkHiddenCallConv:
+      actualLoc = n.info
+    if a.kind == nkSym:
+      markCaughtExceptions(tracked, tracked.graph, actualLoc, a.sym, tracked.graph.usageSym)
+
+  let notConstExpr = getConstExpr(tracked.ownerModule, n, tracked.c.idgen, tracked.graph) == nil
+  if notConstExpr:
     if a.kind == nkCast and a[1].typ.kind == tyProc:
       a = a[1]
     # XXX: in rare situations, templates and macros will reach here after
@@ -769,30 +1014,37 @@ proc trackCall(tracked: PEffects; n: PNode) =
       if a.kind == nkSym:
         if a.sym == tracked.owner: tracked.isRecursive = true
         # even for recursive calls we need to check the lock levels (!):
-        mergeLockLevels(tracked, n, a.sym.getLockLevel)
-        if sfSideEffect in a.sym.flags: markSideEffect(tracked, a)
+        if sfSideEffect in a.sym.flags: markSideEffect(tracked, a, n.info)
       else:
-        mergeLockLevels(tracked, n, op.lockLevel)
+        discard
       var effectList = op.n[0]
       if a.kind == nkSym and a.sym.kind == skMethod:
+        if {sfBase, sfThread} * a.sym.flags == {sfBase}:
+          if tracked.config.hasWarn(warnGcUnsafe): warnAboutGcUnsafe(n, tracked.config)
+          markGcUnsafe(tracked, a)
         propagateEffects(tracked, n, a.sym)
       elif isNoEffectList(effectList):
         if isForwardedProc(a):
           propagateEffects(tracked, n, a.sym)
-        elif isIndirectCall(a, tracked.owner):
+        elif isIndirectCall(tracked, a):
           assumeTheWorst(tracked, n, op)
           gcsafeAndSideeffectCheck()
+        else:
+          if laxEffects notin tracked.c.config.legacyFeatures and a.kind == nkSym and
+              a.sym.kind in routineKinds:
+            propagateEffects(tracked, n, a.sym)
       else:
         mergeRaises(tracked, effectList[exceptionEffects], n)
         mergeTags(tracked, effectList[tagEffects], n)
         gcsafeAndSideeffectCheck()
-    if a.kind != nkSym or a.sym.magic != mNBindSym:
-      for i in 1..<n.len: trackOperandForIndirectCall(tracked, n[i], paramType(op, i), a)
+    if a.kind != nkSym or a.sym.magic notin {mNBindSym, mFinished, mExpandToAst, mQuoteAst}:
+      for i in 1..<n.len:
+        trackOperandForIndirectCall(tracked, n[i], op, i, a)
     if a.kind == nkSym and a.sym.magic in {mNew, mNewFinalize, mNewSeq}:
       # may not look like an assignment, but it is:
       let arg = n[1]
       initVarViaNew(tracked, arg)
-      if arg.typ.len != 0 and {tfRequiresInit} * arg.typ.lastSon.flags != {}:
+      if arg.typ.hasElementType and {tfRequiresInit} * arg.typ.elementType.flags != {}:
         if a.sym.magic == mNewSeq and n[2].kind in {nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit} and
             n[2].intVal == 0:
           # var s: seq[notnil];  newSeq(s, 0)  is a special case!
@@ -801,8 +1053,8 @@ proc trackCall(tracked: PEffects; n: PNode) =
           message(tracked.config, arg.info, warnProveInit, $arg)
 
       # check required for 'nim check':
-      if n[1].typ.len > 0:
-        createTypeBoundOps(tracked, n[1].typ.lastSon, n.info)
+      if n[1].typ.hasElementType:
+        createTypeBoundOps(tracked, n[1].typ.elementType, n.info)
         createTypeBoundOps(tracked, n[1].typ, n.info)
         # new(x, finalizer): Problem: how to move finalizer into 'createTypeBoundOps'?
 
@@ -810,9 +1062,6 @@ proc trackCall(tracked: PEffects; n: PNode) =
         optStaticBoundsCheck in tracked.currOptions:
       checkBounds(tracked, n[1], n[2])
 
-    if a.kind != nkSym or a.sym.magic != mRunnableExamples:
-      for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
-        track(tracked, n[i])
 
   if a.kind == nkSym and a.sym.name.s.len > 0 and a.sym.name.s[0] == '=' and
         tracked.owner.kind != skMacro:
@@ -828,33 +1077,47 @@ proc trackCall(tracked: PEffects; n: PNode) =
           n[0].sym = op
 
   if op != nil and op.kind == tyProc:
-    for i in 1..<min(n.safeLen, op.len):
-      case op[i].kind
+    for i in 1..<min(n.safeLen, op.signatureLen):
+      let paramType = op[i]
+      case paramType.kind
       of tySink:
-        createTypeBoundOps(tracked,  op[i][0], n.info)
-        checkForSink(tracked.config, tracked.c.idgen, tracked.owner, n[i])
+        createTypeBoundOps(tracked, paramType.elementType, n.info)
+        checkForSink(tracked, n[i])
       of tyVar:
-        tracked.hasDangerousAssign = true
-      #of tyOut:
-      # consider this case: p(out x, x); we want to remark that 'x' is not
-      # initialized until after the call. Since we do this after we analysed the
-      # call, this is fine.
-      # initVar(tracked, n[i].skipAddr, false)
+        if isOutParam(paramType):
+          # consider this case: p(out x, x); we want to remark that 'x' is not
+          # initialized until after the call. Since we do this after we analysed the
+          # call, this is fine.
+          initVar(tracked, n[i].skipHiddenAddr, false)
+        if strictFuncs in tracked.c.features and not tracked.inEnforcedNoSideEffects and
+           isDangerousLocation(n[i].skipHiddenAddr, tracked.owner):
+          if sfNoSideEffect in tracked.owner.flags:
+            localError(tracked.config, n[i].info,
+              "cannot pass $1 to `var T` parameter within a strict func" % renderTree(n[i]))
+          tracked.hasSideEffect = true
       else: discard
 
+  if notConstExpr and (a.kind != nkSym or
+      a.sym.magic notin {mRunnableExamples, mNBindSym, mExpandToAst, mQuoteAst}
+  ):
+    # tracked after out analysis
+    for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
+      track(tracked, n[i])
+
 type
   PragmaBlockContext = object
     oldLocked: int
-    oldLockLevel: TLockLevel
     enforcedGcSafety, enforceNoSideEffects: bool
-    oldExc, oldTags: int
-    exc, tags: PNode
+    oldExc, oldTags, oldForbids: int
+    exc, tags, forbids: PNode
 
 proc createBlockContext(tracked: PEffects): PragmaBlockContext =
+  var oldForbidsLen = 0
+  if tracked.forbids != nil: oldForbidsLen = tracked.forbids.len
   result = PragmaBlockContext(oldLocked: tracked.locked.len,
-    oldLockLevel: tracked.currLockLevel,
     enforcedGcSafety: false, enforceNoSideEffects: false,
-    oldExc: tracked.exc.len, oldTags: tracked.tags.len)
+    oldExc: tracked.exc.len, oldTags: tracked.tags.len,
+    oldForbids: oldForbidsLen)
 
 proc applyBlockContext(tracked: PEffects, bc: PragmaBlockContext) =
   if bc.enforcedGcSafety: tracked.inEnforcedGcSafe = true
@@ -864,7 +1127,6 @@ proc unapplyBlockContext(tracked: PEffects; bc: PragmaBlockContext) =
   if bc.enforcedGcSafety: tracked.inEnforcedGcSafe = false
   if bc.enforceNoSideEffects: tracked.inEnforcedNoSideEffects = false
   setLen(tracked.locked, bc.oldLocked)
-  tracked.currLockLevel = bc.oldLockLevel
   if bc.exc != nil:
     # beware that 'raises: []' is very different from not saying
     # anything about 'raises' in the 'cast' at all. Same applies for 'tags'.
@@ -875,6 +1137,10 @@ proc unapplyBlockContext(tracked: PEffects; bc: PragmaBlockContext) =
     setLen(tracked.tags.sons, bc.oldTags)
     for t in bc.tags:
       addTag(tracked, t, t)
+  if bc.forbids != nil:
+    setLen(tracked.forbids.sons, bc.oldForbids)
+    for t in bc.forbids:
+      addNotTag(tracked, t, t)
 
 proc castBlock(tracked: PEffects, pragma: PNode, bc: var PragmaBlockContext) =
   case whichPragma(pragma)
@@ -889,6 +1155,13 @@ proc castBlock(tracked: PEffects, pragma: PNode, bc: var PragmaBlockContext) =
     else:
       bc.tags = newNodeI(nkArgList, pragma.info)
       bc.tags.add n
+  of wForbids:
+    let n = pragma[1]
+    if n.kind in {nkCurly, nkBracket}:
+      bc.forbids = n
+    else:
+      bc.forbids = newNodeI(nkArgList, pragma.info)
+      bc.forbids.add n
   of wRaises:
     let n = pragma[1]
     if n.kind in {nkCurly, nkBracket}:
@@ -896,10 +1169,40 @@ proc castBlock(tracked: PEffects, pragma: PNode, bc: var PragmaBlockContext) =
     else:
       bc.exc = newNodeI(nkArgList, pragma.info)
       bc.exc.add n
+  of wUncheckedAssign:
+    discard "handled in sempass1"
   else:
     localError(tracked.config, pragma.info,
         "invalid pragma block: " & $pragma)
 
+proc trackInnerProc(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
+  case n.kind
+  of nkSym:
+    let s = n.sym
+    if s.kind == skParam and s.owner == tracked.owner:
+      tracked.escapingParams.incl s.id
+  of nkNone..pred(nkSym), succ(nkSym)..nkNilLit:
+    discard
+  of nkProcDef, nkConverterDef, nkMethodDef, nkIteratorDef, nkLambda, nkFuncDef, nkDo:
+    if n[0].kind == nkSym and n[0].sym.ast != nil:
+      trackInnerProc(tracked, getBody(tracked.graph, n[0].sym))
+  of nkTypeSection, nkMacroDef, nkTemplateDef, nkError,
+     nkConstSection, nkConstDef, nkIncludeStmt, nkImportStmt,
+     nkExportStmt, nkPragma, nkCommentStmt, nkBreakState,
+     nkTypeOfExpr, nkMixinStmt, nkBindStmt:
+    discard
+  else:
+    for ch in n: trackInnerProc(tracked, ch)
+
+proc allowCStringConv(n: PNode): bool =
+  case n.kind
+  of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit: result = true
+  of nkSym: result = n.sym.kind in {skConst, skParam}
+  of nkAddr: result = isCharArrayPtr(n.typ, true)
+  of nkCallKinds:
+    result = isCharArrayPtr(n.typ, n[0].kind == nkSym and n[0].sym.magic == mAddr)
+  else: result = isCharArrayPtr(n.typ, false)
+
 proc track(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
   case n.kind
   of nkSym:
@@ -907,9 +1210,10 @@ proc track(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
     if n.sym.typ != nil and tfHasAsgn in n.sym.typ.flags:
       tracked.owner.flags.incl sfInjectDestructors
       # bug #15038: ensure consistency
-      if not hasDestructor(n.typ) and sameType(n.typ, n.sym.typ): n.typ = n.sym.typ
+      if n.typ == nil or (not hasDestructor(n.typ) and sameType(n.typ, n.sym.typ)): n.typ = n.sym.typ
   of nkHiddenAddr, nkAddr:
-    if n[0].kind == nkSym and isLocalVar(tracked, n[0].sym):
+    if n[0].kind == nkSym and isLocalSym(tracked, n[0].sym) and
+          n.typ.kind notin {tyVar, tyLent}:
       useVarNoInitCheck(tracked, n[0], n[0].sym)
     else:
       track(tracked, n[0])
@@ -917,7 +1221,7 @@ proc track(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
     if n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
       n[0].info = n.info
       #throws(tracked.exc, n[0])
-      addRaiseEffect(tracked, n[0], nil)
+      addRaiseEffect(tracked, n[0], n)
       for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
         track(tracked, n[i])
       createTypeBoundOps(tracked, n[0].typ, n.info)
@@ -930,14 +1234,17 @@ proc track(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
     trackCall(tracked, n)
   of nkDotExpr:
     guardDotAccess(tracked, n)
+    let oldLeftPartOfAsgn = tracked.leftPartOfAsgn
+    tracked.leftPartOfAsgn = 0
     for i in 0..<n.len: track(tracked, n[i])
+    tracked.leftPartOfAsgn = oldLeftPartOfAsgn
   of nkCheckedFieldExpr:
     track(tracked, n[0])
-    if tracked.config.hasWarn(warnProveField):
-      checkFieldAccess(tracked.guards, n, tracked.config)
+    if tracked.config.hasWarn(warnProveField) or strictCaseObjects in tracked.c.features:
+      checkFieldAccess(tracked.guards, n, tracked.config, strictCaseObjects in tracked.c.features)
   of nkTryStmt: trackTryStmt(tracked, n)
   of nkPragma: trackPragmaStmt(tracked, n)
-  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn:
+  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn:
     track(tracked, n[1])
     initVar(tracked, n[0], volatileCheck=true)
     invalidateFacts(tracked.guards, n[0])
@@ -947,12 +1254,16 @@ proc track(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
     addAsgnFact(tracked.guards, n[0], n[1])
     notNilCheck(tracked, n[1], n[0].typ)
     when false: cstringCheck(tracked, n)
-    if tracked.owner.kind != skMacro:
+    if tracked.owner.kind != skMacro and n[0].typ.kind notin {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs}:
       createTypeBoundOps(tracked, n[0].typ, n.info)
-    if n[0].kind != nkSym or not isLocalVar(tracked, n[0].sym):
-      checkForSink(tracked.config, tracked.c.idgen, tracked.owner, n[1])
-      if not tracked.hasDangerousAssign and n[0].kind != nkSym:
-        tracked.hasDangerousAssign = true
+    if n[0].kind != nkSym or not isLocalSym(tracked, n[0].sym):
+      checkForSink(tracked, n[1])
+      if strictFuncs in tracked.c.features and not tracked.inEnforcedNoSideEffects and
+         isDangerousLocation(n[0], tracked.owner):
+        tracked.hasSideEffect = true
+        if sfNoSideEffect in tracked.owner.flags:
+          localError(tracked.config, n[0].info,
+              "cannot mutate location $1 within a strict func" % renderTree(n[0]))
   of nkVarSection, nkLetSection:
     for child in n:
       let last = lastSon(child)
@@ -963,18 +1274,23 @@ proc track(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
           for i in 0..<child.len-2:
             createTypeBoundOps(tracked, child[i].typ, child.info)
         else:
-          createTypeBoundOps(tracked, child[0].typ, child.info)
-      if child.kind == nkIdentDefs and last.kind != nkEmpty:
+          createTypeBoundOps(tracked, skipPragmaExpr(child[0]).typ, child.info)
+      if child.kind == nkIdentDefs:
         for i in 0..<child.len-2:
-          initVar(tracked, child[i], volatileCheck=false)
-          addAsgnFact(tracked.guards, child[i], last)
-          notNilCheck(tracked, last, child[i].typ)
-      elif child.kind == nkVarTuple and last.kind != nkEmpty:
+          let a = skipPragmaExpr(child[i])
+          varDecl(tracked, a)
+          if last.kind != nkEmpty:
+            initVar(tracked, a, volatileCheck=false)
+            addAsgnFact(tracked.guards, a, last)
+            notNilCheck(tracked, last, a.typ)
+      elif child.kind == nkVarTuple:
         for i in 0..<child.len-1:
           if child[i].kind == nkEmpty or
-            child[i].kind == nkSym and child[i].sym.name.s == "_":
+            child[i].kind == nkSym and child[i].sym.name.id == ord(wUnderscore):
             continue
-          initVar(tracked, child[i], volatileCheck=false)
+          varDecl(tracked, child[i])
+          if last.kind != nkEmpty:
+            initVar(tracked, child[i], volatileCheck=false)
           if last.kind in {nkPar, nkTupleConstr}:
             addAsgnFact(tracked.guards, child[i], last[i])
             notNilCheck(tracked, last[i], child[i].typ)
@@ -989,6 +1305,7 @@ proc track(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
   of nkBlockStmt, nkBlockExpr: trackBlock(tracked, n[1])
   of nkWhileStmt:
     # 'while true' loop?
+    inc tracked.currentBlock
     if isTrue(n[0]):
       trackBlock(tracked, n[1])
     else:
@@ -1000,8 +1317,10 @@ proc track(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
       track(tracked, n[1])
       setLen(tracked.init, oldState)
       setLen(tracked.guards.s, oldFacts)
+    dec tracked.currentBlock
   of nkForStmt, nkParForStmt:
     # we are very conservative here and assume the loop is never executed:
+    inc tracked.currentBlock
     let oldState = tracked.init.len
 
     let oldFacts = tracked.guards.s.len
@@ -1043,6 +1362,8 @@ proc track(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
     track(tracked, loopBody)
     setLen(tracked.init, oldState)
     setLen(tracked.guards.s, oldFacts)
+    dec tracked.currentBlock
+
   of nkObjConstr:
     when false: track(tracked, n[0])
     let oldFacts = tracked.guards.s.len
@@ -1057,24 +1378,25 @@ proc track(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
       if x.kind == nkExprColonExpr:
         if x[0].kind == nkSym:
           notNilCheck(tracked, x[1], x[0].sym.typ)
-        checkForSink(tracked.config, tracked.c.idgen, tracked.owner, x[1])
+        checkForSink(tracked, x[1])
       else:
-        checkForSink(tracked.config, tracked.c.idgen, tracked.owner, x)
+        checkForSink(tracked, x)
     setLen(tracked.guards.s, oldFacts)
     if tracked.owner.kind != skMacro:
       # XXX n.typ can be nil in runnableExamples, we need to do something about it.
       if n.typ != nil and n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tyRef:
-        createTypeBoundOps(tracked, n.typ.lastSon, n.info)
+        createTypeBoundOps(tracked, n.typ.elementType, n.info)
       createTypeBoundOps(tracked, n.typ, n.info)
   of nkTupleConstr:
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       track(tracked, n[i])
+      notNilCheck(tracked, n[i].skipColon, n[i].typ)
       if tracked.owner.kind != skMacro:
         if n[i].kind == nkExprColonExpr:
           createTypeBoundOps(tracked, n[i][0].typ, n.info)
         else:
           createTypeBoundOps(tracked, n[i].typ, n.info)
-      checkForSink(tracked.config, tracked.c.idgen, tracked.owner, n[i])
+      checkForSink(tracked, n[i])
   of nkPragmaBlock:
     let pragmaList = n[0]
     var bc = createBlockContext(tracked)
@@ -1095,15 +1417,39 @@ proc track(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
     track(tracked, n.lastSon)
     unapplyBlockContext(tracked, bc)
 
-  of nkTypeSection, nkProcDef, nkConverterDef, nkMethodDef, nkIteratorDef,
-      nkMacroDef, nkTemplateDef, nkLambda, nkDo, nkFuncDef:
+  of nkProcDef, nkConverterDef, nkMethodDef, nkIteratorDef, nkLambda, nkFuncDef, nkDo:
+    if n[0].kind == nkSym and n[0].sym.ast != nil:
+      trackInnerProc(tracked, getBody(tracked.graph, n[0].sym))
+  of nkMacroDef, nkTemplateDef:
     discard
+  of nkTypeSection:
+    if tracked.isTopLevel:
+      collectObjectTree(tracked.graph, n)
   of nkCast:
     if n.len == 2:
       track(tracked, n[1])
       if tracked.owner.kind != skMacro:
         createTypeBoundOps(tracked, n.typ, n.info)
   of nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkConv:
+    if n.kind in {nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv} and
+        n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tyCstring and
+        not allowCStringConv(n[1]):
+      message(tracked.config, n.info, warnCstringConv,
+        "implicit conversion to 'cstring' from a non-const location: $1; this will become a compile time error in the future" %
+          $n[1])
+    if n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tyCstring and
+        isCharArrayPtr(n[1].typ, true):
+      message(tracked.config, n.info, warnPtrToCstringConv,
+          $n[1].typ)
+
+
+    let t = n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)
+    if t.kind == tyEnum:
+      if tfEnumHasHoles in t.flags:
+        message(tracked.config, n.info, warnHoleEnumConv, "conversion to enum with holes is unsafe: $1" % $n)
+      else:
+        message(tracked.config, n.info, warnAnyEnumConv, "enum conversion: $1" % $n)
+
     if n.len == 2:
       track(tracked, n[1])
       if tracked.owner.kind != skMacro:
@@ -1125,7 +1471,7 @@ proc track(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
   of nkBracket:
     for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
       track(tracked, n[i])
-      checkForSink(tracked.config, tracked.c.idgen, tracked.owner, n[i])
+      checkForSink(tracked, n[i])
     if tracked.owner.kind != skMacro:
       createTypeBoundOps(tracked, n.typ, n.info)
   of nkBracketExpr:
@@ -1136,20 +1482,23 @@ proc track(tracked: PEffects, n: PNode) =
     dec tracked.leftPartOfAsgn
     for i in 1 ..< n.len: track(tracked, n[i])
     inc tracked.leftPartOfAsgn
+  of nkError:
+    localError(tracked.config, n.info, errorToString(tracked.config, n))
   else:
     for i in 0..<n.safeLen: track(tracked, n[i])
 
 proc subtypeRelation(g: ModuleGraph; spec, real: PNode): bool =
   if spec.typ.kind == tyOr:
-    for t in spec.typ.sons:
+    result = false
+    for t in spec.typ.kids:
       if safeInheritanceDiff(g.excType(real), t) <= 0:
         return true
   else:
     return safeInheritanceDiff(g.excType(real), spec.typ) <= 0
 
-proc checkRaisesSpec(g: ModuleGraph; spec, real: PNode, msg: string, hints: bool;
+proc checkRaisesSpec(g: ModuleGraph; emitWarnings: bool; spec, real: PNode, msg: string, hints: bool;
                      effectPredicate: proc (g: ModuleGraph; a, b: PNode): bool {.nimcall.};
-                     hintsArg: PNode = nil) =
+                     hintsArg: PNode = nil; isForbids: bool = false) =
   # check that any real exception is listed in 'spec'; mark those as used;
   # report any unused exception
   var used = initIntSet()
@@ -1157,11 +1506,17 @@ proc checkRaisesSpec(g: ModuleGraph; spec, real: PNode, msg: string, hints: bool
     block search:
       for s in 0..<spec.len:
         if effectPredicate(g, spec[s], r):
+          if isForbids: break
           used.incl(s)
           break search
+        if isForbids:
+          break search
       # XXX call graph analysis would be nice here!
       pushInfoContext(g.config, spec.info)
-      localError(g.config, r.info, errGenerated, msg & typeToString(r.typ))
+      var rr = if r.kind == nkRaiseStmt: r[0] else: r
+      while rr.kind in {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr} and rr.len > 0: rr = rr.lastSon
+      message(g.config, r.info, if emitWarnings: warnEffect else: errGenerated,
+              renderTree(rr) & " " & msg & typeToString(r.typ))
       popInfoContext(g.config)
   # hint about unnecessarily listed exception types:
   if hints:
@@ -1178,12 +1533,16 @@ proc checkMethodEffects*(g: ModuleGraph; disp, branch: PSym) =
   let p = disp.ast[pragmasPos]
   let raisesSpec = effectSpec(p, wRaises)
   if not isNil(raisesSpec):
-    checkRaisesSpec(g, raisesSpec, actual[exceptionEffects],
+    checkRaisesSpec(g, false, raisesSpec, actual[exceptionEffects],
       "can raise an unlisted exception: ", hints=off, subtypeRelation)
   let tagsSpec = effectSpec(p, wTags)
   if not isNil(tagsSpec):
-    checkRaisesSpec(g, tagsSpec, actual[tagEffects],
+    checkRaisesSpec(g, false, tagsSpec, actual[tagEffects],
       "can have an unlisted effect: ", hints=off, subtypeRelation)
+  let forbidsSpec = effectSpec(p, wForbids)
+  if not isNil(forbidsSpec):
+    checkRaisesSpec(g, false, forbidsSpec, actual[tagEffects],
+      "has an illegal effect: ", hints=off, subtypeRelation, isForbids=true)
   if sfThread in disp.flags and notGcSafe(branch.typ):
     localError(g.config, branch.info, "base method is GC-safe, but '$1' is not" %
                                 branch.name.s)
@@ -1192,18 +1551,7 @@ proc checkMethodEffects*(g: ModuleGraph; disp, branch: PSym) =
       localError(g.config, branch.info, "for method '" & branch.name.s &
         "' the `.requires` or `.ensures` properties are incompatible.")
 
-  if branch.typ.lockLevel > disp.typ.lockLevel:
-    when true:
-      message(g.config, branch.info, warnLockLevel,
-        "base method has lock level $1, but dispatcher has $2" %
-          [$branch.typ.lockLevel, $disp.typ.lockLevel])
-    else:
-      # XXX make this an error after bigbreak has been released:
-      localError(g.config, branch.info,
-        "base method has lock level $1, but dispatcher has $2" %
-          [$branch.typ.lockLevel, $disp.typ.lockLevel])
-
-proc setEffectsForProcType*(g: ModuleGraph; t: PType, n: PNode) =
+proc setEffectsForProcType*(g: ModuleGraph; t: PType, n: PNode; s: PSym = nil) =
   var effects = t.n[0]
   if t.kind != tyProc or effects.kind != nkEffectList: return
   if n.kind != nkEmpty:
@@ -1212,9 +1560,20 @@ proc setEffectsForProcType*(g: ModuleGraph; t: PType, n: PNode) =
     let raisesSpec = effectSpec(n, wRaises)
     if not isNil(raisesSpec):
       effects[exceptionEffects] = raisesSpec
+    elif s != nil and (s.magic != mNone or {sfImportc, sfExportc} * s.flags == {sfImportc}):
+      effects[exceptionEffects] = newNodeI(nkArgList, effects.info)
+
     let tagsSpec = effectSpec(n, wTags)
     if not isNil(tagsSpec):
       effects[tagEffects] = tagsSpec
+    elif s != nil and (s.magic != mNone or {sfImportc, sfExportc} * s.flags == {sfImportc}):
+      effects[tagEffects] = newNodeI(nkArgList, effects.info)
+
+    let forbidsSpec = effectSpec(n, wForbids)
+    if not isNil(forbidsSpec):
+      effects[forbiddenEffects] = forbidsSpec
+    elif s != nil and (s.magic != mNone or {sfImportc, sfExportc} * s.flags == {sfImportc}):
+      effects[forbiddenEffects] = newNodeI(nkArgList, effects.info)
 
     let requiresSpec = propSpec(n, wRequires)
     if not isNil(requiresSpec):
@@ -1224,56 +1583,62 @@ proc setEffectsForProcType*(g: ModuleGraph; t: PType, n: PNode) =
       effects[ensuresEffects] = ensuresSpec
 
     effects[pragmasEffects] = n
+  if s != nil and s.magic != mNone:
+    if s.magic != mEcho:
+      t.flags.incl tfNoSideEffect
 
-proc initEffects(g: ModuleGraph; effects: PNode; s: PSym; t: var TEffects; c: PContext) =
+proc rawInitEffects(g: ModuleGraph; effects: PNode) =
   newSeq(effects.sons, effectListLen)
-  effects[exceptionEffects] = newNodeI(nkArgList, s.info)
-  effects[tagEffects] = newNodeI(nkArgList, s.info)
+  effects[exceptionEffects] = newNodeI(nkArgList, effects.info)
+  effects[tagEffects] = newNodeI(nkArgList, effects.info)
+  effects[forbiddenEffects] = newNodeI(nkArgList, effects.info)
   effects[requiresEffects] = g.emptyNode
   effects[ensuresEffects] = g.emptyNode
   effects[pragmasEffects] = g.emptyNode
 
-  t.exc = effects[exceptionEffects]
-  t.tags = effects[tagEffects]
-  t.owner = s
-  t.ownerModule = s.getModule
-  t.init = @[]
-  t.guards.s = @[]
-  t.guards.g = g
+proc initEffects(g: ModuleGraph; effects: PNode; s: PSym; c: PContext): TEffects =
+  rawInitEffects(g, effects)
+
+  result = TEffects(exc: effects[exceptionEffects], tags: effects[tagEffects],
+            forbids: effects[forbiddenEffects], owner: s, ownerModule: s.getModule,
+            init: @[], locked: @[], graph: g, config: g.config, c: c,
+            currentBlock: 1, optionsStack: @[(g.config.options, g.config.notes)]
+  )
+  result.guards.s = @[]
+  result.guards.g = g
   when defined(drnim):
-    t.currOptions = g.config.options + s.options - {optStaticBoundsCheck}
+    result.currOptions = g.config.options + s.options - {optStaticBoundsCheck}
   else:
-    t.currOptions = g.config.options + s.options
-  t.guards.beSmart = optStaticBoundsCheck in t.currOptions
-  t.locked = @[]
-  t.graph = g
-  t.config = g.config
-  t.c = c
+    result.currOptions = g.config.options + s.options
+  result.guards.beSmart = optStaticBoundsCheck in result.currOptions
 
 proc hasRealBody(s: PSym): bool =
   ## also handles importc procs with runnableExamples, which requires `=`,
   ## which is not a real implementation, refs #14314
   result = {sfForward, sfImportc} * s.flags == {}
 
-proc maybeWrappedInClosure(tracked: PEffects; t: PType): bool {.inline.} =
-  ## The spec does say when to produce destructors. However, the spec
-  ## was written in mind with the idea that "lambda lifting" already
-  ## happened. Not true in our implementation, so we need to workaround
-  ## here:
-  result = tracked.isInnerProc and
-    sfSystemModule notin tracked.c.module.flags and
-    tfCheckedForDestructor notin t.flags and containsGarbageCollectedRef(t)
-
 proc trackProc*(c: PContext; s: PSym, body: PNode) =
   let g = c.graph
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    if g.config.expandDone():
+      return
   var effects = s.typ.n[0]
   if effects.kind != nkEffectList: return
   # effects already computed?
   if not s.hasRealBody: return
-  if effects.len == effectListLen: return
+  let emitWarnings = tfEffectSystemWorkaround in s.typ.flags
+  if effects.len == effectListLen and not emitWarnings: return
+
+  var inferredEffects = newNodeI(nkEffectList, s.info)
+
+  var t: TEffects = initEffects(g, inferredEffects, s, c)
+  rawInitEffects g, effects
+
+  if not isEmptyType(s.typ.returnType) and
+     s.kind in {skProc, skFunc, skConverter, skMethod}:
+    var res = s.ast[resultPos].sym # get result symbol
+    t.scopes[res.id] = t.currentBlock
 
-  var t: TEffects
-  initEffects(g, effects, s, t, c)
   track(t, body)
 
   if s.kind != skMacro:
@@ -1282,33 +1647,50 @@ proc trackProc*(c: PContext; s: PSym, body: PNode) =
       let param = params[i].sym
       let typ = param.typ
       if isSinkTypeForParam(typ) or
-          (t.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc} and
-            (isClosure(typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)) or maybeWrappedInClosure(t, typ))):
+          (t.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc, gcAtomicArc} and
+            (isClosure(typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)) or param.id in t.escapingParams)):
         createTypeBoundOps(t, typ, param.info)
-      when false:
-        if typ.kind == tyOut and param.id notin t.init:
-          message(g.config, param.info, warnProveInit, param.name.s)
+      if isOutParam(typ) and param.id notin t.init:
+        message(g.config, param.info, warnProveInit, param.name.s)
 
-  if not isEmptyType(s.typ[0]) and
-     (s.typ[0].requiresInit or s.typ[0].skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tyVar) and
-     s.kind in {skProc, skFunc, skConverter, skMethod}:
+  if not isEmptyType(s.typ.returnType) and
+     (s.typ.returnType.requiresInit or s.typ.returnType.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tyVar or
+       strictDefs in c.features) and
+     s.kind in {skProc, skFunc, skConverter, skMethod} and s.magic == mNone:
     var res = s.ast[resultPos].sym # get result symbol
-    if res.id notin t.init:
-      message(g.config, body.info, warnProveInit, "result")
+    if res.id notin t.init and breaksBlock(body) != bsNoReturn:
+      if tfRequiresInit in s.typ.returnType.flags:
+        localError(g.config, body.info, "'$1' requires explicit initialization" % "result")
+      else:
+        message(g.config, body.info, warnProveInit, "result")
   let p = s.ast[pragmasPos]
   let raisesSpec = effectSpec(p, wRaises)
   if not isNil(raisesSpec):
-    checkRaisesSpec(g, raisesSpec, t.exc, "can raise an unlisted exception: ",
+    let useWarning = s.name.s == "=destroy"
+    checkRaisesSpec(g, useWarning, raisesSpec, t.exc, "can raise an unlisted exception: ",
                     hints=on, subtypeRelation, hintsArg=s.ast[0])
     # after the check, use the formal spec:
     effects[exceptionEffects] = raisesSpec
+  else:
+    effects[exceptionEffects] = t.exc
 
   let tagsSpec = effectSpec(p, wTags)
   if not isNil(tagsSpec):
-    checkRaisesSpec(g, tagsSpec, t.tags, "can have an unlisted effect: ",
+    checkRaisesSpec(g, false, tagsSpec, t.tags, "can have an unlisted effect: ",
                     hints=off, subtypeRelation)
     # after the check, use the formal spec:
     effects[tagEffects] = tagsSpec
+  else:
+    effects[tagEffects] = t.tags
+
+  let forbidsSpec = effectSpec(p, wForbids)
+  if not isNil(forbidsSpec):
+    checkRaisesSpec(g, false, forbidsSpec, t.tags, "has an illegal effect: ",
+                    hints=off, subtypeRelation, isForbids=true)
+    # after the check, use the formal spec:
+    effects[forbiddenEffects] = forbidsSpec
+  else:
+    effects[forbiddenEffects] = t.forbids
 
   let requiresSpec = propSpec(p, wRequires)
   if not isNil(requiresSpec):
@@ -1319,15 +1701,9 @@ proc trackProc*(c: PContext; s: PSym, body: PNode) =
     effects[ensuresEffects] = ensuresSpec
 
   var mutationInfo = MutationInfo()
-  if {strictFuncs, views} * c.features != {}:
-    var goals: set[Goal] = {}
-    if strictFuncs in c.features: goals.incl constParameters
-    if views in c.features: goals.incl borrowChecking
-    var partitions = computeGraphPartitions(s, body, g, goals)
-    if not t.hasSideEffect and t.hasDangerousAssign:
-      t.hasSideEffect = varpartitions.hasSideEffect(partitions, mutationInfo)
-    if views in c.features:
-      checkBorrowedLocations(partitions, body, g.config)
+  if views in c.features:
+    var partitions = computeGraphPartitions(s, body, g, {borrowChecking})
+    checkBorrowedLocations(partitions, body, g.config)
 
   if sfThread in s.flags and t.gcUnsafe:
     if optThreads in g.config.globalOptions and optThreadAnalysis in g.config.globalOptions:
@@ -1340,18 +1716,16 @@ proc trackProc*(c: PContext; s: PSym, body: PNode) =
     when false:
       listGcUnsafety(s, onlyWarning=false, g.config)
     else:
-      localError(g.config, s.info, ("'$1' can have side effects" % s.name.s) & (g.config $ mutationInfo))
+      if c.compilesContextId == 0: # don't render extended diagnostic messages in `system.compiles` context
+        var msg = ""
+        listSideEffects(msg, s, g.config, t.c)
+        message(g.config, s.info, errGenerated, msg)
+      else:
+        localError(g.config, s.info, "") # simple error for `system.compiles` context
   if not t.gcUnsafe:
     s.typ.flags.incl tfGcSafe
   if not t.hasSideEffect and sfSideEffect notin s.flags:
     s.typ.flags.incl tfNoSideEffect
-  if s.typ.lockLevel == UnspecifiedLockLevel:
-    s.typ.lockLevel = t.maxLockLevel
-  elif t.maxLockLevel > s.typ.lockLevel:
-    #localError(s.info,
-    message(g.config, s.info, warnLockLevel,
-      "declared lock level is $1, but real lock level is $2" %
-        [$s.typ.lockLevel, $t.maxLockLevel])
   when defined(drnim):
     if c.graph.strongSemCheck != nil: c.graph.strongSemCheck(c.graph, s, body)
   when defined(useDfa):
@@ -1359,18 +1733,22 @@ proc trackProc*(c: PContext; s: PSym, body: PNode) =
       dataflowAnalysis(s, body)
 
       when false: trackWrites(s, body)
-  if strictNotNil in c.features and s.kind == skProc:
+  if strictNotNil in c.features and s.kind in {skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skConverter}:
     checkNil(s, body, g.config, c.idgen)
 
 proc trackStmt*(c: PContext; module: PSym; n: PNode, isTopLevel: bool) =
-  if n.kind in {nkPragma, nkMacroDef, nkTemplateDef, nkProcDef, nkFuncDef,
-                nkTypeSection, nkConverterDef, nkMethodDef, nkIteratorDef}:
-    return
-  let g = c.graph
-  var effects = newNodeI(nkEffectList, n.info)
-  var t: TEffects
-  initEffects(g, effects, module, t, c)
-  t.isTopLevel = isTopLevel
-  track(t, n)
-  when defined(drnim):
-    if c.graph.strongSemCheck != nil: c.graph.strongSemCheck(c.graph, module, n)
+  case n.kind
+  of {nkPragma, nkMacroDef, nkTemplateDef, nkProcDef, nkFuncDef,
+                nkConverterDef, nkMethodDef, nkIteratorDef}:
+    discard
+  of nkTypeSection:
+    if isTopLevel:
+      collectObjectTree(c.graph, n)
+  else:
+    let g = c.graph
+    var effects = newNodeI(nkEffectList, n.info)
+    var t: TEffects = initEffects(g, effects, module, c)
+    t.isTopLevel = isTopLevel
+    track(t, n)
+    when defined(drnim):
+      if c.graph.strongSemCheck != nil: c.graph.strongSemCheck(c.graph, module, n)
diff --git a/compiler/semstmts.nim b/compiler/semstmts.nim
index ff8f68ed0..f5f8fea0c 100644
--- a/compiler/semstmts.nim
+++ b/compiler/semstmts.nim
@@ -36,6 +36,19 @@ const
   errRecursiveDependencyX = "recursive dependency: '$1'"
   errRecursiveDependencyIteratorX = "recursion is not supported in iterators: '$1'"
   errPragmaOnlyInHeaderOfProcX = "pragmas are only allowed in the header of a proc; redefinition of $1"
+  errCannotAssignToGlobal = "cannot assign local to global variable"
+
+proc implicitlyDiscardable(n: PNode): bool
+
+proc hasEmpty(typ: PType): bool =
+  if typ.kind in {tySequence, tyArray, tySet}:
+    result = typ.elementType.kind == tyEmpty
+  elif typ.kind == tyTuple:
+    result = false
+    for s in typ.kids:
+      result = result or hasEmpty(s)
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc semDiscard(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   result = n
@@ -44,7 +57,9 @@ proc semDiscard(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
     n[0] = semExprWithType(c, n[0])
     let sonType = n[0].typ
     let sonKind = n[0].kind
-    if isEmptyType(sonType) or sonType.kind in {tyNone, tyTypeDesc} or sonKind == nkTypeOfExpr:
+    if isEmptyType(sonType) or hasEmpty(sonType) or
+          sonType.kind in {tyNone, tyTypeDesc} or
+          sonKind == nkTypeOfExpr:
       localError(c.config, n.info, errInvalidDiscard)
     if sonType.kind == tyProc and sonKind notin nkCallKinds:
       # tyProc is disallowed to prevent ``discard foo`` to be valid, when ``discard foo()`` is meant.
@@ -55,7 +70,7 @@ proc semBreakOrContinue(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   checkSonsLen(n, 1, c.config)
   if n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
     if n.kind != nkContinueStmt:
-      var s: PSym
+      var s: PSym = nil
       case n[0].kind
       of nkIdent: s = lookUp(c, n[0])
       of nkSym: s = n[0].sym
@@ -72,6 +87,8 @@ proc semBreakOrContinue(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
         localError(c.config, n.info, errInvalidControlFlowX % s.name.s)
     else:
       localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated, "'continue' cannot have a label")
+  elif c.p.nestedBlockCounter > 0 and n.kind == nkBreakStmt and not c.p.breakInLoop:
+    localError(c.config, n.info, warnUnnamedBreak)
   elif (c.p.nestedLoopCounter <= 0) and ((c.p.nestedBlockCounter <= 0) or n.kind == nkContinueStmt):
     localError(c.config, n.info, errInvalidControlFlowX %
                renderTree(n, {renderNoComments}))
@@ -86,41 +103,170 @@ proc semWhile(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
   result = n
   checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
   openScope(c)
-  n[0] = forceBool(c, semExprWithType(c, n[0]))
+  n[0] = forceBool(c, semExprWithType(c, n[0], expectedType = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyBool)))
   inc(c.p.nestedLoopCounter)
+  let oldBreakInLoop = c.p.breakInLoop
+  c.p.breakInLoop = true
   n[1] = semStmt(c, n[1], flags)
+  c.p.breakInLoop = oldBreakInLoop
   dec(c.p.nestedLoopCounter)
   closeScope(c)
   if n[1].typ == c.enforceVoidContext:
     result.typ = c.enforceVoidContext
   elif efInTypeof in flags:
     result.typ = n[1].typ
+  elif implicitlyDiscardable(n[1]):
+    result[1].typ = c.enforceVoidContext
 
 proc semProc(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode
 
-proc semExprBranch(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
-  result = semExpr(c, n, flags)
+proc semExprBranch(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags = {}; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
+  result = semExpr(c, n, flags, expectedType)
   if result.typ != nil:
     # XXX tyGenericInst here?
     if result.typ.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}: result = newDeref(result)
 
-proc semExprBranchScope(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc semExprBranchScope(c: PContext, n: PNode; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   openScope(c)
-  result = semExprBranch(c, n)
+  result = semExprBranch(c, n, expectedType = expectedType)
   closeScope(c)
 
 const
-  skipForDiscardable = {nkIfStmt, nkIfExpr, nkCaseStmt, nkOfBranch,
-    nkElse, nkStmtListExpr, nkTryStmt, nkFinally, nkExceptBranch,
+  skipForDiscardable = {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr,
+    nkOfBranch, nkElse, nkFinally, nkExceptBranch,
     nkElifBranch, nkElifExpr, nkElseExpr, nkBlockStmt, nkBlockExpr,
-    nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenDeref}
+    nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkHiddenDeref}
 
 proc implicitlyDiscardable(n: PNode): bool =
-  var n = n
-  while n.kind in skipForDiscardable: n = n.lastSon
-  result = n.kind in nkLastBlockStmts or
-           (isCallExpr(n) and n[0].kind == nkSym and
-           sfDiscardable in n[0].sym.flags)
+  # same traversal as endsInNoReturn
+  template checkBranch(branch) =
+    if not implicitlyDiscardable(branch):
+      return false
+
+  var it = n
+  # skip these beforehand, no special handling needed
+  while it.kind in skipForDiscardable and it.len > 0:
+    it = it.lastSon
+
+  case it.kind
+  of nkIfExpr, nkIfStmt:
+    for branch in it:
+      checkBranch:
+        if branch.len == 2:
+          branch[1]
+        elif branch.len == 1:
+          branch[0]
+        else:
+          raiseAssert "Malformed `if` statement during implicitlyDiscardable"
+    # all branches are discardable
+    result = true
+  of nkCaseStmt:
+    for i in 1 ..< it.len:
+      let branch = it[i]
+      checkBranch:
+        case branch.kind
+        of nkOfBranch:
+          branch[^1]
+        of nkElifBranch:
+          branch[1]
+        of nkElse:
+          branch[0]
+        else:
+          raiseAssert "Malformed `case` statement in implicitlyDiscardable"
+    # all branches are discardable
+    result = true
+  of nkTryStmt:
+    checkBranch(it[0])
+    for i in 1 ..< it.len:
+      let branch = it[i]
+      if branch.kind != nkFinally:
+        checkBranch(branch[^1])
+    # all branches are discardable
+    result = true
+  of nkCallKinds:
+    result = it[0].kind == nkSym and {sfDiscardable, sfNoReturn} * it[0].sym.flags != {}
+  of nkLastBlockStmts:
+    result = true
+  else:
+    result = false
+
+proc endsInNoReturn(n: PNode, returningNode: var PNode; discardableCheck = false): bool =
+  ## check if expr ends the block like raising or call of noreturn procs do
+  result = false # assume it does return
+
+  template checkBranch(branch) =
+    if not endsInNoReturn(branch, returningNode, discardableCheck):
+      # proved a branch returns
+      return false
+
+  var it = n
+  # skip these beforehand, no special handling needed
+  let skips = if discardableCheck: skipForDiscardable else: skipForDiscardable-{nkBlockExpr, nkBlockStmt}
+  while it.kind in skips and it.len > 0:
+    it = it.lastSon
+
+  case it.kind
+  of nkIfExpr, nkIfStmt:
+    var hasElse = false
+    for branch in it:
+      checkBranch:
+        if branch.len == 2:
+          branch[1]
+        elif branch.len == 1:
+          hasElse = true
+          branch[0]
+        else:
+          raiseAssert "Malformed `if` statement during endsInNoReturn"
+    # none of the branches returned
+    result = hasElse # Only truly a no-return when it's exhaustive
+  of nkCaseStmt:
+    let caseTyp = skipTypes(it[0].typ, abstractVar-{tyTypeDesc})
+    # semCase should already have checked for exhaustiveness in this case
+    # effectively the same as having an else
+    var hasElse = caseTyp.shouldCheckCaseCovered()
+
+    # actual noreturn checks
+    for i in 1 ..< it.len:
+      let branch = it[i]
+      checkBranch:
+        case branch.kind
+        of nkOfBranch:
+          branch[^1]
+        of nkElifBranch:
+          branch[1]
+        of nkElse:
+          hasElse = true
+          branch[0]
+        else:
+          raiseAssert "Malformed `case` statement in endsInNoReturn"
+    # Can only guarantee a noreturn if there is an else or it's exhaustive
+    result = hasElse
+  of nkTryStmt:
+    checkBranch(it[0])
+    var lastIndex = it.len - 1
+    if it[lastIndex].kind == nkFinally:
+      # if finally is noreturn, then the entire statement is noreturn
+      if endsInNoReturn(it[lastIndex][^1], returningNode, discardableCheck):
+        return true
+      dec lastIndex
+    for i in 1 .. lastIndex:
+      let branch = it[i]
+      checkBranch(branch[^1])
+    # none of the branches returned
+    result = true
+  of nkLastBlockStmts:
+    result = true
+  of nkCallKinds:
+    result = it[0].kind == nkSym and sfNoReturn in it[0].sym.flags
+    if not result:
+      returningNode = it
+  else:
+    result = false
+    returningNode = it
+
+proc endsInNoReturn(n: PNode): bool =
+  var dummy: PNode = nil
+  result = endsInNoReturn(n, dummy)
 
 proc fixNilType(c: PContext; n: PNode) =
   if isAtom(n):
@@ -138,34 +284,47 @@ proc discardCheck(c: PContext, result: PNode, flags: TExprFlags) =
     if implicitlyDiscardable(result):
       var n = newNodeI(nkDiscardStmt, result.info, 1)
       n[0] = result
+      # notes that it doesn't transform nodes into discard statements
     elif result.typ.kind != tyError and c.config.cmd != cmdInteractive:
-      var n = result
-      while n.kind in skipForDiscardable: n = n.lastSon
-      var s = "expression '" & $n & "' is of type '" &
-          result.typ.typeToString & "' and has to be used (or discarded)"
-      if result.info.line != n.info.line or
-          result.info.fileIndex != n.info.fileIndex:
-        s.add "; start of expression here: " & c.config$result.info
-      if result.typ.kind == tyProc:
-        s.add "; for a function call use ()"
-      localError(c.config, n.info, s)
-
-proc semIf(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+      if result.typ.kind == tyNone:
+        localError(c.config, result.info, "expression has no type: " &
+               renderTree(result, {renderNoComments}))
+      else:
+        # Ignore noreturn procs since they don't have a type
+        var n = result
+        if result.endsInNoReturn(n, discardableCheck = true):
+          return
+
+        var s = "expression '" & $n & "' is of type '" &
+            result.typ.typeToString & "' and has to be used (or discarded)"
+        if result.info.line != n.info.line or
+            result.info.fileIndex != n.info.fileIndex:
+          s.add "; start of expression here: " & c.config$result.info
+        if result.typ.kind == tyProc:
+          s.add "; for a function call use ()"
+        localError(c.config, n.info, s)
+
+proc semIf(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   result = n
   var typ = commonTypeBegin
+  var expectedType = expectedType
   var hasElse = false
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     var it = n[i]
     if it.len == 2:
       openScope(c)
-      it[0] = forceBool(c, semExprWithType(c, it[0]))
-      it[1] = semExprBranch(c, it[1], flags)
+      it[0] = forceBool(c, semExprWithType(c, it[0], expectedType = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyBool)))
+      it[1] = semExprBranch(c, it[1], flags, expectedType)
       typ = commonType(c, typ, it[1])
+      if not endsInNoReturn(it[1]):
+        expectedType = typ
       closeScope(c)
     elif it.len == 1:
       hasElse = true
-      it[0] = semExprBranchScope(c, it[0])
+      it[0] = semExprBranchScope(c, it[0], expectedType)
       typ = commonType(c, typ, it[0])
+      if not endsInNoReturn(it[0]):
+        expectedType = typ
     else: illFormedAst(it, c.config)
   if isEmptyType(typ) or typ.kind in {tyNil, tyUntyped} or
       (not hasElse and efInTypeof notin flags):
@@ -181,7 +340,7 @@ proc semIf(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
     result.transitionSonsKind(nkIfExpr)
     result.typ = typ
 
-proc semTry(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+proc semTry(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   var check = initIntSet()
   template semExceptBranchType(typeNode: PNode): bool =
     # returns true if exception type is imported type
@@ -191,6 +350,8 @@ proc semTry(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
       isImported = true
     elif not isException(typ):
       localError(c.config, typeNode.info, errExprCannotBeRaised)
+    elif not isDefectOrCatchableError(typ):
+      message(c.config, a.info, warnBareExcept, "catch a more precise Exception deriving from CatchableError or Defect.")
 
     if containsOrIncl(check, typ.id):
       localError(c.config, typeNode.info, errExceptionAlreadyHandled)
@@ -198,12 +359,14 @@ proc semTry(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
     isImported
 
   result = n
-  inc c.p.inTryStmt
   checkMinSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
 
   var typ = commonTypeBegin
-  n[0] = semExprBranchScope(c, n[0])
-  typ = commonType(c, typ, n[0].typ)
+  var expectedType = expectedType
+  n[0] = semExprBranchScope(c, n[0], expectedType)
+  if not endsInNoReturn(n[0]):
+    typ = commonType(c, typ, n[0].typ)
+    expectedType = typ
 
   var last = n.len - 1
   var catchAllExcepts = 0
@@ -216,7 +379,7 @@ proc semTry(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
 
       if a.len == 2 and a[0].kind == nkBracket:
         # rewrite ``except [a, b, c]: body`` -> ```except a, b, c: body```
-        a.sons[0..0] = a[0].sons
+        a.sons[0..0] = move a[0].sons
 
       if a.len == 2 and a[0].isInfixAs():
         # support ``except Exception as ex: body``
@@ -231,14 +394,15 @@ proc semTry(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
       elif a.len == 1:
         # count number of ``except: body`` blocks
         inc catchAllExcepts
-
+        message(c.config, a.info, warnBareExcept,
+                  "The bare except clause is deprecated; use `except CatchableError:` instead")
       else:
         # support ``except KeyError, ValueError, ... : body``
         if catchAllExcepts > 0:
           # if ``except: body`` already encountered,
           # cannot be followed by a ``except KeyError, ... : body`` block
           inc catchAllExcepts
-        var isNative, isImported: bool
+        var isNative, isImported: bool = false
         for j in 0..<a.len-1:
           let tmp = semExceptBranchType(a[j])
           if tmp: isImported = true
@@ -260,12 +424,16 @@ proc semTry(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
       localError(c.config, a.info, "Only one general except clause is allowed after more specific exceptions")
 
     # last child of an nkExcept/nkFinally branch is a statement:
-    a[^1] = semExprBranchScope(c, a[^1])
-    if a.kind != nkFinally: typ = commonType(c, typ, a[^1])
-    else: dec last
+    if a.kind != nkFinally:
+      a[^1] = semExprBranchScope(c, a[^1], expectedType)
+      typ = commonType(c, typ, a[^1])
+      if not endsInNoReturn(a[^1]):
+        expectedType = typ
+    else:
+      a[^1] = semExprBranchScope(c, a[^1])
+      dec last
     closeScope(c)
 
-  dec c.p.inTryStmt
   if isEmptyType(typ) or typ.kind in {tyNil, tyUntyped}:
     discardCheck(c, n[0], flags)
     for i in 1..<n.len: discardCheck(c, n[i].lastSon, flags)
@@ -273,7 +441,8 @@ proc semTry(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
       result.typ = c.enforceVoidContext
   else:
     if n.lastSon.kind == nkFinally: discardCheck(c, n.lastSon.lastSon, flags)
-    n[0] = fitNode(c, typ, n[0], n[0].info)
+    if not endsInNoReturn(n[0]):
+      n[0] = fitNode(c, typ, n[0], n[0].info)
     for i in 1..last:
       var it = n[i]
       let j = it.len-1
@@ -291,6 +460,8 @@ proc fitRemoveHiddenConv(c: PContext, typ: PType, n: PNode): PNode =
       result.typ = typ
       if not floatRangeCheck(result.floatVal, typ):
         localError(c.config, n.info, errFloatToString % [$result.floatVal, typeToString(typ)])
+    elif r1.kind == nkSym and typ.skipTypes(abstractRange).kind == tyCstring:
+      discard "keep nkHiddenStdConv for cstring conversions"
     else:
       changeType(c, r1, typ, check=true)
       result = r1
@@ -298,6 +469,7 @@ proc fitRemoveHiddenConv(c: PContext, typ: PType, n: PNode): PNode =
     changeType(c, result, typ, check=false)
 
 proc findShadowedVar(c: PContext, v: PSym): PSym =
+  result = nil
   for scope in localScopesFrom(c, c.currentScope.parent):
     let shadowed = strTableGet(scope.symbols, v.name)
     if shadowed != nil and shadowed.kind in skLocalVars:
@@ -308,9 +480,9 @@ proc identWithin(n: PNode, s: PIdent): bool =
     if identWithin(n[i], s): return true
   result = n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.name.id == s.id
 
-proc semIdentDef(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind): PSym =
+proc semIdentDef(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind, reportToNimsuggest = true): PSym =
   if isTopLevel(c):
-    result = semIdentWithPragma(c, kind, n, {sfExported})
+    result = semIdentWithPragma(c, kind, n, {sfExported}, fromTopLevel = true)
     incl(result.flags, sfGlobal)
     #if kind in {skVar, skLet}:
     #  echo "global variable here ", n.info, " ", result.name.s
@@ -332,7 +504,8 @@ proc semIdentDef(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind): PSym =
       discard
     result = n.info
   let info = getLineInfo(n)
-  suggestSym(c.graph, info, result, c.graph.usageSym)
+  if reportToNimsuggest:
+    suggestSym(c.graph, info, result, c.graph.usageSym)
 
 proc checkNilable(c: PContext; v: PSym) =
   if {sfGlobal, sfImportc} * v.flags == {sfGlobal} and v.typ.requiresInit:
@@ -343,8 +516,12 @@ proc checkNilable(c: PContext; v: PSym) =
 
 #include liftdestructors
 
-proc addToVarSection(c: PContext; result: PNode; orig, identDefs: PNode) =
-  let value = identDefs[^1]
+proc addToVarSection(c: PContext; result: var PNode; n: PNode) =
+  if result.kind != nkStmtList:
+    result = makeStmtList(result)
+  result.add n
+
+proc addToVarSection(c: PContext; result: var PNode; orig, identDefs: PNode) =
   if result.kind == nkStmtList:
     let o = copyNode(orig)
     o.add identDefs
@@ -353,9 +530,11 @@ proc addToVarSection(c: PContext; result: PNode; orig, identDefs: PNode) =
     result.add identDefs
 
 proc isDiscardUnderscore(v: PSym): bool =
-  if v.name.s == "_":
+  if v.name.id == ord(wUnderscore):
     v.flags.incl(sfGenSym)
     result = true
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc semUsing(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
   result = c.graph.emptyNode
@@ -370,7 +549,7 @@ proc semUsing(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
       let typ = semTypeNode(c, a[^2], nil)
       for j in 0..<a.len-2:
         let v = semIdentDef(c, a[j], skParam)
-        styleCheckDef(c.config, v)
+        styleCheckDef(c, v)
         onDef(a[j].info, v)
         v.typ = typ
         strTableIncl(c.signatures, v)
@@ -380,26 +559,36 @@ proc semUsing(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
     if a[^1].kind != nkEmpty:
       localError(c.config, a.info, "'using' sections cannot contain assignments")
 
-proc hasEmpty(typ: PType): bool =
-  if typ.kind in {tySequence, tyArray, tySet}:
-    result = typ.lastSon.kind == tyEmpty
-  elif typ.kind == tyTuple:
-    for s in typ.sons:
-      result = result or hasEmpty(s)
+proc hasUnresolvedParams(n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): bool =
+  result = tfUnresolved in n.typ.flags
+  when false:
+    case n.kind
+    of nkSym:
+      result = isGenericRoutineStrict(n.sym)
+    of nkSymChoices:
+      for ch in n:
+        if hasUnresolvedParams(ch, flags):
+          return true
+      result = false
+    else:
+      result = false
+    if efOperand in flags:
+      if tfUnresolved notin n.typ.flags:
+        result = false
 
 proc makeDeref(n: PNode): PNode =
   var t = n.typ
   if t.kind in tyUserTypeClasses and t.isResolvedUserTypeClass:
-    t = t.lastSon
+    t = t.last
   t = skipTypes(t, {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})
   result = n
   if t.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}:
-    result = newNodeIT(nkHiddenDeref, n.info, t[0])
+    result = newNodeIT(nkHiddenDeref, n.info, t.elementType)
     result.add n
-    t = skipTypes(t[0], {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})
+    t = skipTypes(t.elementType, {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})
   while t.kind in {tyPtr, tyRef}:
     var a = result
-    let baseTyp = t.lastSon
+    let baseTyp = t.elementType
     result = newNodeIT(nkHiddenDeref, n.info, baseTyp)
     result.add a
     t = skipTypes(baseTyp, {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})
@@ -410,7 +599,7 @@ proc fillPartialObject(c: PContext; n: PNode; typ: PType) =
     let y = considerQuotedIdent(c, n[1])
     let obj = x.typ.skipTypes(abstractPtrs)
     if obj.kind == tyObject and tfPartial in obj.flags:
-      let field = newSym(skField, getIdent(c.cache, y.s), nextSymId c.idgen, obj.sym, n[1].info)
+      let field = newSym(skField, getIdent(c.cache, y.s), c.idgen, obj.sym, n[1].info)
       field.typ = skipIntLit(typ, c.idgen)
       field.position = obj.n.len
       obj.n.add newSymNode(field)
@@ -430,58 +619,195 @@ proc setVarType(c: PContext; v: PSym, typ: PType) =
         "; new type is: " & typeToString(typ, preferDesc))
   v.typ = typ
 
-proc semLowerLetVarCustomPragma(c: PContext, a: PNode, n: PNode): PNode =
-  var b = a[0]
-  if b.kind == nkPragmaExpr:
-    if b[1].len != 1:
-      # we could in future support pragmas w args e.g.: `var foo {.bar:"goo".} = expr`
-      return nil
-    let nodePragma = b[1][0]
-    # see: `singlePragma`
-    if nodePragma.kind notin {nkIdent, nkAccQuoted}:
-      return nil
-    let ident = considerQuotedIdent(c, nodePragma)
-    var userPragma = strTableGet(c.userPragmas, ident)
-    if userPragma != nil: return nil
-
-    let w = nodePragma.whichPragma
-    if n.kind == nkVarSection and w in varPragmas or
-      n.kind == nkLetSection and w in letPragmas or
-      n.kind == nkConstSection and w in constPragmas:
-      return nil
-
-    var amb = false
-    let sym = searchInScopes(c, ident, amb)
-    # XXX what if amb is true?
-    if sym == nil or sfCustomPragma in sym.flags: return nil
-      # skip if not in scope; skip `template myAttr() {.pragma.}`
-    let lhs = b[0]
-    let clash = strTableGet(c.currentScope.symbols, lhs.ident)
-    if clash != nil:
-      # refs https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/8275
-      wrongRedefinition(c, lhs.info, lhs.ident.s, clash.info)
-
-    result = newTree(nkCall)
-    doAssert nodePragma.kind in {nkIdent, nkAccQuoted}, $nodePragma.kind
-    result.add nodePragma
-    result.add lhs
-    if a[1].kind != nkEmpty:
-      result.add a[1]
+proc isPossibleMacroPragma(c: PContext, it: PNode, key: PNode): bool =
+  # make sure it's not a normal pragma, and calls an identifier
+  # considerQuotedIdent below will fail on non-identifiers
+  result = whichPragma(it) == wInvalid and key.kind in nkIdentKinds+{nkDotExpr}
+  if result:
+    # make sure it's not a user pragma
+    if key.kind != nkDotExpr:
+      let ident = considerQuotedIdent(c, key)
+      result = strTableGet(c.userPragmas, ident) == nil
+    if result:
+      # make sure it's not a custom pragma
+      let sym = qualifiedLookUp(c, key, {})
+      result = sym == nil or sfCustomPragma notin sym.flags
+
+proc copyExcept(n: PNode, i: int): PNode =
+  result = copyNode(n)
+  for j in 0..<n.len:
+    if j != i: result.add(n[j])
+
+proc semVarMacroPragma(c: PContext, a: PNode, n: PNode): PNode =
+  # Mirrored with semProcAnnotation
+  result = nil
+  # a, b {.prag.}: int = 3 not allowed
+  const lhsPos = 0
+  if a.len == 3 and a[lhsPos].kind == nkPragmaExpr:
+    var b = a[lhsPos]
+    const
+      namePos = 0
+      pragmaPos = 1
+    let pragmas = b[pragmaPos]
+    for i in 0 ..< pragmas.len:
+      let it = pragmas[i]
+      let key = if it.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and it.len >= 1: it[0] else: it
+
+      trySuggestPragmas(c, key)
+
+      if isPossibleMacroPragma(c, it, key):
+        # we transform ``var p {.m, rest.}`` into ``m(do: var p {.rest.})`` and
+        # let the semantic checker deal with it:
+        var x = newNodeI(nkCall, key.info)
+        x.add(key)
+
+        if it.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and it.len > 1:
+          # pass pragma arguments to the macro too:
+          for i in 1..<it.len:
+            x.add(it[i])
+
+        # Drop the pragma from the list, this prevents getting caught in endless
+        # recursion when the nkCall is semanticized
+        let oldExpr = a[lhsPos]
+        let newPragmas = copyExcept(pragmas, i)
+        if newPragmas.kind != nkEmpty and newPragmas.len == 0:
+          a[lhsPos] = oldExpr[namePos]
+        else:
+          a[lhsPos] = copyNode(oldExpr)
+          a[lhsPos].add(oldExpr[namePos])
+          a[lhsPos].add(newPragmas)
+
+        var unarySection = newNodeI(n.kind, a.info)
+        unarySection.add(a)
+        x.add(unarySection)
+
+        # recursion assures that this works for multiple macro annotations too:
+        var r = semOverloadedCall(c, x, x, {skMacro, skTemplate}, {efNoUndeclared})
+        if r == nil:
+          # Restore the old list of pragmas since we couldn't process this
+          a[lhsPos] = oldExpr
+          # No matching macro was found but there's always the possibility this may
+          # be a .pragma. template instead
+          continue
+
+        doAssert r[0].kind == nkSym
+        let m = r[0].sym
+        case m.kind
+        of skMacro: result = semMacroExpr(c, r, r, m, {})
+        of skTemplate: result = semTemplateExpr(c, r, m, {})
+        else:
+          a[lhsPos] = oldExpr
+          continue
+
+        doAssert result != nil
+
+        return result
+
+template isLocalSym(sym: PSym): bool =
+  sym.kind in {skVar, skLet, skParam} and not
+    ({sfGlobal, sfPure} * sym.flags != {} or
+      sym.typ.kind == tyTypeDesc or
+      sfCompileTime in sym.flags) or
+      sym.kind in {skProc, skFunc, skIterator} and
+      sfGlobal notin sym.flags
+
+template isLocalVarSym(n: PNode): bool =
+  n.kind == nkSym and isLocalSym(n.sym)
+
+proc usesLocalVar(n: PNode): bool =
+  result = false
+  for z in 1 ..< n.len:
+    if n[z].isLocalVarSym:
+      return true
+    elif n[z].kind in nkCallKinds:
+      if usesLocalVar(n[z]):
+        return true
+
+proc globalVarInitCheck(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
+  if n.isLocalVarSym or n.kind in nkCallKinds and usesLocalVar(n):
+    localError(c.config, n.info, errCannotAssignToGlobal)
+
+const
+  errTupleUnpackingTupleExpected = "tuple expected for tuple unpacking, but got '$1'"
+  errTupleUnpackingDifferentLengths = "tuple with $1 elements expected, but got '$2' with $3 elements"
+
+proc makeVarTupleSection(c: PContext, n, a, def: PNode, typ: PType, symkind: TSymKind, origResult: var PNode): PNode =
+  ## expand tuple unpacking assignments into new var/let/const section
+  ##
+  ## mirrored with semexprs.makeTupleAssignments
+  if typ.kind != tyTuple:
+    localError(c.config, a.info, errTupleUnpackingTupleExpected %
+      [typeToString(typ, preferDesc)])
+  elif a.len-2 != typ.len:
+    localError(c.config, a.info, errTupleUnpackingDifferentLengths %
+      [$(a.len-2), typeToString(typ, preferDesc), $typ.len])
+  var
+    tempNode: PNode = nil
+    lastDef: PNode
+  let defkind = if symkind == skConst: nkConstDef else: nkIdentDefs
+  # temporary not needed if not const and RHS is tuple literal
+  # const breaks with seqs without temporary
+  let useTemp = def.kind notin {nkPar, nkTupleConstr} or symkind == skConst
+  if useTemp:
+    # use same symkind for compatibility with original section
+    let temp = newSym(symkind, getIdent(c.cache, "tmpTuple"), c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), n.info)
+    temp.typ = typ
+    temp.flags.incl(sfGenSym)
+    lastDef = newNodeI(defkind, a.info)
+    newSons(lastDef, 3)
+    lastDef[0] = newSymNode(temp)
+    # NOTE: at the moment this is always ast.emptyNode, see parser.nim
+    lastDef[1] = a[^2]
+    lastDef[2] = def
+    temp.ast = lastDef
+    addToVarSection(c, origResult, n, lastDef)
+    tempNode = newSymNode(temp)
+  result = newNodeI(n.kind, a.info)
+  for j in 0..<a.len-2:
+    let name = a[j]
+    if useTemp and name.kind == nkIdent and name.ident.id == ord(wUnderscore):
+      # skip _ assignments if we are using a temp as they are already evaluated
+      continue
+    if name.kind == nkVarTuple:
+      # nested tuple
+      lastDef = newNodeI(nkVarTuple, name.info)
+      newSons(lastDef, name.len)
+      for k in 0..<name.len-2:
+        lastDef[k] = name[k]
+    else:
+      lastDef = newNodeI(defkind, name.info)
+      newSons(lastDef, 3)
+      lastDef[0] = name
+    lastDef[^2] = c.graph.emptyNode
+    if useTemp:
+      lastDef[^1] = newTupleAccessRaw(tempNode, j)
     else:
-      result.add newNodeIT(nkNilLit, a.info, c.graph.sysTypes[tyNil])
-    result.add a[2]
-    result.info = a.info
-    let ret = newNodeI(nkStmtList, a.info)
-    ret.add result
-    result = semExprNoType(c, ret)
+      var val = def[j]
+      if val.kind == nkExprColonExpr: val = val[1]
+      lastDef[^1] = val
+    result.add(lastDef)
 
 proc semVarOrLet(c: PContext, n: PNode, symkind: TSymKind): PNode =
-  if n.len == 1:
-    result = semLowerLetVarCustomPragma(c, n[0], n)
-    if result != nil: return result
-
   var b: PNode
   result = copyNode(n)
+
+  # transform var x, y = 12 into var x = 12; var y = 12
+  # bug #18104; transformation should be finished before templates expansion
+  # TODO: move warnings for tuple here
+  var transformed = copyNode(n)
+  for i in 0..<n.len:
+    var a = n[i]
+    if a.kind == nkIdentDefs and a.len > 3 and a[^1].kind != nkEmpty:
+      for j in 0..<a.len-2:
+        var b = newNodeI(nkIdentDefs, a.info)
+        b.add a[j]
+        b.add a[^2]
+        b.add copyTree(a[^1])
+        transformed.add b
+    else:
+      transformed.add a
+  let n = transformed
+
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     var a = n[i]
     if c.config.cmd == cmdIdeTools: suggestStmt(c, a)
@@ -489,15 +815,27 @@ proc semVarOrLet(c: PContext, n: PNode, symkind: TSymKind): PNode =
     if a.kind notin {nkIdentDefs, nkVarTuple}: illFormedAst(a, c.config)
     checkMinSonsLen(a, 3, c.config)
 
+    b = semVarMacroPragma(c, a, n)
+    if b != nil:
+      addToVarSection(c, result, b)
+      continue
+
+    var hasUserSpecifiedType = false
     var typ: PType = nil
     if a[^2].kind != nkEmpty:
       typ = semTypeNode(c, a[^2], nil)
+      hasUserSpecifiedType = true
 
-    var typFlags: TTypeAllowedFlags
+    var typFlags: TTypeAllowedFlags = {}
 
     var def: PNode = c.graph.emptyNode
+    if typ != nil and typ.kind == tyRange and
+        c.graph.config.isDefined("nimPreviewRangeDefault") and
+        a[^1].kind == nkEmpty:
+      a[^1] = firstRange(c.config, typ)
+
     if a[^1].kind != nkEmpty:
-      def = semExprWithType(c, a[^1], {efAllowDestructor})
+      def = semExprWithType(c, a[^1], {efTypeAllowed}, typ)
 
       if def.kind == nkSym and def.sym.kind in {skTemplate, skMacro}:
         typFlags.incl taIsTemplateOrMacro
@@ -511,16 +849,23 @@ proc semVarOrLet(c: PContext, n: PNode, symkind: TSymKind): PNode =
         else:
           # BUGFIX: ``fitNode`` is needed here!
           # check type compatibility between def.typ and typ
-          def = fitNode(c, typ, def, def.info)
+          def = fitNodeConsiderViewType(c, typ, def, def.info)
           #changeType(def.skipConv, typ, check=true)
       else:
         typ = def.typ.skipTypes({tyStatic, tySink}).skipIntLit(c.idgen)
         if typ.kind in tyUserTypeClasses and typ.isResolvedUserTypeClass:
-          typ = typ.lastSon
+          typ = typ.last
         if hasEmpty(typ):
           localError(c.config, def.info, errCannotInferTypeOfTheLiteral % typ.kind.toHumanStr)
-        elif typ.kind == tyProc and tfUnresolved in typ.flags:
-          localError(c.config, def.info, errProcHasNoConcreteType % def.renderTree)
+        elif typ.kind == tyProc and def.kind == nkSym and isGenericRoutine(def.sym.ast):
+          let owner = typ.owner
+          let err =
+            # consistent error message with evaltempl/semMacroExpr
+            if owner != nil and owner.kind in {skTemplate, skMacro}:
+              errMissingGenericParamsForTemplate % def.renderTree
+            else:
+              errProcHasNoConcreteType % def.renderTree
+          localError(c.config, def.info, err)
         when false:
           # XXX This typing rule is neither documented nor complete enough to
           # justify it. Instead use the newer 'unowned x' until we figured out
@@ -539,95 +884,86 @@ proc semVarOrLet(c: PContext, n: PNode, symkind: TSymKind): PNode =
 
     var tup = skipTypes(typ, {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink})
     if a.kind == nkVarTuple:
-      if tup.kind != tyTuple:
-        localError(c.config, a.info, errXExpected, "tuple")
-      elif a.len-2 != tup.len:
-        localError(c.config, a.info, errWrongNumberOfVariables)
-      b = newNodeI(nkVarTuple, a.info)
-      newSons(b, a.len)
-      # keep type desc for doc generator
-      # NOTE: at the moment this is always ast.emptyNode, see parser.nim
-      b[^2] = a[^2]
-      b[^1] = def
-      addToVarSection(c, result, n, b)
-    elif tup.kind == tyTuple and def.kind in {nkPar, nkTupleConstr} and
-        a.kind == nkIdentDefs and a.len > 3:
-      message(c.config, a.info, warnEachIdentIsTuple)
-
-    for j in 0..<a.len-2:
-      if a[j].kind == nkDotExpr:
-        fillPartialObject(c, a[j],
-          if a.kind != nkVarTuple: typ else: tup[j])
-        addToVarSection(c, result, n, a)
-        continue
-      var v = semIdentDef(c, a[j], symkind)
-      styleCheckDef(c.config, v)
-      onDef(a[j].info, v)
-      if sfGenSym notin v.flags:
-        if not isDiscardUnderscore(v): addInterfaceDecl(c, v)
-      else:
-        if v.owner == nil: v.owner = c.p.owner
-      when oKeepVariableNames:
-        if c.inUnrolledContext > 0: v.flags.incl(sfShadowed)
+      # generate new section from tuple unpacking and embed it into this one
+      let assignments = makeVarTupleSection(c, n, a, def, tup, symkind, result)
+      let resSection = semVarOrLet(c, assignments, symkind)
+      for resDef in resSection:
+        addToVarSection(c, result, n, resDef)
+    else:
+      if tup.kind == tyTuple and def.kind in {nkPar, nkTupleConstr} and
+          a.len > 3:
+        # var a, b = (1, 2)
+        message(c.config, a.info, warnEachIdentIsTuple)
+
+      for j in 0..<a.len-2:
+        if a[j].kind == nkDotExpr:
+          fillPartialObject(c, a[j], typ)
+          addToVarSection(c, result, n, a)
+          continue
+        var v = semIdentDef(c, a[j], symkind, false)
+        when defined(nimsuggest):
+          v.hasUserSpecifiedType = hasUserSpecifiedType
+        styleCheckDef(c, v)
+        onDef(a[j].info, v)
+        if sfGenSym notin v.flags:
+          if not isDiscardUnderscore(v): addInterfaceDecl(c, v)
         else:
-          let shadowed = findShadowedVar(c, v)
-          if shadowed != nil:
-            shadowed.flags.incl(sfShadowed)
-            if shadowed.kind == skResult and sfGenSym notin v.flags:
-              message(c.config, a.info, warnResultShadowed)
-      if a.kind != nkVarTuple:
+          if v.owner == nil: v.owner = c.p.owner
+        when oKeepVariableNames:
+          if c.inUnrolledContext > 0: v.flags.incl(sfShadowed)
+          else:
+            let shadowed = findShadowedVar(c, v)
+            if shadowed != nil:
+              shadowed.flags.incl(sfShadowed)
+              if shadowed.kind == skResult and sfGenSym notin v.flags:
+                message(c.config, a.info, warnResultShadowed)
         if def.kind != nkEmpty:
           if sfThread in v.flags: localError(c.config, def.info, errThreadvarCannotInit)
         setVarType(c, v, typ)
+        # this is needed for the evaluation pass, guard checking
+        #  and custom pragmas:
         b = newNodeI(nkIdentDefs, a.info)
         if importantComments(c.config):
           # keep documentation information:
           b.comment = a.comment
-        b.add newSymNode(v)
-        # keep type desc for doc generator
-        b.add a[^2]
-        b.add copyTree(def)
-        addToVarSection(c, result, n, b)
-        # this is needed for the evaluation pass, guard checking
-        #  and custom pragmas:
-        var ast = newNodeI(nkIdentDefs, a.info)
+        # postfix not generated here (to generate, get rid of it in transf)
         if a[j].kind == nkPragmaExpr:
           var p = newNodeI(nkPragmaExpr, a.info)
           p.add newSymNode(v)
-          p.add a[j][1].copyTree
-          ast.add p
-        else:
-          ast.add newSymNode(v)
-        ast.add a[^2].copyTree
-        ast.add def
-        v.ast = ast
-      else:
-        if def.kind in {nkPar, nkTupleConstr}: v.ast = def[j]
-        # bug #7663, for 'nim check' this can be a non-tuple:
-        if tup.kind == tyTuple: setVarType(c, v, tup[j])
-        else: v.typ = tup
-        b[j] = newSymNode(v)
-      if def.kind == nkEmpty:
-        let actualType = v.typ.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias,
-                                          tyUserTypeClassInst})
-        if actualType.kind in {tyObject, tyDistinct} and
-           actualType.requiresInit:
-          defaultConstructionError(c, v.typ, v.info)
+          p.add a[j][1]
+          b.add p
         else:
-          checkNilable(c, v)
-        # allow let to not be initialised if imported from C:
-        if v.kind == skLet and sfImportc notin v.flags:
-          localError(c.config, a.info, errLetNeedsInit)
-      if sfCompileTime in v.flags:
-        var x = newNodeI(result.kind, v.info)
-        x.add result[i]
-        vm.setupCompileTimeVar(c.module, c.idgen, c.graph, x)
-      if v.flags * {sfGlobal, sfThread} == {sfGlobal}:
-        message(c.config, v.info, hintGlobalVar)
+          b.add newSymNode(v)
+        # keep type desc for doc generator
+        b.add a[^2]
+        b.add copyTree(def)
+        addToVarSection(c, result, n, b)
+        v.ast = b
+        if def.kind == nkEmpty:
+          let actualType = v.typ.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias,
+                                            tyUserTypeClassInst})
+          if actualType.kind in {tyObject, tyDistinct} and
+            actualType.requiresInit:
+            defaultConstructionError(c, v.typ, v.info)
+          else:
+            checkNilable(c, v)
+          # allow let to not be initialised if imported from C:
+          if v.kind == skLet and sfImportc notin v.flags and (strictDefs notin c.features or not isLocalSym(v)):
+            localError(c.config, a.info, errLetNeedsInit)
+        if sfCompileTime in v.flags:
+          var x = newNodeI(result.kind, v.info)
+          x.add result[i]
+          vm.setupCompileTimeVar(c.module, c.idgen, c.graph, x)
+        if v.flags * {sfGlobal, sfThread} == {sfGlobal}:
+          message(c.config, v.info, hintGlobalVar)
+        if {sfGlobal, sfPure} <= v.flags:
+          globalVarInitCheck(c, def)
+        suggestSym(c.graph, v.info, v, c.graph.usageSym)
 
 proc semConst(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   result = copyNode(n)
   inc c.inStaticContext
+  var b: PNode
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     var a = n[i]
     if c.config.cmd == cmdIdeTools: suggestStmt(c, a)
@@ -635,14 +971,22 @@ proc semConst(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
     if a.kind notin {nkConstDef, nkVarTuple}: illFormedAst(a, c.config)
     checkMinSonsLen(a, 3, c.config)
 
+    b = semVarMacroPragma(c, a, n)
+    if b != nil:
+      addToVarSection(c, result, b)
+      continue
+
+    var hasUserSpecifiedType = false
     var typ: PType = nil
     if a[^2].kind != nkEmpty:
       typ = semTypeNode(c, a[^2], nil)
+      hasUserSpecifiedType = true
 
-    var typFlags: TTypeAllowedFlags
+    var typFlags: TTypeAllowedFlags = {}
 
     # don't evaluate here since the type compatibility check below may add a converter
-    var def = semExprWithType(c, a[^1])
+    openScope(c)
+    var def = semExprWithType(c, a[^1], {efTypeAllowed}, typ)
 
     if def.kind == nkSym and def.sym.kind in {skTemplate, skMacro}:
       typFlags.incl taIsTemplateOrMacro
@@ -668,39 +1012,46 @@ proc semConst(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
       if c.matchedConcept != nil:
         typFlags.incl taConcept
       typeAllowedCheck(c, a.info, typ, skConst, typFlags)
+    closeScope(c)
 
-    var b: PNode
     if a.kind == nkVarTuple:
-      if typ.kind != tyTuple:
-        localError(c.config, a.info, errXExpected, "tuple")
-      elif a.len-2 != typ.len:
-        localError(c.config, a.info, errWrongNumberOfVariables)
-      b = newNodeI(nkVarTuple, a.info)
-      newSons(b, a.len)
-      b[^2] = a[^2]
-      b[^1] = def
-
-    for j in 0..<a.len-2:
-      var v = semIdentDef(c, a[j], skConst)
-      if sfGenSym notin v.flags: addInterfaceDecl(c, v)
-      elif v.owner == nil: v.owner = getCurrOwner(c)
-      styleCheckDef(c.config, v)
-      onDef(a[j].info, v)
-
-      if a.kind != nkVarTuple:
-        setVarType(c, v, typ)
-        v.ast = def               # no need to copy
+      # generate new section from tuple unpacking and embed it into this one
+      let assignments = makeVarTupleSection(c, n, a, def, typ, skConst, result)
+      let resSection = semConst(c, assignments)
+      for resDef in resSection:
+        addToVarSection(c, result, n, resDef)
+    else:
+      for j in 0..<a.len-2:
+        var v = semIdentDef(c, a[j], skConst)
+        when defined(nimsuggest):
+          v.hasUserSpecifiedType = hasUserSpecifiedType
+        if sfGenSym notin v.flags: addInterfaceDecl(c, v)
+        elif v.owner == nil: v.owner = getCurrOwner(c)
+        styleCheckDef(c, v)
+        onDef(a[j].info, v)
+
+        var fillSymbol = true
+        if v.typ != nil:
+          # symbol already has type and probably value
+          # don't mutate
+          fillSymbol = false
+        else:
+          setVarType(c, v, typ)
         b = newNodeI(nkConstDef, a.info)
         if importantComments(c.config): b.comment = a.comment
-        b.add newSymNode(v)
+        # postfix not generated here (to generate, get rid of it in transf)
+        if a[j].kind == nkPragmaExpr:
+          var p = newNodeI(nkPragmaExpr, a.info)
+          p.add newSymNode(v)
+          p.add a[j][1].copyTree
+          b.add p
+        else:
+          b.add newSymNode(v)
         b.add a[1]
         b.add copyTree(def)
-      else:
-        setVarType(c, v, typ[j])
-        v.ast = if def[j].kind != nkExprColonExpr: def[j]
-                else: def[j][1]
-        b[j] = newSymNode(v)
-    result.add b
+        if fillSymbol:
+          v.ast = b
+        addToVarSection(c, result, n, b)
   dec c.inStaticContext
 
 include semfields
@@ -709,7 +1060,7 @@ include semfields
 proc symForVar(c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym =
   let m = if n.kind == nkPragmaExpr: n[0] else: n
   result = newSymG(skForVar, m, c)
-  styleCheckDef(c.config, result)
+  styleCheckDef(c, result)
   onDef(n.info, result)
   if n.kind == nkPragmaExpr:
     pragma(c, result, n[1], forVarPragmas)
@@ -721,11 +1072,18 @@ proc semForVars(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
   var iterAfterVarLent = iter.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tyLent, tyVar})
   # n.len == 3 means that there is one for loop variable
   # and thus no tuple unpacking:
+  if iterAfterVarLent.kind == tyEmpty:
+    localError(c.config, n[^2].info, "cannot infer element type of $1" %
+               renderTree(n[^2], {renderNoComments}))
   if iterAfterVarLent.kind != tyTuple or n.len == 3:
     if n.len == 3:
       if n[0].kind == nkVarTuple:
-        if n[0].len-1 != iterAfterVarLent.len:
-          localError(c.config, n[0].info, errWrongNumberOfVariables)
+        if iterAfterVarLent.kind != tyTuple:
+          return localErrorNode(c, n, n[0].info, errTupleUnpackingTupleExpected %
+              [typeToString(n[1].typ, preferDesc)])
+        elif n[0].len-1 != iterAfterVarLent.len:
+          return localErrorNode(c, n, n[0].info, errWrongNumberOfVariables)
+
         for i in 0..<n[0].len-1:
           var v = symForVar(c, n[0][i])
           if getCurrOwner(c).kind == skModule: incl(v.flags, sfGlobal)
@@ -800,11 +1158,14 @@ proc semForVars(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
           if not isDiscardUnderscore(v): addDecl(c, v)
         elif v.owner == nil: v.owner = getCurrOwner(c)
   inc(c.p.nestedLoopCounter)
+  let oldBreakInLoop = c.p.breakInLoop
+  c.p.breakInLoop = true
   openScope(c)
   n[^1] = semExprBranch(c, n[^1], flags)
   if efInTypeof notin flags:
     discardCheck(c, n[^1], flags)
   closeScope(c)
+  c.p.breakInLoop = oldBreakInLoop
   dec(c.p.nestedLoopCounter)
 
 proc implicitIterator(c: PContext, it: string, arg: PNode): PNode =
@@ -833,12 +1194,12 @@ proc handleStmtMacro(c: PContext; n, selector: PNode; magicType: string;
     if maType == nil: return
 
     let headSymbol = selector[0]
-    var o: TOverloadIter
+    var o: TOverloadIter = default(TOverloadIter)
     var match: PSym = nil
     var symx = initOverloadIter(o, c, headSymbol)
     while symx != nil:
       if symx.kind in {skTemplate, skMacro}:
-        if symx.typ.len == 2 and symx.typ[1] == maType.typ:
+        if symx.typ.len == 2 and symx.typ.firstParamType == maType.typ:
           if match == nil:
             match = symx
           else:
@@ -855,6 +1216,8 @@ proc handleStmtMacro(c: PContext; n, selector: PNode; magicType: string;
     of skMacro: result = semMacroExpr(c, callExpr, callExpr, match, flags)
     of skTemplate: result = semTemplateExpr(c, callExpr, match, flags)
     else: result = nil
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc handleForLoopMacro(c: PContext; n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
   result = handleStmtMacro(c, n, n[^2], "ForLoopStmt", flags)
@@ -867,8 +1230,8 @@ proc handleCaseStmtMacro(c: PContext; n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
   toResolve.add newIdentNode(getIdent(c.cache, "case"), n.info)
   toResolve.add n[0]
 
-  var errors: CandidateErrors
-  var r = resolveOverloads(c, toResolve, toResolve, {skTemplate, skMacro}, {},
+  var errors: CandidateErrors = @[]
+  var r = resolveOverloads(c, toResolve, toResolve, {skTemplate, skMacro}, {efNoUndeclared},
                            errors, false)
   if r.state == csMatch:
     var match = r.calleeSym
@@ -881,7 +1244,11 @@ proc handleCaseStmtMacro(c: PContext; n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
     case match.kind
     of skMacro: result = semMacroExpr(c, toExpand, toExpand, match, flags)
     of skTemplate: result = semTemplateExpr(c, toExpand, match, flags)
-    else: result = nil
+    else: result = errorNode(c, n[0])
+  else:
+    result = errorNode(c, n[0])
+  if result.kind == nkEmpty:
+    localError(c.config, n[0].info, errSelectorMustBeOfCertainTypes)
   # this would be the perfectly consistent solution with 'for loop macros',
   # but it kinda sucks for pattern matching as the matcher is not attached to
   # a type then:
@@ -896,7 +1263,8 @@ proc semFor(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
   result = n
   n[^2] = semExprNoDeref(c, n[^2], {efWantIterator})
   var call = n[^2]
-  if call.kind == nkStmtListExpr and isTrivalStmtExpr(call):
+
+  if call.kind == nkStmtListExpr and (isTrivalStmtExpr(call) or (call.lastSon.kind in nkCallKinds and call.lastSon[0].sym.kind == skIterator)):
     call = call.lastSon
     n[^2] = call
   let isCallExpr = call.kind in nkCallKinds
@@ -928,35 +1296,29 @@ proc semFor(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
     result.typ = result.lastSon.typ
   closeScope(c)
 
-proc semCase(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+proc semCase(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   result = n
   checkMinSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
   openScope(c)
   pushCaseContext(c, n)
   n[0] = semExprWithType(c, n[0])
-  var chckCovered = false
   var covered: Int128 = toInt128(0)
   var typ = commonTypeBegin
+  var expectedType = expectedType
   var hasElse = false
   let caseTyp = skipTypes(n[0].typ, abstractVar-{tyTypeDesc})
-  const shouldChckCovered = {tyInt..tyInt64, tyChar, tyEnum, tyUInt..tyUInt32, tyBool}
+  var chckCovered = caseTyp.shouldCheckCaseCovered()
   case caseTyp.kind
-  of shouldChckCovered:
-    chckCovered = true
-  of tyRange:
-    if skipTypes(caseTyp[0], abstractInst).kind in shouldChckCovered:
-      chckCovered = true
-  of tyFloat..tyFloat128, tyString, tyError:
+  of tyFloat..tyFloat128, tyString, tyCstring, tyError, shouldChckCovered, tyRange:
     discard
   else:
     popCaseContext(c)
     closeScope(c)
-    if caseStmtMacros in c.features:
-      result = handleCaseStmtMacro(c, n, flags)
-      if result != nil:
-        return result
-    localError(c.config, n[0].info, errSelectorMustBeOfCertainTypes)
-    return
+    return handleCaseStmtMacro(c, n, flags)
+  template invalidOrderOfBranches(n: PNode) =
+    localError(c.config, n.info, "invalid order of case branches")
+    break
+
   for i in 1..<n.len:
     setCaseContextIdx(c, i)
     var x = n[i]
@@ -965,23 +1327,31 @@ proc semCase(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
         suggestEnum(c, x, caseTyp)
     case x.kind
     of nkOfBranch:
+      if hasElse: invalidOrderOfBranches(x)
       checkMinSonsLen(x, 2, c.config)
       semCaseBranch(c, n, x, i, covered)
       var last = x.len-1
-      x[last] = semExprBranchScope(c, x[last])
+      x[last] = semExprBranchScope(c, x[last], expectedType)
       typ = commonType(c, typ, x[last])
+      if not endsInNoReturn(x[last]):
+        expectedType = typ
     of nkElifBranch:
+      if hasElse: invalidOrderOfBranches(x)
       chckCovered = false
       checkSonsLen(x, 2, c.config)
       openScope(c)
-      x[0] = forceBool(c, semExprWithType(c, x[0]))
-      x[1] = semExprBranch(c, x[1])
+      x[0] = forceBool(c, semExprWithType(c, x[0], expectedType = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyBool)))
+      x[1] = semExprBranch(c, x[1], expectedType = expectedType)
       typ = commonType(c, typ, x[1])
+      if not endsInNoReturn(x[1]):
+        expectedType = typ
       closeScope(c)
     of nkElse:
       checkSonsLen(x, 1, c.config)
-      x[0] = semExprBranchScope(c, x[0])
+      x[0] = semExprBranchScope(c, x[0], expectedType)
       typ = commonType(c, typ, x[0])
+      if not endsInNoReturn(x[0]):
+        expectedType = typ
       if (chckCovered and covered == toCover(c, n[0].typ)) or hasElse:
         message(c.config, x.info, warnUnreachableElse)
       hasElse = true
@@ -1022,9 +1392,8 @@ proc semRaise(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
       typ = typ.skipTypes({tyAlias, tyGenericInst, tyOwned})
       if typ.kind != tyRef:
         localError(c.config, n.info, errExprCannotBeRaised)
-      if typ.len > 0 and not isException(typ.lastSon):
-        localError(c.config, n.info, "raised object of type $1 does not inherit from Exception",
-                          [typeToString(typ)])
+      if typ.len > 0 and not isException(typ.elementType):
+        localError(c.config, n.info, "raised object of type $1 does not inherit from Exception" % typeToString(typ))
 
 proc addGenericParamListToScope(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
   if n.kind != nkGenericParams: illFormedAst(n, c.config)
@@ -1039,13 +1408,16 @@ proc typeSectionTypeName(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
     result = n[0]
   else:
     result = n
+  if result.kind == nkPostfix:
+    if result.len != 2: illFormedAst(n, c.config)
+    result = result[1]
   if result.kind != nkSym: illFormedAst(n, c.config)
 
 proc typeDefLeftSidePass(c: PContext, typeSection: PNode, i: int) =
   let typeDef = typeSection[i]
   checkSonsLen(typeDef, 3, c.config)
   var name = typeDef[0]
-  var s: PSym
+  var s: PSym = nil
   if name.kind == nkDotExpr and typeDef[2].kind == nkObjectTy:
     let pkgName = considerQuotedIdent(c, name[0])
     let typName = considerQuotedIdent(c, name[1])
@@ -1065,6 +1437,7 @@ proc typeDefLeftSidePass(c: PContext, typeSection: PNode, i: int) =
       elif typsym.kind == skType and sfForward in typsym.flags:
         s = typsym
         addInterfaceDecl(c, s)
+        # PRTEMP no onDef here?
       else:
         localError(c.config, name.info, typsym.name.s & " is not a type that can be forwarded")
         s = typsym
@@ -1076,7 +1449,12 @@ proc typeDefLeftSidePass(c: PContext, typeSection: PNode, i: int) =
     if name.kind == nkPragmaExpr:
       let rewritten = applyTypeSectionPragmas(c, name[1], typeDef)
       if rewritten != nil:
-        typeSection[i] = rewritten
+        case rewritten.kind
+        of nkTypeDef:
+          typeSection[i] = rewritten
+        of nkTypeSection:
+          typeSection.sons[i .. i] = rewritten.sons
+        else: illFormedAst(rewritten, c.config)
         typeDefLeftSidePass(c, typeSection, i)
         return
       pragma(c, s, name[1], typePragmas)
@@ -1100,26 +1478,35 @@ proc typeDefLeftSidePass(c: PContext, typeSection: PNode, i: int) =
     elif s.owner == nil: s.owner = getCurrOwner(c)
 
   if name.kind == nkPragmaExpr:
-    typeDef[0][0] = newSymNode(s)
+    if name[0].kind == nkPostfix:
+      typeDef[0][0][1] = newSymNode(s)
+    else:
+      typeDef[0][0] = newSymNode(s)
   else:
-    typeDef[0] = newSymNode(s)
+    if name.kind == nkPostfix:
+      typeDef[0][1] = newSymNode(s)
+    else:
+      typeDef[0] = newSymNode(s)
 
 proc typeSectionLeftSidePass(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
   # process the symbols on the left side for the whole type section, before
   # we even look at the type definitions on the right
-  for i in 0..<n.len:
+  var i = 0
+  while i < n.len: # n may grow due to type pragma macros
     var a = n[i]
     when defined(nimsuggest):
       if c.config.cmd == cmdIdeTools:
         inc c.inTypeContext
         suggestStmt(c, a)
         dec c.inTypeContext
-    if a.kind == nkCommentStmt: continue
-    if a.kind != nkTypeDef: illFormedAst(a, c.config)
-    typeDefLeftSidePass(c, n, i)
+    case a.kind
+    of nkCommentStmt: discard
+    of nkTypeDef: typeDefLeftSidePass(c, n, i)
+    else: illFormedAst(a, c.config)
+    inc i
 
 proc checkCovariantParamsUsages(c: PContext; genericType: PType) =
-  var body = genericType[^1]
+  var body = genericType.typeBodyImpl
 
   proc traverseSubTypes(c: PContext; t: PType): bool =
     template error(msg) = localError(c.config, genericType.sym.info, msg)
@@ -1136,17 +1523,17 @@ proc checkCovariantParamsUsages(c: PContext; genericType: PType) =
       for field in t.n:
         subresult traverseSubTypes(c, field.typ)
     of tyArray:
-      return traverseSubTypes(c, t[1])
+      return traverseSubTypes(c, t.elementType)
     of tyProc:
-      for subType in t.sons:
+      for subType in t.signature:
         if subType != nil:
           subresult traverseSubTypes(c, subType)
       if result:
         error("non-invariant type param used in a proc type: " & $t)
     of tySequence:
-      return traverseSubTypes(c, t[0])
+      return traverseSubTypes(c, t.elementType)
     of tyGenericInvocation:
-      let targetBody = t[0]
+      let targetBody = t.genericHead
       for i in 1..<t.len:
         let param = t[i]
         if param.kind == tyGenericParam:
@@ -1171,13 +1558,13 @@ proc checkCovariantParamsUsages(c: PContext; genericType: PType) =
     of tyUserTypeClass, tyUserTypeClassInst:
       error("non-invariant type parameters are not supported in concepts")
     of tyTuple:
-      for fieldType in t.sons:
+      for fieldType in t.kids:
         subresult traverseSubTypes(c, fieldType)
     of tyPtr, tyRef, tyVar, tyLent:
-      if t.base.kind == tyGenericParam: return true
-      return traverseSubTypes(c, t.base)
+      if t.elementType.kind == tyGenericParam: return true
+      return traverseSubTypes(c, t.elementType)
     of tyDistinct, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned:
-      return traverseSubTypes(c, t.lastSon)
+      return traverseSubTypes(c, t.skipModifier)
     of tyGenericInst:
       internalAssert c.config, false
     else:
@@ -1195,6 +1582,7 @@ proc typeSectionRightSidePass(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
     if s.magic == mNone and a[2].kind == nkEmpty:
       localError(c.config, a.info, errImplOfXexpected % s.name.s)
     if s.magic != mNone: processMagicType(c, s)
+    let oldFlags = s.typ.flags
     if a[1].kind != nkEmpty:
       # We have a generic type declaration here. In generic types,
       # symbol lookup needs to be done here.
@@ -1214,14 +1602,25 @@ proc typeSectionRightSidePass(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
       # we fill it out later. For magic generics like 'seq', it won't be filled
       # so we use tyNone instead of nil to not crash for strange conversions
       # like: mydata.seq
-      rawAddSon(s.typ, newTypeS(tyNone, c))
+      if s.typ.kind in {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs} and s.typ.len == 1:
+        # XXX investigate why `tySequence` cannot be added here for now.
+        discard
+      else:
+        rawAddSon(s.typ, newTypeS(tyNone, c))
       s.ast = a
       inc c.inGenericContext
-      var body = semTypeNode(c, a[2], nil)
+      var body = semTypeNode(c, a[2], s.typ)
       dec c.inGenericContext
       if body != nil:
         body.sym = s
         body.size = -1 # could not be computed properly
+        if body.kind == tyObject:
+          # add flags applied to generic type to object (nominal) type
+          incl(body.flags, oldFlags)
+          # {.inheritable, final.} is already disallowed, but
+          # object might have been assumed to be final
+          if tfInheritable in oldFlags and tfFinal in body.flags:
+            excl(body.flags, tfFinal)
         s.typ[^1] = body
         if tfCovariant in s.typ.flags:
           checkCovariantParamsUsages(c, s.typ)
@@ -1234,7 +1633,7 @@ proc typeSectionRightSidePass(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
           # possibilities such as instantiating C++ generic types with
           # garbage collected Nim types.
           if sfImportc in s.flags:
-            var body = s.typ.lastSon
+            var body = s.typ.last
             if body.kind == tyObject:
               # erases all declared fields
               body.n.sons = @[]
@@ -1258,53 +1657,85 @@ proc typeSectionRightSidePass(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
       # final pass
       if a[2].kind in nkCallKinds:
         incl a[2].flags, nfSem # bug #10548
-    if sfExportc in s.flags and s.typ.kind == tyAlias:
-      localError(c.config, name.info, "{.exportc.} not allowed for type aliases")
-    if tfBorrowDot in s.typ.flags and s.typ.kind != tyDistinct:
-      excl s.typ.flags, tfBorrowDot
-      localError(c.config, name.info, "only a 'distinct' type can borrow `.`")
+    if sfExportc in s.flags:
+      if s.typ.kind == tyAlias:
+        localError(c.config, name.info, "{.exportc.} not allowed for type aliases")
+      elif s.typ.kind == tyGenericBody:
+        localError(c.config, name.info, "{.exportc.} not allowed for generic types")
+
+    if tfBorrowDot in s.typ.flags:
+      let body = s.typ.skipTypes({tyGenericBody})
+      if body.kind != tyDistinct:
+        # flag might be copied from alias/instantiation:
+        let t = body.skipTypes({tyAlias, tyGenericInst})
+        if not (t.kind == tyDistinct and tfBorrowDot in t.flags):
+          excl s.typ.flags, tfBorrowDot
+          localError(c.config, name.info, "only a 'distinct' type can borrow `.`")
     let aa = a[2]
     if aa.kind in {nkRefTy, nkPtrTy} and aa.len == 1 and
        aa[0].kind == nkObjectTy:
       # give anonymous object a dummy symbol:
       var st = s.typ
-      if st.kind == tyGenericBody: st = st.lastSon
+      if st.kind == tyGenericBody: st = st.typeBodyImpl
       internalAssert c.config, st.kind in {tyPtr, tyRef}
-      internalAssert c.config, st.lastSon.sym == nil
+      internalAssert c.config, st.last.sym == nil
       incl st.flags, tfRefsAnonObj
+      let objTy = st.last
+      # add flags for `ref object` etc to underlying `object`
+      incl(objTy.flags, oldFlags)
+      # {.inheritable, final.} is already disallowed, but
+      # object might have been assumed to be final
+      if tfInheritable in oldFlags and tfFinal in objTy.flags:
+        excl(objTy.flags, tfFinal)
       let obj = newSym(skType, getIdent(c.cache, s.name.s & ":ObjectType"),
-                       nextSymId c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), s.info)
+                       c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), s.info)
+      obj.flags.incl sfGeneratedType
       let symNode = newSymNode(obj)
       obj.ast = a.shallowCopy
       case a[0].kind
-        of nkSym: obj.ast[0] = symNode
-        of nkPragmaExpr:
-          obj.ast[0] = a[0].shallowCopy
+      of nkSym: obj.ast[0] = symNode
+      of nkPragmaExpr:
+        obj.ast[0] = a[0].shallowCopy
+        if a[0][0].kind == nkPostfix:
+          obj.ast[0][0] = a[0][0].shallowCopy
+          obj.ast[0][0][1] = symNode
+        else:
           obj.ast[0][0] = symNode
-          obj.ast[0][1] = a[0][1]
-        else: assert(false)
+        obj.ast[0][1] = a[0][1]
+      of nkPostfix:
+        obj.ast[0] = a[0].shallowCopy
+        obj.ast[0][1] = symNode
+      else: assert(false)
       obj.ast[1] = a[1]
       obj.ast[2] = a[2][0]
       if sfPure in s.flags:
         obj.flags.incl sfPure
-      obj.typ = st.lastSon
-      st.lastSon.sym = obj
-
-proc checkForMetaFields(c: PContext; n: PNode) =
-  proc checkMeta(c: PContext; n: PNode; t: PType) =
-    if t != nil and t.isMetaType and tfGenericTypeParam notin t.flags:
-      if t.kind == tyBuiltInTypeClass and t.len == 1 and t[0].kind == tyProc:
+      obj.typ = objTy
+      objTy.sym = obj
+  for sk in c.skipTypes:
+    discard semTypeNode(c, sk, nil)
+  c.skipTypes = @[]
+
+proc checkForMetaFields(c: PContext; n: PNode; hasError: var bool) =
+  proc checkMeta(c: PContext; n: PNode; t: PType; hasError: var bool; parent: PType) =
+    if t != nil and (t.isMetaType or t.kind == tyNone) and tfGenericTypeParam notin t.flags:
+      if t.kind == tyBuiltInTypeClass and t.len == 1 and t.elementType.kind == tyProc:
         localError(c.config, n.info, ("'$1' is not a concrete type; " &
           "for a callback without parameters use 'proc()'") % t.typeToString)
+      elif t.kind == tyNone and parent != nil:
+        # TODO: openarray has the `tfGenericTypeParam` flag & generics
+        # TODO: handle special cases (sink etc.) and views
+        localError(c.config, n.info, errTIsNotAConcreteType % parent.typeToString)
       else:
         localError(c.config, n.info, errTIsNotAConcreteType % t.typeToString)
+      hasError = true
 
   if n.isNil: return
   case n.kind
   of nkRecList, nkRecCase:
-    for s in n: checkForMetaFields(c, s)
+    for s in n: checkForMetaFields(c, s, hasError)
   of nkOfBranch, nkElse:
-    checkForMetaFields(c, n.lastSon)
+    checkForMetaFields(c, n.lastSon, hasError)
   of nkSym:
     let t = n.sym.typ
     case t.kind
@@ -1312,9 +1743,9 @@ proc checkForMetaFields(c: PContext; n: PNode) =
        tyProc, tyGenericInvocation, tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned:
       let start = ord(t.kind in {tyGenericInvocation, tyGenericInst})
       for i in start..<t.len:
-        checkMeta(c, n, t[i])
+        checkMeta(c, n, t[i], hasError, t)
     else:
-      checkMeta(c, n, t)
+      checkMeta(c, n, t, hasError, nil)
   else:
     internalAssert c.config, false
 
@@ -1325,7 +1756,7 @@ proc typeSectionFinalPass(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
     let name = typeSectionTypeName(c, a[0])
     var s = name.sym
     # check the style here after the pragmas have been processed:
-    styleCheckDef(c.config, s)
+    styleCheckDef(c, s)
     # compute the type's size and check for illegal recursions:
     if a[1].kind == nkEmpty:
       var x = a[2]
@@ -1349,11 +1780,16 @@ proc typeSectionFinalPass(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
               assert s.typ != nil
               assignType(s.typ, t)
               s.typ.itemId = t.itemId     # same id
-        checkConstructedType(c.config, s.info, s.typ)
-        if s.typ.kind in {tyObject, tyTuple} and not s.typ.n.isNil:
-          checkForMetaFields(c, s.typ.n)
-          # fix bug #5170: ensure locally scoped object types get a unique name:
-          if s.typ.kind == tyObject and not isTopLevel(c): incl(s.flags, sfGenSym)
+        var hasError = false
+        let baseType = s.typ.safeSkipTypes(abstractPtrs)
+        if baseType.kind in {tyObject, tyTuple} and not baseType.n.isNil and
+          (x.kind in {nkObjectTy, nkTupleTy} or
+           (x.kind in {nkRefTy, nkPtrTy} and x.len == 1 and
+           x[0].kind in {nkObjectTy, nkTupleTy})
+          ):
+          checkForMetaFields(c, baseType.n, hasError)
+        if not hasError:
+          checkConstructedType(c.config, s.info, s.typ)
   #instAllTypeBoundOp(c, n.info)
 
 
@@ -1427,104 +1863,114 @@ proc addParams(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind) =
 
 proc semBorrow(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym) =
   # search for the correct alias:
-  var b = searchForBorrowProc(c, c.currentScope.parent, s)
-  if b != nil:
+  var (b, state) = searchForBorrowProc(c, c.currentScope.parent, s)
+  case state
+  of bsMatch:
     # store the alias:
     n[bodyPos] = newSymNode(b)
     # Carry over the original symbol magic, this is necessary in order to ensure
     # the semantic pass is correct
     s.magic = b.magic
+    if b.typ != nil and b.typ.len > 0:
+      s.typ.n[0] = b.typ.n[0]
+    s.typ.flags = b.typ.flags
+  of bsNoDistinct:
+    localError(c.config, n.info, "borrow proc without distinct type parameter is meaningless")
+  of bsReturnNotMatch:
+    localError(c.config, n.info, "borrow from proc return type mismatch: '$1'" % typeToString(b.typ.returnType))
+  of bsGeneric:
+    localError(c.config, n.info, "borrow with generic parameter is not supported")
+  of bsNotSupported:
+    localError(c.config, n.info, "borrow from '$1' is not supported" % $b.name.s)
   else:
     localError(c.config, n.info, errNoSymbolToBorrowFromFound)
 
+proc swapResult(n: PNode, sRes: PSym, dNode: PNode) =
+  ## Swap nodes that are (skResult) symbols to d(estination)Node.
+  for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
+    if n[i].kind == nkSym and n[i].sym == sRes:
+        n[i] = dNode
+    swapResult(n[i], sRes, dNode)
+
 proc addResult(c: PContext, n: PNode, t: PType, owner: TSymKind) =
+  template genResSym(s) =
+    var s = newSym(skResult, getIdent(c.cache, "result"), c.idgen,
+                   getCurrOwner(c), n.info)
+    s.typ = t
+    incl(s.flags, sfUsed)
+
   if owner == skMacro or t != nil:
     if n.len > resultPos and n[resultPos] != nil:
-      if n[resultPos].sym.kind != skResult or n[resultPos].sym.owner != getCurrOwner(c):
+      if n[resultPos].sym.kind != skResult:
         localError(c.config, n.info, "incorrect result proc symbol")
+      if n[resultPos].sym.owner != getCurrOwner(c):
+        # re-write result with new ownership, and re-write the proc accordingly
+        let sResSym = n[resultPos].sym
+        genResSym(s)
+        n[resultPos] = newSymNode(s)
+        swapResult(n, sResSym, n[resultPos])
       c.p.resultSym = n[resultPos].sym
     else:
-      var s = newSym(skResult, getIdent(c.cache, "result"), nextSymId c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), n.info)
-      s.typ = t
-      incl(s.flags, sfUsed)
+      genResSym(s)
       c.p.resultSym = s
       n.add newSymNode(c.p.resultSym)
     addParamOrResult(c, c.p.resultSym, owner)
 
-proc copyExcept(n: PNode, i: int): PNode =
-  result = copyNode(n)
-  for j in 0..<n.len:
-    if j != i: result.add(n[j])
-
 proc semProcAnnotation(c: PContext, prc: PNode;
                        validPragmas: TSpecialWords): PNode =
+  # Mirrored with semVarMacroPragma
+  result = nil
   var n = prc[pragmasPos]
   if n == nil or n.kind == nkEmpty: return
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     let it = n[i]
     let key = if it.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and it.len >= 1: it[0] else: it
 
-    if whichPragma(it) != wInvalid:
-      # Not a custom pragma
-      continue
-    else:
-      let ident = considerQuotedIdent(c, key)
-      if strTableGet(c.userPragmas, ident) != nil:
-        continue # User defined pragma
-      else:
-        var amb = false
-        let sym = searchInScopes(c, ident, amb)
-        if sym != nil and sfCustomPragma in sym.flags:
-          continue # User custom pragma
-
-    # we transform ``proc p {.m, rest.}`` into ``m(do: proc p {.rest.})`` and
-    # let the semantic checker deal with it:
-    var x = newNodeI(nkCall, key.info)
-    x.add(key)
-
-    if it.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and it.len > 1:
-      # pass pragma arguments to the macro too:
-      for i in 1..<it.len:
-        x.add(it[i])
-
-    # Drop the pragma from the list, this prevents getting caught in endless
-    # recursion when the nkCall is semanticized
-    prc[pragmasPos] = copyExcept(n, i)
-    if prc[pragmasPos].kind != nkEmpty and prc[pragmasPos].len == 0:
-      prc[pragmasPos] = c.graph.emptyNode
-
-    x.add(prc)
-
-    # recursion assures that this works for multiple macro annotations too:
-    var r = semOverloadedCall(c, x, x, {skMacro, skTemplate}, {efNoUndeclared})
-    if r == nil:
-      # Restore the old list of pragmas since we couldn't process this
-      prc[pragmasPos] = n
-      # No matching macro was found but there's always the possibility this may
-      # be a .pragma. template instead
-      continue
-
-    doAssert r[0].kind == nkSym
-    let m = r[0].sym
-    case m.kind
-    of skMacro: result = semMacroExpr(c, r, r, m, {})
-    of skTemplate: result = semTemplateExpr(c, r, m, {})
-    else:
-      prc[pragmasPos] = n
-      continue
+    trySuggestPragmas(c, key)
+
+    if isPossibleMacroPragma(c, it, key):
+      # we transform ``proc p {.m, rest.}`` into ``m(do: proc p {.rest.})`` and
+      # let the semantic checker deal with it:
+      var x = newNodeI(nkCall, key.info)
+      x.add(key)
+
+      if it.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and it.len > 1:
+        # pass pragma arguments to the macro too:
+        for i in 1..<it.len:
+          x.add(it[i])
+
+      # Drop the pragma from the list, this prevents getting caught in endless
+      # recursion when the nkCall is semanticized
+      prc[pragmasPos] = copyExcept(n, i)
+      if prc[pragmasPos].kind != nkEmpty and prc[pragmasPos].len == 0:
+        prc[pragmasPos] = c.graph.emptyNode
+
+      x.add(prc)
+
+      # recursion assures that this works for multiple macro annotations too:
+      var r = semOverloadedCall(c, x, x, {skMacro, skTemplate}, {efNoUndeclared})
+      if r == nil:
+        # Restore the old list of pragmas since we couldn't process this
+        prc[pragmasPos] = n
+        # No matching macro was found but there's always the possibility this may
+        # be a .pragma. template instead
+        continue
 
-    doAssert result != nil
+      doAssert r[0].kind == nkSym
+      let m = r[0].sym
+      case m.kind
+      of skMacro: result = semMacroExpr(c, r, r, m, {})
+      of skTemplate: result = semTemplateExpr(c, r, m, {})
+      else:
+        prc[pragmasPos] = n
+        continue
 
-    # since a proc annotation can set pragmas, we process these here again.
-    # This is required for SqueakNim-like export pragmas.
-    if result.kind in procDefs and result[namePos].kind == nkSym and
-        result[pragmasPos].kind != nkEmpty:
-      pragma(c, result[namePos].sym, result[pragmasPos], validPragmas)
+      doAssert result != nil
 
-    return
+      return result
 
-proc semInferredLambda(c: PContext, pt: TIdTable, n: PNode): PNode {.nosinks.} =
-  ## used for resolving 'auto' in lambdas based on their callsite 
+proc semInferredLambda(c: PContext, pt: TypeMapping, n: PNode): PNode =
+  ## used for resolving 'auto' in lambdas based on their callsite
   var n = n
   let original = n[namePos].sym
   let s = original #copySym(original, false)
@@ -1538,7 +1984,6 @@ proc semInferredLambda(c: PContext, pt: TIdTable, n: PNode): PNode {.nosinks.} =
   n[genericParamsPos] = c.graph.emptyNode
   # for LL we need to avoid wrong aliasing
   let params = copyTree n.typ.n
-  n[paramsPos] = params
   s.typ = n.typ
   for i in 1..<params.len:
     if params[i].typ.kind in {tyTypeDesc, tyGenericParam,
@@ -1550,8 +1995,8 @@ proc semInferredLambda(c: PContext, pt: TIdTable, n: PNode): PNode {.nosinks.} =
   pushOwner(c, s)
   addParams(c, params, skProc)
   pushProcCon(c, s)
-  addResult(c, n, n.typ[0], skProc)
-  s.ast[bodyPos] = hloBody(c, semProcBody(c, n[bodyPos]))
+  addResult(c, n, n.typ.returnType, skProc)
+  s.ast[bodyPos] = hloBody(c, semProcBody(c, n[bodyPos], n.typ.returnType))
   trackProc(c, s, s.ast[bodyPos])
   popProcCon(c)
   popOwner(c)
@@ -1581,8 +2026,8 @@ proc maybeAddResult(c: PContext, s: PSym, n: PNode) =
   if s.kind == skMacro:
     let resultType = sysTypeFromName(c.graph, n.info, "NimNode")
     addResult(c, n, resultType, s.kind)
-  elif s.typ[0] != nil and not isInlineIterator(s.typ):
-    addResult(c, n, s.typ[0], s.kind)
+  elif s.typ.returnType != nil and not isInlineIterator(s.typ):
+    addResult(c, n, s.typ.returnType, s.kind)
 
 proc canonType(c: PContext, t: PType): PType =
   if t.kind == tySequence:
@@ -1592,7 +2037,7 @@ proc canonType(c: PContext, t: PType): PType =
 
 proc prevDestructor(c: PContext; prevOp: PSym; obj: PType; info: TLineInfo) =
   var msg = "cannot bind another '" & prevOp.name.s & "' to: " & typeToString(obj)
-  if sfOverriden notin prevOp.flags:
+  if sfOverridden notin prevOp.flags:
     msg.add "; previous declaration was constructed here implicitly: " & (c.config $ prevOp.info)
   else:
     msg.add "; previous declaration was here: " & (c.config $ prevOp.info)
@@ -1601,28 +2046,79 @@ proc prevDestructor(c: PContext; prevOp: PSym; obj: PType; info: TLineInfo) =
 proc whereToBindTypeHook(c: PContext; t: PType): PType =
   result = t
   while true:
-    if result.kind in {tyGenericBody, tyGenericInst}: result = result.lastSon
+    if result.kind in {tyGenericBody, tyGenericInst}: result = result.skipModifier
     elif result.kind == tyGenericInvocation: result = result[0]
     else: break
   if result.kind in {tyObject, tyDistinct, tySequence, tyString}:
     result = canonType(c, result)
 
-proc bindTypeHook(c: PContext; s: PSym; n: PNode; op: TTypeAttachedOp) =
+proc bindDupHook(c: PContext; s: PSym; n: PNode; op: TTypeAttachedOp) =
   let t = s.typ
   var noError = false
-  let cond = if op == attachedDestructor:
-               t.len == 2 and t[0] == nil and t[1].kind == tyVar
+  let cond = t.len == 2 and t.returnType != nil
+
+  if cond:
+    var obj = t.firstParamType
+    while true:
+      incl(obj.flags, tfHasAsgn)
+      if obj.kind in {tyGenericBody, tyGenericInst}: obj = obj.skipModifier
+      elif obj.kind == tyGenericInvocation: obj = obj.genericHead
+      else: break
+
+    var res = t.returnType
+    while true:
+      if res.kind in {tyGenericBody, tyGenericInst}: res = res.skipModifier
+      elif res.kind == tyGenericInvocation: res = res.genericHead
+      else: break
+
+    if obj.kind in {tyObject, tyDistinct, tySequence, tyString} and sameType(obj, res):
+      obj = canonType(c, obj)
+      let ao = getAttachedOp(c.graph, obj, op)
+      if ao == s:
+        discard "forward declared destructor"
+      elif ao.isNil and tfCheckedForDestructor notin obj.flags:
+        setAttachedOp(c.graph, c.module.position, obj, op, s)
+      else:
+        prevDestructor(c, ao, obj, n.info)
+      noError = true
+      if obj.owner.getModule != s.getModule:
+        localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
+          "type bound operation `" & s.name.s & "` can be defined only in the same module with its type (" & obj.typeToString() & ")")
+
+  if not noError and sfSystemModule notin s.owner.flags:
+    localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
+      "signature for '=dup' must be proc[T: object](x: T): T")
+
+  incl(s.flags, sfUsed)
+  incl(s.flags, sfOverridden)
+
+proc bindTypeHook(c: PContext; s: PSym; n: PNode; op: TTypeAttachedOp; suppressVarDestructorWarning = false) =
+  let t = s.typ
+  var noError = false
+  let cond = case op
+             of attachedWasMoved:
+               t.len == 2 and t.returnType == nil and t.firstParamType.kind == tyVar
+             of attachedTrace:
+               t.len == 3 and t.returnType == nil and t.firstParamType.kind == tyVar and t[2].kind == tyPointer
+             of attachedDestructor:
+               if c.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc}:
+                 t.len == 2 and t.returnType == nil
+               else:
+                 t.len == 2 and t.returnType == nil and t.firstParamType.kind == tyVar
              else:
-               t.len >= 2 and t[0] == nil
+               t.len >= 2 and t.returnType == nil
 
   if cond:
-    var obj = t[1].skipTypes({tyVar})
+    var obj = t.firstParamType.skipTypes({tyVar})
     while true:
       incl(obj.flags, tfHasAsgn)
-      if obj.kind in {tyGenericBody, tyGenericInst}: obj = obj.lastSon
-      elif obj.kind == tyGenericInvocation: obj = obj[0]
+      if obj.kind in {tyGenericBody, tyGenericInst}: obj = obj.skipModifier
+      elif obj.kind == tyGenericInvocation: obj = obj.genericHead
       else: break
     if obj.kind in {tyObject, tyDistinct, tySequence, tyString}:
+      if (not suppressVarDestructorWarning) and op == attachedDestructor and t.firstParamType.kind == tyVar and
+          c.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc}:
+        message(c.config, n.info, warnDeprecated, "A custom '=destroy' hook which takes a 'var T' parameter is deprecated; it should take a 'T' parameter")
       obj = canonType(c, obj)
       let ao = getAttachedOp(c.graph, obj, op)
       if ao == s:
@@ -1636,26 +2132,43 @@ proc bindTypeHook(c: PContext; s: PSym; n: PNode; op: TTypeAttachedOp) =
         localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
           "type bound operation `" & s.name.s & "` can be defined only in the same module with its type (" & obj.typeToString() & ")")
   if not noError and sfSystemModule notin s.owner.flags:
-    localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
-      "signature for '" & s.name.s & "' must be proc[T: object](x: var T)")
+    case op
+    of attachedTrace:
+      localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
+        "signature for '=trace' must be proc[T: object](x: var T; env: pointer)")
+    of attachedDestructor:
+      if c.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc}:
+        localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
+          "signature for '=destroy' must be proc[T: object](x: var T) or proc[T: object](x: T)")
+      else:
+        localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
+          "signature for '=destroy' must be proc[T: object](x: var T)")
+    else:
+      localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
+        "signature for '" & s.name.s & "' must be proc[T: object](x: var T)")
   incl(s.flags, sfUsed)
-  incl(s.flags, sfOverriden)
+  incl(s.flags, sfOverridden)
 
 proc semOverride(c: PContext, s: PSym, n: PNode) =
   let name = s.name.s.normalize
   case name
   of "=destroy":
     bindTypeHook(c, s, n, attachedDestructor)
+    if s.ast != nil:
+      if s.ast[pragmasPos].kind == nkEmpty:
+        s.ast[pragmasPos] = newNodeI(nkPragma, s.info)
+      s.ast[pragmasPos].add newTree(nkExprColonExpr,
+          newIdentNode(c.cache.getIdent("raises"),  s.info), newNodeI(nkBracket, s.info))
   of "deepcopy", "=deepcopy":
     if s.typ.len == 2 and
-        s.typ[1].skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyRef, tyPtr} and
-        sameType(s.typ[1], s.typ[0]):
+        s.typ.firstParamType.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyRef, tyPtr} and
+        sameType(s.typ.firstParamType, s.typ.returnType):
       # Note: we store the deepCopy in the base of the pointer to mitigate
       # the problem that pointers are structural types:
-      var t = s.typ[1].skipTypes(abstractInst).lastSon.skipTypes(abstractInst)
+      var t = s.typ.firstParamType.skipTypes(abstractInst).elementType.skipTypes(abstractInst)
       while true:
-        if t.kind == tyGenericBody: t = t.lastSon
-        elif t.kind == tyGenericInvocation: t = t[0]
+        if t.kind == tyGenericBody: t = t.typeBodyImpl
+        elif t.kind == tyGenericInvocation: t = t.genericHead
         else: break
       if t.kind in {tyObject, tyDistinct, tyEnum, tySequence, tyString}:
         if getAttachedOp(c.graph, t, attachedDeepCopy).isNil:
@@ -1675,24 +2188,26 @@ proc semOverride(c: PContext, s: PSym, n: PNode) =
       localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
                  "signature for 'deepCopy' must be proc[T: ptr|ref](x: T): T")
     incl(s.flags, sfUsed)
-    incl(s.flags, sfOverriden)
+    incl(s.flags, sfOverridden)
   of "=", "=copy", "=sink":
     if s.magic == mAsgn: return
     incl(s.flags, sfUsed)
-    incl(s.flags, sfOverriden)
+    incl(s.flags, sfOverridden)
+    if name == "=":
+      message(c.config, n.info, warnDeprecated, "Overriding `=` hook is deprecated; Override `=copy` hook instead")
     let t = s.typ
-    if t.len == 3 and t[0] == nil and t[1].kind == tyVar:
-      var obj = t[1][0]
+    if t.len == 3 and t.returnType == nil and t.firstParamType.kind == tyVar:
+      var obj = t.firstParamType.elementType
       while true:
         incl(obj.flags, tfHasAsgn)
-        if obj.kind == tyGenericBody: obj = obj.lastSon
-        elif obj.kind == tyGenericInvocation: obj = obj[0]
+        if obj.kind == tyGenericBody: obj = obj.skipModifier
+        elif obj.kind == tyGenericInvocation: obj = obj.genericHead
         else: break
       var objB = t[2]
       while true:
-        if objB.kind == tyGenericBody: objB = objB.lastSon
+        if objB.kind == tyGenericBody: objB = objB.skipModifier
         elif objB.kind in {tyGenericInvocation, tyGenericInst}:
-          objB = objB[0]
+          objB = objB.genericHead
         else: break
       if obj.kind in {tyObject, tyDistinct, tySequence, tyString} and sameType(obj, objB):
         # attach these ops to the canonical tySequence
@@ -1715,15 +2230,21 @@ proc semOverride(c: PContext, s: PSym, n: PNode) =
       localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
                 "signature for '" & s.name.s & "' must be proc[T: object](x: var T; y: T)")
   of "=trace":
-    bindTypeHook(c, s, n, attachedTrace)
-  of "=dispose":
-    bindTypeHook(c, s, n, attachedDispose)
+    if s.magic != mTrace:
+      bindTypeHook(c, s, n, attachedTrace)
+  of "=wasmoved":
+    if s.magic != mWasMoved:
+      bindTypeHook(c, s, n, attachedWasMoved)
+  of "=dup":
+    if s.magic != mDup:
+      bindDupHook(c, s, n, attachedDup)
   else:
-    if sfOverriden in s.flags:
+    if sfOverridden in s.flags:
       localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
                  "'destroy' or 'deepCopy' expected for 'override'")
 
 proc cursorInProcAux(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode): bool =
+  result = false
   if inCheckpoint(n.info, conf.m.trackPos) != cpNone: return true
   for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
     if cursorInProcAux(conf, n[i]): return true
@@ -1731,8 +2252,11 @@ proc cursorInProcAux(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode): bool =
 proc cursorInProc(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode): bool =
   if n.info.fileIndex == conf.m.trackPos.fileIndex:
     result = cursorInProcAux(conf, n)
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc hasObjParam(s: PSym): bool =
+  result = false
   var t = s.typ
   for col in 1..<t.len:
     if skipTypes(t[col], skipPtrs).kind == tyObject:
@@ -1742,6 +2266,55 @@ proc finishMethod(c: PContext, s: PSym) =
   if hasObjParam(s):
     methodDef(c.graph, c.idgen, s)
 
+proc semCppMember(c: PContext; s: PSym; n: PNode) =
+  if sfImportc notin s.flags:
+    let isVirtual = sfVirtual in s.flags
+    let isCtor = sfConstructor in s.flags
+    let pragmaName = if isVirtual: "virtual" elif isCtor: "constructor" else: "member"
+    if c.config.backend == backendCpp:
+      if s.typ.len < 2 and not isCtor:
+        localError(c.config, n.info, pragmaName & " must have at least one parameter")
+      for son in s.typ.signature:
+        if son!=nil and son.isMetaType:
+          localError(c.config, n.info, pragmaName & " unsupported for generic routine")
+      var typ: PType
+      if isCtor:
+        typ = s.typ.returnType
+        if typ == nil or typ.kind != tyObject:
+          localError(c.config, n.info, "constructor must return an object")
+        if sfImportc in typ.sym.flags:
+          localError(c.config, n.info, "constructor in an imported type needs importcpp pragma")
+      else:
+        typ = s.typ.firstParamType
+      if typ.kind == tyPtr and not isCtor:
+        typ = typ.elementType
+      if typ.kind != tyObject:
+        localError(c.config, n.info, pragmaName & " must be either ptr to object or object type.")
+      if typ.owner.id == s.owner.id and c.module.id == s.owner.id:
+        c.graph.memberProcsPerType.mgetOrPut(typ.itemId, @[]).add s
+      else:
+        localError(c.config, n.info,
+          pragmaName & " procs must be defined in the same scope as the type they are virtual for and it must be a top level scope")
+    else:
+      localError(c.config, n.info, pragmaName & " procs are only supported in C++")
+  else:
+    var typ = s.typ.returnType
+    if typ != nil and typ.kind == tyObject and typ.itemId notin c.graph.initializersPerType:
+      var initializerCall = newTree(nkCall, newSymNode(s))
+      var isInitializer = n[paramsPos].len > 1
+      for i in  1..<n[paramsPos].len:
+        let p = n[paramsPos][i]
+        let val = p[^1]
+        if val.kind == nkEmpty:
+          isInitializer = false
+          break
+        var j = 0
+        while p[j].sym.kind == skParam:
+          initializerCall.add val
+          inc j
+      if isInitializer:
+        c.graph.initializersPerType[typ.itemId] = initializerCall
+
 proc semMethodPrototype(c: PContext; s: PSym; n: PNode) =
   if s.isGenericRoutine:
     let tt = s.typ
@@ -1751,7 +2324,7 @@ proc semMethodPrototype(c: PContext; s: PSym; n: PNode) =
     for col in 1..<tt.len:
       let t = tt[col]
       if t != nil and t.kind == tyGenericInvocation:
-        var x = skipTypes(t[0], {tyVar, tyLent, tyPtr, tyRef, tyGenericInst,
+        var x = skipTypes(t.genericHead, {tyVar, tyLent, tyPtr, tyRef, tyGenericInst,
                                  tyGenericInvocation, tyGenericBody,
                                  tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})
         if x.kind == tyObject and t.len-1 == n[genericParamsPos].len:
@@ -1776,20 +2349,25 @@ proc semProcAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind,
   result = n
   checkMinSonsLen(n, bodyPos + 1, c.config)
 
-  let isAnon = n[namePos].kind == nkEmpty
+  let
+    isAnon = n[namePos].kind == nkEmpty
+    isHighlight = c.config.ideCmd == ideHighlight
 
   var s: PSym
 
   case n[namePos].kind
   of nkEmpty:
-    s = newSym(kind, c.cache.idAnon, nextSymId c.idgen, c.getCurrOwner, n.info)
+    s = newSym(kind, c.cache.idAnon, c.idgen, c.getCurrOwner, n.info)
     s.flags.incl sfUsed
     n[namePos] = newSymNode(s)
   of nkSym:
     s = n[namePos].sym
     s.owner = c.getCurrOwner
   else:
-    s = semIdentDef(c, n[namePos], kind)
+    # Highlighting needs to be done early so the position for
+    # name isn't changed (see taccent_highlight). We don't want to check if this is the
+    # defintion yet since we are missing some info (comments, side effects)
+    s = semIdentDef(c, n[namePos], kind, reportToNimsuggest=isHighlight)
     n[namePos] = newSymNode(s)
     when false:
       # disable for now
@@ -1804,10 +2382,13 @@ proc semProcAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind,
   s.ast = n
   s.options = c.config.options
   #s.scope = c.currentScope
+  if s.kind in {skMacro, skTemplate}:
+    # push noalias flag at first to prevent unwanted recursive calls:
+    incl(s.flags, sfNoalias)
 
   # before compiling the proc params & body, set as current the scope
   # where the proc was declared
-  let delcarationScope = c.currentScope
+  let declarationScope = c.currentScope
   pushOwner(c, s)
   openScope(c)
 
@@ -1843,7 +2424,7 @@ proc semProcAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind,
 
   if tfTriggersCompileTime in s.typ.flags: incl(s.flags, sfCompileTime)
   if n[patternPos].kind != nkEmpty:
-    n[patternPos] = semPattern(c, n[patternPos])
+    n[patternPos] = semPattern(c, n[patternPos], s)
   if s.kind == skIterator:
     s.typ.flags.incl(tfIterator)
   elif s.kind == skFunc:
@@ -1852,12 +2433,17 @@ proc semProcAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind,
 
   var (proto, comesFromShadowScope) =
       if isAnon: (nil, false)
-      else: searchForProc(c, delcarationScope, s)
-  if proto == nil and sfForward in s.flags:
+      else: searchForProc(c, declarationScope, s)
+  if proto == nil and sfForward in s.flags and n[bodyPos].kind != nkEmpty:
     ## In cases such as a macro generating a proc with a gensymmed name we
     ## know `searchForProc` will not find it and sfForward will be set. In
     ## such scenarios the sym is shared between forward declaration and we
     ## can treat the `s` as the proto.
+    ## To differentiate between that happening and a macro just returning a
+    ## forward declaration that has been typed before we check if the body
+    ## is not empty. This has the sideeffect of allowing multiple forward
+    ## declarations if they share the same sym.
+    ## See the "doubly-typed forward decls" case in tmacros_issues.nim
     proto = s
   let hasProto = proto != nil
 
@@ -1879,14 +2465,18 @@ proc semProcAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind,
 
   if not hasProto and sfGenSym notin s.flags: #and not isAnon:
     if s.kind in OverloadableSyms:
-      addInterfaceOverloadableSymAt(c, delcarationScope, s)
+      addInterfaceOverloadableSymAt(c, declarationScope, s)
     else:
-      addInterfaceDeclAt(c, delcarationScope, s)
+      addInterfaceDeclAt(c, declarationScope, s)
 
   pragmaCallable(c, s, n, validPragmas)
   if not hasProto:
     implicitPragmas(c, s, n.info, validPragmas)
 
+  if n[pragmasPos].kind != nkEmpty and sfBorrow notin s.flags:
+    setEffectsForProcType(c.graph, s.typ, n[pragmasPos], s)
+  s.typ.flags.incl tfEffectSystemWorkaround
+
   # To ease macro generation that produce forwarded .async procs we now
   # allow a bit redundancy in the pragma declarations. The rule is
   # a prototype's pragma list must be a superset of the current pragma
@@ -1902,7 +2492,7 @@ proc semProcAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind,
       ("'" & proto.name.s & "' from " & c.config$proto.info &
         " '" & s.name.s & "' from " & c.config$s.info))
 
-  styleCheckDef(c.config, s)
+  styleCheckDef(c, s)
   if hasProto:
     onDefResolveForward(n[namePos].info, proto)
   else:
@@ -1935,7 +2525,7 @@ proc semProcAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind,
     pushOwner(c, s)
 
   if not isAnon:
-    if sfOverriden in s.flags or s.name.s[0] == '=': semOverride(c, s, n)
+    if sfOverridden in s.flags or s.name.s[0] == '=': semOverride(c, s, n)
     elif s.name.s[0] in {'.', '('}:
       if s.name.s in [".", ".()", ".="] and {Feature.destructor, dotOperators} * c.features == {}:
         localError(c.config, n.info, "the overloaded " & s.name.s &
@@ -1944,10 +2534,14 @@ proc semProcAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind,
         localError(c.config, n.info, "the overloaded " & s.name.s &
           " operator has to be enabled with {.experimental: \"callOperator\".}")
 
+  if sfBorrow in s.flags and c.config.cmd notin cmdDocLike:
+    result[bodyPos] = c.graph.emptyNode
+
+  if sfCppMember * s.flags != {} and sfWasForwarded notin s.flags:
+    semCppMember(c, s, n)
+
   if n[bodyPos].kind != nkEmpty and sfError notin s.flags:
     # for DLL generation we allow sfImportc to have a body, for use in VM
-    if sfBorrow in s.flags:
-      localError(c.config, n[bodyPos].info, errImplOfXNotAllowed % s.name.s)
     if c.config.ideCmd in {ideSug, ideCon} and s.kind notin {skMacro, skTemplate} and not
         cursorInProc(c.config, n[bodyPos]):
       # speed up nimsuggest
@@ -1958,8 +2552,8 @@ proc semProcAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind,
         # absolutely no generics (empty) or a single generic return type are
         # allowed, everything else, including a nullary generic is an error.
         pushProcCon(c, s)
-        addResult(c, n, s.typ[0], skProc)
-        s.ast[bodyPos] = hloBody(c, semProcBody(c, n[bodyPos]))
+        addResult(c, n, s.typ.returnType, skProc)
+        s.ast[bodyPos] = hloBody(c, semProcBody(c, n[bodyPos], s.typ.returnType))
         trackProc(c, s, s.ast[bodyPos])
         popProcCon(c)
       elif efOperand notin flags:
@@ -1970,16 +2564,22 @@ proc semProcAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind,
         # Macros and Templates can have generic parameters, but they are only
         # used for overload resolution (there is no instantiation of the symbol)
         if s.kind notin {skMacro, skTemplate} and s.magic == mNone: paramsTypeCheck(c, s.typ)
-
         maybeAddResult(c, s, n)
+        let resultType =
+          if s.kind == skMacro:
+            sysTypeFromName(c.graph, n.info, "NimNode")
+          elif not isInlineIterator(s.typ):
+            s.typ.returnType
+          else:
+            nil
         # semantic checking also needed with importc in case used in VM
-        s.ast[bodyPos] = hloBody(c, semProcBody(c, n[bodyPos]))
+        s.ast[bodyPos] = hloBody(c, semProcBody(c, n[bodyPos], resultType))
         # unfortunately we cannot skip this step when in 'system.compiles'
         # context as it may even be evaluated in 'system.compiles':
         trackProc(c, s, s.ast[bodyPos])
       else:
-        if (s.typ[0] != nil and s.kind != skIterator):
-          addDecl(c, newSym(skUnknown, getIdent(c.cache, "result"), nextSymId c.idgen, nil, n.info))
+        if (s.typ.returnType != nil and s.kind != skIterator):
+          addDecl(c, newSym(skUnknown, getIdent(c.cache, "result"), c.idgen, s, n.info))
 
         openScope(c)
         n[bodyPos] = semGenericStmt(c, n[bodyPos])
@@ -1993,14 +2593,14 @@ proc semProcAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind,
     if hasProto: localError(c.config, n.info, errImplOfXexpected % proto.name.s)
     if {sfImportc, sfBorrow, sfError} * s.flags == {} and s.magic == mNone:
       # this is a forward declaration and we're building the prototype
-      if s.kind in {skProc, skFunc} and s.typ[0] != nil and s.typ[0].kind == tyUntyped:
-        # `auto` is represented as `tyUntyped` at this point in compilation.
+      if s.kind in {skProc, skFunc} and s.typ.returnType != nil and s.typ.returnType.kind == tyAnything:
         localError(c.config, n[paramsPos][0].info, "return type 'auto' cannot be used in forward declarations")
 
       incl(s.flags, sfForward)
       incl(s.flags, sfWasForwarded)
     elif sfBorrow in s.flags: semBorrow(c, n, s)
   sideEffectsCheck(c, s)
+
   closeScope(c)           # close scope for parameters
   # c.currentScope = oldScope
   popOwner(c)
@@ -2014,6 +2614,11 @@ proc semProcAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind,
   elif isTopLevel(c) and s.kind != skIterator and s.typ.callConv == ccClosure:
     localError(c.config, s.info, "'.closure' calling convention for top level routines is invalid")
 
+  # Prevent double highlights. We already highlighted before.
+  # When not highlighting we still need to allow for suggestions though
+  if not isHighlight:
+    suggestSym(c.graph, s.info, s, c.graph.usageSym)
+
 proc determineType(c: PContext, s: PSym) =
   if s.typ != nil: return
   #if s.magic != mNone: return
@@ -2033,7 +2638,7 @@ proc semIterator(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   if result.kind != n.kind: return
   var s = result[namePos].sym
   var t = s.typ
-  if t[0] == nil and s.typ.callConv != ccClosure:
+  if t.returnType == nil and s.typ.callConv != ccClosure:
     localError(c.config, n.info, "iterator needs a return type")
   # iterators are either 'inline' or 'closure'; for backwards compatibility,
   # we require first class iterators to be marked with 'closure' explicitly
@@ -2070,16 +2675,15 @@ proc semMethod(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   # test case):
   let disp = getDispatcher(s)
   # auto return type?
-  if disp != nil and disp.typ[0] != nil and disp.typ[0].kind == tyUntyped:
-    let ret = s.typ[0]
-    disp.typ[0] = ret
+  if disp != nil and disp.typ.returnType != nil and disp.typ.returnType.kind == tyUntyped:
+    let ret = s.typ.returnType
+    disp.typ.setReturnType ret
     if disp.ast[resultPos].kind == nkSym:
       if isEmptyType(ret): disp.ast[resultPos] = c.graph.emptyNode
       else: disp.ast[resultPos].sym.typ = ret
 
 proc semConverterDef(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   if not isTopLevel(c): localError(c.config, n.info, errXOnlyAtModuleScope % "converter")
-  checkSonsLen(n, bodyPos + 1, c.config)
   result = semProcAux(c, n, skConverter, converterPragmas)
   # macros can transform converters to nothing:
   if namePos >= result.safeLen: return result
@@ -2089,12 +2693,11 @@ proc semConverterDef(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   if result.kind != nkConverterDef: return
   var s = result[namePos].sym
   var t = s.typ
-  if t[0] == nil: localError(c.config, n.info, errXNeedsReturnType % "converter")
+  if t.returnType == nil: localError(c.config, n.info, errXNeedsReturnType % "converter")
   if t.len != 2: localError(c.config, n.info, "a converter takes exactly one argument")
-  addConverter(c, LazySym(sym: s))
+  addConverterDef(c, LazySym(sym: s))
 
 proc semMacroDef(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
-  checkSonsLen(n, bodyPos + 1, c.config)
   result = semProcAux(c, n, skMacro, macroPragmas)
   # macros can transform macros to nothing:
   if namePos >= result.safeLen: return result
@@ -2105,10 +2708,16 @@ proc semMacroDef(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   var s = result[namePos].sym
   var t = s.typ
   var allUntyped = true
+  var nullary = true
   for i in 1..<t.n.len:
     let param = t.n[i].sym
     if param.typ.kind != tyUntyped: allUntyped = false
+    # no default value, parameters required in call
+    if param.ast == nil: nullary = false
   if allUntyped: incl(s.flags, sfAllUntyped)
+  if nullary and n[genericParamsPos].kind == nkEmpty:
+    # macro can be called with alias syntax, remove pushed noalias flag
+    excl(s.flags, sfNoalias)
   if n[bodyPos].kind == nkEmpty:
     localError(c.config, n.info, errImplOfXexpected % s.name.s)
 
@@ -2116,6 +2725,7 @@ proc incMod(c: PContext, n: PNode, it: PNode, includeStmtResult: PNode) =
   var f = checkModuleName(c.config, it)
   if f != InvalidFileIdx:
     addIncludeFileDep(c, f)
+    onProcessing(c.graph, f, "include", c.module)
     if containsOrIncl(c.includedFiles, f.int):
       localError(c.config, n.info, errRecursiveDependencyX % toMsgFilename(c.config, f))
     else:
@@ -2125,39 +2735,57 @@ proc incMod(c: PContext, n: PNode, it: PNode, includeStmtResult: PNode) =
 proc evalInclude(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
   result.add n
+  template checkAs(it: PNode) =
+    if it.kind == nkInfix and it.len == 3:
+      let op = it[0].getPIdent
+      if op != nil and op.id == ord(wAs):
+        localError(c.config, it.info, "Cannot use '" & it[0].renderTree & "' in 'include'.")
   for i in 0..<n.len:
-    var imp: PNode
     let it = n[i]
-    if it.kind == nkInfix and it.len == 3 and it[0].ident.s != "/":
-      localError(c.config, it.info, "Cannot use '" & it[0].ident.s & "' in 'include'.")
-    if it.kind == nkInfix and it.len == 3 and it[2].kind == nkBracket:
-      let sep = it[0]
-      let dir = it[1]
-      imp = newNodeI(nkInfix, it.info)
-      imp.add sep
-      imp.add dir
-      imp.add sep # dummy entry, replaced in the loop
-      for x in it[2]:
-        imp[2] = x
+    checkAs(it)
+    if it.kind in {nkInfix, nkPrefix} and it[^1].kind == nkBracket:
+      let lastPos = it.len - 1
+      var imp = copyNode(it)
+      newSons(imp, it.len)
+      for i in 0 ..< lastPos: imp[i] = it[i]
+      imp[lastPos] = imp[0] # dummy entry, replaced in the loop
+      for x in it[lastPos]:
+        checkAs(x)
+        imp[lastPos] = x
         incMod(c, n, imp, result)
     else:
       incMod(c, n, it, result)
 
-proc setLine(n: PNode, info: TLineInfo) =
-  for i in 0..<n.safeLen: setLine(n[i], info)
-  n.info = info
+proc recursiveSetFlag(n: PNode, flag: TNodeFlag) =
+  if n != nil:
+    for i in 0..<n.safeLen: recursiveSetFlag(n[i], flag)
+    incl(n.flags, flag)
 
-proc semPragmaBlock(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc semPragmaBlock(c: PContext, n: PNode; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
   let pragmaList = n[0]
   pragma(c, nil, pragmaList, exprPragmas, isStatement = true)
-  n[1] = semExpr(c, n[1])
+
+  var inUncheckedAssignSection = 0
+  for p in pragmaList:
+    if whichPragma(p) == wCast:
+      case whichPragma(p[1])
+      of wGcSafe, wNoSideEffect, wTags, wForbids, wRaises:
+        discard "handled in sempass2"
+      of wUncheckedAssign:
+        inUncheckedAssignSection = 1
+      else:
+        localError(c.config, p.info, "invalid pragma block: " & $p)
+
+  inc c.inUncheckedAssignSection, inUncheckedAssignSection
+  n[1] = semExpr(c, n[1], expectedType = expectedType)
+  dec c.inUncheckedAssignSection, inUncheckedAssignSection
   result = n
   result.typ = n[1].typ
   for i in 0..<pragmaList.len:
     case whichPragma(pragmaList[i])
-    of wLine: setLine(result, pragmaList[i].info)
-    of wNoRewrite: incl(result.flags, nfNoRewrite)
+    of wLine: setInfoRecursive(result, pragmaList[i].info)
+    of wNoRewrite: recursiveSetFlag(result, nfNoRewrite)
     else: discard
 
 proc semStaticStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
@@ -2187,8 +2815,11 @@ proc usesResult(n: PNode): bool =
     elif n.kind == nkReturnStmt:
       result = true
     else:
+      result = false
       for c in n:
         if usesResult(c): return true
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc inferConceptStaticParam(c: PContext, inferred, n: PNode) =
   var typ = inferred.typ
@@ -2196,11 +2827,10 @@ proc inferConceptStaticParam(c: PContext, inferred, n: PNode) =
   if not sameType(res.typ, typ.base):
     localError(c.config, n.info,
       "cannot infer the concept parameter '%s', due to a type mismatch. " &
-      "attempt to equate '%s' and '%s'.",
-      [inferred.renderTree, $res.typ, $typ.base])
+      "attempt to equate '%s' and '%s'." % [inferred.renderTree, $res.typ, $typ.base])
   typ.n = res
 
-proc semStmtList(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
+proc semStmtList(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags, expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   result = n
   result.transitionSonsKind(nkStmtList)
   var voidContext = false
@@ -2213,26 +2843,26 @@ proc semStmtList(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
   #                                         nkNilLit, nkEmpty}:
   #  dec last
   for i in 0..<n.len:
-    var expr = semExpr(c, n[i], flags)
-    n[i] = expr
-    if c.matchedConcept != nil and expr.typ != nil and
+    var x = semExpr(c, n[i], flags, if i == n.len - 1: expectedType else: nil)
+    n[i] = x
+    if c.matchedConcept != nil and x.typ != nil and
         (nfFromTemplate notin n.flags or i != last):
-      case expr.typ.kind
+      case x.typ.kind
       of tyBool:
-        if expr.kind == nkInfix and
-            expr[0].kind == nkSym and
-            expr[0].sym.name.s == "==":
-          if expr[1].typ.isUnresolvedStatic:
-            inferConceptStaticParam(c, expr[1], expr[2])
+        if x.kind == nkInfix and
+            x[0].kind == nkSym and
+            x[0].sym.name.s == "==":
+          if x[1].typ.isUnresolvedStatic:
+            inferConceptStaticParam(c, x[1], x[2])
             continue
-          elif expr[2].typ.isUnresolvedStatic:
-            inferConceptStaticParam(c, expr[2], expr[1])
+          elif x[2].typ.isUnresolvedStatic:
+            inferConceptStaticParam(c, x[2], x[1])
             continue
 
         let verdict = semConstExpr(c, n[i])
         if verdict == nil or verdict.kind != nkIntLit or verdict.intVal == 0:
           localError(c.config, result.info, "concept predicate failed")
-      of tyUnknown: continue
+      of tyFromExpr: continue
       else: discard
     if n[i].typ == c.enforceVoidContext: #or usesResult(n[i]):
       voidContext = true
@@ -2245,9 +2875,10 @@ proc semStmtList(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
     else:
       n.typ = n[i].typ
       if not isEmptyType(n.typ): n.transitionSonsKind(nkStmtListExpr)
-    if n[i].kind in nkLastBlockStmts or
-        n[i].kind in nkCallKinds and n[i][0].kind == nkSym and
-        sfNoReturn in n[i][0].sym.flags:
+    var m = n[i]
+    while m.kind in {nkStmtListExpr, nkStmtList} and m.len > 0: # from templates
+      m = m.lastSon
+    if endsInNoReturn(m):
       for j in i + 1..<n.len:
         case n[j].kind
         of nkPragma, nkCommentStmt, nkNilLit, nkEmpty, nkState: discard
@@ -2263,12 +2894,6 @@ proc semStmtList(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
      result[0].kind != nkDefer:
     result = result[0]
 
-  when defined(nimfix):
-    if result.kind == nkCommentStmt and not result.comment.isNil and
-        not (result.comment[0] == '#' and result.comment[1] == '#'):
-      # it is an old-style comment statement: we replace it with 'discard ""':
-      prettybase.replaceComment(result.info)
-
 proc semStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
   if efInTypeof notin flags:
     result = semExprNoType(c, n)
diff --git a/compiler/semstrictfuncs.nim b/compiler/semstrictfuncs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c54196283
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/semstrictfuncs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#

+#

+#           The Nim Compiler

+#        (c) Copyright 2022 Andreas Rumpf

+#

+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this

+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.

+#

+

+## New "strict funcs" checking. Much simpler and hopefully easier to teach than

+## the old but more advanced algorithm that can/could be found in `varpartitions.nim`.

+

+import ast, typeallowed, renderer

+from aliasanalysis import PathKinds0, PathKinds1

+from trees import getMagic

+

+proc isDangerousLocation*(n: PNode; owner: PSym): bool =

+  var n = n

+  var hasDeref = false

+  while true:

+    case n.kind

+    of nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref:

+      if n[0].typ.kind != tyVar:

+        hasDeref = true

+      n = n[0]

+    of PathKinds0 - {nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref}:

+      n = n[0]

+    of PathKinds1:

+      n = n[1]

+    of nkCallKinds:

+      if n.len > 1:

+        if (n.typ != nil and classifyViewType(n.typ) != noView) or getMagic(n) == mSlice:

+          # borrow from first parameter:

+          n = n[1]

+        else:

+          break

+      else:

+        break

+    else:

+      break

+  if n.kind == nkSym:

+    # dangerous if contains a pointer deref or if it doesn't belong to us:

+    result = hasDeref or n.sym.owner != owner

+    when false:

+      # store to something that belongs to a `var` parameter is fine:

+      let s = n.sym

+      if s.kind == skParam:

+        # dangerous unless a `var T` parameter:

+        result = s.typ.kind != tyVar

+      else:

+        # dangerous if contains a pointer deref or if it doesn't belong to us:

+        result = hasDeref or s.owner != owner

+  else:

+    # dangerous if it contains a pointer deref

+    result = hasDeref

diff --git a/compiler/semtempl.nim b/compiler/semtempl.nim
index 40502daf4..817cb6249 100644
--- a/compiler/semtempl.nim
+++ b/compiler/semtempl.nim
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ type
     spNone, spGenSym, spInject
 
 proc symBinding(n: PNode): TSymBinding =
+  result = spNone
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     var it = n[i]
     var key = if it.kind == nkExprColonExpr: it[0] else: it
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ proc symChoice(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym, r: TSymChoiceRule;
                isField = false): PNode =
   var
     a: PSym
-    o: TOverloadIter
+    o: TOverloadIter = default(TOverloadIter)
   var i = 0
   a = initOverloadIter(o, c, n)
   while a != nil:
@@ -70,6 +71,9 @@ proc symChoice(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym, r: TSymChoiceRule;
       onUse(info, s)
     else:
       result = n
+  elif i == 0:
+    # forced open but symbol not in scope, retain information
+    result = n
   else:
     # semantic checking requires a type; ``fitNode`` deals with it
     # appropriately
@@ -78,7 +82,7 @@ proc symChoice(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym, r: TSymChoiceRule;
     result = newNodeIT(kind, info, newTypeS(tyNone, c))
     a = initOverloadIter(o, c, n)
     while a != nil:
-      if a.kind != skModule and (not isField or sfGenSym notin s.flags):
+      if a.kind != skModule and (not isField or sfGenSym notin a.flags):
         incl(a.flags, sfUsed)
         markOwnerModuleAsUsed(c, a)
         result.add newSymNode(a, info)
@@ -112,7 +116,8 @@ proc semMixinStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode, toMixin: var IntSet): PNode =
   result = copyNode(n)
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     toMixin.incl(considerQuotedIdent(c, n[i]).id)
-    result.add symChoice(c, n[i], nil, scForceOpen)
+    let x = symChoice(c, n[i], nil, scForceOpen)
+    result.add x
 
 proc replaceIdentBySym(c: PContext; n: var PNode, s: PNode) =
   case n.kind
@@ -131,27 +136,32 @@ type
     noGenSym: int
     inTemplateHeader: int
 
-template withBracketExpr(ctx, x, body: untyped) =
-  body
+proc isTemplParam(c: TemplCtx, s: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
+  result = s.kind == skParam and
+           s.owner == c.owner and sfTemplateParam in s.flags
 
-proc getIdentNode(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc getIdentReplaceParams(c: var TemplCtx, n: var PNode): tuple[node: PNode, hasParam: bool] =
   case n.kind
-  of nkPostfix: result = getIdentNode(c, n[1])
-  of nkPragmaExpr: result = getIdentNode(c, n[0])
+  of nkPostfix: result = getIdentReplaceParams(c, n[1])
+  of nkPragmaExpr: result = getIdentReplaceParams(c, n[0])
   of nkIdent:
-    result = n
+    result = (n, false)
     let s = qualifiedLookUp(c.c, n, {})
-    if s != nil:
-      if s.owner == c.owner and s.kind == skParam:
-        result = newSymNode(s, n.info)
-  of nkAccQuoted, nkSym: result = n
+    if s != nil and isTemplParam(c, s):
+      n = newSymNode(s, n.info)
+      result = (n, true)
+  of nkSym:
+    result = (n, isTemplParam(c, n.sym))
+  of nkAccQuoted:
+    result = (n, false)
+    for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
+      let (ident, hasParam) = getIdentReplaceParams(c, n[i])
+      if hasParam:
+        result.node[i] = ident
+        result.hasParam = true
   else:
     illFormedAst(n, c.c.config)
-    result = n
-
-proc isTemplParam(c: TemplCtx, n: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
-  result = n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind == skParam and
-           n.sym.owner == c.owner and sfTemplateParam in n.sym.flags
+    result = (n, false)
 
 proc semTemplBody(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode): PNode
 
@@ -166,73 +176,54 @@ proc semTemplBodyScope(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode): PNode =
   result = semTemplBody(c, n)
   closeScope(c)
 
-proc onlyReplaceParams(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode): PNode =
-  result = n
-  if n.kind == nkIdent:
-    let s = qualifiedLookUp(c.c, n, {})
-    if s != nil:
-      if s.owner == c.owner and s.kind == skParam:
-        incl(s.flags, sfUsed)
-        result = newSymNode(s, n.info)
-        onUse(n.info, s)
-  else:
-    for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
-      result[i] = onlyReplaceParams(c, n[i])
-
 proc newGenSym(kind: TSymKind, n: PNode, c: var TemplCtx): PSym =
-  result = newSym(kind, considerQuotedIdent(c.c, n), nextSymId c.c.idgen, c.owner, n.info)
+  result = newSym(kind, considerQuotedIdent(c.c, n), c.c.idgen, c.owner, n.info)
   incl(result.flags, sfGenSym)
   incl(result.flags, sfShadowed)
 
 proc addLocalDecl(c: var TemplCtx, n: var PNode, k: TSymKind) =
-  # locals default to 'gensym':
-  if n.kind == nkPragmaExpr and symBinding(n[1]) == spInject:
+  # locals default to 'gensym', fields default to 'inject':
+  if (n.kind == nkPragmaExpr and symBinding(n[1]) == spInject) or
+      k == skField:
     # even if injected, don't produce a sym choice here:
     #n = semTemplBody(c, n)
-    var x = n[0]
-    while true:
-      case x.kind
-      of nkPostfix: x = x[1]
-      of nkPragmaExpr: x = x[0]
-      of nkIdent: break
-      of nkAccQuoted:
-        # consider:  type `T TemplParam` {.inject.}
-        # it suffices to return to treat it like 'inject':
-        n = onlyReplaceParams(c, n)
-        return
-      else:
-        illFormedAst(x, c.c.config)
-    let ident = getIdentNode(c, x)
-    if not isTemplParam(c, ident):
-      c.toInject.incl(x.ident.id)
-    else:
-      replaceIdentBySym(c.c, n, ident)
+    let (ident, hasParam) = getIdentReplaceParams(c, n)
+    if not hasParam:
+      if k != skField:
+        c.toInject.incl(considerQuotedIdent(c.c, ident).id)
   else:
     if (n.kind == nkPragmaExpr and n.len >= 2 and n[1].kind == nkPragma):
       let pragmaNode = n[1]
       for i in 0..<pragmaNode.len:
-        openScope(c)
-        pragmaNode[i] = semTemplBody(c,pragmaNode[i])
-        closeScope(c)
-    let ident = getIdentNode(c, n)
-    if not isTemplParam(c, ident):
-      if n.kind != nkSym:
+        let ni = pragmaNode[i]
+        # see D20210801T100514
+        var found = false
+        if ni.kind == nkIdent:
+          for a in templatePragmas:
+            if ni.ident.id == ord(a):
+              found = true
+              break
+        if not found:
+          openScope(c)
+          pragmaNode[i] = semTemplBody(c, pragmaNode[i])
+          closeScope(c)
+    let (ident, hasParam) = getIdentReplaceParams(c, n)
+    if not hasParam:
+      if n.kind != nkSym and not (n.kind == nkIdent and n.ident.id == ord(wUnderscore)):
         let local = newGenSym(k, ident, c)
         addPrelimDecl(c.c, local)
-        styleCheckDef(c.c.config, n.info, local)
+        styleCheckDef(c.c, n.info, local)
         onDef(n.info, local)
         replaceIdentBySym(c.c, n, newSymNode(local, n.info))
         if k == skParam and c.inTemplateHeader > 0:
           local.flags.incl sfTemplateParam
-    else:
-      replaceIdentBySym(c.c, n, ident)
 
-proc semTemplSymbol(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym; isField: bool): PNode =
+proc semTemplSymbol(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode, s: PSym; isField, isAmbiguous: bool): PNode =
   incl(s.flags, sfUsed)
   # bug #12885; ideally sem'checking is performed again afterwards marking
   # the symbol as used properly, but the nfSem mechanism currently prevents
   # that from happening, so we mark the module as used here already:
-  markOwnerModuleAsUsed(c, s)
+  markOwnerModuleAsUsed(c.c, s)
   # we do not call onUse here, as the identifier is not really
   # resolved here. We will fixup the used identifiers later.
   case s.kind
@@ -240,54 +231,97 @@ proc semTemplSymbol(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym; isField: bool): PNode =
     # Introduced in this pass! Leave it as an identifier.
     result = n
   of OverloadableSyms:
-    result = symChoice(c, n, s, scOpen, isField)
+    result = symChoice(c.c, n, s, scOpen, isField)
+    if not isField and result.kind in {nkSym, nkOpenSymChoice}:
+      if openSym in c.c.features:
+        if result.kind == nkSym:
+          result = newOpenSym(result)
+        else:
+          result.typ = nil
+      else:
+        result.flags.incl nfDisabledOpenSym
+        result.typ = nil
   of skGenericParam:
     if isField and sfGenSym in s.flags: result = n
-    else: result = newSymNodeTypeDesc(s, c.idgen, n.info)
+    else:
+      result = newSymNodeTypeDesc(s, c.c.idgen, n.info)
+      if not isField and s.owner != c.owner:
+        if openSym in c.c.features:
+          result = newOpenSym(result)
+        else:
+          result.flags.incl nfDisabledOpenSym
+          result.typ = nil
   of skParam:
     result = n
   of skType:
     if isField and sfGenSym in s.flags: result = n
-    else: result = newSymNodeTypeDesc(s, c.idgen, n.info)
+    else:
+      if isAmbiguous:
+        # ambiguous types should be symchoices since lookup behaves
+        # differently for them in regular expressions
+        result = symChoice(c.c, n, s, scOpen, isField)
+      else: result = newSymNodeTypeDesc(s, c.c.idgen, n.info)
+      if not isField and not (s.owner == c.owner and
+          s.typ != nil and s.typ.kind == tyGenericParam) and
+          result.kind in {nkSym, nkOpenSymChoice}:
+        if openSym in c.c.features:
+          if result.kind == nkSym:
+            result = newOpenSym(result)
+          else:
+            result.typ = nil
+        else:
+          result.flags.incl nfDisabledOpenSym
+          result.typ = nil
   else:
     if isField and sfGenSym in s.flags: result = n
-    else: result = newSymNode(s, n.info)
+    else:
+      result = newSymNode(s, n.info)
+      if not isField:
+        if openSym in c.c.features:
+          result = newOpenSym(result)
+        else:
+          result.flags.incl nfDisabledOpenSym
+          result.typ = nil
     # Issue #12832
     when defined(nimsuggest):
-      suggestSym(c.graph, n.info, s, c.graph.usageSym, false)
-    if {optStyleHint, optStyleError} * c.config.globalOptions != {}:
-      styleCheckUse(c.config, n.info, s)
+      suggestSym(c.c.graph, n.info, s, c.c.graph.usageSym, false)
+    # field access (dot expr) will be handled by builtinFieldAccess
+    if not isField:
+      styleCheckUse(c.c, n.info, s)
 
-proc semRoutineInTemplName(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc semRoutineInTemplName(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode, explicitInject: bool): PNode =
   result = n
   if n.kind == nkIdent:
     let s = qualifiedLookUp(c.c, n, {})
     if s != nil:
-      if s.owner == c.owner and (s.kind == skParam or sfGenSym in s.flags):
+      if s.owner == c.owner and (s.kind == skParam or
+          (sfGenSym in s.flags and not explicitInject)):
         incl(s.flags, sfUsed)
         result = newSymNode(s, n.info)
         onUse(n.info, s)
   else:
     for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
-      result[i] = semRoutineInTemplName(c, n[i])
+      result[i] = semRoutineInTemplName(c, n[i], explicitInject)
 
 proc semRoutineInTemplBody(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode, k: TSymKind): PNode =
   result = n
   checkSonsLen(n, bodyPos + 1, c.c.config)
-  # routines default to 'inject':
-  if n.kind notin nkLambdaKinds and symBinding(n[pragmasPos]) == spGenSym:
-    let ident = getIdentNode(c, n[namePos])
-    if not isTemplParam(c, ident):
-      var s = newGenSym(k, ident, c)
-      s.ast = n
-      addPrelimDecl(c.c, s)
-      styleCheckDef(c.c.config, n.info, s)
-      onDef(n.info, s)
-      n[namePos] = newSymNode(s, n[namePos].info)
+  if n.kind notin nkLambdaKinds:
+    # routines default to 'inject':
+    let binding = symBinding(n[pragmasPos])
+    if binding == spGenSym:
+      let (ident, hasParam) = getIdentReplaceParams(c, n[namePos])
+      if not hasParam:
+        var s = newGenSym(k, ident, c)
+        s.ast = n
+        addPrelimDecl(c.c, s)
+        styleCheckDef(c.c, n.info, s)
+        onDef(n.info, s)
+        n[namePos] = newSymNode(s, n[namePos].info)
+      else:
+        n[namePos] = ident
     else:
-      n[namePos] = ident
-  else:
-    n[namePos] = semRoutineInTemplName(c, n[namePos])
+      n[namePos] = semRoutineInTemplName(c, n[namePos], binding == spInject)
   # open scope for parameters
   openScope(c)
   for i in patternPos..paramsPos-1:
@@ -309,22 +343,29 @@ proc semRoutineInTemplBody(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode, k: TSymKind): PNode =
   # close scope for parameters
   closeScope(c)
 
-proc semTemplSomeDecl(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode, symKind: TSymKind; start=0) =
+proc semTemplIdentDef(c: var TemplCtx, a: PNode, symKind: TSymKind) =
+  checkMinSonsLen(a, 3, c.c.config)
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    inc c.c.inTypeContext
+  a[^2] = semTemplBody(c, a[^2])
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    dec c.c.inTypeContext
+  a[^1] = semTemplBody(c, a[^1])
+  for j in 0..<a.len-2:
+    addLocalDecl(c, a[j], symKind)
+
+proc semTemplSomeDecl(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode, symKind: TSymKind; start = 0) =
   for i in start..<n.len:
     var a = n[i]
-    if a.kind == nkCommentStmt: continue
-    if (a.kind != nkIdentDefs) and (a.kind != nkVarTuple): illFormedAst(a, c.c.config)
-    checkMinSonsLen(a, 3, c.c.config)
-    when defined(nimsuggest):
-      inc c.c.inTypeContext
-    a[^2] = semTemplBody(c, a[^2])
-    when defined(nimsuggest):
-      dec c.c.inTypeContext
-    a[^1] = semTemplBody(c, a[^1])
-    for j in 0..<a.len-2:
-      addLocalDecl(c, a[j], symKind)
+    case a.kind:
+    of nkCommentStmt: continue
+    of nkIdentDefs, nkVarTuple, nkConstDef:
+      semTemplIdentDef(c, a, symKind)
+    else:
+      illFormedAst(a, c.c.config)
 
-proc semPattern(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode
+
+proc semPattern(c: PContext, n: PNode; s: PSym): PNode
 
 proc semTemplBodySons(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode): PNode =
   result = n
@@ -337,6 +378,7 @@ proc semTemplBody(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode): PNode =
   case n.kind
   of nkIdent:
     if n.ident.id in c.toInject: return n
+    c.c.isAmbiguous = false
     let s = qualifiedLookUp(c.c, n, {})
     if s != nil:
       if s.owner == c.owner and s.kind == skParam and sfTemplateParam in s.flags:
@@ -354,7 +396,9 @@ proc semTemplBody(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode): PNode =
         result = newSymNode(s, n.info)
         onUse(n.info, s)
       else:
-        result = semTemplSymbol(c.c, n, s, c.noGenSym > 0)
+        if s.kind in {skVar, skLet, skConst}:
+          discard qualifiedLookUp(c.c, n, {checkAmbiguity, checkModule})
+        result = semTemplSymbol(c, n, s, c.noGenSym > 0, c.c.isAmbiguous)
   of nkBind:
     result = semTemplBody(c, n[0])
   of nkBindStmt:
@@ -411,7 +455,7 @@ proc semTemplBody(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode): PNode =
         # labels are always 'gensym'ed:
         let s = newGenSym(skLabel, n[0], c)
         addPrelimDecl(c.c, s)
-        styleCheckDef(c.c.config, s)
+        styleCheckDef(c.c, s)
         onDef(n[0].info, s)
         n[0] = newSymNode(s, n[0].info)
     n[1] = semTemplBody(c, n[1])
@@ -437,15 +481,7 @@ proc semTemplBody(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode): PNode =
     checkMinSonsLen(n, 1, c.c.config)
     semTemplSomeDecl(c, n, skParam, 1)
     n[0] = semTemplBody(c, n[0])
-  of nkConstSection:
-    for i in 0..<n.len:
-      var a = n[i]
-      if a.kind == nkCommentStmt: continue
-      if (a.kind != nkConstDef): illFormedAst(a, c.c.config)
-      checkSonsLen(a, 3, c.c.config)
-      addLocalDecl(c, a[0], skConst)
-      a[1] = semTemplBody(c, a[1])
-      a[2] = semTemplBody(c, a[2])
+  of nkConstSection: semTemplSomeDecl(c, n, skConst)
   of nkTypeSection:
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       var a = n[i]
@@ -465,6 +501,25 @@ proc semTemplBody(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode): PNode =
         closeScope(c)
       else:
         a[2] = semTemplBody(c, a[2])
+  of nkObjectTy:
+    openScope(c)
+    result = semTemplBodySons(c, n)
+    closeScope(c)
+  of nkRecList:
+    for i in 0..<n.len:
+      var a = n[i]
+      case a.kind:
+      of nkCommentStmt, nkNilLit, nkSym, nkEmpty: continue
+      of nkIdentDefs:
+        semTemplIdentDef(c, a, skField)
+      of nkRecCase, nkRecWhen:
+        n[i] = semTemplBody(c, a)
+      else:
+        illFormedAst(a, c.c.config)
+  of nkRecCase:
+    semTemplIdentDef(c, n[0], skField)
+    for i in 1..<n.len:
+      n[i] = semTemplBody(c, n[i])
   of nkProcDef, nkLambdaKinds:
     result = semRoutineInTemplBody(c, n, skProc)
   of nkFuncDef:
@@ -488,18 +543,23 @@ proc semTemplBody(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode): PNode =
       if x.kind == nkExprColonExpr:
         x[1] = semTemplBody(c, x[1])
   of nkBracketExpr:
-    result = newNodeI(nkCall, n.info)
-    result.add newIdentNode(getIdent(c.c.cache, "[]"), n.info)
-    for i in 0..<n.len: result.add(n[i])
-    let n0 = semTemplBody(c, n[0])
-    withBracketExpr c, n0:
-      result = semTemplBodySons(c, result)
+    if n.typ == nil:
+      # if a[b] is nested inside a typed expression, don't convert it
+      # back to `[]`(a, b), prepareOperand will not typecheck it again
+      # and so `[]` will not be resolved
+      # checking if a[b] is typed should be enough to cover this case
+      result = newNodeI(nkCall, n.info)
+      result.add newIdentNode(getIdent(c.c.cache, "[]"), n.info)
+      for i in 0..<n.len: result.add(n[i])
+    result = semTemplBodySons(c, result)
   of nkCurlyExpr:
-    result = newNodeI(nkCall, n.info)
-    result.add newIdentNode(getIdent(c.c.cache, "{}"), n.info)
-    for i in 0..<n.len: result.add(n[i])
+    if n.typ == nil:
+      # see nkBracketExpr case for explanation
+      result = newNodeI(nkCall, n.info)
+      result.add newIdentNode(getIdent(c.c.cache, "{}"), n.info)
+      for i in 0..<n.len: result.add(n[i])
     result = semTemplBodySons(c, result)
-  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn:
+  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn:
     checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.c.config)
     let a = n[0]
     let b = n[1]
@@ -507,18 +567,21 @@ proc semTemplBody(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode): PNode =
     let k = a.kind
     case k
     of nkBracketExpr:
-      result = newNodeI(nkCall, n.info)
-      result.add newIdentNode(getIdent(c.c.cache, "[]="), n.info)
-      for i in 0..<a.len: result.add(a[i])
-      result.add(b)
+      if a.typ == nil:
+        # see nkBracketExpr case above for explanation
+        result = newNodeI(nkCall, n.info)
+        result.add newIdentNode(getIdent(c.c.cache, "[]="), n.info)
+        for i in 0..<a.len: result.add(a[i])
+        result.add(b)
       let a0 = semTemplBody(c, a[0])
-      withBracketExpr c, a0:
-        result = semTemplBodySons(c, result)
+      result = semTemplBodySons(c, result)
     of nkCurlyExpr:
-      result = newNodeI(nkCall, n.info)
-      result.add newIdentNode(getIdent(c.c.cache, "{}="), n.info)
-      for i in 0..<a.len: result.add(a[i])
-      result.add(b)
+      if a.typ == nil:
+        # see nkBracketExpr case above for explanation
+        result = newNodeI(nkCall, n.info)
+        result.add newIdentNode(getIdent(c.c.cache, "{}="), n.info)
+        for i in 0..<a.len: result.add(a[i])
+        result.add(b)
       result = semTemplBodySons(c, result)
     else:
       result = semTemplBodySons(c, n)
@@ -529,8 +592,10 @@ proc semTemplBody(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode): PNode =
   of nkDotExpr, nkAccQuoted:
     # dotExpr is ambiguous: note that we explicitly allow 'x.TemplateParam',
     # so we use the generic code for nkDotExpr too
+    c.c.isAmbiguous = false
     let s = qualifiedLookUp(c.c, n, {})
     if s != nil:
+      # mirror the nkIdent case
       # do not symchoice a quoted template parameter (bug #2390):
       if s.owner == c.owner and s.kind == skParam and
           n.kind == nkAccQuoted and n.len == 1:
@@ -542,13 +607,23 @@ proc semTemplBody(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode): PNode =
       elif contains(c.toMixin, s.name.id):
         return symChoice(c.c, n, s, scForceOpen, c.noGenSym > 0)
       else:
-        return symChoice(c.c, n, s, scOpen, c.noGenSym > 0)
+        if s.kind in {skVar, skLet, skConst}:
+          discard qualifiedLookUp(c.c, n, {checkAmbiguity, checkModule})
+        return semTemplSymbol(c, n, s, c.noGenSym > 0, c.c.isAmbiguous)
     if n.kind == nkDotExpr:
       result = n
       result[0] = semTemplBody(c, n[0])
       inc c.noGenSym
       result[1] = semTemplBody(c, n[1])
       dec c.noGenSym
+      if result[1].kind == nkSym and result[1].sym.kind in routineKinds:
+        # prevent `dotTransformation` from rewriting this node to `nkIdent`
+        # by making it a symchoice
+        # in generics this becomes `nkClosedSymChoice` but this breaks code
+        # as the old behavior here was that this became `nkIdent`
+        var choice = newNodeIT(nkOpenSymChoice, n[1].info, newTypeS(tyNone, c.c))
+        choice.add result[1]
+        result[1] = choice
     else:
       result = semTemplBodySons(c, n)
   of nkExprColonExpr, nkExprEqExpr:
@@ -594,7 +669,12 @@ proc semTemplBodyDirty(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode): PNode =
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       result[i] = semTemplBodyDirty(c, n[i])
 
+# in semstmts.nim:
+proc semProcAnnotation(c: PContext, prc: PNode; validPragmas: TSpecialWords): PNode
+
 proc semTemplateDef(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+  result = semProcAnnotation(c, n, templatePragmas)
+  if result != nil: return result
   result = n
   var s: PSym
   if isTopLevel(c):
@@ -604,58 +684,77 @@ proc semTemplateDef(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
     s = semIdentVis(c, skTemplate, n[namePos], {})
   assert s.kind == skTemplate
 
-  if s.owner != nil:
-    const names = ["!=", ">=", ">", "incl", "excl", "in", "notin", "isnot"]
-    if sfSystemModule in s.owner.flags and s.name.s in names or
-       s.owner.name.s == "vm" and s.name.s == "stackTrace":
-      incl(s.flags, sfCallsite)
-
-  s.ast = n
-
-  styleCheckDef(c.config, s)
+  styleCheckDef(c, s)
   onDef(n[namePos].info, s)
   # check parameter list:
   #s.scope = c.currentScope
+  # push noalias flag at first to prevent unwanted recursive calls:
+  incl(s.flags, sfNoalias)
   pushOwner(c, s)
   openScope(c)
   n[namePos] = newSymNode(s)
+  s.ast = n # for implicitPragmas to use
   pragmaCallable(c, s, n, templatePragmas)
   implicitPragmas(c, s, n.info, templatePragmas)
 
   setGenericParamsMisc(c, n)
   # process parameters:
   var allUntyped = true
+  var nullary = true
   if n[paramsPos].kind != nkEmpty:
     semParamList(c, n[paramsPos], n[genericParamsPos], s)
     # a template's parameters are not gensym'ed even if that was originally the
     # case as we determine whether it's a template parameter in the template
     # body by the absence of the sfGenSym flag:
+    let retType = s.typ.returnType
+    if retType != nil and retType.kind != tyUntyped:
+      allUntyped = false
     for i in 1..<s.typ.n.len:
       let param = s.typ.n[i].sym
-      param.flags.incl sfTemplateParam
-      param.flags.excl sfGenSym
+      if param.name.id != ord(wUnderscore):
+        param.flags.incl sfTemplateParam
+        param.flags.excl sfGenSym
       if param.typ.kind != tyUntyped: allUntyped = false
+      # no default value, parameters required in call
+      if param.ast == nil: nullary = false
   else:
     s.typ = newTypeS(tyProc, c)
     # XXX why do we need tyTyped as a return type again?
     s.typ.n = newNodeI(nkFormalParams, n.info)
     rawAddSon(s.typ, newTypeS(tyTyped, c))
-    s.typ.n.add newNodeIT(nkType, n.info, s.typ[0])
+    s.typ.n.add newNodeIT(nkType, n.info, s.typ.returnType)
   if n[genericParamsPos].safeLen == 0:
     # restore original generic type params as no explicit or implicit were found
     n[genericParamsPos] = n[miscPos][1]
     n[miscPos] = c.graph.emptyNode
   if allUntyped: incl(s.flags, sfAllUntyped)
-  
+  if nullary and
+      n[genericParamsPos].kind == nkEmpty and
+      n[bodyPos].kind != nkEmpty:
+    # template can be called with alias syntax, remove pushed noalias flag
+    excl(s.flags, sfNoalias)
+
   if n[patternPos].kind != nkEmpty:
-    n[patternPos] = semPattern(c, n[patternPos])
-  
-  var ctx: TemplCtx
-  ctx.toBind = initIntSet()
-  ctx.toMixin = initIntSet()
-  ctx.toInject = initIntSet()
-  ctx.c = c
-  ctx.owner = s
+    n[patternPos] = semPattern(c, n[patternPos], s)
+
+  var ctx = TemplCtx(
+    toBind: initIntSet(),
+    toMixin: initIntSet(),
+    toInject: initIntSet(),
+    c: c,
+    owner: s
+  )
+  # handle default params:
+  for i in 1..<s.typ.n.len:
+    let param = s.typ.n[i].sym
+    if param.ast != nil:
+      # param default values need to be treated like template body:
+      if sfDirty in s.flags:
+        param.ast = semTemplBodyDirty(ctx, param.ast)
+      else:
+        param.ast = semTemplBody(ctx, param.ast)
+      if param.ast.referencesAnotherParam(s):
+        param.ast.flags.incl nfDefaultRefsParam
   if sfDirty in s.flags:
     n[bodyPos] = semTemplBodyDirty(ctx, n[bodyPos])
   else:
@@ -664,6 +763,7 @@ proc semTemplateDef(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   semIdeForTemplateOrGeneric(c, n[bodyPos], ctx.cursorInBody)
   closeScope(c)
   popOwner(c)
+
   if sfCustomPragma in s.flags:
     if n[bodyPos].kind != nkEmpty:
       localError(c.config, n[bodyPos].info, errImplOfXNotAllowed % s.name.s)
@@ -673,6 +773,9 @@ proc semTemplateDef(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   if proto == nil:
     addInterfaceOverloadableSymAt(c, c.currentScope, s)
   elif not comesFromShadowscope:
+    if {sfTemplateRedefinition, sfGenSym} * s.flags == {}:
+      #wrongRedefinition(c, n.info, proto.name.s, proto.info)
+      message(c.config, n.info, warnImplicitTemplateRedefinition, s.name.s)
     symTabReplace(c.currentScope.symbols, proto, s)
   if n[patternPos].kind != nkEmpty:
     c.patterns.add(s)
@@ -795,14 +898,15 @@ proc semPatternBody(c: var TemplCtx, n: PNode): PNode =
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       result[i] = semPatternBody(c, n[i])
 
-proc semPattern(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc semPattern(c: PContext, n: PNode; s: PSym): PNode =
   openScope(c)
-  var ctx: TemplCtx
-  ctx.toBind = initIntSet()
-  ctx.toMixin = initIntSet()
-  ctx.toInject = initIntSet()
-  ctx.c = c
-  ctx.owner = getCurrOwner(c)
+  var ctx = TemplCtx(
+    toBind: initIntSet(),
+    toMixin: initIntSet(),
+    toInject: initIntSet(),
+    c: c,
+    owner: getCurrOwner(c)
+  )
   result = flattenStmts(semPatternBody(ctx, n))
   if result.kind in {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr}:
     if result.len == 1:
@@ -810,3 +914,4 @@ proc semPattern(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
     elif result.len == 0:
       localError(c.config, n.info, "a pattern cannot be empty")
   closeScope(c)
+  addPattern(c, LazySym(sym: s))
diff --git a/compiler/semtypes.nim b/compiler/semtypes.nim
index dcab9a884..113946fef 100644
--- a/compiler/semtypes.nim
+++ b/compiler/semtypes.nim
@@ -10,22 +10,20 @@
 # this module does the semantic checking of type declarations
 # included from sem.nim
 
-import math
-
 const
   errStringOrIdentNodeExpected = "string or ident node expected"
   errStringLiteralExpected = "string literal expected"
   errIntLiteralExpected = "integer literal expected"
   errWrongNumberOfVariables = "wrong number of variables"
-  errInvalidOrderInEnumX = "invalid order in enum '$1'"
-  errOrdinalTypeExpected = "ordinal type expected"
-  errSetTooBig = "set is too large"
+  errDuplicateAliasInEnumX = "duplicate value in enum '$1'"
+  errOverflowInEnumX = "The enum '$1' exceeds its maximum value ($2)"
+  errOrdinalTypeExpected = "ordinal type expected; given: $1"
+  errSetTooBig = "set is too large; use `std/sets` for ordinal types with more than 2^16 elements"
   errBaseTypeMustBeOrdinal = "base type of a set must be an ordinal"
   errInheritanceOnlyWithNonFinalObjects = "inheritance only works with non-final objects"
   errXExpectsOneTypeParam = "'$1' expects one type parameter"
   errArrayExpectsTwoTypeParams = "array expects two type parameters"
   errInvalidVisibilityX = "invalid visibility: '$1'"
-  errInitHereNotAllowed = "initialization not allowed here"
   errXCannotBeAssignedTo = "'$1' cannot be assigned to"
   errIteratorNotAllowed = "iterators can only be defined at the module's top level"
   errXNeedsReturnType = "$1 needs a return type"
@@ -40,13 +38,21 @@ const
   errNoGenericParamsAllowedForX = "no generic parameters allowed for $1"
   errInOutFlagNotExtern = "the '$1' modifier can be used only with imported types"
 
+proc newOrPrevType(kind: TTypeKind, prev: PType, c: PContext, son: sink PType): PType =
+  if prev == nil or prev.kind == tyGenericBody:
+    result = newTypeS(kind, c, son)
+  else:
+    result = prev
+    result.setSon(son)
+    if result.kind == tyForward: result.kind = kind
+  #if kind == tyError: result.flags.incl tfCheckedForDestructor
+
 proc newOrPrevType(kind: TTypeKind, prev: PType, c: PContext): PType =
-  if prev == nil:
+  if prev == nil or prev.kind == tyGenericBody:
     result = newTypeS(kind, c)
   else:
     result = prev
     if result.kind == tyForward: result.kind = kind
-  #if kind == tyError: result.flags.incl tfCheckedForDestructor
 
 proc newConstraint(c: PContext, k: TTypeKind): PType =
   result = newTypeS(tyBuiltInTypeClass, c)
@@ -59,10 +65,11 @@ proc semEnum(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
     # don't create an empty tyEnum; fixes #3052
     return errorType(c)
   var
-    counter, x: BiggestInt
-    e: PSym
-    base: PType
-    identToReplace: ptr PNode
+    counter, x: BiggestInt = 0
+    e: PSym = nil
+    base: PType = nil
+    identToReplace: ptr PNode = nil
+    counterSet = initPackedSet[BiggestInt]()
   counter = 0
   base = nil
   result = newOrPrevType(tyEnum, prev, c)
@@ -75,11 +82,11 @@ proc semEnum(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
     counter = toInt64(lastOrd(c.config, base)) + 1
   rawAddSon(result, base)
   let isPure = result.sym != nil and sfPure in result.sym.flags
-  var symbols: TStrTable
-  if isPure: initStrTable(symbols)
+  var symbols: TStrTable = initStrTable()
   var hasNull = false
   for i in 1..<n.len:
     if n[i].kind == nkEmpty: continue
+    var useAutoCounter = false
     case n[i].kind
     of nkEnumFieldDef:
       if n[i][0].kind == nkPragmaExpr:
@@ -95,61 +102,77 @@ proc semEnum(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
       of tyTuple:
         if v.len == 2:
           strVal = v[1] # second tuple part is the string value
-          if skipTypes(strVal.typ, abstractInst).kind in {tyString, tyCString}:
+          if skipTypes(strVal.typ, abstractInst).kind in {tyString, tyCstring}:
             if not isOrdinalType(v[0].typ, allowEnumWithHoles=true):
-              localError(c.config, v[0].info, errOrdinalTypeExpected & "; given: " & typeToString(v[0].typ, preferDesc))
+              localError(c.config, v[0].info, errOrdinalTypeExpected % typeToString(v[0].typ, preferDesc))
             x = toInt64(getOrdValue(v[0])) # first tuple part is the ordinal
             n[i][1][0] = newIntTypeNode(x, getSysType(c.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt))
           else:
             localError(c.config, strVal.info, errStringLiteralExpected)
         else:
           localError(c.config, v.info, errWrongNumberOfVariables)
-      of tyString, tyCString:
+      of tyString, tyCstring:
         strVal = v
         x = counter
+        useAutoCounter = true
       else:
-        if not isOrdinalType(v.typ, allowEnumWithHoles=true):
-          localError(c.config, v.info, errOrdinalTypeExpected & "; given: " & typeToString(v.typ, preferDesc))
-        x = toInt64(getOrdValue(v))
-        n[i][1] = newIntTypeNode(x, getSysType(c.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt))
+        if isOrdinalType(v.typ, allowEnumWithHoles=true):
+          x = toInt64(getOrdValue(v))
+          n[i][1] = newIntTypeNode(x, getSysType(c.graph, unknownLineInfo, tyInt))
+        else:
+          localError(c.config, v.info, errOrdinalTypeExpected % typeToString(v.typ, preferDesc))
       if i != 1:
         if x != counter: incl(result.flags, tfEnumHasHoles)
-        if x < counter:
-          localError(c.config, n[i].info, errInvalidOrderInEnumX % e.name.s)
-          x = counter
       e.ast = strVal # might be nil
       counter = x
     of nkSym:
       e = n[i].sym
+      useAutoCounter = true
     of nkIdent, nkAccQuoted:
       e = newSymS(skEnumField, n[i], c)
       identToReplace = addr n[i]
+      useAutoCounter = true
     of nkPragmaExpr:
       e = newSymS(skEnumField, n[i][0], c)
       pragma(c, e, n[i][1], enumFieldPragmas)
       identToReplace = addr n[i][0]
+      useAutoCounter = true
     else:
       illFormedAst(n[i], c.config)
+
+    if useAutoCounter:
+      while counter in counterSet and counter != high(typeof(counter)):
+        inc counter
+      counterSet.incl counter
+    elif counterSet.containsOrIncl(counter):
+      localError(c.config, n[i].info, errDuplicateAliasInEnumX % e.name.s)
+
     e.typ = result
     e.position = int(counter)
     let symNode = newSymNode(e)
-    if optNimV1Emulation notin c.config.globalOptions and identToReplace != nil and
-        c.config.cmd notin cmdDocLike: # A hack to produce documentation for enum fields.
+    if identToReplace != nil and c.config.cmd notin cmdDocLike:
+      # A hack to produce documentation for enum fields.
       identToReplace[] = symNode
     if e.position == 0: hasNull = true
     if result.sym != nil and sfExported in result.sym.flags:
-      incl(e.flags, sfUsed)
-      incl(e.flags, sfExported)
-      if not isPure: exportSym(c, e)
+      e.flags.incl {sfUsed, sfExported}
+
     result.n.add symNode
-    styleCheckDef(c.config, e)
+    styleCheckDef(c, e)
     onDef(e.info, e)
+    suggestSym(c.graph, e.info, e, c.graph.usageSym)
     if sfGenSym notin e.flags:
-      if not isPure: addDecl(c, e)
-      else: declarePureEnumField(c, e)
-    if isPure and (let conflict = strTableInclReportConflict(symbols, e); conflict != nil):
+      if not isPure:
+        addInterfaceOverloadableSymAt(c, c.currentScope, e)
+      else:
+        declarePureEnumField(c, e)
+    if (let conflict = strTableInclReportConflict(symbols, e); conflict != nil):
       wrongRedefinition(c, e.info, e.name.s, conflict.info)
-    inc(counter)
+    if counter == high(typeof(counter)):
+      if i > 1 and result.n[i-2].sym.position == high(int):
+        localError(c.config, n[i].info, errOverflowInEnumX % [e.name.s, $high(typeof(counter))])
+    else:
+      inc(counter)
   if isPure and sfExported in result.sym.flags:
     addPureEnum(c, LazySym(sym: result.sym))
   if tfNotNil in e.typ.flags and not hasNull:
@@ -161,10 +184,12 @@ proc semSet(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
   if n.len == 2 and n[1].kind != nkEmpty:
     var base = semTypeNode(c, n[1], nil)
     addSonSkipIntLit(result, base, c.idgen)
-    if base.kind in {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink}: base = lastSon(base)
+    if base.kind in {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink}: base = skipModifier(base)
     if base.kind notin {tyGenericParam, tyGenericInvocation}:
-      if not isOrdinalType(base, allowEnumWithHoles = true):
-        localError(c.config, n.info, errOrdinalTypeExpected)
+      if base.kind == tyForward:
+        c.skipTypes.add n
+      elif not isOrdinalType(base, allowEnumWithHoles = true):
+        localError(c.config, n.info, errOrdinalTypeExpected % typeToString(base, preferDesc))
       elif lengthOrd(c.config, base) > MaxSetElements:
         localError(c.config, n.info, errSetTooBig)
   else:
@@ -197,9 +222,10 @@ proc semVarargs(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
     localError(c.config, n.info, errXExpectsOneTypeParam % "varargs")
     addSonSkipIntLit(result, errorType(c), c.idgen)
 
-proc semVarOutType(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType; kind: TTypeKind): PType =
+proc semVarOutType(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType; flags: TTypeFlags): PType =
   if n.len == 1:
-    result = newOrPrevType(kind, prev, c)
+    result = newOrPrevType(tyVar, prev, c)
+    result.flags = flags
     var base = semTypeNode(c, n[0], nil)
     if base.kind == tyTypeDesc and not isSelf(base):
       base = base[0]
@@ -208,12 +234,59 @@ proc semVarOutType(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType; kind: TTypeKind): PType =
       base = base[0]
     addSonSkipIntLit(result, base, c.idgen)
   else:
-    result = newConstraint(c, kind)
+    result = newConstraint(c, tyVar)
+
+proc isRecursiveType(t: PType, cycleDetector: var IntSet): bool =
+  if t == nil:
+    return false
+  if cycleDetector.containsOrIncl(t.id):
+    return true
+  case t.kind
+  of tyAlias, tyGenericInst, tyDistinct:
+    return isRecursiveType(t.skipModifier, cycleDetector)
+  else:
+    return false
+
+proc fitDefaultNode(c: PContext, n: PNode): PType =
+  inc c.inStaticContext
+  let expectedType = if n[^2].kind != nkEmpty: semTypeNode(c, n[^2], nil) else: nil
+  n[^1] = semConstExpr(c, n[^1], expectedType = expectedType)
+  let oldType = n[^1].typ
+  n[^1].flags.incl nfSem
+  if n[^2].kind != nkEmpty:
+    if expectedType != nil and oldType != expectedType:
+      n[^1] = fitNodeConsiderViewType(c, expectedType, n[^1], n[^1].info)
+      changeType(c, n[^1], expectedType, true) # infer types for default fields value
+        # bug #22926; be cautious that it uses `semConstExpr` to
+        # evaulate the default fields; it's only natural to use
+        # `changeType` to infer types for constant values
+        # that's also the reason why we don't use `semExpr` to check
+        # the type since two overlapping error messages might be produced
+    result = n[^1].typ
+  else:
+    result = n[^1].typ
+  # xxx any troubles related to defaults fields, consult `semConst` for a potential answer
+  if n[^1].kind != nkNilLit:
+    typeAllowedCheck(c, n.info, result, skConst, {taProcContextIsNotMacro, taIsDefaultField})
+  dec c.inStaticContext
+
+proc isRecursiveType*(t: PType): bool =
+  # handle simple recusive types before typeFinalPass
+  var cycleDetector = initIntSet()
+  isRecursiveType(t, cycleDetector)
+
+proc addSonSkipIntLitChecked(c: PContext; father, son: PType; it: PNode, id: IdGenerator) =
+  let s = son.skipIntLit(id)
+  father.add(s)
+  if isRecursiveType(s):
+    localError(c.config, it.info, "illegal recursion in type '" & typeToString(s) & "'")
+  else:
+    propagateToOwner(father, s)
 
 proc semDistinct(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
   if n.len == 0: return newConstraint(c, tyDistinct)
   result = newOrPrevType(tyDistinct, prev, c)
-  addSonSkipIntLit(result, semTypeNode(c, n[0], nil), c.idgen)
+  addSonSkipIntLitChecked(c, result, semTypeNode(c, n[0], nil), n[0], c.idgen)
   if n.len > 1: result.n = n[1]
 
 proc semRangeAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
@@ -229,22 +302,25 @@ proc semRangeAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
     localError(c.config, n.info, "range is empty")
 
   var range: array[2, PNode]
+  # XXX this is still a hard compilation in a generic context, this can
+  # result in unresolved generic parameters being treated like real types
   range[0] = semExprWithType(c, n[1], {efDetermineType})
   range[1] = semExprWithType(c, n[2], {efDetermineType})
 
-  var rangeT: array[2, PType]
+  var rangeT: array[2, PType] = default(array[2, PType])
   for i in 0..1:
     rangeT[i] = range[i].typ.skipTypes({tyStatic}).skipIntLit(c.idgen)
 
   let hasUnknownTypes = c.inGenericContext > 0 and
-    rangeT[0].kind == tyFromExpr or rangeT[1].kind == tyFromExpr
+    (rangeT[0].kind == tyFromExpr or rangeT[1].kind == tyFromExpr)
 
   if not hasUnknownTypes:
     if not sameType(rangeT[0].skipTypes({tyRange}), rangeT[1].skipTypes({tyRange})):
-      localError(c.config, n.info, "type mismatch")
+      typeMismatch(c.config, n.info, rangeT[0], rangeT[1], n)
+
     elif not isOrdinalType(rangeT[0]) and rangeT[0].kind notin {tyFloat..tyFloat128} or
         rangeT[0].kind == tyBool:
-      localError(c.config, n.info, "ordinal or float type expected")
+      localError(c.config, n.info, "ordinal or float type expected, but got " & typeToString(rangeT[0]))
     elif enumHasHoles(rangeT[0]):
       localError(c.config, n.info, "enum '$1' has holes" % typeToString(rangeT[0]))
 
@@ -255,9 +331,8 @@ proc semRangeAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
     else:
       result.n.add semConstExpr(c, range[i])
 
-  if (result.n[0].kind in {nkFloatLit..nkFloat64Lit} and classify(result.n[0].floatVal) == fcNan) or
-      (result.n[1].kind in {nkFloatLit..nkFloat64Lit} and classify(result.n[1].floatVal) == fcNan):
-    localError(c.config, n.info, "NaN is not a valid start or end for a range")
+    if result.n[i].kind in {nkFloatLit..nkFloat64Lit} and result.n[i].floatVal.isNaN:
+      localError(c.config, n.info, "NaN is not a valid range " & (if i == 0: "start" else: "end"))
 
   if weakLeValue(result.n[0], result.n[1]) == impNo:
     localError(c.config, n.info, "range is empty")
@@ -269,17 +344,18 @@ proc semRange(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
   if n.len == 2:
     if isRange(n[1]):
       result = semRangeAux(c, n[1], prev)
-      let n = result.n
-      if n[0].kind in {nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit} and n[0].intVal > 0:
-        incl(result.flags, tfRequiresInit)
-      elif n[1].kind in {nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit} and n[1].intVal < 0:
-        incl(result.flags, tfRequiresInit)
-      elif n[0].kind in {nkFloatLit..nkFloat64Lit} and
-          n[0].floatVal > 0.0:
-        incl(result.flags, tfRequiresInit)
-      elif n[1].kind in {nkFloatLit..nkFloat64Lit} and
-          n[1].floatVal < 0.0:
-        incl(result.flags, tfRequiresInit)
+      if not isDefined(c.config, "nimPreviewRangeDefault"):
+        let n = result.n
+        if n[0].kind in {nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit} and n[0].intVal > 0:
+          incl(result.flags, tfRequiresInit)
+        elif n[1].kind in {nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit} and n[1].intVal < 0:
+          incl(result.flags, tfRequiresInit)
+        elif n[0].kind in {nkFloatLit..nkFloat64Lit} and
+            n[0].floatVal > 0.0:
+          incl(result.flags, tfRequiresInit)
+        elif n[1].kind in {nkFloatLit..nkFloat64Lit} and
+            n[1].floatVal < 0.0:
+          incl(result.flags, tfRequiresInit)
     else:
       if n[1].kind == nkInfix and considerQuotedIdent(c, n[1][0]).s == "..<":
         localError(c.config, n[0].info, "range types need to be constructed with '..', '..<' is not supported")
@@ -290,31 +366,47 @@ proc semRange(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
     localError(c.config, n.info, errXExpectsOneTypeParam % "range")
     result = newOrPrevType(tyError, prev, c)
 
+proc semArrayIndexConst(c: PContext, e: PNode, info: TLineInfo): PType =
+  let x = semConstExpr(c, e)
+  if x.kind in {nkIntLit..nkUInt64Lit}:
+    result = makeRangeType(c, 0, x.intVal-1, info,
+                        x.typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc}))
+  else:
+    result = x.typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
+
 proc semArrayIndex(c: PContext, n: PNode): PType =
   if isRange(n):
     result = semRangeAux(c, n, nil)
+  elif n.kind == nkInfix and n[0].kind == nkIdent and n[0].ident.s == "..<":
+    result = errorType(c)
   else:
+    # XXX this is still a hard compilation in a generic context, this can
+    # result in unresolved generic parameters being treated like real types
     let e = semExprWithType(c, n, {efDetermineType})
     if e.typ.kind == tyFromExpr:
       result = makeRangeWithStaticExpr(c, e.typ.n)
     elif e.kind in {nkIntLit..nkUInt64Lit}:
       if e.intVal < 0:
-        localError(c.config, n[1].info,
+        localError(c.config, n.info,
           "Array length can't be negative, but was " & $e.intVal)
       result = makeRangeType(c, 0, e.intVal-1, n.info, e.typ)
-    elif e.kind == nkSym and e.typ.kind == tyStatic:
-      if e.sym.ast != nil:
-        return semArrayIndex(c, e.sym.ast)
-      if not isOrdinalType(e.typ.lastSon):
-        let info = if n.safeLen > 1: n[1].info else: n.info
-        localError(c.config, info, errOrdinalTypeExpected)
-      result = makeRangeWithStaticExpr(c, e)
-      if c.inGenericContext > 0: result.flags.incl tfUnresolved
+    elif e.kind == nkSym and (e.typ.kind == tyStatic or e.typ.kind == tyTypeDesc):
+      if e.typ.kind == tyStatic:
+        if e.sym.ast != nil:
+          return semArrayIndex(c, e.sym.ast)
+        if e.typ.skipModifier.kind != tyGenericParam and not isOrdinalType(e.typ.skipModifier):
+          let info = if n.safeLen > 1: n[1].info else: n.info
+          localError(c.config, info, errOrdinalTypeExpected % typeToString(e.typ, preferDesc))
+        result = makeRangeWithStaticExpr(c, e)
+        if c.inGenericContext > 0: result.flags.incl tfUnresolved
+      else:
+        result = e.typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
+        result.flags.incl tfImplicitStatic
     elif e.kind in (nkCallKinds + {nkBracketExpr}) and hasUnresolvedArgs(c, e):
       if not isOrdinalType(e.typ.skipTypes({tyStatic, tyAlias, tyGenericInst, tySink})):
-        localError(c.config, n[1].info, errOrdinalTypeExpected)
+        localError(c.config, n[1].info, errOrdinalTypeExpected % typeToString(e.typ, preferDesc))
       # This is an int returning call, depending on an
-      # yet unknown generic param (see tgenericshardcases).
+      # yet unknown generic param (see tuninstantiatedgenericcalls).
       # We are going to construct a range type that will be
       # properly filled-out in semtypinst (see how tyStaticExpr
       # is handled there).
@@ -322,12 +414,7 @@ proc semArrayIndex(c: PContext, n: PNode): PType =
     elif e.kind == nkIdent:
       result = e.typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
     else:
-      let x = semConstExpr(c, e)
-      if x.kind in {nkIntLit..nkUInt64Lit}:
-        result = makeRangeType(c, 0, x.intVal-1, n.info,
-                             x.typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc}))
-      else:
-        result = x.typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
+      result = semArrayIndexConst(c, e, n.info)
         #localError(c.config, n[1].info, errConstExprExpected)
 
 proc semArray(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
@@ -336,106 +423,64 @@ proc semArray(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
     # 3 = length(array indx base)
     let indx = semArrayIndex(c, n[1])
     var indxB = indx
-    if indxB.kind in {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink}: indxB = lastSon(indxB)
-    if indxB.kind notin {tyGenericParam, tyStatic, tyFromExpr}:
-      if indxB.skipTypes({tyRange}).kind in {tyUInt, tyUInt64}:
-        discard
-      elif not isOrdinalType(indxB):
-        localError(c.config, n[1].info, errOrdinalTypeExpected)
+    if indxB.kind in {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink}: indxB = skipModifier(indxB)
+    if indxB.kind notin {tyGenericParam, tyStatic, tyFromExpr} and
+        tfUnresolved notin indxB.flags:
+      if not isOrdinalType(indxB):
+        localError(c.config, n[1].info, errOrdinalTypeExpected % typeToString(indxB, preferDesc))
       elif enumHasHoles(indxB):
         localError(c.config, n[1].info, "enum '$1' has holes" %
                    typeToString(indxB.skipTypes({tyRange})))
+      elif indxB.kind != tyRange and
+          lengthOrd(c.config, indxB) > high(uint16).int:
+        # assume range type is intentional
+        localError(c.config, n[1].info,
+          "index type '$1' for array is too large" % typeToString(indxB))
     base = semTypeNode(c, n[2], nil)
     # ensure we only construct a tyArray when there was no error (bug #3048):
-    result = newOrPrevType(tyArray, prev, c)
     # bug #6682: Do not propagate initialization requirements etc for the
     # index type:
-    rawAddSonNoPropagationOfTypeFlags(result, indx)
+    result = newOrPrevType(tyArray, prev, c, indx)
     addSonSkipIntLit(result, base, c.idgen)
   else:
     localError(c.config, n.info, errArrayExpectsTwoTypeParams)
     result = newOrPrevType(tyError, prev, c)
 
+proc semIterableType(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
+  result = newOrPrevType(tyIterable, prev, c)
+  if n.len == 2:
+    let base = semTypeNode(c, n[1], nil)
+    addSonSkipIntLit(result, base, c.idgen)
+  else:
+    localError(c.config, n.info, errXExpectsOneTypeParam % "iterable")
+    result = newOrPrevType(tyError, prev, c)
+
 proc semOrdinal(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
   result = newOrPrevType(tyOrdinal, prev, c)
   if n.len == 2:
     var base = semTypeNode(c, n[1], nil)
     if base.kind != tyGenericParam:
       if not isOrdinalType(base):
-        localError(c.config, n[1].info, errOrdinalTypeExpected)
+        localError(c.config, n[1].info, errOrdinalTypeExpected % typeToString(base, preferDesc))
     addSonSkipIntLit(result, base, c.idgen)
   else:
     localError(c.config, n.info, errXExpectsOneTypeParam % "ordinal")
     result = newOrPrevType(tyError, prev, c)
 
-proc semTypeIdent(c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym =
-  if n.kind == nkSym:
-    result = getGenSym(c, n.sym)
-  else:
-    result = pickSym(c, n, {skType, skGenericParam, skParam})
-    if result.isNil:
-      result = qualifiedLookUp(c, n, {checkAmbiguity, checkUndeclared})
-    if result != nil:
-      markUsed(c, n.info, result)
-      onUse(n.info, result)
-
-      if result.kind == skParam and result.typ.kind == tyTypeDesc:
-        # This is a typedesc param. is it already bound?
-        # it's not bound when it's used multiple times in the
-        # proc signature for example
-        if c.inGenericInst > 0:
-          let bound = result.typ[0].sym
-          if bound != nil: return bound
-          return result
-        if result.typ.sym == nil:
-          localError(c.config, n.info, errTypeExpected)
-          return errorSym(c, n)
-        result = result.typ.sym.copySym(nextSymId c.idgen)
-        result.typ = exactReplica(result.typ)
-        result.typ.flags.incl tfUnresolved
-
-      if result.kind == skGenericParam:
-        if result.typ.kind == tyGenericParam and result.typ.len == 0 and
-           tfWildcard in result.typ.flags:
-          # collapse the wild-card param to a type
-          result.transitionGenericParamToType()
-          result.typ.flags.excl tfWildcard
-          return
-        else:
-          localError(c.config, n.info, errTypeExpected)
-          return errorSym(c, n)
-      if result.kind != skType and result.magic notin {mStatic, mType, mTypeOf}:
-        # this implements the wanted ``var v: V, x: V`` feature ...
-        var ov: TOverloadIter
-        var amb = initOverloadIter(ov, c, n)
-        while amb != nil and amb.kind != skType:
-          amb = nextOverloadIter(ov, c, n)
-        if amb != nil: result = amb
-        else:
-          if result.kind != skError: localError(c.config, n.info, errTypeExpected)
-          return errorSym(c, n)
-      if result.typ.kind != tyGenericParam:
-        # XXX get rid of this hack!
-        var oldInfo = n.info
-        when defined(useNodeIds):
-          let oldId = n.id
-        reset(n[])
-        when defined(useNodeIds):
-          n.id = oldId
-        n.transitionNoneToSym()
-        n.sym = result
-        n.info = oldInfo
-        n.typ = result.typ
-    else:
-      localError(c.config, n.info, "identifier expected")
-      result = errorSym(c, n)
-
 proc semAnonTuple(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
   if n.len == 0:
     localError(c.config, n.info, errTypeExpected)
   result = newOrPrevType(tyTuple, prev, c)
   for it in n:
-    addSonSkipIntLit(result, semTypeNode(c, it, nil), c.idgen)
+    let t = semTypeNode(c, it, nil)
+    addSonSkipIntLitChecked(c, result, t, it, c.idgen)
+
+proc firstRange(config: ConfigRef, t: PType): PNode =
+  if t.skipModifier().kind in tyFloat..tyFloat64:
+    result = newFloatNode(nkFloatLit, firstFloat(t))
+  else:
+    result = newIntNode(nkIntLit, firstOrd(config, t))
+  result.typ = t
 
 proc semTuple(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
   var typ: PType
@@ -447,13 +492,17 @@ proc semTuple(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
     var a = n[i]
     if (a.kind != nkIdentDefs): illFormedAst(a, c.config)
     checkMinSonsLen(a, 3, c.config)
-    if a[^2].kind != nkEmpty:
+    var hasDefaultField = a[^1].kind != nkEmpty
+    if hasDefaultField:
+      typ = fitDefaultNode(c, a)
+    elif a[^2].kind != nkEmpty:
       typ = semTypeNode(c, a[^2], nil)
+      if c.graph.config.isDefined("nimPreviewRangeDefault") and typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tyRange:
+        a[^1] = firstRange(c.config, typ)
+        hasDefaultField = true
     else:
       localError(c.config, a.info, errTypeExpected)
       typ = errorType(c)
-    if a[^1].kind != nkEmpty:
-      localError(c.config, a[^1].info, errInitHereNotAllowed)
     for j in 0..<a.len - 2:
       var field = newSymG(skField, a[j], c)
       field.typ = typ
@@ -462,9 +511,13 @@ proc semTuple(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
       if containsOrIncl(check, field.name.id):
         localError(c.config, a[j].info, "attempt to redefine: '" & field.name.s & "'")
       else:
-        result.n.add newSymNode(field)
+        let fSym = newSymNode(field)
+        if hasDefaultField:
+          fSym.sym.ast = a[^1]
+          fSym.sym.ast.flags.incl nfSkipFieldChecking
+        result.n.add fSym
         addSonSkipIntLit(result, typ, c.idgen)
-      styleCheckDef(c.config, a[j].info, field)
+      styleCheckDef(c, a[j].info, field)
       onDef(field.info, field)
   if result.n.len == 0: result.n = nil
   if isTupleRecursive(result):
@@ -487,12 +540,13 @@ proc semIdentVis(c: PContext, kind: TSymKind, n: PNode,
         else:
           localError(c.config, n[0].info, errInvalidVisibilityX % renderTree(n[0]))
     else:
+      result = nil
       illFormedAst(n, c.config)
   else:
     result = newSymG(kind, n, c)
 
 proc semIdentWithPragma(c: PContext, kind: TSymKind, n: PNode,
-                        allowed: TSymFlags): PSym =
+                        allowed: TSymFlags, fromTopLevel = false): PSym =
   if n.kind == nkPragmaExpr:
     checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
     result = semIdentVis(c, kind, n[0], allowed)
@@ -507,6 +561,16 @@ proc semIdentWithPragma(c: PContext, kind: TSymKind, n: PNode,
     else: discard
   else:
     result = semIdentVis(c, kind, n, allowed)
+    let invalidPragmasForPush = if fromTopLevel and sfWasGenSym notin result.flags:
+      {}
+    else:
+      {wExportc, wExportCpp, wDynlib}
+    case kind
+    of skField: implicitPragmas(c, result, n.info, fieldPragmas)
+    of skVar:   implicitPragmas(c, result, n.info, varPragmas-invalidPragmasForPush)
+    of skLet:   implicitPragmas(c, result, n.info, letPragmas-invalidPragmasForPush)
+    of skConst: implicitPragmas(c, result, n.info, constPragmas-invalidPragmasForPush)
+    else: discard
 
 proc checkForOverlap(c: PContext, t: PNode, currentEx, branchIndex: int) =
   let ex = t[branchIndex][currentEx].skipConv
@@ -516,13 +580,20 @@ proc checkForOverlap(c: PContext, t: PNode, currentEx, branchIndex: int) =
       if overlap(t[i][j].skipConv, ex):
         localError(c.config, ex.info, errDuplicateCaseLabel)
 
-proc semBranchRange(c: PContext, t, a, b: PNode, covered: var Int128): PNode =
-  checkMinSonsLen(t, 1, c.config)
+proc semBranchRange(c: PContext, n, a, b: PNode, covered: var Int128): PNode =
+  checkMinSonsLen(n, 1, c.config)
   let ac = semConstExpr(c, a)
   let bc = semConstExpr(c, b)
-  let at = fitNode(c, t[0].typ, ac, ac.info).skipConvTakeType
-  let bt = fitNode(c, t[0].typ, bc, bc.info).skipConvTakeType
-
+  if ac.kind in {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit} or bc.kind in {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit}:
+    localError(c.config, b.info, "range of string is invalid")
+  var at = fitNode(c, n[0].typ, ac, ac.info).skipConvTakeType
+  var bt = fitNode(c, n[0].typ, bc, bc.info).skipConvTakeType
+  # the calls to fitNode may introduce calls to converters
+  # mirrored with semCaseBranch for single elements
+  if at.kind in {nkHiddenCallConv, nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv}:
+    at = semConstExpr(c, at)
+  if bt.kind in {nkHiddenCallConv, nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv}:
+    bt = semConstExpr(c, bt)
   result = newNodeI(nkRange, a.info)
   result.add(at)
   result.add(bt)
@@ -534,39 +605,45 @@ proc semCaseBranchRange(c: PContext, t, b: PNode,
   checkSonsLen(b, 3, c.config)
   result = semBranchRange(c, t, b[1], b[2], covered)
 
-proc semCaseBranchSetElem(c: PContext, t, b: PNode,
+proc semCaseBranchSetElem(c: PContext, n, b: PNode,
                           covered: var Int128): PNode =
   if isRange(b):
     checkSonsLen(b, 3, c.config)
-    result = semBranchRange(c, t, b[1], b[2], covered)
+    result = semBranchRange(c, n, b[1], b[2], covered)
   elif b.kind == nkRange:
     checkSonsLen(b, 2, c.config)
-    result = semBranchRange(c, t, b[0], b[1], covered)
+    result = semBranchRange(c, n, b[0], b[1], covered)
   else:
-    result = fitNode(c, t[0].typ, b, b.info)
+    result = fitNode(c, n[0].typ, b, b.info)
     inc(covered)
 
-proc semCaseBranch(c: PContext, t, branch: PNode, branchIndex: int,
+proc semCaseBranch(c: PContext, n, branch: PNode, branchIndex: int,
                    covered: var Int128) =
   let lastIndex = branch.len - 2
   for i in 0..lastIndex:
     var b = branch[i]
     if b.kind == nkRange:
       branch[i] = b
+      # same check as in semBranchRange for exhaustiveness
+      covered = covered + getOrdValue(b[1]) + 1 - getOrdValue(b[0])
     elif isRange(b):
-      branch[i] = semCaseBranchRange(c, t, b, covered)
+      branch[i] = semCaseBranchRange(c, n, b, covered)
     else:
       # constant sets and arrays are allowed:
-      var r = semConstExpr(c, b)
+      # set expected type to selector type for type inference
+      # even if it can be a different type like a set or array
+      var r = semConstExpr(c, b, expectedType = n[0].typ)
       if r.kind in {nkCurly, nkBracket} and r.len == 0 and branch.len == 2:
         # discarding ``{}`` and ``[]`` branches silently
         delSon(branch, 0)
         return
       elif r.kind notin {nkCurly, nkBracket} or r.len == 0:
-        checkMinSonsLen(t, 1, c.config)
-        var tmp = fitNode(c, t[0].typ, r, r.info)
+        checkMinSonsLen(n, 1, c.config)
+        var tmp = fitNode(c, n[0].typ, r, r.info)
         # the call to fitNode may introduce a call to a converter
-        if tmp.kind in {nkHiddenCallConv}: tmp = semConstExpr(c, tmp)
+        # mirrored with semBranchRange
+        if tmp.kind in {nkHiddenCallConv, nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv}:
+          tmp = semConstExpr(c, tmp)
         branch[i] = skipConv(tmp)
         inc(covered)
       else:
@@ -574,18 +651,18 @@ proc semCaseBranch(c: PContext, t, branch: PNode, branchIndex: int,
           r = deduplicate(c.config, r)
 
         # first element is special and will overwrite: branch[i]:
-        branch[i] = semCaseBranchSetElem(c, t, r[0], covered)
+        branch[i] = semCaseBranchSetElem(c, n, r[0], covered)
 
         # other elements have to be added to ``branch``
         for j in 1..<r.len:
-          branch.add(semCaseBranchSetElem(c, t, r[j], covered))
+          branch.add(semCaseBranchSetElem(c, n, r[j], covered))
           # caution! last son of branch must be the actions to execute:
           swap(branch[^2], branch[^1])
-    checkForOverlap(c, t, i, branchIndex)
+    checkForOverlap(c, n, i, branchIndex)
 
   # Elements added above needs to be checked for overlaps.
   for i in lastIndex.succ..<branch.len - 1:
-    checkForOverlap(c, t, i, branchIndex)
+    checkForOverlap(c, n, i, branchIndex)
 
 proc toCover(c: PContext, t: PType): Int128 =
   let t2 = skipTypes(t, abstractVarRange-{tyTypeDesc})
@@ -677,7 +754,7 @@ proc semRecordCase(c: PContext, n: PNode, check: var IntSet, pos: var int,
   of tyFloat..tyFloat128, tyError:
     discard
   of tyRange:
-    if skipTypes(typ[0], abstractInst).kind in shouldChckCovered:
+    if skipTypes(typ.elementType, abstractInst).kind in shouldChckCovered:
       chckCovered = true
   of tyForward:
     errorUndeclaredIdentifier(c, n[0].info, typ.sym.name.s)
@@ -717,9 +794,11 @@ proc semRecordNodeAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, check: var IntSet, pos: var int,
   if n == nil: return
   case n.kind
   of nkRecWhen:
+    var a = copyTree(n)
     var branch: PNode = nil   # the branch to take
-    for i in 0..<n.len:
-      var it = n[i]
+    var cannotResolve = false # no branch should be taken
+    for i in 0..<a.len:
+      var it = a[i]
       if it == nil: illFormedAst(n, c.config)
       var idx = 1
       case it.kind
@@ -730,24 +809,35 @@ proc semRecordNodeAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, check: var IntSet, pos: var int,
           if e.kind != nkIntLit: discard "don't report followup error"
           elif e.intVal != 0 and branch == nil: branch = it[1]
         else:
-          it[0] = forceBool(c, semExprWithType(c, it[0]))
+          # XXX this is still a hard compilation in a generic context, this can
+          # result in unresolved generic parameters being treated like real types
+          let e = semExprWithType(c, it[0], {efDetermineType})
+          if e.typ.kind == tyFromExpr:
+            it[0] = makeStaticExpr(c, e)
+            cannotResolve = true
+          else:
+            it[0] = forceBool(c, e)
+            let val = getConstExpr(c.module, it[0], c.idgen, c.graph)
+            if val == nil or val.kind != nkIntLit:
+              cannotResolve = true
+            elif not cannotResolve and val.intVal != 0 and branch == nil:
+              branch = it[1]
       of nkElse:
         checkSonsLen(it, 1, c.config)
-        if branch == nil: branch = it[0]
+        if branch == nil and not cannotResolve: branch = it[0]
         idx = 0
       else: illFormedAst(n, c.config)
-      if c.inGenericContext > 0:
+      if c.inGenericContext > 0 and cannotResolve:
         # use a new check intset here for each branch:
-        var newCheck: IntSet
-        assign(newCheck, check)
+        var newCheck: IntSet = check
         var newPos = pos
         var newf = newNodeI(nkRecList, n.info)
         semRecordNodeAux(c, it[idx], newCheck, newPos, newf, rectype, hasCaseFields)
         it[idx] = if newf.len == 1: newf[0] else: newf
-    if c.inGenericContext > 0:
-      father.add n
-    elif branch != nil:
+    if branch != nil:
       semRecordNodeAux(c, branch, check, pos, father, rectype, hasCaseFields)
+    elif cannotResolve:
+      father.add a
     elif father.kind in {nkElse, nkOfBranch}:
       father.add newNodeI(nkRecList, n.info)
   of nkRecCase:
@@ -765,14 +855,19 @@ proc semRecordNodeAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, check: var IntSet, pos: var int,
     var a: PNode
     if father.kind != nkRecList and n.len >= 4: a = newNodeI(nkRecList, n.info)
     else: a = newNodeI(nkEmpty, n.info)
-    if n[^1].kind != nkEmpty:
-      localError(c.config, n[^1].info, errInitHereNotAllowed)
     var typ: PType
-    if n[^2].kind == nkEmpty:
+    var hasDefaultField = n[^1].kind != nkEmpty
+    if hasDefaultField:
+      typ = fitDefaultNode(c, n)
+      propagateToOwner(rectype, typ)
+    elif n[^2].kind == nkEmpty:
       localError(c.config, n.info, errTypeExpected)
       typ = errorType(c)
     else:
       typ = semTypeNode(c, n[^2], nil)
+      if c.graph.config.isDefined("nimPreviewRangeDefault") and typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tyRange:
+        n[^1] = firstRange(c.config, typ)
+        hasDefaultField = true
       propagateToOwner(rectype, typ)
     var fieldOwner = if c.inGenericContext > 0: c.getCurrOwner
                      else: rectype.sym
@@ -788,15 +883,19 @@ proc semRecordNodeAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, check: var IntSet, pos: var int,
       f.options = c.config.options
       if fieldOwner != nil and
          {sfImportc, sfExportc} * fieldOwner.flags != {} and
-         not hasCaseFields and f.loc.r == nil:
-        f.loc.r = rope(f.name.s)
+         not hasCaseFields and f.loc.snippet == "":
+        f.loc.snippet = rope(f.name.s)
         f.flags.incl {sfImportc, sfExportc} * fieldOwner.flags
       inc(pos)
       if containsOrIncl(check, f.name.id):
         localError(c.config, info, "attempt to redefine: '" & f.name.s & "'")
-      if a.kind == nkEmpty: father.add newSymNode(f)
-      else: a.add newSymNode(f)
-      styleCheckDef(c.config, f)
+      let fSym = newSymNode(f)
+      if hasDefaultField:
+        fSym.sym.ast = n[^1]
+        fSym.sym.ast.flags.incl nfSkipFieldChecking
+      if a.kind == nkEmpty: father.add fSym
+      else: a.add fSym
+      styleCheckDef(c, f)
       onDef(f.info, f)
     if a.kind != nkEmpty: father.add a
   of nkSym:
@@ -835,16 +934,24 @@ proc skipGenericInvocation(t: PType): PType {.inline.} =
   if result.kind == tyGenericInvocation:
     result = result[0]
   while result.kind in {tyGenericInst, tyGenericBody, tyRef, tyPtr, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned}:
-    result = lastSon(result)
-
-proc addInheritedFields(c: PContext, check: var IntSet, pos: var int,
-                        obj: PType) =
-  assert obj.kind == tyObject
-  if (obj.len > 0) and (obj[0] != nil):
-    addInheritedFields(c, check, pos, obj[0].skipGenericInvocation)
-  addInheritedFieldsAux(c, check, pos, obj.n)
+    result = skipModifier(result)
+
+proc tryAddInheritedFields(c: PContext, check: var IntSet, pos: var int,
+                        obj: PType, n: PNode, isPartial = false, innerObj: PType = nil): bool =
+  if ((not isPartial) and (obj.kind notin {tyObject, tyGenericParam} or tfFinal in obj.flags)) or
+    (innerObj != nil and obj.sym.id == innerObj.sym.id):
+    localError(c.config, n.info, "Cannot inherit from: '" & $obj & "'")
+    result = false
+  elif obj.kind == tyObject:
+    result = true
+    if (obj.len > 0) and (obj[0] != nil):
+      result = result and tryAddInheritedFields(c, check, pos, obj[0].skipGenericInvocation, n, false, obj)
+    addInheritedFieldsAux(c, check, pos, obj.n)
+  else:
+    result = true
 
-proc semObjectNode(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType; isInheritable: bool): PType =
+proc semObjectNode(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType; flags: TTypeFlags): PType =
+  result = nil
   if n.len == 0:
     return newConstraint(c, tyObject)
   var check = initIntSet()
@@ -869,7 +976,11 @@ proc semObjectNode(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType; isInheritable: bool): PTy
           if concreteBase.sym != nil and concreteBase.sym.magic == mException and
               sfSystemModule notin c.module.flags:
             message(c.config, n.info, warnInheritFromException, "")
-          addInheritedFields(c, check, pos, concreteBase)
+          if not tryAddInheritedFields(c, check, pos, concreteBase, n):
+            return newType(tyError, c.idgen, result.owner)
+
+      elif concreteBase.kind == tyForward:
+        c.skipTypes.add n #we retry in the final pass
       else:
         if concreteBase.kind != tyError:
           localError(c.config, n[1].info, "inheritance only works with non-final objects; " &
@@ -880,13 +991,16 @@ proc semObjectNode(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType; isInheritable: bool): PTy
   if n.kind != nkObjectTy: internalError(c.config, n.info, "semObjectNode")
   result = newOrPrevType(tyObject, prev, c)
   rawAddSon(result, realBase)
-  if realBase == nil and isInheritable:
+  if realBase == nil and tfInheritable in flags:
     result.flags.incl tfInheritable
+  if tfAcyclic in flags: result.flags.incl tfAcyclic
   if result.n.isNil:
     result.n = newNodeI(nkRecList, n.info)
   else:
     # partial object so add things to the check
-    addInheritedFields(c, check, pos, result)
+    if not tryAddInheritedFields(c, check, pos, result, n, isPartial = true):
+      return newType(tyError, c.idgen, result.owner)
+
   semRecordNodeAux(c, n[2], check, pos, result.n, result)
   if n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
     # dummy symbol for `pragma`:
@@ -906,8 +1020,8 @@ proc semAnyRef(c: PContext; n: PNode; kind: TTypeKind; prev: PType): PType =
     let n = if n[0].kind == nkBracket: n[0] else: n
     checkMinSonsLen(n, 1, c.config)
     let body = n.lastSon
-    var t = if prev != nil and body.kind == nkObjectTy and tfInheritable in prev.flags:
-              semObjectNode(c, body, nil, isInheritable=true)
+    var t = if prev != nil and prev.kind != tyGenericBody and body.kind == nkObjectTy:
+              semObjectNode(c, body, nil, prev.flags)
             else:
               semTypeNode(c, body, nil)
     if t.kind == tyTypeDesc and tfUnresolved notin t.flags:
@@ -936,31 +1050,30 @@ proc semAnyRef(c: PContext; n: PNode; kind: TTypeKind; prev: PType): PType =
           addSonSkipIntLit(result, region, c.idgen)
     addSonSkipIntLit(result, t, c.idgen)
     if tfPartial in result.flags:
-      if result.lastSon.kind == tyObject: incl(result.lastSon.flags, tfPartial)
+      if result.elementType.kind == tyObject: incl(result.elementType.flags, tfPartial)
     # if not isNilable: result.flags.incl tfNotNil
     case wrapperKind
     of tyOwned:
       if optOwnedRefs in c.config.globalOptions:
-        let t = newTypeS(tyOwned, c)
+        let t = newTypeS(tyOwned, c, result)
         t.flags.incl tfHasOwned
-        t.rawAddSonNoPropagationOfTypeFlags result
         result = t
     of tySink:
-      let t = newTypeS(tySink, c)
-      t.rawAddSonNoPropagationOfTypeFlags result
+      let t = newTypeS(tySink, c, result)
       result = t
     else: discard
-    if result.kind == tyRef and c.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc}:
+    if result.kind == tyRef and c.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc, gcAtomicArc}:
       result.flags.incl tfHasAsgn
 
 proc findEnforcedStaticType(t: PType): PType =
   # This handles types such as `static[T] and Foo`,
   # which are subset of `static[T]`, hence they could
   # be treated in the same way
+  result = nil
   if t == nil: return nil
   if t.kind == tyStatic: return t
   if t.kind == tyAnd:
-    for s in t.sons:
+    for s in t.kids:
       let t = findEnforcedStaticType(s)
       if t != nil: return t
 
@@ -968,7 +1081,7 @@ proc addParamOrResult(c: PContext, param: PSym, kind: TSymKind) =
   if kind == skMacro:
     let staticType = findEnforcedStaticType(param.typ)
     if staticType != nil:
-      var a = copySym(param, nextSymId c.idgen)
+      var a = copySym(param, c.idgen)
       a.typ = staticType.base
       addDecl(c, a)
       #elif param.typ != nil and param.typ.kind == tyTypeDesc:
@@ -976,7 +1089,7 @@ proc addParamOrResult(c: PContext, param: PSym, kind: TSymKind) =
     else:
       # within a macro, every param has the type NimNode!
       let nn = getSysSym(c.graph, param.info, "NimNode")
-      var a = copySym(param, nextSymId c.idgen)
+      var a = copySym(param, c.idgen)
       a.typ = nn.typ
       addDecl(c, a)
   else:
@@ -1006,7 +1119,7 @@ proc addImplicitGeneric(c: PContext; typeClass: PType, typId: PIdent;
 
   let owner = if typeClass.sym != nil: typeClass.sym
               else: getCurrOwner(c)
-  var s = newSym(skType, finalTypId, nextSymId c.idgen, owner, info)
+  var s = newSym(skType, finalTypId, c.idgen, owner, info)
   if sfExplain in owner.flags: s.flags.incl sfExplain
   if typId == nil: s.flags.incl(sfAnon)
   s.linkTo(typeClass)
@@ -1041,7 +1154,7 @@ proc liftParamType(c: PContext, procKind: TSymKind, genericParams: PNode,
     let base = (if lifted != nil: lifted else: paramType.base)
     if base.isMetaType and procKind == skMacro:
       localError(c.config, info, errMacroBodyDependsOnGenericTypes % paramName)
-    result = addImplicitGeneric(c, c.newTypeWithSons(tyStatic, @[base]),
+    result = addImplicitGeneric(c, newTypeS(tyStatic, c, base),
         paramTypId, info, genericParams, paramName)
     if result != nil: result.flags.incl({tfHasStatic, tfUnresolved})
 
@@ -1053,38 +1166,42 @@ proc liftParamType(c: PContext, procKind: TSymKind, genericParams: PNode,
           paramTypId.id == getIdent(c.cache, "type").id):
         # XXX Why doesn't this check for tyTypeDesc instead?
         paramTypId = nil
-      let t = c.newTypeWithSons(tyTypeDesc, @[paramType.base])
+      let t = newTypeS(tyTypeDesc, c, paramType.base)
       incl t.flags, tfCheckedForDestructor
       result = addImplicitGeneric(c, t, paramTypId, info, genericParams, paramName)
-
+    else:
+      result = nil
   of tyDistinct:
     if paramType.len == 1:
       # disable the bindOnce behavior for the type class
       result = recurse(paramType.base, true)
-
+    else:
+      result = nil
   of tyTuple:
+    result = nil
     for i in 0..<paramType.len:
       let t = recurse(paramType[i])
       if t != nil:
         paramType[i] = t
         result = paramType
 
-  of tyAlias, tyOwned, tySink:
+  of tyAlias, tyOwned:
     result = recurse(paramType.base)
 
   of tySequence, tySet, tyArray, tyOpenArray,
-     tyVar, tyLent, tyPtr, tyRef, tyProc:
+     tyVar, tyLent, tyPtr, tyRef, tyProc, tySink:
     # XXX: this is a bit strange, but proc(s: seq)
     # produces tySequence(tyGenericParam, tyNone).
     # This also seems to be true when creating aliases
     # like: type myseq = distinct seq.
     # Maybe there is another better place to associate
     # the seq type class with the seq identifier.
-    if paramType.kind == tySequence and paramType.lastSon.kind == tyNone:
-      let typ = c.newTypeWithSons(tyBuiltInTypeClass,
-                                  @[newTypeS(paramType.kind, c)])
+    if paramType.kind == tySequence and paramType.elementType.kind == tyNone:
+      let typ = newTypeS(tyBuiltInTypeClass, c,
+                         newTypeS(paramType.kind, c))
       result = addImplicitGeneric(c, typ, paramTypId, info, genericParams, paramName)
     else:
+      result = nil
       for i in 0..<paramType.len:
         if paramType[i] == paramType:
           globalError(c.config, info, errIllegalRecursionInTypeX % typeToString(paramType))
@@ -1105,21 +1222,22 @@ proc liftParamType(c: PContext, procKind: TSymKind, genericParams: PNode,
       else:
         result.rawAddSon newTypeS(tyAnything, c)
 
-    if paramType.lastSon.kind == tyUserTypeClass:
+    if paramType.typeBodyImpl.kind == tyUserTypeClass:
       result.kind = tyUserTypeClassInst
-      result.rawAddSon paramType.lastSon
+      result.rawAddSon paramType.typeBodyImpl
       return addImplicitGeneric(c, result, paramTypId, info, genericParams, paramName)
 
     let x = instGenericContainer(c, paramType.sym.info, result,
                                   allowMetaTypes = true)
-    result = newTypeWithSons(c, tyCompositeTypeClass, @[paramType, x])
-    #result = newTypeS(tyCompositeTypeClass, c)
-    #for i in 0..<x.len: result.rawAddSon(x[i])
+    result = newTypeS(tyCompositeTypeClass, c)
+    result.rawAddSon paramType
+    result.rawAddSon x
     result = addImplicitGeneric(c, result, paramTypId, info, genericParams, paramName)
 
   of tyGenericInst:
-    if paramType.lastSon.kind == tyUserTypeClass:
-      var cp = copyType(paramType, nextTypeId c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c))
+    result = nil
+    if paramType.skipModifier.kind == tyUserTypeClass:
+      var cp = copyType(paramType, c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c))
       copyTypeProps(c.graph, c.idgen.module, cp, paramType)
 
       cp.kind = tyUserTypeClassInst
@@ -1130,15 +1248,16 @@ proc liftParamType(c: PContext, procKind: TSymKind, genericParams: PNode,
       if lifted != nil:
         paramType[i] = lifted
         result = paramType
-        result.lastSon.shouldHaveMeta
+        result.last.shouldHaveMeta
 
-    let liftBody = recurse(paramType.lastSon, true)
+    let liftBody = recurse(paramType.skipModifier, true)
     if liftBody != nil:
       result = liftBody
       result.flags.incl tfHasMeta
       #result.shouldHaveMeta
 
   of tyGenericInvocation:
+    result = nil
     for i in 1..<paramType.len:
       #if paramType[i].kind != tyTypeDesc:
       let lifted = recurse(paramType[i])
@@ -1150,7 +1269,7 @@ proc liftParamType(c: PContext, procKind: TSymKind, genericParams: PNode,
       # before one of its param types
       return
 
-    if body.lastSon.kind == tyUserTypeClass:
+    if body.last.kind == tyUserTypeClass:
       let expanded = instGenericContainer(c, info, paramType,
                                           allowMetaTypes = true)
       result = recurse(expanded, true)
@@ -1158,24 +1277,26 @@ proc liftParamType(c: PContext, procKind: TSymKind, genericParams: PNode,
   of tyUserTypeClasses, tyBuiltInTypeClass, tyCompositeTypeClass,
      tyAnd, tyOr, tyNot, tyConcept:
     result = addImplicitGeneric(c,
-        copyType(paramType, nextTypeId c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c)), paramTypId,
+        copyType(paramType, c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c)), paramTypId,
         info, genericParams, paramName)
 
   of tyGenericParam:
+    result = nil
     markUsed(c, paramType.sym.info, paramType.sym)
     onUse(paramType.sym.info, paramType.sym)
     if tfWildcard in paramType.flags:
       paramType.flags.excl tfWildcard
       paramType.sym.transitionGenericParamToType()
 
-  else: discard
+  else: result = nil
 
 proc semParamType(c: PContext, n: PNode, constraint: var PNode): PType =
+  ## Semchecks the type of parameters.
   if n.kind == nkCurlyExpr:
     result = semTypeNode(c, n[0], nil)
     constraint = semNodeKindConstraints(n, c.config, 1)
   elif n.kind == nkCall and
-      n[0].kind in {nkIdent, nkSym, nkOpenSymChoice, nkClosedSymChoice} and
+      n[0].kind in {nkIdent, nkSym, nkOpenSymChoice, nkClosedSymChoice, nkOpenSym} and
       considerQuotedIdent(c, n[0]).s == "{}":
     result = semTypeNode(c, n[1], nil)
     constraint = semNodeKindConstraints(n, c.config, 2)
@@ -1193,6 +1314,7 @@ proc newProcType(c: PContext; info: TLineInfo; prev: PType = nil): PType =
   result.n.add newNodeI(nkEffectList, info)
 
 proc isMagic(sym: PSym): bool =
+  if sym.ast == nil: return false
   let nPragmas = sym.ast[pragmasPos]
   return hasPragma(nPragmas, wMagic)
 
@@ -1204,6 +1326,9 @@ proc semProcTypeNode(c: PContext, n, genericParams: PNode,
   result = newProcType(c, n.info, prev)
   var check = initIntSet()
   var counter = 0
+  template isCurrentlyGeneric: bool =
+    # genericParams might update as implicit generic params are added
+    genericParams != nil and genericParams.len > 0
 
   for i in 1..<n.len:
     var a = n[i]
@@ -1224,22 +1349,49 @@ proc semProcTypeNode(c: PContext, n, genericParams: PNode,
       hasDefault = a[^1].kind != nkEmpty
 
     if hasType:
+      let isGeneric = isCurrentlyGeneric()
+      inc c.inGenericContext, ord(isGeneric)
       typ = semParamType(c, a[^2], constraint)
+      dec c.inGenericContext, ord(isGeneric)
       # TODO: Disallow typed/untyped in procs in the compiler/stdlib
-      if kind == skProc and (typ.kind == tyTyped or typ.kind == tyUntyped):
+      if kind in {skProc, skFunc} and (typ.kind == tyTyped or typ.kind == tyUntyped):
         if not isMagic(getCurrOwner(c)):
           localError(c.config, a[^2].info, "'" & typ.sym.name.s & "' is only allowed in templates and macros or magic procs")
 
+
     if hasDefault:
       def = a[^1]
+      if a.len > 3:
+        var msg = ""
+        for j in 0 ..< a.len - 2:
+          if msg.len != 0: msg.add(", ")
+          msg.add($a[j])
+        msg.add(" all have default value '")
+        msg.add(def.renderTree)
+        msg.add("', this may be unintentional, " &
+          "either use ';' (semicolon) or explicitly write each default value")
+        message(c.config, a.info, warnImplicitDefaultValue, msg)
       block determineType:
-        if genericParams.isGenericParams:
-          def = semGenericStmt(c, def)
-          if hasUnresolvedArgs(c, def):
+        var canBeVoid = false
+        if kind == skTemplate:
+          if typ != nil and typ.kind == tyUntyped:
+            # don't do any typechecking or assign a type for
+            # `untyped` parameter default value
+            break determineType
+          elif hasUnresolvedArgs(c, def):
+            # template default value depends on other parameter
+            # don't do any typechecking
             def.typ = makeTypeFromExpr(c, def.copyTree)
             break determineType
-
-        def = semExprWithType(c, def, {efDetermineType})
+          elif typ != nil and typ.kind == tyTyped:
+            canBeVoid = true
+        let isGeneric = isCurrentlyGeneric()
+        inc c.inGenericContext, ord(isGeneric)
+        if canBeVoid:
+          def = semExpr(c, def, {efDetermineType, efAllowSymChoice}, typ)
+        else:
+          def = semExprWithType(c, def, {efDetermineType, efAllowSymChoice}, typ)
+        dec c.inGenericContext, ord(isGeneric)
         if def.referencesAnotherParam(getCurrOwner(c)):
           def.flags.incl nfDefaultRefsParam
 
@@ -1255,10 +1407,10 @@ proc semProcTypeNode(c: PContext, n, genericParams: PNode,
           # which will prevent other types from matching - clearly a very
           # surprising behavior. We must instead fix the expected type of
           # the proc to be the unbound typedesc type:
-          typ = newTypeWithSons(c, tyTypeDesc, @[newTypeS(tyNone, c)])
+          typ = newTypeS(tyTypeDesc, c, newTypeS(tyNone, c))
           typ.flags.incl tfCheckedForDestructor
 
-      else:
+      elif def.typ != nil and def.typ.kind != tyFromExpr: # def.typ can be void
         # if def.typ != nil and def.typ.kind != tyNone:
         # example code that triggers it:
         # proc sort[T](cmp: proc(a, b: T): int = cmp)
@@ -1278,36 +1430,45 @@ proc semProcTypeNode(c: PContext, n, genericParams: PNode,
 
     for j in 0..<a.len-2:
       var arg = newSymG(skParam, if a[j].kind == nkPragmaExpr: a[j][0] else: a[j], c)
+      if arg.name.id == ord(wUnderscore):
+        arg.flags.incl(sfGenSym)
+      elif containsOrIncl(check, arg.name.id):
+        localError(c.config, a[j].info, "attempt to redefine: '" & arg.name.s & "'")
       if a[j].kind == nkPragmaExpr:
         pragma(c, arg, a[j][1], paramPragmas)
       if not hasType and not hasDefault and kind notin {skTemplate, skMacro}:
         let param = strTableGet(c.signatures, arg.name)
         if param != nil: typ = param.typ
         else:
-          localError(c.config, a.info, "typeless parameters are obsolete")
+          localError(c.config, a.info, "parameter '$1' requires a type" % arg.name.s)
           typ = errorType(c)
+      var nameForLift = arg.name.s
+      if sfGenSym in arg.flags:
+        nameForLift.add("`gensym" & $arg.id)
       let lifted = liftParamType(c, kind, genericParams, typ,
-                                 arg.name.s, arg.info)
+                                 nameForLift, arg.info)
       let finalType = if lifted != nil: lifted else: typ.skipIntLit(c.idgen)
       arg.typ = finalType
       arg.position = counter
-      arg.constraint = constraint
+      if constraint != nil:
+        #only replace the constraint when it has been set as arg could contain codegenDecl
+        arg.constraint = constraint
       inc(counter)
       if def != nil and def.kind != nkEmpty:
         arg.ast = copyTree(def)
-      if containsOrIncl(check, arg.name.id):
-        localError(c.config, a[j].info, "attempt to redefine: '" & arg.name.s & "'")
       result.n.add newSymNode(arg)
       rawAddSon(result, finalType)
       addParamOrResult(c, arg, kind)
-      styleCheckDef(c.config, a[j].info, arg)
+      styleCheckDef(c, a[j].info, arg)
       onDef(a[j].info, arg)
-      if {optNimV1Emulation, optNimV12Emulation} * c.config.globalOptions == {}:
-        a[j] = newSymNode(arg)
+      a[j] = newSymNode(arg)
 
-  var r: PType
+  var r: PType = nil
   if n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
+    let isGeneric = isCurrentlyGeneric()
+    inc c.inGenericContext, ord(isGeneric)
     r = semTypeNode(c, n[0], nil)
+    dec c.inGenericContext, ord(isGeneric)
 
   if r != nil and kind in {skMacro, skTemplate} and r.kind == tyTyped:
     # XXX: To implement the proposed change in the warning, just
@@ -1330,9 +1491,8 @@ proc semProcTypeNode(c: PContext, n, genericParams: PNode,
             "' is only valid for macros and templates")
       # 'auto' as a return type does not imply a generic:
       elif r.kind == tyAnything:
-        # 'p(): auto' and 'p(): untyped' are equivalent, but the rest of the
-        # compiler is hardly aware of 'auto':
-        r = newTypeS(tyUntyped, c)
+        r = copyType(r, c.idgen, r.owner)
+        r.flags.incl tfRetType
       elif r.kind == tyStatic:
         # type allowed should forbid this type
         discard
@@ -1361,7 +1521,7 @@ proc semProcTypeNode(c: PContext, n, genericParams: PNode,
           result.flags.excl tfHasMeta
       result.n.typ = r
 
-  if genericParams.isGenericParams:
+  if isCurrentlyGeneric():
     for n in genericParams:
       if {sfUsed, sfAnon} * n.sym.flags == {}:
         result.flags.incl tfUnresolved
@@ -1383,6 +1543,8 @@ proc semStmtListType(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
 
 proc semBlockType(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
   inc(c.p.nestedBlockCounter)
+  let oldBreakInLoop = c.p.breakInLoop
+  c.p.breakInLoop = false
   checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
   openScope(c)
   if n[0].kind notin {nkEmpty, nkSym}:
@@ -1391,31 +1553,42 @@ proc semBlockType(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
   n[1].typ = result
   n.typ = result
   closeScope(c)
+  c.p.breakInLoop = oldBreakInLoop
   dec(c.p.nestedBlockCounter)
 
 proc semGenericParamInInvocation(c: PContext, n: PNode): PType =
   result = semTypeNode(c, n, nil)
   n.typ = makeTypeDesc(c, result)
 
-proc semObjectTypeForInheritedGenericInst(c: PContext, n: PNode, t: PType) =
+proc trySemObjectTypeForInheritedGenericInst(c: PContext, n: PNode, t: PType): bool =
   var
     check = initIntSet()
     pos = 0
   let
-    realBase = t[0]
+    realBase = t.baseClass
     base = skipTypesOrNil(realBase, skipPtrs)
+  result = true
   if base.isNil:
     localError(c.config, n.info, errIllegalRecursionInTypeX % "object")
   else:
     let concreteBase = skipGenericInvocation(base)
     if concreteBase.kind == tyObject and tfFinal notin concreteBase.flags:
-      addInheritedFields(c, check, pos, concreteBase)
+      if not tryAddInheritedFields(c, check, pos, concreteBase, n):
+        return false
     else:
       if concreteBase.kind != tyError:
         localError(c.config, n.info, errInheritanceOnlyWithNonFinalObjects)
   var newf = newNodeI(nkRecList, n.info)
   semRecordNodeAux(c, t.n, check, pos, newf, t)
 
+proc containsGenericInvocationWithForward(n: PNode): bool =
+  if n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.ast != nil and n.sym.ast.len > 1 and n.sym.ast[2].kind == nkObjectTy:
+    for p in n.sym.ast[2][^1]:
+      if p.kind == nkIdentDefs and p[1].typ != nil and p[1].typ.kind == tyGenericInvocation and
+        p[1][0].kind == nkSym and p[1][0].typ.kind == tyForward:
+          return true
+  return false
+
 proc semGeneric(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym, prev: PType): PType =
   if s.typ == nil:
     localError(c.config, n.info, "cannot instantiate the '$1' $2" %
@@ -1425,20 +1598,24 @@ proc semGeneric(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym, prev: PType): PType =
   var t = s.typ.skipTypes({tyAlias})
   if t.kind == tyCompositeTypeClass and t.base.kind == tyGenericBody:
     t = t.base
-
   result = newOrPrevType(tyGenericInvocation, prev, c)
   addSonSkipIntLit(result, t, c.idgen)
 
-  template addToResult(typ) =
+  template addToResult(typ, skip) =
+
     if typ.isNil:
       internalAssert c.config, false
       rawAddSon(result, typ)
-    else: addSonSkipIntLit(result, typ, c.idgen)
+    else:
+      if skip:
+        addSonSkipIntLit(result, typ, c.idgen)
+      else:
+        rawAddSon(result, makeRangeWithStaticExpr(c, typ.n))
 
   if t.kind == tyForward:
     for i in 1..<n.len:
       var elem = semGenericParamInInvocation(c, n[i])
-      addToResult(elem)
+      addToResult(elem, true)
     return
   elif t.kind != tyGenericBody:
     # we likely got code of the form TypeA[TypeB] where TypeA is
@@ -1451,14 +1628,15 @@ proc semGeneric(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym, prev: PType): PType =
     matches(c, n, copyTree(n), m)
 
     if m.state != csMatch:
-      let err = "cannot instantiate " & typeToString(t) & "\n" &
-                "got: <" & describeArgs(c, n) & ">\n" &
-                "but expected: <" & describeArgs(c, t.n, 0) & ">"
+      var err = "cannot instantiate "
+      err.addTypeHeader(c.config, t)
+      err.add "\ngot: <$1>\nbut expected: <$2>" % [describeArgs(c, n), describeArgs(c, t.n, 0)]
       localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated, err)
       return newOrPrevType(tyError, prev, c)
 
     var isConcrete = true
-
+    let rType = m.call[0].typ
+    let mIndex = if rType != nil: rType.len - 1 else: -1
     for i in 1..<m.call.len:
       var typ = m.call[i].typ
       # is this a 'typedesc' *parameter*? If so, use the typedesc type,
@@ -1466,17 +1644,22 @@ proc semGeneric(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym, prev: PType): PType =
       if m.call[i].kind == nkSym and m.call[i].sym.kind == skParam and
           typ.kind == tyTypeDesc and containsGenericType(typ):
         isConcrete = false
-        addToResult(typ)
+        addToResult(typ, true)
       else:
         typ = typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
         if containsGenericType(typ): isConcrete = false
-        addToResult(typ)
+        var skip = true
+        if mIndex >= i - 1 and tfImplicitStatic in rType[i - 1].flags and isIntLit(typ):
+          skip = false
+        addToResult(typ, skip)
 
     if isConcrete:
       if s.ast == nil and s.typ.kind != tyCompositeTypeClass:
         # XXX: What kind of error is this? is it still relevant?
         localError(c.config, n.info, errCannotInstantiateX % s.name.s)
         result = newOrPrevType(tyError, prev, c)
+      elif containsGenericInvocationWithForward(n[0]):
+        c.skipTypes.add n #fixes 1500
       else:
         result = instGenericContainer(c, n.info, result,
                                       allowMetaTypes = false)
@@ -1489,30 +1672,36 @@ proc semGeneric(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym, prev: PType): PType =
     return errorType(c)
   if tx != result and tx.kind == tyObject:
     if tx[0] != nil:
-      semObjectTypeForInheritedGenericInst(c, n, tx)
+      if not trySemObjectTypeForInheritedGenericInst(c, n, tx):
+        return newOrPrevType(tyError, prev, c)
     var position = 0
     recomputeFieldPositions(tx, tx.n, position)
 
 proc maybeAliasType(c: PContext; typeExpr, prev: PType): PType =
-  if typeExpr.kind in {tyObject, tyEnum, tyDistinct, tyForward, tyGenericBody} and prev != nil:
+  if prev != nil and (prev.kind == tyGenericBody or
+      typeExpr.kind in {tyObject, tyEnum, tyDistinct, tyForward, tyGenericBody}):
     result = newTypeS(tyAlias, c)
     result.rawAddSon typeExpr
     result.sym = prev.sym
-    assignType(prev, result)
+    if prev.kind != tyGenericBody:
+      assignType(prev, result)
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc fixupTypeOf(c: PContext, prev: PType, typExpr: PNode) =
   if prev != nil:
     let result = newTypeS(tyAlias, c)
     result.rawAddSon typExpr.typ
     result.sym = prev.sym
-    assignType(prev, result)
+    if prev.kind != tyGenericBody:
+      assignType(prev, result)
 
 proc semTypeExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode; prev: PType): PType =
   var n = semExprWithType(c, n, {efDetermineType})
   if n.typ.kind == tyTypeDesc:
     result = n.typ.base
     # fix types constructed by macros/template:
-    if prev != nil and prev.sym != nil:
+    if prev != nil and prev.kind != tyGenericBody and prev.sym != nil:
       if result.sym.isNil:
         # Behold! you're witnessing enormous power yielded
         # by macros. Only macros can summon unnamed types
@@ -1528,13 +1717,17 @@ proc semTypeExpr(c: PContext, n: PNode; prev: PType): PType =
         # unnecessary new type creation
         let alias = maybeAliasType(c, result, prev)
         if alias != nil: result = alias
+  elif n.typ.kind == tyFromExpr and c.inGenericContext > 0:
+    # sometimes not possible to distinguish type from value in generic body,
+    # for example `T.Foo`, so both are handled under `tyFromExpr`
+    result = n.typ
   else:
     localError(c.config, n.info, "expected type, but got: " & n.renderTree)
     result = errorType(c)
 
 proc freshType(c: PContext; res, prev: PType): PType {.inline.} =
-  if prev.isNil:
-    result = copyType(res, nextTypeId c.idgen, res.owner)
+  if prev.isNil or prev.kind == tyGenericBody:
+    result = copyType(res, c.idgen, res.owner)
     copyTypeProps(c.graph, c.idgen.module, result, res)
   else:
     result = res
@@ -1560,11 +1753,10 @@ proc semTypeClass(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
     pragmas = n[1]
     inherited = n[2]
 
-  result = newOrPrevType(tyUserTypeClass, prev, c)
-  result.flags.incl tfCheckedForDestructor
   var owner = getCurrOwner(c)
-  var candidateTypeSlot = newTypeWithSons(owner, tyAlias, @[c.errorType], c.idgen)
-  result.sons = @[candidateTypeSlot]
+  var candidateTypeSlot = newTypeS(tyAlias, c, c.errorType)
+  result = newOrPrevType(tyUserTypeClass, prev, c, son = candidateTypeSlot)
+  result.flags.incl tfCheckedForDestructor
   result.n = n
 
   if inherited.kind != nkEmpty:
@@ -1598,7 +1790,7 @@ proc semTypeClass(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
 
     internalAssert c.config, dummyName.kind == nkIdent
     var dummyParam = newSym(if modifier == tyTypeDesc: skType else: skVar,
-                            dummyName.ident, nextSymId c.idgen, owner, param.info)
+                            dummyName.ident, c.idgen, owner, param.info)
     dummyParam.typ = dummyType
     incl dummyParam.flags, sfUsed
     addDecl(c, dummyParam)
@@ -1607,18 +1799,22 @@ proc semTypeClass(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
   closeScope(c)
 
 proc applyTypeSectionPragmas(c: PContext; pragmas, operand: PNode): PNode =
+  result = nil
   for p in pragmas:
     let key = if p.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and p.len >= 1: p[0] else: p
-
     if p.kind == nkEmpty or whichPragma(p) != wInvalid:
       discard "builtin pragma"
     else:
-      let ident = considerQuotedIdent(c, key)
-      if strTableGet(c.userPragmas, ident) != nil:
+      trySuggestPragmas(c, key)
+      let ident =
+        if key.kind in nkIdentKinds:
+          considerQuotedIdent(c, key)
+        else:
+          nil
+      if ident != nil and strTableGet(c.userPragmas, ident) != nil:
         discard "User-defined pragma"
       else:
-        var amb = false
-        let sym = searchInScopes(c, ident, amb)
+        let sym = qualifiedLookUp(c, key, {})
         # XXX: What to do here if amb is true?
         if sym != nil and sfCustomPragma in sym.flags:
           discard "Custom user pragma"
@@ -1662,7 +1858,7 @@ proc semProcTypeWithScope(c: PContext, n: PNode,
   if n[1].kind != nkEmpty and n[1].len > 0:
     pragma(c, s, n[1], procTypePragmas)
     when useEffectSystem: setEffectsForProcType(c.graph, result, n[1])
-  elif c.optionStack.len > 0 and optNimV1Emulation notin c.config.globalOptions:
+  elif c.optionStack.len > 0:
     # we construct a fake 'nkProcDef' for the 'mergePragmas' inside 'implicitPragmas'...
     s.ast = newTree(nkProcDef, newNodeI(nkEmpty, n.info), newNodeI(nkEmpty, n.info),
         newNodeI(nkEmpty, n.info), newNodeI(nkEmpty, n.info), newNodeI(nkEmpty, n.info))
@@ -1683,14 +1879,18 @@ proc semStaticType(c: PContext, childNode: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
   result.rawAddSon(base)
   result.flags.incl tfHasStatic
 
-proc semTypeof(c: PContext; n: PNode; prev: PType): PType =
+proc semTypeOf(c: PContext; n: PNode; prev: PType): PType =
   openScope(c)
+  inc c.inTypeofContext
+  defer: dec c.inTypeofContext # compiles can raise an exception
   let t = semExprWithType(c, n, {efInTypeof})
   closeScope(c)
   fixupTypeOf(c, prev, t)
   result = t.typ
+  if result.kind == tyFromExpr:
+    result.flags.incl tfNonConstExpr
 
-proc semTypeof2(c: PContext; n: PNode; prev: PType): PType =
+proc semTypeOf2(c: PContext; n: PNode; prev: PType): PType =
   openScope(c)
   var m = BiggestInt 1 # typeOfIter
   if n.len == 3:
@@ -1699,10 +1899,81 @@ proc semTypeof2(c: PContext; n: PNode; prev: PType): PType =
       localError(c.config, n.info, "typeof: cannot evaluate 'mode' parameter at compile-time")
     else:
       m = mode.intVal
+  inc c.inTypeofContext
+  defer: dec c.inTypeofContext # compiles can raise an exception
   let t = semExprWithType(c, n[1], if m == 1: {efInTypeof} else: {})
   closeScope(c)
   fixupTypeOf(c, prev, t)
   result = t.typ
+  if result.kind == tyFromExpr:
+    result.flags.incl tfNonConstExpr
+
+proc semTypeIdent(c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym =
+  if n.kind == nkSym:
+    result = getGenSym(c, n.sym)
+  else:
+    result = pickSym(c, n, {skType, skGenericParam, skParam})
+    if result.isNil:
+      result = qualifiedLookUp(c, n, {checkAmbiguity, checkUndeclared})
+    if result != nil:
+      markUsed(c, n.info, result)
+      onUse(n.info, result)
+
+      # alias syntax, see semSym for skTemplate, skMacro
+      if result.kind in {skTemplate, skMacro} and sfNoalias notin result.flags:
+        let t = semTypeExpr(c, n, nil)
+        result = symFromType(c, t, n.info)
+
+      if result.kind == skParam and result.typ.kind == tyTypeDesc:
+        # This is a typedesc param. is it already bound?
+        # it's not bound when it's used multiple times in the
+        # proc signature for example
+        if c.inGenericInst > 0:
+          let bound = result.typ.elementType.sym
+          if bound != nil: return bound
+          return result
+        if result.typ.sym == nil:
+          localError(c.config, n.info, errTypeExpected)
+          return errorSym(c, n)
+        result = result.typ.sym.copySym(c.idgen)
+        result.typ = exactReplica(result.typ)
+        result.typ.flags.incl tfUnresolved
+
+      if result.kind == skGenericParam:
+        if result.typ.kind == tyGenericParam and result.typ.len == 0 and
+           tfWildcard in result.typ.flags:
+          # collapse the wild-card param to a type
+          result.transitionGenericParamToType()
+          result.typ.flags.excl tfWildcard
+          return
+        else:
+          localError(c.config, n.info, errTypeExpected)
+          return errorSym(c, n)
+      if result.kind != skType and result.magic notin {mStatic, mType, mTypeOf}:
+        # this implements the wanted ``var v: V, x: V`` feature ...
+        var ov: TOverloadIter = default(TOverloadIter)
+        var amb = initOverloadIter(ov, c, n)
+        while amb != nil and amb.kind != skType:
+          amb = nextOverloadIter(ov, c, n)
+        if amb != nil: result = amb
+        else:
+          if result.kind != skError: localError(c.config, n.info, errTypeExpected)
+          return errorSym(c, n)
+      if result.typ.kind != tyGenericParam:
+        # XXX get rid of this hack!
+        var oldInfo = n.info
+        when defined(useNodeIds):
+          let oldId = n.id
+        reset(n[])
+        when defined(useNodeIds):
+          n.id = oldId
+        n.transitionNoneToSym()
+        n.sym = result
+        n.info = oldInfo
+        n.typ = result.typ
+    else:
+      localError(c.config, n.info, "identifier expected")
+      result = errorSym(c, n)
 
 proc semTypeNode(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
   result = nil
@@ -1714,7 +1985,7 @@ proc semTypeNode(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
   of nkTypeOfExpr:
     # for ``typeof(countup(1,3))``, see ``tests/ttoseq``.
     checkSonsLen(n, 1, c.config)
-    result = semTypeof(c, n[0], prev)
+    result = semTypeOf(c, n[0], prev)
     if result.kind == tyTypeDesc: result.flags.incl tfExplicit
   of nkPar:
     if n.len == 1: result = semTypeNode(c, n[0], prev)
@@ -1723,11 +1994,7 @@ proc semTypeNode(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
   of nkTupleConstr: result = semAnonTuple(c, n, prev)
   of nkCallKinds:
     let x = n[0]
-    let ident = case x.kind
-                of nkIdent: x.ident
-                of nkSym: x.sym.name
-                of nkClosedSymChoice, nkOpenSymChoice: x[0].sym.name
-                else: nil
+    let ident = x.getPIdent
     if ident != nil and ident.s == "[]":
       let b = newNodeI(nkBracketExpr, n.info)
       for i in 1..<n.len: b.add(n[i])
@@ -1746,7 +2013,7 @@ proc semTypeNode(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
       result = semTypeExpr(c, n, prev)
     else:
       let op = considerQuotedIdent(c, n[0])
-      if op.id in {ord(wAnd), ord(wOr)} or op.s == "|":
+      if op.id == ord(wAnd) or op.id == ord(wOr) or op.s == "|":
         checkSonsLen(n, 3, c.config)
         var
           t1 = semTypeNode(c, n[1], nil)
@@ -1816,20 +2083,22 @@ proc semTypeNode(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
         result = semAnyRef(c, n, tyRef, prev)
       elif op.id == ord(wType):
         checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
-        result = semTypeof(c, n[1], prev)
-      elif op.s == "typeof" and n[0].kind == nkSym and n[0].sym.magic == mTypeOf:
-        result = semTypeof2(c, n, prev)
+        result = semTypeOf(c, n[1], prev)
+      elif op.s == "typeof" and (
+          (n[0].kind == nkSym and n[0].sym.magic == mTypeOf) or
+          (n[0].kind == nkOpenSym and n[0][0].sym.magic == mTypeOf)):
+        result = semTypeOf2(c, n, prev)
       elif op.s == "owned" and optOwnedRefs notin c.config.globalOptions and n.len == 2:
         result = semTypeExpr(c, n[1], prev)
       else:
-        if c.inGenericContext > 0 and n.kind == nkCall:
-          result = makeTypeFromExpr(c, n.copyTree)
-        else:
-          result = semTypeExpr(c, n, prev)
+        result = semTypeExpr(c, n, prev)
   of nkWhenStmt:
     var whenResult = semWhen(c, n, false)
     if whenResult.kind == nkStmtList: whenResult.transitionSonsKind(nkStmtListType)
-    result = semTypeNode(c, whenResult, prev)
+    if whenResult.kind == nkWhenStmt:
+      result = whenResult.typ
+    else:
+      result = semTypeNode(c, whenResult, prev)
   of nkBracketExpr:
     checkMinSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
     var head = n[0]
@@ -1842,6 +2111,7 @@ proc semTypeNode(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
     of mRange: result = semRange(c, n, prev)
     of mSet: result = semSet(c, n, prev)
     of mOrdinal: result = semOrdinal(c, n, prev)
+    of mIterableType: result = semIterableType(c, n, prev)
     of mSeq:
       result = semContainer(c, n, tySequence, "seq", prev)
       if optSeqDestructors in c.config.globalOptions:
@@ -1856,7 +2126,7 @@ proc semTypeNode(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
       result = semTypeNode(c, n[0], nil)
       if result != nil:
         let old = result
-        result = copyType(result, nextTypeId c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c))
+        result = copyType(result, c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c))
         copyTypeProps(c.graph, c.idgen.module, result, old)
         for i in 1..<n.len:
           result.rawAddSon(semTypeNode(c, n[i], nil))
@@ -1873,6 +2143,12 @@ proc semTypeNode(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
     of mRef: result = semAnyRef(c, n, tyRef, prev)
     of mPtr: result = semAnyRef(c, n, tyPtr, prev)
     of mTuple: result = semTuple(c, n, prev)
+    of mBuiltinType:
+      case s.name.s
+      of "lent": result = semAnyRef(c, n, tyLent, prev)
+      of "sink": result = semAnyRef(c, n, tySink, prev)
+      of "owned": result = semAnyRef(c, n, tyOwned, prev)
+      else: result = semGeneric(c, n, s, prev)
     else: result = semGeneric(c, n, s, prev)
   of nkDotExpr:
     let typeExpr = semExpr(c, n)
@@ -1902,7 +2178,7 @@ proc semTypeNode(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
       if s.kind != skError: localError(c.config, n.info, errTypeExpected)
       result = newOrPrevType(tyError, prev, c)
     elif s.kind == skParam and s.typ.kind == tyTypeDesc:
-      internalAssert c.config, s.typ.base.kind != tyNone and prev == nil
+      internalAssert c.config, s.typ.base.kind != tyNone
       result = s.typ.base
     elif prev == nil:
       result = s.typ
@@ -1910,6 +2186,8 @@ proc semTypeNode(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
       let alias = maybeAliasType(c, s.typ, prev)
       if alias != nil:
         result = alias
+      elif prev.kind == tyGenericBody:
+        result = s.typ
       else:
         assignType(prev, s.typ)
         # bugfix: keep the fresh id for aliases to integral types:
@@ -1924,12 +2202,12 @@ proc semTypeNode(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
         if s.kind == skType:
           s.typ
         else:
-          internalAssert c.config, s.typ.base.kind != tyNone and prev == nil
+          internalAssert c.config, s.typ.base.kind != tyNone
           s.typ.base
       let alias = maybeAliasType(c, t, prev)
       if alias != nil:
         result = alias
-      elif prev == nil:
+      elif prev == nil or prev.kind == tyGenericBody:
         result = t
       else:
         assignType(prev, t)
@@ -1944,41 +2222,53 @@ proc semTypeNode(c: PContext, n: PNode, prev: PType): PType =
           localError(c.config, n.info, "type expected, but got symbol '$1' of kind '$2'" %
             [s.name.s, s.kind.toHumanStr])
       result = newOrPrevType(tyError, prev, c)
-  of nkObjectTy: result = semObjectNode(c, n, prev, isInheritable=false)
+  of nkObjectTy: result = semObjectNode(c, n, prev, {})
   of nkTupleTy: result = semTuple(c, n, prev)
   of nkTupleClassTy: result = newConstraint(c, tyTuple)
   of nkTypeClassTy: result = semTypeClass(c, n, prev)
   of nkRefTy: result = semAnyRef(c, n, tyRef, prev)
   of nkPtrTy: result = semAnyRef(c, n, tyPtr, prev)
-  of nkVarTy: result = semVarOutType(c, n, prev, tyVar)
+  of nkVarTy: result = semVarOutType(c, n, prev, {})
+  of nkOutTy: result = semVarOutType(c, n, prev, {tfIsOutParam})
   of nkDistinctTy: result = semDistinct(c, n, prev)
   of nkStaticTy: result = semStaticType(c, n[0], prev)
-  of nkIteratorTy:
-    if n.len == 0:
+  of nkProcTy, nkIteratorTy:
+    if n.len == 0 or n[0].kind == nkEmpty:
+      # 0 length or empty param list with possible pragmas imply typeclass
       result = newTypeS(tyBuiltInTypeClass, c)
       let child = newTypeS(tyProc, c)
-      child.flags.incl tfIterator
+      if n.kind == nkIteratorTy:
+        child.flags.incl tfIterator
+      if n.len > 0 and n[1].kind != nkEmpty and n[1].len > 0:
+        # typeclass with pragma
+        let symKind = if n.kind == nkIteratorTy: skIterator else: skProc
+        # dummy symbol for `pragma`:
+        var s = newSymS(symKind, newIdentNode(getIdent(c.cache, "dummy"), n.info), c)
+        s.typ = child
+        # for now only call convention pragmas supported in proc typeclass
+        pragma(c, s, n[1], {FirstCallConv..LastCallConv})
       result.addSonSkipIntLit(child, c.idgen)
     else:
-      result = semProcTypeWithScope(c, n, prev, skIterator)
-      if result.kind == tyProc:
+      let symKind = if n.kind == nkIteratorTy: skIterator else: skProc
+      result = semProcTypeWithScope(c, n, prev, symKind)
+      if result == nil:
+        localError(c.config, n.info, "type expected, but got: " & renderTree(n))
+        result = newOrPrevType(tyError, prev, c)
+
+      if n.kind == nkIteratorTy and result.kind == tyProc:
         result.flags.incl(tfIterator)
-        if n.lastSon.kind == nkPragma and hasPragma(n.lastSon, wInline):
-          result.callConv = ccInline
-        else:
-          result.callConv = ccClosure
-  of nkProcTy:
-    if n.len == 0:
-      result = newConstraint(c, tyProc)
-    else:
-      result = semProcTypeWithScope(c, n, prev, skProc)
+      if result.callConv == ccClosure and c.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc, gcAtomicArc}:
+        result.flags.incl tfHasAsgn
   of nkEnumTy: result = semEnum(c, n, prev)
   of nkType: result = n.typ
   of nkStmtListType: result = semStmtListType(c, n, prev)
   of nkBlockType: result = semBlockType(c, n, prev)
+  of nkOpenSym: result = semTypeNode(c, n[0], prev)
   else:
-    localError(c.config, n.info, "type expected, but got: " & renderTree(n))
-    result = newOrPrevType(tyError, prev, c)
+    result = semTypeExpr(c, n, prev)
+    when false:
+      localError(c.config, n.info, "type expected, but got: " & renderTree(n))
+      result = newOrPrevType(tyError, prev, c)
   n.typ = result
   dec c.inTypeContext
 
@@ -2024,7 +2314,7 @@ proc processMagicType(c: PContext, m: PSym) =
     if optSeqDestructors in c.config.globalOptions:
       incl m.typ.flags, tfHasAsgn
   of mCstring:
-    setMagicIntegral(c.config, m, tyCString, c.config.target.ptrSize)
+    setMagicIntegral(c.config, m, tyCstring, c.config.target.ptrSize)
     rawAddSon(m.typ, getSysType(c.graph, m.info, tyChar))
   of mPointer: setMagicIntegral(c.config, m, tyPointer, c.config.target.ptrSize)
   of mNil: setMagicType(c.config, m, tyNil, c.config.target.ptrSize)
@@ -2060,11 +2350,17 @@ proc processMagicType(c: PContext, m: PSym) =
     setMagicType(c.config, m, tySequence, szUncomputedSize)
     if optSeqDestructors in c.config.globalOptions:
       incl m.typ.flags, tfHasAsgn
-    assert c.graph.sysTypes[tySequence] == nil
+    if defined(nimsuggest) or c.config.cmd == cmdCheck: # bug #18985
+      discard
+    else:
+      assert c.graph.sysTypes[tySequence] == nil
     c.graph.sysTypes[tySequence] = m.typ
   of mOrdinal:
     setMagicIntegral(c.config, m, tyOrdinal, szUncomputedSize)
     rawAddSon(m.typ, newTypeS(tyNone, c))
+  of mIterableType:
+    setMagicIntegral(c.config, m, tyIterable, 0)
+    rawAddSon(m.typ, newTypeS(tyNone, c))
   of mPNimrodNode:
     incl m.typ.flags, tfTriggersCompileTime
     incl m.typ.flags, tfCheckedForDestructor
@@ -2080,7 +2376,7 @@ proc processMagicType(c: PContext, m: PSym) =
   else: localError(c.config, m.info, errTypeExpected)
 
 proc semGenericConstraints(c: PContext, x: PType): PType =
-  result = newTypeWithSons(c, tyGenericParam, @[x])
+  result = newTypeS(tyGenericParam, c, x)
 
 proc semGenericParamList(c: PContext, n: PNode, father: PType = nil): PNode =
 
@@ -2100,14 +2396,14 @@ proc semGenericParamList(c: PContext, n: PNode, father: PType = nil): PNode =
     of nkIdentDefs:
       var def = a[^1]
       let constraint = a[^2]
-      var typ: PType
+      var typ: PType = nil
 
       if constraint.kind != nkEmpty:
         typ = semTypeNode(c, constraint, nil)
         if typ.kind != tyStatic or typ.len == 0:
           if typ.kind == tyTypeDesc:
-            if typ[0].kind == tyNone:
-              typ = newTypeWithSons(c, tyTypeDesc, @[newTypeS(tyNone, c)])
+            if typ.elementType.kind == tyNone:
+              typ = newTypeS(tyTypeDesc, c, newTypeS(tyNone, c))
               incl typ.flags, tfCheckedForDestructor
           else:
             typ = semGenericConstraints(c, typ)
@@ -2116,7 +2412,7 @@ proc semGenericParamList(c: PContext, n: PNode, father: PType = nil): PNode =
         def = semConstExpr(c, def)
         if typ == nil:
           if def.typ.kind != tyTypeDesc:
-            typ = newTypeWithSons(c, tyStatic, @[def.typ])
+            typ = newTypeS(tyStatic, c, def.typ)
         else:
           # the following line fixes ``TV2*[T:SomeNumber=TR] = array[0..1, T]``
           # from manyloc/named_argument_bug/triengine:
@@ -2135,7 +2431,7 @@ proc semGenericParamList(c: PContext, n: PNode, father: PType = nil): PNode =
         if j == 0:
           finalType = typ
         else:
-          finalType = copyType(typ, nextTypeId c.idgen, typ.owner)
+          finalType = copyType(typ, c.idgen, typ.owner)
           copyTypeProps(c.graph, c.idgen.module, finalType, typ)
         # it's important the we create an unique
         # type for each generic param. the index
diff --git a/compiler/semtypinst.nim b/compiler/semtypinst.nim
index c9b9e39ea..759e8e6ab 100644
--- a/compiler/semtypinst.nim
+++ b/compiler/semtypinst.nim
@@ -9,70 +9,71 @@
 
 # This module does the instantiation of generic types.
 
+import std / tables
+
 import ast, astalgo, msgs, types, magicsys, semdata, renderer, options,
   lineinfos, modulegraphs
 
-from concepts import makeTypeDesc
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 const tfInstClearedFlags = {tfHasMeta, tfUnresolved}
 
 proc checkPartialConstructedType(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo, t: PType) =
-  if t.kind in {tyVar, tyLent} and t[0].kind in {tyVar, tyLent}:
+  if t.kind in {tyVar, tyLent} and t.elementType.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}:
     localError(conf, info, "type 'var var' is not allowed")
 
 proc checkConstructedType*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo, typ: PType) =
   var t = typ.skipTypes({tyDistinct})
   if t.kind in tyTypeClasses: discard
-  elif t.kind in {tyVar, tyLent} and t[0].kind in {tyVar, tyLent}:
+  elif t.kind in {tyVar, tyLent} and t.elementType.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}:
     localError(conf, info, "type 'var var' is not allowed")
   elif computeSize(conf, t) == szIllegalRecursion or isTupleRecursive(t):
     localError(conf, info, "illegal recursion in type '" & typeToString(t) & "'")
-  when false:
-    if t.kind == tyObject and t[0] != nil:
-      if t[0].kind != tyObject or tfFinal in t[0].flags:
-        localError(info, errInheritanceOnlyWithNonFinalObjects)
 
 proc searchInstTypes*(g: ModuleGraph; key: PType): PType =
+  result = nil
   let genericTyp = key[0]
   if not (genericTyp.kind == tyGenericBody and
-      key[0] == genericTyp and genericTyp.sym != nil): return
+      genericTyp.sym != nil): return
 
   for inst in typeInstCacheItems(g, genericTyp.sym):
     if inst.id == key.id: return inst
-    if inst.len < key.len:
+    if inst.kidsLen < key.kidsLen:
       # XXX: This happens for prematurely cached
       # types such as Channel[empty]. Why?
       # See the notes for PActor in handleGenericInvocation
-      return
+      # if this is return the same type gets cached more than it needs to
+      continue
     if not sameFlags(inst, key):
       continue
 
     block matchType:
-      for j in 1..high(key.sons):
+      for j in FirstGenericParamAt..<key.kidsLen:
         # XXX sameType is not really correct for nested generics?
         if not compareTypes(inst[j], key[j],
-                            flags = {ExactGenericParams}):
+                            flags = {ExactGenericParams, PickyCAliases}):
           break matchType
 
       return inst
 
 proc cacheTypeInst(c: PContext; inst: PType) =
   let gt = inst[0]
-  let t = if gt.kind == tyGenericBody: gt.lastSon else: gt
+  let t = if gt.kind == tyGenericBody: gt.typeBodyImpl else: gt
   if t.kind in {tyStatic, tyError, tyGenericParam} + tyTypeClasses:
     return
   addToGenericCache(c, gt.sym, inst)
 
 type
-  LayeredIdTable* = ref object
-    topLayer*: TIdTable
+  LayeredIdTable* {.acyclic.} = ref object
+    topLayer*: TypeMapping
     nextLayer*: LayeredIdTable
 
   TReplTypeVars* = object
     c*: PContext
     typeMap*: LayeredIdTable  # map PType to PType
-    symMap*: TIdTable         # map PSym to PSym
-    localCache*: TIdTable     # local cache for remembering already replaced
+    symMap*: SymMapping         # map PSym to PSym
+    localCache*: TypeMapping     # local cache for remembering already replaced
                               # types during instantiation of meta types
                               # (they are not stored in the global cache)
     info*: TLineInfo
@@ -84,27 +85,26 @@ type
     recursionLimit: int
 
 proc replaceTypeVarsTAux(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType
-proc replaceTypeVarsS(cl: var TReplTypeVars, s: PSym): PSym
-proc replaceTypeVarsN*(cl: var TReplTypeVars, n: PNode; start=0): PNode
+proc replaceTypeVarsS(cl: var TReplTypeVars, s: PSym, t: PType): PSym
+proc replaceTypeVarsN*(cl: var TReplTypeVars, n: PNode; start=0; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode
 
-proc initLayeredTypeMap*(pt: TIdTable): LayeredIdTable =
+proc initLayeredTypeMap*(pt: sink TypeMapping): LayeredIdTable =
   result = LayeredIdTable()
-  copyIdTable(result.topLayer, pt)
+  result.topLayer = pt
 
 proc newTypeMapLayer*(cl: var TReplTypeVars): LayeredIdTable =
-  result = LayeredIdTable()
-  result.nextLayer = cl.typeMap
-  initIdTable(result.topLayer)
+  result = LayeredIdTable(nextLayer: cl.typeMap, topLayer: initTable[ItemId, PType]())
 
 proc lookup(typeMap: LayeredIdTable, key: PType): PType =
+  result = nil
   var tm = typeMap
   while tm != nil:
-    result = PType(idTableGet(tm.topLayer, key))
+    result = getOrDefault(tm.topLayer, key.itemId)
     if result != nil: return
     tm = tm.nextLayer
 
 template put(typeMap: LayeredIdTable, key, value: PType) =
-  idTablePut(typeMap.topLayer, key, value)
+  typeMap.topLayer[key.itemId] = value
 
 template checkMetaInvariants(cl: TReplTypeVars, t: PType) = # noop code
   when false:
@@ -118,19 +118,86 @@ proc replaceTypeVarsT*(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
   result = replaceTypeVarsTAux(cl, t)
   checkMetaInvariants(cl, result)
 
-proc prepareNode(cl: var TReplTypeVars, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc prepareNode*(cl: var TReplTypeVars, n: PNode): PNode =
+  ## instantiates a given generic expression, not a type node
+  if n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind == skType and
+      n.sym.typ != nil and n.sym.typ.kind == tyGenericBody:
+    # generic body types are allowed as user expressions, see #24090
+    return n
   let t = replaceTypeVarsT(cl, n.typ)
   if t != nil and t.kind == tyStatic and t.n != nil:
     return if tfUnresolved in t.flags: prepareNode(cl, t.n)
            else: t.n
   result = copyNode(n)
   result.typ = t
-  if result.kind == nkSym: result.sym = replaceTypeVarsS(cl, n.sym)
-  let isCall = result.kind in nkCallKinds
-  for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
-    # XXX HACK: ``f(a, b)``, avoid to instantiate `f`
-    if isCall and i == 0: result.add(n[i])
-    else: result.add(prepareNode(cl, n[i]))
+  if result.kind == nkSym:
+    result.sym =
+      if n.typ != nil and n.typ == n.sym.typ:
+        replaceTypeVarsS(cl, n.sym, result.typ)
+      else:
+        replaceTypeVarsS(cl, n.sym, replaceTypeVarsT(cl, n.sym.typ))
+  # we need to avoid trying to instantiate nodes that can have uninstantiated
+  # types, like generic proc symbols or raw generic type symbols
+  case n.kind
+  of nkSymChoices:
+    # don't try to instantiate symchoice symbols, they can be
+    # generic procs which the compiler will think are uninstantiated
+    # because their type will contain uninstantiated params
+    for i in 0..<n.len:
+      result.add(n[i])
+  of nkCallKinds:
+    # don't try to instantiate call names since they may be generic proc syms
+    # also bracket expressions can turn into calls with symchoice [] and
+    # we need to not instantiate the Generic in Generic[int]
+    # exception exists for the call name being a dot expression since
+    # dot expressions need their LHS instantiated
+    assert n.len != 0
+    # avoid instantiating generic proc symbols, refine condition if needed:
+    let ignoreFirst = n[0].kind notin {nkDotExpr, nkBracketExpr} + nkCallKinds
+    let name = n[0].getPIdent
+    let ignoreSecond = name != nil and name.s == "[]" and n.len > 1 and
+      # generic type instantiation:
+      ((n[1].typ != nil and n[1].typ.kind == tyTypeDesc) or
+        # generic proc instantiation:
+        (n[1].kind == nkSym and n[1].sym.isGenericRoutineStrict))
+    if ignoreFirst:
+      result.add(n[0])
+    else:
+      result.add(prepareNode(cl, n[0]))
+    if n.len > 1:
+      if ignoreSecond:
+        result.add(n[1])
+      else:
+        result.add(prepareNode(cl, n[1]))
+    for i in 2..<n.len:
+      result.add(prepareNode(cl, n[i]))
+  of nkBracketExpr:
+    # don't instantiate Generic body type in expression like Generic[T]
+    # exception exists for the call name being a dot expression since
+    # dot expressions need their LHS instantiated
+    assert n.len != 0
+    let ignoreFirst = n[0].kind != nkDotExpr and
+      # generic type instantiation:
+      ((n[0].typ != nil and n[0].typ.kind == tyTypeDesc) or
+        # generic proc instantiation:
+        (n[0].kind == nkSym and n[0].sym.isGenericRoutineStrict))
+    if ignoreFirst:
+      result.add(n[0])
+    else:
+      result.add(prepareNode(cl, n[0]))
+    for i in 1..<n.len:
+      result.add(prepareNode(cl, n[i]))
+  of nkDotExpr:
+    # don't try to instantiate RHS of dot expression, it can outright be
+    # undeclared, but definitely instantiate LHS
+    assert n.len >= 2
+    result.add(prepareNode(cl, n[0]))
+    result.add(n[1])
+    for i in 2..<n.len:
+      result.add(prepareNode(cl, n[i]))
+  else:
+    for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
+      result.add(prepareNode(cl, n[i]))
 
 proc isTypeParam(n: PNode): bool =
   # XXX: generic params should use skGenericParam instead of skType
@@ -138,27 +205,28 @@ proc isTypeParam(n: PNode): bool =
          (n.sym.kind == skGenericParam or
            (n.sym.kind == skType and sfFromGeneric in n.sym.flags))
 
-proc reResolveCallsWithTypedescParams(cl: var TReplTypeVars, n: PNode): PNode =
-  # This is needed for tgenericshardcases
-  # It's possible that a generic param will be used in a proc call to a
-  # typedesc accepting proc. After generic param substitution, such procs
-  # should be optionally instantiated with the correct type. In order to
-  # perform this instantiation, we need to re-run the generateInstance path
-  # in the compiler, but it's quite complicated to do so at the moment so we
-  # resort to a mild hack; the head symbol of the call is temporary reset and
-  # overload resolution is executed again (which may trigger generateInstance).
-  if n.kind in nkCallKinds and sfFromGeneric in n[0].sym.flags:
-    var needsFixing = false
-    for i in 1..<n.safeLen:
-      if isTypeParam(n[i]): needsFixing = true
-    if needsFixing:
-      n[0] = newSymNode(n[0].sym.owner)
-      return cl.c.semOverloadedCall(cl.c, n, n, {skProc, skFunc}, {})
-
-  for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
-    n[i] = reResolveCallsWithTypedescParams(cl, n[i])
-
-  return n
+when false: # old workaround
+  proc reResolveCallsWithTypedescParams(cl: var TReplTypeVars, n: PNode): PNode =
+    # This is needed for tuninstantiatedgenericcalls
+    # It's possible that a generic param will be used in a proc call to a
+    # typedesc accepting proc. After generic param substitution, such procs
+    # should be optionally instantiated with the correct type. In order to
+    # perform this instantiation, we need to re-run the generateInstance path
+    # in the compiler, but it's quite complicated to do so at the moment so we
+    # resort to a mild hack; the head symbol of the call is temporary reset and
+    # overload resolution is executed again (which may trigger generateInstance).
+    if n.kind in nkCallKinds and sfFromGeneric in n[0].sym.flags:
+      var needsFixing = false
+      for i in 1..<n.safeLen:
+        if isTypeParam(n[i]): needsFixing = true
+      if needsFixing:
+        n[0] = newSymNode(n[0].sym.owner)
+        return cl.c.semOverloadedCall(cl.c, n, n, {skProc, skFunc}, {})
+
+    for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
+      n[i] = reResolveCallsWithTypedescParams(cl, n[i])
+
+    return n
 
 proc replaceObjBranches(cl: TReplTypeVars, n: PNode): PNode =
   result = n
@@ -190,10 +258,31 @@ proc replaceObjBranches(cl: TReplTypeVars, n: PNode): PNode =
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       n[i] = replaceObjBranches(cl, n[i])
 
-proc replaceTypeVarsN(cl: var TReplTypeVars, n: PNode; start=0): PNode =
+proc hasValuelessStatics(n: PNode): bool =
+  # We should only attempt to call an expression that has no tyStatics
+  # As those are unresolved generic parameters, which means in the following
+  # The compiler attempts to do `T == 300` which errors since the typeclass `MyThing` lacks a parameter
+  #[
+    type MyThing[T: static int] = object
+      when T == 300:
+        a
+    proc doThing(_: MyThing)
+  ]#
+  if n.safeLen == 0 and n.kind != nkEmpty: # Some empty nodes can get in here
+    n.typ == nil or n.typ.kind == tyStatic
+  else:
+    for x in n:
+      if hasValuelessStatics(x):
+        return true
+    false
+
+proc replaceTypeVarsN(cl: var TReplTypeVars, n: PNode; start=0; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   if n == nil: return
   result = copyNode(n)
   if n.typ != nil:
+    if n.typ.kind == tyFromExpr:
+      # type of node should not be evaluated as a static value
+      n.typ.flags.incl tfNonConstExpr
     result.typ = replaceTypeVarsT(cl, n.typ)
     checkMetaInvariants(cl, result.typ)
   case n.kind
@@ -201,8 +290,13 @@ proc replaceTypeVarsN(cl: var TReplTypeVars, n: PNode; start=0): PNode =
     discard
   of nkOpenSymChoice, nkClosedSymChoice: result = n
   of nkSym:
-    result.sym = replaceTypeVarsS(cl, n.sym)
-    if result.sym.typ.kind == tyVoid:
+    result.sym =
+      if n.typ != nil and n.typ == n.sym.typ:
+        replaceTypeVarsS(cl, n.sym, result.typ)
+      else:
+        replaceTypeVarsS(cl, n.sym, replaceTypeVarsT(cl, n.sym.typ))
+    # sym type can be nil if was gensym created by macro, see #24048
+    if result.sym.typ != nil and result.sym.typ.kind == tyVoid:
       # don't add the 'void' field
       result = newNodeI(nkRecList, n.info)
   of nkRecWhen:
@@ -214,10 +308,11 @@ proc replaceTypeVarsN(cl: var TReplTypeVars, n: PNode; start=0): PNode =
       of nkElifBranch:
         checkSonsLen(it, 2, cl.c.config)
         var cond = prepareNode(cl, it[0])
-        var e = cl.c.semConstExpr(cl.c, cond)
-        if e.kind != nkIntLit:
-          internalError(cl.c.config, e.info, "ReplaceTypeVarsN: when condition not a bool")
-        if e.intVal != 0 and branch == nil: branch = it[1]
+        if not cond.hasValuelessStatics:
+          var e = cl.c.semConstExpr(cl.c, cond)
+          if e.kind != nkIntLit:
+            internalError(cl.c.config, e.info, "ReplaceTypeVarsN: when condition not a bool")
+          if e.intVal != 0 and branch == nil: branch = it[1]
       of nkElse:
         checkSonsLen(it, 1, cl.c.config)
         if branch == nil: branch = it[0]
@@ -228,10 +323,11 @@ proc replaceTypeVarsN(cl: var TReplTypeVars, n: PNode; start=0): PNode =
       result = newNodeI(nkRecList, n.info)
   of nkStaticExpr:
     var n = prepareNode(cl, n)
-    n = reResolveCallsWithTypedescParams(cl, n)
+    when false:
+      n = reResolveCallsWithTypedescParams(cl, n)
     result = if cl.allowMetaTypes: n
-             else: cl.c.semExpr(cl.c, n)
-    if not cl.allowMetaTypes:
+             else: cl.c.semExpr(cl.c, n, {}, expectedType)
+    if not cl.allowMetaTypes and expectedType != nil:
       assert result.kind notin nkCallKinds
   else:
     if n.len > 0:
@@ -241,7 +337,7 @@ proc replaceTypeVarsN(cl: var TReplTypeVars, n: PNode; start=0): PNode =
       for i in start..<n.len:
         result[i] = replaceTypeVarsN(cl, n[i])
 
-proc replaceTypeVarsS(cl: var TReplTypeVars, s: PSym): PSym =
+proc replaceTypeVarsS(cl: var TReplTypeVars, s: PSym, t: PType): PSym =
   if s == nil: return nil
   # symbol is not our business:
   if cl.owner != nil and s.owner != cl.owner:
@@ -278,15 +374,18 @@ proc replaceTypeVarsS(cl: var TReplTypeVars, s: PSym): PSym =
       var g: G[string]
 
   ]#
-  result = copySym(s, nextSymId cl.c.idgen)
+  result = copySym(s, cl.c.idgen)
   incl(result.flags, sfFromGeneric)
   #idTablePut(cl.symMap, s, result)
   result.owner = s.owner
-  result.typ = replaceTypeVarsT(cl, s.typ)
+  result.typ = t
   if result.kind != skType:
     result.ast = replaceTypeVarsN(cl, s.ast)
 
 proc lookupTypeVar(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
+  if tfRetType in t.flags and t.kind == tyAnything:
+    # don't bind `auto` return type to a previous binding of `auto`
+    return nil
   result = cl.typeMap.lookup(t)
   if result == nil:
     if cl.allowMetaTypes or tfRetType in t.flags: return
@@ -304,7 +403,7 @@ proc instCopyType*(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
   if cl.allowMetaTypes:
     result = t.exactReplica
   else:
-    result = copyType(t, nextTypeId(cl.c.idgen), t.owner)
+    result = copyType(t, cl.c.idgen, t.owner)
     copyTypeProps(cl.c.graph, cl.c.idgen.module, result, t)
     #cl.typeMap.topLayer.idTablePut(result, t)
 
@@ -324,13 +423,13 @@ proc instCopyType*(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
 proc handleGenericInvocation(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
   # tyGenericInvocation[A, tyGenericInvocation[A, B]]
   # is difficult to handle:
-  var body = t[0]
+  var body = t.genericHead
   if body.kind != tyGenericBody:
     internalError(cl.c.config, cl.info, "no generic body")
   var header = t
   # search for some instantiation here:
   if cl.allowMetaTypes:
-    result = PType(idTableGet(cl.localCache, t))
+    result = getOrDefault(cl.localCache, t.itemId)
   else:
     result = searchInstTypes(cl.c.graph, t)
 
@@ -338,7 +437,7 @@ proc handleGenericInvocation(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
     when defined(reportCacheHits):
       echo "Generic instantiation cached ", typeToString(result), " for ", typeToString(t)
     return
-  for i in 1..<t.len:
+  for i in FirstGenericParamAt..<t.kidsLen:
     var x = t[i]
     if x.kind in {tyGenericParam}:
       x = lookupTypeVar(cl, x)
@@ -360,31 +459,34 @@ proc handleGenericInvocation(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
   else:
     header = instCopyType(cl, t)
 
-  result = newType(tyGenericInst, nextTypeId(cl.c.idgen), t[0].owner)
+  result = newType(tyGenericInst, cl.c.idgen, t.genericHead.owner, son = header.genericHead)
   result.flags = header.flags
   # be careful not to propagate unnecessary flags here (don't use rawAddSon)
-  result.sons = @[header[0]]
   # ugh need another pass for deeply recursive generic types (e.g. PActor)
   # we need to add the candidate here, before it's fully instantiated for
   # recursive instantions:
   if not cl.allowMetaTypes:
     cacheTypeInst(cl.c, result)
   else:
-    idTablePut(cl.localCache, t, result)
+    cl.localCache[t.itemId] = result
 
   let oldSkipTypedesc = cl.skipTypedesc
   cl.skipTypedesc = true
 
   cl.typeMap = newTypeMapLayer(cl)
 
-  for i in 1..<t.len:
-    var x = replaceTypeVarsT(cl, t[i])
+  for i in FirstGenericParamAt..<t.kidsLen:
+    var x = replaceTypeVarsT(cl):
+      if header[i].kind == tyGenericInst:
+        t[i]
+      else:
+        header[i]
     assert x.kind != tyGenericInvocation
     header[i] = x
     propagateToOwner(header, x)
     cl.typeMap.put(body[i-1], x)
 
-  for i in 1..<t.len:
+  for i in FirstGenericParamAt..<t.kidsLen:
     # if one of the params is not concrete, we cannot do anything
     # but we already raised an error!
     rawAddSon(result, header[i], propagateHasAsgn = false)
@@ -392,7 +494,7 @@ proc handleGenericInvocation(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
   if body.kind == tyError:
     return
 
-  let bbody = lastSon body
+  let bbody = last body
   var newbody = replaceTypeVarsT(cl, bbody)
   cl.skipTypedesc = oldSkipTypedesc
   newbody.flags = newbody.flags + (t.flags + body.flags - tfInstClearedFlags)
@@ -406,6 +508,7 @@ proc handleGenericInvocation(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
   # One step is enough, because the recursive nature of
   # handleGenericInvocation will handle the alias-to-alias-to-alias case
   if newbody.isGenericAlias: newbody = newbody.skipGenericAlias
+
   rawAddSon(result, newbody)
   checkPartialConstructedType(cl.c.config, cl.info, newbody)
   if not cl.allowMetaTypes:
@@ -422,11 +525,11 @@ proc handleGenericInvocation(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
         # can come here for tyGenericInst too, see tests/metatype/ttypeor.nim
         # need to look into this issue later
         assert newbody.kind in {tyRef, tyPtr}
-        if newbody.lastSon.typeInst != nil:
+        if newbody.last.typeInst != nil:
           #internalError(cl.c.config, cl.info, "ref already has a 'typeInst' field")
           discard
         else:
-          newbody.lastSon.typeInst = result
+          newbody.last.typeInst = result
     # DESTROY: adding object|opt for opt[topttree.Tree]
     # sigmatch: Formal opt[=destroy.T] real opt[topttree.Tree]
     # adding myseq for myseq[system.int]
@@ -446,25 +549,24 @@ proc handleGenericInvocation(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
 proc eraseVoidParams*(t: PType) =
   # transform '(): void' into '()' because old parts of the compiler really
   # don't deal with '(): void':
-  if t[0] != nil and t[0].kind == tyVoid:
-    t[0] = nil
+  if t.returnType != nil and t.returnType.kind == tyVoid:
+    t.setReturnType nil
 
-  for i in 1..<t.len:
+  for i in FirstParamAt..<t.signatureLen:
     # don't touch any memory unless necessary
     if t[i].kind == tyVoid:
       var pos = i
-      for j in i+1..<t.len:
+      for j in i+1..<t.signatureLen:
         if t[j].kind != tyVoid:
           t[pos] = t[j]
           t.n[pos] = t.n[j]
           inc pos
-      setLen t.sons, pos
+      newSons t, pos
       setLen t.n.sons, pos
       break
 
 proc skipIntLiteralParams*(t: PType; idgen: IdGenerator) =
-  for i in 0..<t.len:
-    let p = t[i]
+  for i, p in t.ikids:
     if p == nil: continue
     let skipped = p.skipIntLit(idgen)
     if skipped != p:
@@ -473,8 +575,8 @@ proc skipIntLiteralParams*(t: PType; idgen: IdGenerator) =
 
   # when the typeof operator is used on a static input
   # param, the results gets infected with static as well:
-  if t[0] != nil and t[0].kind == tyStatic:
-    t[0] = t[0].base
+  if t.returnType != nil and t.returnType.kind == tyStatic:
+    t.setReturnType t.returnType.skipModifier
 
 proc propagateFieldFlags(t: PType, n: PNode) =
   # This is meant for objects and tuples
@@ -492,32 +594,48 @@ proc propagateFieldFlags(t: PType, n: PNode) =
 
 proc replaceTypeVarsTAux(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
   template bailout =
-    if cl.recursionLimit > 100:
-      # bail out, see bug #2509. But note this caching is in general wrong,
-      # look at this example where TwoVectors should not share the generic
-      # instantiations (bug #3112):
-
-      # type
-      #   Vector[N: static[int]] = array[N, float64]
-      #   TwoVectors[Na, Nb: static[int]] = (Vector[Na], Vector[Nb])
-      result = PType(idTableGet(cl.localCache, t))
-      if result != nil: return result
-    inc cl.recursionLimit
+    if (t.sym == nil) or (t.sym != nil and sfGeneratedType in t.sym.flags):
+      # In the first case 't.sym' can be 'nil' if the type is a ref/ptr, see
+      # issue https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/20416 for more details.
+      # Fortunately for us this works for now because partial ref/ptr types are
+      # not allowed in object construction, eg.
+      #   type
+      #     Container[T] = ...
+      #     O = object
+      #      val: ref Container
+      #
+      # In the second case only consider the recursion limit if the symbol is a
+      # type with generic parameters that have not been explicitly supplied,
+      # typechecking should terminate when generic parameters are explicitly
+      # supplied.
+      if cl.recursionLimit > 100:
+        # bail out, see bug #2509. But note this caching is in general wrong,
+        # look at this example where TwoVectors should not share the generic
+        # instantiations (bug #3112):
+        # type
+        #   Vector[N: static[int]] = array[N, float64]
+        #   TwoVectors[Na, Nb: static[int]] = (Vector[Na], Vector[Nb])
+        result = getOrDefault(cl.localCache, t.itemId)
+        if result != nil: return result
+      inc cl.recursionLimit
 
   result = t
   if t == nil: return
 
-  if t.kind in {tyStatic, tyGenericParam, tyConcept} + tyTypeClasses:
+  const lookupMetas = {tyStatic, tyGenericParam, tyConcept} + tyTypeClasses - {tyAnything}
+  if t.kind in lookupMetas or
+      (t.kind == tyAnything and tfRetType notin t.flags):
     let lookup = cl.typeMap.lookup(t)
     if lookup != nil: return lookup
 
   case t.kind
   of tyGenericInvocation:
     result = handleGenericInvocation(cl, t)
-    if result.lastSon.kind == tyUserTypeClass:
+    if result.last.kind == tyUserTypeClass:
       result.kind = tyUserTypeClassInst
 
   of tyGenericBody:
+    if cl.allowMetaTypes: return
     localError(
       cl.c.config,
       cl.info,
@@ -536,21 +654,25 @@ proc replaceTypeVarsTAux(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
     assert t.n.typ != t
     var n = prepareNode(cl, t.n)
     if n.kind != nkEmpty:
-      n = cl.c.semConstExpr(cl.c, n)
+      if tfNonConstExpr in t.flags:
+        n = cl.c.semExprWithType(cl.c, n, flags = {efInTypeof})
+      else:
+        n = cl.c.semConstExpr(cl.c, n)
     if n.typ.kind == tyTypeDesc:
       # XXX: sometimes, chained typedescs enter here.
       # It may be worth investigating why this is happening,
       # because it may cause other bugs elsewhere.
       result = n.typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
       # result = n.typ.base
+    elif tfNonConstExpr in t.flags:
+      result = n.typ
     else:
-      if n.typ.kind != tyStatic:
+      if n.typ.kind != tyStatic and n.kind != nkType:
         # XXX: In the future, semConstExpr should
         # return tyStatic values to let anyone make
         # use of this knowledge. The patching here
         # won't be necessary then.
-        result = newTypeS(tyStatic, cl.c)
-        result.sons = @[n.typ]
+        result = newTypeS(tyStatic, cl.c, son = n.typ)
         result.n = n
       else:
         result = n.typ
@@ -566,19 +688,42 @@ proc replaceTypeVarsTAux(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
         result = makeTypeDesc(cl.c, result)
       elif tfUnresolved in t.flags or cl.skipTypedesc:
         result = result.base
-    elif t[0].kind != tyNone:
-      result = makeTypeDesc(cl.c, replaceTypeVarsT(cl, t[0]))
+    elif t.elementType.kind != tyNone:
+      result = makeTypeDesc(cl.c, replaceTypeVarsT(cl, t.elementType))
 
-  of tyUserTypeClass, tyStatic:
+  of tyUserTypeClass:
     result = t
+  
+  of tyStatic:
+    if cl.c.matchedConcept != nil:
+      # allow concepts to not instantiate statics for now
+      # they can't always infer them
+      return
+    if not containsGenericType(t) and (t.n == nil or t.n.kind in nkLiterals):
+      # no need to instantiate
+      return
+    bailout()
+    result = instCopyType(cl, t)
+    cl.localCache[t.itemId] = result
+    for i in FirstGenericParamAt..<result.kidsLen:
+      var r = result[i]
+      if r != nil:
+        r = replaceTypeVarsT(cl, r)
+        result[i] = r
+        propagateToOwner(result, r)
+    result.n = replaceTypeVarsN(cl, result.n)
+    if not cl.allowMetaTypes and result.n != nil and
+        result.base.kind != tyNone:
+      result.n = cl.c.semConstExpr(cl.c, result.n)
+      result.n.typ = result.base
 
   of tyGenericInst, tyUserTypeClassInst:
     bailout()
     result = instCopyType(cl, t)
-    idTablePut(cl.localCache, t, result)
-    for i in 1..<result.len:
+    cl.localCache[t.itemId] = result
+    for i in FirstGenericParamAt..<result.kidsLen:
       result[i] = replaceTypeVarsT(cl, result[i])
-    propagateToOwner(result, result.lastSon)
+    propagateToOwner(result, result.last)
 
   else:
     if containsGenericType(t):
@@ -587,17 +732,17 @@ proc replaceTypeVarsTAux(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
       result = instCopyType(cl, t)
       result.size = -1 # needs to be recomputed
       #if not cl.allowMetaTypes:
-      idTablePut(cl.localCache, t, result)
+      cl.localCache[t.itemId] = result
 
-      for i in 0..<result.len:
-        if result[i] != nil:
-          if result[i].kind == tyGenericBody:
+      for i, resulti in result.ikids:
+        if resulti != nil:
+          if resulti.kind == tyGenericBody and not cl.allowMetaTypes:
             localError(cl.c.config, if t.sym != nil: t.sym.info else: cl.info,
               "cannot instantiate '" &
               typeToString(result[i], preferDesc) &
               "' inside of type definition: '" &
               t.owner.name.s & "'; Maybe generic arguments are missing?")
-          var r = replaceTypeVarsT(cl, result[i])
+          var r = replaceTypeVarsT(cl, resulti)
           if result.kind == tyObject:
             # carefully coded to not skip the precious tyGenericInst:
             let r2 = r.skipTypes({tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})
@@ -610,7 +755,7 @@ proc replaceTypeVarsTAux(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
       result.n = replaceTypeVarsN(cl, result.n, ord(result.kind==tyProc))
       case result.kind
       of tyArray:
-        let idx = result[0]
+        let idx = result.indexType
         internalAssert cl.c.config, idx.kind != tyStatic
 
       of tyObject, tyTuple:
@@ -623,7 +768,7 @@ proc replaceTypeVarsTAux(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
         skipIntLiteralParams(result, cl.c.idgen)
 
       of tyRange:
-        result[0] = result[0].skipTypes({tyStatic, tyDistinct})
+        result.setIndexType result.indexType.skipTypes({tyStatic, tyDistinct})
 
       else: discard
     else:
@@ -632,8 +777,8 @@ proc replaceTypeVarsTAux(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
       result = t
 
       # Slow path, we have some work to do
-      if t.kind == tyRef and t.len > 0 and t[0].kind == tyObject and t[0].n != nil:
-        discard replaceObjBranches(cl, t[0].n)
+      if t.kind == tyRef and t.hasElementType and t.elementType.kind == tyObject and t.elementType.n != nil:
+        discard replaceObjBranches(cl, t.elementType.n)
 
       elif result.n != nil and t.kind == tyObject:
         # Invalidate the type size as we may alter its structure
@@ -642,20 +787,26 @@ proc replaceTypeVarsTAux(cl: var TReplTypeVars, t: PType): PType =
 
 proc initTypeVars*(p: PContext, typeMap: LayeredIdTable, info: TLineInfo;
                    owner: PSym): TReplTypeVars =
-  initIdTable(result.symMap)
-  initIdTable(result.localCache)
-  result.typeMap = typeMap
-  result.info = info
-  result.c = p
-  result.owner = owner
-
-proc replaceTypesInBody*(p: PContext, pt: TIdTable, n: PNode;
-                         owner: PSym, allowMetaTypes = false): PNode =
+  result = TReplTypeVars(symMap: initSymMapping(),
+            localCache: initTypeMapping(), typeMap: typeMap,
+            info: info, c: p, owner: owner)
+
+proc replaceTypesInBody*(p: PContext, pt: TypeMapping, n: PNode;
+                         owner: PSym, allowMetaTypes = false,
+                         fromStaticExpr = false, expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   var typeMap = initLayeredTypeMap(pt)
   var cl = initTypeVars(p, typeMap, n.info, owner)
   cl.allowMetaTypes = allowMetaTypes
   pushInfoContext(p.config, n.info)
-  result = replaceTypeVarsN(cl, n)
+  result = replaceTypeVarsN(cl, n, expectedType = expectedType)
+  popInfoContext(p.config)
+
+proc prepareTypesInBody*(p: PContext, pt: TypeMapping, n: PNode;
+                         owner: PSym = nil): PNode =
+  var typeMap = initLayeredTypeMap(pt)
+  var cl = initTypeVars(p, typeMap, n.info, owner)
+  pushInfoContext(p.config, n.info)
+  result = prepareNode(cl, n)
   popInfoContext(p.config)
 
 when false:
@@ -670,8 +821,8 @@ when false:
     popInfoContext(p.config)
 
 proc recomputeFieldPositions*(t: PType; obj: PNode; currPosition: var int) =
-  if t != nil and t.len > 0 and t[0] != nil:
-    let b = skipTypes(t[0], skipPtrs)
+  if t != nil and t.baseClass != nil:
+    let b = skipTypes(t.baseClass, skipPtrs)
     recomputeFieldPositions(b, b.n, currPosition)
   case obj.kind
   of nkRecList:
@@ -685,7 +836,7 @@ proc recomputeFieldPositions*(t: PType; obj: PNode; currPosition: var int) =
     inc currPosition
   else: discard "cannot happen"
 
-proc generateTypeInstance*(p: PContext, pt: TIdTable, info: TLineInfo,
+proc generateTypeInstance*(p: PContext, pt: TypeMapping, info: TLineInfo,
                            t: PType): PType =
   # Given `t` like Foo[T]
   # pt: Table with type mappings: T -> int
@@ -701,7 +852,7 @@ proc generateTypeInstance*(p: PContext, pt: TIdTable, info: TLineInfo,
     var position = 0
     recomputeFieldPositions(objType, objType.n, position)
 
-proc prepareMetatypeForSigmatch*(p: PContext, pt: TIdTable, info: TLineInfo,
+proc prepareMetatypeForSigmatch*(p: PContext, pt: TypeMapping, info: TLineInfo,
                                  t: PType): PType =
   var typeMap = initLayeredTypeMap(pt)
   var cl = initTypeVars(p, typeMap, info, nil)
@@ -710,6 +861,6 @@ proc prepareMetatypeForSigmatch*(p: PContext, pt: TIdTable, info: TLineInfo,
   result = replaceTypeVarsT(cl, t)
   popInfoContext(p.config)
 
-template generateTypeInstance*(p: PContext, pt: TIdTable, arg: PNode,
+template generateTypeInstance*(p: PContext, pt: TypeMapping, arg: PNode,
                                t: PType): untyped =
   generateTypeInstance(p, pt, arg.info, t)
diff --git a/compiler/sighashes.nim b/compiler/sighashes.nim
index 156bc66d7..d8dfe1828 100644
--- a/compiler/sighashes.nim
+++ b/compiler/sighashes.nim
@@ -9,14 +9,22 @@
 
 ## Computes hash values for routine (proc, method etc) signatures.
 
-import ast, tables, ropes, md5, modulegraphs
-from hashes import Hash
+import ast, ropes, modulegraphs, options, msgs, pathutils
+from std/hashes import Hash
+import std/tables
 import types
+import ../dist/checksums/src/checksums/md5
+
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 
 proc `&=`(c: var MD5Context, s: string) = md5Update(c, s, s.len)
-proc `&=`(c: var MD5Context, ch: char) = md5Update(c, unsafeAddr ch, 1)
-proc `&=`(c: var MD5Context, r: Rope) =
-  for l in leaves(r): md5Update(c, l, l.len)
+proc `&=`(c: var MD5Context, ch: char) =
+  # XXX suspicious code here; relies on ch being zero terminated?
+  md5Update(c, cast[cstring](unsafeAddr ch), 1)
+
 proc `&=`(c: var MD5Context, i: BiggestInt) =
   md5Update(c, cast[cstring](unsafeAddr i), sizeof(i))
 proc `&=`(c: var MD5Context, f: BiggestFloat) =
@@ -37,8 +45,7 @@ type
     CoDistinct
     CoHashTypeInsideNode
 
-proc hashType(c: var MD5Context, t: PType; flags: set[ConsiderFlag])
-
+proc hashType(c: var MD5Context, t: PType; flags: set[ConsiderFlag]; conf: ConfigRef)
 proc hashSym(c: var MD5Context, s: PSym) =
   if sfAnon in s.flags or s.kind == skGenericParam:
     c &= ":anon"
@@ -48,21 +55,26 @@ proc hashSym(c: var MD5Context, s: PSym) =
       c &= it.name.s
       c &= "."
       it = it.owner
+    c &= "#"
+    c &= s.disamb
 
-proc hashTypeSym(c: var MD5Context, s: PSym) =
+proc hashTypeSym(c: var MD5Context, s: PSym; conf: ConfigRef) =
   if sfAnon in s.flags or s.kind == skGenericParam:
     c &= ":anon"
   else:
     var it = s
+    c &= customPath(conf.toFullPath(s.info))
     while it != nil:
       if sfFromGeneric in it.flags and it.kind in routineKinds and
           it.typ != nil:
-        hashType c, it.typ, {CoProc}
+        hashType c, it.typ, {CoProc}, conf
       c &= it.name.s
       c &= "."
       it = it.owner
+    c &= "#"
+    c &= s.disamb
 
-proc hashTree(c: var MD5Context, n: PNode; flags: set[ConsiderFlag]) =
+proc hashTree(c: var MD5Context, n: PNode; flags: set[ConsiderFlag]; conf: ConfigRef) =
   if n == nil:
     c &= "\255"
     return
@@ -77,7 +89,7 @@ proc hashTree(c: var MD5Context, n: PNode; flags: set[ConsiderFlag]) =
   of nkSym:
     hashSym(c, n.sym)
     if CoHashTypeInsideNode in flags and n.sym.typ != nil:
-      hashType(c, n.sym.typ, flags)
+      hashType(c, n.sym.typ, flags, conf)
   of nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit:
     let v = n.intVal
     lowlevel v
@@ -87,24 +99,24 @@ proc hashTree(c: var MD5Context, n: PNode; flags: set[ConsiderFlag]) =
   of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit:
     c &= n.strVal
   else:
-    for i in 0..<n.len: hashTree(c, n[i], flags)
+    for i in 0..<n.len: hashTree(c, n[i], flags, conf)
 
-proc hashType(c: var MD5Context, t: PType; flags: set[ConsiderFlag]) =
+proc hashType(c: var MD5Context, t: PType; flags: set[ConsiderFlag]; conf: ConfigRef) =
   if t == nil:
     c &= "\254"
     return
 
   case t.kind
   of tyGenericInvocation:
-    for i in 0..<t.len:
-      c.hashType t[i], flags
+    for a in t.kids:
+      c.hashType a, flags, conf
   of tyDistinct:
     if CoDistinct in flags:
       if t.sym != nil: c.hashSym(t.sym)
       if t.sym == nil or tfFromGeneric in t.flags:
-        c.hashType t.lastSon, flags
+        c.hashType t.elementType, flags, conf
     elif CoType in flags or t.sym == nil:
-      c.hashType t.lastSon, flags
+      c.hashType t.elementType, flags, conf
     else:
       c.hashSym(t.sym)
   of tyGenericInst:
@@ -113,16 +125,17 @@ proc hashType(c: var MD5Context, t: PType; flags: set[ConsiderFlag]) =
       # We cannot trust the `lastSon` to hold a properly populated and unique
       # value for each instantiation, so we hash the generic parameters here:
       let normalizedType = t.skipGenericAlias
-      for i in 0..<normalizedType.len - 1:
-        c.hashType t[i], flags
+      c.hashType normalizedType.genericHead, flags, conf
+      for _, a in normalizedType.genericInstParams:
+        c.hashType a, flags, conf
     else:
-      c.hashType t.lastSon, flags
+      c.hashType t.skipModifier, flags, conf
   of tyAlias, tySink, tyUserTypeClasses, tyInferred:
-    c.hashType t.lastSon, flags
+    c.hashType t.skipModifier, flags, conf
   of tyOwned:
     if CoConsiderOwned in flags:
       c &= char(t.kind)
-    c.hashType t.lastSon, flags
+    c.hashType t.skipModifier, flags, conf
   of tyBool, tyChar, tyInt..tyUInt64:
     # no canonicalization for integral types, so that e.g. ``pid_t`` is
     # produced instead of ``NI``:
@@ -135,8 +148,9 @@ proc hashType(c: var MD5Context, t: PType; flags: set[ConsiderFlag]) =
       let inst = t.typeInst
       t.typeInst = nil
       assert inst.kind == tyGenericInst
-      for i in 0..<inst.len - 1:
-        c.hashType inst[i], flags
+      c.hashType inst.genericHead, flags, conf
+      for _, a in inst.genericInstParams:
+        c.hashType a, flags, conf
       t.typeInst = inst
       return
     c &= char(t.kind)
@@ -144,22 +158,31 @@ proc hashType(c: var MD5Context, t: PType; flags: set[ConsiderFlag]) =
     # is actually safe without an infinite recursion check:
     if t.sym != nil:
       if {sfCompilerProc} * t.sym.flags != {}:
-        doAssert t.sym.loc.r != nil
+        doAssert t.sym.loc.snippet != ""
         # The user has set a specific name for this type
-        c &= t.sym.loc.r
+        c &= t.sym.loc.snippet
       elif CoOwnerSig in flags:
-        c.hashTypeSym(t.sym)
+        c.hashTypeSym(t.sym, conf)
       else:
         c.hashSym(t.sym)
-      if {sfAnon, sfGenSym} * t.sym.flags != {}:
+
+      var symWithFlags: PSym = nil
+      template hasFlag(sym): bool =
+        let ret = {sfAnon, sfGenSym} * sym.flags != {}
+        if ret: symWithFlags = sym
+        ret
+      if hasFlag(t.sym) or (t.kind == tyObject and t.owner.kind == skType and t.owner.typ.kind == tyRef and hasFlag(t.owner)):
+        # for `PFoo:ObjectType`, arising from `type PFoo = ref object`
         # Generated object names can be identical, so we need to
         # disambiguate furthermore by hashing the field types and names.
         if t.n.len > 0:
-          let oldFlags = t.sym.flags
-          # Mild hack to prevent endless recursion.
-          t.sym.flags.excl {sfAnon, sfGenSym}
-          hashTree(c, t.n, flags + {CoHashTypeInsideNode})
-          t.sym.flags = oldFlags
+          let oldFlags = symWithFlags.flags
+          # Hack to prevent endless recursion
+          # xxx instead, use a hash table to indicate we've already visited a type, which
+          # would also be more efficient.
+          symWithFlags.flags.excl {sfAnon, sfGenSym}
+          hashTree(c, t.n, flags + {CoHashTypeInsideNode}, conf)
+          symWithFlags.flags = oldFlags
         else:
           # The object has no fields: we _must_ add something here in order to
           # make the hash different from the one we produce by hashing only the
@@ -167,36 +190,40 @@ proc hashType(c: var MD5Context, t: PType; flags: set[ConsiderFlag]) =
           c &= ".empty"
     else:
       c &= t.id
-    if t.len > 0 and t[0] != nil:
-      hashType c, t[0], flags
-  of tyRef, tyPtr, tyGenericBody, tyVar:
+    if t.hasElementType and t.baseClass != nil:
+      hashType c, t.baseClass, flags, conf
+  of tyRef, tyPtr, tyVar:
     c &= char(t.kind)
-    c.hashType t.lastSon, flags
+    if t.hasElementType:
+      c.hashType t.elementType, flags, conf
     if tfVarIsPtr in t.flags: c &= ".varisptr"
+  of tyGenericBody:
+    c &= char(t.kind)
+    if t.hasElementType:
+      c.hashType t.typeBodyImpl, flags, conf
   of tyFromExpr:
     c &= char(t.kind)
-    c.hashTree(t.n, {})
+    c.hashTree(t.n, {}, conf)
   of tyTuple:
     c &= char(t.kind)
     if t.n != nil and CoType notin flags:
-      assert(t.n.len == t.len)
       for i in 0..<t.n.len:
         assert(t.n[i].kind == nkSym)
         c &= t.n[i].sym.name.s
         c &= ':'
-        c.hashType(t[i], flags+{CoIgnoreRange})
+        c.hashType(t.n[i].sym.typ, flags+{CoIgnoreRange}, conf)
         c &= ','
     else:
-      for i in 0..<t.len: c.hashType t[i], flags+{CoIgnoreRange}
+      for a in t.kids: c.hashType a, flags+{CoIgnoreRange}, conf
   of tyRange:
     if CoIgnoreRange notin flags:
       c &= char(t.kind)
-      c.hashTree(t.n, {})
-    c.hashType(t[0], flags)
+      c.hashTree(t.n, {}, conf)
+    c.hashType(t.elementType, flags, conf)
   of tyStatic:
     c &= char(t.kind)
-    c.hashTree(t.n, {})
-    c.hashType(t[0], flags)
+    c.hashTree(t.n, {}, conf)
+    c.hashType(t.skipModifier, flags, conf)
   of tyProc:
     c &= char(t.kind)
     c &= (if tfIterator in t.flags: "iterator " else: "proc ")
@@ -206,11 +233,11 @@ proc hashType(c: var MD5Context, t: PType; flags: set[ConsiderFlag]) =
         let param = params[i].sym
         c &= param.name.s
         c &= ':'
-        c.hashType(param.typ, flags)
+        c.hashType(param.typ, flags, conf)
         c &= ','
-      c.hashType(t[0], flags)
+      c.hashType(t.returnType, flags, conf)
     else:
-      for i in 0..<t.len: c.hashType(t[i], flags)
+      for a in t.signature: c.hashType(a, flags, conf)
     c &= char(t.callConv)
     # purity of functions doesn't have to affect the mangling (which is in fact
     # problematic for HCR - someone could have cached a pointer to another
@@ -222,10 +249,11 @@ proc hashType(c: var MD5Context, t: PType; flags: set[ConsiderFlag]) =
     if tfVarargs in t.flags: c &= ".varargs"
   of tyArray:
     c &= char(t.kind)
-    for i in 0..<t.len: c.hashType(t[i], flags-{CoIgnoreRange})
+    c.hashType(t.indexType, flags-{CoIgnoreRange}, conf)
+    c.hashType(t.elementType, flags-{CoIgnoreRange}, conf)
   else:
     c &= char(t.kind)
-    for i in 0..<t.len: c.hashType(t[i], flags)
+    for a in t.kids: c.hashType(a, flags, conf)
   if tfNotNil in t.flags and CoType notin flags: c &= "not nil"
 
 when defined(debugSigHashes):
@@ -242,19 +270,21 @@ when defined(debugSigHashes):
   #  select hash, type from sighashes where hash in
   # (select hash from sighashes group by hash having count(*) > 1) order by hash;
 
-proc hashType*(t: PType; flags: set[ConsiderFlag] = {CoType}): SigHash =
-  var c: MD5Context
+proc hashType*(t: PType; conf: ConfigRef; flags: set[ConsiderFlag] = {CoType}): SigHash =
+  result = default(SigHash)
+  var c: MD5Context = default(MD5Context)
   md5Init c
-  hashType c, t, flags+{CoOwnerSig}
+  hashType c, t, flags+{CoOwnerSig}, conf
   md5Final c, result.MD5Digest
   when defined(debugSigHashes):
     db.exec(sql"INSERT OR IGNORE INTO sighashes(type, hash) VALUES (?, ?)",
             typeToString(t), $result)
 
-proc hashProc*(s: PSym): SigHash =
-  var c: MD5Context
+proc hashProc(s: PSym; conf: ConfigRef): SigHash =
+  result = default(SigHash)
+  var c: MD5Context = default(MD5Context)
   md5Init c
-  hashType c, s.typ, {CoProc}
+  hashType c, s.typ, {CoProc}, conf
 
   var m = s
   while m.kind != skModule: m = m.owner
@@ -272,7 +302,8 @@ proc hashProc*(s: PSym): SigHash =
   md5Final c, result.MD5Digest
 
 proc hashNonProc*(s: PSym): SigHash =
-  var c: MD5Context
+  result = default(SigHash)
+  var c: MD5Context = default(MD5Context)
   md5Init c
   hashSym(c, s)
   var it = s
@@ -288,7 +319,8 @@ proc hashNonProc*(s: PSym): SigHash =
   md5Final c, result.MD5Digest
 
 proc hashOwner*(s: PSym): SigHash =
-  var c: MD5Context
+  result = default(SigHash)
+  var c: MD5Context = default(MD5Context)
   md5Init c
   var m = s
   while m.kind != skModule: m = m.owner
@@ -300,9 +332,9 @@ proc hashOwner*(s: PSym): SigHash =
 
   md5Final c, result.MD5Digest
 
-proc sigHash*(s: PSym): SigHash =
+proc sigHash*(s: PSym; conf: ConfigRef): SigHash =
   if s.kind in routineKinds and s.typ != nil:
-    result = hashProc(s)
+    result = hashProc(s, conf)
   else:
     result = hashNonProc(s)
 
@@ -319,7 +351,7 @@ proc hashVarSymBody(graph: ModuleGraph, c: var MD5Context, s: PSym) =
     c &= hashNonProc(s)
     # this one works for let and const but not for var. True variables can change value
     # later on. it is user resposibility to hash his global state if required
-    if s.ast != nil and s.ast.kind == nkIdentDefs:
+    if s.ast != nil and s.ast.kind in {nkIdentDefs, nkConstDef}:
       hashBodyTree(graph, c, s.ast[^1])
     else:
       hashBodyTree(graph, c, s.ast)
@@ -357,13 +389,13 @@ proc symBodyDigest*(graph: ModuleGraph, sym: PSym): SigHash =
   ## compute unique digest of the proc/func/method symbols
   ## recursing into invoked symbols as well
   assert(sym.kind in skProcKinds, $sym.kind)
-
+  result = default(SigHash)
   graph.symBodyHashes.withValue(sym.id, value):
     return value[]
 
-  var c: MD5Context
+  var c: MD5Context = default(MD5Context)
   md5Init(c)
-  c.hashType(sym.typ, {CoProc})
+  c.hashType(sym.typ, {CoProc}, graph.config)
   c &= char(sym.kind)
   c.md5Final(result.MD5Digest)
   graph.symBodyHashes[sym.id] = result # protect from recursion in the body
@@ -376,12 +408,12 @@ proc symBodyDigest*(graph: ModuleGraph, sym: PSym): SigHash =
     graph.symBodyHashes[sym.id] = result
 
 proc idOrSig*(s: PSym, currentModule: string,
-              sigCollisions: var CountTable[SigHash]): Rope =
+              sigCollisions: var CountTable[SigHash]; conf: ConfigRef): Rope =
   if s.kind in routineKinds and s.typ != nil:
     # signatures for exported routines are reliable enough to
-    # produce a unique name and this means produced C++ is more stable wrt
+    # produce a unique name and this means produced C++ is more stable regarding
     # Nim changes:
-    let sig = hashProc(s)
+    let sig = hashProc(s, conf)
     result = rope($sig)
     #let m = if s.typ.callConv != ccInline: findPendingModule(m, s) else: m
     let counter = sigCollisions.getOrDefault(sig)
diff --git a/compiler/sigmatch.nim b/compiler/sigmatch.nim
index 87f7c273b..6ea2c7bb5 100644
--- a/compiler/sigmatch.nim
+++ b/compiler/sigmatch.nim
@@ -11,14 +11,20 @@
 ## the call to overloaded procs, generic procs and operators.
 
 import
-  intsets, ast, astalgo, semdata, types, msgs, renderer, lookups, semtypinst,
-  magicsys, idents, lexer, options, parampatterns, strutils, trees,
+  ast, astalgo, semdata, types, msgs, renderer, lookups, semtypinst,
+  magicsys, idents, lexer, options, parampatterns, trees,
   linter, lineinfos, lowerings, modulegraphs, concepts
 
+import std/[intsets, strutils, tables]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 type
   MismatchKind* = enum
     kUnknown, kAlreadyGiven, kUnknownNamedParam, kTypeMismatch, kVarNeeded,
-    kMissingParam, kExtraArg, kPositionalAlreadyGiven
+    kMissingParam, kExtraArg, kPositionalAlreadyGiven,
+    kGenericParamTypeMismatch, kMissingGenericParam, kExtraGenericParam
 
   MismatchInfo* = object
     kind*: MismatchKind # reason for mismatch
@@ -50,12 +56,12 @@ type
     calleeScope*: int        # scope depth:
                              # is this a top-level symbol or a nested proc?
     call*: PNode             # modified call
-    bindings*: TIdTable      # maps types to types
+    bindings*: TypeMapping   # maps types to types
     magic*: TMagic           # magic of operation
     baseTypeMatch: bool      # needed for conversions from T to openarray[T]
                              # for example
-    fauxMatch*: TTypeKind    # the match was successful only due to the use
-                             # of error or wildcard (unknown) types.
+    matchedErrorType*: bool  # match is considered successful after matching
+                             # error type to avoid cascading errors
                              # this is used to prevent instantiations.
     genericConverter*: bool  # true if a generic converter needs to
                              # be instantiated
@@ -75,7 +81,8 @@ type
                               # or when the explain pragma is used. may be
                               # triggered with an idetools command in the
                               # future.
-    inheritancePenalty: int   # to prefer closest father object type
+                              # to prefer closest father object type
+    inheritancePenalty: int
     firstMismatch*: MismatchInfo # mismatch info for better error messages
     diagnosticsEnabled*: bool
 
@@ -83,60 +90,38 @@ type
     trDontBind
     trNoCovariance
     trBindGenericParam  # bind tyGenericParam even with trDontBind
+    trIsOutParam
 
   TTypeRelFlags* = set[TTypeRelFlag]
 
-  TTypeRelation* = enum      # order is important!
-    isNone, isConvertible,
-    isIntConv,
-    isSubtype,
-    isSubrange,              # subrange of the wanted type; no type conversion
-                             # but apart from that counts as ``isSubtype``
-    isBothMetaConvertible    # generic proc parameter was matched against
-                             # generic type, e.g., map(mySeq, x=>x+1),
-                             # maybe recoverable by rerun if the parameter is
-                             # the proc's return value
-    isInferred,              # generic proc was matched against a concrete type
-    isInferredConvertible,   # same as above, but requiring proc CC conversion
-    isGeneric,
-    isFromIntLit,            # conversion *from* int literal; proven safe
-    isEqual
 
 const
   isNilConversion = isConvertible # maybe 'isIntConv' fits better?
+  maxInheritancePenalty = high(int) div 2
 
-proc markUsed*(c: PContext; info: TLineInfo, s: PSym)
+proc markUsed*(c: PContext; info: TLineInfo, s: PSym; checkStyle = true)
 proc markOwnerModuleAsUsed*(c: PContext; s: PSym)
 
-template hasFauxMatch*(c: TCandidate): bool = c.fauxMatch != tyNone
-
 proc initCandidateAux(ctx: PContext,
-                      c: var TCandidate, callee: PType) {.inline.} =
-  c.c = ctx
-  c.exactMatches = 0
-  c.subtypeMatches = 0
-  c.convMatches = 0
-  c.intConvMatches = 0
-  c.genericMatches = 0
-  c.state = csEmpty
-  c.firstMismatch = MismatchInfo()
-  c.callee = callee
-  c.call = nil
-  c.baseTypeMatch = false
-  c.genericConverter = false
-  c.inheritancePenalty = 0
-
-proc initCandidate*(ctx: PContext, c: var TCandidate, callee: PType) =
-  initCandidateAux(ctx, c, callee)
-  c.calleeSym = nil
-  initIdTable(c.bindings)
+                      callee: PType): TCandidate {.inline.} =
+  result = TCandidate(c: ctx, exactMatches: 0, subtypeMatches: 0,
+                      convMatches: 0, intConvMatches: 0, genericMatches: 0,
+                      state: csEmpty, firstMismatch: MismatchInfo(),
+                      callee: callee, call: nil, baseTypeMatch: false,
+                      genericConverter: false, inheritancePenalty: -1
+  )
+
+proc initCandidate*(ctx: PContext, callee: PType): TCandidate =
+  result = initCandidateAux(ctx, callee)
+  result.calleeSym = nil
+  result.bindings = initTypeMapping()
 
 proc put(c: var TCandidate, key, val: PType) {.inline.} =
   ## Given: proc foo[T](x: T); foo(4)
   ## key: 'T'
   ## val: 'int' (typeof(4))
   when false:
-    let old = PType(idTableGet(c.bindings, key))
+    let old = idTableGet(c.bindings, key)
     if old != nil:
       echo "Putting ", typeToString(key), " ", typeToString(val), " and old is ", typeToString(old)
       if typeToString(old) == "float32":
@@ -145,78 +130,174 @@ proc put(c: var TCandidate, key, val: PType) {.inline.} =
       echo "binding ", key, " -> ", val
   idTablePut(c.bindings, key, val.skipIntLit(c.c.idgen))
 
-proc initCandidate*(ctx: PContext, c: var TCandidate, callee: PSym,
+proc typeRel*(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
+              flags: TTypeRelFlags = {}): TTypeRelation
+
+proc matchGenericParam(m: var TCandidate, formal: PType, n: PNode) =
+  var arg = n.typ
+  if m.c.inGenericContext > 0:
+    # don't match yet-unresolved generic instantiations
+    while arg != nil and arg.kind == tyGenericParam:
+      arg = idTableGet(m.bindings, arg)
+    if arg == nil or arg.containsUnresolvedType:
+      m.state = csNoMatch
+      return
+  # fix up the type to get ready to match formal:
+  var formalBase = formal
+  while formalBase.kind == tyGenericParam and
+      formalBase.genericParamHasConstraints:
+    formalBase = formalBase.genericConstraint
+  if formalBase.kind == tyStatic and arg.kind != tyStatic:
+    # maybe call `paramTypesMatch` here, for now be conservative
+    if n.kind in nkSymChoices: n.flags.excl nfSem
+    let evaluated = m.c.semTryConstExpr(m.c, n, formalBase.skipTypes({tyStatic}))
+    if evaluated != nil:
+      arg = newTypeS(tyStatic, m.c, son = evaluated.typ)
+      arg.n = evaluated
+  elif formalBase.kind == tyTypeDesc:
+    if arg.kind != tyTypeDesc:
+      arg = makeTypeDesc(m.c, arg)
+  else:
+    arg = arg.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
+  let tm = typeRel(m, formal, arg)
+  if tm in {isNone, isConvertible}:
+    m.state = csNoMatch
+    m.firstMismatch.kind = kGenericParamTypeMismatch
+    return
+
+proc matchGenericParams*(m: var TCandidate, binding: PNode, callee: PSym) =
+  ## matches explicit generic instantiation `binding` against generic params of
+  ## proc symbol `callee`
+  ## state is set to `csMatch` if all generic params match, `csEmpty` if
+  ## implicit generic parameters are missing (matches but cannot instantiate),
+  ## `csNoMatch` if a constraint fails or param count doesn't match
+  let c = m.c
+  let typeParams = callee.ast[genericParamsPos]
+  let paramCount = typeParams.len
+  let bindingCount = binding.len-1
+  if bindingCount > paramCount:
+    m.state = csNoMatch
+    m.firstMismatch.kind = kExtraGenericParam
+    m.firstMismatch.arg = paramCount + 1
+    return
+  for i in 1..bindingCount:
+    matchGenericParam(m, typeParams[i-1].typ, binding[i])
+    if m.state == csNoMatch:
+      m.firstMismatch.arg = i
+      m.firstMismatch.formal = typeParams[i-1].sym
+      return
+  # not enough generic params given, check if remaining have defaults:
+  for i in bindingCount ..< paramCount:
+    let param = typeParams[i]
+    assert param.kind == nkSym
+    let paramSym = param.sym
+    if paramSym.ast != nil:
+      matchGenericParam(m, param.typ, paramSym.ast)
+      if m.state == csNoMatch:
+        m.firstMismatch.arg = i + 1
+        m.firstMismatch.formal = paramSym
+        return
+    elif tfImplicitTypeParam in paramSym.typ.flags:
+      # not a mismatch, but can't create sym
+      m.state = csEmpty
+      return
+    else:
+      m.state = csNoMatch
+      m.firstMismatch.kind = kMissingGenericParam
+      m.firstMismatch.arg = i + 1
+      m.firstMismatch.formal = paramSym
+      return
+  m.state = csMatch
+
+proc copyingEraseVoidParams(m: TCandidate, t: var PType) =
+  ## if `t` is a proc type with void parameters, copies it and erases them
+  assert t.kind == tyProc
+  let original = t
+  var copied = false
+  for i in 1 ..< original.len:
+    var f = original[i]
+    var isVoidParam = f.kind == tyVoid
+    if not isVoidParam:
+      let prev = idTableGet(m.bindings, f)
+      if prev != nil: f = prev
+      isVoidParam = f.kind == tyVoid
+    if isVoidParam:
+      if not copied:
+        # keep first i children
+        t = copyType(original, m.c.idgen, t.owner)
+        t.setSonsLen(i)
+        t.n = copyNode(original.n)
+        t.n.sons = original.n.sons
+        t.n.sons.setLen(i)
+        copied = true
+    elif copied:
+      t.add(f)
+      t.n.add(original.n[i])
+
+proc initCandidate*(ctx: PContext, callee: PSym,
                     binding: PNode, calleeScope = -1,
-                    diagnosticsEnabled = false) =
-  initCandidateAux(ctx, c, callee.typ)
-  c.calleeSym = callee
+                    diagnosticsEnabled = false): TCandidate =
+  result = initCandidateAux(ctx, callee.typ)
+  result.calleeSym = callee
   if callee.kind in skProcKinds and calleeScope == -1:
-    if callee.originatingModule == ctx.module:
-      c.calleeScope = 2
-      var owner = callee
-      while true:
-        owner = owner.skipGenericOwner
-        if owner.kind == skModule: break
-        inc c.calleeScope
-    else:
-      c.calleeScope = 1
+    result.calleeScope = cmpScopes(ctx, callee)
   else:
-    c.calleeScope = calleeScope
-  c.diagnostics = @[] # if diagnosticsEnabled: @[] else: nil
-  c.diagnosticsEnabled = diagnosticsEnabled
-  c.magic = c.calleeSym.magic
-  initIdTable(c.bindings)
+    result.calleeScope = calleeScope
+  result.diagnostics = @[] # if diagnosticsEnabled: @[] else: nil
+  result.diagnosticsEnabled = diagnosticsEnabled
+  result.magic = result.calleeSym.magic
+  result.bindings = initTypeMapping()
   if binding != nil and callee.kind in routineKinds:
-    var typeParams = callee.ast[genericParamsPos]
-    for i in 1..min(typeParams.len, binding.len-1):
-      var formalTypeParam = typeParams[i-1].typ
-      var bound = binding[i].typ
-      if bound != nil:
-        if formalTypeParam.kind == tyTypeDesc:
-          if bound.kind != tyTypeDesc:
-            bound = makeTypeDesc(ctx, bound)
-        else:
-          bound = bound.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
-        put(c, formalTypeParam, bound)
+    matchGenericParams(result, binding, callee)
+    let genericMatch = result.state
+    if genericMatch != csNoMatch:
+      result.state = csEmpty
+      if genericMatch == csMatch: # csEmpty if not fully instantiated
+        # instantiate the type, emulates old compiler behavior
+        # wouldn't be needed if sigmatch could handle complex cases,
+        # examples are in texplicitgenerics
+        # might be buggy, see rest of generateInstance if problems occur
+        let typ = ctx.instantiateOnlyProcType(ctx, result.bindings, callee, binding.info)
+        result.callee = typ
+      else:
+        # createThread[void] requires this if the above branch is removed:
+        copyingEraseVoidParams(result, result.callee)
 
 proc newCandidate*(ctx: PContext, callee: PSym,
                    binding: PNode, calleeScope = -1): TCandidate =
-  initCandidate(ctx, result, callee, binding, calleeScope)
+  result = initCandidate(ctx, callee, binding, calleeScope)
 
 proc newCandidate*(ctx: PContext, callee: PType): TCandidate =
-  initCandidate(ctx, result, callee)
-
-proc copyCandidate(a: var TCandidate, b: TCandidate) =
-  a.c = b.c
-  a.exactMatches = b.exactMatches
-  a.subtypeMatches = b.subtypeMatches
-  a.convMatches = b.convMatches
-  a.intConvMatches = b.intConvMatches
-  a.genericMatches = b.genericMatches
-  a.state = b.state
-  a.callee = b.callee
-  a.calleeSym = b.calleeSym
-  a.call = copyTree(b.call)
-  a.baseTypeMatch = b.baseTypeMatch
-  copyIdTable(a.bindings, b.bindings)
-
-proc typeRel*(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
-              flags: TTypeRelFlags = {}): TTypeRelation
+  result = initCandidate(ctx, callee)
+
+proc copyCandidate(dest: var TCandidate, src: TCandidate) =
+  dest.c = src.c
+  dest.exactMatches = src.exactMatches
+  dest.subtypeMatches = src.subtypeMatches
+  dest.convMatches = src.convMatches
+  dest.intConvMatches = src.intConvMatches
+  dest.genericMatches = src.genericMatches
+  dest.state = src.state
+  dest.callee = src.callee
+  dest.calleeSym = src.calleeSym
+  dest.call = copyTree(src.call)
+  dest.baseTypeMatch = src.baseTypeMatch
+  dest.bindings = src.bindings
 
 proc checkGeneric(a, b: TCandidate): int =
   let c = a.c
   let aa = a.callee
   let bb = b.callee
   var winner = 0
-  for i in 1..<min(aa.len, bb.len):
-    var ma = newCandidate(c, bb[i])
-    let tra = typeRel(ma, bb[i], aa[i], {trDontBind})
-    var mb = newCandidate(c, aa[i])
-    let trb = typeRel(mb, aa[i], bb[i], {trDontBind})
-    if tra == isGeneric and trb == isNone:
+  for aai, bbi in underspecifiedPairs(aa, bb, 1):
+    var ma = newCandidate(c, bbi)
+    let tra = typeRel(ma, bbi, aai, {trDontBind})
+    var mb = newCandidate(c, aai)
+    let trb = typeRel(mb, aai, bbi, {trDontBind})
+    if tra == isGeneric and trb in {isNone, isInferred, isInferredConvertible}:
       if winner == -1: return 0
       winner = 1
-    if trb == isGeneric and tra == isNone:
+    if trb == isGeneric and tra in {isNone, isInferred, isInferredConvertible}:
       if winner == 1: return 0
       winner = -1
   result = winner
@@ -225,53 +306,65 @@ proc sumGeneric(t: PType): int =
   # count the "genericness" so that Foo[Foo[T]] has the value 3
   # and Foo[T] has the value 2 so that we know Foo[Foo[T]] is more
   # specific than Foo[T].
+  result = 0
   var t = t
-  var isvar = 1
   while true:
     case t.kind
-    of tyGenericInst, tyArray, tyRef, tyPtr, tyDistinct, tyUncheckedArray,
-        tyOpenArray, tyVarargs, tySet, tyRange, tySequence, tyGenericBody,
-        tyLent, tyOwned:
-      t = t.lastSon
+    of tyAlias, tySink, tyNot: t = t.skipModifier
+    of tyArray, tyRef, tyPtr, tyDistinct, tyUncheckedArray,
+        tyOpenArray, tyVarargs, tySet, tyRange, tySequence,
+        tyLent, tyOwned, tyVar:
+      t = t.elementType
+      inc result
+    of tyBool, tyChar, tyEnum, tyObject, tyPointer, tyVoid,
+        tyString, tyCstring, tyInt..tyInt64, tyFloat..tyFloat128,
+        tyUInt..tyUInt64, tyCompositeTypeClass, tyBuiltInTypeClass:
+      inc result
+      break
+    of tyGenericBody:
+      t = t.typeBodyImpl
+    of tyGenericInst, tyStatic:
+      t = t.skipModifier
       inc result
     of tyOr:
       var maxBranch = 0
-      for branch in t.sons:
+      for branch in t.kids:
         let branchSum = sumGeneric(branch)
         if branchSum > maxBranch: maxBranch = branchSum
       inc result, maxBranch
       break
-    of tyVar:
-      t = t[0]
-      inc result
-      inc isvar
     of tyTypeDesc:
-      t = t.lastSon
+      t = t.elementType
       if t.kind == tyEmpty: break
       inc result
-    of tyGenericInvocation, tyTuple, tyProc, tyAnd:
-      result += ord(t.kind in {tyGenericInvocation, tyAnd})
-      for i in 0..<t.len:
-        if t[i] != nil:
-          result += sumGeneric(t[i])
+    of tyGenericParam:
+      if t.len > 0:
+        t = t.skipModifier
+      else:
+        inc result
+        break
+    of tyUntyped, tyTyped: break
+    of tyGenericInvocation, tyTuple, tyAnd:
+      result += ord(t.kind == tyAnd)
+      for a in t.kids:
+        if a != nil:
+          result += sumGeneric(a)
+      break
+    of tyProc:
+      if t.returnType != nil:
+        result += sumGeneric(t.returnType)
+      for _, a in t.paramTypes:
+        result += sumGeneric(a)
       break
-    of tyStatic:
-      return sumGeneric(t[0]) + 1
-    of tyGenericParam, tyUntyped, tyTyped: break
-    of tyAlias, tySink: t = t.lastSon
-    of tyBool, tyChar, tyEnum, tyObject, tyPointer,
-        tyString, tyCString, tyInt..tyInt64, tyFloat..tyFloat128,
-        tyUInt..tyUInt64, tyCompositeTypeClass:
-      return isvar
     else:
-      return 0
+      break
 
 proc complexDisambiguation(a, b: PType): int =
   # 'a' matches better if *every* argument matches better or equal than 'b'.
   var winner = 0
-  for i in 1..<min(a.len, b.len):
-    let x = a[i].sumGeneric
-    let y = b[i].sumGeneric
+  for ai, bi in underspecifiedPairs(a, b, 1):
+    let x = ai.sumGeneric
+    let y = bi.sumGeneric
     if x != y:
       if winner == 0:
         if x > y: winner = 1
@@ -286,8 +379,8 @@ proc complexDisambiguation(a, b: PType): int =
   result = winner
   when false:
     var x, y: int
-    for i in 1..<a.len: x += a[i].sumGeneric
-    for i in 1..<b.len: y += b[i].sumGeneric
+    for i in 1..<a.len: x += ai.sumGeneric
+    for i in 1..<b.len: y += bi.sumGeneric
     result = x - y
 
 proc writeMatches*(c: TCandidate) =
@@ -299,7 +392,16 @@ proc writeMatches*(c: TCandidate) =
   echo "  conv matches: ", c.convMatches
   echo "  inheritance: ", c.inheritancePenalty
 
-proc cmpCandidates*(a, b: TCandidate): int =
+proc cmpInheritancePenalty(a, b: int): int =
+  var eb = b
+  var ea = a
+  if b < 0:
+    eb = maxInheritancePenalty  # defacto max penalty
+  if a < 0:
+    ea = maxInheritancePenalty
+  eb - ea
+
+proc cmpCandidates*(a, b: TCandidate, isFormal=true): int =
   result = a.exactMatches - b.exactMatches
   if result != 0: return
   result = a.genericMatches - b.genericMatches
@@ -310,16 +412,16 @@ proc cmpCandidates*(a, b: TCandidate): int =
   if result != 0: return
   result = a.convMatches - b.convMatches
   if result != 0: return
-  # the other way round because of other semantics:
-  result = b.inheritancePenalty - a.inheritancePenalty
+  result = cmpInheritancePenalty(a.inheritancePenalty, b.inheritancePenalty)
   if result != 0: return
-  # check for generic subclass relation
-  result = checkGeneric(a, b)
+  if isFormal:
+    # check for generic subclass relation
+    result = checkGeneric(a, b)
+    if result != 0: return
+    # prefer more specialized generic over more general generic:
+    result = complexDisambiguation(a.callee, b.callee)
   if result != 0: return
-  # prefer more specialized generic over more general generic:
-  result = complexDisambiguation(a.callee, b.callee)
   # only as a last resort, consider scoping:
-  if result != 0: return
   result = a.calleeScope - b.calleeScope
 
 proc argTypeToString(arg: PNode; prefer: TPreferedDesc): string =
@@ -333,26 +435,44 @@ proc argTypeToString(arg: PNode; prefer: TPreferedDesc): string =
   else:
     result = arg.typ.typeToString(prefer)
 
-proc describeArgs*(c: PContext, n: PNode, startIdx = 1; prefer = preferName): string =
-  result = ""
-  for i in startIdx..<n.len:
-    var arg = n[i]
-    if n[i].kind == nkExprEqExpr:
-      result.add renderTree(n[i][0])
-      result.add ": "
-      if arg.typ.isNil and arg.kind notin {nkStmtList, nkDo}:
-        # XXX we really need to 'tryExpr' here!
-        arg = c.semOperand(c, n[i][1])
+template describeArgImpl(c: PContext, n: PNode, i: int, startIdx = 1; prefer = preferName) =
+  var arg = n[i]
+  if n[i].kind == nkExprEqExpr:
+    result.add renderTree(n[i][0])
+    result.add ": "
+    if arg.typ.isNil and arg.kind notin {nkStmtList, nkDo}:
+      arg = c.semTryExpr(c, n[i][1])
+      if arg == nil:
+        arg = n[i][1]
+        arg.typ = newTypeS(tyUntyped, c)
+      else:
+        if arg.typ == nil:
+          arg.typ = newTypeS(tyVoid, c)
         n[i].typ = arg.typ
         n[i][1] = arg
-    else:
-      if arg.typ.isNil and arg.kind notin {nkStmtList, nkDo, nkElse,
-                                           nkOfBranch, nkElifBranch,
-                                           nkExceptBranch}:
-        arg = c.semOperand(c, n[i])
+  else:
+    if arg.typ.isNil and arg.kind notin {nkStmtList, nkDo, nkElse,
+                                          nkOfBranch, nkElifBranch,
+                                          nkExceptBranch}:
+      arg = c.semTryExpr(c, n[i])
+      if arg == nil:
+        arg = n[i]
+        arg.typ = newTypeS(tyUntyped, c)
+      else:
+        if arg.typ == nil:
+          arg.typ = newTypeS(tyVoid, c)
         n[i] = arg
-    if arg.typ != nil and arg.typ.kind == tyError: return
-    result.add argTypeToString(arg, prefer)
+  if arg.typ != nil and arg.typ.kind == tyError: return
+  result.add argTypeToString(arg, prefer)
+
+proc describeArg*(c: PContext, n: PNode, i: int, startIdx = 1; prefer = preferName): string =
+  result = ""
+  describeArgImpl(c, n, i, startIdx, prefer)
+
+proc describeArgs*(c: PContext, n: PNode, startIdx = 1; prefer = preferName): string =
+  result = ""
+  for i in startIdx..<n.len:
+    describeArgImpl(c, n, i, startIdx, prefer)
     if i != n.len - 1: result.add ", "
 
 proc concreteType(c: TCandidate, t: PType; f: PType = nil): PType =
@@ -361,12 +481,13 @@ proc concreteType(c: TCandidate, t: PType; f: PType = nil): PType =
     if c.isNoCall: result = t
     else: result = nil
   of tySequence, tySet:
-    if t[0].kind == tyEmpty: result = nil
+    if t.elementType.kind == tyEmpty: result = nil
     else: result = t
   of tyGenericParam, tyAnything, tyConcept:
     result = t
+    if c.isNoCall: return
     while true:
-      result = PType(idTableGet(c.bindings, t))
+      result = idTableGet(c.bindings, t)
       if result == nil:
         break # it's ok, no match
         # example code that triggers it:
@@ -377,22 +498,31 @@ proc concreteType(c: TCandidate, t: PType; f: PType = nil): PType =
   of tyOwned:
     # bug #11257: the comparison system.`==`[T: proc](x, y: T) works
     # better without the 'owned' type:
-    if f != nil and f.len > 0 and f[0].skipTypes({tyBuiltInTypeClass}).kind == tyProc:
-      result = t.lastSon
+    if f != nil and f.hasElementType and f.elementType.skipTypes({tyBuiltInTypeClass, tyOr}).kind == tyProc:
+      result = t.skipModifier
     else:
       result = t
   else:
     result = t                # Note: empty is valid here
 
-proc handleRange(f, a: PType, min, max: TTypeKind): TTypeRelation =
+proc handleRange(c: PContext, f, a: PType, min, max: TTypeKind): TTypeRelation =
   if a.kind == f.kind:
     result = isEqual
   else:
     let ab = skipTypes(a, {tyRange})
     let k = ab.kind
-    if k == f.kind: result = isSubrange
-    elif k == tyInt and f.kind in {tyRange, tyInt8..tyInt64,
-                                   tyUInt..tyUInt64} and
+    let nf = c.config.normalizeKind(f.kind)
+    let na = c.config.normalizeKind(k)
+    if k == f.kind:
+      # `a` is a range type matching its base type
+      # see very bottom for range types matching different types
+      if isIntLit(ab):
+        # range type can only give isFromIntLit for base type
+        result = isFromIntLit
+      else:
+        result = isSubrange
+    elif a.kind == tyInt and f.kind in {tyRange, tyInt..tyInt64,
+                                        tyUInt..tyUInt64} and
         isIntLit(ab) and getInt(ab.n) >= firstOrd(nil, f) and
                          getInt(ab.n) <= lastOrd(nil, f):
       # passing 'nil' to firstOrd/lastOrd here as type checking rules should
@@ -400,23 +530,27 @@ proc handleRange(f, a: PType, min, max: TTypeKind): TTypeRelation =
       # integer literal in the proper range; we want ``i16 + 4`` to stay an
       # ``int16`` operation so we declare the ``4`` pseudo-equal to int16
       result = isFromIntLit
-    elif f.kind == tyInt and k in {tyInt8..tyInt32}:
+    elif a.kind == tyInt and nf == c.config.targetSizeSignedToKind:
+      result = isIntConv
+    elif a.kind == tyUInt and nf == c.config.targetSizeUnsignedToKind:
       result = isIntConv
-    elif f.kind == tyUInt and k in {tyUInt8..tyUInt32}:
+    elif f.kind == tyInt and na in {tyInt8 .. pred(c.config.targetSizeSignedToKind)}:
+      result = isIntConv
+    elif f.kind == tyUInt and na in {tyUInt8 .. pred(c.config.targetSizeUnsignedToKind)}:
       result = isIntConv
     elif k >= min and k <= max:
       result = isConvertible
     elif a.kind == tyRange and
       # Make sure the conversion happens between types w/ same signedness
       (f.kind in {tyInt..tyInt64} and a[0].kind in {tyInt..tyInt64} or
-       f.kind in {tyUInt8..tyUInt32} and a[0].kind in {tyUInt8..tyInt32}) and
+       f.kind in {tyUInt8..tyUInt32} and a[0].kind in {tyUInt8..tyUInt32}) and
       a.n[0].intVal >= firstOrd(nil, f) and a.n[1].intVal <= lastOrd(nil, f):
       # passing 'nil' to firstOrd/lastOrd here as type checking rules should
       # not depend on the target integer size configurations!
       result = isConvertible
     else: result = isNone
 
-proc isConvertibleToRange(f, a: PType): bool =
+proc isConvertibleToRange(c: PContext, f, a: PType): bool =
   if f.kind in {tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64} and
      a.kind in {tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64}:
     case f.kind
@@ -424,18 +558,21 @@ proc isConvertibleToRange(f, a: PType): bool =
     of tyInt16: result = isIntLit(a) or a.kind in {tyInt8, tyInt16}
     of tyInt32: result = isIntLit(a) or a.kind in {tyInt8, tyInt16, tyInt32}
     # This is wrong, but seems like there's a lot of code that relies on it :(
-    of tyInt, tyUInt, tyUInt64: result = true
+    of tyInt, tyUInt: result = true
+    # of tyInt: result = isIntLit(a) or a.kind in {tyInt8 .. c.config.targetSizeSignedToKind}
     of tyInt64: result = isIntLit(a) or a.kind in {tyInt8, tyInt16, tyInt32, tyInt, tyInt64}
     of tyUInt8: result = isIntLit(a) or a.kind in {tyUInt8}
     of tyUInt16: result = isIntLit(a) or a.kind in {tyUInt8, tyUInt16}
     of tyUInt32: result = isIntLit(a) or a.kind in {tyUInt8, tyUInt16, tyUInt32}
-    #of tyUInt: result = isIntLit(a) or a.kind in {tyUInt8, tyUInt16, tyUInt32, tyUInt}
-    #of tyUInt64: result = isIntLit(a) or a.kind in {tyUInt8, tyUInt16, tyUInt32, tyUInt, tyUInt64}
+    # of tyUInt: result = isIntLit(a) or a.kind in {tyUInt8 .. c.config.targetSizeUnsignedToKind}
+    of tyUInt64: result = isIntLit(a) or a.kind in {tyUInt8, tyUInt16, tyUInt32, tyUInt64}
     else: result = false
   elif f.kind in {tyFloat..tyFloat128}:
     # `isIntLit` is correct and should be used above as well, see PR:
     # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/11197
     result = isIntLit(a) or a.kind in {tyFloat..tyFloat128}
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc handleFloatRange(f, a: PType): TTypeRelation =
   if a.kind == f.kind:
@@ -452,11 +589,50 @@ proc handleFloatRange(f, a: PType): TTypeRelation =
       else: result = isIntConv
     else: result = isNone
 
+proc reduceToBase(f: PType): PType =
+  #[
+    Returns the lowest order (most general) type that that is compatible with the input.
+    E.g.
+    A[T] = ptr object ... A -> ptr object
+    A[N: static[int]] = array[N, int] ... A -> array
+  ]#
+  case f.kind:
+  of tyGenericParam:
+    if f.len <= 0 or f.skipModifier == nil:
+      result = f
+    else:
+      result = reduceToBase(f.skipModifier)
+  of tyGenericInvocation:
+    result = reduceToBase(f.baseClass)
+  of tyCompositeTypeClass, tyAlias:
+    if not f.hasElementType or f.elementType == nil:
+      result = f
+    else:
+      result = reduceToBase(f.elementType)
+  of tyGenericInst:
+    result = reduceToBase(f.skipModifier)
+  of tyGenericBody:
+    result = reduceToBase(f.typeBodyImpl)
+  of tyUserTypeClass:
+    if f.isResolvedUserTypeClass:
+      result = f.base  # ?? idk if this is right
+    else:
+      result = f.skipModifier
+  of tyStatic, tyOwned, tyVar, tyLent, tySink:
+    result = reduceToBase(f.base)
+  of tyInferred:
+    # This is not true "After a candidate type is selected"
+    result = reduceToBase(f.base)
+  of tyRange:
+    result = f.elementType
+  else:
+    result = f
+
 proc genericParamPut(c: var TCandidate; last, fGenericOrigin: PType) =
   if fGenericOrigin != nil and last.kind == tyGenericInst and
-     last.len-1 == fGenericOrigin.len:
-    for i in 1..<fGenericOrigin.len:
-      let x = PType(idTableGet(c.bindings, fGenericOrigin[i]))
+     last.kidsLen-1 == fGenericOrigin.kidsLen:
+    for i in FirstGenericParamAt..<fGenericOrigin.kidsLen:
+      let x = idTableGet(c.bindings, fGenericOrigin[i])
       if x == nil:
         put(c, fGenericOrigin[i], last[i])
 
@@ -466,8 +642,9 @@ proc isObjectSubtype(c: var TCandidate; a, f, fGenericOrigin: PType): int =
   var depth = 0
   var last = a
   while t != nil and not sameObjectTypes(f, t):
-    assert t.kind == tyObject
-    t = t[0]
+    if t.kind != tyObject:  # avoid entering generic params etc
+      return -1
+    t = t.baseClass
     if t == nil: break
     last = t
     t = skipTypes(t, skipPtrs)
@@ -488,20 +665,23 @@ proc skipToObject(t: PType; skipped: var SkippedPtr): PType =
   while r != nil:
     case r.kind
     of tyGenericInvocation:
-      r = r[0]
+      r = r.genericHead
     of tyRef:
       inc ptrs
       skipped = skippedRef
-      r = r.lastSon
+      r = r.elementType
     of tyPtr:
       inc ptrs
       skipped = skippedPtr
-      r = r.lastSon
-    of tyGenericBody, tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned:
-      r = r.lastSon
+      r = r.elementType
+    of tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned:
+      r = r.elementType
+    of tyGenericBody:
+      r = r.typeBodyImpl
     else:
       break
   if r.kind == tyObject and ptrs <= 1: result = r
+  else: result = nil
 
 proc isGenericSubtype(c: var TCandidate; a, f: PType, d: var int, fGenericOrigin: PType): bool =
   assert f.kind in {tyGenericInst, tyGenericInvocation, tyGenericBody}
@@ -515,7 +695,7 @@ proc isGenericSubtype(c: var TCandidate; a, f: PType, d: var int, fGenericOrigin
   # XXX sameObjectType can return false here. Need to investigate
   # why that is but sameObjectType does way too much work here anyway.
   while t != nil and r.sym != t.sym and askip == fskip:
-    t = t[0]
+    t = t.baseClass
     if t == nil: break
     last = t
     t = t.skipToObject(askip)
@@ -524,22 +704,29 @@ proc isGenericSubtype(c: var TCandidate; a, f: PType, d: var int, fGenericOrigin
     genericParamPut(c, last, fGenericOrigin)
     d = depth
     result = true
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc minRel(a, b: TTypeRelation): TTypeRelation =
   if a <= b: result = a
   else: result = b
 
-proc recordRel(c: var TCandidate, f, a: PType): TTypeRelation =
+proc recordRel(c: var TCandidate, f, a: PType, flags: TTypeRelFlags): TTypeRelation =
   result = isNone
   if sameType(f, a):
     result = isEqual
-  elif a.len == f.len:
+  elif sameTupleLengths(a, f):
     result = isEqual
     let firstField = if f.kind == tyTuple: 0
                      else: 1
-    for i in firstField..<f.len:
-      var m = typeRel(c, f[i], a[i])
+    for _, ff, aa in tupleTypePairs(f, a):
+      var m = typeRel(c, ff, aa, flags)
       if m < isSubtype: return isNone
+      if m == isSubtype and aa.kind != tyNil and c.inheritancePenalty > -1:
+        # we can't process individual element type conversions from a
+        # type conversion for the whole tuple
+        # subtype relations need type conversions when inheritance is used
+        return isNone
       result = minRel(result, m)
     if f.n != nil and a.n != nil:
       for i in 0..<f.n.len:
@@ -549,7 +736,7 @@ proc recordRel(c: var TCandidate, f, a: PType): TTypeRelation =
         else:
           var x = f.n[i].sym
           var y = a.n[i].sym
-          if f.kind == tyObject and typeRel(c, x.typ, y.typ) < isSubtype:
+          if f.kind == tyObject and typeRel(c, x.typ, y.typ, flags) < isSubtype:
             return isNone
           if x.name.id != y.name.id: return isNone
 
@@ -557,16 +744,16 @@ proc allowsNil(f: PType): TTypeRelation {.inline.} =
   result = if tfNotNil notin f.flags: isSubtype else: isNone
 
 proc inconsistentVarTypes(f, a: PType): bool {.inline.} =
-  result = f.kind != a.kind and
-    (f.kind in {tyVar, tyLent, tySink} or a.kind in {tyVar, tyLent, tySink})
+  result = (f.kind != a.kind and
+    (f.kind in {tyVar, tyLent, tySink} or a.kind in {tyVar, tyLent, tySink})) or
+    isOutParam(f) != isOutParam(a)
 
-proc procParamTypeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, a: PType): TTypeRelation =
+proc procParamTypeRel(c: var TCandidate; f, a: PType): TTypeRelation =
   ## For example we have:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   proc myMap[T,S](sIn: seq[T], f: proc(x: T): S): seq[S] = ...
   ##   proc innerProc[Q,W](q: Q): W = ...
-  ##
+  ##   ```
   ## And we want to match: myMap(@[1,2,3], innerProc)
   ## This proc (procParamTypeRel) will do the following steps in
   ## three different calls:
@@ -583,7 +770,7 @@ proc procParamTypeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, a: PType): TTypeRelation =
     a = a
 
   if a.isMetaType:
-    let aResolved = PType(idTableGet(c.bindings, a))
+    let aResolved = idTableGet(c.bindings, a)
     if aResolved != nil:
       a = aResolved
   if a.isMetaType:
@@ -605,13 +792,14 @@ proc procParamTypeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, a: PType): TTypeRelation =
     if reverseRel >= isGeneric:
       result = isInferred
       #inc c.genericMatches
+    else:
+      result = isNone
   else:
     # Note that this typeRel call will save f's resolved type into c.bindings
     # if f is metatype.
     result = typeRel(c, f, a)
 
-  #               v--- is this correct?
-  if result <= isIntConv or inconsistentVarTypes(f, a):
+  if result <= isSubrange or inconsistentVarTypes(f, a):
     result = isNone
 
   #if result == isEqual:
@@ -620,10 +808,15 @@ proc procParamTypeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, a: PType): TTypeRelation =
 proc procTypeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, a: PType): TTypeRelation =
   case a.kind
   of tyProc:
-    if f.len != a.len: return
+    var f = f
+    copyingEraseVoidParams(c, f)
+    if f.signatureLen != a.signatureLen: return
     result = isEqual      # start with maximum; also correct for no
                           # params at all
 
+    if f.flags * {tfIterator} != a.flags * {tfIterator}:
+      return isNone
+
     template checkParam(f, a) =
       result = minRel(result, procParamTypeRel(c, f, a))
       if result == isNone: return
@@ -641,22 +834,8 @@ proc procTypeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, a: PType): TTypeRelation =
     elif a[0] != nil:
       return isNone
 
-    if tfNoSideEffect in f.flags and tfNoSideEffect notin a.flags:
-      return isNone
-    elif tfThread in f.flags and a.flags * {tfThread, tfNoSideEffect} == {} and
-        optThreadAnalysis in c.c.config.globalOptions:
-      # noSideEffect implies ``tfThread``!
-      return isNone
-    elif f.flags * {tfIterator} != a.flags * {tfIterator}:
-      return isNone
-    elif f.callConv != a.callConv:
-      # valid to pass a 'nimcall' thingie to 'closure':
-      if f.callConv == ccClosure and a.callConv == ccNimCall:
-        result = if result == isInferred: isInferredConvertible
-                 elif result == isBothMetaConvertible: isBothMetaConvertible
-                 else: isConvertible
-      else:
-        return isNone
+    result = getProcConvMismatch(c.c.config, f, a, result)[1]
+
     when useEffectSystem:
       if compatibleEffects(f, a) != efCompat: return isNone
     when defined(drnim):
@@ -664,7 +843,7 @@ proc procTypeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, a: PType): TTypeRelation =
 
   of tyNil:
     result = f.allowsNil
-  else: discard
+  else: result = isNone
 
 proc typeRangeRel(f, a: PType): TTypeRelation {.noinline.} =
   template checkRange[T](a0, a1, f0, f1: T): TTypeRelation =
@@ -689,7 +868,7 @@ proc matchUserTypeClass*(m: var TCandidate; ff, a: PType): PType =
     c = m.c
     typeClass = ff.skipTypes({tyUserTypeClassInst})
     body = typeClass.n[3]
-    matchedConceptContext: TMatchedConcept
+    matchedConceptContext = TMatchedConcept()
     prevMatchedConcept = c.matchedConcept
     prevCandidateType = typeClass[0][0]
 
@@ -709,20 +888,20 @@ proc matchUserTypeClass*(m: var TCandidate; ff, a: PType): PType =
     typeClass[0][0] = prevCandidateType
     closeScope(c)
 
-  var typeParams: seq[(PSym, PType)]
+  var typeParams: seq[(PSym, PType)] = @[]
 
   if ff.kind == tyUserTypeClassInst:
     for i in 1..<(ff.len - 1):
       var
         typeParamName = ff.base[i-1].sym.name
         typ = ff[i]
-        param: PSym
-        alreadyBound = PType(idTableGet(m.bindings, typ))
+        param: PSym = nil
+        alreadyBound = idTableGet(m.bindings, typ)
 
       if alreadyBound != nil: typ = alreadyBound
 
       template paramSym(kind): untyped =
-        newSym(kind, typeParamName, nextSymId(c.idgen), typeClass.sym, typeClass.sym.info, {})
+        newSym(kind, typeParamName, c.idgen, typeClass.sym, typeClass.sym.info, {})
 
       block addTypeParam:
         for prev in typeParams:
@@ -735,19 +914,19 @@ proc matchUserTypeClass*(m: var TCandidate; ff, a: PType): PType =
         of tyStatic:
           param = paramSym skConst
           param.typ = typ.exactReplica
-          #copyType(typ, nextTypeId(c.idgen), typ.owner)
+          #copyType(typ, c.idgen, typ.owner)
           if typ.n == nil:
             param.typ.flags.incl tfInferrableStatic
           else:
             param.ast = typ.n
-        of tyUnknown:
+        of tyFromExpr:
           param = paramSym skVar
           param.typ = typ.exactReplica
-          #copyType(typ, nextTypeId(c.idgen), typ.owner)
+          #copyType(typ, c.idgen, typ.owner)
         else:
           param = paramSym skType
           param.typ = if typ.isMetaType:
-                        c.newTypeWithSons(tyInferred, @[typ])
+                        newTypeS(tyInferred, c, typ)
                       else:
                         makeTypeDesc(c, typ)
 
@@ -756,8 +935,8 @@ proc matchUserTypeClass*(m: var TCandidate; ff, a: PType): PType =
       addDecl(c, param)
 
   var
-    oldWriteHook: typeof(m.c.config.writelnHook)
-    diagnostics: seq[string]
+    oldWriteHook = default typeof(m.c.config.writelnHook)
+    diagnostics: seq[string] = @[]
     errorPrefix: string
     flags: TExprFlags = {}
     collectDiagnostics = m.diagnosticsEnabled or
@@ -795,7 +974,7 @@ proc matchUserTypeClass*(m: var TCandidate; ff, a: PType): PType =
     result = generateTypeInstance(c, m.bindings, typeClass.sym.info, ff)
   else:
     result = ff.exactReplica
-    #copyType(ff, nextTypeId(c.idgen), ff.owner)
+    #copyType(ff, c.idgen, ff.owner)
 
   result.n = checkedBody
 
@@ -818,7 +997,9 @@ proc maybeSkipDistinct(m: TCandidate; t: PType, callee: PSym): PType =
     result = t
 
 proc tryResolvingStaticExpr(c: var TCandidate, n: PNode,
-                            allowUnresolved = false): PNode =
+                            allowUnresolved = false,
+                            allowCalls = false,
+                            expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
   # Consider this example:
   #   type Value[N: static[int]] = object
   #   proc foo[N](a: Value[N], r: range[0..(N-1)])
@@ -827,6 +1008,8 @@ proc tryResolvingStaticExpr(c: var TCandidate, n: PNode,
   # This proc is used to evaluate such static expressions.
   let instantiated = replaceTypesInBody(c.c, c.bindings, n, nil,
                                         allowMetaTypes = allowUnresolved)
+  if not allowCalls and instantiated.kind in nkCallKinds:
+    return nil
   result = c.c.semExpr(c.c, instantiated)
 
 proc inferStaticParam*(c: var TCandidate, lhs: PNode, rhs: BiggestInt): bool =
@@ -897,8 +1080,9 @@ proc inferStaticParam*(c: var TCandidate, lhs: PNode, rhs: BiggestInt): bool =
 
     else: discard
 
-  elif lhs.kind == nkSym and lhs.typ.kind == tyStatic and lhs.typ.n == nil:
-    var inferred = newTypeWithSons(c.c, tyStatic, lhs.typ.sons)
+  elif lhs.kind == nkSym and lhs.typ.kind == tyStatic and
+      (lhs.typ.n == nil or idTableGet(c.bindings, lhs.typ) == nil):
+    var inferred = newTypeS(tyStatic, c.c, lhs.typ.elementType)
     inferred.n = newIntNode(nkIntLit, rhs)
     put(c, lhs.typ, inferred)
     if c.c.matchedConcept != nil:
@@ -929,6 +1113,7 @@ proc inferStaticsInRange(c: var TCandidate,
     else:
       failureToInferStaticParam(c.c.config, exp)
 
+  result = isNone
   if lowerBound.kind == nkIntLit:
     if upperBound.kind == nkIntLit:
       if lengthOrd(c.c.config, concrete) == upperBound.intVal - lowerBound.intVal + 1:
@@ -940,9 +1125,21 @@ proc inferStaticsInRange(c: var TCandidate,
     doInferStatic(lowerBound, getInt(upperBound) + 1 - lengthOrd(c.c.config, concrete))
 
 template subtypeCheck() =
-  if result <= isSubrange and f.lastSon.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {
-      tyRef, tyPtr, tyVar, tyLent, tyOwned}:
+  case result
+  of isIntConv:
     result = isNone
+  of isSubrange:
+    discard # XXX should be isNone with preview define, warnings
+  of isConvertible:
+    if f.last.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind != tyOpenArray:
+      # exclude var openarray which compiler supports
+      result = isNone
+  of isSubtype:
+    if f.last.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {
+        tyRef, tyPtr, tyVar, tyLent, tyOwned}:
+      # compiler can't handle subtype conversions with pointer indirection
+      result = isNone
+  else: discard
 
 proc isCovariantPtr(c: var TCandidate, f, a: PType): bool =
   # this proc is always called for a pair of matching types
@@ -999,8 +1196,8 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
   # of the designated type class.
   #
   # 3) When used with two type classes, it will check whether the types
-  # matching the first type class are a strict subset of the types matching
-  # the other. This allows us to compare the signatures of generic procs in
+  # matching the first type class (aOrig) are a strict subset of the types matching
+  # the other (f). This allows us to compare the signatures of generic procs in
   # order to give preferrence to the most specific one:
   #
   # seq[seq[any]] is a strict subset of seq[any] and hence more specific.
@@ -1011,7 +1208,7 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
   when declared(deallocatedRefId):
     let corrupt = deallocatedRefId(cast[pointer](f))
     if corrupt != 0:
-      quit "it's corrupt " & $corrupt
+      c.c.config.quitOrRaise "it's corrupt " & $corrupt
 
   if f.kind == tyUntyped:
     if aOrig != nil: put(c, f, aOrig)
@@ -1040,7 +1237,7 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
 
       case f.kind
       of tyGenericParam:
-        var prev = PType(idTableGet(c.bindings, f))
+        var prev = idTableGet(c.bindings, f)
         if prev != nil: candidate = prev
       of tyFromExpr:
         let computedType = tryResolvingStaticExpr(c, f.n).typ
@@ -1072,16 +1269,16 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
   # situation when nkDotExpr are rotated to nkDotCalls
 
   if aOrig.kind in {tyAlias, tySink}:
-    return typeRel(c, f, lastSon(aOrig), flags)
+    return typeRel(c, f, skipModifier(aOrig), flags)
 
   if a.kind == tyGenericInst and
       skipTypes(f, {tyStatic, tyVar, tyLent, tySink}).kind notin {
         tyGenericBody, tyGenericInvocation,
         tyGenericInst, tyGenericParam} + tyTypeClasses:
-    return typeRel(c, f, lastSon(a), flags)
+    return typeRel(c, f, skipModifier(a), flags)
 
   if a.isResolvedUserTypeClass:
-    return typeRel(c, f, a.lastSon, flags)
+    return typeRel(c, f, a.skipModifier, flags)
 
   template bindingRet(res) =
     if doBind:
@@ -1090,10 +1287,15 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
     return res
 
   template considerPreviousT(body: untyped) =
-    var prev = PType(idTableGet(c.bindings, f))
+    var prev = idTableGet(c.bindings, f)
     if prev == nil: body
     else: return typeRel(c, prev, a, flags)
 
+  if c.c.inGenericContext > 0 and not c.isNoCall and
+      (tfUnresolved in a.flags or a.kind in tyTypeClasses):
+    # cheap check for unresolved arg, not nested
+    return isNone
+
   case a.kind
   of tyOr:
     # XXX: deal with the current dual meaning of tyGenericParam
@@ -1102,23 +1304,23 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
     # both int and string must match against number
     # but ensure that '[T: A|A]' matches as good as '[T: A]' (bug #2219):
     result = isGeneric
-    for branch in a.sons:
+    for branch in a.kids:
       let x = typeRel(c, f, branch, flags + {trDontBind})
       if x == isNone: return isNone
       if x < result: result = x
     return result
-
   of tyAnd:
     # XXX: deal with the current dual meaning of tyGenericParam
     c.typedescMatched = true
     # seq[Sortable and Iterable] vs seq[Sortable]
     # only one match is enough
-    for branch in a.sons:
+    for branch in a.kids:
       let x = typeRel(c, f, branch, flags + {trDontBind})
       if x != isNone:
         return if x >= isGeneric: isGeneric else: x
     return isNone
-
+  of tyIterable:
+    if f.kind != tyIterable: return isNone
   of tyNot:
     case f.kind
     of tyNot:
@@ -1126,18 +1328,16 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
       # seq[float] matches the first, but not the second
       # we must turn the problem around:
       # is number a subset of int?
-      return typeRel(c, a.lastSon, f.lastSon, flags)
+      return typeRel(c, a.elementType, f.elementType, flags)
 
     else:
       # negative type classes are essentially infinite,
       # so only the `any` type class is their superset
       return if f.kind == tyAnything: isGeneric
              else: isNone
-
   of tyAnything:
     if f.kind == tyAnything: return isGeneric
     else: return isNone
-
   of tyUserTypeClass, tyUserTypeClassInst:
     if c.c.matchedConcept != nil and c.c.matchedConcept.depth <= 4:
       # consider this: 'var g: Node' *within* a concept where 'Node'
@@ -1146,6 +1346,17 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
       let x = typeRel(c, a, f, flags + {trDontBind})
       if x >= isGeneric:
         return isGeneric
+  of tyFromExpr:
+    if c.c.inGenericContext > 0:
+      if not c.isNoCall:
+        # generic type bodies can sometimes compile call expressions
+        # prevent expressions with unresolved types from
+        # being passed as parameters
+        return isNone
+      else:
+        # Foo[templateCall(T)] shouldn't fail early if Foo has a constraint
+        # and we can't evaluate `templateCall(T)` yet
+        return isGeneric
   else: discard
 
   case f.kind
@@ -1164,43 +1375,57 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
       if result notin {isNone, isGeneric}:
         # resolve any late-bound static expressions
         # that may appear in the range:
+        let expectedType = base(f)
         for i in 0..1:
           if f.n[i].kind == nkStaticExpr:
-            f.n[i] = tryResolvingStaticExpr(c, f.n[i])
+            let r = tryResolvingStaticExpr(c, f.n[i], expectedType = expectedType)
+            if r != nil:
+              f.n[i] = r
         result = typeRangeRel(f, a)
     else:
       let f = skipTypes(f, {tyRange})
       if f.kind == a.kind and (f.kind != tyEnum or sameEnumTypes(f, a)):
         result = isIntConv
-      elif isConvertibleToRange(f, a):
+      elif isConvertibleToRange(c.c, f, a):
         result = isConvertible  # a convertible to f
-  of tyInt:      result = handleRange(f, a, tyInt8, tyInt32)
-  of tyInt8:     result = handleRange(f, a, tyInt8, tyInt8)
-  of tyInt16:    result = handleRange(f, a, tyInt8, tyInt16)
-  of tyInt32:    result = handleRange(f, a, tyInt8, tyInt32)
-  of tyInt64:    result = handleRange(f, a, tyInt, tyInt64)
-  of tyUInt:     result = handleRange(f, a, tyUInt8, tyUInt32)
-  of tyUInt8:    result = handleRange(f, a, tyUInt8, tyUInt8)
-  of tyUInt16:   result = handleRange(f, a, tyUInt8, tyUInt16)
-  of tyUInt32:   result = handleRange(f, a, tyUInt8, tyUInt32)
-  of tyUInt64:   result = handleRange(f, a, tyUInt, tyUInt64)
+  of tyInt:      result = handleRange(c.c, f, a, tyInt8, c.c.config.targetSizeSignedToKind)
+  of tyInt8:     result = handleRange(c.c, f, a, tyInt8, tyInt8)
+  of tyInt16:    result = handleRange(c.c, f, a, tyInt8, tyInt16)
+  of tyInt32:    result = handleRange(c.c, f, a, tyInt8, tyInt32)
+  of tyInt64:    result = handleRange(c.c, f, a, tyInt, tyInt64)
+  of tyUInt:     result = handleRange(c.c, f, a, tyUInt8, c.c.config.targetSizeUnsignedToKind)
+  of tyUInt8:    result = handleRange(c.c, f, a, tyUInt8, tyUInt8)
+  of tyUInt16:   result = handleRange(c.c, f, a, tyUInt8, tyUInt16)
+  of tyUInt32:   result = handleRange(c.c, f, a, tyUInt8, tyUInt32)
+  of tyUInt64:   result = handleRange(c.c, f, a, tyUInt, tyUInt64)
   of tyFloat:    result = handleFloatRange(f, a)
   of tyFloat32:  result = handleFloatRange(f, a)
   of tyFloat64:  result = handleFloatRange(f, a)
   of tyFloat128: result = handleFloatRange(f, a)
-  of tyVar, tyLent:
-    if aOrig.kind == f.kind: result = typeRel(c, f.base, aOrig.base, flags)
-    else: result = typeRel(c, f.base, aOrig, flags + {trNoCovariance})
+  of tyVar:
+    let flags = if isOutParam(f): flags + {trIsOutParam} else: flags
+    if aOrig.kind == f.kind and (isOutParam(aOrig) == isOutParam(f)):
+      result = typeRel(c, f.base, aOrig.base, flags)
+    else:
+      result = typeRel(c, f.base, aOrig, flags + {trNoCovariance})
+    subtypeCheck()
+  of tyLent:
+    if aOrig.kind == f.kind:
+      result = typeRel(c, f.base, aOrig.base, flags)
+    else:
+      result = typeRel(c, f.base, aOrig, flags + {trNoCovariance})
     subtypeCheck()
   of tyArray:
-    case a.kind
-    of tyArray:
-      var fRange = f[0]
-      var aRange = a[0]
-      if fRange.kind == tyGenericParam:
-        var prev = PType(idTableGet(c.bindings, fRange))
+    a = reduceToBase(a)
+    if a.kind == tyArray:
+      var fRange = f.indexType
+      var aRange = a.indexType
+      if fRange.kind in {tyGenericParam, tyAnything}:
+        var prev = idTableGet(c.bindings, fRange)
         if prev == nil:
-          put(c, fRange, a[0])
+          if typeRel(c, fRange, aRange) == isNone:
+            return isNone
+          put(c, fRange, a.indexType)
           fRange = a
         else:
           fRange = prev
@@ -1208,11 +1433,10 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
       # This typeDesc rule is wrong, see bug #7331
       let aa = a[1] #.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc})
 
-      if f[0].kind != tyGenericParam and aa.kind == tyEmpty:
+      if f.indexType.kind != tyGenericParam and aa.kind == tyEmpty:
         result = isGeneric
       else:
         result = typeRel(c, ff, aa, flags)
-
       if result < isGeneric:
         if nimEnableCovariance and
            trNoCovariance notin flags and
@@ -1223,24 +1447,22 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
           return isNone
 
       if fRange.rangeHasUnresolvedStatic:
+        if aRange.kind in {tyGenericParam} and aRange.reduceToBase() == aRange:
+          return
         return inferStaticsInRange(c, fRange, a)
       elif c.c.matchedConcept != nil and aRange.rangeHasUnresolvedStatic:
         return inferStaticsInRange(c, aRange, f)
+      elif result == isGeneric and concreteType(c, aa, ff) == nil:
+        return isNone
       else:
         if lengthOrd(c.c.config, fRange) != lengthOrd(c.c.config, aRange):
           result = isNone
-    else: discard
-  of tyUncheckedArray:
-    if a.kind == tyUncheckedArray:
-      result = typeRel(c, base(f), base(a), flags)
-      if result < isGeneric: result = isNone
-    else: discard
   of tyOpenArray, tyVarargs:
     # varargs[untyped] is special too but handled earlier. So we only need to
     # handle varargs[typed]:
     if f.kind == tyVarargs:
       if tfVarargs in a.flags:
-        return typeRel(c, f.base, a.lastSon, flags)
+        return typeRel(c, f.base, a.elementType, flags)
       if f[0].kind == tyTyped: return
 
     template matchArrayOrSeq(aBase: PType) =
@@ -1260,13 +1482,13 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
       result = typeRel(c, base(f), base(a), flags)
       if result < isGeneric: result = isNone
     of tyArray:
-      if (f[0].kind != tyGenericParam) and (a[1].kind == tyEmpty):
+      if (f[0].kind != tyGenericParam) and (a.elementType.kind == tyEmpty):
         return isSubtype
-      matchArrayOrSeq(a[1])
+      matchArrayOrSeq(a.elementType)
     of tySequence:
-      if (f[0].kind != tyGenericParam) and (a[0].kind == tyEmpty):
+      if (f[0].kind != tyGenericParam) and (a.elementType.kind == tyEmpty):
         return isConvertible
-      matchArrayOrSeq(a[0])
+      matchArrayOrSeq(a.elementType)
     of tyString:
       if f.kind == tyOpenArray:
         if f[0].kind == tyChar:
@@ -1275,14 +1497,13 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
             typeRel(c, base(f), base(a), flags) >= isGeneric:
           result = isConvertible
     else: discard
-  of tySequence:
-    case a.kind
-    of tySequence:
-      if (f[0].kind != tyGenericParam) and (a[0].kind == tyEmpty):
+  of tySequence, tyUncheckedArray:
+    if a.kind == f.kind:
+      if (f[0].kind != tyGenericParam) and (a.elementType.kind == tyEmpty):
         result = isSubtype
       else:
         let ff = f[0]
-        let aa = a[0]
+        let aa = a.elementType
         result = typeRel(c, ff, aa, flags)
         if result < isGeneric:
           if nimEnableCovariance and
@@ -1292,13 +1513,11 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
             result = isSubtype
           else:
             result = isNone
-        elif tfNotNil in f.flags and tfNotNil notin a.flags:
-          result = isNilConversion
-    of tyNil: result = isNone
-    else: discard
+    elif a.kind == tyNil:
+      result = isNone
   of tyOrdinal:
-    if isOrdinalType(a, allowEnumWithHoles = optNimV1Emulation in c.c.config.globalOptions):
-      var x = if a.kind == tyOrdinal: a[0] else: a
+    if isOrdinalType(a):
+      var x = if a.kind == tyOrdinal: a.elementType else: a
       if f[0].kind == tyNone:
         result = isGeneric
       else:
@@ -1313,16 +1532,20 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
     skipOwned(a)
     if a.kind == f.kind: result = isEqual
   of tyTuple:
-    if a.kind == tyTuple: result = recordRel(c, f, a)
+    if a.kind == tyTuple: result = recordRel(c, f, a, flags)
   of tyObject:
-    if a.kind == tyObject:
-      if sameObjectTypes(f, a):
+    let effectiveArgType = if useTypeLoweringRuleInTypeClass:
+        a
+      else:
+        reduceToBase(a)
+    if effectiveArgType.kind == tyObject:
+      if sameObjectTypes(f, effectiveArgType):
+        c.inheritancePenalty = if tfFinal in f.flags: -1 else: 0
         result = isEqual
         # elif tfHasMeta in f.flags: result = recordRel(c, f, a)
-      else:
-        var depth = isObjectSubtype(c, a, f, nil)
-        if depth > 0:
-          inc(c.inheritancePenalty, depth)
+      elif trIsOutParam notin flags:
+        c.inheritancePenalty = isObjectSubtype(c, effectiveArgType, f, nil)
+        if c.inheritancePenalty > 0:
           result = isSubtype
   of tyDistinct:
     a = a.skipTypes({tyOwned, tyGenericInst, tyRange})
@@ -1330,8 +1553,6 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
       if sameDistinctTypes(f, a): result = isEqual
       #elif f.base.kind == tyAnything: result = isGeneric  # issue 4435
       elif c.coerceDistincts: result = typeRel(c, f.base, a, flags)
-    elif a.kind == tyNil and f.base.kind in NilableTypes:
-      result = f.allowsNil # XXX remove this typing rule, it is not in the spec
     elif c.coerceDistincts: result = typeRel(c, f.base, a, flags)
   of tySet:
     if a.kind == tySet:
@@ -1339,16 +1560,21 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
         result = isSubtype
       else:
         result = typeRel(c, f[0], a[0], flags)
-        if result <= isConvertible:
-          result = isNone     # BUGFIX!
+        if result < isGeneric:
+          if tfIsConstructor notin a.flags:
+            # set['a'..'z'] and set[char] have different representations
+            result = isNone
+          else:
+            # but we can convert individual elements of the constructor
+            result = isConvertible
   of tyPtr, tyRef:
-    skipOwned(a)
+    a = reduceToBase(a)
     if a.kind == f.kind:
       # ptr[R, T] can be passed to ptr[T], but not the other way round:
       if a.len < f.len: return isNone
       for i in 0..<f.len-1:
         if typeRel(c, f[i], a[i], flags) == isNone: return isNone
-      result = typeRel(c, f.lastSon, a.lastSon, flags + {trNoCovariance})
+      result = typeRel(c, f.elementType, a.elementType, flags + {trNoCovariance})
       subtypeCheck()
       if result <= isIntConv: result = isNone
       elif tfNotNil in f.flags and tfNotNil notin a.flags:
@@ -1363,7 +1589,7 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
   of tyOwned:
     case a.kind
     of tyOwned:
-      result = typeRel(c, lastSon(f), lastSon(a), flags)
+      result = typeRel(c, skipModifier(f), skipModifier(a), flags)
     of tyNil: result = f.allowsNil
     else: discard
   of tyPointer:
@@ -1376,26 +1602,25 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
         result = isEqual
     of tyNil: result = f.allowsNil
     of tyProc:
-      if a.callConv != ccClosure: result = isConvertible
+      if isDefined(c.c.config, "nimPreviewProcConversion"):
+        result = isNone
+      else:
+        if a.callConv != ccClosure: result = isConvertible
     of tyPtr:
       # 'pointer' is NOT compatible to regionized pointers
       # so 'dealloc(regionPtr)' fails:
       if a.len == 1: result = isConvertible
-    of tyCString: result = isConvertible
+    of tyCstring: result = isConvertible
     else: discard
   of tyString:
     case a.kind
-    of tyString:
-      if tfNotNil in f.flags and tfNotNil notin a.flags:
-        result = isNilConversion
-      else:
-        result = isEqual
+    of tyString: result = isEqual
     of tyNil: result = isNone
     else: discard
-  of tyCString:
+  of tyCstring:
     # conversion from string to cstring is automatic:
     case a.kind
-    of tyCString:
+    of tyCstring:
       if tfNotNil in f.flags and tfNotNil notin a.flags:
         result = isNilConversion
       else:
@@ -1403,31 +1628,43 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
     of tyNil: result = f.allowsNil
     of tyString: result = isConvertible
     of tyPtr:
-      # ptr[Tag, char] is not convertible to 'cstring' for now:
-      if a.len == 1:
-        let pointsTo = a[0].skipTypes(abstractInst)
-        if pointsTo.kind == tyChar: result = isConvertible
-        elif pointsTo.kind == tyUncheckedArray and pointsTo[0].kind == tyChar:
-          result = isConvertible
-        elif pointsTo.kind == tyArray and firstOrd(nil, pointsTo[0]) == 0 and
-            skipTypes(pointsTo[0], {tyRange}).kind in {tyInt..tyInt64} and
-            pointsTo[1].kind == tyChar:
-          result = isConvertible
+      if isDefined(c.c.config, "nimPreviewCstringConversion"):
+        result = isNone
+      else:
+        if a.len == 1:
+          let pointsTo = a[0].skipTypes(abstractInst)
+          if pointsTo.kind == tyChar: result = isConvertible
+          elif pointsTo.kind == tyUncheckedArray and pointsTo[0].kind == tyChar:
+            result = isConvertible
+          elif pointsTo.kind == tyArray and firstOrd(nil, pointsTo[0]) == 0 and
+              skipTypes(pointsTo[0], {tyRange}).kind in {tyInt..tyInt64} and
+              pointsTo[1].kind == tyChar:
+            result = isConvertible
     else: discard
-
   of tyEmpty, tyVoid:
     if a.kind == f.kind: result = isEqual
-
   of tyAlias, tySink:
-    result = typeRel(c, lastSon(f), a, flags)
-
+    result = typeRel(c, skipModifier(f), a, flags)
+  of tyIterable:
+    if a.kind == tyIterable:
+      if f.len == 1:
+        result = typeRel(c, skipModifier(f), skipModifier(a), flags)
+      else:
+        # f.len = 3, for some reason
+        result = isGeneric
+    else:
+      result = isNone
   of tyGenericInst:
-    var prev = PType(idTableGet(c.bindings, f))
+    var prev = idTableGet(c.bindings, f)
     let origF = f
     var f = if prev == nil: f else: prev
 
-    let roota = a.skipGenericAlias
-    let rootf = f.skipGenericAlias
+    let deptha = a.genericAliasDepth()
+    let depthf = f.genericAliasDepth()
+    let skipBoth = deptha == depthf and (a.len > 0 and f.len > 0 and a.base != f.base)
+
+    let roota = if skipBoth or deptha > depthf: a.skipGenericAlias else: a
+    let rootf = if skipBoth or depthf > deptha: f.skipGenericAlias else: f
 
     if a.kind == tyGenericInst:
       if roota.base == rootf.base:
@@ -1459,13 +1696,13 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
             return isNone
         if prev == nil: put(c, f, a)
       else:
-        let fKind = rootf.lastSon.kind
+        let fKind = rootf.last.kind
         if fKind in {tyAnd, tyOr}:
-          result = typeRel(c, lastSon(f), a, flags)
+          result = typeRel(c, last(f), a, flags)
           if result != isNone: put(c, f, a)
           return
 
-        var aAsObject = roota.lastSon
+        var aAsObject = roota.last
 
         if fKind in {tyRef, tyPtr}:
           if aAsObject.kind == tyObject:
@@ -1475,46 +1712,47 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
           elif aAsObject.kind == fKind:
             aAsObject = aAsObject.base
 
-        if aAsObject.kind == tyObject:
+        if aAsObject.kind == tyObject and trIsOutParam notin flags:
           let baseType = aAsObject.base
           if baseType != nil:
-            c.inheritancePenalty += 1
+            inc c.inheritancePenalty, 1 + int(c.inheritancePenalty < 0)
             let ret = typeRel(c, f, baseType, flags)
             return if ret in {isEqual,isGeneric}: isSubtype else: ret
 
         result = isNone
     else:
-      assert lastSon(origF) != nil
-      result = typeRel(c, lastSon(origF), a, flags)
+      assert last(origF) != nil
+      result = typeRel(c, last(origF), a, flags)
       if result != isNone and a.kind != tyNil:
         put(c, f, a)
-
   of tyGenericBody:
     considerPreviousT:
       if a == f or a.kind == tyGenericInst and a.skipGenericAlias[0] == f:
         bindingRet isGeneric
-      let ff = lastSon(f)
+      let ff = last(f)
       if ff != nil:
         result = typeRel(c, ff, a, flags)
-
   of tyGenericInvocation:
     var x = a.skipGenericAlias
+    if x.kind == tyGenericParam and x.len > 0:
+      x = x.last
     let concpt = f[0].skipTypes({tyGenericBody})
     var preventHack = concpt.kind == tyConcept
     if x.kind == tyOwned and f[0].kind != tyOwned:
       preventHack = true
-      x = x.lastSon
+      x = x.last
     # XXX: This is very hacky. It should be moved back into liftTypeParam
     if x.kind in {tyGenericInst, tyArray} and
       c.calleeSym != nil and
       c.calleeSym.kind in {skProc, skFunc} and c.call != nil and not preventHack:
       let inst = prepareMetatypeForSigmatch(c.c, c.bindings, c.call.info, f)
-      #echo "inferred ", typeToString(inst), " for ", f
       return typeRel(c, inst, a, flags)
 
     if x.kind == tyGenericInvocation:
       if f[0] == x[0]:
         for i in 1..<f.len:
+          # Handle when checking against a generic that isn't fully instantiated
+          if i >= x.len: return
           let tr = typeRel(c, f[i], x[i], flags)
           if tr <= isSubtype: return
         result = isGeneric
@@ -1535,10 +1773,7 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
       var askip = skippedNone
       var fskip = skippedNone
       let aobj = x.skipToObject(askip)
-      let fobj = genericBody.lastSon.skipToObject(fskip)
-      var depth = -1
-      if fobj != nil and aobj != nil and askip == fskip:
-        depth = isObjectSubtype(c, aobj, fobj, f)
+      let fobj = genericBody.last.skipToObject(fskip)
       result = typeRel(c, genericBody, x, flags)
       if result != isNone:
         # see tests/generics/tgeneric3.nim for an example that triggers this
@@ -1552,18 +1787,21 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
         #
         # we steal the generic parameters from the tyGenericBody:
         for i in 1..<f.len:
-          let x = PType(idTableGet(c.bindings, genericBody[i-1]))
+          let x = idTableGet(c.bindings, genericBody[i-1])
           if x == nil:
             discard "maybe fine (for e.g. a==tyNil)"
           elif x.kind in {tyGenericInvocation, tyGenericParam}:
             internalError(c.c.graph.config, "wrong instantiated type!")
           else:
             let key = f[i]
-            let old = PType(idTableGet(c.bindings, key))
+            let old = idTableGet(c.bindings, key)
             if old == nil:
               put(c, key, x)
             elif typeRel(c, old, x, flags + {trDontBind}) == isNone:
               return isNone
+      var depth = -1
+      if fobj != nil and aobj != nil and askip == fskip:
+        depth = isObjectSubtype(c, aobj, fobj, f)
 
       if result == isNone:
         # Here object inheriting from generic/specialized generic object
@@ -1574,72 +1812,73 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
           depth = -1
 
       if depth >= 0:
-        c.inheritancePenalty += depth
+        inc c.inheritancePenalty, depth + int(c.inheritancePenalty < 0)
         # bug #4863: We still need to bind generic alias crap, so
         # we cannot return immediately:
         result = if depth == 0: isGeneric else: isSubtype
   of tyAnd:
     considerPreviousT:
       result = isEqual
-      for branch in f.sons:
+      for branch in f.kids:
         let x = typeRel(c, branch, aOrig, flags)
         if x < isSubtype: return isNone
         # 'and' implies minimum matching result:
         if x < result: result = x
       if result > isGeneric: result = isGeneric
       bindingRet result
-
   of tyOr:
     considerPreviousT:
       result = isNone
       let oldInheritancePenalty = c.inheritancePenalty
-      var maxInheritance = 0
-      for branch in f.sons:
-        c.inheritancePenalty = 0
+      var minInheritance = maxInheritancePenalty
+      for branch in f.kids:
+        c.inheritancePenalty = -1
         let x = typeRel(c, branch, aOrig, flags)
-        maxInheritance = max(maxInheritance, c.inheritancePenalty)
-
-        # 'or' implies maximum matching result:
-        if x > result: result = x
-      if result >= isSubtype:
+        if x >= result:
+          if  c.inheritancePenalty > -1:
+            minInheritance = min(minInheritance, c.inheritancePenalty)
+          result = x
+      if result >= isIntConv:
+        if minInheritance < maxInheritancePenalty:
+          c.inheritancePenalty = oldInheritancePenalty + minInheritance
         if result > isGeneric: result = isGeneric
         bindingRet result
       else:
         result = isNone
-      c.inheritancePenalty = oldInheritancePenalty + maxInheritance
-
   of tyNot:
     considerPreviousT:
-      for branch in f.sons:
-        if typeRel(c, branch, aOrig, flags) != isNone:
-          return isNone
+      if typeRel(c, f.elementType, aOrig, flags) != isNone:
+        return isNone
 
       bindingRet isGeneric
-
   of tyAnything:
     considerPreviousT:
       var concrete = concreteType(c, a)
       if concrete != nil and doBind:
         put(c, f, concrete)
       return isGeneric
-
   of tyBuiltInTypeClass:
     considerPreviousT:
-      let targetKind = f[0].kind
-      let effectiveArgType = a.skipTypes({tyRange, tyGenericInst,
-                                          tyBuiltInTypeClass, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})
-      let typeClassMatches = targetKind == effectiveArgType.kind and
-                             not effectiveArgType.isEmptyContainer
-      if typeClassMatches or
-        (targetKind in {tyProc, tyPointer} and effectiveArgType.kind == tyNil):
-        put(c, f, a)
+      let target = f.genericHead
+      let targetKind = target.kind
+      var effectiveArgType = reduceToBase(a)
+      effectiveArgType = effectiveArgType.skipTypes({tyBuiltInTypeClass})
+      if targetKind == effectiveArgType.kind:
+        if effectiveArgType.isEmptyContainer:
+          return isNone
+        if targetKind == tyProc:
+          if target.flags * {tfIterator} != effectiveArgType.flags * {tfIterator}:
+            return isNone
+          if tfExplicitCallConv in target.flags and
+              target.callConv != effectiveArgType.callConv:
+            return isNone
+        if doBind: put(c, f, a)
         return isGeneric
       else:
         return isNone
-
   of tyUserTypeClassInst, tyUserTypeClass:
     if f.isResolvedUserTypeClass:
-      result = typeRel(c, f.lastSon, a, flags)
+      result = typeRel(c, f.last, a, flags)
     else:
       considerPreviousT:
         if aOrig == f: return isEqual
@@ -1648,17 +1887,24 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
           bindConcreteTypeToUserTypeClass(matched, a)
           if doBind: put(c, f, matched)
           result = isGeneric
+        elif a.len > 0 and a.last == f:
+          # Needed for checking `Y` == `Addable` in the following
+          #[
+            type
+              Addable = concept a, type A
+                a + a is A
+              MyType[T: Addable; Y: static T] = object
+          ]#
+          result = isGeneric
         else:
           result = isNone
-
   of tyConcept:
     result = if concepts.conceptMatch(c.c, f, a, c.bindings, nil): isGeneric
              else: isNone
-
   of tyCompositeTypeClass:
     considerPreviousT:
       let roota = a.skipGenericAlias
-      let rootf = f.lastSon.skipGenericAlias
+      let rootf = f.last.skipGenericAlias
       if a.kind == tyGenericInst and roota.base == rootf.base:
         for i in 1..<rootf.len-1:
           let ff = rootf[i]
@@ -1667,14 +1913,13 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
           if result == isNone: return
           if ff.kind == tyRange and result != isEqual: return isNone
       else:
-        result = typeRel(c, rootf.lastSon, a, flags)
+        result = typeRel(c, rootf.last, a, flags)
       if result != isNone:
         put(c, f, a)
         result = isGeneric
-
   of tyGenericParam:
     let doBindGP = doBind or trBindGenericParam in flags
-    var x = PType(idTableGet(c.bindings, f))
+    var x = idTableGet(c.bindings, f)
     if x == nil:
       if c.callee.kind == tyGenericBody and not c.typedescMatched:
         # XXX: The fact that generic types currently use tyGenericParam for
@@ -1692,8 +1937,9 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
             c.typedescMatched = true
             var aa = a
             while aa.kind in {tyTypeDesc, tyGenericParam} and aa.len > 0:
-              aa = lastSon(aa)
-            if aa.kind == tyGenericParam:
+              aa = last(aa)
+            if aa.kind in {tyGenericParam} + tyTypeClasses:
+              # If the constraint is a genericParam or typeClass this isGeneric
               return isGeneric
             result = typeRel(c, f.base, aa, flags)
             if result > isGeneric: result = isGeneric
@@ -1708,18 +1954,12 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
       else:
         # check if 'T' has a constraint as in 'proc p[T: Constraint](x: T)'
         if f.len > 0 and f[0].kind != tyNone:
-          let oldInheritancePenalty = c.inheritancePenalty
-          result = typeRel(c, f[0], a, flags + {trDontBind,trBindGenericParam})
+          result = typeRel(c, f[0], a, flags + {trDontBind, trBindGenericParam})
           if doBindGP and result notin {isNone, isGeneric}:
             let concrete = concreteType(c, a, f)
             if concrete == nil: return isNone
             put(c, f, concrete)
-          # bug #6526
           if result in {isEqual, isSubtype}:
-            # 'T: Class' is a *better* match than just 'T'
-            # but 'T: Subclass' is even better:
-            c.inheritancePenalty = oldInheritancePenalty - c.inheritancePenalty -
-                                  100 * ord(result == isEqual)
             result = isGeneric
         elif a.kind == tyTypeDesc:
           # somewhat special typing rule, the following is illegal:
@@ -1734,7 +1974,12 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
         if tfWildcard in a.flags:
           a.sym.transitionGenericParamToType()
           a.flags.excl tfWildcard
-        else:
+        elif doBind:
+          # careful: `trDontDont` (set by `checkGeneric`) is not always respected in this call graph.
+          # typRel having two different modes (binding and non-binding) can make things harder to
+          # reason about and maintain. Refactoring typeRel to not be responsible for setting, or
+          # at least validating, bindings can have multiple benefits. This is debatable. I'm not 100% sure.
+          # A design that allows a proper complexity analysis of types like `tyOr` would be ideal.
           concrete = concreteType(c, a, f)
           if concrete == nil:
             return isNone
@@ -1747,33 +1992,57 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
     elif x.kind == tyGenericParam:
       result = isGeneric
     else:
+      # This is the bound type - can't benifit from these tallies
+      let
+        inheritancePenaltyOld = c.inheritancePenalty
       result = typeRel(c, x, a, flags) # check if it fits
+      c.inheritancePenalty = inheritancePenaltyOld
       if result > isGeneric: result = isGeneric
   of tyStatic:
-    let prev = PType(idTableGet(c.bindings, f))
+    let prev = idTableGet(c.bindings, f)
     if prev == nil:
       if aOrig.kind == tyStatic:
-        if f.base.kind != tyNone:
+        if c.c.inGenericContext > 0 and aOrig.n == nil and not c.isNoCall:
+          # don't match unresolved static value to static param to avoid
+          # faulty instantiations in calls in generic bodies
+          # but not for generic invocations as they only check constraints
+          result = isNone
+        elif f.base.kind notin {tyNone, tyGenericParam}:
           result = typeRel(c, f.base, a, flags)
           if result != isNone and f.n != nil:
-            if not exprStructuralEquivalent(f.n, aOrig.n):
+            var r = tryResolvingStaticExpr(c, f.n)
+            if r == nil: r = f.n
+            if not exprStructuralEquivalent(r, aOrig.n) and
+                not (aOrig.n != nil and aOrig.n.kind == nkIntLit and
+                  inferStaticParam(c, r, aOrig.n.intVal)):
               result = isNone
+        elif f.base.kind == tyGenericParam:
+          # Handling things like `type A[T; Y: static T] = object`
+          if f.base.len > 0: # There is a constraint, handle it
+            result = typeRel(c, f.base.last, a, flags)
+          else:
+            # No constraint
+            if tfGenericTypeParam in f.flags:
+              result = isGeneric
+            else:
+              # for things like `proc fun[T](a: static[T])`
+              result = typeRel(c, f.base, a, flags)
         else:
           result = isGeneric
         if result != isNone: put(c, f, aOrig)
       elif aOrig.n != nil and aOrig.n.typ != nil:
         result = if f.base.kind != tyNone:
-                   typeRel(c, f.lastSon, aOrig.n.typ, flags)
+                   typeRel(c, f.last, aOrig.n.typ, flags)
                  else: isGeneric
         if result != isNone:
-          var boundType = newTypeWithSons(c.c, tyStatic, @[aOrig.n.typ])
+          var boundType = newTypeS(tyStatic, c.c, aOrig.n.typ)
           boundType.n = aOrig.n
           put(c, f, boundType)
       else:
         result = isNone
     elif prev.kind == tyStatic:
       if aOrig.kind == tyStatic:
-        result = typeRel(c, prev.lastSon, a, flags)
+        result = typeRel(c, prev.last, a, flags)
         if result != isNone and prev.n != nil:
           if not exprStructuralEquivalent(prev.n, aOrig.n):
             result = isNone
@@ -1782,7 +2051,6 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
       # XXX endless recursion?
       #result = typeRel(c, prev, aOrig, flags)
       result = isNone
-
   of tyInferred:
     let prev = f.previouslyInferred
     if prev != nil:
@@ -1792,14 +2060,18 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
       if result != isNone:
         c.inferredTypes.add f
         f.add a
-
   of tyTypeDesc:
-    var prev = PType(idTableGet(c.bindings, f))
+    var prev = idTableGet(c.bindings, f)
     if prev == nil:
       # proc foo(T: typedesc, x: T)
       # when `f` is an unresolved typedesc, `a` could be any
       # type, so we should not perform this check earlier
-      if a.kind != tyTypeDesc:
+      if c.c.inGenericContext > 0 and a.containsUnresolvedType:
+        # generic type bodies can sometimes compile call expressions
+        # prevent unresolved generic parameters from being passed to procs as
+        # typedesc parameters
+        result = isNone
+      elif a.kind != tyTypeDesc:
         if a.kind == tyGenericParam and tfWildcard in a.flags:
           # TODO: prevent `a` from matching as a wildcard again
           result = isGeneric
@@ -1819,32 +2091,40 @@ proc typeRel(c: var TCandidate, f, aOrig: PType,
         result = typeRel(c, prev.base, a.base, flags)
       else:
         result = isNone
-
   of tyTyped:
     if aOrig != nil:
       put(c, f, aOrig)
     result = isGeneric
-
-  of tyProxy:
+  of tyError:
     result = isEqual
-
   of tyFromExpr:
     # fix the expression, so it contains the already instantiated types
     if f.n == nil or f.n.kind == nkEmpty: return isGeneric
-    let reevaluated = tryResolvingStaticExpr(c, f.n)
-    case reevaluated.typ.kind
+    if c.c.inGenericContext > 0:
+      # need to delay until instantiation
+      # also prevent infinite recursion below
+      return isNone
+    inc c.c.inGenericContext # to generate tyFromExpr again if unresolved
+    # use prepareNode for consistency with other tyFromExpr in semtypinst:
+    let instantiated = prepareTypesInBody(c.c, c.bindings, f.n)
+    let reevaluated = c.c.semExpr(c.c, instantiated).typ
+    dec c.c.inGenericContext
+    case reevaluated.kind
+    of tyFromExpr:
+      # not resolved
+      result = isNone
     of tyTypeDesc:
-      result = typeRel(c, a, reevaluated.typ.base, flags)
+      result = typeRel(c, reevaluated.base, a, flags)
     of tyStatic:
-      result = typeRel(c, a, reevaluated.typ.base, flags)
-      if result != isNone and reevaluated.typ.n != nil:
-        if not exprStructuralEquivalent(aOrig.n, reevaluated.typ.n):
+      result = typeRel(c, reevaluated.base, a, flags)
+      if result != isNone and reevaluated.n != nil:
+        if not exprStructuralEquivalent(aOrig.n, reevaluated.n):
           result = isNone
     else:
       # bug #14136: other types are just like 'tyStatic' here:
-      result = typeRel(c, a, reevaluated.typ, flags)
-      if result != isNone and reevaluated.typ.n != nil:
-        if not exprStructuralEquivalent(aOrig.n, reevaluated.typ.n):
+      result = typeRel(c, reevaluated, a, flags)
+      if result != isNone and reevaluated.n != nil:
+        if not exprStructuralEquivalent(aOrig.n, reevaluated.n):
           result = isNone
   of tyNone:
     if a.kind == tyNone: result = isEqual
@@ -1872,7 +2152,7 @@ proc cmpTypes*(c: PContext, f, a: PType): TTypeRelation =
 
 proc getInstantiatedType(c: PContext, arg: PNode, m: TCandidate,
                          f: PType): PType =
-  result = PType(idTableGet(m.bindings, f))
+  result = idTableGet(m.bindings, f)
   if result == nil:
     result = generateTypeInstance(c, m.bindings, arg, f)
   if result == nil:
@@ -1883,22 +2163,121 @@ proc implicitConv(kind: TNodeKind, f: PType, arg: PNode, m: TCandidate,
                   c: PContext): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(kind, arg.info)
   if containsGenericType(f):
-    if not m.hasFauxMatch:
+    if not m.matchedErrorType:
       result.typ = getInstantiatedType(c, arg, m, f).skipTypes({tySink})
     else:
       result.typ = errorType(c)
   else:
     result.typ = f.skipTypes({tySink})
+  # keep varness
+  if arg.typ != nil and arg.typ.kind == tyVar:
+    result.typ = toVar(result.typ, tyVar, c.idgen)
+  else:
+    result.typ = result.typ.skipTypes({tyVar})
+
   if result.typ == nil: internalError(c.graph.config, arg.info, "implicitConv")
   result.add c.graph.emptyNode
-  result.add arg
+  if arg.typ != nil and arg.typ.kind == tyLent:
+    let a = newNodeIT(nkHiddenDeref, arg.info, arg.typ.elementType)
+    a.add arg
+    result.add a
+  else:
+    result.add arg
+
+proc convertLiteral(kind: TNodeKind, c: PContext, m: TCandidate; n: PNode, newType: PType): PNode =
+  # based off changeType but generates implicit conversions instead
+  template addConsiderNil(s, node) =
+    let val = node
+    if val.isNil: return nil
+    s.add(val)
+  case n.kind
+  of nkCurly:
+    result = copyNode(n)
+    for i in 0..<n.len:
+      if n[i].kind == nkRange:
+        var x = copyNode(n[i])
+        x.addConsiderNil convertLiteral(kind, c, m, n[i][0], elemType(newType))
+        x.addConsiderNil convertLiteral(kind, c, m, n[i][1], elemType(newType))
+        result.add x
+      else:
+        result.addConsiderNil convertLiteral(kind, c, m, n[i], elemType(newType))
+    result.typ = newType
+    return
+  of nkBracket:
+    result = copyNode(n)
+    for i in 0..<n.len:
+      result.addConsiderNil convertLiteral(kind, c, m, n[i], elemType(newType))
+    result.typ = newType
+    return
+  of nkPar, nkTupleConstr:
+    let tup = newType.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyDistinct})
+    if tup.kind == tyTuple:
+      result = copyNode(n)
+      if n.len > 0 and n[0].kind == nkExprColonExpr:
+        # named tuple?
+        for i in 0..<n.len:
+          var name = n[i][0]
+          if name.kind != nkSym:
+            #globalError(c.config, name.info, "invalid tuple constructor")
+            return nil
+          if tup.n != nil:
+            var f = getSymFromList(tup.n, name.sym.name)
+            if f == nil:
+              #globalError(c.config, name.info, "unknown identifier: " & name.sym.name.s)
+              return nil
+            result.addConsiderNil convertLiteral(kind, c, m, n[i][1], f.typ)
+          else:
+            result.addConsiderNil convertLiteral(kind, c, m, n[i][1], tup[i])
+      else:
+        for i in 0..<n.len:
+          result.addConsiderNil convertLiteral(kind, c, m, n[i], tup[i])
+      result.typ = newType
+      return
+  of nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit:
+    if n.kind != nkUInt64Lit and not sameTypeOrNil(n.typ, newType) and isOrdinalType(newType):
+      let value = n.intVal
+      if value < firstOrd(c.config, newType) or value > lastOrd(c.config, newType):
+        return nil
+      result = copyNode(n)
+      result.typ = newType
+      return
+  of nkFloatLit..nkFloat64Lit:
+    if newType.skipTypes(abstractVarRange-{tyTypeDesc}).kind == tyFloat:
+      if not floatRangeCheck(n.floatVal, newType):
+        return nil
+      result = copyNode(n)
+      result.typ = newType
+      return
+  of nkSym:
+    if n.sym.kind == skEnumField and not sameTypeOrNil(n.sym.typ, newType) and isOrdinalType(newType):
+      let value = n.sym.position
+      if value < firstOrd(c.config, newType) or value > lastOrd(c.config, newType):
+        return nil
+      result = copyNode(n)
+      result.typ = newType
+      return
+  else: discard
+  return implicitConv(kind, newType, n, m, c)
+
+proc isLValue(c: PContext; n: PNode, isOutParam = false): bool {.inline.} =
+  let aa = isAssignable(nil, n)
+  case aa
+  of arLValue, arLocalLValue, arStrange:
+    result = true
+  of arDiscriminant:
+    result = c.inUncheckedAssignSection > 0
+  of arAddressableConst:
+    let sym = getRoot(n)
+    result = strictDefs in c.features and sym != nil and sym.kind == skLet and isOutParam
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc userConvMatch(c: PContext, m: var TCandidate, f, a: PType,
                    arg: PNode): PNode =
   result = nil
   for i in 0..<c.converters.len:
-    var src = c.converters[i].typ[1]
-    var dest = c.converters[i].typ[0]
+    var src = c.converters[i].typ.firstParamType
+    var dest = c.converters[i].typ.returnType
     # for generic type converters we need to check 'src <- a' before
     # 'f <- dest' in order to not break the unification:
     # see tests/tgenericconverter:
@@ -1909,7 +2288,7 @@ proc userConvMatch(c: PContext, m: var TCandidate, f, a: PType,
     let constraint = c.converters[i].typ.n[1].sym.constraint
     if not constraint.isNil and not matchNodeKinds(constraint, arg):
       continue
-    if src.kind in {tyVar, tyLent} and not arg.isLValue:
+    if src.kind in {tyVar, tyLent} and not isLValue(c, arg):
       continue
 
     let destIsGeneric = containsGenericType(dest)
@@ -1930,8 +2309,8 @@ proc userConvMatch(c: PContext, m: var TCandidate, f, a: PType,
       if srca == isSubtype:
         param = implicitConv(nkHiddenSubConv, src, copyTree(arg), m, c)
       elif src.kind in {tyVar}:
-        # Analyse the converter return type
-        param = newNodeIT(nkHiddenAddr, arg.info, s.typ[1])
+        # Analyse the converter return type.
+        param = newNodeIT(nkHiddenAddr, arg.info, s.typ.firstParamType)
         param.add copyTree(arg)
       else:
         param = copyTree(arg)
@@ -1965,7 +2344,7 @@ proc localConvMatch(c: PContext, m: var TCandidate, f, a: PType,
   if result != nil:
     if result.typ == nil: return nil
     # bug #13378, ensure we produce a real generic instantiation:
-    result = c.semExpr(c, call)
+    result = c.semExpr(c, call, {efNoSem2Check})
     # resulting type must be consistent with the other arguments:
     var r = typeRel(m, f[0], result.typ)
     if r < isGeneric: return nil
@@ -1987,17 +2366,17 @@ proc incMatches(m: var TCandidate; r: TTypeRelation; convMatch = 1) =
   of isNone: discard
 
 template matchesVoidProc(t: PType): bool =
-  (t.kind == tyProc and t.len == 1 and t[0] == nil) or
-    (t.kind == tyBuiltInTypeClass and t[0].kind == tyProc)
+  (t.kind == tyProc and t.len == 1 and t.returnType == nil) or
+    (t.kind == tyBuiltInTypeClass and t.elementType.kind == tyProc)
 
 proc paramTypesMatchAux(m: var TCandidate, f, a: PType,
                         argSemantized, argOrig: PNode): PNode =
+  result = nil
   var
     fMaybeStatic = f.skipTypes({tyDistinct})
     arg = argSemantized
     a = a
     c = m.c
-
   if tfHasStatic in fMaybeStatic.flags:
     # XXX: When implicit statics are the default
     # this will be done earlier - we just have to
@@ -2017,13 +2396,15 @@ proc paramTypesMatchAux(m: var TCandidate, f, a: PType,
          a.n == nil and
          tfGenericTypeParam notin a.flags:
         return newNodeIT(nkType, argOrig.info, makeTypeFromExpr(c, arg))
-    else:
+    elif a.kind == tyFromExpr and c.inGenericContext > 0:
+      # don't try to evaluate
+      discard
+    elif arg.kind != nkEmpty:
       var evaluated = c.semTryConstExpr(c, arg)
       if evaluated != nil:
         # Don't build the type in-place because `evaluated` and `arg` may point
         # to the same object and we'd end up creating recursive types (#9255)
-        let typ = newTypeS(tyStatic, c)
-        typ.sons = @[evaluated.typ]
+        let typ = newTypeS(tyStatic, c, son = evaluated.typ)
         typ.n = evaluated
         arg = copyTree(arg) # fix #12864
         arg.typ = typ
@@ -2056,36 +2437,58 @@ proc paramTypesMatchAux(m: var TCandidate, f, a: PType,
     else:
       return argSemantized # argOrig
 
-  # If r == isBothMetaConvertible then we rerun typeRel.
-  # bothMetaCounter is for safety to avoid any infinite loop,
-  #  I don't have any example when it is needed.
-  # lastBindingsLenth is used to check whether m.bindings remains the same,
-  #  because in that case there is no point in continuing.
-  var bothMetaCounter = 0
-  var lastBindingsLength = -1
-  while r == isBothMetaConvertible and
-      lastBindingsLength != m.bindings.counter and
-      bothMetaCounter < 100:
-    lastBindingsLength = m.bindings.counter
-    inc(bothMetaCounter)
-    if arg.kind in {nkProcDef, nkFuncDef, nkIteratorDef} + nkLambdaKinds:
-      result = c.semInferredLambda(c, m.bindings, arg)
-    elif arg.kind != nkSym:
-      return nil
-    else:
-      let inferred = c.semGenerateInstance(c, arg.sym, m.bindings, arg.info)
-      result = newSymNode(inferred, arg.info)
-    inc(m.convMatches)
-    arg = result
-    r = typeRel(m, f, arg.typ)
+  block instantiateGenericRoutine:
+    # In the case where the matched value is a generic proc, we need to
+    # fully instantiate it and then rerun typeRel to make sure it matches.
+    # instantiationCounter is for safety to avoid any infinite loop,
+    #  I don't have any example when it is needed.
+    # lastBindingCount is used to check whether m.bindings remains the same,
+    #  because in that case there is no point in continuing.
+    var instantiationCounter = 0
+    var lastBindingCount = -1
+    while r in {isBothMetaConvertible, isInferred, isInferredConvertible} and
+        lastBindingCount != m.bindings.len and
+        instantiationCounter < 100:
+      lastBindingCount = m.bindings.len
+      inc(instantiationCounter)
+      if arg.kind in {nkProcDef, nkFuncDef, nkIteratorDef} + nkLambdaKinds:
+        result = c.semInferredLambda(c, m.bindings, arg)
+      elif arg.kind != nkSym:
+        return nil
+      elif arg.sym.kind in {skMacro, skTemplate}:
+        return nil
+      else:
+        if arg.sym.ast == nil:
+          return nil
+        let inferred = c.semGenerateInstance(c, arg.sym, m.bindings, arg.info)
+        result = newSymNode(inferred, arg.info)
+      arg = result
+      r = typeRel(m, f, arg.typ)
 
   case r
   of isConvertible:
+    if f.skipTypes({tyRange}).kind in {tyInt, tyUInt}:
+      inc(m.convMatches)
     inc(m.convMatches)
-    result = implicitConv(nkHiddenStdConv, f, arg, m, c)
+    if skipTypes(f, abstractVar-{tyTypeDesc}).kind == tySet:
+      if tfIsConstructor in a.flags and arg.kind == nkCurly:
+        # we marked the set as convertible only because the arg is a literal
+        # in which case we individually convert each element
+        let t =
+          if containsGenericType(f):
+            getInstantiatedType(c, arg, m, f).skipTypes({tySink})
+          else:
+            f.skipTypes({tySink})
+        result = convertLiteral(nkHiddenStdConv, c, m, arg, t)
+      else:
+        result = nil
+    else:
+      result = implicitConv(nkHiddenStdConv, f, arg, m, c)
   of isIntConv:
     # I'm too lazy to introduce another ``*matches`` field, so we conflate
     # ``isIntConv`` and ``isIntLit`` here:
+    if f.skipTypes({tyRange}).kind notin {tyInt, tyUInt}:
+      inc(m.intConvMatches)
     inc(m.intConvMatches)
     result = implicitConv(nkHiddenStdConv, f, arg, m, c)
   of isSubtype:
@@ -2100,25 +2503,20 @@ proc paramTypesMatchAux(m: var TCandidate, f, a: PType,
       result = arg
     else:
       result = implicitConv(nkHiddenStdConv, f, arg, m, c)
-  of isInferred, isInferredConvertible:
-    if arg.kind in {nkProcDef, nkFuncDef, nkIteratorDef} + nkLambdaKinds:
-      result = c.semInferredLambda(c, m.bindings, arg)
-    elif arg.kind != nkSym:
-      return nil
-    else:
-      let inferred = c.semGenerateInstance(c, arg.sym, m.bindings, arg.info)
-      result = newSymNode(inferred, arg.info)
-    if r == isInferredConvertible:
-      inc(m.convMatches)
-      result = implicitConv(nkHiddenStdConv, f, result, m, c)
-    else:
-      inc(m.genericMatches)
+  of isInferred:
+    # result should be set in above while loop:
+    assert result != nil
+    inc(m.genericMatches)
+  of isInferredConvertible:
+    # result should be set in above while loop:
+    assert result != nil
+    inc(m.convMatches)
+    result = implicitConv(nkHiddenStdConv, f, result, m, c)
   of isGeneric:
     inc(m.genericMatches)
     if arg.typ == nil:
       result = arg
-    elif skipTypes(arg.typ, abstractVar-{tyTypeDesc}).kind == tyTuple or
-         m.inheritancePenalty > oldInheritancePenalty:
+    elif skipTypes(arg.typ, abstractVar-{tyTypeDesc}).kind == tyTuple or cmpInheritancePenalty(oldInheritancePenalty, m.inheritancePenalty) > 0:
       result = implicitConv(nkHiddenSubConv, f, arg, m, c)
     elif arg.typ.isEmptyContainer:
       result = arg.copyTree
@@ -2126,8 +2524,10 @@ proc paramTypesMatchAux(m: var TCandidate, f, a: PType,
     else:
       result = arg
   of isBothMetaConvertible:
-    # This is the result for the 101th time.
-    result = nil
+    # result should be set in above while loop:
+    assert result != nil
+    inc(m.convMatches)
+    result = arg
   of isFromIntLit:
     # too lazy to introduce another ``*matches`` field, so we conflate
     # ``isIntConv`` and ``isIntLit`` here:
@@ -2136,17 +2536,21 @@ proc paramTypesMatchAux(m: var TCandidate, f, a: PType,
   of isEqual:
     inc(m.exactMatches)
     result = arg
-    if skipTypes(f, abstractVar-{tyTypeDesc}).kind == tyTuple or
+    let ff = skipTypes(f, abstractVar-{tyTypeDesc})
+    if ff.kind == tyTuple or
       (arg.typ != nil and skipTypes(arg.typ, abstractVar-{tyTypeDesc}).kind == tyTuple):
       result = implicitConv(nkHiddenSubConv, f, arg, m, c)
   of isNone:
     # do not do this in ``typeRel`` as it then can't infer T in ``ref T``:
-    if a.kind in {tyProxy, tyUnknown}:
+    if a.kind == tyFromExpr: return nil
+    elif a.kind == tyError:
       inc(m.genericMatches)
-      m.fauxMatch = a.kind
+      m.matchedErrorType = true
       return arg
     elif a.kind == tyVoid and f.matchesVoidProc and argOrig.kind == nkStmtList:
       # lift do blocks without params to lambdas
+      # now deprecated
+      message(c.config, argOrig.info, warnStmtListLambda)
       let p = c.graph
       let lifted = c.semExpr(c, newProcNode(nkDo, argOrig.info, body = argOrig,
           params = nkFormalParams.newTree(p.emptyNode), name = p.emptyNode, pattern = p.emptyNode,
@@ -2163,6 +2567,9 @@ proc paramTypesMatchAux(m: var TCandidate, f, a: PType,
       if f.n != nil:
         # Forward to the varargs converter
         result = localConvMatch(c, m, f, a, arg)
+      elif f[0].kind == tyTyped:
+        inc m.genericMatches
+        result = arg
       else:
         r = typeRel(m, base(f), a)
         case r
@@ -2190,61 +2597,103 @@ proc paramTypesMatchAux(m: var TCandidate, f, a: PType,
           result = userConvMatch(c, m, base(f), a, arg)
           if result != nil: m.baseTypeMatch = true
 
+proc staticAwareTypeRel(m: var TCandidate, f: PType, arg: var PNode): TTypeRelation =
+  if f.kind == tyStatic and f.base.kind == tyProc:
+    # The ast of the type does not point to the symbol.
+    # Without this we will never resolve a `static proc` with overloads
+    let copiedNode = copyNode(arg)
+    copiedNode.typ = exactReplica(copiedNode.typ)
+    copiedNode.typ.n = arg
+    arg = copiedNode
+  typeRel(m, f, arg.typ)
+
+
 proc paramTypesMatch*(m: var TCandidate, f, a: PType,
                       arg, argOrig: PNode): PNode =
   if arg == nil or arg.kind notin nkSymChoices:
     result = paramTypesMatchAux(m, f, a, arg, argOrig)
   else:
-    # CAUTION: The order depends on the used hashing scheme. Thus it is
-    # incorrect to simply use the first fitting match. However, to implement
-    # this correctly is inefficient. We have to copy `m` here to be able to
-    # roll back the side effects of the unification algorithm.
-    let c = m.c
-    var
-      x = newCandidate(c, m.callee)
-      y = newCandidate(c, m.callee)
-      z = newCandidate(c, m.callee)
-    x.calleeSym = m.calleeSym
-    y.calleeSym = m.calleeSym
-    z.calleeSym = m.calleeSym
+    # symbol kinds that don't participate in symchoice type disambiguation:
+    let matchSet = {low(TSymKind)..high(TSymKind)} - {skModule, skPackage}
+
     var best = -1
-    for i in 0..<arg.len:
-      if arg[i].sym.kind in {skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skConverter,
-                                  skIterator, skMacro, skTemplate}:
-        copyCandidate(z, m)
-        z.callee = arg[i].typ
-        if tfUnresolved in z.callee.flags: continue
-        z.calleeSym = arg[i].sym
-        # XXX this is still all wrong: (T, T) should be 2 generic matches
-        # and  (int, int) 2 exact matches, etc. Essentially you cannot call
-        # typeRel here and expect things to work!
-        let r = typeRel(z, f, arg[i].typ)
-        incMatches(z, r, 2)
-        if r != isNone:
-          z.state = csMatch
-          case x.state
-          of csEmpty, csNoMatch:
-            x = z
+    result = arg
+
+    var actingF = f
+    if f.kind == tyVarargs:
+      if m.calleeSym.kind in {skTemplate, skMacro}:
+        actingF = f[0]
+    if actingF.kind in {tyTyped, tyUntyped}:
+      var
+        bestScope = -1
+        counts = 0
+      for i in 0..<arg.len:
+        if arg[i].sym.kind in matchSet:
+          let thisScope = cmpScopes(m.c, arg[i].sym)
+          if thisScope > bestScope:
             best = i
-          of csMatch:
-            let cmp = cmpCandidates(x, z)
-            if cmp < 0:
-              best = i
-              x = z
-            elif cmp == 0:
-              y = z           # z is as good as x
-
-    if x.state == csEmpty:
-      result = nil
-    elif y.state == csMatch and cmpCandidates(x, y) == 0:
-      if x.state != csMatch:
-        internalError(m.c.graph.config, arg.info, "x.state is not csMatch")
-      # ambiguous: more than one symbol fits!
-      # See tsymchoice_for_expr as an example. 'f.kind == tyUntyped' should match
-      # anyway:
-      if f.kind in {tyUntyped, tyTyped}: result = arg
-      else: result = nil
+            bestScope = thisScope
+            counts = 0
+          elif thisScope == bestScope:
+            inc counts
+      if best == -1:
+        result = nil
+      elif counts > 0:
+        m.genericMatches = 1
+        best = -1
     else:
+      # CAUTION: The order depends on the used hashing scheme. Thus it is
+      # incorrect to simply use the first fitting match. However, to implement
+      # this correctly is inefficient. We have to copy `m` here to be able to
+      # roll back the side effects of the unification algorithm.
+      let c = m.c
+      var
+        x = newCandidate(c, m.callee)  # potential "best"
+        y = newCandidate(c, m.callee)  # potential competitor with x
+        z = newCandidate(c, m.callee)  # buffer for copies of m
+      x.calleeSym = m.calleeSym
+      y.calleeSym = m.calleeSym
+      z.calleeSym = m.calleeSym
+
+      for i in 0..<arg.len:
+        if arg[i].sym.kind in matchSet:
+          copyCandidate(z, m)
+          z.callee = arg[i].typ
+          if arg[i].sym.kind == skType and z.callee.kind != tyTypeDesc:
+            # creating the symchoice with the type sym having typedesc type
+            # breaks a lot of stuff, so we make the typedesc type here
+            # mirrored from `newSymNodeTypeDesc`
+            z.callee = newType(tyTypeDesc, c.idgen, arg[i].sym.owner)
+            z.callee.addSonSkipIntLit(arg[i].sym.typ, c.idgen)
+          if tfUnresolved in z.callee.flags: continue
+          z.calleeSym = arg[i].sym
+          z.calleeScope = cmpScopes(m.c, arg[i].sym)
+          # XXX this is still all wrong: (T, T) should be 2 generic matches
+          # and  (int, int) 2 exact matches, etc. Essentially you cannot call
+          # typeRel here and expect things to work!
+          let r = staticAwareTypeRel(z, f, arg[i])
+          incMatches(z, r, 2)
+          if r != isNone:
+            z.state = csMatch
+            case x.state
+            of csEmpty, csNoMatch:
+              x = z
+              best = i
+            of csMatch:
+              let cmp = cmpCandidates(x, z, isFormal=false)
+              if cmp < 0:
+                best = i
+                x = z
+              elif cmp == 0:
+                y = z           # z is as good as x
+
+      if x.state == csEmpty:
+        result = nil
+      elif y.state == csMatch and cmpCandidates(x, y, isFormal=false) == 0:
+        if x.state != csMatch:
+          internalError(m.c.graph.config, arg.info, "x.state is not csMatch")
+        result = nil
+    if best > -1 and result != nil:
       # only one valid interpretation found:
       markUsed(m.c, arg.info, arg[best].sym)
       onUse(arg.info, arg[best].sym)
@@ -2266,21 +2715,27 @@ proc setSon(father: PNode, at: int, son: PNode) =
 # we are allowed to modify the calling node in the 'prepare*' procs:
 proc prepareOperand(c: PContext; formal: PType; a: PNode): PNode =
   if formal.kind == tyUntyped and formal.len != 1:
-    # {tyTypeDesc, tyUntyped, tyTyped, tyProxy}:
+    # {tyTypeDesc, tyUntyped, tyTyped, tyError}:
     # a.typ == nil is valid
     result = a
   elif a.typ.isNil:
-    # XXX This is unsound! 'formal' can differ from overloaded routine to
-    # overloaded routine!
-    let flags = {efDetermineType, efAllowStmt}
-                #if formal.kind == tyIter: {efDetermineType, efWantIterator}
-                #else: {efDetermineType, efAllowStmt}
-                #elif formal.kind == tyTyped: {efDetermineType, efWantStmt}
-                #else: {efDetermineType}
-    result = c.semOperand(c, a, flags)
+    if formal.kind == tyIterable:
+      let flags = {efDetermineType, efAllowStmt, efWantIterator, efWantIterable}
+      result = c.semOperand(c, a, flags)
+    else:
+      # XXX This is unsound! 'formal' can differ from overloaded routine to
+      # overloaded routine!
+      let flags = {efDetermineType, efAllowStmt}
+                  #if formal.kind == tyIterable: {efDetermineType, efWantIterator}
+                  #else: {efDetermineType, efAllowStmt}
+                  #elif formal.kind == tyTyped: {efDetermineType, efWantStmt}
+                  #else: {efDetermineType}
+      result = c.semOperand(c, a, flags)
   else:
     result = a
     considerGenSyms(c, result)
+    if result.kind != nkHiddenDeref and result.typ.kind in {tyVar, tyLent} and c.matchedConcept == nil:
+      result = newDeref(result)
 
 proc prepareOperand(c: PContext; a: PNode): PNode =
   if a.typ.isNil:
@@ -2298,7 +2753,7 @@ proc arrayConstr(c: PContext, n: PNode): PType =
   result = newTypeS(tyArray, c)
   rawAddSon(result, makeRangeType(c, 0, 0, n.info))
   addSonSkipIntLit(result, skipTypes(n.typ,
-      {tyGenericInst, tyVar, tyLent, tyOrdinal}), c.idgen)
+      {tyVar, tyLent, tyOrdinal}), c.idgen)
 
 proc arrayConstr(c: PContext, info: TLineInfo): PType =
   result = newTypeS(tyArray, c)
@@ -2307,11 +2762,27 @@ proc arrayConstr(c: PContext, info: TLineInfo): PType =
 
 proc incrIndexType(t: PType) =
   assert t.kind == tyArray
-  inc t[0].n[1].intVal
+  inc t.indexType.n[1].intVal
 
 template isVarargsUntyped(x): untyped =
   x.kind == tyVarargs and x[0].kind == tyUntyped
 
+template isVarargsTyped(x): untyped =
+  x.kind == tyVarargs and x[0].kind == tyTyped
+
+proc findFirstArgBlock(m: var TCandidate, n: PNode): int =
+  # see https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/405
+  result = int.high
+  for a2 in countdown(n.len-1, 0):
+    # checking `nfBlockArg in n[a2].flags` wouldn't work inside templates
+    if n[a2].kind != nkStmtList: break
+    let formalLast = m.callee.n[m.callee.n.len - (n.len - a2)]
+    # parameter has to occupy space (no default value, not void or varargs)
+    if formalLast.kind == nkSym and formalLast.sym.ast == nil and
+        formalLast.sym.typ.kind notin {tyVoid, tyVarargs}:
+      result = a2
+    else: break
+
 proc matchesAux(c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode, m: var TCandidate, marker: var IntSet) =
 
   template noMatch() =
@@ -2322,7 +2793,7 @@ proc matchesAux(c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode, m: var TCandidate, marker: var Int
     return
 
   template checkConstraint(n: untyped) {.dirty.} =
-    if not formal.constraint.isNil:
+    if not formal.constraint.isNil and sfCodegenDecl notin formal.flags:
       if matchNodeKinds(formal.constraint, n):
         # better match over other routines with no such restriction:
         inc(m.genericMatches, 100)
@@ -2335,7 +2806,7 @@ proc matchesAux(c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode, m: var TCandidate, marker: var Int
         if argConverter.typ.kind notin {tyVar}:
           m.firstMismatch.kind = kVarNeeded
           noMatch()
-      elif not n.isLValue:
+      elif not (isLValue(c, n, isOutParam(formal.typ))):
         m.firstMismatch.kind = kVarNeeded
         noMatch()
 
@@ -2348,11 +2819,11 @@ proc matchesAux(c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode, m: var TCandidate, marker: var Int
     a = 1 # iterates over the actual given arguments
     f = if m.callee.kind != tyGenericBody: 1
         else: 0 # iterates over formal parameters
-    arg: PNode # current prepared argument
+    arg: PNode = nil # current prepared argument
     formalLen = m.callee.n.len
     formal = if formalLen > 1: m.callee.n[1].sym else: nil # current routine parameter
     container: PNode = nil # constructed container
-
+  let firstArgBlock = findFirstArgBlock(m, n)
   while a < n.len:
     c.openShadowScope
 
@@ -2421,7 +2892,7 @@ proc matchesAux(c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode, m: var TCandidate, marker: var Int
           n[a] = prepareOperand(c, n[a])
           if skipTypes(n[a].typ, abstractVar-{tyTypeDesc}).kind==tyString:
             m.call.add implicitConv(nkHiddenStdConv,
-                  getSysType(c.graph, n[a].info, tyCString),
+                  getSysType(c.graph, n[a].info, tyCstring),
                   copyTree(n[a]), m, c)
           else:
             m.call.add copyTree(n[a])
@@ -2448,6 +2919,8 @@ proc matchesAux(c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode, m: var TCandidate, marker: var Int
         if m.callee.n[f].kind != nkSym:
           internalError(c.config, n[a].info, "matches")
           noMatch()
+        if flexibleOptionalParams in c.features and a >= firstArgBlock:
+          f = max(f, m.callee.n.len - (n.len - a))
         formal = m.callee.n[f].sym
         m.firstMismatch.kind = kTypeMismatch
         if containsOrIncl(marker, formal.position) and container.isNil:
@@ -2471,7 +2944,15 @@ proc matchesAux(c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode, m: var TCandidate, marker: var Int
                                     n[a], nOrig[a])
           if arg == nil:
             noMatch()
-          if m.baseTypeMatch:
+          if formal.typ.isVarargsTyped and m.calleeSym.kind in {skTemplate, skMacro}:
+            if container.isNil:
+              container = newNodeIT(nkBracket, n[a].info, arrayConstr(c, n.info))
+              setSon(m.call, formal.position + 1, implicitConv(nkHiddenStdConv, formal.typ, container, m, c))
+            else:
+              incrIndexType(container.typ)
+            container.add n[a]
+            f = max(f, formalLen - n.len + a + 1)
+          elif m.baseTypeMatch:
             assert formal.typ.kind == tyVarargs
             #assert(container == nil)
             if container.isNil:
@@ -2511,12 +2992,6 @@ proc matchesAux(c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode, m: var TCandidate, marker: var Int
   m.firstMismatch.arg = a
   m.firstMismatch.formal = formal
 
-proc semFinishOperands*(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
-  # this needs to be called to ensure that after overloading resolution every
-  # argument has been sem'checked:
-  for i in 1..<n.len:
-    n[i] = prepareOperand(c, n[i])
-
 proc partialMatch*(c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode, m: var TCandidate) =
   # for 'suggest' support:
   var marker = initIntSet()
@@ -2532,6 +3007,8 @@ proc matches*(c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode, m: var TCandidate) =
       inc m.genericMatches
       inc m.exactMatches
     return
+  # initCandidate may have given csNoMatch if generic params didn't match:
+  if m.state == csNoMatch: return
   var marker = initIntSet()
   matchesAux(c, n, nOrig, m, marker)
   if m.state == csNoMatch: return
@@ -2554,14 +3031,16 @@ proc matches*(c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode, m: var TCandidate) =
           m.firstMismatch.formal = formal
           break
       else:
+        # mirrored with updateDefaultParams:
         if formal.ast.kind == nkEmpty:
           # The default param value is set to empty in `instantiateProcType`
           # when the type of the default expression doesn't match the type
           # of the instantiated proc param:
-          localError(c.config, m.call.info,
-                     ("The default parameter '$1' has incompatible type " &
-                      "with the explicitly requested proc instantiation") %
-                      formal.name.s)
+          pushInfoContext(c.config, m.call.info,
+            if m.calleeSym != nil: m.calleeSym.detailedInfo else: "")
+          typeMismatch(c.config, formal.ast.info, formal.typ, formal.ast.typ, formal.ast)
+          popInfoContext(c.config)
+          formal.ast.typ = errorType(c)
         if nfDefaultRefsParam in formal.ast.flags:
           m.call.flags.incl nfDefaultRefsParam
         var defaultValue = copyTree(formal.ast)
@@ -2570,7 +3049,7 @@ proc matches*(c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode, m: var TCandidate) =
         # proc foo(x: T = 0.0)
         # foo()
         if {tfImplicitTypeParam, tfGenericTypeParam} * formal.typ.flags != {}:
-          let existing = PType(idTableGet(m.bindings, formal.typ))
+          let existing = idTableGet(m.bindings, formal.typ)
           if existing == nil or existing.kind == tyTypeDesc:
             # see bug #11600:
             put(m, formal.typ, defaultValue.typ)
@@ -2579,7 +3058,7 @@ proc matches*(c: PContext, n, nOrig: PNode, m: var TCandidate) =
   # forget all inferred types if the overload matching failed
   if m.state == csNoMatch:
     for t in m.inferredTypes:
-      if t.len > 1: t.sons.setLen 1
+      if t.len > 1: t.newSons 1
 
 proc argtypeMatches*(c: PContext, f, a: PType, fromHlo = false): bool =
   var m = newCandidate(c, f)
@@ -2593,11 +3072,9 @@ proc argtypeMatches*(c: PContext, f, a: PType, fromHlo = false): bool =
     # pattern templates do not allow for conversions except from int literal
     res != nil and m.convMatches == 0 and m.intConvMatches in [0, 256]
 
-when not defined(nimHasSinkInference):
-  {.pragma: nosinks.}
 
 proc instTypeBoundOp*(c: PContext; dc: PSym; t: PType; info: TLineInfo;
-                      op: TTypeAttachedOp; col: int): PSym {.nosinks.} =
+                      op: TTypeAttachedOp; col: int): PSym =
   var m = newCandidate(c, dc.typ)
   if col >= dc.typ.len:
     localError(c.config, info, "cannot instantiate: '" & dc.name.s & "'")
@@ -2605,10 +3082,11 @@ proc instTypeBoundOp*(c: PContext; dc: PSym; t: PType; info: TLineInfo;
   var f = dc.typ[col]
 
   if op == attachedDeepCopy:
-    if f.kind in {tyRef, tyPtr}: f = f.lastSon
+    if f.kind in {tyRef, tyPtr}: f = f.elementType
   else:
-    if f.kind in {tyVar}: f = f.lastSon
+    if f.kind in {tyVar}: f = f.elementType
   if typeRel(m, f, t) == isNone:
+    result = nil
     localError(c.config, info, "cannot instantiate: '" & dc.name.s & "'")
   else:
     result = c.semGenerateInstance(c, dc, m.bindings, info)
diff --git a/compiler/sinkparameter_inference.nim b/compiler/sinkparameter_inference.nim
index fa9f2b445..09d54ec79 100644
--- a/compiler/sinkparameter_inference.nim
+++ b/compiler/sinkparameter_inference.nim
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ proc checkForSink*(config: ConfigRef; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym; arg: PNod
     var local = p # sink parameter?
     passToSink(local)
   ]#
-  if optSinkInference notin config.options: return
   case arg.kind
   of nkSym:
     if arg.sym.kind == skParam and
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ proc checkForSink*(config: ConfigRef; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym; arg: PNod
       if sfWasForwarded notin owner.flags:
         let argType = arg.sym.typ
 
-        let sinkType = newType(tySink, nextTypeId(idgen), owner)
+        let sinkType = newType(tySink, idgen, owner)
         sinkType.size = argType.size
         sinkType.align = argType.align
         sinkType.paddingAtEnd = argType.paddingAtEnd
diff --git a/compiler/sizealignoffsetimpl.nim b/compiler/sizealignoffsetimpl.nim
index b50777c9e..1dd481ec0 100644
--- a/compiler/sizealignoffsetimpl.nim
+++ b/compiler/sizealignoffsetimpl.nim
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 proc align(address, alignment: BiggestInt): BiggestInt =
   result = (address + (alignment - 1)) and not (alignment - 1)
 
-proc align(address, alignment: int): int =
+proc align(address, alignment: int32): int32 =
   result = (address + (alignment - 1)) and not (alignment - 1)
 
 const
@@ -29,26 +29,26 @@ proc raiseIllegalTypeRecursion() =
   raise newException(IllegalTypeRecursionError, "illegal type recursion")
 
 type
-  OffsetAccum = object
-    maxAlign: int
-    offset: int
+  OffsetAccum* = object
+    maxAlign*: int32
+    offset*: int32
 
-proc inc(arg: var OffsetAccum; value: int) =
+proc inc*(arg: var OffsetAccum; value: int32) =
   if unlikely(value == szIllegalRecursion): raiseIllegalTypeRecursion()
   if value == szUnknownSize or arg.offset == szUnknownSize:
     arg.offset = szUnknownSize
   else:
     arg.offset += value
 
-proc alignmentMax(a,b: int): int =
+proc alignmentMax(a, b: int32): int32 =
   if unlikely(a == szIllegalRecursion or b == szIllegalRecursion): raiseIllegalTypeRecursion()
   if a == szUnknownSize or b == szUnknownSize:
     szUnknownSize
   else:
-    max(a,b)
+    max(a, b)
 
-proc align(arg: var OffsetAccum; value: int) =
-  if unlikely(value == szIllegalRecursion):  raiseIllegalTypeRecursion()
+proc align*(arg: var OffsetAccum; value: int32) =
+  if unlikely(value == szIllegalRecursion): raiseIllegalTypeRecursion()
   if value == szUnknownSize or arg.maxAlign == szUnknownSize or arg.offset == szUnknownSize:
     arg.maxAlign = szUnknownSize
     arg.offset = szUnknownSize
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ proc mergeBranch(arg: var OffsetAccum; value: OffsetAccum) =
     arg.offset = max(arg.offset, value.offset)
     arg.maxAlign = max(arg.maxAlign, value.maxAlign)
 
-proc finish(arg: var OffsetAccum): int =
+proc finish(arg: var OffsetAccum): int32 =
   if arg.maxAlign == szUnknownSize or arg.offset == szUnknownSize:
     result = szUnknownSize
     arg.offset = szUnknownSize
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ proc finish(arg: var OffsetAccum): int =
     result = align(arg.offset, arg.maxAlign) - arg.offset
     arg.offset += result
 
-proc computeSizeAlign(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType)
+proc computeSizeAlign*(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType)
 
 proc computeSubObjectAlign(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode): BiggestInt =
   ## returns object alignment
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ proc setOffsetsToUnknown(n: PNode) =
     for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
       setOffsetsToUnknown(n[i])
 
-proc computeObjectOffsetsFoldFunction(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode, packed: bool, accum: var OffsetAccum) =
+proc computeObjectOffsetsFoldFunction(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode; packed: bool; accum: var OffsetAccum) =
   ## ``offset`` is the offset within the object, after the node has been written, no padding bytes added
   ## ``align`` maximum alignment from all sub nodes
   assert n != nil
@@ -122,20 +122,20 @@ proc computeObjectOffsetsFoldFunction(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode, packed: bool, a
   of nkRecCase:
     assert(n[0].kind == nkSym)
     computeObjectOffsetsFoldFunction(conf, n[0], packed, accum)
-    var maxChildAlign: int = if accum.offset == szUnknownSize: szUnknownSize else: 1
+    var maxChildAlign = if accum.offset == szUnknownSize: szUnknownSize.int32 else: 1'i32
     if not packed:
       for i in 1..<n.len:
         let child = n[i]
         case child.kind
         of nkOfBranch, nkElse:
           # offset parameter cannot be known yet, it needs to know the alignment first
-          let align = int(computeSubObjectAlign(conf, n[i].lastSon))
+          let align = int32(computeSubObjectAlign(conf, n[i].lastSon))
           maxChildAlign = alignmentMax(maxChildAlign, align)
         else:
           internalError(conf, "computeObjectOffsetsFoldFunction(record case branch)")
     if maxChildAlign == szUnknownSize:
       setOffsetsToUnknown(n)
-      accum.offset  = szUnknownSize
+      accum.offset = szUnknownSize
       accum.maxAlign = szUnknownSize
     else:
       # the union needs to be aligned first, before the offsets can be assigned
@@ -150,15 +150,15 @@ proc computeObjectOffsetsFoldFunction(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode, packed: bool, a
     for i, child in n.sons:
       computeObjectOffsetsFoldFunction(conf, child, packed, accum)
   of nkSym:
-    var size = szUnknownSize
-    var align = szUnknownSize
+    var size = szUnknownSize.int32
+    var align = szUnknownSize.int32
     if n.sym.bitsize == 0: # 0 represents bitsize not set
       computeSizeAlign(conf, n.sym.typ)
-      size = n.sym.typ.size.int
-      align = if packed: 1 else: n.sym.typ.align.int
+      size = n.sym.typ.size.int32
+      align = if packed: 1 else: n.sym.typ.align.int32
     accum.align(align)
     if n.sym.alignment > 0:
-      accum.align(n.sym.alignment)
+      accum.align(n.sym.alignment.int32)
     n.sym.offset = accum.offset
     accum.inc(size)
   else:
@@ -180,15 +180,15 @@ proc computeUnionObjectOffsetsFoldFunction(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode; packed: bo
       discard finish(branchAccum)
       accum.mergeBranch(branchAccum)
   of nkSym:
-    var size = szUnknownSize
-    var align = szUnknownSize
+    var size = szUnknownSize.int32
+    var align = szUnknownSize.int32
     if n.sym.bitsize == 0: # 0 represents bitsize not set
       computeSizeAlign(conf, n.sym.typ)
-      size = n.sym.typ.size.int
-      align = if packed: 1 else: n.sym.typ.align.int
+      size = n.sym.typ.size.int32
+      align = if packed: 1 else: n.sym.typ.align.int32
     accum.align(align)
     if n.sym.alignment > 0:
-      accum.align(n.sym.alignment)
+      accum.align(n.sym.alignment.int32)
     n.sym.offset = accum.offset
     accum.inc(size)
   else:
@@ -196,6 +196,11 @@ proc computeUnionObjectOffsetsFoldFunction(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode; packed: bo
     accum.offset = szUnknownSize
 
 proc computeSizeAlign(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType) =
+  template setSize(typ, s) =
+    typ.size = s
+    typ.align = s
+    typ.paddingAtEnd = 0
+
   ## computes and sets ``size`` and ``align`` members of ``typ``
   assert typ != nil
   let hasSize = typ.size != szUncomputedSize
@@ -242,8 +247,8 @@ proc computeSizeAlign(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType) =
     else:
       typ.size = conf.target.ptrSize
     typ.align = int16(conf.target.ptrSize)
-  of tyCString, tySequence, tyPtr, tyRef, tyVar, tyLent:
-    let base = typ.lastSon
+  of tyCstring, tySequence, tyPtr, tyRef, tyVar, tyLent:
+    let base = typ.last
     if base == typ:
       # this is not the correct location to detect ``type A = ptr A``
       typ.size = szIllegalRecursion
@@ -257,21 +262,21 @@ proc computeSizeAlign(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType) =
       typ.size = conf.target.ptrSize
 
   of tyArray:
-    computeSizeAlign(conf, typ[1])
-    let elemSize = typ[1].size 
-    let len = lengthOrd(conf, typ[0])
+    computeSizeAlign(conf, typ.elementType)
+    let elemSize = typ.elementType.size
+    let len = lengthOrd(conf, typ.indexType)
     if elemSize < 0:
       typ.size = elemSize
       typ.align = int16(elemSize)
     elif len < 0:
       typ.size = szUnknownSize
-      typ.align = szUnknownSize    
+      typ.align = szUnknownSize
     else:
       typ.size = toInt64Checked(len * int32(elemSize), szTooBigSize)
-      typ.align = typ[1].align
+      typ.align = typ.elementType.align
 
   of tyUncheckedArray:
-    let base = typ.lastSon
+    let base = typ.last
     computeSizeAlign(conf, base)
     typ.size = 0
     typ.align = base.align
@@ -295,11 +300,11 @@ proc computeSizeAlign(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType) =
         typ.size = 8
         typ.align = int16(conf.floatInt64Align)
   of tySet:
-    if typ[0].kind == tyGenericParam:
+    if typ.elementType.kind == tyGenericParam:
       typ.size = szUncomputedSize
       typ.align = szUncomputedSize
     else:
-      let length = toInt64(lengthOrd(conf, typ[0]))
+      let length = toInt64(lengthOrd(conf, typ.elementType))
       if length <= 8:
         typ.size = 1
         typ.align = 1
@@ -314,27 +319,26 @@ proc computeSizeAlign(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType) =
         typ.align = int16(conf.floatInt64Align)
       elif align(length, 8) mod 8 == 0:
         typ.size = align(length, 8) div 8
-        typ.align = int16(conf.floatInt64Align)
+        typ.align = 1
       else:
         typ.size = align(length, 8) div 8 + 1
-        typ.align = int16(conf.floatInt64Align)
+        typ.align = 1
   of tyRange:
-    computeSizeAlign(conf, typ[0])
-    typ.size = typ[0].size
-    typ.align = typ[0].align
-    typ.paddingAtEnd = typ[0].paddingAtEnd
+    computeSizeAlign(conf, typ.elementType)
+    typ.size = typ.elementType.size
+    typ.align = typ.elementType.align
+    typ.paddingAtEnd = typ.elementType.paddingAtEnd
 
   of tyTuple:
     try:
       var accum = OffsetAccum(maxAlign: 1)
-      for i in 0..<typ.len:
-        let child = typ[i]
+      for i, child in typ.ikids:
         computeSizeAlign(conf, child)
         accum.align(child.align)
         if typ.n != nil: # is named tuple (has field symbols)?
           let sym = typ.n[i].sym
           sym.offset = accum.offset
-        accum.inc(int(child.size))
+        accum.inc(int32(child.size))
       typ.paddingAtEnd = int16(accum.finish())
       typ.size = if accum.offset == 0: 1 else: accum.offset
       typ.align = int16(accum.maxAlign)
@@ -346,27 +350,27 @@ proc computeSizeAlign(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType) =
   of tyObject:
     try:
       var accum =
-        if typ[0] != nil:
+        if typ.baseClass != nil:
           # compute header size
-          var st = typ[0]
+          var st = typ.baseClass
           while st.kind in skipPtrs:
-            st = st[^1]
+            st = st.skipModifier
           computeSizeAlign(conf, st)
           if conf.backend == backendCpp:
             OffsetAccum(
-              offset: int(st.size) - int(st.paddingAtEnd),
+              offset: int32(st.size) - int32(st.paddingAtEnd),
               maxAlign: st.align
             )
           else:
             OffsetAccum(
-              offset: int(st.size),
+              offset: int32(st.size),
               maxAlign: st.align
             )
         elif isObjectWithTypeFieldPredicate(typ):
           # this branch is taken for RootObj
           OffsetAccum(
-            offset: conf.target.intSize,
-            maxAlign: conf.target.intSize
+            offset: conf.target.intSize.int32,
+            maxAlign: conf.target.intSize.int32
           )
         else:
           OffsetAccum(maxAlign: 1)
@@ -375,14 +379,19 @@ proc computeSizeAlign(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType) =
           let info = if typ.sym != nil: typ.sym.info else: unknownLineInfo
           localError(conf, info, "union type may not have an object header")
           accum = OffsetAccum(offset: szUnknownSize, maxAlign: szUnknownSize)
-        elif tfPacked in typ.flags:
-          computeUnionObjectOffsetsFoldFunction(conf, typ.n, true, accum)
         else:
-          computeUnionObjectOffsetsFoldFunction(conf, typ.n, false, accum)
+          computeUnionObjectOffsetsFoldFunction(conf, typ.n, tfPacked in typ.flags, accum)
       elif tfPacked in typ.flags:
         accum.maxAlign = 1
         computeObjectOffsetsFoldFunction(conf, typ.n, true, accum)
       else:
+        if typ.baseClass == nil and lacksMTypeField(typ) and typ.n.len == 1 and
+            typ.n[0].kind == nkSym and
+            typ.n[0].sym.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind == tyUncheckedArray:
+          # a dummy field is generated for an object with a single field
+          # with an UncheckedArray type
+          assert accum.offset == 0
+          accum.offset = 1
         computeObjectOffsetsFoldFunction(conf, typ.n, false, accum)
       let paddingAtEnd = int16(accum.finish())
       if typ.sym != nil and
@@ -400,24 +409,24 @@ proc computeSizeAlign(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType) =
       typ.align = szIllegalRecursion
       typ.paddingAtEnd = szIllegalRecursion
   of tyInferred:
-    if typ.len > 1:
-      computeSizeAlign(conf, typ.lastSon)
-      typ.size = typ.lastSon.size
-      typ.align = typ.lastSon.align
-      typ.paddingAtEnd = typ.lastSon.paddingAtEnd
+    if typ.hasElementType:
+      computeSizeAlign(conf, typ.last)
+      typ.size = typ.last.size
+      typ.align = typ.last.align
+      typ.paddingAtEnd = typ.last.paddingAtEnd
 
   of tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyGenericBody, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned:
-    computeSizeAlign(conf, typ.lastSon)
-    typ.size = typ.lastSon.size
-    typ.align = typ.lastSon.align
-    typ.paddingAtEnd = typ.lastSon.paddingAtEnd
+    computeSizeAlign(conf, typ.skipModifier)
+    typ.size = typ.skipModifier.size
+    typ.align = typ.skipModifier.align
+    typ.paddingAtEnd = typ.last.paddingAtEnd
 
   of tyTypeClasses:
     if typ.isResolvedUserTypeClass:
-      computeSizeAlign(conf, typ.lastSon)
-      typ.size = typ.lastSon.size
-      typ.align = typ.lastSon.align
-      typ.paddingAtEnd = typ.lastSon.paddingAtEnd
+      computeSizeAlign(conf, typ.last)
+      typ.size = typ.last.size
+      typ.align = typ.last.align
+      typ.paddingAtEnd = typ.last.paddingAtEnd
     else:
       typ.size = szUnknownSize
       typ.align = szUnknownSize
@@ -430,21 +439,30 @@ proc computeSizeAlign(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType) =
     typ.paddingAtEnd = typ.base.paddingAtEnd
 
   of tyForward:
-    # is this really illegal recursion, or maybe just unknown?
-    typ.size = szIllegalRecursion
-    typ.align = szIllegalRecursion
-    typ.paddingAtEnd = szIllegalRecursion
+    typ.size = szUnknownSize
+    typ.align = szUnknownSize
+    typ.paddingAtEnd = szUnknownSize
 
   of tyStatic:
     if typ.n != nil:
-      computeSizeAlign(conf, typ.lastSon)
-      typ.size = typ.lastSon.size
-      typ.align = typ.lastSon.align
-      typ.paddingAtEnd = typ.lastSon.paddingAtEnd
+      computeSizeAlign(conf, typ.last)
+      typ.size = typ.last.size
+      typ.align = typ.last.align
+      typ.paddingAtEnd = typ.last.paddingAtEnd
     else:
       typ.size = szUnknownSize
       typ.align = szUnknownSize
       typ.paddingAtEnd = szUnknownSize
+  of tyInt, tyUInt:
+    setSize typ, conf.target.intSize.int16
+  of tyBool, tyChar, tyUInt8, tyInt8:
+    setSize typ, 1
+  of tyInt16, tyUInt16:
+    setSize typ, 2
+  of tyInt32, tyUInt32, tyFloat32:
+    setSize typ, 4
+  of tyInt64, tyUInt64, tyFloat64, tyFloat:
+    setSize typ, 8
   else:
     typ.size = szUnknownSize
     typ.align = szUnknownSize
@@ -482,7 +500,7 @@ template foldOffsetOf*(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode; fallback: PNode): PNode =
   ## Returns an int literal node of the given offsetof expression in `n`.
   ## Falls back to `fallback`, if the `offsetof` expression can't be processed.
   let config = conf
-  let node : PNode = n
+  let node = n
   var dotExpr: PNode
   block findDotExpr:
     if node[1].kind == nkDotExpr:
@@ -490,6 +508,7 @@ template foldOffsetOf*(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode; fallback: PNode): PNode =
     elif node[1].kind == nkCheckedFieldExpr:
       dotExpr = node[1][0]
     else:
+      dotExpr = nil
       localError(config, node.info, "can't compute offsetof on this ast")
 
   assert dotExpr != nil
diff --git a/compiler/sourcemap.nim b/compiler/sourcemap.nim
index 2ec40227b..1395168cd 100644
--- a/compiler/sourcemap.nim
+++ b/compiler/sourcemap.nim
@@ -1,383 +1,206 @@
-import os, strformat, strutils, tables, sets, ropes, json, algorithm
+import std/[strutils, strscans, parseutils, assertions]
 
 type
-  SourceNode* = ref object
-    line*:      int
-    column*:    int
-    source*:    string
-    name*:      string
-    children*:  seq[Child]
-
-  C = enum cSourceNode, cString
-
-  Child* = ref object
-    case kind*: C:
-    of cSourceNode:
-      node*:  SourceNode
-    of cString:
-      s*:     string
-
-  SourceMap* = ref object
+  Segment = object
+    ## Segment refers to a block of something in the JS output.
+    ## This could be a token or an entire line
+    original: int # Column in the Nim source
+    generated: int # Column in the generated JS
+    name: int # Index into names list (-1 for no name)
+
+  Mapping = object
+    ## Mapping refers to a line in the JS output.
+    ## It is made up of segments which refer to the tokens in the line
+    case inSource: bool # Whether the line in JS has Nim equivalent
+    of true:
+      file: int # Index into files list
+      line: int # 0 indexed line of code in the Nim source
+      segments: seq[Segment]
+    else: discard
+
+  SourceInfo = object
+    mappings: seq[Mapping]
+    names, files: seq[string]
+
+  SourceMap* = object
     version*:   int
     sources*:   seq[string]
     names*:     seq[string]
     mappings*:  string
     file*:      string
-    # sourceRoot*: string
-    # sourcesContent*: string
-
-  SourceMapGenerator = ref object
-    file:           string
-    sourceRoot:     string
-    skipValidation: bool
-    sources:        seq[string]
-    names:          seq[string]
-    mappings:       seq[Mapping]
-
-  Mapping* = ref object
-    source*:        string
-    original*:      tuple[line: int, column: int]
-    generated*:     tuple[line: int, column: int]
-    name*:          string
-    noSource*:      bool
-    noName*:        bool
-
-
-proc child*(s: string): Child =
-  Child(kind: cString, s: s)
-
-
-proc child*(node: SourceNode): Child =
-  Child(kind: cSourceNode, node: node)
-
 
-proc newSourceNode(line: int, column: int, path: string, node: SourceNode, name: string = ""): SourceNode =
-  SourceNode(line: line, column: column, source: path, name: name, children: @[child(node)])
-
-
-proc newSourceNode(line: int, column: int, path: string, s: string, name: string = ""): SourceNode =
-  SourceNode(line: line, column: column, source: path, name: name, children: @[child(s)])
-
-
-proc newSourceNode(line: int, column: int, path: string, children: seq[Child], name: string = ""): SourceNode =
-  SourceNode(line: line, column: column, source: path, name: name, children: children)
-
-
-
-
-# debugging
-
-
-proc text*(sourceNode: SourceNode, depth: int): string =
-  let empty = "  "
-  result = &"{repeat(empty, depth)}SourceNode({sourceNode.source}:{sourceNode.line}:{sourceNode.column}):\n"
-  for child in sourceNode.children:
-    if child.kind == cString:
-      result.add(&"{repeat(empty, depth + 1)}{child.s}\n")
-    else:
-      result.add(child.node.text(depth + 1))
-
-
-proc `$`*(sourceNode: SourceNode): string = text(sourceNode, 0)
+func addSegment(info: var SourceInfo, original, generated: int, name: string = "") {.raises: [].} =
+  ## Adds a new segment into the current line
+  assert info.mappings.len > 0, "No lines have been added yet"
+  var segment = Segment(original: original, generated: generated, name: -1)
+  if name != "":
+    # Make name be index into names list
+    segment.name = info.names.find(name)
+    if segment.name == -1:
+      segment.name = info.names.len
+      info.names &= name
+
+  assert info.mappings[^1].inSource, "Current line isn't in Nim source"
+  info.mappings[^1].segments &= segment
+
+func newLine(info: var SourceInfo) {.raises: [].} =
+  ## Add new mapping which doesn't appear in the Nim source
+  info.mappings &= Mapping(inSource: false)
+
+func newLine(info: var SourceInfo, file: string, line: int) {.raises: [].} =
+  ## Starts a new line in the mappings. Call addSegment after this to add
+  ## segments into the line
+  var mapping = Mapping(inSource: true, line: line)
+  # Set file to file position. Add in if needed
+  mapping.file = info.files.find(file)
+  if mapping.file == -1:
+    mapping.file = info.files.len
+    info.files &= file
+  info.mappings &= mapping
 
 
 # base64_VLQ
-
-
-let integers = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/="
-
-
-proc encode*(i: int): string =
+func encode*(values: seq[int]): string {.raises: [].} =
+  ## Encodes a series of integers into a VLQ base64 encoded string
+  # References:
+  #   - https://www.lucidchart.com/techblog/2019/08/22/decode-encoding-base64-vlqs-source-maps/
+  #   - https://github.com/rails/sprockets/blob/main/guides/source_maps.md#source-map-file
+  const
+    alphabet = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/"
+    shift = 5
+    continueBit = 1 shl 5
+    mask = continueBit - 1
   result = ""
-  var n = i
-  if n < 0:
-    n = (-n shl 1) or 1
-  else:
-    n = n shl 1
-
-  var z = 0
-  while z == 0 or n > 0:
-    var e = n and 31
-    n = n shr 5
-    if n > 0:
-      e = e or 32
-
-    result.add(integers[e])
-    z += 1
-
-
-type TokenState = enum Normal, String, Ident, Mangled
-
-iterator tokenize*(line: string): (bool, string) =
-  # result = @[]
-  var state = Normal
-  var token = ""
-  var isMangled = false
-  for z, ch in line:
-    if ch.isAlphaAscii:
-      if state == Normal:
-        state = Ident
-        if token.len > 0:
-          yield (isMangled, token)
-        token = $ch
-        isMangled = false
-      else:
-        token.add(ch)
-    elif ch == '_':
-      if state == Ident:
-        state = Mangled
-        isMangled = true
-      token.add($ch)
-    elif ch != '"' and not ch.isAlphaNumeric:
-      if state in {Ident, Mangled}:
-        state = Normal
-        if token.len > 0:
-          yield (isMangled, token)
-        token = $ch
-        isMangled = false
-      else:
-        token.add($ch)
-    elif ch == '"':
-      if state != String:
-        state = String
-        if token.len > 0:
-          yield (isMangled, token)
-        token = $ch
-        isMangled = false
-      else:
-        state = Normal
-        token.add($ch)
-        if token.len > 0:
-          yield (isMangled, token)
-        isMangled = false
-        token = ""
+  for val in values:
+    # Sign is stored in first bit
+    var newVal = abs(val) shl 1
+    if val < 0:
+      newVal = newVal or 1
+    # Now comes the variable length part
+    # This is how we are able to store large numbers
+    while true:
+      # We only encode 5 bits.
+      var masked = newVal and mask
+      newVal = newVal shr shift
+      # If there is still something left
+      # then signify with the continue bit that the
+      # decoder should keep decoding
+      if newVal > 0:
+        masked = masked or continueBit
+      result &= alphabet[masked]
+      # If the value is zero then we have nothing left to encode
+      if newVal == 0:
+        break
+
+iterator tokenize*(line: string): (int, string) =
+  ## Goes through a line and splits it into Nim identifiers and
+  ## normal JS code. This allows us to map mangled names back to Nim names.
+  ## Yields (column, name). Doesn't yield anything but identifiers.
+  ## See mangleName in compiler/jsgen.nim for how name mangling is done
+  var
+    col = 0
+    token = ""
+  while col < line.len:
+    var
+      token: string = ""
+      name: string = ""
+    # First we find the next identifier
+    col += line.skipWhitespace(col)
+    col += line.skipUntil(IdentStartChars, col)
+    let identStart = col
+    col += line.parseIdent(token, col)
+    # Idents will either be originalName_randomInt or HEXhexCode_randomInt
+    if token.startsWith("HEX"):
+      var hex: int = 0
+      # 3 = "HEX".len and we only want to parse the two integers after it
+      discard token[3 ..< 5].parseHex(hex)
+      name = $chr(hex)
+    elif not token.endsWith("_Idx"): # Ignore address indexes
+      # It might be in the form originalName_randomInt
+      let lastUnderscore = token.rfind('_')
+      if lastUnderscore != -1:
+        name = token[0..<lastUnderscore]
+    if name != "":
+      yield (identStart, name)
+
+func parse*(source: string): SourceInfo =
+  ## Parses the JS output for embedded line info
+  ## So it can convert those into a series of mappings
+  result = default(SourceInfo)
+  var
+    skipFirstLine = true
+    currColumn = 0
+    currLine = 0
+    currFile = ""
+  # Add each line as a node into the output
+  for line in source.splitLines():
+    var
+      lineNumber: int = 0
+      linePath: string = ""
+      column: int = 0
+    if line.strip().scanf("/* line $i:$i \"$+\" */", lineNumber, column, linePath):
+      # When we reach the first line mappinsegmentg then we can assume
+      # we can map the rest of the JS lines to Nim lines
+      currColumn = column # Column is already zero indexed
+      currLine = lineNumber - 1
+      currFile = linePath
+      # Lines are zero indexed
+      result.newLine(currFile, currLine)
+      # Skip whitespace to find the starting column
+      result.addSegment(currColumn, line.skipWhitespace())
+    elif currFile != "":
+      result.newLine(currFile, currLine)
+      # There mightn't be any tokens so add a starting segment
+      result.addSegment(currColumn, line.skipWhitespace())
+      for jsColumn, token in line.tokenize:
+        result.addSegment(currColumn, jsColumn, token)
     else:
-      token.add($ch)
-  if token.len > 0:
-    yield (isMangled, token)
-
-proc parse*(source: string, path: string): SourceNode =
-  let lines = source.splitLines()
-  var lastLocation: SourceNode = nil
-  result = newSourceNode(0, 0, path, @[])
-    
-  # we just use one single parent and add all nim lines
-  # as its children, I guess in typical codegen
-  # that happens recursively on ast level
-  # we also don't have column info, but I doubt more one nim lines can compile to one js
-  # maybe in macros?
-
-  for i, originalLine in lines:
-    let line = originalLine.strip
-    if line.len == 0:
-      continue
-      
-    # this shouldn't be a problem:
-    # jsgen doesn't generate comments
-    # and if you emit // line you probably know what you're doing
-    if line.startsWith("// line"):
-      if result.children.len > 0:
-        result.children[^1].node.children.add(child(line & "\n"))
-      let pos = line.find(" ", 8)
-      let lineNumber = line[8 .. pos - 1].parseInt
-      let linePath = line[pos + 2 .. ^2] # quotes
-      
-      lastLocation = newSourceNode(
-        lineNumber,
-        0,
-        linePath,
-        @[])
-      result.children.add(child(lastLocation))
-    else:
-      var last: SourceNode
-      for token in line.tokenize():
-        var name = ""
-        if token[0]:
-          name = token[1].split('_', 1)[0]
-        
-        
-        if result.children.len > 0:
-          result.children[^1].node.children.add(
-            child(
-              newSourceNode(
-                result.children[^1].node.line,
-                0,
-                result.children[^1].node.source,
-                token[1],
-                name)))
-          last = result.children[^1].node.children[^1].node
-        else:
-          result.children.add(
-            child(
-              newSourceNode(i + 1, 0, path, token[1], name)))
-          last = result.children[^1].node
-      let nl = "\n"
-      if not last.isNil:
-        last.source.add(nl)
-
-proc cmp(a: Mapping, b: Mapping): int =
-  var c = cmp(a.generated, b.generated)
-  if c != 0:
-    return c
-
-  c = cmp(a.source, b.source)
-  if c != 0:
-    return c
-
-  c = cmp(a.original, b.original)
-  if c != 0:
-    return c
-
-  return cmp(a.name, b.name)
-
-
-proc index*[T](elements: seq[T], element: T): int =
-  for z in 0 ..< elements.len:
-    if elements[z] == element:
-      return z
-  return -1
-
-
-proc serializeMappings(map: SourceMapGenerator, mappings: seq[Mapping]): string =
-  var previous = Mapping(generated: (line: 1, column: 0), original: (line: 0, column: 0), name: "", source: "")
-  var previousSourceId = 0
-  var previousNameId = 0
-  var next = ""
-  var nameId = 0
-  var sourceId = 0
-  result = ""
-
-  for z, mapping in mappings:
-    next = ""
-
-    if mapping.generated.line != previous.generated.line:
-      previous.generated.column = 0
-
-      while mapping.generated.line != previous.generated.line:
-        next.add(";")
-        previous.generated.line += 1
-
-    else:
-      if z > 0:
-        if cmp(mapping, mappings[z - 1]) == 0:
-          continue
-        next.add(",")
-
-    next.add(encode(mapping.generated.column - previous.generated.column))
-    previous.generated.column = mapping.generated.column
-
-    if not mapping.noSource and mapping.source.len > 0:
-      sourceId = map.sources.index(mapping.source)
-      next.add(encode(sourceId - previousSourceId))
-      previousSourceId = sourceId
-      next.add(encode(mapping.original.line - 1 - previous.original.line))
-      previous.original.line = mapping.original.line - 1
-      next.add(encode(mapping.original.column - previous.original.column))
-      previous.original.column = mapping.original.column
-
-      if not mapping.noName and mapping.name.len > 0:
-        nameId = map.names.index(mapping.name)
-        next.add(encode(nameId - previousNameId))
-        previousNameId = nameId
-
-    result.add(next)
-
-
-proc gen*(map: SourceMapGenerator): SourceMap =
-  var mappings = map.mappings.sorted do (a: Mapping, b: Mapping) -> int:
-    cmp(a, b)
-  result = SourceMap(
-    file: map.file,
-    version: 3,
-    sources: map.sources[0..^1],
-    names: map.names[0..^1],
-    mappings: map.serializeMappings(mappings))
-
-
-
-proc addMapping*(map: SourceMapGenerator, mapping: Mapping) =
-  if not mapping.noSource and mapping.source notin map.sources:
-    map.sources.add(mapping.source)
-
-  if not mapping.noName and mapping.name.len > 0 and mapping.name notin map.names:
-    map.names.add(mapping.name)
-
-  # echo "map ", mapping.source, " ", mapping.original, " ", mapping.generated, " ", mapping.name
-  map.mappings.add(mapping)
-
-
-proc walk*(node: SourceNode, fn: proc(line: string, original: SourceNode)) =
-  for child in node.children:
-    if child.kind == cString and child.s.len > 0:
-      fn(child.s, node)
-    else:
-      child.node.walk(fn)
-
-
-proc toSourceMap*(node: SourceNode, file: string): SourceMapGenerator =
-  var map = SourceMapGenerator(file: file, sources: @[], names: @[], mappings: @[])
-
-  var generated = (line: 1, column: 0)
-  var sourceMappingActive = false
-  var lastOriginal = SourceNode(source: "", line: -1, column: 0, name: "", children: @[])
-
-  node.walk do (line: string, original: SourceNode):
-    if original.source.endsWith(".js"):
-      # ignore it
-      discard
-    else:
-      if original.line != -1:
-        if lastOriginal.source != original.source or
-           lastOriginal.line != original.line or
-           lastOriginal.column != original.column or
-           lastOriginal.name != original.name:
-          map.addMapping(
-            Mapping(
-              source: original.source,
-              original: (line: original.line, column: original.column),
-              generated: (line: generated.line, column: generated.column),
-              name: original.name))
-
-        lastOriginal = SourceNode(
-          source: original.source,
-          line: original.line,
-          column: original.column,
-          name: original.name,
-          children: lastOriginal.children)
-        sourceMappingActive = true
-      elif sourceMappingActive:
-        map.addMapping(
-          Mapping(
-            noSource: true,
-            noName: true,
-            generated: (line: generated.line, column: generated.column),
-            original: (line: -1, column: -1)))
-        lastOriginal.line = -1
-        sourceMappingActive = false
-
-    for z in 0 ..< line.len:
-      if line[z] in Newlines:
-        generated.line += 1
-        generated.column = 0
-
-        if z == line.len - 1:
-          lastOriginal.line = -1
-          sourceMappingActive = false
-        elif sourceMappingActive:
-          map.addMapping(
-            Mapping(
-              source: original.source,
-              original: (line: original.line, column: original.column),
-              generated: (line: generated.line, column: generated.column),
-              name: original.name))
-      else:
-        generated.column += 1
-    
-  map
-
-
-proc genSourceMap*(source: string, outFile: string): (Rope, SourceMap) =
-  let node = parse(source, outFile)
-  let map = node.toSourceMap(file = outFile)
-  ((&"{source}\n//# sourceMappingURL={outFile}.map").rope, map.gen)
+      result.newLine()
+
+func toSourceMap*(info: SourceInfo, file: string): SourceMap {.raises: [].} =
+  ## Convert from high level SourceInfo into the required SourceMap object
+  # Add basic info
+  result = SourceMap(version: 3, file: file, sources: info.files, names: info.names)
+  # Convert nodes into mappings.
+  # Mappings are split into blocks where each block referes to a line in the outputted JS.
+  # Blocks can be separated into statements which refere to tokens on the line.
+  # Since the mappings depend on previous values we need to
+  # keep track of previous file, name, etc
+  var
+    prevFile = 0
+    prevLine = 0
+    prevName = 0
+    prevNimCol = 0
+
+  for mapping in info.mappings:
+    # We know need to encode segments with the following fields
+    # All these fields are relative to their previous values
+    # - 0: Column in generated code
+    # - 1: Index of Nim file in source list
+    # - 2: Line in Nim source
+    # - 3: Column in Nim source
+    # - 4: Index in names list
+    if mapping.inSource:
+      # JS Column is special in that it is reset after every line
+      var prevJSCol = 0
+      for segment in mapping.segments:
+        var values = @[segment.generated - prevJSCol, mapping.file - prevFile, mapping.line - prevLine, segment.original - prevNimCol]
+        # Add name field if needed
+        if segment.name != -1:
+          values &= segment.name - prevName
+          prevName = segment.name
+        prevJSCol = segment.generated
+        prevNimCol = segment.original
+        prevFile = mapping.file
+        prevLine = mapping.line
+        result.mappings &= encode(values) & ","
+      # Remove trailing ,
+      if mapping.segments.len > 0:
+        result.mappings.setLen(result.mappings.len - 1)
+
+    result.mappings &= ";"
+
+proc genSourceMap*(source: string, outFile: string): SourceMap =
+  let node = parse(source)
+  result = node.toSourceMap(outFile)
 
diff --git a/compiler/spawn.nim b/compiler/spawn.nim
index 54ed51dbc..58d5a4928 100644
--- a/compiler/spawn.nim
+++ b/compiler/spawn.nim
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ from trees import getMagic, getRoot
 proc callProc(a: PNode): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(nkCall, a.info)
   result.add a
-  result.typ = a.typ[0]
+  result.typ = a.typ.returnType
 
 # we have 4 cases to consider:
 # - a void proc --> nothing to do
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ proc spawnResult*(t: PType; inParallel: bool): TSpawnResult =
   else: srFlowVar
 
 proc flowVarKind(c: ConfigRef, t: PType): TFlowVarKind =
-  if c.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc}: fvBlob
+  if c.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc, gcAtomicArc}: fvBlob
   elif t.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyRef, tyString, tySequence}: fvGC
   elif containsGarbageCollectedRef(t): fvInvalid
   else: fvBlob
@@ -50,12 +50,12 @@ proc typeNeedsNoDeepCopy(t: PType): bool =
   # note that seq[T] is fine, but 'var seq[T]' is not, so we need to skip 'var'
   # for the stricter check and likewise we can skip 'seq' for a less
   # strict check:
-  if t.kind in {tyVar, tyLent, tySequence}: t = t.lastSon
+  if t.kind in {tyVar, tyLent, tySequence}: t = t.elementType
   result = not containsGarbageCollectedRef(t)
 
 proc addLocalVar(g: ModuleGraph; varSection, varInit: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym; typ: PType;
                  v: PNode; useShallowCopy=false): PSym =
-  result = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(g.cache, genPrefix), nextSymId idgen, owner, varSection.info,
+  result = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(g.cache, genPrefix), idgen, owner, varSection.info,
                   owner.options)
   result.typ = typ
   incl(result.flags, sfFromGeneric)
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ proc addLocalVar(g: ModuleGraph; varSection, varInit: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator;
   vpart[2] = if varInit.isNil: v else: vpart[1]
   varSection.add vpart
   if varInit != nil:
-    if g.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc}:
+    if g.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcOrc, gcAtomicArc}:
       # inject destructors pass will do its own analysis
       varInit.add newFastMoveStmt(g, newSymNode(result), v)
     else:
@@ -109,12 +109,22 @@ stmtList:
 
 """
 
+proc castToVoidPointer(g: ModuleGraph, n: PNode, fvField: PNode): PNode =
+  if g.config.backend == backendCpp:
+    result = fvField
+  else:
+    let ptrType = getSysType(g, n.info, tyPointer)
+    result = newNodeI(nkCast, fvField.info)
+    result.add newNodeI(nkEmpty, fvField.info)
+    result.add fvField
+    result.typ = ptrType
+
 proc createWrapperProc(g: ModuleGraph; f: PNode; threadParam, argsParam: PSym;
                        varSection, varInit, call, barrier, fv: PNode;
                        idgen: IdGenerator;
                        spawnKind: TSpawnResult, result: PSym) =
   var body = newNodeI(nkStmtList, f.info)
-  var threadLocalBarrier: PSym
+  var threadLocalBarrier: PSym = nil
   if barrier != nil:
     var varSection2 = newNodeI(nkVarSection, barrier.info)
     threadLocalBarrier = addLocalVar(g, varSection2, nil, idgen, result,
@@ -122,7 +132,7 @@ proc createWrapperProc(g: ModuleGraph; f: PNode; threadParam, argsParam: PSym;
     body.add varSection2
     body.add callCodegenProc(g, "barrierEnter", threadLocalBarrier.info,
       threadLocalBarrier.newSymNode)
-  var threadLocalProm: PSym
+  var threadLocalProm: PSym = nil
   if spawnKind == srByVar:
     threadLocalProm = addLocalVar(g, varSection, nil, idgen, result, fv.typ, fv)
   elif fv != nil:
@@ -141,10 +151,10 @@ proc createWrapperProc(g: ModuleGraph; f: PNode; threadParam, argsParam: PSym;
   if spawnKind == srByVar:
     body.add newAsgnStmt(genDeref(threadLocalProm.newSymNode), call)
   elif fv != nil:
-    let fk = flowVarKind(g.config, fv.typ[1])
+    let fk = flowVarKind(g.config, fv.typ.firstGenericParam)
     if fk == fvInvalid:
       localError(g.config, f.info, "cannot create a flowVar of type: " &
-        typeToString(fv.typ[1]))
+        typeToString(fv.typ.firstGenericParam))
     body.add newAsgnStmt(indirectAccess(threadLocalProm.newSymNode,
       if fk == fvGC: "data" else: "blob", fv.info, g.cache), call)
     if fk == fvGC:
@@ -156,8 +166,9 @@ proc createWrapperProc(g: ModuleGraph; f: PNode; threadParam, argsParam: PSym;
     if barrier == nil:
       # by now 'fv' is shared and thus might have beeen overwritten! we need
       # to use the thread-local view instead:
+      let castExpr = castToVoidPointer(g, f, threadLocalProm.newSymNode)
       body.add callCodegenProc(g, "nimFlowVarSignal", threadLocalProm.info,
-        threadLocalProm.newSymNode)
+        castExpr)
   else:
     body.add call
   if barrier != nil:
@@ -169,7 +180,7 @@ proc createWrapperProc(g: ModuleGraph; f: PNode; threadParam, argsParam: PSym;
   params.add threadParam.newSymNode
   params.add argsParam.newSymNode
 
-  var t = newType(tyProc, nextTypeId idgen, threadParam.owner)
+  var t = newType(tyProc, idgen, threadParam.owner)
   t.rawAddSon nil
   t.rawAddSon threadParam.typ
   t.rawAddSon argsParam.typ
@@ -189,9 +200,14 @@ proc createCastExpr(argsParam: PSym; objType: PType; idgen: IdGenerator): PNode
   result = newNodeI(nkCast, argsParam.info)
   result.add newNodeI(nkEmpty, argsParam.info)
   result.add newSymNode(argsParam)
-  result.typ = newType(tyPtr, nextTypeId idgen, objType.owner)
+  result.typ = newType(tyPtr, idgen, objType.owner)
   result.typ.rawAddSon(objType)
 
+template checkMagicProcs(g: ModuleGraph, n: PNode, formal: PNode) =
+  if (formal.typ.kind == tyVarargs and formal.typ.elementType.kind in {tyTyped, tyUntyped}) or
+          formal.typ.kind in {tyTyped, tyUntyped}:
+    localError(g.config, n.info, "'spawn'ed function cannot have a 'typed' or 'untyped' parameter")
+
 proc setupArgsForConcurrency(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode; objType: PType;
                              idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym; scratchObj: PSym,
                              castExpr, call,
@@ -205,15 +221,18 @@ proc setupArgsForConcurrency(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode; objType: PType;
     if i < formals.len:
       if formals[i].typ.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}:
         localError(g.config, n[i].info, "'spawn'ed function cannot have a 'var' parameter")
+
+      checkMagicProcs(g, n[i], formals[i])
+
       if formals[i].typ.kind in {tyTypeDesc, tyStatic}:
         continue
     #elif containsTyRef(argType):
     #  localError(n[i].info, "'spawn'ed function cannot refer to 'ref'/closure")
 
     let fieldname = if i < formals.len: formals[i].sym.name else: tmpName
-    var field = newSym(skField, fieldname, nextSymId idgen, objType.owner, n.info, g.config.options)
+    var field = newSym(skField, fieldname, idgen, objType.owner, n.info, g.config.options)
     field.typ = argType
-    objType.addField(field, g.cache, idgen)
+    discard objType.addField(field, g.cache, idgen)
     result.add newFastAsgnStmt(newDotExpr(scratchObj, field), n[i])
 
     let temp = addLocalVar(g, varSection, varInit, idgen, owner, argType,
@@ -233,13 +252,16 @@ proc setupArgsForParallelism(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode; objType: PType;
     let n = n[i]
     if i < formals.len and formals[i].typ.kind in {tyStatic, tyTypeDesc}:
       continue
+
+    checkMagicProcs(g, n, formals[i])
+
     let argType = skipTypes(if i < formals.len: formals[i].typ else: n.typ,
                             abstractInst)
     #if containsTyRef(argType):
     #  localError(n.info, "'spawn'ed function cannot refer to 'ref'/closure")
 
     let fieldname = if i < formals.len: formals[i].sym.name else: tmpName
-    var field = newSym(skField, fieldname, nextSymId idgen, objType.owner, n.info, g.config.options)
+    var field = newSym(skField, fieldname, idgen, objType.owner, n.info, g.config.options)
 
     if argType.kind in {tyVarargs, tyOpenArray}:
       # important special case: we always create a zero-copy slice:
@@ -247,19 +269,19 @@ proc setupArgsForParallelism(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode; objType: PType;
       slice.typ = n.typ
       slice[0] = newSymNode(createMagic(g, idgen, "slice", mSlice))
       slice[0].typ = getSysType(g, n.info, tyInt) # fake type
-      var fieldB = newSym(skField, tmpName, nextSymId idgen, objType.owner, n.info, g.config.options)
+      var fieldB = newSym(skField, tmpName, idgen, objType.owner, n.info, g.config.options)
       fieldB.typ = getSysType(g, n.info, tyInt)
-      objType.addField(fieldB, g.cache, idgen)
+      discard objType.addField(fieldB, g.cache, idgen)
 
       if getMagic(n) == mSlice:
         let a = genAddrOf(n[1], idgen)
         field.typ = a.typ
-        objType.addField(field, g.cache, idgen)
+        discard objType.addField(field, g.cache, idgen)
         result.add newFastAsgnStmt(newDotExpr(scratchObj, field), a)
 
-        var fieldA = newSym(skField, tmpName, nextSymId idgen, objType.owner, n.info, g.config.options)
+        var fieldA = newSym(skField, tmpName, idgen, objType.owner, n.info, g.config.options)
         fieldA.typ = getSysType(g, n.info, tyInt)
-        objType.addField(fieldA, g.cache, idgen)
+        discard objType.addField(fieldA, g.cache, idgen)
         result.add newFastAsgnStmt(newDotExpr(scratchObj, fieldA), n[2])
         result.add newFastAsgnStmt(newDotExpr(scratchObj, fieldB), n[3])
 
@@ -270,7 +292,7 @@ proc setupArgsForParallelism(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode; objType: PType;
       else:
         let a = genAddrOf(n, idgen)
         field.typ = a.typ
-        objType.addField(field, g.cache, idgen)
+        discard objType.addField(field, g.cache, idgen)
         result.add newFastAsgnStmt(newDotExpr(scratchObj, field), a)
         result.add newFastAsgnStmt(newDotExpr(scratchObj, fieldB), genHigh(g, n))
 
@@ -288,7 +310,7 @@ proc setupArgsForParallelism(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode; objType: PType;
       # it is more efficient to pass a pointer instead:
       let a = genAddrOf(n, idgen)
       field.typ = a.typ
-      objType.addField(field, g.cache, idgen)
+      discard objType.addField(field, g.cache, idgen)
       result.add newFastAsgnStmt(newDotExpr(scratchObj, field), a)
       let threadLocal = addLocalVar(g, varSection, nil, idgen, owner, field.typ,
                                     indirectAccess(castExpr, field, n.info),
@@ -297,7 +319,7 @@ proc setupArgsForParallelism(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode; objType: PType;
     else:
       # boring case
       field.typ = argType
-      objType.addField(field, g.cache, idgen)
+      discard objType.addField(field, g.cache, idgen)
       result.add newFastAsgnStmt(newDotExpr(scratchObj, field), n)
       let threadLocal = addLocalVar(g, varSection, varInit,
                                     idgen, owner, field.typ,
@@ -306,7 +328,7 @@ proc setupArgsForParallelism(g: ModuleGraph; n: PNode; objType: PType;
       call.add(threadLocal.newSymNode)
 
 proc wrapProcForSpawn*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym; spawnExpr: PNode; retType: PType;
-                       barrier, dest: PNode = nil): PNode =
+                       barrier: PNode = nil, dest: PNode = nil): PNode =
   # if 'barrier' != nil, then it is in a 'parallel' section and we
   # generate quite different code
   let n = spawnExpr[^2]
@@ -323,7 +345,7 @@ proc wrapProcForSpawn*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym; spawnExp
     result = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
 
   if n.kind notin nkCallKinds:
-    localError(g.config, n.info, "'spawn' takes a call expression; got " & $n)
+    localError(g.config, n.info, "'spawn' takes a call expression; got: " & $n)
     return
   if optThreadAnalysis in g.config.globalOptions:
     if {tfThread, tfNoSideEffect} * n[0].typ.flags == {}:
@@ -332,9 +354,9 @@ proc wrapProcForSpawn*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym; spawnExp
   var fn = n[0]
   let
     name = (if fn.kind == nkSym: fn.sym.name.s else: genPrefix) & "Wrapper"
-    wrapperProc = newSym(skProc, getIdent(g.cache, name), nextSymId idgen, owner, fn.info, g.config.options)
-    threadParam = newSym(skParam, getIdent(g.cache, "thread"), nextSymId idgen, wrapperProc, n.info, g.config.options)
-    argsParam = newSym(skParam, getIdent(g.cache, "args"), nextSymId idgen, wrapperProc, n.info, g.config.options)
+    wrapperProc = newSym(skProc, getIdent(g.cache, name), idgen, owner, fn.info, g.config.options)
+    threadParam = newSym(skParam, getIdent(g.cache, "thread"), idgen, wrapperProc, n.info, g.config.options)
+    argsParam = newSym(skParam, getIdent(g.cache, "args"), idgen, wrapperProc, n.info, g.config.options)
 
   wrapperProc.flags.incl sfInjectDestructors
   block:
@@ -347,7 +369,7 @@ proc wrapProcForSpawn*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym; spawnExp
   incl(objType.flags, tfFinal)
   let castExpr = createCastExpr(argsParam, objType, idgen)
 
-  var scratchObj = newSym(skVar, getIdent(g.cache, "scratch"), nextSymId idgen, owner, n.info, g.config.options)
+  var scratchObj = newSym(skVar, getIdent(g.cache, "scratch"), idgen, owner, n.info, g.config.options)
   block:
     scratchObj.typ = objType
     incl(scratchObj.flags, sfFromGeneric)
@@ -364,15 +386,13 @@ proc wrapProcForSpawn*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym; spawnExp
                                                skFunc, skMethod, skConverter}):
     # for indirect calls we pass the function pointer in the scratchObj
     var argType = n[0].typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)
-    var field = newSym(skField, getIdent(g.cache, "fn"), nextSymId idgen, owner, n.info, g.config.options)
+    var field = newSym(skField, getIdent(g.cache, "fn"), idgen, owner, n.info, g.config.options)
     field.typ = argType
-    objType.addField(field, g.cache, idgen)
+    discard objType.addField(field, g.cache, idgen)
     result.add newFastAsgnStmt(newDotExpr(scratchObj, field), n[0])
     fn = indirectAccess(castExpr, field, n.info)
   elif fn.kind == nkSym and fn.sym.kind == skIterator:
     localError(g.config, n.info, "iterator in spawn environment is not allowed")
-  elif fn.typ.callConv == ccClosure:
-    localError(g.config, n.info, "closure in spawn environment is not allowed")
 
   call.add(fn)
   var varSection = newNodeI(nkVarSection, n.info)
@@ -386,31 +406,32 @@ proc wrapProcForSpawn*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym; spawnExp
 
   var barrierAsExpr: PNode = nil
   if barrier != nil:
-    let typ = newType(tyPtr, nextTypeId idgen, owner)
+    let typ = newType(tyPtr, idgen, owner)
     typ.rawAddSon(magicsys.getCompilerProc(g, "Barrier").typ)
-    var field = newSym(skField, getIdent(g.cache, "barrier"), nextSymId idgen, owner, n.info, g.config.options)
+    var field = newSym(skField, getIdent(g.cache, "barrier"), idgen, owner, n.info, g.config.options)
     field.typ = typ
-    objType.addField(field, g.cache, idgen)
+    discard objType.addField(field, g.cache, idgen)
     result.add newFastAsgnStmt(newDotExpr(scratchObj, field), barrier)
     barrierAsExpr = indirectAccess(castExpr, field, n.info)
 
   var fvField, fvAsExpr: PNode = nil
   if spawnKind == srFlowVar:
-    var field = newSym(skField, getIdent(g.cache, "fv"), nextSymId idgen, owner, n.info, g.config.options)
+    var field = newSym(skField, getIdent(g.cache, "fv"), idgen, owner, n.info, g.config.options)
     field.typ = retType
-    objType.addField(field, g.cache, idgen)
+    discard objType.addField(field, g.cache, idgen)
     fvField = newDotExpr(scratchObj, field)
     fvAsExpr = indirectAccess(castExpr, field, n.info)
     # create flowVar:
     result.add newFastAsgnStmt(fvField, callProc(spawnExpr[^1]))
     if barrier == nil:
-      result.add callCodegenProc(g, "nimFlowVarCreateSemaphore", fvField.info, fvField)
+      let castExpr = castToVoidPointer(g, n, fvField)
+      result.add callCodegenProc(g, "nimFlowVarCreateSemaphore", fvField.info, castExpr)
 
   elif spawnKind == srByVar:
-    var field = newSym(skField, getIdent(g.cache, "fv"), nextSymId idgen, owner, n.info, g.config.options)
-    field.typ = newType(tyPtr, nextTypeId idgen, objType.owner)
+    var field = newSym(skField, getIdent(g.cache, "fv"), idgen, owner, n.info, g.config.options)
+    field.typ = newType(tyPtr, idgen, objType.owner)
     field.typ.rawAddSon(retType)
-    objType.addField(field, g.cache, idgen)
+    discard objType.addField(field, g.cache, idgen)
     fvAsExpr = indirectAccess(castExpr, field, n.info)
     result.add newFastAsgnStmt(newDotExpr(scratchObj, field), genAddrOf(dest, idgen))
 
@@ -422,4 +443,3 @@ proc wrapProcForSpawn*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym; spawnExp
     wrapperProc.newSymNode, genAddrOf(scratchObj.newSymNode, idgen), nil, spawnExpr)
 
   if spawnKind == srFlowVar: result.add fvField
-
diff --git a/compiler/strutils2.nim b/compiler/strutils2.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index f44b811c7..000000000
--- a/compiler/strutils2.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-##[
-internal API for now, subject to modifications and moving around
-
-string API's focusing on performance, that can be used as building blocks
-for other routines.
-
-Un-necessary allocations are avoided and appropriate algorithms are used at the
-expense of code clarity when justified.
-]##
-
-proc dataPointer*[T](a: T): pointer =
-  ## same as C++ `data` that works with std::string, std::vector etc.
-  ## Note: safe to use when a.len == 0 but whether the result is nil or not
-  ## is implementation defined for performance reasons.
-  # this could be improved with ocmpiler support to avoid the `if`, e.g. in C++
-  # `&a[0]` is well defined even if a.size() == 0
-  when T is string | seq:
-    if a.len == 0: nil else: cast[pointer](a[0].unsafeAddr)
-  elif T is array:
-    when a.len > 0: a.unsafeAddr
-    else: nil
-  elif T is cstring:
-    cast[pointer](a)
-  else: static: doAssert false, $T
-
-proc setLen*(result: var string, n: int, isInit: bool) =
-  ## when isInit = false, elements are left uninitialized, analog to `{.noinit.}`
-  ## else, there are 0-initialized.
-  # xxx placeholder until system.setLen supports this
-  # to distinguish between algorithms that need 0-initialization vs not; note
-  # that `setLen` for string is inconsistent with `setLen` for seq.
-  # likwise with `newString` vs `newSeq`. This should be fixed in `system`.
-  let n0 = result.len
-  result.setLen(n)
-  if isInit and n > n0:
-    zeroMem(result[n0].addr, n - n0)
-
-proc forceCopy*(result: var string, a: string) =
-  ## also forces a copy if `a` is shallow
-  # the naitve `result = a` would not work if `a` is shallow
-  let n = a.len
-  result.setLen n, isInit = false
-  copyMem(result.dataPointer, a.dataPointer, n)
-
-proc isUpperAscii(c: char): bool {.inline.} =
-  # avoids import strutils.isUpperAscii
-  c in {'A'..'Z'}
-
-proc toLowerAscii*(a: var string) =
-  ## optimized and inplace overload of strutils.toLowerAscii
-  # refs https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/pull/54
-  # this is 10X faster than a naive implementation using a an optimization trick
-  # that can be adapted in similar contexts. Predictable writes avoid write
-  # hazards and lead to better machine code, compared to random writes arising
-  # from: `if c.isUpperAscii: c = ...`
-  for c in mitems(a):
-    c = chr(c.ord + (if c.isUpperAscii: (ord('a') - ord('A')) else: 0))
diff --git a/compiler/suggest.nim b/compiler/suggest.nim
index cad776015..a5213086b 100644
--- a/compiler/suggest.nim
+++ b/compiler/suggest.nim
@@ -32,11 +32,13 @@
 
 # included from sigmatch.nim
 
-import algorithm, sets, prefixmatches, lineinfos, parseutils, linter
+import prefixmatches, suggestsymdb
 from wordrecg import wDeprecated, wError, wAddr, wYield
 
+import std/[algorithm, sets, parseutils, tables]
+
 when defined(nimsuggest):
-  import passes, tables, pathutils # importer
+  import pathutils # importer
 
 const
   sep = '\t'
@@ -53,8 +55,10 @@ proc findDocComment(n: PNode): PNode =
     if result != nil: return
     if n.len > 1:
       result = findDocComment(n[1])
-  elif n.kind in {nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn} and n.len == 2:
+  elif n.kind in {nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn} and n.len == 2:
     result = findDocComment(n[1])
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc extractDocComment(g: ModuleGraph; s: PSym): string =
   var n = findDocComment(s.ast)
@@ -81,7 +85,16 @@ proc cmpSuggestions(a, b: Suggest): int =
   # independent of hashing order:
   result = cmp(a.name[], b.name[])
 
-proc getTokenLenFromSource(conf: ConfigRef; ident: string; info: TLineInfo): int =
+proc scanForTrailingAsterisk(line: string, start: int): int =
+  result = 0
+  while start+result < line.len and line[start+result] in {' ', '\t'}:
+    inc result
+  if start+result < line.len and line[start+result] == '*':
+    inc result
+  else:
+    result = 0
+
+proc getTokenLenFromSource(conf: ConfigRef; ident: string; info: TLineInfo; skipTrailingAsterisk: bool = false): int =
   let
     line = sourceLine(conf, info)
     column = toColumn(info)
@@ -101,26 +114,34 @@ proc getTokenLenFromSource(conf: ConfigRef; ident: string; info: TLineInfo): int
     result = skipUntil(line, '`', column)
     if cmpIgnoreStyle(line[column..column + result - 1], ident) != 0:
       result = 0
+  elif column >= 0 and line[column] == '`' and isOpeningBacktick(column):
+    result = skipUntil(line, '`', column + 1) + 2
+    if cmpIgnoreStyle(line[column + 1..column + result - 2], ident) != 0:
+      result = 0
   elif ident[0] in linter.Letters and ident[^1] != '=':
     result = identLen(line, column)
-    if cmpIgnoreStyle(line[column..column + result - 1], ident) != 0:
+    if cmpIgnoreStyle(line[column..column + result - 1], ident[0..min(result-1,len(ident)-1)]) != 0:
       result = 0
+    if skipTrailingAsterisk and result > 0:
+      result += scanForTrailingAsterisk(line, column + result)
   else:
-    var sourceIdent: string
+    var sourceIdent: string = ""
     result = parseWhile(line, sourceIdent,
                         OpChars + {'[', '(', '{', ']', ')', '}'}, column)
     if ident[^1] == '=' and ident[0] in linter.Letters:
       if sourceIdent != "=":
         result = 0
-    elif sourceIdent.len > ident.len and sourceIdent[..ident.high] == ident:
+    elif sourceIdent.len > ident.len and sourceIdent[0..ident.high] == ident:
       result = ident.len
     elif sourceIdent != ident:
       result = 0
 
-proc symToSuggest(g: ModuleGraph; s: PSym, isLocal: bool, section: IdeCmd, info: TLineInfo;
+proc symToSuggest*(g: ModuleGraph; s: PSym, isLocal: bool, section: IdeCmd, info: TLineInfo;
                   quality: range[0..100]; prefix: PrefixMatch;
                   inTypeContext: bool; scope: int;
-                  useSuppliedInfo = false): Suggest =
+                  useSuppliedInfo = false,
+                  endLine: uint16 = 0,
+                  endCol = 0, extractDocs = true): Suggest =
   new(result)
   result.section = section
   result.quality = quality
@@ -152,65 +173,139 @@ proc symToSuggest(g: ModuleGraph; s: PSym, isLocal: bool, section: IdeCmd, info:
       result.qualifiedPath.add(s.name.s)
 
     if s.typ != nil:
-      result.forth = typeToString(s.typ)
+      if section == ideInlayHints:
+        result.forth = typeToString(s.typ, preferInlayHint)
+      else:
+        result.forth = typeToString(s.typ, preferInferredEffects)
     else:
       result.forth = ""
     when defined(nimsuggest) and not defined(noDocgen) and not defined(leanCompiler):
-      result.doc = extractDocComment(g, s)
-  let infox =
-    if useSuppliedInfo or section in {ideUse, ideHighlight, ideOutline}:
-      info
-    else:
-      s.info
-  result.filePath = toFullPath(g.config, infox)
-  result.line = toLinenumber(infox)
-  result.column = toColumn(infox)
+      if extractDocs:
+        result.doc = extractDocComment(g, s)
+  if s.kind == skModule and s.ast.len != 0 and section != ideHighlight:
+    result.filePath = toFullPath(g.config, s.ast[0].info)
+    result.line = 1
+    result.column = 0
+    result.tokenLen = 0
+  else:
+    let infox =
+      if useSuppliedInfo or section in {ideUse, ideHighlight, ideOutline, ideDeclaration}:
+        info
+      else:
+        s.info
+    result.filePath = toFullPath(g.config, infox)
+    result.line = toLinenumber(infox)
+    result.column = toColumn(infox)
+    result.tokenLen = if section notin {ideHighlight, ideInlayHints}:
+                        s.name.s.len
+                      else:
+                        getTokenLenFromSource(g.config, s.name.s, infox, section == ideInlayHints)
   result.version = g.config.suggestVersion
-  result.tokenLen = if section != ideHighlight:
-                      s.name.s.len
-                    else:
-                      getTokenLenFromSource(g.config, s.name.s, infox)
+  result.endLine = endLine
+  result.endCol = endCol
 
-proc `$`*(suggest: Suggest): string =
-  result = $suggest.section
+proc `$`*(suggest: SuggestInlayHint): string =
+  result = $suggest.kind
   result.add(sep)
-  if suggest.section == ideHighlight:
-    if suggest.symkind.TSymKind == skVar and suggest.isGlobal:
-      result.add("skGlobalVar")
-    elif suggest.symkind.TSymKind == skLet and suggest.isGlobal:
-      result.add("skGlobalLet")
-    else:
-      result.add($suggest.symkind.TSymKind)
-    result.add(sep)
-    result.add($suggest.line)
-    result.add(sep)
-    result.add($suggest.column)
-    result.add(sep)
-    result.add($suggest.tokenLen)
+  result.add($suggest.line)
+  result.add(sep)
+  result.add($suggest.column)
+  result.add(sep)
+  result.add(suggest.label)
+  result.add(sep)
+  result.add($suggest.paddingLeft)
+  result.add(sep)
+  result.add($suggest.paddingRight)
+  result.add(sep)
+  result.add($suggest.allowInsert)
+  result.add(sep)
+  result.add(suggest.tooltip)
+
+proc `$`*(suggest: Suggest): string =
+  if suggest.section == ideInlayHints:
+    result = $suggest.inlayHintInfo
   else:
-    result.add($suggest.symkind.TSymKind)
-    result.add(sep)
-    if suggest.qualifiedPath.len != 0:
-      result.add(suggest.qualifiedPath.join("."))
-    result.add(sep)
-    result.add(suggest.forth)
-    result.add(sep)
-    result.add(suggest.filePath)
-    result.add(sep)
-    result.add($suggest.line)
-    result.add(sep)
-    result.add($suggest.column)
+    result = $suggest.section
     result.add(sep)
-    when defined(nimsuggest) and not defined(noDocgen) and not defined(leanCompiler):
-      result.add(suggest.doc.escape)
-    if suggest.version == 0:
+    if suggest.section == ideHighlight:
+      if suggest.symkind.TSymKind == skVar and suggest.isGlobal:
+        result.add("skGlobalVar")
+      elif suggest.symkind.TSymKind == skLet and suggest.isGlobal:
+        result.add("skGlobalLet")
+      else:
+        result.add($suggest.symkind.TSymKind)
+      result.add(sep)
+      result.add($suggest.line)
+      result.add(sep)
+      result.add($suggest.column)
+      result.add(sep)
+      result.add($suggest.tokenLen)
+    else:
+      result.add($suggest.symkind.TSymKind)
+      result.add(sep)
+      if suggest.qualifiedPath.len != 0:
+        result.add(suggest.qualifiedPath.join("."))
+      result.add(sep)
+      result.add(suggest.forth)
+      result.add(sep)
+      result.add(suggest.filePath)
       result.add(sep)
-      result.add($suggest.quality)
-      if suggest.section == ideSug:
+      result.add($suggest.line)
+      result.add(sep)
+      result.add($suggest.column)
+      result.add(sep)
+      when defined(nimsuggest) and not defined(noDocgen) and not defined(leanCompiler):
+        result.add(suggest.doc.escape)
+      if suggest.version == 0 or suggest.version == 3:
         result.add(sep)
-        result.add($suggest.prefix)
+        result.add($suggest.quality)
+        if suggest.section == ideSug:
+          result.add(sep)
+          result.add($suggest.prefix)
 
-proc suggestResult(conf: ConfigRef; s: Suggest) =
+    if (suggest.version == 3 and suggest.section in {ideOutline, ideExpand}):
+      result.add(sep)
+      result.add($suggest.endLine)
+      result.add(sep)
+      result.add($suggest.endCol)
+
+proc suggestToSuggestInlayTypeHint*(sug: Suggest): SuggestInlayHint =
+  SuggestInlayHint(
+    kind: sihkType,
+    line: sug.line,
+    column: sug.column + sug.tokenLen,
+    label: ": " & sug.forth,
+    paddingLeft: false,
+    paddingRight: false,
+    allowInsert: true,
+    tooltip: ""
+  )
+
+proc suggestToSuggestInlayExceptionHintLeft*(sug: Suggest, propagatedExceptions: seq[PType]): SuggestInlayHint =
+  SuggestInlayHint(
+    kind: sihkException,
+    line: sug.line,
+    column: sug.column,
+    label: "try ",
+    paddingLeft: false,
+    paddingRight: false,
+    allowInsert: false,
+    tooltip: "propagated exceptions: " & $propagatedExceptions
+  )
+
+proc suggestToSuggestInlayExceptionHintRight*(sug: Suggest, propagatedExceptions: seq[PType]): SuggestInlayHint =
+  SuggestInlayHint(
+    kind: sihkException,
+    line: sug.line,
+    column: sug.column + sug.tokenLen,
+    label: "!",
+    paddingLeft: false,
+    paddingRight: false,
+    allowInsert: false,
+    tooltip: "propagated exceptions: " & $propagatedExceptions
+  )
+
+proc suggestResult*(conf: ConfigRef; s: Suggest) =
   if not isNil(conf.suggestionResultHook):
     conf.suggestionResultHook(s)
   else:
@@ -238,13 +333,17 @@ proc filterSym(s: PSym; prefix: PNode; res: var PrefixMatch): bool {.inline.} =
     of nkOpenSymChoice, nkClosedSymChoice, nkAccQuoted:
       if n.len > 0:
         result = prefixMatch(s, n[0])
-    else: discard
+      else:
+        result = default(PrefixMatch)
+    else: result = default(PrefixMatch)
   if s.kind != skModule:
     if prefix != nil:
       res = prefixMatch(s, prefix)
       result = res != PrefixMatch.None
     else:
       result = true
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc filterSymNoOpr(s: PSym; prefix: PNode; res: var PrefixMatch): bool {.inline.} =
   result = filterSym(s, prefix, res) and s.name.s[0] in lexer.SymChars and
@@ -253,15 +352,21 @@ proc filterSymNoOpr(s: PSym; prefix: PNode; res: var PrefixMatch): bool {.inline
 proc fieldVisible*(c: PContext, f: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
   let fmoduleId = getModule(f).id
   result = sfExported in f.flags or fmoduleId == c.module.id
-  for module in c.friendModules:
-    if fmoduleId == module.id:
-      result = true
-      break
+
+  if not result:
+    for module in c.friendModules:
+      if fmoduleId == module.id: return true
+    if f.kind == skField:
+      var symObj = f.owner.typ.toObjectFromRefPtrGeneric.sym
+      assert symObj != nil
+      for scope in allScopes(c.currentScope):
+        for sym in scope.allowPrivateAccess:
+          if symObj.id == sym.id: return true
 
 proc getQuality(s: PSym): range[0..100] =
   result = 100
-  if s.typ != nil and s.typ.len > 1:
-    var exp = s.typ[1].skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyVar, tyLent, tyAlias, tySink})
+  if s.typ != nil and s.typ.paramsLen > 0:
+    var exp = s.typ.firstParamType.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyVar, tyLent, tyAlias, tySink})
     if exp.kind == tyVarargs: exp = elemType(exp)
     if exp.kind in {tyUntyped, tyTyped, tyGenericParam, tyAnything}: result = 50
 
@@ -270,15 +375,15 @@ proc getQuality(s: PSym): range[0..100] =
     result = result - 5
 
 proc suggestField(c: PContext, s: PSym; f: PNode; info: TLineInfo; outputs: var Suggestions) =
-  var pm: PrefixMatch
+  var pm: PrefixMatch = default(PrefixMatch)
   if filterSym(s, f, pm) and fieldVisible(c, s):
     outputs.add(symToSuggest(c.graph, s, isLocal=true, ideSug, info,
                               s.getQuality, pm, c.inTypeContext > 0, 0))
 
 template wholeSymTab(cond, section: untyped) {.dirty.} =
-  for (item, scopeN, isLocal) in allSyms(c):
+  for (item, scopeN, isLocal) in uniqueSyms(c):
     let it = item
-    var pm: PrefixMatch
+    var pm: PrefixMatch = default(PrefixMatch)
     if cond:
       outputs.add(symToSuggest(c.graph, it, isLocal = isLocal, section, info, getQuality(it),
                                 pm, c.inTypeContext > 0, scopeN))
@@ -330,17 +435,19 @@ proc suggestVar(c: PContext, n: PNode, outputs: var Suggestions) =
   wholeSymTab(nameFits(c, it, n), ideCon)
 
 proc typeFits(c: PContext, s: PSym, firstArg: PType): bool {.inline.} =
-  if s.typ != nil and s.typ.len > 1 and s.typ[1] != nil:
+  if s.typ != nil and s.typ.paramsLen > 0 and s.typ.firstParamType != nil:
     # special rule: if system and some weird generic match via 'tyUntyped'
     # or 'tyGenericParam' we won't list it either to reduce the noise (nobody
     # wants 'system.`-|` as suggestion
     let m = s.getModule()
     if m != nil and sfSystemModule in m.flags:
       if s.kind == skType: return
-      var exp = s.typ[1].skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyVar, tyLent, tyAlias, tySink})
+      var exp = s.typ.firstParamType.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyVar, tyLent, tyAlias, tySink})
       if exp.kind == tyVarargs: exp = elemType(exp)
       if exp.kind in {tyUntyped, tyTyped, tyGenericParam, tyAnything}: return
-    result = sigmatch.argtypeMatches(c, s.typ[1], firstArg)
+    result = sigmatch.argtypeMatches(c, s.typ.firstParamType, firstArg)
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc suggestOperations(c: PContext, n, f: PNode, typ: PType, outputs: var Suggestions) =
   assert typ != nil
@@ -349,8 +456,8 @@ proc suggestOperations(c: PContext, n, f: PNode, typ: PType, outputs: var Sugges
 
 proc suggestEverything(c: PContext, n, f: PNode, outputs: var Suggestions) =
   # do not produce too many symbols:
-  for (it, scopeN, isLocal) in allSyms(c):
-    var pm: PrefixMatch
+  for (it, scopeN, isLocal) in uniqueSyms(c):
+    var pm: PrefixMatch = default(PrefixMatch)
     if filterSym(it, f, pm):
       outputs.add(symToSuggest(c.graph, it, isLocal = isLocal, ideSug, n.info,
                                it.getQuality, pm, c.inTypeContext > 0, scopeN))
@@ -359,7 +466,7 @@ proc suggestFieldAccess(c: PContext, n, field: PNode, outputs: var Suggestions)
   # special code that deals with ``myObj.``. `n` is NOT the nkDotExpr-node, but
   # ``myObj``.
   var typ = n.typ
-  var pm: PrefixMatch
+  var pm: PrefixMatch = default(PrefixMatch)
   when defined(nimsuggest):
     if n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind == skError and c.config.suggestVersion == 0:
       # consider 'foo.|' where 'foo' is some not imported module.
@@ -408,16 +515,24 @@ proc suggestFieldAccess(c: PContext, n, field: PNode, outputs: var Suggestions)
       var t = typ
       while t != nil:
         suggestSymList(c, t.n, field, n.info, outputs)
-        t = t[0]
+        t = t.baseClass
     elif typ.kind == tyObject:
       var t = typ
       while true:
         suggestObject(c, t.n, field, n.info, outputs)
-        if t[0] == nil: break
-        t = skipTypes(t[0], skipPtrs)
+        if t.baseClass == nil: break
+        t = skipTypes(t.baseClass, skipPtrs)
     elif typ.kind == tyTuple and typ.n != nil:
-      suggestSymList(c, typ.n, field, n.info, outputs)
-    
+      # All tuple fields are in scope
+      # So go through each field and add it to the suggestions (If it passes the filter)
+      for node in typ.n:
+        if node.kind == nkSym:
+          let s = node.sym
+          var pm: PrefixMatch = default(PrefixMatch)
+          if filterSym(s, field, pm):
+            outputs.add(symToSuggest(c.graph, s, isLocal=true, ideSug, n.info,
+                                     s.getQuality, pm, c.inTypeContext > 0, 0))
+
     suggestOperations(c, n, field, orig, outputs)
     if typ != orig:
       suggestOperations(c, n, field, typ, outputs)
@@ -428,17 +543,34 @@ type
 
 proc inCheckpoint*(current, trackPos: TLineInfo): TCheckPointResult =
   if current.fileIndex == trackPos.fileIndex:
+    result = cpNone
     if current.line == trackPos.line and
         abs(current.col-trackPos.col) < 4:
       return cpExact
     if current.line >= trackPos.line:
       return cpFuzzy
+  else:
+    result = cpNone
 
 proc isTracked*(current, trackPos: TLineInfo, tokenLen: int): bool =
   if current.fileIndex==trackPos.fileIndex and current.line==trackPos.line:
     let col = trackPos.col
     if col >= current.col and col <= current.col+tokenLen-1:
-      return true
+      result = true
+    else:
+      result = false
+  else:
+    result = false
+
+proc isTracked*(current, trackPos: TinyLineInfo, tokenLen: int): bool =
+  if current.line==trackPos.line:
+    let col = trackPos.col
+    if col >= current.col and col <= current.col+tokenLen-1:
+      result = true
+    else:
+      result = false
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 when defined(nimsuggest):
   # Since TLineInfo defined a == operator that doesn't include the column,
@@ -475,7 +607,7 @@ proc findDefinition(g: ModuleGraph; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym; usageSym: var PSym
   if s.isNil: return
   if isTracked(info, g.config.m.trackPos, s.name.s.len) or (s == usageSym and sfForward notin s.flags):
     suggestResult(g.config, symToSuggest(g, s, isLocal=false, ideDef, info, 100, PrefixMatch.None, false, 0, useSuppliedInfo = s == usageSym))
-    if sfForward notin s.flags:
+    if sfForward notin s.flags and g.config.suggestVersion < 3:
       suggestQuit()
     else:
       usageSym = s
@@ -490,6 +622,8 @@ proc suggestSym*(g: ModuleGraph; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym; usageSym: var PSym; i
   ## misnamed: should be 'symDeclared'
   let conf = g.config
   when defined(nimsuggest):
+    g.suggestSymbols.add SymInfoPair(sym: s, info: info, isDecl: isDecl), optIdeExceptionInlayHints in g.config.globalOptions
+
     if conf.suggestVersion == 0:
       if s.allUsages.len == 0:
         s.allUsages = @[info]
@@ -520,16 +654,6 @@ proc suggestSym*(g: ModuleGraph; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym; usageSym: var PSym; i
       if parentFileIndex == conf.m.trackPos.fileIndex:
         suggestResult(conf, symToSuggest(g, s, isLocal=false, ideOutline, info, 100, PrefixMatch.None, false, 0))
 
-proc extractPragma(s: PSym): PNode =
-  if s.kind in routineKinds:
-    result = s.ast[pragmasPos]
-  elif s.kind in {skType, skVar, skLet}:
-    if s.ast != nil and s.ast.len > 0:
-      if s.ast[0].kind == nkPragmaExpr and s.ast[0].len > 1:
-        # s.ast = nkTypedef / nkPragmaExpr / [nkSym, nkPragma]
-        result = s.ast[0][1]
-  doAssert result == nil or result.kind == nkPragma
-
 proc warnAboutDeprecated(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) =
   var pragmaNode: PNode
   pragmaNode = if s.kind == skEnumField: extractPragma(s.owner) else: extractPragma(s)
@@ -565,13 +689,14 @@ proc markOwnerModuleAsUsed(c: PContext; s: PSym) =
     var i = 0
     while i <= high(c.unusedImports):
       let candidate = c.unusedImports[i][0]
-      if candidate == module or c.exportIndirections.contains((candidate.id, s.id)):
+      if candidate == module or c.importModuleMap.getOrDefault(candidate.id, int.low) == module.id or
+        c.exportIndirections.contains((candidate.id, s.id)):
         # mark it as used:
         c.unusedImports.del(i)
       else:
         inc i
 
-proc markUsed(c: PContext; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) =
+proc markUsed(c: PContext; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym; checkStyle = true) =
   let conf = c.config
   incl(s.flags, sfUsed)
   if s.kind == skEnumField and s.owner != nil:
@@ -588,8 +713,8 @@ proc markUsed(c: PContext; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) =
     if sfError in s.flags: userError(conf, info, s)
   when defined(nimsuggest):
     suggestSym(c.graph, info, s, c.graph.usageSym, false)
-  if {optStyleHint, optStyleError} * conf.globalOptions != {}:
-    styleCheckUse(conf, info, s)
+  if checkStyle:
+    styleCheckUse(c, info, s)
   markOwnerModuleAsUsed(c, s)
 
 proc safeSemExpr*(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
@@ -658,6 +783,9 @@ proc suggestDecl*(c: PContext, n: PNode; s: PSym) =
   if attached: inc(c.inTypeContext)
   defer:
     if attached: dec(c.inTypeContext)
+  # If user is typing out an enum field, then don't provide suggestions
+  if s.kind == skEnumField and c.config.cmd == cmdIdeTools and exactEquals(c.config.m.trackPos, n.info):
+    suggestQuit()
   suggestExpr(c, n)
 
 proc suggestStmt*(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
@@ -669,14 +797,46 @@ proc suggestEnum*(c: PContext; n: PNode; t: PType) =
   produceOutput(outputs, c.config)
   if outputs.len > 0: suggestQuit()
 
+proc suggestPragmas*(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
+  ## Suggests anything that might be a pragma
+  ## - template that has {.pragma.}
+  ## - macros
+  ## - user pragmas
+  let info = n.info
+  var outputs: Suggestions = @[]
+  # First filter for template/macros
+  wholeSymTab(filterSym(it, n, pm) and
+    (sfCustomPragma in it.flags or it.kind == skMacro),
+    ideSug)
+
+  # Now show suggestions for user pragmas
+  for pragma in c.userPragmas:
+    var pm = default(PrefixMatch)
+    if filterSym(pragma, n, pm):
+      outputs &= symToSuggest(c.graph, pragma, isLocal=true, ideSug, info,
+                                pragma.getQuality, pm, c.inTypeContext > 0, 0,
+                                extractDocs=false)
+
+  produceOutput(outputs, c.config)
+  if outputs.len > 0:
+    suggestQuit()
+
+template trySuggestPragmas*(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
+  ## Runs [suggestPragmas] when compiling nimsuggest and
+  ## we are querying the node
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    let tmp = n
+    if c.config.ideCmd == ideSug and exactEquals(c.config.m.trackPos, tmp.info):
+      suggestPragmas(c, tmp)
+
 proc suggestSentinel*(c: PContext) =
   if c.config.ideCmd != ideSug or c.module.position != c.config.m.trackPos.fileIndex.int32: return
   if c.compilesContextId > 0: return
   inc(c.compilesContextId)
   var outputs: Suggestions = @[]
   # suggest everything:
-  for (it, scopeN, isLocal) in allSyms(c):
-    var pm: PrefixMatch
+  for (it, scopeN, isLocal) in uniqueSyms(c):
+    var pm: PrefixMatch = default(PrefixMatch)
     if filterSymNoOpr(it, nil, pm):
       outputs.add(symToSuggest(c.graph, it, isLocal = isLocal, ideSug,
           newLineInfo(c.config.m.trackPos.fileIndex, 0, -1), it.getQuality,
@@ -684,3 +844,16 @@ proc suggestSentinel*(c: PContext) =
 
   dec(c.compilesContextId)
   produceOutput(outputs, c.config)
+
+when defined(nimsuggest):
+  proc onDef(graph: ModuleGraph, s: PSym, info: TLineInfo) =
+    if graph.config.suggestVersion >= 3 and info.exactEquals(s.info):
+       suggestSym(graph, info, s, graph.usageSym)
+
+  template getPContext(): untyped =
+    when c is PContext: c
+    else: c.c
+
+  template onDef*(info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) =
+    let c = getPContext()
+    onDef(c.graph, s, info)
diff --git a/compiler/suggestsymdb.nim b/compiler/suggestsymdb.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e1e67afbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/suggestsymdb.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+import std/[intsets, tables, algorithm, assertions]
+import ast, lineinfos, msgs
+
+type
+  PackedBoolArray* = object
+    s: IntSet
+    len: int
+
+  TinyLineInfo* = object
+    line*: uint16
+    col*: int16
+
+  SymInfoPair* = object
+    sym*: PSym
+    info*: TLineInfo
+    caughtExceptions*: seq[PType]
+    caughtExceptionsSet*: bool
+    isDecl*: bool
+
+  SuggestFileSymbolDatabase* = object
+    lineInfo*: seq[TinyLineInfo]
+    sym*: seq[PSym]
+    caughtExceptions*: seq[seq[PType]]
+    caughtExceptionsSet*: PackedBoolArray
+    isDecl*: PackedBoolArray
+    fileIndex*: FileIndex
+    trackCaughtExceptions*: bool
+    isSorted*: bool
+
+  SuggestSymbolDatabase* = Table[FileIndex, SuggestFileSymbolDatabase]
+
+
+func newPackedBoolArray*(): PackedBoolArray =
+  PackedBoolArray(
+    s: initIntSet(),
+    len: 0
+  )
+
+func low*(s: PackedBoolArray): int =
+  0
+
+func high*(s: PackedBoolArray): int =
+  s.len - 1
+
+func `[]`*(s: PackedBoolArray; idx: int): bool =
+  s.s.contains(idx)
+
+proc `[]=`*(s: var PackedBoolArray; idx: int; v: bool) =
+  if v:
+    s.s.incl(idx)
+  else:
+    s.s.excl(idx)
+
+proc add*(s: var PackedBoolArray; v: bool) =
+  inc(s.len)
+  if v:
+    s.s.incl(s.len - 1)
+
+proc reverse*(s: var PackedBoolArray) =
+  var
+    reversedSet = initIntSet()
+  for i in 0..s.high:
+    if s.s.contains(i):
+      reversedSet.incl(s.high - i)
+  s.s = reversedSet
+
+proc getSymInfoPair*(s: SuggestFileSymbolDatabase; idx: int): SymInfoPair =
+  SymInfoPair(
+    sym: s.sym[idx],
+    info: TLineInfo(
+      line: s.lineInfo[idx].line,
+      col: s.lineInfo[idx].col,
+      fileIndex: s.fileIndex
+    ),
+    caughtExceptions:
+      if s.trackCaughtExceptions:
+        s.caughtExceptions[idx]
+      else:
+        @[],
+    caughtExceptionsSet:
+      if s.trackCaughtExceptions:
+        s.caughtExceptionsSet[idx]
+      else:
+        false,
+    isDecl: s.isDecl[idx]
+  )
+
+proc reverse*(s: var SuggestFileSymbolDatabase) =
+  s.lineInfo.reverse()
+  s.sym.reverse()
+  s.caughtExceptions.reverse()
+  s.caughtExceptionsSet.reverse()
+  s.isDecl.reverse()
+
+proc newSuggestFileSymbolDatabase*(aFileIndex: FileIndex; aTrackCaughtExceptions: bool): SuggestFileSymbolDatabase =
+  SuggestFileSymbolDatabase(
+    lineInfo: @[],
+    sym: @[],
+    caughtExceptions: @[],
+    caughtExceptionsSet: newPackedBoolArray(),
+    isDecl: newPackedBoolArray(),
+    fileIndex: aFileIndex,
+    trackCaughtExceptions: aTrackCaughtExceptions,
+    isSorted: true
+  )
+
+proc exactEquals*(a, b: TinyLineInfo): bool =
+  result = a.line == b.line and a.col == b.col
+
+proc `==`*(a, b: SymInfoPair): bool =
+  result = a.sym == b.sym and a.info.exactEquals(b.info)
+
+func cmp*(a: TinyLineInfo; b: TinyLineInfo): int =
+  result = cmp(a.line, b.line)
+  if result == 0:
+    result = cmp(a.col, b.col)
+
+func compare*(s: var SuggestFileSymbolDatabase; i, j: int): int =
+  result = cmp(s.lineInfo[i], s.lineInfo[j])
+  if result == 0:
+    result = cmp(s.isDecl[i], s.isDecl[j])
+
+proc exchange(s: var SuggestFileSymbolDatabase; i, j: int) =
+  if i == j:
+    return
+  var tmp1 = s.lineInfo[i]
+  s.lineInfo[i] = s.lineInfo[j]
+  s.lineInfo[j] = tmp1
+  if s.trackCaughtExceptions:
+    var tmp2 = s.caughtExceptions[i]
+    s.caughtExceptions[i] = s.caughtExceptions[j]
+    s.caughtExceptions[j] = tmp2
+    var tmp3 = s.caughtExceptionsSet[i]
+    s.caughtExceptionsSet[i] = s.caughtExceptionsSet[j]
+    s.caughtExceptionsSet[j] = tmp3
+  var tmp4 = s.isDecl[i]
+  s.isDecl[i] = s.isDecl[j]
+  s.isDecl[j] = tmp4
+  var tmp5 = s.sym[i]
+  s.sym[i] = s.sym[j]
+  s.sym[j] = tmp5
+
+proc quickSort(s: var SuggestFileSymbolDatabase; ll, rr: int) =
+  var
+    i, j, pivotIdx: int
+    l = ll
+    r = rr
+  while true:
+    i = l
+    j = r
+    pivotIdx = l + ((r - l) shr 1)
+    while true:
+      while (i < pivotIdx) and (s.compare(pivotIdx, i) > 0):
+        inc i
+      while (j > pivotIdx) and (s.compare(pivotIdx, j) < 0):
+        dec j
+      if i < j:
+        s.exchange(i, j)
+        if pivotIdx == i:
+          pivotIdx = j
+          inc i
+        elif pivotIdx == j:
+          pivotIdx = i
+          dec j
+        else:
+          inc i
+          dec j
+      else:
+        break
+    if (pivotIdx - l) < (r - pivotIdx):
+      if (l + 1) < pivotIdx:
+        s.quickSort(l, pivotIdx - 1)
+      l = pivotIdx + 1
+    else:
+      if (pivotIdx + 1) < r:
+        s.quickSort(pivotIdx + 1, r)
+      if (l + 1) < pivotIdx:
+        r = pivotIdx - 1
+      else:
+        break
+    if l >= r:
+      break
+
+proc sort*(s: var SuggestFileSymbolDatabase) =
+  s.quickSort(s.lineInfo.low, s.lineInfo.high)
+  s.isSorted = true
+
+proc add*(s: var SuggestFileSymbolDatabase; v: SymInfoPair) =
+  doAssert(v.info.fileIndex == s.fileIndex)
+  s.lineInfo.add(TinyLineInfo(
+    line: v.info.line,
+    col: v.info.col
+  ))
+  s.sym.add(v.sym)
+  s.isDecl.add(v.isDecl)
+  if s.trackCaughtExceptions:
+    s.caughtExceptions.add(v.caughtExceptions)
+    s.caughtExceptionsSet.add(v.caughtExceptionsSet)
+  s.isSorted = false
+
+proc add*(s: var SuggestSymbolDatabase; v: SymInfoPair; trackCaughtExceptions: bool) =
+  s.mgetOrPut(v.info.fileIndex, newSuggestFileSymbolDatabase(v.info.fileIndex, trackCaughtExceptions)).add(v)
+
+proc findSymInfoIndex*(s: var SuggestFileSymbolDatabase; li: TLineInfo): int =
+  doAssert(li.fileIndex == s.fileIndex)
+  if not s.isSorted:
+    s.sort()
+  var q = TinyLineInfo(
+    line: li.line,
+    col: li.col
+  )
+  result = binarySearch(s.lineInfo, q, cmp)
diff --git a/compiler/syntaxes.nim b/compiler/syntaxes.nim
index e745e28ba..6b325c77f 100644
--- a/compiler/syntaxes.nim
+++ b/compiler/syntaxes.nim
@@ -10,10 +10,14 @@
 ## Implements the dispatcher for the different parsers.
 
 import
-  strutils, llstream, ast, idents, lexer, options, msgs, parser,
+  llstream, ast, idents, lexer, options, msgs, parser,
   filters, filter_tmpl, renderer, lineinfos, pathutils
 
-export Parser, parseAll, parseTopLevelStmt, closeParser
+import std/strutils
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions]
+
+export Parser, parseAll, parseTopLevelStmt, checkFirstLineIndentation, closeParser
 
 type
   FilterKind = enum
@@ -33,6 +37,8 @@ proc containsShebang(s: string, i: int): bool =
     var j = i + 2
     while j < s.len and s[j] in Whitespace: inc(j)
     result = s[j] == '/'
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc parsePipe(filename: AbsoluteFile, inputStream: PLLStream; cache: IdentCache;
                config: ConfigRef): PNode =
@@ -50,17 +56,18 @@ proc parsePipe(filename: AbsoluteFile, inputStream: PLLStream; cache: IdentCache
     if i+1 < line.len and line[i] == '#' and line[i+1] == '?':
       when defined(nimpretty):
         # XXX this is a bit hacky, but oh well...
-        quit "can't nimpretty a source code filter"
+        config.quitOrRaise "can't nimpretty a source code filter: " & $filename
       else:
         inc(i, 2)
         while i < line.len and line[i] in Whitespace: inc(i)
-        var p: Parser
+        var p: Parser = default(Parser)
         openParser(p, filename, llStreamOpen(substr(line, i)), cache, config)
         result = parseAll(p)
         closeParser(p)
     llStreamClose(s)
 
 proc getFilter(ident: PIdent): FilterKind =
+  result = filtNone
   for i in FilterKind:
     if cmpIgnoreStyle(ident.s, $i) == 0:
       return i
@@ -71,6 +78,7 @@ proc getCallee(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode): PIdent =
   elif n.kind == nkIdent:
     result = n.ident
   else:
+    result = nil
     localError(conf, n.info, "invalid filter: " & renderTree(n))
 
 proc applyFilter(p: var Parser, n: PNode, filename: AbsoluteFile,
@@ -121,7 +129,7 @@ proc openParser*(p: var Parser, fileIdx: FileIndex, inputstream: PLLStream;
 proc setupParser*(p: var Parser; fileIdx: FileIndex; cache: IdentCache;
                    config: ConfigRef): bool =
   let filename = toFullPathConsiderDirty(config, fileIdx)
-  var f: File
+  var f: File = default(File)
   if not open(f, filename.string):
     rawMessage(config, errGenerated, "cannot open file: " & filename.string)
     return false
@@ -129,7 +137,9 @@ proc setupParser*(p: var Parser; fileIdx: FileIndex; cache: IdentCache;
   result = true
 
 proc parseFile*(fileIdx: FileIndex; cache: IdentCache; config: ConfigRef): PNode =
-  var p: Parser
+  var p: Parser = default(Parser)
   if setupParser(p, fileIdx, cache, config):
     result = parseAll(p)
     closeParser(p)
+  else:
+    result = nil
diff --git a/compiler/tccgen.nim b/compiler/tccgen.nim
index ba553906a..9ee8516c4 100644
--- a/compiler/tccgen.nim
+++ b/compiler/tccgen.nim
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ const tinyPrefix = "dist/nim-tinyc-archive".unixToNativePath
 const nimRoot = currentSourcePath.parentDir.parentDir
 const tinycRoot = nimRoot / tinyPrefix
 when not dirExists(tinycRoot):
-  static: doAssert false, $(tinycRoot, "requires: ./koch installdeps tinyc")
+  static: raiseAssert $(tinycRoot, "requires: ./koch installdeps tinyc")
 {.compile: tinycRoot / "tinyc/libtcc.c".}
 
 var
@@ -48,15 +48,15 @@ proc setupEnvironment =
   var tinycRoot = nimDir / tinyPrefix
   let libpath = nimDir / "lib"
 
-  addIncludePath(gTinyC, libpath)
+  addIncludePath(gTinyC, cstring(libpath))
   when defined(windows):
-    addSysincludePath(gTinyC, tinycRoot / "tinyc/win32/include")
-  addSysincludePath(gTinyC, tinycRoot / "tinyc/include")
+    addSysincludePath(gTinyC, cstring(tinycRoot / "tinyc/win32/include"))
+  addSysincludePath(gTinyC, cstring(tinycRoot / "tinyc/include"))
   when defined(windows):
     defineSymbol(gTinyC, "_WIN32", nil)
     # we need Mingw's headers too:
     var gccbin = getConfigVar("gcc.path") % ["nim", tinycRoot]
-    addSysincludePath(gTinyC, gccbin /../ "include")
+    addSysincludePath(gTinyC, cstring(gccbin /../ "include"))
     #addFile(tinycRoot / r"tinyc\win32\wincrt1.o")
     addFile(tinycRoot / r"tinyc\win32\alloca86.o")
     addFile(tinycRoot / r"tinyc\win32\chkstk.o")
diff --git a/compiler/transf.nim b/compiler/transf.nim
index d2d9156aa..8dd24e090 100644
--- a/compiler/transf.nim
+++ b/compiler/transf.nim
@@ -18,20 +18,29 @@
 # * performs lambda lifting for closure support
 # * transforms 'defer' into a 'try finally' statement
 
+import std / tables
+
 import
   options, ast, astalgo, trees, msgs,
   idents, renderer, types, semfold, magicsys, cgmeth,
   lowerings, liftlocals,
   modulegraphs, lineinfos
 
-proc transformBody*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator, prc: PSym, cache: bool): PNode
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+type
+  TransformFlag* = enum
+    useCache, keepOpenArrayConversions, force
+  TransformFlags* = set[TransformFlag]
+
+proc transformBody*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; prc: PSym; flags: TransformFlags): PNode
 
 import closureiters, lambdalifting
 
 type
-  PTransCon = ref TTransCon
-  TTransCon{.final.} = object # part of TContext; stackable
-    mapping: TIdNodeTable     # mapping from symbols to nodes
+  PTransCon = ref object # part of TContext; stackable
+    mapping: Table[ItemId, PNode]     # mapping from symbols to nodes
     owner: PSym               # current owner
     forStmt: PNode            # current for stmt
     forLoopBody: PNode   # transformed for loop body
@@ -40,16 +49,17 @@ type
                               # if we encounter the 2nd yield statement
     next: PTransCon           # for stacking
 
-  TTransfContext = object
+  PTransf = ref object
     module: PSym
     transCon: PTransCon      # top of a TransCon stack
     inlining: int            # > 0 if we are in inlining context (copy vars)
-    nestedProcs: int         # > 0 if we are in a nested proc
     contSyms, breakSyms: seq[PSym]  # to transform 'continue' and 'break'
     deferDetected, tooEarly: bool
+    isIntroducingNewLocalVars: bool  # true if we are in `introducingNewLocalVars` (don't transform yields)
+    inAddr: bool
+    flags: TransformFlags
     graph: ModuleGraph
     idgen: IdGenerator
-  PTransf = ref TTransfContext
 
 proc newTransNode(a: PNode): PNode {.inline.} =
   result = shallowCopy(a)
@@ -64,15 +74,12 @@ proc newTransNode(kind: TNodeKind, n: PNode,
                   sons: int): PNode {.inline.} =
   var x = newNodeIT(kind, n.info, n.typ)
   newSeq(x.sons, sons)
-  x.typ = n.typ
 #  x.flags = n.flags
   result = x
 
 proc newTransCon(owner: PSym): PTransCon =
   assert owner != nil
-  new(result)
-  initIdNodeTable(result.mapping)
-  result.owner = owner
+  result = PTransCon(mapping: initTable[ItemId, PNode](), owner: owner)
 
 proc pushTransCon(c: PTransf, t: PTransCon) =
   t.next = c.transCon
@@ -87,11 +94,11 @@ proc getCurrOwner(c: PTransf): PSym =
   else: result = c.module
 
 proc newTemp(c: PTransf, typ: PType, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
-  let r = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(c.graph.cache, genPrefix), nextSymId(c.idgen), getCurrOwner(c), info)
+  let r = newSym(skTemp, getIdent(c.graph.cache, genPrefix), c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), info)
   r.typ = typ #skipTypes(typ, {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink})
   incl(r.flags, sfFromGeneric)
   let owner = getCurrOwner(c)
-  if owner.isIterator and not c.tooEarly:
+  if owner.isIterator and not c.tooEarly and not isDefined(c.graph.config, "nimOptIters"):
     result = freshVarForClosureIter(c.graph, r, c.idgen, owner)
   else:
     result = newSymNode(r)
@@ -103,16 +110,18 @@ proc transformSons(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     result[i] = transform(c, n[i])
 
-proc newAsgnStmt(c: PTransf, kind: TNodeKind, le: PNode, ri: PNode): PNode =
+proc newAsgnStmt(c: PTransf, kind: TNodeKind, le: PNode, ri: PNode; isFirstWrite: bool): PNode =
   result = newTransNode(kind, ri.info, 2)
   result[0] = le
+  if isFirstWrite:
+    le.flags.incl nfFirstWrite
   result[1] = ri
 
 proc transformSymAux(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
   let s = n.sym
   if s.typ != nil and s.typ.callConv == ccClosure:
     if s.kind in routineKinds:
-      discard transformBody(c.graph, c.idgen, s, true)
+      discard transformBody(c.graph, c.idgen, s, {useCache}+c.flags)
     if s.kind == skIterator:
       if c.tooEarly: return n
       else: return liftIterSym(c.graph, n, c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c))
@@ -126,6 +135,14 @@ proc transformSymAux(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
   var tc = c.transCon
   if sfBorrow in s.flags and s.kind in routineKinds:
     # simply exchange the symbol:
+    var s = s
+    while true:
+      # Skips over all borrowed procs getting the last proc symbol without an implementation
+      let body = getBody(c.graph, s)
+      if body.kind == nkSym and sfBorrow in body.sym.flags and getBody(c.graph, body.sym).kind == nkSym:
+        s = body.sym
+      else:
+        break
     b = getBody(c.graph, s)
     if b.kind != nkSym: internalError(c.graph.config, n.info, "wrong AST for borrowed symbol")
     b = newSymNode(b.sym, n.info)
@@ -145,7 +162,7 @@ proc transformSymAux(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
   else:
     b = n
   while tc != nil:
-    result = idNodeTableGet(tc.mapping, b.sym)
+    result = getOrDefault(tc.mapping, b.sym.itemId)
     if result != nil:
       # this slightly convoluted way ensures the line info stays correct:
       if result.kind == nkSym:
@@ -160,10 +177,10 @@ proc transformSym(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
 
 proc freshVar(c: PTransf; v: PSym): PNode =
   let owner = getCurrOwner(c)
-  if owner.isIterator and not c.tooEarly:
+  if owner.isIterator and not c.tooEarly and not isDefined(c.graph.config, "nimOptIters"):
     result = freshVarForClosureIter(c.graph, v, c.idgen, owner)
   else:
-    var newVar = copySym(v, nextSymId(c.idgen))
+    var newVar = copySym(v, c.idgen)
     incl(newVar.flags, sfFromGeneric)
     newVar.owner = owner
     result = newSymNode(newVar)
@@ -175,10 +192,12 @@ proc transformVarSection(c: PTransf, v: PNode): PNode =
     if it.kind == nkCommentStmt:
       result[i] = it
     elif it.kind == nkIdentDefs:
-      if it[0].kind == nkSym:
+      var vn = it[0]
+      if vn.kind == nkPragmaExpr: vn = vn[0]
+      if vn.kind == nkSym:
         internalAssert(c.graph.config, it.len == 3)
-        let x = freshVar(c, it[0].sym)
-        idNodeTablePut(c.transCon.mapping, it[0].sym, x)
+        let x = freshVar(c, vn.sym)
+        c.transCon.mapping[vn.sym.itemId] = x
         var defs = newTransNode(nkIdentDefs, it.info, 3)
         if importantComments(c.graph.config):
           # keep documentation information:
@@ -199,7 +218,7 @@ proc transformVarSection(c: PTransf, v: PNode): PNode =
       for j in 0..<it.len-2:
         if it[j].kind == nkSym:
           let x = freshVar(c, it[j].sym)
-          idNodeTablePut(c.transCon.mapping, it[j].sym, x)
+          c.transCon.mapping[it[j].sym.itemId] = x
           defs[j] = x
         else:
           defs[j] = transform(c, it[j])
@@ -226,21 +245,21 @@ proc transformConstSection(c: PTransf, v: PNode): PNode =
 
 proc hasContinue(n: PNode): bool =
   case n.kind
-  of nkEmpty..nkNilLit, nkForStmt, nkParForStmt, nkWhileStmt: discard
+  of nkEmpty..nkNilLit, nkForStmt, nkParForStmt, nkWhileStmt: result = false
   of nkContinueStmt: result = true
   else:
+    result = false
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       if hasContinue(n[i]): return true
 
 proc newLabel(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PSym =
-  result = newSym(skLabel, nil, nextSymId(c.idgen), getCurrOwner(c), n.info)
-  result.name = getIdent(c.graph.cache, genPrefix)
+  result = newSym(skLabel, getIdent(c.graph.cache, genPrefix), c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), n.info)
 
 proc transformBlock(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
   var labl: PSym
   if c.inlining > 0:
     labl = newLabel(c, n[0])
-    idNodeTablePut(c.transCon.mapping, n[0].sym, newSymNode(labl))
+    c.transCon.mapping[n[0].sym.itemId] = newSymNode(labl)
   else:
     labl =
       if n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
@@ -309,6 +328,14 @@ proc introduceNewLocalVars(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
     if a.kind == nkSym:
       n[1] = transformSymAux(c, a)
     return n
+  of nkProcDef: # todo optimize nosideeffects?
+    result = newTransNode(n)
+    let x = newSymNode(copySym(n[namePos].sym, c.idgen))
+    c.transCon.mapping[n[namePos].sym.itemId] = x
+    result[namePos] = x # we have to copy proc definitions for iters
+    for i in 1..<n.len:
+      result[i] = introduceNewLocalVars(c, n[i])
+    result[namePos].sym.ast = result
   else:
     result = newTransNode(n)
     for i in 0..<n.len:
@@ -354,10 +381,11 @@ proc transformYield(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
     case lhs.kind
     of nkSym:
       internalAssert c.graph.config, lhs.sym.kind == skForVar
-      result = newAsgnStmt(c, nkFastAsgn, lhs, rhs)
+      result = newAsgnStmt(c, nkFastAsgn, lhs, rhs, false)
     of nkDotExpr:
-      result = newAsgnStmt(c, nkAsgn, lhs, rhs)
+      result = newAsgnStmt(c, nkAsgn, lhs, rhs, false)
     else:
+      result = nil
       internalAssert c.graph.config, false
   result = newTransNode(nkStmtList, n.info, 0)
   var e = n[0]
@@ -366,7 +394,7 @@ proc transformYield(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
   if e.typ.isNil: return result # can happen in nimsuggest for unknown reasons
   if c.transCon.forStmt.len != 3:
     e = skipConv(e)
-    if e.kind in {nkPar, nkTupleConstr}:
+    if e.kind == nkTupleConstr:
       for i in 0..<e.len:
         var v = e[i]
         if v.kind == nkExprColonExpr: v = v[1]
@@ -379,45 +407,89 @@ proc transformYield(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
           let lhs = c.transCon.forStmt[i]
           let rhs = transform(c, v)
           result.add(asgnTo(lhs, rhs))
+    elif e.kind notin {nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr}: # no need to generate temp for address operation
+      # TODO do not use temp for nodes which cannot have side-effects
+      var tmp = newTemp(c, e.typ, e.info)
+      let v = newNodeI(nkVarSection, e.info)
+      v.addVar(tmp, e)
+
+      result.add transform(c, v)
+
+      for i in 0..<c.transCon.forStmt.len - 2:
+        if c.transCon.forStmt[i].kind == nkVarTuple:
+          for j in 0..<c.transCon.forStmt[i].len-1:
+            let lhs = c.transCon.forStmt[i][j]
+            let rhs = transform(c, newTupleAccess(c.graph, newTupleAccess(c.graph, tmp, i), j))
+            result.add(asgnTo(lhs, rhs))
+        else:
+          let lhs = c.transCon.forStmt[i]
+          let rhs = transform(c, newTupleAccess(c.graph, tmp, i))
+          result.add(asgnTo(lhs, rhs))
     else:
-      # Unpack the tuple into the loop variables
-      # XXX: BUG: what if `n` is an expression with side-effects?
       for i in 0..<c.transCon.forStmt.len - 2:
         let lhs = c.transCon.forStmt[i]
         let rhs = transform(c, newTupleAccess(c.graph, e, i))
         result.add(asgnTo(lhs, rhs))
   else:
     if c.transCon.forStmt[0].kind == nkVarTuple:
-      for i in 0..<c.transCon.forStmt[0].len-1:
-        let lhs = c.transCon.forStmt[0][i]
-        let rhs = transform(c, newTupleAccess(c.graph, e, i))
-        result.add(asgnTo(lhs, rhs))
+      var notLiteralTuple = false # we don't generate temp for tuples with const value: (1, 2, 3)
+      let ev = e.skipConv
+      if ev.kind == nkTupleConstr:
+        for i in ev:
+          if not isConstExpr(i):
+            notLiteralTuple = true
+            break
+      else:
+        notLiteralTuple = true
+
+      if e.kind notin {nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr} and notLiteralTuple:
+        # TODO do not use temp for nodes which cannot have side-effects
+        var tmp = newTemp(c, e.typ, e.info)
+        let v = newNodeI(nkVarSection, e.info)
+        v.addVar(tmp, e)
+
+        result.add transform(c, v)
+        for i in 0..<c.transCon.forStmt[0].len-1:
+          let lhs = c.transCon.forStmt[0][i]
+          let rhs = transform(c, newTupleAccess(c.graph, tmp, i))
+          result.add(asgnTo(lhs, rhs))
+      else:
+        for i in 0..<c.transCon.forStmt[0].len-1:
+          let lhs = c.transCon.forStmt[0][i]
+          let rhs = transform(c, newTupleAccess(c.graph, e, i))
+          result.add(asgnTo(lhs, rhs))
     else:
       let lhs = c.transCon.forStmt[0]
       let rhs = transform(c, e)
       result.add(asgnTo(lhs, rhs))
 
+
+  # bug #23536; note that the info of forLoopBody should't change
+  for idx in 0 ..< result.len:
+    var changeNode = result[idx]
+    changeNode.info = c.transCon.forStmt.info
+    for i, child in changeNode:
+      child.info = changeNode.info
+
   inc(c.transCon.yieldStmts)
   if c.transCon.yieldStmts <= 1:
     # common case
     result.add(c.transCon.forLoopBody)
   else:
     # we need to introduce new local variables:
+    c.isIntroducingNewLocalVars = true # don't transform yields when introducing new local vars
     result.add(introduceNewLocalVars(c, c.transCon.forLoopBody))
-  if result.len > 0:
-    var changeNode = result[0]
-    changeNode.info = c.transCon.forStmt.info
-    for i, child in changeNode:
-      child.info = changeNode.info
+    c.isIntroducingNewLocalVars = false
 
-proc transformAddrDeref(c: PTransf, n: PNode, a, b: TNodeKind): PNode =
+proc transformAddrDeref(c: PTransf, n: PNode, kinds: TNodeKinds): PNode =
   result = transformSons(c, n)
-  if c.graph.config.backend == backendCpp or sfCompileToCpp in c.module.flags: return
+  # inlining of 'var openarray' iterators; bug #19977
+  if n.typ.kind != tyOpenArray and (c.graph.config.backend == backendCpp or sfCompileToCpp in c.module.flags): return
   var n = result
   case n[0].kind
   of nkObjUpConv, nkObjDownConv, nkChckRange, nkChckRangeF, nkChckRange64:
     var m = n[0][0]
-    if m.kind == a or m.kind == b:
+    if m.kind in kinds:
       # addr ( nkConv ( deref ( x ) ) ) --> nkConv(x)
       n[0][0] = m[0]
       result = n[0]
@@ -427,7 +499,7 @@ proc transformAddrDeref(c: PTransf, n: PNode, a, b: TNodeKind): PNode =
         result.typ = toVar(result.typ, n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind, c.idgen)
   of nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkConv:
     var m = n[0][1]
-    if m.kind == a or m.kind == b:
+    if m.kind in kinds:
       # addr ( nkConv ( deref ( x ) ) ) --> nkConv(x)
       n[0][1] = m[0]
       result = n[0]
@@ -436,7 +508,15 @@ proc transformAddrDeref(c: PTransf, n: PNode, a, b: TNodeKind): PNode =
       elif n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyVar}:
         result.typ = toVar(result.typ, n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind, c.idgen)
   else:
-    if n[0].kind == a or n[0].kind == b:
+    if n[0].kind in kinds and
+        not (n[0][0].kind == nkSym and n[0][0].sym.kind == skForVar and
+          n[0][0].typ.skipTypes(abstractVar).kind == tyTuple
+        ) and not (n[0][0].kind == nkSym and n[0][0].sym.kind == skParam and
+          n.typ.kind == tyVar and
+          n.typ.skipTypes(abstractVar).kind == tyOpenArray and
+          n[0][0].typ.skipTypes(abstractVar).kind == tyString)
+        : # elimination is harmful to `for tuple unpack` because of newTupleAccess
+          # it is also harmful to openArrayLoc (var openArray) for strings
       # addr ( deref ( x )) --> x
       result = n[0][0]
       if n.typ.skipTypes(abstractVar).kind != tyOpenArray:
@@ -448,7 +528,7 @@ proc generateThunk(c: PTransf; prc: PNode, dest: PType): PNode =
 
   # we cannot generate a proper thunk here for GC-safety reasons
   # (see internal documentation):
-  if c.graph.config.backend == backendJs: return prc
+  if jsNoLambdaLifting in c.graph.config.legacyFeatures and c.graph.config.backend == backendJs: return prc
   result = newNodeIT(nkClosure, prc.info, dest)
   var conv = newNodeIT(nkHiddenSubConv, prc.info, dest)
   conv.add(newNodeI(nkEmpty, prc.info))
@@ -494,19 +574,22 @@ proc transformConv(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
     else:
       result = transformSons(c, n)
   of tyOpenArray, tyVarargs:
-    result = transform(c, n[1])
-    #result = transformSons(c, n)
-    result.typ = takeType(n.typ, n[1].typ, c.graph, c.idgen)
-    #echo n.info, " came here and produced ", typeToString(result.typ),
-    #   " from ", typeToString(n.typ), " and ", typeToString(n[1].typ)
-  of tyCString:
+    if keepOpenArrayConversions in c.flags:
+      result = transformSons(c, n)
+    else:
+      result = transform(c, n[1])
+      #result = transformSons(c, n)
+      result.typ = takeType(n.typ, n[1].typ, c.graph, c.idgen)
+      #echo n.info, " came here and produced ", typeToString(result.typ),
+      #   " from ", typeToString(n.typ), " and ", typeToString(n[1].typ)
+  of tyCstring:
     if source.kind == tyString:
       result = newTransNode(nkStringToCString, n, 1)
       result[0] = transform(c, n[1])
     else:
       result = transformSons(c, n)
   of tyString:
-    if source.kind == tyCString:
+    if source.kind == tyCstring:
       result = newTransNode(nkCStringToString, n, 1)
       result[0] = transform(c, n[1])
     else:
@@ -551,7 +634,7 @@ proc transformConv(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
 type
   TPutArgInto = enum
     paDirectMapping, paFastAsgn, paFastAsgnTakeTypeFromArg
-    paVarAsgn, paComplexOpenarray
+    paVarAsgn, paComplexOpenarray, paViaIndirection
 
 proc putArgInto(arg: PNode, formal: PType): TPutArgInto =
   # This analyses how to treat the mapping "formal <-> arg" in an
@@ -569,8 +652,11 @@ proc putArgInto(arg: PNode, formal: PType): TPutArgInto =
   case arg.kind
   of nkEmpty..nkNilLit:
     result = paDirectMapping
-  of nkDotExpr, nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref, nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr:
+  of nkDotExpr, nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref:
     result = putArgInto(arg[0], formal)
+  of nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr:
+    result = putArgInto(arg[0], formal)
+    if result == paViaIndirection: result = paFastAsgn
   of nkCurly, nkBracket:
     for i in 0..<arg.len:
       if putArgInto(arg[i], formal) != paDirectMapping:
@@ -583,6 +669,9 @@ proc putArgInto(arg: PNode, formal: PType): TPutArgInto =
       if putArgInto(a, formal) != paDirectMapping:
         return paFastAsgn
     result = paDirectMapping
+  of nkBracketExpr:
+    if skipTypes(formal, abstractInst).kind in {tyVar, tyLent}: result = paVarAsgn
+    else: result = paViaIndirection
   else:
     if skipTypes(formal, abstractInst).kind in {tyVar, tyLent}: result = paVarAsgn
     else: result = paFastAsgn
@@ -596,7 +685,7 @@ proc findWrongOwners(c: PTransf, n: PNode) =
   else:
     for i in 0..<n.safeLen: findWrongOwners(c, n[i])
 
-proc isSimpleIteratorVar(c: PTransf; iter: PSym): bool =
+proc isSimpleIteratorVar(c: PTransf; iter: PSym; call: PNode; owner: PSym): bool =
   proc rec(n: PNode; owner: PSym; dangerousYields: var int) =
     case n.kind
     of nkEmpty..nkNilLit: discard
@@ -608,9 +697,22 @@ proc isSimpleIteratorVar(c: PTransf; iter: PSym): bool =
     else:
       for c in n: rec(c, owner, dangerousYields)
 
+  proc recSym(n: PNode; owner: PSym; sameOwner: var bool) =
+    case n.kind
+    of {nkEmpty..nkNilLit} - {nkSym}: discard
+    of nkSym:
+      if n.sym.owner != owner:
+        sameOwner = false
+    else:
+      for c in n: recSym(c, owner, sameOwner)
+
   var dangerousYields = 0
   rec(getBody(c.graph, iter), iter, dangerousYields)
   result = dangerousYields == 0
+  # the parameters should be owned by the owner
+  # bug #22237
+  for i in 1..<call.len:
+    recSym(call[i], owner, result)
 
 template destructor(t: PType): PSym = getAttachedOp(c.graph, t, attachedDestructor)
 
@@ -654,7 +756,7 @@ proc transformFor(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
       for j in 0..<n[i].len-1:
         addVar(v, copyTree(n[i][j])) # declare new vars
     else:
-      if n[i].kind == nkSym and isSimpleIteratorVar(c, iter):
+      if n[i].kind == nkSym and isSimpleIteratorVar(c, iter, call, n[i].sym.owner):
         incl n[i].sym.flags, sfCursor
       addVar(v, copyTree(n[i])) # declare new vars
   stmtList.add(v)
@@ -678,7 +780,7 @@ proc transformFor(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
     let pa = putArgInto(arg, formal.typ)
     case pa
     of paDirectMapping:
-      idNodeTablePut(newC.mapping, formal, arg)
+      newC.mapping[formal.itemId] = arg
     of paFastAsgn, paFastAsgnTakeTypeFromArg:
       var t = formal.typ
       if pa == paFastAsgnTakeTypeFromArg:
@@ -689,25 +791,36 @@ proc transformFor(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
         t = arg.typ
       # generate a temporary and produce an assignment statement:
       var temp = newTemp(c, t, formal.info)
+      #incl(temp.sym.flags, sfCursor)
       addVar(v, temp)
-      stmtList.add(newAsgnStmt(c, nkFastAsgn, temp, arg))
-      idNodeTablePut(newC.mapping, formal, temp)
+      stmtList.add(newAsgnStmt(c, nkFastAsgn, temp, arg, true))
+      newC.mapping[formal.itemId] = temp
     of paVarAsgn:
-      assert(skipTypes(formal.typ, abstractInst).kind in {tyVar})
-      idNodeTablePut(newC.mapping, formal, arg)
+      assert(skipTypes(formal.typ, abstractInst).kind in {tyVar, tyLent})
+      newC.mapping[formal.itemId] = arg
       # XXX BUG still not correct if the arg has a side effect!
+    of paViaIndirection:
+      let t = formal.typ
+      let vt = makeVarType(t.owner, t, c.idgen)
+      vt.flags.incl tfVarIsPtr
+      var temp = newTemp(c, vt, formal.info)
+      addVar(v, temp)
+      var addrExp = newNodeIT(nkHiddenAddr, formal.info, makeVarType(t.owner, t, c.idgen, tyPtr))
+      addrExp.add(arg)
+      stmtList.add(newAsgnStmt(c, nkFastAsgn, temp, addrExp, true))
+      newC.mapping[formal.itemId] = newDeref(temp)
     of paComplexOpenarray:
       # arrays will deep copy here (pretty bad).
       var temp = newTemp(c, arg.typ, formal.info)
       addVar(v, temp)
-      stmtList.add(newAsgnStmt(c, nkFastAsgn, temp, arg))
-      idNodeTablePut(newC.mapping, formal, temp)
+      stmtList.add(newAsgnStmt(c, nkFastAsgn, temp, arg, true))
+      newC.mapping[formal.itemId] = temp
 
-  let body = transformBody(c.graph, c.idgen, iter, true)
+  let body = transformBody(c.graph, c.idgen, iter, {useCache}+c.flags)
   pushInfoContext(c.graph.config, n.info)
   inc(c.inlining)
   stmtList.add(transform(c, body))
-  #findWrongOwners(c, stmtList.pnode)
+  #findWrongOwners(c, stmtList.PNode)
   dec(c.inlining)
   popInfoContext(c.graph.config)
   popTransCon(c)
@@ -761,9 +874,13 @@ proc getMergeOp(n: PNode): PSym =
      nkCallStrLit:
     if n[0].kind == nkSym and n[0].sym.magic == mConStrStr:
       result = n[0].sym
-  else: discard
+    else:
+      result = nil
+  else: result = nil
 
 proc flattenTreeAux(d, a: PNode, op: PSym) =
+  ## Optimizes away the `&` calls in the children nodes and
+  ## lifts the leaf nodes to the same level as `op2`.
   let op2 = getMergeOp(a)
   if op2 != nil and
       (op2.id == op.id or op.magic != mNone and op2.magic == op.magic):
@@ -799,10 +916,6 @@ proc transformCall(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
           inc(j)
       result.add(a)
     if result.len == 2: result = result[1]
-  elif magic == mAddr:
-    result = newTransNode(nkAddr, n, 1)
-    result[0] = n[1]
-    result = transformAddrDeref(c, result, nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref)
   elif magic in {mNBindSym, mTypeOf, mRunnableExamples}:
     # for bindSym(myconst) we MUST NOT perform constant folding:
     result = n
@@ -856,6 +969,9 @@ proc transformExceptBranch(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
     result = transformSons(c, n)
 
 proc commonOptimizations*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; c: PSym, n: PNode): PNode =
+  ## Merges adjacent constant expressions of the children of the `&` call into
+  ## a single constant expression. It also inlines constant expressions which are not
+  ## complex.
   result = n
   for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
     result[i] = commonOptimizations(g, idgen, c, n[i])
@@ -885,6 +1001,15 @@ proc commonOptimizations*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; c: PSym, n: PNode)
     else:
       result = n
 
+proc transformDerefBlock(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
+  # We transform (block: x)[] to (block: x[])
+  let e0 = n[0]
+  result = shallowCopy(e0)
+  result.typ = n.typ
+  for i in 0 ..< e0.len - 1:
+    result[i] = e0[i]
+  result[e0.len-1] = newTreeIT(nkHiddenDeref, n.info, n.typ, e0[e0.len-1])
+
 proc transform(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
   when false:
     var oldDeferAnchor: PNode
@@ -951,10 +1076,22 @@ proc transform(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
   of nkBreakStmt: result = transformBreak(c, n)
   of nkCallKinds:
     result = transformCall(c, n)
-  of nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr:
-    result = transformAddrDeref(c, n, nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref)
-  of nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref:
-    result = transformAddrDeref(c, n, nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr)
+  of nkHiddenAddr:
+    result = transformAddrDeref(c, n, {nkHiddenDeref})
+  of nkAddr:
+    let oldInAddr = c.inAddr
+    c.inAddr = true
+    result = transformAddrDeref(c, n, {nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref})
+    c.inAddr = oldInAddr
+  of nkDerefExpr:
+    result = transformAddrDeref(c, n, {nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr})
+  of nkHiddenDeref:
+    if n[0].kind in {nkBlockExpr, nkBlockStmt}:
+      # bug #20107 bug #21540. Watch out to not deref the pointer too late.
+      let e = transformDerefBlock(c, n)
+      result = transformBlock(c, e)
+    else:
+      result = transformAddrDeref(c, n, {nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr})
   of nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkConv:
     result = transformConv(c, n)
   of nkDiscardStmt:
@@ -981,18 +1118,20 @@ proc transform(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
     else:
       result = transformSons(c, n)
   of nkYieldStmt:
-    if c.inlining > 0:
+    if c.inlining > 0 and not c.isIntroducingNewLocalVars:
       result = transformYield(c, n)
     else:
       result = transformSons(c, n)
   of nkAsgn:
     result = transformAsgn(c, n)
   of nkIdentDefs, nkConstDef:
-    result = n
-    result[0] = transform(c, n[0])
+    result = newTransNode(n)
+    result[0] = transform(c, skipPragmaExpr(n[0]))
     # Skip the second son since it only contains an unsemanticized copy of the
     # variable type used by docgen
-    result[2] = transform(c, n[2])
+    let last = n.len-1
+    for i in 1..<last: result[i] = n[i]
+    result[last] = transform(c, n[last])
     # XXX comment handling really sucks:
     if importantComments(c.graph.config):
       result.comment = n.comment
@@ -1002,8 +1141,10 @@ proc transform(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
     # (bug #2604). We need to patch this environment here too:
     let a = n[1]
     if a.kind == nkSym:
-      n[1] = transformSymAux(c, a)
-    return n
+      result = copyTree(n)
+      result[1] = transformSymAux(c, a)
+    else:
+      result = n
   of nkExceptBranch:
     result = transformExceptBranch(c, n)
   of nkCheckedFieldExpr:
@@ -1021,7 +1162,7 @@ proc transform(c: PTransf, n: PNode): PNode =
   let exprIsPointerCast = n.kind in {nkCast, nkConv, nkHiddenStdConv} and
                           n.typ != nil and
                           n.typ.kind == tyPointer
-  if not exprIsPointerCast:
+  if not exprIsPointerCast and not c.inAddr:
     var cnst = getConstExpr(c.module, result, c.idgen, c.graph)
     # we inline constants if they are not complex constants:
     if cnst != nil and not dontInlineConstant(n, cnst):
@@ -1037,13 +1178,8 @@ proc processTransf(c: PTransf, n: PNode, owner: PSym): PNode =
   popTransCon(c)
   incl(result.flags, nfTransf)
 
-proc openTransf(g: ModuleGraph; module: PSym, filename: string; idgen: IdGenerator): PTransf =
-  new(result)
-  result.contSyms = @[]
-  result.breakSyms = @[]
-  result.module = module
-  result.graph = g
-  result.idgen = idgen
+proc openTransf(g: ModuleGraph; module: PSym, filename: string; idgen: IdGenerator; flags: TransformFlags): PTransf =
+  result = PTransf(module: module, graph: g, idgen: idgen, flags: flags)
 
 proc flattenStmts(n: PNode) =
   var goOn = true
@@ -1086,7 +1222,7 @@ template liftDefer(c, root) =
   if c.deferDetected:
     liftDeferAux(root)
 
-proc transformBody*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; prc: PSym; cache: bool): PNode =
+proc transformBody*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; prc: PSym; flags: TransformFlags): PNode =
   assert prc.kind in routineKinds
 
   if prc.transformedBody != nil:
@@ -1095,8 +1231,8 @@ proc transformBody*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; prc: PSym; cache: bool):
     result = getBody(g, prc)
   else:
     prc.transformedBody = newNode(nkEmpty) # protects from recursion
-    var c = openTransf(g, prc.getModule, "", idgen)
-    result = liftLambdas(g, prc, getBody(g, prc), c.tooEarly, c.idgen)
+    var c = openTransf(g, prc.getModule, "", idgen, flags)
+    result = liftLambdas(g, prc, getBody(g, prc), c.tooEarly, c.idgen, flags)
     result = processTransf(c, result, prc)
     liftDefer(c, result)
     result = liftLocalsIfRequested(prc, result, g.cache, g.config, c.idgen)
@@ -1106,7 +1242,7 @@ proc transformBody*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; prc: PSym; cache: bool):
 
     incl(result.flags, nfTransf)
 
-    if cache or prc.typ.callConv == ccInline:
+    if useCache in flags or prc.typ.callConv == ccInline:
       # genProc for inline procs will be called multiple times from different modules,
       # it is important to transform exactly once to get sym ids and locations right
       prc.transformedBody = result
@@ -1117,21 +1253,21 @@ proc transformBody*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; prc: PSym; cache: bool):
   #if prc.name.s == "main":
   #  echo "transformed into ", renderTree(result, {renderIds})
 
-proc transformStmt*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; module: PSym, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc transformStmt*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; module: PSym, n: PNode; flags: TransformFlags = {}): PNode =
   if nfTransf in n.flags:
     result = n
   else:
-    var c = openTransf(g, module, "", idgen)
+    var c = openTransf(g, module, "", idgen, flags)
     result = processTransf(c, n, module)
     liftDefer(c, result)
     #result = liftLambdasForTopLevel(module, result)
     incl(result.flags, nfTransf)
 
-proc transformExpr*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; module: PSym, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc transformExpr*(g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator; module: PSym, n: PNode; flags: TransformFlags = {}): PNode =
   if nfTransf in n.flags:
     result = n
   else:
-    var c = openTransf(g, module, "", idgen)
+    var c = openTransf(g, module, "", idgen, flags)
     result = processTransf(c, n, module)
     liftDefer(c, result)
     # expressions are not to be injected with destructor calls as that
diff --git a/compiler/trees.nim b/compiler/trees.nim
index 05c060595..41b54eb09 100644
--- a/compiler/trees.nim
+++ b/compiler/trees.nim
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import
   ast, wordrecg, idents
 
 proc cyclicTreeAux(n: PNode, visited: var seq[PNode]): bool =
+  result = false
   if n == nil: return
   for v in visited:
     if v == n: return true
@@ -53,8 +54,13 @@ proc exprStructuralEquivalent*(a, b: PNode; strictSymEquality=false): bool =
           if not exprStructuralEquivalent(a[i], b[i],
                                           strictSymEquality): return
         result = true
+      else:
+        result = false
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc sameTree*(a, b: PNode): bool =
+  result = false
   if a == b:
     result = true
   elif a != nil and b != nil and a.kind == b.kind:
@@ -91,6 +97,7 @@ proc isConstExpr*(n: PNode): bool =
   n.kind in atomKinds or nfAllConst in n.flags
 
 proc isCaseObj*(n: PNode): bool =
+  result = false
   if n.kind == nkRecCase: return true
   for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
     if n[i].isCaseObj: return true
@@ -109,7 +116,7 @@ proc isDeepConstExpr*(n: PNode; preventInheritance = false): bool =
       let t = n.typ.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})
       if t.kind in {tyRef, tyPtr} or tfUnion in t.flags: return false
       if t.kind == tyObject:
-        if preventInheritance and t[0] != nil:
+        if preventInheritance and t.baseClass != nil:
           result = false
         elif isCaseObj(t.n):
           result = false
@@ -117,7 +124,7 @@ proc isDeepConstExpr*(n: PNode; preventInheritance = false): bool =
           result = true
       else:
         result = true
-  else: discard
+  else: result = false
 
 proc isRange*(n: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
   if n.kind in nkCallKinds:
@@ -127,16 +134,22 @@ proc isRange*(n: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
        (callee.kind in {nkClosedSymChoice, nkOpenSymChoice} and
         callee[1].sym.name.id == ord(wDotDot)):
       result = true
+    else:
+      result = false
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc whichPragma*(n: PNode): TSpecialWord =
   let key = if n.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and n.len > 0: n[0] else: n
   case key.kind
   of nkIdent: result = whichKeyword(key.ident)
   of nkSym: result = whichKeyword(key.sym.name)
-  of nkCast: result = wCast
+  of nkCast: return wCast
   of nkClosedSymChoice, nkOpenSymChoice:
-    result = whichPragma(key[0])
-  else: result = wInvalid
+    return whichPragma(key[0])
+  else: return wInvalid
+  if result in nonPragmaWordsLow..nonPragmaWordsHigh:
+    result = wInvalid
 
 proc isNoSideEffectPragma*(n: PNode): bool =
   var k = whichPragma(n)
@@ -145,12 +158,14 @@ proc isNoSideEffectPragma*(n: PNode): bool =
   result = k == wNoSideEffect
 
 proc findPragma*(n: PNode, which: TSpecialWord): PNode =
+  result = nil
   if n.kind == nkPragma:
     for son in n:
       if whichPragma(son) == which:
         return son
 
 proc effectSpec*(n: PNode, effectType: TSpecialWord): PNode =
+  result = nil
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     var it = n[i]
     if it.kind == nkExprColonExpr and whichPragma(it) == effectType:
@@ -161,6 +176,7 @@ proc effectSpec*(n: PNode, effectType: TSpecialWord): PNode =
       return
 
 proc propSpec*(n: PNode, effectType: TSpecialWord): PNode =
+  result = nil
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     var it = n[i]
     if it.kind == nkExprColonExpr and whichPragma(it) == effectType:
@@ -182,10 +198,6 @@ proc extractRange*(k: TNodeKind, n: PNode, a, b: int): PNode =
   result = newNodeI(k, n.info, b-a+1)
   for i in 0..b-a: result[i] = n[i+a]
 
-proc isTrue*(n: PNode): bool =
-  n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind == skEnumField and n.sym.position != 0 or
-    n.kind == nkIntLit and n.intVal != 0
-
 proc getRoot*(n: PNode): PSym =
   ## ``getRoot`` takes a *path* ``n``. A path is an lvalue expression
   ## like ``obj.x[i].y``. The *root* of a path is the symbol that can be
@@ -194,6 +206,8 @@ proc getRoot*(n: PNode): PSym =
   of nkSym:
     if n.sym.kind in {skVar, skResult, skTemp, skLet, skForVar, skParam}:
       result = n.sym
+    else:
+      result = nil
   of nkDotExpr, nkBracketExpr, nkHiddenDeref, nkDerefExpr,
       nkObjUpConv, nkObjDownConv, nkCheckedFieldExpr, nkHiddenAddr, nkAddr:
     result = getRoot(n[0])
@@ -201,7 +215,8 @@ proc getRoot*(n: PNode): PSym =
     result = getRoot(n[1])
   of nkCallKinds:
     if getMagic(n) == mSlice: result = getRoot(n[1])
-  else: discard
+    else: result = nil
+  else: result = nil
 
 proc stupidStmtListExpr*(n: PNode): bool =
   for i in 0..<n.len-1:
@@ -211,6 +226,13 @@ proc stupidStmtListExpr*(n: PNode): bool =
 proc dontInlineConstant*(orig, cnst: PNode): bool {.inline.} =
   # symbols that expand to a complex constant (array, etc.) should not be
   # inlined, unless it's the empty array:
-  result = orig.kind != cnst.kind and
-           cnst.kind in {nkCurly, nkPar, nkTupleConstr, nkBracket, nkObjConstr} and
+  result = cnst.kind in {nkCurly, nkPar, nkTupleConstr, nkBracket, nkObjConstr} and
            cnst.len > ord(cnst.kind == nkObjConstr)
+
+proc isRunnableExamples*(n: PNode): bool =
+  # Templates and generics don't perform symbol lookups.
+  result = n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.magic == mRunnableExamples or
+    n.kind == nkIdent and n.ident.id == ord(wRunnableExamples)
+
+proc skipAddr*(n: PNode): PNode {.inline.} =
+  result = if n.kind in {nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr}: n[0] else: n
diff --git a/compiler/treetab.nim b/compiler/treetab.nim
index 31cc76366..6685c4a89 100644
--- a/compiler/treetab.nim
+++ b/compiler/treetab.nim
@@ -9,8 +9,12 @@
 
 # Implements a table from trees to trees. Does structural equivalence checking.
 
-import
-  hashes, ast, astalgo, types
+import ast, astalgo, types
+
+import std/hashes
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 proc hashTree*(n: PNode): Hash =
   if n.isNil:
@@ -54,7 +58,11 @@ proc treesEquivalent(a, b: PNode): bool =
         for i in 0..<a.len:
           if not treesEquivalent(a[i], b[i]): return
         result = true
+      else:
+        result = false
     if result: result = sameTypeOrNil(a.typ, b.typ)
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc nodeTableRawGet(t: TNodeTable, k: Hash, key: PNode): int =
   var h: Hash = k and high(t.data)
@@ -79,36 +87,34 @@ proc nodeTableRawInsert(data: var TNodePairSeq, k: Hash, key: PNode,
   data[h].val = val
 
 proc nodeTablePut*(t: var TNodeTable, key: PNode, val: int) =
-  var n: TNodePairSeq
-  var k: Hash = hashTree(key)
-  var index = nodeTableRawGet(t, k, key)
+  let k = hashTree(key)
+  let index = nodeTableRawGet(t, k, key)
   if index >= 0:
     assert(t.data[index].key != nil)
     t.data[index].val = val
   else:
     if mustRehash(t.data.len, t.counter):
-      newSeq(n, t.data.len * GrowthFactor)
+      var n = newSeq[TNodePair](t.data.len * GrowthFactor)
       for i in 0..high(t.data):
         if t.data[i].key != nil:
           nodeTableRawInsert(n, t.data[i].h, t.data[i].key, t.data[i].val)
-      swap(t.data, n)
+      t.data = move n
     nodeTableRawInsert(t.data, k, key, val)
     inc(t.counter)
 
 proc nodeTableTestOrSet*(t: var TNodeTable, key: PNode, val: int): int =
-  var n: TNodePairSeq
-  var k: Hash = hashTree(key)
-  var index = nodeTableRawGet(t, k, key)
+  let k = hashTree(key)
+  let index = nodeTableRawGet(t, k, key)
   if index >= 0:
     assert(t.data[index].key != nil)
     result = t.data[index].val
   else:
     if mustRehash(t.data.len, t.counter):
-      newSeq(n, t.data.len * GrowthFactor)
+      var n = newSeq[TNodePair](t.data.len * GrowthFactor)
       for i in 0..high(t.data):
         if t.data[i].key != nil:
           nodeTableRawInsert(n, t.data[i].h, t.data[i].key, t.data[i].val)
-      swap(t.data, n)
+      t.data = move n
     nodeTableRawInsert(t.data, k, key, val)
     result = val
     inc(t.counter)
diff --git a/compiler/typeallowed.nim b/compiler/typeallowed.nim
index db3735359..39193a42d 100644
--- a/compiler/typeallowed.nim
+++ b/compiler/typeallowed.nim
@@ -8,10 +8,13 @@
 #
 
 ## This module contains 'typeAllowed' and friends which check
-## for invalid types like 'openArray[var int]'.
+## for invalid types like `openArray[var int]`.
 
-import
-  intsets, ast, renderer, options, semdata, types
+import ast, renderer, options, semdata, types
+import std/intsets
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 type
   TTypeAllowedFlag* = enum
@@ -22,6 +25,9 @@ type
     taNoUntyped
     taIsTemplateOrMacro
     taProcContextIsNotMacro
+    taIsCastable
+    taIsDefaultField
+    taVoid # only allow direct void fields of objects/tuples
 
   TTypeAllowedFlags* = set[TTypeAllowedFlag]
 
@@ -43,6 +49,8 @@ proc typeAllowedNode(marker: var IntSet, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind,
           let it = n[i]
           result = typeAllowedNode(marker, it, kind, c, flags)
           if result != nil: break
+  else:
+    result = nil
 
 proc typeAllowedAux(marker: var IntSet, typ: PType, kind: TSymKind,
                     c: PContext; flags: TTypeAllowedFlags = {}): PType =
@@ -53,14 +61,22 @@ proc typeAllowedAux(marker: var IntSet, typ: PType, kind: TSymKind,
   if typ == nil: return nil
   if containsOrIncl(marker, typ.id): return nil
   var t = skipTypes(typ, abstractInst-{tyTypeDesc, tySink})
+
+  let flags = if t.kind == tyVoid: flags else: flags-{taVoid}
   case t.kind
   of tyVar, tyLent:
     if kind in {skProc, skFunc, skConst} and (views notin c.features):
       result = t
-    elif t.kind == tyLent and kind != skResult and (views notin c.features):
+    elif taIsOpenArray in flags:
+      result = t
+    elif t.kind == tyLent and ((kind != skResult and views notin c.features) or
+      (kind == skParam and {taIsCastable, taField} * flags == {})): # lent cannot be used as parameters.
+                                                       # except in the cast environment and as the field of an object
+      result = t
+    elif isOutParam(t) and kind != skParam:
       result = t
     else:
-      var t2 = skipTypes(t[0], abstractInst-{tyTypeDesc, tySink})
+      var t2 = skipTypes(t.elementType, abstractInst-{tyTypeDesc, tySink})
       case t2.kind
       of tyVar, tyLent:
         if taHeap notin flags: result = t2 # ``var var`` is illegal on the heap
@@ -83,11 +99,11 @@ proc typeAllowedAux(marker: var IntSet, typ: PType, kind: TSymKind,
         # only closure iterators may be assigned to anything.
         result = t
       let f = if kind in {skProc, skFunc}: flags+{taNoUntyped} else: flags
-      for i in 1..<t.len:
+      for _, a in t.paramTypes:
         if result != nil: break
-        result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t[i], skParam, c, f-{taIsOpenArray})
-      if result.isNil and t[0] != nil:
-        result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t[0], skResult, c, flags)
+        result = typeAllowedAux(marker, a, skParam, c, f-{taIsOpenArray})
+      if result.isNil and t.returnType != nil:
+        result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t.returnType, skResult, c, flags)
   of tyTypeDesc:
     if kind in {skVar, skLet, skConst} and taProcContextIsNotMacro in flags:
       result = t
@@ -96,15 +112,18 @@ proc typeAllowedAux(marker: var IntSet, typ: PType, kind: TSymKind,
       result = nil
   of tyUntyped, tyTyped:
     if kind notin {skParam, skResult} or taNoUntyped in flags: result = t
+  of tyIterable:
+    if kind notin {skParam} or taNoUntyped in flags: result = t
+      # tyIterable is only for templates and macros.
   of tyStatic:
     if kind notin {skParam}: result = t
   of tyVoid:
-    if taField notin flags: result = t
+    if taVoid notin flags: result = t
   of tyTypeClasses:
     if tfGenericTypeParam in t.flags or taConcept in flags: #or taField notin flags:
       discard
     elif t.isResolvedUserTypeClass:
-      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t.lastSon, kind, c, flags)
+      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t.last, kind, c, flags)
     elif kind notin {skParam, skResult}:
       result = t
   of tyGenericBody, tyGenericParam, tyGenericInvocation,
@@ -112,79 +131,82 @@ proc typeAllowedAux(marker: var IntSet, typ: PType, kind: TSymKind,
     result = t
   of tyNil:
     if kind != skConst and kind != skParam: result = t
-  of tyString, tyBool, tyChar, tyEnum, tyInt..tyUInt64, tyCString, tyPointer:
+  of tyString, tyBool, tyChar, tyEnum, tyInt..tyUInt64, tyCstring, tyPointer:
     result = nil
   of tyOrdinal:
     if kind != skParam: result = t
   of tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyAlias, tyInferred:
-    result = typeAllowedAux(marker, lastSon(t), kind, c, flags)
+    result = typeAllowedAux(marker, skipModifier(t), kind, c, flags)
   of tyRange:
-    if skipTypes(t[0], abstractInst-{tyTypeDesc}).kind notin
-      {tyChar, tyEnum, tyInt..tyFloat128, tyInt..tyUInt64}: result = t
+    if skipTypes(t.elementType, abstractInst-{tyTypeDesc}).kind notin
+      {tyChar, tyEnum, tyInt..tyFloat128, tyInt..tyUInt64, tyRange}: result = t
   of tyOpenArray:
     # you cannot nest openArrays/sinks/etc.
     if (kind != skParam or taIsOpenArray in flags) and views notin c.features:
       result = t
     else:
-      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t[0], kind, c, flags+{taIsOpenArray})
+      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t.elementType, kind, c, flags+{taIsOpenArray})
   of tyVarargs:
     # you cannot nest openArrays/sinks/etc.
     if kind != skParam or taIsOpenArray in flags:
       result = t
     else:
-      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t[0], kind, c, flags+{taIsOpenArray})
+      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t.elementType, kind, c, flags+{taIsOpenArray})
   of tySink:
     # you cannot nest openArrays/sinks/etc.
-    if kind != skParam or taIsOpenArray in flags or t[0].kind in {tySink, tyLent, tyVar}:
+    if kind != skParam or taIsOpenArray in flags or t.elementType.kind in {tySink, tyLent, tyVar}:
       result = t
     else:
-      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t[0], kind, c, flags)
+      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t.elementType, kind, c, flags)
   of tyUncheckedArray:
     if kind != skParam and taHeap notin flags:
       result = t
     else:
-      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, lastSon(t), kind, c, flags-{taHeap})
+      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, elementType(t), kind, c, flags-{taHeap})
   of tySequence:
-    if t[0].kind != tyEmpty:
-      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t[0], kind, c, flags+{taHeap})
+    if t.elementType.kind != tyEmpty:
+      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t.elementType, kind, c, flags+{taHeap})
     elif kind in {skVar, skLet}:
-      result = t[0]
+      result = t.elementType
   of tyArray:
-    if t[1].kind == tyTypeDesc:
-      result = t[1]
-    elif t[1].kind != tyEmpty:
-      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t[1], kind, c, flags)
+    if t.elementType.kind == tyTypeDesc:
+      result = t.elementType
+    elif t.elementType.kind != tyEmpty:
+      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t.elementType, kind, c, flags)
     elif kind in {skVar, skLet}:
-      result = t[1]
+      result = t.elementType
   of tyRef:
-    if kind == skConst: result = t
-    else: result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t.lastSon, kind, c, flags+{taHeap})
+    if kind == skConst and taIsDefaultField notin flags: result = t
+    else: result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t.elementType, kind, c, flags+{taHeap})
   of tyPtr:
-    result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t.lastSon, kind, c, flags+{taHeap})
+    result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t.elementType, kind, c, flags+{taHeap})
   of tySet:
-    for i in 0..<t.len:
-      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t[i], kind, c, flags)
-      if result != nil: break
-  of tyObject, tyTuple:
+    result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t.elementType, kind, c, flags)
+  of tyObject:
     if kind in {skProc, skFunc, skConst} and
-        t.kind == tyObject and t[0] != nil:
+        t.baseClass != nil and taIsDefaultField notin flags:
       result = t
     else:
-      let flags = flags+{taField}
-      for i in 0..<t.len:
-        result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t[i], kind, c, flags)
-        if result != nil: break
+      let flags = flags+{taField, taVoid}
+      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t.baseClass, kind, c, flags)
       if result.isNil and t.n != nil:
         result = typeAllowedNode(marker, t.n, kind, c, flags)
+  of tyTuple:
+    let flags = flags+{taField, taVoid}
+    for a in t.kids:
+      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, a, kind, c, flags)
+      if result != nil: break
+    if result.isNil and t.n != nil:
+      result = typeAllowedNode(marker, t.n, kind, c, flags)
   of tyEmpty:
     if kind in {skVar, skLet}: result = t
-  of tyProxy:
+  of tyError:
     # for now same as error node; we say it's a valid type as it should
     # prevent cascading errors:
     result = nil
   of tyOwned:
-    if t.len == 1 and t[0].skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyRef, tyPtr, tyProc}:
-      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t.lastSon, kind, c, flags+{taHeap})
+    if t.hasElementType and t.skipModifier.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyRef, tyPtr, tyProc}:
+      result = typeAllowedAux(marker, t.skipModifier, kind, c, flags+{taHeap})
     else:
       result = t
   of tyConcept:
@@ -227,27 +249,27 @@ proc classifyViewTypeAux(marker: var IntSet, t: PType): ViewTypeKind =
   case t.kind
   of tyVar:
     result = mutableView
-  of tyLent, tyOpenArray:
+  of tyLent, tyOpenArray, tyVarargs:
     result = immutableView
   of tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyAlias, tyInferred, tySink, tyOwned,
      tyUncheckedArray, tySequence, tyArray, tyRef, tyStatic:
-    result = classifyViewTypeAux(marker, lastSon(t))
+    result = classifyViewTypeAux(marker, skipModifier(t))
   of tyFromExpr:
-    if t.len > 0:
-      result = classifyViewTypeAux(marker, lastSon(t))
+    if t.hasElementType:
+      result = classifyViewTypeAux(marker, skipModifier(t))
     else:
       result = noView
   of tyTuple:
     result = noView
-    for i in 0..<t.len:
-      result.combine classifyViewTypeAux(marker, t[i])
+    for a in t.kids:
+      result.combine classifyViewTypeAux(marker, a)
       if result == mutableView: break
   of tyObject:
     result = noView
     if t.n != nil:
       result = classifyViewTypeNode(marker, t.n)
-    if t[0] != nil:
-      result.combine classifyViewTypeAux(marker, t[0])
+    if t.baseClass != nil:
+      result.combine classifyViewTypeAux(marker, t.baseClass)
   else:
     # it doesn't matter what these types contain, 'ptr openArray' is not a
     # view type!
@@ -265,7 +287,7 @@ proc directViewType*(t: PType): ViewTypeKind =
   of tyLent, tyOpenArray:
     result = immutableView
   of abstractInst-{tyTypeDesc}:
-    result = directViewType(t.lastSon)
+    result = directViewType(t.skipModifier)
   else:
     result = noView
 
diff --git a/compiler/types.nim b/compiler/types.nim
index a0d43ec09..a441b0ea2 100644
--- a/compiler/types.nim
+++ b/compiler/types.nim
@@ -10,8 +10,13 @@
 # this module contains routines for accessing and iterating over types
 
 import
-  intsets, ast, astalgo, trees, msgs, strutils, platform, renderer, options,
-  lineinfos, int128, modulegraphs
+  ast, astalgo, trees, msgs, platform, renderer, options,
+  lineinfos, int128, modulegraphs, astmsgs, wordrecg
+
+import std/[intsets, strutils]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, formatfloat]
 
 type
   TPreferedDesc* = enum
@@ -25,23 +30,49 @@ type
     preferMixed,
       # most useful, shows: symbol + resolved symbols if it differs, e.g.:
       # tuple[a: MyInt{int}, b: float]
+    preferInlayHint,
+    preferInferredEffects,
+
+  TTypeRelation* = enum      # order is important!
+    isNone, isConvertible,
+    isIntConv,
+    isSubtype,
+    isSubrange,              # subrange of the wanted type; no type conversion
+                             # but apart from that counts as ``isSubtype``
+    isBothMetaConvertible    # generic proc parameter was matched against
+                             # generic type, e.g., map(mySeq, x=>x+1),
+                             # maybe recoverable by rerun if the parameter is
+                             # the proc's return value
+    isInferred,              # generic proc was matched against a concrete type
+    isInferredConvertible,   # same as above, but requiring proc CC conversion
+    isGeneric,
+    isFromIntLit,            # conversion *from* int literal; proven safe
+    isEqual
+
+  ProcConvMismatch* = enum
+    pcmNoSideEffect
+    pcmNotGcSafe
+    pcmNotIterator
+    pcmDifferentCallConv
 
 proc typeToString*(typ: PType; prefer: TPreferedDesc = preferName): string
-template `$`*(typ: PType): string = typeToString(typ)
 
-proc base*(t: PType): PType =
-  result = t[0]
+proc addTypeDeclVerboseMaybe*(result: var string, conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType) =
+  if optDeclaredLocs in conf.globalOptions:
+    result.add typeToString(typ, preferMixed)
+    result.addDeclaredLoc(conf, typ)
+  else:
+    result.add typeToString(typ)
+
+template `$`*(typ: PType): string = typeToString(typ)
 
 # ------------------- type iterator: ----------------------------------------
 type
   TTypeIter* = proc (t: PType, closure: RootRef): bool {.nimcall.} # true if iteration should stop
-  TTypeMutator* = proc (t: PType, closure: RootRef): PType {.nimcall.} # copy t and mutate it
   TTypePredicate* = proc (t: PType): bool {.nimcall.}
 
 proc iterOverType*(t: PType, iter: TTypeIter, closure: RootRef): bool
   # Returns result of `iter`.
-proc mutateType*(t: PType, iter: TTypeMutator, closure: RootRef): PType
-  # Returns result of `iter`.
 
 type
   TParamsEquality* = enum     # they are equal, but their
@@ -65,9 +96,6 @@ const
                   tyAlias, tyInferred, tySink, tyLent, tyOwned}
   abstractRange* = {tyGenericInst, tyRange, tyDistinct, tyOrdinal, tyTypeDesc,
                     tyAlias, tyInferred, tySink, tyOwned}
-  # see also ast.abstractVarRange
-  abstractInst* = {tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyOrdinal, tyTypeDesc, tyAlias,
-                   tyInferred, tySink, tyOwned}
   abstractInstOwned* = abstractInst + {tyOwned}
   skipPtrs* = {tyVar, tyPtr, tyRef, tyGenericInst, tyTypeDesc, tyAlias,
                tyInferred, tySink, tyLent, tyOwned}
@@ -76,18 +104,18 @@ const
   typedescInst* = abstractInst + {tyTypeDesc, tyOwned, tyUserTypeClass}
 
 proc invalidGenericInst*(f: PType): bool =
-  result = f.kind == tyGenericInst and lastSon(f) == nil
+  result = f.kind == tyGenericInst and skipModifier(f) == nil
 
 proc isPureObject*(typ: PType): bool =
   var t = typ
-  while t.kind == tyObject and t[0] != nil:
-    t = t[0].skipTypes(skipPtrs)
+  while t.kind == tyObject and t.baseClass != nil:
+    t = t.baseClass.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
   result = t.sym != nil and sfPure in t.sym.flags
 
 proc isUnsigned*(t: PType): bool =
   t.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyChar, tyUInt..tyUInt64}
 
-proc getOrdValue*(n: PNode; onError = high(Int128)): Int128 =
+proc getOrdValueAux*(n: PNode, err: var bool): Int128 =
   var k = n.kind
   if n.typ != nil and n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyChar, tyUInt..tyUInt64}:
     k = nkUIntLit
@@ -103,13 +131,22 @@ proc getOrdValue*(n: PNode; onError = high(Int128)): Int128 =
     toInt128(n.intVal)
   of nkNilLit:
     int128.Zero
-  of nkHiddenStdConv: getOrdValue(n[1], onError)
+  of nkHiddenStdConv:
+    getOrdValueAux(n[1], err)
   else:
-    # XXX: The idea behind the introduction of int128 was to finally
-    # have all calculations numerically far away from any
-    # overflows. This command just introduces such overflows and
-    # should therefore really be revisited.
-    onError
+    err = true
+    int128.Zero
+
+proc getOrdValue*(n: PNode): Int128 =
+  var err: bool = false
+  result = getOrdValueAux(n, err)
+  #assert err == false
+
+proc getOrdValue*(n: PNode, onError: Int128): Int128 =
+  var err = false
+  result = getOrdValueAux(n, err)
+  if err:
+    result = onError
 
 proc getFloatValue*(n: PNode): BiggestFloat =
   case n.kind
@@ -123,23 +160,6 @@ proc isIntLit*(t: PType): bool {.inline.} =
 proc isFloatLit*(t: PType): bool {.inline.} =
   result = t.kind == tyFloat and t.n != nil and t.n.kind == nkFloatLit
 
-proc addDeclaredLoc*(result: var string, conf: ConfigRef; sym: PSym) =
-  result.add " [$1 declared in $2]" % [sym.kind.toHumanStr, toFileLineCol(conf, sym.info)]
-
-proc addDeclaredLocMaybe*(result: var string, conf: ConfigRef; sym: PSym) =
-  if optDeclaredLocs in conf.globalOptions and sym != nil:
-    addDeclaredLoc(result, conf, sym)
-
-proc addDeclaredLoc(result: var string, conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType) =
-  let typ = typ.skipTypes(abstractInst - {tyRange})
-  result.add " [$1" % typ.kind.toHumanStr
-  if typ.sym != nil:
-    result.add " declared in " & toFileLineCol(conf, typ.sym.info)
-  result.add "]"
-
-proc addDeclaredLocMaybe*(result: var string, conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType) =
-  if optDeclaredLocs in conf.globalOptions: addDeclaredLoc(result, conf, typ)
-
 proc addTypeHeader*(result: var string, conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType; prefer: TPreferedDesc = preferMixed; getDeclarationPath = true) =
   result.add typeToString(typ, prefer)
   if getDeclarationPath: result.addDeclaredLoc(conf, typ.sym)
@@ -168,10 +188,10 @@ proc getProcHeader*(conf: ConfigRef; sym: PSym; prefer: TPreferedDesc = preferNa
 proc elemType*(t: PType): PType =
   assert(t != nil)
   case t.kind
-  of tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyAlias, tySink: result = elemType(lastSon(t))
-  of tyArray: result = t[1]
+  of tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyAlias, tySink: result = elemType(skipModifier(t))
+  of tyArray: result = t.elementType
   of tyError: result = t
-  else: result = t.lastSon
+  else: result = t.elementType
   assert(result != nil)
 
 proc enumHasHoles*(t: PType): bool =
@@ -184,7 +204,7 @@ proc isOrdinalType*(t: PType, allowEnumWithHoles: bool = false): bool =
     baseKinds = {tyChar, tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64, tyBool, tyEnum}
     parentKinds = {tyRange, tyOrdinal, tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyDistinct}
   result = (t.kind in baseKinds and (not t.enumHasHoles or allowEnumWithHoles)) or
-    (t.kind in parentKinds and isOrdinalType(t.lastSon, allowEnumWithHoles))
+    (t.kind in parentKinds and isOrdinalType(t.skipModifier, allowEnumWithHoles))
 
 proc iterOverTypeAux(marker: var IntSet, t: PType, iter: TTypeIter,
                      closure: RootRef): bool
@@ -196,9 +216,13 @@ proc iterOverNode(marker: var IntSet, n: PNode, iter: TTypeIter,
       # a leaf
       result = iterOverTypeAux(marker, n.typ, iter, closure)
     else:
+      result = iterOverTypeAux(marker, n.typ, iter, closure)
+      if result: return
       for i in 0..<n.len:
         result = iterOverNode(marker, n[i], iter, closure)
         if result: return
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc iterOverTypeAux(marker: var IntSet, t: PType, iter: TTypeIter,
                      closure: RootRef): bool =
@@ -208,11 +232,15 @@ proc iterOverTypeAux(marker: var IntSet, t: PType, iter: TTypeIter,
   if result: return
   if not containsOrIncl(marker, t.id):
     case t.kind
-    of tyGenericInst, tyGenericBody, tyAlias, tySink, tyInferred:
-      result = iterOverTypeAux(marker, lastSon(t), iter, closure)
+    of tyGenericBody:
+      # treat as atomic, containsUnresolvedType wants always false,
+      # containsGenericType always gives true
+      discard
+    of tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyInferred:
+      result = iterOverTypeAux(marker, skipModifier(t), iter, closure)
     else:
-      for i in 0..<t.len:
-        result = iterOverTypeAux(marker, t[i], iter, closure)
+      for a in t.kids:
+        result = iterOverTypeAux(marker, a, iter, closure)
         if result: return
       if t.n != nil and t.kind != tyProc: result = iterOverNode(marker, t.n, iter, closure)
 
@@ -255,14 +283,14 @@ proc searchTypeForAux(t: PType, predicate: TTypePredicate,
   if result: return
   case t.kind
   of tyObject:
-    if t[0] != nil:
-      result = searchTypeForAux(t[0].skipTypes(skipPtrs), predicate, marker)
+    if t.baseClass != nil:
+      result = searchTypeForAux(t.baseClass.skipTypes(skipPtrs), predicate, marker)
     if not result: result = searchTypeNodeForAux(t.n, predicate, marker)
   of tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyAlias, tySink:
-    result = searchTypeForAux(lastSon(t), predicate, marker)
+    result = searchTypeForAux(skipModifier(t), predicate, marker)
   of tyArray, tySet, tyTuple:
-    for i in 0..<t.len:
-      result = searchTypeForAux(t[i], predicate, marker)
+    for a in t.kids:
+      result = searchTypeForAux(a, predicate, marker)
       if result: return
   else:
     discard
@@ -278,7 +306,7 @@ proc containsObject*(t: PType): bool =
   result = searchTypeFor(t, isObjectPredicate)
 
 proc isObjectWithTypeFieldPredicate(t: PType): bool =
-  result = t.kind == tyObject and t[0] == nil and
+  result = t.kind == tyObject and t.baseClass == nil and
       not (t.sym != nil and {sfPure, sfInfixCall} * t.sym.flags != {}) and
       tfFinal notin t.flags
 
@@ -290,7 +318,6 @@ type
 
 proc analyseObjectWithTypeFieldAux(t: PType,
                                    marker: var IntSet): TTypeFieldResult =
-  var res: TTypeFieldResult
   result = frNone
   if t == nil: return
   case t.kind
@@ -298,20 +325,19 @@ proc analyseObjectWithTypeFieldAux(t: PType,
     if t.n != nil:
       if searchTypeNodeForAux(t.n, isObjectWithTypeFieldPredicate, marker):
         return frEmbedded
-    for i in 0..<t.len:
-      var x = t[i]
-      if x != nil: x = x.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
-      res = analyseObjectWithTypeFieldAux(x, marker)
-      if res == frEmbedded:
-        return frEmbedded
-      if res == frHeader: result = frHeader
+    var x = t.baseClass
+    if x != nil: x = x.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
+    let res = analyseObjectWithTypeFieldAux(x, marker)
+    if res == frEmbedded:
+      return frEmbedded
+    if res == frHeader: result = frHeader
     if result == frNone:
       if isObjectWithTypeFieldPredicate(t): result = frHeader
   of tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyAlias, tySink:
-    result = analyseObjectWithTypeFieldAux(lastSon(t), marker)
+    result = analyseObjectWithTypeFieldAux(skipModifier(t), marker)
   of tyArray, tyTuple:
-    for i in 0..<t.len:
-      res = analyseObjectWithTypeFieldAux(t[i], marker)
+    for a in t.kids:
+      let res = analyseObjectWithTypeFieldAux(a, marker)
       if res != frNone:
         return frEmbedded
   else:
@@ -357,41 +383,68 @@ proc containsHiddenPointer*(typ: PType): bool =
   # that need to be copied deeply)
   result = searchTypeFor(typ, isHiddenPointer)
 
-proc canFormAcycleAux(marker: var IntSet, typ: PType, startId: int): bool
-proc canFormAcycleNode(marker: var IntSet, n: PNode, startId: int): bool =
+proc canFormAcycleAux(g: ModuleGraph; marker: var IntSet, typ: PType, orig: PType, withRef: bool, hasTrace: bool): bool
+proc canFormAcycleNode(g: ModuleGraph; marker: var IntSet, n: PNode, orig: PType, withRef: bool, hasTrace: bool): bool =
   result = false
   if n != nil:
-    result = canFormAcycleAux(marker, n.typ, startId)
-    if not result:
-      case n.kind
-      of nkNone..nkNilLit:
-        discard
-      else:
-        for i in 0..<n.len:
-          result = canFormAcycleNode(marker, n[i], startId)
-          if result: return
+    var hasCursor = n.kind == nkSym and sfCursor in n.sym.flags
+    # cursor fields don't own the refs, which cannot form reference cycles
+    if hasTrace or not hasCursor:
+      result = canFormAcycleAux(g, marker, n.typ, orig, withRef, hasTrace)
+      if not result:
+        case n.kind
+        of nkNone..nkNilLit:
+          discard
+        else:
+          for i in 0..<n.len:
+            result = canFormAcycleNode(g, marker, n[i], orig, withRef, hasTrace)
+            if result: return
+
 
-proc canFormAcycleAux(marker: var IntSet, typ: PType, startId: int): bool =
+proc sameBackendType*(x, y: PType): bool
+proc canFormAcycleAux(g: ModuleGraph, marker: var IntSet, typ: PType, orig: PType, withRef: bool, hasTrace: bool): bool =
   result = false
   if typ == nil: return
   if tfAcyclic in typ.flags: return
   var t = skipTypes(typ, abstractInst+{tyOwned}-{tyTypeDesc})
   if tfAcyclic in t.flags: return
   case t.kind
-  of tyTuple, tyObject, tyRef, tySequence, tyArray, tyOpenArray, tyVarargs:
-    if not containsOrIncl(marker, t.id):
-      for i in 0..<t.len:
-        result = canFormAcycleAux(marker, t[i], startId)
+  of tyRef, tyPtr, tyUncheckedArray:
+    if t.kind == tyRef or hasTrace:
+      if withRef and sameBackendType(t, orig):
+        result = true
+      elif not containsOrIncl(marker, t.id):
+        result = canFormAcycleAux(g, marker, t.elementType, orig, withRef or t.kind != tyUncheckedArray, hasTrace)
+  of tyObject:
+    if withRef and sameBackendType(t, orig):
+      result = true
+    elif not containsOrIncl(marker, t.id):
+      var hasTrace = hasTrace
+      let op = getAttachedOp(g, t.skipTypes({tyRef}), attachedTrace)
+      if op != nil and sfOverridden in op.flags:
+        hasTrace = true
+      if t.baseClass != nil:
+        result = canFormAcycleAux(g, marker, t.baseClass, orig, withRef, hasTrace)
         if result: return
-      if t.n != nil: result = canFormAcycleNode(marker, t.n, startId)
-    else:
-      result = t.id == startId
+      if t.n != nil: result = canFormAcycleNode(g, marker, t.n, orig, withRef, hasTrace)
     # Inheritance can introduce cyclic types, however this is not relevant
     # as the type that is passed to 'new' is statically known!
     # er but we use it also for the write barrier ...
-    if t.kind == tyObject and tfFinal notin t.flags:
+    if tfFinal notin t.flags:
       # damn inheritance may introduce cycles:
       result = true
+  of tyTuple:
+    if withRef and sameBackendType(t, orig):
+      result = true
+    elif not containsOrIncl(marker, t.id):
+      for a in t.kids:
+        result = canFormAcycleAux(g, marker, a, orig, withRef, hasTrace)
+        if result: return
+  of tySequence, tyArray, tyOpenArray, tyVarargs:
+    if withRef and sameBackendType(t, orig):
+      result = true
+    elif not containsOrIncl(marker, t.id):
+      result = canFormAcycleAux(g, marker, t.elementType, orig, withRef, hasTrace)
   of tyProc: result = typ.callConv == ccClosure
   else: discard
 
@@ -399,46 +452,20 @@ proc isFinal*(t: PType): bool =
   let t = t.skipTypes(abstractInst)
   result = t.kind != tyObject or tfFinal in t.flags or isPureObject(t)
 
-proc canFormAcycle*(typ: PType): bool =
+proc canFormAcycle*(g: ModuleGraph, typ: PType): bool =
   var marker = initIntSet()
-  result = canFormAcycleAux(marker, typ, typ.id)
-
-proc mutateTypeAux(marker: var IntSet, t: PType, iter: TTypeMutator,
-                   closure: RootRef): PType
-proc mutateNode(marker: var IntSet, n: PNode, iter: TTypeMutator,
-                closure: RootRef): PNode =
-  result = nil
-  if n != nil:
-    result = copyNode(n)
-    result.typ = mutateTypeAux(marker, n.typ, iter, closure)
-    case n.kind
-    of nkNone..nkNilLit:
-      # a leaf
-      discard
-    else:
-      for i in 0..<n.len:
-        result.add mutateNode(marker, n[i], iter, closure)
-
-proc mutateTypeAux(marker: var IntSet, t: PType, iter: TTypeMutator,
-                   closure: RootRef): PType =
-  result = nil
-  if t == nil: return
-  result = iter(t, closure)
-  if not containsOrIncl(marker, t.id):
-    for i in 0..<t.len:
-      result[i] = mutateTypeAux(marker, result[i], iter, closure)
-    if t.n != nil: result.n = mutateNode(marker, t.n, iter, closure)
-  assert(result != nil)
-
-proc mutateType(t: PType, iter: TTypeMutator, closure: RootRef): PType =
-  var marker = initIntSet()
-  result = mutateTypeAux(marker, t, iter, closure)
+  let t = skipTypes(typ, abstractInst+{tyOwned}-{tyTypeDesc})
+  result = canFormAcycleAux(g, marker, t, t, false, false)
 
 proc valueToString(a: PNode): string =
   case a.kind
-  of nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit: result = $a.intVal
+  of nkCharLit, nkUIntLit..nkUInt64Lit:
+    result = $cast[uint64](a.intVal)
+  of nkIntLit..nkInt64Lit:
+    result = $a.intVal
   of nkFloatLit..nkFloat128Lit: result = $a.floatVal
   of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit: result = a.strVal
+  of nkStaticExpr: result = "static(" & a[0].renderTree & ")"
   else: result = "<invalid value>"
 
 proc rangeToStr(n: PNode): string =
@@ -460,11 +487,11 @@ const
     "lent ", "varargs[$1]", "UncheckedArray[$1]", "Error Type",
     "BuiltInTypeClass", "UserTypeClass",
     "UserTypeClassInst", "CompositeTypeClass", "inferred",
-    "and", "or", "not", "any", "static", "TypeFromExpr", "out ",
-    "void"]
+    "and", "or", "not", "any", "static", "TypeFromExpr", "concept", # xxx bugfix
+    "void", "iterable"]
 
 const preferToResolveSymbols = {preferName, preferTypeName, preferModuleInfo,
-  preferGenericArg, preferResolved, preferMixed}
+  preferGenericArg, preferResolved, preferMixed, preferInlayHint, preferInferredEffects}
 
 template bindConcreteTypeToUserTypeClass*(tc, concrete: PType) =
   tc.add concrete
@@ -472,7 +499,7 @@ template bindConcreteTypeToUserTypeClass*(tc, concrete: PType) =
 
 # TODO: It would be a good idea to kill the special state of a resolved
 # concept by switching to tyAlias within the instantiated procs.
-# Currently, tyAlias is always skipped with lastSon, which means that
+# Currently, tyAlias is always skipped with skipModifier, which means that
 # we can store information about the matched concept in another position.
 # Then builtInFieldAccess can be modified to properly read the derived
 # consts and types stored within the concept.
@@ -498,32 +525,31 @@ proc typeToString(typ: PType, prefer: TPreferedDesc = preferName): string =
     if prefer in preferToResolveSymbols and t.sym != nil and
          sfAnon notin t.sym.flags and t.kind != tySequence:
       if t.kind == tyInt and isIntLit(t):
-        result = t.sym.name.s & " literal(" & $t.n.intVal & ")"
-      elif t.kind == tyAlias and t[0].kind != tyAlias:
-        result = typeToString(t[0])
+        if prefer == preferInlayHint:
+          result = t.sym.name.s
+        else:
+          result = t.sym.name.s & " literal(" & $t.n.intVal & ")"
+      elif t.kind == tyAlias and t.elementType.kind != tyAlias:
+        result = typeToString(t.elementType)
       elif prefer in {preferResolved, preferMixed}:
         case t.kind
-        of IntegralTypes + {tyFloat..tyFloat128} + {tyString, tyCString}:
+        of IntegralTypes + {tyFloat..tyFloat128} + {tyString, tyCstring}:
           result = typeToStr[t.kind]
         of tyGenericBody:
-          result = typeToString(t.lastSon)
+          result = typeToString(t.last)
         of tyCompositeTypeClass:
           # avoids showing `A[any]` in `proc fun(a: A)` with `A = object[T]`
-          result = typeToString(t.lastSon.lastSon)
+          result = typeToString(t.last.last)
         else:
           result = t.sym.name.s
         if prefer == preferMixed and result != t.sym.name.s:
           result = t.sym.name.s & "{" & result & "}"
-      elif prefer in {preferName, preferTypeName} or t.sym.owner.isNil:
+      elif prefer in {preferName, preferTypeName, preferInlayHint, preferInferredEffects} or t.sym.owner.isNil:
         # note: should probably be: {preferName, preferTypeName, preferGenericArg}
         result = t.sym.name.s
-        if t.kind == tyGenericParam and t.len > 0:
+        if t.kind == tyGenericParam and t.genericParamHasConstraints:
           result.add ": "
-          var first = true
-          for son in t.sons:
-            if not first: result.add " or "
-            result.add son.typeToString
-            first = false
+          result.add t.elementType.typeToString
       else:
         result = t.sym.owner.name.s & '.' & t.sym.name.s
       result.addTypeFlags(t)
@@ -533,39 +559,49 @@ proc typeToString(typ: PType, prefer: TPreferedDesc = preferName): string =
       if not isIntLit(t) or prefer == preferExported:
         result = typeToStr[t.kind]
       else:
-        if prefer == preferGenericArg:
+        case prefer:
+        of preferGenericArg:
           result = $t.n.intVal
+        of preferInlayHint:
+          result = "int"
         else:
           result = "int literal(" & $t.n.intVal & ")"
-    of tyGenericInst, tyGenericInvocation:
-      result = typeToString(t[0]) & '['
-      for i in 1..<t.len-ord(t.kind != tyGenericInvocation):
-        if i > 1: result.add(", ")
-        result.add(typeToString(t[i], preferGenericArg))
+    of tyGenericInst:
+      result = typeToString(t.genericHead) & '['
+      for needsComma, a in t.genericInstParams:
+        if needsComma: result.add(", ")
+        result.add(typeToString(a, preferGenericArg))
+      result.add(']')
+    of tyGenericInvocation:
+      result = typeToString(t.genericHead) & '['
+      for needsComma, a in t.genericInvocationParams:
+        if needsComma: result.add(", ")
+        result.add(typeToString(a, preferGenericArg))
       result.add(']')
     of tyGenericBody:
-      result = typeToString(t.lastSon) & '['
-      for i in 0..<t.len-1:
+      result = typeToString(t.typeBodyImpl) & '['
+      for i, a in t.genericBodyParams:
         if i > 0: result.add(", ")
-        result.add(typeToString(t[i], preferTypeName))
+        result.add(typeToString(a, preferTypeName))
       result.add(']')
     of tyTypeDesc:
-      if t[0].kind == tyNone: result = "typedesc"
-      else: result = "typedesc[" & typeToString(t[0]) & "]"
+      if t.elementType.kind == tyNone: result = "typedesc"
+      else: result = "typedesc[" & typeToString(t.elementType) & "]"
     of tyStatic:
       if prefer == preferGenericArg and t.n != nil:
         result = t.n.renderTree
       else:
-        result = "static[" & (if t.len > 0: typeToString(t[0]) else: "") & "]"
+        result = "static[" & (if t.hasElementType: typeToString(t.skipModifier) else: "") & "]"
         if t.n != nil: result.add "(" & renderTree(t.n) & ")"
     of tyUserTypeClass:
       if t.sym != nil and t.sym.owner != nil:
-        if t.isResolvedUserTypeClass: return typeToString(t.lastSon)
+        if t.isResolvedUserTypeClass: return typeToString(t.last)
         return t.sym.owner.name.s
       else:
         result = "<invalid tyUserTypeClass>"
     of tyBuiltInTypeClass:
-      result = case t.base.kind
+      result =
+        case t.base.kind
         of tyVar: "var"
         of tyRef: "ref"
         of tyPtr: "ptr"
@@ -586,22 +622,20 @@ proc typeToString(typ: PType, prefer: TPreferedDesc = preferName): string =
     of tyUserTypeClassInst:
       let body = t.base
       result = body.sym.name.s & "["
-      for i in 1..<t.len - 1:
-        if i > 1: result.add(", ")
-        result.add(typeToString(t[i]))
+      for needsComma, a in t.userTypeClassInstParams:
+        if needsComma: result.add(", ")
+        result.add(typeToString(a))
       result.add "]"
     of tyAnd:
-      for i, son in t.sons:
+      for i, son in t.ikids:
+        if i > 0: result.add(" and ")
         result.add(typeToString(son))
-        if i < t.sons.high:
-          result.add(" and ")
     of tyOr:
-      for i, son in t.sons:
+      for i, son in t.ikids:
+        if i > 0: result.add(" or ")
         result.add(typeToString(son))
-        if i < t.sons.high:
-          result.add(" or ")
     of tyNot:
-      result = "not " & typeToString(t[0])
+      result = "not " & typeToString(t.elementType)
     of tyUntyped:
       #internalAssert t.len == 0
       result = "untyped"
@@ -612,75 +646,75 @@ proc typeToString(typ: PType, prefer: TPreferedDesc = preferName): string =
         result = "typeof(" & renderTree(t.n) & ")"
     of tyArray:
       result = "array"
-      if t.len > 0:
-        if t[0].kind == tyRange:
-          result &= "[" & rangeToStr(t[0].n) & ", " &
-              typeToString(t[1]) & ']'
+      if t.hasElementType:
+        if t.indexType.kind == tyRange:
+          result &= "[" & rangeToStr(t.indexType.n) & ", " &
+              typeToString(t.elementType) & ']'
         else:
-          result &= "[" & typeToString(t[0]) & ", " &
-              typeToString(t[1]) & ']'
+          result &= "[" & typeToString(t.indexType) & ", " &
+              typeToString(t.elementType) & ']'
     of tyUncheckedArray:
       result = "UncheckedArray"
-      if t.len > 0:
-        result &= "[" & typeToString(t[0]) & ']'
+      if t.hasElementType:
+        result &= "[" & typeToString(t.elementType) & ']'
     of tySequence:
       if t.sym != nil and prefer != preferResolved:
         result = t.sym.name.s
       else:
         result = "seq"
-        if t.len > 0:
-          result &= "[" & typeToString(t[0]) & ']'
+        if t.hasElementType:
+          result &= "[" & typeToString(t.elementType) & ']'
     of tyOrdinal:
       result = "ordinal"
-      if t.len > 0:
-        result &= "[" & typeToString(t[0]) & ']'
+      if t.hasElementType:
+        result &= "[" & typeToString(t.skipModifier) & ']'
     of tySet:
       result = "set"
-      if t.len > 0:
-        result &= "[" & typeToString(t[0]) & ']'
+      if t.hasElementType:
+        result &= "[" & typeToString(t.elementType) & ']'
     of tyOpenArray:
       result = "openArray"
-      if t.len > 0:
-        result &= "[" & typeToString(t[0]) & ']'
+      if t.hasElementType:
+        result &= "[" & typeToString(t.elementType) & ']'
     of tyDistinct:
-      result = "distinct " & typeToString(t[0],
+      result = "distinct " & typeToString(t.elementType,
         if prefer == preferModuleInfo: preferModuleInfo else: preferTypeName)
+    of tyIterable:
+      # xxx factor this pattern
+      result = "iterable"
+      if t.hasElementType:
+        result &= "[" & typeToString(t.skipModifier) & ']'
     of tyTuple:
       # we iterate over t.sons here, because t.n may be nil
       if t.n != nil:
         result = "tuple["
-        assert(t.n.len == t.len)
         for i in 0..<t.n.len:
           assert(t.n[i].kind == nkSym)
-          result.add(t.n[i].sym.name.s & ": " & typeToString(t[i]))
+          result.add(t.n[i].sym.name.s & ": " & typeToString(t.n[i].sym.typ))
           if i < t.n.len - 1: result.add(", ")
         result.add(']')
-      elif t.len == 0:
+      elif t.isEmptyTupleType:
         result = "tuple[]"
+      elif t.isSingletonTupleType:
+        result = "("
+        for son in t.kids:
+          result.add(typeToString(son))
+        result.add(",)")
       else:
         result = "("
-        for i in 0..<t.len:
-          result.add(typeToString(t[i]))
-          if i < t.len - 1: result.add(", ")
-          elif t.len == 1: result.add(",")
+        for i, son in t.ikids:
+          if i > 0: result.add ", "
+          result.add(typeToString(son))
         result.add(')')
     of tyPtr, tyRef, tyVar, tyLent:
-      result = typeToStr[t.kind]
-      if t.len >= 2:
-        setLen(result, result.len-1)
-        result.add '['
-        for i in 0..<t.len:
-          result.add(typeToString(t[i]))
-          if i < t.len - 1: result.add(", ")
-        result.add ']'
-      else:
-        result.add typeToString(t[0])
+      result = if isOutParam(t): "out " else: typeToStr[t.kind]
+      result.add typeToString(t.elementType)
     of tyRange:
       result = "range "
       if t.n != nil and t.n.kind == nkRange:
         result.add rangeToStr(t.n)
       if prefer != preferExported:
-        result.add("(" & typeToString(t[0]) & ")")
+        result.add("(" & typeToString(t.elementType) & ")")
     of tyProc:
       result = if tfIterator in t.flags: "iterator "
                elif t.owner != nil:
@@ -693,31 +727,62 @@ proc typeToString(typ: PType, prefer: TPreferedDesc = preferName): string =
                 "proc "
       if tfUnresolved in t.flags: result.add "[*missing parameters*]"
       result.add "("
-      for i in 1..<t.len:
-        if t.n != nil and i < t.n.len and t.n[i].kind == nkSym:
-          result.add(t.n[i].sym.name.s)
+      for i, a in t.paramTypes:
+        if i > FirstParamAt: result.add(", ")
+        let j = paramTypeToNodeIndex(i)
+        if t.n != nil and j < t.n.len and t.n[j].kind == nkSym:
+          result.add(t.n[j].sym.name.s)
           result.add(": ")
-        result.add(typeToString(t[i]))
-        if i < t.len - 1: result.add(", ")
+        result.add(typeToString(a))
       result.add(')')
-      if t.len > 0 and t[0] != nil: result.add(": " & typeToString(t[0]))
+      if t.returnType != nil: result.add(": " & typeToString(t.returnType))
       var prag = if t.callConv == ccNimCall and tfExplicitCallConv notin t.flags: "" else: $t.callConv
+      var hasImplicitRaises = false
+      if not isNil(t.owner) and not isNil(t.owner.ast) and (t.owner.ast.len - 1) >= pragmasPos:
+        let pragmasNode = t.owner.ast[pragmasPos]
+        let raisesSpec = effectSpec(pragmasNode, wRaises)
+        if not isNil(raisesSpec):
+          addSep(prag)
+          prag.add("raises: ")
+          prag.add($raisesSpec)
+          hasImplicitRaises = true
       if tfNoSideEffect in t.flags:
         addSep(prag)
         prag.add("noSideEffect")
       if tfThread in t.flags:
         addSep(prag)
         prag.add("gcsafe")
-      if t.lockLevel.ord != UnspecifiedLockLevel.ord:
+      var effectsOfStr = ""
+      for i, a in t.paramTypes:
+        let j = paramTypeToNodeIndex(i)
+        if t.n != nil and j < t.n.len and t.n[j].kind == nkSym and t.n[j].sym.kind == skParam and sfEffectsDelayed in t.n[j].sym.flags:
+          addSep(effectsOfStr)
+          effectsOfStr.add(t.n[j].sym.name.s)
+      if effectsOfStr != "":
         addSep(prag)
-        prag.add("locks: " & $t.lockLevel)
+        prag.add("effectsOf: ")
+        prag.add(effectsOfStr)
+      if not hasImplicitRaises and prefer == preferInferredEffects and not isNil(t.owner) and not isNil(t.owner.typ) and not isNil(t.owner.typ.n) and (t.owner.typ.n.len > 0):
+        let effects = t.owner.typ.n[0]
+        if effects.kind == nkEffectList and effects.len == effectListLen:
+          var inferredRaisesStr = ""
+          let effs = effects[exceptionEffects]
+          if not isNil(effs):
+            for eff in items(effs):
+              if not isNil(eff):
+                addSep(inferredRaisesStr)
+                inferredRaisesStr.add($eff.typ)
+          addSep(prag)
+          prag.add("raises: <inferred> [")
+          prag.add(inferredRaisesStr)
+          prag.add("]")
       if prag.len != 0: result.add("{." & prag & ".}")
     of tyVarargs:
-      result = typeToStr[t.kind] % typeToString(t[0])
+      result = typeToStr[t.kind] % typeToString(t.elementType)
     of tySink:
-      result = "sink " & typeToString(t[0])
+      result = "sink " & typeToString(t.skipModifier)
     of tyOwned:
-      result = "owned " & typeToString(t[0])
+      result = "owned " & typeToString(t.elementType)
     else:
       result = typeToStr[t.kind]
     result.addTypeFlags(t)
@@ -725,17 +790,22 @@ proc typeToString(typ: PType, prefer: TPreferedDesc = preferName): string =
 
 proc firstOrd*(conf: ConfigRef; t: PType): Int128 =
   case t.kind
-  of tyBool, tyChar, tySequence, tyOpenArray, tyString, tyVarargs, tyProxy:
+  of tyBool, tyChar, tySequence, tyOpenArray, tyString, tyVarargs, tyError:
     result = Zero
-  of tySet, tyVar: result = firstOrd(conf, t[0])
-  of tyArray: result = firstOrd(conf, t[0])
+  of tySet, tyVar: result = firstOrd(conf, t.elementType)
+  of tyArray: result = firstOrd(conf, t.indexType)
   of tyRange:
     assert(t.n != nil)        # range directly given:
     assert(t.n.kind == nkRange)
     result = getOrdValue(t.n[0])
   of tyInt:
-    if conf != nil and conf.target.intSize == 4:
-      result = toInt128(-2147483648)
+    if conf != nil:
+      case conf.target.intSize
+      of 8: result = toInt128(0x8000000000000000'i64)
+      of 4: result = toInt128(-2147483648)
+      of 2: result = toInt128(-32768)
+      of 1: result = toInt128(-128)
+      else: result = Zero
     else:
       result = toInt128(0x8000000000000000'i64)
   of tyInt8: result =  toInt128(-128)
@@ -745,23 +815,29 @@ proc firstOrd*(conf: ConfigRef; t: PType): Int128 =
   of tyUInt..tyUInt64: result = Zero
   of tyEnum:
     # if basetype <> nil then return firstOrd of basetype
-    if t.len > 0 and t[0] != nil:
-      result = firstOrd(conf, t[0])
+    if t.baseClass != nil:
+      result = firstOrd(conf, t.baseClass)
     else:
       if t.n.len > 0:
         assert(t.n[0].kind == nkSym)
         result = toInt128(t.n[0].sym.position)
+      else:
+        result = Zero
   of tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyTypeDesc, tyAlias, tySink,
-     tyStatic, tyInferred, tyUserTypeClasses, tyLent:
-    result = firstOrd(conf, lastSon(t))
+     tyStatic, tyInferred, tyLent:
+    result = firstOrd(conf, skipModifier(t))
+  of tyUserTypeClasses:
+    result = firstOrd(conf, last(t))
   of tyOrdinal:
-    if t.len > 0: result = firstOrd(conf, lastSon(t))
-    else: internalError(conf, "invalid kind for firstOrd(" & $t.kind & ')')
-  of tyUncheckedArray, tyCString:
+    if t.hasElementType: result = firstOrd(conf, skipModifier(t))
+    else:
+      result = Zero
+      fatal(conf, unknownLineInfo, "invalid kind for firstOrd(" & $t.kind & ')')
+  of tyUncheckedArray, tyCstring:
     result = Zero
   else:
-    internalError(conf, "invalid kind for firstOrd(" & $t.kind & ')')
     result = Zero
+    fatal(conf, unknownLineInfo, "invalid kind for firstOrd(" & $t.kind & ')')
 
 proc firstFloat*(t: PType): BiggestFloat =
   case t.kind
@@ -770,26 +846,57 @@ proc firstFloat*(t: PType): BiggestFloat =
     assert(t.n != nil)        # range directly given:
     assert(t.n.kind == nkRange)
     getFloatValue(t.n[0])
-  of tyVar: firstFloat(t[0])
+  of tyVar: firstFloat(t.elementType)
   of tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyTypeDesc, tyAlias, tySink,
-     tyStatic, tyInferred, tyUserTypeClasses:
-    firstFloat(lastSon(t))
+     tyStatic, tyInferred:
+    firstFloat(skipModifier(t))
+  of tyUserTypeClasses:
+    firstFloat(last(t))
   else:
     internalError(newPartialConfigRef(), "invalid kind for firstFloat(" & $t.kind & ')')
     NaN
 
+proc targetSizeSignedToKind*(conf: ConfigRef): TTypeKind =
+  case conf.target.intSize
+  of 8: result = tyInt64
+  of 4: result = tyInt32
+  of 2: result = tyInt16
+  else: result = tyNone
+
+proc targetSizeUnsignedToKind*(conf: ConfigRef): TTypeKind =
+  case conf.target.intSize
+  of 8: result = tyUInt64
+  of 4: result = tyUInt32
+  of 2: result = tyUInt16
+  else: result = tyNone
+
+proc normalizeKind*(conf: ConfigRef, k: TTypeKind): TTypeKind =
+  case k
+  of tyInt:
+    result = conf.targetSizeSignedToKind()
+  of tyUInt:
+    result = conf.targetSizeUnsignedToKind()
+  else:
+    result = k
+
 proc lastOrd*(conf: ConfigRef; t: PType): Int128 =
   case t.kind
   of tyBool: result = toInt128(1'u)
   of tyChar: result = toInt128(255'u)
-  of tySet, tyVar: result = lastOrd(conf, t[0])
-  of tyArray: result = lastOrd(conf, t[0])
+  of tySet, tyVar: result = lastOrd(conf, t.elementType)
+  of tyArray: result = lastOrd(conf, t.indexType)
   of tyRange:
     assert(t.n != nil)        # range directly given:
     assert(t.n.kind == nkRange)
     result = getOrdValue(t.n[1])
   of tyInt:
-    if conf != nil and conf.target.intSize == 4: result = toInt128(0x7FFFFFFF)
+    if conf != nil:
+      case conf.target.intSize
+      of 8: result = toInt128(0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF'u64)
+      of 4: result = toInt128(0x7FFFFFFF)
+      of 2: result = toInt128(0x00007FFF)
+      of 1: result = toInt128(0x0000007F)
+      else: result = Zero
     else: result = toInt128(0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF'u64)
   of tyInt8: result = toInt128(0x0000007F)
   of tyInt16: result = toInt128(0x00007FFF)
@@ -809,30 +916,38 @@ proc lastOrd*(conf: ConfigRef; t: PType): Int128 =
     if t.n.len > 0:
       assert(t.n[^1].kind == nkSym)
       result = toInt128(t.n[^1].sym.position)
+    else:
+      result = Zero
   of tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyTypeDesc, tyAlias, tySink,
-     tyStatic, tyInferred, tyUserTypeClasses, tyLent:
-    result = lastOrd(conf, lastSon(t))
-  of tyProxy: result = Zero
+     tyStatic, tyInferred, tyLent:
+    result = lastOrd(conf, skipModifier(t))
+  of tyUserTypeClasses:
+    result = lastOrd(conf, last(t))
+  of tyError: result = Zero
   of tyOrdinal:
-    if t.len > 0: result = lastOrd(conf, lastSon(t))
-    else: internalError(conf, "invalid kind for lastOrd(" & $t.kind & ')')
+    if t.hasElementType: result = lastOrd(conf, skipModifier(t))
+    else:
+      result = Zero
+      fatal(conf, unknownLineInfo, "invalid kind for lastOrd(" & $t.kind & ')')
   of tyUncheckedArray:
     result = Zero
   else:
-    internalError(conf, "invalid kind for lastOrd(" & $t.kind & ')')
     result = Zero
+    fatal(conf, unknownLineInfo, "invalid kind for lastOrd(" & $t.kind & ')')
 
 proc lastFloat*(t: PType): BiggestFloat =
   case t.kind
   of tyFloat..tyFloat128: Inf
-  of tyVar: lastFloat(t[0])
+  of tyVar: lastFloat(t.elementType)
   of tyRange:
     assert(t.n != nil)        # range directly given:
     assert(t.n.kind == nkRange)
     getFloatValue(t.n[1])
   of tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyTypeDesc, tyAlias, tySink,
-     tyStatic, tyInferred, tyUserTypeClasses:
-    lastFloat(lastSon(t))
+     tyStatic, tyInferred:
+    lastFloat(skipModifier(t))
+  of tyUserTypeClasses:
+    lastFloat(last(t))
   else:
     internalError(newPartialConfigRef(), "invalid kind for lastFloat(" & $t.kind & ')')
     NaN
@@ -846,17 +961,19 @@ proc floatRangeCheck*(x: BiggestFloat, t: PType): bool =
   of tyRange:
     x in firstFloat(t)..lastFloat(t)
   of tyVar:
-    floatRangeCheck(x, t[0])
+    floatRangeCheck(x, t.elementType)
   of tyGenericInst, tyDistinct, tyTypeDesc, tyAlias, tySink,
-     tyStatic, tyInferred, tyUserTypeClasses:
-    floatRangeCheck(x, lastSon(t))
+     tyStatic, tyInferred:
+    floatRangeCheck(x, skipModifier(t))
+  of tyUserTypeClasses:
+    floatRangeCheck(x, last(t))
   else:
     internalError(newPartialConfigRef(), "invalid kind for floatRangeCheck:" & $t.kind)
     false
 
 proc lengthOrd*(conf: ConfigRef; t: PType): Int128 =
   if t.skipTypes(tyUserTypeClasses).kind == tyDistinct:
-    result = lengthOrd(conf, t[0])
+    result = lengthOrd(conf, t.skipModifier)
   else:
     let last = lastOrd(conf, t)
     let first = firstOrd(conf, t)
@@ -879,6 +996,10 @@ type
     ExactConstraints
     ExactGcSafety
     AllowCommonBase
+    PickyCAliases  # be picky about the distinction between 'cint' and 'int32'
+    IgnoreFlags    # used for borrowed functions and methods; ignores the tfVarIsPtr flag
+    PickyBackendAliases # be picky about different aliases
+    IgnoreRangeShallow
 
   TTypeCmpFlags* = set[TTypeCmpFlag]
 
@@ -891,7 +1012,7 @@ type
 
 proc initSameTypeClosure: TSameTypeClosure =
   # we do the initialization lazily for performance (avoids memory allocations)
-  discard
+  result = TSameTypeClosure()
 
 proc containsOrIncl(c: var TSameTypeClosure, a, b: PType): bool =
   result = c.s.len > 0 and c.s.contains((a.id, b.id))
@@ -930,6 +1051,8 @@ proc equalParam(a, b: PSym): TParamsEquality =
       result = paramsEqual
     elif b.ast != nil:
       result = paramsIncompatible
+    else:
+      result = paramsNotEqual
   else:
     result = paramsNotEqual
 
@@ -974,11 +1097,11 @@ proc sameTuple(a, b: PType, c: var TSameTypeClosure): bool =
   # two tuples are equivalent iff the names, types and positions are the same;
   # however, both types may not have any field names (t.n may be nil) which
   # complicates the matter a bit.
-  if a.len == b.len:
+  if sameTupleLengths(a, b):
     result = true
-    for i in 0..<a.len:
-      var x = a[i]
-      var y = b[i]
+    for i, aa, bb in tupleTypePairs(a, b):
+      var x = aa
+      var y = bb
       if IgnoreTupleFields in c.flags:
         x = skipTypes(x, {tyRange, tyGenericInst, tyAlias})
         y = skipTypes(y, {tyRange, tyGenericInst, tyAlias})
@@ -997,6 +1120,8 @@ proc sameTuple(a, b: PType, c: var TSameTypeClosure): bool =
           return false
     elif a.n != b.n and (a.n == nil or b.n == nil) and IgnoreTupleFields notin c.flags:
       result = false
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 template ifFastObjectTypeCheckFailed(a, b: PType, body: untyped) =
   if tfFromGeneric notin a.flags + b.flags:
@@ -1016,6 +1141,8 @@ template ifFastObjectTypeCheckFailed(a, b: PType, body: untyped) =
     if tfFromGeneric in a.flags * b.flags and a.sym.id == b.sym.id:
       # ok, we need the expensive structural check
       body
+    else:
+      result = false
 
 proc sameObjectTypes*(a, b: PType): bool =
   # specialized for efficiency (sigmatch uses it)
@@ -1053,32 +1180,44 @@ proc sameObjectTree(a, b: PNode, c: var TSameTypeClosure): bool =
           for i in 0..<a.len:
             if not sameObjectTree(a[i], b[i], c): return
           result = true
+        else:
+          result = false
+    else:
+      result = false
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc sameObjectStructures(a, b: PType, c: var TSameTypeClosure): bool =
-  # check base types:
-  if a.len != b.len: return
-  for i in 0..<a.len:
-    if not sameTypeOrNilAux(a[i], b[i], c): return
-  if not sameObjectTree(a.n, b.n, c): return
+  if not sameTypeOrNilAux(a.baseClass, b.baseClass, c): return false
+  if not sameObjectTree(a.n, b.n, c): return false
   result = true
 
 proc sameChildrenAux(a, b: PType, c: var TSameTypeClosure): bool =
-  if a.len != b.len: return false
+  if not sameTupleLengths(a, b): return false
+  # XXX This is not tuple specific.
   result = true
-  for i in 0..<a.len:
-    result = sameTypeOrNilAux(a[i], b[i], c)
+  for _, x, y in tupleTypePairs(a, b):
+    result = sameTypeOrNilAux(x, y, c)
     if not result: return
 
 proc isGenericAlias*(t: PType): bool =
-  return t.kind == tyGenericInst and t.lastSon.kind == tyGenericInst
+  return t.kind == tyGenericInst and t.skipModifier.kind == tyGenericInst
+
+proc genericAliasDepth*(t: PType): int =
+  result = 0
+  var it = t
+  while it.isGenericAlias:
+    it = it.skipModifier
+    inc result
 
 proc skipGenericAlias*(t: PType): PType =
-  return if t.isGenericAlias: t.lastSon else: t
+  return if t.isGenericAlias: t.skipModifier else: t
 
 proc sameFlags*(a, b: PType): bool {.inline.} =
   result = eqTypeFlags*a.flags == eqTypeFlags*b.flags
 
 proc sameTypeAux(x, y: PType, c: var TSameTypeClosure): bool =
+  result = false
   template cycleCheck() =
     # believe it or not, the direct check for ``containsOrIncl(c, a, b)``
     # increases bootstrapping time from 2.4s to 3.3s on my laptop! So we cheat
@@ -1089,69 +1228,103 @@ proc sameTypeAux(x, y: PType, c: var TSameTypeClosure): bool =
       inc c.recCheck
     else:
       if containsOrIncl(c, a, b): return true
+  template maybeSkipRange(x: set[TTypeKind]): set[TTypeKind] =
+    if IgnoreRangeShallow in c.flags:
+      x + {tyRange}
+    else:
+      x
+  
+  template withoutShallowFlags(body) =
+    let oldFlags = c.flags
+    c.flags.excl IgnoreRangeShallow
+    body
+    c.flags = oldFlags
 
   if x == y: return true
-  var a = skipTypes(x, {tyGenericInst, tyAlias})
+  let aliasSkipSet = maybeSkipRange({tyAlias})
+  var a = skipTypes(x, aliasSkipSet)
   while a.kind == tyUserTypeClass and tfResolved in a.flags:
-    a = skipTypes(a[^1], {tyGenericInst, tyAlias})
-  var b = skipTypes(y, {tyGenericInst, tyAlias})
+    a = skipTypes(a.last, aliasSkipSet)
+  var b = skipTypes(y, aliasSkipSet)
   while b.kind == tyUserTypeClass and tfResolved in b.flags:
-    b = skipTypes(b[^1], {tyGenericInst, tyAlias})
+    b = skipTypes(b.last, aliasSkipSet)
   assert(a != nil)
   assert(b != nil)
-  if a.kind != b.kind:
-    case c.cmp
-    of dcEq: return false
-    of dcEqIgnoreDistinct:
-      while a.kind == tyDistinct: a = a[0]
-      while b.kind == tyDistinct: b = b[0]
-      if a.kind != b.kind: return false
-    of dcEqOrDistinctOf:
-      while a.kind == tyDistinct: a = a[0]
-      if a.kind != b.kind: return false
-
+  case c.cmp
+  of dcEq:
+    if a.kind != b.kind: return false
+  of dcEqIgnoreDistinct:
+    let distinctSkipSet = maybeSkipRange({tyDistinct, tyGenericInst})
+    a = a.skipTypes(distinctSkipSet)
+    b = b.skipTypes(distinctSkipSet)
+    if a.kind != b.kind: return false
+  of dcEqOrDistinctOf:
+    let distinctSkipSet = maybeSkipRange({tyDistinct, tyGenericInst})
+    a = a.skipTypes(distinctSkipSet)
+    if a.kind != b.kind: return false
+
+  #[
+    The following code should not run in the case either side is an generic alias,
+    but it's not presently possible to distinguish the genericinsts from aliases of
+    objects ie `type A[T] = SomeObject`
+  ]#
   # this is required by tunique_type but makes no sense really:
-  if x.kind == tyGenericInst and IgnoreTupleFields notin c.flags:
+  if c.cmp == dcEq and x.kind == tyGenericInst and
+      IgnoreTupleFields notin c.flags and tyDistinct != y.kind:
     let
       lhs = x.skipGenericAlias
       rhs = y.skipGenericAlias
-    if rhs.kind != tyGenericInst or lhs.base != rhs.base:
+    if rhs.kind != tyGenericInst or lhs.base != rhs.base or rhs.kidsLen != lhs.kidsLen:
       return false
-    for i in 1..<lhs.len - 1:
-      let ff = rhs[i]
-      let aa = lhs[i]
-      if not sameTypeAux(ff, aa, c): return false
+    withoutShallowFlags:
+      for ff, aa in underspecifiedPairs(rhs, lhs, 1, -1):
+        if not sameTypeAux(ff, aa, c): return false
     return true
 
   case a.kind
-  of tyEmpty, tyChar, tyBool, tyNil, tyPointer, tyString, tyCString,
+  of tyEmpty, tyChar, tyBool, tyNil, tyPointer, tyString, tyCstring,
      tyInt..tyUInt64, tyTyped, tyUntyped, tyVoid:
     result = sameFlags(a, b)
+    if result and {PickyCAliases, ExactTypeDescValues} <= c.flags:
+      # additional requirement for the caching of generics for importc'ed types:
+      # the symbols must be identical too:
+      let symFlagsA = if a.sym != nil: a.sym.flags else: {}
+      let symFlagsB = if b.sym != nil: b.sym.flags else: {}
+      if (symFlagsA+symFlagsB) * {sfImportc, sfExportc} != {}:
+        result = symFlagsA == symFlagsB
+    elif result and PickyBackendAliases in c.flags:
+      let symFlagsA = if a.sym != nil: a.sym.flags else: {}
+      let symFlagsB = if b.sym != nil: b.sym.flags else: {}
+      if (symFlagsA+symFlagsB) * {sfImportc, sfExportc} != {}:
+        result = a.id == b.id
+
   of tyStatic, tyFromExpr:
     result = exprStructuralEquivalent(a.n, b.n) and sameFlags(a, b)
-    if result and a.len == b.len and a.len == 1:
+    if result and sameTupleLengths(a, b) and a.hasElementType:
       cycleCheck()
-      result = sameTypeAux(a[0], b[0], c)
+      result = sameTypeAux(a.skipModifier, b.skipModifier, c)
   of tyObject:
-    ifFastObjectTypeCheckFailed(a, b):
-      cycleCheck()
-      result = sameObjectStructures(a, b, c) and sameFlags(a, b)
+    withoutShallowFlags:
+      ifFastObjectTypeCheckFailed(a, b):
+        cycleCheck()
+        result = sameObjectStructures(a, b, c) and sameFlags(a, b)
   of tyDistinct:
     cycleCheck()
     if c.cmp == dcEq:
       if sameFlags(a, b):
         ifFastObjectTypeCheckFailed(a, b):
-          result = sameTypeAux(a[0], b[0], c)
+          result = sameTypeAux(a.elementType, b.elementType, c)
     else:
-      result = sameTypeAux(a[0], b[0], c) and sameFlags(a, b)
+      result = sameTypeAux(a.elementType, b.elementType, c) and sameFlags(a, b)
   of tyEnum, tyForward:
     # XXX generic enums do not make much sense, but require structural checking
     result = a.id == b.id and sameFlags(a, b)
   of tyError:
     result = b.kind == tyError
   of tyTuple:
-    cycleCheck()
-    result = sameTuple(a, b, c) and sameFlags(a, b)
+    withoutShallowFlags:
+      cycleCheck()
+      result = sameTuple(a, b, c) and sameFlags(a, b)
   of tyTypeDesc:
     if c.cmp == dcEqIgnoreDistinct: result = false
     elif ExactTypeDescValues in c.flags:
@@ -1164,21 +1337,22 @@ proc sameTypeAux(x, y: PType, c: var TSameTypeClosure): bool =
     if result and {ExactGenericParams, ExactTypeDescValues} * c.flags != {}:
       result = a.sym.position == b.sym.position
   of tyBuiltInTypeClass:
-    assert a.len == 1
-    assert a[0].len == 0
-    assert b.len == 1
-    assert b[0].len == 0
-    result = a[0].kind == b[0].kind
+    result = a.elementType.kind == b.elementType.kind and sameFlags(a.elementType, b.elementType)
+    if result and a.elementType.kind == tyProc and IgnoreCC notin c.flags:
+      let ecc = a.elementType.flags * {tfExplicitCallConv}
+      result = ecc == b.elementType.flags * {tfExplicitCallConv} and
+               (ecc == {} or a.elementType.callConv == b.elementType.callConv)
   of tyGenericInvocation, tyGenericBody, tySequence, tyOpenArray, tySet, tyRef,
      tyPtr, tyVar, tyLent, tySink, tyUncheckedArray, tyArray, tyProc, tyVarargs,
      tyOrdinal, tyCompositeTypeClass, tyUserTypeClass, tyUserTypeClassInst,
      tyAnd, tyOr, tyNot, tyAnything, tyOwned:
     cycleCheck()
     if a.kind == tyUserTypeClass and a.n != nil: return a.n == b.n
-    result = sameChildrenAux(a, b, c)
-    if result:
+    withoutShallowFlags:
+      result = sameChildrenAux(a, b, c)
+    if result and IgnoreFlags notin c.flags:
       if IgnoreTupleFields in c.flags:
-        result = a.flags * {tfVarIsPtr} == b.flags * {tfVarIsPtr}
+        result = a.flags * {tfVarIsPtr, tfIsOutParam} == b.flags * {tfVarIsPtr, tfIsOutParam}
       else:
         result = sameFlags(a, b)
     if result and ExactGcSafety in c.flags:
@@ -1188,12 +1362,22 @@ proc sameTypeAux(x, y: PType, c: var TSameTypeClosure): bool =
                ((ExactConstraints notin c.flags) or sameConstraints(a.n, b.n))
   of tyRange:
     cycleCheck()
-    result = sameTypeOrNilAux(a[0], b[0], c) and
-        sameValue(a.n[0], b.n[0]) and
+    result = sameTypeOrNilAux(a.elementType, b.elementType, c)
+    if result and IgnoreRangeShallow notin c.flags:
+      result = sameValue(a.n[0], b.n[0]) and
         sameValue(a.n[1], b.n[1])
-  of tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tyInferred:
+  of tyAlias, tyInferred, tyIterable:
+    cycleCheck()
+    result = sameTypeAux(a.skipModifier, b.skipModifier, c)
+  of tyGenericInst:
+    # BUG #23445
+    # The type system must distinguish between `T[int] = object #[empty]#`
+    # and `T[float] = object #[empty]#`!
     cycleCheck()
-    result = sameTypeAux(a.lastSon, b.lastSon, c)
+    withoutShallowFlags:
+      for ff, aa in underspecifiedPairs(a, b, 1, -1):
+        if not sameTypeAux(ff, aa, c): return false
+    result = sameTypeAux(a.skipModifier, b.skipModifier, c)
   of tyNone: result = false
   of tyConcept:
     result = exprStructuralEquivalent(a.n, b.n)
@@ -1204,6 +1388,19 @@ proc sameBackendType*(x, y: PType): bool =
   c.cmp = dcEqIgnoreDistinct
   result = sameTypeAux(x, y, c)
 
+proc sameBackendTypeIgnoreRange*(x, y: PType): bool =
+  var c = initSameTypeClosure()
+  c.flags.incl IgnoreTupleFields
+  c.flags.incl IgnoreRangeShallow
+  c.cmp = dcEqIgnoreDistinct
+  result = sameTypeAux(x, y, c)
+
+proc sameBackendTypePickyAliases*(x, y: PType): bool =
+  var c = initSameTypeClosure()
+  c.flags.incl {IgnoreTupleFields, PickyCAliases, PickyBackendAliases}
+  c.cmp = dcEqIgnoreDistinct
+  result = sameTypeAux(x, y, c)
+
 proc compareTypes*(x, y: PType,
                    cmp: TDistinctCompare = dcEq,
                    flags: TTypeCmpFlags = {}): bool =
@@ -1228,18 +1425,19 @@ proc inheritanceDiff*(a, b: PType): int =
   while x != nil:
     x = skipTypes(x, skipPtrs)
     if sameObjectTypes(x, b): return
-    x = x[0]
+    x = x.baseClass
     dec(result)
   var y = b
   result = 0
   while y != nil:
     y = skipTypes(y, skipPtrs)
     if sameObjectTypes(y, a): return
-    y = y[0]
+    y = y.baseClass
     inc(result)
   result = high(int)
 
 proc commonSuperclass*(a, b: PType): PType =
+  result = nil
   # quick check: are they the same?
   if sameObjectTypes(a, b): return a
 
@@ -1252,7 +1450,7 @@ proc commonSuperclass*(a, b: PType): PType =
   while x != nil:
     x = skipTypes(x, skipPtrs)
     ancestors.incl(x.id)
-    x = x[0]
+    x = x.baseClass
   var y = b
   while y != nil:
     var t = y # bug #7818, save type before skip
@@ -1261,17 +1459,10 @@ proc commonSuperclass*(a, b: PType): PType =
       # bug #7818, defer the previous skipTypes
       if t.kind != tyGenericInst: t = y
       return t
-    y = y[0]
-
-proc matchType*(a: PType, pattern: openArray[tuple[k:TTypeKind, i:int]],
-                last: TTypeKind): bool =
-  var a = a
-  for k, i in pattern.items:
-    if a.kind != k: return false
-    if i >= a.len or a[i] == nil: return false
-    a = a[i]
-  result = a.kind == last
+    y = y.baseClass
 
+proc lacksMTypeField*(typ: PType): bool {.inline.} =
+  (typ.sym != nil and sfPure in typ.sym.flags) or tfFinal in typ.flags
 
 include sizealignoffsetimpl
 
@@ -1282,7 +1473,7 @@ proc computeSize*(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType): BiggestInt =
 proc getReturnType*(s: PSym): PType =
   # Obtains the return type of a iterator/proc/macro/template
   assert s.kind in skProcKinds
-  result = s.typ[0]
+  result = s.typ.returnType
 
 proc getAlign*(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType): BiggestInt =
   computeSizeAlign(conf, typ)
@@ -1308,17 +1499,34 @@ proc containsGenericTypeIter(t: PType, closure: RootRef): bool =
 proc containsGenericType*(t: PType): bool =
   result = iterOverType(t, containsGenericTypeIter, nil)
 
+proc containsUnresolvedTypeIter(t: PType, closure: RootRef): bool =
+  if tfUnresolved in t.flags: return true
+  case t.kind
+  of tyStatic:
+    return t.n == nil
+  of tyTypeDesc:
+    if t.base.kind == tyNone: return true
+    if containsUnresolvedTypeIter(t.base, closure): return true
+    return false
+  of tyGenericInvocation, tyGenericParam, tyFromExpr, tyAnything:
+    return true
+  else:
+    return false
+
+proc containsUnresolvedType*(t: PType): bool =
+  result = iterOverType(t, containsUnresolvedTypeIter, nil)
+
 proc baseOfDistinct*(t: PType; g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator): PType =
   if t.kind == tyDistinct:
-    result = t[0]
+    result = t.elementType
   else:
-    result = copyType(t, nextTypeId idgen, t.owner)
+    result = copyType(t, idgen, t.owner)
     copyTypeProps(g, idgen.module, result, t)
     var parent: PType = nil
     var it = result
     while it.kind in {tyPtr, tyRef, tyOwned}:
       parent = it
-      it = it.lastSon
+      it = it.elementType
     if it.kind == tyDistinct and parent != nil:
       parent[0] = it[0]
 
@@ -1339,6 +1547,27 @@ proc compatibleEffectsAux(se, re: PNode): bool =
       return false
   result = true
 
+proc isDefectException*(t: PType): bool
+proc compatibleExceptions(se, re: PNode): bool =
+  if re.isNil: return false
+  for r in items(re):
+    block search:
+      if isDefectException(r.typ):
+        break search
+      for s in items(se):
+        if safeInheritanceDiff(r.typ, s.typ) <= 0:
+          break search
+      return false
+  result = true
+
+proc hasIncompatibleEffect(se, re: PNode): bool =
+  result = false
+  if re.isNil: return false
+  for r in items(re):
+    for s in items(se):
+      if safeInheritanceDiff(r.typ, s.typ) != high(int):
+        return true
+
 type
   EffectsCompat* = enum
     efCompat
@@ -1346,11 +1575,15 @@ type
     efRaisesUnknown
     efTagsDiffer
     efTagsUnknown
-    efLockLevelsDiffer
+    efEffectsDelayed
+    efTagsIllegal
 
 proc compatibleEffects*(formal, actual: PType): EffectsCompat =
   # for proc type compatibility checking:
   assert formal.kind == tyProc and actual.kind == tyProc
+  #if tfEffectSystemWorkaround in actual.flags:
+  #  return efCompat
+
   if formal.n[0].kind != nkEffectList or
      actual.n[0].kind != nkEffectList:
     return efTagsUnknown
@@ -1366,7 +1599,7 @@ proc compatibleEffects*(formal, actual: PType): EffectsCompat =
     if not isNil(se) and se.kind != nkArgList:
       # spec requires some exception or tag, but we don't know anything:
       if real.len == 0: return efRaisesUnknown
-      let res = compatibleEffectsAux(se, real[exceptionEffects])
+      let res = compatibleExceptions(se, real[exceptionEffects])
       if not res: return efRaisesDiffer
 
     let st = spec[tagEffects]
@@ -1374,20 +1607,32 @@ proc compatibleEffects*(formal, actual: PType): EffectsCompat =
       # spec requires some exception or tag, but we don't know anything:
       if real.len == 0: return efTagsUnknown
       let res = compatibleEffectsAux(st, real[tagEffects])
-      if not res: return efTagsDiffer
-  if formal.lockLevel.ord < 0 or
-      actual.lockLevel.ord <= formal.lockLevel.ord:
-    result = efCompat
-  else:
-    result = efLockLevelsDiffer
+      if not res:
+        #if tfEffectSystemWorkaround notin actual.flags:
+        return efTagsDiffer
+
+    let sn = spec[forbiddenEffects]
+    if not isNil(sn) and sn.kind != nkArgList:
+      if 0 == real.len:
+        return efTagsUnknown
+      elif hasIncompatibleEffect(sn, real[tagEffects]):
+        return efTagsIllegal
+
+  for i in 1 ..< min(formal.n.len, actual.n.len):
+    if formal.n[i].sym.flags * {sfEffectsDelayed} != actual.n[i].sym.flags * {sfEffectsDelayed}:
+      result = efEffectsDelayed
+      break
+
+  result = efCompat
+
 
 proc isCompileTimeOnly*(t: PType): bool {.inline.} =
-  result = t.kind in {tyTypeDesc, tyStatic}
+  result = t.kind in {tyTypeDesc, tyStatic, tyGenericParam}
 
 proc containsCompileTimeOnly*(t: PType): bool =
   if isCompileTimeOnly(t): return true
-  for i in 0..<t.len:
-    if t[i] != nil and isCompileTimeOnly(t[i]):
+  for a in t.kids:
+    if a != nil and isCompileTimeOnly(a):
       return true
   return false
 
@@ -1396,7 +1641,7 @@ proc safeSkipTypes*(t: PType, kinds: TTypeKinds): PType =
   result = t
   var seen = initIntSet()
   while result.kind in kinds and not containsOrIncl(seen, result.id):
-    result = lastSon(result)
+    result = skipModifier(result)
 
 type
   OrdinalType* = enum
@@ -1445,10 +1690,9 @@ proc skipConvTakeType*(n: PNode): PNode =
 proc isEmptyContainer*(t: PType): bool =
   case t.kind
   of tyUntyped, tyNil: result = true
-  of tyArray: result = t[1].kind == tyEmpty
-  of tySet, tySequence, tyOpenArray, tyVarargs:
-    result = t[0].kind == tyEmpty
-  of tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink: result = isEmptyContainer(t.lastSon)
+  of tyArray, tySet, tySequence, tyOpenArray, tyVarargs:
+    result = t.elementType.kind == tyEmpty
+  of tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink: result = isEmptyContainer(t.skipModifier)
   else: result = false
 
 proc takeType*(formal, arg: PType; g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator): PType =
@@ -1459,7 +1703,7 @@ proc takeType*(formal, arg: PType; g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator): PType =
     result = formal
   elif formal.kind in {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs, tySequence} and
       arg.isEmptyContainer:
-    let a = copyType(arg.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias}), nextTypeId(idgen), arg.owner)
+    let a = copyType(arg.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias}), idgen, arg.owner)
     copyTypeProps(g, idgen.module, a, arg)
     a[ord(arg.kind == tyArray)] = formal[0]
     result = a
@@ -1485,6 +1729,83 @@ proc skipHiddenSubConv*(n: PNode; g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator): PNode =
   else:
     result = n
 
+proc getProcConvMismatch*(c: ConfigRef, f, a: PType, rel = isNone): (set[ProcConvMismatch], TTypeRelation) =
+  ## Returns a set of the reason of mismatch, and the relation for conversion.
+  result[1] = rel
+  if tfNoSideEffect in f.flags and tfNoSideEffect notin a.flags:
+    # Formal is pure, but actual is not
+    result[0].incl pcmNoSideEffect
+    result[1] = isNone
+
+  if tfThread in f.flags and a.flags * {tfThread, tfNoSideEffect} == {} and
+    optThreadAnalysis in c.globalOptions:
+    # noSideEffect implies ``tfThread``!
+    result[0].incl pcmNotGcSafe
+    result[1] = isNone
+
+  if f.flags * {tfIterator} != a.flags * {tfIterator}:
+    # One of them is an iterator so not convertible
+    result[0].incl pcmNotIterator
+    result[1] = isNone
+
+  if f.callConv != a.callConv:
+    # valid to pass a 'nimcall' thingie to 'closure':
+    if f.callConv == ccClosure and a.callConv == ccNimCall:
+      case result[1]
+      of isInferred: result[1] = isInferredConvertible
+      of isBothMetaConvertible: result[1] = isBothMetaConvertible
+      elif result[1] != isNone: result[1] = isConvertible
+      else: result[0].incl pcmDifferentCallConv
+    else:
+      result[1] = isNone
+      result[0].incl pcmDifferentCallConv
+
+proc addPragmaAndCallConvMismatch*(message: var string, formal, actual: PType, conf: ConfigRef) =
+  assert formal.kind == tyProc and actual.kind == tyProc
+  let (convMismatch, _) = getProcConvMismatch(conf, formal, actual)
+  var
+    gotPragmas = ""
+    expectedPragmas = ""
+  for reason in convMismatch:
+    case reason
+    of pcmDifferentCallConv:
+      message.add "\n  Calling convention mismatch: got '{.$1.}', but expected '{.$2.}'." % [$actual.callConv, $formal.callConv]
+    of pcmNoSideEffect:
+      expectedPragmas.add "noSideEffect, "
+    of pcmNotGcSafe:
+      expectedPragmas.add "gcsafe, "
+    of pcmNotIterator: discard
+
+  if expectedPragmas.len > 0:
+    gotPragmas.setLen(max(0, gotPragmas.len - 2)) # Remove ", "
+    expectedPragmas.setLen(max(0, expectedPragmas.len - 2)) # Remove ", "
+    message.add "\n  Pragma mismatch: got '{.$1.}', but expected '{.$2.}'." % [gotPragmas, expectedPragmas]
+
+proc processPragmaAndCallConvMismatch(msg: var string, formal, actual: PType, conf: ConfigRef) =
+  if formal.kind == tyProc and actual.kind == tyProc:
+    msg.addPragmaAndCallConvMismatch(formal, actual, conf)
+    case compatibleEffects(formal, actual)
+    of efCompat: discard
+    of efRaisesDiffer:
+      msg.add "\n.raise effects differ"
+    of efRaisesUnknown:
+      msg.add "\n.raise effect is 'can raise any'"
+    of efTagsDiffer:
+      msg.add "\n.tag effects differ"
+    of efTagsUnknown:
+      msg.add "\n.tag effect is 'any tag allowed'"
+    of efEffectsDelayed:
+      msg.add "\n.effectsOf annotations differ"
+    of efTagsIllegal:
+      msg.add "\n.notTag catched an illegal effect"
+
+proc typeNameAndDesc*(t: PType): string =
+  result = typeToString(t)
+  let desc = typeToString(t, preferDesc)
+  if result != desc:
+    result.add(" = ")
+    result.add(desc)
+
 proc typeMismatch*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo, formal, actual: PType, n: PNode) =
   if formal.kind != tyError and actual.kind != tyError:
     let actualStr = typeToString(actual)
@@ -1503,20 +1824,18 @@ proc typeMismatch*(conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo, formal, actual: PType, n: P
       msg.add "\n"
     msg.add " but expected '$1'" % x
     if verbose: msg.addDeclaredLoc(conf, formal)
-
-    if formal.kind == tyProc and actual.kind == tyProc:
-      case compatibleEffects(formal, actual)
-      of efCompat: discard
-      of efRaisesDiffer:
-        msg.add "\n.raise effects differ"
-      of efRaisesUnknown:
-        msg.add "\n.raise effect is 'can raise any'"
-      of efTagsDiffer:
-        msg.add "\n.tag effects differ"
-      of efTagsUnknown:
-        msg.add "\n.tag effect is 'any tag allowed'"
-      of efLockLevelsDiffer:
-        msg.add "\nlock levels differ"
+    var a = formal
+    var b = actual
+    if formal.kind == tyArray and actual.kind == tyArray:
+      a = formal[1]
+      b = actual[1]
+      processPragmaAndCallConvMismatch(msg, a, b, conf)
+    elif formal.kind == tySequence and actual.kind == tySequence:
+      a = formal[0]
+      b = actual[0]
+      processPragmaAndCallConvMismatch(msg, a, b, conf)
+    else:
+      processPragmaAndCallConvMismatch(msg, a, b, conf)
     localError(conf, info, msg)
 
 proc isTupleRecursive(t: PType, cycleDetector: var IntSet): bool =
@@ -1526,14 +1845,17 @@ proc isTupleRecursive(t: PType, cycleDetector: var IntSet): bool =
     return true
   case t.kind
   of tyTuple:
+    result = false
     var cycleDetectorCopy: IntSet
-    for i in 0..<t.len:
-      assign(cycleDetectorCopy, cycleDetector)
-      if isTupleRecursive(t[i], cycleDetectorCopy):
+    for a in t.kids:
+      cycleDetectorCopy = cycleDetector
+      if isTupleRecursive(a, cycleDetectorCopy):
         return true
-  of tyAlias, tyRef, tyPtr, tyGenericInst, tyVar, tyLent, tySink,
+  of tyRef, tyPtr, tyVar, tyLent, tySink,
       tyArray, tyUncheckedArray, tySequence, tyDistinct:
-    return isTupleRecursive(t.lastSon, cycleDetector)
+    return isTupleRecursive(t.elementType, cycleDetector)
+  of tyAlias, tyGenericInst:
+    return isTupleRecursive(t.skipModifier, cycleDetector)
   else:
     return false
 
@@ -1548,8 +1870,8 @@ proc isException*(t: PType): bool =
   var t = t.skipTypes(abstractInst)
   while t.kind == tyObject:
     if t.sym != nil and t.sym.magic == mException: return true
-    if t[0] == nil: break
-    t = skipTypes(t[0], abstractPtrs)
+    if t.baseClass == nil: break
+    t = skipTypes(t.baseClass, abstractPtrs)
   return false
 
 proc isDefectException*(t: PType): bool =
@@ -1559,8 +1881,20 @@ proc isDefectException*(t: PType): bool =
         sfSystemModule in t.sym.owner.flags and
         t.sym.name.s == "Defect":
       return true
-    if t[0] == nil: break
-    t = skipTypes(t[0], abstractPtrs)
+    if t.baseClass == nil: break
+    t = skipTypes(t.baseClass, abstractPtrs)
+  return false
+
+proc isDefectOrCatchableError*(t: PType): bool =
+  var t = t.skipTypes(abstractPtrs)
+  while t.kind == tyObject:
+    if t.sym != nil and t.sym.owner != nil and
+        sfSystemModule in t.sym.owner.flags and
+        (t.sym.name.s == "Defect" or
+        t.sym.name.s == "CatchableError"):
+      return true
+    if t.baseClass == nil: break
+    t = skipTypes(t.baseClass, abstractPtrs)
   return false
 
 proc isSinkTypeForParam*(t: PType): bool =
@@ -1573,3 +1907,31 @@ proc isSinkTypeForParam*(t: PType): bool =
         result = false
       else:
         result = true
+
+proc lookupFieldAgain*(ty: PType; field: PSym): PSym =
+  result = nil
+  var ty = ty
+  while ty != nil:
+    ty = ty.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
+    assert(ty.kind in {tyTuple, tyObject})
+    result = lookupInRecord(ty.n, field.name)
+    if result != nil: break
+    ty = ty.baseClass
+  if result == nil: result = field
+
+proc isCharArrayPtr*(t: PType; allowPointerToChar: bool): bool =
+  let t = t.skipTypes(abstractInst)
+  if t.kind == tyPtr:
+    let pointsTo = t.elementType.skipTypes(abstractInst)
+    case pointsTo.kind
+    of tyUncheckedArray:
+      result = pointsTo.elementType.kind == tyChar
+    of tyArray:
+      result = pointsTo.elementType.kind == tyChar and firstOrd(nil, pointsTo.indexType) == 0 and
+        skipTypes(pointsTo.indexType, {tyRange}).kind in {tyInt..tyInt64}
+    of tyChar:
+      result = allowPointerToChar
+    else:
+      result = false
+  else:
+    result = false
diff --git a/compiler/typesrenderer.nim b/compiler/typesrenderer.nim
index 0da05d70d..72bcddb05 100644
--- a/compiler/typesrenderer.nim
+++ b/compiler/typesrenderer.nim
@@ -7,10 +7,21 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-import renderer, strutils, ast, types
+import renderer, ast, types
+import std/strutils
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 
 const defaultParamSeparator* = ","
 
+template mayNormalize(s: string): string =
+  if toNormalize:
+    s.nimIdentNormalize
+  else:
+    s
+
 proc renderPlainSymbolName*(n: PNode): string =
   ## Returns the first non '*' nkIdent node from the tree.
   ##
@@ -30,63 +41,82 @@ proc renderPlainSymbolName*(n: PNode): string =
     result = ""
     #internalError(n.info, "renderPlainSymbolName() with " & $n.kind)
 
-proc renderType(n: PNode): string =
+proc renderType(n: PNode, toNormalize: bool): string =
   ## Returns a string with the node type or the empty string.
+  ## This proc should be kept in sync with `toLangSymbols` from
+  ## ``lib/packages/docutils/dochelpers.nim``.
   case n.kind:
-  of nkIdent: result = n.ident.s
-  of nkSym: result = typeToString(n.sym.typ)
+  of nkIdent: result = mayNormalize(n.ident.s)
+  of nkSym: result = mayNormalize(typeToString(n.sym.typ))
   of nkVarTy:
     if n.len == 1:
-      result = renderType(n[0])
+      result = renderType(n[0], toNormalize)
     else:
       result = "var"
   of nkRefTy:
     if n.len == 1:
-      result = "ref." & renderType(n[0])
+      result = "ref." & renderType(n[0], toNormalize)
     else:
       result = "ref"
   of nkPtrTy:
     if n.len == 1:
-      result = "ptr." & renderType(n[0])
+      result = "ptr." & renderType(n[0], toNormalize)
     else:
       result = "ptr"
   of nkProcTy:
     assert n.len != 1
-    if n.len > 1:
+    if n.len > 1 and n[0].kind == nkFormalParams:
       let params = n[0]
-      assert params.kind == nkFormalParams
       assert params.len > 0
       result = "proc("
-      for i in 1..<params.len: result.add(renderType(params[i]) & ',')
+      for i in 1..<params.len: result.add(renderType(params[i], toNormalize) & ',')
       result[^1] = ')'
     else:
       result = "proc"
   of nkIdentDefs:
     assert n.len >= 3
     let typePos = n.len - 2
-    let typeStr = renderType(n[typePos])
+    let typeStr = renderType(n[typePos], toNormalize)
     result = typeStr
     for i in 1..<typePos:
       assert n[i].kind in {nkSym, nkIdent}
       result.add(',' & typeStr)
   of nkTupleTy:
     result = "tuple["
-    for i in 0..<n.len: result.add(renderType(n[i]) & ',')
+    for i in 0..<n.len: result.add(renderType(n[i], toNormalize) & ',')
     result[^1] = ']'
   of nkBracketExpr:
     assert n.len >= 2
-    result = renderType(n[0]) & '['
-    for i in 1..<n.len: result.add(renderType(n[i]) & ',')
+    result = renderType(n[0], toNormalize) & '['
+    for i in 1..<n.len: result.add(renderType(n[i], toNormalize) & ',')
     result[^1] = ']'
   of nkCommand:
-    result = renderType(n[0])
+    result = renderType(n[0], toNormalize)
     for i in 1..<n.len:
       if i > 1: result.add ", "
-      result.add(renderType(n[i]))
+      result.add(renderType(n[i], toNormalize))
   else: result = ""
 
 
-proc renderParamTypes(found: var seq[string], n: PNode) =
+proc renderParamNames*(n: PNode, toNormalize=false): seq[string] =
+  ## Returns parameter names of routine `n`.
+  result = @[]
+  doAssert n.kind == nkFormalParams
+  case n.kind
+  of nkFormalParams:
+    for i in 1..<n.len:
+      if n[i].kind == nkIdentDefs:
+        # These are parameter names + type + default value node.
+        let typePos = n[i].len - 2
+        for j in 0..<typePos:
+          result.add mayNormalize($n[i][j])
+      else:  # error
+        result.add($n[i])
+  else:  #error
+    result.add $n
+
+
+proc renderParamTypes*(found: var seq[string], n: PNode, toNormalize=false) =
   ## Recursive helper, adds to `found` any types, or keeps diving the AST.
   ##
   ## The normal `doc` generator doesn't include .typ information, so the
@@ -94,12 +124,12 @@ proc renderParamTypes(found: var seq[string], n: PNode) =
   ## generator does include the information.
   case n.kind
   of nkFormalParams:
-    for i in 1..<n.len: renderParamTypes(found, n[i])
+    for i in 1..<n.len: renderParamTypes(found, n[i], toNormalize)
   of nkIdentDefs:
     # These are parameter names + type + default value node.
     let typePos = n.len - 2
     assert typePos > 0
-    var typeStr = renderType(n[typePos])
+    var typeStr = renderType(n[typePos], toNormalize)
     if typeStr.len < 1 and n[typePos+1].kind != nkEmpty:
       # Try with the last node, maybe its a default value.
       let typ = n[typePos+1].typ
@@ -111,7 +141,8 @@ proc renderParamTypes(found: var seq[string], n: PNode) =
     found.add($n)
     #internalError(n.info, "renderParamTypes(found,n) with " & $n.kind)
 
-proc renderParamTypes*(n: PNode, sep = defaultParamSeparator): string =
+proc renderParamTypes*(n: PNode, sep = defaultParamSeparator,
+                       toNormalize=false): string =
   ## Returns the types contained in `n` joined by `sep`.
   ##
   ## This proc expects to be passed as `n` the parameters of any callable. The
@@ -120,6 +151,10 @@ proc renderParamTypes*(n: PNode, sep = defaultParamSeparator): string =
   ## other characters may appear too, like ``[]`` or ``|``.
   result = ""
   var found: seq[string] = @[]
-  renderParamTypes(found, n)
+  renderParamTypes(found, n, toNormalize)
   if found.len > 0:
     result = found.join(sep)
+
+proc renderOutType*(n: PNode, toNormalize=false): string =
+  assert n.kind == nkFormalParams
+  result = renderType(n[0], toNormalize)
diff --git a/compiler/varpartitions.nim b/compiler/varpartitions.nim
index 7bb626c0a..1711fea46 100644
--- a/compiler/varpartitions.nim
+++ b/compiler/varpartitions.nim
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ import ast, types, lineinfos, options, msgs, renderer, typeallowed, modulegraphs
 from trees import getMagic, isNoSideEffectPragma, stupidStmtListExpr
 from isolation_check import canAlias
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 type
   AbstractTime = distinct int
 
@@ -51,6 +54,7 @@ type
   SubgraphFlag = enum
     isMutated, # graph might be mutated
     isMutatedDirectly, # graph is mutated directly by a non-var parameter.
+    isMutatedByVarParam, # graph is mutated by a var parameter.
     connectsConstParam # graph is connected to a non-var parameter.
 
   VarFlag = enum
@@ -94,12 +98,15 @@ type
 
   Partitions* = object
     abstractTime: AbstractTime
+    defers: seq[PNode]
+    processDefer: bool
     s: seq[VarIndex]
     graphs: seq[MutationInfo]
     goals: set[Goal]
     unanalysableMutation: bool
     inAsgnSource, inConstructor, inNoSideEffectSection: int
     inConditional, inLoop: int
+    inConvHasDestructor: int
     owner: PSym
     g: ModuleGraph
 
@@ -175,12 +182,18 @@ proc root(v: var Partitions; start: int): int =
       v.s[it].con = Connection(kind: dependsOn, parent: result)
       it = next
 
-proc potentialMutation(v: var Partitions; s: PSym; info: TLineInfo) =
+proc potentialMutation(v: var Partitions; s: PSym; level: int; info: TLineInfo) =
   let id = variableId(v, s)
   if id >= 0:
     let r = root(v, id)
-    let flags = if s.kind == skParam and isConstParam(s):
-                  {isMutated, isMutatedDirectly}
+    let flags = if s.kind == skParam:
+                  if isConstParam(s):
+                    {isMutated, isMutatedDirectly}
+                  elif s.typ.kind == tyVar and level <= 1:
+                    # varParam[i] = v is different from varParam[i][] = v
+                    {isMutatedByVarParam}
+                  else:
+                    {isMutated}
                 else:
                   {isMutated}
 
@@ -276,7 +289,9 @@ proc borrowFromConstExpr(n: PNode): bool =
       result = true
       for i in 1..<n.len:
         if not borrowFromConstExpr(n[i]): return false
-  else: discard
+    else:
+      result = false
+  else: result = false
 
 proc pathExpr(node: PNode; owner: PSym): PNode =
   #[ From the spec:
@@ -339,36 +354,44 @@ proc pathExpr(node: PNode; owner: PSym): PNode =
   if result == nil and borrowFromConstExpr(n):
     result = n
 
-proc allRoots(n: PNode; result: var seq[PSym]; followDotExpr = true) =
+const
+  RootEscapes = 1000 # in 'p(r)' we don't know what p does to our poor root.
+                     # so we assume a high level of indirections
+
+proc allRoots(n: PNode; result: var seq[(PSym, int)]; level: int) =
   case n.kind
   of nkSym:
     if n.sym.kind in {skParam, skVar, skTemp, skLet, skResult, skForVar}:
-      result.add(n.sym)
+      result.add((n.sym, level))
 
-  of nkDotExpr, nkDerefExpr, nkBracketExpr, nkHiddenDeref,
-      nkCheckedFieldExpr, nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr:
-    if followDotExpr:
-      allRoots(n[0], result, followDotExpr)
+  of nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref:
+    allRoots(n[0], result, level+1)
+  of nkBracketExpr, nkDotExpr, nkCheckedFieldExpr, nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr:
+    allRoots(n[0], result, level)
 
   of nkExprEqExpr, nkExprColonExpr, nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkConv,
       nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr, nkBlockStmt, nkBlockExpr, nkCast,
       nkObjUpConv, nkObjDownConv:
     if n.len > 0:
-      allRoots(n.lastSon, result, followDotExpr)
+      allRoots(n.lastSon, result, level)
   of nkCaseStmt, nkObjConstr:
     for i in 1..<n.len:
-      allRoots(n[i].lastSon, result, followDotExpr)
+      allRoots(n[i].lastSon, result, level)
   of nkIfStmt, nkIfExpr:
     for i in 0..<n.len:
-      allRoots(n[i].lastSon, result, followDotExpr)
+      allRoots(n[i].lastSon, result, level)
   of nkBracket, nkTupleConstr, nkPar:
     for i in 0..<n.len:
-      allRoots(n[i], result, followDotExpr)
+      allRoots(n[i], result, level-1)
 
   of nkCallKinds:
     if n.typ != nil and n.typ.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}:
       if n.len > 1:
-        allRoots(n[1], result, followDotExpr)
+        # XXX We really need the unwritten RFC here and distinguish between
+        #   proc `[]`(x: var Container): var T # resizes the container
+        # and
+        #   proc `[]`(x: Container): var T # only allows for slot mutation
+        allRoots(n[1], result, RootEscapes)
     else:
       let m = getMagic(n)
       case m
@@ -378,21 +401,20 @@ proc allRoots(n: PNode; result: var seq[PSym]; followDotExpr = true) =
         if typ != nil:
           typ = skipTypes(typ, abstractInst)
           if typ.kind != tyProc: typ = nil
-          else: assert(typ.len == typ.n.len)
 
         for i in 1 ..< n.len:
           let it = n[i]
-          if typ != nil and i < typ.len:
+          if typ != nil and i < typ.n.len:
             assert(typ.n[i].kind == nkSym)
             let paramType = typ.n[i].typ
-            if not paramType.isCompileTimeOnly and not typ.sons[0].isEmptyType and
-                canAlias(paramType, typ.sons[0]):
-              allRoots(it, result, followDotExpr)
+            if not paramType.isCompileTimeOnly and not typ.returnType.isEmptyType and
+                canAlias(paramType, typ.returnType):
+              allRoots(it, result, RootEscapes)
           else:
-            allRoots(it, result, followDotExpr)
+            allRoots(it, result, RootEscapes)
 
       of mSlice:
-        allRoots(n[1], result, followDotExpr)
+        allRoots(n[1], result, level+1)
       else:
         discard "harmless operation"
   else:
@@ -401,22 +423,33 @@ proc allRoots(n: PNode; result: var seq[PSym]; followDotExpr = true) =
 proc destMightOwn(c: var Partitions; dest: var VarIndex; n: PNode) =
   ## Analyse if 'n' is an expression that owns the data, if so mark 'dest'
   ## with 'ownsData'.
-  if n.typ == nil: return
   case n.kind
   of nkEmpty, nkCharLit..nkNilLit:
     # primitive literals including the empty are harmless:
     discard
 
-  of nkExprEqExpr, nkExprColonExpr, nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkCast, nkConv:
+  of nkExprEqExpr, nkExprColonExpr, nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkCast:
     destMightOwn(c, dest, n[1])
 
+  of nkConv:
+    if hasDestructor(n.typ):
+      inc c.inConvHasDestructor
+      destMightOwn(c, dest, n[1])
+      dec c.inConvHasDestructor
+    else:
+      destMightOwn(c, dest, n[1])
+
   of nkIfStmt, nkIfExpr:
     for i in 0..<n.len:
+      inc c.inConditional
       destMightOwn(c, dest, n[i].lastSon)
+      dec c.inConditional
 
   of nkCaseStmt:
     for i in 1..<n.len:
+      inc c.inConditional
       destMightOwn(c, dest, n[i].lastSon)
+      dec c.inConditional
 
   of nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr:
     if n.len > 0:
@@ -460,30 +493,42 @@ proc destMightOwn(c: var Partitions; dest: var VarIndex; n: PNode) =
     destMightOwn(c, dest, n[0])
 
   of nkCallKinds:
-    if hasDestructor(n.typ):
-      # calls do construct, what we construct must be destroyed,
-      # so dest cannot be a cursor:
-      dest.flags.incl ownsData
-    elif n.typ.kind in {tyLent, tyVar}:
-      # we know the result is derived from the first argument:
-      var roots: seq[PSym]
-      allRoots(n[1], roots)
-      for r in roots:
-        connect(c, dest.sym, r, n[1].info)
+    if n.typ != nil:
+      if hasDestructor(n.typ) or c.inConvHasDestructor > 0:
+        # calls do construct, what we construct must be destroyed,
+        # so dest cannot be a cursor:
+        dest.flags.incl ownsData
+      elif n.typ.kind in {tyLent, tyVar} and n.len > 1:
+        # we know the result is derived from the first argument:
+        var roots: seq[(PSym, int)] = @[]
+        allRoots(n[1], roots, RootEscapes)
+        if roots.len == 0 and c.inConditional > 0:
+          # when in a conditional expression,
+          # to ensure that the first argument isn't outlived
+          # by the lvalue, we need find the root, otherwise
+          # it is probably a local temporary
+          # (e.g. a return value from a call),
+          # we should prevent cursorfication
+          dest.flags.incl preventCursor
+        else:
+          for r in roots:
+            connect(c, dest.sym, r[0], n[1].info)
 
-    else:
-      let magic = if n[0].kind == nkSym: n[0].sym.magic else: mNone
-      # this list is subtle, we try to answer the question if after 'dest = f(src)'
-      # there is a connection betwen 'src' and 'dest' so that mutations to 'src'
-      # also reflect 'dest':
-      if magic in {mNone, mMove, mSlice, mAppendStrCh, mAppendStrStr, mAppendSeqElem, mArrToSeq}:
-        for i in 1..<n.len:
-          # we always have to assume a 'select(...)' like mechanism.
-          # But at least we do filter out simple POD types from the
-          # list of dependencies via the 'hasDestructor' check for
-          # the root's symbol.
-          if hasDestructor(n[i].typ.skipTypes({tyVar, tySink, tyLent, tyGenericInst, tyAlias})):
-            destMightOwn(c, dest, n[i])
+      else:
+        let magic = if n[0].kind == nkSym: n[0].sym.magic else: mNone
+        # this list is subtle, we try to answer the question if after 'dest = f(src)'
+        # there is a connection betwen 'src' and 'dest' so that mutations to 'src'
+        # also reflect 'dest':
+        if magic in {mNone, mMove, mSlice,
+            mAppendStrCh, mAppendStrStr, mAppendSeqElem,
+            mArrToSeq, mOpenArrayToSeq}:
+          for i in 1..<n.len:
+            # we always have to assume a 'select(...)' like mechanism.
+            # But at least we do filter out simple POD types from the
+            # list of dependencies via the 'hasDestructor' check for
+            # the root's symbol.
+            if hasDestructor(n[i].typ.skipTypes({tyVar, tySink, tyLent, tyGenericInst, tyAlias})):
+              destMightOwn(c, dest, n[i])
 
   else:
     # something we cannot handle:
@@ -505,13 +550,17 @@ const
 proc isConstSym(s: PSym): bool =
   result = s.kind in {skConst, skLet} or isConstParam(s)
 
+proc toString(n: PNode): string =
+  if n.kind == nkEmpty: result = "<empty>"
+  else: result = $n
+
 proc borrowFrom(c: var Partitions; dest: PSym; src: PNode) =
   const
     url = "see https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/manual_experimental.html#view-types-algorithm-path-expressions for details"
 
   let s = pathExpr(src, c.owner)
   if s == nil:
-    localError(c.g.config, src.info, "cannot borrow from " & $src & ", it is not a path expression; " & url)
+    localError(c.g.config, src.info, "cannot borrow from " & src.toString & ", it is not a path expression; " & url)
   elif s.kind == nkSym:
     if dest.kind == skResult:
       if s.sym.kind != skParam or s.sym.position != 0:
@@ -556,23 +605,33 @@ proc borrowingAsgn(c: var Partitions; dest, src: PNode) =
   if dest.kind == nkSym:
     if directViewType(dest.typ) != noView:
       borrowFrom(c, dest.sym, src)
-  elif dest.kind in {nkHiddenDeref, nkDerefExpr, nkBracketExpr}:
-    case directViewType(dest[0].typ)
-    of mutableView:
-      # we do not borrow, but we use the view to mutate the borrowed
-      # location:
-      let viewOrigin = pathExpr(dest, c.owner)
-      if viewOrigin.kind == nkSym:
-        let vid = variableId(c, viewOrigin.sym)
+  else:
+    let viewOrigin = pathExpr(dest, c.owner)
+    if viewOrigin != nil and viewOrigin.kind == nkSym:
+      let viewSym = viewOrigin.sym
+      let directView = directViewType(dest[0].typ) # check something like result[first] = toOpenArray(s, first, last-1)
+                                                   # so we don't need to iterate the original type
+      let originSymbolView = directViewType(viewSym.typ) # find the original symbol which preserves the view type
+                                                    #  var foo: var Object = a
+                                                    #  foo.id = 777 # the type of foo is no view, so we need
+                                                    #  to check the original symbol
+      let viewSets = {directView, originSymbolView}
+
+      if viewSets * {mutableView, immutableView} != {}:
+        # we do not borrow, but we use the view to mutate the borrowed
+        # location:
+        let vid = variableId(c, viewSym)
         if vid >= 0:
           c.s[vid].flags.incl viewDoesMutate
-    of immutableView:
-      if dest.kind == nkBracketExpr and dest[0].kind == nkHiddenDeref and
-          mutableParameter(dest[0][0]):
-        discard "remains a mutable location anyhow"
+      #[of immutableView:
+        if dest.kind == nkBracketExpr and dest[0].kind == nkHiddenDeref and
+            mutableParameter(dest[0][0]):
+          discard "remains a mutable location anyhow"
+        else:
+          localError(c.g.config, dest.info, "attempt to mutate a borrowed location from an immutable view")
+          ]#
       else:
-        localError(c.g.config, dest.info, "attempt to mutate a borrowed location from an immutable view")
-    of noView: discard "nothing to do"
+        discard "nothing to do"
 
 proc containsPointer(t: PType): bool =
   proc wrap(t: PType): bool {.nimcall.} = t.kind in {tyRef, tyPtr}
@@ -582,19 +641,20 @@ proc deps(c: var Partitions; dest, src: PNode) =
   if borrowChecking in c.goals:
     borrowingAsgn(c, dest, src)
 
-  var targets, sources: seq[PSym]
-  allRoots(dest, targets)
-  allRoots(src, sources)
+  var targets: seq[(PSym, int)] = @[]
+  var sources: seq[(PSym, int)] = @[]
+  allRoots(dest, targets, 0)
+  allRoots(src, sources, 0)
 
   let destIsComplex = containsPointer(dest.typ)
 
   for t in targets:
     if dest.kind != nkSym and c.inNoSideEffectSection == 0:
-      potentialMutation(c, t, dest.info)
+      potentialMutation(c, t[0], t[1], dest.info)
 
     if destIsComplex:
       for s in sources:
-        connect(c, t, s, dest.info)
+        connect(c, t[0], s[0], dest.info)
 
   if cursorInference in c.goals and src.kind != nkEmpty:
     let d = pathExpr(dest, c.owner)
@@ -602,7 +662,8 @@ proc deps(c: var Partitions; dest, src: PNode) =
       let vid = variableId(c, d.sym)
       if vid >= 0:
         destMightOwn(c, c.s[vid], src)
-        for s in sources:
+        for source in sources:
+          let s = source[0]
           if s == d.sym:
             discard "assignments like: it = it.next are fine"
           elif {sfGlobal, sfThread} * s.flags != {} or hasDisabledAsgn(c.g, s.typ):
@@ -626,21 +687,14 @@ proc deps(c: var Partitions; dest, src: PNode) =
                 when explainCursors: echo "D not a cursor ", d.sym, " reassignedTo ", c.s[srcid].reassignedTo
                 c.s[vid].flags.incl preventCursor
 
-const
-  nodesToIgnoreSet = {nkNone..pred(nkSym), succ(nkSym)..nkNilLit,
-    nkTypeSection, nkProcDef, nkConverterDef,
-    nkMethodDef, nkIteratorDef, nkMacroDef, nkTemplateDef, nkLambda, nkDo,
-    nkFuncDef, nkConstSection, nkConstDef, nkIncludeStmt, nkImportStmt,
-    nkExportStmt, nkPragma, nkCommentStmt, nkBreakState,
-    nkTypeOfExpr, nkMixinStmt, nkBindStmt}
 
 proc potentialMutationViaArg(c: var Partitions; n: PNode; callee: PType) =
   if constParameters in c.goals and tfNoSideEffect in callee.flags:
     discard "we know there are no hidden mutations through an immutable parameter"
   elif c.inNoSideEffectSection == 0 and containsPointer(n.typ):
-    var roots: seq[PSym]
-    allRoots(n, roots)
-    for r in roots: potentialMutation(c, r, n.info)
+    var roots: seq[(PSym, int)] = @[]
+    allRoots(n, roots, RootEscapes)
+    for r in roots: potentialMutation(c, r[0], r[1], n.info)
 
 proc traverse(c: var Partitions; n: PNode) =
   inc c.abstractTime
@@ -658,7 +712,7 @@ proc traverse(c: var Partitions; n: PNode) =
         for i in 0..<child.len-2:
           #registerVariable(c, child[i])
           deps(c, child[i], last)
-  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn:
+  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn:
     traverse(c, n[0])
     inc c.inAsgnSource
     traverse(c, n[1])
@@ -674,20 +728,24 @@ proc traverse(c: var Partitions; n: PNode) =
     for child in n: traverse(c, child)
 
     let parameters = n[0].typ
-    let L = if parameters != nil: parameters.len else: 0
+    let L = if parameters != nil: parameters.signatureLen else: 0
     let m = getMagic(n)
 
+    if m == mEnsureMove and n[1].kind == nkSym:
+      # we know that it must be moved so it cannot be a cursor
+      noCursor(c, n[1].sym)
+
     for i in 1..<n.len:
       let it = n[i]
       if i < L:
         let paramType = parameters[i].skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias})
         if not paramType.isCompileTimeOnly and paramType.kind in {tyVar, tySink, tyOwned}:
-          var roots: seq[PSym]
-          allRoots(it, roots)
+          var roots: seq[(PSym, int)] = @[]
+          allRoots(it, roots, RootEscapes)
           if paramType.kind == tyVar:
             if c.inNoSideEffectSection == 0:
-              for r in roots: potentialMutation(c, r, it.info)
-            for r in roots: noCursor(c, r)
+              for r in roots: potentialMutation(c, r[0], r[1], it.info)
+            for r in roots: noCursor(c, r[0])
 
             if borrowChecking in c.goals:
               # a call like 'result.add toOpenArray()' can also be a borrow
@@ -695,7 +753,7 @@ proc traverse(c: var Partitions; n: PNode) =
               # 'paramType[0]' is still a view type, this is not a typo!
               if directViewType(paramType[0]) == noView and classifyViewType(paramType[0]) != noView:
                 borrowingCall(c, paramType[0], n, i)
-        elif borrowChecking in c.goals and m == mNone:
+        elif m == mNone:
           potentialMutationViaArg(c, n[i], parameters)
 
   of nkAddr, nkHiddenAddr:
@@ -703,10 +761,10 @@ proc traverse(c: var Partitions; n: PNode) =
     when false:
       # XXX investigate if this is required, it doesn't look
       # like it is!
-      var roots: seq[PSym]
-      allRoots(n[0], roots)
+      var roots: seq[(PSym, int)]
+      allRoots(n[0], roots, RootEscapes)
       for r in roots:
-        potentialMutation(c, r, it.info)
+        potentialMutation(c, r[0], r[1], it.info)
 
   of nkTupleConstr, nkBracket:
     for child in n: traverse(c, child)
@@ -748,6 +806,14 @@ proc traverse(c: var Partitions; n: PNode) =
     #     mutate(graph)
     #     connect(graph, cursorVar)
     for child in n: traverse(c, child)
+
+    if n.kind == nkWhileStmt:
+      traverse(c, n[0])
+      # variables in while condition has longer alive time than local variables
+      # in the while loop body
+  of nkDefer:
+    if c.processDefer:
+      for child in n: traverse(c, child)
   else:
     for child in n: traverse(c, child)
 
@@ -778,7 +844,11 @@ proc computeLiveRanges(c: var Partitions; n: PNode) =
           registerVariable(c, child[i])
           #deps(c, child[i], last)
 
-  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn:
+        if c.inLoop > 0 and child[0].kind == nkSym: # bug #22787
+          let vid = variableId(c, child[0].sym)
+          if child[^1].kind != nkEmpty:
+            markAsReassigned(c, vid)
+  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn:
     computeLiveRanges(c, n[0])
     computeLiveRanges(c, n[1])
     if n[0].kind == nkSym:
@@ -786,6 +856,10 @@ proc computeLiveRanges(c: var Partitions; n: PNode) =
       if vid >= 0:
         if n[1].kind == nkSym and (c.s[vid].reassignedTo == 0 or c.s[vid].reassignedTo == n[1].sym.id):
           c.s[vid].reassignedTo = n[1].sym.id
+          if c.inConditional > 0 and c.inLoop > 0:
+            # bug #22200: live ranges with loops and conditionals are too
+            # complex for our current analysis, so we prevent the cursorfication.
+            c.s[vid].flags.incl isConditionallyReassigned
         else:
           markAsReassigned(c, vid)
 
@@ -805,7 +879,7 @@ proc computeLiveRanges(c: var Partitions; n: PNode) =
     for child in n: computeLiveRanges(c, child)
 
     let parameters = n[0].typ
-    let L = if parameters != nil: parameters.len else: 0
+    let L = if parameters != nil: parameters.signatureLen else: 0
 
     for i in 1..<n.len:
       let it = n[i]
@@ -834,11 +908,21 @@ proc computeLiveRanges(c: var Partitions; n: PNode) =
     #     connect(graph, cursorVar)
     inc c.inLoop
     for child in n: computeLiveRanges(c, child)
-    inc c.inLoop
+    dec c.inLoop
+
+    if n.kind == nkWhileStmt:
+      computeLiveRanges(c, n[0])
+      # variables in while condition has longer alive time than local variables
+      # in the while loop body
   of nkElifBranch, nkElifExpr, nkElse, nkOfBranch:
     inc c.inConditional
     for child in n: computeLiveRanges(c, child)
     dec c.inConditional
+  of nkDefer:
+    if c.processDefer:
+      for child in n: computeLiveRanges(c, child)
+    else:
+      c.defers.add n
   else:
     for child in n: computeLiveRanges(c, child)
 
@@ -852,13 +936,21 @@ proc computeGraphPartitions*(s: PSym; n: PNode; g: ModuleGraph; goals: set[Goal]
       registerResult(result, s.ast[resultPos])
 
   computeLiveRanges(result, n)
+  result.processDefer = true
+  for i in countdown(len(result.defers)-1, 0):
+    computeLiveRanges(result, result.defers[i])
+  result.processDefer = false
   # restart the timer for the second pass:
   result.abstractTime = AbstractTime 0
   traverse(result, n)
+  result.processDefer = true
+  for i in countdown(len(result.defers)-1, 0):
+    traverse(result, result.defers[i])
+  result.processDefer = false
 
 proc dangerousMutation(g: MutationInfo; v: VarIndex): bool =
   #echo "range ", v.aliveStart, " .. ", v.aliveEnd, " ", v.sym
-  if isMutated in g.flags:
+  if {isMutated, isMutatedByVarParam} * g.flags != {}:
     for m in g.mutations:
       #echo "mutation ", m
       if m in v.aliveStart..v.aliveEnd:
@@ -915,10 +1007,13 @@ proc computeCursors*(s: PSym; n: PNode; g: ModuleGraph) =
     if v.flags * {ownsData, preventCursor, isConditionallyReassigned} == {} and
         v.sym.kind notin {skParam, skResult} and
         v.sym.flags * {sfThread, sfGlobal} == {} and hasDestructor(v.sym.typ) and
-        v.sym.typ.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias}).kind != tyOwned:
+        v.sym.typ.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias}).kind != tyOwned and
+        (getAttachedOp(g, v.sym.typ, attachedAsgn) == nil or
+        sfError notin getAttachedOp(g, v.sym.typ, attachedAsgn).flags):
       let rid = root(par, i)
       if par.s[rid].con.kind == isRootOf and dangerousMutation(par.graphs[par.s[rid].con.graphIndex], par.s[i]):
         discard "cannot cursor into a graph that is mutated"
       else:
         v.sym.flags.incl sfCursor
-        #echo "this is now a cursor ", v.sym, " ", par.s[rid].flags, " ", config $ v.sym.info
+        when false:
+          echo "this is now a cursor ", v.sym, " ", par.s[rid].flags, " ", g.config $ v.sym.info
diff --git a/compiler/vm.nim b/compiler/vm.nim
index c2ff798a7..161b025a6 100644
--- a/compiler/vm.nim
+++ b/compiler/vm.nim
@@ -10,14 +10,17 @@
 ## This file implements the new evaluation engine for Nim code.
 ## An instruction is 1-3 int32s in memory, it is a register based VM.
 
-import ast except getstr
-
+import semmacrosanity
 import
-  strutils, msgs, vmdef, vmgen, nimsets, types, passes,
-  parser, vmdeps, idents, trees, renderer, options, transf, parseutils,
-  vmmarshal, gorgeimpl, lineinfos, tables, btrees, macrocacheimpl,
+  std/[strutils, tables, parseutils],
+  msgs, vmdef, vmgen, nimsets, types,
+  parser, vmdeps, idents, trees, renderer, options, transf,
+  gorgeimpl, lineinfos, btrees, macrocacheimpl,
   modulegraphs, sighashes, int128, vmprofiler
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/formatfloat
+import ast except getstr
 from semfold import leValueConv, ordinalValToString
 from evaltempl import evalTemplate
 from magicsys import getSysType
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ proc stackTraceAux(c: PCtx; x: PStackFrame; pc: int; recursionLimit=100) =
       while x != nil:
         inc calls
         x = x.next
-      msgWriteln(c.config, $calls & " calls omitted\n")
+      msgWriteln(c.config, $calls & " calls omitted\n", {msgNoUnitSep})
       return
     stackTraceAux(c, x.next, x.comesFrom, recursionLimit-1)
     var info = c.debug[pc]
@@ -59,20 +62,23 @@ proc stackTraceAux(c: PCtx; x: PStackFrame; pc: int; recursionLimit=100) =
     if x.prc != nil:
       for k in 1..max(1, 25-s.len): s.add(' ')
       s.add(x.prc.name.s)
-    msgWriteln(c.config, s)
+    msgWriteln(c.config, s, {msgNoUnitSep})
 
 proc stackTraceImpl(c: PCtx, tos: PStackFrame, pc: int,
   msg: string, lineInfo: TLineInfo, infoOrigin: InstantiationInfo) {.noinline.} =
   # noinline to avoid code bloat
-  msgWriteln(c.config, "stack trace: (most recent call last)")
+  msgWriteln(c.config, "stack trace: (most recent call last)", {msgNoUnitSep})
   stackTraceAux(c, tos, pc)
   let action = if c.mode == emRepl: doRaise else: doNothing
     # XXX test if we want 'globalError' for every mode
   let lineInfo = if lineInfo == TLineInfo.default: c.debug[pc] else: lineInfo
   liMessage(c.config, lineInfo, errGenerated, msg, action, infoOrigin)
 
+when not defined(nimHasCallsitePragma):
+  {.pragma: callsite.}
+
 template stackTrace(c: PCtx, tos: PStackFrame, pc: int,
-                    msg: string, lineInfo: TLineInfo = TLineInfo.default) =
+                    msg: string, lineInfo: TLineInfo = TLineInfo.default) {.callsite.} =
   stackTraceImpl(c, tos, pc, msg, lineInfo, instantiationInfo(-2, fullPaths = true))
   return
 
@@ -84,9 +90,9 @@ proc bailOut(c: PCtx; tos: PStackFrame) =
 when not defined(nimComputedGoto):
   {.pragma: computedGoto.}
 
-proc ensureKind(n: var TFullReg, kind: TRegisterKind) =
-  if n.kind != kind:
-    n = TFullReg(kind: kind)
+proc ensureKind(n: var TFullReg, k: TRegisterKind) {.inline.} =
+  if n.kind != k:
+    n = TFullReg(kind: k)
 
 template ensureKind(k: untyped) {.dirty.} =
   ensureKind(regs[ra], k)
@@ -113,18 +119,22 @@ template decodeBx(k: untyped) {.dirty.} =
   let rbx = instr.regBx - wordExcess
   ensureKind(k)
 
-template move(a, b: untyped) {.dirty.} = system.shallowCopy(a, b)
-# XXX fix minor 'shallowCopy' overloading bug in compiler
+template move(a, b: untyped) {.dirty.} =
+  when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc) or defined(gcAtomicArc):
+    a = move b
+  else:
+    system.shallowCopy(a, b)
+    # XXX fix minor 'shallowCopy' overloading bug in compiler
 
 proc derefPtrToReg(address: BiggestInt, typ: PType, r: var TFullReg, isAssign: bool): bool =
   # nim bug: `isAssign: static bool` doesn't work, giving odd compiler error
-  template fun(field, T, rkind) =
+  template fun(field, typ, rkind) =
     if isAssign:
-      cast[ptr T](address)[] = T(r.field)
+      cast[ptr typ](address)[] = typ(r.field)
     else:
       r.ensureKind(rkind)
-      let val = cast[ptr T](address)[]
-      when T is SomeInteger | char:
+      let val = cast[ptr typ](address)[]
+      when typ is SomeInteger | char:
         r.field = BiggestInt(val)
       else:
         r.field = val
@@ -371,6 +381,7 @@ proc cleanUpOnReturn(c: PCtx; f: PStackFrame): int =
       return pc + 1
 
 proc opConv(c: PCtx; dest: var TFullReg, src: TFullReg, desttyp, srctyp: PType): bool =
+  result = false
   if desttyp.kind == tyString:
     dest.ensureKind(rkNode)
     dest.node = newNode(nkStrLit)
@@ -399,7 +410,7 @@ proc opConv(c: PCtx; dest: var TFullReg, src: TFullReg, desttyp, srctyp: PType):
       dest.node.strVal = $src.floatVal
     of tyString:
       dest.node.strVal = src.node.strVal
-    of tyCString:
+    of tyCstring:
       if src.node.kind == nkBracket:
         # Array of chars
         var strVal = ""
@@ -415,7 +426,8 @@ proc opConv(c: PCtx; dest: var TFullReg, src: TFullReg, desttyp, srctyp: PType):
     else:
       internalError(c.config, "cannot convert to string " & desttyp.typeToString)
   else:
-    case skipTypes(desttyp, abstractVarRange).kind
+    let desttyp = skipTypes(desttyp, abstractVarRange)
+    case desttyp.kind
     of tyInt..tyInt64:
       dest.ensureKind(rkInt)
       case skipTypes(srctyp, abstractRange).kind
@@ -432,10 +444,16 @@ proc opConv(c: PCtx; dest: var TFullReg, src: TFullReg, desttyp, srctyp: PType):
       of tyFloat..tyFloat64:
         dest.intVal = int(src.floatVal)
       else:
-        let srcDist = (sizeof(src.intVal) - styp.size) * 8
-        let destDist = (sizeof(dest.intVal) - desttyp.size) * 8
+        let destSize = getSize(c.config, desttyp)
+        let destDist = (sizeof(dest.intVal) - destSize) * 8
         var value = cast[BiggestUInt](src.intVal)
-        value = (value shl srcDist) shr srcDist
+        when false:
+          # this would make uint64(-5'i8) evaluate to 251
+          # but at runtime, uint64(-5'i8) is 18446744073709551611
+          # so don't do it
+          let srcSize = getSize(c.config, styp)
+          let srcDist = (sizeof(src.intVal) - srcSize) * 8
+          value = (value shl srcDist) shr srcDist
         value = (value shl destDist) shr destDist
         dest.intVal = cast[BiggestInt](value)
     of tyBool:
@@ -446,9 +464,12 @@ proc opConv(c: PCtx; dest: var TFullReg, src: TFullReg, desttyp, srctyp: PType):
           else: int(src.intVal != 0)
     of tyFloat..tyFloat64:
       dest.ensureKind(rkFloat)
-      case skipTypes(srctyp, abstractRange).kind
+      let srcKind = skipTypes(srctyp, abstractRange).kind
+      case srcKind
       of tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64, tyEnum, tyBool, tyChar:
         dest.floatVal = toBiggestFloat(src.intVal)
+      elif src.kind == rkInt:
+        dest.floatVal = toBiggestFloat(src.intVal)
       else:
         dest.floatVal = src.floatVal
     of tyObject:
@@ -469,7 +490,7 @@ template handleJmpBack() {.dirty.} =
     if allowInfiniteLoops in c.features:
       c.loopIterations = c.config.maxLoopIterationsVM
     else:
-      msgWriteln(c.config, "stack trace: (most recent call last)")
+      msgWriteln(c.config, "stack trace: (most recent call last)", {msgNoUnitSep})
       stackTraceAux(c, tos, pc)
       globalError(c.config, c.debug[pc], errTooManyIterations % $c.config.maxLoopIterationsVM)
   dec(c.loopIterations)
@@ -486,7 +507,7 @@ proc setLenSeq(c: PCtx; node: PNode; newLen: int; info: TLineInfo) =
   setLen(node.sons, newLen)
   if oldLen < newLen:
     for i in oldLen..<newLen:
-      node[i] = getNullValue(typ[0], info, c.config)
+      node[i] = getNullValue(c, typ.elementType, info, c.config)
 
 const
   errNilAccess = "attempt to access a nil address"
@@ -506,7 +527,7 @@ template maybeHandlePtr(node2: PNode, reg: TFullReg, isAssign2: bool): bool =
   if nfIsPtr in node.flags or (typ != nil and typ.kind == tyPtr):
     assert node.kind == nkIntLit, $(node.kind)
     assert typ != nil
-    let typ2 = if typ.kind == tyPtr: typ[0] else: typ
+    let typ2 = if typ.kind == tyPtr: typ.elementType else: typ
     if not derefPtrToReg(node.intVal, typ2, reg, isAssign = isAssign2):
       # tyObject not supported in this context
       stackTrace(c, tos, pc, "deref unsupported ptr type: " & $(typeToString(typ), typ.kind))
@@ -514,16 +535,27 @@ template maybeHandlePtr(node2: PNode, reg: TFullReg, isAssign2: bool): bool =
   else:
     false
 
-when not defined(nimHasSinkInference):
-  {.pragma: nosinks.}
+template takeAddress(reg, source) =
+  reg.nodeAddr = addr source
+  GC_ref source
+
+proc takeCharAddress(c: PCtx, src: PNode, index: BiggestInt, pc: int): TFullReg =
+  let typ = newType(tyPtr, c.idgen, c.module.owner)
+  typ.add getSysType(c.graph, c.debug[pc], tyChar)
+  var node = newNodeIT(nkIntLit, c.debug[pc], typ) # xxx nkPtrLit
+  node.intVal = cast[int](src.strVal[index].addr)
+  node.flags.incl nfIsPtr
+  TFullReg(kind: rkNode, node: node)
+
 
 proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
+  result = TFullReg(kind: rkNone)
   var pc = start
   var tos = tos
   # Used to keep track of where the execution is resumed.
   var savedPC = -1
-  var savedFrame: PStackFrame
-  when defined(gcArc):
+  var savedFrame: PStackFrame = nil
+  when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc) or defined(gcAtomicArc):
     template updateRegsAlias = discard
     template regs: untyped = tos.slots
   else:
@@ -546,9 +578,12 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
         "pc", $pc, "opcode", alignLeft($c.code[pc].opcode, 15),
         "ra", regDescr("ra", ra), "rb", regDescr("rb", instr.regB),
         "rc", regDescr("rc", instr.regC)]
-
+    if c.config.isVmTrace:
+      # unlike nimVMDebug, this doesn't require re-compiling nim and is controlled by user code
+      let info = c.debug[pc]
+      # other useful variables: c.loopIterations
+      echo "$# [$#] $#" % [c.config$info, $instr.opcode, c.config.sourceLine(info)]
     c.profiler.enter(c, tos)
-
     case instr.opcode
     of opcEof: return regs[ra]
     of opcRet:
@@ -574,7 +609,10 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
     of opcYldVal: assert false
     of opcAsgnInt:
       decodeB(rkInt)
-      regs[ra].intVal = regs[rb].intVal
+      if regs[rb].kind == rkInt:
+        regs[ra].intVal = regs[rb].intVal
+      else:
+        stackTrace(c, tos, pc, "opcAsgnInt: got " & $regs[rb].kind)
     of opcAsgnFloat:
       decodeB(rkFloat)
       regs[ra].floatVal = regs[rb].floatVal
@@ -604,6 +642,10 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
           regs[ra].intVal = cast[int](regs[rb].node.intVal)
         of rkNodeAddr:
           regs[ra].intVal = cast[int](regs[rb].nodeAddr)
+        of rkRegisterAddr:
+          regs[ra].intVal = cast[int](regs[rb].regAddr)
+        of rkInt:
+          regs[ra].intVal = regs[rb].intVal
         else:
           stackTrace(c, tos, pc, "opcCastPtrToInt: got " & $regs[rb].kind)
       of 2: # tyRef
@@ -630,23 +672,68 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
     of opcNodeToReg:
       let ra = instr.regA
       let rb = instr.regB
-      # opcDeref might already have loaded it into a register. XXX Let's hope
+      # opcLdDeref might already have loaded it into a register. XXX Let's hope
       # this is still correct this way:
       if regs[rb].kind != rkNode:
         regs[ra] = regs[rb]
       else:
         assert regs[rb].kind == rkNode
         let nb = regs[rb].node
-        case nb.kind
-        of nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit:
-          ensureKind(rkInt)
-          regs[ra].intVal = nb.intVal
-        of nkFloatLit..nkFloat64Lit:
-          ensureKind(rkFloat)
-          regs[ra].floatVal = nb.floatVal
+        if nb == nil:
+          stackTrace(c, tos, pc, errNilAccess)
         else:
-          ensureKind(rkNode)
-          regs[ra].node = nb
+          case nb.kind
+          of nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit:
+            ensureKind(rkInt)
+            regs[ra].intVal = nb.intVal
+          of nkFloatLit..nkFloat64Lit:
+            ensureKind(rkFloat)
+            regs[ra].floatVal = nb.floatVal
+          else:
+            ensureKind(rkNode)
+            regs[ra].node = nb
+    of opcSlice:
+      # A bodge, but this takes in `toOpenArray(rb, rc, rc)` and emits
+      # nkTupleConstr(x, y, z) into the `regs[ra]`. These can later be used for calculating the slice we have taken.
+      decodeBC(rkNode)
+      let
+        collection = regs[ra].node
+        leftInd = regs[rb].intVal
+        rightInd = regs[rc].intVal
+
+      proc rangeCheck(left, right: BiggestInt, safeLen: BiggestInt) =
+        if left < 0:
+          stackTrace(c, tos, pc, formatErrorIndexBound(left, safeLen))
+
+        if right > safeLen:
+          stackTrace(c, tos, pc, formatErrorIndexBound(right, safeLen))
+
+      case collection.kind
+      of nkTupleConstr: # slice of a slice
+        let safeLen = collection[2].intVal - collection[1].intVal
+        rangeCheck(leftInd, rightInd, safeLen)
+        let
+          leftInd = leftInd + collection[1].intVal # Slice is from the start of the old
+          rightInd = rightInd + collection[1].intVal
+
+        regs[ra].node = newTree(
+          nkTupleConstr,
+          collection[0],
+          newIntNode(nkIntLit, BiggestInt leftInd),
+          newIntNode(nkIntLit, BiggestInt rightInd)
+        )
+
+      else:
+        let safeLen = safeArrLen(collection) - 1
+        rangeCheck(leftInd, rightInd, safeLen)
+        regs[ra].node = newTree(
+          nkTupleConstr,
+          collection,
+          newIntNode(nkIntLit, BiggestInt leftInd),
+          newIntNode(nkIntLit, BiggestInt rightInd)
+        )
+
+
     of opcLdArr:
       # a = b[c]
       decodeBC(rkNode)
@@ -654,7 +741,24 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
         stackTrace(c, tos, pc, formatErrorIndexBound(regs[rc].intVal, high(int)))
       let idx = regs[rc].intVal.int
       let src = regs[rb].node
-      if src.kind in {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit}:
+      case src.kind
+      of nkTupleConstr: # refer to `of opcSlice`
+        let
+          left = src[1].intVal
+          right = src[2].intVal
+          realIndex = left + idx
+        if idx in 0..(right - left):
+          case src[0].kind
+          of nkStrKinds:
+            regs[ra].node =  newIntNode(nkCharLit, ord src[0].strVal[int realIndex])
+          of nkBracket:
+            regs[ra].node = src[0][int realIndex]
+          else:
+            stackTrace(c, tos, pc, "opcLdArr internal error")
+        else:
+          stackTrace(c, tos, pc, formatErrorIndexBound(idx, int right))
+
+      of nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit:
         if idx <% src.strVal.len:
           regs[ra].node = newNodeI(nkCharLit, c.debug[pc])
           regs[ra].node.intVal = src.strVal[idx].ord
@@ -671,14 +775,33 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
         stackTrace(c, tos, pc, formatErrorIndexBound(regs[rc].intVal, high(int)))
       let idx = regs[rc].intVal.int
       let src = if regs[rb].kind == rkNode: regs[rb].node else: regs[rb].nodeAddr[]
-      if src.kind notin {nkEmpty..nkTripleStrLit} and idx <% src.len:
-        regs[ra].nodeAddr = addr src.sons[idx]
+      case src.kind
+      of nkTupleConstr:
+        let
+          left = src[1].intVal
+          right = src[2].intVal
+          realIndex = left + idx
+        if idx in 0..(right - left): # Refer to `opcSlice`
+          case src[0].kind
+          of nkStrKinds:
+            regs[ra] = takeCharAddress(c, src[0], realIndex, pc)
+          of nkBracket:
+            takeAddress regs[ra], src.sons[0].sons[realIndex]
+          else:
+            stackTrace(c, tos, pc, "opcLdArrAddr internal error")
+        else:
+          stackTrace(c, tos, pc, formatErrorIndexBound(idx, int right))
       else:
-        stackTrace(c, tos, pc, formatErrorIndexBound(idx, src.safeLen-1))
+        if src.kind notin {nkEmpty..nkTripleStrLit} and idx <% src.len:
+          takeAddress regs[ra], src.sons[idx]
+        elif src.kind in nkStrKinds and idx <% src.strVal.len:
+          regs[ra] = takeCharAddress(c, src, idx, pc)
+        else:
+          stackTrace(c, tos, pc, formatErrorIndexBound(idx, src.safeLen-1))
     of opcLdStrIdx:
       decodeBC(rkInt)
       let idx = regs[rc].intVal.int
-      let s = regs[rb].node.strVal
+      let s {.cursor.} = regs[rb].node.strVal
       if idx <% s.len:
         regs[ra].intVal = s[idx].ord
       else:
@@ -691,21 +814,37 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
       let idx = regs[rc].intVal.int
       let s = regs[rb].node.strVal.addr # or `byaddr`
       if idx <% s[].len:
-         # `makePtrType` not accessible from vm.nim
-        let typ = newType(tyPtr, nextTypeId c.idgen, c.module.owner)
-        typ.add getSysType(c.graph, c.debug[pc], tyChar)
-        let node = newNodeIT(nkIntLit, c.debug[pc], typ) # xxx nkPtrLit
-        node.intVal = cast[int](s[][idx].addr)
-        node.flags.incl nfIsPtr
-        regs[ra].node = node
+        regs[ra] = takeCharAddress(c, regs[rb].node, idx, pc)
       else:
         stackTrace(c, tos, pc, formatErrorIndexBound(idx, s[].len-1))
     of opcWrArr:
       # a[b] = c
       decodeBC(rkNode)
       let idx = regs[rb].intVal.int
+      assert regs[ra].kind == rkNode
       let arr = regs[ra].node
-      if arr.kind in {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit}:
+      case arr.kind
+      of nkTupleConstr: # refer to `opcSlice`
+        let
+          src = arr[0]
+          left = arr[1].intVal
+          right = arr[2].intVal
+          realIndex = left + idx
+        if idx in 0..(right - left):
+          case src.kind
+          of nkStrKinds:
+            src.strVal[int(realIndex)] = char(regs[rc].intVal)
+          of nkBracket:
+            if regs[rc].kind == rkInt:
+              src[int(realIndex)] = newIntNode(nkIntLit, regs[rc].intVal)
+            else:
+              assert regs[rc].kind == rkNode
+              src[int(realIndex)] = regs[rc].node
+          else:
+            stackTrace(c, tos, pc, "opcWrArr internal error")
+        else:
+          stackTrace(c, tos, pc, formatErrorIndexBound(idx, int right))
+      of {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit}:
         if idx <% arr.strVal.len:
           arr.strVal[idx] = chr(regs[rc].intVal)
         else:
@@ -717,19 +856,30 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
     of opcLdObj:
       # a = b.c
       decodeBC(rkNode)
-      let src = if regs[rb].kind == rkNode: regs[rb].node else: regs[rb].nodeAddr[]
-      case src.kind
-      of nkEmpty..nkNilLit:
-        # for nkPtrLit, this could be supported in the future, use something like:
-        # derefPtrToReg(src.intVal + offsetof(src.typ, rc), typ_field, regs[ra], isAssign = false)
-        # where we compute the offset in bytes for field rc
-        stackTrace(c, tos, pc, errNilAccess & " " & $("kind", src.kind, "typ", typeToString(src.typ), "rc", rc))
-      of nkObjConstr:
-        let n = src[rc + 1].skipColon
-        regs[ra].node = n
+      if rb >= regs.len or regs[rb].kind == rkNone or 
+        (regs[rb].kind == rkNode and regs[rb].node == nil) or
+        (regs[rb].kind == rkNodeAddr and regs[rb].nodeAddr[] == nil): 
+        stackTrace(c, tos, pc, errNilAccess)
       else:
-        let n = src[rc]
-        regs[ra].node = n
+        let src = if regs[rb].kind == rkNode: regs[rb].node else: regs[rb].nodeAddr[]
+        case src.kind
+        of nkEmpty..nkNilLit:
+          # for nkPtrLit, this could be supported in the future, use something like:
+          # derefPtrToReg(src.intVal + offsetof(src.typ, rc), typ_field, regs[ra], isAssign = false)
+          # where we compute the offset in bytes for field rc
+          stackTrace(c, tos, pc, errNilAccess & " " & $("kind", src.kind, "typ", typeToString(src.typ), "rc", rc))
+        of nkObjConstr:
+          let n = src[rc + 1].skipColon
+          regs[ra].node = n
+        of nkTupleConstr:
+          let n = if src.typ != nil and tfTriggersCompileTime in src.typ.flags:
+              src[rc]
+            else:
+              src[rc].skipColon
+          regs[ra].node = n
+        else:
+          let n = src[rc]
+          regs[ra].node = n
     of opcLdObjAddr:
       # a = addr(b.c)
       decodeBC(rkNodeAddr)
@@ -740,11 +890,11 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
       of nkObjConstr:
         let n = src.sons[rc + 1]
         if n.kind == nkExprColonExpr:
-          regs[ra].nodeAddr = addr n.sons[1]
+          takeAddress regs[ra], n.sons[1]
         else:
-          regs[ra].nodeAddr = addr src.sons[rc + 1]
+          takeAddress regs[ra], src.sons[rc + 1]
       else:
-        regs[ra].nodeAddr = addr src.sons[rc]
+        takeAddress regs[ra], src.sons[rc]
     of opcWrObj:
       # a.b = c
       decodeBC(rkNode)
@@ -755,8 +905,10 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
         stackTrace(c, tos, pc, errNilAccess)
       elif dest[shiftedRb].kind == nkExprColonExpr:
         writeField(dest[shiftedRb][1], regs[rc])
+        dest[shiftedRb][1].flags.incl nfSkipFieldChecking
       else:
         writeField(dest[shiftedRb], regs[rc])
+        dest[shiftedRb].flags.incl nfSkipFieldChecking
     of opcWrStrIdx:
       decodeBC(rkNode)
       let idx = regs[rb].intVal.int
@@ -771,7 +923,7 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
       decodeB(rkNodeAddr)
       case regs[rb].kind
       of rkNode:
-        regs[ra].nodeAddr = addr(regs[rb].node)
+        takeAddress regs[ra], regs[rb].node
       of rkNodeAddr: # bug #14339
         regs[ra].nodeAddr = regs[rb].nodeAddr
       else:
@@ -807,11 +959,10 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
         # vmgen generates opcWrDeref, which means that we must dereference
         # twice.
         # TODO: This should likely be handled differently in vmgen.
-        if (nfIsRef notin regs[ra].nodeAddr[].flags and
-            nfIsRef notin n.flags):
-          regs[ra].nodeAddr[][] = n[]
-        else:
-          regs[ra].nodeAddr[] = n
+        let nAddr = regs[ra].nodeAddr
+        if nAddr[] == nil: stackTrace(c, tos, pc, "opcWrDeref internal error") # refs bug #16613
+        if (nfIsRef notin nAddr[].flags and nfIsRef notin n.flags): nAddr[][] = n[]
+        else: nAddr[] = n
       of rkRegisterAddr: regs[ra].regAddr[] = regs[rc]
       of rkNode:
          # xxx: also check for nkRefTy as in opcLdDeref?
@@ -864,14 +1015,21 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
     of opcLenSeq:
       decodeBImm(rkInt)
       #assert regs[rb].kind == nkBracket
-      let high = (imm and 1) # discard flags
+      let
+        high = (imm and 1) # discard flags
+        node = regs[rb].node
       if (imm and nimNodeFlag) != 0:
         # used by mNLen (NimNode.len)
         regs[ra].intVal = regs[rb].node.safeLen - high
       else:
-        # safeArrLen also return string node len
-        # used when string is passed as openArray in VM
-        regs[ra].intVal = regs[rb].node.safeArrLen - high
+        case node.kind
+        of nkTupleConstr: # refer to `of opcSlice`
+          regs[ra].intVal = node[2].intVal - node[1].intVal + 1 - high
+        else:
+          # safeArrLen also return string node len
+          # used when string is passed as openArray in VM
+          regs[ra].intVal = node.safeArrLen - high
+
     of opcLenStr:
       decodeBImm(rkInt)
       assert regs[rb].kind == rkNode
@@ -879,7 +1037,10 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
     of opcLenCstring:
       decodeBImm(rkInt)
       assert regs[rb].kind == rkNode
-      regs[ra].intVal = regs[rb].node.strVal.cstring.len - imm
+      if regs[rb].node.kind == nkNilLit:
+        regs[ra].intVal = -imm
+      else:
+        regs[ra].intVal = regs[rb].node.strVal.cstring.len - imm
     of opcIncl:
       decodeB(rkNode)
       let b = regs[rb].regToNode
@@ -1000,6 +1161,12 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
       decodeBC(rkInt)
       template getTyp(n): untyped =
         n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)
+      template skipRegisterAddr(n: TFullReg): TFullReg =
+        var tmp = n
+        while tmp.kind == rkRegisterAddr:
+          tmp = tmp.regAddr[]
+        tmp
+
       proc ptrEquality(n1: ptr PNode, n2: PNode): bool =
         ## true if n2.intVal represents a ptr equal to n1
         let p1 = cast[int](n1)
@@ -1013,19 +1180,22 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
           return t2.kind in PtrLikeKinds and n2.intVal == p1
         else: return false
 
-      if regs[rb].kind == rkNodeAddr:
-        if regs[rc].kind == rkNodeAddr:
-          ret = regs[rb].nodeAddr == regs[rc].nodeAddr
+      let rbReg = skipRegisterAddr(regs[rb])
+      let rcReg = skipRegisterAddr(regs[rc])
+
+      if rbReg.kind == rkNodeAddr:
+        if rcReg.kind == rkNodeAddr:
+          ret = rbReg.nodeAddr == rcReg.nodeAddr
         else:
-          ret = ptrEquality(regs[rb].nodeAddr, regs[rc].node)
-      elif regs[rc].kind == rkNodeAddr:
-        ret = ptrEquality(regs[rc].nodeAddr, regs[rb].node)
+          ret = ptrEquality(rbReg.nodeAddr, rcReg.node)
+      elif rcReg.kind == rkNodeAddr:
+        ret = ptrEquality(rcReg.nodeAddr, rbReg.node)
       else:
-        let nb = regs[rb].node
-        let nc = regs[rc].node
+        let nb = rbReg.node
+        let nc = rcReg.node
         if nb.kind != nc.kind: discard
         elif (nb == nc) or (nb.kind == nkNilLit): ret = true # intentional
-        elif (nb.kind in {nkSym, nkTupleConstr, nkClosure} and nb.typ.kind == tyProc) and sameConstant(nb, nc):
+        elif nb.kind in {nkSym, nkTupleConstr, nkClosure} and nb.typ != nil and nb.typ.kind == tyProc and sameConstant(nb, nc):
           ret = true
           # this also takes care of procvar's, represented as nkTupleConstr, e.g. (nil, nil)
         elif nb.kind == nkIntLit and nc.kind == nkIntLit and nb.intVal == nc.intVal: # TODO: nkPtrLit
@@ -1040,7 +1210,8 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
                                      strictSymEquality=true))
     of opcSameNodeType:
       decodeBC(rkInt)
-      regs[ra].intVal = ord(regs[rb].node.typ.sameTypeOrNil regs[rc].node.typ)
+      regs[ra].intVal = ord(regs[rb].node.typ.sameTypeOrNil(regs[rc].node.typ, {ExactTypeDescValues, ExactGenericParams}))
+      # The types should exactly match which is why we pass `{ExactTypeDescValues..ExactGcSafety}`.
     of opcXor:
       decodeBC(rkInt)
       regs[ra].intVal = ord(regs[rb].intVal != regs[rc].intVal)
@@ -1067,6 +1238,12 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
     of opcEqStr:
       decodeBC(rkInt)
       regs[ra].intVal = ord(regs[rb].node.strVal == regs[rc].node.strVal)
+    of opcEqCString:
+      decodeBC(rkInt)
+      let bNil = regs[rb].node.kind == nkNilLit
+      let cNil = regs[rc].node.kind == nkNilLit
+      regs[ra].intVal = ord((bNil and cNil) or
+        (not bNil and not cNil and regs[rb].node.strVal == regs[rc].node.strVal))
     of opcLeStr:
       decodeBC(rkInt)
       regs[ra].intVal = ord(regs[rb].node.strVal <= regs[rc].node.strVal)
@@ -1138,7 +1315,7 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
             let ast = a.sym.ast.shallowCopy
             for i in 0..<a.sym.ast.len:
               ast[i] = a.sym.ast[i]
-            ast[bodyPos] = transformBody(c.graph, c.idgen, a.sym, cache=true)
+            ast[bodyPos] = transformBody(c.graph, c.idgen, a.sym, {useCache, force})
             ast.copyTree()
     of opcSymOwner:
       decodeB(rkNode)
@@ -1156,13 +1333,13 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
       if a.kind == nkSym and a.sym.kind in skProcKinds and
          b.kind == nkSym and b.sym.kind in skProcKinds:
         regs[ra].intVal =
-          if sfFromGeneric in a.sym.flags and a.sym.owner == b.sym: 1
+          if sfFromGeneric in a.sym.flags and a.sym.instantiatedFrom == b.sym: 1
           else: 0
       else:
         stackTrace(c, tos, pc, "node is not a proc symbol")
     of opcEcho:
       let rb = instr.regB
-      template fn(s) = msgWriteln(c.config, s, {msgStdout})
+      template fn(s) = msgWriteln(c.config, s, {msgStdout, msgNoUnitSep})
       if rb == 1: fn(regs[ra].node.strVal)
       else:
         var outp = ""
@@ -1173,25 +1350,34 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
     of opcContainsSet:
       decodeBC(rkInt)
       regs[ra].intVal = ord(inSet(regs[rb].node, regs[rc].regToNode))
-    of opcSubStr:
-      decodeBC(rkNode)
-      inc pc
-      assert c.code[pc].opcode == opcSubStr
-      let rd = c.code[pc].regA
-      createStr regs[ra]
-      regs[ra].node.strVal = substr(regs[rb].node.strVal,
-                                    regs[rc].intVal.int, regs[rd].intVal.int)
     of opcParseFloat:
       decodeBC(rkInt)
-      inc pc
-      assert c.code[pc].opcode == opcParseFloat
-      let rd = c.code[pc].regA
       var rcAddr = addr(regs[rc])
       if rcAddr.kind == rkRegisterAddr: rcAddr = rcAddr.regAddr
       elif regs[rc].kind != rkFloat:
         regs[rc] = TFullReg(kind: rkFloat)
-      regs[ra].intVal = parseBiggestFloat(regs[rb].node.strVal,
-                                          rcAddr.floatVal, regs[rd].intVal.int)
+
+      let coll = regs[rb].node
+
+      case coll.kind
+      of nkTupleConstr:
+        let
+          data = coll[0]
+          left = coll[1].intVal
+          right = coll[2].intVal
+        case data.kind
+        of nkStrKinds:
+          regs[ra].intVal = parseBiggestFloat(data.strVal.toOpenArray(int left, int right), rcAddr.floatVal)
+        of nkBracket:
+          var s = newStringOfCap(right - left + 1)
+          for i in left..right:
+            s.add char data[int i].intVal
+          regs[ra].intVal = parseBiggestFloat(s, rcAddr.floatVal)
+        else:
+          internalError(c.config, c.debug[pc], "opcParseFloat: Incorrectly created openarray")
+      else:
+        regs[ra].intVal = parseBiggestFloat(regs[rb].node.strVal, rcAddr.floatVal)
+
     of opcRangeChck:
       let rb = instr.regB
       let rc = instr.regC
@@ -1205,14 +1391,19 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
       let rb = instr.regB
       let rc = instr.regC
       let bb = regs[rb].node
+      if bb.kind == nkNilLit:
+        stackTrace(c, tos, pc, "attempt to call nil closure")
       let isClosure = bb.kind == nkTupleConstr
+      if isClosure and bb[0].kind == nkNilLit:
+        stackTrace(c, tos, pc, "attempt to call nil closure")
       let prc = if not isClosure: bb.sym else: bb[0].sym
       if prc.offset < -1:
         # it's a callback:
-        c.callbacks[-prc.offset-2].value(
+        c.callbacks[-prc.offset-2](
           VmArgs(ra: ra, rb: rb, rc: rc, slots: cast[ptr UncheckedArray[TFullReg]](addr regs[0]),
                  currentException: c.currentExceptionA,
-                 currentLineInfo: c.debug[pc]))
+                 currentLineInfo: c.debug[pc])
+                 )
       elif importcCond(c, prc):
         if compiletimeFFI notin c.config.features:
           globalError(c.config, c.debug[pc], "VM not allowed to do FFI, see `compiletimeFFI`")
@@ -1225,8 +1416,7 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
           let prcValue = c.globals[prc.position-1]
           if prcValue.kind == nkEmpty:
             globalError(c.config, c.debug[pc], "cannot run " & prc.name.s)
-          var slots2: TNodeSeq
-          slots2.setLen(tos.slots.len)
+          var slots2: TNodeSeq = newSeq[PNode](tos.slots.len)
           for i in 0..<tos.slots.len:
             slots2[i] = regToNode(tos.slots[i])
           let newValue = callForeignFunction(c.config, prcValue, prc.typ, slots2,
@@ -1244,8 +1434,8 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
         #echo "new pc ", newPc, " calling: ", prc.name.s
         var newFrame = PStackFrame(prc: prc, comesFrom: pc, next: tos)
         newSeq(newFrame.slots, prc.offset+ord(isClosure))
-        if not isEmptyType(prc.typ[0]):
-          putIntoReg(newFrame.slots[0], getNullValue(prc.typ[0], prc.info, c.config))
+        if not isEmptyType(prc.typ.returnType):
+          putIntoReg(newFrame.slots[0], getNullValue(c, prc.typ.returnType, prc.info, c.config))
         for i in 1..rc-1:
           newFrame.slots[i] = regs[rb+i]
         if isClosure:
@@ -1265,6 +1455,9 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
         for i in 1..rc-1:
           let node = regs[rb+i].regToNode
           node.info = c.debug[pc]
+          if prc.typ[i].kind notin {tyTyped, tyUntyped}:
+            node.annotateType(prc.typ[i], c.config)
+
           macroCall.add(node)
         var a = evalTemplate(macroCall, prc, genSymOwner, c.config, c.cache, c.templInstCounter, c.idgen)
         if a.kind == nkStmtList and a.len == 1: a = a[0]
@@ -1312,7 +1505,7 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
     of opcExcept:
       # This opcode is never executed, it only holds information for the
       # exception handling routines.
-      doAssert(false)
+      raiseAssert "unreachable"
     of opcFinally:
       # Pop the last safepoint introduced by a opcTry. This opcode is only
       # executed _iff_ no exception was raised in the body of the `try`
@@ -1337,7 +1530,13 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
           regs[ra].node
       c.currentExceptionA = raised
       # Set the `name` field of the exception
-      c.currentExceptionA[2].skipColon.strVal = c.currentExceptionA.typ.sym.name.s
+      var exceptionNameNode = newStrNode(nkStrLit, c.currentExceptionA.typ.sym.name.s)
+      if c.currentExceptionA[2].kind == nkExprColonExpr:
+        exceptionNameNode.typ = c.currentExceptionA[2][1].typ
+        c.currentExceptionA[2][1] = exceptionNameNode
+      else:
+        exceptionNameNode.typ = c.currentExceptionA[2].typ
+        c.currentExceptionA[2] = exceptionNameNode
       c.exceptionInstr = pc
 
       var frame = tos
@@ -1346,7 +1545,7 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
         frame = frame.next
         jumpTo = findExceptionHandler(c, frame, raised)
 
-      case jumpTo.why:
+      case jumpTo.why
       of ExceptionGotoHandler:
         # Jump to the handler, do nothing when the `finally` block ends.
         savedPC = -1
@@ -1369,7 +1568,7 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
     of opcNew:
       ensureKind(rkNode)
       let typ = c.types[instr.regBx - wordExcess]
-      regs[ra].node = getNullValue(typ, c.debug[pc], c.config)
+      regs[ra].node = getNullValue(c, typ, c.debug[pc], c.config)
       regs[ra].node.flags.incl nfIsRef
     of opcNewSeq:
       let typ = c.types[instr.regBx - wordExcess]
@@ -1381,7 +1580,7 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
       regs[ra].node.typ = typ
       newSeq(regs[ra].node.sons, count)
       for i in 0..<count:
-        regs[ra].node[i] = getNullValue(typ[0], c.debug[pc], c.config)
+        regs[ra].node[i] = getNullValue(c, typ.elementType, c.debug[pc], c.config)
     of opcNewStr:
       decodeB(rkNode)
       regs[ra].node = newNodeI(nkStrLit, c.debug[pc])
@@ -1393,7 +1592,7 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
     of opcLdNull:
       ensureKind(rkNode)
       let typ = c.types[instr.regBx - wordExcess]
-      regs[ra].node = getNullValue(typ, c.debug[pc], c.config)
+      regs[ra].node = getNullValue(c, typ, c.debug[pc], c.config)
       # opcLdNull really is the gist of the VM's problems: should it load
       # a fresh null to  regs[ra].node  or to regs[ra].node[]? This really
       # depends on whether regs[ra] represents the variable itself or whether
@@ -1443,7 +1642,7 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
         node2.flags.incl nfIsPtr
         regs[ra].node = node2
       elif not derefPtrToReg(node.intVal, typ, regs[ra], isAssign = false):
-        stackTrace(c, tos, pc, "opcLdDeref unsupported type: " & $(typeToString(typ), typ[0].kind))
+        stackTrace(c, tos, pc, "opcLdDeref unsupported type: " & $(typeToString(typ), typ.elementType.kind))
     of opcLdGlobalAddrDerefFFI:
       let rb = instr.regBx - wordExcess - 1
       let node = c.globals[rb]
@@ -1460,7 +1659,7 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
     of opcRepr:
       decodeB(rkNode)
       createStr regs[ra]
-      regs[ra].node.strVal = renderTree(regs[rb].regToNode, {renderNoComments, renderDocComments})
+      regs[ra].node.strVal = renderTree(regs[rb].regToNode, {renderNoComments, renderDocComments, renderNonExportedFields})
     of opcQuit:
       if c.mode in {emRepl, emStaticExpr, emStaticStmt}:
         message(c.config, c.debug[pc], hintQuitCalled)
@@ -1468,7 +1667,10 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
       else:
         return TFullReg(kind: rkNone)
     of opcInvalidField:
-      stackTrace(c, tos, pc, errFieldXNotFound & regs[ra].node.strVal)
+      let msg = regs[ra].node.strVal
+      let disc = regs[instr.regB].regToNode
+      let msg2 = formatFieldDefect(msg, $disc)
+      stackTrace(c, tos, pc, msg2)
     of opcSetLenStr:
       decodeB(rkNode)
       #createStrKeepNode regs[ra]
@@ -1512,8 +1714,8 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
         # reference with the value `nil`, so `isNil` should be false!
         (node.kind == nkNilLit and nfIsRef notin node.flags) or
         (not node.typ.isNil and node.typ.kind == tyProc and
-          node.typ.callConv == ccClosure and node[0].kind == nkNilLit and
-          node[1].kind == nkNilLit))
+          node.typ.callConv == ccClosure and node.safeLen > 0 and
+          node[0].kind == nkNilLit and node[1].kind == nkNilLit))
     of opcNBindSym:
       # cannot use this simple check
       # if dynamicBindSym notin c.config.features:
@@ -1528,7 +1730,7 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
         rb = instr.regB
         rc = instr.regC
         idx = int(regs[rb+rc-1].intVal)
-        callback = c.callbacks[idx].value
+        callback = c.callbacks[idx]
         args = VmArgs(ra: ra, rb: rb, rc: rc, slots: cast[ptr UncheckedArray[TFullReg]](addr regs[0]),
                 currentException: c.currentExceptionA,
                 currentLineInfo: c.debug[pc])
@@ -1706,7 +1908,7 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
       if regs[rb].node.kind != nkSym:
         stackTrace(c, tos, pc, "node is not a symbol")
       else:
-        regs[ra].node.strVal = $sigHash(regs[rb].node.sym)
+        regs[ra].node.strVal = $sigHash(regs[rb].node.sym, c.config)
     of opcSlurp:
       decodeB(rkNode)
       createStr regs[ra]
@@ -1740,14 +1942,15 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
       elif instr.opcode == opcNHint:
         message(c.config, info, hintUser, a.strVal)
     of opcParseExprToAst:
-      decodeB(rkNode)
-      # c.debug[pc].line.int - countLines(regs[rb].strVal) ?
-      var error: string
+      decodeBC(rkNode)
+      var error: string = ""
       let ast = parseString(regs[rb].node.strVal, c.cache, c.config,
-                            toFullPath(c.config, c.debug[pc]), c.debug[pc].line.int,
-                            proc (conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo; msg: TMsgKind; arg: string) {.nosinks.} =
+                            regs[rc].node.strVal, 0,
+                            proc (conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo; msg: TMsgKind; arg: string) =
                               if error.len == 0 and msg <= errMax:
                                 error = formatMsg(conf, info, msg, arg))
+
+      regs[ra].node = newNode(nkEmpty)
       if error.len > 0:
         c.errorFlag = error
       elif ast.len != 1:
@@ -1756,15 +1959,16 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
       else:
         regs[ra].node = ast[0]
     of opcParseStmtToAst:
-      decodeB(rkNode)
-      var error: string
+      decodeBC(rkNode)
+      var error: string = ""
       let ast = parseString(regs[rb].node.strVal, c.cache, c.config,
-                            toFullPath(c.config, c.debug[pc]), c.debug[pc].line.int,
-                            proc (conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo; msg: TMsgKind; arg: string) {.nosinks.} =
+                            regs[rc].node.strVal, 0,
+                            proc (conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo; msg: TMsgKind; arg: string) =
                               if error.len == 0 and msg <= errMax:
                                 error = formatMsg(conf, info, msg, arg))
       if error.len > 0:
         c.errorFlag = error
+        regs[ra].node = newNode(nkEmpty)
       else:
         regs[ra].node = ast
     of opcQueryErrorFlag:
@@ -1784,14 +1988,24 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
       of 1: # getLine
         regs[ra].node = newIntNode(nkIntLit, n.info.line.int)
       of 2: # getColumn
-        regs[ra].node = newIntNode(nkIntLit, n.info.col)
+        regs[ra].node = newIntNode(nkIntLit, n.info.col.int)
       else:
         internalAssert c.config, false
       regs[ra].node.info = n.info
       regs[ra].node.typ = n.typ
-    of opcNSetLineInfo:
+    of opcNCopyLineInfo:
       decodeB(rkNode)
       regs[ra].node.info = regs[rb].node.info
+    of opcNSetLineInfoLine:
+      decodeB(rkNode)
+      regs[ra].node.info.line = regs[rb].intVal.uint16
+    of opcNSetLineInfoColumn:
+      decodeB(rkNode)
+      regs[ra].node.info.col = regs[rb].intVal.int16
+    of opcNSetLineInfoFile:
+      decodeB(rkNode)
+      regs[ra].node.info.fileIndex =
+        fileInfoIdx(c.config, RelativeFile regs[rb].node.strVal)
     of opcEqIdent:
       decodeBC(rkInt)
       # aliases for shorter and easier to understand code below
@@ -1916,12 +2130,6 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
         dest.ident = regs[rb].node.ident
       else:
         stackTrace(c, tos, pc, errFieldXNotFound & "ident")
-    of opcNSetType:
-      decodeB(rkNode)
-      let b = regs[rb].node
-      internalAssert c.config, b.kind == nkSym and b.sym.kind == skType
-      internalAssert c.config, regs[ra].node != nil
-      regs[ra].node.typ = b.sym.typ
     of opcNSetStrVal:
       decodeB(rkNode)
       var dest = regs[ra].node
@@ -1971,18 +2179,18 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
                  else: regs[rc].node.strVal
       if k < 0 or k > ord(high(TSymKind)):
         internalError(c.config, c.debug[pc], "request to create symbol of invalid kind")
-      var sym = newSym(k.TSymKind, getIdent(c.cache, name), nextSymId c.idgen, c.module.owner, c.debug[pc])
+      var sym = newSym(k.TSymKind, getIdent(c.cache, name), c.idgen, c.module.owner, c.debug[pc])
       incl(sym.flags, sfGenSym)
       regs[ra].node = newSymNode(sym)
       regs[ra].node.flags.incl nfIsRef
     of opcNccValue:
       decodeB(rkInt)
-      let destKey = regs[rb].node.strVal
+      let destKey {.cursor.} = regs[rb].node.strVal
       regs[ra].intVal = getOrDefault(c.graph.cacheCounters, destKey)
     of opcNccInc:
       let g = c.graph
       declBC()
-      let destKey = regs[rb].node.strVal
+      let destKey {.cursor.} = regs[rb].node.strVal
       let by = regs[rc].intVal
       let v = getOrDefault(g.cacheCounters, destKey)
       g.cacheCounters[destKey] = v+by
@@ -1990,7 +2198,7 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
     of opcNcsAdd:
       let g = c.graph
       declBC()
-      let destKey = regs[rb].node.strVal
+      let destKey {.cursor.} = regs[rb].node.strVal
       let val = regs[rc].node
       if not contains(g.cacheSeqs, destKey):
         g.cacheSeqs[destKey] = newTree(nkStmtList, val)
@@ -2000,7 +2208,7 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
     of opcNcsIncl:
       let g = c.graph
       declBC()
-      let destKey = regs[rb].node.strVal
+      let destKey {.cursor.} = regs[rb].node.strVal
       let val = regs[rc].node
       if not contains(g.cacheSeqs, destKey):
         g.cacheSeqs[destKey] = newTree(nkStmtList, val)
@@ -2014,22 +2222,22 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
     of opcNcsLen:
       let g = c.graph
       decodeB(rkInt)
-      let destKey = regs[rb].node.strVal
+      let destKey {.cursor.} = regs[rb].node.strVal
       regs[ra].intVal =
         if contains(g.cacheSeqs, destKey): g.cacheSeqs[destKey].len else: 0
     of opcNcsAt:
       let g = c.graph
       decodeBC(rkNode)
       let idx = regs[rc].intVal
-      let destKey = regs[rb].node.strVal
+      let destKey {.cursor.} = regs[rb].node.strVal
       if contains(g.cacheSeqs, destKey) and idx <% g.cacheSeqs[destKey].len:
         regs[ra].node = g.cacheSeqs[destKey][idx.int]
       else:
         stackTrace(c, tos, pc, formatErrorIndexBound(idx, g.cacheSeqs[destKey].len-1))
     of opcNctPut:
       let g = c.graph
-      let destKey = regs[ra].node.strVal
-      let key = regs[instr.regB].node.strVal
+      let destKey {.cursor.} = regs[ra].node.strVal
+      let key {.cursor.} = regs[instr.regB].node.strVal
       let val = regs[instr.regC].node
       if not contains(g.cacheTables, destKey):
         g.cacheTables[destKey] = initBTree[string, PNode]()
@@ -2041,14 +2249,14 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
     of opcNctLen:
       let g = c.graph
       decodeB(rkInt)
-      let destKey = regs[rb].node.strVal
+      let destKey {.cursor.} = regs[rb].node.strVal
       regs[ra].intVal =
         if contains(g.cacheTables, destKey): g.cacheTables[destKey].len else: 0
     of opcNctGet:
       let g = c.graph
       decodeBC(rkNode)
-      let destKey = regs[rb].node.strVal
-      let key = regs[rc].node.strVal
+      let destKey {.cursor.} = regs[rb].node.strVal
+      let key {.cursor.} = regs[rc].node.strVal
       if contains(g.cacheTables, destKey):
         if contains(g.cacheTables[destKey], key):
           regs[ra].node = getOrDefault(g.cacheTables[destKey], key)
@@ -2059,7 +2267,7 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
     of opcNctHasNext:
       let g = c.graph
       decodeBC(rkInt)
-      let destKey = regs[rb].node.strVal
+      let destKey {.cursor.} = regs[rb].node.strVal
       regs[ra].intVal =
         if g.cacheTables.contains(destKey):
           ord(btrees.hasNext(g.cacheTables[destKey], regs[rc].intVal.int))
@@ -2068,7 +2276,7 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
     of opcNctNext:
       let g = c.graph
       decodeBC(rkNode)
-      let destKey = regs[rb].node.strVal
+      let destKey {.cursor.} = regs[rb].node.strVal
       let index = regs[rc].intVal
       if contains(g.cacheTables, destKey):
         let (k, v, nextIndex) = btrees.next(g.cacheTables[destKey], index.int)
@@ -2083,21 +2291,9 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
       decodeB(rkNode)
       var typ = regs[rb].node.typ
       internalAssert c.config, typ != nil
-      while typ.kind == tyTypeDesc and typ.len > 0: typ = typ[0]
+      while typ.kind == tyTypeDesc and typ.hasElementType: typ = typ.skipModifier
       createStr regs[ra]
       regs[ra].node.strVal = typ.typeToString(preferExported)
-    of opcMarshalLoad:
-      let ra = instr.regA
-      let rb = instr.regB
-      inc pc
-      let typ = c.types[c.code[pc].regBx - wordExcess]
-      putIntoReg(regs[ra], loadAny(regs[rb].node.strVal, typ, c.cache, c.config, c.idgen))
-    of opcMarshalStore:
-      decodeB(rkNode)
-      inc pc
-      let typ = c.types[c.code[pc].regBx - wordExcess]
-      createStrKeepNode(regs[ra])
-      storeAny(regs[ra].node.strVal, typ, regs[rb].regToNode, c.config)
 
     c.profiler.leave(c)
 
@@ -2105,16 +2301,17 @@ proc rawExecute(c: PCtx, start: int, tos: PStackFrame): TFullReg =
 
 proc execute(c: PCtx, start: int): PNode =
   var tos = PStackFrame(prc: nil, comesFrom: 0, next: nil)
-  newSeq(tos.slots, c.prc.maxSlots)
+  newSeq(tos.slots, c.prc.regInfo.len)
   result = rawExecute(c, start, tos).regToNode
 
 proc execProc*(c: PCtx; sym: PSym; args: openArray[PNode]): PNode =
   c.loopIterations = c.config.maxLoopIterationsVM
   if sym.kind in routineKinds:
-    if sym.typ.len-1 != args.len:
+    if sym.typ.paramsLen != args.len:
+      result = nil
       localError(c.config, sym.info,
         "NimScript: expected $# arguments, but got $#" % [
-        $(sym.typ.len-1), $args.len])
+        $(sym.typ.paramsLen), $args.len])
     else:
       let start = genProc(c, sym)
 
@@ -2123,14 +2320,15 @@ proc execProc*(c: PCtx; sym: PSym; args: openArray[PNode]): PNode =
       newSeq(tos.slots, maxSlots)
 
       # setup parameters:
-      if not isEmptyType(sym.typ[0]) or sym.kind == skMacro:
-        putIntoReg(tos.slots[0], getNullValue(sym.typ[0], sym.info, c.config))
+      if not isEmptyType(sym.typ.returnType) or sym.kind == skMacro:
+        putIntoReg(tos.slots[0], getNullValue(c, sym.typ.returnType, sym.info, c.config))
       # XXX We could perform some type checking here.
-      for i in 1..<sym.typ.len:
-        putIntoReg(tos.slots[i], args[i-1])
+      for i in 0..<sym.typ.paramsLen:
+        putIntoReg(tos.slots[i+1], args[i])
 
       result = rawExecute(c, start, tos).regToNode
   else:
+    result = nil
     localError(c.config, sym.info,
       "NimScript: attempt to call non-routine: " & sym.name.s)
 
@@ -2155,6 +2353,11 @@ proc getGlobalValue*(c: PCtx; s: PSym): PNode =
   internalAssert c.config, s.kind in {skLet, skVar} and sfGlobal in s.flags
   result = c.globals[s.position-1]
 
+proc setGlobalValue*(c: PCtx; s: PSym, val: PNode) =
+  ## Does not do type checking so ensure the `val` matches the `s.typ`
+  internalAssert c.config, s.kind in {skLet, skVar} and sfGlobal in s.flags
+  c.globals[s.position-1] = val
+
 include vmops
 
 proc setupGlobalCtx*(module: PSym; graph: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator) =
@@ -2164,7 +2367,7 @@ proc setupGlobalCtx*(module: PSym; graph: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator) =
   else:
     refresh(PCtx graph.vm, module, idgen)
 
-proc myOpen(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PPassContext {.nosinks.} =
+proc setupEvalGen*(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PPassContext =
   #var c = newEvalContext(module, emRepl)
   #c.features = {allowCast, allowInfiniteLoops}
   #pushStackFrame(c, newStackFrame())
@@ -2173,7 +2376,7 @@ proc myOpen(graph: ModuleGraph; module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator): PPassContext
   setupGlobalCtx(module, graph, idgen)
   result = PCtx graph.vm
 
-proc myProcess(c: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
+proc interpreterCode*(c: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
   let c = PCtx(c)
   # don't eval errornous code:
   if c.oldErrorCount == c.config.errorCounter:
@@ -2183,14 +2386,12 @@ proc myProcess(c: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
     result = n
   c.oldErrorCount = c.config.errorCounter
 
-proc myClose(graph: ModuleGraph; c: PPassContext, n: PNode): PNode =
-  result = myProcess(c, n)
-
-const evalPass* = makePass(myOpen, myProcess, myClose)
-
 proc evalConstExprAux(module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator;
                       g: ModuleGraph; prc: PSym, n: PNode,
                       mode: TEvalMode): PNode =
+  when defined(nimsuggest):
+    if g.config.expandDone():
+      return n
   #if g.config.errorCounter > 0: return n
   let n = transformExpr(g, idgen, module, n)
   setupGlobalCtx(module, g, idgen)
@@ -2202,8 +2403,8 @@ proc evalConstExprAux(module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator;
   assert c.code[start].opcode != opcEof
   when debugEchoCode: c.echoCode start
   var tos = PStackFrame(prc: prc, comesFrom: 0, next: nil)
-  newSeq(tos.slots, c.prc.maxSlots)
-  #for i in 0..<c.prc.maxSlots: tos.slots[i] = newNode(nkEmpty)
+  newSeq(tos.slots, c.prc.regInfo.len)
+  #for i in 0..<c.prc.regInfo.len: tos.slots[i] = newNode(nkEmpty)
   result = rawExecute(c, start, tos).regToNode
   if result.info.col < 0: result.info = n.info
   c.mode = oldMode
@@ -2221,13 +2422,19 @@ proc setupCompileTimeVar*(module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph; n: P
   discard evalConstExprAux(module, idgen, g, nil, n, emStaticStmt)
 
 proc prepareVMValue(arg: PNode): PNode =
-  ## strip nkExprColonExpr from tuple values recurively. That is how
+  ## strip nkExprColonExpr from tuple values recursively. That is how
   ## they are expected to be stored in the VM.
 
   # Early abort without copy. No transformation takes place.
   if arg.kind in nkLiterals:
     return arg
 
+  if arg.kind == nkExprColonExpr and arg[0].typ != nil and
+     arg[0].typ.sym != nil and arg[0].typ.sym.magic == mPNimrodNode:
+    # Poor mans way of protecting static NimNodes
+    # XXX: Maybe we need a nkNimNode?
+    return arg
+
   result = copyNode(arg)
   if arg.kind == nkTupleConstr:
     for child in arg:
@@ -2242,11 +2449,11 @@ proc prepareVMValue(arg: PNode): PNode =
 proc setupMacroParam(x: PNode, typ: PType): TFullReg =
   case typ.kind
   of tyStatic:
+    result = TFullReg(kind: rkNone)
     putIntoReg(result, prepareVMValue(x))
   else:
     var n = x
     if n.kind in {nkHiddenSubConv, nkHiddenStdConv}: n = n[1]
-    n = n.canonValue
     n.flags.incl nfIsRef
     n.typ = x.typ
     result = TFullReg(kind: rkNode, node: n)
@@ -2255,17 +2462,17 @@ iterator genericParamsInMacroCall*(macroSym: PSym, call: PNode): (PSym, PNode) =
   let gp = macroSym.ast[genericParamsPos]
   for i in 0..<gp.len:
     let genericParam = gp[i].sym
-    let posInCall = macroSym.typ.len + i
+    let posInCall = macroSym.typ.signatureLen + i
     if posInCall < call.len:
       yield (genericParam, call[posInCall])
 
 # to prevent endless recursion in macro instantiation
 const evalMacroLimit = 1000
 
-proc errorNode(idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym, n: PNode): PNode =
-  result = newNodeI(nkEmpty, n.info)
-  result.typ = newType(tyError, nextTypeId idgen, owner)
-  result.typ.flags.incl tfCheckedForDestructor
+#proc errorNode(idgen: IdGenerator; owner: PSym, n: PNode): PNode =
+#  result = newNodeI(nkEmpty, n.info)
+#  result.typ = newType(tyError, idgen, owner)
+#  result.typ.flags.incl tfCheckedForDestructor
 
 proc evalMacroCall*(module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph; templInstCounter: ref int;
                     n, nOrig: PNode, sym: PSym): PNode =
@@ -2278,9 +2485,10 @@ proc evalMacroCall*(module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph; templInstC
 
   # immediate macros can bypass any type and arity checking so we check the
   # arity here too:
-  if sym.typ.len > n.safeLen and sym.typ.len > 1:
+  let sl = sym.typ.signatureLen
+  if sl > n.safeLen and sl > 1:
     globalError(g.config, n.info, "in call '$#' got $#, but expected $# argument(s)" % [
-        n.renderTree, $(n.safeLen-1), $(sym.typ.len-1)])
+        n.renderTree, $(n.safeLen-1), $(sym.typ.paramsLen)])
 
   setupGlobalCtx(module, g, idgen)
   var c = PCtx g.vm
@@ -2305,12 +2513,12 @@ proc evalMacroCall*(module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator; g: ModuleGraph; templInstC
   tos.slots[0] = TFullReg(kind: rkNode, node: newNodeI(nkEmpty, n.info))
 
   # setup parameters:
-  for i in 1..<sym.typ.len:
-    tos.slots[i] = setupMacroParam(n[i], sym.typ[i])
+  for i, param in paramTypes(sym.typ):
+    tos.slots[i-FirstParamAt+1] = setupMacroParam(n[i-FirstParamAt+1], param)
 
   let gp = sym.ast[genericParamsPos]
   for i in 0..<gp.len:
-    let idx = sym.typ.len + i
+    let idx = sym.typ.signatureLen + i
     if idx < n.len:
       tos.slots[idx] = setupMacroParam(n[idx], gp[i].sym.typ)
     else:
diff --git a/compiler/vmconv.nim b/compiler/vmconv.nim
index b82fb2ff3..45d925df0 100644
--- a/compiler/vmconv.nim
+++ b/compiler/vmconv.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-import ast
+import ast except elementType
+import idents, lineinfos, astalgo
+import vmdef
+import std/times
 
 template elementType*(T: typedesc): typedesc =
   typeof(block:
@@ -14,7 +17,7 @@ proc fromLit*(a: PNode, T: typedesc): auto =
     for ai in a:
       result.incl Ti(ai.intVal)
   else:
-    static: doAssert false, "not yet supported: " & $T # add as needed
+    static: raiseAssert "not yet supported: " & $T # add as needed
 
 proc toLit*[T](a: T): PNode =
   ## generic type => PNode
@@ -41,5 +44,14 @@ proc toLit*[T](a: T): PNode =
       reti.add ai.toLit
       result.add reti
   else:
-    static: doAssert false, "not yet supported: " & $T # add as needed
+    static: raiseAssert "not yet supported: " & $T # add as needed
 
+proc toTimeLit*(a: Time, c: PCtx, obj: PNode, info: TLineInfo): PNode =
+  # probably refactor it into `toLit` in the future
+  result = newTree(nkObjConstr)
+  result.add(newNode(nkEmpty)) # can be changed to a symbol according to PType
+  for k, ai in fieldPairs(a):
+    let reti = newNode(nkExprColonExpr)
+    reti.add newSymNode(lookupInRecord(obj, getIdent(c.cache, k)), info)
+    reti.add ai.toLit
+    result.add reti
diff --git a/compiler/vmdef.nim b/compiler/vmdef.nim
index e8b5cdda9..bdb0aeed1 100644
--- a/compiler/vmdef.nim
+++ b/compiler/vmdef.nim
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
 ## This module contains the type definitions for the new evaluation engine.
 ## An instruction is 1-3 int32s in memory, it is a register based VM.
 
+import std/[tables, strutils]
+
 import ast, idents, options, modulegraphs, lineinfos
 
 type TInstrType* = uint64
@@ -79,6 +81,7 @@ type
     opcWrStrIdx,
     opcLdStrIdx, # a = b[c]
     opcLdStrIdxAddr,  # a = addr(b[c])
+    opcSlice, # toOpenArray(collection, left, right)
 
     opcAddInt,
     opcAddImmInt,
@@ -96,11 +99,11 @@ type
     opcLeFloat, opcLtFloat, opcLeu, opcLtu,
     opcEqRef, opcEqNimNode, opcSameNodeType,
     opcXor, opcNot, opcUnaryMinusInt, opcUnaryMinusFloat, opcBitnotInt,
-    opcEqStr, opcLeStr, opcLtStr, opcEqSet, opcLeSet, opcLtSet,
+    opcEqStr, opcEqCString, opcLeStr, opcLtStr, opcEqSet, opcLeSet, opcLtSet,
     opcMulSet, opcPlusSet, opcMinusSet, opcConcatStr,
     opcContainsSet, opcRepr, opcSetLenStr, opcSetLenSeq,
     opcIsNil, opcOf, opcIs,
-    opcSubStr, opcParseFloat, opcConv, opcCast,
+    opcParseFloat, opcConv, opcCast,
     opcQuit, opcInvalidField,
     opcNarrowS, opcNarrowU,
     opcSignExtend,
@@ -124,7 +127,7 @@ type
     opcNGetSize,
 
     opcNSetIntVal,
-    opcNSetFloatVal, opcNSetSymbol, opcNSetIdent, opcNSetType, opcNSetStrVal,
+    opcNSetFloatVal, opcNSetSymbol, opcNSetIdent, opcNSetStrVal,
     opcNNewNimNode, opcNCopyNimNode, opcNCopyNimTree, opcNDel, opcGenSym,
 
     opcNccValue, opcNccInc, opcNcsAdd, opcNcsIncl, opcNcsLen, opcNcsAt,
@@ -138,7 +141,8 @@ type
     opcNError,
     opcNWarning,
     opcNHint,
-    opcNGetLineInfo, opcNSetLineInfo,
+    opcNGetLineInfo, opcNCopyLineInfo, opcNSetLineInfoLine,
+    opcNSetLineInfoColumn, opcNSetLineInfoFile
     opcEqIdent,
     opcStrToIdent,
     opcGetImpl,
@@ -178,7 +182,6 @@ type
     opcNBindSym, opcNDynBindSym,
     opcSetType,   # dest.typ = types[Bx]
     opcTypeTrait,
-    opcMarshalLoad, opcMarshalStore,
     opcSymOwner,
     opcSymIsInstantiationOf
 
@@ -229,8 +232,7 @@ type
   PProc* = ref object
     blocks*: seq[TBlock]    # blocks; temp data structure
     sym*: PSym
-    slots*: array[TRegister, tuple[inUse: bool, kind: TSlotKind]]
-    maxSlots*: int
+    regInfo*: seq[tuple[inUse: bool, kind: TSlotKind]]
 
   VmArgs* = object
     ra*, rb*, rc*: Natural
@@ -257,7 +259,8 @@ type
     traceActive*: bool
     loopIterations*: int
     comesFromHeuristic*: TLineInfo # Heuristic for better macro stack traces
-    callbacks*: seq[tuple[key: string, value: VmCallback]]
+    callbacks*: seq[VmCallback]
+    callbackIndex*: Table[string, int]
     errorFlag*: string
     cache*: IdentCache
     config*: ConfigRef
@@ -266,9 +269,10 @@ type
     profiler*: Profiler
     templInstCounter*: ref int # gives every template instantiation a unique ID, needed here for getAst
     vmstateDiff*: seq[(PSym, PNode)] # we remember the "diff" to global state here (feature for IC)
+    procToCodePos*: Table[int, int]
 
   PStackFrame* = ref TStackFrame
-  TStackFrame* = object
+  TStackFrame* {.acyclic.} = object
     prc*: PSym                 # current prc; proc that is evaluated
     slots*: seq[TFullReg]      # parameters passed to the proc + locals;
                               # parameters come first
@@ -289,7 +293,7 @@ proc newCtx*(module: PSym; cache: IdentCache; g: ModuleGraph; idgen: IdGenerator
   PCtx(code: @[], debug: @[],
     globals: newNode(nkStmtListExpr), constants: newNode(nkStmtList), types: @[],
     prc: PProc(blocks: @[]), module: module, loopIterations: g.config.maxLoopIterationsVM,
-    comesFromHeuristic: unknownLineInfo, callbacks: @[], errorFlag: "",
+    comesFromHeuristic: unknownLineInfo, callbacks: @[], callbackIndex: initTable[string, int](), errorFlag: "",
     cache: cache, config: g.config, graph: g, idgen: idgen)
 
 proc refresh*(c: PCtx, module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator) =
@@ -298,15 +302,24 @@ proc refresh*(c: PCtx, module: PSym; idgen: IdGenerator) =
   c.loopIterations = c.config.maxLoopIterationsVM
   c.idgen = idgen
 
+proc reverseName(s: string): string =
+  result = newStringOfCap(s.len)
+  let y = s.split('.')
+  for i in 1..y.len:
+    result.add y[^i]
+    if i != y.len:
+      result.add '.'
+
 proc registerCallback*(c: PCtx; name: string; callback: VmCallback): int {.discardable.} =
   result = c.callbacks.len
-  c.callbacks.add((name, callback))
+  c.callbacks.add(callback)
+  c.callbackIndex[reverseName(name)] = result
 
 const
   firstABxInstr* = opcTJmp
   largeInstrs* = { # instructions which use 2 int32s instead of 1:
-    opcSubStr, opcConv, opcCast, opcNewSeq, opcOf,
-    opcMarshalLoad, opcMarshalStore}
+    opcConv, opcCast, opcNewSeq, opcOf
+    }
   slotSomeTemp* = slotTempUnknown
   relativeJumps* = {opcTJmp, opcFJmp, opcJmp, opcJmpBack}
 
diff --git a/compiler/vmdeps.nim b/compiler/vmdeps.nim
index a9157bc03..294aaaa79 100644
--- a/compiler/vmdeps.nim
+++ b/compiler/vmdeps.nim
@@ -7,9 +7,14 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-import ast, types, msgs, os, options, idents, lineinfos
+import ast, types, msgs, options, idents, lineinfos
 from pathutils import AbsoluteFile
 
+import std/os
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
+
 proc opSlurp*(file: string, info: TLineInfo, module: PSym; conf: ConfigRef): string =
   try:
     var filename = parentDir(toFullPath(conf, info)) / file
@@ -26,7 +31,7 @@ proc opSlurp*(file: string, info: TLineInfo, module: PSym; conf: ConfigRef): str
 
 proc atomicTypeX(cache: IdentCache; name: string; m: TMagic; t: PType; info: TLineInfo;
                  idgen: IdGenerator): PNode =
-  let sym = newSym(skType, getIdent(cache, name), nextSymId(idgen), t.owner, info)
+  let sym = newSym(skType, getIdent(cache, name), idgen, t.owner, info)
   sym.magic = m
   sym.typ = t
   result = newSymNode(sym)
@@ -44,13 +49,13 @@ proc mapTypeToBracketX(cache: IdentCache; name: string; m: TMagic; t: PType; inf
                        inst=false): PNode =
   result = newNodeIT(nkBracketExpr, if t.n.isNil: info else: t.n.info, t)
   result.add atomicTypeX(cache, name, m, t, info, idgen)
-  for i in 0..<t.len:
-    if t[i] == nil:
-      let void = atomicTypeX(cache, "void", mVoid, t, info, idgen)
-      void.typ = newType(tyVoid, nextTypeId(idgen), t.owner)
-      result.add void
+  for a in t.kids:
+    if a == nil:
+      let voidt = atomicTypeX(cache, "void", mVoid, t, info, idgen)
+      voidt.typ = newType(tyVoid, idgen, t.owner)
+      result.add voidt
     else:
-      result.add mapTypeToAstX(cache, t[i], info, idgen, inst)
+      result.add mapTypeToAstX(cache, a, info, idgen, inst)
 
 proc objectNode(cache: IdentCache; n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator): PNode =
   if n.kind == nkSym:
@@ -69,9 +74,9 @@ proc mapTypeToAstX(cache: IdentCache; t: PType; info: TLineInfo;
   var allowRecursion = allowRecursionX
   template atomicType(name, m): untyped = atomicTypeX(cache, name, m, t, info, idgen)
   template atomicType(s): untyped = atomicTypeX(s, info)
-  template mapTypeToAst(t,info): untyped = mapTypeToAstX(cache, t, info, idgen, inst)
-  template mapTypeToAstR(t,info): untyped = mapTypeToAstX(cache, t, info, idgen, inst, true)
-  template mapTypeToAst(t,i,info): untyped =
+  template mapTypeToAst(t, info): untyped = mapTypeToAstX(cache, t, info, idgen, inst)
+  template mapTypeToAstR(t, info): untyped = mapTypeToAstX(cache, t, info, idgen, inst, true)
+  template mapTypeToAst(t, i, info): untyped =
     if i<t.len and t[i]!=nil: mapTypeToAstX(cache, t[i], info, idgen, inst)
     else: newNodeI(nkEmpty, info)
   template mapTypeToBracket(name, m, t, info): untyped =
@@ -102,19 +107,19 @@ proc mapTypeToAstX(cache: IdentCache; t: PType; info: TLineInfo;
   of tyUncheckedArray:
     result = newNodeIT(nkBracketExpr, if t.n.isNil: info else: t.n.info, t)
     result.add atomicType("UncheckedArray", mUncheckedArray)
-    result.add mapTypeToAst(t[0], info)
+    result.add mapTypeToAst(t.elementType, info)
   of tyArray:
     result = newNodeIT(nkBracketExpr, if t.n.isNil: info else: t.n.info, t)
     result.add atomicType("array", mArray)
-    if inst and t[0].kind == tyRange:
+    if inst and t.indexType.kind == tyRange:
       var rng = newNodeX(nkInfix)
       rng.add newIdentNode(getIdent(cache, ".."), info)
-      rng.add t[0].n[0].copyTree
-      rng.add t[0].n[1].copyTree
+      rng.add t.indexType.n[0].copyTree
+      rng.add t.indexType.n[1].copyTree
       result.add rng
     else:
-      result.add mapTypeToAst(t[0], info)
-    result.add mapTypeToAst(t[1], info)
+      result.add mapTypeToAst(t.indexType, info)
+    result.add mapTypeToAst(t.elementType, info)
   of tyTypeDesc:
     if t.base != nil:
       result = newNodeIT(nkBracketExpr, if t.n.isNil: info else: t.n.info, t)
@@ -124,33 +129,37 @@ proc mapTypeToAstX(cache: IdentCache; t: PType; info: TLineInfo;
       result = atomicType("typeDesc", mTypeDesc)
   of tyGenericInvocation:
     result = newNodeIT(nkBracketExpr, if t.n.isNil: info else: t.n.info, t)
-    for i in 0..<t.len:
-      result.add mapTypeToAst(t[i], info)
+    for a in t.kids:
+      result.add mapTypeToAst(a, info)
   of tyGenericInst:
     if inst:
       if allowRecursion:
-        result = mapTypeToAstR(t.lastSon, info)
+        result = mapTypeToAstR(t.skipModifier, info)
+        # keep original type info for getType calls on the output node:
+        result.typ = t
       else:
         result = newNodeX(nkBracketExpr)
-        #result.add mapTypeToAst(t.lastSon, info)
-        result.add mapTypeToAst(t[0], info)
-        for i in 1..<t.len-1:
-          result.add mapTypeToAst(t[i], info)
+        #result.add mapTypeToAst(t.last, info)
+        result.add mapTypeToAst(t.genericHead, info)
+        for _, a in t.genericInstParams:
+          result.add mapTypeToAst(a, info)
     else:
-      result = mapTypeToAstX(cache, t.lastSon, info, idgen, inst, allowRecursion)
+      result = mapTypeToAstX(cache, t.skipModifier, info, idgen, inst, allowRecursion)
+      # keep original type info for getType calls on the output node:
+      result.typ = t
   of tyGenericBody:
     if inst:
-      result = mapTypeToAstR(t.lastSon, info)
+      result = mapTypeToAstR(t.typeBodyImpl, info)
     else:
-      result = mapTypeToAst(t.lastSon, info)
+      result = mapTypeToAst(t.typeBodyImpl, info)
   of tyAlias:
-    result = mapTypeToAstX(cache, t.lastSon, info, idgen, inst, allowRecursion)
+    result = mapTypeToAstX(cache, t.skipModifier, info, idgen, inst, allowRecursion)
   of tyOrdinal:
-    result = mapTypeToAst(t.lastSon, info)
+    result = mapTypeToAst(t.skipModifier, info)
   of tyDistinct:
     if inst:
       result = newNodeX(nkDistinctTy)
-      result.add mapTypeToAst(t[0], info)
+      result.add mapTypeToAst(t.skipModifier, info)
     else:
       if allowRecursion or t.sym == nil:
         result = mapTypeToBracket("distinct", mDistinct, t, info)
@@ -165,11 +174,11 @@ proc mapTypeToAstX(cache: IdentCache; t: PType; info: TLineInfo;
       if objectDef.kind == nkRefTy:
         objectDef = objectDef[0]
       result.add objectDef[0].copyTree  # copy object pragmas
-      if t[0] == nil:
+      if t.baseClass == nil:
         result.add newNodeI(nkEmpty, info)
       else:  # handle parent object
         var nn = newNodeX(nkOfInherit)
-        nn.add mapTypeToAst(t[0], info)
+        nn.add mapTypeToAst(t.baseClass, info)
         result.add nn
       if t.n.len > 0:
         result.add objectNode(cache, t.n, idgen)
@@ -179,10 +188,10 @@ proc mapTypeToAstX(cache: IdentCache; t: PType; info: TLineInfo;
       if allowRecursion or t.sym == nil:
         result = newNodeIT(nkObjectTy, if t.n.isNil: info else: t.n.info, t)
         result.add newNodeI(nkEmpty, info)
-        if t[0] == nil:
+        if t.baseClass == nil:
           result.add newNodeI(nkEmpty, info)
         else:
-          result.add mapTypeToAst(t[0], info)
+          result.add mapTypeToAst(t.baseClass, info)
         result.add copyTree(t.n)
       else:
         result = atomicType(t.sym)
@@ -196,7 +205,7 @@ proc mapTypeToAstX(cache: IdentCache; t: PType; info: TLineInfo;
       # only named tuples have a node, unnamed tuples don't
       if t.n.isNil:
         result = newNodeX(nkTupleConstr)
-        for subType in t.sons:
+        for subType in t.kids:
           result.add mapTypeToAst(subType, info)
       else:
         result = newNodeX(nkTupleTy)
@@ -208,19 +217,19 @@ proc mapTypeToAstX(cache: IdentCache; t: PType; info: TLineInfo;
   of tyPtr:
     if inst:
       result = newNodeX(nkPtrTy)
-      result.add mapTypeToAst(t[0], info)
+      result.add mapTypeToAst(t.elementType, info)
     else:
       result = mapTypeToBracket("ptr", mPtr, t, info)
   of tyRef:
     if inst:
       result = newNodeX(nkRefTy)
-      result.add mapTypeToAst(t[0], info)
+      result.add mapTypeToAst(t.elementType, info)
     else:
       result = mapTypeToBracket("ref", mRef, t, info)
   of tyVar:
     if inst:
       result = newNodeX(nkVarTy)
-      result.add mapTypeToAst(t[0], info)
+      result.add mapTypeToAst(t.elementType, info)
     else:
       result = mapTypeToBracket("var", mVar, t, info)
   of tyLent: result = mapTypeToBracket("lent", mBuiltinType, t, info)
@@ -228,17 +237,24 @@ proc mapTypeToAstX(cache: IdentCache; t: PType; info: TLineInfo;
   of tySequence: result = mapTypeToBracket("seq", mSeq, t, info)
   of tyProc:
     if inst:
-      result = newNodeX(nkProcTy)
+      result = newNodeX(if tfIterator in t.flags: nkIteratorTy else: nkProcTy)
       var fp = newNodeX(nkFormalParams)
-      if t[0] == nil:
+      if t.returnType == nil:
         fp.add newNodeI(nkEmpty, info)
       else:
-        fp.add mapTypeToAst(t[0], t.n[0].info)
-      for i in 1..<t.len:
+        fp.add mapTypeToAst(t.returnType, t.n[0].info)
+      for i in FirstParamAt..<t.kidsLen:
         fp.add newIdentDefs(t.n[i], t[i])
       result.add fp
-      result.add if t.n[0].len > 0: t.n[0][pragmasEffects].copyTree
-                 else: newNodeI(nkEmpty, info)
+      var prag =
+        if t.n[0].len > 0:
+          t.n[0][pragmasEffects].copyTree
+        else:
+          newNodeI(nkEmpty, info)
+      if t.callConv != ccClosure or tfExplicitCallConv in t.flags:
+        if prag.kind == nkEmpty: prag = newNodeI(nkPragma, info)
+        prag.add newIdentNode(getIdent(cache, $t.callConv), info)
+      result.add prag
     else:
       result = mapTypeToBracket("proc", mNone, t, info)
   of tyOpenArray: result = mapTypeToBracket("openArray", mOpenArray, t, info)
@@ -257,7 +273,7 @@ proc mapTypeToAstX(cache: IdentCache; t: PType; info: TLineInfo;
         result.add t.n[1].copyTree
   of tyPointer: result = atomicType("pointer", mPointer)
   of tyString: result = atomicType("string", mString)
-  of tyCString: result = atomicType("cstring", mCstring)
+  of tyCstring: result = atomicType("cstring", mCstring)
   of tyInt: result = atomicType("int", mInt)
   of tyInt8: result = atomicType("int8", mInt8)
   of tyInt16: result = atomicType("int16", mInt16)
@@ -273,12 +289,12 @@ proc mapTypeToAstX(cache: IdentCache; t: PType; info: TLineInfo;
   of tyUInt32: result = atomicType("uint32", mUInt32)
   of tyUInt64: result = atomicType("uint64", mUInt64)
   of tyVarargs: result = mapTypeToBracket("varargs", mVarargs, t, info)
-  of tyProxy: result = atomicType("error", mNone)
+  of tyError: result = atomicType("error", mNone)
   of tyBuiltInTypeClass:
     result = mapTypeToBracket("builtinTypeClass", mNone, t, info)
   of tyUserTypeClass, tyUserTypeClassInst:
     if t.isResolvedUserTypeClass:
-      result = mapTypeToAst(t.lastSon, info)
+      result = mapTypeToAst(t.last, info)
     else:
       result = mapTypeToBracket("concept", mNone, t, info)
       result.add t.n.copyTree
@@ -287,8 +303,9 @@ proc mapTypeToAstX(cache: IdentCache; t: PType; info: TLineInfo;
   of tyAnd: result = mapTypeToBracket("and", mAnd, t, info)
   of tyOr: result = mapTypeToBracket("or", mOr, t, info)
   of tyNot: result = mapTypeToBracket("not", mNot, t, info)
+  of tyIterable: result = mapTypeToBracket("iterable", mIterableType, t, info)
   of tyAnything: result = atomicType("anything", mNone)
-  of tyInferred: assert false
+  of tyInferred: result = mapTypeToAstX(cache, t.skipModifier, info, idgen, inst, allowRecursion)
   of tyStatic, tyFromExpr:
     if inst:
       if t.n != nil: result = t.n.copyTree
diff --git a/compiler/vmgen.nim b/compiler/vmgen.nim
index 7d7382d18..0c7a49984 100644
--- a/compiler/vmgen.nim
+++ b/compiler/vmgen.nim
@@ -15,11 +15,10 @@
 #   this doesn't matter. However it matters for strings and other complex
 #   types that use the 'node' field; the reason is that slots are
 #   re-used in a register based VM. Example:
-#
-#.. code-block:: nim
-#   let s = a & b  # no matter what, create fresh node
-#   s = a & b  # no matter what, keep the node
-#
+#     ```nim
+#     let s = a & b  # no matter what, create fresh node
+#     s = a & b  # no matter what, keep the node
+#     ```
 # Also *stores* into non-temporary memory need to perform deep copies:
 # a.b = x.y
 # We used to generate opcAsgn for the *load* of 'x.y' but this is clearly
@@ -27,12 +26,20 @@
 # solves the opcLdConst vs opcAsgnConst issue. Of course whether we need
 # this copy depends on the involved types.
 
+import std/[tables, intsets, strutils]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 import
-  strutils, ast, types, msgs, renderer, vmdef,
-  intsets, magicsys, options, lowerings, lineinfos, transf
+  ast, types, msgs, renderer, vmdef, trees,
+  magicsys, options, lowerings, lineinfos, transf, astmsgs
 
 from modulegraphs import getBody
 
+when defined(nimCompilerStacktraceHints):
+  import std/stackframes
+
 const
   debugEchoCode* = defined(nimVMDebug)
 
@@ -46,6 +53,7 @@ type
     gfNode # Affects how variables are loaded - always loads as rkNode
     gfNodeAddr # Affects how variables are loaded - always loads as rkNodeAddr
     gfIsParam # do not deepcopy parameters, they are immutable
+    gfIsSinkParam # deepcopy sink parameters
   TGenFlags = set[TGenFlag]
 
 proc debugInfo(c: PCtx; info: TLineInfo): string =
@@ -94,11 +102,6 @@ proc codeListing(c: PCtx, result: var string, start=0; last = -1) =
       let idx = x.regBx-wordExcess
       result.addf("\t$#\tr$#, $# ($#)", opc.toStr, x.regA,
         c.constants[idx].renderTree, $idx)
-    elif opc in {opcMarshalLoad, opcMarshalStore}:
-      let y = c.code[i+1]
-      result.addf("\t$#\tr$#, r$#, $#", opc.toStr, x.regA, x.regB,
-        c.types[y.regBx-wordExcess].typeToString)
-      inc i
     else:
       result.addf("\t$#\tr$#, $#", opc.toStr, x.regA, x.regBx-wordExcess)
     result.add("\t# ")
@@ -113,7 +116,8 @@ proc echoCode*(c: PCtx; start=0; last = -1) {.deprecated.} =
   codeListing(c, buf, start, last)
   echo buf
 
-proc gABC(ctx: PCtx; n: PNode; opc: TOpcode; a, b, c: TRegister = 0) =
+proc gABC(ctx: PCtx; n: PNode; opc: TOpcode;
+          a: TRegister = 0, b: TRegister = 0, c: TRegister = 0) =
   ## Takes the registers `b` and `c`, applies the operation `opc` to them, and
   ## stores the result into register `a`
   ## The node is needed for debug information
@@ -188,7 +192,7 @@ proc getSlotKind(t: PType): TSlotKind =
   case t.skipTypes(abstractRange-{tyTypeDesc}).kind
   of tyBool, tyChar, tyEnum, tyOrdinal, tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64:
     slotTempInt
-  of tyString, tyCString:
+  of tyString, tyCstring:
     slotTempStr
   of tyFloat..tyFloat128:
     slotTempFloat
@@ -209,22 +213,22 @@ proc getFreeRegister(cc: PCtx; k: TSlotKind; start: int): TRegister =
   # we prefer the same slot kind here for efficiency. Unfortunately for
   # discardable return types we may not know the desired type. This can happen
   # for e.g. mNAdd[Multiple]:
-  for i in start..c.maxSlots-1:
-    if c.slots[i].kind == k and not c.slots[i].inUse:
-      c.slots[i].inUse = true
+  for i in start..c.regInfo.len-1:
+    if c.regInfo[i].kind == k and not c.regInfo[i].inUse:
+      c.regInfo[i].inUse = true
       return TRegister(i)
 
   # if register pressure is high, we re-use more aggressively:
-  if c.maxSlots >= high(TRegister):
-    for i in start..c.maxSlots-1:
-      if not c.slots[i].inUse:
-        c.slots[i] = (inUse: true, kind: k)
+  if c.regInfo.len >= high(TRegister):
+    for i in start..c.regInfo.len-1:
+      if not c.regInfo[i].inUse:
+        c.regInfo[i] = (inUse: true, kind: k)
         return TRegister(i)
-  if c.maxSlots >= high(TRegister):
+  if c.regInfo.len >= high(TRegister):
     globalError(cc.config, cc.bestEffort, "VM problem: too many registers required")
-  result = TRegister(max(c.maxSlots, start))
-  c.slots[result] = (inUse: true, kind: k)
-  c.maxSlots = result + 1
+  result = TRegister(max(c.regInfo.len, start))
+  c.regInfo.setLen int(result)+1
+  c.regInfo[result] = (inUse: true, kind: k)
 
 proc getTemp(cc: PCtx; tt: PType): TRegister =
   let typ = tt.skipTypesOrNil({tyStatic})
@@ -242,29 +246,29 @@ proc getTemp(cc: PCtx; tt: PType): TRegister =
 
 proc freeTemp(c: PCtx; r: TRegister) =
   let c = c.prc
-  if c.slots[r].kind in {slotSomeTemp..slotTempComplex}:
+  if r < c.regInfo.len and c.regInfo[r].kind in {slotSomeTemp..slotTempComplex}:
     # this seems to cause https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/10647
-    c.slots[r].inUse = false
+    c.regInfo[r].inUse = false
 
 proc getTempRange(cc: PCtx; n: int; kind: TSlotKind): TRegister =
   # if register pressure is high, we re-use more aggressively:
   let c = cc.prc
   # we could also customize via the following (with proper caching in ConfigRef):
   # let highRegisterPressure = cc.config.getConfigVar("vm.highRegisterPressure", "40").parseInt
-  if c.maxSlots >= HighRegisterPressure or c.maxSlots+n >= high(TRegister):
-    for i in 0..c.maxSlots-n:
-      if not c.slots[i].inUse:
+  if c.regInfo.len >= HighRegisterPressure or c.regInfo.len+n >= high(TRegister):
+    for i in 0..c.regInfo.len-n:
+      if not c.regInfo[i].inUse:
         block search:
           for j in i+1..i+n-1:
-            if c.slots[j].inUse: break search
+            if c.regInfo[j].inUse: break search
           result = TRegister(i)
-          for k in result..result+n-1: c.slots[k] = (inUse: true, kind: kind)
+          for k in result..result+n-1: c.regInfo[k] = (inUse: true, kind: kind)
           return
-  if c.maxSlots+n >= high(TRegister):
+  if c.regInfo.len+n >= high(TRegister):
     globalError(cc.config, cc.bestEffort, "VM problem: too many registers required")
-  result = TRegister(c.maxSlots)
-  inc c.maxSlots, n
-  for k in result..result+n-1: c.slots[k] = (inUse: true, kind: kind)
+  result = TRegister(c.regInfo.len)
+  setLen c.regInfo, c.regInfo.len+n
+  for k in result..result+n-1: c.regInfo[k] = (inUse: true, kind: kind)
 
 proc freeTempRange(c: PCtx; start: TRegister, n: int) =
   for i in start..start+n-1: c.freeTemp(TRegister(i))
@@ -304,6 +308,8 @@ proc genx(c: PCtx; n: PNode; flags: TGenFlags = {}): TRegister =
   #internalAssert c.config, tmp >= 0 # 'nim check' does not like this internalAssert.
   if tmp >= 0:
     result = TRegister(tmp)
+  else:
+    result = 0
 
 proc clearDest(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest) {.inline.} =
   # stmt is different from 'void' in meta programming contexts.
@@ -316,10 +322,6 @@ proc isNotOpr(n: PNode): bool =
   n.kind in nkCallKinds and n[0].kind == nkSym and
     n[0].sym.magic == mNot
 
-proc isTrue(n: PNode): bool =
-  n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind == skEnumField and n.sym.position != 0 or
-    n.kind == nkIntLit and n.intVal != 0
-
 proc genWhile(c: PCtx; n: PNode) =
   # lab1:
   #   cond, tmp
@@ -348,21 +350,22 @@ proc genWhile(c: PCtx; n: PNode) =
       c.patch(lab2)
 
 proc genBlock(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest) =
-  let oldRegisterCount = c.prc.maxSlots
+  let oldRegisterCount = c.prc.regInfo.len
   withBlock(n[0].sym):
     c.gen(n[1], dest)
 
-  for i in oldRegisterCount..<c.prc.maxSlots:
-    #if c.prc.slots[i].kind in {slotFixedVar, slotFixedLet}:
+  for i in oldRegisterCount..<c.prc.regInfo.len:
+    #if c.prc.regInfo[i].kind in {slotFixedVar, slotFixedLet}:
     if i != dest:
       when not defined(release):
-        if c.prc.slots[i].inUse and c.prc.slots[i].kind in {slotTempUnknown,
-                                  slotTempInt,
-                                  slotTempFloat,
-                                  slotTempStr,
-                                  slotTempComplex}:
-          doAssert false, "leaking temporary " & $i & " " & $c.prc.slots[i].kind
-      c.prc.slots[i] = (inUse: false, kind: slotEmpty)
+        if c.config.cmd != cmdCheck:
+          if c.prc.regInfo[i].inUse and c.prc.regInfo[i].kind in {slotTempUnknown,
+                                    slotTempInt,
+                                    slotTempFloat,
+                                    slotTempStr,
+                                    slotTempComplex}:
+            raiseAssert "leaking temporary " & $i & " " & $c.prc.regInfo[i].kind
+      c.prc.regInfo[i] = (inUse: false, kind: slotEmpty)
 
   c.clearDest(n, dest)
 
@@ -403,18 +406,24 @@ proc genIf(c: PCtx, n: PNode; dest: var TDest) =
           c.gen(it[0], tmp)
           elsePos = c.xjmp(it[0], opcFJmp, tmp) # if false
       c.clearDest(n, dest)
-      c.gen(it[1], dest) # then part
+      if isEmptyType(it[1].typ): # maybe noreturn call, don't touch `dest`
+        c.gen(it[1])
+      else:
+        c.gen(it[1], dest) # then part
       if i < n.len-1:
         endings.add(c.xjmp(it[1], opcJmp, 0))
       c.patch(elsePos)
     else:
       c.clearDest(n, dest)
-      c.gen(it[0], dest)
+      if isEmptyType(it[0].typ): # maybe noreturn call, don't touch `dest`
+        c.gen(it[0])
+      else:
+        c.gen(it[0], dest)
   for endPos in endings: c.patch(endPos)
   c.clearDest(n, dest)
 
 proc isTemp(c: PCtx; dest: TDest): bool =
-  result = dest >= 0 and c.prc.slots[dest].kind >= slotTempUnknown
+  result = dest >= 0 and c.prc.regInfo[dest].kind >= slotTempUnknown
 
 proc genAndOr(c: PCtx; n: PNode; opc: TOpcode; dest: var TDest) =
   #   asgn dest, a
@@ -436,14 +445,12 @@ proc genAndOr(c: PCtx; n: PNode; opc: TOpcode; dest: var TDest) =
     c.gABC(n, opcAsgnInt, dest, tmp)
     freeTemp(c, tmp)
 
-proc canonValue*(n: PNode): PNode =
-  result = n
-
 proc rawGenLiteral(c: PCtx; n: PNode): int =
   result = c.constants.len
   #assert(n.kind != nkCall)
   n.flags.incl nfAllConst
-  c.constants.add n.canonValue
+  n.flags.excl nfIsRef
+  c.constants.add n
   internalAssert c.config, result < regBxMax
 
 proc sameConstant*(a, b: PNode): bool =
@@ -505,17 +512,25 @@ proc genCase(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest) =
       let it = n[i]
       if it.len == 1:
         # else stmt:
-        if it[0].kind != nkNilLit or it[0].typ != nil:
+        let body = it[0]
+        if body.kind != nkNilLit or body.typ != nil:
           # an nkNilLit with nil for typ implies there is no else branch, this
           # avoids unused related errors as we've already consumed the dest
-          c.gen(it[0], dest)
+          if isEmptyType(body.typ): # maybe noreturn call, don't touch `dest`
+            c.gen(body)
+          else:
+            c.gen(body, dest)
       else:
         let b = rawGenLiteral(c, it)
         c.gABx(it, opcBranch, tmp, b)
-        let elsePos = c.xjmp(it.lastSon, opcFJmp, tmp)
-        c.gen(it.lastSon, dest)
+        let body = it.lastSon
+        let elsePos = c.xjmp(body, opcFJmp, tmp)
+        if isEmptyType(body.typ): # maybe noreturn call, don't touch `dest`
+          c.gen(body)
+        else:
+          c.gen(body, dest)
         if i < n.len-1:
-          endings.add(c.xjmp(it.lastSon, opcJmp, 0))
+          endings.add(c.xjmp(body, opcJmp, 0))
         c.patch(elsePos)
       c.clearDest(n, dest)
   for endPos in endings: c.patch(endPos)
@@ -531,7 +546,10 @@ proc genTry(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest) =
   if dest < 0 and not isEmptyType(n.typ): dest = getTemp(c, n.typ)
   var endings: seq[TPosition] = @[]
   let ehPos = c.xjmp(n, opcTry, 0)
-  c.gen(n[0], dest)
+  if isEmptyType(n[0].typ): # maybe noreturn call, don't touch `dest`
+    c.gen(n[0])
+  else:
+    c.gen(n[0], dest)
   c.clearDest(n, dest)
   # Add a jump past the exception handling code
   let jumpToFinally = c.xjmp(n, opcJmp, 0)
@@ -549,7 +567,11 @@ proc genTry(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest) =
       if it.len == 1:
         # general except section:
         c.gABx(it, opcExcept, 0, 0)
-      c.gen(it.lastSon, dest)
+      let body = it.lastSon
+      if isEmptyType(body.typ): # maybe noreturn call, don't touch `dest`
+        c.gen(body)
+      else:
+        c.gen(body, dest)
       c.clearDest(n, dest)
       if i < n.len:
         endings.add(c.xjmp(it, opcJmp, 0))
@@ -581,7 +603,7 @@ proc genLit(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest) =
   # assignments now:
   #var opc = opcLdConst
   if dest < 0: dest = c.getTemp(n.typ)
-  #elif c.prc.slots[dest].kind == slotFixedVar: opc = opcAsgnConst
+  #elif c.prc.regInfo[dest].kind == slotFixedVar: opc = opcAsgnConst
   let lit = genLiteral(c, n)
   c.gABx(n, opcLdConst, dest, lit)
 
@@ -599,10 +621,17 @@ proc genCall(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest) =
   let fntyp = skipTypes(n[0].typ, abstractInst)
   for i in 0..<n.len:
     var r: TRegister = x+i
-    c.gen(n[i], r, {gfIsParam})
-    if i >= fntyp.len:
+    if i >= fntyp.signatureLen:
+      c.gen(n[i], r, {gfIsParam})
       internalAssert c.config, tfVarargs in fntyp.flags
       c.gABx(n, opcSetType, r, c.genType(n[i].typ))
+    else:
+      if fntyp[i] != nil and fntyp[i].kind == tySink and
+          fntyp[i].skipTypes({tySink}).kind in {tyObject, tyString, tySequence}:
+        c.gen(n[i], r, {gfIsSinkParam})
+      else:
+        c.gen(n[i], r, {gfIsParam})
+
   if dest < 0:
     c.gABC(n, opcIndCall, 0, x, n.len)
   else:
@@ -641,9 +670,19 @@ proc genCheckedObjAccessAux(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags
 proc genAsgnPatch(c: PCtx; le: PNode, value: TRegister) =
   case le.kind
   of nkBracketExpr:
-    let dest = c.genx(le[0], {gfNode})
-    let idx = c.genIndex(le[1], le[0].typ)
-    c.gABC(le, opcWrArr, dest, idx, value)
+    let
+      dest = c.genx(le[0], {gfNode})
+      idx = c.genIndex(le[1], le[0].typ)
+      collTyp = le[0].typ.skipTypes(abstractVarRange-{tyTypeDesc})
+
+    case collTyp.kind
+    of tyString, tyCstring:
+      c.gABC(le, opcWrStrIdx, dest, idx, value)
+    of tyTuple:
+      c.gABC(le, opcWrObj, dest, int le[1].intVal, value)
+    else:
+      c.gABC(le, opcWrArr, dest, idx, value)
+
     c.freeTemp(dest)
     c.freeTemp(idx)
   of nkCheckedFieldExpr:
@@ -666,6 +705,9 @@ proc genAsgnPatch(c: PCtx; le: PNode, value: TRegister) =
       let dest = c.genx(le, {gfNodeAddr})
       c.gABC(le, opcWrDeref, dest, 0, value)
       c.freeTemp(dest)
+  of nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkConv:
+    if sameBackendType(le.typ, le[1].typ):
+      genAsgnPatch(c, le[1], value)
   else:
     discard
 
@@ -744,18 +786,20 @@ proc genNarrow(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: TDest) =
   let t = skipTypes(n.typ, abstractVar-{tyTypeDesc})
   # uint is uint64 in the VM, we we only need to mask the result for
   # other unsigned types:
-  if t.kind in {tyUInt8..tyUInt32} or (t.kind == tyUInt and t.size < 8):
-    c.gABC(n, opcNarrowU, dest, TRegister(t.size*8))
-  elif t.kind in {tyInt8..tyInt32} or (t.kind == tyInt and t.size < 8):
-    c.gABC(n, opcNarrowS, dest, TRegister(t.size*8))
+  let size = getSize(c.config, t)
+  if t.kind in {tyUInt8..tyUInt32} or (t.kind == tyUInt and size < 8):
+    c.gABC(n, opcNarrowU, dest, TRegister(size*8))
+  elif t.kind in {tyInt8..tyInt32} or (t.kind == tyInt and size < 8):
+    c.gABC(n, opcNarrowS, dest, TRegister(size*8))
 
 proc genNarrowU(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: TDest) =
   let t = skipTypes(n.typ, abstractVar-{tyTypeDesc})
   # uint is uint64 in the VM, we we only need to mask the result for
   # other unsigned types:
+  let size = getSize(c.config, t)
   if t.kind in {tyUInt8..tyUInt32, tyInt8..tyInt32} or
-    (t.kind in {tyUInt, tyInt} and t.size < 8):
-    c.gABC(n, opcNarrowU, dest, TRegister(t.size*8))
+    (t.kind in {tyUInt, tyInt} and size < 8):
+    c.gABC(n, opcNarrowU, dest, TRegister(size*8))
 
 proc genBinaryABCnarrow(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; opc: TOpcode) =
   genBinaryABC(c, n, dest, opc)
@@ -812,15 +856,19 @@ proc genVarargsABC(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; opc: TOpcode) =
     var r: TRegister = x+i-1
     c.gen(n[i], r)
   c.gABC(n, opc, dest, x, n.len-1)
-  c.freeTempRange(x, n.len)
+  c.freeTempRange(x, n.len-1)
 
 proc isInt8Lit(n: PNode): bool =
   if n.kind in {nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit}:
     result = n.intVal >= low(int8) and n.intVal <= high(int8)
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc isInt16Lit(n: PNode): bool =
   if n.kind in {nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit}:
     result = n.intVal >= low(int16) and n.intVal <= high(int16)
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc genAddSubInt(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; opc: TOpcode) =
   if n[2].isInt8Lit:
@@ -832,11 +880,23 @@ proc genAddSubInt(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; opc: TOpcode) =
     genBinaryABC(c, n, dest, opc)
   c.genNarrow(n, dest)
 
-proc genConv(c: PCtx; n, arg: PNode; dest: var TDest; opc=opcConv) =
-  if n.typ.kind == arg.typ.kind and arg.typ.kind == tyProc:
-    # don't do anything for lambda lifting conversions:
-    gen(c, arg, dest)
+proc genConv(c: PCtx; n, arg: PNode; dest: var TDest, flags: TGenFlags = {}; opc=opcConv) =
+  let t2 = n.typ.skipTypes({tyDistinct})
+  let targ2 = arg.typ.skipTypes({tyDistinct})
+
+  proc implicitConv(): bool =
+    if sameBackendType(t2, targ2): return true
+    # xxx consider whether to use t2 and targ2 here
+    if n.typ.kind == arg.typ.kind and arg.typ.kind == tyProc:
+      # don't do anything for lambda lifting conversions:
+      result = true
+    else:
+      result = false
+
+  if implicitConv():
+    gen(c, arg, dest, flags)
     return
+
   let tmp = c.genx(arg)
   if dest < 0: dest = c.getTemp(n.typ)
   c.gABC(n, opc, dest, tmp)
@@ -852,31 +912,42 @@ proc genCard(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest) =
   c.freeTemp(tmp)
 
 proc genCastIntFloat(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest) =
-  const allowedIntegers = {tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64, tyChar}
-  var signedIntegers = {tyInt..tyInt64}
-  var unsignedIntegers = {tyUInt..tyUInt64, tyChar}
+  template isSigned(typ: PType): bool {.dirty.} =
+    typ.kind == tyEnum and firstOrd(c.config, typ) < 0 or
+    typ.kind in {tyInt..tyInt64}
+  template isUnsigned(typ: PType): bool {.dirty.} =
+    typ.kind == tyEnum and firstOrd(c.config, typ) >= 0 or
+    typ.kind in {tyUInt..tyUInt64, tyChar, tyBool}
+
+  const allowedIntegers = {tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64, tyChar, tyEnum, tyBool}
+
   let src = n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractRange)#.kind
   let dst = n[0].typ.skipTypes(abstractRange)#.kind
   let srcSize = getSize(c.config, src)
   let dstSize = getSize(c.config, dst)
+  const unsupportedCastDifferentSize =
+    "VM does not support 'cast' from $1 with size $2 to $3 with size $4 due to different sizes"
   if src.kind in allowedIntegers and dst.kind in allowedIntegers:
     let tmp = c.genx(n[1])
     if dest < 0: dest = c.getTemp(n[0].typ)
     c.gABC(n, opcAsgnInt, dest, tmp)
     if dstSize != sizeof(BiggestInt): # don't do anything on biggest int types
-      if dst.kind in signedIntegers: # we need to do sign extensions
+      if isSigned(dst): # we need to do sign extensions
         if dstSize <= srcSize:
           # Sign extension can be omitted when the size increases.
           c.gABC(n, opcSignExtend, dest, TRegister(dstSize*8))
-      elif dst.kind in unsignedIntegers:
-        if src.kind in signedIntegers or dstSize < srcSize:
+      elif isUnsigned(dst):
+        if isSigned(src) or dstSize < srcSize:
           # Cast from signed to unsigned always needs narrowing. Cast
           # from unsigned to unsigned only needs narrowing when target
           # is smaller than source.
           c.gABC(n, opcNarrowU, dest, TRegister(dstSize*8))
     c.freeTemp(tmp)
-  elif srcSize == dstSize and src.kind in allowedIntegers and
-                           dst.kind in {tyFloat, tyFloat32, tyFloat64}:
+  elif src.kind in allowedIntegers and
+      dst.kind in {tyFloat, tyFloat32, tyFloat64}:
+    if srcSize != dstSize:
+      globalError(c.config, n.info, unsupportedCastDifferentSize %
+        [$src.kind, $srcSize, $dst.kind, $dstSize])
     let tmp = c.genx(n[1])
     if dest < 0: dest = c.getTemp(n[0].typ)
     if dst.kind == tyFloat32:
@@ -885,13 +956,16 @@ proc genCastIntFloat(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest) =
       c.gABC(n, opcCastIntToFloat64, dest, tmp)
     c.freeTemp(tmp)
 
-  elif srcSize == dstSize and src.kind in {tyFloat, tyFloat32, tyFloat64} and
+  elif src.kind in {tyFloat, tyFloat32, tyFloat64} and
                            dst.kind in allowedIntegers:
+    if srcSize != dstSize:
+      globalError(c.config, n.info, unsupportedCastDifferentSize %
+        [$src.kind, $srcSize, $dst.kind, $dstSize])
     let tmp = c.genx(n[1])
     if dest < 0: dest = c.getTemp(n[0].typ)
     if src.kind == tyFloat32:
       c.gABC(n, opcCastFloatToInt32, dest, tmp)
-      if dst.kind in unsignedIntegers:
+      if isUnsigned(dst):
         # integers are sign extended by default.
         # since there is no opcCastFloatToUInt32, narrowing should do the trick.
         c.gABC(n, opcNarrowU, dest, TRegister(32))
@@ -970,7 +1044,7 @@ proc genBindSym(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest) =
 
 proc fitsRegister*(t: PType): bool =
   assert t != nil
-  t.skipTypes(abstractInst-{tyTypeDesc}).kind in {
+  t.skipTypes(abstractInst + {tyStatic} - {tyTypeDesc}).kind in {
     tyRange, tyEnum, tyBool, tyInt..tyUInt64, tyChar}
 
 proc ldNullOpcode(t: PType): TOpcode =
@@ -988,7 +1062,7 @@ proc whichAsgnOpc(n: PNode; requiresCopy = true): TOpcode =
   else:
     (if requiresCopy: opcAsgnComplex else: opcFastAsgnComplex)
 
-proc genMagic(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; m: TMagic) =
+proc genMagic(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags = {}, m: TMagic) =
   case m
   of mAnd: c.genAndOr(n, opcFJmp, dest)
   of mOr:  c.genAndOr(n, opcTJmp, dest)
@@ -1014,7 +1088,7 @@ proc genMagic(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; m: TMagic) =
     c.genAsgnPatch(n[1], d)
     c.freeTemp(d)
   of mOrd, mChr, mArrToSeq, mUnown: c.gen(n[1], dest)
-  of mIsolate:
+  of generatedMagics:
     genCall(c, n, dest)
   of mNew, mNewFinalize:
     unused(c, n, dest)
@@ -1039,10 +1113,22 @@ proc genMagic(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; m: TMagic) =
   of mLengthOpenArray, mLengthArray, mLengthSeq:
     genUnaryABI(c, n, dest, opcLenSeq)
   of mLengthStr:
-    case n[1].typ.kind
+    case n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVarRange).kind
     of tyString: genUnaryABI(c, n, dest, opcLenStr)
-    of tyCString: genUnaryABI(c, n, dest, opcLenCstring)
-    else: doAssert false, $n[1].typ.kind
+    of tyCstring: genUnaryABI(c, n, dest, opcLenCstring)
+    else: raiseAssert $n[1].typ.kind
+  of mSlice:
+    var
+      d = c.genx(n[1])
+      left = c.genIndex(n[2], n[1].typ)
+      right = c.genIndex(n[3], n[1].typ)
+    if dest < 0: dest = c.getTemp(n.typ)
+    c.gABC(n, opcNodeToReg, dest, d)
+    c.gABC(n, opcSlice, dest, left, right)
+    c.freeTemp(left)
+    c.freeTemp(right)
+    c.freeTemp(d)
+
   of mIncl, mExcl:
     unused(c, n, dest)
     var d = c.genx(n[1])
@@ -1073,10 +1159,11 @@ proc genMagic(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; m: TMagic) =
     genBinaryABC(c, n, dest, opcShlInt)
     # genNarrowU modified
     let t = skipTypes(n.typ, abstractVar-{tyTypeDesc})
-    if t.kind in {tyUInt8..tyUInt32} or (t.kind == tyUInt and t.size < 8):
-      c.gABC(n, opcNarrowU, dest, TRegister(t.size*8))
-    elif t.kind in {tyInt8..tyInt32} or (t.kind == tyInt and t.size < 8):
-      c.gABC(n, opcSignExtend, dest, TRegister(t.size*8))
+    let size = getSize(c.config, t)
+    if t.kind in {tyUInt8..tyUInt32} or (t.kind == tyUInt and size < 8):
+      c.gABC(n, opcNarrowU, dest, TRegister(size*8))
+    elif t.kind in {tyInt8..tyInt32} or (t.kind == tyInt and size < 8):
+      c.gABC(n, opcSignExtend, dest, TRegister(size*8))
   of mAshrI: genBinaryABC(c, n, dest, opcAshrInt)
   of mBitandI: genBinaryABC(c, n, dest, opcBitandInt)
   of mBitorI: genBinaryABC(c, n, dest, opcBitorInt)
@@ -1110,12 +1197,13 @@ proc genMagic(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; m: TMagic) =
     genUnaryABC(c, n, dest, opcBitnotInt)
     #genNarrowU modified, do not narrow signed types
     let t = skipTypes(n.typ, abstractVar-{tyTypeDesc})
-    if t.kind in {tyUInt8..tyUInt32} or (t.kind == tyUInt and t.size < 8):
-      c.gABC(n, opcNarrowU, dest, TRegister(t.size*8))
-  of mCharToStr, mBoolToStr, mIntToStr, mInt64ToStr,
-     mFloatToStr, mCStrToStr, mStrToStr, mEnumToStr:
-    genConv(c, n, n[1], dest)
-  of mEqStr, mEqCString: genBinaryABC(c, n, dest, opcEqStr)
+    let size = getSize(c.config, t)
+    if t.kind in {tyUInt8..tyUInt32} or (t.kind == tyUInt and size < 8):
+      c.gABC(n, opcNarrowU, dest, TRegister(size*8))
+  of mCharToStr, mBoolToStr, mCStrToStr, mStrToStr, mEnumToStr:
+    genConv(c, n, n[1], dest, flags)
+  of mEqStr: genBinaryABC(c, n, dest, opcEqStr)
+  of mEqCString: genBinaryABC(c, n, dest, opcEqCString)
   of mLeStr: genBinaryABC(c, n, dest, opcLeStr)
   of mLtStr: genBinaryABC(c, n, dest, opcLtStr)
   of mEqSet: genBinarySet(c, n, dest, opcEqSet)
@@ -1155,21 +1243,11 @@ proc genMagic(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; m: TMagic) =
       d2 = c.genx(d2AsNode)
     var
       tmp1 = c.genx(n[1])
-      tmp3 = c.genx(n[3])
     c.gABC(n, opcParseFloat, dest, tmp1, d2)
-    c.gABC(n, opcParseFloat, tmp3)
     c.freeTemp(tmp1)
-    c.freeTemp(tmp3)
     c.genAsgnPatch(d2AsNode, d2)
     c.freeTemp(d2)
-  of mReset:
-    unused(c, n, dest)
-    var d = c.genx(n[1])
-    # XXX use ldNullOpcode() here?
-    c.gABx(n, opcLdNull, d, c.genType(n[1].typ))
-    c.gABx(n, opcNodeToReg, d, d)
-    c.genAsgnPatch(n[1], d)
-  of mDefault:
+  of mDefault, mZeroDefault:
     if dest < 0: dest = c.getTemp(n.typ)
     c.gABx(n, ldNullOpcode(n.typ), dest, c.genType(n.typ))
   of mOf, mIs:
@@ -1187,7 +1265,7 @@ proc genMagic(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; m: TMagic) =
     let tmp = c.genx(n[1])
     case n[1].typ.skipTypes(abstractVar-{tyTypeDesc}).kind:
     of tyString: c.gABI(n, opcLenStr, dest, tmp, 1)
-    of tyCString: c.gABI(n, opcLenCstring, dest, tmp, 1)
+    of tyCstring: c.gABI(n, opcLenCstring, dest, tmp, 1)
     else: c.gABI(n, opcLenSeq, dest, tmp, 1)
     c.freeTemp(tmp)
   of mEcho:
@@ -1211,9 +1289,9 @@ proc genMagic(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; m: TMagic) =
     unused(c, n, dest)
     genBinaryStmtVar(c, n, opcAddSeqElem)
   of mParseExprToAst:
-    genUnaryABC(c, n, dest, opcParseExprToAst)
+    genBinaryABC(c, n, dest, opcParseExprToAst)
   of mParseStmtToAst:
-    genUnaryABC(c, n, dest, opcParseStmtToAst)
+    genBinaryABC(c, n, dest, opcParseStmtToAst)
   of mTypeTrait:
     let tmp = c.genx(n[1])
     if dest < 0: dest = c.getTemp(n.typ)
@@ -1282,9 +1360,6 @@ proc genMagic(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; m: TMagic) =
   of mNSetIdent:
     unused(c, n, dest)
     genBinaryStmt(c, n, opcNSetIdent)
-  of mNSetType:
-    unused(c, n, dest)
-    genBinaryStmt(c, n, opcNSetType)
   of mNSetStrVal:
     unused(c, n, dest)
     genBinaryStmt(c, n, opcNSetStrVal)
@@ -1304,7 +1379,19 @@ proc genMagic(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; m: TMagic) =
     of "copyLineInfo":
       internalAssert c.config, n.len == 3
       unused(c, n, dest)
-      genBinaryStmt(c, n, opcNSetLineInfo)
+      genBinaryStmt(c, n, opcNCopyLineInfo)
+    of "setLine":
+      internalAssert c.config, n.len == 3
+      unused(c, n, dest)
+      genBinaryStmt(c, n, opcNSetLineInfoLine)
+    of "setColumn":
+      internalAssert c.config, n.len == 3
+      unused(c, n, dest)
+      genBinaryStmt(c, n, opcNSetLineInfoColumn)
+    of "setFile":
+      internalAssert c.config, n.len == 3
+      unused(c, n, dest)
+      genBinaryStmt(c, n, opcNSetLineInfoFile)
     else: internalAssert c.config, false
   of mNHint:
     unused(c, n, dest)
@@ -1347,16 +1434,25 @@ proc genMagic(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; m: TMagic) =
     globalError(c.config, n.info, sizeOfLikeMsg("offsetof"))
   of mRunnableExamples:
     discard "just ignore any call to runnableExamples"
-  of mDestroy: discard "ignore calls to the default destructor"
+  of mDestroy, mTrace: discard "ignore calls to the default destructor"
+  of mEnsureMove:
+    gen(c, n[1], dest)
   of mMove:
     let arg = n[1]
     let a = c.genx(arg)
     if dest < 0: dest = c.getTemp(arg.typ)
     gABC(c, arg, whichAsgnOpc(arg, requiresCopy=false), dest, a)
     # XXX use ldNullOpcode() here?
-    c.gABx(n, opcLdNull, a, c.genType(arg.typ))
-    c.gABx(n, opcNodeToReg, a, a)
-    c.genAsgnPatch(arg, a)
+    # Don't zero out the arg for now #17199
+    # c.gABx(n, opcLdNull, a, c.genType(arg.typ))
+    # c.gABx(n, opcNodeToReg, a, a)
+    # c.genAsgnPatch(arg, a)
+    c.freeTemp(a)
+  of mDup:
+    let arg = n[1]
+    let a = c.genx(arg)
+    if dest < 0: dest = c.getTemp(arg.typ)
+    gABC(c, arg, whichAsgnOpc(arg, requiresCopy=false), dest, a)
     c.freeTemp(a)
   of mNodeId:
     c.genUnaryABC(n, dest, opcNodeId)
@@ -1364,29 +1460,11 @@ proc genMagic(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; m: TMagic) =
     # mGCref, mGCunref,
     globalError(c.config, n.info, "cannot generate code for: " & $m)
 
-proc genMarshalLoad(c: PCtx, n: PNode, dest: var TDest) =
-  ## Signature: proc to*[T](data: string): T
-  if dest < 0: dest = c.getTemp(n.typ)
-  var tmp = c.genx(n[1])
-  c.gABC(n, opcMarshalLoad, dest, tmp)
-  c.gABx(n, opcMarshalLoad, 0, c.genType(n.typ))
-  c.freeTemp(tmp)
-
-proc genMarshalStore(c: PCtx, n: PNode, dest: var TDest) =
-  ## Signature: proc `$$`*[T](x: T): string
-  if dest < 0: dest = c.getTemp(n.typ)
-  var tmp = c.genx(n[1])
-  c.gABC(n, opcMarshalStore, dest, tmp)
-  c.gABx(n, opcMarshalStore, 0, c.genType(n[1].typ))
-  c.freeTemp(tmp)
-
 proc unneededIndirection(n: PNode): bool =
   n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInstOwned-{tyTypeDesc}).kind == tyRef
 
-proc canElimAddr(n: PNode): PNode =
-  if n[0].typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyObject, tyTuple, tyArray}:
-    # objects are reference types in the VM
-    return n[0]
+proc canElimAddr(n: PNode; idgen: IdGenerator): PNode =
+  result = nil
   case n[0].kind
   of nkObjUpConv, nkObjDownConv, nkChckRange, nkChckRangeF, nkChckRange64:
     var m = n[0][0]
@@ -1394,19 +1472,28 @@ proc canElimAddr(n: PNode): PNode =
       # addr ( nkConv ( deref ( x ) ) ) --> nkConv(x)
       result = copyNode(n[0])
       result.add m[0]
+      if n.typ.skipTypes(abstractVar).kind != tyOpenArray:
+        result.typ = n.typ
+      elif n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyVar}:
+        result.typ = toVar(result.typ, n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind, idgen)
   of nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkConv:
     var m = n[0][1]
     if m.kind in {nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref}:
       # addr ( nkConv ( deref ( x ) ) ) --> nkConv(x)
       result = copyNode(n[0])
+      result.add n[0][0]
       result.add m[0]
+      if n.typ.skipTypes(abstractVar).kind != tyOpenArray:
+        result.typ = n.typ
+      elif n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyVar}:
+        result.typ = toVar(result.typ, n.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind, idgen)
   else:
     if n[0].kind in {nkDerefExpr, nkHiddenDeref}:
       # addr ( deref ( x )) --> x
       result = n[0][0]
 
 proc genAddr(c: PCtx, n: PNode, dest: var TDest, flags: TGenFlags) =
-  if (let m = canElimAddr(n); m != nil):
+  if (let m = canElimAddr(n, c.idgen); m != nil):
     gen(c, m, dest, flags)
     return
 
@@ -1418,13 +1505,13 @@ proc genAddr(c: PCtx, n: PNode, dest: var TDest, flags: TGenFlags) =
   else:
     let tmp = c.genx(n[0], newflags)
     if dest < 0: dest = c.getTemp(n.typ)
-    if c.prc.slots[tmp].kind >= slotTempUnknown:
+    if c.prc.regInfo[tmp].kind >= slotTempUnknown:
       gABC(c, n, opcAddrNode, dest, tmp)
       # hack ahead; in order to fix bug #1781 we mark the temporary as
       # permanent, so that it's not used for anything else:
-      c.prc.slots[tmp].kind = slotTempPerm
+      c.prc.regInfo[tmp].kind = slotTempPerm
       # XXX this is still a hack
-      #message(n.info, warnUser, "suspicious opcode used")
+      #message(c.congig, n.info, warnUser, "suspicious opcode used")
     else:
       gABC(c, n, opcAddrReg, dest, tmp)
     c.freeTemp(tmp)
@@ -1454,11 +1541,16 @@ proc setSlot(c: PCtx; v: PSym) =
   if v.position == 0:
     v.position = getFreeRegister(c, if v.kind == skLet: slotFixedLet else: slotFixedVar, start = 1)
 
-proc cannotEval(c: PCtx; n: PNode) {.noinline.} =
+template cannotEval(c: PCtx; n: PNode) =
+  if c.config.cmd == cmdCheck:
+    localError(c.config, n.info, "cannot evaluate at compile time: " & 
+    n.renderTree)
+    return
   globalError(c.config, n.info, "cannot evaluate at compile time: " &
     n.renderTree)
 
 proc isOwnedBy(a, b: PSym): bool =
+  result = false
   var a = a.owner
   while a != nil and a.kind != skModule:
     if a == b: return true
@@ -1471,19 +1563,22 @@ proc getOwner(c: PCtx): PSym =
 proc importcCondVar*(s: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
   # see also importcCond
   if sfImportc in s.flags:
-    return s.kind in {skVar, skLet, skConst}
+    result = s.kind in {skVar, skLet, skConst}
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc checkCanEval(c: PCtx; n: PNode) =
   # we need to ensure that we don't evaluate 'x' here:
   # proc foo() = var x ...
   let s = n.sym
   if {sfCompileTime, sfGlobal} <= s.flags: return
-  if s.importcCondVar: return
+  if compiletimeFFI in c.config.features and s.importcCondVar: return
   if s.kind in {skVar, skTemp, skLet, skParam, skResult} and
       not s.isOwnedBy(c.prc.sym) and s.owner != c.module and c.mode != emRepl:
     # little hack ahead for bug #12612: assume gensym'ed variables
     # are in the right scope:
     if sfGenSym in s.flags and c.prc.sym == nil: discard
+    elif s.kind == skParam and s.typ.kind == tyTypeDesc: discard
     else: cannotEval(c, n)
   elif s.kind in {skProc, skFunc, skConverter, skMethod,
                   skIterator} and sfForward in s.flags:
@@ -1513,12 +1608,16 @@ proc preventFalseAlias(c: PCtx; n: PNode; opc: TOpcode;
 proc genAsgn(c: PCtx; le, ri: PNode; requiresCopy: bool) =
   case le.kind
   of nkBracketExpr:
-    let dest = c.genx(le[0], {gfNode})
-    let idx = c.genIndex(le[1], le[0].typ)
-    let tmp = c.genx(ri)
-    if le[0].typ.skipTypes(abstractVarRange-{tyTypeDesc}).kind in {
-        tyString, tyCString}:
+    let
+      dest = c.genx(le[0], {gfNode})
+      idx = c.genIndex(le[1], le[0].typ)
+      tmp = c.genx(ri)
+      collTyp = le[0].typ.skipTypes(abstractVarRange-{tyTypeDesc})
+    case collTyp.kind
+    of tyString, tyCstring:
       c.preventFalseAlias(le, opcWrStrIdx, dest, idx, tmp)
+    of tyTuple:
+      c.preventFalseAlias(le, opcWrObj, dest, int le[1].intVal, tmp)
     else:
       c.preventFalseAlias(le, opcWrArr, dest, idx, tmp)
     c.freeTemp(tmp)
@@ -1569,6 +1668,9 @@ proc genAsgn(c: PCtx; le, ri: PNode; requiresCopy: bool) =
         c.freeTemp(cc)
       else:
         gen(c, ri, dest)
+  of nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkConv:
+    if sameBackendType(le.typ, le[1].typ):
+      genAsgn(c, le[1], ri, requiresCopy)
   else:
     let dest = c.genx(le, {gfNodeAddr})
     genAsgn(c, dest, ri, requiresCopy)
@@ -1579,11 +1681,21 @@ proc genTypeLit(c: PCtx; t: PType; dest: var TDest) =
   n.typ = t
   genLit(c, n, dest)
 
+proc isEmptyBody(n: PNode): bool =
+  case n.kind
+  of nkStmtList:
+    for i in 0..<n.len:
+      if not isEmptyBody(n[i]): return false
+    result = true
+  else:
+    result = n.kind in {nkCommentStmt, nkEmpty}
+
 proc importcCond*(c: PCtx; s: PSym): bool {.inline.} =
   ## return true to importc `s`, false to execute its body instead (refs #8405)
+  result = false
   if sfImportc in s.flags:
     if s.kind in routineKinds:
-      return getBody(c.graph, s).kind == nkEmpty
+      return isEmptyBody(getBody(c.graph, s))
 
 proc importcSym(c: PCtx; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) =
   when hasFFI:
@@ -1597,10 +1709,10 @@ proc importcSym(c: PCtx; info: TLineInfo; s: PSym) =
     localError(c.config, info,
                "cannot 'importc' variable at compile time; " & s.name.s)
 
-proc getNullValue*(typ: PType, info: TLineInfo; conf: ConfigRef): PNode
+proc getNullValue*(c: PCtx; typ: PType, info: TLineInfo; conf: ConfigRef): PNode
 
 proc genGlobalInit(c: PCtx; n: PNode; s: PSym) =
-  c.globals.add(getNullValue(s.typ, n.info, c.config))
+  c.globals.add(getNullValue(c, s.typ, n.info, c.config))
   s.position = c.globals.len
   # This is rather hard to support, due to the laziness of the VM code
   # generator. See tests/compile/tmacro2 for why this is necessary:
@@ -1636,6 +1748,8 @@ proc genRdVar(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags) =
         c.gABx(n, opcLdGlobalAddr, dest, s.position)
     elif isImportcVar:
       c.gABx(n, opcLdGlobalDerefFFI, dest, s.position)
+    elif gfIsSinkParam in flags:
+      genAsgn(c, dest, n, requiresCopy = true)
     elif fitsRegister(s.typ) and gfNode notin flags:
       var cc = c.getTemp(n.typ)
       c.gABx(n, opcLdGlobal, cc, s.position)
@@ -1649,10 +1763,10 @@ proc genRdVar(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags) =
                           s.kind in {skParam, skResult}):
       if dest < 0:
         dest = s.position + ord(s.kind == skParam)
-        internalAssert(c.config, c.prc.slots[dest].kind < slotSomeTemp)
+        internalAssert(c.config, c.prc.regInfo.len > dest and c.prc.regInfo[dest].kind < slotSomeTemp)
       else:
         # we need to generate an assignment:
-        let requiresCopy = c.prc.slots[dest].kind >= slotSomeTemp and
+        let requiresCopy = c.prc.regInfo[dest].kind >= slotSomeTemp and
           gfIsParam notin flags
         genAsgn(c, dest, n, requiresCopy)
     else:
@@ -1676,15 +1790,13 @@ proc genArrAccessOpcode(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; opc: TOpcode;
     c.gABC(n, opcNodeToReg, dest, cc)
     c.freeTemp(cc)
   else:
-    #message(n.info, warnUser, "argh")
+    #message(c.config, n.info, warnUser, "argh")
     #echo "FLAGS ", flags, " ", fitsRegister(n.typ), " ", typeToString(n.typ)
     c.gABC(n, opc, dest, a, b)
   c.freeTemp(a)
   c.freeTemp(b)
 
-proc genObjAccess(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags) =
-  let a = c.genx(n[0], flags)
-  let b = genField(c, n[1])
+proc genObjAccessAux(c: PCtx; n: PNode; a, b: int, dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags) =
   if dest < 0: dest = c.getTemp(n.typ)
   if {gfNodeAddr} * flags != {}:
     c.gABC(n, opcLdObjAddr, dest, a, b)
@@ -1697,6 +1809,11 @@ proc genObjAccess(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags) =
     c.gABC(n, opcLdObj, dest, a, b)
   c.freeTemp(a)
 
+proc genObjAccess(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags) =
+  genObjAccessAux(c, n, c.genx(n[0], flags), genField(c, n[1]), dest, flags)
+
+
+
 proc genCheckedObjAccessAux(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags) =
   internalAssert c.config, n.kind == nkCheckedFieldExpr
   # nkDotExpr to access the requested field
@@ -1721,18 +1838,20 @@ proc genCheckedObjAccessAux(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags
   let setLit = c.genx(checkExpr[1])
   var rs = c.getTemp(getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyBool))
   c.gABC(n, opcContainsSet, rs, setLit, discVal)
-  c.freeTemp(discVal)
   c.freeTemp(setLit)
   # If the check fails let the user know
   let lab1 = c.xjmp(n, if negCheck: opcFJmp else: opcTJmp, rs)
   c.freeTemp(rs)
   let strType = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyString)
-  var fieldNameRegister: TDest = c.getTemp(strType)
-  let strLit = newStrNode($accessExpr[1], accessExpr[1].info)
+  var msgReg: TDest = c.getTemp(strType)
+  let fieldName = $accessExpr[1]
+  let msg = genFieldDefect(c.config, fieldName, disc.sym)
+  let strLit = newStrNode(msg, accessExpr[1].info)
   strLit.typ = strType
-  c.genLit(strLit, fieldNameRegister)
-  c.gABC(n, opcInvalidField, fieldNameRegister)
-  c.freeTemp(fieldNameRegister)
+  c.genLit(strLit, msgReg)
+  c.gABC(n, opcInvalidField, msgReg, discVal)
+  c.freeTemp(discVal)
+  c.freeTemp(msgReg)
   c.patch(lab1)
 
 proc genCheckedObjAccess(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags) =
@@ -1762,36 +1881,41 @@ proc genCheckedObjAccess(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags) =
 
 proc genArrAccess(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags) =
   let arrayType = n[0].typ.skipTypes(abstractVarRange-{tyTypeDesc}).kind
-  if arrayType in {tyString, tyCString}:
+  case arrayType
+  of tyString, tyCstring:
     let opc = if gfNodeAddr in flags: opcLdStrIdxAddr else: opcLdStrIdx
     genArrAccessOpcode(c, n, dest, opc, flags)
-  elif arrayType == tyTypeDesc:
+  of tyTuple:
+    c.genObjAccessAux(n, c.genx(n[0], flags), int n[1].intVal, dest, flags)
+  of tyTypeDesc:
     c.genTypeLit(n.typ, dest)
   else:
     let opc = if gfNodeAddr in flags: opcLdArrAddr else: opcLdArr
     genArrAccessOpcode(c, n, dest, opc, flags)
 
-proc getNullValueAux(t: PType; obj: PNode, result: PNode; conf: ConfigRef; currPosition: var int) =
-  if t != nil and t.len > 0 and t[0] != nil:
-    let b = skipTypes(t[0], skipPtrs)
-    getNullValueAux(b, b.n, result, conf, currPosition)
+proc getNullValueAux(c: PCtx; t: PType; obj: PNode, result: PNode; conf: ConfigRef; currPosition: var int) =
+  if t != nil and t.baseClass != nil:
+    let b = skipTypes(t.baseClass, skipPtrs)
+    getNullValueAux(c, b, b.n, result, conf, currPosition)
   case obj.kind
   of nkRecList:
-    for i in 0..<obj.len: getNullValueAux(nil, obj[i], result, conf, currPosition)
+    for i in 0..<obj.len: getNullValueAux(c, nil, obj[i], result, conf, currPosition)
   of nkRecCase:
-    getNullValueAux(nil, obj[0], result, conf, currPosition)
+    getNullValueAux(c, nil, obj[0], result, conf, currPosition)
     for i in 1..<obj.len:
-      getNullValueAux(nil, lastSon(obj[i]), result, conf, currPosition)
+      getNullValueAux(c, nil, lastSon(obj[i]), result, conf, currPosition)
   of nkSym:
     let field = newNodeI(nkExprColonExpr, result.info)
     field.add(obj)
-    field.add(getNullValue(obj.sym.typ, result.info, conf))
+    let value = getNullValue(c, obj.sym.typ, result.info, conf)
+    value.flags.incl nfSkipFieldChecking
+    field.add(value)
     result.add field
     doAssert obj.sym.position == currPosition
     inc currPosition
   else: globalError(conf, result.info, "cannot create null element for: " & $obj)
 
-proc getNullValue(typ: PType, info: TLineInfo; conf: ConfigRef): PNode =
+proc getNullValue(c: PCtx; typ: PType, info: TLineInfo; conf: ConfigRef): PNode =
   var t = skipTypes(typ, abstractRange+{tyStatic, tyOwned}-{tyTypeDesc})
   case t.kind
   of tyBool, tyEnum, tyChar, tyInt..tyInt64:
@@ -1800,10 +1924,10 @@ proc getNullValue(typ: PType, info: TLineInfo; conf: ConfigRef): PNode =
     result = newNodeIT(nkUIntLit, info, t)
   of tyFloat..tyFloat128:
     result = newNodeIT(nkFloatLit, info, t)
-  of tyCString, tyString:
+  of tyString:
     result = newNodeIT(nkStrLit, info, t)
     result.strVal = ""
-  of tyVar, tyLent, tyPointer, tyPtr, tyUntyped,
+  of tyCstring, tyVar, tyLent, tyPointer, tyPtr, tyUntyped,
      tyTyped, tyTypeDesc, tyRef, tyNil:
     result = newNodeIT(nkNilLit, info, t)
   of tyProc:
@@ -1811,22 +1935,22 @@ proc getNullValue(typ: PType, info: TLineInfo; conf: ConfigRef): PNode =
       result = newNodeIT(nkNilLit, info, t)
     else:
       result = newNodeIT(nkTupleConstr, info, t)
-      result.add(newNodeIT(nkNilLit, info, t))
-      result.add(newNodeIT(nkNilLit, info, t))
+      result.add(newNodeIT(nkNilLit, info, getSysType(c.graph, info, tyPointer)))
+      result.add(newNodeIT(nkNilLit, info, getSysType(c.graph, info, tyPointer)))
   of tyObject:
     result = newNodeIT(nkObjConstr, info, t)
     result.add(newNodeIT(nkEmpty, info, t))
     # initialize inherited fields, and all in the correct order:
     var currPosition = 0
-    getNullValueAux(t, t.n, result, conf, currPosition)
+    getNullValueAux(c, t, t.n, result, conf, currPosition)
   of tyArray:
     result = newNodeIT(nkBracket, info, t)
     for i in 0..<toInt(lengthOrd(conf, t)):
-      result.add getNullValue(elemType(t), info, conf)
+      result.add getNullValue(c, elemType(t), info, conf)
   of tyTuple:
     result = newNodeIT(nkTupleConstr, info, t)
-    for i in 0..<t.len:
-      result.add getNullValue(t[i], info, conf)
+    for a in t.kids:
+      result.add getNullValue(c, a, info, conf)
   of tySet:
     result = newNodeIT(nkCurly, info, t)
   of tySequence, tyOpenArray:
@@ -1849,21 +1973,38 @@ proc genVarSection(c: PCtx; n: PNode) =
       let s = a[0].sym
       checkCanEval(c, a[0])
       if s.isGlobal:
+        let runtimeAccessToCompileTime = c.mode == emRepl and
+              sfCompileTime in s.flags and s.position > 0
         if s.position == 0:
           if importcCond(c, s): c.importcSym(a.info, s)
           else:
-            let sa = getNullValue(s.typ, a.info, c.config)
+            let sa = getNullValue(c, s.typ, a.info, c.config)
             #if s.ast.isNil: getNullValue(s.typ, a.info)
-            #else: canonValue(s.ast)
+            #else: s.ast
             assert sa.kind != nkCall
             c.globals.add(sa)
             s.position = c.globals.len
-        if a[2].kind != nkEmpty:
+        if runtimeAccessToCompileTime:
+          discard
+        elif a[2].kind != nkEmpty:
           let tmp = c.genx(a[0], {gfNodeAddr})
           let val = c.genx(a[2])
           c.genAdditionalCopy(a[2], opcWrDeref, tmp, 0, val)
           c.freeTemp(val)
           c.freeTemp(tmp)
+        elif not importcCondVar(s) and not (s.typ.kind == tyProc and s.typ.callConv == ccClosure) and
+                sfPure notin s.flags: # fixes #10938
+          # there is a pre-existing issue with closure types in VM
+          # if `(var s: proc () = default(proc ()); doAssert s == nil)` works for you;
+          # you might remove the second condition.
+          # the problem is that closure types are tuples in VM, but the types of its children
+          # shouldn't have the same type as closure types.
+          let tmp = c.genx(a[0], {gfNodeAddr})
+          let sa = getNullValue(c, s.typ, a.info, c.config)
+          let val = c.genx(sa)
+          c.genAdditionalCopy(sa, opcWrDeref, tmp, 0, val)
+          c.freeTemp(val)
+          c.freeTemp(tmp)
       else:
         setSlot(c, s)
         if a[2].kind == nkEmpty:
@@ -1929,10 +2070,12 @@ proc genSetConstr(c: PCtx, n: PNode, dest: var TDest) =
       c.freeTemp(a)
 
 proc genObjConstr(c: PCtx, n: PNode, dest: var TDest) =
+  if tfUnion in n.typ.flags: # bug #22708 # bug #13481
+    globalError(c.config, n.info, "object with '{.union.}' pragmas is not supported by VM")
   if dest < 0: dest = c.getTemp(n.typ)
   let t = n.typ.skipTypes(abstractRange+{tyOwned}-{tyTypeDesc})
   if t.kind == tyRef:
-    c.gABx(n, opcNew, dest, c.genType(t[0]))
+    c.gABx(n, opcNew, dest, c.genType(t.elementType))
   else:
     c.gABx(n, opcLdNull, dest, c.genType(n.typ))
   for i in 1..<n.len:
@@ -1966,34 +2109,46 @@ proc genTupleConstr(c: PCtx, n: PNode, dest: var TDest) =
 
 proc genProc*(c: PCtx; s: PSym): int
 
-proc matches(s: PSym; x: string): bool =
-  let y = x.split('.')
+proc toKey(s: PSym): string =
+  result = ""
   var s = s
-  for i in 1..y.len:
-    if s == nil or (y[^i].cmpIgnoreStyle(s.name.s) != 0 and y[^i] != "*"):
-      return false
-    s = if sfFromGeneric in s.flags: s.owner.owner else: s.owner
-    while s != nil and s.kind == skPackage and s.owner != nil: s = s.owner
-  result = true
+  while s != nil:
+    result.add s.name.s
+    if s.owner != nil:
+      if sfFromGeneric in s.flags:
+        s = s.instantiatedFrom.owner
+      else:
+        s = s.owner
+      result.add "."
+    else:
+      break
 
 proc procIsCallback(c: PCtx; s: PSym): bool =
   if s.offset < -1: return true
-  var i = -2
-  for key, value in items(c.callbacks):
-    if s.matches(key):
-      doAssert s.offset == -1
-      s.offset = i
-      return true
-    dec i
+  let key = toKey(s)
+  if c.callbackIndex.contains(key):
+    let index = c.callbackIndex[key]
+    doAssert s.offset == -1
+    s.offset = -2'i32 - index.int32
+    result = true
+  else:
+    result = false
 
 proc gen(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags = {}) =
+  when defined(nimCompilerStacktraceHints):
+    setFrameMsg c.config$n.info & " " & $n.kind & " " & $flags
   case n.kind
   of nkSym:
     let s = n.sym
     checkCanEval(c, n)
     case s.kind
-    of skVar, skForVar, skTemp, skLet, skParam, skResult:
+    of skVar, skForVar, skTemp, skLet, skResult:
       genRdVar(c, n, dest, flags)
+    of skParam:
+      if s.typ.kind == tyTypeDesc:
+        genTypeLit(c, s.typ.skipTypes({tyTypeDesc}), dest)
+      else:
+        genRdVar(c, n, dest, flags)
     of skProc, skFunc, skConverter, skMacro, skTemplate, skMethod, skIterator:
       # 'skTemplate' is only allowed for 'getAst' support:
       if s.kind == skIterator and s.typ.callConv == TCallingConvention.ccClosure:
@@ -2002,8 +2157,11 @@ proc gen(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags = {}) =
       elif importcCond(c, s): c.importcSym(n.info, s)
       genLit(c, n, dest)
     of skConst:
-      let constVal = if s.ast != nil: s.ast else: s.typ.n
-      gen(c, constVal, dest)
+      let constVal = if s.astdef != nil: s.astdef else: s.typ.n
+      if dontInlineConstant(n, constVal):
+        genLit(c, constVal, dest)
+      else:
+        gen(c, constVal, dest)
     of skEnumField:
       # we never reach this case - as of the time of this comment,
       # skEnumField is folded to an int in semfold.nim, but this code
@@ -2027,16 +2185,10 @@ proc gen(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags = {}) =
     if n[0].kind == nkSym:
       let s = n[0].sym
       if s.magic != mNone:
-        genMagic(c, n, dest, s.magic)
+        genMagic(c, n, dest, flags, s.magic)
       elif s.kind == skMethod:
         localError(c.config, n.info, "cannot call method " & s.name.s &
           " at compile time")
-      elif matches(s, "stdlib.marshal.to"):
-        # XXX marshal load&store should not be opcodes, but use the
-        # general callback mechanisms.
-        genMarshalLoad(c, n, dest)
-      elif matches(s, "stdlib.marshal.$$"):
-        genMarshalStore(c, n, dest)
       else:
         genCall(c, n, dest)
         clearDest(c, n, dest)
@@ -2051,9 +2203,9 @@ proc gen(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags = {}) =
       genLit(c, n, dest)
   of nkUIntLit..pred(nkNilLit): genLit(c, n, dest)
   of nkNilLit:
-    if not n.typ.isEmptyType: genLit(c, getNullValue(n.typ, n.info, c.config), dest)
+    if not n.typ.isEmptyType: genLit(c, getNullValue(c, n.typ, n.info, c.config), dest)
     else: unused(c, n, dest)
-  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn:
+  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn, nkSinkAsgn:
     unused(c, n, dest)
     genAsgn(c, n[0], n[1], n.kind == nkAsgn)
   of nkDotExpr: genObjAccess(c, n, dest, flags)
@@ -2090,36 +2242,37 @@ proc gen(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags = {}) =
     unused(c, n, dest)
     gen(c, n[0])
   of nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkConv:
-    genConv(c, n, n[1], dest)
+    genConv(c, n, n[1], dest, flags)
   of nkObjDownConv:
-    genConv(c, n, n[0], dest)
+    genConv(c, n, n[0], dest, flags)
   of nkObjUpConv:
-    genConv(c, n, n[0], dest)
+    genConv(c, n, n[0], dest, flags)
   of nkVarSection, nkLetSection:
     unused(c, n, dest)
     genVarSection(c, n)
-  of declarativeDefs, nkMacroDef:
-    unused(c, n, dest)
   of nkLambdaKinds:
     #let s = n[namePos].sym
     #discard genProc(c, s)
     genLit(c, newSymNode(n[namePos].sym), dest)
   of nkChckRangeF, nkChckRange64, nkChckRange:
-    let
-      tmp0 = c.genx(n[0])
-      tmp1 = c.genx(n[1])
-      tmp2 = c.genx(n[2])
-    c.gABC(n, opcRangeChck, tmp0, tmp1, tmp2)
-    c.freeTemp(tmp1)
-    c.freeTemp(tmp2)
-    if dest >= 0:
-      gABC(c, n, whichAsgnOpc(n), dest, tmp0)
-      c.freeTemp(tmp0)
+    if skipTypes(n.typ, abstractVar).kind in {tyUInt..tyUInt64}:
+      genConv(c, n, n[0], dest, flags)
     else:
-      dest = tmp0
+      let
+        tmp0 = c.genx(n[0])
+        tmp1 = c.genx(n[1])
+        tmp2 = c.genx(n[2])
+      c.gABC(n, opcRangeChck, tmp0, tmp1, tmp2)
+      c.freeTemp(tmp1)
+      c.freeTemp(tmp2)
+      if dest >= 0:
+        gABC(c, n, whichAsgnOpc(n), dest, tmp0)
+        c.freeTemp(tmp0)
+      else:
+        dest = tmp0
   of nkEmpty, nkCommentStmt, nkTypeSection, nkConstSection, nkPragma,
      nkTemplateDef, nkIncludeStmt, nkImportStmt, nkFromStmt, nkExportStmt,
-     nkMixinStmt, nkBindStmt:
+     nkMixinStmt, nkBindStmt, declarativeDefs, nkMacroDef:
     unused(c, n, dest)
   of nkStringToCString, nkCStringToString:
     gen(c, n[0], dest)
@@ -2129,7 +2282,7 @@ proc gen(c: PCtx; n: PNode; dest: var TDest; flags: TGenFlags = {}) =
   of nkPar, nkClosure, nkTupleConstr: genTupleConstr(c, n, dest)
   of nkCast:
     if allowCast in c.features:
-      genConv(c, n, n[1], dest, opcCast)
+      genConv(c, n, n[1], dest, flags, opcCast)
     else:
       genCastIntFloat(c, n, dest)
   of nkTypeOfExpr:
@@ -2175,10 +2328,10 @@ proc genExpr*(c: PCtx; n: PNode, requiresValue = true): int =
 
 proc genParams(c: PCtx; params: PNode) =
   # res.sym.position is already 0
-  c.prc.slots[0] = (inUse: true, kind: slotFixedVar)
+  setLen(c.prc.regInfo, max(params.len, 1))
+  c.prc.regInfo[0] = (inUse: true, kind: slotFixedVar)
   for i in 1..<params.len:
-    c.prc.slots[i] = (inUse: true, kind: slotFixedLet)
-  c.prc.maxSlots = max(params.len, 1)
+    c.prc.regInfo[i] = (inUse: true, kind: slotFixedLet)
 
 proc finalJumpTarget(c: PCtx; pc, diff: int) =
   internalAssert(c.config, regBxMin < diff and diff < regBxMax)
@@ -2188,12 +2341,12 @@ proc finalJumpTarget(c: PCtx; pc, diff: int) =
                 TInstrType(diff+wordExcess) shl regBxShift).TInstr
 
 proc genGenericParams(c: PCtx; gp: PNode) =
-  var base = c.prc.maxSlots
+  var base = c.prc.regInfo.len
+  setLen c.prc.regInfo, base + gp.len
   for i in 0..<gp.len:
     var param = gp[i].sym
     param.position = base + i # XXX: fix this earlier; make it consistent with templates
-    c.prc.slots[base + i] = (inUse: true, kind: slotFixedLet)
-  c.prc.maxSlots = base + gp.len
+    c.prc.regInfo[base + i] = (inUse: true, kind: slotFixedLet)
 
 proc optimizeJumps(c: PCtx; start: int) =
   const maxIterations = 10
@@ -2237,26 +2390,30 @@ proc optimizeJumps(c: PCtx; start: int) =
     else: discard
 
 proc genProc(c: PCtx; s: PSym): int =
-  var x = s.ast[miscPos]
-  if x.kind == nkEmpty or x[0].kind == nkEmpty:
+  let
+    pos = c.procToCodePos.getOrDefault(s.id)
+    wasNotGenProcBefore = pos == 0
+    noRegistersAllocated = s.offset == -1
+  if wasNotGenProcBefore or noRegistersAllocated:
+    # xxx: the noRegisterAllocated check is required in order to avoid issues
+    #      where nimsuggest can crash due as a macro with pos will be loaded
+    #      but it doesn't have offsets for register allocations see:
+    #      https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/18385
+    #      Improvements and further use of IC should remove the need for this.
     #if s.name.s == "outterMacro" or s.name.s == "innerProc":
     #  echo "GENERATING CODE FOR ", s.name.s
     let last = c.code.len-1
-    var eofInstr: TInstr
+    var eofInstr: TInstr = default(TInstr)
     if last >= 0 and c.code[last].opcode == opcEof:
       eofInstr = c.code[last]
       c.code.setLen(last)
       c.debug.setLen(last)
     #c.removeLastEof
     result = c.code.len+1 # skip the jump instruction
-    if x.kind == nkEmpty:
-      x = newTree(nkBracket, newIntNode(nkIntLit, result), x)
-    else:
-      x[0] = newIntNode(nkIntLit, result)
-    s.ast[miscPos] = x
+    c.procToCodePos[s.id] = result
     # thanks to the jmp we can add top level statements easily and also nest
     # procs easily:
-    let body = transformBody(c.graph, c.idgen, s, cache = not isCompileTimeProc(s))
+    let body = transformBody(c.graph, c.idgen, s, if isCompileTimeProc(s): {} else: {useCache})
     let procStart = c.xjmp(body, opcJmp, 0)
     var p = PProc(blocks: @[], sym: s)
     let oldPrc = c.prc
@@ -2271,19 +2428,18 @@ proc genProc(c: PCtx; s: PSym): int =
     if tfCapturesEnv in s.typ.flags:
       #let env = s.ast[paramsPos].lastSon.sym
       #assert env.position == 2
-      c.prc.slots[c.prc.maxSlots] = (inUse: true, kind: slotFixedLet)
-      inc c.prc.maxSlots
+      c.prc.regInfo.add (inUse: true, kind: slotFixedLet)
     gen(c, body)
     # generate final 'return' statement:
     c.gABC(body, opcRet)
     c.patch(procStart)
     c.gABC(body, opcEof, eofInstr.regA)
     c.optimizeJumps(result)
-    s.offset = c.prc.maxSlots
+    s.offset = c.prc.regInfo.len.int32
     #if s.name.s == "main" or s.name.s == "[]":
     #  echo renderTree(body)
     #  c.echoCode(result)
     c.prc = oldPrc
   else:
-    c.prc.maxSlots = s.offset
-    result = x[0].intVal.int
+    c.prc.regInfo.setLen s.offset
+    result = pos
diff --git a/compiler/vmhooks.nim b/compiler/vmhooks.nim
index 573d84853..2d7ad63e7 100644
--- a/compiler/vmhooks.nim
+++ b/compiler/vmhooks.nim
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@
 
 import pathutils
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 template setX(k, field) {.dirty.} =
   a.slots[a.ra].ensureKind(k)
   a.slots[a.ra].field = v
@@ -36,10 +39,21 @@ proc setResult*(a: VmArgs; v: seq[string]) =
   for x in v: n.add newStrNode(nkStrLit, x)
   a.slots[a.ra].node = n
 
-template getX(k, field) {.dirty.} =
+proc setResult*(a: VmArgs; v: (BiggestInt, BiggestInt)) =
+  a.slots[a.ra].ensureKind(rkNode)
+  var tuplen = newNode(nkTupleConstr)
+  tuplen.add newIntNode(nkIntLit, v[0])
+  tuplen.add newIntNode(nkIntLit, v[1]) 
+  a.slots[a.ra].node = tuplen
+
+template getReg(a, i): untyped =
   doAssert i < a.rc-1
-  doAssert a.slots[i+a.rb+1].kind == k
-  result = a.slots[i+a.rb+1].field
+  a.slots[i+a.rb+1].unsafeAddr
+
+template getX(k, field): untyped {.dirty.} =
+  let p = getReg(a, i)
+  doAssert p.kind == k, $p.kind
+  p.field
 
 proc numArgs*(a: VmArgs): int =
   result = a.rc-1
@@ -47,19 +61,17 @@ proc numArgs*(a: VmArgs): int =
 proc getInt*(a: VmArgs; i: Natural): BiggestInt = getX(rkInt, intVal)
 proc getBool*(a: VmArgs; i: Natural): bool = getInt(a, i) != 0
 proc getFloat*(a: VmArgs; i: Natural): BiggestFloat = getX(rkFloat, floatVal)
-proc getString*(a: VmArgs; i: Natural): string =
-  doAssert i < a.rc-1
-  doAssert a.slots[i+a.rb+1].kind == rkNode
-  result = a.slots[i+a.rb+1].node.strVal
-
-proc getNode*(a: VmArgs; i: Natural): PNode =
-  doAssert i < a.rc-1
-  doAssert a.slots[i+a.rb+1].kind == rkNode
-  result = a.slots[i+a.rb+1].node
+proc getNode*(a: VmArgs; i: Natural): PNode = getX(rkNode, node)
+proc getString*(a: VmArgs; i: Natural): string = getX(rkNode, node).strVal
+proc getVar*(a: VmArgs; i: Natural): PNode =
+  let p = getReg(a, i)
+  # depending on whether we come from top-level or proc scope, we need to consider 2 cases
+  case p.kind
+  of rkRegisterAddr: result = p.regAddr.node
+  of rkNodeAddr: result = p.nodeAddr[]
+  else: raiseAssert $p.kind
 
 proc getNodeAddr*(a: VmArgs; i: Natural): PNode =
-  doAssert i < a.rc-1
-  doAssert a.slots[i+a.rb+1].kind == rkNodeAddr
-  let nodeAddr = a.slots[i+a.rb+1].nodeAddr
+  let nodeAddr = getX(rkNodeAddr, nodeAddr)
   doAssert nodeAddr != nil
   result = nodeAddr[]
diff --git a/compiler/vmmarshal.nim b/compiler/vmmarshal.nim
index ffd8e16d7..0e67ededa 100644
--- a/compiler/vmmarshal.nim
+++ b/compiler/vmmarshal.nim
@@ -9,15 +9,21 @@
 
 ## Implements marshaling for the VM.
 
-import streams, json, intsets, tables, ast, astalgo, idents, types, msgs,
+import ast, astalgo, idents, types, msgs,
   options, lineinfos
 
+import std/[streams, json, intsets, tables]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, formatfloat]
+
 proc ptrToInt(x: PNode): int {.inline.} =
   result = cast[int](x) # don't skip alignment
 
 proc getField(n: PNode; position: int): PSym =
   case n.kind
   of nkRecList:
+    result = nil
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       result = getField(n[i], position)
       if result != nil: return
@@ -32,7 +38,8 @@ proc getField(n: PNode; position: int): PSym =
       else: discard
   of nkSym:
     if n.sym.position == position: result = n.sym
-  else: discard
+    else: result = nil
+  else: result = nil
 
 proc storeAny(s: var string; t: PType; a: PNode; stored: var IntSet; conf: ConfigRef)
 
@@ -75,11 +82,11 @@ proc storeAny(s: var string; t: PType; a: PNode; stored: var IntSet;
       s.add("]")
   of tyTuple:
     s.add("{")
-    for i in 0..<t.len:
+    for i, ti in t.ikids:
       if i > 0: s.add(", ")
       s.add("\"Field" & $i)
       s.add("\": ")
-      storeAny(s, t[i], a[i].skipColon, stored, conf)
+      storeAny(s, ti, a[i].skipColon, stored, conf)
     s.add("}")
   of tyObject:
     s.add("{")
@@ -91,16 +98,17 @@ proc storeAny(s: var string; t: PType; a: PNode; stored: var IntSet;
       if i > 0: s.add(", ")
       if a[i].kind == nkRange:
         var x = copyNode(a[i][0])
-        storeAny(s, t.lastSon, x, stored, conf)
-        while x.intVal+1 <= a[i][1].intVal:
+        storeAny(s, t.elementType, x, stored, conf)
+        inc x.intVal
+        while x.intVal <= a[i][1].intVal:
           s.add(", ")
-          storeAny(s, t.lastSon, x, stored, conf)
+          storeAny(s, t.elementType, x, stored, conf)
           inc x.intVal
       else:
-        storeAny(s, t.lastSon, a[i], stored, conf)
+        storeAny(s, t.elementType, a[i], stored, conf)
     s.add("]")
   of tyRange, tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink:
-    storeAny(s, t.lastSon, a, stored, conf)
+    storeAny(s, t.skipModifier, a, stored, conf)
   of tyEnum:
     # we need a slow linear search because of enums with holes:
     for e in items(t.n):
@@ -119,9 +127,9 @@ proc storeAny(s: var string; t: PType; a: PNode; stored: var IntSet;
       s.add("[")
       s.add($x.ptrToInt)
       s.add(", ")
-      storeAny(s, t.lastSon, a, stored, conf)
+      storeAny(s, t.elementType, a, stored, conf)
       s.add("]")
-  of tyString, tyCString:
+  of tyString, tyCstring:
     if a.kind == nkNilLit: s.add("null")
     else: s.add(escapeJson(a.strVal))
   of tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64: s.add($a.intVal)
@@ -139,7 +147,9 @@ proc loadAny(p: var JsonParser, t: PType,
              conf: ConfigRef;
              idgen: IdGenerator): PNode =
   case t.kind
-  of tyNone: assert false
+  of tyNone:
+    result = nil
+    assert false
   of tyBool:
     case p.kind
     of jsonFalse: result = newIntNode(nkIntLit, 0)
@@ -149,6 +159,7 @@ proc loadAny(p: var JsonParser, t: PType,
   of tyChar:
     if p.kind == jsonString:
       var x = p.str
+      result = nil
       if x.len == 1:
         result = newIntNode(nkIntLit, ord(x[0]))
         next(p)
@@ -157,8 +168,11 @@ proc loadAny(p: var JsonParser, t: PType,
       result = newIntNode(nkIntLit, getInt(p))
       next(p)
       return
+    else:
+      result = nil
     raiseParseErr(p, "string of length 1 expected for a char")
   of tyEnum:
+    result = nil
     if p.kind == jsonString:
       for e in items(t.n):
         if e.sym.name.s == p.str:
@@ -187,17 +201,19 @@ proc loadAny(p: var JsonParser, t: PType,
       if p.kind == jsonArrayEnd: next(p)
       else: raiseParseErr(p, "")
     else:
+      result = nil
       raiseParseErr(p, "'[' expected for a seq")
   of tyTuple:
     if p.kind != jsonObjectStart: raiseParseErr(p, "'{' expected for an object")
     next(p)
     result = newNode(nkTupleConstr)
     var i = 0
+    let tupleLen = t.kidsLen
     while p.kind != jsonObjectEnd and p.kind != jsonEof:
       if p.kind != jsonString:
         raiseParseErr(p, "string expected for a field name")
       next(p)
-      if i >= t.len:
+      if i >= tupleLen:
         raiseParseErr(p, "too many fields to tuple type " & typeToString(t))
       result.add loadAny(p, t[i], tab, cache, conf, idgen)
       inc i
@@ -220,7 +236,7 @@ proc loadAny(p: var JsonParser, t: PType,
       if pos >= result.len:
         setLen(result.sons, pos + 1)
       let fieldNode = newNode(nkExprColonExpr)
-      fieldNode.add newSymNode(newSym(skField, ident, nextSymId(idgen), nil, unknownLineInfo))
+      fieldNode.add newSymNode(newSym(skField, ident, idgen, nil, unknownLineInfo))
       fieldNode.add loadAny(p, field.typ, tab, cache, conf, idgen)
       result[pos] = fieldNode
     if p.kind == jsonObjectEnd: next(p)
@@ -230,8 +246,7 @@ proc loadAny(p: var JsonParser, t: PType,
     next(p)
     result = newNode(nkCurly)
     while p.kind != jsonArrayEnd and p.kind != jsonEof:
-      result.add loadAny(p, t.lastSon, tab, cache, conf, idgen)
-      next(p)
+      result.add loadAny(p, t.elementType, tab, cache, conf, idgen)
     if p.kind == jsonArrayEnd: next(p)
     else: raiseParseErr(p, "']' end of array expected")
   of tyPtr, tyRef:
@@ -245,17 +260,20 @@ proc loadAny(p: var JsonParser, t: PType,
         raiseParseErr(p, "cannot load object with address " & $p.getInt)
       next(p)
     of jsonArrayStart:
+      result = nil
       next(p)
       if p.kind == jsonInt:
         let idx = p.getInt
         next(p)
-        result = loadAny(p, t.lastSon, tab, cache, conf, idgen)
+        result = loadAny(p, t.elementType, tab, cache, conf, idgen)
         tab[idx] = result
       else: raiseParseErr(p, "index for ref type expected")
       if p.kind == jsonArrayEnd: next(p)
       else: raiseParseErr(p, "']' end of ref-address pair expected")
-    else: raiseParseErr(p, "int for pointer type expected")
-  of tyString, tyCString:
+    else:
+      result = nil
+      raiseParseErr(p, "int for pointer type expected")
+  of tyString, tyCstring:
     case p.kind
     of jsonNull:
       result = newNode(nkNilLit)
@@ -263,27 +281,34 @@ proc loadAny(p: var JsonParser, t: PType,
     of jsonString:
       result = newStrNode(nkStrLit, p.str)
       next(p)
-    else: raiseParseErr(p, "string expected")
+    else:
+      result = nil
+      raiseParseErr(p, "string expected")
   of tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64:
     if p.kind == jsonInt:
       result = newIntNode(nkIntLit, getInt(p))
       next(p)
       return
+    else:
+      result = nil
     raiseParseErr(p, "int expected")
   of tyFloat..tyFloat128:
     if p.kind == jsonFloat:
       result = newFloatNode(nkFloatLit, getFloat(p))
       next(p)
       return
+    else:
+      result = nil
     raiseParseErr(p, "float expected")
   of tyRange, tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink:
-    result = loadAny(p, t.lastSon, tab, cache, conf, idgen)
+    result = loadAny(p, t.skipModifier, tab, cache, conf, idgen)
   else:
+    result = nil
     internalError conf, "cannot marshal at compile-time " & t.typeToString
 
 proc loadAny*(s: string; t: PType; cache: IdentCache; conf: ConfigRef; idgen: IdGenerator): PNode =
   var tab = initTable[BiggestInt, PNode]()
-  var p: JsonParser
+  var p: JsonParser = default(JsonParser)
   open(p, newStringStream(s), "unknown file")
   next(p)
   result = loadAny(p, t, tab, cache, conf, idgen)
diff --git a/compiler/vmops.nim b/compiler/vmops.nim
index 5748b41b3..45194e633 100644
--- a/compiler/vmops.nim
+++ b/compiler/vmops.nim
@@ -12,26 +12,36 @@
 from std/math import sqrt, ln, log10, log2, exp, round, arccos, arcsin,
   arctan, arctan2, cos, cosh, hypot, sinh, sin, tan, tanh, pow, trunc,
   floor, ceil, `mod`, cbrt, arcsinh, arccosh, arctanh, erf, erfc, gamma,
-  lgamma
-
+  lgamma, divmod
+from std/sequtils import toSeq
 when declared(math.copySign):
-  from std/math import copySign
+  # pending bug #18762, avoid renaming math
+  from std/math as math2 import copySign
 
 when declared(math.signbit):
-  from std/math import signbit
+  # ditto
+  from std/math as math3 import signbit
+
 
-from std/os import getEnv, existsEnv, dirExists, fileExists, putEnv, walkDir,
-                   getAppFilename, raiseOSError, osLastError
+from std/envvars import getEnv, existsEnv, delEnv, putEnv, envPairs
+from std/os import getAppFilename
+from std/private/oscommon import dirExists, fileExists
+from std/private/osdirs import walkDir, createDir
+from std/private/ospaths2 import getCurrentDir
 
-from std/md5 import getMD5
 from std/times import cpuTime
 from std/hashes import hash
 from std/osproc import nil
 
-from sighashes import symBodyDigest
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
+else:
+  from std/formatfloat import addFloatRoundtrip, addFloatSprintf
+
 
 # There are some useful procs in vmconv.
-import vmconv
+import vmconv, vmmarshal
 
 template mathop(op) {.dirty.} =
   registerCallback(c, "stdlib.math." & astToStr(op), `op Wrapper`)
@@ -39,6 +49,15 @@ template mathop(op) {.dirty.} =
 template osop(op) {.dirty.} =
   registerCallback(c, "stdlib.os." & astToStr(op), `op Wrapper`)
 
+template oscommonop(op) {.dirty.} =
+  registerCallback(c, "stdlib.oscommon." & astToStr(op), `op Wrapper`)
+
+template osdirsop(op) {.dirty.} =
+  registerCallback(c, "stdlib.osdirs." & astToStr(op), `op Wrapper`)
+
+template envvarsop(op) {.dirty.} =
+  registerCallback(c, "stdlib.envvars." & astToStr(op), `op Wrapper`)
+
 template timesop(op) {.dirty.} =
   registerCallback(c, "stdlib.times." & astToStr(op), `op Wrapper`)
 
@@ -46,25 +65,27 @@ template systemop(op) {.dirty.} =
   registerCallback(c, "stdlib.system." & astToStr(op), `op Wrapper`)
 
 template ioop(op) {.dirty.} =
-  registerCallback(c, "stdlib.io." & astToStr(op), `op Wrapper`)
+  registerCallback(c, "stdlib.syncio." & astToStr(op), `op Wrapper`)
 
 template macrosop(op) {.dirty.} =
   registerCallback(c, "stdlib.macros." & astToStr(op), `op Wrapper`)
 
-template md5op(op) {.dirty.} =
-  registerCallback(c, "stdlib.md5." & astToStr(op), `op Wrapper`)
-
-template wrap1f_math(op) {.dirty.} =
+template wrap1fMath(op) {.dirty.} =
   proc `op Wrapper`(a: VmArgs) {.nimcall.} =
     doAssert a.numArgs == 1
     setResult(a, op(getFloat(a, 0)))
   mathop op
 
-template wrap2f_math(op) {.dirty.} =
+template wrap2fMath(op) {.dirty.} =
   proc `op Wrapper`(a: VmArgs) {.nimcall.} =
     setResult(a, op(getFloat(a, 0), getFloat(a, 1)))
   mathop op
 
+template wrap2iMath(op) {.dirty.} =
+  proc `op Wrapper`(a: VmArgs) {.nimcall.} =
+    setResult(a, op(getInt(a, 0), getInt(a, 1)))
+  mathop op
+
 template wrap0(op, modop) {.dirty.} =
   proc `op Wrapper`(a: VmArgs) {.nimcall.} =
     setResult(a, op())
@@ -95,7 +116,17 @@ template wrap2svoid(op, modop) {.dirty.} =
     op(getString(a, 0), getString(a, 1))
   modop op
 
-template wrapDangerous(op, modop) {.dirty.} =
+template wrapDangerous1svoid(op, modop) {.dirty.} =
+  if vmopsDanger notin c.config.features and (defined(nimsuggest) or c.config.cmd == cmdCheck):
+    proc `op Wrapper`(a: VmArgs) {.nimcall.} =
+      discard
+    modop op
+  else:
+    proc `op Wrapper`(a: VmArgs) {.nimcall.} =
+      op(getString(a, 0))
+    modop op
+
+template wrapDangerous2svoid(op, modop) {.dirty.} =
   if vmopsDanger notin c.config.features and (defined(nimsuggest) or c.config.cmd == cmdCheck):
     proc `op Wrapper`(a: VmArgs) {.nimcall.} =
       discard
@@ -117,39 +148,53 @@ proc staticWalkDirImpl(path: string, relative: bool): PNode =
   for k, f in walkDir(path, relative):
     result.add toLit((k, f))
 
-when defined(nimHasInvariant):
-  from std / compilesettings import SingleValueSetting, MultipleValueSetting
-
-  proc querySettingImpl(conf: ConfigRef, switch: BiggestInt): string =
-    case SingleValueSetting(switch)
-    of arguments: result = conf.arguments
-    of outFile: result = conf.outFile.string
-    of outDir: result = conf.outDir.string
-    of nimcacheDir: result = conf.getNimcacheDir().string
-    of projectName: result = conf.projectName
-    of projectPath: result = conf.projectPath.string
-    of projectFull: result = conf.projectFull.string
-    of command: result = conf.command
-    of commandLine: result = conf.commandLine
-    of linkOptions: result = conf.linkOptions
-    of compileOptions: result = conf.compileOptions
-    of ccompilerPath: result = conf.cCompilerPath
-    of backend: result = $conf.backend
-    of libPath: result = conf.libpath.string
-
-  proc querySettingSeqImpl(conf: ConfigRef, switch: BiggestInt): seq[string] =
-    template copySeq(field: untyped): untyped =
-      for i in field: result.add i.string
-
-    case MultipleValueSetting(switch)
-    of nimblePaths: copySeq(conf.nimblePaths)
-    of searchPaths: copySeq(conf.searchPaths)
-    of lazyPaths: copySeq(conf.lazyPaths)
-    of commandArgs: result = conf.commandArgs
-    of cincludes: copySeq(conf.cIncludes)
-    of clibs: copySeq(conf.cLibs)
+from std / compilesettings import SingleValueSetting, MultipleValueSetting
+
+proc querySettingImpl(conf: ConfigRef, switch: BiggestInt): string =
+  {.push warning[Deprecated]:off.}
+  case SingleValueSetting(switch)
+  of arguments: result = conf.arguments
+  of outFile: result = conf.outFile.string
+  of outDir: result = conf.outDir.string
+  of nimcacheDir: result = conf.getNimcacheDir().string
+  of projectName: result = conf.projectName
+  of projectPath: result = conf.projectPath.string
+  of projectFull: result = conf.projectFull.string
+  of command: result = conf.command
+  of commandLine: result = conf.commandLine
+  of linkOptions: result = conf.linkOptions
+  of compileOptions: result = conf.compileOptions
+  of ccompilerPath: result = conf.cCompilerPath
+  of backend: result = $conf.backend
+  of libPath: result = conf.libpath.string
+  of gc: result = $conf.selectedGC
+  of mm: result = $conf.selectedGC
+  {.pop.}
+
+proc querySettingSeqImpl(conf: ConfigRef, switch: BiggestInt): seq[string] =
+  template copySeq(field: untyped): untyped =
+    result = @[]
+    for i in field: result.add i.string
+
+  case MultipleValueSetting(switch)
+  of nimblePaths: copySeq(conf.nimblePaths)
+  of searchPaths: copySeq(conf.searchPaths)
+  of lazyPaths: copySeq(conf.lazyPaths)
+  of commandArgs: result = conf.commandArgs
+  of cincludes: copySeq(conf.cIncludes)
+  of clibs: copySeq(conf.cLibs)
+
+proc stackTrace2(c: PCtx, msg: string, n: PNode) =
+  stackTrace(c, PStackFrame(prc: c.prc.sym, comesFrom: 0, next: nil), c.exceptionInstr, msg, n.info)
+
 
 proc registerAdditionalOps*(c: PCtx) =
+
+  template wrapIterator(fqname: string, iter: untyped) =
+    registerCallback c, fqname, proc(a: VmArgs) =
+      setResult(a, toLit(toSeq(iter)))
+
+
   proc gorgeExWrapper(a: VmArgs) =
     let ret = opGorge(getString(a, 0), getString(a, 1), getString(a, 2),
                          a.currentLineInfo, c.config)
@@ -158,72 +203,76 @@ proc registerAdditionalOps*(c: PCtx) =
   proc getProjectPathWrapper(a: VmArgs) =
     setResult a, c.config.projectPath.string
 
-  wrap1f_math(sqrt)
-  wrap1f_math(cbrt)
-  wrap1f_math(ln)
-  wrap1f_math(log10)
-  wrap1f_math(log2)
-  wrap1f_math(exp)
-  wrap1f_math(arccos)
-  wrap1f_math(arcsin)
-  wrap1f_math(arctan)
-  wrap1f_math(arcsinh)
-  wrap1f_math(arccosh)
-  wrap1f_math(arctanh)
-  wrap2f_math(arctan2)
-  wrap1f_math(cos)
-  wrap1f_math(cosh)
-  wrap2f_math(hypot)
-  wrap1f_math(sinh)
-  wrap1f_math(sin)
-  wrap1f_math(tan)
-  wrap1f_math(tanh)
-  wrap2f_math(pow)
-  wrap1f_math(trunc)
-  wrap1f_math(floor)
-  wrap1f_math(ceil)
-  wrap1f_math(erf)
-  wrap1f_math(erfc)
-  wrap1f_math(gamma)
-  wrap1f_math(lgamma)
+  wrap1fMath(sqrt)
+  wrap1fMath(cbrt)
+  wrap1fMath(ln)
+  wrap1fMath(log10)
+  wrap1fMath(log2)
+  wrap1fMath(exp)
+  wrap1fMath(arccos)
+  wrap1fMath(arcsin)
+  wrap1fMath(arctan)
+  wrap1fMath(arcsinh)
+  wrap1fMath(arccosh)
+  wrap1fMath(arctanh)
+  wrap2fMath(arctan2)
+  wrap1fMath(cos)
+  wrap1fMath(cosh)
+  wrap2fMath(hypot)
+  wrap1fMath(sinh)
+  wrap1fMath(sin)
+  wrap1fMath(tan)
+  wrap1fMath(tanh)
+  wrap2fMath(pow)
+  wrap1fMath(trunc)
+  wrap1fMath(floor)
+  wrap1fMath(ceil)
+  wrap1fMath(erf)
+  wrap1fMath(erfc)
+  wrap1fMath(gamma)
+  wrap1fMath(lgamma)
+  wrap2iMath(divmod)
 
   when declared(copySign):
-    wrap2f_math(copySign)
+    wrap2fMath(copySign)
 
   when declared(signbit):
-    wrap1f_math(signbit)
+    wrap1fMath(signbit)
 
   registerCallback c, "stdlib.math.round", proc (a: VmArgs) {.nimcall.} =
     let n = a.numArgs
     case n
     of 1: setResult(a, round(getFloat(a, 0)))
     of 2: setResult(a, round(getFloat(a, 0), getInt(a, 1).int))
-    else: doAssert false, $n
-
-  wrap1s(getMD5, md5op)
+    else: raiseAssert $n
 
   proc `mod Wrapper`(a: VmArgs) {.nimcall.} =
     setResult(a, `mod`(getFloat(a, 0), getFloat(a, 1)))
   registerCallback(c, "stdlib.math.mod", `mod Wrapper`)
 
   when defined(nimcore):
-    wrap2s(getEnv, osop)
-    wrap1s(existsEnv, osop)
-    wrap2svoid(putEnv, osop)
-    wrap1s(dirExists, osop)
-    wrap1s(fileExists, osop)
-    wrapDangerous(writeFile, ioop)
+    wrap2s(getEnv, envvarsop)
+    wrap1s(existsEnv, envvarsop)
+    wrap2svoid(putEnv, envvarsop)
+    wrap1svoid(delEnv, envvarsop)
+    wrap1s(dirExists, oscommonop)
+    wrap1s(fileExists, oscommonop)
+    wrapDangerous2svoid(writeFile, ioop)
+    wrapDangerous1svoid(createDir, osdirsop)
     wrap1s(readFile, ioop)
     wrap2si(readLines, ioop)
     systemop getCurrentExceptionMsg
     systemop getCurrentException
-    registerCallback c, "stdlib.*.staticWalkDir", proc (a: VmArgs) {.nimcall.} =
+    registerCallback c, "stdlib.osdirs.staticWalkDir", proc (a: VmArgs) {.nimcall.} =
       setResult(a, staticWalkDirImpl(getString(a, 0), getBool(a, 1)))
-    when defined(nimHasInvariant):
-      registerCallback c, "stdlib.compilesettings.querySetting", proc (a: VmArgs) =
-        setResult(a, querySettingImpl(c.config, getInt(a, 0)))
-      registerCallback c, "stdlib.compilesettings.querySettingSeq", proc (a: VmArgs) =
-        setResult(a, querySettingSeqImpl(c.config, getInt(a, 0)))
+    registerCallback c, "stdlib.staticos.staticDirExists", proc (a: VmArgs) {.nimcall.} =
+      setResult(a, dirExists(getString(a, 0)))
+    registerCallback c, "stdlib.staticos.staticFileExists", proc (a: VmArgs) {.nimcall.} =
+      setResult(a, fileExists(getString(a, 0)))
+    registerCallback c, "stdlib.compilesettings.querySetting", proc (a: VmArgs) =
+      setResult(a, querySettingImpl(c.config, getInt(a, 0)))
+    registerCallback c, "stdlib.compilesettings.querySettingSeq", proc (a: VmArgs) =
+      setResult(a, querySettingSeqImpl(c.config, getInt(a, 0)))
 
     if defined(nimsuggest) or c.config.cmd == cmdCheck:
       discard "don't run staticExec for 'nim suggest'"
@@ -237,17 +286,24 @@ proc registerAdditionalOps*(c: PCtx) =
   registerCallback c, "stdlib.macros.symBodyHash", proc (a: VmArgs) =
     let n = getNode(a, 0)
     if n.kind != nkSym:
-      stackTrace(c, PStackFrame(prc: c.prc.sym, comesFrom: 0, next: nil), c.exceptionInstr,
-                  "symBodyHash() requires a symbol. '" & $n & "' is of kind '" & $n.kind & "'", n.info)
+      stackTrace2(c, "symBodyHash() requires a symbol. '$#' is of kind '$#'" % [$n, $n.kind], n)
     setResult(a, $symBodyDigest(c.graph, n.sym))
 
   registerCallback c, "stdlib.macros.isExported", proc(a: VmArgs) =
     let n = getNode(a, 0)
     if n.kind != nkSym:
-      stackTrace(c, PStackFrame(prc: c.prc.sym, comesFrom: 0, next: nil), c.exceptionInstr,
-                  "isExported() requires a symbol. '" & $n & "' is of kind '" & $n.kind & "'", n.info)
+      stackTrace2(c, "isExported() requires a symbol. '$#' is of kind '$#'" % [$n, $n.kind], n)
     setResult(a, sfExported in n.sym.flags)
 
+  registerCallback c, "stdlib.macrocache.hasKey", proc (a: VmArgs) =
+    let
+      table = getString(a, 0)
+      key = getString(a, 1)
+    setResult(a, table in c.graph.cacheTables and key in c.graph.cacheTables[table])
+
+  registerCallback c, "stdlib.vmutils.vmTrace", proc (a: VmArgs) =
+    c.config.isVmTrace = getBool(a, 0)
+
   proc hashVmImpl(a: VmArgs) =
     var res = hashes.hash(a.getString(0), a.getInt(1).int, a.getInt(2).int)
     if c.config.backend == backendJs:
@@ -286,27 +342,33 @@ proc registerAdditionalOps*(c: PCtx) =
     ## reproducible builds and users need to understand that this runs at CT.
     ## Note that `staticExec` can already do equal amount of damage so it's more
     ## of a semantic issue than a security issue.
-    registerCallback c, "stdlib.os.getCurrentDir", proc (a: VmArgs) {.nimcall.} =
-      setResult(a, os.getCurrentDir())
+    registerCallback c, "stdlib.ospaths2.getCurrentDir", proc (a: VmArgs) {.nimcall.} =
+      setResult(a, getCurrentDir())
     registerCallback c, "stdlib.osproc.execCmdEx", proc (a: VmArgs) {.nimcall.} =
       let options = getNode(a, 1).fromLit(set[osproc.ProcessOption])
       a.setResult osproc.execCmdEx(getString(a, 0), options).toLit
-    registerCallback c, "stdlib.times.getTime", proc (a: VmArgs) {.nimcall.} =
-      setResult(a, times.getTime().toLit)
+    registerCallback c, "stdlib.times.getTimeImpl", proc (a: VmArgs) =
+      let obj = a.getNode(0).typ.n
+      setResult(a, times.getTime().toTimeLit(c, obj, a.currentLineInfo))
 
   proc getEffectList(c: PCtx; a: VmArgs; effectIndex: int) =
     let fn = getNode(a, 0)
+    var list = newNodeI(nkBracket, fn.info)
     if fn.typ != nil and fn.typ.n != nil and fn.typ.n[0].len >= effectListLen and
         fn.typ.n[0][effectIndex] != nil:
-      var list = newNodeI(nkBracket, fn.info)
       for e in fn.typ.n[0][effectIndex]:
         list.add opMapTypeInstToAst(c.cache, e.typ.skipTypes({tyRef}), e.info, c.idgen)
-      setResult(a, list)
+    else:
+      list.add newIdentNode(getIdent(c.cache, "UncomputedEffects"), fn.info)
+
+    setResult(a, list)
 
   registerCallback c, "stdlib.effecttraits.getRaisesListImpl", proc (a: VmArgs) =
     getEffectList(c, a, exceptionEffects)
   registerCallback c, "stdlib.effecttraits.getTagsListImpl", proc (a: VmArgs) =
     getEffectList(c, a, tagEffects)
+  registerCallback c, "stdlib.effecttraits.getForbidsListImpl", proc (a: VmArgs) =
+    getEffectList(c, a, forbiddenEffects)
 
   registerCallback c, "stdlib.effecttraits.isGcSafeImpl", proc (a: VmArgs) =
     let fn = getNode(a, 0)
@@ -316,3 +378,40 @@ proc registerAdditionalOps*(c: PCtx) =
     let fn = getNode(a, 0)
     setResult(a, (fn.typ != nil and tfNoSideEffect in fn.typ.flags) or
                  (fn.kind == nkSym and fn.sym.kind == skFunc))
+
+  registerCallback c, "stdlib.typetraits.hasClosureImpl", proc (a: VmArgs) =
+    let fn = getNode(a, 0)
+    setResult(a, fn.kind == nkClosure or (fn.typ != nil and fn.typ.callConv == ccClosure))
+
+  registerCallback c, "stdlib.formatfloat.addFloatRoundtrip", proc(a: VmArgs) =
+    let p = a.getVar(0)
+    let x = a.getFloat(1)
+    addFloatRoundtrip(p.strVal, x)
+
+  registerCallback c, "stdlib.formatfloat.addFloatSprintf", proc(a: VmArgs) =
+    let p = a.getVar(0)
+    let x = a.getFloat(1)
+    addFloatSprintf(p.strVal, x)
+
+  registerCallback c, "stdlib.strutils.formatBiggestFloat", proc(a: VmArgs) =
+    setResult(a, formatBiggestFloat(a.getFloat(0), FloatFormatMode(a.getInt(1)),
+                                    a.getInt(2), chr(a.getInt(3))))
+
+  wrapIterator("stdlib.envvars.envPairsImplSeq"): envPairs()
+
+  registerCallback c, "stdlib.marshal.toVM", proc(a: VmArgs) =
+    let typ = a.getNode(0).typ
+    case typ.kind
+    of tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64:
+      setResult(a, loadAny(a.getString(1), typ, c.cache, c.config, c.idgen).intVal)
+    of tyFloat..tyFloat128:
+      setResult(a, loadAny(a.getString(1), typ, c.cache, c.config, c.idgen).floatVal)
+    else:
+      setResult(a, loadAny(a.getString(1), typ, c.cache, c.config, c.idgen))
+
+  registerCallback c, "stdlib.marshal.loadVM", proc(a: VmArgs) =
+    let typ = a.getNode(0).typ
+    let p = a.getReg(1)
+    var res: string = ""
+    storeAny(res, typ, regToNode(p[]), c.config)
+    setResult(a, res)
diff --git a/compiler/vmprofiler.nim b/compiler/vmprofiler.nim
index f586c8ffe..3f0db84bd 100644
--- a/compiler/vmprofiler.nim
+++ b/compiler/vmprofiler.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 
-import
-  options, vmdef, times, lineinfos, strutils, tables,
-  msgs
+import options, vmdef, lineinfos, msgs
+
+import std/[times, strutils, tables]
 
 proc enter*(prof: var Profiler, c: PCtx, tos: PStackFrame) {.inline.} =
   if optProfileVM in c.config.globalOptions:
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ proc leave*(prof: var Profiler, c: PCtx) {.inline.} =
 
 proc dump*(conf: ConfigRef, pd: ProfileData): string =
   var data = pd.data
-  echo "\nprof:     µs    #instr  location"
+  result = "\nprof:     µs    #instr  location"
   for i in 0..<32:
     var tMax: float
-    var infoMax: ProfileInfo
-    var flMax: TLineInfo
+    var infoMax: ProfileInfo = default(ProfileInfo)
+    var flMax: TLineInfo = default(TLineInfo)
     for fl, info in data:
       if info.time > infoMax.time:
         infoMax = info
diff --git a/compiler/vtables.nim b/compiler/vtables.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..928c64dd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/vtables.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+import ast, modulegraphs, magicsys, lineinfos, options, cgmeth, types
+import std/[algorithm, tables, intsets, assertions]
+
+
+
+proc genVTableDispatcher(g: ModuleGraph; methods: seq[PSym]; index: int): PSym =
+#[
+proc dispatch(x: Base, params: ...) =
+  cast[proc bar(x: Base, params: ...)](x.vTable[index])(x, params)
+]#
+  var base = methods[0].ast[dispatcherPos].sym
+  result = base
+  var paramLen = base.typ.signatureLen
+  var body = newNodeI(nkStmtList, base.info)
+
+  var disp = newNodeI(nkIfStmt, base.info)
+
+  var vTableAccess = newNodeIT(nkBracketExpr, base.info, base.typ)
+  let nimGetVTableSym = getCompilerProc(g, "nimGetVTable")
+  let ptrPNimType = nimGetVTableSym.typ.n[1].sym.typ
+
+  var nTyp = base.typ.n[1].sym.typ
+  var dispatchObject = newSymNode(base.typ.n[1].sym)
+  if nTyp.kind == tyObject:
+    dispatchObject = newTree(nkAddr, dispatchObject)
+  else:
+    if g.config.backend != backendCpp: # TODO: maybe handle ptr?
+      if nTyp.kind == tyVar and nTyp.skipTypes({tyVar}).kind != tyObject:
+        dispatchObject = newTree(nkDerefExpr, dispatchObject)
+
+  var getVTableCall = newTree(nkCall,
+    newSymNode(nimGetVTableSym),
+    dispatchObject,
+    newIntNode(nkIntLit, index)
+  )
+  getVTableCall.typ = base.typ
+  var vTableCall = newNodeIT(nkCall, base.info, base.typ.returnType)
+  var castNode = newTree(nkCast,
+        newNodeIT(nkType, base.info, base.typ),
+        getVTableCall)
+
+  castNode.typ = base.typ
+  vTableCall.add castNode
+  for col in 1..<paramLen:
+    let param = base.typ.n[col].sym
+    vTableCall.add newSymNode(param)
+
+  var ret: PNode
+  if base.typ.returnType != nil:
+    var a = newNodeI(nkFastAsgn, base.info)
+    a.add newSymNode(base.ast[resultPos].sym)
+    a.add vTableCall
+    ret = newNodeI(nkReturnStmt, base.info)
+    ret.add a
+  else:
+    ret = vTableCall
+
+  if base.typ.n[1].sym.typ.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyRef, tyPtr}:
+    let ifBranch = newNodeI(nkElifBranch, base.info)
+    let boolType = getSysType(g, unknownLineInfo, tyBool)
+    var isNil = getSysMagic(g, unknownLineInfo, "isNil", mIsNil)
+    let checkSelf = newNodeIT(nkCall, base.info, boolType)
+    checkSelf.add newSymNode(isNil)
+    checkSelf.add newSymNode(base.typ.n[1].sym)
+    ifBranch.add checkSelf
+    ifBranch.add newTree(nkCall,
+        newSymNode(getCompilerProc(g, "chckNilDisp")), newSymNode(base.typ.n[1].sym))
+    let elseBranch = newTree(nkElifBranch, ret)
+    disp.add ifBranch
+    disp.add elseBranch
+  else:
+    disp = ret
+
+  body.add disp
+  body.flags.incl nfTransf # should not be further transformed
+  result.ast[bodyPos] = body
+
+proc containGenerics(base: PType, s: seq[tuple[depth: int, value: PType]]): bool =
+  result = tfHasMeta in base.flags
+  for i in s:
+    if tfHasMeta in i.value.flags:
+      result = true
+      break
+
+proc collectVTableDispatchers*(g: ModuleGraph) =
+  var itemTable = initTable[ItemId, seq[LazySym]]()
+  var rootTypeSeq = newSeq[PType]()
+  var rootItemIdCount = initCountTable[ItemId]()
+  for bucket in 0..<g.methods.len:
+    var relevantCols = initIntSet()
+    if relevantCol(g.methods[bucket].methods, 1): incl(relevantCols, 1)
+    sortBucket(g.methods[bucket].methods, relevantCols)
+    let base = g.methods[bucket].methods[^1]
+    let baseType = base.typ.firstParamType.skipTypes(skipPtrs-{tyTypeDesc})
+    if baseType.itemId in g.objectTree and not containGenerics(baseType, g.objectTree[baseType.itemId]):
+      let methodIndexLen = g.bucketTable[baseType.itemId]
+      if baseType.itemId notin itemTable: # once is enough
+        rootTypeSeq.add baseType
+        itemTable[baseType.itemId] = newSeq[LazySym](methodIndexLen)
+
+        sort(g.objectTree[baseType.itemId], cmp = proc (x, y: tuple[depth: int, value: PType]): int =
+          if x.depth >= y.depth: 1
+          else: -1
+          )
+
+        for item in g.objectTree[baseType.itemId]:
+          if item.value.itemId notin itemTable:
+            itemTable[item.value.itemId] = newSeq[LazySym](methodIndexLen)
+
+      var mIndex = 0 # here is the correpsonding index
+      if baseType.itemId notin rootItemIdCount:
+        rootItemIdCount[baseType.itemId] = 1
+      else:
+        mIndex = rootItemIdCount[baseType.itemId]
+        rootItemIdCount.inc(baseType.itemId)
+      for idx in 0..<g.methods[bucket].methods.len:
+        let obj = g.methods[bucket].methods[idx].typ.firstParamType.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
+        itemTable[obj.itemId][mIndex] = LazySym(sym: g.methods[bucket].methods[idx])
+      g.addDispatchers genVTableDispatcher(g, g.methods[bucket].methods, mIndex)
+    else: # if the base object doesn't have this method
+      g.addDispatchers genIfDispatcher(g, g.methods[bucket].methods, relevantCols, g.idgen)
+
+proc sortVTableDispatchers*(g: ModuleGraph) =
+  var itemTable = initTable[ItemId, seq[LazySym]]()
+  var rootTypeSeq = newSeq[ItemId]()
+  var rootItemIdCount = initCountTable[ItemId]()
+  for bucket in 0..<g.methods.len:
+    var relevantCols = initIntSet()
+    if relevantCol(g.methods[bucket].methods, 1): incl(relevantCols, 1)
+    sortBucket(g.methods[bucket].methods, relevantCols)
+    let base = g.methods[bucket].methods[^1]
+    let baseType = base.typ.firstParamType.skipTypes(skipPtrs-{tyTypeDesc})
+    if baseType.itemId in g.objectTree and not containGenerics(baseType, g.objectTree[baseType.itemId]):
+      let methodIndexLen = g.bucketTable[baseType.itemId]
+      if baseType.itemId notin itemTable: # once is enough
+        rootTypeSeq.add baseType.itemId
+        itemTable[baseType.itemId] = newSeq[LazySym](methodIndexLen)
+
+        sort(g.objectTree[baseType.itemId], cmp = proc (x, y: tuple[depth: int, value: PType]): int =
+          if x.depth >= y.depth: 1
+          else: -1
+          )
+
+        for item in g.objectTree[baseType.itemId]:
+          if item.value.itemId notin itemTable:
+            itemTable[item.value.itemId] = newSeq[LazySym](methodIndexLen)
+
+      var mIndex = 0 # here is the correpsonding index
+      if baseType.itemId notin rootItemIdCount:
+        rootItemIdCount[baseType.itemId] = 1
+      else:
+        mIndex = rootItemIdCount[baseType.itemId]
+        rootItemIdCount.inc(baseType.itemId)
+      for idx in 0..<g.methods[bucket].methods.len:
+        let obj = g.methods[bucket].methods[idx].typ.firstParamType.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
+        itemTable[obj.itemId][mIndex] = LazySym(sym: g.methods[bucket].methods[idx])
+
+  for baseType in rootTypeSeq:
+    g.setMethodsPerType(baseType, itemTable[baseType])
+    for item in g.objectTree[baseType]:
+      let typ = item.value.skipTypes(skipPtrs)
+      let idx = typ.itemId
+      for mIndex in 0..<itemTable[idx].len:
+        if itemTable[idx][mIndex].sym == nil:
+          let parentIndex = typ.baseClass.skipTypes(skipPtrs).itemId
+          itemTable[idx][mIndex] = itemTable[parentIndex][mIndex]
+      g.setMethodsPerType(idx, itemTable[idx])
diff --git a/compiler/wordrecg.nim b/compiler/wordrecg.nim
index 6a68e2c70..39e0b2e25 100644
--- a/compiler/wordrecg.nim
+++ b/compiler/wordrecg.nim
@@ -17,99 +17,112 @@ type
   TSpecialWord* = enum
     wInvalid = "",
     wAddr = "addr", wAnd = "and", wAs = "as", wAsm = "asm",
-    wBind = "bind", wBlock = "block", wBreak = "break", wCase = "case", wCast = "cast", 
-    wConcept = "concept", wConst = "const", wContinue = "continue", wConverter = "converter", 
+    wBind = "bind", wBlock = "block", wBreak = "break", wCase = "case", wCast = "cast",
+    wConcept = "concept", wConst = "const", wContinue = "continue", wConverter = "converter",
     wDefer = "defer", wDiscard = "discard", wDistinct = "distinct", wDiv = "div", wDo = "do",
-    wElif = "elif", wElse = "else", wEnd = "end", wEnum = "enum", wExcept = "except", 
-    wExport = "export", wFinally = "finally", wFor = "for", wFrom = "from", wFunc = "func", 
-    wIf = "if", wImport = "import", wIn = "in", wInclude = "include", wInterface = "interface", 
+    wElif = "elif", wElse = "else", wEnd = "end", wEnum = "enum", wExcept = "except",
+    wExport = "export", wFinally = "finally", wFor = "for", wFrom = "from", wFunc = "func",
+    wIf = "if", wImport = "import", wIn = "in", wInclude = "include", wInterface = "interface",
     wIs = "is", wIsnot = "isnot",  wIterator = "iterator", wLet = "let", wMacro = "macro",
-    wMethod = "method", wMixin = "mixin", wMod = "mod", wNil = "nil", wNot = "not", wNotin = "notin", 
-    wObject = "object", wOf = "of", wOr = "or", wOut = "out", wProc = "proc", wPtr = "ptr", 
-    wRaise = "raise", wRef = "ref", wReturn = "return", wShl = "shl", wShr = "shr", wStatic = "static", 
-    wTemplate = "template", wTry = "try", wTuple = "tuple", wType = "type", wUsing = "using", 
+    wMethod = "method", wMixin = "mixin", wMod = "mod", wNil = "nil", wNot = "not", wNotin = "notin",
+    wObject = "object", wOf = "of", wOr = "or", wOut = "out", wProc = "proc", wPtr = "ptr",
+    wRaise = "raise", wRef = "ref", wReturn = "return", wShl = "shl", wShr = "shr", wStatic = "static",
+    wTemplate = "template", wTry = "try", wTuple = "tuple", wType = "type", wUsing = "using",
     wVar = "var", wWhen = "when", wWhile = "while", wXor = "xor", wYield = "yield",
 
     wColon = ":", wColonColon = "::", wEquals = "=", wDot = ".", wDotDot = "..",
     wStar = "*", wMinus = "-",
-    wMagic = "magic", wThread = "thread", wFinal = "final", wProfiler = "profiler", 
+    wUnderscore = "_",
+    wMagic = "magic", wThread = "thread", wFinal = "final", wProfiler = "profiler",
     wMemTracker = "memtracker", wObjChecks = "objchecks",
-    wIntDefine = "intdefine", wStrDefine = "strdefine", wBoolDefine = "booldefine", 
-    wCursor = "cursor", wNoalias = "noalias",
+    wIntDefine = "intdefine", wStrDefine = "strdefine", wBoolDefine = "booldefine",
+    wCursor = "cursor", wNoalias = "noalias", wEffectsOf = "effectsOf",
+    wUncheckedAssign = "uncheckedAssign", wRunnableExamples = "runnableExamples",
 
-    wImmediate = "immediate", wConstructor = "constructor", wDestructor = "destructor", 
+    wImmediate = "immediate", wConstructor = "constructor", wDestructor = "destructor",
     wDelegator = "delegator", wOverride = "override", wImportCpp = "importcpp",
-    wCppNonPod = "cppNonPod", 
-    wImportObjC = "importobjc", wImportCompilerProc = "importcompilerproc",
-    wImportc = "importc", wImportJs = "importjs", wExportc = "exportc", wExportCpp = "exportcpp", 
+    wCppNonPod = "cppNonPod",
+    wImportObjC = "importobjc", wImportCompilerProc = "importCompilerProc",
+    wImportc = "importc", wImportJs = "importjs", wExportc = "exportc", wExportCpp = "exportcpp",
     wExportNims = "exportnims",
     wIncompleteStruct = "incompleteStruct", # deprecated
     wCompleteStruct = "completeStruct", wRequiresInit = "requiresInit", wAlign = "align",
     wNodecl = "nodecl", wPure = "pure", wSideEffect = "sideEffect", wHeader = "header",
     wNoSideEffect = "noSideEffect", wGcSafe = "gcsafe", wNoreturn = "noreturn",
-    wNosinks = "nosinks", wMerge = "merge", wLib = "lib", wDynlib = "dynlib",
-    wCompilerProc = "compilerproc", wCore = "core", wProcVar = "procvar", 
-    wBase = "base", wUsed = "used", wFatal = "fatal", wError = "error", wWarning = "warning", 
+    wNosinks = "nosinks", wLib = "lib", wDynlib = "dynlib",
+    wCompilerProc = "compilerproc", wCore = "core", wProcVar = "procvar",
+    wBase = "base", wUsed = "used", wFatal = "fatal", wError = "error", wWarning = "warning",
     wHint = "hint",
     wWarningAsError = "warningAsError",
     wHintAsError = "hintAsError",
     wLine = "line", wPush = "push",
-    wPop = "pop", wDefine = "define", wUndef = "undef", wLineDir = "lineDir", 
+    wPop = "pop", wDefine = "define", wUndef = "undef", wLineDir = "lineDir",
     wStackTrace = "stackTrace", wLineTrace = "lineTrace", wLink = "link", wCompile = "compile",
-    wLinksys = "linksys", wDeprecated = "deprecated", wVarargs = "varargs", wCallconv = "callconv", 
-    wDebugger = "debugger", wNimcall = "nimcall", wStdcall = "stdcall", wCdecl = "cdecl", 
+    wLinksys = "linksys", wDeprecated = "deprecated", wVarargs = "varargs", wCallconv = "callconv",
+    wDebugger = "debugger", wNimcall = "nimcall", wStdcall = "stdcall", wCdecl = "cdecl",
     wSafecall = "safecall", wSyscall = "syscall", wInline = "inline", wNoInline = "noinline",
     wFastcall = "fastcall", wThiscall = "thiscall", wClosure = "closure", wNoconv = "noconv",
-    wOn = "on", wOff = "off", wChecks = "checks", wRangeChecks = "rangeChecks", 
+    wOn = "on", wOff = "off", wChecks = "checks", wRangeChecks = "rangeChecks",
     wBoundChecks = "boundChecks", wOverflowChecks = "overflowChecks", wNilChecks = "nilChecks",
-    wFloatChecks = "floatChecks", wNanChecks = "nanChecks", wInfChecks = "infChecks", 
+    wFloatChecks = "floatChecks", wNanChecks = "nanChecks", wInfChecks = "infChecks",
     wStyleChecks = "styleChecks", wStaticBoundchecks = "staticBoundChecks",
     wNonReloadable = "nonReloadable", wExecuteOnReload = "executeOnReload",
 
-    wAssertions = "assertions", wPatterns = "patterns", wTrMacros = "trmacros", 
+    wAssertions = "assertions", wPatterns = "patterns", wTrMacros = "trmacros",
     wSinkInference = "sinkInference", wWarnings = "warnings",
-    wHints = "hints", wOptimization = "optimization", wRaises = "raises", 
+    wHints = "hints", wOptimization = "optimization", wRaises = "raises",
     wWrites = "writes", wReads = "reads", wSize = "size", wEffects = "effects", wTags = "tags",
-    wRequires = "requires", wEnsures = "ensures", wInvariant = "invariant",
+    wForbids = "forbids", wRequires = "requires", wEnsures = "ensures", wInvariant = "invariant",
     wAssume = "assume", wAssert = "assert",
     wDeadCodeElimUnused = "deadCodeElim",  # deprecated, dead code elim always happens
     wSafecode = "safecode", wPackage = "package", wNoForward = "noforward", wReorder = "reorder",
     wNoRewrite = "norewrite", wNoDestroy = "nodestroy", wPragma = "pragma",
     wCompileTime = "compileTime", wNoInit = "noinit", wPassc = "passc", wPassl = "passl",
-    wLocalPassc = "localPassC", wBorrow = "borrow", wDiscardable = "discardable", 
+    wLocalPassc = "localPassC", wBorrow = "borrow", wDiscardable = "discardable",
     wFieldChecks = "fieldChecks", wSubsChar = "subschar", wAcyclic = "acyclic",
     wShallow = "shallow", wUnroll = "unroll", wLinearScanEnd = "linearScanEnd",
-    wComputedGoto = "computedGoto", wInjectStmt = "injectStmt", wExperimental = "experimental",
-    wWrite = "write", wGensym = "gensym", wInject = "inject", wDirty = "dirty", 
+    wComputedGoto = "computedGoto", wExperimental = "experimental", wDoctype = "doctype",
+    wWrite = "write", wGensym = "gensym", wInject = "inject", wDirty = "dirty",
     wInheritable = "inheritable", wThreadVar = "threadvar", wEmit = "emit",
-    wAsmNoStackFrame = "asmNoStackFrame", wImplicitStatic = "implicitStatic",
+    wAsmNoStackFrame = "asmNoStackFrame", wAsmSyntax = "asmSyntax", wImplicitStatic = "implicitStatic",
     wGlobal = "global", wCodegenDecl = "codegenDecl", wUnchecked = "unchecked",
     wGuard = "guard", wLocks = "locks", wPartial = "partial", wExplain = "explain",
-    wLiftLocals = "liftlocals",
-
-    wAuto = "auto", wBool = "bool", wCatch = "catch", wChar = "char", 
-    wClass = "class", wCompl = "compl", wConst_cast = "const_cast", wDefault = "default", 
-    wDelete = "delete", wDouble = "double", wDynamic_cast = "dynamic_cast", 
-    wExplicit = "explicit", wExtern = "extern", wFalse = "false", wFloat = "float",
-    wFriend = "friend", wGoto = "goto", wInt = "int", wLong = "long", wMutable = "mutable", 
-    wNamespace = "namespace", wNew = "new", wOperator = "operator", wPrivate = "private", 
-    wProtected = "protected", wPublic = "public", wRegister = "register", 
-    wReinterpret_cast = "reinterpret_cast", wRestrict = "restrict", wShort = "short", 
-    wSigned = "signed", wSizeof = "sizeof", wStatic_cast = "static_cast", wStruct = "struct", 
-    wSwitch = "switch", wThis = "this", wThrow = "throw", wTrue = "true", wTypedef = "typedef", 
+    wLiftLocals = "liftlocals", wEnforceNoRaises = "enforceNoRaises", wSystemRaisesDefect = "systemRaisesDefect",
+    wRedefine = "redefine", wCallsite = "callsite",
+    wQuirky = "quirky",
+
+    # codegen keywords, but first the ones that are also pragmas:
+    wExtern = "extern", wGoto = "goto", wRegister = "register",
+    wUnion = "union", wPacked = "packed", wVirtual = "virtual",
+    wVolatile = "volatile", wMember = "member",
+    wByCopy = "bycopy", wByRef = "byref",
+
+    # codegen keywords but not pragmas:
+    wAuto = "auto", wBool = "bool", wCatch = "catch", wChar = "char",
+    wClass = "class", wCompl = "compl", wConstCast = "const_cast", wDefault = "default",
+    wDelete = "delete", wDouble = "double", wDynamicCast = "dynamic_cast",
+    wExplicit = "explicit", wFalse = "false", wFloat = "float",
+    wFriend = "friend", wInt = "int", wLong = "long", wMutable = "mutable",
+    wNamespace = "namespace", wNew = "new", wOperator = "operator", wPrivate = "private",
+    wProtected = "protected", wPublic = "public",
+    wReinterpretCast = "reinterpret_cast", wRestrict = "restrict", wShort = "short",
+    wSigned = "signed", wSizeof = "sizeof", wStaticCast = "static_cast", wStruct = "struct",
+    wSwitch = "switch", wThis = "this", wThrow = "throw", wTrue = "true", wTypedef = "typedef",
     wTypeid = "typeid", wTypeof = "typeof",  wTypename = "typename",
-    wUnion = "union", wPacked = "packed", wUnsigned = "unsigned", wVirtual = "virtual", 
-    wVoid = "void", wVolatile = "volatile", wWchar_t = "wchar_t",
+    wUnsigned = "unsigned", wVoid = "void", 
 
-    wAlignas = "alignas", wAlignof = "alignof", wConstexpr = "constexpr", wDecltype = "decltype", 
+    wAlignas = "alignas", wAlignof = "alignof", wConstexpr = "constexpr", wDecltype = "decltype",
     wNullptr = "nullptr", wNoexcept = "noexcept",
-    wThread_local = "thread_local", wStatic_assert = "static_assert", 
-    wChar16_t = "char16_t", wChar32_t = "char32_t",
+    wThreadLocal = "thread_local", wStaticAssert = "static_assert",
+    wChar16 = "char16_t", wChar32 = "char32_t", wWchar = "wchar_t",
 
     wStdIn = "stdin", wStdOut = "stdout", wStdErr = "stderr",
 
-    wInOut = "inout", wByCopy = "bycopy", wByRef = "byref", wOneWay = "oneway",
-    wBitsize = "bitsize"
+    wInOut = "inout", wOneWay = "oneway",
+    # end of codegen keywords
+
+    wBitsize = "bitsize", wImportHidden = "all",
+    wSendable = "sendable"
 
   TSpecialWords* = set[TSpecialWord]
 
@@ -120,28 +133,18 @@ const
   nimKeywordsLow* = ord(wAsm)
   nimKeywordsHigh* = ord(wYield)
 
-  ccgKeywordsLow* = ord(wAuto)
+  ccgKeywordsLow* = ord(wExtern)
   ccgKeywordsHigh* = ord(wOneWay)
 
   cppNimSharedKeywords* = {
     wAsm, wBreak, wCase, wConst, wContinue, wDo, wElse, wEnum, wExport,
     wFor, wIf, wReturn, wStatic, wTemplate, wTry, wWhile, wUsing}
+  
+  nonPragmaWordsLow* = wAuto
+  nonPragmaWordsHigh* = wOneWay
 
 
-const enumUtilsExist = compiles:
-  import std/enumutils
-
-when enumUtilsExist:
-  from std/enumutils import genEnumCaseStmt
-  from strutils import normalize
-  proc findStr*[T: enum](a, b: static[T], s: string, default: T): T =  
-    genEnumCaseStmt(T, s, default, ord(a), ord(b), normalize)
-
-else:
-  from strutils import cmpIgnoreStyle
-  proc findStr*[T: enum](a, b: static[T], s: string, default: T): T {.deprecated.} =  
-    # used for compiler bootstrapping only
-    for i in a..b:
-      if cmpIgnoreStyle($i, s) == 0:
-        return i
-    result = default 
\ No newline at end of file
+from std/enumutils import genEnumCaseStmt
+from std/strutils import normalize
+proc findStr*[T: enum](a, b: static[T], s: string, default: T): T =
+  genEnumCaseStmt(T, s, default, ord(a), ord(b), normalize)
diff --git a/config/build_config.txt b/config/build_config.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66390e695
--- /dev/null
+++ b/config/build_config.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+nim_comment="key-value pairs for windows/posix bootstrapping build scripts"
+nim_csourcesDir=csources_v2
+nim_csourcesUrl=https://github.com/nim-lang/csources_v2.git
+nim_csourcesBranch=master
+nim_csourcesHash=86742fb02c6606ab01a532a0085784effb2e753e
diff --git a/config/config.nims b/config/config.nims
index 2ae86012c..b8979e8e3 100644
--- a/config/config.nims
+++ b/config/config.nims
@@ -3,10 +3,15 @@
 cppDefine "errno"
 cppDefine "unix"
 
+# mangle the macro names in nimbase.h
+cppDefine "NAN_INFINITY"
+cppDefine "INF"
+cppDefine "NAN"
+
 when defined(nimStrictMode):
   # xxx add more flags here, and use `-d:nimStrictMode` in more contexts in CI.
 
-  # pending bug #14246, enable this:
+  # enable this:
   # when defined(nimHasWarningAsError):
   #   switch("warningAsError", "UnusedImport")
 
@@ -14,3 +19,5 @@ when defined(nimStrictMode):
     # switch("hint", "ConvFromXtoItselfNotNeeded")
     switch("hintAsError", "ConvFromXtoItselfNotNeeded")
     # future work: XDeclaredButNotUsed
+
+switch("define", "nimVersion:" & NimVersion) # deadcode
diff --git a/config/nim.cfg b/config/nim.cfg
index 39e6c002b..7c9958139 100644
--- a/config/nim.cfg
+++ b/config/nim.cfg
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 # (c) 2017 Andreas Rumpf
 
 # Feel free to edit the default values as you need.
+# See https://nim-lang.org/docs/nimc.html
 
 # You may set environment variables with
 # @putenv "key" "val"
@@ -13,15 +14,30 @@ cc = gcc
 # additional options always passed to the compiler:
 --parallel_build: "0" # 0 to auto-detect number of processors
 
-hint[LineTooLong]=off
+@if not nimHasNolineTooLong:
+  hint[LineTooLong]=off
+@end
+
 #hint[XDeclaredButNotUsed]=off
 
+threads:on
+
 # Examples of how to setup a cross-compiler:
+# Nim can target architectures and OSes different than the local host
+# Syntax: <arch>.<os>.gcc.exe = "<compiler executable>"
+#         <arch>.<os>.gcc.linkerexe = "<linker executable>"
 
-# Cross-compiling for Raspberry Pi.
-# (This compiler is available in gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf package on Ubuntu)
+# ARM e.g. Raspberry Pi 2: gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf package on Debian/Ubuntu
 arm.linux.gcc.exe = "arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc"
 arm.linux.gcc.linkerexe = "arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc"
+# ARM64/aarch64 e.g. Raspberry Pi 3: gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu package on Debian/Ubuntu
+arm64.linux.gcc.exe = "aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc"
+arm64.linux.gcc.linkerexe = "aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc"
+# RISC-V: gcc-riscv64-linux-gnu package on Debian/Ubuntu
+riscv32.linux.gcc.exe = "riscv64-linux-gnu-gcc"
+riscv32.linux.gcc.linkerexe = "riscv64-linux-gnu-gcc"
+riscv64.linux.gcc.exe = "riscv64-linux-gnu-gcc"
+riscv64.linux.gcc.linkerexe = "riscv64-linux-gnu-gcc"
 
 # For OpenWRT, you will also need to adjust PATH to point to your toolchain.
 mips.linux.gcc.exe = "mips-openwrt-linux-gcc"
@@ -44,12 +60,15 @@ path="$lib/core"
 path="$lib/pure"
 
 @if not windows:
+  nimblepath="/opt/nimble/pkgs2/"
   nimblepath="/opt/nimble/pkgs/"
 @else:
   # TODO:
 @end
+nimblepath="$home/.nimble/pkgs2/"
 nimblepath="$home/.nimble/pkgs/"
 
+# Syncronize with compiler/commands.specialDefine
 @if danger or quick:
   obj_checks:off
   field_checks:off
@@ -63,6 +82,7 @@ nimblepath="$home/.nimble/pkgs/"
   line_dir:off
 @end
 
+# Syncronize with compiler/commands.specialDefine
 @if release or danger:
   stacktrace:off
   excessiveStackTrace:off
@@ -78,6 +98,11 @@ nimblepath="$home/.nimble/pkgs/"
   gcc.options.always %= "${gcc.options.always} -fsanitize=null -fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error"
 @end
 
+# Turn off threads support when compiling for bare-metal targets (--os:any)
+@if any:
+  threads:off
+@end
+
 @if unix and mingw:
   # Cross compile for Windows from Linux/OSX using MinGW
   i386.windows.gcc.exe = "i686-w64-mingw32-gcc"
@@ -114,7 +139,7 @@ nimblepath="$home/.nimble/pkgs/"
     clang.options.linker = "-Wl,--as-needed -lnetwork"
     clang.cpp.options.linker = "-Wl,--as-needed -lnetwork"
     tcc.options.linker = "-Wl,--as-needed -lnetwork"
-  @else:
+  @elif not genode:
     # -fopenmp
     gcc.options.linker = "-ldl"
     gcc.cpp.options.linker = "-ldl"
@@ -152,15 +177,19 @@ nimblepath="$home/.nimble/pkgs/"
 # Configuration for the GNU C/C++ compiler:
 @if windows:
   #gcc.path = r"$nim\dist\mingw\bin"
-  @if gcc or tcc:
+  @if gcc:
+    gcc.options.linker %= "-Wl,-Bstatic -lpthread"
+  @end
+  @if tcc:
     tlsEmulation:on
   @end
 @end
 
 gcc.maxerrorsimpl = "-fmax-errors=3"
 
-@if bsd:
-  # at least NetBSD has problems with thread local storage:
+@if freebsd or netbsd:
+  tlsEmulation:off
+@elif bsd:
   tlsEmulation:on
 @end
 
@@ -228,14 +257,17 @@ clang.objc.options.linker = "-lobjc -lgnustep-base"
   gcc.options.linker %= "-L $WIND_BASE/target/lib/usr/lib/ppc/PPC32/common -mrtp -fno-strict-aliasing -D_C99 -D_HAS_C9X -std=c99 -fasm -Wall -Wno-write-strings"
 @end
 
-gcc.options.speed = "-O3 -fno-strict-aliasing -fno-ident"
+# -fno-math-errno is default in OSX, iOS, BSD, Musl, Libm, LLVM, Clang, ICC.
+# See https://itnext.io/why-standard-c-math-functions-are-slow-d10d02554e33
+# and https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-12.2.0/gcc/Optimize-Options.html#Optimize-Options
+gcc.options.speed = "-O3 -fno-strict-aliasing -fno-ident -fno-math-errno"
 gcc.options.size = "-Os -fno-ident"
 @if windows:
   gcc.options.debug = "-g3 -Og -gdwarf-3"
 @else:
   gcc.options.debug = "-g3 -Og"
 @end
-gcc.cpp.options.speed = "-O3 -fno-strict-aliasing -fno-ident"
+gcc.cpp.options.speed = "-O3 -fno-strict-aliasing -fno-ident -fno-math-errno"
 gcc.cpp.options.size = "-Os -fno-ident"
 gcc.cpp.options.debug = "-g3 -Og"
 #passl = "-pg"
@@ -289,63 +321,40 @@ vcc.cpp.options.size = "/O1"
 # Configuration for the Tiny C Compiler:
 tcc.options.always = "-w"
 
-# Configuration for the Genode toolchain
-@if genode:
-  noCppExceptions # avoid std C++
-  tlsEmulation:on # no TLS segment register magic
-  @if i386 or amd64:
-    gcc.exe = "genode-x86-gcc"
-    gcc.cpp.exe = "genode-x86-g++"
-    gcc.cpp.linkerexe = "genode-x86-ld"
-  @elif arm:
-    gcc.exe = "genode-arm-gcc"
-    gcc.cpp.exe = "genode-arm-g++"
-    gcc.cpp.linkerexe = "genode-arm-ld"
-  @elif arm64:
-    gcc.exe = "genode-aarch64-gcc"
-    gcc.cpp.exe = "genode-aarch64-g++"
-    gcc.cpp.linkerexe = "genode-aarch64-ld"
-  @elif riscv64:
-    gcc.exe = "genode-riscv-gcc"
-    gcc.cpp.exe = "genode-riscv-g++"
-    gcc.cpp.linkerexe = "genode-riscv-ld"
-  @end
-@end
-
 @if arm or arm64:
   --define:nimEmulateOverflowChecks
 @end
 
-@if nimv019:
-  --multimethods:on
-  --define:nimOldCaseObjects
-  --define:nimOldShiftRight
-@end
-
 @if lto or lto_incremental:
   @if lto_incremental:
    vcc.options.always%= "${vcc.options.always} /GL /Gw /Gy"
    vcc.cpp.options.always%= "${vcc.cpp.options.always} /GL /Gw /Gy"
    vcc.options.linker %= "${vcc.options.linker} /link /LTCG:incremental"
    vcc.cpp.options.linker %= "${vcc.cpp.options.linker} /link /LTCG:incremental"
+   clang_cl.options.always%= "${clang_cl.options.always} -flto=thin"
+   clang_cl.cpp.options.always%= "${clang.cpp.options.always} -flto=thin"
+   clang.options.always%= "${clang.options.always} -flto=thin"
+   clang.cpp.options.always%= "${clang.cpp.options.always} -flto=thin"
+   clang.options.linker %= "${clang.options.linker} -flto=thin"
+   clang.cpp.options.linker %= "${clang.cpp.options.linker} -flto=thin"
   @else:
    vcc.options.always%= "${vcc.options.always} /GL"
    vcc.cpp.options.always%= "${vcc.cpp.options.always} /GL"
    vcc.options.linker %= "${vcc.options.linker} /link /LTCG"
    vcc.cpp.options.linker %= "${vcc.cpp.options.linker} /link /LTCG"
+   clang_cl.options.always%= "${clang_cl.options.always} -flto"
+   clang_cl.cpp.options.always%= "${clang.cpp.options.always} -flto"
+   clang.options.always%= "${clang.options.always} -flto"
+   clang.cpp.options.always%= "${clang.cpp.options.always} -flto"
+   clang.options.linker %= "${clang.options.linker} -flto"
+   clang.cpp.options.linker %= "${clang.cpp.options.linker} -flto"
   @end
-  clang_cl.options.always%= "${clang_cl.options.always} -flto"
-  clang_cl.cpp.options.always%= "${clang.cpp.options.always} -flto"
-  clang.options.always%= "${clang.options.always} -flto"
-  clang.cpp.options.always%= "${clang.cpp.options.always} -flto"
   icl.options.always %= "${icl.options.always} /Qipo"
   icl.cpp.options.always %= "${icl.cpp.options.always} /Qipo"
-  gcc.options.always %= "${gcc.options.always} -flto"
-  gcc.cpp.options.always %= "${gcc.cpp.options.always} -flto"
-  clang.options.linker %= "${clang.options.linker} -fuse-ld=lld -flto"
-  clang.cpp.options.linker %= "${clang.cpp.options.linker} -fuse-ld=lld -flto"
-  gcc.options.linker %= "${gcc.options.linker} -flto"
-  gcc.cpp.options.linker %= "${gcc.cpp.options.linker} -flto"
+  gcc.options.always %= "${gcc.options.always} -flto=auto"
+  gcc.cpp.options.always %= "${gcc.cpp.options.always} -flto=auto"
+  gcc.options.linker %= "${gcc.options.linker} -flto=auto -Wno-stringop-overflow"  # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/21595
+  gcc.cpp.options.linker %= "${gcc.cpp.options.linker} -flto=auto"
 @end
 @if strip:
   gcc.options.linker %= "${gcc.options.linker} -s"
diff --git a/config/nimdoc.cfg b/config/nimdoc.cfg
index 82bd9cc21..99751f79d 100644
--- a/config/nimdoc.cfg
+++ b/config/nimdoc.cfg
@@ -9,25 +9,36 @@ split.item.toc = "20"
 
 doc.section = """
 <div class="section" id="$sectionID">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#$sectionID">$sectionTitle</a></h1>
-<dl class="item">
-$content
-</dl></div>
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#$sectionID">$sectionTitle</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    $content
+  </dl>
+</div>
 """
 
-doc.section.toc = """
+# Just a single item in the TOC (e.g. imports, exports)
+doc.section.toc_item = """
 <li>
   <a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#$sectionID" id="$sectionTitleID">$sectionTitle</a>
-  <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
-    $content
-  </ul>
+</li>
+"""
+
+# This is a section (e.g. procs, types) in the TOC which gets turned into a drop down
+doc.section.toc = """
+<li>
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#$sectionID" id="$sectionTitleID">$sectionTitle</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+      $content
+    </ul>
+  </details>
 </li>
 """
 
 doc.section.toc2 = """
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">$plainName
-    $content
-  </ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">$plainName
+  $content
+</ul>
 """
 
 # Chunk of HTML emitted for each entry in the HTML table of contents.
@@ -42,16 +53,28 @@ doc.section.toc2 = """
 # * $itemSymOrID: the symbolic name or the ID if that is not unique.
 # * $itemSymOrIDEnc: quoted version for URLs or attributes.
 # * $name: reduced name of the item.
+# * $uniqueName: name with parameters for routine types or $name for others.
 # * $seeSrc: generated HTML from doc.item.seesrc (if some switches are used).
 
 doc.item = """
-<a id="$itemSymOrID"></a>
-<dt><pre>$header</pre></dt>
-<dd>
-$deprecationMsg
-$desc
-$seeSrc
-</dd>
+<div id="$itemSymOrID">
+  <dt><pre>$header</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    $deprecationMsg
+    $desc
+    $seeSrc
+  </dd>
+</div>
+"""
+
+# A wrapper of a few overloaded `doc.item`s with the same basic name
+# * $header_plain - see above
+# * $overloadGroupName - the anchor for this whole group
+# * $content - string containing `doc.item`s themselves
+doc.item2 = """
+<div id="$overloadGroupName">
+  $content
+</div>
 """
 
 # Chunk of HTML emitted for each entry in the HTML table of contents.
@@ -60,18 +83,14 @@ $seeSrc
 # This is used for TOC items which are not overloadable (e.g. types).
 # `$header_plain` would be too verbose here, so we use $name.
 doc.item.toc = """
-  <li><a class="reference" href="#$itemSymOrIDEnc"
-    title="$header_plain">$name</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#$itemSymOrIDEnc" title="$header_plain">$name</a></li>
 """
 
 # This is used for TOC items which are grouped by the same name (e.g. procs).
 doc.item.tocTable = """
-  <li><a class="reference" href="#$itemSymOrIDEnc"
-    title="$header_plain">$header_plain</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#$itemSymOrIDEnc" title="$header_plain">$header_plain</a></li>
 """
 
-
-
 # HTML rendered for doc.item's seeSrc variable. Note that this will render to
 # the empty string if you don't pass anything through --git.url. Available
 # substitutaion variables here are:
@@ -81,32 +100,31 @@ doc.item.tocTable = """
 # * $line: line of the item in the original source file.
 # * $url: whatever you did pass through the --git.url switch (which also
 #   gets variables path/line replaced!)
-doc.item.seesrc = """&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
-href="${url}/tree/${commit}/${path}#L${line}"
-class="link-seesrc" target="_blank">Source</a>
-&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="${url}/edit/${devel}/${path}#L${line}" class="link-seesrc" target="_blank" >Edit</a>
+doc.item.seesrc = """
+<a href="${url}/tree/${commit}/${path}#L${line}" class="link-seesrc" target="_blank">Source</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<a href="${url}/edit/${devel}/${path}#L${line}" class="link-seesrc" target="_blank" >Edit</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;
 """
 
 doc.deprecationmsg = """
-  <div class="deprecation-message">
-    <b>$label</b> $message
-  </div>
+<div class="deprecation-message">
+  <b>$label</b> $message
+</div>
 """
 
 doc.toc = """
 <ul class="simple simple-toc" id="toc-list">
-$content
+  $content
 </ul>
 """
 
 doc.body_toc_groupsection = """
-  <div class="search-groupby">
-    Group by:
-    <select onchange="groupBy(this.value)">
-      <option value="section">Section</option>
-      <option value="type">Type</option>
-    </select>
-  </div>
+<div class="search-groupby">
+  Group by:
+  <select onchange="groupBy(this.value)">
+    <option value="section">Section</option>
+    <option value="type">Type</option>
+  </select>
+</div>
 """
 
 @if boot:
@@ -117,45 +135,37 @@ doc.body_toc_groupsection = """
 doc.body_toc_group = """
 <div class="row">
   <div class="three columns">
-  <div class="theme-switch-wrapper">
-    <label class="theme-switch" for="checkbox">
-      <input type="checkbox" id="checkbox" />
-      <div class="slider round"></div>
-    </label>
-    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>Dark Mode</em>
-  </div>
-  <div id="global-links">
-    <ul class="simple-boot">
-      <li>
-        <a href="manual.html">Manual</a>
-      </li>
-      <li>
-        <a href="lib.html">Standard library</a>
-      </li>
-      <li>
-        <a href="$theindexhref">Index</a>
-      </li>
-      <li>
-        <a href="compiler/$theindexhref">Compiler docs</a>
-      </li>
-      <li>
-        <a href="https://nim-lang.github.io/fusion/theindex.html">Fusion docs</a>
-      </li>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
-  <div id="searchInputDiv">
-    Search: <input type="text" id="searchInput"
-      onkeyup="search()" />
-  </div>
-  $body_toc_groupsection
-  $tableofcontents
+    <div class="theme-select-wrapper">
+      <label for="theme-select">Theme:&nbsp;</label>
+      <select id="theme-select" onchange="setTheme(this.value)">
+        <option value="auto">🌗 Match OS</option>
+        <option value="dark">🌑 Dark</option>
+        <option value="light">🌕 Light</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    <div id="global-links">
+      <ul class="simple-boot">
+        <li><a href="manual.html">Manual</a></li>
+        <li><a href="lib.html">Standard library</a></li>
+        <li> <a id="indexLink" href="$theindexhref">Index</a></li>
+        <li><a href="compiler/$theindexhref">Compiler docs</a></li>
+        <li><a href="https://nim-lang.github.io/fusion/theindex.html">Fusion docs</a></li>
+        <li><a href="https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/">devel</a>, <a href="https://nim-lang.org/documentation.html">stable</a></li>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div id="searchInputDiv">
+      Search: <input type="search" id="searchInput"
+        oninput="search()" />
+    </div>
+    $body_toc_groupsection
+    $tableofcontents
   </div>
-  $seeSrc
   <div class="nine columns" id="content">
-  <div id="tocRoot"></div>
-  $deprecationMsg
-  <p class="module-desc">$moduledesc</p>
-  $content
+    $seeSrc
+    <div id="tocRoot"></div>
+    $deprecationMsg
+    <p class="module-desc">$moduledesc</p>
+    $content
   </div>
 </div>
 """
@@ -165,39 +175,37 @@ doc.body_toc_group = """
 doc.body_toc_group = """
 <div class="row">
   <div class="three columns">
-  <div class="theme-switch-wrapper">
-    <label class="theme-switch" for="checkbox">
-      <input type="checkbox" id="checkbox" />
-      <div class="slider round"></div>
-    </label>
-    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>Dark Mode</em>
-  </div>
-  <div id="global-links">
-    <ul class="simple">
-    <li>
-      <a href="$theindexhref">Index</a>
-    </li>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
-  <div id="searchInputDiv">
-    Search: <input type="text" id="searchInput"
-      onkeyup="search()" />
-  </div>
-  <div>
-    Group by:
-    <select onchange="groupBy(this.value)">
-      <option value="section">Section</option>
-      <option value="type">Type</option>
-    </select>
-  </div>
-  $tableofcontents
+    <div class="theme-select-wrapper">
+      <label for="theme-select">Theme:&nbsp;</label>
+      <select id="theme-select" onchange="setTheme(this.value)">
+        <option value="auto">🌗 Match OS</option>
+        <option value="dark">🌑 Dark</option>
+        <option value="light">🌕 Light</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    <div id="global-links">
+      <ul class="simple">
+        <li><a id="indexLink" href="$theindexhref">Index</a></li>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div id="searchInputDiv">
+      Search: <input type="search" id="searchInput" oninput="search()"/>
+    </div>
+    <div>
+      Group by:
+      <select onchange="groupBy(this.value)">
+        <option value="section">Section</option>
+        <option value="type">Type</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    $tableofcontents
   </div>
-  $seeSrc
   <div class="nine columns" id="content">
-  <div id="tocRoot"></div>
-  $deprecationMsg
-  <p class="module-desc">$moduledesc</p>
-  $content
+    $seeSrc
+    <div id="tocRoot"></div>
+    $deprecationMsg
+    <p class="module-desc">$moduledesc</p>
+    $content
   </div>
 </div>
 """
@@ -216,83 +224,41 @@ doc.listing_end = "</pre>"
 
 # * $analytics: Google analytics location, includes <script> tags
 doc.file = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
-  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
 <!--  This file is generated by Nim. -->
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<html xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" data-theme="auto">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-
-<!-- Favicon -->
-<link rel="shortcut icon" href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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"/>
-<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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">
+<title>$title</title>
 
 <!-- Google fonts -->
 <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,600,900' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
 <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro:400,500,600' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
 
-<!-- CSS -->
-<title>$title</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="$nimdoccss">
-
-<script type="text/javascript" src="$dochackjs"></script>
-
-<script type="text/javascript">
-function main() {
-  var pragmaDots = document.getElementsByClassName("pragmadots");
-  for (var i = 0; i < pragmaDots.length; i++) {
-    pragmaDots[i].onclick = function(event) {
-      // Hide tease
-      event.target.parentNode.style.display = "none";
-      // Show actual
-      event.target.parentNode.nextElementSibling.style.display = "inline";
-    }
-  }
-
-  const toggleSwitch = document.querySelector('.theme-switch input[type="checkbox"]');
-  function switchTheme(e) {
-      if (e.target.checked) {
-          document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', 'dark');
-          localStorage.setItem('theme', 'dark');
-      } else {
-          document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', 'light');
-          localStorage.setItem('theme', 'light');
-      }
-  }
-
-  toggleSwitch.addEventListener('change', switchTheme, false);
-
-  const currentTheme = localStorage.getItem('theme') ? localStorage.getItem('theme') : null;
-  if (currentTheme) {
-    document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', currentTheme);
-
-    if (currentTheme === 'dark') {
-      toggleSwitch.checked = true;
-    }
-  }
-}
+<!-- Favicon -->
+<link rel="shortcut icon" href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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"/>
+<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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">
 
-window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', main);
-</script>
+<!-- CSS -->
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="${nimdoccss}?v=$nimVersion">
 
+<!-- JS -->
+<script type="text/javascript" src="${dochackjs}?v=$nimVersion"></script>
 </head>
 <body>
-<div class="document" id="documentId">
-  <div class="container">
-    <h1 class="title">$title</h1>$subtitle
-    $content
-    <div class="row">
+  <div class="document" id="documentId">
+    <div class="container">
+      <h1 class="title">$title</h1>$subtitle
+      $content
       <div class="twelve-columns footer">
         <span class="nim-sprite"></span>
-        <br/>
+        <br>
         <small style="color: var(--hint);">Made with Nim. Generated: $date $time UTC</small>
       </div>
     </div>
   </div>
-</div>
-$analytics
+  $analytics
 </body>
 </html>
 """
diff --git a/config/nimdoc.tex.cfg b/config/nimdoc.tex.cfg
index 307b280cc..4fb1aec90 100644
--- a/config/nimdoc.tex.cfg
+++ b/config/nimdoc.tex.cfg
@@ -3,27 +3,42 @@
 # (c) 2012 Andreas Rumpf
 # Feel free to edit the templates as you need.
 
-split.item.toc = "20"  
+split.item.toc = "20"
 # too long entries in the table of contents wrap around
 # after this number of characters
 
 doc.section = """
-\chapter{$sectionTitle}\label{$sectionID}
-\begin{description}
+\rsthA[$sectionTitle]{$sectionTitle}\label{$sectionID}
+
 $content
-\end{description}
 """
 
 doc.section.toc = ""
 # $sectionID $sectionTitleID $sectionTitle $content
 
 doc.item = """
-\item[\texttt{$header}\label{$itemID}]\mbox{~}\\*
+
+\vspace{1em}
+\phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{subsubsection}{$uniqueName}
+\label{$itemSymOrID}\hypertarget{$itemSymOrID}{}
+
+\begin{rstdocitem}
+$header
+\end{rstdocitem}
+
+\begin{addmargin}[0.05\linewidth]{0pt}
 $desc
+\end{addmargin}
+"""
+
+doc.item2 = """
+\phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{$header_plain}
+\label{$overloadGroupName}\hypertarget{$overloadGroupName}{}
+
+$content
 """
 
 doc.item.toc = ""
-#  \item $name\ref{$itemID}
 
 doc.toc = r"\tableofcontents \newpage"
 
@@ -38,97 +53,33 @@ $moduledesc
 $content
 """
 
+# $1 - number of listing in document, $2 - language (e.g. langNim), $3 - anchor
+doc.listing_start = "\\begin{rstpre}\n"
+doc.listing_end = "\n\\end{rstpre}\n\n"
+
 doc.file = """
 % This file was generated by Nim.
 % Generated: $date $time UTC
-\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
-\usepackage[left=2cm,right=3cm,top=3cm,bottom=3cm]{geometry}
-\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
-\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
-\usepackage{graphicx}
-\usepackage{lmodern}
-\usepackage{fancyvrb, courier}
-\usepackage{tabularx}
-\usepackage{hyperref}
-\usepackage{enumitem}  % for enumList and rstfootnote
-
-\usepackage{xcolor}
-\usepackage[tikz]{mdframed}
-\usetikzlibrary{shadows}
-\mdfsetup{%
-linewidth=3,
-topline=false,
-rightline=false,
-bottomline=false}
+%
+% Compile it by:   xelatex    (up to 3 times to get labels generated)
+%                  -------
+% For example:
+%   xelatex file.tex
+%   xelatex file.tex
+%   makeindex file
+%   xelatex file.tex
+%
+\documentclass{nimdoc}
 
 \begin{document}
 \title{$title $version $subtitle}
 \author{$author}
 
-\tolerance 1414 
-\hbadness 1414 
-\emergencystretch 1.5em 
-\hfuzz 0.3pt 
-\widowpenalty=10000 
-\vfuzz \hfuzz 
-\raggedbottom 
-
 \maketitle
 
-\newenvironment{rstpre}{\VerbatimEnvironment\begingroup\begin{Verbatim}[fontsize=\footnotesize , commandchars=\\\{\}]}{\end{Verbatim}\endgroup}
-\newenvironment{rstfootnote}{\begin{description}[labelindent=1em,leftmargin=1em,labelwidth=2.6em]}{\end{description}}
-
-% to pack tabularx into a new environment, special syntax is needed :-(
-\newenvironment{rsttab}[1]{\tabularx{\linewidth}{#1}}{\endtabularx}
-
-\newcommand{\rstsub}[1]{\raisebox{-0.5ex}{\scriptsize{#1}}}
-\newcommand{\rstsup}[1]{\raisebox{0.5ex}{\scriptsize{#1}}}
-
-\newcommand{\rsthA}[1]{\section{#1}}
-\newcommand{\rsthB}[1]{\subsection{#1}}
-\newcommand{\rsthC}[1]{\subsubsection{#1}}
-\newcommand{\rsthD}[1]{\paragraph{#1}}
-\newcommand{\rsthE}[1]{\paragraph{#1}}
-
-\newcommand{\rstovA}[1]{\section*{#1}}
-\newcommand{\rstovB}[1]{\subsection*{#1}}
-\newcommand{\rstovC}[1]{\subsubsection*{#1}}
-\newcommand{\rstovD}[1]{\paragraph*{#1}}
-\newcommand{\rstovE}[1]{\paragraph*{#1}}
-
-% Syntax highlighting:
-\newcommand{\spanDecNumber}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanBinNumber}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanHexNumber}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanOctNumber}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanFloatNumber}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanIdentifier}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanKeyword}[1]{\textbf{#1}}
-\newcommand{\spanStringLit}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanLongStringLit}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanCharLit}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanEscapeSequence}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanOperator}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanPunctuation}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanComment}[1]{\emph{#1}}
-\newcommand{\spanLongComment}[1]{\emph{#1}}
-\newcommand{\spanRegularExpression}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanTagStart}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanTagEnd}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanKey}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanValue}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanRawData}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanAssembler}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanPreprocessor}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanDirective}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanCommand}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanRule}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanHyperlink}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanLabel}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanReference}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spanOther}[1]{#1}
-\newcommand{\spantok}[1]{\frame{#1}}
-
 $content
+
+\printindex
+
 \end{document}
 """
diff --git a/copying.txt b/copying.txt
index a498a9525..819330be3 100644
--- a/copying.txt
+++ b/copying.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 =====================================================
 Nim -- a Compiler for Nim. https://nim-lang.org/
 
-Copyright (C) 2006-2021 Andreas Rumpf. All rights reserved.
+Copyright (C) 2006-2024 Andreas Rumpf. All rights reserved.
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
diff --git a/doc/advopt.txt b/doc/advopt.txt
index 108c07222..e4d11081a 100644
--- a/doc/advopt.txt
+++ b/doc/advopt.txt
@@ -4,9 +4,13 @@ Advanced commands:
   //compileToOC, objc       compile project to Objective C code
   //js                      compile project to Javascript
   //e                       run a Nimscript file
+  //md2html                 convert a Markdown file to HTML
+                            use `--docCmd:skip` to skip compiling snippets
   //rst2html                convert a reStructuredText file to HTML
                             use `--docCmd:skip` to skip compiling snippets
-  //rst2tex                 convert a reStructuredText file to TeX
+  //md2tex                  convert a Markdown file to LaTeX
+  //rst2tex                 convert a reStructuredText file to LaTeX
+  //doc2tex                 extract the documentation to a LaTeX file
   //jsondoc                 extract the documentation to a json file
   //ctags                   create a tags file
   //buildIndex              build an index for the whole documentation
@@ -14,7 +18,8 @@ Advanced commands:
                             module dependency graph
   //dump                    dump all defined conditionals and search paths
                             see also: --dump.format:json (useful with: `| jq`)
-  //check                   checks the project for syntax and semantic
+  //check                   checks the project for syntax and semantics
+                            (can be combined with --defusages)
 
 Runtime checks (see -x):
   --objChecks:on|off        turn obj conversion checks on|off
@@ -27,28 +32,45 @@ Runtime checks (see -x):
   --infChecks:on|off        turn Inf checks on|off
 
 Advanced options:
+  --defusages:FILE,LINE,COL
+                            find the definition and all usages of a symbol
   -o:FILE, --out:FILE       set the output filename
   --outdir:DIR              set the path where the output file will be written
   --usenimcache             will use `outdir=$$nimcache`, whichever it resolves
                             to after all options have been processed
   --stdout:on|off           output to stdout
   --colors:on|off           turn compiler messages coloring on|off
-  --listFullPaths:on|off    list full paths in messages
+  --filenames:abs|canonical|legacyRelProj
+                            customize how filenames are rendered in compiler messages,
+                            defaults to `abs` (absolute)
+  --processing:dots|filenames|off
+                            show files as they're being processed by nim compiler
+  --unitsep:on|off          use the ASCII unit separator (31) between error
+                            messages, useful for IDE-like tooling
   --declaredLocs:on|off     show declaration locations in messages
-  --spellSuggest|:num       show at most `num >= 0` spelling suggestions on typos.
+  --spellSuggest:num        show at most `num >= 0` spelling suggestions on typos.
                             if `num` is not specified (or `auto`), return
                             an implementation defined set of suggestions.
+  --hints:on|off|list.      `on|off` enables or disables hints.
+                            `list` reports which hints are selected.
+  --hint:X:on|off           turn specific hint X on|off. `hint:X` means `hint:X:on`,
+                            as with similar flags. `all` is the set of all hints
+                            (only `all:off` is supported).
+  --hintAsError:X:on|off    turn specific hint X into an error on|off
   -w:on|off|list, --warnings:on|off|list
-                            turn all warnings on|off or list all available
-  --warning[X]:on|off       turn specific warning X on|off
-  --hints:on|off|list       turn all hints on|off or list all available
-  --hint[X]:on|off          turn specific hint X on|off
-  --warningAsError[X]:on|off turn specific warning X into an error on|off
-  --hintAsError[X]:on|off    turn specific hint X into an error on|off
+                            `on|off` enables or disables warnings.
+                            `list` reports which warnings are selected.
+  --warning:X:on|off        turn specific warning X on|off. `warning:X` means `warning:X:on`,
+                            as with similar flags. `all` is the set of all warning
+                            (only `all:off` is supported).
+  --warningAsError:X:on|off
+                            turn specific warning X into an error on|off
   --styleCheck:off|hint|error
                             produce hints or errors for Nim identifiers that
                             do not adhere to Nim's official style guide
                             https://nim-lang.org/docs/nep1.html
+  --styleCheck:usages       only enforce consistent spellings of identifiers,
+                            do not enforce the style on declarations
   --showAllMismatches:on|off
                             show all mismatching candidates in overloading
                             resolution
@@ -83,7 +105,8 @@ Advanced options:
                             if path == @default (the default and most useful), will use
                             best match among @pkg,@path.
                             if these are nonexistent, will use project path
-  -b, --backend:c|cpp|js|objc sets backend to use with commands like `nim doc` or `nim r`
+  -b, --backend:c|cpp|js|objc
+                            sets backend to use with commands like `nim doc` or `nim r`
   --docCmd:cmd              if `cmd == skip`, skips runnableExamples
                             else, runs runnableExamples with given options, e.g.:
                             `--docCmd:"-d:foo --threads:on"`
@@ -93,28 +116,26 @@ Advanced options:
   --lineDir:on|off          generation of #line directive on|off
   --embedsrc:on|off         embeds the original source code as comments
                             in the generated output
-  --threadanalysis:on|off   turn thread analysis on|off
   --tlsEmulation:on|off     turn thread local storage emulation on|off
   --implicitStatic:on|off   turn implicit compile time evaluation on|off
   --trmacros:on|off         turn term rewriting macros on|off
   --multimethods:on|off     turn multi-methods on|off
-  --memTracker:on|off       turn memory tracker on|off
   --hotCodeReloading:on|off
                             turn support for hot code reloading on|off
   --excessiveStackTrace:on|off
                             stack traces use full file paths
   --stackTraceMsgs:on|off   enable user defined stack frame msgs via `setFrameMsg`
-  --seqsv2:on|off           use the new string/seq implementation based on
-                            destructors
   --skipCfg:on|off          do not read the nim installation's configuration file
   --skipUserCfg:on|off      do not read the user's configuration file
   --skipParentCfg:on|off    do not read the parent dirs' configuration files
   --skipProjCfg:on|off      do not read the project's configuration file
-  --gc:refc|arc|orc|markAndSweep|boehm|go|none|regions
-                            select the GC to use; default is 'refc'
-  --exceptions:setjmp|cpp|goto
+  --mm:orc|arc|refc|markAndSweep|boehm|go|none|regions
+                            select which memory management to use; default is 'orc'
+  --exceptions:setjmp|cpp|goto|quirky
                             select the exception handling implementation
-  --index:on|off            turn index file generation on|off
+  --index:on|off|only       docgen: turn index file generation on|off (`only` means
+                            not generate output files like HTML)
+  --noImportdoc:on|off      turn loading documentation ``.idx`` files on|off
   --putenv:key=value        set an environment variable
   --NimblePath:PATH         add a path for Nimble support
   --noNimblePath            deactivate the Nimble path
@@ -122,6 +143,8 @@ Advanced options:
   --cppCompileToNamespace:namespace
                             use the provided namespace for the generated C++ code,
                             if no namespace is provided "Nim" will be used
+  --nimMainPrefix:prefix    use `{prefix}NimMain` instead of `NimMain` in the produced
+                            C/C++ code
   --expandMacro:MACRO       dump every generated AST from MACRO
   --expandArc:PROCNAME      show how PROCNAME looks like after diverse optimizations
                             before the final backend phase (mostly ARC/ORC specific)
@@ -146,12 +169,11 @@ Advanced options:
                             enable experimental language feature
   --legacy:$2
                             enable obsolete/legacy language feature
-  --useVersion:1.0|1.2      emulate Nim version X of the Nim compiler, for testing
-  --profiler:on|off         enable profiling; requires `import nimprof`, and
-                            works better with `--stackTrace:on`
-                            see also https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/estp.html
-  --benchmarkVM:on|off      enable benchmarking of VM code with cpuTime()
-  --profileVM:on|off        enable compile time VM profiler
-  --sinkInference:on|off    en-/disable sink parameter inference (default: on)
+  --benchmarkVM:on|off      turn benchmarking of VM code with cpuTime() on|off
+  --profileVM:on|off        turn compile time VM profiler on|off
   --panics:on|off           turn panics into process terminations (default: off)
-  --deepcopy:on|off         enable 'system.deepCopy' for ``--gc:arc|orc``
+  --deepcopy:on|off         enable 'system.deepCopy' for ``--mm:arc|orc``
+  --jsbigint64:on|off       toggle the use of BigInt for 64-bit integers for
+                            the JavaScript backend (default: on)
+  --nimBasePattern:nimbase.h
+                            allows to specify a custom pattern for `nimbase.h`
diff --git a/doc/apis.rst b/doc/apis.md
index d01e75d78..f0b8c93e5 100644
--- a/doc/apis.rst
+++ b/doc/apis.md
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 =================
 API naming design
 =================
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
+
 The API is designed to be **easy to use** and consistent. Ease of use is
 measured by the number of calls to achieve a concrete high-level action.
 
@@ -17,9 +18,9 @@ been renamed to fit this scheme. The ultimate goal is that the programmer can
 *guess* a name.
 
 
--------------------     ------------   --------------------------------------
+===================     ============   ======================================
 English word            To use         Notes
--------------------     ------------   --------------------------------------
+===================     ============   ======================================
 initialize              initT          `init` is used to create a
                                        value type `T`
 new                     newP           `new` is used to create a
@@ -81,4 +82,4 @@ literal                 lit
 string                  str
 identifier              ident
 indentation             indent
--------------------     ------------   --------------------------------------
+===================     ============   ======================================
diff --git a/doc/astspec.txt b/doc/astspec.txt
index c49f7bcc2..7a7053a2d 100644
--- a/doc/astspec.txt
+++ b/doc/astspec.txt
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ The AST consists of nodes (``NimNode``) with a variable number of
 children. Each node has a field named ``kind`` which describes what the node
 contains:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   type
     NimNodeKind = enum     ## kind of a node; only explanatory
       nnkNone,             ## invalid node kind
@@ -32,6 +31,7 @@ contains:
         strVal: string                 ## the string literal
       else:
         sons: seq[NimNode]             ## the node's sons (or children)
+  ```
 
 For the ``NimNode`` type, the ``[]`` operator has been overloaded:
 ``n[i]`` is ``n``'s ``i``-th child.
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ A leaf of the AST often corresponds to a terminal symbol in the concrete
 syntax. Note that the default ``float`` in Nim maps to ``float64`` such that
 the default AST for a float is ``nnkFloat64Lit`` as below.
 
------------------                ---------------------------------------------
+=================                =============================================
 Nim expression                   Corresponding AST
------------------                ---------------------------------------------
+=================                =============================================
 ``42``                           ``nnkIntLit(intVal = 42)``
 ``42'i8``                        ``nnkInt8Lit(intVal = 42)``
 ``42'i16``                       ``nnkInt16Lit(intVal = 42)``
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ Nim expression                   Corresponding AST
 ``nil``                          ``nnkNilLit()``
 ``myIdentifier``                 ``nnkIdent(strVal = "myIdentifier")``
 ``myIdentifier``                 after lookup pass: ``nnkSym(strVal = "myIdentifier", ...)``
------------------                ---------------------------------------------
+=================                =============================================
 
 Identifiers are ``nnkIdent`` nodes. After the name lookup pass these nodes
 get transferred into ``nnkSym`` nodes.
@@ -86,17 +86,19 @@ Command call
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   echo "abc", "xyz"
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkCommand(
     nnkIdent("echo"),
     nnkStrLit("abc"),
     nnkStrLit("xyz")
   )
+  ```
 
 
 Call with ``()``
@@ -104,17 +106,19 @@ Call with ``()``
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   echo("abc", "xyz")
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkCall(
     nnkIdent("echo"),
     nnkStrLit("abc"),
     nnkStrLit("xyz")
   )
+  ```
 
 
 Infix operator call
@@ -122,29 +126,32 @@ Infix operator call
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   "abc" & "xyz"
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkInfix(
     nnkIdent("&"),
     nnkStrLit("abc"),
     nnkStrLit("xyz")
   )
+  ```
 
 Note that with multiple infix operators, the command is parsed by operator
 precedence.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   5 + 3 * 4
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkInfix(
     nnkIdent("+"),
     nnkIntLit(5),
@@ -154,6 +161,7 @@ AST:
       nnkIntLit(4)
     )
   )
+  ```
 
 As a side note, if you choose to use infix operators in a prefix form, the AST
 behaves as a
@@ -162,12 +170,13 @@ behaves as a
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   `+`(3, 4)
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkCall(
     nnkAccQuoted(
       nnkIdent("+")
@@ -175,22 +184,25 @@ AST:
     nnkIntLit(3),
     nnkIntLit(4)
   )
+  ```
 
 Prefix operator call
 --------------------
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   ? "xyz"
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkPrefix(
     nnkIdent("?"),
     nnkStrLit("abc")
   )
+  ```
 
 
 Postfix operator call
@@ -201,16 +213,18 @@ Postfix operator call
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   identifier*
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkPostfix(
     nnkIdent("*"),
     nnkIdent("identifier")
   )
+  ```
 
 
 Call with named arguments
@@ -218,12 +232,13 @@ Call with named arguments
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   writeLine(file=stdout, "hallo")
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkCall(
     nnkIdent("writeLine"),
     nnkExprEqExpr(
@@ -232,6 +247,7 @@ AST:
     ),
     nnkStrLit("hallo")
   )
+  ```
 
 Call with raw string literal
 ----------------------------
@@ -242,29 +258,33 @@ This is used, for example, in the ``bindSym`` examples
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   echo"abc"
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkCallStrLit(
     nnkIdent("echo"),
     nnkRStrLit("hello")
   )
+  ```
 
 Dereference operator ``[]``
 ---------------------------
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   x[]
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkDerefExpr(nnkIdent("x"))
+  ```
 
 
 Addr operator
@@ -272,13 +292,15 @@ Addr operator
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   addr(x)
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkAddr(nnkIdent("x"))
+  ```
 
 
 Cast operator
@@ -286,13 +308,15 @@ Cast operator
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   cast[T](x)
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkCast(nnkIdent("T"), nnkIdent("x"))
+  ```
 
 
 Object access operator ``.``
@@ -300,13 +324,15 @@ Object access operator ``.``
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   x.y
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkDotExpr(nnkIdent("x"), nnkIdent("y"))
+  ```
 
 If you use Nim's flexible calling syntax (as in ``x.len()``), the result is the
 same as above but wrapped in an ``nnkCall``.
@@ -317,31 +343,77 @@ Array access operator ``[]``
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   x[y]
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkBracketExpr(nnkIdent("x"), nnkIdent("y"))
+  ```
 
 
 Parentheses
 -----------
 
-Parentheses for affecting operator precedence or tuple construction
-are built with the ``nnkPar`` node.
+Parentheses for affecting operator precedence use the ``nnkPar`` node.
+
+Concrete syntax:
+
+  ```nim
+  (a + b) * c
+  ```
+
+AST:
+
+  ```nim
+  nnkInfix(nnkIdent("*"),
+    nnkPar(
+      nnkInfix(nnkIdent("+"), nnkIdent("a"), nnkIdent("b"))),
+    nnkIdent("c"))
+  ```
+
+Tuple Constructors
+------------------
+
+Nodes for tuple construction are built with the ``nnkTupleConstr`` node.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  (1, 2, (3))
+  ```nim
+  (1, 2, 3)
+  (a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
+  ()
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  nnkPar(nnkIntLit(1), nnkIntLit(2), nnkPar(nnkIntLit(3)))
+  ```nim
+  nnkTupleConstr(nnkIntLit(1), nnkIntLit(2), nnkIntLit(3))
+  nnkTupleConstr(
+    nnkExprColonExpr(nnkIdent("a"), nnkIntLit(1)),
+    nnkExprColonExpr(nnkIdent("b"), nnkIntLit(2)),
+    nnkExprColonExpr(nnkIdent("c"), nnkIntLit(3)))
+  nnkTupleConstr()
+  ```
+
+Since the one tuple would be syntactically identical to parentheses
+with an expression in them, the parser expects a trailing comma for
+them. For tuple constructors with field names, this is not necessary.
+
+  ```nim
+  (1,)
+  (a: 1)
+  ```
+
+AST:
 
+  ```nim
+  nnkTupleConstr(nnkIntLit(1))
+  nnkTupleConstr(
+    nnkExprColonExpr(nnkIdent("a"), nnkIntLit(1)))
+  ```
 
 Curly braces
 ------------
@@ -350,28 +422,32 @@ Curly braces are used as the set constructor.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   {1, 2, 3}
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkCurly(nnkIntLit(1), nnkIntLit(2), nnkIntLit(3))
+  ```
 
 When used as a table constructor, the syntax is different.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   {a: 3, b: 5}
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkTableConstr(
     nnkExprColonExpr(nnkIdent("a"), nnkIntLit(3)),
     nnkExprColonExpr(nnkIdent("b"), nnkIntLit(5))
   )
+  ```
 
 
 Brackets
@@ -381,13 +457,15 @@ Brackets are used as the array constructor.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   [1, 2, 3]
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkBracket(nnkIntLit(1), nnkIntLit(2), nnkIntLit(3))
+  ```
 
 
 Ranges
@@ -399,21 +477,23 @@ AST, construction with ``..`` as an infix operator should be used instead.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   1..3
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkInfix(
     nnkIdent(".."),
     nnkIntLit(1),
     nnkIntLit(3)
   )
+  ```
 
 Example code:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   macro genRepeatEcho() =
     result = newNimNode(nnkStmtList)
 
@@ -432,6 +512,7 @@ Example code:
                   # 3
                   # 3
                   # 3
+  ```
 
 
 If expression
@@ -441,17 +522,19 @@ The representation of the ``if`` expression is subtle, but easy to traverse.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   if cond1: expr1 elif cond2: expr2 else: expr3
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkIfExpr(
     nnkElifExpr(cond1, expr1),
     nnkElifExpr(cond2, expr2),
     nnkElseExpr(expr3)
   )
+  ```
 
 Documentation Comments
 ----------------------
@@ -462,19 +545,21 @@ comments are ignored.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   ## This is a comment
   ## This is part of the first comment
   stmt1
   ## Yet another
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkCommentStmt() # only appears once for the first two lines!
   stmt1
   nnkCommentStmt() # another nnkCommentStmt because there is another comment
                    # (separate from the first)
+  ```
 
 Pragmas
 -------
@@ -485,30 +570,33 @@ objects, but the standalone ``emit`` pragma shows the basics with the AST.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   {.emit: "#include <stdio.h>".}
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkPragma(
     nnkExprColonExpr(
       nnkIdent("emit"),
       nnkStrLit("#include <stdio.h>") # the "argument"
     )
   )
+  ```
 
 As many ``nnkIdent`` appear as there are pragmas between ``{..}``. Note that
 the declaration of new pragmas is essentially the same:
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   {.pragma: cdeclRename, cdecl.}
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkPragma(
     nnkExprColonExpr(
       nnkIdent("pragma"), # this is always first when declaring a new pragma
@@ -516,6 +604,7 @@ AST:
     ),
     nnkIdent("cdecl")
   )
+  ```
 
 Statements
 ==========
@@ -528,7 +617,7 @@ there is no ``else`` branch, no ``nnkElse`` child exists.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   if cond1:
     stmt1
   elif cond2:
@@ -537,16 +626,18 @@ Concrete syntax:
     stmt3
   else:
     stmt4
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkIfStmt(
     nnkElifBranch(cond1, stmt1),
     nnkElifBranch(cond2, stmt2),
     nnkElifBranch(cond3, stmt3),
     nnkElse(stmt4)
   )
+  ```
 
 
 When statement
@@ -560,13 +651,15 @@ Assignment
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   x = 42
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkAsgn(nnkIdent("x"), nnkIntLit(42))
+  ```
 
 This is not the syntax for assignment when combined with ``var``, ``let``,
 or ``const``.
@@ -576,15 +669,17 @@ Statement list
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   stmt1
   stmt2
   stmt3
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkStmtList(stmt1, stmt2, stmt3)
+  ```
 
 
 Case statement
@@ -592,7 +687,7 @@ Case statement
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   case expr1
   of expr2, expr3..expr4:
     stmt1
@@ -602,10 +697,11 @@ Concrete syntax:
     stmt3
   else:
     stmt4
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkCaseStmt(
     expr1,
     nnkOfBranch(expr2, nnkRange(expr3, expr4), stmt1),
@@ -613,6 +709,7 @@ AST:
     nnkElifBranch(cond1, stmt3),
     nnkElse(stmt4)
   )
+  ```
 
 The ``nnkElifBranch`` and ``nnkElse`` parts may be missing.
 
@@ -622,14 +719,16 @@ While statement
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   while expr1:
     stmt1
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkWhileStmt(expr1, stmt1)
+  ```
 
 
 For statement
@@ -637,14 +736,16 @@ For statement
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   for ident1, ident2 in expr1:
     stmt1
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkForStmt(ident1, ident2, expr1, stmt1)
+  ```
 
 
 Try statement
@@ -652,7 +753,7 @@ Try statement
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   try:
     stmt1
   except e1, e2:
@@ -663,10 +764,11 @@ Concrete syntax:
     stmt4
   finally:
     stmt5
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkTryStmt(
     stmt1,
     nnkExceptBranch(e1, e2, stmt2),
@@ -674,6 +776,7 @@ AST:
     nnkExceptBranch(stmt4),
     nnkFinally(stmt5)
   )
+  ```
 
 
 Return statement
@@ -681,13 +784,15 @@ Return statement
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   return expr1
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkReturnStmt(expr1)
+  ```
 
 
 Yield statement
@@ -695,8 +800,9 @@ Yield statement
 
 Like ``return``, but with ``nnkYieldStmt`` kind.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkYieldStmt(expr1)
+  ```
 
 
 Discard statement
@@ -704,8 +810,9 @@ Discard statement
 
 Like ``return``, but with ``nnkDiscardStmt`` kind.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkDiscardStmt(expr1)
+  ```
 
 
 Continue statement
@@ -713,26 +820,30 @@ Continue statement
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   continue
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkContinueStmt()
+  ```
 
 Break statement
 ---------------
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   break otherLocation
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkBreakStmt(nnkIdent("otherLocation"))
+  ```
 
 If ``break`` is used without a jump-to location, ``nnkEmpty`` replaces ``nnkIdent``.
 
@@ -741,13 +852,15 @@ Block statement
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   block name:
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkBlockStmt(nnkIdent("name"), nnkStmtList(...))
+  ```
 
 A ``block`` doesn't need an name, in which case ``nnkEmpty`` is used.
 
@@ -756,18 +869,20 @@ Asm statement
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   asm """
     some asm
   """
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkAsmStmt(
     nnkEmpty(), # for pragmas
     nnkTripleStrLit("some asm"),
   )
+  ```
 
 Import section
 --------------
@@ -777,37 +892,42 @@ on what keywords are present. Let's start with the simplest form.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  import math
+  ```nim
+  import std/math
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkImportStmt(nnkIdent("math"))
+  ```
 
 With ``except``, we get ``nnkImportExceptStmt``.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  import math except pow
+  ```nim
+  import std/math except pow
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkImportExceptStmt(nnkIdent("math"),nnkIdent("pow"))
+  ```
 
-Note that ``import math as m`` does not use a different node; rather,
+Note that ``import std/math as m`` does not use a different node; rather,
 we use ``nnkImportStmt`` with ``as`` as an infix operator.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  import strutils as su
+  ```nim
+  import std/strutils as su
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkImportStmt(
     nnkInfix(
       nnkIdent("as"),
@@ -815,6 +935,7 @@ AST:
       nnkIdent("su")
     )
   )
+  ```
 
 From statement
 --------------
@@ -823,15 +944,17 @@ If we use ``from ... import``, the result is different, too.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  from math import pow
+  ```nim
+  from std/math import pow
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkFromStmt(nnkIdent("math"), nnkIdent("pow"))
+  ```
 
-Using ``from math as m import pow`` works identically to the ``as`` modifier
+Using ``from std/math as m import pow`` works identically to the ``as`` modifier
 with the ``import`` statement, but wrapped in ``nnkFromStmt``.
 
 Export statement
@@ -842,26 +965,30 @@ the ``export`` syntax is pretty straightforward.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   export unsigned
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkExportStmt(nnkIdent("unsigned"))
+  ```
 
 Similar to the ``import`` statement, the AST is different for
 ``export ... except``.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   export math except pow # we're going to implement our own exponentiation
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkExportExceptStmt(nnkIdent("math"),nnkIdent("pow"))
+  ```
 
 Include statement
 -----------------
@@ -870,25 +997,28 @@ Like a plain ``import`` statement but with ``nnkIncludeStmt``.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   include blocks
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkIncludeStmt(nnkIdent("blocks"))
+  ```
 
 Var section
 -----------
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var a = 3
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkVarSection(
     nnkIdentDefs(
       nnkIdent("a"),
@@ -896,6 +1026,7 @@ AST:
       nnkIntLit(3),
     )
   )
+  ```
 
 Note that either the second or third (or both) parameters above must exist,
 as the compiler needs to know the type somehow (which it can infer from
@@ -913,12 +1044,13 @@ This is equivalent to ``var``, but with ``nnkLetSection`` rather than
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   let a = 3
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkLetSection(
     nnkIdentDefs(
       nnkIdent("a"),
@@ -926,18 +1058,20 @@ AST:
       nnkIntLit(3),
     )
   )
+  ```
 
 Const section
 -------------
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   const a = 3
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkConstSection(
     nnkConstDef( # not nnkConstDefs!
       nnkIdent("a"),
@@ -945,6 +1079,7 @@ AST:
       nnkIntLit(3), # required in a const declaration!
     )
   )
+  ```
 
 Type section
 ------------
@@ -954,12 +1089,13 @@ and ``const``.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type A = int
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkTypeSection(
     nnkTypeDef(
       nnkIdent("A"),
@@ -967,18 +1103,20 @@ AST:
       nnkIdent("int")
     )
   )
+  ```
 
 Declaring ``distinct`` types is similar, with the last ``nnkIdent`` wrapped
 in ``nnkDistinctTy``.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type MyInt = distinct int
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # ...
   nnkTypeDef(
     nnkIdent("MyInt"),
@@ -987,17 +1125,19 @@ AST:
       nnkIdent("int")
     )
   )
+  ```
 
 If a type section uses generic parameters, they are treated here:
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type A[T] = expr1
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkTypeSection(
     nnkTypeDef(
       nnkIdent("A"),
@@ -1012,6 +1152,7 @@ AST:
       expr1,
     )
   )
+  ```
 
 Note that not all ``nnkTypeDef`` utilize ``nnkIdent`` as their
 parameter. One of the most common uses of type declarations
@@ -1019,12 +1160,13 @@ is to work with objects.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type IO = object of RootObj
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # ...
   nnkTypeDef(
     nnkIdent("IO"),
@@ -1037,29 +1179,39 @@ AST:
       nnkEmpty()
     )
   )
+  ```
 
 Nim's object syntax is rich. Let's take a look at an involved example in
 its entirety to see some of the complexities.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  type Obj[T] = object {.inheritable.}
+  ```nim
+  type Obj[T] {.inheritable.} = object
     name: string
     case isFat: bool
     of true:
       m: array[100_000, T]
     of false:
       m: array[10, T]
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # ...
+  nnkPragmaExpr(
+    nnkIdent("Obj"),
+    nnkPragma(nnkIdent("inheritable"))
+  ),
+  nnkGenericParams(
+  nnkIdentDefs(
+    nnkIdent("T"),
+    nnkEmpty(),
+    nnkEmpty())
+  ),
   nnkObjectTy(
-    nnkPragma(
-      nnkIdent("inheritable")
-    ),
+    nnkEmpty(),
     nnkEmpty(),
     nnkRecList( # list of object parameters
       nnkIdentDefs(
@@ -1103,55 +1255,61 @@ AST:
       )
     )
   )
+  ```
 
 
 Using an ``enum`` is similar to using an ``object``.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type X = enum
     First
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # ...
   nnkEnumTy(
     nnkEmpty(),
     nnkIdent("First") # you need at least one nnkIdent or the compiler complains
   )
+  ```
 
 The usage of ``concept`` (experimental) is similar to objects.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type Con = concept x,y,z
     (x & y & z) is string
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # ...
   nnkTypeClassTy( # note this isn't nnkConceptTy!
-    nnkArglist(
+    nnkArgList(
       # ... idents for x, y, z
     )
     # ...
   )
+  ```
 
 Static types, like ``static[int]``, use ``nnkIdent`` wrapped in
 ``nnkStaticTy``.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type A[T: static[int]] = object
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # ... within nnkGenericParams
   nnkIdentDefs(
     nnkIdent("T"),
@@ -1161,13 +1319,14 @@ AST:
     nnkEmpty()
   )
   # ...
+  ```
 
 In general, declaring types mirrors this syntax (i.e., ``nnkStaticTy`` for
 ``static``, etc.). Examples follow (exceptions marked by ``*``):
 
--------------                ---------------------------------------------
+=============                =============================================
 Nim type                     Corresponding AST
--------------                ---------------------------------------------
+=============                =============================================
 ``static``                   ``nnkStaticTy``
 ``tuple``                    ``nnkTupleTy``
 ``var``                      ``nnkVarTy``
@@ -1180,7 +1339,7 @@ Nim type                     Corresponding AST
 ``proc``                     ``nnkProcTy``
 ``iterator``                 ``nnkIteratorTy``
 ``object``                   ``nnkObjectTy``
--------------                ---------------------------------------------
+=============                =============================================
 
 Take special care when declaring types as ``proc``. The behavior is similar
 to ``Procedure declaration``, below, but does not treat ``nnkGenericParams``.
@@ -1188,12 +1347,13 @@ Generic parameters are treated in the type, not the ``proc`` itself.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  type MyProc[T] = proc(x: T)
+  ```nim
+  type MyProc[T] = proc(x: T) {.nimcall.}
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # ...
   nnkTypeDef(
     nnkIdent("MyProc"),
@@ -1203,38 +1363,75 @@ AST:
     nnkProcTy( # behaves like a procedure declaration from here on
       nnkFormalParams(
         # ...
-      )
+      ),
+      nnkPragma(nnkIdent("nimcall"))
     )
   )
+  ```
 
 The same syntax applies to ``iterator`` (with ``nnkIteratorTy``), but
 *does not* apply to ``converter`` or ``template``.
 
+Type class versions of these nodes generally share the same node kind but
+without any child nodes. The ``tuple`` type class is represented by
+``nnkTupleClassTy``, while a ``proc`` or ``iterator`` type class with pragmas
+has an ``nnkEmpty`` node in place of the ``nnkFormalParams`` node of a
+concrete ``proc`` or ``iterator`` type node.
+
+  ```nim
+  type TypeClass = proc {.nimcall.} | ref | tuple
+  ```
+
+AST:
+
+  ```nim
+  nnkTypeDef(
+    nnkIdent("TypeClass"),
+    nnkEmpty(),
+    nnkInfix(
+      nnkIdent("|"),
+      nnkProcTy(
+        nnkEmpty(),
+        nnkPragma(nnkIdent("nimcall"))
+      ),
+      nnkInfix(
+        nnkIdent("|"),
+        nnkRefTy(),
+        nnkTupleClassTy()
+      )
+    )
+  )
+  ```
+
 Mixin statement
 ---------------
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   mixin x
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkMixinStmt(nnkIdent("x"))
+  ```
 
 Bind statement
 --------------
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   bind x
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkBindStmt(nnkIdent("x"))
+  ```
 
 Procedure declaration
 ---------------------
@@ -1244,12 +1441,13 @@ a feel for how procedure calls are broken down.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc hello*[T: SomeInteger](x: int = 3, y: float32): int {.inline.} = discard
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkProcDef(
     nnkPostfix(nnkIdent("*"), nnkIdent("hello")), # the exported proc name
     nnkEmpty(), # patterns for term rewriting in templates and macros (not procs)
@@ -1277,6 +1475,7 @@ AST:
     nnkEmpty(), # reserved slot for future use
     nnkStmtList(nnkDiscardStmt(nnkEmpty())) # the meat of the proc
   )
+  ```
 
 There is another consideration. Nim has flexible type identification for
 its procs. Even though ``proc(a: int, b: int)`` and ``proc(a, b: int)``
@@ -1284,12 +1483,13 @@ are equivalent in the code, the AST is a little different for the latter.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc(a, b: int)
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # ...AST as above...
   nnkFormalParams(
     nnkEmpty(), # no return here
@@ -1301,24 +1501,27 @@ AST:
     )
   ),
   # ...
+  ```
 
 When a procedure uses the special ``var`` type return variable, the result
 is different from that of a var section.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc hello(): var int
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # ...
   nnkFormalParams(
     nnkVarTy(
       nnkIdent("int")
     )
   )
+  ```
 
 Iterator declaration
 --------------------
@@ -1328,17 +1531,19 @@ replacing ``nnkProcDef``.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   iterator nonsense[T](x: seq[T]): float {.closure.} = ...
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkIteratorDef(
     nnkIdent("nonsense"),
     nnkEmpty(),
     ...
   )
+  ```
 
 Converter declaration
 ---------------------
@@ -1347,16 +1552,18 @@ A converter is similar to a proc.
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   converter toBool(x: float): bool
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkConverterDef(
     nnkIdent("toBool"),
     # ...
   )
+  ```
 
 Template declaration
 --------------------
@@ -1369,12 +1576,13 @@ the ``nnkEmpty()`` as the second argument to ``nnkProcDef`` and
 
 Concrete syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   template optOpt{expr1}(a: int): int
+  ```
 
 AST:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   nnkTemplateDef(
     nnkIdent("optOpt"),
     nnkStmtList( # instead of nnkEmpty()
@@ -1382,6 +1590,7 @@ AST:
     ),
     # follows like a proc or iterator
   )
+  ```
 
 If the template does not have types for its parameters, the type identifiers
 inside ``nnkFormalParams`` just becomes ``nnkEmpty``.
@@ -1395,8 +1604,9 @@ Macros behave like templates, but ``nnkTemplateDef`` is replaced with
 Hidden Standard Conversion
 --------------------------
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var f: float = 1
+  ```
 
 The type of "f" is ``float`` but the type of "1" is actually ``int``. Inserting 
 ``int`` into a ``float`` is a type error. Nim inserts the ``nnkHiddenStdConv``  
diff --git a/doc/backends.rst b/doc/backends.md
index 896b0f834..9f0c54835 100644
--- a/doc/backends.rst
+++ b/doc/backends.md
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 ================================
    Nim Backend Integration
 ================================
@@ -7,27 +5,33 @@
 :Author: Puppet Master
 :Version: |nimversion|
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
+.. no syntax highlighting here by default:
+
 .. contents::
-  "Heresy grows from idleness." -- Unknown.
+
+> "Heresy grows from idleness." -- Unknown.
 
 
 Introduction
 ============
 
-The `Nim Compiler User Guide <nimc.html>`_ documents the typical
-compiler invocation, using the `compile` or `c` command to transform a
-`.nim` file into one or more `.c` files which are then compiled with the
+The [Nim Compiler User Guide](nimc.html) documents the typical
+compiler invocation, using the `compile`:option:
+or `c`:option: command to transform a
+``.nim`` file into one or more ``.c`` files which are then compiled with the
 platform's C compiler into a static binary. However, there are other commands
 to compile to C++, Objective-C, or JavaScript. This document tries to
 concentrate in a single place all the backend and interfacing options.
 
 The Nim compiler supports mainly two backend families: the C, C++ and
-Objective-C targets and the JavaScript target. `The C like targets
-<#backends-the-c-like-targets>`_ creates source files that can be compiled
-into a library or a final executable. `The JavaScript target
-<#backends-the-javascript-target>`_ can generate a `.js` file which you
-reference from an HTML file or create a `standalone Node.js program
-<http://nodejs.org>`_.
+Objective-C targets and the JavaScript target. [The C like targets](
+#backends-the-c-like-targets) creates source files that can be compiled
+into a library or a final executable. [The JavaScript target](
+#backends-the-javascript-target) can generate a ``.js`` file which you
+reference from an HTML file or create a [standalone Node.js program](
+http://nodejs.org).
 
 On top of generating libraries or standalone applications, Nim offers
 bidirectional interfacing with the backend targets through generic and
@@ -42,35 +46,37 @@ The C like targets
 
 The commands to compile to either C, C++ or Objective-C are:
 
-  //compileToC, cc          compile project with C code generator
-  //compileToCpp, cpp       compile project to C++ code
-  //compileToOC, objc       compile project to Objective C code
+//compileToC, cc          compile project with C code generator
+//compileToCpp, cpp       compile project to C++ code
+//compileToOC, objc       compile project to Objective C code
 
 The most significant difference between these commands is that if you look
-into the `nimcache` directory you will find `.c`, `.cpp` or `.m`
+into the ``nimcache`` directory you will find ``.c``, ``.cpp`` or ``.m``
 files, other than that all of them will produce a native binary for your
-project.  This allows you to take the generated code and place it directly
+project. This allows you to take the generated code and place it directly
 into a project using any of these languages. Here are some typical command-
-line invocations::
+line invocations:
 
-    $ nim c hallo.nim
-    $ nim cpp hallo.nim
-    $ nim objc hallo.nim
+  ```cmd
+  nim c hallo.nim
+  nim cpp hallo.nim
+  nim objc hallo.nim
+  ```
 
 The compiler commands select the target backend, but if needed you can
-`specify additional switches for cross-compilation
-<nimc.html#crossminuscompilation>`_ to select the target CPU, operative system
+[specify additional switches for cross-compilation](
+nimc.html#crossminuscompilation) to select the target CPU, operative system
 or compiler/linker commands.
 
 
 The JavaScript target
 ---------------------
 
-Nim can also generate `JavaScript`:idx: code through the `js` command.
+Nim can also generate `JavaScript`:idx: code through the `js`:option: command.
 
 Nim targets JavaScript 1.5 which is supported by any widely used browser.
 Since JavaScript does not have a portable means to include another module,
-Nim just generates a long `.js` file.
+Nim just generates a long ``.js`` file.
 
 Features or modules that the JavaScript platform does not support are not
 available. This includes:
@@ -83,22 +89,24 @@ available. This includes:
 * some modules of the standard library
 * proper 64-bit integer arithmetic
 
-To compensate, the standard library has modules `catered to the JS backend
-<lib.html#pure-libraries-modules-for-js-backend>`_
+To compensate, the standard library has modules [catered to the JS backend](
+lib.html#pure-libraries-modules-for-js-backend)
 and more support will come in the future (for instance, Node.js bindings
 to get OS info).
 
-To compile a Nim module into a `.js` file use the `js` command; the
-default is a `.js` file that is supposed to be referenced in an `.html`
+To compile a Nim module into a ``.js`` file use the `js`:option: command; the
+default is a ``.js`` file that is supposed to be referenced in an ``.html``
 file. However, you can also run the code with `nodejs`:idx:
-(`<http://nodejs.org>`_)::
+(http://nodejs.org):
 
+  ```cmd
   nim js -d:nodejs -r examples/hallo.nim
+  ```
 
 If you experience errors saying that `globalThis` is not defined, be
 sure to run a recent version of Node.js (at least 12.0).
 
-  
+
 Interfacing
 ===========
 
@@ -112,14 +120,14 @@ component?).
 Nim code calling the backend
 ----------------------------
 
-Nim code can interface with the backend through the `Foreign function
-interface <manual.html#foreign-function-interface>`_ mainly through the
-`importc pragma <manual.html#foreign-function-interface-importc-pragma>`_.
+Nim code can interface with the backend through the [Foreign function
+interface](manual.html#foreign-function-interface) mainly through the
+[importc pragma](manual.html#foreign-function-interface-importc-pragma).
 The `importc` pragma is the *generic* way of making backend symbols available
-in Nim and is available in all the target backends (JavaScript too).  The C++
-or Objective-C backends have their respective `ImportCpp
-<manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-importcpp-pragma>`_ and
-`ImportObjC <manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-importobjc-pragma>`_
+in Nim and is available in all the target backends (JavaScript too). The C++
+or Objective-C backends have their respective [ImportCpp](
+manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-importcpp-pragma) and
+[ImportObjC](manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-importobjc-pragma)
 pragmas to call methods from classes.
 
 Whenever you use any of these pragmas you need to integrate native code into
@@ -131,66 +139,67 @@ However, for the C like targets you need to link external code either
 statically or dynamically. The preferred way of integrating native code is to
 use dynamic linking because it allows you to compile Nim programs without
 the need for having the related development libraries installed. This is done
-through the `dynlib pragma for import
-<manual.html#foreign-function-interface-dynlib-pragma-for-import>`_, though
-more specific control can be gained using the `dynlib module <dynlib.html>`_.
+through the [dynlib pragma for import](
+manual.html#foreign-function-interface-dynlib-pragma-for-import), though
+more specific control can be gained using the [dynlib module](dynlib.html).
 
-The `dynlibOverride <nimc.html#dynliboverride>`_ command line switch allows
+The [dynlibOverride](nimc.html#dynliboverride) command line switch allows
 to avoid dynamic linking if you need to statically link something instead.
-Nim wrappers designed to statically link source files can use the `compile
-pragma <manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-compile-pragma>`_ if
+Nim wrappers designed to statically link source files can use the [compile
+pragma](manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-compile-pragma) if
 there are few sources or providing them along the Nim code is easier than using
 a system library. Libraries installed on the host system can be linked in with
-the `PassL pragma <manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-passl-pragma>`_.
+the [PassL pragma](manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-passl-pragma).
 
-To wrap native code, take a look at the `c2nim tool <https://github.com/nim-lang/c2nim/blob/master/doc/c2nim.rst>`_ which helps
+To wrap native code, take a look at the [c2nim tool](
+https://github.com/nim-lang/c2nim/blob/master/doc/c2nim.rst) which helps
 with the process of scanning and transforming header files into a Nim
 interface.
 
-C invocation example
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+### C invocation example
 
-Create a `logic.c` file with the following content:
+Create a ``logic.c`` file with the following content:
 
-.. code-block:: c
+  ```c
   int addTwoIntegers(int a, int b)
   {
     return a + b;
   }
+  ```
 
-Create a `calculator.nim` file with the following content:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
+Create a ``calculator.nim`` file with the following content:
 
+  ```nim
   {.compile: "logic.c".}
   proc addTwoIntegers(a, b: cint): cint {.importc.}
 
   when isMainModule:
     echo addTwoIntegers(3, 7)
+  ```
 
-With these two files in place, you can run `nim c -r calculator.nim` and
-the Nim compiler will compile the `logic.c` file in addition to
-`calculator.nim` and link both into an executable, which outputs `10` when
+With these two files in place, you can run `nim c -r calculator.nim`:cmd: and
+the Nim compiler will compile the ``logic.c`` file in addition to
+``calculator.nim`` and link both into an executable, which outputs `10` when
 run. Another way to link the C file statically and get the same effect would
-be to remove the line with the `compile` pragma and run the following typical
-Unix commands::
+be to remove the line with the `compile` pragma and run the following
+typical Unix commands:
 
-    $ gcc -c logic.c
-    $ ar rvs mylib.a logic.o
-    $ nim c --passL:mylib.a -r calculator.nim
+  ```cmd
+  gcc -c logic.c
+  ar rvs mylib.a logic.o
+  nim c --passL:mylib.a -r calculator.nim
+  ```
 
-Just like in this example we pass the path to the `mylib.a` library (and we
-could as well pass `logic.o`) we could be passing switches to link any other
+Just like in this example we pass the path to the ``mylib.a`` library (and we
+could as well pass ``logic.o``) we could be passing switches to link any other
 static C library.
 
 
-JavaScript invocation example
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Create a `host.html` file with the following content:
+### JavaScript invocation example
 
-.. code-block::
+Create a ``host.html`` file with the following content:
 
+  ```
   <html><body>
   <script type="text/javascript">
   function addTwoIntegers(a, b)
@@ -200,30 +209,31 @@ Create a `host.html` file with the following content:
   </script>
   <script type="text/javascript" src="calculator.js"></script>
   </body></html>
+  ```
 
-Create a `calculator.nim` file with the following content (or reuse the one
+Create a ``calculator.nim`` file with the following content (or reuse the one
 from the previous section):
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc addTwoIntegers(a, b: int): int {.importc.}
 
   when isMainModule:
     echo addTwoIntegers(3, 7)
+  ```
 
 Compile the Nim code to JavaScript with `nim js -o:calculator.js
-calculator.nim` and open `host.html` in a browser. If the browser supports
+calculator.nim`:cmd: and open ``host.html`` in a browser. If the browser supports
 javascript, you should see the value `10` in the browser's console. Use the
-`dom module <dom.html>`_ for specific DOM querying and modification procs
-or take a look at `karax <https://github.com/pragmagic/karax>`_ for how to
+[dom module](dom.html) for specific DOM querying and modification procs
+or take a look at [karax](https://github.com/pragmagic/karax) for how to
 develop browser-based applications.
 
 
 Backend code calling Nim
 ------------------------
 
-Backend code can interface with Nim code exposed through the `exportc
-pragma <manual.html#foreign-function-interface-exportc-pragma>`_. The
+Backend code can interface with Nim code exposed through the [exportc
+pragma](manual.html#foreign-function-interface-exportc-pragma). The
 `exportc` pragma is the *generic* way of making Nim symbols available to
 the backends. By default, the Nim compiler will mangle all the Nim symbols to
 avoid any name collision, so the most significant thing the `exportc` pragma
@@ -237,32 +247,32 @@ Also, C code requires you to specify a forward declaration for functions or
 the compiler will assume certain types for the return value and parameters
 which will likely make your program crash at runtime.
 
-The Nim compiler can generate a C interface header through the `--header`
-command-line switch. The generated header will contain all the exported
-symbols and the `NimMain` proc which you need to call before any other
-Nim code.
+The name `NimMain` can be influenced via the `--nimMainPrefix:prefix` switch.
+Use `--nimMainPrefix:MyLib` and the function to call is named `MyLibNimMain`.
 
+When compiling to static or dynamic libraries, they don't call destructors of global variables as normal Nim programs would do. A C API `NimDestroyGlobals` is provided to call these global destructors.
 
-Nim invocation example from C
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-Create a `fib.nim` file with the following content:
+### Nim invocation example from C
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+Create a ``fib.nim`` file with the following content:
 
+  ```nim
   proc fib(a: cint): cint {.exportc.} =
     if a <= 2:
       result = 1
     else:
       result = fib(a - 1) + fib(a - 2)
+  ```
 
-Create a `maths.c` file with the following content:
+Create a ``maths.c`` file with the following content:
 
-.. code-block:: c
-
-  #include "fib.h"
+  ```c
   #include <stdio.h>
 
+  int fib(int a);
+  void NimMain();
+
   int main(void)
   {
     NimMain();
@@ -270,63 +280,66 @@ Create a `maths.c` file with the following content:
       printf("Fib of %d is %d\n", f, fib(f));
     return 0;
   }
+  ```
 
 Now you can run the following Unix like commands to first generate C sources
 from the Nim code, then link them into a static binary along your main C
-program::
+program:
 
-  $ nim c --noMain --noLinking --header:fib.h fib.nim
-  $ gcc -o m -I$HOME/.cache/nim/fib_d -Ipath/to/nim/lib $HOME/.cache/nim/fib_d/*.c maths.c
+  ```cmd
+  nim c --noMain --noLinking fib.nim
+  gcc -o m -I$HOME/.cache/nim/fib_d -Ipath/to/nim/lib $HOME/.cache/nim/fib_d/*.c maths.c
+  ```
 
 The first command runs the Nim compiler with three special options to avoid
-generating a `main()` function in the generated files, avoid linking the
-object files into a final binary, and explicitly generate a header file for C
-integration. All the generated files are placed into the `nimcache`
-directory. That's why the next command compiles the `maths.c` source plus
-all the `.c` files from `nimcache`. In addition to this path, you also
-have to tell the C compiler where to find Nim's `nimbase.h` header file.
+generating a `main()`:c: function in the generated files and to avoid linking the
+object files into a final binary. All the generated files are placed into the ``nimcache``
+directory. That's why the next command compiles the ``maths.c`` source plus
+all the ``.c`` files from ``nimcache``. In addition to this path, you also
+have to tell the C compiler where to find Nim's ``nimbase.h`` header file.
 
-Instead of depending on the generation of the individual `.c` files you can
-also ask the Nim compiler to generate a statically linked library::
+Instead of depending on the generation of the individual ``.c`` files you can
+also ask the Nim compiler to generate a statically linked library:
 
-  $ nim c --app:staticLib --noMain --header fib.nim
-  $ gcc -o m -Inimcache -Ipath/to/nim/lib libfib.nim.a maths.c
+  ```cmd
+  nim c --app:staticLib fib.nim
+  gcc -o m -Inimcache -Ipath/to/nim/lib maths.c libfib.nim.a
+  ```
 
 The Nim compiler will handle linking the source files generated in the
-`nimcache` directory into the `libfib.nim.a` static library, which you can
-then link into your C program.  Note that these commands are generic and will
+``nimcache`` directory into the ``libfib.nim.a`` static library, which you can
+then link into your C program. Note that these commands are generic and will
 vary for each system. For instance, on Linux systems you will likely need to
-use `-ldl` too to link in required dlopen functionality.
-
+use `-ldl`:option: too to link in required dlopen functionality.
 
-Nim invocation example from JavaScript
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-Create a `mhost.html` file with the following content:
+### Nim invocation example from JavaScript
 
-.. code-block::
+Create a ``mhost.html`` file with the following content:
 
+  ```
   <html><body>
   <script type="text/javascript" src="fib.js"></script>
   <script type="text/javascript">
   alert("Fib for 9 is " + fib(9));
   </script>
   </body></html>
+  ```
 
-Create a `fib.nim` file with the following content (or reuse the one
+Create a ``fib.nim`` file with the following content (or reuse the one
 from the previous section):
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc fib(a: cint): cint {.exportc.} =
     if a <= 2:
       result = 1
     else:
       result = fib(a - 1) + fib(a - 2)
+  ```
 
-Compile the Nim code to JavaScript with `nim js -o:fib.js fib.nim` and
-open `mhost.html` in a browser. If the browser supports javascript, you
-should see an alert box displaying the text `Fib for 9 is 34`. As mentioned
+Compile the Nim code to JavaScript with `nim js -o:fib.js fib.nim`:cmd: and
+open ``mhost.html`` in a browser. If the browser supports javascript, you
+should see an alert box displaying the text ``Fib for 9 is 34``. As mentioned
 earlier, JavaScript doesn't require an initialization call to `NimMain` or
 a similar function and you can call the exported Nim proc directly.
 
@@ -337,8 +350,8 @@ Nimcache naming logic
 The `nimcache`:idx: directory is generated during compilation and will hold
 either temporary or final files depending on your backend target. The default
 name for the directory depends on the used backend and on your OS but you can
-use the `--nimcache` `compiler switch
-<nimc.html#compiler-usage-commandminusline-switches>`_ to change it.
+use the `--nimcache`:option: [compiler switch](
+nimc.html#compiler-usage-commandminusline-switches) to change it.
 
 
 Memory management
@@ -356,32 +369,22 @@ aware of who controls what to avoid crashing.
 Strings and C strings
 ---------------------
 
-The manual mentions that `Nim strings are implicitly convertible to
-cstrings <manual.html#types-cstring-type>`_ which makes interaction usually
+The manual mentions that [Nim strings are implicitly convertible to
+cstrings](manual.html#types-cstring-type) which makes interaction usually
 painless. Most C functions accepting a Nim string converted to a
 `cstring` will likely not need to keep this string around and by the time
-they return the string won't be needed anymore. However, for the rare cases
-where a Nim string has to be preserved and made available to the C backend
-as a `cstring`, you will need to manually prevent the string data from being
-freed with `GC_ref <system.html#GC_ref,string>`_ and `GC_unref
-<system.html#GC_unref,string>`_.
+they return the string won't be needed anymore.
 
 A similar thing happens with C code invoking Nim code which returns a
 `cstring`. Consider the following proc:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc gimme(): cstring {.exportc.} =
     result = "Hey there C code! " & $rand(100)
+  ```
 
-Since Nim's garbage collector is not aware of the C code, once the
+Since Nim's reference counting mechanism is not aware of the C code, once the
 `gimme` proc has finished it can reclaim the memory of the `cstring`.
-However, from a practical standpoint, the C code invoking the `gimme`
-function directly will be able to use it since Nim's garbage collector has
-not had a chance to run *yet*. This gives you enough time to make a copy for
-the C side of the program, as calling any further Nim procs *might* trigger
-garbage collection making the previously returned string garbage. Or maybe you
-are `yourself triggering the collection <gc.html>`_.
 
 
 Custom data types
@@ -389,43 +392,15 @@ Custom data types
 
 Just like strings, custom data types that are to be shared between Nim and
 the backend will need careful consideration of who controls who. If you want
-to hand a Nim reference to C code, you will need to use `GC_ref
-<system.html#GC_ref,ref.T>`_ to mark the reference as used, so it does not get
-freed. And for the C backend you will need to expose the `GC_unref
-<system.html#GC_unref,ref.T>`_ proc to clean up this memory when it is not
+to hand a Nim reference to C code, you will need to use [GC_ref](
+system.html#GC_ref,ref.T) to mark the reference as used, so it does not get
+freed. And for the C backend you will need to expose the [GC_unref](
+system.html#GC_unref,ref.T) proc to clean up this memory when it is not
 required anymore.
 
 Again, if you are wrapping a library which *mallocs* and *frees* data
 structures, you need to expose the appropriate *free* function to Nim so
 you can clean it up. And of course, once cleaned you should avoid accessing it
 from Nim (or C for that matter). Typically C data structures have their own
-`malloc_structure` and `free_structure` specific functions, so wrapping
+`malloc_structure`:c: and `free_structure`:c: specific functions, so wrapping
 these for the Nim side should be enough.
-
-
-Thread coordination
--------------------
-
-When the `NimMain()` function is called Nim initializes the garbage
-collector to the current thread, which is usually the main thread of your
-application. If your C code later spawns a different thread and calls Nim
-code, the garbage collector will fail to work properly and you will crash.
-
-As long as you don't use the threadvar emulation Nim uses native thread
-variables, of which you get a fresh version whenever you create a thread. You
-can then attach a GC to this thread via
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  system.setupForeignThreadGc()
-
-It is **not** safe to disable the garbage collector and enable it after the
-call from your background thread even if the code you are calling is short
-lived.
-
-Before the thread exits, you should tear down the thread's GC to prevent memory
-leaks by calling
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  system.tearDownForeignThreadGc()
diff --git a/doc/basicopt.txt b/doc/basicopt.txt
index a2db1c92e..e8133d227 100644
--- a/doc/basicopt.txt
+++ b/doc/basicopt.txt
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-::
 
     nim command [options] [projectfile] [arguments]
 
 Command:
   //compile, c              compile project with default code generator (C)
-  //r                       compile to $nimcache/projname, run with [arguments]
+  //r                       compile to $nimcache/projname, run with `arguments`
                             using backend specified by `--backend` (default: c)
   //doc                     generate the documentation for inputfile for
                             backend specified by `--backend` (default: c)
@@ -27,11 +26,11 @@ Options:
   -a, --assertions:on|off   turn assertions on|off
   --opt:none|speed|size     optimize not at all or for speed|size
                             Note: use -d:release for a release build!
-  --debugger:native         Use native debugger (gdb)
+  --debugger:native         use native debugger (gdb)
   --app:console|gui|lib|staticlib
                             generate a console app|GUI app|DLL|static library
   -r, --run                 run the compiled program with given arguments
-  --eval:cmd                evaluates nim code directly; e.g.: `nim --eval:"echo 1"`
+  --eval:cmd                evaluate nim code directly; e.g.: `nim --eval:"echo 1"`
                             defaults to `e` (nimscript) but customizable:
                             `nim r --eval:'for a in stdin.lines: echo a'`
   --fullhelp                show all command line switches
diff --git a/doc/contributing.rst b/doc/contributing.md
index b7188a436..420c1438e 100644
--- a/doc/contributing.rst
+++ b/doc/contributing.md
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 ============
 Contributing
 ============
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
+
 .. contents::
 
 
-Contributing happens via "Pull requests" (PR) on github. Every PR needs to be
+Contributing happens via "Pull requests" (PR) on GitHub. Every PR needs to be
 reviewed before it can be merged and the Continuous Integration should be green.
+The title of a PR should contain a brief description. If it fixes an issue,
+in addition to the number of the issue, the title should also contain a description
+of the issue.
 
 The PR has to be approved by two core developers or by Araq.
 
@@ -19,21 +23,23 @@ Writing tests
 
 There are 4 types of tests:
 
-1. `runnableExamples` documentation comment tests, ran by `nim doc mymod.nim`
+1. `runnableExamples` documentation comment tests, ran by `nim doc mymod.nim`:cmd:
    These end up in documentation and ensure documentation stays in sync with code.
 
-2. separate test files, e.g.: `tests/stdlib/tos.nim`.
-   In nim repo, `testament` (see below) runs all `$nim/tests/*/t*.nim` test files;
+2. separate test files, e.g.: ``tests/stdlib/tos.nim``.
+   In nim repo, `testament`:cmd: (see below) runs all
+   ``$nim/tests/*/t*.nim`` test files;
    for nimble packages, see https://github.com/nim-lang/nimble#tests.
 
-3. (deprecated) tests in `when isMainModule:` block, ran by `nim r mymod.nim`.
-   `nimble test` can run those in nimble packages when specified in a
+3. (deprecated) tests in `when isMainModule:` block, ran by `nim r mymod.nim`:cmd:.
+   `nimble test`:cmd: can run those in nimble packages when specified in a
    `task "test"`.
 
-4. (not preferred) `.. code-block:: nim` RST snippets; these should only be used in rst sources,
+4. (not preferred) ``.. code-block:: nim`` RST snippets;
+   these should only be used in rst sources,
    in nim sources `runnableExamples` should now always be preferred to those for
    several reasons (cleaner syntax, syntax highlights, batched testing, and
-   `rdoccmd` allows customization).
+   parameter `rdoccmd` allows customization).
 
 Not all the tests follow the convention here, feel free to change the ones
 that don't. Always leave the code cleaner than you found it.
@@ -41,8 +47,8 @@ that don't. Always leave the code cleaner than you found it.
 Stdlib
 ------
 
-Each stdlib module (anything under `lib/`, e.g. `lib/pure/os.nim`) should
-preferably have a corresponding separate test file, e.g. `tests/stdlib/tos.nim`.
+Each stdlib module (anything under ``lib/``, e.g. ``lib/pure/os.nim``) should
+preferably have a corresponding separate test file, e.g. ``tests/stdlib/tos.nim``.
 The old convention was to add a `when isMainModule:` block in the source file,
 which only gets executed when the tester is building the file.
 
@@ -53,8 +59,7 @@ things like `echo "done"`. Don't use `unittest.suite` and `unittest.test`.
 
 Sample test:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   block: # foo
     doAssert foo(1) == 10
 
@@ -70,42 +75,42 @@ Sample test:
                         @[false, false], @[false, false]]
     # doAssert with `not` can now be done as follows:
     doAssert not (1 == 2)
+  ```
 
-Always refer to a GitHub issue using the following exact syntax: `bug #1234` as shown
+Always refer to a GitHub issue using the following exact syntax: ``bug #1234`` as shown
 above, so that it's consistent and easier to search or for tooling. Some browser
 extensions (e.g. https://github.com/sindresorhus/refined-github) will even turn those
 in clickable links when it works.
 
 Rationale for using a separate test file instead of `when isMainModule:` block:
 * allows custom compiler flags or testing options (see details below)
-* faster CI since they can be joined in `megatest` (combined into a single test)
+* faster CI since they can be joined in ``megatest`` (combined into a single test)
 * avoids making the parser do un-necessary work when a source file is merely imported
 * avoids mixing source and test code when reporting line of code statistics or code coverage
 
 Compiler
 --------
 
-The tests for the compiler use a testing tool called `testament`. They are all
-located in `tests/` (e.g.: `tests/destructor/tdestructor3.nim`).
+The tests for the compiler use a testing tool called `testament`:cmd:. They are all
+located in ``tests/`` (e.g.: ``tests/destructor/tdestructor3.nim``).
 Each test has its own file. All test files are prefixed with `t`. If you want
 to create a file for import into another test only, use the prefix `m`.
 
 At the beginning of every test is the expected behavior of the test.
 Possible keys are:
 
-- `cmd`: A compilation command template e.g. `nim $target --threads:on $options $file`
+- `cmd`: A compilation command template e.g. `nim $target --threads:on $options $file`:cmd:
 - `output`: The expected output (stdout + stderr), most likely via `echo`
 - `exitcode`: Exit code of the test (via `exit(number)`)
 - `errormsg`: The expected compiler error message
 - `file`: The file the errormsg was produced at
 - `line`: The line the errormsg was produced at
 
-For a full spec, see here: `testament/specs.nim`
+For a full spec, see here: ``testament/specs.nim``
 
 An example of a test:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   discard """
     errormsg: "type mismatch: got (PTest)"
   """
@@ -117,6 +122,7 @@ An example of a test:
 
   var buf: PTest
   buf.test()
+  ```
 
 
 Running tests
@@ -124,79 +130,78 @@ Running tests
 
 You can run the tests with
 
-::
-
+  ```cmd
   ./koch tests
+  ```
 
 which will run a good subset of tests. Some tests may fail. If you
 only want to see the output of failing tests, go for
 
-::
-
+  ```cmd
   ./koch tests --failing all
+  ```
 
 You can also run only a single category of tests. A category is a subdirectory
-in the `tests` directory. There are a couple of special categories; for a
-list of these, see `testament/categories.nim`, at the bottom.
+in the ``tests/`` directory. There are a couple of special categories; for a
+list of these, see ``testament/categories.nim``, at the bottom.
 
-::
-
-  ./koch tests c lib # compiles/runs stdlib modules, including `isMainModule` tests
+  ```cmd
+  ./koch tests c lib # compiles / runs stdlib modules, including `isMainModule` tests
   ./koch tests c megatest # runs a set of tests that can be combined into 1
+  ```
 
 To run a single test:
 
-::
-
+  ```cmd
   ./koch test run <category>/<name>    # e.g.: tuples/ttuples_issues
   ./koch test run tests/stdlib/tos.nim # can also provide relative path
+  ```
 
 For reproducible tests (to reproduce an environment more similar to the one
-run by Continuous Integration on travis/appveyor), you may want to disable your
-local configuration (e.g. in `~/.config/nim/nim.cfg`) which may affect some
+run by Continuous Integration on GitHub actions/azure pipelines), you may want to disable your
+local configuration (e.g. in ``~/.config/nim/nim.cfg``) which may affect some
 tests; this can also be achieved by using
-`export XDG_CONFIG_HOME=pathtoAlternateConfig` before running `./koch`
+`export XDG_CONFIG_HOME=pathtoAlternateConfig`:cmd: before running `./koch`:cmd:
 commands.
 
 
 Comparing tests
 ===============
 
-Test failures can be grepped using `Failure:`.
+Test failures can be grepped using ``Failure:``.
 
 The tester can compare two test runs. First, you need to create a
 reference test. You'll also need to the commit id, because that's what
 the tester needs to know in order to compare the two.
 
-::
-
+  ```cmd
   git checkout devel
   DEVEL_COMMIT=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
   ./koch tests
+  ```
 
 Then switch over to your changes and run the tester again.
 
-::
-
+  ```cmd
   git checkout your-changes
   ./koch tests
+  ```
 
-Then you can ask the tester to create a `testresults.html` which will
+Then you can ask the tester to create a ``testresults.html`` which will
 tell you if any new tests passed/failed.
 
-::
-
+  ```cmd
   ./koch tests --print html $DEVEL_COMMIT
+  ```
 
 
 Deprecation
 ===========
 
-Backward compatibility is important, so instead of a rename you need to deprecate
-the old name and introduce a new name:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
+Backwards compatibility is important. When renaming types, procedures, etc. the old name
+must be marked as deprecated using the `deprecated` pragma:
 
+  ```nim
   # for routines (proc/template/macro/iterator) and types:
   proc oldProc(a: int, b: float): bool {.deprecated:
       "deprecated since v1.2.3; use `newImpl: string -> int` instead".} = discard
@@ -208,9 +213,10 @@ the old name and introduce a new name:
   # (likewise with object types and their fields):
   type Bar {.deprecated.} = enum bar0, bar1
   type Barz  = enum baz0, baz1 {.deprecated.}, baz2
+  ```
 
 
-See also `Deprecated <manual.html#pragmas-deprecated-pragma>`_
+See also [Deprecated](manual.html#pragmas-deprecated-pragma)
 pragma in the manual.
 
 
@@ -219,72 +225,127 @@ Documentation
 
 When contributing new procs, be sure to add documentation, especially if
 the proc is public. Even private procs benefit from documentation and can be
-viewed using `nim doc --docInternal foo.nim`.
+viewed using `nim doc --docInternal foo.nim`:cmd:.
 Documentation begins on the line
 following the `proc` definition, and is prefixed by `##` on each line.
 
 Runnable code examples are also encouraged, to show typical behavior with a few
 test cases (typically 1 to 3 `assert` statements, depending on complexity).
-These `runnableExamples` are automatically run by `nim doc mymodule.nim`
-as well as `testament` and guarantee they stay in sync.
+These `runnableExamples` are automatically run by `nim doc mymodule.nim`:cmd:
+as well as `testament`:cmd: and guarantee they stay in sync.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc addBar*(a: string): string =
     ## Adds "Bar" to `a`.
     runnableExamples:
       assert "baz".addBar == "bazBar"
     result = a & "Bar"
+  ```
 
-See `parentDir <os.html#parentDir,string>`_ example.
+See [parentDir](os.html#parentDir,string) example.
 
 The RestructuredText Nim uses has a special syntax for including code snippets
-embedded in documentation; these are not run by `nim doc` and therefore are
+embedded in documentation; these are not run by `nim doc`:cmd: and therefore are
 not guaranteed to stay in sync, so `runnableExamples` is almost always preferred:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ````nim
   proc someProc*(): string =
     ## Returns "something"
     ##
-    ## .. code-block::
-    ##  echo someProc() # "something"
+    ##   ```
+    ##   echo someProc() # "something"
+    ##   ```
     result = "something" # single-hash comments do not produce documentation
+  ````
 
-The `.. code-block:: nim` followed by a newline and an indentation instructs the
-`nim doc` command to produce syntax-highlighted example code with the
-documentation (`.. code-block::` is sufficient from inside a nim module).
+The \`\`\` followed by a newline and an indentation instructs the
+`nim doc`:cmd: command to produce syntax-highlighted example code with the
+documentation (\`\`\` is sufficient inside a ``.nim`` module, while from
+a ``.md`` one needs to set the language explicitly as \`\`\`nim).
 
 When forward declaration is used, the documentation should be included with the
 first appearance of the proc.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc hello*(): string
     ## Put documentation here
   proc nothing() = discard
   proc hello*(): string =
     ## ignore this
     echo "hello"
+  ```
 
 The preferred documentation style is to begin with a capital letter and use
 the third-person singular. That is, between:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc hello*(): string =
     ## Returns "hello"
     result = "hello"
+  ```
 
 or
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc hello*(): string =
     ## say hello
     result = "hello"
+  ```
 
 the first is preferred.
 
+When you specify an *RST role* (highlighting/interpretation marker) do it
+in the postfix form for uniformity, that is after \`text in backticks\`.
+For example an ``:idx:`` role for referencing a topic ("SQLite" in the
+example below) from [Nim Index] can be used in doc comment this way:
+
+  ```nim
+  ## A higher level `SQLite`:idx: database wrapper.
+  ```
+
+.. _`Nim Index`: https://nim-lang.org/docs/theindex.html
+
+Inline monospaced text can be input using \`single backticks\` or
+\`\`double backticks\`\`. The former are syntactically highlighted,
+the latter are not.
+To avoid accidental highlighting follow this rule in ``*.nim`` files:
+
+* Use single backticks for fragments of code in Nim and other
+  programming languages, including identifiers, in ``*.nim`` files.
+
+  For languages other than Nim add a role after final backtick,
+  e.g. for C++ inline highlighting:
+
+      `#include <stdio.h>`:cpp:
+
+  For a currently unsupported language add the `:code:` role,
+  like for SQL in this example:
+
+      `SELECT * FROM <table_name>;`:code:
+
+  Highlight shell commands by ``:cmd:`` role; for command line options use
+  ``:option:`` role, e.g.: \`--docInternal\`:option:.
+
+* Use double backticks:
+
+  * For file names: \`\`os.nim\`\`
+  * For fragments of strings **not** enclosed by `"` and `"` and not
+    related to code, e.g. text of compiler messages
+  * When code ends with a standalone ``\`` (otherwise a combination of
+    ``\`` and a final \` would get escaped)
+
+.. Note:: ``*.rst`` files have ``:literal:`` as their default role.
+  So for them the rule above is only applicable if the ``:nim:`` role
+  is set up manually as the default [^1]:
+
+      .. role:: nim(code)
+         :language: nim
+      .. default-role:: nim
+
+  The first 2 lines are for other RST implementations,
+  including Github one.
+
+  [^1]: this is fulfilled when ``doc/rstcommon.rst`` is included.
 
 Best practices
 ==============
@@ -298,85 +359,85 @@ New `defined(foo)` symbols need to be prefixed by the nimble package name, or
 by `nim` for symbols in nim sources (e.g. compiler, standard library). This is
 to avoid name conflicts across packages.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   # if in nim sources
   when defined(allocStats): discard # bad, can cause conflicts
   when defined(nimAllocStats): discard # preferred
-  # if in a pacakge `cligen`:
+  # if in a package `cligen`:
   when defined(debug): discard # bad, can cause conflicts
   when defined(cligenDebug): discard # preferred
+  ```
 
 .. _noimplicitbool:
 Take advantage of no implicit bool conversion
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   doAssert isValid() == true
   doAssert isValid() # preferred
+  ```
 
 .. _design_for_mcs:
 Design with method call syntax chaining in mind
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc foo(cond: bool, lines: seq[string]) # bad
   proc foo(lines: seq[string], cond: bool) # preferred
   # can be called as: `getLines().foo(false)`
+  ```
 
 .. _avoid_quit:
-Use exceptions (including assert / doAssert) instead of `quit`
+Use exceptions (including `assert` / `doAssert`) instead of `quit`
 rationale: https://forum.nim-lang.org/t/4089
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   quit() # bad in almost all cases
   doAssert() # preferred
+  ```
 
 .. _tests_use_doAssert:
 Use `doAssert` (or `unittest.check`, `unittest.require`), not `assert` in all
-tests so they'll be enabled even with `--assertions:off`.
-
-.. code-block:: nim
+tests, so they'll be enabled even with `--assertions:off`:option:.
 
+  ```nim
   block: # foo
     assert foo() # bad
     doAssert foo() # preferred
+  ```
 
 .. _runnableExamples_use_assert:
-An exception to the above rule is `runnableExamples` and `code-block` rst blocks
+An exception to the above rule is `runnableExamples` and ``code-block`` rst blocks
 intended to be used as `runnableExamples`, which for brevity use `assert`
-instead of `doAssert`. Note that `nim doc -d:danger main` won't pass `-d:danger` to the
-`runnableExamples`, but `nim doc --doccmd:-d:danger main` would, and so would the
+instead of `doAssert`. Note that `nim doc -d:danger main`:cmd: won't pass `-d:danger`:option: to the
+`runnableExamples`, but `nim doc --doccmd:-d:danger main`:cmd: would, and so would the
 second example below:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert foo() # bad
     assert foo() # preferred
 
   runnableExamples("-d:danger"):
     doAssert foo() # `assert` would be disabled here, so `doAssert` makes more sense
+  ```
 
 .. _delegate_printing:
 Delegate printing to caller: return `string` instead of calling `echo`
 rationale: it's more flexible (e.g. allows the caller to call custom printing,
-including prepending location info, writing to log files, etc).
-
-.. code-block:: nim
+including prepending location info, writing to log files, etc.).
 
+  ```nim
   proc foo() = echo "bar" # bad
   proc foo(): string = "bar" # preferred (usually)
+  ```
 
 .. _use_Option:
-[Ongoing debate] Consider using Option instead of return bool + var argument,
+(Ongoing debate) Consider using Option instead of return bool + var argument,
 unless stack allocation is needed (e.g. for efficiency).
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc foo(a: var Bar): bool
   proc foo(): Option[Bar]
+  ```
 
 .. _use_doAssert_not_echo:
 Tests (including in testament) should always prefer assertions over `echo`,
@@ -384,14 +445,14 @@ except when that's not possible. It's more precise, easier for readers and
 maintainers to where expected values refer to. See for example
 https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/9335 and https://forum.nim-lang.org/t/4089
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   echo foo() # adds a line for testament in `output:` block inside `discard`.
   doAssert foo() == [1, 2] # preferred, except when not possible to do so.
+  ```
 
 
-The Git stuff
-=============
+The `git`:cmd: stuff
+====================
 
 General commit rules
 --------------------
@@ -399,14 +460,14 @@ General commit rules
 1. Important, critical bugfixes that have a tiny chance of breaking
    somebody's code should be backported to the latest stable release
    branch (currently 1.4.x) and maybe also all the way back to the 1.0.x branch.
-   The commit message should contain the tag `[backport]` for "backport to all
-   stable releases" and the tag `[backport:$VERSION]` for backporting to the
-   given $VERSION.
+   The commit message should contain the tag ``[backport]`` for "backport to the latest
+   stable release" and the tag ``[backport:$VERSION]`` for backporting back to the
+   given $VERSION (and all newer releases).
 
 2. If you introduce changes which affect backward compatibility,
-   make breaking changes, or have PR which is tagged as `[feature]`,
-   the changes should be mentioned in `the changelog
-   <https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/blob/devel/changelog.md>`_.
+   make breaking changes, or have PR which is tagged as ``[feature]``,
+   the changes should be mentioned in [the changelog](
+   https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/blob/devel/changelog.md).
 
 3. All changes introduced by the commit (diff lines) must be related to the
    subject of the commit.
@@ -415,44 +476,44 @@ General commit rules
    your editor reformatted automatically the code or whatever different reason,
    this should be excluded from the commit.
 
-   *Tip:* Never commit everything as is using `git commit -a`, but review
-   carefully your changes with `git add -p`.
+   *Tip:* Never commit everything as-is using `git commit -a`:cmd:, but review
+   carefully your changes with `git add -p`:cmd:.
 
 4. Changes should not introduce any trailing whitespace.
 
-   Always check your changes for whitespace errors using `git diff --check`
-   or add the following `pre-commit` hook:
+   Always check your changes for whitespace errors using `git diff --check`:cmd:
+   or add the following ``pre-commit`` hook:
 
-   .. code-block:: sh
-
-      #!/bin/sh
-      git diff --check --cached || exit $?
+     ```cmd
+     #!/bin/sh
+     git diff --check --cached || exit $?
+     ```
 5. Describe your commit and use your common sense.
    Example commit message:
 
-   `Fixes #123; refs #124`
+       Fixes #123; refs #124
 
-   indicates that issue `#123` is completely fixed (GitHub may automatically
-   close it when the PR is committed), wheres issue `#124` is referenced
+   indicates that issue ``#123`` is completely fixed (GitHub may automatically
+   close it when the PR is committed), whereas issue ``#124`` is referenced
    (e.g.: partially fixed) and won't close the issue when committed.
 
-6. PR body (not just PR title) should contain references to fixed/referenced github
-   issues, e.g.: `fix #123` or `refs #123`. This is so that you get proper cross
-   referencing from linked issue to the PR (github won't make those links with just
-   PR title, and commit messages aren't always sufficient to ensure that, e.g.
-   can't be changed after a PR is merged).
+6. PR body (not just PR title) should contain references to fixed/referenced GitHub
+   issues, e.g.: ``fix #123`` or ``refs #123``. This is so that you get proper
+   cross-referencing from linked issue to the PR (GitHub won't make those links
+   with just a PR title, and commit messages aren't always sufficient to ensure
+   that, e.g. can't be changed after a PR is merged).
 
-7. Commits should be always be rebased against devel (so a fast forward
+7. Commits should be always be rebased against devel (so a fast-forward
    merge can happen)
 
-   e.g.: use `git pull --rebase origin devel`. This is to avoid messing up
+   e.g.: use `git pull --rebase origin devel`:cmd:. This is to avoid messing up
    git history.
    Exceptions should be very rare: when rebase gives too many conflicts, simply
    squash all commits using the script shown in
    https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/9356
 
 8. Do not mix pure formatting changes (e.g. whitespace changes, nimpretty) or
-   automated changes (e.g. nimfix) with other code changes: these should be in
+   automated changes with other code changes: these should be in
    separate commits (and the merge on GitHub should not squash these into 1).
 
 
@@ -461,14 +522,17 @@ Continuous Integration (CI)
 
 1. Continuous Integration is by default run on every push in a PR; this clogs
    the CI pipeline and affects other PR's; if you don't need it (e.g. for WIP or
-   documentation only changes), add `[ci skip]` to your commit message title.
-   This convention is supported by `Appveyor
-   <https://www.appveyor.com/docs/how-to/filtering-commits/#skip-directive-in-commit-message>`_
-   and `Travis <https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/customizing-the-build/#skipping-a-build>`_.
+   documentation only changes), add ``[skip ci]`` to your commit message title.
+   This convention is supported by our GitHub actions pipelines and our azure pipeline
+   (using custom logic, which should complete in < 1mn) as well as our former other pipelines:
+   [Appveyor](
+   https://www.appveyor.com/docs/how-to/filtering-commits/#skip-directive-in-commit-message)
+   and [Travis](
+   https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/customizing-the-build/#skipping-a-build).
 
 2. Consider enabling CI (azure, GitHub actions and builds.sr.ht) in your own Nim fork, and
    waiting for CI to be green in that fork (fixing bugs as needed) before
-   opening your PR in the original Nim repo, so as to reduce CI congestion. Same
+   opening your PR in the original Nim repo, to reduce CI congestion. Same
    applies for updates on a PR: you can test commits on a separate private
    branch before updating the main PR.
 
@@ -481,18 +545,20 @@ Debugging CI failures, flaky tests, etc
 2. If CI failure seems unrelated to your PR, it could be caused by a flaky test.
    File a bug for it if it isn't already reported. A PR push (or opening/closing PR)
    will re-trigger all CI jobs (even successful ones, which can be wasteful). Instead,
+   request collaboration from the Nim team. The Nim team should
    follow these instructions to only restart the jobs that failed:
 
-  * Azure: if on your own fork, it's possible from inside azure console
-    (e.g. `dev.azure.com/username/username/_build/results?buildId=1430&view=results`) via `rerun failed jobs` on top.
-    If either on you own fork or in Nim repo, it's possible from inside GitHub UI
-    under checks tab, see https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/211#issuecomment-629751569
-  * GitHub actions: under "Checks" tab, click "Re-run jobs" in the right.
-  * builds.sr.ht: create a sourcehut account so you can restart a PR job as illustrated.
-    builds.sr.ht also allows you to ssh to a CI machine which can help a lot for debugging
-    issues, see docs in https://man.sr.ht/builds.sr.ht/build-ssh.md and
-    https://drewdevault.com/2019/08/19/Introducing-shell-access-for-builds.html; see
-    https://man.sr.ht/tutorials/set-up-account-and-git.md to generate and upload ssh keys.
+   * Azure: if on your own fork, it's possible from inside azure console
+     (e.g. ``dev.azure.com/username/username/_build/results?buildId=1430&view=results``) via
+     ``rerun failed jobs`` on top.
+     If either on you own fork or in Nim repo, it's possible from inside GitHub UI
+     under checks tab, see https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/211#issuecomment-629751569
+   * GitHub actions: under "Checks" tab, click "Re-run jobs" in the right.
+   * builds.sr.ht: create a SourceHut account so that you can restart a PR job as illustrated.
+     builds.sr.ht also allows you to ssh to a CI machine which can help a lot for debugging
+     issues, see docs in https://man.sr.ht/builds.sr.ht/build-ssh.md and
+     https://drewdevault.com/2019/08/19/Introducing-shell-access-for-builds.html; see
+     https://man.sr.ht/tutorials/set-up-account-and-git.md to generate and upload ssh keys.
 
 
 Code reviews
@@ -503,26 +569,25 @@ Code reviews
    https://forum.nim-lang.org/t/4317
 
 2. When reviewing large diffs that may involve code moving around, GitHub's interface
-   doesn't help much as it doesn't highlight moves. Instead, you can use something
-   like this, see visual results `here <https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/10431#issuecomment-456968196>`_:
-
-   .. code-block:: sh
+   doesn't help much, as it doesn't highlight moves. Instead, you can use something
+   like this, see visual results [here](
+   https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/10431#issuecomment-456968196):
 
-      git fetch origin pull/10431/head && git checkout FETCH_HEAD
-      git diff --color-moved-ws=allow-indentation-change --color-moved=blocks HEAD^
+     ```cmd
+     git fetch origin pull/10431/head && git checkout FETCH_HEAD
+     git diff --color-moved-ws=allow-indentation-change --color-moved=blocks HEAD^
+     ```
 
 3. In addition, you can view GitHub-like diffs locally to identify what was changed
-   within a code block using `diff-highlight` or `diff-so-fancy`, e.g.:
-
-   .. code-block:: sh
+   within a code block using `diff-highlight`:cmd: or `diff-so-fancy`:cmd:, e.g.:
 
-      # put this in ~/.gitconfig:
-      [core]
-        pager = "diff-so-fancy | less -R" # or: use: `diff-highlight`
+        # put this in ~/.gitconfig:
+        [core]
+          pager = "diff-so-fancy | less -R" # or: use: `diff-highlight`
 
 
 
-.. include:: docstyle.rst
+.. include:: docstyle.md
 
 
 Evolving the stdlib
@@ -556,7 +621,7 @@ Time handling, especially the `Time` type are also covered by this rule.
 Existing, battle-tested modules stay
 ------------------------------------
 
-Reason: There is no benefit in moving them around just to fullfill some design
+Reason: There is no benefit in moving them around just to fulfill some design
 fashion as in "Nim's core MUST BE SMALL". If you don't like an existing module,
 don't import it. If a compilation target (e.g. JS) cannot support a module,
 document this limitation.
@@ -570,7 +635,7 @@ Syntactic helpers can start as experimental stdlib modules
 
 Reason: Generally speaking as external dependencies they are not exposed
 to enough users so that we can see if the shortcuts provide enough benefit
-or not. Many programmers avoid external dependencies, even moreso for
+or not. Many programmers avoid external dependencies, especially for
 "tiny syntactic improvements". However, this is only true for really good
 syntactic improvements that have the potential to clean up other parts of
 the Nim library substantially. If in doubt, new stdlib modules should start
@@ -595,7 +660,7 @@ to existing modules is acceptable. For two reasons:
    ("Why does sequtils lack a `countIt`?
    Because version 1.0 happens to have lacked it? Silly...")
 2. To encourage contributions. Contributors often start with PRs that
-   add simple things and then they stay and also fix bugs. Nim is an
+   add simple things, then they stay and also fix bugs. Nim is an
    open source project and lives from people's contributions and involvement.
    Newly introduced issues have to be balanced against motivating new people. We know where
    to find perfectly designed pieces of software that have no bugs -- these are the systems
@@ -603,16 +668,131 @@ to existing modules is acceptable. For two reasons:
 
 Conventions
 -----------
-1. New stdlib modules should go under `Nim/lib/std/`. The rationale is to
+1. New stdlib modules should go under ``Nim/lib/std/``. The rationale is to
    require users to import via `import std/foo` instead of `import foo`,
    which would cause potential conflicts with nimble packages.
    Note that this still applies for new modules in existing logical
-   directories, e.g.: use `lib/std/collections/foo.nim`,
-   not `lib/pure/collections/foo.nim`.
+   directories, e.g.: use ``lib/std/collections/foo.nim``,
+   not ``lib/pure/collections/foo.nim``.
 
 2. New module names should prefer plural form whenever possible, e.g.:
-   `std/sums.nim` instead of `std/sum.nim`. In particular, this reduces
+   ``std/sums.nim`` instead of ``std/sum.nim``. In particular, this reduces
    chances of conflicts between module name and the symbols it defines.
    Furthermore, module names should use `snake_case` and not use capital
    letters, which cause issues when going from an OS without case
    sensitivity to an OS with it.
+
+
+Breaking Changes
+================
+
+Introducing breaking changes, no matter how well-intentioned,
+creates long-term problems for the community, in particular those looking to promote
+reusable Nim code in libraries: In the Nim distribution, critical security and bugfixes,
+language changes and community improvements are bundled in a single distribution - it is
+difficult to make partial upgrades with only benign changes. When one library depends on
+a legacy behavior, it can no longer be used together with another library that does not,
+breaking all downstream applications - the standard library is unique in that it sits at
+the root of **all** dependency trees.
+
+There is a big difference between compile-time breaking changes and run-time breaking
+changes.
+
+
+Run-time breaking changes
+-------------------------
+
+Run-time breaking changes are to be avoided at almost all costs: Nim is used for
+mission critical applications which depend on behaviours that
+are not covered by the test suite. As such, it's important that changes to the
+*stable* parts of the standard library are made avoiding changing the existing
+behaviors, even when the test suite continues to pass.
+
+Examples of run-time breaking changes:
+
+- Raising exceptions of a new type, compared to what's currently being raised.
+
+- Adding unconstrained or poorly constrained generic procs or macros
+  ("hash now works for all `ref T`"): This may cause code to behave differently
+  depending only on which modules are imported - common examples include `==` and `hash`.
+
+- Changing behavior of existing functions like:
+
+  * "Nim's path handling procs like `getXDir` now consistently lack the trailing slash"
+  * "Nim's strformat implementation is now more consistent with Python"
+
+Instead, write new code that explicitly announces the feature you think we announced but
+didn't. For example, `strformat` does not say "it's compatible with Python", it
+says "inspired by Python's f-strings". This new code can be submitted to the stdlib
+and the old code can be deprecated or published as a Nimble package.
+
+Sometimes, a run-time breaking change is most desirable: For example, a string
+representation of a floating point number that "roundtrips" is much better than
+a string representation that doesn't. These run-time breaking changes must start in the
+state "opt-in" via a new `-d:nimPreviewX` or command line flag and then should become
+the new default later, in follow-up versions. This way users can track
+regressions more easily. ("git bisect" is not an acceptable alternative, that's for
+Nim compiler developers, not for Nim users.)
+
+Above all else, additive approaches that don't change existing behaviors
+should be preferred.
+
+
+Compile-time breaking changes
+-----------------------------
+
+Compile-time breaking changes are usually easier to handle, but for large code bases
+they can also involve a large amount of work and can hinder the adoption of a new
+Nim release.
+Additive approaches are to be preferred here as well.
+
+Examples of compile-time breaking changes include (but are not limited to):
+
+* Renaming functions and modules, or moving things. Instead of a direct rename,
+  deprecate the old name and introduce a new one.
+* Renaming the parameter names: Thanks to Nim's "named parameter" calling syntax
+  like `f(x = 0, y = 1)` this is a breaking change. Instead, live with the existing
+  parameter names.
+* Adding an enum value to an existing enum. Nim's exhaustive case statements stop
+  compiling after such a change. Instead, consider to introduce new `bool`
+  fields/parameters. This can be impractical though, so we use good judgement
+  and our list of "important packages" to see if it doesn't break too much code
+  out there in practice.
+* Adding a new proc to an existing stdlib module. However, for aesthetic reasons
+  this is often preferred over introducing a new module with just a single proc
+  inside. We use good judgement and our list of "important packages" to see if
+  it doesn't break too much code out there in practice. The new procs need to
+  be annotated with a `.since` annotation.
+
+
+Compiler/language spec bugfixes
+-------------------------------
+
+This can even be applied to compiler "bugfixes": If the compiler should have been
+"pickier" in its handling of `typedesc`, instead of "fixing typedesc handling bugs",
+consider the following solution:
+
+- Spec out how `typedesc` should really work and also spec out the cases where it
+  should not be allowed!
+- Deprecate `typedesc` and name the new metatype something new like `typeArg`.
+- Implement the spec.
+
+
+Non-breaking changes
+--------------------
+
+Examples of changes that are considered non-breaking (or acceptable breaking changes) include:
+
+* Creating a new module.
+* Adding an overload to an already overloaded proc.
+* Adding new default parameters to an existing proc. It is assumed that you do not
+  use Nim's stdlib procs's addresses (that you don't use them as first class entities).
+* Changing the calling convention from `nimcall` to `inline`
+  (but first RFC https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/396 needs to be implemented).
+* Changing the behavior from "crashing" into some other, well documented result (including
+  raising a Defect, but not raising an exception that does not inherit from Defect).
+* Adding new fields to an existing object.
+
+Nim's introspection facilities imply that strictly speaking almost every addition can
+break somebody's code. It is impractical to care about these cases, a change that only
+affects introspection is not considered to be a breaking change.
diff --git a/doc/destructors.rst b/doc/destructors.md
index 01e2d2ee9..e192fd362 100644
--- a/doc/destructors.rst
+++ b/doc/destructors.md
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 ==================================
 Nim Destructors and Move Semantics
 ==================================
@@ -7,18 +5,20 @@ Nim Destructors and Move Semantics
 :Authors: Andreas Rumpf
 :Version: |nimversion|
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
 .. contents::
 
 
 About this document
 ===================
 
-This document describes the upcoming Nim runtime which does
+This document describes the ARC/ORC Nim runtime which does
 not use classical GC algorithms anymore but is based on destructors and
-move semantics. The new runtime's advantages are that Nim programs become
+move semantics. The advantages are that Nim programs become
 oblivious to the involved heap sizes and programs are easier to write to make
 effective use of multi-core machines. As a nice bonus, files and sockets and
-the like will not require manual `close` calls anymore.
+the like can be written not to require manual `close` calls anymore.
 
 This document aims to be a precise specification about how
 move semantics and destructors work in Nim.
@@ -30,23 +30,31 @@ Motivating example
 With the language mechanisms described here, a custom seq could be
 written as:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim test
   type
     myseq*[T] = object
       len, cap: int
       data: ptr UncheckedArray[T]
 
-  proc `=destroy`*[T](x: var myseq[T]) =
+  proc `=destroy`*[T](x: myseq[T]) =
     if x.data != nil:
       for i in 0..<x.len: `=destroy`(x.data[i])
       dealloc(x.data)
 
+  proc `=wasMoved`*[T](x: var myseq[T]) =
+    x.data = nil
+
+  proc `=trace`[T](x: var myseq[T]; env: pointer) =
+    # `=trace` allows the cycle collector `--mm:orc`
+    # to understand how to trace the object graph.
+    if x.data != nil:
+      for i in 0..<x.len: `=trace`(x.data[i], env)
+
   proc `=copy`*[T](a: var myseq[T]; b: myseq[T]) =
     # do nothing for self-assignments:
     if a.data == b.data: return
     `=destroy`(a)
-    wasMoved(a)
+    `=wasMoved`(a)
     a.len = b.len
     a.cap = b.cap
     if b.data != nil:
@@ -54,11 +62,19 @@ written as:
       for i in 0..<a.len:
         a.data[i] = b.data[i]
 
+  proc `=dup`*[T](a: myseq[T]): myseq[T] {.nodestroy.} =
+    # an optimized version of `=wasMoved(tmp); `=copy(tmp, src)`
+    # usually present if a custom `=copy` hook is overridden
+    result = myseq[T](len: a.len, cap: a.cap, data: nil)
+    if a.data != nil:
+      result.data = cast[typeof(result.data)](alloc(result.cap * sizeof(T)))
+      for i in 0..<result.len:
+        result.data[i] = `=dup`(a.data[i])
+
   proc `=sink`*[T](a: var myseq[T]; b: myseq[T]) =
     # move assignment, optional.
     # Compiler is using `=destroy` and `copyMem` when not provided
     `=destroy`(a)
-    wasMoved(a)
     a.len = b.len
     a.cap = b.cap
     a.data = b.data
@@ -79,13 +95,14 @@ written as:
     x.data[i] = y
 
   proc createSeq*[T](elems: varargs[T]): myseq[T] =
-    result.cap = elems.len
-    result.len = elems.len
-    result.data = cast[typeof(result.data)](alloc(result.cap * sizeof(T)))
+    result = myseq[T](
+      len: elems.len,
+      cap: elems.len,
+      data: cast[typeof(result.data)](alloc(result.cap * sizeof(T))))
     for i in 0..<result.len: result.data[i] = elems[i]
 
   proc len*[T](x: myseq[T]): int {.inline.} = x.len
-
+  ```
 
 
 Lifetime-tracking hooks
@@ -93,9 +110,10 @@ Lifetime-tracking hooks
 
 The memory management for Nim's standard `string` and `seq` types as
 well as other standard collections is performed via so-called
-"Lifetime-tracking hooks", which are particular `type bound operators <manual.html#procedures-type-bound-operators>`_.
+"Lifetime-tracking hooks", which are particular [type bound operators](
+manual.html#procedures-type-bound-operators).
 
-There are 3 different hooks for each (generic or concrete) object type `T` (`T` can also be a
+There are 6 different hooks for each (generic or concrete) object type `T` (`T` can also be a
 `distinct` type) that are called implicitly by the compiler.
 
 (Note: The word "hook" here does not imply any kind of dynamic binding
@@ -111,22 +129,47 @@ other associated resources. Variables are destroyed via this hook when
 they go out of scope or when the routine they were declared in is about
 to return.
 
-The prototype of this hook for a type `T` needs to be:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  proc `=destroy`(x: var T)
+A `=destroy` hook is allowed to have a parameter of a `var T` or `T` type. Taking a `var T` type is deprecated. The prototype of this hook for a type `T` needs to be:
 
+  ```nim
+  proc `=destroy`(x: T)
+  ```
 
 The general pattern in `=destroy` looks like:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  proc `=destroy`(x: var T) =
+  ```nim
+  proc `=destroy`(x: T) =
     # first check if 'x' was moved to somewhere else:
     if x.field != nil:
       freeResource(x.field)
+  ```
 
+A `=destroy` is implicitly annotated with `.raises: []`; a destructor
+should not raise exceptions. For backwards compatibility the compiler
+produces a warning for a `=destroy` that does raise.
+
+A `=destroy` can explicitly list the exceptions it can raise, if any,
+but this of little utility as a raising destructor is implementation defined
+behavior. Later versions of the language specification might cover this case precisely.
+
+
+`=wasMoved` hook
+----------------
+
+A `=wasMoved` hook sets the object to a state that signifies to the destructor there is nothing to destroy.
+
+The prototype of this hook for a type `T` needs to be:
+
+  ```nim
+  proc `=wasMoved`(x: var T)
+  ```
+
+Usually some pointer field inside the object is set to `nil`:
+
+  ```nim
+  proc `=wasMoved`(x: var T) =
+    x.field = nil
+  ```
 
 
 `=sink` hook
@@ -139,31 +182,30 @@ not free the resources afterward by setting the object to its default value
 default value is written as `wasMoved(x)`. When not provided the compiler
 is using a combination of `=destroy` and `copyMem` instead. This is efficient
 hence users rarely need to implement their own `=sink` operator, it is enough to
-provide `=destroy` and `=copy`, compiler will take care of the rest.
+provide `=destroy` and `=copy`, the compiler will take care of the rest.
 
 The prototype of this hook for a type `T` needs to be:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc `=sink`(dest: var T; source: T)
-
+  ```
 
 The general pattern in `=sink` looks like:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
 
   proc `=sink`(dest: var T; source: T) =
     `=destroy`(dest)
     wasMoved(dest)
     dest.field = source.field
-
+  ```
 
 **Note**: `=sink` does not need to check for self-assignments.
 How self-assignments are handled is explained later in this document.
 
 
 `=copy` hook
----------------
+------------
 
 The ordinary assignment in Nim conceptually copies the values. The `=copy` hook
 is called for assignments that couldn't be transformed into `=sink`
@@ -171,42 +213,139 @@ operations.
 
 The prototype of this hook for a type `T` needs to be:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc `=copy`(dest: var T; source: T)
-
+  ```
 
 The general pattern in `=copy` looks like:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc `=copy`(dest: var T; source: T) =
     # protect against self-assignments:
     if dest.field != source.field:
       `=destroy`(dest)
       wasMoved(dest)
       dest.field = duplicateResource(source.field)
-
+  ```
 
 The `=copy` proc can be marked with the `{.error.}` pragma. Then any assignment
 that otherwise would lead to a copy is prevented at compile-time. This looks like:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc `=copy`(dest: var T; source: T) {.error.}
+  ```
 
 but a custom error message (e.g., `{.error: "custom error".}`) will not be emitted
 by the compiler. Notice that there is no `=` before the `{.error.}` pragma.
 
+
+`=trace` hook
+-------------
+
+A custom **container** type can support Nim's cycle collector `--mm:orc` via
+the `=trace` hook. If the container does not implement `=trace`, cyclic data
+structures which are constructed with the help of the container might leak
+memory or resources, but memory safety is not compromised.
+
+The prototype of this hook for a type `T` needs to be:
+
+  ```nim
+  proc `=trace`(dest: var T; env: pointer)
+  ```
+
+`env` is used by ORC to keep track of its internal state, it should be passed around
+to calls of the built-in `=trace` operation.
+
+Usually there will only be a need for a custom `=trace` when a custom `=destroy` that deallocates
+manually allocated resources is also used, and then only when there is a chance of cyclic
+references from items within the manually allocated resources when it is desired that `--mm:orc`
+is able to break and collect these cyclic referenced resources. Currently however, there is a
+mutual use problem in that whichever of `=destroy`/`=trace` is used first will automatically
+create a version of the other which will then conflict with the creation of the second of the
+pair. The workaround for this problem is to forward declare the second of the "hooks" to
+prevent the automatic creation.
+
+The general pattern in using `=destroy` with `=trace` looks like:
+
+  ```nim
+  type
+    Test[T] = object
+      size: Natural
+      arr: ptr UncheckedArray[T] # raw pointer field
+
+  proc makeTest[T](size: Natural): Test[T] = # custom allocation...
+    Test[T](size: size, arr: cast[ptr UncheckedArray[T]](alloc0(sizeof(T) * size)))
+
+
+  proc `=destroy`[T](dest: Test[T]) =
+    if dest.arr != nil:
+      for i in 0 ..< dest.size: dest.arr[i].`=destroy`
+      dealloc dest.arr
+
+  proc `=trace`[T](dest: var Test[T]; env: pointer) =
+    if dest.arr != nil:
+      # trace the `T`'s which may be cyclic
+      for i in 0 ..< dest.size: `=trace`(dest.arr[i], env)
+
+  # following may be other custom "hooks" as required...
+  ```
+
+**Note**: The `=trace` hooks (which are only used by `--mm:orc`) are currently more experimental and less refined
+than the other hooks.
+
+
+`=dup` hook
+-----------
+
+A `=dup` hook duplicates an object. `=dup(x)` can be regarded as an optimization replacing a `wasMoved(dest); =copy(dest, x)` operation.
+
+The prototype of this hook for a type `T` needs to be:
+
+  ```nim
+  proc `=dup`(x: T): T
+  ```
+
+The general pattern in implementing `=dup` looks like:
+
+  ```nim
+  type
+    Ref[T] = object
+      data: ptr T
+      rc: ptr int
+
+  proc `=dup`[T](x: Ref[T]): Ref[T] =
+    result = x
+    if x.rc != nil:
+      inc x.rc[]
+  ```
+
 Move semantics
 ==============
 
 A "move" can be regarded as an optimized copy operation. If the source of the
 copy operation is not used afterward, the copy can be replaced by a move. This
 document uses the notation `lastReadOf(x)` to describe that `x` is not
-used afterwards. This property is computed by a static control flow analysis
+used afterward. This property is computed by a static control flow analysis
 but can also be enforced by using `system.move` explicitly.
 
+One can query if the analysis is able to perform a move with `system.ensureMove`.
+`move` enforces a move operation and calls `=wasMoved` whereas `ensureMove` is
+an annotation that implies no runtime operation. An `ensureMove` annotation leads to a static error
+if the compiler cannot prove that a move would be safe.
+
+For example:
+
+  ```nim
+  proc main(normalParam: string; sinkParam: sink string) =
+    var x = "abc"
+    # valid:
+    let valid = ensureMove x
+    # invalid:
+    let invalid = ensureMove normalParam
+    # valid:
+    let alsoValid = ensureMove sinkParam
+  ```
+
 
 Swap
 ====
@@ -245,8 +384,7 @@ not a linear type system.
 The employed static analysis is limited and only concerned with local variables;
 however, object and tuple fields are treated as separate entities:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc consume(x: sink Obj) = discard "no implementation"
 
   proc main =
@@ -254,16 +392,16 @@ however, object and tuple fields are treated as separate entities:
     consume tup[0]
     # ok, only tup[0] was consumed, tup[1] is still alive:
     echo tup[1]
-
+  ```
 
 Sometimes it is required to explicitly `move` a value into its final position:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc main =
     var dest, src: array[10, string]
     # ...
     for i in 0..high(dest): dest[i] = move(src[i])
+  ```
 
 An implementation is allowed, but not required to implement even more move
 optimizations (and the current implementation does not).
@@ -273,20 +411,19 @@ Sink parameter inference
 ========================
 
 The current implementation can do a limited form of sink parameter
-inference. But it has to be enabled via `--sinkInference:on`, either
+inference. But it has to be enabled via `--sinkInference:on`:option:, either
 on the command line or via a `push` pragma.
 
 To enable it for a section of code, one can
-use `{.push sinkInference: on.}`...`{.pop.}`.
+use `{.push sinkInference: on.}` ... `{.pop.}`.
 
 The `.nosinks`:idx: pragma can be used to disable this inference
 for a single routine:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc addX(x: T; child: T) {.nosinks.} =
     x.s.add child
-
+  ```
 
 The details of the inference algorithm are currently undocumented.
 
@@ -303,58 +440,57 @@ Rewrite rules
 The current implementation follows strategy (2). This means that resources are
 destroyed at the scope exit.
 
-::
 
-  var x: T; stmts
-  ---------------             (destroy-var)
-  var x: T; try stmts
-  finally: `=destroy`(x)
+    var x: T; stmts
+    ---------------             (destroy-var)
+    var x: T; try stmts
+    finally: `=destroy`(x)
 
 
-  g(f(...))
-  ------------------------    (nested-function-call)
-  g(let tmp;
-  bitwiseCopy tmp, f(...);
-  tmp)
-  finally: `=destroy`(tmp)
+    g(f(...))
+    ------------------------    (nested-function-call)
+    g(let tmp;
+    bitwiseCopy tmp, f(...);
+    tmp)
+    finally: `=destroy`(tmp)
 
 
-  x = f(...)
-  ------------------------    (function-sink)
-  `=sink`(x, f(...))
+    x = f(...)
+    ------------------------    (function-sink)
+    `=sink`(x, f(...))
 
 
-  x = lastReadOf z
-  ------------------          (move-optimization)
-  `=sink`(x, z)
-  wasMoved(z)
+    x = lastReadOf z
+    ------------------          (move-optimization)
+    `=sink`(x, z)
+    `=wasMoved`(z)
 
 
-  v = v
-  ------------------   (self-assignment-removal)
-  discard "nop"
+    v = v
+    ------------------   (self-assignment-removal)
+    discard "nop"
 
 
-  x = y
-  ------------------          (copy)
-  `=copy`(x, y)
+    x = y
+    ------------------          (copy)
+    `=copy`(x, y)
 
 
-  f_sink(g())
-  -----------------------     (call-to-sink)
-  f_sink(g())
+    f_sink(g())
+    -----------------------     (call-to-sink)
+    f_sink(g())
 
 
-  f_sink(notLastReadOf y)
-  --------------------------     (copy-to-sink)
-  (let tmp; `=copy`(tmp, y);
-  f_sink(tmp))
+    f_sink(notLastReadOf y)
+    --------------------------     (copy-to-sink)
+    (let tmp = `=dup`(y);
+    f_sink(tmp))
 
 
-  f_sink(lastReadOf y)
-  -----------------------     (move-to-sink)
-  f_sink(y)
-  wasMoved(y)
+    f_sink(lastReadOf y)
+    -----------------------     (move-to-sink)
+    f_sink(y)
+    `=wasMoved`(y)
 
 
 Object and array construction
@@ -367,7 +503,7 @@ function has `sink` parameters.
 Destructor removal
 ==================
 
-`wasMoved(x);` followed by a `=destroy(x)` operation cancel each other
+`=wasMoved(x)` followed by a `=destroy(x)` operation cancel each other
 out. An implementation is encouraged to exploit this in order to improve
 efficiency and code sizes. The current implementation does perform this
 optimization.
@@ -376,11 +512,11 @@ optimization.
 Self assignments
 ================
 
-`=sink` in combination with `wasMoved` can handle self-assignments but
+`=sink` in combination with `=wasMoved` can handle self-assignments but
 it's subtle.
 
 The simple case of `x = x` cannot be turned
-into `=sink(x, x); wasMoved(x)` because that would lose `x`'s value.
+into `=sink(x, x); =wasMoved(x)` because that would lose `x`'s value.
 The solution is that simple self-assignments that consist of
 
 - Symbols: `x = x`
@@ -394,8 +530,7 @@ The complex case looks like a variant of `x = f(x)`, we consider
 `x = select(rand() < 0.5, x, y)` here:
 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc select(cond: bool; a, b: sink string): string =
     if cond:
       result = a # moves a into result
@@ -407,21 +542,19 @@ The complex case looks like a variant of `x = f(x)`, we consider
     var y = "xyz"
     # possible self-assignment:
     x = select(true, x, y)
-
+  ```
 
 Is transformed into:
 
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc select(cond: bool; a, b: sink string): string =
     try:
       if cond:
         `=sink`(result, a)
-        wasMoved(a)
+        `=wasMoved`(a)
       else:
         `=sink`(result, b)
-        wasMoved(b)
+        `=wasMoved`(b)
     finally:
       `=destroy`(b)
       `=destroy`(a)
@@ -435,15 +568,16 @@ Is transformed into:
       `=sink`(y, "xyz")
       `=sink`(x, select(true,
         let blitTmp = x
-        wasMoved(x)
+        `=wasMoved`(x)
         blitTmp,
         let blitTmp = y
-        wasMoved(y)
+        `=wasMoved`(y)
         blitTmp))
       echo [x]
     finally:
       `=destroy`(y)
       `=destroy`(x)
+  ```
 
 As can be manually verified, this transformation is correct for
 self-assignments.
@@ -465,8 +599,7 @@ that the pointer does not outlive its origin. No destructor call is injected
 for expressions of type `lent T` or of type `var T`.
 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim test
   type
     Tree = object
       kids: seq[Tree]
@@ -474,13 +607,13 @@ for expressions of type `lent T` or of type `var T`.
   proc construct(kids: sink seq[Tree]): Tree =
     result = Tree(kids: kids)
     # converted into:
-    `=sink`(result.kids, kids); wasMoved(kids)
+    `=sink`(result.kids, kids); `=wasMoved`(kids)
     `=destroy`(kids)
 
   proc `[]`*(x: Tree; i: int): lent Tree =
     result = x.kids[i]
     # borrows from 'x', this is transformed into:
-    result = addr x.kids[i]
+    # result = addr x.kids[i]
     # This means 'lent' is like 'var T' a hidden pointer.
     # Unlike 'var' this hidden pointer cannot be used to mutate the object.
 
@@ -491,42 +624,43 @@ for expressions of type `lent T` or of type `var T`.
     # everything turned into moves:
     let t = construct(@[construct(@[]), construct(@[])])
     echo t[0] # accessor does not copy the element!
+  ```
 
 
-The .cursor annotation
-======================
-
-Under the `--gc:arc|orc` modes Nim's `ref` type is implemented via the same runtime
-"hooks" and thus via reference counting. This means that cyclic structures cannot be freed
-immediately (`--gc:orc` ships with a cycle collector). With the `.cursor` annotation
-one can break up cycles declaratively:
+The cursor pragma
+=================
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+Under the `--mm:arc|orc`:option: modes Nim's `ref` type is implemented
+via the same runtime "hooks" and thus via reference counting.
+This means that cyclic structures cannot be freed
+immediately (`--mm:orc`:option: ships with a cycle collector).
+With the `cursor` pragma one can break up cycles declaratively:
 
+  ```nim
   type
     Node = ref object
       left: Node # owning ref
       right {.cursor.}: Node # non-owning ref
+  ```
 
 But please notice that this is not C++'s weak_ptr, it means the right field is not
 involved in the reference counting, it is a raw pointer without runtime checks.
 
 Automatic reference counting also has the disadvantage that it introduces overhead
-when iterating over linked structures. The `.cursor` annotation can also be used
+when iterating over linked structures. The `cursor` pragma can also be used
 to avoid this overhead:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   var it {.cursor.} = listRoot
   while it != nil:
     use(it)
     it = it.next
+  ```
 
-
-In fact, `.cursor` more generally prevents object construction/destruction pairs
+In fact, `cursor` more generally prevents object construction/destruction pairs
 and so can also be useful in other contexts. The alternative solution would be to
 use raw pointers (`ptr`) instead which is more cumbersome and also more dangerous
-for Nim's evolution: Later on, the compiler can try to prove `.cursor` annotations
+for Nim's evolution: Later on, the compiler can try to prove `cursor` pragmas
 to be safe, but for `ptr` the compiler has to remain silent about possible
 problems.
 
@@ -534,25 +668,25 @@ problems.
 Cursor inference / copy elision
 ===============================
 
-The current implementation also performs `.cursor` inference. Cursor inference is
+The current implementation also performs `cursor` inference. Cursor inference is
 a form of copy elision.
 
 To see how and when we can do that, think about this question: In `dest = src` when
 do we really have to *materialize* the full copy? - Only if `dest` or `src` are mutated
-afterwards. If `dest` is a local variable that is simple to analyze. And if `src` is a
+afterward. If `dest` is a local variable that is simple to analyze. And if `src` is a
 location derived from a formal parameter, we also know it is not mutated! In other
 words, we do a compile-time copy-on-write analysis.
 
 This means that "borrowed" views can be written naturally and without explicit pointer
 indirections:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc main(tab: Table[string, string]) =
-    let v = tab["key"] # inferred as .cursor because 'tab' is not mutated.
+    let v = tab["key"] # inferred as cursor because 'tab' is not mutated.
     # no copy into 'v', no destruction of 'v'.
     use(v)
     useItAgain(v)
+  ```
 
 
 Hook lifting
@@ -576,8 +710,7 @@ Hook generation
 
 The ability to override a hook leads to a phase ordering problem:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   type
     Foo[T] = object
 
@@ -586,11 +719,11 @@ The ability to override a hook leads to a phase ordering problem:
     # error: destructor for 'f' called here before
     # it was seen in this module.
 
-  proc `=destroy`[T](f: var Foo[T]) =
+  proc `=destroy`[T](f: Foo[T]) =
     discard
+  ```
 
-
-The solution is to define `proc `=destroy`[T](f: var Foo[T])` before
+The solution is to define ``proc `=destroy`[T](f: Foo[T])`` before
 it is used. The compiler generates implicit
 hooks for all types in *strategic places* so that an explicitly provided
 hook that comes too "late" can be detected reliably. These *strategic places*
@@ -611,8 +744,7 @@ The experimental `nodestroy`:idx: pragma inhibits hook injections. This can be
 used to specialize the object traversal in order to avoid deep recursions:
 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim test
   type Node = ref object
     x, y: int32
     left, right: Node
@@ -620,18 +752,19 @@ used to specialize the object traversal in order to avoid deep recursions:
   type Tree = object
     root: Node
 
-  proc `=destroy`(t: var Tree) {.nodestroy.} =
+  proc `=destroy`(t: Tree) {.nodestroy.} =
     # use an explicit stack so that we do not get stack overflows:
     var s: seq[Node] = @[t.root]
     while s.len > 0:
       let x = s.pop
       if x.left != nil: s.add(x.left)
       if x.right != nil: s.add(x.right)
-      # free the memory explicit:
-      dispose(x)
+      # free the memory explicitly:
+      `=dispose`(x)
     # notice how even the destructor for 's' is not called implicitly
     # anymore thanks to .nodestroy, so we have to call it on our own:
     `=destroy`(s)
+  ```
 
 
 As can be seen from the example, this solution is hardly sufficient and
@@ -641,63 +774,28 @@ should eventually be replaced by a better solution.
 Copy on write
 =============
 
-String literals are implemented as [copy-on-write](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy-on-write).
+String literals are implemented as "copy on write".
 When assigning a string literal to a variable, a copy of the literal won't be created.
 Instead the variable simply points to the literal.
 The literal is shared between different variables which are pointing to it.
 The copy operation is deferred until the first write.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  var x = "abc"  # no copy
-  var y = x      # no copy
-
-The string literal "abc" is stored in static memory and not allocated on the heap.
-The variable `x` points to the literal and the variable `y` points to the literal too.
-There is no copy during assigning operations.
+For example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var x = "abc"  # no copy
   var y = x      # no copy
   y[0] = 'h'     # copy
+  ```
 
-The program above shows when the copy operations happen.
-When mutating the variable `y`, the Nim compiler creates a fresh copy of `x`, 
-the variable `y` won't point to the string literal anymore. 
-Instead it points to the copy of `x` of which the memory can be mutated 
-and the variable `y` becomes a mutable string.
-
-.. Note:: The abstraction fails for `addr x` because whether the address is going to be used for mutations is unknown. 
+The abstraction fails for `addr x` because whether the address is going to be used for mutations is unknown.
+`prepareMutation` needs to be called before the "address of" operation. For example:
 
-Let's look at a silly example demonstrating this behaviour:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  var x = "abc"
-  var y = x
-
-  moveMem(addr y[0], addr x[0], 3)
-
-The program fails because we need to prepare a fresh copy for the variable `y`.
-`prepareMutation` should be called before the address operation.
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  var x = "abc"
-  var y = x
-
-  prepareMutation(y)
-  moveMem(addr y[0], addr x[0], 3)
-  assert y == "abc"
-
-Now `prepareMutation` solves the problem.
-It manually creates a fresh copy and makes the variable `y` mutable.
-
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var x = "abc"
   var y = x
 
   prepareMutation(y)
   moveMem(addr y[0], addr x[0], 3)
-  moveMem(addr y[0], addr x[0], 3)
-  moveMem(addr y[0], addr x[0], 3)
   assert y == "abc"
-
-No matter how many times `moveMem` is called, the program compiles and runs.
+  ```
diff --git a/doc/docgen.md b/doc/docgen.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3cc75fc18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/docgen.md
@@ -0,0 +1,891 @@
+===================================
+   Nim DocGen Tools Guide
+===================================
+
+:Author: Erik O'Leary
+:Version: |nimversion|
+
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
+.. contents::
+
+.. importdoc:: markdown_rst.md, compiler/docgen.nim
+
+Introduction
+============
+
+This document describes the `documentation generation tools`:idx: built into
+the [Nim compiler](nimc.html), which can generate HTML, Latex and JSON output
+from input ``.nim`` files and projects.
+The output documentation will include the module
+dependencies (`import`), any top-level documentation comments (`##`), and
+exported symbols (`*`), including procedures, types, and variables.
+
+===================   ==============
+command               output format
+===================   ==============
+`nim doc`:cmd:        ``.html`` HTML
+`nim doc2tex`:cmd:    ``.tex`` LaTeX
+`nim jsondoc`:cmd:    ``.json`` JSON
+===================   ==============
+
+Nim can generate HTML and LaTeX from input Markdown and
+RST (reStructuredText) files as well, which is intended for writing
+standalone documents like user's guides and technical specifications.
+See [Nim-flavored Markdown and reStructuredText] document for the description
+of this feature and particularly section [Command line usage] for the full
+list of supported commands.
+
+Quick start
+-----------
+
+Generate HTML documentation for a file:
+
+  ```cmd
+  nim doc <filename>.nim
+  ```
+
+Generate HTML documentation for a whole project:
+
+  ```cmd
+  # delete any htmldocs/*.idx file before starting
+  nim doc --project --index:on --git.url:<url> --git.commit:<tag> --outdir:htmldocs <main_filename>.nim
+  # this will generate html files, a theindex.html index, css and js under `htmldocs`
+  # See also `--docroot` to specify a relative root.
+  # to get search (dochacks.js) to work locally, you need a server otherwise
+  # CORS will prevent opening file:// urls; this works:
+  python3 -m http.server 7029 --directory htmldocs
+  # When --outdir is omitted it defaults to $projectPath/htmldocs,
+  # or `$nimcache/htmldocs` with `--usenimcache` which avoids clobbering your sources;
+  # and likewise without `--project`.
+  # Adding `-r` will open in a browser directly.
+  # Use `--showNonExports` to show non-exported fields of an exported type.
+  ```
+
+Documentation Comments
+----------------------
+
+Any comments which are preceded by a double-hash (`##`), are interpreted as
+documentation.  Comments are parsed as RST (see [reference](
+http://docutils.sourceforge.net/docs/user/rst/quickref.html)), providing
+Nim module authors the ability to easily generate richly formatted
+documentation with only their well-documented code!
+Basic Markdown syntax is also supported inside the doc comments.
+
+Example:
+
+  ```nim
+  type Person* = object
+    ## This type contains a description of a person
+    name: string
+    age: int
+  ```
+
+Outputs:
+
+    Person* = object
+      name: string
+      age: int
+
+  This type contains a description of a person
+
+Field documentation comments can be added to fields like so:
+
+  ```nim
+  var numValues: int ## \
+    ## `numValues` stores the number of values
+  ```
+
+Note that without the `*` following the name of the type, the documentation for
+this type would not be generated. Documentation will only be generated for
+*exported* types/procedures/etc.
+
+It's recommended to always add exactly **one** space after `##` for readability
+of comments — this extra space will be cropped from the parsed comments and
+won't influence RST formatting.
+
+.. note:: Generally, this baseline indentation level inside a documentation
+   comment may not be 1: it can be any since it is determined by the offset
+   of the first non-whitespace character in the comment.
+   After that indentation **must** be consistent on the following lines of
+   the same comment.
+   If you still need to add an additional indentation at the very beginning
+   (for RST block quote syntax) use backslash \\ before it:
+
+     ```nim
+     ## \
+     ##
+     ##    Block quote at the first line.
+     ##
+     ## Paragraph.
+     ```
+
+Structuring output directories
+------------------------------
+
+Basic directory for output is set by `--outdir:OUTDIR`:option: switch,
+by default `OUTDIR` is ``htmldocs`` sub-directory in the directory of
+the processed file.
+
+There are 2 basic options as to how generated HTML output files are stored:
+
+1) complex hierarchy when docgen-compiling with `--project`:option:,
+   which follows directory structure of the project itself.
+   So `nim doc`:cmd: replicates project's directory structure
+   inside `--outdir:OUTDIR`:option: directory.
+   `--project`:option: is well suited for projects that have 1 main module.
+   File name clashes are impossible in this case.
+
+2) flattened structure, where user-provided script goes through all
+   needed input files and calls commands like `nim doc`:cmd:
+   with `--outdir:OUTDIR`:option: switch, thus putting all HTML (and
+   ``.idx``) files into 1 directory.
+
+   .. Important:: Make sure that you don't have files with same base name
+     like ``x.nim`` and ``x.md`` in the same package, otherwise you'll
+     have name conflict for ``x.html``.
+
+   .. Tip:: To structure your output directories and avoid file name
+     clashes you can split your project into
+     different *packages* -- parts of your repository that are
+     docgen-compiled with different `--outdir:OUTDIR`:option: options.
+
+     An example of such strategy is Nim repository itself which has:
+
+     * its stdlib ``.nim`` files from different directories and ``.md``
+       documentation from ``doc/`` directory are all docgen-compiled
+       into `--outdir:web/upload/<version>/`:option: directory
+     * its ``.nim`` files from ``compiler/`` directory are docgen-compiled
+       into `--outdir:web/upload/<version>/compiler/`:option: directory.
+       Interestingly, it's compiled with complex hierarchy using
+       `--project`:option: switch.
+
+     Contents of ``web/upload/<version>`` are then deployed into Nim's
+     Web server.
+
+     This output directory structure allows to work correctly with files like
+     ``compiler/docgen.nim`` (implementation) and ``doc/docgen.md`` (user
+     documentation) in 1 repository.
+
+
+Index files
+-----------
+
+Index (``.idx``) files are used for 2 different purposes:
+
+1. easy cross-referencing between different ``.nim`` and/or ``.md`` / ``.rst``
+   files described in [Nim external referencing]
+2. creating a whole-project index for searching of symbols and keywords,
+   see [Buildindex command].
+
+
+Document Types
+==============
+
+Example of Nim file input
+-------------------------
+
+The following examples will generate documentation for this sample
+*Nim* module, aptly named ``doc/docgen_sample.nim``:
+
+   ```nim file=docgen_sample.nim
+   ```
+
+All the below commands save their output to ``htmldocs`` directory relative to
+the directory of file;
+hence the output for this sample will be in ``doc/htmldocs``.
+
+HTML
+----
+
+The generation of HTML documents is done via the `doc`:option: command. This command
+takes either a single ``.nim`` file, outputting a single ``.html`` file with the same
+base filename, or multiple ``.nim`` files, outputting multiple ``.html`` files and,
+optionally, an index file.
+
+The `doc`:option: command:
+
+  ```cmd
+  nim doc docgen_sample.nim
+  ```
+
+Partial Output:
+
+    ...
+    proc helloWorld(times: int) {.raises: [], tags: [].}
+    ...
+
+The full output can be seen here: [docgen_sample.html](docgen_sample.html).
+It runs after semantic checking and includes pragmas attached implicitly by the
+compiler.
+
+LaTeX
+-----
+
+LaTeX files are intended to be converted to PDF, especially for offline
+reading or making hard copies. (LaTeX output is oftentimes better than
+HTML -> PDF conversion).
+
+The `doc2tex`:option: command:
+
+  ```cmd
+  nim doc2tex docgen_sample.nim
+  cd htmldocs
+  xelatex docgen_sample.tex
+  xelatex docgen_sample.tex
+  # It is usually necessary to run `xelatex` 2 times (or even 3 times for
+  # large documents) to get all labels generated.
+  # That depends on this warning in the end of `xelatex` output:
+  #   LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get cross-references right.
+  ```
+
+The output is ``docgen_sample.pdf``.
+
+JSON
+----
+
+The generation of JSON documents is done via the `jsondoc`:option: command.
+This command takes in a ``.nim`` file and outputs a ``.json`` file with
+the same base filename.
+Note that this tool is built off of the `doc`:option: command
+(previously `doc2`:option:), and contains the same information.
+
+The `jsondoc`:option: command:
+
+  ```cmd
+  nim jsondoc docgen_sample.nim
+  ```
+
+Output:
+
+    {
+      "orig": "docgen_sample.nim",
+      "nimble": "",
+      "moduleDescription": "This module is a sample",
+      "entries": [
+        {
+          "name": "helloWorld",
+          "type": "skProc",
+          "line": 5,
+          "col": 0,
+          "description": "Takes an integer and outputs as many &quot;hello world!&quot;s",
+          "code": "proc helloWorld(times: int) {.raises: [], tags: [].}"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+
+Similarly to the old `doc`:option: command, the old `jsondoc`:option: command has been
+renamed to `jsondoc0`:option:.
+
+The `jsondoc0`:option: command:
+
+  ```cmd
+  nim jsondoc0 docgen_sample.nim
+  ```
+
+Output:
+
+    [
+      {
+        "comment": "This module is a sample."
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "helloWorld",
+        "type": "skProc",
+        "description": "Takes an integer and outputs as many &quot;hello world!&quot;s",
+        "code": "proc helloWorld*(times: int)"
+      }
+    ]
+
+Note that the `jsondoc`:option: command outputs its JSON without pretty-printing it,
+while `jsondoc0`:option: outputs pretty-printed JSON.
+
+
+Simple documentation links
+==========================
+
+It's possible to use normal Markdown/RST syntax to *manually*
+reference Nim symbols using HTML anchors, however Nim has an *automatic*
+facility that makes referencing inside ``.nim`` and ``.md/.rst`` files and
+between them easy and seamless.
+The point is that such links will be resolved automatically
+by `nim doc`:cmd: (or `md2html`:option:, or `jsondoc`:option:,
+or `doc2tex`:option:, ...). And, unlike manual links, such automatic
+links **check** that their target exists -- a warning is emitted for
+any broken link, so you avoid broken links in your project.
+
+Nim treats both ``.md/.rst`` files and ``.nim`` modules (their doc comment
+part) as *documents* uniformly.
+Hence all directions of referencing are equally possible having the same syntax:
+
+1. ``.md/rst`` -> itself (internal). See [Markup local referencing].
+2. ``.md/rst`` -> external ``.md/rst``. See [Markup external referencing].
+   To summarize, referencing in `.md`/`.rst` files was already described in
+   [Nim-flavored Markdown and reStructuredText]
+   (particularly it described usage of index files for referencing),
+   while in this document we focus on Nim-specific details.
+3. ``.md/rst`` -> external ``.nim``. See [Nim external referencing].
+4. ``.nim`` -> itself (internal). See [Nim local referencing].
+5. ``.nim`` -> external ``.md/rst``. See [Markup external referencing].
+6. ``.nim`` -> external ``.nim``. See [Nim external referencing].
+
+To put it shortly, local referencing always works out of the box,
+external referencing requires to use ``.. importdoc:: <file>``
+directive to import `file` and to ensure that the corresponding
+``.idx`` file was generated.
+
+Syntax for referencing is basically the same as for normal markup.
+Recall from [Referencing] that our parser supports two equivalent syntaxes
+for referencing, Markdown and RST one.
+So to reference ``proc f`` one should use something like that,
+depending on markup type:
+
+    Markdown                    RST
+
+    Ref. [proc f] or [f]        Ref. `proc f`_ or just f_ for a one-word case
+
+Nim local referencing
+---------------------
+
+You can reference Nim identifiers from Nim documentation comments
+inside their ``.nim`` file (or inside a ``.rst`` file included from
+a ``.nim``).
+This pertains to any exported symbol like `proc`, `const`, `iterator`, etc.
+Link text is either one word or a group of words enclosed by delimiters
+(brackets ``[...]`` for Markdown or backticks `\`...\`_` for RST).
+Link text will be displayed *as is* while *link target* will be set to
+the anchor [^1] of Nim symbol that corresponds to link text.
+
+[^1] anchors' format is described in [HTML anchor generation] section below.
+
+If you have a constant:
+
+  ```Nim
+  const pi* = 3.14
+  ```
+
+then it should be referenced in one of the 2 forms:
+
+A. non-qualified (no symbol kind specification):
+
+       pi_
+
+B. qualified (with symbol kind specification):
+
+       `const pi`_
+
+For routine kinds there are more options. Consider this definition:
+
+  ```Nim
+  proc foo*(a: int, b: float): string
+  ```
+
+Generally following syntax is allowed for referencing `foo`:
+
+*  short (without parameters):
+
+   A. non-qualified:
+
+          foo_
+
+   B. qualified:
+
+          `proc foo`_
+
+*  longer variants (with parameters):
+
+   A. non-qualified:
+
+      1) specifying parameters names:
+
+             `foo(a, b)`_
+
+      2) specifying parameters types:
+
+             `foo(int, float)`_
+
+      3) specifying both names and types:
+
+             `foo(a: int, b: float)`_
+
+      4) output parameter can also be specified if you wish:
+
+             `foo(a: int, b: float): string`_
+
+   B. qualified: all 4 options above are valid.
+      Particularly you can use the full format:
+
+          `proc foo(a: int, b: float): string`_
+
+.. Tip:: Avoid cluttering your text with extraneous information by using
+   one of shorter forms:
+
+       binarySearch_
+       `binarySearch(a, key, cmp)`_
+
+   Brevity is better for reading! If you use a short form and have an
+   ambiguity problem (see below) then just add some additional info.
+
+Symbol kind like `proc` can also be specified in the postfix form:
+
+    `foo proc`_
+    `walkDir(d: string) iterator`_
+
+.. Warning:: An ambiguity in resolving documentation links may arise because of:
+
+   1. clash with other RST anchors
+      * manually setup anchors
+      * automatically set up, e.g. section names
+   2. collision with other Nim symbols:
+
+      * routines with different parameters can exist e.g. for
+        `proc` and `template`. In this case they are split between their
+        corresponding sections in output file. Qualified references are
+        useful in this case -- just disambiguate by referring to these
+        sections explicitly:
+
+            See `foo proc`_ and `foo template`_.
+
+      * because in Nim `proc` and `iterator` belong to different namespaces,
+        so there can be a collision even if parameters are the same.
+        Use `\`proc foo\`_`:literal: or `\`iterator foo\`_`:literal: then.
+
+   Any ambiguity is always reported with Nim compiler warnings and an anchor
+   with higher priority is selected. Manual anchors have highest
+   priority, then go automatic RST anchors; then Nim-generated anchors
+   (while procs have higher priority than other Nim symbol kinds).
+
+Generic parameters can also be used. All in all, this long form will be
+recognized fine:
+
+    `proc binarySearch*[T; K](a: openArray[T], key: K, cmp: proc(T, K)): int`_
+
+**Limitations**:
+
+1. The parameters of a nested routine type can be specified only with types
+   (without parameter names, see form A.2 above).
+   E.g. for this signature:
+
+      ```Nim
+      proc binarySearch*[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                               cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int
+                                          ~~    ~~   ~~~~~
+      ```
+
+   you cannot use names underlined by `~~` so it must be referenced with
+   ``cmp: proc(T, K)``. Hence these forms are valid:
+
+       `binarySearch(a: openArray[T], key: K, cmp: proc(T, K))`_
+       `binarySearch(openArray[T], K, proc(T, K))`_
+       `binarySearch(a, key, cmp)`_
+2. Default values in routine parameters are not recognized, one needs to
+   specify the type and/or name instead. E.g. for referencing `proc f(x = 7)`
+   use one of the mentioned forms:
+
+       `f(int)`_ or `f(x)`_ or `f(x: int)`_.
+3. Generic parameters must be given the same way as in the
+   definition of referenced symbol.
+
+   * their names should be the same
+   * parameters list should be given the same way, e.g. without substitutions
+     between commas (,) and semicolons (;).
+
+.. Note:: A bit special case is operators
+   (as their signature is also defined with `\``):
+
+      ```Nim
+      func `$`(x: MyType): string
+      func `[]`*[T](x: openArray[T]): T
+      ```
+
+   A short form works without additional backticks:
+
+       `$`_
+       `[]`_
+
+   However for fully-qualified reference copy-pasting backticks (`) into other
+   backticks will not work in our RST parser (because we use Markdown-like
+   inline markup rules). You need either to delete backticks or keep
+   them and escape with backslash \\:
+
+       no backticks: `func $`_
+       escaped:  `func \`$\``_
+       no backticks: `func [][T](x: openArray[T]): T`_
+       escaped:  `func \`[]\`[T](x: openArray[T]): T`_
+
+.. Note:: Types that defined as `enum`, or `object`, or `tuple` can also be
+   referenced with those names directly (instead of `type`):
+
+       type CopyFlag = enum
+         ...
+       ## Ref. `CopyFlag enum`_
+
+Nim external referencing
+------------------------
+
+Just like for [Markup external referencing], which saves markup anchors,
+the Nim symbols are also saved in ``.idx`` files, so one needs
+to generate them beforehand, and they should be loaded by
+an ``.. importdoc::`` directive. Arguments to ``.. importdoc::`` is a
+comma-separated list of Nim modules or Markdown/RST documents.
+
+`--index:only`:option: tells Nim to only generate ``.idx`` file and
+do **not** attempt to generate HTML/LaTeX output.
+For ``.nim`` modules there are 2 alternatives to work with ``.idx`` files:
+
+1. using [Project switch] implies generation of ``.idx`` files,
+   however, if ``importdoc`` is called on upper modules as its arguments,
+   their ``.idx`` are not yet created. Thus one should generate **all**
+   required ``.idx`` first:
+     ```cmd
+     nim doc --project --index:only <main>.nim
+     nim doc --project <main>.nim
+     ```
+2. or run `nim doc --index:only <module.nim>`:cmd: command for **all** (used)
+   Nim modules in your project. Then run `nim doc <module.nim>` on them for
+   output HTML generation.
+
+   .. Warning:: A mere `nim doc --index:on`:cmd: may fail on an attempt to do
+      ``importdoc`` from another module (for which ``.idx`` was not yet
+      generated), that's why `--index:only`:option: shall be used instead.
+
+   For ``.md``/``.rst`` markup documents point 2 is the only option.
+
+Then, you can freely use something like this in ``your_module.nim``:
+
+  ```nim
+  ## .. importdoc::  user_manual.md, another_module.nim
+
+  ...
+  ## Ref. [some section from User Manual].
+
+  ...
+  ## Ref. [proc f]
+  ## (assuming you have a proc `f` in ``another_module``).
+  ```
+
+and compile it by `nim doc`:cmd:. Note that link text will
+be automatically prefixed by the module name of symbol,
+so you will see something like "Ref. [another_module: proc f](#)"
+in the generated output.
+
+It's also possible to reference a whole module by prefixing or
+suffixing full canonical module name with "module":
+
+    Ref. [module subdir/name] or [subdir/name module].
+
+Markup documents as a whole can be referenced just by their title
+(or by their file name if the title was not set) without any prefix.
+
+.. Tip:: During development process the stage of ``.idx`` files generation
+  can be done only *once*, after that you use already generated ``.idx``
+  files while working with a document *being developed* (unless you do
+  incompatible changes to *referenced* documents).
+
+.. Hint:: After changing a *referenced* document file one may need
+  to regenerate its corresponding ``.idx`` file to get correct results.
+  Of course, when referencing *internally* inside any given ``.nim`` file,
+  it's not needed, one can even immediately use any freshly added anchor
+  (a document's own ``.idx`` file is not used for resolving its internal links).
+
+If an ``importdoc`` directive fails to find a ``.idx``, then an error
+is emitted.
+
+In case of such compilation failures please note that:
+
+* **all** relative paths, given to ``importdoc``, relate to insides of
+  ``OUTDIR``, and **not** project's directory structure.
+
+* ``importdoc`` searches for ``.idx`` in `--outdir:OUTDIR`:option: directory
+  (``htmldocs`` by default) and **not** around original modules, so:
+
+  .. Tip:: look into ``OUTDIR`` to understand what's going on.
+
+* also keep in mind that ``.html`` and ``.idx`` files should always be
+  output to the same directory, so check this and, if it's not true, check
+  that both runs *with* and *without* `--index:only`:option: have all
+  other options the same.
+
+To summarize, for 2 basic options of [Structuring output directories]
+compilation options are different:
+
+1) complex hierarchy with `--project`:option: switch.
+
+   As the **original** project's directory structure is replicated in
+   `OUTDIR`, all passed paths are related to this structure also.
+
+   E.g. if a module ``path1/module.nim`` does
+   ``.. importdoc:: path2/another.nim`` then docgen tries to load file
+   ``OUTDIR/path1/path2/another.idx``.
+
+   .. Note:: markup documents are just placed into the specified directory
+     `OUTDIR`:option: by default (i.e. they are **not** affected by
+     `--project`:option:), so if you have ``PROJECT/doc/manual.md``
+     document and want to use complex hierarchy (with ``doc/``),
+     compile it with `--docroot`:option:\:
+       ```cmd
+       # 1st stage
+       nim md2html --outdir:OUTDIR --docroot:/absolute/path/to/PROJECT \
+            --index:only PROJECT/doc/manual.md
+       ...
+       # 2nd stage
+       nim md2html --outdir:OUTDIR --docroot:/absolute/path/to/PROJECT \
+                         PROJECT/doc/manual.md
+       ```
+
+     Then the output file will be placed as ``OUTDIR/doc/manual.idx``.
+     So if you have ``PROJECT/path1/module.nim``, then ``manual.md`` can
+     be referenced as ``../doc/manual.md``.
+
+2) flattened structure.
+
+   E.g. if a module ``path1/module.nim`` does
+   ``.. importdoc:: path2/another.nim`` then docgen tries to load
+   ``OUTDIR/path2/another.idx``, so the path ``path1``
+   does not matter and providing ``path2`` can be useful only
+   in the case it contains another package that was placed there
+   using `--outdir:OUTDIR/path2`:option:.
+
+   The links' text will be prefixed as ``another: ...`` in both cases.
+
+   .. Warning:: Again, the same `--outdir:OUTDIR`:option: option should
+     be provided to both `doc --index:only`:option: /
+     `md2html --index:only`:option: and final generation by
+     `doc`:option:/`md2html`:option: inside 1 package.
+
+To temporarily disable ``importdoc``, e.g. if you don't need
+correct link resolution at the moment, use a `--noImportdoc`:option: switch
+(only warnings about unresolved links will be generated for external references).
+
+Related Options
+===============
+
+Project switch
+--------------
+
+  ```cmd
+  nim doc --project filename.nim
+  ```
+
+This will recursively generate documentation of all Nim modules imported
+into the input module that belong to the Nimble package that ``filename.nim``
+belongs to. The index files and the corresponding ``theindex.html`` will
+also be generated.
+
+
+Index switch
+------------
+
+  ```cmd
+  nim doc --index:on filename.nim
+  ```
+
+This will generate an index of all the exported symbols in the input Nim
+module, and put it into a neighboring file with the extension of ``.idx``. The
+index file is line-oriented (newlines have to be escaped). Each line
+represents a tab-separated record of several columns, the first two mandatory,
+the rest optional. See the [Index (idx) file format] section for details.
+
+.. Note:: `--index`:option: switch only affects creation of ``.idx``
+  index files, while user-searchable Index HTML file is created by
+  `buildIndex`:option: command.
+
+Buildindex command
+------------------
+
+Once index files have been generated for one or more modules, the Nim
+compiler command `nim buildIndex directory`:cmd: can be run to go over all the index
+files in the specified directory to generate a [theindex.html](theindex.html)
+file:
+
+  ```cmd
+  nim buildIndex -o:path/to/htmldocs/theindex.html path/to/htmldocs
+  ```
+
+See source switch
+-----------------
+
+  ```cmd
+  nim doc --git.url:<url> filename.nim
+  ```
+
+With the `git.url`:option: switch the *See source* hyperlink will appear below each
+documented item in your source code pointing to the implementation of that
+item on a GitHub repository.
+You can click the link to see the implementation of the item.
+
+The `git.commit`:option: switch overrides the hardcoded `devel` branch in
+``config/nimdoc.cfg``.
+This is useful to link to a different branch e.g. `--git.commit:master`:option:,
+or to a tag e.g. `--git.commit:1.2.3`:option: or a commit.
+
+Source URLs are generated as ``href="${url}/tree/${commit}/${path}#L${line}"``
+by default and thus compatible with GitHub but not with GitLab.
+
+Similarly, `git.devel`:option: switch overrides the hardcoded `devel` branch
+for the `Edit` link which is also useful if you have a different working
+branch than `devel` e.g. `--git.devel:master`:option:.
+
+Edit URLs are generated as ``href="${url}/tree/${devel}/${path}#L${line}"``
+by default.
+
+You can edit ``config/nimdoc.cfg`` and modify the ``doc.item.seesrc`` value
+with a hyperlink to your own code repository.
+
+In the case of Nim's own documentation, the `commit` value is just a commit
+hash to append to a formatted URL to https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim.
+
+
+Other Input Formats
+===================
+
+The *Nim compiler* also has support for RST (reStructuredText) files with
+the `rst2html`:option: and `rst2tex`:option: commands. Documents like this one are
+initially written in a dialect of RST which adds support for Nim source code
+highlighting with the ``.. code-block:: nim`` prefix. ``code-block`` also
+supports highlighting of a few other languages supported by the
+[packages/docutils/highlite module](highlite.html).
+
+See [Markdown and RST markup languages](markdown_rst.html) for
+usage of those commands.
+
+HTML anchor generation
+======================
+
+When you run the `rst2html`:option: command, all sections in the RST document will
+get an anchor you can hyperlink to. Usually, you can guess the anchor lower
+casing the section title and replacing spaces with dashes, and in any case, you
+can get it from the table of contents. But when you run the `doc`:option:
+command to generate API documentation, some symbol get one or two anchors at
+the same time: a numerical identifier, or a plain name plus a complex name.
+
+The numerical identifier is just a random number. The number gets assigned
+according to the section and position of the symbol in the file being processed
+and you should not rely on it being constant: if you add or remove a symbol the
+numbers may shuffle around.
+
+The plain name of a symbol is a simplified version of its fully exported
+signature. Variables or constants have the same plain name symbol as their
+complex name. The plain name for procs, templates, and other callable types
+will be their unquoted value after removing parameters, return types, and
+pragmas. The plain name allows short and nice linking of symbols that works
+unless you have a module with collisions due to overloading.
+
+If you hyperlink a plain name symbol and there are other matches on the same
+HTML file, most browsers will go to the first one. To differentiate the rest,
+you will need to use the complex name. A complex name for a callable type is
+made up of several parts:
+
+  (**plain symbol**)(**.type**),(**first param**)?(**,param type**)\*
+
+The first thing to note is that all callable types have at least a comma, even
+if they don't have any parameters. If there are parameters, they are
+represented by their types and will be comma-separated. To the plain symbol a
+suffix may be added depending on the type of the callable:
+
+==============   ==============
+Callable type    Suffix
+==============   ==============
+`proc`, `func`   *empty string*
+`macro`          ``.m``
+`method`         ``.e``
+`iterator`       ``.i``
+`template`       ``.t``
+`converter`      ``.c``
+==============   ==============
+
+The relationship of type to suffix is made by the proc `complexName` in the
+``compiler/docgen.nim`` file. Here are some examples of complex names for
+symbols in the [system module](system.html).
+
+* `type SomeSignedInt = int | int8 | int16 | int32 | int64` **=>**
+  [#SomeSignedInt](system.html#SomeSignedInt)
+* `var globalRaiseHook: proc (e: ref E_Base): bool {.nimcall.}` **=>**
+  [#globalRaiseHook](system.html#globalRaiseHook)
+* `const NimVersion = "0.0.0"` **=>**
+  [#NimVersion](system.html#NimVersion)
+* `proc getTotalMem(): int {.rtl, raises: [], tags: [].}` **=>**
+  [#getTotalMem](system.html#getTotalMem)
+* `proc len[T](x: seq[T]): int {.magic: "LengthSeq", noSideEffect.}` **=>**
+  [#len,seq[T]](system.html#len,seq[T])
+* `iterator pairs[T](a: seq[T]): tuple[key: int, val: T] {.inline.}` **=>**
+  [#pairs.i,seq[T]](iterators.html#pairs.i,seq[T])
+* `template newException[](exceptn: typedesc; message: string;
+    parentException: ref Exception = nil): untyped` **=>**
+  [#newException.t,typedesc,string,ref.Exception](
+  system.html#newException.t,typedesc,string,ref.Exception)
+
+
+Index (idx) file format
+=======================
+
+Files with the ``.idx`` extension are generated when you use the [Index
+switch] along with commands to generate
+documentation from source or text files. You can programmatically generate
+indices with the [setIndexTerm()](
+rstgen.html#setIndexTerm,RstGenerator,string,string,string,string,string)
+and `writeIndexFile() <rstgen.html#writeIndexFile,RstGenerator,string>`_ procs.
+The purpose of `idx` files is to hold the interesting symbols and their HTML
+references so they can be later concatenated into a big index file with
+[mergeIndexes()](rstgen.html#mergeIndexes,string).  This section documents
+the file format in detail.
+
+Index files are line-oriented and tab-separated (newline and tab characters
+have to be escaped). Each line represents a record with 6 fields.
+The content of these columns is:
+
+0. Discriminator tag denoting type of the index entry, allowed values are:
+   `markupTitle`
+   : a title for ``.md``/``.rst`` document
+   `nimTitle`
+   : a title of ``.nim`` module
+   `heading`
+   : heading of sections, can be both in Nim and markup files
+   `idx`
+   : terms marked with :idx: role
+   `nim`
+   : a Nim symbol
+   `nimgrp`
+   : a Nim group for overloadable symbols like `proc`s
+1. Mandatory term being indexed. Terms can include quoting according to
+   Nim's rules (e.g. \`^\`).
+2. Base filename plus anchor hyperlink (e.g. ``algorithm.html#*,int,SortOrder``).
+3. Optional human-readable string to display as a hyperlink. If the value is not
+   present or is the empty string, the hyperlink will be rendered
+   using the term. Prefix whitespace indicates that this entry is
+   not for an API symbol but for a TOC entry.
+4. Optional title or description of the hyperlink. Browsers usually display
+   this as a tooltip after hovering a moment over the hyperlink.
+5. A line number of file where the entry was defined.
+
+The index generation tools differentiate between documentation
+generated from ``.nim`` files and documentation generated from ``.md`` or
+``.rst`` files by tag `nimTitle` or `markupTitle` in the 1st line of
+the ``.idx`` file.
+
+.. TODO Normal symbols are added to the index with surrounding whitespaces removed. An
+  exception to this are the table of content (TOC) entries. TOC entries are added to
+  the index file with their third column having as much prefix spaces as their
+  level is in the TOC (at least 1 character). The prefix whitespace helps to
+  filter TOC entries from API or text symbols. This is important because the
+  amount of spaces is used to replicate the hierarchy for document TOCs in the
+  final index, and TOC entries found in ``.nim`` files are discarded.
+
+
+Additional resources
+====================
+
+* [Nim Compiler User Guide](nimc.html#compiler-usage-commandminusline-switches)
+
+* already mentioned documentation for
+  [Markdown and RST markup languages](markdown_rst.html), which also
+  contains the list of implemented features of these markup languages.
+
+* the implementation is in [module compiler/docgen].
+
+The output for HTML and LaTeX comes from the ``config/nimdoc.cfg`` and
+``config/nimdoc.tex.cfg`` configuration files. You can add and modify these
+files to your project to change the look of the docgen output.
+
+You can import the [packages/docutils/rstgen module](rstgen.html) in your
+programs if you want to reuse the compiler's documentation generation procs.
diff --git a/doc/docgen.rst b/doc/docgen.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index c002ddb83..000000000
--- a/doc/docgen.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,412 +0,0 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
-===================================
-   Nim DocGen Tools Guide
-===================================
-
-:Author: Erik O'Leary
-:Version: |nimversion|
-
-.. contents::
-
-
-Introduction
-============
-
-This document describes the `documentation generation tools`:idx: built into
-the `Nim compiler <nimc.html>`_, which can generate HTML and JSON output
-from input .nim files and projects, as well as HTML and LaTeX from input RST
-(reStructuredText) files. The output documentation will include the module
-dependencies (`import`), any top-level documentation comments (##), and
-exported symbols (*), including procedures, types, and variables.
-
-Quick start
------------
-
-Generate HTML documentation for a file:
-
-::
-  nim doc <filename>.nim
-
-Generate HTML documentation for a whole project:
-
-::
-  # delete any htmldocs/*.idx file before starting
-  nim doc --project --index:on --git.url:<url> --git.commit:<tag> --outdir:htmldocs <main_filename>.nim
-  # this will generate html files, a theindex.html index, css and js under `htmldocs`
-  # See also `--docroot` to specify a relative root.
-  # to get search (dochacks.js) to work locally, you need a server otherwise
-  # CORS will prevent opening file:// urls; this works:
-  python3 -m http.server 7029 --directory htmldocs
-  # When --outdir is omitted it defaults to $projectPath/htmldocs,
-  or `$nimcache/htmldocs` with `--usenimcache` which avoids clobbering your sources;
-  and likewise without `--project`.
-  Adding `-r` will open in a browser directly.
-
-
-Documentation Comments
-----------------------
-
-Any comments which are preceded by a double-hash (##), are interpreted as
-documentation.  Comments are parsed as RST (see `reference
-<http://docutils.sourceforge.net/docs/user/rst/quickref.html>`_), providing
-Nim module authors the ability to easily generate richly formatted
-documentation with only their well-documented code.
-
-Example:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  type Person* = object
-    ## This type contains a description of a person
-    name: string
-    age: int
-
-Outputs::
-  Person* = object
-    name: string
-    age: int
-
-This type contains a description of a person
-
-Field documentation comments can be added to fields like so:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  var numValues: int ## \
-    ## `numValues` stores the number of values
-
-Note that without the `*` following the name of the type, the documentation for
-this type would not be generated. Documentation will only be generated for
-*exported* types/procedures/etc.
-
-It's recommended to always add exactly **one** space after `##` for readability
-of comments — this extra space will be cropped from the parsed comments and
-won't influence RST formatting.
-
-.. note:: Generally, this baseline indentation level inside a documentation
-   comment may not be 1: it can be any since it is determined by the offset
-   of the first non-whitespace character in the comment.
-   After that indentation **must** be consistent on the following lines of
-   the same comment.
-   If you still need to add an additional indentation at the very beginning
-   (for RST block quote syntax) use backslash \\ before it:
-
-   .. code-block:: nim
-      ## \
-      ##
-      ##    Block quote at the first line.
-      ##
-      ## Paragraph.
-
-Nim file input
------------------
-
-The following examples will generate documentation for the below contrived
-*Nim* module, aptly named 'sample.nim'
-
-sample.nim:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  ## This module is a sample.
-
-  import std/strutils
-
-  proc helloWorld*(times: int) =
-    ## Takes an integer and outputs
-    ## as many "hello world!"s
-
-    for i in 0 .. times-1:
-      echo "hello world!"
-
-  helloWorld(5)
-
-
-Document Types
-==============
-
-
-HTML
-----
-
-The generation of HTML documents is done via the `doc` command. This command
-takes either a single .nim file, outputting a single .html file with the same
-base filename, or multiple .nim files, outputting multiple .html files and,
-optionally, an index file.
-
-The `doc` command::
-  nim doc sample
-
-Partial Output::
-  ...
-  proc helloWorld(times: int) {.raises: [], tags: [].}
-  ...
-
-The full output can be seen here: `docgen_sample.html <docgen_sample.html>`_.
-It runs after semantic checking and includes pragmas attached implicitly by the
-compiler.
-
-
-JSON
-----
-
-The generation of JSON documents is done via the `jsondoc` command. This command
-takes in a .nim file and outputs a .json file with the same base filename. Note
-that this tool is built off of the `doc` command (previously `doc2`), and
-contains the same information.
-
-The `jsondoc` command::
-  nim jsondoc sample
-
-Output::
-  {
-    "orig": "docgen_sample.nim",
-    "nimble": "",
-    "moduleDescription": "This module is a sample",
-    "entries": [
-      {
-        "name": "helloWorld",
-        "type": "skProc",
-        "line": 5,
-        "col": 0,
-        "description": "Takes an integer and outputs as many &quot;hello world!&quot;s",
-        "code": "proc helloWorld(times: int) {.raises: [], tags: [].}"
-      }
-    ]
-  }
-
-Similarly to the old `doc` command, the old `jsondoc` command has been
-renamed to `jsondoc0`.
-
-The `jsondoc0` command::
-  nim jsondoc0 sample
-
-Output::
-  [
-    {
-      "comment": "This module is a sample."
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "helloWorld",
-      "type": "skProc",
-      "description": "Takes an integer and outputs as many &quot;hello world!&quot;s",
-      "code": "proc helloWorld*(times: int)"
-    }
-  ]
-
-Note that the `jsondoc` command outputs it's JSON without pretty-printing it,
-while `jsondoc0` outputs pretty-printed JSON.
-
-Related Options
-===============
-
-Project switch
---------------
-
-::
-  nim doc --project filename.nim
-
-This will recursively generate documentation of all nim modules imported
-into the input module that belong to the Nimble package that `filename.nim`
-belongs to.
-
-
-Index switch
-------------
-
-::
-  nim doc --index:on filename.nim
-
-This will generate an index of all the exported symbols in the input Nim
-module, and put it into a neighboring file with the extension of `.idx`. The
-index file is line-oriented (newlines have to be escaped). Each line
-represents a tab-separated record of several columns, the first two mandatory,
-the rest optional. See the `Index (idx) file format`_ section for details.
-
-Once index files have been generated for one or more modules, the Nim
-compiler command `buildIndex directory` can be run to go over all the index
-files in the specified directory to generate a `theindex.html <theindex.html>`_
-file.
-
-See source switch
------------------
-
-::
-  nim doc --git.url:<url> filename.nim
-
-With the `git.url` switch the *See source* hyperlink will appear below each
-documented item in your source code pointing to the implementation of that
-item on a GitHub repository.
-You can click the link to see the implementation of the item.
-
-The `git.commit` switch overrides the hardcoded `devel` branch in config/nimdoc.cfg.
-This is useful to link to a different branch e.g. `--git.commit:master`,
-or to a tag e.g. `--git.commit:1.2.3` or a commit.
-
-Source URLs are generated as `href="${url}/tree/${commit}/${path}#L${line}"` by default and this compatible with GitHub but not with GitLab.
-
-Similarly, `git.devel` switch overrides the hardcoded `devel` branch for the `Edit` link which is also useful if you have a different working branch than `devel` e.g. `--git.devel:master`.
-
-Edit URLs are generated as `href="${url}/tree/${devel}/${path}#L${line}"` by default.
-
-You can edit `config/nimdoc.cfg` and modify the `doc.item.seesrc` value with a hyperlink to your own code repository.
-
-In the case of Nim's own documentation, the `commit` value is just a commit
-hash to append to a formatted URL to https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim. The
-`tools/nimweb.nim` helper queries the current git commit hash during the doc
-generation, but since you might be working on an unpublished repository, it
-also allows specifying a `githash` value in `web/website.ini` to force a
-specific commit in the output.
-
-
-Other Input Formats
-===================
-
-The *Nim compiler* also has support for RST (reStructuredText) files with
-the `rst2html` and `rst2tex` commands. Documents like this one are
-initially written in a dialect of RST which adds support for nim source code
-highlighting with the `.. code-block:: nim` prefix. `code-block` also
-supports highlighting of C++ and some other c-like languages.
-
-Usage::
-  nim rst2html docgen.txt
-
-Output::
-  You're reading it!
-
-The `rst2tex` command is invoked identically to `rst2html`, but outputs
-a .tex file instead of .html.
-
-
-HTML anchor generation
-======================
-
-When you run the `rst2html` command, all sections in the RST document will
-get an anchor you can hyperlink to. Usually, you can guess the anchor lower
-casing the section title and replacing spaces with dashes, and in any case, you
-can get it from the table of contents. But when you run the `doc`
-command to generate API documentation, some symbol get one or two anchors at
-the same time: a numerical identifier, or a plain name plus a complex name.
-
-The numerical identifier is just a random number. The number gets assigned
-according to the section and position of the symbol in the file being processed
-and you should not rely on it being constant: if you add or remove a symbol the
-numbers may shuffle around.
-
-The plain name of a symbol is a simplified version of its fully exported
-signature. Variables or constants have the same plain name symbol as their
-complex name. The plain name for procs, templates, and other callable types
-will be their unquoted value after removing parameters, return types, and
-pragmas. The plain name allows short and nice linking of symbols that works
-unless you have a module with collisions due to overloading.
-
-If you hyperlink a plain name symbol and there are other matches on the same
-HTML file, most browsers will go to the first one. To differentiate the rest,
-you will need to use the complex name. A complex name for a callable type is
-made up of several parts:
-
-    (**plain symbol**)(**.type**),(**first param**)?(**,param type**)\*
-
-The first thing to note is that all callable types have at least a comma, even
-if they don't have any parameters. If there are parameters, they are
-represented by their types and will be comma-separated. To the plain symbol a
-suffix may be added depending on the type of the callable:
-
--------------   --------------
-Callable type   Suffix
--------------   --------------
-proc            *empty string*
-macro           `.m`
-method          `.e`
-iterator        `.i`
-template        `.t`
-converter       `.c`
--------------   --------------
-
-The relationship of type to suffix is made by the proc `complexName` in the
-`compiler/docgen.nim` file. Here are some examples of complex names for
-symbols in the `system module <system.html>`_.
-
-* `type SomeSignedInt = int | int8 | int16 | int32 | int64` **=>**
-  `#SomeSignedInt <system.html#SomeSignedInt>`_
-* `var globalRaiseHook: proc (e: ref E_Base): bool {.nimcall.}` **=>**
-  `#globalRaiseHook <system.html#globalRaiseHook>`_
-* `const NimVersion = "0.0.0"` **=>**
-  `#NimVersion <system.html#NimVersion>`_
-* `proc getTotalMem(): int {.rtl, raises: [], tags: [].}` **=>**
-  `#getTotalMem, <system.html#getTotalMem>`_
-* `proc len[T](x: seq[T]): int {.magic: "LengthSeq", noSideEffect.}` **=>**
-  `#len,seq[T] <system.html#len,seq[T]>`_
-* `iterator pairs[T](a: seq[T]): tuple[key: int, val: T] {.inline.}` **=>**
-  `#pairs.i,seq[T] <iterators.html#pairs.i,seq[T]>`_
-* `template newException[](exceptn: typedesc; message: string;
-    parentException: ref Exception = nil): untyped` **=>**
-  `#newException.t,typedesc,string,ref.Exception
-  <system.html#newException.t,typedesc,string,ref.Exception>`_
-
-
-Index (idx) file format
-=======================
-
-Files with the `.idx` extension are generated when you use the `Index
-switch <#related-options-index-switch>`_ along with commands to generate
-documentation from source or text files. You can programmatically generate
-indices with the `setIndexTerm()
-<rstgen.html#setIndexTerm,RstGenerator,string,string,string,string,string>`_
-and `writeIndexFile() <rstgen.html#writeIndexFile,RstGenerator,string>`_ procs.
-The purpose of `idx` files is to hold the interesting symbols and their HTML
-references so they can be later concatenated into a big index file with
-`mergeIndexes() <rstgen.html#mergeIndexes,string>`_.  This section documents
-the file format in detail.
-
-Index files are line-oriented and tab-separated (newline and tab characters
-have to be escaped). Each line represents a record with at least two fields
-but can have up to four (additional columns are ignored). The content of these
-columns is:
-
-1. Mandatory term being indexed. Terms can include quoting according to
-   Nim's rules (e.g. \`^\`).
-2. Base filename plus anchor hyperlink (e.g. `algorithm.html#*,int,SortOrder`).
-3. Optional human-readable string to display as a hyperlink. If the value is not
-   present or is the empty string, the hyperlink will be rendered
-   using the term. Prefix whitespace indicates that this entry is
-   not for an API symbol but for a TOC entry.
-4. Optional title or description of the hyperlink. Browsers usually display
-   this as a tooltip after hovering a moment over the hyperlink.
-
-The index generation tools try to differentiate between documentation
-generated from `.nim` files and documentation generated from `.txt` or
-`.rst` files. The former are always closely related to source code and
-consist mainly of API entries. The latter are generic documents meant for
-human reading.
-
-To differentiate both types (documents and APIs), the index generator will add
-to the index of documents an entry with the title of the document. Since the
-title is the topmost element, it will be added with a second field containing
-just the filename without any HTML anchor.  By convention, this entry without
-anchor is the *title entry*, and since entries in the index file are added as
-they are scanned, the title entry will be the first line. The title for APIs
-is not present because it can be generated concatenating the name of the file
-to the word **Module**.
-
-Normal symbols are added to the index with surrounding whitespaces removed. An
-exception to this are the table of content (TOC) entries. TOC entries are added to
-the index file with their third column having as much prefix spaces as their
-level is in the TOC (at least 1 character). The prefix whitespace helps to
-filter TOC entries from API or text symbols. This is important because the
-amount of spaces is used to replicate the hierarchy for document TOCs in the
-final index, and TOC entries found in `.nim` files are discarded.
-
-
-Additional resources
-====================
-
-`Nim Compiler User Guide <nimc.html#compiler-usage-commandminusline-switches>`_
-
-`RST Quick Reference
-<http://docutils.sourceforge.net/docs/user/rst/quickref.html>`_
-
-The output for HTML and LaTeX comes from the `config/nimdoc.cfg` and
-`config/nimdoc.tex.cfg` configuration files. You can add and modify these
-files to your project to change the look of the docgen output.
-
-You can import the `packages/docutils/rstgen module <rstgen.html>`_ in your
-programs if you want to reuse the compiler's documentation generation procs.
diff --git a/doc/docgen_sample.nim b/doc/docgen_sample.nim
index 7a167cb45..06b8d7f8e 100644
--- a/doc/docgen_sample.nim
+++ b/doc/docgen_sample.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ## This module is a sample.
 
-import strutils
+import std/strutils
 
 proc helloWorld*(times: int) =
   ## Takes an integer and outputs
diff --git a/doc/docs.rst b/doc/docs.md
index b34383253..b6ff6d2c7 100644
--- a/doc/docs.rst
+++ b/doc/docs.md
@@ -1,38 +1,38 @@
 The documentation consists of several documents:
 
-- | `Tutorial (part I) <tut1.html>`_
+- | [Tutorial (part I)](tut1.html)
   | The Nim tutorial part one deals with the basics.
 
-- | `Tutorial (part II) <tut2.html>`_
+- | [Tutorial (part II)](tut2.html)
   | The Nim tutorial part two deals with the advanced language constructs.
 
-- | `Tutorial (part III) <tut3.html>`_
+- | [Tutorial (part III)](tut3.html)
   | The Nim tutorial part three about Nim's macro system.
 
-- | `Language Manual <manual.html>`_
+- | [Language Manual](manual.html)
   | The Nim manual is a draft that will evolve into a proper specification.
 
-- | `Library documentation <lib.html>`_
+- | [Library documentation](lib.html)
   | This document describes Nim's standard library.
 
-- | `Compiler user guide <nimc.html>`_
+- | [Compiler user guide](nimc.html)
   | The user guide lists command line arguments, special features of the
     compiler, etc.
 
-- | `Tools documentation <tools.html>`_
+- | [Tools documentation](tools.html)
   | Description of some tools that come with the standard distribution.
 
-- | `GC <gc.html>`_
-  | Additional documentation about Nim's multi-paradigm memory management strategies
+- | [Memory management](mm.html)
+  | Additional documentation about Nim's memory management strategies
   | and how to operate them in a realtime setting.
 
-- | `Source code filters <filters.html>`_
+- | [Source code filters](filters.html)
   | The Nim compiler supports source code filters as a simple yet powerful
     builtin templating system.
 
-- | `Internal documentation <intern.html>`_
+- | [Internal documentation](intern.html)
   | The internal documentation describes how the compiler is implemented. Read
     this if you want to hack the compiler.
 
-- | `Index <theindex.html>`_
+- | [Index](theindex.html)
   | The generated index. **Index + (Ctrl+F) == Joy**
diff --git a/doc/docstyle.rst b/doc/docstyle.md
index 7f3fa8cf2..291a34cf6 100644
--- a/doc/docstyle.rst
+++ b/doc/docstyle.md
@@ -4,51 +4,52 @@ Documentation Style
 General Guidelines
 ------------------
 
-* See also `nep1<https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/nep1.html>`_ which should probably be merged here.
+* See also [nep1](nep1.html) which should probably be merged here.
 * Authors should document anything that is exported; documentation for private
-  procs can be useful too (visible via `nim doc --docInternal foo.nim`).
+  procs can be useful too (visible via `nim doc --docInternal foo.nim`:cmd:).
 * Within documentation, a period (`.`) should follow each sentence (or sentence fragment) in a comment block.
   The documentation may be limited to one sentence fragment, but if multiple sentences are within the documentation,
   each sentence after the first should be complete and in present tense.
 * Documentation is parsed as a custom ReStructuredText (RST) with partial markdown support.
 * In nim sources, prefer single backticks to double backticks since it's simpler
-  and `nim doc` supports it. Likewise with rst files: `nim rst2html` will render those as monospace, and
-  adding `.. default-role:: code` to an rst file will also make those render as monospace when rendered directly
+  and `nim doc`:cmd: supports it. Likewise with ``rst`` files: `nim rst2html`:cmd: will render those as monospace, and
+  adding ``.. default-role:: code`` to an ``rst`` file will also make those render as monospace when rendered directly
   in tools such as github.
-* In nim sources, for links, prefer `[link text](link.html)` to `` `link text<link.html>`_ ``
-  since the syntax is simpler and markdown is more common (likewise, `nim rst2html` also supports it in rst files).
-
-.. code-block:: nim
+* (debatable) In nim sources, for links, prefer ``[link text](link.html)`` to `\`link text<link.html>\`_`:code:
+  since the syntax is simpler and markdown is more common (likewise, `nim rst2html`:cmd: also supports it in ``rst`` files).
 
+  ```nim
   proc someproc*(s: string, foo: int) =
     ## Use single backticks for inline code, e.g.: `s` or `someExpr(true)`.
     ## Use a backlash to follow with alphanumeric char: `int8`\s are great.
+  ```
 
 
 Module-level documentation
 --------------------------
 
 Documentation of a module is placed at the top of the module itself. Each line of documentation begins with double hashes (`##`).
-Sometimes `##[ multiline docs containing code ]##` is preferable, see `lib/pure/times.nim`.
+Sometimes `##[ multiline docs containing code ]##` is preferable, see ``lib/pure/times.nim``.
 Code samples are encouraged, and should follow the general RST syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-
+  ````Nim
   ## The `universe` module computes the answer to life, the universe, and everything.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
-  ##  doAssert computeAnswerString() == 42
+  ##   ```
+  ##   doAssert computeAnswerString() == 42
+  ##   ```
+  ````
 
 
 Within this top-level comment, you can indicate the authorship and copyright of the code, which will be featured in the produced documentation.
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-
+  ```Nim
   ## This is the best module ever. It provides answers to everything!
   ##
   ## :Author: Steve McQueen
   ## :Copyright: 1965
   ##
+  ```
 
 Leave a space between the last line of top-level documentation and the beginning of Nim code (the imports, etc.).
 
@@ -57,38 +58,38 @@ Procs, Templates, Macros, Converters, and Iterators
 
 The documentation of a procedure should begin with a capital letter and should be in present tense. Variables referenced in the documentation should be surrounded by single tick marks:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-
+  ```Nim
   proc example1*(x: int) =
     ## Prints the value of `x`.
     echo x
+  ```
 
 Whenever an example of usage would be helpful to the user, you should include one within the documentation in RST format as below.
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-
+  ````Nim
   proc addThree*(x, y, z: int8): int =
     ## Adds three `int8` values, treating them as unsigned and
     ## truncating the result.
     ##
-    ## .. code-block::
-    ##  # things that aren't suitable for a `runnableExamples` go in code-block:
-    ##  echo execCmdEx("git pull")
-    ##  drawOnScreen()
+    ##   ```
+    ##   # things that aren't suitable for a `runnableExamples` go in code block:
+    ##   echo execCmdEx("git pull")
+    ##   drawOnScreen()
+    ##   ```
     runnableExamples:
-      # `runnableExamples` is usually preferred to `code-block`, when possible.
+      # `runnableExamples` is usually preferred to code blocks, when possible.
       doAssert addThree(3, 125, 6) == -122
     result = x +% y +% z
+  ````
 
-The command `nim doc` will then correctly syntax highlight the Nim code within the documentation.
+The command `nim doc`:cmd: will then correctly syntax highlight the Nim code within the documentation.
 
 Types
 -----
 
 Exported types should also be documented. This documentation can also contain code samples, but those are better placed with the functions to which they refer.
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-
+  ```Nim
   type
     NamedQueue*[T] = object ## Provides a linked data structure with names
                             ## throughout. It is named for convenience. I'm making
@@ -96,12 +97,12 @@ Exported types should also be documented. This documentation can also contain co
       name*: string ## The name of the item
       val*: T ## Its value
       next*: ref NamedQueue[T] ## The next item in the queue
+  ```
 
 
 You have some flexibility when placing the documentation:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-
+  ```Nim
   type
     NamedQueue*[T] = object
       ## Provides a linked data structure with names
@@ -110,11 +111,11 @@ You have some flexibility when placing the documentation:
       name*: string ## The name of the item
       val*: T ## Its value
       next*: ref NamedQueue[T] ## The next item in the queue
+  ```
 
 Make sure to place the documentation beside or within the object.
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-
+  ```Nim
   type
     ## Bad: this documentation disappears because it annotates the `type` keyword
     ## above, not `NamedQueue`.
@@ -123,14 +124,14 @@ Make sure to place the documentation beside or within the object.
                     ## is not what we want.
       val*: T ## Its value
       next*: ref NamedQueue[T] ## The next item in the queue
+  ```
 
 Var, Let, and Const
 -------------------
 
 When declaring module-wide constants and values, documentation is encouraged. The placement of doc comments is similar to the `type` sections.
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-
+  ```Nim
   const
     X* = 42 ## An awesome number.
     SpreadArray* = [
@@ -138,25 +139,26 @@ When declaring module-wide constants and values, documentation is encouraged. Th
       [2,3,1],
       [3,1,2],
     ] ## Doc comment for `SpreadArray`.
+  ```
 
 Placement of comments in other areas is usually allowed, but will not become part of the documentation output and should therefore be prefaced by a single hash (`#`).
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-
+  ```Nim
   const
     BadMathVals* = [
       3.14, # pi
       2.72, # e
       0.58, # gamma
     ] ## A bunch of badly rounded values.
+  ```
 
 Nim supports Unicode in comments, so the above can be replaced with the following:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-
+  ```Nim
   const
     BadMathVals* = [
       3.14, # π
       2.72, # e
       0.58, # γ
     ] ## A bunch of badly rounded values (including π!).
+  ```
diff --git a/doc/drnim.rst b/doc/drnim.md
index d33a6066e..1dc2b550f 100644
--- a/doc/drnim.rst
+++ b/doc/drnim.md
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 ===================================
    DrNim User Guide
 ===================================
@@ -7,6 +5,8 @@
 :Author: Andreas Rumpf
 :Version: |nimversion|
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
 .. contents::
 
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Introduction
 ============
 
 This document describes the usage of the *DrNim* tool. DrNim combines
-the Nim frontend with the `Z3 <https://github.com/Z3Prover/z3>`_ proof
+the Nim frontend with the [Z3](https://github.com/Z3Prover/z3) proof
 engine, in order to allow verify/validate software written in Nim.
 DrNim's command-line options are the same as the Nim compiler's.
 
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ DrNim's command-line options are the same as the Nim compiler's.
 DrNim currently only checks the sections of your code that are marked
 via `staticBoundChecks: on`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   {.push staticBoundChecks: on.}
   # <--- code section here ---->
   {.pop.}
+  ```
 
 DrNim currently only tries to prove array indexing or subrange checks,
 overflow errors are *not* prevented. Overflows will be checked for in
@@ -43,7 +43,8 @@ your code.
 Installation
 ============
 
-Run `koch drnim`, the executable will afterwards be in `$nim/bin/drnim`.
+Run `koch drnim`:cmd:, the executable will afterwards be
+in ``$nim/bin/drnim``.
 
 
 Motivating Example
@@ -52,8 +53,7 @@ Motivating Example
 The follow example highlights what DrNim can easily do, even
 without additional annotations:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   {.push staticBoundChecks: on.}
 
   proc sum(a: openArray[int]): int =
@@ -63,11 +63,12 @@ without additional annotations:
   {.pop.}
 
   echo sum([1, 2, 3])
+  ```
 
 This program contains a famous "index out of bounds" bug. DrNim
-detects it and produces the following error message::
+detects it and produces the following error message:
 
-  cannot prove: i <= len(a) + -1; counter example: i -> 0 a.len -> 0 [IndexCheck]
+    cannot prove: i <= len(a) + -1; counter example: i -> 0 a.len -> 0 [IndexCheck]
 
 In other words for `i == 0` and `a.len == 0` (for example!) there would be
 an index out of bounds error.
@@ -124,8 +125,7 @@ Example: insertionSort
 
 **Note**: This example does not yet work with DrNim.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   import std / logic
 
   proc insertionSort(a: var openArray[int]) {.
@@ -141,27 +141,28 @@ Example: insertionSort
         {.invariant: forall(j in 1..k, i in 0..<j, j == t or a[i] <= a[j]).}
         swap a[t], a[t-1]
         dec t
+  ```
 
 Unfortunately, the invariants required to prove that this code is correct take more
 code than the imperative instructions. However, this effort can be compensated
 by the fact that the result needs very little testing. Be aware though that
-DrNim only proves that after `insertionSort` this condition holds::
+DrNim only proves that after `insertionSort` this condition holds:
 
-  forall(i in 1..<a.len, a[i-1] <= a[i])
+    forall(i in 1..<a.len, a[i-1] <= a[i])
 
 
 This is required, but not sufficient to describe that a `sort` operation
 was performed. For example, the same postcondition is true for this proc
 which doesn't sort at all:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   import std / logic
 
   proc insertionSort(a: var openArray[int]) {.
       ensures: forall(i in 1..<a.len, a[i-1] <= a[i]).} =
     # does not sort, overwrites `a`'s contents!
     for i in 0..<a.len: a[i] = i
+  ```
 
 
 
@@ -169,23 +170,23 @@ Syntax of propositions
 ======================
 
 The basic syntax is `ensures|requires|invariant: <prop>`.
-A `prop` is either a comparison or a compound::
-
-  prop = nim_bool_expression
-       | prop 'and' prop
-       | prop 'or' prop
-       | prop '->' prop # implication
-       | prop '<->' prop
-       | 'not' prop
-       | '(' prop ')' # you can group props via ()
-       | forallProp
-       | existsProp
-
-  forallProp = 'forall' '(' quantifierList ',' prop ')'
-  existsProp = 'exists' '(' quantifierList ',' prop ')'
-
-  quantifierList = quantifier (',' quantifier)*
-  quantifier = <new identifier> 'in' nim_iteration_expression
+A `prop` is either a comparison or a compound:
+
+    prop = nim_bool_expression
+         | prop 'and' prop
+         | prop 'or' prop
+         | prop '->' prop # implication
+         | prop '<->' prop
+         | 'not' prop
+         | '(' prop ')' # you can group props via ()
+         | forallProp
+         | existsProp
+
+    forallProp = 'forall' '(' quantifierList ',' prop ')'
+    existsProp = 'exists' '(' quantifierList ',' prop ')'
+
+    quantifierList = quantifier (',' quantifier)*
+    quantifier = <new identifier> 'in' nim_iteration_expression
 
 
 `nim_iteration_expression` here is an ordinary expression of Nim code
diff --git a/doc/effects.txt b/doc/effects.txt
index 4ed1d09f1..df624e8b0 100644
--- a/doc/effects.txt
+++ b/doc/effects.txt
@@ -11,13 +11,14 @@ Iff a proc is side effect free and all its argument are evaluable at
 compile time, it can be evaluated by the compiler. However, really
 difficult is the ``newString`` proc: If it is simply wrapped, it
 should not be evaluated at compile time! On other occasions it can
-and should be evaluted:
+and should be evaluated:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc toUpper(s: string): string =
     result = newString(len(s))
     for i in 0..len(s) - 1:
       result[i] = toUpper(s[i])
+  ```
 
 No, it really can always be evaluated. The code generator should transform
 ``s = "\0\0\0..."`` back into ``s = newString(...)``.
diff --git a/doc/estp.md b/doc/estp.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8a986bdf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/estp.md
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+===================================================
+  Embedded Stack Trace Profiler (ESTP) User Guide
+===================================================
+
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
+
+:Author: Andreas Rumpf
+:Version: |nimversion|
+
+
+Nim comes with a platform independent profiler -
+the Embedded Stack Trace Profiler (ESTP). The profiler
+is *embedded* into your executable. To activate the profiler you need to do:
+
+* compile your program with the `--profiler:on --stackTrace:on`:option: command
+  line options
+* import the `nimprof` module
+* run your program as usual.
+
+You can in fact look at `nimprof`'s source code to see how to implement
+your own profiler.
+
+The setting `--profiler:on`:option: defines the conditional symbol `profiler`.
+You can use `when compileOption("profiler")` to make the switch seamless.
+If `profiler`:option: is `off`:option:, your program runs normally.
+Otherwise your program is profiled.
+
+```nim
+when compileOption("profiler"):
+  import std/nimprof
+```
+
+After your program has finished the profiler will create a
+file ``profile_results.txt`` containing the profiling results.
+
+Since the profiler works by examining stack traces, it's essential that
+the option `--stackTrace:on`:option: is active! Unfortunately this means that a
+profiling build is much slower than a release build.
+
+
+Memory profiler
+===============
+
+You can also use ESTP as a memory profiler to see which stack traces allocate
+the most memory and thus create the most GC pressure. It may also help to
+find memory leaks. To activate the memory profiler you need to do:
+
+* compile your program with the
+  `--profiler:off --stackTrace:on -d:memProfiler`:option:
+  command line options. Yes it's `--profiler:off`:option:.
+* import the `nimprof` module
+* run your program as usual.
+
+Define the symbol `ignoreAllocationSize` so that only the number of
+allocations is counted and the sizes of the memory allocations do not matter.
+
+
+Example results file
+====================
+
+The results file lists stack traces ordered by significance.
+
+The following example file has been generated by profiling the Nim compiler
+itself: It shows that in total 5.4% of the runtime has been spent
+in `crcFromRope` or its children.
+
+In general the stack traces show you immediately where the problem is because
+the trace acts like an explanation; in traditional profilers you can only find
+expensive leaf functions easily but the *reason* why they are invoked
+often remains mysterious.
+
+    total executions of each stack trace:
+    Entry: 0/3391 Calls: 84/4160 = 2.0% [sum: 84; 84/4160 = 2.0%]
+      newCrcFromRopeAux
+      crcFromRope
+      writeRopeIfNotEqual
+      shouldRecompile
+      writeModule
+      myClose
+      closePasses
+      processModule
+      CompileModule
+      CompileProject
+      CommandCompileToC
+      MainCommand
+      HandleCmdLine
+      nim
+    Entry: 1/3391 Calls: 46/4160 = 1.1% [sum: 130; 130/4160 = 3.1%]
+      updateCrc32
+      newCrcFromRopeAux
+      crcFromRope
+      writeRopeIfNotEqual
+      shouldRecompile
+      writeModule
+      myClose
+      closePasses
+      processModule
+      CompileModule
+      CompileProject
+      CommandCompileToC
+      MainCommand
+      HandleCmdLine
+      nim
+    Entry: 2/3391 Calls: 41/4160 = 0.99% [sum: 171; 171/4160 = 4.1%]
+      updateCrc32
+      updateCrc32
+      newCrcFromRopeAux
+      crcFromRope
+      writeRopeIfNotEqual
+      shouldRecompile
+      writeModule
+      myClose
+      closePasses
+      processModule
+      CompileModule
+      CompileProject
+      CommandCompileToC
+      MainCommand
+      HandleCmdLine
+      nim
+    Entry: 3/3391 Calls: 41/4160 = 0.99% [sum: 212; 212/4160 = 5.1%]
+      crcFromFile
+      writeRopeIfNotEqual
+      shouldRecompile
+      writeModule
+      myClose
+      closePasses
+      processModule
+      CompileModule
+      CompileProject
+      CommandCompileToC
+      MainCommand
+      HandleCmdLine
+      nim
+    Entry: 4/3391 Calls: 41/4160 = 0.99% [sum: 253; 253/4160 = 6.1%]
+      updateCrc32
+      crcFromFile
+      writeRopeIfNotEqual
+      shouldRecompile
+      writeModule
+      myClose
+      closePasses
+      processModule
+      CompileModule
+      CompileProject
+      CommandCompileToC
+      MainCommand
+      HandleCmdLine
+      nim
+    Entry: 5/3391 Calls: 32/4160 = 0.77% [sum: 285; 285/4160 = 6.9%]
+      pop
+      newCrcFromRopeAux
+      crcFromRope
+      writeRopeIfNotEqual
+      shouldRecompile
+      writeModule
+      myClose
+      closePasses
+      processModule
+      CompileModule
+      CompileProject
+      CommandCompileToC
+      MainCommand
+      HandleCmdLine
+      nim
+    Entry: 6/3391 Calls: 17/4160 = 0.41% [sum: 302; 302/4160 = 7.3%]
+      doOperation
+      forAllChildrenAux
+      pop
+      newCrcFromRopeAux
+      crcFromRope
+      writeRopeIfNotEqual
+      shouldRecompile
+      writeModule
+      myClose
+      closePasses
+      processModule
+      CompileModule
+      CompileProject
+      CommandCompileToC
+      MainCommand
+      HandleCmdLine
+      ...
+      nim
+    Entry: 7/3391 Calls: 14/4160 = 0.34% [sum: 316; 316/4160 = 7.6%]
+      Contains
+      isAccessible
+      interiorAllocatedPtr
+      gcMark
+      markStackAndRegisters
+      collectCTBody
+      collectCT
+      rawNewObj
+      newObj
+      newNode
+      copyTree
+      matchesAux
+      matches
+      resolveOverloads
+      semOverloadedCall
+      semOverloadedCallAnalyseEffects
+      ...
+      CommandCompileToC
+      MainCommand
+      HandleCmdLine
diff --git a/doc/estp.rst b/doc/estp.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 8146562b6..000000000
--- a/doc/estp.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,197 +0,0 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
-===================================================
-  Embedded Stack Trace Profiler (ESTP) User Guide
-===================================================
-
-:Author: Andreas Rumpf
-:Version: |nimversion|
-
-
-Nim comes with a platform independent profiler -
-the Embedded Stack Trace Profiler (ESTP). The profiler
-is *embedded* into your executable. To activate the profiler you need to do:
-
-* compile your program with the `--profiler:on --stackTrace:on` command
-  line options
-* import the `nimprof` module
-* run your program as usual.
-
-You can in fact look at `nimprof`'s source code to see how to implement
-your own profiler.
-
-The setting `--profiler:on` defines the conditional symbol `profiler`.
-
-After your program has finished the profiler will create a
-file `profile_results.txt` containing the profiling results.
-
-Since the profiler works by examining stack traces, it's essential that
-the option `--stackTrace:on` is active! Unfortunately this means that a
-profiling build is much slower than a release build.
-
-
-Memory profiler
-===============
-
-You can also use ESTP as a memory profiler to see which stack traces allocate
-the most memory and thus create the most GC pressure. It may also help to
-find memory leaks. To activate the memory profiler you need to do:
-
-* compile your program with the `--profiler:off --stackTrace:on -d:memProfiler`
-  command line options. Yes it's `--profiler:off`.
-* import the `nimprof` module
-* run your program as usual.
-
-Define the symbol `ignoreAllocationSize` so that only the number of
-allocations is counted and the sizes of the memory allocations do not matter.
-
-
-Example results file
-====================
-
-The results file lists stack traces ordered by significance.
-
-The following example file has been generated by profiling the Nim compiler
-itself: It shows that in total 5.4% of the runtime has been spent
-in `crcFromRope` or its children.
-
-In general the stack traces show you immediately where the problem is because
-the trace acts like an explanation; in traditional profilers you can only find
-expensive leaf functions easily but the *reason* why they are invoked
-often remains mysterious.
-
-::
-  total executions of each stack trace:
-  Entry: 0/3391 Calls: 84/4160 = 2.0% [sum: 84; 84/4160 = 2.0%]
-    newCrcFromRopeAux
-    crcFromRope
-    writeRopeIfNotEqual
-    shouldRecompile
-    writeModule
-    myClose
-    closePasses
-    processModule
-    CompileModule
-    CompileProject
-    CommandCompileToC
-    MainCommand
-    HandleCmdLine
-    nim
-  Entry: 1/3391 Calls: 46/4160 = 1.1% [sum: 130; 130/4160 = 3.1%]
-    updateCrc32
-    newCrcFromRopeAux
-    crcFromRope
-    writeRopeIfNotEqual
-    shouldRecompile
-    writeModule
-    myClose
-    closePasses
-    processModule
-    CompileModule
-    CompileProject
-    CommandCompileToC
-    MainCommand
-    HandleCmdLine
-    nim
-  Entry: 2/3391 Calls: 41/4160 = 0.99% [sum: 171; 171/4160 = 4.1%]
-    updateCrc32
-    updateCrc32
-    newCrcFromRopeAux
-    crcFromRope
-    writeRopeIfNotEqual
-    shouldRecompile
-    writeModule
-    myClose
-    closePasses
-    processModule
-    CompileModule
-    CompileProject
-    CommandCompileToC
-    MainCommand
-    HandleCmdLine
-    nim
-  Entry: 3/3391 Calls: 41/4160 = 0.99% [sum: 212; 212/4160 = 5.1%]
-    crcFromFile
-    writeRopeIfNotEqual
-    shouldRecompile
-    writeModule
-    myClose
-    closePasses
-    processModule
-    CompileModule
-    CompileProject
-    CommandCompileToC
-    MainCommand
-    HandleCmdLine
-    nim
-  Entry: 4/3391 Calls: 41/4160 = 0.99% [sum: 253; 253/4160 = 6.1%]
-    updateCrc32
-    crcFromFile
-    writeRopeIfNotEqual
-    shouldRecompile
-    writeModule
-    myClose
-    closePasses
-    processModule
-    CompileModule
-    CompileProject
-    CommandCompileToC
-    MainCommand
-    HandleCmdLine
-    nim
-  Entry: 5/3391 Calls: 32/4160 = 0.77% [sum: 285; 285/4160 = 6.9%]
-    pop
-    newCrcFromRopeAux
-    crcFromRope
-    writeRopeIfNotEqual
-    shouldRecompile
-    writeModule
-    myClose
-    closePasses
-    processModule
-    CompileModule
-    CompileProject
-    CommandCompileToC
-    MainCommand
-    HandleCmdLine
-    nim
-  Entry: 6/3391 Calls: 17/4160 = 0.41% [sum: 302; 302/4160 = 7.3%]
-    doOperation
-    forAllChildrenAux
-    pop
-    newCrcFromRopeAux
-    crcFromRope
-    writeRopeIfNotEqual
-    shouldRecompile
-    writeModule
-    myClose
-    closePasses
-    processModule
-    CompileModule
-    CompileProject
-    CommandCompileToC
-    MainCommand
-    HandleCmdLine
-    ...
-    nim
-  Entry: 7/3391 Calls: 14/4160 = 0.34% [sum: 316; 316/4160 = 7.6%]
-    Contains
-    isAccessible
-    interiorAllocatedPtr
-    gcMark
-    markStackAndRegisters
-    collectCTBody
-    collectCT
-    rawNewObj
-    newObj
-    newNode
-    copyTree
-    matchesAux
-    matches
-    resolveOverloads
-    semOverloadedCall
-    semOverloadedCallAnalyseEffects
-    ...
-    CommandCompileToC
-    MainCommand
-    HandleCmdLine
diff --git a/doc/filelist.txt b/doc/filelist.txt
index c863ba0cf..5522414fe 100644
--- a/doc/filelist.txt
+++ b/doc/filelist.txt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Short description of Nim's modules
 Module          Description
 ==============  ==========================================================
 nim             main module: parses the command line and calls
-                ``main.MainCommand``
+                `main.MainCommand`
 main            implements the top-level command dispatching
 nimconf         implements the config file reader
 syntaxes        dispatcher for the different parsers and filters
@@ -31,16 +31,14 @@ semstmts        contains the semantic checking phase for statements
 semtypes        contains the semantic checking phase for types
 seminst         instantiation of generic procs and types
 semfold         contains code to deal with constant folding
-semthreads      deep program analysis for threads
-evals           contains an AST interpreter for compile time evaluation
+sempass2        Second semantic checking pass over the AST
+vm              contains an AST interpreter for compile time evaluation
 pragmas         semantic checking of pragmas
 
 idents          implements a general mapping from identifiers to an internal
-                representation (``PIdent``) that is used so that a simple
+                representation (`PIdent`) that is used so that a simple
                 id-comparison suffices to establish whether two Nim
                 identifiers are equivalent
-ropes           implements long strings represented as trees for
-                lazy evaluation; used mainly by the code generators
 
 transf          transformations on the AST that need to be done before
                 code generation
diff --git a/doc/filters.rst b/doc/filters.md
index 52704411f..9482b0b47 100644
--- a/doc/filters.rst
+++ b/doc/filters.md
@@ -1,32 +1,32 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 ===================
 Source Code Filters
 ===================
 
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
+.. default-role:: code
 .. contents::
 
 A `Source Code Filter (SCF)`  transforms the input character stream to an in-memory
 output stream before parsing. A filter can be used to provide templating
 systems or preprocessors.
 
-To use a filter for a source file the `#?` notation is used::
+To use a filter for a source file the `#?` notation is used:
 
-  #? stdtmpl(subsChar = '$', metaChar = '#')
-  #proc generateXML(name, age: string): string =
-  #  result = ""
-  <xml>
-    <name>$name</name>
-    <age>$age</age>
-  </xml>
+    #? stdtmpl(subsChar = '$', metaChar = '#')
+    #proc generateXML(name, age: string): string =
+    #  result = ""
+    <xml>
+      <name>$name</name>
+      <age>$age</age>
+    </xml>
 
 As the example shows, passing arguments to a filter can be done
 just like an ordinary procedure call with named or positional arguments. The
 available parameters depend on the invoked filter. Before version 0.12.0 of
 the language `#!` was used instead of `#?`.
 
-**Hint:** With `--hint[codeBegin]:on` or `--verbosity:2`
-(or higher) while compiling or `nim check`, Nim lists the processed code after
+**Hint:** With `--hint:codeBegin:on`:option: or `--verbosity:2`:option:
+(or higher) while compiling or `nim check`:cmd:, Nim lists the processed code after
 each filter application.
 
 Usage
@@ -41,23 +41,24 @@ recognize it as Nim source file).
 If we use `generateXML` code shown above and call the SCF file `xmlGen.nimf`
 In your `main.nim`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   include "xmlGen.nimf"
   
   echo generateXML("John Smith","42")
+  ```
 
 Pipe operator
 =============
 
-Filters can be combined with the `|` pipe operator::
+Filters can be combined with the `|` pipe operator:
 
-  #? strip(startswith="<") | stdtmpl
-  #proc generateXML(name, age: string): string =
-  #  result = ""
-  <xml>
-    <name>$name</name>
-    <age>$age</age>
-  </xml>
+    #? strip(startswith="<") | stdtmpl
+    #proc generateXML(name, age: string): string =
+    #  result = ""
+    <xml>
+      <name>$name</name>
+      <age>$age</age>
+    </xml>
 
 
 Available filters
@@ -70,11 +71,11 @@ The replace filter replaces substrings in each line.
 
 Parameters and their defaults:
 
-  `sub: string = ""`
-    the substring that is searched for
+* `sub: string = ""`
+  : the substring that is searched for
 
-  `by: string = ""`
-    the string the substring is replaced with
+* `by: string = ""`
+  : the string the substring is replaced with
 
 
 Strip filter
@@ -85,15 +86,15 @@ each line.
 
 Parameters and their defaults:
 
-  `startswith: string = ""`
-    strip only the lines that start with *startswith* (ignoring leading
+* `startswith: string = ""`
+  : strip only the lines that start with *startswith* (ignoring leading
     whitespace). If empty every line is stripped.
 
-  `leading: bool = true`
-    strip leading whitespace
+* `leading: bool = true`
+  : strip leading whitespace
 
-  `trailing: bool = true`
-    strip trailing whitespace
+* `trailing: bool = true`
+  : strip trailing whitespace
 
 
 StdTmpl filter
@@ -107,50 +108,50 @@ statements need `end X` delimiters.
 
 Parameters and their defaults:
 
-  `metaChar: char = '#'`
-    prefix for a line that contains Nim code
-
-  `subsChar: char = '$'`
-    prefix for a Nim expression within a template line
-
-  `conc: string = " & "`
-    the operation for concatenation
-
-  `emit: string = "result.add"`
-    the operation to emit a string literal
-
-  `toString: string = "$"`
-    the operation that is applied to each expression
-
-Example::
-
-  #? stdtmpl | standard
-  #proc generateHTMLPage(title, currentTab, content: string,
-  #                      tabs: openArray[string]): string =
-  #  result = ""
-  <head><title>$title</title></head>
-  <body>
-    <div id="menu">
-      <ul>
-    #for tab in items(tabs):
-      #if currentTab == tab:
-      <li><a id="selected"
-      #else:
-      <li><a
-      #end if
-      href="${tab}.html">$tab</a></li>
-    #end for
-      </ul>
-    </div>
-    <div id="content">
-      $content
-      A dollar: $$.
-    </div>
-  </body>
+* `metaChar: char = '#'`
+  : prefix for a line that contains Nim code
+
+* `subsChar: char = '$'`
+  : prefix for a Nim expression within a template line
+
+* `conc: string = " & "`
+  : the operation for concatenation
+
+* `emit: string = "result.add"`
+  : the operation to emit a string literal
+
+* `toString: string = "$"`
+  : the operation that is applied to each expression
+
+Example:
+
+    #? stdtmpl | standard
+    #proc generateHTMLPage(title, currentTab, content: string,
+    #                      tabs: openArray[string]): string =
+    #  result = ""
+    <head><title>$title</title></head>
+    <body>
+      <div id="menu">
+        <ul>
+      #for tab in items(tabs):
+        #if currentTab == tab:
+        <li><a id="selected"
+        #else:
+        <li><a
+        #end if
+        href="${tab}.html">$tab</a></li>
+      #end for
+        </ul>
+      </div>
+      <div id="content">
+        $content
+        A dollar: $$.
+      </div>
+    </body>
 
 The filter transforms this into:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc generateHTMLPage(title, currentTab, content: string,
                         tabs: openArray[string]): string =
     result = ""
@@ -173,6 +174,7 @@ The filter transforms this into:
       "    A dollar: $.\n" &
       "  </div>\n" &
       "</body>\n")
+  ```
 
 
 Each line that does not start with the meta character (ignoring leading
@@ -181,36 +183,36 @@ whitespace) is converted to a string literal that is added to `result`.
 The substitution character introduces a Nim expression *e* within the
 string literal. *e* is converted to a string with the *toString* operation
 which defaults to `$`. For strong type checking, set `toString` to the
-empty string. *e* must match this PEG pattern::
+empty string. *e* must match this PEG pattern:
 
-  e <- [a-zA-Z\128-\255][a-zA-Z0-9\128-\255_.]* / '{' x '}'
-  x <- '{' x+ '}' / [^}]*
+    e <- [a-zA-Z\128-\255][a-zA-Z0-9\128-\255_.]* / '{' x '}'
+    x <- '{' x+ '}' / [^}]*
 
 To produce a single substitution character it has to be doubled: `$$`
 produces `$`.
 
 The template engine is quite flexible. It is easy to produce a procedure that
-writes the template code directly to a file::
-
-  #? stdtmpl(emit="f.write") | standard
-  #proc writeHTMLPage(f: File, title, currentTab, content: string,
-  #                   tabs: openArray[string]) =
-  <head><title>$title</title></head>
-  <body>
-    <div id="menu">
-      <ul>
-    #for tab in items(tabs):
-      #if currentTab == tab:
-      <li><a id="selected"
-      #else:
-      <li><a
-      #end if
-      href="${tab}.html" title = "$title - $tab">$tab</a></li>
-    #end for
-      </ul>
-    </div>
-    <div id="content">
-      $content
-      A dollar: $$.
-    </div>
-  </body>
+writes the template code directly to a file:
+
+    #? stdtmpl(emit="f.write") | standard
+    #proc writeHTMLPage(f: File, title, currentTab, content: string,
+    #                   tabs: openArray[string]) =
+    <head><title>$title</title></head>
+    <body>
+      <div id="menu">
+        <ul>
+      #for tab in items(tabs):
+        #if currentTab == tab:
+        <li><a id="selected"
+        #else:
+        <li><a
+        #end if
+        href="${tab}.html" title = "$title - $tab">$tab</a></li>
+      #end for
+        </ul>
+      </div>
+      <div id="content">
+        $content
+        A dollar: $$.
+      </div>
+    </body>
diff --git a/doc/grammar.txt b/doc/grammar.txt
index 0d5eef179..51b3e0053 100644
--- a/doc/grammar.txt
+++ b/doc/grammar.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # This file is generated by compiler/parser.nim.
-module = stmt ^* (';' / IND{=})
+module = complexOrSimpleStmt ^* (';' / IND{=})
 comma = ',' COMMENT?
 semicolon = ';' COMMENT?
 colon = ':' COMMENT?
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ colcom = ':' COMMENT?
 operator =  OP0 | OP1 | OP2 | OP3 | OP4 | OP5 | OP6 | OP7 | OP8 | OP9
          | 'or' | 'xor' | 'and'
          | 'is' | 'isnot' | 'in' | 'notin' | 'of' | 'as' | 'from'
-         | 'div' | 'mod' | 'shl' | 'shr' | 'not' | 'static' | '..'
+         | 'div' | 'mod' | 'shl' | 'shr' | 'not' | '..'
 prefixOperator = operator
 optInd = COMMENT? IND?
 optPar = (IND{>} | IND{=})?
@@ -22,64 +22,70 @@ ampExpr = plusExpr (OP7 optInd plusExpr)*
 plusExpr = mulExpr (OP8 optInd mulExpr)*
 mulExpr = dollarExpr (OP9 optInd dollarExpr)*
 dollarExpr = primary (OP10 optInd primary)*
+operatorB = OP0 | OP1 | OP2 | OP3 | OP4 | OP5 | OP6 | OP7 | OP8 | OP9 |
+            'div' | 'mod' | 'shl' | 'shr' | 'in' | 'notin' |
+            'is' | 'isnot' | 'not' | 'of' | 'as' | 'from' | '..' | 'and' | 'or' | 'xor'
 symbol = '`' (KEYW|IDENT|literal|(operator|'('|')'|'['|']'|'{'|'}'|'=')+)+ '`'
-       | IDENT | KEYW
-exprColonEqExpr = expr (':'|'=' expr)?
+       | IDENT | 'addr' | 'type' | 'static'
+symbolOrKeyword = symbol | KEYW
+exprColonEqExpr = expr ((':'|'=') expr
+                       / doBlock extraPostExprBlock*)?
+exprEqExpr = expr ('=' expr
+                  / doBlock extraPostExprBlock*)?
 exprList = expr ^+ comma
+optionalExprList = expr ^* comma
 exprColonEqExprList = exprColonEqExpr (comma exprColonEqExpr)* (comma)?
-dotExpr = expr '.' optInd (symbol | '[:' exprList ']')
-explicitGenericInstantiation = '[:' exprList ']' ( '(' exprColonEqExpr ')' )?
-qualifiedIdent = symbol ('.' optInd symbol)?
+qualifiedIdent = symbol ('.' optInd symbolOrKeyword)?
 setOrTableConstr = '{' ((exprColonEqExpr comma)* | ':' ) '}'
 castExpr = 'cast' ('[' optInd typeDesc optPar ']' '(' optInd expr optPar ')') /
 parKeyw = 'discard' | 'include' | 'if' | 'while' | 'case' | 'try'
         | 'finally' | 'except' | 'for' | 'block' | 'const' | 'let'
         | 'when' | 'var' | 'mixin'
 par = '(' optInd
-          ( &parKeyw (ifExpr \ complexOrSimpleStmt) ^+ ';'
-          | ';' (ifExpr \ complexOrSimpleStmt) ^+ ';'
+          ( &parKeyw (ifExpr / complexOrSimpleStmt) ^+ ';'
+          | ';' (ifExpr / complexOrSimpleStmt) ^+ ';'
           | pragmaStmt
-          | simpleExpr ( ('=' expr (';' (ifExpr \ complexOrSimpleStmt) ^+ ';' )? )
+          | simpleExpr ( (doBlock extraPostExprBlock*)
+                       | ('=' expr (';' (ifExpr / complexOrSimpleStmt) ^+ ';' )? )
                        | (':' expr (',' exprColonEqExpr     ^+ ',' )? ) ) )
           optPar ')'
 literal = | INT_LIT | INT8_LIT | INT16_LIT | INT32_LIT | INT64_LIT
           | UINT_LIT | UINT8_LIT | UINT16_LIT | UINT32_LIT | UINT64_LIT
           | FLOAT_LIT | FLOAT32_LIT | FLOAT64_LIT
           | STR_LIT | RSTR_LIT | TRIPLESTR_LIT
-          | CHAR_LIT
+          | CHAR_LIT | CUSTOM_NUMERIC_LIT
           | NIL
 generalizedLit = GENERALIZED_STR_LIT | GENERALIZED_TRIPLESTR_LIT
 identOrLiteral = generalizedLit | symbol | literal
-               | par | arrayConstr | setOrTableConstr
+               | par | arrayConstr | setOrTableConstr | tupleConstr
                | castExpr
 tupleConstr = '(' optInd (exprColonEqExpr comma?)* optPar ')'
 arrayConstr = '[' optInd (exprColonEqExpr comma?)* optPar ']'
 primarySuffix = '(' (exprColonEqExpr comma?)* ')'
-      | '.' optInd symbol generalizedLit?
+      | '.' optInd symbolOrKeyword ('[:' exprList ']' ( '(' exprColonEqExpr ')' )?)? generalizedLit?
+      | DOTLIKEOP optInd symbolOrKeyword generalizedLit?
       | '[' optInd exprColonEqExprList optPar ']'
       | '{' optInd exprColonEqExprList optPar '}'
-      | &( '`'|IDENT|literal|'cast'|'addr'|'type') expr # command syntax
 pragma = '{.' optInd (exprColonEqExpr comma?)* optPar ('.}' | '}')
 identVis = symbol OPR?  # postfix position
-identVisDot = symbol '.' optInd symbol OPR?
+identVisDot = symbol '.' optInd symbolOrKeyword OPR?
 identWithPragma = identVis pragma?
 identWithPragmaDot = identVisDot pragma?
 declColonEquals = identWithPragma (comma identWithPragma)* comma?
-                  (':' optInd typeDesc)? ('=' optInd expr)?
+                  (':' optInd typeDescExpr)? ('=' optInd expr)?
 identColonEquals = IDENT (comma IDENT)* comma?
-     (':' optInd typeDesc)? ('=' optInd expr)?)
-inlTupleDecl = 'tuple'
-    '[' optInd  (identColonEquals (comma/semicolon)?)*  optPar ']'
-extTupleDecl = 'tuple'
-    COMMENT? (IND{>} identColonEquals (IND{=} identColonEquals)*)?
-tupleClass = 'tuple'
+     (':' optInd typeDescExpr)? ('=' optInd expr)?)
+tupleTypeBracket = '[' optInd (identColonEquals (comma/semicolon)?)* optPar ']'
+tupleType = 'tuple' tupleTypeBracket
+tupleDecl = 'tuple' (tupleTypeBracket /
+    COMMENT? (IND{>} identColonEquals (IND{=} identColonEquals)*)?)
 paramList = '(' declColonEquals ^* (comma/semicolon) ')'
 paramListArrow = paramList? ('->' optInd typeDesc)?
 paramListColon = paramList? (':' optInd typeDesc)?
 doBlock = 'do' paramListArrow pragma? colcom stmt
-procExpr = 'proc' paramListColon pragma? ('=' COMMENT? stmt)?
-distinct = 'distinct' optInd typeDesc
-forStmt = 'for' (identWithPragma ^+ comma) 'in' expr colcom stmt
+routineExpr = ('proc' | 'func' | 'iterator') paramListColon pragma? ('=' COMMENT? stmt)?
+routineType = ('proc' | 'iterator') paramListColon pragma?
+forStmt = 'for' ((varTuple / identWithPragma) ^+ comma) 'in' expr colcom stmt
 forExpr = forStmt
 expr = (blockExpr
       | ifExpr
@@ -88,24 +94,33 @@ expr = (blockExpr
       | forExpr
       | tryExpr)
       / simpleExpr
-typeKeyw = 'var' | 'out' | 'ref' | 'ptr' | 'shared' | 'tuple'
-         | 'proc' | 'iterator' | 'distinct' | 'object' | 'enum'
-primary = typeKeyw optInd typeDesc
-        /  prefixOperator* identOrLiteral primarySuffix*
-        / 'bind' primary
-typeDesc = simpleExpr ('not' expr)?
-typeDefAux = simpleExpr ('not' expr)?
-           | 'concept' typeClass
-postExprBlocks = ':' stmt? ( IND{=} doBlock
-                           | IND{=} 'of' exprList ':' stmt
-                           | IND{=} 'elif' expr ':' stmt
-                           | IND{=} 'except' exprList ':' stmt
-                           | IND{=} 'else' ':' stmt )*
-exprStmt = simpleExpr
-         (( '=' optInd expr colonBody? )
-         / ( expr ^+ comma
-             postExprBlocks
-           ))?
+simplePrimary = SIGILLIKEOP? identOrLiteral primarySuffix*
+commandStart = &('`'|IDENT|literal|'cast'|'addr'|'type'|'var'|'out'|
+                 'static'|'enum'|'tuple'|'object'|'proc')
+primary = simplePrimary (commandStart expr (doBlock extraPostExprBlock*)?)?
+        / operatorB primary
+        / routineExpr
+        / rawTypeDesc
+        / prefixOperator primary
+rawTypeDesc = (tupleType | routineType | 'enum' | 'object' |
+                ('var' | 'out' | 'ref' | 'ptr' | 'distinct') typeDesc?)
+                ('not' primary)?
+typeDescExpr = (routineType / simpleExpr) ('not' primary)?
+typeDesc = rawTypeDesc / typeDescExpr
+typeDefValue = ((tupleDecl | enumDecl | objectDecl | conceptDecl |
+                 ('ref' | 'ptr' | 'distinct') (tupleDecl | objectDecl))
+               / (simpleExpr (exprEqExpr ^+ comma postExprBlocks?)?))
+               ('not' primary)?
+extraPostExprBlock = ( IND{=} doBlock
+                     | IND{=} 'of' exprList ':' stmt
+                     | IND{=} 'elif' expr ':' stmt
+                     | IND{=} 'except' optionalExprList ':' stmt
+                     | IND{=} 'finally' ':' stmt
+                     | IND{=} 'else' ':' stmt )
+postExprBlocks = (doBlock / ':' (extraPostExprBlock / stmt)) extraPostExprBlock*
+exprStmt = simpleExpr postExprBlocks?
+         / simplePrimary (exprEqExpr ^+ comma) postExprBlocks?
+         / simpleExpr '=' optInd (expr postExprBlocks?)
 importStmt = 'import' optInd expr
               ((comma expr)*
               / 'except' optInd (expr ^+ comma))
@@ -125,9 +140,9 @@ condStmt = expr colcom stmt COMMENT?
            (IND{=} 'else' colcom stmt)?
 ifStmt = 'if' condStmt
 whenStmt = 'when' condStmt
-condExpr = expr colcom expr optInd
-        ('elif' expr colcom expr optInd)*
-         'else' colcom expr
+condExpr = expr colcom stmt optInd
+        ('elif' expr colcom stmt optInd)*
+         'else' colcom stmt
 ifExpr = 'if' condExpr
 whenExpr = 'when' condExpr
 whileStmt = 'while' expr colcom stmt
@@ -139,12 +154,11 @@ caseStmt = 'case' expr ':'? COMMENT?
             (IND{>} ofBranches DED
             | IND{=} ofBranches)
 tryStmt = 'try' colcom stmt &(IND{=}? 'except'|'finally')
-           (IND{=}? 'except' exprList colcom stmt)*
+           (IND{=}? 'except' optionalExprList colcom stmt)*
            (IND{=}? 'finally' colcom stmt)?
 tryExpr = 'try' colcom stmt &(optInd 'except'|'finally')
-           (optInd 'except' exprList colcom stmt)*
+           (optInd 'except' optionalExprList colcom stmt)*
            (optInd 'finally' colcom stmt)?
-exceptBlock = 'except' colcom stmt
 blockStmt = 'block' symbol? colcom stmt
 blockExpr = 'block' symbol? colcom stmt
 staticStmt = 'static' colcom stmt
@@ -159,7 +173,7 @@ routine = optInd identVis pattern? genericParamList?
   paramListColon pragma? ('=' COMMENT? stmt)? indAndComment
 commentStmt = COMMENT
 section(RULE) = COMMENT? RULE / (IND{>} (RULE / COMMENT)^+IND{=} DED)
-enum = 'enum' optInd (symbol pragma? optInd ('=' optInd expr COMMENT?)? comma?)+
+enumDecl = 'enum' optInd (symbol pragma? optInd ('=' optInd expr COMMENT?)? comma?)+
 objectWhen = 'when' expr colcom objectPart COMMENT?
             ('elif' expr colcom objectPart COMMENT?)*
             ('else' colcom objectPart COMMENT?)?
@@ -167,19 +181,19 @@ objectBranch = 'of' exprList colcom objectPart
 objectBranches = objectBranch (IND{=} objectBranch)*
                       (IND{=} 'elif' expr colcom objectPart)*
                       (IND{=} 'else' colcom objectPart)?
-objectCase = 'case' identWithPragma ':' typeDesc ':'? COMMENT?
+objectCase = 'case' declColonEquals ':'? COMMENT?
             (IND{>} objectBranches DED
             | IND{=} objectBranches)
 objectPart = IND{>} objectPart^+IND{=} DED
            / objectWhen / objectCase / 'nil' / 'discard' / declColonEquals
-object = 'object' pragma? ('of' typeDesc)? COMMENT? objectPart
-typeClassParam = ('var' | 'out')? symbol
-typeClass = typeClassParam ^* ',' (pragma)? ('of' typeDesc ^* ',')?
+objectDecl = 'object' ('of' typeDesc)? COMMENT? objectPart
+conceptParam = ('var' | 'out' | 'ptr' | 'ref' | 'static' | 'type')? symbol
+conceptDecl = 'concept' conceptParam ^* ',' (pragma)? ('of' typeDesc ^* ',')?
               &IND{>} stmt
-typeDef = identWithPragmaDot genericParamList? '=' optInd typeDefAux
-            indAndComment? / identVisDot genericParamList? pragma '=' optInd typeDefAux
+typeDef = identVisDot genericParamList? pragma '=' optInd typeDefValue
             indAndComment?
-varTuple = '(' optInd identWithPragma ^+ comma optPar ')' '=' optInd expr
+varTupleLhs = '(' optInd (identWithPragma / varTupleLhs) ^+ comma optPar ')' (':' optInd typeDescExpr)?
+varTuple = varTupleLhs '=' optInd expr
 colonBody = colcom stmt postExprBlocks?
 variable = (varTuple / identColonEquals) colonBody? indAndComment
 constant = (varTuple / identWithPragma) (colon typeDesc)? '=' optInd expr indAndComment
diff --git a/doc/hcr.rst b/doc/hcr.md
index 7e9d71da3..285a86282 100644
--- a/doc/hcr.rst
+++ b/doc/hcr.md
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 ===================================
       Hot code reloading
 ===================================
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
+
 The `hotCodeReloading`:idx: option enables special compilation mode where
 changes in the code can be applied automatically to a running program.
 The code reloading happens at the granularity of an individual module.
@@ -22,11 +23,10 @@ during development resides.
 
 In this example, we use SDL2 to create a window and we reload the logic
 code when `F9` is pressed. The important lines are marked with `#***`.
-To install SDL2 you can use `nimble install sdl2`.
+To install SDL2 you can use `nimble install sdl2`:cmd:.
 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   # logic.nim
   import sdl2
 
@@ -78,14 +78,14 @@ To install SDL2 you can use `nimble install sdl2`.
     discard renderer.clear()
     discard renderer.setDrawColor(255, 128, 128, 0)
 
-    var rect = Rect(x: posX - 25, y: posY - 25, w: 50.cint, h: 50.cint)
+    var rect: Rect = (x: posX - 25, y: posY - 25, w: 50.cint, h: 50.cint)
     discard renderer.fillRect(rect)
     delay(16)
     renderer.present()
+  ```
 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   # mymain.nim
   import logic
 
@@ -96,36 +96,44 @@ To install SDL2 you can use `nimble install sdl2`.
     destroy()
 
   main()
+  ```
 
 
-Compile this example via::
+Compile this example via:
 
+  ```cmd
   nim c --hotcodereloading:on mymain.nim
+  ```
 
 Now start the program and KEEP it running!
 
-::
-
+  ```cmd
   # Unix:
   mymain &
   # or Windows (click on the .exe)
   mymain.exe
   # edit
+  ```
 
-For example, change the line::
+For example, change the line:
 
+  ```nim
   discard renderer.setDrawColor(255, 128, 128, 0)
+  ```
 
-into::
+into:
 
+  ```nim
   discard renderer.setDrawColor(255, 255, 128, 0)
+  ```
 
 (This will change the color of the rectangle.)
 
 Then recompile the project, but do not restart or quit the mymain.exe program!
-::
 
+  ```cmd
   nim c --hotcodereloading:on mymain.nim
+  ```
 
 Now give the `mymain` SDL window the focus, press F9, and watch the
 updated version of the program.
@@ -139,7 +147,7 @@ One can use the special event handlers `beforeCodeReload` and
 `afterCodeReload` to reset the state of a particular variable or to force
 the execution of certain statements:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   var
    settings = initTable[string, string]()
    lastReload: Time
@@ -152,6 +160,7 @@ the execution of certain statements:
   afterCodeReload:
     lastReload = now()
     resetProgramState()
+  ```
 
 On each code reload, Nim will first execute all `beforeCodeReload`:idx:
 handlers registered in the previous version of the program and then all
@@ -160,7 +169,7 @@ that any handlers appearing in modules that weren't reloaded will also be
 executed. To prevent this behavior, one can guard the code with the
 `hasModuleChanged()`:idx: API:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   import mydb
 
   var myCache = initTable[Key, Value]()
@@ -168,6 +177,7 @@ executed. To prevent this behavior, one can guard the code with the
   afterCodeReload:
     if hasModuleChanged(mydb):
       resetCache(myCache)
+  ```
 
 The hot code reloading is based on dynamic library hot swapping in the native
 targets and direct manipulation of the global namespace in the JavaScript
@@ -188,16 +198,15 @@ Native code targets
 ===================
 
 Native projects using the hot code reloading option will be implicitly
-compiled with the `-d:useNimRtl` option and they will depend on both
+compiled with the `-d:useNimRtl`:option: option and they will depend on both
 the `nimrtl` library and the `nimhcr` library which implements the
 hot code reloading run-time. Both libraries can be found in the `lib`
 folder of Nim and can be compiled into dynamic libraries to satisfy
-runtime demands of the example code above. An example of compiling 
-`nimhcr.nim` and `nimrtl.nim` when the source dir of Nim is installed
+runtime demands of the example code above. An example of compiling
+``nimhcr.nim`` and ``nimrtl.nim`` when the source dir of Nim is installed
 with choosenim follows.
 
-::
-
+  ```console
   # Unix/MacOS
   # Make sure you are in the directory containing your .nim files
   $ cd your-source-directory
@@ -208,6 +217,7 @@ with choosenim follows.
 
   # verify that you have two files named libnimhcr and libnimrtl in your
   # source directory (.dll for Windows, .so for Unix, .dylib for MacOS)
+  ```
 
 All modules of the project will be compiled to separate dynamic link
 libraries placed in the `nimcache` directory. Please note that during
diff --git a/doc/idetools.rst b/doc/idetools.md
index dcafaf45f..0388a76c0 100644
--- a/doc/idetools.rst
+++ b/doc/idetools.md
@@ -10,24 +10,21 @@
 .. contents::
 
 
-.. raw:: html
-  <blockquote><p>
-  "yes, I'm the creator" -- Araq, 2013-07-26 19:28:32.
-  </p></blockquote>
+> "yes, I'm the creator" -- Araq, 2013-07-26 19:28:32.
 
-Note: this is mostly outdated, see instead `nimsuggest <nimsuggest.html>`_
+Note: this is mostly outdated, see instead [nimsuggest](nimsuggest.html)
 
 Nim differs from many other compilers in that it is really fast,
 and being so fast makes it suited to provide external queries for
 text editors about the source code being written. Through the
-`idetools` command of `the compiler <nimc.html>`_, any IDE
+`idetools` command of [the compiler](nimc.html), any IDE
 can query a `.nim` source file and obtain useful information like
 definition of symbols or suggestions for completion.
 
 This document will guide you through the available options. If you
 want to look at practical examples of idetools support you can look
-at the test files found in the `Test suite`_ or `various editor
-integrations <https://github.com/Araq/Nim/wiki/Editor-Support>`_
+at the test files found in the [Test suite] or [various editor
+integrations](https://github.com/Araq/Nim/wiki/Editor-Support)
 already available.
 
 
@@ -39,39 +36,43 @@ Specifying the location of the query
 
 All of the available idetools commands require you to specify a
 query location through the `--track` or `--trackDirty` switches.
-The general idetools invocations are::
+The general idetools invocations are:
 
-    nim idetools --track:FILE,LINE,COL <switches> proj.nim
+  ```cmd
+  nim idetools --track:FILE,LINE,COL <switches> proj.nim
+  ```
 
-Or::
+Or:
 
-    nim idetools --trackDirty:DIRTY_FILE,FILE,LINE,COL <switches> proj.nim
+  ```cmd
+  nim idetools --trackDirty:DIRTY_FILE,FILE,LINE,COL <switches> proj.nim
+  ```
 
 `proj.nim`
-    This is the main *project* filename. Most of the time you will
+:   This is the main *project* filename. Most of the time you will
     pass in the same as **FILE**, but for bigger projects this is
     the file which is used as main entry point for the program, the
     one which users compile to generate a final binary.
 
 `<switches>`
-    This would be any of the other idetools available options, like
+:   This would be any of the other idetools available options, like
     `--def` or `--suggest` explained in the following sections.
 
 `COL`
-    An integer with the column you are going to query. For the
+:   An integer with the column you are going to query. For the
     compiler columns start at zero, so the first column will be
     **0** and the last in an 80 column terminal will be **79**.
 
 `LINE`
-    An integer with the line you are going to query. For the compiler
+:   An integer with the line you are going to query. For the compiler
     lines start at **1**.
 
 `FILE`
-    The file you want to perform the query on. Usually you will
+:   The file you want to perform the query on. Usually you will
     pass in the same value as **proj.nim**.
 
 `DIRTY_FILE`
-    The **FILE** parameter is enough for static analysis, but IDEs
+:   The **FILE** parameter is enough for static analysis, but IDEs
     tend to have *unsaved buffers* where the user may still be in
     the middle of typing a line. In such situations the IDE can
     save the current contents to a temporary file and then use the
@@ -127,8 +128,8 @@ to the case insensitiveness of the language (plus underscores as
 separators!).
 
 The typical usage scenario for this option is to call it after the
-user has typed the dot character for `the object oriented call
-syntax <tut2.html#object-oriented-programming-method-call-syntax>`_.
+user has typed the dot character for [the object oriented call
+syntax](tut2.html#object-oriented-programming-method-call-syntax).
 Idetools will try to return the suggestions sorted first by scope
 (from innermost to outermost) and then by item name.
 
@@ -181,14 +182,18 @@ results of the compilation, and subsequent queries should be fast
 in the millisecond range, thus being responsive enough for IDEs.
 
 If you want to start the server using stdin/stdout as communication
-you need to type::
+you need to type:
 
-    nim serve --server.type:stdin proj.nim
+  ```cmd
+  nim serve --server.type:stdin proj.nim
+  ```
 
-If you want to start the server using tcp and a port, you need to type::
+If you want to start the server using tcp and a port, you need to type:
 
-    nim serve --server.type:tcp --server.port:6000 \
+  ```cmd
+  nim serve --server.type:tcp --server.port:6000 \
       --server.address:hostname proj.nim
+  ```
 
 In both cases the server will start up and await further commands.
 The syntax of the commands you can now send to the server is
@@ -199,7 +204,7 @@ of text it thinks necessary plus an empty line to indicate the end
 of the answer.
 
 You can find examples of client/server communication in the idetools
-tests found in the `Test suite`_.
+tests found in the [Test suite].
 
 
 Parsing idetools output
@@ -242,45 +247,48 @@ symbol for which idetools returns valid output.
 skConst
 -------
 
-| **Third column**: module + [n scope nesting] + const name.
+| **Third column**: module + \[n scope nesting] + const name.
 | **Fourth column**: the type of the const value.
 | **Docstring**: always the empty string.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    const SOME_SEQUENCE = @[1, 2]
-    --> col 2: $MODULE.SOME_SEQUENCE
-        col 3: seq[int]
-        col 7: ""
+  ```nim
+  const SOME_SEQUENCE = @[1, 2]
+  --> col 2: $MODULE.SOME_SEQUENCE
+      col 3: seq[int]
+      col 7: ""
+  ```
 
 
 skEnumField
 -----------
 
-| **Third column**: module + [n scope nesting] + enum type + enum field name.
+| **Third column**: module + \[n scope nesting] + enum type + enum field name.
 | **Fourth column**: enum type grouping other enum fields.
 | **Docstring**: always the empty string.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    Open(filename, fmWrite)
-    --> col 2: system.FileMode.fmWrite
-        col 3: FileMode
-        col 7: ""
+  ```nim
+  Open(filename, fmWrite)
+  --> col 2: system.FileMode.fmWrite
+      col 3: FileMode
+      col 7: ""
+  ```
 
 
 skForVar
 --------
 
-| **Third column**: module + [n scope nesting] + var name.
+| **Third column**: module + \[n scope nesting] + var name.
 | **Fourth column**: type of the var.
 | **Docstring**: always the empty string.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    proc looper(filename = "tests.nim") =
-      for letter in filename:
-        echo letter
-    --> col 2: $MODULE.looper.letter
-        col 3: char
-        col 7: ""
+  ```nim
+  proc looper(filename = "tests.nim") =
+    for letter in filename:
+      echo letter
+  --> col 2: $MODULE.looper.letter
+      col 3: char
+      col 7: ""
+  ```
 
 
 skIterator, skClosureIterator
@@ -291,48 +299,51 @@ defined, since at that point in the file the parser hasn't processed
 the full line yet. The signature will be returned complete in
 posterior instances of the iterator.
 
-| **Third column**: module + [n scope nesting] + iterator name.
+| **Third column**: module + \[n scope nesting] + iterator name.
 | **Fourth column**: signature of the iterator including return type.
 | **Docstring**: docstring if available.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    let
-      text = "some text"
-      letters = toSeq(runes(text))
-    --> col 2: unicode.runes
-        col 3: iterator (string): Rune
-        col 7: "iterates over any unicode character of the string `s`."
+  ```nim
+  let
+    text = "some text"
+    letters = toSeq(runes(text))
+  --> col 2: unicode.runes
+      col 3: iterator (string): Rune
+      col 7: "iterates over any unicode character of the string `s`."
+  ```
 
 
 skLabel
 -------
 
-| **Third column**: module + [n scope nesting] + name.
+| **Third column**: module + \[n scope nesting] + name.
 | **Fourth column**: always the empty string.
 | **Docstring**: always the empty string.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    proc test(text: string) =
-      var found = -1
-      block loops:
-    --> col 2: $MODULE.test.loops
-        col 3: ""
-        col 7: ""
+  ```nim
+  proc test(text: string) =
+    var found = -1
+    block loops:
+  --> col 2: $MODULE.test.loops
+      col 3: ""
+      col 7: ""
+  ```
 
 
 skLet
 -----
 
-| **Third column**: module + [n scope nesting] + let name.
+| **Third column**: module + \[n scope nesting] + let name.
 | **Fourth column**: the type of the let variable.
 | **Docstring**: always the empty string.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    let
-      text = "some text"
-    --> col 2: $MODULE.text
-        col 3: string
-        col 7: ""
+  ```nim
+  let
+    text = "some text"
+  --> col 2: $MODULE.text
+      col 3: string
+      col 7: ""
+  ```
 
 
 skMacro
@@ -343,16 +354,17 @@ defined, since at that point in the file the parser hasn't processed
 the full line yet. The signature will be returned complete in
 posterior instances of the macro.
 
-| **Third column**: module + [n scope nesting] + macro name.
+| **Third column**: module + \[n scope nesting] + macro name.
 | **Fourth column**: signature of the macro including return type.
 | **Docstring**: docstring if available.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    proc testMacro() =
-      expect(EArithmetic):
-    --> col 2: idetools_api.expect
-        col 3: proc (varargs[expr], stmt): stmt
-        col 7: ""
+  ```nim
+  proc testMacro() =
+    expect(EArithmetic):
+  --> col 2: idetools_api.expect
+      col 3: proc (varargs[expr], stmt): stmt
+      col 7: ""
+  ```
 
 
 skMethod
@@ -363,8 +375,8 @@ defined, since at that point in the file the parser hasn't processed
 the full line yet. The signature will be returned complete in
 posterior instances of the method.
 
-Methods imply `dynamic dispatch
-<tut2.html#object-oriented-programming-dynamic-dispatch>`_ and
+Methods imply [dynamic dispatch](
+tut2.html#object-oriented-programming-dynamic-dispatch) and
 idetools performs a static analysis on the code. For this reason
 idetools may not return the definition of the correct method you
 are querying because it may be impossible to know until the code
@@ -380,33 +392,35 @@ Note that at the moment the word `proc` is returned for the
 signature of the found method instead of the expected `method`.
 This may change in the future.
 
-| **Third column**: module + [n scope nesting] + method name.
+| **Third column**: module + \[n scope nesting] + method name.
 | **Fourth column**: signature of the method including return type.
 | **Docstring**: docstring if available.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    method eval(e: PExpr): int = quit "to override!"
-    method eval(e: PLiteral): int = e.x
-    method eval(e: PPlusExpr): int = eval(e.a) + eval(e.b)
-    echo eval(newPlus(newPlus(newLit(1), newLit(2)), newLit(4)))
-    --> col 2: $MODULE.eval
-        col 3: proc (PPlusExpr): int
-        col 7: ""
+  ```nim
+  method eval(e: PExpr): int = quit "to override!"
+  method eval(e: PLiteral): int = e.x
+  method eval(e: PPlusExpr): int = eval(e.a) + eval(e.b)
+  echo eval(newPlus(newPlus(newLit(1), newLit(2)), newLit(4)))
+  --> col 2: $MODULE.eval
+      col 3: proc (PPlusExpr): int
+      col 7: ""
+  ```
 
 
 skParam
 -------
 
-| **Third column**: module + [n scope nesting] + param name.
+| **Third column**: module + \[n scope nesting] + param name.
 | **Fourth column**: the type of the parameter.
 | **Docstring**: always the empty string.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    proc reader(filename = "tests.nim") =
-      let text = readFile(filename)
-    --> col 2: $MODULE.reader.filename
-        col 3: string
-        col 7: ""
+  ```nim
+  proc reader(filename = "tests.nim") =
+    let text = readFile(filename)
+  --> col 2: $MODULE.reader.filename
+      col 3: string
+      col 7: ""
+  ```
 
 
 skProc
@@ -421,34 +435,36 @@ While at the language level a proc is differentiated from others
 by the parameters and return value, the signature of the proc
 returned by idetools returns also the pragmas for the proc.
 
-| **Third column**: module + [n scope nesting] + proc name.
+| **Third column**: module + \[n scope nesting] + proc name.
 | **Fourth column**: signature of the proc including return type.
 | **Docstring**: docstring if available.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    open(filename, fmWrite)
-    --> col 2: system.Open
-        col 3: proc (var File, string, FileMode, int): bool
-        col 7:
-    "Opens a file named `filename` with given `mode`.
+  ```nim
+  open(filename, fmWrite)
+  --> col 2: system.Open
+      col 3: proc (var File, string, FileMode, int): bool
+      col 7:
+  "Opens a file named `filename` with given `mode`.
 
-     Default mode is readonly. Returns true iff the file could be opened.
-     This throws no exception if the file could not be opened."
+   Default mode is readonly. Returns true iff the file could be opened.
+   This throws no exception if the file could not be opened."
+  ```
 
 
 skResult
 --------
 
-| **Third column**: module + [n scope nesting] + result.
+| **Third column**: module + \[n scope nesting] + result.
 | **Fourth column**: the type of the result.
 | **Docstring**: always the empty string.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    proc getRandomValue() : int =
-      return 4
-    --> col 2: $MODULE.getRandomValue.result
-        col 3: int
-        col 7: ""
+  ```nim
+  proc getRandomValue() : int =
+    return 4
+  --> col 2: $MODULE.getRandomValue.result
+      col 3: int
+      col 7: ""
+  ```
 
 
 skTemplate
@@ -459,11 +475,11 @@ defined, since at that point in the file the parser hasn't processed
 the full line yet. The signature will be returned complete in
 posterior instances of the template.
 
-| **Third column**: module + [n scope nesting] + template name.
+| **Third column**: module + \[n scope nesting] + template name.
 | **Fourth column**: signature of the template including return type.
 | **Docstring**: docstring if available.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  `````nim
     let
       text = "some text"
       letters = toSeq(runes(text))
@@ -474,45 +490,49 @@ posterior instances of the template.
 
      Example:
 
-     .. code-block:: nim
+       ```nim
        let
          numeric = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
          odd_numbers = toSeq(filter(numeric) do (x: int) -> bool:
            if x mod 2 == 1:
              result = true)
        assert odd_numbers == @[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]"
+       ```
+  `````
 
 
 skType
 ------
 
-| **Third column**: module + [n scope nesting] + type name.
+| **Third column**: module + \[n scope nesting] + type name.
 | **Fourth column**: the type.
 | **Docstring**: always the empty string.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    proc writeTempFile() =
-      var output: File
-    --> col 2: system.File
-        col 3: File
-        col 7: ""
+  ```nim
+  proc writeTempFile() =
+    var output: File
+  --> col 2: system.File
+      col 3: File
+      col 7: ""
+  ```
 
 
 skVar
 -----
 
-| **Third column**: module + [n scope nesting] + var name.
+| **Third column**: module + \[n scope nesting] + var name.
 | **Fourth column**: the type of the var.
 | **Docstring**: always the empty string.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    proc writeTempFile() =
-      var output: File
-      output.open("/tmp/somefile", fmWrite)
-      output.write("test")
-    --> col 2: $MODULE.writeTempFile.output
-        col 3: File
-        col 7: ""
+  ```nim
+  proc writeTempFile() =
+    var output: File
+    output.open("/tmp/somefile", fmWrite)
+    output.write("test")
+  --> col 2: $MODULE.writeTempFile.output
+      col 3: File
+      col 7: ""
+  ```
 
 
 Test suite
@@ -530,10 +550,12 @@ Running the test suite
 
 At the moment idetools support is still in development so the test
 suite is not integrated with the main test suite and you have to
-run it manually. First you have to compile the tester::
+run it manually. First you have to compile the tester:
 
-	$ cd my/nim/checkout/tests
-	$ nim c testament/caasdriver.nim
+  ```cmd
+  $ cd my/nim/checkout/tests
+  $ nim c testament/caasdriver.nim
+  ```
 
 Running the `caasdriver` without parameters will attempt to process
 all the test cases in all three operation modes. If a test succeeds
@@ -555,9 +577,11 @@ If you don't want to run all the test case files you can pass any
 substring as a parameter to `caasdriver`. Only files matching the
 passed substring will be run. The filtering doesn't use any globbing
 metacharacters, it's a plain match. For example, to run only
-`*-compile*.txt` tests in verbose mode::
+`*-compile*.txt` tests in verbose mode:
 
-	./caasdriver verbose -compile
+  ```cmd
+  ./caasdriver verbose -compile
+  ```
 
 
 Test case file format
@@ -578,7 +602,7 @@ All the `tests/caas/*.txt` files encode a session with the compiler:
   modes, you can prefix a line with the mode and the line will be
   processed only in that mode.
 
-* The rest of the line is treated as a `regular expression <re.html>`_,
+* The rest of the line is treated as a [regular expression](re.html),
   so be careful escaping metacharacters like parenthesis.
 
 Before the line is processed as a regular expression, some basic
diff --git a/doc/intern.md b/doc/intern.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b16bc71f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/intern.md
@@ -0,0 +1,679 @@
+=========================================
+    Internals of the Nim Compiler
+=========================================
+
+
+:Author: Andreas Rumpf
+:Version: |nimversion|
+
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
+.. contents::
+
+> "Abstraction is layering ignorance on top of reality." -- Richard Gabriel
+
+
+Directory structure
+===================
+
+The Nim project's directory structure is:
+
+============   ===================================================
+Path           Purpose
+============   ===================================================
+`bin`          generated binary files
+`build`        generated C code for the installation
+`compiler`     the Nim compiler itself; note that this
+               code has been translated from a bootstrapping
+               version written in Pascal, so the code is **not**
+               a poster child of good Nim code
+`config`       configuration files for Nim
+`dist`         additional packages for the distribution
+`doc`          the documentation; it is a bunch of
+               reStructuredText files
+`lib`          the Nim library
+============   ===================================================
+
+
+Bootstrapping the compiler
+==========================
+
+**Note**: Add ``.`` to your PATH so that `koch`:cmd: can be used without the ``./``.
+
+Compiling the compiler is a simple matter of running:
+
+  ```cmd
+  nim c koch.nim
+  koch boot -d:release
+  ```
+
+For a debug version use:
+
+  ```cmd
+  nim c koch.nim
+  koch boot
+  ```
+
+
+And for a debug version compatible with GDB:
+
+  ```cmd
+  nim c koch.nim
+  koch boot --debuginfo --linedir:on
+  ```
+
+The `koch`:cmd: program is Nim's maintenance script. It is a replacement for
+make and shell scripting with the advantage that it is much more portable.
+More information about its options can be found in the [koch](koch.html)
+documentation.
+
+
+Reproducible builds
+-------------------
+
+Set the compilation timestamp with the `SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH` environment variable.
+
+  ```cmd
+  export SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=$(git log -n 1 --format=%at)
+  koch boot # or `./build_all.sh`
+  ```
+
+
+Debugging the compiler
+======================
+
+
+Bisecting for regressions
+-------------------------
+
+There are often times when there is a bug that is caused by a regression in the
+compiler or stdlib. Bisecting the Nim repo commits is a useful tool to identify
+what commit introduced the regression.
+
+Even if it's not known whether a bug is caused by a regression, bisection can reduce
+debugging time by ruling it out. If the bug is found to be a regression, then you
+focus on the changes introduced by that one specific commit.
+
+`koch temp`:cmd: returns 125 as the exit code in case the compiler
+compilation fails. This exit code tells `git bisect`:cmd: to skip the
+current commit:
+
+  ```cmd
+  git bisect start bad-commit good-commit
+  git bisect run ./koch temp -r c test-source.nim
+  ```
+
+You can also bisect using custom options to build the compiler, for example if
+you don't need a debug version of the compiler (which runs slower), you can replace
+`./koch temp`:cmd: by explicit compilation command, see [Bootstrapping the compiler].
+
+See also:
+
+- Crossplatform C/Cpp/Valgrind/JS Bisect in GitHub: https://github.com/juancarlospaco/nimrun-action#examples
+
+
+Building an instrumented compiler
+---------------------------------
+
+Considering that a useful method of debugging the compiler is inserting debug
+logging, or changing code and then observing the outcome of a testcase, it is
+fastest to build a compiler that is instrumented for debugging from an
+existing release build. `koch temp`:cmd: provides a convenient method of doing
+just that.
+
+By default, running `koch temp`:cmd: will build a lean version of the compiler
+with `-d:debug`:option: enabled. The compiler is written to `bin/nim_temp` by
+default. A lean version of the compiler lacks JS and documentation generation.
+
+`bin/nim_temp` can be directly used to run testcases, or used with testament
+with `testament --nim:bin/nim_temp r tests/category/tsometest`:cmd:.
+
+`koch temp`:cmd: will build the temporary compiler with the `-d:debug`:option:
+enabled. Here are compiler options that are of interest when debugging:
+
+* `-d:debug`:option:\: enables `assert` statements and stacktraces and all
+  runtime checks
+* `--opt:speed`:option:\: build with optimizations enabled
+* `--debugger:native`:option:\: enables `--debuginfo --lineDir:on`:option: for using
+  a native debugger like GDB, LLDB or CDB
+* `-d:nimDebug`:option: cause calls to `quit` to raise an assertion exception
+* `-d:nimDebugUtils`:option:\: enables various debugging utilities;
+  see `compiler/debugutils`
+* `-d:stacktraceMsgs -d:nimCompilerStacktraceHints`:option:\: adds some additional
+  stacktrace hints; see https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/13351
+* `-u:leanCompiler`:option:\: enable JS and doc generation
+
+Another method to build and run the compiler is directly through `koch`:cmd:\:
+
+  ```cmd
+  koch temp [options] c test.nim
+
+  # (will build with js support)
+  koch temp [options] js test.nim
+
+  # (will build with doc support)
+  koch temp [options] doc test.nim
+  ```
+
+Debug logging
+-------------
+
+"Printf debugging" is still the most appropriate way to debug many problems
+arising in compiler development. The typical usage of breakpoints to debug
+the code is often less practical, because almost all code paths in the
+compiler will be executed hundreds of times before a particular section of the
+tested program is reached where the newly developed code must be activated.
+
+To work around this problem, you'll typically introduce an if statement in the
+compiler code detecting more precisely the conditions where the tested feature
+is being used. One very common way to achieve this is to use the `mdbg` condition,
+which will be true only in contexts, processing expressions and statements from
+the currently compiled main module:
+
+  ```nim
+  # inside some compiler module
+  if mdbg:
+    debug someAstNode
+  ```
+
+Using the `isCompilerDebug`:nim: condition along with inserting some statements
+into the testcase provides more granular logging:
+
+  ```nim
+  # compilermodule.nim
+  if isCompilerDebug():
+    debug someAstNode
+
+  # testcase.nim
+  proc main =
+    {.define(nimCompilerDebug).}
+    let a = 2.5 * 3
+    {.undef(nimCompilerDebug).}
+  ```
+
+Logging can also be scoped to a specific filename as well. This will of course
+match against every module with that name.
+
+  ```nim
+  if `??`(conf, n.info, "module.nim"):
+    debug(n)
+  ```
+
+The above examples also makes use of the `debug`:nim: proc, which is able to
+print a human-readable form of an arbitrary AST tree. Other common ways to print
+information about the internal compiler types include:
+
+  ```nim
+  # pretty print PNode
+
+  # pretty prints the Nim ast
+  echo renderTree(someNode)
+
+  # pretty prints the Nim ast, but annotates symbol IDs
+  echo renderTree(someNode, {renderIds})
+
+  # pretty print ast as JSON
+  debug(someNode)
+
+  # print as YAML
+  echo treeToYaml(config, someNode)
+
+
+  # pretty print PType
+
+  # print type name
+  echo typeToString(someType)
+
+  # pretty print as JSON
+  debug(someType)
+
+  # print as YAML
+  echo typeToYaml(config, someType)
+
+
+  # pretty print PSym
+
+  # print the symbol's name
+  echo symbol.name.s
+
+  # pretty print as JSON
+  debug(symbol)
+
+  # print as YAML
+  echo symToYaml(config, symbol)
+
+
+  # pretty print TLineInfo
+  lineInfoToStr(lineInfo)
+
+
+  # print the structure of any type
+  repr(someVar)
+  ```
+
+Here are some other helpful utilities:
+
+  ```nim
+  # how did execution reach this location?
+  writeStackTrace()
+  ```
+
+These procs may not already be imported by the module you're editing.
+You can import them directly for debugging:
+
+  ```nim
+  from astalgo import debug
+  from types import typeToString
+  from renderer import renderTree
+  from msgs import `??`
+  ```
+
+Native debugging
+----------------
+
+Stepping through the compiler with a native debugger is a very powerful tool to
+both learn and debug it. However, there is still the need to constrain when
+breakpoints are triggered. The same methods as in [Debug logging] can be applied
+here when combined with calls to the debug helpers `enteringDebugSection()`:nim:
+and `exitingDebugSection()`:nim:.
+
+#. Compile the temp compiler with `--debugger:native -d:nimDebugUtils`:option:
+#. Set your desired breakpoints or watchpoints.
+#. Configure your debugger:
+   * GDB: execute `source tools/compiler.gdb` at startup
+   * LLDB execute `command source tools/compiler.lldb` at startup
+#. Use one of the scoping helpers like so:
+
+  ```nim
+  if isCompilerDebug():
+    enteringDebugSection()
+  else:
+    exitingDebugSection()
+  ```
+
+A caveat of this method is that all breakpoints and watchpoints are enabled or
+disabled. Also, due to a bug, only breakpoints can be constrained for LLDB.
+
+The compiler's architecture
+===========================
+
+Nim uses the classic compiler architecture: A lexer/scanner feeds tokens to a
+parser. The parser builds a syntax tree that is used by the code generators.
+This syntax tree is the interface between the parser and the code generator.
+It is essential to understand most of the compiler's code.
+
+Semantic analysis is separated from parsing.
+
+.. include:: filelist.txt
+
+
+The syntax tree
+---------------
+The syntax tree consists of nodes which may have an arbitrary number of
+children. Types and symbols are represented by other nodes, because they
+may contain cycles. The AST changes its shape after semantic checking. This
+is needed to make life easier for the code generators. See the "ast" module
+for the type definitions. The [macros](macros.html) module contains many
+examples how the AST represents each syntactic structure.
+
+
+Runtimes
+========
+
+Nim has two different runtimes, the "old runtime" and the "new runtime". The old
+runtime supports the old GCs (markAndSweep, refc, Boehm), the new runtime supports
+ARC/ORC. The new runtime is active `when defined(nimV2)`.
+
+
+Coding Guidelines
+=================
+
+* We follow Nim's official style guide, see [NEP1](nep1.html).
+* Max line length is 100 characters.
+* Provide spaces around binary operators if that enhances readability.
+* Use a space after a colon, but not before it.
+* (deprecated) Start types with a capital `T`, unless they are
+  pointers/references which start with `P`.
+* Prefer `import package`:nim: over `from package import symbol`:nim:.
+
+See also the [API naming design](apis.html) document.
+
+
+Porting to new platforms
+========================
+
+Porting Nim to a new architecture is pretty easy, since C is the most
+portable programming language (within certain limits) and Nim generates
+C code, porting the code generator is not necessary.
+
+POSIX-compliant systems on conventional hardware are usually pretty easy to
+port: Add the platform to `platform` (if it is not already listed there),
+check that the OS, System modules work and recompile Nim.
+
+The only case where things aren't as easy is when old runtime's garbage
+collectors need some assembler tweaking to work. The default
+implementation uses C's `setjmp`:c: function to store all registers
+on the hardware stack. It may be necessary that the new platform needs to
+replace this generic code by some assembler code.
+
+Files that may need changed for your platform include:
+
+* `compiler/platform.nim`
+  Add os/cpu properties.
+* `lib/system.nim`
+  Add os/cpu to the documentation for `system.hostOS` and `system.hostCPU`.
+* `compiler/options.nim`
+  Add special os/cpu property checks in `isDefined`.
+* `compiler/installer.ini`
+  Add os/cpu to `Project.Platforms` field.
+* `lib/system/platforms.nim`
+  Add os/cpu.
+* `std/private/osseps.nim`
+  Add os specializations.
+* `lib/pure/distros.nim`
+  Add os, package handler.
+* `tools/niminst/makefile.nimf`
+  Add os/cpu compiler/linker flags.
+* `tools/niminst/buildsh.nimf`
+  Add os/cpu compiler/linker flags.
+
+If the `--os` or `--cpu` options aren't passed to the compiler, then Nim will
+determine the current host os, cpu and endianness from `system.cpuEndian`,
+`system.hostOS` and `system.hostCPU`. Those values are derived from
+`compiler/platform.nim`.
+
+In order for the new platform to be bootstrapped from the `csources`, it must:
+
+* have `compiler/platform.nim` updated
+* have `compiler/installer.ini` updated
+* have `tools/niminst/buildsh.nimf` updated
+* have `tools/niminst/makefile.nimf` updated
+* be backported to the Nim version used by the `csources`
+* the new `csources` must be pushed
+* the new `csources` revision must be updated in `config/build_config.txt`
+
+
+Runtime type information
+========================
+
+**Note**: This section describes the "old runtime".
+
+*Runtime type information* (RTTI) is needed for several aspects of the Nim
+programming language:
+
+Garbage collection
+: The old GCs use the RTTI for traversing arbitrary Nim types, but usually
+  only the `marker` field which contains a proc that does the traversal.
+
+Complex assignments
+: Sequences and strings are implemented as
+  pointers to resizable buffers, but Nim requires copying for
+  assignments. Apart from RTTI the compiler also generates copy procedures
+  as a specialization.
+
+We already know the type information as a graph in the compiler.
+Thus, we need to serialize this graph as RTTI for C code generation.
+Look at the file ``lib/system/hti.nim`` for more information.
+
+
+Magics and compilerProcs
+========================
+
+The `system` module contains the part of the RTL which needs support by
+compiler magic. The C code generator generates the C code for it, just like any other
+module. However, calls to some procedures like `addInt` are inserted by
+the generator. Therefore, there is a table (`compilerprocs`)
+with all symbols that are marked as `compilerproc`. `compilerprocs` are
+needed by the code generator. A `magic` proc is not the same as a
+`compilerproc`: A `magic` is a proc that needs compiler magic for its
+semantic checking, a `compilerproc` is a proc that is used by the code
+generator.
+
+
+Code generation for closures
+============================
+
+Code generation for closures is implemented by `lambda lifting`:idx:.
+
+
+Design
+------
+
+A `closure` proc var can call ordinary procs of the default Nim calling
+convention. But not the other way round! A closure is implemented as a
+`tuple[prc, env]`. `env` can be nil implying a call without a closure.
+This means that a call through a closure generates an `if` but the
+interoperability is worth the cost of the `if`. Thunk generation would be
+possible too, but it's slightly more effort to implement.
+
+Tests with GCC on Amd64 showed that it's really beneficial if the
+'environment' pointer is passed as the last argument, not as the first argument.
+
+Proper thunk generation is harder because the proc that is to wrap
+could stem from a complex expression:
+
+  ```nim
+  receivesClosure(returnsDefaultCC[i])
+  ```
+
+A thunk would need to call `returnsDefaultCC[i]` somehow and that would require
+an *additional* closure generation... Ok, not really, but it requires to pass
+the function to call. So we'd end up with 2 indirect calls instead of one.
+Another much more severe problem with this solution is that it's not GC-safe
+to pass a proc pointer around via a generic `ref` type.
+
+
+Example code:
+
+  ```nim
+  proc add(x: int): proc (y: int): int {.closure.} =
+    return proc (y: int): int =
+      return x + y
+
+  var add2 = add(2)
+  echo add2(5) #OUT 7
+  ```
+
+This should produce roughly this code:
+
+  ```nim
+  type
+    Env = ref object
+      x: int # data
+
+  proc anon(y: int, c: Env): int =
+    return y + c.x
+
+  proc add(x: int): tuple[prc, data] =
+    var env: Env
+    new env
+    env.x = x
+    result = (anon, env)
+
+  var add2 = add(2)
+  let tmp = if add2.data == nil: add2.prc(5) else: add2.prc(5, add2.data)
+  echo tmp
+  ```
+
+
+Beware of nesting:
+
+  ```nim
+  proc add(x: int): proc (y: int): proc (z: int): int {.closure.} {.closure.} =
+    return lambda (y: int): proc (z: int): int {.closure.} =
+      return lambda (z: int): int =
+        return x + y + z
+
+  var add24 = add(2)(4)
+  echo add24(5) #OUT 11
+  ```
+
+This should produce roughly this code:
+
+  ```nim
+  type
+    EnvX = ref object
+      x: int # data
+
+    EnvY = ref object
+      y: int
+      ex: EnvX
+
+  proc lambdaZ(z: int, ey: EnvY): int =
+    return ey.ex.x + ey.y + z
+
+  proc lambdaY(y: int, ex: EnvX): tuple[prc, data: EnvY] =
+    var ey: EnvY
+    new ey
+    ey.y = y
+    ey.ex = ex
+    result = (lambdaZ, ey)
+
+  proc add(x: int): tuple[prc, data: EnvX] =
+    var ex: EnvX
+    ex.x = x
+    result = (lambdaY, ex)
+
+  var tmp = add(2)
+  var tmp2 = tmp.fn(4, tmp.data)
+  var add24 = tmp2.fn(4, tmp2.data)
+  echo add24(5)
+  ```
+
+
+We could get rid of nesting environments by always inlining inner anon procs.
+More useful is escape analysis and stack allocation of the environment,
+however.
+
+
+Accumulator
+-----------
+
+  ```nim
+  proc getAccumulator(start: int): proc (): int {.closure} =
+    var i = start
+    return lambda: int =
+      inc i
+      return i
+
+  proc p =
+    var delta = 7
+    proc accumulator(start: int): proc(): int =
+      var x = start-1
+      result = proc (): int =
+        x = x + delta
+        inc delta
+        return x
+
+    var a = accumulator(3)
+    var b = accumulator(4)
+    echo a() + b()
+  ```
+
+
+Internals
+---------
+
+Lambda lifting is implemented as part of the `transf` pass. The `transf`
+pass generates code to set up the environment and to pass it around. However,
+this pass does not change the types! So we have some kind of mismatch here; on
+the one hand the proc expression becomes an explicit tuple, on the other hand
+the tyProc(ccClosure) type is not changed. For C code generation it's also
+important the hidden formal param is `void*`:c: and not something more
+specialized. However, the more specialized env type needs to passed to the
+backend somehow. We deal with this by modifying `s.ast[paramPos]` to contain
+the formal hidden parameter, but not `s.typ`!
+
+
+Notes on type and AST representation
+====================================
+
+To be expanded.
+
+
+Integer literals
+----------------
+
+In Nim, there is a redundant way to specify the type of an
+integer literal. First, it should be unsurprising that every
+node has a node kind. The node of an integer literal can be any of the
+following values:
+
+    nkIntLit, nkInt8Lit, nkInt16Lit, nkInt32Lit, nkInt64Lit,
+    nkUIntLit, nkUInt8Lit, nkUInt16Lit, nkUInt32Lit, nkUInt64Lit
+
+On top of that, there is also the `typ` field for the type. The
+kind of the `typ` field can be one of the following ones, and it
+should be matching the literal kind:
+
+    tyInt, tyInt8, tyInt16, tyInt32, tyInt64, tyUInt, tyUInt8,
+    tyUInt16, tyUInt32, tyUInt64
+
+Then there is also the integer literal type. This is a specific type
+that is implicitly convertible into the requested type if the
+requested type can hold the value. For this to work, the type needs to
+know the concrete value of the literal. For example an expression
+`321` will be of type `int literal(321)`. This type is implicitly
+convertible to all integer types and ranges that contain the value
+`321`. That would be all builtin integer types except `uint8` and
+`int8` where `321` would be out of range. When this literal type is
+assigned to a new `var` or `let` variable, it's type will be resolved
+to just `int`, not `int literal(321)` unlike constants. A constant
+keeps the full `int literal(321)` type. Here is an example where that
+difference matters.
+
+
+  ```nim
+  proc foo(arg: int8) =
+    echo "def"
+
+  const tmp1 = 123
+  foo(tmp1)  # OK
+
+  let tmp2 = 123
+  foo(tmp2) # Error
+  ```
+
+In a context with multiple overloads, the integer literal kind will
+always prefer the `int` type over all other types. If none of the
+overloads is of type `int`, then there will be an error because of
+ambiguity.
+
+  ```nim
+  proc foo(arg: int) =
+    echo "abc"
+  proc foo(arg: int8) =
+    echo "def"
+  foo(123) # output: abc
+
+  proc bar(arg: int16) =
+    echo "abc"
+  proc bar(arg: int8) =
+    echo "def"
+
+  bar(123) # Error ambiguous call
+  ```
+
+In the compiler these integer literal types are represented with the
+node kind `nkIntLit`, type kind `tyInt` and the member `n` of the type
+pointing back to the integer literal node in the ast containing the
+integer value. These are the properties that hold true for integer
+literal types.
+
+    n.kind == nkIntLit
+    n.typ.kind == tyInt
+    n.typ.n == n
+
+Other literal types, such as `uint literal(123)` that would
+automatically convert to other integer types, but prefers to
+become a `uint` are not part of the Nim language.
+
+In an unchecked AST, the `typ` field is nil. The type checker will set
+the `typ` field accordingly to the node kind. Nodes of kind `nkIntLit`
+will get the integer literal type (e.g. `int literal(123)`). Nodes of
+kind `nkUIntLit` will get type `uint` (kind `tyUint`), etc.
+
+This also means that it is not possible to write a literal in an
+unchecked AST that will after sem checking just be of type `int` and
+not implicitly convertible to other integer types. This only works for
+all integer types that are not `int`.
diff --git a/doc/intern.rst b/doc/intern.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 2456b25fd..000000000
--- a/doc/intern.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,796 +0,0 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
-=========================================
-    Internals of the Nim Compiler
-=========================================
-
-
-:Author: Andreas Rumpf
-:Version: |nimversion|
-
-.. contents::
-
-  "Abstraction is layering ignorance on top of reality." -- Richard Gabriel
-
-
-Directory structure
-===================
-
-The Nim project's directory structure is:
-
-============   ===================================================
-Path           Purpose
-============   ===================================================
-`bin`          generated binary files
-`build`        generated C code for the installation
-`compiler`     the Nim compiler itself; note that this
-               code has been translated from a bootstrapping
-               version written in Pascal, so the code is **not**
-               a poster child of good Nim code
-`config`       configuration files for Nim
-`dist`         additional packages for the distribution
-`doc`          the documentation; it is a bunch of
-               reStructuredText files
-`lib`          the Nim library
-`web`          website of Nim; generated by `nimweb`
-               from the `*.txt` and `*.nimf` files
-============   ===================================================
-
-
-Bootstrapping the compiler
-==========================
-
-Compiling the compiler is a simple matter of running::
-
-  nim c koch.nim
-  ./koch boot
-
-For a release version use::
-
-  nim c koch.nim
-  ./koch boot -d:release
-
-And for a debug version compatible with GDB::
-
-  nim c koch.nim
-  ./koch boot --debuginfo --linedir:on
-
-The `koch` program is Nim's maintenance script. It is a replacement for
-make and shell scripting with the advantage that it is much more portable.
-More information about its options can be found in the `koch <koch.html>`_
-documentation.
-
-
-Coding Guidelines
-=================
-
-* Use CamelCase, not underscored_identifiers.
-* Indent with two spaces.
-* Max line length is 80 characters.
-* Provide spaces around binary operators if that enhances readability.
-* Use a space after a colon, but not before it.
-* [deprecated] Start types with a capital `T`, unless they are
-  pointers/references which start with `P`.
-
-See also the `API naming design <apis.html>`_ document.
-
-
-Porting to new platforms
-========================
-
-Porting Nim to a new architecture is pretty easy, since C is the most
-portable programming language (within certain limits) and Nim generates
-C code, porting the code generator is not necessary.
-
-POSIX-compliant systems on conventional hardware are usually pretty easy to
-port: Add the platform to `platform` (if it is not already listed there),
-check that the OS, System modules work and recompile Nim.
-
-The only case where things aren't as easy is when the garbage
-collector needs some assembler tweaking to work. The standard
-version of the GC uses C's `setjmp` function to store all registers
-on the hardware stack. It may be necessary that the new platform needs to
-replace this generic code by some assembler code.
-
-
-Runtime type information
-========================
-
-*Runtime type information* (RTTI) is needed for several aspects of the Nim
-programming language:
-
-Garbage collection
-  The most important reason for RTTI. Generating
-  traversal procedures produces bigger code and is likely to be slower on
-  modern hardware as dynamic procedure binding is hard to predict.
-
-Complex assignments
-  Sequences and strings are implemented as
-  pointers to resizeable buffers, but Nim requires copying for
-  assignments. Apart from RTTI the compiler could generate copy procedures
-  for any type that needs one. However, this would make the code bigger and
-  the RTTI is likely already there for the GC.
-
-We already know the type information as a graph in the compiler.
-Thus we need to serialize this graph as RTTI for C code generation.
-Look at the file `lib/system/hti.nim` for more information.
-
-Rebuilding the compiler
-========================
-
-After an initial build via `sh build_all.sh` on posix or `build_all.bat` on windows,
-you can rebuild the compiler as follows:
-
-* `nim c koch` if you need to rebuild koch
-* `./koch boot -d:release` this ensures the compiler can rebuild itself
-  (use `koch` instead of `./koch` on windows), which builds the compiler 3 times.
-
-A faster approach if you don't need to run the full bootstrapping implied by `koch boot`,
-is the following:
-
-* `pathto/nim c --lib:lib -d:release -o:bin/nim_temp compiler/nim.nim`
-
-Where `pathto/nim` is any nim binary sufficiently recent (e.g. `bin/nim_cources`
-built during bootstrap or `$HOME/.nimble/bin/nim` installed by `choosenim 1.2.0`)
-
-You can pass any additional options such as `-d:leanCompiler` if you don't need
-certain features or `-d:debug --stacktrace:on --excessiveStackTrace --stackTraceMsgs`
-for debugging the compiler. See also `Debugging the compiler`_.
-
-Debugging the compiler
-======================
-
-You can of course use GDB or Visual Studio to debug the
-compiler (via `--debuginfo --lineDir:on`). However, there
-are also lots of procs that aid in debugging:
-
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  # pretty prints the Nim AST
-  echo renderTree(someNode)
-  # outputs some JSON representation
-  debug(someNode)
-  # pretty prints some type
-  echo typeToString(someType)
-  debug(someType)
-  echo symbol.name.s
-  debug(symbol)
-  # pretty prints the Nim ast, but annotates symbol IDs:
-  echo renderTree(someNode, {renderIds})
-  if `??`(conf, n.info, "temp.nim"):
-    # only output when it comes from "temp.nim"
-    echo renderTree(n)
-  if `??`(conf, n.info, "temp.nim"):
-    # why does it process temp.nim here?
-    writeStackTrace()
-
-These procs may not be imported by a module. You can import them directly for debugging:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  from astalgo import debug
-  from types import typeToString
-  from renderer import renderTree
-  from msgs import `??`
-
-To create a new compiler for each run, use `koch temp`::
-
-  ./koch temp c /tmp/test.nim
-
-`koch temp` creates a debug build of the compiler, which is useful
-to create stacktraces for compiler debugging. See also
-`Rebuilding the compiler`_ if you need more control.
-
-Bisecting for regressions
-=========================
-
-`koch temp` returns 125 as the exit code in case the compiler
-compilation fails. This exit code tells `git bisect` to skip the
-current commit.::
-
-  git bisect start bad-commit good-commit
-  git bisect run ./koch temp -r c test-source.nim
-
-You can also bisect using custom options to build the compiler, for example if
-you don't need a debug version of the compiler (which runs slower), you can replace
-`./koch temp` by explicit compilation command, see `Rebuilding the compiler`_.
-
-The compiler's architecture
-===========================
-
-Nim uses the classic compiler architecture: A lexer/scanner feds tokens to a
-parser. The parser builds a syntax tree that is used by the code generator.
-This syntax tree is the interface between the parser and the code generator.
-It is essential to understand most of the compiler's code.
-
-In order to compile Nim correctly, type-checking has to be separated from
-parsing. Otherwise generics cannot work.
-
-.. include:: filelist.txt
-
-
-The syntax tree
----------------
-The syntax tree consists of nodes which may have an arbitrary number of
-children. Types and symbols are represented by other nodes, because they
-may contain cycles. The AST changes its shape after semantic checking. This
-is needed to make life easier for the code generators. See the "ast" module
-for the type definitions. The `macros <macros.html>`_ module contains many
-examples how the AST represents each syntactic structure.
-
-
-How the RTL is compiled
-=======================
-
-The `system` module contains the part of the RTL which needs support by
-compiler magic (and the stuff that needs to be in it because the spec
-says so). The C code generator generates the C code for it, just like any other
-module. However, calls to some procedures like `addInt` are inserted by
-the CCG. Therefore the module `magicsys` contains a table (`compilerprocs`)
-with all symbols that are marked as `compilerproc`. `compilerprocs` are
-needed by the code generator. A `magic` proc is not the same as a
-`compilerproc`: A `magic` is a proc that needs compiler magic for its
-semantic checking, a `compilerproc` is a proc that is used by the code
-generator.
-
-
-Compilation cache
-=================
-
-The implementation of the compilation cache is tricky: There are lots
-of issues to be solved for the front- and backend.
-
-
-General approach: AST replay
-----------------------------
-
-We store a module's AST of a successful semantic check in a SQLite
-database. There are plenty of features that require a sub sequence
-to be re-applied, for example:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  {.compile: "foo.c".} # even if the module is loaded from the DB,
-                       # "foo.c" needs to be compiled/linked.
-
-The solution is to **re-play** the module's top level statements.
-This solves the problem without having to special case the logic
-that fills the internal seqs which are affected by the pragmas.
-
-In fact, this describes how the AST should be stored in the database,
-as a "shallow" tree. Let's assume we compile module `m` with the
-following contents:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  import std/strutils
-
-  var x*: int = 90
-  {.compile: "foo.c".}
-  proc p = echo "p"
-  proc q = echo "q"
-  static:
-    echo "static"
-
-Conceptually this is the AST we store for the module:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  import std/strutils
-
-  var x*
-  {.compile: "foo.c".}
-  proc p
-  proc q
-  static:
-    echo "static"
-
-The symbol's `ast` field is loaded lazily, on demand. This is where most
-savings come from, only the shallow outer AST is reconstructed immediately.
-
-It is also important that the replay involves the `import` statement so
-that dependencies are resolved properly.
-
-
-Shared global compiletime state
--------------------------------
-
-Nim allows `.global, compiletime` variables that can be filled by macro
-invocations across different modules. This feature breaks modularity in a
-severe way. Plenty of different solutions have been proposed:
-
-- Restrict the types of global compiletime variables to `Set[T]` or
-  similar unordered, only-growable collections so that we can track
-  the module's write effects to these variables and reapply the changes
-  in a different order.
-- In every module compilation, reset the variable to its default value.
-- Provide a restrictive API that can load/save the compiletime state to
-  a file.
-
-(These solutions are not mutually exclusive.)
-
-Since we adopt the "replay the top level statements" idea, the natural
-solution to this problem is to emit pseudo top level statements that
-reflect the mutations done to the global variable. However, this is
-MUCH harder than it sounds, for example `squeaknim` uses this
-snippet:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  apicall.add(") module: '" & dllName & "'>\C" &
-              "\t^self externalCallFailed\C!\C\C")
-  stCode.add(st & "\C\t\"Generated by NimSqueak\"\C\t" & apicall)
-
-We can "replay" `stCode.add` only if the values of `st`
-and `apicall` are known. And even then a hash table's `add` with its
-hashing mechanism is too hard to replay.
-
-In practice, things are worse still, consider `someGlobal[i][j].add arg`.
-We only know the root is `someGlobal` but the concrete path to the data
-is unknown as is the value that is added. We could compute a "diff" between
-the global states and use that to compute a symbol patchset, but this is
-quite some work, expensive to do at runtime (it would need to run after
-every module has been compiled) and would also break for hash tables.
-
-We need an API that hides the complex aliasing problems by not relying
-on Nim's global variables. The obvious solution is to use string keys
-instead of global variables:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  proc cachePut*(key: string; value: string)
-  proc cacheGet*(key: string): string
-
-However, the values being strings/json is quite problematic: Many
-lookup tables that are built at compiletime embed *proc vars* and
-types which have no obvious string representation... Seems like
-AST diffing is still the best idea as it will not require to use
-an alien API and works with some existing Nimble packages, at least.
-
-On the other hand, in Nim's future I would like to replace the VM
-by native code. A diff algorithm wouldn't work for that.
-Instead the native code would work with an API like `put`, `get`:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  proc cachePut*(key: string; value: NimNode)
-  proc cacheGet*(key: string): NimNode
-
-The API should embrace the AST diffing notion: See the
-module `macrocache` for the final details.
-
-
-
-Methods and type converters
----------------------------
-
-In the following
-sections *global* means *shared between modules* or *property of the whole
-program*.
-
-Nim contains language features that are *global*. The best example for that
-are multi methods: Introducing a new method with the same name and some
-compatible object parameter means that the method's dispatcher needs to take
-the new method into account. So the dispatching logic is only completely known
-after the whole program has been translated!
-
-Other features that are *implicitly* triggered cause problems for modularity
-too. Type converters fall into this category:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  # module A
-  converter toBool(x: int): bool =
-    result = x != 0
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  # module B
-  import A
-
-  if 1:
-    echo "ugly, but should work"
-
-If in the above example module `B` is re-compiled, but `A` is not then
-`B` needs to be aware of `toBool` even though  `toBool` is not referenced
-in `B` *explicitly*.
-
-Both the multi method and the type converter problems are solved by the
-AST replay implementation.
-
-
-Generics
-~~~~~~~~
-
-We cache generic instantiations and need to ensure this caching works
-well with the incremental compilation feature. Since the cache is
-attached to the `PSym` datastructure, it should work without any
-special logic.
-
-
-Backend issues
---------------
-
-- Init procs must not be "forgotten" to be called.
-- Files must not be "forgotten" to be linked.
-- Method dispatchers are global.
-- DLL loading via `dlsym` is global.
-- Emulated thread vars are global.
-
-However the biggest problem is that dead code elimination breaks modularity!
-To see why, consider this scenario: The module `G` (for example the huge
-Gtk2 module...) is compiled with dead code elimination turned on. So none
-of `G`'s procs is generated at all.
-
-Then module `B` is compiled that requires `G.P1`. Ok, no problem,
-`G.P1` is loaded from the symbol file and `G.c` now contains `G.P1`.
-
-Then module `A` (that depends on `B` and `G`) is compiled and `B`
-and `G` are left unchanged. `A` requires `G.P2`.
-
-So now `G.c` MUST contain both `P1` and `P2`, but we haven't even
-loaded `P1` from the symbol file, nor do we want to because we then quickly
-would restore large parts of the whole program.
-
-
-Solution
-~~~~~~~~
-
-The backend must have some logic so that if the currently processed module
-is from the compilation cache, the `ast` field is not accessed. Instead
-the generated C(++) for the symbol's body needs to be cached too and
-inserted back into the produced C file. This approach seems to deal with
-all the outlined problems above.
-
-
-Debugging Nim's memory management
-=================================
-
-The following paragraphs are mostly a reminder for myself. Things to keep
-in mind:
-
-* If an assertion in Nim's memory manager or GC fails, the stack trace
-  keeps allocating memory! Thus a stack overflow may happen, hiding the
-  real issue.
-* What seem to be C code generation problems is often a bug resulting from
-  not producing prototypes, so that some types default to `cint`. Testing
-  without the `-w` option helps!
-
-
-The Garbage Collector
-=====================
-
-Introduction
-------------
-
-I use the term *cell* here to refer to everything that is traced
-(sequences, refs, strings).
-This section describes how the GC works.
-
-The basic algorithm is *Deferrent Reference Counting* with cycle detection.
-References on the stack are not counted for better performance and easier C
-code generation.
-
-Each cell has a header consisting of a RC and a pointer to its type
-descriptor. However the program does not know about these, so they are placed at
-negative offsets. In the GC code the type `PCell` denotes a pointer
-decremented by the right offset, so that the header can be accessed easily. It
-is extremely important that `pointer` is not confused with a `PCell`
-as this would lead to a memory corruption.
-
-
-The CellSet data structure
---------------------------
-
-The GC depends on an extremely efficient datastructure for storing a
-set of pointers - this is called a `TCellSet` in the source code.
-Inserting, deleting and searching are done in constant time. However,
-modifying a `TCellSet` during traversal leads to undefined behaviour.
-
-.. code-block:: Nim
-  type
-    TCellSet # hidden
-
-  proc cellSetInit(s: var TCellSet) # initialize a new set
-  proc cellSetDeinit(s: var TCellSet) # empty the set and free its memory
-  proc incl(s: var TCellSet, elem: PCell) # include an element
-  proc excl(s: var TCellSet, elem: PCell) # exclude an element
-
-  proc `in`(elem: PCell, s: TCellSet): bool # tests membership
-
-  iterator elements(s: TCellSet): (elem: PCell)
-
-
-All the operations have to perform efficiently. Because a Cellset can
-become huge a hash table alone is not suitable for this.
-
-We use a mixture of bitset and hash table for this. The hash table maps *pages*
-to a page descriptor. The page descriptor contains a bit for any possible cell
-address within this page. So including a cell is done as follows:
-
-- Find the page descriptor for the page the cell belongs to.
-- Set the appropriate bit in the page descriptor indicating that the
-  cell points to the start of a memory block.
-
-Removing a cell is analogous - the bit has to be set to zero.
-Single page descriptors are never deleted from the hash table. This is not
-needed as the data structures needs to be rebuilt periodically anyway.
-
-Complete traversal is done in this way::
-
-  for each page descriptor d:
-    for each bit in d:
-      if bit == 1:
-        traverse the pointer belonging to this bit
-
-
-Further complications
----------------------
-
-In Nim the compiler cannot always know if a reference
-is stored on the stack or not. This is caused by var parameters.
-Consider this example:
-
-.. code-block:: Nim
-  proc setRef(r: var ref TNode) =
-    new(r)
-
-  proc usage =
-    var
-      r: ref TNode
-    setRef(r) # here we should not update the reference counts, because
-              # r is on the stack
-    setRef(r.left) # here we should update the refcounts!
-
-We have to decide at runtime whether the reference is on the stack or not.
-The generated code looks roughly like this:
-
-.. code-block:: C
-  void setref(TNode** ref) {
-    unsureAsgnRef(ref, newObj(TNode_TI, sizeof(TNode)))
-  }
-  void usage(void) {
-    setRef(&r)
-    setRef(&r->left)
-  }
-
-Note that for systems with a continuous stack (which most systems have)
-the check whether the ref is on the stack is very cheap (only two
-comparisons).
-
-
-Code generation for closures
-============================
-
-Code generation for closures is implemented by `lambda lifting`:idx:.
-
-
-Design
-------
-
-A `closure` proc var can call ordinary procs of the default Nim calling
-convention. But not the other way round! A closure is implemented as a
-`tuple[prc, env]`. `env` can be nil implying a call without a closure.
-This means that a call through a closure generates an `if` but the
-interoperability is worth the cost of the `if`. Thunk generation would be
-possible too, but it's slightly more effort to implement.
-
-Tests with GCC on Amd64 showed that it's really beneficial if the
-'environment' pointer is passed as the last argument, not as the first argument.
-
-Proper thunk generation is harder because the proc that is to wrap
-could stem from a complex expression:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  receivesClosure(returnsDefaultCC[i])
-
-A thunk would need to call 'returnsDefaultCC[i]' somehow and that would require
-an *additional* closure generation... Ok, not really, but it requires to pass
-the function to call. So we'd end up with 2 indirect calls instead of one.
-Another much more severe problem which this solution is that it's not GC-safe
-to pass a proc pointer around via a generic `ref` type.
-
-
-Example code:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  proc add(x: int): proc (y: int): int {.closure.} =
-    return proc (y: int): int =
-      return x + y
-
-  var add2 = add(2)
-  echo add2(5) #OUT 7
-
-This should produce roughly this code:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  type
-    PEnv = ref object
-      x: int # data
-
-  proc anon(y: int, c: PEnv): int =
-    return y + c.x
-
-  proc add(x: int): tuple[prc, data] =
-    var env: PEnv
-    new env
-    env.x = x
-    result = (anon, env)
-
-  var add2 = add(2)
-  let tmp = if add2.data == nil: add2.prc(5) else: add2.prc(5, add2.data)
-  echo tmp
-
-
-Beware of nesting:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  proc add(x: int): proc (y: int): proc (z: int): int {.closure.} {.closure.} =
-    return lambda (y: int): proc (z: int): int {.closure.} =
-      return lambda (z: int): int =
-        return x + y + z
-
-  var add24 = add(2)(4)
-  echo add24(5) #OUT 11
-
-This should produce roughly this code:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  type
-    PEnvX = ref object
-      x: int # data
-
-    PEnvY = ref object
-      y: int
-      ex: PEnvX
-
-  proc lambdaZ(z: int, ey: PEnvY): int =
-    return ey.ex.x + ey.y + z
-
-  proc lambdaY(y: int, ex: PEnvX): tuple[prc, data: PEnvY] =
-    var ey: PEnvY
-    new ey
-    ey.y = y
-    ey.ex = ex
-    result = (lambdaZ, ey)
-
-  proc add(x: int): tuple[prc, data: PEnvX] =
-    var ex: PEnvX
-    ex.x = x
-    result = (labmdaY, ex)
-
-  var tmp = add(2)
-  var tmp2 = tmp.fn(4, tmp.data)
-  var add24 = tmp2.fn(4, tmp2.data)
-  echo add24(5)
-
-
-We could get rid of nesting environments by always inlining inner anon procs.
-More useful is escape analysis and stack allocation of the environment,
-however.
-
-
-Alternative
------------
-
-Process the closure of all inner procs in one pass and accumulate the
-environments. This is however not always possible.
-
-
-Accumulator
------------
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  proc getAccumulator(start: int): proc (): int {.closure} =
-    var i = start
-    return lambda: int =
-      inc i
-      return i
-
-  proc p =
-    var delta = 7
-    proc accumulator(start: int): proc(): int =
-      var x = start-1
-      result = proc (): int =
-        x = x + delta
-        inc delta
-        return x
-
-    var a = accumulator(3)
-    var b = accumulator(4)
-    echo a() + b()
-
-
-Internals
----------
-
-Lambda lifting is implemented as part of the `transf` pass. The `transf`
-pass generates code to setup the environment and to pass it around. However,
-this pass does not change the types! So we have some kind of mismatch here; on
-the one hand the proc expression becomes an explicit tuple, on the other hand
-the tyProc(ccClosure) type is not changed. For C code generation it's also
-important the hidden formal param is `void*` and not something more
-specialized. However the more specialized env type needs to passed to the
-backend somehow. We deal with this by modifying `s.ast[paramPos]` to contain
-the formal hidden parameter, but not `s.typ`!
-
-
-Integer literals:
------------------
-
-In Nim, there is a redundant way to specify the type of an
-integer literal. First of all, it should be unsurprising that every
-node has a node kind. The node of an integer literal can be any of the
-following values:
-
-    nkIntLit, nkInt8Lit, nkInt16Lit, nkInt32Lit, nkInt64Lit,
-    nkUIntLit, nkUInt8Lit, nkUInt16Lit, nkUInt32Lit, nkUInt64Lit
-
-On top of that, there is also the `typ` field for the type. It the
-kind of the `typ` field can be one of the following ones, and it
-should be matching the literal kind:
-
-    tyInt, tyInt8, tyInt16, tyInt32, tyInt64, tyUInt, tyUInt8,
-    tyUInt16, tyUInt32, tyUInt64
-
-Then there is also the integer literal type. This is a specific type
-that is implicitly convertible into the requested type if the
-requested type can hold the value. For this to work, the type needs to
-know the concrete value of the literal. For example an expression
-`321` will be of type `int literal(321)`. This type is implicitly
-convertible to all integer types and ranges that contain the value
-`321`. That would be all builtin integer types except `uint8` and
-`int8` where `321` would be out of range. When this literal type is
-assigned to a new `var` or `let` variable, it's type will be resolved
-to just `int`, not `int literal(321)` unlike constants. A constant
-keeps the full `int literal(321)` type. Here is an example where that
-difference matters.
-
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-   proc foo(arg: int8) =
-     echo "def"
-
-   const tmp1 = 123
-   foo(tmp1)  # OK
-
-   let tmp2 = 123
-   foo(tmp2) # Error
-
-In a context with multiple overloads, the integer literal kind will
-always prefer the `int` type over all other types. If none of the
-overloads is of type `int`, then there will be an error because of
-ambiguity.
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-   proc foo(arg: int) =
-     echo "abc"
-   proc foo(arg: int8) =
-     echo "def"
-   foo(123) # output: abc
-
-   proc bar(arg: int16) =
-     echo "abc"
-   proc bar(arg: int8) =
-     echo "def"
-
-   bar(123) # Error ambiguous call
-
-In the compiler these integer literal types are represented with the
-node kind `nkIntLit`, type kind `tyInt` and the member `n` of the type
-pointing back to the integer literal node in the ast containing the
-integer value. These are the properties that hold true for integer
-literal types.
-
-    n.kind == nkIntLit
-    n.typ.kind == tyInt
-    n.typ.n == n
-
-Other literal types, such as `uint literal(123)` that would
-automatically convert to other integer types, but prefers to
-become a `uint` are not part of the Nim language.
-
-In an unchecked AST, the `typ` field is nil. The type checker will set
-the `typ` field accordingly to the node kind. Nodes of kind `nkIntLit`
-will get the integer literal type (e.g. `int literal(123)`). Nodes of
-kind `nkUIntLit` will get type `uint` (kind `tyUint`), etc.
-
-This also means that it is not possible to write a literal in an
-unchecked AST that will after sem checking just be of type `int` and
-not implicitly convertible to other integer types. This only works for
-all integer types that are not `int`.
diff --git a/doc/koch.rst b/doc/koch.md
index 1eb02d785..8fa19ce44 100644
--- a/doc/koch.rst
+++ b/doc/koch.md
@@ -1,17 +1,14 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 ===============================
    Nim maintenance script
 ===============================
 
 :Version: |nimversion|
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
 .. contents::
 
-.. raw:: html
-  <blockquote><p>
-  "A great chef is an artist that I truly respect" -- Robert Stack.
-  </p></blockquote>
+> "A great chef is an artist that I truly respect" -- Robert Stack.
 
 
 Introduction
@@ -19,7 +16,7 @@ Introduction
 
 The `koch`:idx: program is Nim's maintenance script. It is a replacement
 for make and shell scripting with the advantage that it is much more portable.
-The word *koch* means *cook* in German. `koch` is used mainly to build the
+The word *koch* means *cook* in German. `koch`:cmd: is used mainly to build the
 Nim compiler, but it can also be used for other tasks. This document
 describes the supported commands and their options.
 
@@ -33,12 +30,14 @@ boot command
 The `boot`:idx: command bootstraps the compiler, and it accepts different
 options:
 
--d:release
-  By default a debug version is created, passing this option will
+-d:release    By default a debug version is created, passing this option will
   force a release build, which is much faster and should be preferred
   unless you are debugging the compiler.
--d:nimUseLinenoise
-  Use the linenoise library for interactive mode (not needed on Windows).
+-d:nimUseLinenoise     Use the linenoise library for interactive mode
+                       (not needed on Windows).
+-d:leanCompiler        Produce a compiler without JS codegen or
+                       documentation generator in order to use less RAM
+                       for bootstrapping.
 
 After compilation is finished you will hopefully end up with the nim
 compiler in the `bin` directory. You can add Nim's `bin` directory to
@@ -49,23 +48,23 @@ csource command
 ---------------
 
 The `csource`:idx: command builds the C sources for installation. It accepts
-the same options as you would pass to the `boot command
-<#commands-boot-command>`_.
+the same options as you would pass to the [boot command](
+#commands-boot-command).
 
 temp command
 ------------
 
 The temp command builds the Nim compiler but with a different final name
-(`nim_temp`), so it doesn't overwrite your normal compiler. You can use
-this command to test different options, the same you would issue for the `boot
-command <#commands-boot-command>`_.
+(`nim_temp`:cmd:), so it doesn't overwrite your normal compiler. You can use
+this command to test different options, the same you would issue for the [boot
+command](#commands-boot-command).
 
 test command
 ------------
 
-The `test`:idx: command can also be invoked with the alias `tests`. This
-command will compile and run `testament/tester.nim`, which is the main
-driver of Nim's test suite. You can pass options to the `test` command,
+The `test`:idx: command can also be invoked with the alias `tests`:option:. This
+command will compile and run ``testament/tester.nim``, which is the main
+driver of Nim's test suite. You can pass options to the `test`:option: command,
 they will be forwarded to the tester. See its source code for available
 options.
 
@@ -74,13 +73,13 @@ web command
 
 The `web`:idx: command converts the documentation in the `doc` directory
 from rst to HTML. It also repeats the same operation but places the result in
-the `web/upload` which can be used to update the website at
+the ``web/upload`` which can be used to update the website at
 https://nim-lang.org.
 
 By default, the documentation will be built in parallel using the number of
 available CPU cores. If any documentation build sub-commands fail, they will
 be rerun in serial fashion so that meaningful error output can be gathered for
-inspection. The `--parallelBuild:n` switch or configuration option can be
+inspection. The `--parallelBuild:n`:option: switch or configuration option can be
 used to force a specific number of parallel jobs or run everything serially
 from the start (`n == 1`).
 
@@ -89,4 +88,4 @@ pdf command
 
 The `pdf`:idx: command builds PDF versions of Nim documentation: Manual,
 Tutorial and a few other documents. To run it one needs to
-`install Latex/pdflatex <https://www.latex-project.org/get>`_ first.
+[install Latex/xelatex](https://www.latex-project.org/get) first.
diff --git a/doc/lib.md b/doc/lib.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1507bbaac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/lib.md
@@ -0,0 +1,682 @@
+====================
+Nim Standard Library
+====================
+
+:Author: Andreas Rumpf
+:Version: |nimversion|
+
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
+.. contents::
+
+Nim's library is divided into *pure libraries*, *impure libraries*, and *wrappers*.
+
+Pure libraries do not depend on any external ``*.dll`` or ``lib*.so`` binary
+while impure libraries do. A wrapper is an impure library that is a very
+low-level interface to a C library.
+
+Read [this document](apis.html) for a quick overview of the API design.
+
+
+Nimble
+======
+
+Nim's standard library only covers the basics, check
+out https://nimble.directory/ for a list of 3rd party packages.
+
+
+Pure libraries
+==============
+
+Automatic imports
+-----------------
+
+* [system](system.html)
+  Basic procs and operators that every program needs. It also provides IO
+  facilities for reading and writing text and binary files. It is imported
+  implicitly by the compiler. Do not import it directly. It relies on compiler
+  magic to work.
+
+Core
+----
+
+* [atomics](atomics.html)
+  Types and operations for atomic operations and lockless algorithms.
+
+* [bitops](bitops.html)
+  Provides a series of low-level methods for bit manipulation.
+
+* [compilesettings](compilesettings.html)
+  Querying the compiler about diverse configuration settings from code.
+
+* [cpuinfo](cpuinfo.html)
+  Procs to determine the number of CPUs / cores.
+
+* [effecttraits](effecttraits.html)
+  Access to the inferred .raises effects
+  for Nim's macro system.
+
+* [endians](endians.html)
+  Helpers that deal with different byte orders.
+
+* [locks](locks.html)
+  Locks and condition variables for Nim.
+
+* [macrocache](macrocache.html)
+  Provides an API for macros to collect compile-time information across modules.
+
+* [macros](macros.html)
+  Contains the AST API and documentation of Nim for writing macros.
+
+* [rlocks](rlocks.html)
+  Reentrant locks for Nim.
+
+* [typeinfo](typeinfo.html)
+  Provides (unsafe) access to Nim's run-time type information.
+
+* [typetraits](typetraits.html)
+  Compile-time reflection procs for working with types.
+
+* [volatile](volatile.html)
+  Code for generating volatile loads and stores,
+  which are useful in embedded and systems programming.
+
+
+Algorithms
+----------
+
+* [algorithm](algorithm.html)
+  Some common generic algorithms like sort or binary search.
+
+* [enumutils](enumutils.html)
+  Additional functionality for the built-in `enum` type.
+
+* [sequtils](sequtils.html)
+  Operations for the built-in `seq` type
+  which were inspired by functional programming languages.
+
+* [setutils](setutils.html)
+  Additional functionality for the built-in `set` type.
+
+
+Collections
+-----------
+
+* [critbits](critbits.html)
+  A *crit bit tree* which is an efficient
+  container for a sorted set of strings, or a sorted mapping of strings.
+
+* [deques](deques.html)
+  Implementation of a double-ended queue.
+  The underlying implementation uses a `seq`.
+
+* [heapqueue](heapqueue.html)
+  Implementation of a binary heap data structure that can be used as a priority queue.
+
+* [intsets](intsets.html)
+  Efficient implementation of a set of ints as a sparse bit set.
+
+* [lists](lists.html)
+  Nim linked list support. Contains singly and doubly linked lists and
+  circular lists ("rings").
+
+* [options](options.html)
+  The option type encapsulates an optional value.
+
+* [packedsets](packedsets.html)
+  Efficient implementation of a set of ordinals as a sparse bit set.
+
+* [ropes](ropes.html)
+  A *rope* data type.
+  Ropes can represent very long strings efficiently;
+  in particular, concatenation is done in O(1) instead of O(n).
+
+* [sets](sets.html)
+  Nim hash set support.
+
+* [strtabs](strtabs.html)
+  The `strtabs` module implements an efficient hash table that is a mapping
+  from strings to strings. Supports a case-sensitive, case-insensitive and
+  style-insensitive modes.
+
+* [tables](tables.html)
+  Nim hash table support. Contains tables, ordered tables, and count tables.
+
+
+String handling
+---------------
+
+* [cstrutils](cstrutils.html)
+  Utilities for `cstring` handling.
+
+* [editdistance](editdistance.html)
+  An algorithm to compute the edit distance between two
+  Unicode strings.
+
+* [encodings](encodings.html)
+  Converts between different character encodings. On UNIX, this uses
+  the `iconv` library, on Windows the Windows API.
+
+* [formatfloat](formatfloat.html)
+  Formatting floats as strings.
+
+* [objectdollar](objectdollar.html)
+  A generic `$` operator to convert objects to strings.
+
+* [punycode](punycode.html)
+  Implements a representation of Unicode with the limited ASCII character subset.
+
+* [strbasics](strbasics.html)
+  Some high performance string operations.
+
+* [strformat](strformat.html)
+  Macro based standard string interpolation/formatting. Inspired by
+  Python's f-strings.\
+  **Note:** if you need templating, consider using Nim
+  [Source Code Filters (SCF)](filters.html).
+
+* [strmisc](strmisc.html)
+  Uncommon string handling operations that do not
+  fit with the commonly used operations in [strutils](strutils.html).
+
+* [strscans](strscans.html)
+  A `scanf` macro for convenient parsing of mini languages.
+
+* [strutils](strutils.html)
+  Common string handling operations like changing
+  case of a string, splitting a string into substrings, searching for
+  substrings, replacing substrings.
+
+* [unicode](unicode.html)
+  Support for handling the Unicode UTF-8 encoding.
+
+* [unidecode](unidecode.html)
+  It provides a single proc that does Unicode to ASCII transliterations.
+  Based on Python's Unidecode module.
+
+* [widestrs](widestrs.html)
+  Nim support for C/C++'s wide strings.
+
+* [wordwrap](wordwrap.html)
+  An algorithm for word-wrapping Unicode strings.
+
+
+Time handling
+-------------
+
+* [monotimes](monotimes.html)
+  The `monotimes` module implements monotonic timestamps.
+
+* [times](times.html)
+  The `times` module contains support for working with time.
+
+
+Generic Operating System Services
+---------------------------------
+
+* [appdirs](appdirs.html)
+  Helpers for determining special directories used by apps.
+
+* [cmdline](cmdline.html)
+  System facilities for reading command line parameters.
+
+* [dirs](dirs.html)
+  Directory handling.
+
+* [distros](distros.html)
+  Basics for OS distribution ("distro") detection
+  and the OS's native package manager.
+  Its primary purpose is to produce output for Nimble packages,
+  but it also contains the widely used **Distribution** enum
+  that is useful for writing platform-specific code.
+  See [packaging](packaging.html) for hints on distributing Nim using OS packages.
+
+* [dynlib](dynlib.html)
+  Accessing symbols from shared libraries.
+
+* [envvars](envvars.html)
+  Environment variable handling.
+
+* [exitprocs](exitprocs.html)
+  Adding hooks to program exit.
+
+* [files](files.html)
+  File handling.
+
+* [memfiles](memfiles.html)
+  Support for memory-mapped files (Posix's `mmap`)
+  on the different operating systems.
+
+* [os](os.html)
+  Basic operating system facilities like retrieving environment variables,
+  reading command line arguments, working with directories, running shell
+  commands, etc.
+
+* [oserrors](oserrors.html)
+  OS error reporting.
+
+* [osproc](osproc.html)
+  Module for process communication beyond `os.execShellCmd`.
+
+* [paths](paths.html)
+  Path handling.
+
+* [reservedmem](reservedmem.html)
+  Utilities for reserving portions of the
+  address space of a program without consuming physical memory.
+
+* [streams](streams.html)
+  A stream interface and two implementations thereof:
+  the `FileStream` and the `StringStream` which implement the stream
+  interface for Nim file objects (`File`) and strings. Other modules
+  may provide other implementations for this standard stream interface.
+
+* [symlinks](symlinks.html)
+  Symlink handling.
+
+* [syncio](syncio.html)
+  Various synchronized I/O operations.
+
+* [terminal](terminal.html)
+  A module to control the terminal output (also called *console*).
+  
+* [tempfiles](tempfiles.html)
+  Some utilities for generating temporary path names and
+  creating temporary files and directories.
+
+
+Math libraries
+--------------
+
+* [complex](complex.html)
+  Complex numbers and relevant mathematical operations.
+
+* [fenv](fenv.html)
+  Floating-point environment. Handling of floating-point rounding and
+  exceptions (overflow, zero-divide, etc.).
+
+* [lenientops](lenientops.html)
+  Binary operators for mixed integer/float expressions for convenience.
+
+* [math](math.html)
+  Mathematical operations like cosine, square root.
+
+* [random](random.html)
+  Fast and tiny random number generator.
+
+* [rationals](rationals.html)
+  Rational numbers and relevant mathematical operations.
+
+* [stats](stats.html)
+  Statistical analysis.
+
+* [sysrand](sysrand.html)
+  Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator.
+
+
+Internet Protocols and Support
+------------------------------
+
+* [async](async.html)
+  Exports `asyncmacro` and `asyncfutures` for native backends, and `asyncjs` on the JS backend. 
+
+* [asyncdispatch](asyncdispatch.html)
+  An asynchronous dispatcher for IO operations.
+
+* [asyncfile](asyncfile.html)
+  An asynchronous file reading and writing using `asyncdispatch`.
+
+* [asyncftpclient](asyncftpclient.html)
+  An asynchronous FTP client using the `asyncnet` module.
+
+* [asynchttpserver](asynchttpserver.html)
+  An asynchronous HTTP server using the `asyncnet` module.
+
+* [asyncmacro](asyncmacro.html)
+  `async` and `multisync` macros for `asyncdispatch`.
+
+* [asyncnet](asyncnet.html)
+  Asynchronous sockets based on the `asyncdispatch` module.
+
+* [asyncstreams](asyncstreams.html)
+  `FutureStream` - a future that acts as a queue.
+
+* [cgi](cgi.html)
+  Helpers for CGI applications.
+
+* [cookies](cookies.html)
+  Helper procs for parsing and generating cookies.
+
+* [httpclient](httpclient.html)
+  A simple HTTP client with support for both synchronous
+  and asynchronous retrieval of web pages.
+
+* [mimetypes](mimetypes.html)
+  A mimetypes database.
+
+* [nativesockets](nativesockets.html)
+  A low-level sockets API.
+
+* [net](net.html)
+  A high-level sockets API.
+
+* [selectors](selectors.html)
+  A selector API with backends specific to each OS.
+  Supported OS primitives: `epoll`, `kqueue`, `poll`, and `select` on Windows.
+
+* [smtp](smtp.html)
+  A simple SMTP client with support for both synchronous and asynchronous operation.
+
+* [socketstreams](socketstreams.html)
+  An implementation of the streams interface for sockets.
+
+* [uri](uri.html)
+  Functions for working with URIs and URLs.
+
+
+Threading
+---------
+
+* [isolation](isolation.html)
+  The `Isolated[T]` type for
+  safe construction of isolated subgraphs that can be
+  passed efficiently to different channels and threads.
+
+* [tasks](tasks.html)
+  Basic primitives for creating parallel programs.
+
+* [threadpool](threadpool.html)
+  Implements Nim's [spawn](manual_experimental.html#parallel-amp-spawn).
+
+* [typedthreads](typedthreads.html)
+  Basic Nim thread support.
+
+
+Parsers
+-------
+
+* [htmlparser](htmlparser.html)
+  HTML document parser that creates a XML tree representation.
+
+* [json](json.html)
+  High-performance JSON parser.
+
+* [lexbase](lexbase.html)
+  A low-level module that implements an extremely efficient buffering
+  scheme for lexers and parsers. This is used by the diverse parsing modules.
+
+* [parsecfg](parsecfg.html)
+  The `parsecfg` module implements a high-performance configuration file
+  parser. The configuration file's syntax is similar to the Windows ``.ini``
+  format, but much more powerful, as it is not a line based parser. String
+  literals, raw string literals, and triple quote string literals are supported
+  as in the Nim programming language.
+
+* [parsecsv](parsecsv.html)
+  The `parsecsv` module implements a simple high-performance CSV parser.
+
+* [parsejson](parsejson.html)
+  A JSON parser. It is used and exported by the [json](json.html) module, but can also be used in its own right.
+
+* [parseopt](parseopt.html)
+  The `parseopt` module implements a command line option parser.
+
+* [parsesql](parsesql.html)
+  The `parsesql` module implements a simple high-performance SQL parser.
+
+* [parseutils](parseutils.html)
+  Helpers for parsing tokens, numbers, identifiers, etc.
+
+* [parsexml](parsexml.html)
+  The `parsexml` module implements a simple high performance XML/HTML parser.
+  The only encoding that is supported is UTF-8. The parser has been designed
+  to be somewhat error-correcting, so that even some "wild HTML" found on the
+  web can be parsed with it.
+
+* [pegs](pegs.html)
+  Procedures and operators for handling PEGs.
+
+
+Docutils
+--------
+
+* [packages/docutils/highlite](highlite.html)
+  Source highlighter for programming or markup languages. Currently,
+  only a few languages are supported, other languages may be added.
+  The interface supports one language nested in another.
+
+* [packages/docutils/rst](rst.html)
+  A reStructuredText parser. A large subset
+  is implemented. Some features of the markdown wiki syntax are also supported.
+
+* [packages/docutils/rstast](rstast.html)
+  An AST for the reStructuredText parser.
+
+* [packages/docutils/rstgen](rstgen.html)
+  A generator of HTML/Latex from reStructuredText.
+
+
+XML Processing
+--------------
+
+* [xmltree](xmltree.html)
+  A simple XML tree. More efficient and simpler than the DOM. It also
+  contains a macro for XML/HTML code generation.
+
+* [xmlparser](xmlparser.html)
+  XML document parser that creates a XML tree representation.
+
+
+Generators
+----------
+
+* [genasts](genasts.html)
+  AST generation using captured variables for macros.
+
+* [htmlgen](htmlgen.html)
+  A simple XML and HTML code
+  generator. Each commonly used HTML tag has a corresponding macro
+  that generates a string with its HTML representation.
+
+
+Hashing
+-------
+
+* [base64](base64.html)
+  A Base64 encoder and decoder.
+
+* [hashes](hashes.html)
+  Efficient computations of hash values for diverse Nim types.
+
+* [md5](md5.html)
+  The MD5 checksum algorithm.
+
+* [oids](oids.html)
+  An OID is a global ID that consists of a timestamp,
+  a unique counter, and a random value. This combination should suffice to
+  produce a globally distributed unique ID.
+
+* [sha1](sha1.html)
+  The SHA-1 checksum algorithm.
+
+
+Serialization
+-------------
+
+* [jsonutils](jsonutils.html)
+  Hookable (de)serialization for arbitrary types
+  using JSON.
+
+* [marshal](marshal.html)
+  Contains procs for serialization and deserialization of arbitrary Nim
+  data structures.
+
+
+Miscellaneous
+-------------
+
+* [assertions](assertions.html)
+  Assertion handling.
+
+* [browsers](browsers.html)
+  Procs for opening URLs with the user's default
+  browser.
+
+* [colors](colors.html)
+  Color handling.
+
+* [coro](coro.html)
+  Experimental coroutines in Nim.
+
+* [decls](decls.html)
+  Syntax sugar for some declarations.
+
+* [enumerate](enumerate.html)
+  `enumerate` syntactic sugar based on Nim's macro system.
+
+* [importutils](importutils.html)
+  Utilities related to import and symbol resolution.
+
+* [logging](logging.html)
+  A simple logger.
+
+* [segfaults](segfaults.html)
+  Turns access violations or segfaults into a `NilAccessDefect` exception.
+
+* [sugar](sugar.html)
+  Nice syntactic sugar based on Nim's macro system.
+
+* [unittest](unittest.html)
+  Implements a Unit testing DSL.
+
+* [varints](varints.html)
+  Decode variable-length integers that are compatible with SQLite.
+
+* [with](with.html)
+  The `with` macro for easy function chaining.
+
+* [wrapnils](wrapnils.html)
+  Allows evaluating expressions safely against nil dereferences.
+
+
+Modules for the JavaScript backend
+----------------------------------
+
+* [asyncjs](asyncjs.html)
+  Types and macros for writing asynchronous procedures in JavaScript.
+
+* [dom](dom.html)
+  Declaration of the Document Object Model for the JS backend.
+
+* [jsbigints](jsbigints.html)
+  Arbitrary precision integers.
+
+* [jsconsole](jsconsole.html)
+  Wrapper for the `console` object.
+
+* [jscore](jscore.html)
+  The wrapper of core JavaScript functions. For most purposes, you should be using
+  the `math`, `json`, and `times` stdlib modules instead of this module.
+
+* [jsfetch](jsfetch.html)
+  Wrapper for `fetch`.
+
+* [jsffi](jsffi.html)
+  Types and macros for easier interaction with JavaScript.
+
+* [jsre](jsre.html)
+  Regular Expressions for the JavaScript target.
+
+
+Impure libraries
+================
+
+Regular expressions
+-------------------
+
+* [re](re.html)
+  Procedures and operators for handling regular
+  expressions. The current implementation uses PCRE.
+
+* [nre](nre.html)
+
+  Many help functions for handling regular expressions.
+  The current implementation uses PCRE.
+
+Database support
+----------------
+
+* [db_mysql](db_mysql.html)
+  A higher level MySQL database wrapper. The same interface is implemented
+  for other databases too.
+
+* [db_odbc](db_odbc.html)
+  A higher level ODBC database wrapper. The same interface is implemented
+  for other databases too.
+
+* [db_postgres](db_postgres.html)
+  A higher level PostgreSQL database wrapper. The same interface is implemented
+  for other databases too.
+
+* [db_sqlite](db_sqlite.html)
+  A higher level SQLite database wrapper. The same interface is implemented
+  for other databases too.
+
+
+Generic Operating System Services
+---------------------------------
+
+* [rdstdin](rdstdin.html)
+  Code for reading user input from stdin.
+
+
+Wrappers
+========
+
+The generated HTML for some of these wrappers is so huge that it is
+not contained in the distribution. You can then find them on the website.
+
+
+Windows-specific
+----------------
+
+* [winlean](winlean.html)
+  Wrapper for a small subset of the Win32 API.
+* [registry](registry.html)
+  Windows registry support.
+
+
+UNIX specific
+-------------
+
+* [posix](posix.html)
+  Wrapper for the POSIX standard.
+* [posix_utils](posix_utils.html)
+  Contains helpers for the POSIX standard or specialized for Linux and BSDs.
+
+
+Regular expressions
+-------------------
+
+* [pcre](pcre.html)
+  Wrapper for the PCRE library.
+
+
+Database support
+----------------
+
+* [mysql](mysql.html)
+  Wrapper for the mySQL API.
+* [odbcsql](odbcsql.html)
+  interface to the ODBC driver.
+* [postgres](postgres.html)
+  Wrapper for the PostgreSQL API.
+* [sqlite3](sqlite3.html)
+  Wrapper for the SQLite 3 API.
+
+
+Network Programming and Internet Protocols
+------------------------------------------
+
+* [openssl](openssl.html)
+  Wrapper for OpenSSL.
diff --git a/doc/lib.rst b/doc/lib.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 62e02815c..000000000
--- a/doc/lib.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,603 +0,0 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
-====================
-Nim Standard Library
-====================
-
-:Author: Andreas Rumpf
-:Version: |nimversion|
-
-.. contents::
-
-Nim's library is divided into *pure libraries*, *impure libraries*, and *wrappers*.
-
-Pure libraries do not depend on any external `*.dll` or `lib*.so` binary
-while impure libraries do. A wrapper is an impure library that is a very
-low-level interface to a C library.
-
-Read this `document <apis.html>`_ for a quick overview of the API design.
-
-
-Nimble
-======
-
-Nim's standard library only covers the basics, check
-out `<https://nimble.directory/>`_ for a list of 3rd party packages.
-
-
-Pure libraries
-==============
-
-Automatic imports
------------------
-
-* `system <system.html>`_
-  Basic procs and operators that every program needs. It also provides IO
-  facilities for reading and writing text and binary files. It is imported
-  implicitly by the compiler. Do not import it directly. It relies on compiler
-  magic to work.
-
-* `threads <threads.html>`_
-  Basic Nim thread support. **Note:** This is part of the system module. Do not
-  import it explicitly. Enabled with `--threads:on`.
-
-* `channels <channels_builtin.html>`_
-  Nim message passing support for threads. **Note:** This is part of the
-  system module. Do not import it explicitly. Enabled with `--threads:on`.
-
-
-Core
-----
-
-* `bitops <bitops.html>`_
-  Provides a series of low-level methods for bit manipulation.
-
-* `cpuinfo <cpuinfo.html>`_
-  This module implements procs to determine the number of CPUs / cores.
-
-* `endians <endians.html>`_
-  This module contains helpers that deal with different byte orders.
-
-* `lenientops <lenientops.html>`_
-  Provides binary operators for mixed integer/float expressions for convenience.
-
-* `locks <locks.html>`_
-  Locks and condition variables for Nim.
-
-* `macrocache <macrocache.html>`_
-  Provides an API for macros to collect compile-time information across modules.
-  
-* `macros <macros.html>`_
-  Contains the AST API and documentation of Nim for writing macros.
-
-* `rlocks <rlocks.html>`_
-  Reentrant locks for Nim.
-
-* `typeinfo <typeinfo.html>`_
-  Provides (unsafe) access to Nim's run-time type information.
-
-* `typetraits <typetraits.html>`_
-  This module defines compile-time reflection procs for working with types.
-
-* `volatile <volatile.html>`_
-  This module contains code for generating volatile loads and stores,
-  which are useful in embedded and systems programming.
-
-
-Algorithms
-----------
-
-* `algorithm <algorithm.html>`_
-  This module implements some common generic algorithms like sort or binary search.
-
-* `std/enumutils <enumutils.html>`_
-  This module adds functionality for the built-in `enum` type.
-
-* `sequtils <sequtils.html>`_
-  This module implements operations for the built-in `seq` type
-  which were inspired by functional programming languages.
-
-* `std/setutils <setutils.html>`_
-  This module adds functionality for the built-in `set` type.
-
-
-Collections
------------
-
-* `critbits <critbits.html>`_
-  This module implements a *crit bit tree* which is an efficient
-  container for a sorted set of strings, or a sorted mapping of strings.
-
-* `deques <deques.html>`_
-  Implementation of a double-ended queue.
-  The underlying implementation uses a `seq`.
-
-* `heapqueue <heapqueue.html>`_
-  Implementation of a heap data structure that can be used as a priority queue.
-
-* `intsets <intsets.html>`_
-  Efficient implementation of a set of ints as a sparse bit set.
-
-* `lists <lists.html>`_
-  Nim linked list support. Contains singly and doubly linked lists and
-  circular lists ("rings").
-
-* `options <options.html>`_
-  The option type encapsulates an optional value.
-
-* `std/packedsets <packedsets.html>`_
-  Efficient implementation of a set of ordinals as a sparse bit set.
-
-* `sets <sets.html>`_
-  Nim hash and bit set support.
-
-* `sharedlist <sharedlist.html>`_
-  Nim shared linked list support. Contains a shared singly-linked list.
-
-* `sharedtables <sharedtables.html>`_
-  Nim shared hash table support. Contains shared tables.
-
-* `tables <tables.html>`_
-  Nim hash table support. Contains tables, ordered tables, and count tables.
-
-
-String handling
----------------
-
-* `cstrutils <cstrutils.html>`_
-  Utilities for `cstring` handling.
-
-* `std/editdistance <editdistance.html>`_
-  This module contains an algorithm to compute the edit distance between two
-  Unicode strings.
-
-* `encodings <encodings.html>`_
-  Converts between different character encodings. On UNIX, this uses
-  the `iconv` library, on Windows the Windows API.
-
-* `parseutils <parseutils.html>`_
-  This module contains helpers for parsing tokens, numbers, identifiers, etc.
-
-* `pegs <pegs.html>`_
-  This module contains procedures and operators for handling PEGs.
-
-* `punycode <punycode.html>`_
-  Implements a representation of Unicode with the limited ASCII character subset.
-
-* `ropes <ropes.html>`_
-  This module contains support for a *rope* data type.
-  Ropes can represent very long strings efficiently;
-  especially concatenation is done in O(1) instead of O(n).
-
-* `strformat <strformat.html>`_
-  Macro based standard string interpolation/formatting. Inspired by
-  Python's `f`-strings.
-
-* `strmisc <strmisc.html>`_
-  This module contains uncommon string handling operations that do not
-  fit with the commonly used operations in strutils.
-
-* `strscans <strscans.html>`_
-  This module contains a `scanf` macro for convenient parsing of mini languages.
-
-* `strtabs <strtabs.html>`_
-  The `strtabs` module implements an efficient hash table that is a mapping
-  from strings to strings. Supports a case-sensitive, case-insensitive and
-  style-insensitive modes.
-
-* `strutils <strutils.html>`_
-  This module contains common string handling operations like changing
-  case of a string, splitting a string into substrings, searching for
-  substrings, replacing substrings.
-
-* `unicode <unicode.html>`_
-  This module provides support to handle the Unicode UTF-8 encoding.
-
-* `unidecode <unidecode.html>`_
-  It provides a single proc that does Unicode to ASCII transliterations.
-  Based on Python's Unidecode module.
-
-* `std/wordwrap <wordwrap.html>`_
-  This module contains an algorithm to wordwrap a Unicode string.
-
-
-Time handling
--------------
-
-* `std/monotimes <monotimes.html>`_
-  The `monotimes` module implements monotonic timestamps.
-
-* `times <times.html>`_
-  The `times` module contains support for working with time.
-
-
-Generic Operating System Services
----------------------------------
-
-* `distros <distros.html>`_
-  This module implements the basics for OS distribution ("distro") detection
-  and the OS's native package manager.
-  Its primary purpose is to produce output for Nimble packages,
-  but it also contains the widely used **Distribution** enum
-  that is useful for writing platform-specific code.
-  See `packaging <packaging.html>`_ for hints on distributing Nim using OS packages.
-
-* `dynlib <dynlib.html>`_
-  This module implements the ability to access symbols from shared libraries.
-
-* `marshal <marshal.html>`_
-  Contains procs for serialization and deserialization of arbitrary Nim
-  data structures.
-
-* `memfiles <memfiles.html>`_
-  This module provides support for memory-mapped files (Posix's `mmap`)
-  on the different operating systems.
-
-* `os <os.html>`_
-  Basic operating system facilities like retrieving environment variables,
-  reading command line arguments, working with directories, running shell
-  commands, etc.
-
-* `osproc <osproc.html>`_
-  Module for process communication beyond `os.execShellCmd`.
-
-* `streams <streams.html>`_
-  This module provides a stream interface and two implementations thereof:
-  the `FileStream` and the `StringStream` which implement the stream
-  interface for Nim file objects (`File`) and strings. Other modules
-  may provide other implementations for this standard stream interface.
-
-* `terminal <terminal.html>`_
-  This module contains a few procedures to control the *terminal*
-  (also called *console*). The implementation simply uses ANSI escape
-  sequences and does not depend on any other module.
-
-
-Math libraries
---------------
-
-* `complex <complex.html>`_
-  This module implements complex numbers and relevant mathematical operations.
-
-* `fenv <fenv.html>`_
-  Floating-point environment. Handling of floating-point rounding and
-  exceptions (overflow, zero-divide, etc.).
-
-* `math <math.html>`_
-  Mathematical operations like cosine, square root.
-
-* `mersenne <mersenne.html>`_
-  Mersenne twister random number generator.
-
-* `random <random.html>`_
-  Fast and tiny random number generator.
-
-* `std/sysrand <sysrand.html>`_
-  Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator.
-
-* `rationals <rationals.html>`_
-  This module implements rational numbers and relevant mathematical operations.
-
-* `stats <stats.html>`_
-  Statistical analysis
-
-* `std/sums <sums.html>`_
-  Accurate summation functions.
-
-
-Internet Protocols and Support
-------------------------------
-
-* `asyncdispatch <asyncdispatch.html>`_
-  This module implements an asynchronous dispatcher for IO operations.
-
-* `asyncfile <asyncfile.html>`_
-  This module implements asynchronous file reading and writing using
-  `asyncdispatch`.
-
-* `asyncftpclient <asyncftpclient.html>`_
-  This module implements an asynchronous FTP client using the `asyncnet`
-  module.
-
-* `asynchttpserver <asynchttpserver.html>`_
-  This module implements an asynchronous HTTP server using the `asyncnet`
-  module.
-
-* `asyncnet <asyncnet.html>`_
-  This module implements asynchronous sockets based on the `asyncdispatch`
-  module.
-
-* `asyncstreams <asyncstreams.html>`_
-  This module provides `FutureStream` - a future that acts as a queue.
-
-* `cgi <cgi.html>`_
-  This module implements helpers for CGI applications.
-
-* `cookies <cookies.html>`_
-  This module contains helper procs for parsing and generating cookies.
-
-* `httpclient <httpclient.html>`_
-  This module implements a simple HTTP client which supports both synchronous
-  and asynchronous retrieval of web pages.
-
-* `mimetypes <mimetypes.html>`_
-  This module implements a mimetypes database.
-
-* `nativesockets <nativesockets.html>`_
-  This module implements a low-level sockets API.
-
-* `net <net.html>`_
-  This module implements a high-level sockets API. It replaces the
-  `sockets` module.
-
-* `selectors <selectors.html>`_
-  This module implements a selector API with backends specific to each OS.
-  Currently, epoll on Linux and select on other operating systems.
-
-* `smtp <smtp.html>`_
-  This module implements a simple SMTP client.
-
-* `uri <uri.html>`_
-  This module provides functions for working with URIs.
-
-
-Threading
----------
-
-* `threadpool <threadpool.html>`_
-  Implements Nim's `spawn <manual_experimental.html#parallel-amp-spawn>`_.
-
-
-Parsers
--------
-
-* `htmlparser <htmlparser.html>`_
-  This module parses an HTML document and creates its XML tree representation.
-
-* `json <json.html>`_
-  High-performance JSON parser.
-
-* `std/jsonutils <jsonutils.html>`_
-  This module implements a hookable (de)serialization for arbitrary types.
-
-* `lexbase <lexbase.html>`_
-  This is a low-level module that implements an extremely efficient buffering
-  scheme for lexers and parsers. This is used by the diverse parsing modules.
-
-* `parsecfg <parsecfg.html>`_
-  The `parsecfg` module implements a high-performance configuration file
-  parser. The configuration file's syntax is similar to the Windows `.ini`
-  format, but much more powerful, as it is not a line based parser. String
-  literals, raw string literals, and triple quote string literals are supported
-  as in the Nim programming language.
-
-* `parsecsv <parsecsv.html>`_
-  The `parsecsv` module implements a simple high-performance CSV parser.
-
-* `parsejson <parsejson.html>`_
-  This module implements a JSON parser. It is used and exported by the `json <json.html>`_ module, but can also be used in its own right.
-
-* `parseopt <parseopt.html>`_
-  The `parseopt` module implements a command line option parser.
-
-* `parsesql <parsesql.html>`_
-  The `parsesql` module implements a simple high-performance SQL parser.
-
-* `parsexml <parsexml.html>`_
-  The `parsexml` module implements a simple high performance XML/HTML parser.
-  The only encoding that is supported is UTF-8. The parser has been designed
-  to be somewhat error-correcting, so that even some "wild HTML" found on the
-  web can be parsed with it.
-
-
-Docutils
---------
-
-* `packages/docutils/highlite <highlite.html>`_
-  Source highlighter for programming or markup languages. Currently,
-  only a few languages are supported, other languages may be added.
-  The interface supports one language nested in another.
-
-* `packages/docutils/rst <rst.html>`_
-  This module implements a reStructuredText parser. A large subset
-  is implemented. Some features of the markdown wiki syntax are also supported.
-
-* `packages/docutils/rstast <rstast.html>`_
-  This module implements an AST for the reStructuredText parser.
-
-* `packages/docutils/rstgen <rstgen.html>`_
-  This module implements a generator of HTML/Latex from reStructuredText.
-
-
-XML Processing
---------------
-
-* `xmltree <xmltree.html>`_
-  A simple XML tree. More efficient and simpler than the DOM. It also
-  contains a macro for XML/HTML code generation.
-
-* `xmlparser <xmlparser.html>`_
-  This module parses an XML document and creates its XML tree representation.
-
-
-Generators
-----------
-
-* `htmlgen <htmlgen.html>`_
-  This module implements a simple XML and HTML code
-  generator. Each commonly used HTML tag has a corresponding macro
-  that generates a string with its HTML representation.
-
-
-Hashing
--------
-
-* `base64 <base64.html>`_
-  This module implements a base64 encoder and decoder.
-
-* `hashes <hashes.html>`_
-  This module implements efficient computations of hash values for diverse
-  Nim types.
-
-* `md5 <md5.html>`_
-  This module implements the MD5 checksum algorithm.
-
-* `oids <oids.html>`_
-  An OID is a global ID that consists of a timestamp,
-  a unique counter, and a random value. This combination should suffice to
-  produce a globally distributed unique ID. This implementation was extracted
-  from the Mongodb interface and it thus binary compatible with a Mongo OID.
-
-* `std/sha1 <sha1.html>`_
-  This module implements a sha1 encoder and decoder.
-
-
-Miscellaneous
--------------
-
-* `browsers <browsers.html>`_
-  This module implements procs for opening URLs with the user's default
-  browser.
-
-* `colors <colors.html>`_
-  This module implements color handling for Nim.
-
-* `coro <coro.html>`_
-  This module implements experimental coroutines in Nim.
-
-* `std/enumerate <enumerate.html>`_
-  This module implements `enumerate` syntactic sugar based on Nim's macro system.
-
-* `logging <logging.html>`_
-  This module implements a simple logger.
-
-* `segfaults <segfaults.html>`_
-  Turns access violations or segfaults into a `NilAccessDefect` exception.
-
-* `sugar <sugar.html>`_
-  This module implements nice syntactic sugar based on Nim's macro system.
-
-* `unittest <unittest.html>`_
-  Implements a Unit testing DSL.
-
-* `std/varints <varints.html>`_
-  Decode variable-length integers that are compatible with SQLite.
-
-* `std/with <with.html>`_
-  This module implements the `with` macro for easy function chaining.
-
-
-
-Modules for JS backend
-----------------------
-
-* `asyncjs <asyncjs.html>`_
-  Types and macros for writing asynchronous procedures in JavaScript.
-
-* `dom <dom.html>`_
-  Declaration of the Document Object Model for the JS backend.
-
-* `jsconsole <jsconsole.html>`_
-  Wrapper for the `console` object.
-
-* `jscore <jscore.html>`_
-  The wrapper of core JavaScript functions. For most purposes, you should be using
-  the `math`, `json`, and `times` stdlib modules instead of this module.
-
-* `jsffi <jsffi.html>`_
-  Types and macros for easier interaction with JavaScript.
-
-
-Impure libraries
-================
-
-Regular expressions
--------------------
-
-* `re <re.html>`_
-  This module contains procedures and operators for handling regular
-  expressions. The current implementation uses PCRE.
-
-
-
-Database support
-----------------
-
-* `db_postgres <db_postgres.html>`_
-  A higher level PostgreSQL database wrapper. The same interface is implemented
-  for other databases too.
-
-* `db_mysql <db_mysql.html>`_
-  A higher level MySQL database wrapper. The same interface is implemented
-  for other databases too.
-
-* `db_sqlite <db_sqlite.html>`_
-  A higher level SQLite database wrapper. The same interface is implemented
-  for other databases too.
-
-
-Generic Operating System Services
----------------------------------
-
-* `rdstdin <rdstdin.html>`_
-  This module contains code for reading from stdin.
-
-
-Wrappers
-========
-
-The generated HTML for some of these wrappers is so huge that it is
-not contained in the distribution. You can then find them on the website.
-
-
-Windows-specific
-----------------
-
-* `winlean <winlean.html>`_
-  Contains a wrapper for a small subset of the Win32 API.
-* `registry <registry.html>`_
-  Windows registry support.
-
-
-UNIX specific
--------------
-
-* `posix <posix.html>`_
-  Contains a wrapper for the POSIX standard.
-* `posix_utils <posix_utils.html>`_
-  Contains helpers for the POSIX standard or specialized for Linux and BSDs.
-
-
-Regular expressions
--------------------
-
-* `pcre <pcre.html>`_
-  Wrapper for the PCRE library.
-
-
-Database support
-----------------
-
-* `postgres <postgres.html>`_
-  Contains a wrapper for the PostgreSQL API.
-* `mysql <mysql.html>`_
-  Contains a wrapper for the mySQL API.
-* `sqlite3 <sqlite3.html>`_
-  Contains a wrapper for SQLite 3 API.
-* `odbcsql <odbcsql.html>`_
-  interface to the ODBC driver.
-
-
-Network Programming and Internet Protocols
-------------------------------------------
-
-* `openssl <openssl.html>`_
-  Wrapper for OpenSSL.
-
-
-
-Unstable
-========
-
-* `atomics <atomics.html>`_
-  Types and operations for atomic operations and lockless algorithms.
diff --git a/doc/manual.rst b/doc/manual.md
index 1bb47f28b..5c36a0a7b 100644
--- a/doc/manual.rst
+++ b/doc/manual.md
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 ==========
 Nim Manual
 ==========
@@ -7,12 +5,14 @@ Nim Manual
 :Authors: Andreas Rumpf, Zahary Karadjov
 :Version: |nimversion|
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
 .. contents::
 
 
-  "Complexity" seems to be a lot like "energy": you can transfer it from the
-  end-user to one/some of the other players, but the total amount seems to remain
-  pretty much constant for a given task. -- Ran
+> "Complexity" seems to be a lot like "energy": you can transfer it from the
+> end-user to one/some of the other players, but the total amount seems to remain
+> pretty much constant for a given task. -- Ran
 
 
 About this document
@@ -22,16 +22,16 @@ About this document
 precise wording. This manual is constantly evolving into a proper specification.
 
 **Note**: The experimental features of Nim are
-covered `here <manual_experimental.html>`_.
+covered [here](manual_experimental.html).
 
 **Note**: Assignments, moves, and destruction are specified in
-the `destructors <destructors.html>`_ document.
+the [destructors](destructors.html) document.
 
 
 This document describes the lexis, the syntax, and the semantics of the Nim language.
 
 To learn how to compile Nim programs and generate documentation see
-`Compiler User Guide <nimc.html>`_ and `DocGen Tools Guide <docgen.html>`_.
+the [Compiler User Guide](nimc.html) and the [DocGen Tools Guide](docgen.html).
 
 The language constructs are explained using an extended BNF, in which `(a)*`
 means 0 or more `a`'s, `a+` means 1 or more `a`'s, and `(a)?` means an
@@ -47,16 +47,16 @@ is not ambiguous.
 
 Non-terminals start with a lowercase letter, abstract terminal symbols are in
 UPPERCASE. Verbatim terminal symbols (including keywords) are quoted
-with `'`. An example::
+with `'`. An example:
 
-  ifStmt = 'if' expr ':' stmts ('elif' expr ':' stmts)* ('else' stmts)?
+    ifStmt = 'if' expr ':' stmts ('elif' expr ':' stmts)* ('else' stmts)?
 
 The binary `^*` operator is used as a shorthand for 0 or more occurrences
 separated by its second argument; likewise `^+` means 1 or more
 occurrences: `a ^+ b` is short for `a (b a)*`
-and `a ^* b` is short for `(a (b a)*)?`. Example::
+and `a ^* b` is short for `(a (b a)*)?`. Example:
 
-  arrayConstructor = '[' expr ^* ',' ']'
+    arrayConstructor = '[' expr ^* ',' ']'
 
 Other parts of Nim, like scoping rules or runtime semantics, are
 described informally.
@@ -91,11 +91,11 @@ The nature of this executable depends on the compiler implementation; it may,
 for example, be a native binary or JavaScript source code.
 
 In a typical Nim program, most of the code is compiled into the executable.
-However, some of the code may be executed at
+However, some code may be executed at
 `compile-time`:idx:. This can include constant expressions, macro definitions,
 and Nim procedures used by macro definitions. Most of the Nim language is
-supported at compile-time, but there are some restrictions -- see `Restrictions
-on Compile-Time Execution <#restrictions-on-compileminustime-execution>`_ for
+supported at compile-time, but there are some restrictions -- see [Restrictions
+on Compile-Time Execution] for
 details. We use the term `runtime`:idx: to cover both compile-time execution
 and code execution in the executable.
 
@@ -111,25 +111,26 @@ A `panic`:idx: is an error that the implementation detects
 and reports at runtime. The method for reporting such errors is via
 *raising exceptions* or *dying with a fatal error*. However, the implementation
 provides a means to disable these `runtime checks`:idx:. See the section
-pragmas_ for details.
+[Pragmas] for details.
 
 Whether a panic results in an exception or in a fatal error is
-implementation specific. Thus the following program is invalid; even though the
+implementation specific. Thus, the following program is invalid; even though the
 code purports to catch the `IndexDefect` from an out-of-bounds array access, the
 compiler may instead choose to allow the program to die with a fatal error.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var a: array[0..1, char]
   let i = 5
   try:
     a[i] = 'N'
   except IndexDefect:
     echo "invalid index"
+  ```
 
-The current implementation allows to switch between these different behaviors
-via `--panics:on|off`. When panics are turned on, the program dies with a
+The current implementation allows switching between these different behaviors
+via `--panics:on|off`:option:. When panics are turned on, the program dies with a
 panic, if they are turned off the runtime errors are turned into
-exceptions. The benefit of `--panics:on` is that it produces smaller binary
+exceptions. The benefit of `--panics:on`:option: is that it produces smaller binary
 code and the compiler has more freedom to optimize the code.
 
 An `unchecked runtime error`:idx: is an error that is not guaranteed to be
@@ -189,16 +190,16 @@ is another pseudo terminal that describes the *action* of popping a value
 from the stack, `IND{>}` then implies to push onto the stack.
 
 With this notation we can now easily define the core of the grammar: A block of
-statements (simplified example)::
+statements (simplified example):
 
-  ifStmt = 'if' expr ':' stmt
-           (IND{=} 'elif' expr ':' stmt)*
-           (IND{=} 'else' ':' stmt)?
+    ifStmt = 'if' expr ':' stmt
+             (IND{=} 'elif' expr ':' stmt)*
+             (IND{=} 'else' ':' stmt)?
 
-  simpleStmt = ifStmt / ...
+    simpleStmt = ifStmt / ...
 
-  stmt = IND{>} stmt ^+ IND{=} DED  # list of statements
-       / simpleStmt                 # or a simple statement
+    stmt = IND{>} stmt ^+ IND{=} DED  # list of statements
+         / simpleStmt                 # or a simple statement
 
 
 
@@ -214,15 +215,16 @@ no other tokens between it and the preceding one, it does not start a new
 comment:
 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   i = 0     # This is a single comment over multiple lines.
-    # The scanner merges these two pieces.
+    # The lexer merges these two pieces.
     # The comment continues here.
+  ```
 
 
 `Documentation comments`:idx: are comments that start with two `##`.
 Documentation comments are tokens; they are only allowed at certain places in
-the input file as they belong to the syntax tree!
+the input file as they belong to the syntax tree.
 
 
 Multiline comments
@@ -231,26 +233,41 @@ Multiline comments
 Starting with version 0.13.0 of the language Nim supports multiline comments.
 They look like:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   #[Comment here.
   Multiple lines
   are not a problem.]#
+  ```
 
 Multiline comments support nesting:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   #[  #[ Multiline comment in already
      commented out code. ]#
   proc p[T](x: T) = discard
   ]#
+  ```
 
 Multiline documentation comments also exist and support nesting too:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc foo =
     ##[Long documentation comment
        here.
     ]##
+  ```
+
+You can also use the [discard statement](#statements-and-expressions-discard-statement) together with
+[triple quoted string literals](#lexical-analysis-triple-quoted-string-literals) to create multiline comments:
+
+  ```nim
+  discard """ You can have any Nim code text commented
+  out inside this with no indentation restrictions.
+        yes("May I ask a pointless question?") """
+  ```
+
+This was how multiline comments were done before version 0.13.0,
+and it is used to provide specifications to [testament](testament.html#writing-unit-tests) test framework.
 
 
 Identifiers & Keywords
@@ -261,11 +278,13 @@ and underscores, with the following restrictions:
 
 * begins with a letter
 * does not end with an underscore `_`
-* two immediate following underscores `__` are not allowed::
+* two immediate following underscores `__` are not allowed:
 
+  ```
   letter ::= 'A'..'Z' | 'a'..'z' | '\x80'..'\xff'
   digit ::= '0'..'9'
   IDENTIFIER ::= letter ( ['_'] (letter | digit) )*
+  ```
 
 Currently, any Unicode character with an ordinal value > 127 (non-ASCII) is
 classified as a `letter` and may thus be part of an identifier but later
@@ -274,8 +293,8 @@ operator characters instead.
 
 The following keywords are reserved and cannot be used as identifiers:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-   :file: keywords.txt
+  ```nim file="keywords.txt"
+  ```
 
 Some keywords are unused; they are reserved for future developments of the
 language.
@@ -286,10 +305,11 @@ Identifier equality
 
 Two identifiers are considered equal if the following algorithm returns true:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc sameIdentifier(a, b: string): bool =
     a[0] == b[0] and
       a.replace("_", "").toLowerAscii == b.replace("_", "").toLowerAscii
+  ```
 
 That means only the first letters are compared in a case-sensitive manner. Other
 letters are compared case-insensitively within the ASCII range and underscores are ignored.
@@ -315,23 +335,24 @@ it was not case-sensitive and underscores were ignored and there was not even a
 distinction between `foo` and `Foo`.
 
 
-Stropping
----------
+Keywords as identifiers
+-----------------------
 
 If a keyword is enclosed in backticks it loses its keyword property and becomes an ordinary identifier.
 
 Examples
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var `var` = "Hello Stropping"
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  type Type = object
-    `int`: int
+  ```nim
+  type Obj = object
+    `type`: int
 
-  let `object` = Type(`int`: 9)
-  assert `object` is Type
-  assert `object`.`int` == 9
+  let `object` = Obj(`type`: 9)
+  assert `object` is Obj
+  assert `object`.`type` == 9
 
   var `var` = 42
   let `let` = 8
@@ -339,6 +360,7 @@ Examples
 
   const `assert` = true
   assert `assert`
+  ```
 
 
 String literals
@@ -362,7 +384,7 @@ contain the following `escape sequences`:idx:\ :
   ``\\``                   `backslash`:idx:
   ``\"``                   `quotation mark`:idx:
   ``\'``                   `apostrophe`:idx:
-  ``\\`` '0'..'9'+         `character with decimal value d`:idx:;
+  ``\`` '0'..'9'+          `character with decimal value d`:idx:;
                            all decimal digits directly
                            following are used for the character
   ``\a``                   `alert`:idx:
@@ -378,7 +400,7 @@ contain the following `escape sequences`:idx:\ :
 ==================         ===================================================
 
 
-Strings in Nim may contain any 8-bit value, even embedded zeros. However
+Strings in Nim may contain any 8-bit value, even embedded zeros. However,
 some operations may interpret the first binary zero as a terminator.
 
 
@@ -395,12 +417,13 @@ be whitespace between the opening `"""` and the newline),
 the newline (and the preceding whitespace) is not included in the string. The
 ending of the string literal is defined by the pattern `"""[^"]`, so this:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   """"long string within quotes""""
+  ```
 
-Produces::
+Produces:
 
-  "long string within quotes"
+    "long string within quotes"
 
 
 Raw string literals
@@ -413,19 +436,19 @@ letter `r` (or `R`) and are delimited by matching double quotes (just
 like ordinary string literals) and do not interpret the escape sequences.
 This is especially convenient for regular expressions or Windows paths:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   var f = openFile(r"C:\texts\text.txt") # a raw string, so ``\t`` is no tab
+  ```
 
 To produce a single `"` within a raw string literal, it has to be doubled:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   r"a""b"
+  ```
 
-Produces::
+Produces:
 
-  a"b
+    a"b
 
 `r""""` is not possible with this notation, because the three leading
 quotes introduce a triple quoted string literal. `r"""` is the same
@@ -442,7 +465,7 @@ Terminal symbols in the grammar: `GENERALIZED_STR_LIT`,
 The construct `identifier"string literal"` (without whitespace between the
 identifier and the opening quotation mark) is a
 generalized raw string literal. It is a shortcut for the construct
-`identifier(r"string literal")`, so it denotes a procedure call with a
+`identifier(r"string literal")`, so it denotes a routine call with a
 raw string literal as its only argument. Generalized raw string literals
 are especially convenient for embedding mini languages directly into Nim
 (for example regular expressions).
@@ -457,8 +480,8 @@ Character literals
 Character literals are enclosed in single quotes `''` and can contain the
 same escape sequences as strings - with one exception: the platform
 dependent `newline`:idx: (``\p``)
-is not allowed as it may be wider than one character (often it is the pair
-CR/LF for example).  Here are the valid `escape sequences`:idx: for character
+is not allowed as it may be wider than one character (it can be the pair
+CR/LF). Here are the valid `escape sequences`:idx: for character
 literals:
 
 ==================         ===================================================
@@ -472,7 +495,7 @@ literals:
   ``\\``                   `backslash`:idx:
   ``\"``                   `quotation mark`:idx:
   ``\'``                   `apostrophe`:idx:
-  ``\\`` '0'..'9'+         `character with decimal value d`:idx:;
+  ``\`` '0'..'9'+          `character with decimal value d`:idx:;
                            all decimal digits directly
                            following are used for the character
   ``\a``                   `alert`:idx:
@@ -482,71 +505,117 @@ literals:
                            exactly two hex digits are allowed
 ==================         ===================================================
 
-A character is not a Unicode character but a single byte. The reason for this
-is efficiency: for the overwhelming majority of use-cases, the resulting
-programs will still handle UTF-8 properly as UTF-8 was specially designed for
-this. Another reason is that Nim can thus support `array[char, int]` or
-`set[char]` efficiently as many algorithms rely on this feature.  The `Rune`
-type is used for Unicode characters, it can represent any Unicode character.
-`Rune` is declared in the `unicode module <unicode.html>`_.
+A character is not a Unicode character but a single byte.
 
+Rationale: It enables the efficient support of `array[char, int]` or
+`set[char]`.
+
+The `Rune` type can represent any Unicode character.
+`Rune` is declared in the [unicode module](unicode.html).
+
+A character literal that does not end in `'` is interpreted as `'` if there
+is a preceding backtick token. There must be no whitespace between the preceding
+backtick token and the character literal. This special case ensures that a declaration
+like ``proc `'customLiteral`(s: string)`` is valid. ``proc `'customLiteral`(s: string)``
+is the same as ``proc `'\''customLiteral`(s: string)``.
+
+See also [custom numeric literals].
 
-Numerical constants
--------------------
 
-Numerical constants are of a single type and have the form::
-
-  hexdigit = digit | 'A'..'F' | 'a'..'f'
-  octdigit = '0'..'7'
-  bindigit = '0'..'1'
-  HEX_LIT = '0' ('x' | 'X' ) hexdigit ( ['_'] hexdigit )*
-  DEC_LIT = digit ( ['_'] digit )*
-  OCT_LIT = '0' 'o' octdigit ( ['_'] octdigit )*
-  BIN_LIT = '0' ('b' | 'B' ) bindigit ( ['_'] bindigit )*
-
-  INT_LIT = HEX_LIT
-          | DEC_LIT
-          | OCT_LIT
-          | BIN_LIT
-
-  INT8_LIT = INT_LIT ['\''] ('i' | 'I') '8'
-  INT16_LIT = INT_LIT ['\''] ('i' | 'I') '16'
-  INT32_LIT = INT_LIT ['\''] ('i' | 'I') '32'
-  INT64_LIT = INT_LIT ['\''] ('i' | 'I') '64'
-
-  UINT_LIT = INT_LIT ['\''] ('u' | 'U')
-  UINT8_LIT = INT_LIT ['\''] ('u' | 'U') '8'
-  UINT16_LIT = INT_LIT ['\''] ('u' | 'U') '16'
-  UINT32_LIT = INT_LIT ['\''] ('u' | 'U') '32'
-  UINT64_LIT = INT_LIT ['\''] ('u' | 'U') '64'
-
-  exponent = ('e' | 'E' ) ['+' | '-'] digit ( ['_'] digit )*
-  FLOAT_LIT = digit (['_'] digit)* (('.' digit (['_'] digit)* [exponent]) |exponent)
-  FLOAT32_SUFFIX = ('f' | 'F') ['32']
-  FLOAT32_LIT = HEX_LIT '\'' FLOAT32_SUFFIX
-              | (FLOAT_LIT | DEC_LIT | OCT_LIT | BIN_LIT) ['\''] FLOAT32_SUFFIX
-  FLOAT64_SUFFIX = ( ('f' | 'F') '64' ) | 'd' | 'D'
-  FLOAT64_LIT = HEX_LIT '\'' FLOAT64_SUFFIX
-              | (FLOAT_LIT | DEC_LIT | OCT_LIT | BIN_LIT) ['\''] FLOAT64_SUFFIX
-
-
-As can be seen in the productions, numerical constants can contain underscores
+Numeric literals
+----------------
+
+Numeric literals have the form:
+
+    hexdigit = digit | 'A'..'F' | 'a'..'f'
+    octdigit = '0'..'7'
+    bindigit = '0'..'1'
+    unary_minus = '-' # See the section about unary minus
+    HEX_LIT = unary_minus? '0' ('x' | 'X' ) hexdigit ( ['_'] hexdigit )*
+    DEC_LIT = unary_minus? digit ( ['_'] digit )*
+    OCT_LIT = unary_minus? '0' 'o' octdigit ( ['_'] octdigit )*
+    BIN_LIT = unary_minus? '0' ('b' | 'B' ) bindigit ( ['_'] bindigit )*
+
+    INT_LIT = HEX_LIT
+            | DEC_LIT
+            | OCT_LIT
+            | BIN_LIT
+
+    INT8_LIT = INT_LIT ['\''] ('i' | 'I') '8'
+    INT16_LIT = INT_LIT ['\''] ('i' | 'I') '16'
+    INT32_LIT = INT_LIT ['\''] ('i' | 'I') '32'
+    INT64_LIT = INT_LIT ['\''] ('i' | 'I') '64'
+
+    UINT_LIT = INT_LIT ['\''] ('u' | 'U')
+    UINT8_LIT = INT_LIT ['\''] ('u' | 'U') '8'
+    UINT16_LIT = INT_LIT ['\''] ('u' | 'U') '16'
+    UINT32_LIT = INT_LIT ['\''] ('u' | 'U') '32'
+    UINT64_LIT = INT_LIT ['\''] ('u' | 'U') '64'
+
+    exponent = ('e' | 'E' ) ['+' | '-'] digit ( ['_'] digit )*
+    FLOAT_LIT = unary_minus? digit (['_'] digit)* (('.' digit (['_'] digit)* [exponent]) |exponent)
+    FLOAT32_SUFFIX = ('f' | 'F') ['32']
+    FLOAT32_LIT = HEX_LIT '\'' FLOAT32_SUFFIX
+                | (FLOAT_LIT | DEC_LIT | OCT_LIT | BIN_LIT) ['\''] FLOAT32_SUFFIX
+    FLOAT64_SUFFIX = ( ('f' | 'F') '64' ) | 'd' | 'D'
+    FLOAT64_LIT = HEX_LIT '\'' FLOAT64_SUFFIX
+                | (FLOAT_LIT | DEC_LIT | OCT_LIT | BIN_LIT) ['\''] FLOAT64_SUFFIX
+
+    CUSTOM_NUMERIC_LIT = (FLOAT_LIT | INT_LIT) '\'' CUSTOM_NUMERIC_SUFFIX
+
+    # CUSTOM_NUMERIC_SUFFIX is any Nim identifier that is not
+    # a pre-defined type suffix.
+
+
+As can be seen in the productions, numeric literals can contain underscores
 for readability. Integer and floating-point literals may be given in decimal (no
 prefix), binary (prefix `0b`), octal (prefix `0o`), and hexadecimal
 (prefix `0x`) notation.
 
-There exists a literal for each numerical type that is
-defined. The suffix starting with an apostrophe ('\'') is called a
+The fact that the unary minus `-` in a number literal like `-1` is considered
+to be part of the literal is a late addition to the language. The rationale is that
+an expression `-128'i8` should be valid and without this special case, this would
+be impossible -- `128` is not a valid `int8` value, only `-128` is.
+
+For the `unary_minus` rule there are further restrictions that are not covered
+in the formal grammar. For `-` to be part of the number literal the immediately
+preceding character has to be in the
+set `{' ', '\t', '\n', '\r', ',', ';', '(', '[', '{'}`. This set was designed to
+cover most cases in a natural manner.
+
+In the following examples, `-1` is a single token:
+
+  ```nim
+  echo -1
+  echo(-1)
+  echo [-1]
+  echo 3,-1
+
+  "abc";-1
+  ```
+
+In the following examples, `-1` is parsed as two separate tokens
+(as `-`:tok: `1`:tok:):
+
+  ```nim
+  echo x-1
+  echo (int)-1
+  echo [a]-1
+  "abc"-1
+  ```
+
+
+The suffix starting with an apostrophe ('\'') is called a
 `type suffix`:idx:. Literals without a type suffix are of an integer type
 unless the literal contains a dot or `E|e` in which case it is of
 type `float`. This integer type is `int` if the literal is in the range
-`low(i32)..high(i32)`, otherwise it is `int64`.
+`low(int32)..high(int32)`, otherwise it is `int64`.
 For notational convenience, the apostrophe of a type suffix
 is optional if it is not ambiguous (only hexadecimal floating-point literals
 with a type suffix can be ambiguous).
 
 
-The type suffixes are:
+The pre-defined type suffixes are:
 
 =================    =========================
   Type Suffix        Resulting type of literal
@@ -571,18 +640,53 @@ notation:
 `0B0_10001110100_0000101001000111101011101111111011000101001101001001'f64`
 is approximately 1.72826e35 according to the IEEE floating-point standard.
 
-Literals are bounds checked so that they fit the datatype. Non-base-10
-literals are used mainly for flags and bit pattern representations, therefore
-bounds checking is done on bit width, not value range. If the literal fits in
-the bit width of the datatype, it is accepted.
+Literals must match the datatype, for example, `333'i8` is an invalid literal.
+Non-base-10 literals are used mainly for flags and bit pattern representations,
+therefore the checking is done on bit width and not on value range.
 Hence: 0b10000000'u8 == 0x80'u8 == 128, but, 0b10000000'i8 == 0x80'i8 == -1
 instead of causing an overflow error.
 
+
+### Custom numeric literals
+
+If the suffix is not predefined, then the suffix is assumed to be a call
+to a proc, template, macro or other callable identifier that is passed the
+string containing the literal. The callable identifier needs to be declared
+with a special ``'`` prefix:
+
+  ```nim
+  import std/strutils
+  type u4 = distinct uint8 # a 4-bit unsigned integer aka "nibble"
+  proc `'u4`(n: string): u4 =
+    # The leading ' is required.
+    result = (parseInt(n) and 0x0F).u4
+
+  var x = 5'u4
+  ```
+
+More formally, a custom numeric literal `123'custom` is transformed
+to r"123".`'custom` in the parsing step. There is no AST node kind that
+corresponds to this transformation. The transformation naturally handles
+the case that additional parameters are passed to the callee:
+
+  ```nim
+  import std/strutils
+  type u4 = distinct uint8 # a 4-bit unsigned integer aka "nibble"
+  proc `'u4`(n: string; moreData: int): u4 =
+    result = (parseInt(n) and 0x0F).u4
+
+  var x = 5'u4(123)
+  ```
+
+Custom numeric literals are covered by the grammar rule named `CUSTOM_NUMERIC_LIT`.
+A custom numeric literal is a single token.
+
+
 Operators
 ---------
 
 Nim allows user defined operators. An operator is any combination of the
-following characters::
+following characters:
 
        =     +     -     *     /     <     >
        @     $     ~     &     %     |
@@ -594,7 +698,7 @@ defined here.)
 These keywords are also operators:
 `and or not xor shl shr div mod in notin is isnot of as from`.
 
-`.`:tok: `=`:tok:, `:`:tok:, `::`:tok: are not available as general operators; they
+`.`:tok:, `=`:tok:, `:`:tok:, `::`:tok: are not available as general operators; they
 are used for other notational purposes.
 
 `*:` is as a special case treated as the two tokens `*`:tok: and `:`:tok:
@@ -603,26 +707,40 @@ are used for other notational purposes.
 The `not` keyword is always a unary operator, `a not b` is parsed
 as `a(not b)`, not as `(a) not (b)`.
 
+Unicode Operators
+-----------------
+
+These Unicode operators are also parsed as operators:
+
+    ∙ ∘ × ★ ⊗ ⊘ ⊙ ⊛ ⊠ ⊡ ∩ ∧ ⊓   # same priority as * (multiplication)
+    ± ⊕ ⊖ ⊞ ⊟ ∪ ∨ ⊔             # same priority as + (addition)
+
+
+Unicode operators can be combined with non-Unicode operator
+symbols. The usual precedence extensions then apply, for example, `⊠=` is an
+assignment like operator just like `*=` is.
+
+No Unicode normalization step is performed.
+
 
 Other tokens
 ------------
 
-The following strings denote other tokens::
+The following strings denote other tokens:
 
     `   (    )     {    }     [    ]    ,  ;   [.    .]  {.   .}  (.  .)  [:
 
 
 The `slice`:idx: operator `..`:tok: takes precedence over other tokens that
-contain a dot: `{..}`:tok: are the three tokens `{`:tok:, `..`:tok:, `}`:tok:
+contain a dot: `{..}` are the three tokens `{`:tok:, `..`:tok:, `}`:tok:
 and not the two tokens `{.`:tok:, `.}`:tok:.
 
 
-
 Syntax
 ======
 
 This section lists Nim's standard syntax. How the parser handles
-the indentation is already described in the `Lexical Analysis`_ section.
+the indentation is already described in the [Lexical Analysis] section.
 
 Nim allows user-definable operators.
 Binary operators have 11 different levels of precedence.
@@ -635,12 +753,13 @@ Associativity
 Binary operators whose first character is `^` are right-associative, all
 other binary operators are left-associative.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc `^/`(x, y: float): float =
     # a right-associative division operator
     result = x / y
   echo 12 ^/ 4 ^/ 8 # 24.0 (4 / 8 = 0.5, then 12 / 0.5 = 24.0)
   echo 12  / 4  / 8 # 0.375 (12 / 4 = 3.0, then 3 / 8 = 0.375)
+  ```
 
 Precedence
 ----------
@@ -665,11 +784,12 @@ has the second-lowest precedence.
 
 Otherwise, precedence is determined by the first character.
 
+
 ================  =======================================================  ==================  ===============
 Precedence level    Operators                                              First character     Terminal symbol
 ================  =======================================================  ==================  ===============
  10 (highest)                                                              `$  ^`              OP10
-  9               `*    /    div   mod   shl  shr  %`                      ``*  %  \  /``        OP9
+  9               `*    /    div   mod   shl  shr  %`                      `*  %  \  /`        OP9
   8               `+    -`                                                 `+  -  ~  |`        OP8
   7               `&`                                                      `&`                 OP7
   6               `..`                                                     `.`                 OP6
@@ -685,20 +805,31 @@ Precedence level    Operators                                              First
 Whether an operator is used as a prefix operator is also affected by preceding
 whitespace (this parsing change was introduced with version 0.13.0):
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   echo $foo
   # is parsed as
   echo($foo)
+  ```
 
 
 Spacing also determines whether `(a, b)` is parsed as an argument list
 of a call or whether it is parsed as a tuple constructor:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   echo(1, 2) # pass 1 and 2 to echo
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   echo (1, 2) # pass the tuple (1, 2) to echo
+  ```
+
+Dot-like operators
+------------------
+
+Terminal symbol in the grammar: `DOTLIKEOP`.
+
+Dot-like operators are operators starting with `.`, but not with `..`, for e.g. `.?`;
+they have the same precedence as `.`, so that `a.?b.c` is parsed as `(a.?b).c` instead of `a.?(b.c)`.
 
 
 Grammar
@@ -717,9 +848,7 @@ Order of evaluation
 Order of evaluation is strictly left-to-right, inside-out as it is typical for most others
 imperative programming languages:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   var s = ""
 
   proc p(arg: int): int =
@@ -729,14 +858,13 @@ imperative programming languages:
   discard p(p(1) + p(2))
 
   doAssert s == "123"
+  ```
 
 
 Assignments are not special, the left-hand-side expression is evaluated before the
 right-hand side:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   var v = 0
   proc getI(): int =
     result = v
@@ -754,6 +882,7 @@ right-hand side:
   someCopy(b[getI()], getI())
 
   doAssert b == [1, 0, 0]
+  ```
 
 
 Rationale: Consistency with overloaded assignment or assignment-like operations,
@@ -764,9 +893,7 @@ However, the concept of "order of evaluation" is only applicable after the code
 was normalized: The normalization involves template expansions and argument
 reorderings that have been passed to named parameters:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   var s = ""
 
   proc p(): int =
@@ -793,6 +920,7 @@ reorderings that have been passed to named parameters:
   construct(second = q(), first = p())
 
   doAssert s == "qppqpq"
+  ```
 
 
 Rationale: This is far easier to implement than hypothetical alternatives.
@@ -827,37 +955,37 @@ constant expressions that may be surprising to those coming from other
 statically typed languages. For example, the following code echoes the beginning
 of the Fibonacci series **at compile-time**. (This is a demonstration of
 flexibility in defining constants, not a recommended style for solving this
-problem!)
+problem.)
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   import std/strformat
 
-  var fib_n {.compileTime.}: int
-  var fib_prev {.compileTime.}: int
-  var fib_prev_prev {.compileTime.}: int
+  var fibN {.compileTime.}: int
+  var fibPrev {.compileTime.}: int
+  var fibPrevPrev {.compileTime.}: int
 
-  proc next_fib(): int =
-    result = if fib_n < 2:
-      fib_n
+  proc nextFib(): int =
+    result = if fibN < 2:
+      fibN
     else:
-      fib_prev_prev + fib_prev
-    inc(fib_n)
-    fib_prev_prev = fib_prev
-    fib_prev = result
+      fibPrevPrev + fibPrev
+    inc(fibN)
+    fibPrevPrev = fibPrev
+    fibPrev = result
 
-  const f0 = next_fib()
-  const f1 = next_fib()
+  const f0 = nextFib()
+  const f1 = nextFib()
 
-  const display_fib = block:
-    const f2 = next_fib()
+  const displayFib = block:
+    const f2 = nextFib()
     var result = fmt"Fibonacci sequence: {f0}, {f1}, {f2}"
     for i in 3..12:
-      add(result, fmt", {next_fib()}")
+      add(result, fmt", {nextFib()}")
     result
 
   static:
-    echo display_fib
+    echo displayFib
+  ```
 
 
 Restrictions on Compile-Time Execution
@@ -904,10 +1032,12 @@ Ordinal types have the following characteristics:
 - Ordinal types are countable and ordered. This property allows the operation
   of functions such as `inc`, `ord`, and `dec` on ordinal types to
   be defined.
-- Ordinal values have the smallest possible value. Trying to count further
-  down than the smallest value produces a panic or a static error.
-- Ordinal values have the largest possible value. Trying to count further
-  than the largest value produces a panic or a static error.
+- Ordinal types have a smallest possible value, accessible with `low(type)`.
+  Trying to count further down than the smallest value produces a panic or
+  a static error.
+- Ordinal types have a largest possible value, accessible with `high(type)`.
+  Trying to count further up than the largest value produces a panic or
+  a static error.
 
 Integers, bool, characters, and enumeration types (and subranges of these
 types) belong to ordinal types.
@@ -920,22 +1050,24 @@ Pre-defined integer types
 These integer types are pre-defined:
 
 `int`
-  the generic signed integer type; its size is platform-dependent and has the
+: the generic signed integer type; its size is platform-dependent and has the
   same size as a pointer. This type should be used in general. An integer
   literal that has no type suffix is of this type if it is in the range
   `low(int32)..high(int32)` otherwise the literal's type is `int64`.
 
-intXX
-  additional signed integer types of XX bits use this naming scheme
+`int`\ XX
+: additional signed integer types of XX bits use this naming scheme
   (example: int16 is a 16-bit wide integer).
   The current implementation supports `int8`, `int16`, `int32`, `int64`.
   Literals of these types have the suffix 'iXX.
 
 `uint`
-  the generic `unsigned integer`:idx: type; its size is platform-dependent and has the same size as a pointer. An integer literal with the type suffix `'u` is of this type.
+: the generic `unsigned integer`:idx: type; its size is platform-dependent and
+  has the same size as a pointer. An integer literal with the type
+  suffix `'u` is of this type.
 
-uintXX
-  additional unsigned integer types of XX bits use this naming scheme
+`uint`\ XX
+: additional unsigned integer types of XX bits use this naming scheme
   (example: uint16 is a 16-bit wide unsigned integer).
   The current implementation supports `uint8`, `uint16`, `uint32`,
   `uint64`. Literals of these types have the suffix 'uXX.
@@ -954,24 +1086,13 @@ the `%` suffix as convention:
 ======================   ======================================================
 operation                meaning
 ======================   ======================================================
-`a +% b`               unsigned integer addition
-`a -% b`               unsigned integer subtraction
-`a *% b`               unsigned integer multiplication
-`a /% b`               unsigned integer division
-`a %% b`               unsigned integer modulo operation
-`a <% b`               treat `a` and `b` as unsigned and compare
-`a <=% b`              treat `a` and `b` as unsigned and compare
-`ze(a)`                extends the bits of `a` with zeros until it has the
-                         width of the `int` type
-`toU8(a)`              treats `a` as unsigned and converts it to an
-                         unsigned integer of 8 bits (but still the
-                         `int8` type)
-`toU16(a)`             treats `a` as unsigned and converts it to an
-                         unsigned integer of 16 bits (but still the
-                         `int16` type)
-`toU32(a)`             treats `a` as unsigned and converts it to an
-                         unsigned integer of 32 bits (but still the
-                         `int32` type)
+`a +% b`                 unsigned integer addition
+`a -% b`                 unsigned integer subtraction
+`a *% b`                 unsigned integer multiplication
+`a /% b`                 unsigned integer division
+`a %% b`                 unsigned integer modulo operation
+`a <% b`                 treat `a` and `b` as unsigned and compare
+`a <=% b`                treat `a` and `b` as unsigned and compare
 ======================   ======================================================
 
 `Automatic type conversion`:idx: is performed in expressions where different
@@ -982,20 +1103,20 @@ example `int32 -> int16`). A `widening type conversion`:idx: converts a
 smaller type to a larger type (for example `int16 -> int32`). In Nim only
 widening type conversions are *implicit*:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var myInt16 = 5i16
   var myInt: int
   myInt16 + 34     # of type `int16`
   myInt16 + myInt  # of type `int`
   myInt16 + 2i32   # of type `int32`
+  ```
 
 However, `int` literals are implicitly convertible to a smaller integer type
 if the literal's value fits this smaller type and such a conversion is less
 expensive than other implicit conversions, so `myInt16 + 34` produces
 an `int16` result.
 
-For further details, see `Convertible relation
-<#type-relations-convertible-relation>`_.
+For further details, see [Convertible relation].
 
 
 Subrange types
@@ -1004,10 +1125,12 @@ A subrange type is a range of values from an ordinal or floating-point type (the
 type). To define a subrange type, one must specify its limiting values -- the
 lowest and highest value of the type. For example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     Subrange = range[0..5]
     PositiveFloat = range[0.0..Inf]
+    Positive* = range[1..high(int)] # as defined in `system`
+  ```
 
 
 `Subrange` is a subrange of an integer which can only hold the values 0
@@ -1028,22 +1151,21 @@ Pre-defined floating-point types
 The following floating-point types are pre-defined:
 
 `float`
-  the generic floating-point type; its size used to be platform-dependent,
+: the generic floating-point type; its size used to be platform-dependent,
   but now it is always mapped to `float64`.
   This type should be used in general.
 
-floatXX
-  an implementation may define additional floating-point types of XX bits using
-  this naming scheme (example: float64 is a 64-bit wide float). The current
+`float`\ XX
+: an implementation may define additional floating-point types of XX bits using
+  this naming scheme (example: `float64` is a 64-bit wide float). The current
   implementation supports `float32` and `float64`. Literals of these types
   have the suffix 'fXX.
 
 
-Automatic type conversion in expressions with different kinds
-of floating-point types is performed: See `Convertible relation`_ for further
-details. Arithmetic performed on floating-point types follows the IEEE
-standard. Integer types are not converted to floating-point types automatically
-and vice versa.
+Automatic type conversion in expressions with different kinds of floating-point
+types is performed: See [Convertible relation] for further details. Arithmetic
+performed on floating-point types follows the IEEE standard. Integer types are
+not converted to floating-point types automatically and vice versa.
 
 The IEEE standard defines five types of floating-point exceptions:
 
@@ -1067,12 +1189,13 @@ These exceptions inherit from the `FloatingPointDefect`:idx: base class.
 Nim provides the pragmas `nanChecks`:idx: and `infChecks`:idx: to control
 whether the IEEE exceptions are ignored or trap a Nim exception:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   {.nanChecks: on, infChecks: on.}
   var a = 1.0
   var b = 0.0
   echo b / b # raises FloatInvalidOpDefect
   echo a / b # raises FloatOverflowDefect
+  ```
 
 In the current implementation `FloatDivByZeroDefect` and `FloatInexactDefect`
 are never raised. `FloatOverflowDefect` is raised instead of
@@ -1085,7 +1208,7 @@ The only operations that are affected by the `floatChecks` pragma are
 the `+`, `-`, `*`, `/` operators for floating-point types.
 
 An implementation should always use the maximum precision available to evaluate
-floating pointer values during semantic analysis; this means expressions like
+floating-point values during semantic analysis; this means expressions like
 `0.09'f32 + 0.01'f32 == 0.09'f64 + 0.01'f64` that are evaluating during
 constant folding are true.
 
@@ -1096,19 +1219,21 @@ The boolean type is named `bool`:idx: in Nim and can be one of the two
 pre-defined values `true` and `false`. Conditions in `while`,
 `if`, `elif`, `when`-statements need to be of type `bool`.
 
-This condition holds::
+This condition holds:
 
+  ```nim
   ord(false) == 0 and ord(true) == 1
+  ```
 
 The operators `not, and, or, xor, <, <=, >, >=, !=, ==` are defined
 for the bool type. The `and` and `or` operators perform short-cut
 evaluation. Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   while p != nil and p.name != "xyz":
     # p.name is not evaluated if p == nil
     p = p.next
+  ```
 
 
 The size of the bool type is one byte.
@@ -1117,14 +1242,10 @@ The size of the bool type is one byte.
 Character type
 --------------
 The character type is named `char` in Nim. Its size is one byte.
-Thus it cannot represent a UTF-8 character, but a part of it.
-The reason for this is efficiency: for the overwhelming majority of use-cases,
-the resulting programs will still handle UTF-8 properly as UTF-8 was especially
-designed for this.
-Another reason is that Nim can support `array[char, int]` or
-`set[char]` efficiently as many algorithms rely on this feature. The
-`Rune` type is used for Unicode characters, it can represent any Unicode
-character. `Rune` is declared in the `unicode module <unicode.html>`_.
+Thus, it cannot represent a UTF-8 character, but a part of it.
+
+The `Rune` type is used for Unicode characters, it can represent any Unicode
+character. `Rune` is declared in the [unicode module](unicode.html).
 
 
 
@@ -1134,15 +1255,16 @@ Enumeration types
 Enumeration types define a new type whose values consist of the ones
 specified. The values are ordered. Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   type
     Direction = enum
       north, east, south, west
+  ```
 
 
-Now the following holds::
+Now the following holds:
 
+  ```nim
   ord(north) == 0
   ord(east) == 1
   ord(south) == 2
@@ -1150,9 +1272,10 @@ Now the following holds::
 
   # Also allowed:
   ord(Direction.west) == 3
+  ```
 
-Thus, north < east < south < west. The comparison operators can be used
-with enumeration types. Instead of `north` etc, the enum value can also
+The implied order is: north < east < south < west. The comparison operators can be used
+with enumeration types. Instead of `north` etc., the enum value can also
 be qualified with the enum type that it resides in, `Direction.north`.
 
 For better interfacing to other programming languages, the fields of enum
@@ -1162,12 +1285,13 @@ explicitly given is assigned the value of the previous field + 1.
 
 An explicit ordered enum can have *holes*:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     TokenType = enum
       a = 2, b = 4, c = 89 # holes are valid
+  ```
 
-However, it is then not ordinal anymore, so it is not possible to use these
+However, it is then not ordinal anymore, so it is impossible to use these
 enums as an index type for arrays. The procedures `inc`, `dec`, `succ`
 and `pred` are not available for them either.
 
@@ -1176,14 +1300,14 @@ The compiler supports the built-in stringify operator `$` for enumerations.
 The stringify's result can be controlled by explicitly giving the string
 values to use:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   type
     MyEnum = enum
       valueA = (0, "my value A"),
       valueB = "value B",
       valueC = 2,
       valueD = (3, "abc")
+  ```
 
 As can be seen from the example, it is possible to both specify a field's
 ordinal value and its string value by using a tuple. It is also
@@ -1195,8 +1319,7 @@ as the last attempt. Only non-ambiguous symbols are added to this scope.
 But one can always access these via type qualification written
 as `MyEnum.value`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   type
     MyEnum {.pure.} = enum
       valueA, valueB, valueC, valueD, amb
@@ -1208,8 +1331,59 @@ as `MyEnum.value`:
   echo valueA # MyEnum.valueA
   echo amb    # Error: Unclear whether it's MyEnum.amb or OtherEnum.amb
   echo MyEnum.amb # OK.
+  ```
+
+Enum value names are overloadable, much like routines. If both of the enums
+`T` and `U` have a member named `foo`, then the identifier `foo` corresponds
+to a choice between `T.foo` and `U.foo`. During overload resolution,
+the correct type of `foo` is decided from the context. If the type of `foo` is
+ambiguous, a static error will be produced.
+
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
+
+  type
+    E1 = enum
+      value1,
+      value2
+    E2 = enum
+      value1,
+      value2 = 4
+
+  const
+    Lookuptable = [
+      E1.value1: "1",
+      # no need to qualify value2, known to be E1.value2
+      value2: "2"
+    ]
+
+  proc p(e: E1) =
+    # disambiguation in 'case' statements:
+    case e
+    of value1: echo "A"
+    of value2: echo "B"
+
+  p value2
+  ```
+
+In some cases, ambiguity of enums is resolved depending on the relation
+between the current scope and the scope the enums were defined in.
+
+  ```nim
+  # a.nim
+  type Foo* = enum abc
+
+  # b.nim
+  import a
+  type Bar = enum abc
+  echo abc is Bar # true
+
+  block:
+    type Baz = enum abc
+    echo abc is Baz # true
+  ```
+
+To implement bit fields with enums see [Bit fields].
 
-To implement bit fields with enums see `Bit fields <#set-type-bit-fields>`_
 
 String type
 -----------
@@ -1229,14 +1403,14 @@ Most native Nim types support conversion to strings with the special `$` proc.
 When calling the `echo` proc, for example, the built-in stringify operation
 for the parameter is called:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   echo 3 # calls `$` for `int`
+  ```
 
 Whenever a user creates a specialized object, implementation of this procedure
 provides for `string` representation.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     Person = object
       name: string
@@ -1248,6 +1422,7 @@ provides for `string` representation.
                      # is natively an integer to convert it to
                      # a string
             " years old."
+  ```
 
 While `$p.name` can also be used, the `$` operation on a string does
 nothing. Note that we cannot rely on automatic conversion from an `int` to
@@ -1257,18 +1432,18 @@ Strings are compared by their lexicographical order. All comparison operators
 are available. Strings can be indexed like arrays (lower bound is 0). Unlike
 arrays, they can be used in case statements:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   case paramStr(i)
   of "-v": incl(options, optVerbose)
   of "-h", "-?": incl(options, optHelp)
   else: write(stdout, "invalid command line option!\n")
+  ```
 
 Per convention, all strings are UTF-8 strings, but this is not enforced. For
 example, when reading strings from binary files, they are merely a sequence of
 bytes. The index operation `s[i]` means the i-th *char* of `s`, not the
-i-th *unichar*. The iterator `runes` from the `unicode module
-<unicode.html>`_ can be used for iteration over all Unicode characters.
+i-th *unichar*. The iterator `runes` from the [unicode module](unicode.html)
+can be used for iteration over all Unicode characters.
 
 
 cstring type
@@ -1277,7 +1452,7 @@ cstring type
 The `cstring` type meaning `compatible string` is the native representation
 of a string for the compilation backend. For the C backend the `cstring` type
 represents a pointer to a zero-terminated char array
-compatible with the type `char*` in Ansi C. Its primary purpose lies in easy
+compatible with the type `char*` in ANSI C. Its primary purpose lies in easy
 interfacing with C. The index operation `s[i]` means the i-th *char* of
 `s`; however no bounds checking for `cstring` is performed making the
 index operation unsafe.
@@ -1286,40 +1461,46 @@ A Nim `string` is implicitly convertible
 to `cstring` for convenience. If a Nim string is passed to a C-style
 variadic proc, it is implicitly converted to `cstring` too:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc printf(formatstr: cstring) {.importc: "printf", varargs,
                                     header: "<stdio.h>".}
 
   printf("This works %s", "as expected")
+  ```
 
 Even though the conversion is implicit, it is not *safe*: The garbage collector
 does not consider a `cstring` to be a root and may collect the underlying
-memory. However, in practice, this almost never happens as the GC considers
-stack roots conservatively. One can use the builtin procs `GC_ref` and
-`GC_unref` to keep the string data alive for the rare cases where it does
-not work.
+memory. For this reason, the implicit conversion will be removed in future
+releases of the Nim compiler. Certain idioms like conversion of a `const` string
+to `cstring` are safe and will remain to be allowed.
 
-A `$` proc is defined for cstrings that returns a string. Thus to get a nim
+A `$` proc is defined for cstrings that returns a string. Thus, to get a nim
 string from a cstring:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var str: string = "Hello!"
   var cstr: cstring = str
   var newstr: string = $cstr
+  ```
 
 `cstring` literals shouldn't be modified.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var x = cstring"literals"
   x[1] = 'A' # This is wrong!!!
+  ```
 
 If the `cstring` originates from a regular memory (not read-only memory),
 it can be modified:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var x = "123456"
-  var s: cstring = x
+  prepareMutation(x) # call `prepareMutation` before modifying the strings
+  var s: cstring = cstring(x)
   s[0] = 'u' # This is ok
+  ```
+
+`cstring` values may also be used in case statements like strings.
 
 Structured types
 ----------------
@@ -1353,8 +1534,7 @@ A sequence may be passed to a parameter that is of type *open array*.
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   type
     IntArray = array[0..5, int] # an array that is indexed with 0..5
     IntSeq = seq[int] # a sequence of integers
@@ -1365,6 +1545,7 @@ Example:
   y = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] # the @ turns the array into a sequence
 
   let z = [1.0, 2, 3, 4] # the type of z is array[0..3, float]
+  ```
 
 The lower bound of an array or sequence may be received by the built-in proc
 `low()`, the higher bound by `high()`. The length may be
@@ -1378,12 +1559,11 @@ The notation `x[i]` can be used to access the i-th element of `x`.
 
 Arrays are always bounds checked (statically or at runtime). These
 checks can be disabled via pragmas or invoking the compiler with the
-`--boundChecks:off` command-line switch.
+`--boundChecks:off`:option: command-line switch.
 
 An array constructor can have explicit indexes for readability:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   type
     Values = enum
       valA, valB, valC
@@ -1394,12 +1574,12 @@ An array constructor can have explicit indexes for readability:
       valB: "B",
       valC: "C"
     ]
+  ```
 
 If an index is left out, `succ(lastIndex)` is used as the index
 value:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   type
     Values = enum
       valA, valB, valC, valD, valE
@@ -1411,6 +1591,7 @@ value:
       valC: "C",
       "D", "e"
     ]
+  ```
 
 
 
@@ -1419,30 +1600,31 @@ Open arrays
 
 Often fixed size arrays turn out to be too inflexible; procedures should
 be able to deal with arrays of different sizes. The `openarray`:idx: type
-allows this; it can only be used for parameters. Openarrays are always
+allows this; it can only be used for parameters. Open arrays are always
 indexed with an `int` starting at position 0. The `len`, `low`
 and `high` operations are available for open arrays too. Any array with
-a compatible base type can be passed to an openarray parameter, the index
+a compatible base type can be passed to an open array parameter, the index
 type does not matter. In addition to arrays, sequences can also be passed
 to an open array parameter.
 
-The openarray type cannot be nested: multidimensional openarrays are not
+The `openarray` type cannot be nested: multidimensional open arrays are not
 supported because this is seldom needed and cannot be done efficiently.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc testOpenArray(x: openArray[int]) = echo repr(x)
 
   testOpenArray([1,2,3])  # array[]
   testOpenArray(@[1,2,3]) # seq[]
+  ```
 
 Varargs
 -------
 
-A `varargs` parameter is an openarray parameter that additionally
-allows to pass a variable number of arguments to a procedure. The compiler
+A `varargs` parameter is an open array parameter that additionally
+allows a variable number of arguments to be passed to a procedure. The compiler
 converts the list of arguments to an array implicitly:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc myWriteln(f: File, a: varargs[string]) =
     for s in items(a):
       write(f, s)
@@ -1451,12 +1633,13 @@ converts the list of arguments to an array implicitly:
   myWriteln(stdout, "abc", "def", "xyz")
   # is transformed to:
   myWriteln(stdout, ["abc", "def", "xyz"])
+  ```
 
-This transformation is only done if the varargs parameter is the
+This transformation is only done if the `varargs` parameter is the
 last parameter in the procedure header. It is also possible to perform
 type conversions in this context:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc myWriteln(f: File, a: varargs[string, `$`]) =
     for s in items(a):
       write(f, s)
@@ -1464,7 +1647,8 @@ type conversions in this context:
 
   myWriteln(stdout, 123, "abc", 4.0)
   # is transformed to:
-  myWriteln(stdout, [$123, $"def", $4.0])
+  myWriteln(stdout, [$123, $"abc", $4.0])
+  ```
 
 In this example `$` is applied to any argument that is passed to the
 parameter `a`. (Note that `$` applied to strings is a nop.)
@@ -1472,21 +1656,23 @@ parameter `a`. (Note that `$` applied to strings is a nop.)
 Note that an explicit array constructor passed to a `varargs` parameter is
 not wrapped in another implicit array construction:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc takeV[T](a: varargs[T]) = discard
 
   takeV([123, 2, 1]) # takeV's T is "int", not "array of int"
+  ```
 
 
 `varargs[typed]` is treated specially: It matches a variable list of arguments
 of arbitrary type but *always* constructs an implicit array. This is required
 so that the builtin `echo` proc does what is expected:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc echo*(x: varargs[typed, `$`]) {...}
 
   echo @[1, 2, 3]
   # prints "@[1, 2, 3]" and not "123"
+  ```
 
 
 Unchecked arrays
@@ -1496,20 +1682,22 @@ are not checked. This is often useful to implement customized flexibly sized
 arrays. Additionally, an unchecked array is translated into a C array of
 undetermined size:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     MySeq = object
       len, cap: int
       data: UncheckedArray[int]
+  ```
 
 Produces roughly this C code:
 
-.. code-block:: C
+  ```C
   typedef struct {
     NI len;
     NI cap;
     NI data[];
   } MySeq;
+  ```
 
 The base type of the unchecked array may not contain any GC'ed memory but this
 is currently not checked.
@@ -1530,35 +1718,32 @@ heterogeneous storage types with few abstractions. The `()` syntax
 can be used to construct tuples. The order of the fields in the constructor
 must match the order of the tuple's definition. Different tuple-types are
 *equivalent* if they specify the same fields of the same type in the same
-order. The *names* of the fields also have to be identical.
-
-The assignment operator for tuples copies each component.
-The default assignment operator for objects copies each component. Overloading
-of the assignment operator is described `here
-<manual_experimental.html#type-bound-operations>`_.
-
-.. code-block:: nim
+order. The *names* of the fields also have to be the same.
 
+  ```nim
   type
     Person = tuple[name: string, age: int] # type representing a person:
-                                           # a person consists of a name
-                                           # and an age
-  var
-    person: Person
+                                           # it consists of a name and an age.
+  var person: Person
   person = (name: "Peter", age: 30)
-  echo person.name
+  assert person.name == "Peter"
   # the same, but less readable:
   person = ("Peter", 30)
-  echo person[0]
+  assert person[0] == "Peter"
+  assert Person is (string, int)
+  assert (string, int) is Person
+  assert Person isnot tuple[other: string, age: int] # `other` is a different identifier
+  ```
 
 A tuple with one unnamed field can be constructed with the parentheses and a
 trailing comma:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc echoUnaryTuple(a: (int,)) =
     echo a[0]
 
   echoUnaryTuple (1,)
+  ```
 
 
 In fact, a trailing comma is allowed for every tuple construction.
@@ -1569,11 +1754,12 @@ is compatible with the way the C compiler does it.
 For consistency  with `object` declarations, tuples in a `type` section
 can also be defined with indentation instead of `[]`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     Person = tuple   # type representing a person
       name: string   # a person consists of a name
       age: Natural   # and an age
+  ```
 
 Objects provide many features that tuples do not. Objects provide inheritance
 and the ability to hide fields from other modules. Objects with inheritance
@@ -1581,7 +1767,7 @@ enabled have information about their type at runtime so that the `of` operator
 can be used to determine the object's type. The `of` operator is similar to
 the `instanceof` operator in Java.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     Person = object of RootObj
       name*: string   # the * means that `name` is accessible from other modules
@@ -1595,6 +1781,7 @@ the `instanceof` operator in Java.
     person: Person
   assert(student of Student) # is true
   assert(student of Person) # also true
+  ```
 
 Object fields that should be visible from outside the defining module have to
 be marked by `*`. In contrast to tuples, different object types are
@@ -1603,7 +1790,7 @@ Objects that have no ancestor are implicitly `final` and thus have no hidden
 type information. One can use the `inheritable` pragma to
 introduce new object roots apart from `system.RootObj`.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     Person = object # example of a final object
       name*: string
@@ -1611,6 +1798,11 @@ introduce new object roots apart from `system.RootObj`.
 
     Student = ref object of Person # Error: inheritance only works with non-final objects
       id: int
+  ```
+
+The assignment operator for tuples and objects copies each component.
+The methods to override this copying behavior are described [here][type
+bound operators].
 
 
 Object construction
@@ -1620,8 +1812,19 @@ Objects can also be created with an `object construction expression`:idx: that
 has the syntax `T(fieldA: valueA, fieldB: valueB, ...)` where `T` is
 an `object` type or a `ref object` type:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  var student = Student(name: "Anton", age: 5, id: 3)
+  ```nim
+  type
+    Student = object
+      name: string
+      age: int
+    PStudent = ref Student
+  var a1 = Student(name: "Anton", age: 5)
+  var a2 = PStudent(name: "Anton", age: 5)
+  # this also works directly:
+  var a3 = (ref Student)(name: "Anton", age: 5)
+  # not all fields need to be mentioned, and they can be mentioned out of order:
+  var a4 = Student(age: 5)
+  ```
 
 Note that, unlike tuples, objects require the field names along with their values.
 For a `ref object` type `system.new` is invoked implicitly.
@@ -1636,8 +1839,7 @@ enumerated type used for runtime type flexibility, mirroring the concepts of
 
 An example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   # This is an example of how an abstract syntax tree could be modelled in Nim
   type
     NodeKind = enum  # the different node types
@@ -1674,6 +1876,7 @@ An example:
                             rightOp: Node(kind: nkInt, intVal: 2))
   # valid: does not change the active object branch:
   x.kind = nkSub
+  ```
 
 As can be seen from the example, an advantage to an object hierarchy is that
 no casting between different object types is needed. Yet, access to invalid
@@ -1691,12 +1894,12 @@ corresponding discriminator value must be specified as a constant expression.
 Instead of changing the active object branch, replace the old object in memory
 with a new one completely:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   var x = Node(kind: nkAdd, leftOp: Node(kind: nkInt, intVal: 4),
                             rightOp: Node(kind: nkInt, intVal: 2))
   # change the node's contents:
   x[] = NodeObj(kind: nkString, strVal: "abc")
+  ```
 
 
 Starting with version 0.20 `system.reset` cannot be used anymore to support
@@ -1713,8 +1916,7 @@ valid for the chosen object branch.
 
 A small example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   let unknownKind = nkSub
 
   # invalid: unsafe initialization because the kind field is not statically known:
@@ -1731,6 +1933,92 @@ A small example:
   # also valid, since unknownKindBounded can only contain the values nkAdd or nkSub
   let unknownKindBounded = range[nkAdd..nkSub](unknownKind)
   z = Node(kind: unknownKindBounded, leftOp: Node(), rightOp: Node())
+  ```
+
+
+cast uncheckedAssign
+--------------------
+
+Some restrictions for case objects can be disabled via a `{.cast(uncheckedAssign).}` section:
+
+  ```nim  test="nim c $1"
+  type
+    TokenKind* = enum
+      strLit, intLit
+    Token = object
+      case kind*: TokenKind
+      of strLit:
+        s*: string
+      of intLit:
+        i*: int64
+
+  proc passToVar(x: var TokenKind) = discard
+
+  var t = Token(kind: strLit, s: "abc")
+
+  {.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+    # inside the 'cast' section it is allowed to pass 't.kind' to a 'var T' parameter:
+    passToVar(t.kind)
+
+    # inside the 'cast' section it is allowed to set field 's' even though the
+    # constructed 'kind' field has an unknown value:
+    t = Token(kind: t.kind, s: "abc")
+
+    # inside the 'cast' section it is allowed to assign to the 't.kind' field directly:
+    t.kind = intLit
+  ```
+
+Default values for object fields
+--------------------------------
+
+Object fields are allowed to have a constant default value. The type of field can be omitted if a default value is given.
+
+```nim test
+type
+  Foo = object
+    a: int = 2
+    b: float = 3.14
+    c = "I can have a default value"
+
+  Bar = ref object
+    a: int = 2
+    b: float = 3.14
+    c = "I can have a default value"
+```
+
+The explicit initialization uses these defaults which includes an `object` created with an object construction expression or the procedure `default`; a `ref object` created with an object construction expression or the procedure `new`; an array or a tuple with a subtype which has a default created with the procedure `default`.
+
+
+```nim test
+type
+  Foo = object
+    a: int = 2
+    b = 3.0
+  Bar = ref object
+    a: int = 2
+    b = 3.0
+
+block: # created with an object construction expression
+  let x = Foo()
+  assert x.a == 2 and x.b == 3.0
+
+  let y = Bar()
+  assert y.a == 2 and y.b == 3.0
+
+block: # created with an object construction expression
+  let x = default(Foo)
+  assert x.a == 2 and x.b == 3.0
+
+  let y = default(array[1, Foo])
+  assert y[0].a == 2 and y[0].b == 3.0
+
+  let z = default(tuple[x: Foo])
+  assert z.x.a == 2 and z.x.b == 3.0
+
+block: # created with the procedure `new`
+  let y = new Bar
+  assert y.a == 2 and y.b == 3.0
+```
 
 Set type
 --------
@@ -1746,25 +2034,24 @@ point to and modify the same location in memory (also called `aliasing`:idx:).
 Nim distinguishes between `traced`:idx: and `untraced`:idx: references.
 Untraced references are also called *pointers*. Traced references point to
 objects of a garbage-collected heap, untraced references point to
-manually allocated objects or objects somewhere else in memory. Thus
+manually allocated objects or objects somewhere else in memory. Thus,
 untraced references are *unsafe*. However, for certain low-level operations
 (accessing the hardware) untraced references are unavoidable.
 
 Traced references are declared with the **ref** keyword, untraced references
-are declared with the **ptr** keyword.  In general, a `ptr T` is implicitly
+are declared with the **ptr** keyword. In general, a `ptr T` is implicitly
 convertible to the `pointer` type.
 
 An empty subscript `[]` notation can be used to de-refer a reference,
 the `addr` procedure returns the address of an item. An address is always
 an untraced reference.
-Thus the usage of `addr` is an *unsafe* feature.
+Thus, the usage of `addr` is an *unsafe* feature.
 
 The `.` (access a tuple/object field operator)
 and `[]` (array/string/sequence index operator) operators perform implicit
 dereferencing operations for reference types:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   type
     Node = ref NodeObj
     NodeObj = object
@@ -1776,16 +2063,14 @@ dereferencing operations for reference types:
   new(n)
   n.data = 9
   # no need to write n[].data; in fact n[].data is highly discouraged!
-
-Automatic dereferencing can be performed for the first argument of a routine
-call, but this is an experimental feature and is described `here
-<manual_experimental.html#automatic-dereferencing>`_.
+  ```
 
 In order to simplify structural type checking, recursive tuples are not valid:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # invalid recursion
   type MyTuple = tuple[a: ref MyTuple]
+  ```
 
 Likewise `T = ref T` is an invalid type.
 
@@ -1793,17 +2078,17 @@ As a syntactical extension, `object` types can be anonymous if
 declared in a type section via the `ref object` or `ptr object` notations.
 This feature is useful if an object should only gain reference semantics:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   type
     Node = ref object
       le, ri: Node
       data: int
+  ```
 
 
 To allocate a new traced object, the built-in procedure `new` has to be used.
 To deal with untraced memory, the procedures `alloc`, `dealloc` and
-`realloc` can be used. The documentation of the `system <system.html>`_ module
+`realloc` can be used. The documentation of the [system](system.html) module
 contains further information.
 
 
@@ -1820,20 +2105,20 @@ Dereferencing `nil` is an unrecoverable fatal runtime error (and not a panic).
 A successful dereferencing operation `p[]` implies that `p` is not nil. This
 can be exploited by the implementation to optimize code like:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   p[].field = 3
   if p != nil:
     # if p were nil, `p[]` would have caused a crash already,
     # so we know `p` is always not nil here.
     action()
+  ```
 
 Into:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   p[].field = 3
   action()
+  ```
 
 
 *Note*: This is not comparable to C's "undefined behavior" for
@@ -1848,7 +2133,7 @@ traced references, strings, or sequences: in order to free everything properly,
 the built-in procedure `reset` has to be called before freeing the untraced
 memory manually:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     Data = tuple[x, y: int, s: string]
 
@@ -1863,9 +2148,11 @@ memory manually:
 
   # free the memory:
   dealloc(d)
+  ```
 
 Without the `reset` call the memory allocated for the `d.s` string would
-never be freed. The example also demonstrates two important features for low-level programming: the `sizeof` proc returns the size of a type or value
+never be freed. The example also demonstrates two important features for
+low-level programming: the `sizeof` proc returns the size of a type or value
 in bytes. The `cast` operator can circumvent the type system: the compiler
 is forced to treat the result of the `alloc0` call (which returns an untyped
 pointer) as if it would have the type `ptr Data`. Casting should only be
@@ -1883,23 +2170,21 @@ details like this when mixing garbage-collected data with unmanaged memory.
 Procedural type
 ---------------
 A procedural type is internally a pointer to a procedure. `nil` is
-an allowed value for variables of a procedural type. Nim uses procedural
-types to achieve `functional`:idx: programming techniques.
+an allowed value for a variable of a procedural type.
 
 Examples:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc printItem(x: int) = ...
 
   proc forEach(c: proc (x: int) {.cdecl.}) =
     ...
 
   forEach(printItem)  # this will NOT compile because calling conventions differ
+  ```
 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   type
     OnMouseMove = proc (x, y: int) {.closure.}
 
@@ -1912,6 +2197,7 @@ Examples:
   # ok, 'onMouseMove' has the default calling convention, which is compatible
   # to 'closure':
   setOnMouseMove(onMouseMove)
+  ```
 
 
 A subtle issue with procedural types is that the calling convention of the
@@ -1923,52 +2209,52 @@ that expects a proc of the calling convention `closure`.
 Nim supports these `calling conventions`:idx:\:
 
 `nimcall`:idx:
-    is the default convention used for a Nim **proc**. It is the
+:   is the default convention used for a Nim **proc**. It is the
     same as `fastcall`, but only for C compilers that support `fastcall`.
 
 `closure`:idx:
-    is the default calling convention for a **procedural type** that lacks
+:   is the default calling convention for a **procedural type** that lacks
     any pragma annotations. It indicates that the procedure has a hidden
     implicit parameter (an *environment*). Proc vars that have the calling
     convention `closure` take up two machine words: One for the proc pointer
     and another one for the pointer to implicitly passed environment.
 
 `stdcall`:idx:
-    This is the stdcall convention as specified by Microsoft. The generated C
+:   This is the stdcall convention as specified by Microsoft. The generated C
     procedure is declared with the `__stdcall` keyword.
 
 `cdecl`:idx:
-    The cdecl convention means that a procedure shall use the same convention
+:   The cdecl convention means that a procedure shall use the same convention
     as the C compiler. Under Windows the generated C procedure is declared with
     the `__cdecl` keyword.
 
 `safecall`:idx:
-    This is the safecall convention as specified by Microsoft. The generated C
+:   This is the safecall convention as specified by Microsoft. The generated C
     procedure is declared with the `__safecall` keyword. The word *safe*
     refers to the fact that all hardware registers shall be pushed to the
     hardware stack.
 
 `inline`:idx:
-    The inline convention means the caller should not call the procedure,
+:   The inline convention means the caller should not call the procedure,
     but inline its code directly. Note that Nim does not inline, but leaves
     this to the C compiler; it generates `__inline` procedures. This is
-    only a hint for the compiler: it may completely ignore it and
+    only a hint for the compiler: it may completely ignore it, and
     it may inline procedures that are not marked as `inline`.
 
 `fastcall`:idx:
-    Fastcall means different things to different C compilers. One gets whatever
+:   Fastcall means different things to different C compilers. One gets whatever
     the C `__fastcall` means.
 
 `thiscall`:idx:
-    This is the thiscall calling convention as specified by Microsoft, used on
+:   This is the thiscall calling convention as specified by Microsoft, used on
     C++ class member functions on the x86 architecture.
 
 `syscall`:idx:
-    The syscall convention is the same as `__syscall` in C. It is used for
+:   The syscall convention is the same as `__syscall`:c: in C. It is used for
     interrupts.
 
 `noconv`:idx:
-    The generated C code will not have any explicit calling convention and thus
+:   The generated C code will not have any explicit calling convention and thus
     use the C compiler's default calling convention. This is needed because
     Nim's default calling convention for procedures is `fastcall` to
     improve speed.
@@ -1994,8 +2280,7 @@ reverse operation.
 A distinct type is an ordinal type if its base type is an ordinal type.
 
 
-Modeling currencies
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+### Modeling currencies
 
 A distinct type can be used to model different physical `units`:idx: with a
 numerical base type, for example. The following example models currencies.
@@ -2003,7 +2288,7 @@ numerical base type, for example. The following example models currencies.
 Different currencies should not be mixed in monetary calculations. Distinct
 types are a perfect tool to model different currencies:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     Dollar = distinct int
     Euro = distinct int
@@ -2014,19 +2299,21 @@ types are a perfect tool to model different currencies:
 
   echo d + 12
   # Error: cannot add a number with no unit and a `Dollar`
+  ```
 
 Unfortunately, `d + 12.Dollar` is not allowed either,
 because `+` is defined for `int` (among others), not for `Dollar`. So
 a `+` for dollars needs to be defined:
 
-.. code-block::
+  ```nim
   proc `+` (x, y: Dollar): Dollar =
     result = Dollar(int(x) + int(y))
+  ```
 
 It does not make sense to multiply a dollar with a dollar, but with a
 number without unit; and the same holds for division:
 
-.. code-block::
+  ```nim
   proc `*` (x: Dollar, y: int): Dollar =
     result = Dollar(int(x) * y)
 
@@ -2034,6 +2321,7 @@ number without unit; and the same holds for division:
     result = Dollar(x * int(y))
 
   proc `div` ...
+  ```
 
 This quickly gets tedious. The implementations are trivial and the compiler
 should not generate all this code only to optimize it away later - after all
@@ -2041,21 +2329,20 @@ should not generate all this code only to optimize it away later - after all
 The pragma `borrow`:idx: has been designed to solve this problem; in principle,
 it generates the above trivial implementations:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc `*` (x: Dollar, y: int): Dollar {.borrow.}
   proc `*` (x: int, y: Dollar): Dollar {.borrow.}
   proc `div` (x: Dollar, y: int): Dollar {.borrow.}
+  ```
 
 The `borrow` pragma makes the compiler use the same implementation as
 the proc that deals with the distinct type's base type, so no code is
 generated.
 
 But it seems all this boilerplate code needs to be repeated for the `Euro`
-currency. This can be solved with templates_.
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+currency. This can be solved with [templates].
 
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   template additive(typ: typedesc) =
     proc `+` *(x, y: typ): typ {.borrow.}
     proc `-` *(x, y: typ): typ {.borrow.}
@@ -2084,12 +2371,13 @@ currency. This can be solved with templates_.
 
   defineCurrency(Dollar, int)
   defineCurrency(Euro, int)
+  ```
 
 
 The borrow pragma can also be used to annotate the distinct type to allow
 certain builtin operations to be lifted:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     Foo = object
       a, b: int
@@ -2102,18 +2390,18 @@ certain builtin operations to be lifted:
   # field access now valid
   bb.a = 90
   bb.s = "abc"
+  ```
 
 Currently, only the dot accessor can be borrowed in this way.
 
 
-Avoiding SQL injection attacks
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+### Avoiding SQL injection attacks
 
 An SQL statement that is passed from Nim to an SQL database might be
 modeled as a string. However, using string templates and filling in the
 values is vulnerable to the famous `SQL injection attack`:idx:\:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   import std/strutils
 
   proc query(db: DbHandle, statement: string) = ...
@@ -2123,12 +2411,13 @@ values is vulnerable to the famous `SQL injection attack`:idx:\:
 
   db.query("SELECT FROM users WHERE name = '$1'" % username)
   # Horrible security hole, but the compiler does not mind!
+  ```
 
 This can be avoided by distinguishing strings that contain SQL from strings
 that don't. Distinct types provide a means to introduce a new string type
 `SQL` that is incompatible with `string`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     SQL = distinct string
 
@@ -2139,13 +2428,14 @@ that don't. Distinct types provide a means to introduce a new string type
 
   db.query("SELECT FROM users WHERE name = '$1'" % username)
   # Static error: `query` expects an SQL string!
+  ```
 
 
 It is an essential property of abstract types that they **do not** imply a
 subtype relation between the abstract type and its base type. Explicit type
 conversions from `string` to `SQL` are allowed:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   import std/[strutils, sequtils]
 
   proc properQuote(s: string): SQL =
@@ -2161,12 +2451,13 @@ conversions from `string` to `SQL` are allowed:
     result = SQL(string(frmt) % StrSeq(v))
 
   db.query("SELECT FROM users WHERE name = '$1'".SQL % [username])
+  ```
 
-Now we have compile-time checking against SQL injection attacks.  Since
+Now we have compile-time checking against SQL injection attacks. Since
 `"".SQL` is transformed to `SQL("")` no new syntax is needed for nice
 looking `SQL` string literals. The hypothetical `SQL` type actually
-exists in the library as the `SqlQuery type <db_common.html#SqlQuery>`_ of
-modules like `db_sqlite <db_sqlite.html>`_.
+exists in the library as the [SqlQuery type](db_common.html#SqlQuery) of
+modules like [db_sqlite](db_sqlite.html).
 
 
 Auto type
@@ -2175,18 +2466,21 @@ Auto type
 The `auto` type can only be used for return types and parameters. For return
 types it causes the compiler to infer the type from the routine body:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc returnsInt(): auto = 1984
+  ```
 
 For parameters it currently creates implicitly generic routines:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc foo(a, b: auto) = discard
+  ```
 
 Is the same as:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc foo[T1, T2](a: T1, b: T2) = discard
+  ```
 
 However, later versions of the language might change this to mean "infer the
 parameters' types from the body". Then the above `foo` would be rejected as
@@ -2202,121 +2496,36 @@ describe the type checking done by the compiler.
 
 Type equality
 -------------
-Nim uses structural type equivalence for most types. Only for objects,
-enumerations and distinct types name equivalence is used. The following
-algorithm, *in pseudo-code*, determines type equality:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  proc typeEqualsAux(a, b: PType,
-                     s: var HashSet[(PType, PType)]): bool =
-    if (a,b) in s: return true
-    incl(s, (a,b))
-    if a.kind == b.kind:
-      case a.kind
-      of int, intXX, float, floatXX, char, string, cstring, pointer,
-          bool, nil, void:
-        # leaf type: kinds identical; nothing more to check
-        result = true
-      of ref, ptr, var, set, seq, openarray:
-        result = typeEqualsAux(a.baseType, b.baseType, s)
-      of range:
-        result = typeEqualsAux(a.baseType, b.baseType, s) and
-          (a.rangeA == b.rangeA) and (a.rangeB == b.rangeB)
-      of array:
-        result = typeEqualsAux(a.baseType, b.baseType, s) and
-                 typeEqualsAux(a.indexType, b.indexType, s)
-      of tuple:
-        if a.tupleLen == b.tupleLen:
-          for i in 0..a.tupleLen-1:
-            if not typeEqualsAux(a[i], b[i], s): return false
-          result = true
-      of object, enum, distinct:
-        result = a == b
-      of proc:
-        result = typeEqualsAux(a.parameterTuple, b.parameterTuple, s) and
-                 typeEqualsAux(a.resultType, b.resultType, s) and
-                 a.callingConvention == b.callingConvention
-
-  proc typeEquals(a, b: PType): bool =
-    var s: HashSet[(PType, PType)] = {}
-    result = typeEqualsAux(a, b, s)
-
-Since types are graphs which can have cycles, the above algorithm needs an
-auxiliary set `s` to detect this case.
-
-
-Type equality modulo type distinction
--------------------------------------
 
-The following algorithm (in pseudo-code) determines whether two types
-are equal with no respect to `distinct` types. For brevity the cycle check
-with an auxiliary set `s` is omitted:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  proc typeEqualsOrDistinct(a, b: PType): bool =
-    if a.kind == b.kind:
-      case a.kind
-      of int, intXX, float, floatXX, char, string, cstring, pointer,
-          bool, nil, void:
-        # leaf type: kinds identical; nothing more to check
-        result = true
-      of ref, ptr, var, set, seq, openarray:
-        result = typeEqualsOrDistinct(a.baseType, b.baseType)
-      of range:
-        result = typeEqualsOrDistinct(a.baseType, b.baseType) and
-          (a.rangeA == b.rangeA) and (a.rangeB == b.rangeB)
-      of array:
-        result = typeEqualsOrDistinct(a.baseType, b.baseType) and
-                 typeEqualsOrDistinct(a.indexType, b.indexType)
-      of tuple:
-        if a.tupleLen == b.tupleLen:
-          for i in 0..a.tupleLen-1:
-            if not typeEqualsOrDistinct(a[i], b[i]): return false
-          result = true
-      of distinct:
-        result = typeEqualsOrDistinct(a.baseType, b.baseType)
-      of object, enum:
-        result = a == b
-      of proc:
-        result = typeEqualsOrDistinct(a.parameterTuple, b.parameterTuple) and
-                 typeEqualsOrDistinct(a.resultType, b.resultType) and
-                 a.callingConvention == b.callingConvention
-    elif a.kind == distinct:
-      result = typeEqualsOrDistinct(a.baseType, b)
-    elif b.kind == distinct:
-      result = typeEqualsOrDistinct(a, b.baseType)
+Nim uses structural type equivalence for most types. Only for objects,
+enumerations and distinct types and for generic types name equivalence is used.
 
 
 Subtype relation
 ----------------
-If object `a` inherits from `b`, `a` is a subtype of `b`. This subtype
-relation is extended to the types `var`, `ref`, `ptr`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  proc isSubtype(a, b: PType): bool =
-    if a.kind == b.kind:
-      case a.kind
-      of object:
-        var aa = a.baseType
-        while aa != nil and aa != b: aa = aa.baseType
-        result = aa == b
-      of var, ref, ptr:
-        result = isSubtype(a.baseType, b.baseType)
+If object `a` inherits from `b`, `a` is a subtype of `b`.
 
-.. XXX nil is a special value!
+This subtype relation is extended to the types `var`, `ref`, `ptr`.
+If `A` is a subtype of `B` and `A` and `B` are `object` types then:
 
+- `var A` is a subtype of `var B`
+- `ref A` is a subtype of `ref B`
+- `ptr A` is a subtype of `ptr B`.
 
+**Note**: One of the above pointer-indirections is required for assignment from
+a subtype to its parent type to prevent "object slicing".
 
 
 Convertible relation
 --------------------
+
 A type `a` is **implicitly** convertible to type `b` iff the following
 algorithm returns true:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc isImplicitlyConvertible(a, b: PType): bool =
-    if isSubtype(a, b) or isCovariant(a, b):
+    if isSubtype(a, b):
       return true
     if isIntLiteral(a):
       return b in {int8, int16, int32, int64, int, uint, uint8, uint16,
@@ -2342,7 +2551,13 @@ algorithm returns true:
       result = b == pointer
     of string:
       result = b == cstring
+    of proc:
+      result = typeEquals(a, b) or compatibleParametersAndEffects(a, b)
+  ```
 
+We used the predicate `typeEquals(a, b)` for the "type equality" property
+and the predicate `isSubtype(a, b)` for the "subtype relation".
+`compatibleParametersAndEffects(a, b)` is currently not specified.
 
 Implicit conversions are also performed for Nim's `range` type
 constructor.
@@ -2358,21 +2573,24 @@ are signed integers or if both are unsigned integers.
 A type `a` is **explicitly** convertible to type `b` iff the following
 algorithm returns true:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc isIntegralType(t: PType): bool =
     result = isOrdinal(t) or t.kind in {float, float32, float64}
 
   proc isExplicitlyConvertible(a, b: PType): bool =
     result = false
     if isImplicitlyConvertible(a, b): return true
-    if typeEqualsOrDistinct(a, b): return true
+    if typeEquals(a, b): return true
+    if a == distinct and typeEquals(a.baseType, b): return true
+    if b == distinct and typeEquals(b.baseType, a): return true
     if isIntegralType(a) and isIntegralType(b): return true
     if isSubtype(a, b) or isSubtype(b, a): return true
+  ```
 
 The convertible relation can be relaxed by a user-defined type
 `converter`:idx:.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   converter toInt(x: char): int = result = ord(x)
 
   var
@@ -2385,6 +2603,7 @@ The convertible relation can be relaxed by a user-defined type
   # one can use the explicit form too
   x = chr.toInt
   echo x # => 97
+  ```
 
 The type conversion `T(a)` is an L-value if `a` is an L-value and
 `typeEqualsOrDistinct(T, typeof(a))` holds.
@@ -2397,16 +2616,23 @@ An expression `b` can be assigned to an expression `a` iff `a` is an
 `l-value` and `isImplicitlyConvertible(b.typ, a.typ)` holds.
 
 
-Overloading resolution
-======================
+Overload resolution
+===================
+
+In a call `p(args)` where `p` may refer to more than one
+candidate, it is said to be a symbol choice. Overload resolution will attempt to
+find the best candidate, thus transforming the symbol choice into a resolved symbol.
+The routine `p` that matches best is selected following a series of trials explained below. 
+In order: Catagory matching, Hierarchical Order Comparison, and finally, Complexity Analysis.
+
+If multiple candidates match equally well after all trials have been tested, the ambiguity 
+is reported during semantic analysis.
 
-In a call `p(args)` the routine `p` that matches best is selected. If
-multiple routines match equally well, the ambiguity is reported during
-semantic analysis.
+First Trial: Catagory matching
+--------------------------------
 
-Every arg in args needs to match. There are multiple different categories how an
-argument can match. Let `f` be the formal parameter's type and `a` the type
-of the argument.
+Every arg in `args` needs to match and there are multiple different categories of matches.
+Let `f` be the formal parameter's type and `a` the type of the argument.
 
 1. Exact match: `a` and `f` are of the same type.
 2. Literal match: `a` is an integer literal of value `v`
@@ -2416,7 +2642,7 @@ of the argument.
    range.
 3. Generic match: `f` is a generic type and `a` matches, for
    instance `a` is `int` and `f` is a generic (constrained) parameter
-   type (like in `[T]` or `[T: int|char]`.
+   type (like in `[T]` or `[T: int|char]`).
 4. Subrange or subtype match: `a` is a `range[T]` and `T`
    matches `f` exactly. Or: `a` is a subtype of `f`.
 5. Integral conversion match: `a` is convertible to `f` and `f` and `a`
@@ -2424,14 +2650,21 @@ of the argument.
 6. Conversion match: `a` is convertible to `f`, possibly via a user
    defined `converter`.
 
-These matching categories have a priority: An exact match is better than a
-literal match and that is better than a generic match etc. In the following,
-`count(p, m)` counts the number of matches of the matching category `m`
-for the routine `p`.
+Each operand may fall into one of the categories above; the operand's
+highest priority category. The list above is in order or priority.
+If a candidate has more priority matches than all other candidates, it is selected as the
+resolved symbol.
+
+For example, if a candidate with one exact match is compared to a candidate with multiple
+generic matches and zero exact matches, the candidate with an exact match will win.
+
+Below is a pseudocode interpretation of category matching, `count(p, m)` counts the number 
+of matches of the matching category `m` for the routine `p`.
 
 A routine `p` matches better than a routine `q` if the following
-algorithm returns true::
+algorithm returns true:
 
+  ```nim
   for each matching category m in ["exact match", "literal match",
                                   "generic match", "subtype match",
                                   "integral match", "conversion match"]:
@@ -2441,11 +2674,55 @@ algorithm returns true::
     else:
       return false
   return "ambiguous"
+  ```
+
+Second Trial: Hierarchical Order Comparison
+----------------------------------------------
+
+The hierarchical order of a type is analogous to its relative specificity. Consider the type defined:
+
+```nim
+type A[T] = object
+```
+
+Matching formals for this type include `T`, `object`, `A`, `A[...]` and `A[C]` where `C` is a concrete type, `A[...]`
+is a generic typeclass composition and `T` is an unconstrained generic type variable. This list is in order of 
+specificity with respect to `A` as each subsequent category narrows the set of types that are members of their match set.
+
+In this trail, the formal parameters of candidates are compared in order (1st parameter, 2nd parameter, etc.) to search for
+a candidate that has an unrivaled specificity. If such a formal parameter is found, the candidate it belongs to is chosen 
+as the resolved symbol.
 
+Third Trial: Complexity Analysis
+----------------------------------
+
+A slight clarification: While category matching digests all the formal parameters of a candidate at once (order doesn't matter),
+specificity comparison and complexity analysis operate on each formal parameter at a time. The following
+is the final trial to disambiguate a symbol choice when a pair of formal parameters have the same hierarchical order.
+
+The complexity of a type is essentially its number of modifiers and depth of shape. The definition with the *highest*
+complexity wins. Consider the following types:
+
+```nim
+type
+  A[T] = object
+  B[T, H] = object
+```
+
+Note: The below examples are not exhaustive.
 
-Some examples:
+We shall say that:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+1. `A[T]` has a higher complexity than `A`
+2. `var A[T]` has a higher complexity than `A[T]`
+3. `A[A[T]]` has a higher complexity than `A[T]`
+4. `B[T, H]` has a higher complexity than `A[T]` (`A` and `B` are not compatible here, but convoluted versions of this exist)
+5. `B[ptr T, H]` has a higher complexity than `B[T, H]`
+
+Some Examples
+---------------
+
+  ```nim
   proc takesInt(x: int) = echo "int"
   proc takesInt[T](x: T) = echo "T"
   proc takesInt(x: int16) = echo "int16"
@@ -2457,14 +2734,14 @@ Some examples:
   takesInt(y) # "int16"
   var z: range[0..4] = 0
   takesInt(z) # "T"
+  ```
 
 
-If this algorithm returns "ambiguous" further disambiguation is performed:
 If the argument `a` matches both the parameter type `f` of `p`
 and `g` of `q` via a subtyping relation, the inheritance depth is taken
 into account:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     A = object of RootObj
     B = object of A
@@ -2486,18 +2763,37 @@ into account:
 
   # but this is ambiguous:
   pp(c, c)
+  ```
 
 
 Likewise, for generic matches, the most specialized generic type (that still
 matches) is preferred:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc gen[T](x: ref ref T) = echo "ref ref T"
   proc gen[T](x: ref T) = echo "ref T"
   proc gen[T](x: T) = echo "T"
 
   var ri: ref int
   gen(ri) # "ref T"
+  ```
+
+Type variables match
+----------------------
+
+When overload resolution is considering candidates, the type variable's definition
+is not overlooked as it is used to define the formal parameter's type via variable substitution.
+
+For example:
+```nim
+type A
+proc p[T: A](param: T)
+proc p[T: object](param: T)
+```
+
+These signatures are not ambiguous for a concrete type of `A` even though the formal parameters match ("T" == "T").
+Instead `T` is treated as a variable in that (`T` ?= `T`) depending on the bound type of `T` at the time of
+overload resolution.
 
 
 Overloading based on 'var T'
@@ -2508,7 +2804,7 @@ in addition to the ordinary type checking,
 the argument is checked to be an `l-value`:idx:.
 `var T` matches better than just `T` then.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc sayHi(x: int): string =
     # matches a non-var int
     result = $x
@@ -2523,6 +2819,7 @@ the argument is checked to be an `l-value`:idx:.
 
   sayHello(3) # 3
               # 13
+  ```
 
 
 Lazy type resolution for untyped
@@ -2536,10 +2833,11 @@ in overloading resolution, it's essential to have a way to pass unresolved
 expressions to a template or macro. This is what the meta-type `untyped`
 accomplishes:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   template rem(x: untyped) = discard
 
   rem unresolvedExpression(undeclaredIdentifier)
+  ```
 
 A parameter of type `untyped` always matches any argument (as long as there is
 any argument passed to it).
@@ -2547,12 +2845,13 @@ any argument passed to it).
 But one has to watch out because other overloads might trigger the
 argument's resolution:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   template rem(x: untyped) = discard
   proc rem[T](x: T) = discard
 
   # undeclared identifier: 'unresolvedExpression'
   rem unresolvedExpression(undeclaredIdentifier)
+  ```
 
 `untyped` and `varargs[untyped]` are the only metatype that are lazy in this sense, the other
 metatypes `typed` and `typedesc` are not lazy.
@@ -2561,7 +2860,68 @@ metatypes `typed` and `typedesc` are not lazy.
 Varargs matching
 ----------------
 
-See `Varargs <#types-varargs>`_.
+See [Varargs].
+
+
+iterable
+--------
+
+A called `iterator` yielding type `T` can be passed to a template or macro via
+a parameter typed as `untyped` (for unresolved expressions) or the type class
+`iterable` or `iterable[T]` (after type checking and overload resolution).
+
+  ```nim
+  iterator iota(n: int): int =
+    for i in 0..<n: yield i
+
+  template toSeq2[T](a: iterable[T]): seq[T] =
+    var ret: seq[T]
+    assert a.typeof is T
+    for ai in a: ret.add ai
+    ret
+
+  assert iota(3).toSeq2 == @[0, 1, 2]
+  assert toSeq2(5..7) == @[5, 6, 7]
+  assert not compiles(toSeq2(@[1,2])) # seq[int] is not an iterable
+  assert toSeq2(items(@[1,2])) == @[1, 2] # but items(@[1,2]) is
+  ```
+
+
+Overload disambiguation
+=======================
+
+For routine calls "overload resolution" is performed. There is a weaker form of
+overload resolution called *overload disambiguation* that is performed when an
+overloaded symbol is used in a context where there is additional type information
+available. Let `p` be an overloaded symbol. These contexts are:
+
+- In a function call `q(..., p, ...)` when the corresponding formal parameter
+  of `q` is a `proc` type. If `q` itself is overloaded then the cartesian product
+  of every interpretation of `q` and `p` must be considered.
+- In an object constructor `Obj(..., field: p, ...)` when `field` is a `proc`
+  type. Analogous rules exist for array/set/tuple constructors.
+- In a declaration like `x: T = p` when `T` is a `proc` type.
+
+As usual, ambiguous matches produce a compile-time error.
+
+Named argument overloading
+--------------------------
+
+Routines with the same type signature can be called individually if
+a parameter has different names between them.
+
+  ```Nim
+  proc foo(x: int) =
+    echo "Using x: ", x
+  proc foo(y: int) =
+    echo "Using y: ", y
+
+  foo(x = 2) # Using x: 2
+  foo(y = 2) # Using y: 2
+  ```
+
+Not supplying the parameter name in such cases results in an
+ambiguity error.
 
 
 Statements and expressions
@@ -2595,11 +2955,12 @@ Discard statement
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc p(x, y: int): int =
     result = x + y
 
   discard p(3, 4) # discard the return value of `p`
+  ```
 
 The `discard` statement evaluates its expression for side-effects and
 throws the expression's resulting value away, and should only be used
@@ -2611,31 +2972,34 @@ a static error.
 The return value can be ignored implicitly if the called proc/iterator has
 been declared with the `discardable`:idx: pragma:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc p(x, y: int): int {.discardable.} =
     result = x + y
 
   p(3, 4) # now valid
+  ```
 
 however the discardable pragma does not work on templates as templates substitute the AST in place. For example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   {.push discardable .}
   template example(): string = "https://nim-lang.org"
   {.pop.}
 
   example()
+  ```
 
 This template will resolve into "https://nim-lang.org" which is a string literal and since {.discardable.} doesn't apply to literals, the compiler will error.
 
 An empty `discard` statement is often used as a null statement:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc classify(s: string) =
     case s[0]
     of SymChars, '_': echo "an identifier"
     of '0'..'9': echo "a number"
     else: discard
+  ```
 
 
 Void context
@@ -2645,15 +3009,17 @@ In a list of statements, every expression except the last one needs to have the
 type `void`. In addition to this rule an assignment to the builtin `result`
 symbol also triggers a mandatory `void` context for the subsequent expressions:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc invalid*(): string =
     result = "foo"
     "invalid"  # Error: value of type 'string' has to be discarded
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc valid*(): string =
     let x = 317
     "valid"
+  ```
 
 
 Var statement
@@ -2663,11 +3029,11 @@ Var statements declare new local and global variables and
 initialize them. A comma-separated list of variables can be used to specify
 variables of the same type:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   var
     a: int = 0
     x, y, z: int
+  ```
 
 If an initializer is given, the type can be omitted: the variable is then of the
 same type as the initializing expression. Variables are always initialized
@@ -2685,26 +3051,28 @@ ref or pointer type             nil
 procedural type                 nil
 sequence                        `@[]`
 string                          `""`
-tuple[x: A, y: B, ...]          (default(A), default(B), ...)
+`tuple[x: A, y: B, ...]`        (zeroDefault(A), zeroDefault(B), ...)
                                 (analogous for objects)
-array[0..., T]                  [default(T), ...]
-range[T]                        default(T); this may be out of the valid range
-T = enum                        cast[T]\(0); this may be an invalid value
+`array[0..., T]`                `[zeroDefault(T), ...]`
+`range[T]`                      default(T); this may be out of the valid range
+T = enum                        `cast[T](0)`; this may be an invalid value
 ============================    ==============================================
 
 
 The implicit initialization can be avoided for optimization reasons with the
 `noinit`:idx: pragma:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var
-    a {.noInit.}: array[0..1023, char]
+    a {.noinit.}: array[0..1023, char]
+  ```
 
 If a proc is annotated with the `noinit` pragma, this refers to its implicit
 `result` variable:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc returnUndefinedValue: int {.noinit.} = discard
+  ```
 
 
 The implicit initialization can also be prevented by the `requiresInit`:idx:
@@ -2712,9 +3080,9 @@ type pragma. The compiler requires an explicit initialization for the object
 and all of its fields. However, it does a `control flow analysis`:idx: to prove
 the variable has been initialized and does not rely on syntactic properties:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
-    MyObject = object {.requiresInit.}
+    MyObject {.requiresInit.} = object
 
   proc p() =
     # the following is valid:
@@ -2724,37 +3092,46 @@ the variable has been initialized and does not rely on syntactic properties:
     else:
       x = a()
     # use x
+  ```
 
-`requiresInit` pragma can also be applyied to `distinct` types.
+`requiresInit` pragma can also be applied to `distinct` types.
 
 Given the following distinct type definitions:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
-    DistinctObject {.requiresInit, borrow: `.`.} = distinct MyObject
+    Foo = object
+      x: string
+
+    DistinctFoo {.requiresInit, borrow: `.`.} = distinct Foo
     DistinctString {.requiresInit.} = distinct string
+  ```
 
 The following code blocks will fail to compile:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var foo: DistinctFoo
   foo.x = "test"
   doAssert foo.x == "test"
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var s: DistinctString
   s = "test"
-  doAssert s == "test"
+  doAssert string(s) == "test"
+  ```
 
-But these ones will compile successfully:
+But these will compile successfully:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   let foo = DistinctFoo(Foo(x: "test"))
   doAssert foo.x == "test"
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  let s = "test"
-  doAssert s == "test"
+  ```nim
+  let s = DistinctString("test")
+  doAssert string(s) == "test"
+  ```
 
 Let statement
 -------------
@@ -2772,18 +3149,61 @@ when they are declared. The only exception to this is if the `{.importc.}`
 pragma (or any of the other `importX` pragmas) is applied, in this case the
 value is expected to come from native code, typically a C/C++ `const`.
 
+Special identifier `_` (underscore)
+-----------------------------------
+
+The identifier `_` has a special meaning in declarations.
+Any definition with the name `_` will not be added to scope, meaning the
+definition is evaluated, but cannot be used. As a result the name `_` can be
+indefinitely redefined.
+
+  ```nim
+  let _ = 123
+  echo _ # error
+  let _ = 456 # compiles
+  ```
 
 Tuple unpacking
 ---------------
 
-In a `var` or `let` statement tuple unpacking can be performed. The special
-identifier `_` can be used to ignore some parts of the tuple:
+In a `var`, `let` or `const` statement tuple unpacking can be performed.
+The special identifier `_` can be used to ignore some parts of the tuple:
+
+  ```nim
+  proc returnsTuple(): (int, int, int) = (4, 2, 3)
+
+  let (x, _, z) = returnsTuple()
+  ```
+
+This is treated as syntax sugar for roughly the following:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    proc returnsTuple(): (int, int, int) = (4, 2, 3)
+  ```nim
+  let
+    tmpTuple = returnsTuple()
+    x = tmpTuple[0]
+    z = tmpTuple[2]
+  ```
 
-    let (x, _, z) = returnsTuple()
+For `var` or `let` statements, if the value expression is a tuple literal,
+each expression is directly expanded into an assignment without the use of
+a temporary variable.
 
+  ```nim
+  let (x, y, z) = (1, 2, 3)
+  # becomes
+  let
+    x = 1
+    y = 2
+    z = 3
+  ```
+
+Tuple unpacking can also be nested:
+
+  ```nim
+  proc returnsNestedTuple(): (int, (int, int), int, int) = (4, (5, 7), 2, 3)
+
+  let (x, (_, y), _, z) = returnsNestedTuple()
+  ```
 
 
 Const section
@@ -2791,16 +3211,25 @@ Const section
 
 A const section declares constants whose values are constant expressions:
 
-.. code-block::
+  ```nim
   import std/[strutils]
   const
     roundPi = 3.1415
     constEval = contains("abc", 'b') # computed at compile time!
+  ```
 
 Once declared, a constant's symbol can be used as a constant expression.
 
-See `Constants and Constant Expressions <#constants-and-constant-expressions>`_
-for details.
+The value part of a constant declaration opens a new scope for each constant,
+so no symbols declared in the constant value are accessible outside of it.
+
+  ```nim
+  const foo = (var a = 1; a)
+  const bar = a # error
+  let baz = a # error
+  ```
+
+See [Constants and Constant Expressions] for details.
 
 Static statement/expression
 ---------------------------
@@ -2808,14 +3237,27 @@ Static statement/expression
 A static statement/expression explicitly requires compile-time execution.
 Even some code that has side effects is permitted in a static block:
 
-.. code-block::
-
+  ```nim
   static:
     echo "echo at compile time"
+  ```
+
+`static` can also be used like a routine.
+
+  ```nim
+  proc getNum(a: int): int = a
+
+  # Below calls "echo getNum(123)" at compile time.
+  static:
+    echo getNum(123)
+
+  # Below call evaluates the "getNum(123)" at compile time, but its
+  # result gets used at run time.
+  echo static(getNum(123))
+  ```
 
 There are limitations on what Nim code can be executed at compile time;
-see `Restrictions on Compile-Time Execution
-<#restrictions-on-compileminustime-execution>`_ for details.
+see [Restrictions on Compile-Time Execution] for details.
 It's a static error if the compiler cannot execute the block at compile
 time.
 
@@ -2825,8 +3267,7 @@ If statement
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   var name = readLine(stdin)
 
   if name == "Andreas":
@@ -2835,10 +3276,11 @@ Example:
     echo "Don't you have a name?"
   else:
     echo "Boring name..."
+  ```
 
 The `if` statement is a simple way to make a branch in the control flow:
 The expression after the keyword `if` is evaluated, if it is true
-the corresponding statements after the `:` are executed. Otherwise
+the corresponding statements after the `:` are executed. Otherwise,
 the expression after the `elif` is evaluated (if there is an
 `elif` branch), if it is true the corresponding statements after
 the `:` are executed. This goes on until the last `elif`. If all
@@ -2851,26 +3293,28 @@ corresponding *then* block.
 For visualization purposes the scopes have been enclosed
 in `{|  |}` in the following example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   if {| (let m = input =~ re"(\w+)=\w+"; m.isMatch):
     echo "key ", m[0], " value ", m[1]  |}
   elif {| (let m = input =~ re""; m.isMatch):
     echo "new m in this scope"  |}
   else: {|
     echo "m not declared here"  |}
+  ```
 
 Case statement
 --------------
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  case readline(stdin)
+  ```nim
+  let line = readline(stdin)
+  case line
   of "delete-everything", "restart-computer":
     echo "permission denied"
   of "go-for-a-walk":     echo "please yourself"
-  else:                   echo "unknown command"
+  elif line.len == 0:     echo "empty" # optional, must come after `of` branches
+  else:                   echo "unknown command" # ditto
 
   # indentation of the branches is also allowed; and so is an optional colon
   # after the selecting expression:
@@ -2879,21 +3323,29 @@ Example:
       echo "permission denied"
     of "go-for-a-walk":     echo "please yourself"
     else:                   echo "unknown command"
+  ```
 
 
-The `case` statement is similar to the if statement, but it represents
+The `case` statement is similar to the `if` statement, but it represents
 a multi-branch selection. The expression after the keyword `case` is
 evaluated and if its value is in a *slicelist* the corresponding statements
 (after the `of` keyword) are executed. If the value is not in any
-given *slicelist* the `else` part is executed. If there is no `else`
-part and not all possible values that `expr` can hold occur in a
-*slicelist*, a static error occurs. This holds only for expressions of
-ordinal types. "All possible values" of `expr` are determined by `expr`'s
-type. To suppress the static error an `else` part with an
-empty `discard` statement should be used.
+given *slicelist*, trailing `elif` and `else` parts are executed using same
+semantics as for `if` statement, and `elif` is handled just like `else: if`.
+If there are no `else` or `elif` parts and not
+all possible values that `expr` can hold occur in a *slicelist*, a static error occurs.
+This holds only for expressions of ordinal types.
+"All possible values" of `expr` are determined by `expr`'s type.
+To suppress the static error an `else: discard` should be used.
+
+Only ordinal types, floats, strings and cstrings are allowed as values
+in case statements.
 
 For non-ordinal types, it is not possible to list every possible value and so
 these always require an `else` part.
+An exception to this rule is for the `string` type, which currently doesn't
+require a trailing `else` or `elif` branch; it's unspecified whether this will
+keep working in future versions.
 
 Because case statements are checked for exhaustiveness during semantic analysis,
 the value in every `of` branch must be a constant expression.
@@ -2903,7 +3355,7 @@ As a special semantic extension, an expression in an `of` branch of a case
 statement may evaluate to a set or array constructor; the set or array is then
 expanded into a list of its elements:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   const
     SymChars: set[char] = {'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', '\x80'..'\xFF'}
 
@@ -2919,11 +3371,12 @@ expanded into a list of its elements:
     of 'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', '\x80'..'\xFF', '_': echo "an identifier"
     of '0'..'9': echo "a number"
     else: echo "other"
+  ```
 
 The `case` statement doesn't produce an l-value, so the following example
 won't work:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     Foo = ref object
       x: seq[string]
@@ -2938,16 +3391,18 @@ won't work:
 
   var foo = Foo(x: @[])
   foo.get_x().add("asd")
+  ```
 
-This can be fixed by explicitly using `return`:
+This can be fixed by explicitly using `result` or `return`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc get_x(x: Foo): var seq[string] =
     case true
     of true:
-      return x.x
+      result = x.x
     else:
-      return x.x
+      result = x.x
+  ```
 
 
 When statement
@@ -2955,8 +3410,7 @@ When statement
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   when sizeof(int) == 2:
     echo "running on a 16 bit system!"
   elif sizeof(int) == 4:
@@ -2965,6 +3419,7 @@ Example:
     echo "running on a 64 bit system!"
   else:
     echo "cannot happen!"
+  ```
 
 The `when` statement is almost identical to the `if` statement with some
 exceptions:
@@ -2989,7 +3444,7 @@ compile-time and the executable.
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc someProcThatMayRunInCompileTime(): bool =
     when nimvm:
       # This branch is taken at compile time.
@@ -3001,6 +3456,7 @@ Example:
   let rtValue = someProcThatMayRunInCompileTime()
   assert(ctValue == true)
   assert(rtValue == false)
+  ```
 
 A `when nimvm` statement must meet the following requirements:
 
@@ -3017,16 +3473,18 @@ Return statement
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  return 40+2
+  ```nim
+  return 40 + 2
+  ```
 
 The `return` statement ends the execution of the current procedure.
 It is only allowed in procedures. If there is an `expr`, this is syntactic
 sugar for:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   result = expr
   return result
+  ```
 
 
 `return` without an expression is a short notation for `return result` if
@@ -3034,9 +3492,10 @@ the proc has a return type. The `result`:idx: variable is always the return
 value of the procedure. It is automatically declared by the compiler. As all
 variables, `result` is initialized to (binary) zero:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc returnZero(): int =
     # implicitly returns 0
+  ```
 
 
 Yield statement
@@ -3044,14 +3503,15 @@ Yield statement
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   yield (1, 2, 3)
+  ```
 
 The `yield` statement is used instead of the `return` statement in
 iterators. It is only valid in iterators. Execution is returned to the body
 of the for loop that called the iterator. Yield does not end the iteration
 process, but the execution is passed back to the iterator if the next iteration
-starts. See the section about iterators (`Iterators and the for statement`_)
+starts. See the section about iterators ([Iterators and the for statement])
 for further information.
 
 
@@ -3060,7 +3520,7 @@ Block statement
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var found = false
   block myblock:
     for i in 0..3:
@@ -3069,6 +3529,7 @@ Example:
           found = true
           break myblock # leave the block, in this case both for-loops
   echo found
+  ```
 
 The block statement is a means to group statements to a (named) `block`.
 Inside the block, the `break` statement is allowed to leave the block
@@ -3081,8 +3542,9 @@ Break statement
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   break
+  ```
 
 The `break` statement is used to leave a block immediately. If `symbol`
 is given, it is the name of the enclosing block that is to be left. If it is
@@ -3094,12 +3556,13 @@ While statement
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   echo "Please tell me your password:"
   var pw = readLine(stdin)
   while pw != "12345":
     echo "Wrong password! Next try:"
     pw = readLine(stdin)
+  ```
 
 
 The `while` statement is executed until the `expr` evaluates to false.
@@ -3114,20 +3577,22 @@ A `continue` statement leads to the immediate next iteration of the
 surrounding loop construct. It is only allowed within a loop. A continue
 statement is syntactic sugar for a nested block:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   while expr1:
     stmt1
     continue
     stmt2
+  ```
 
 Is equivalent to:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   while expr1:
     block myBlockName:
       stmt1
       break myBlockName
       stmt2
+  ```
 
 
 Assembler statement
@@ -3136,9 +3601,9 @@ Assembler statement
 The direct embedding of assembler code into Nim code is supported
 by the unsafe `asm` statement. Identifiers in the assembler code that refer to
 Nim identifiers shall be enclosed in a special character which can be
-specified in the statement's pragmas. The default special character is ``'`'``:
+specified in the statement's pragmas. The default special character is `'\`'`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   {.push stackTrace:off.}
   proc addInt(a, b: int): int =
     # a in eax, and b in edx
@@ -3150,10 +3615,11 @@ specified in the statement's pragmas. The default special character is ``'`'``:
       theEnd:
     """
   {.pop.}
+  ```
 
 If the GNU assembler is used, quotes and newlines are inserted automatically:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc addInt(a, b: int): int =
     asm """
       addl %%ecx, %%eax
@@ -3163,10 +3629,11 @@ If the GNU assembler is used, quotes and newlines are inserted automatically:
       :"=a"(`result`)
       :"a"(`a`), "c"(`b`)
     """
+  ```
 
 Instead of:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc addInt(a, b: int): int =
     asm """
       "addl %%ecx, %%eax\n"
@@ -3176,23 +3643,25 @@ Instead of:
       :"=a"(`result`)
       :"a"(`a`), "c"(`b`)
     """
+  ```
 
 Using statement
 ---------------
 
-The using statement provides syntactic convenience in modules where
+The `using` statement provides syntactic convenience in modules where
 the same parameter names and types are used over and over. Instead of:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc foo(c: Context; n: Node) = ...
   proc bar(c: Context; n: Node, counter: int) = ...
   proc baz(c: Context; n: Node) = ...
+  ```
 
 One can tell the compiler about the convention that a parameter of
 name `c` should default to type `Context`, `n` should default to
 `Node` etc.:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   using
     c: Context
     n: Node
@@ -3206,6 +3675,7 @@ name `c` should default to type `Context`, `n` should default to
     # 'c' is inferred to be of the type 'Context'
     # 'n' is inferred to be of the type 'Node'
     # But 'x' and 'y' are of type 'int'.
+  ```
 
 The `using` section uses the same indentation based grouping syntax as
 a `var` or `let` section.
@@ -3220,27 +3690,28 @@ that are explicitly typed is possible and requires a semicolon between them.
 If expression
 -------------
 
-An `if expression` is almost like an if statement, but it is an expression.
-This feature is similar to `ternary operators` in other languages.
+An `if` expression is almost like an if statement, but it is an expression.
+This feature is similar to *ternary operators* in other languages.
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var y = if x > 8: 9 else: 10
+  ```
 
-An if expression always results in a value, so the `else` part is
-required. `Elif` parts are also allowed.
+An `if` expression always results in a value, so the `else` part is
+required. `elif` parts are also allowed.
 
 When expression
 ---------------
 
-Just like an `if expression`, but corresponding to the when statement.
+Just like an `if` expression, but corresponding to the `when` statement.
 
 Case expression
 ---------------
 
-The `case expression` is again very similar to the case statement:
+The `case` expression is again very similar to the case statement:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var favoriteFood = case animal
     of "dog": "bones"
     of "cat": "mice"
@@ -3248,6 +3719,7 @@ The `case expression` is again very similar to the case statement:
     else:
       echo "I'm not sure what to serve, but everybody loves ice cream"
       "ice cream"
+  ```
 
 As seen in the above example, the case expression can also introduce side
 effects. When multiple statements are given for a branch, Nim will use
@@ -3256,28 +3728,30 @@ the last expression as the result value.
 Block expression
 ----------------
 
-A `block expression` is almost like a block statement, but it is an expression
+A `block` expression is almost like a block statement, but it is an expression
 that uses the last expression under the block as the value.
 It is similar to the statement list expression, but the statement list expression
 does not open a new block scope.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   let a = block:
     var fib = @[0, 1]
     for i in 0..10:
       fib.add fib[^1] + fib[^2]
     fib
+  ```
 
 Table constructor
 -----------------
 
 A table constructor is syntactic sugar for an array constructor:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   {"key1": "value1", "key2", "key3": "value2"}
 
   # is the same as:
   [("key1", "value1"), ("key2", "value2"), ("key3", "value2")]
+  ```
 
 
 The empty table can be written `{:}` (in contrast to the empty set
@@ -3310,22 +3784,19 @@ can be used to convert from floating-point to integer or vice versa.
 
 Type conversion can also be used to disambiguate overloaded routines:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc p(x: int) = echo "int"
   proc p(x: string) = echo "string"
 
   let procVar = (proc(x: string))(p)
   procVar("a")
+  ```
 
 Since operations on unsigned numbers wrap around and are unchecked so are
 type conversions to unsigned integers and between unsigned integers. The
 rationale for this is mostly better interoperability with the C Programming
 language when algorithms are ported from C to Nim.
 
-Exception: Values that are converted to an unsigned type at compile time
-are checked so that code like `byte(-1)` does not compile.
-
 **Note**: Historically the operations
 were unchecked and the conversions were sometimes checked but starting with
 the revision 1.0.4 of this document and the language implementation the
@@ -3339,21 +3810,26 @@ Type casts
 as if it would be of another type. Type casts are only needed for low-level
 programming and are inherently unsafe.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   cast[int](x)
+  ```
 
 The target type of a cast must be a concrete type, for instance, a target type
 that is a type class (which is non-concrete) would be invalid:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type Foo = int or float
   var x = cast[Foo](1) # Error: cannot cast to a non concrete type: 'Foo'
+  ```
 
 Type casts should not be confused with *type conversions,* as mentioned in the
 prior section. Unlike type conversions, a type cast cannot change the underlying
-bit pattern of the data being casted (aside from that the size of the target type
+bit pattern of the data being cast (aside from that the size of the target type
 may differ from the source type). Casting resembles *type punning* in other
-languages or C++'s `reinterpret_cast` and `bit_cast` features.
+languages or C++'s `reinterpret_cast`:cpp: and `bit_cast`:cpp: features.
+
+If the size of the target type is larger than the size of the source type,
+the remaining memory is zeroed.
 
 The addr operator
 -----------------
@@ -3362,11 +3838,11 @@ location is `T`, the `addr` operator result is of the type `ptr T`. An
 address is always an untraced reference. Taking the address of an object that
 resides on the stack is **unsafe**, as the pointer may live longer than the
 object on the stack and can thus reference a non-existing object. One can get
-the address of variables, but one can't use it on variables declared through
-`let` statements:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
+the address of variables. For easier interoperability with other compiled languages
+such as C, retrieving the address of a `let` variable, a parameter,
+or a `for` loop variable can be accomplished too:
 
+  ```nim
   let t1 = "Hello"
   var
     t2 = t1
@@ -3375,23 +3851,19 @@ the address of variables, but one can't use it on variables declared through
   # --> ref 0x7fff6b71b670 --> 0x10bb81050"Hello"
   echo cast[ptr string](t3)[]
   # --> Hello
-  # The following line doesn't compile:
+  # The following line also works
   echo repr(addr(t1))
-  # Error: expression has no address
-
+  ```
 
 The unsafeAddr operator
 -----------------------
 
-For easier interoperability with other compiled languages such as C, retrieving
-the address of a `let` variable, a parameter, or a `for` loop variable can
-be accomplished by using the `unsafeAddr` operation:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
+The `unsafeAddr` operator is a deprecated alias for the `addr` operator:
 
+  ```nim
   let myArray = [1, 2, 3]
   foreignProcThatTakesAnAddr(unsafeAddr myArray)
-
+  ```
 
 Procedures
 ==========
@@ -3406,7 +3878,7 @@ until either the beginning of the parameter list, a semicolon separator, or an
 already typed parameter, is reached. The semicolon can be used to make
 separation of types and subsequent identifiers more distinct.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Using only commas
   proc foo(a, b: int, c, d: bool): int
 
@@ -3415,31 +3887,34 @@ separation of types and subsequent identifiers more distinct.
 
   # Will fail: a is untyped since ';' stops type propagation.
   proc foo(a; b: int; c, d: bool): int
+  ```
 
 A parameter may be declared with a default value which is used if the caller
-does not provide a value for the argument.
+does not provide a value for the argument. The value will be reevaluated
+every time the function is called.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  # b is optional with 47 as its default value
+  ```nim
+  # b is optional with 47 as its default value.
   proc foo(a: int, b: int = 47): int
+  ```
 
 Parameters can be declared mutable and so allow the proc to modify those
 arguments, by using the type modifier `var`.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # "returning" a value to the caller through the 2nd argument
   # Notice that the function uses no actual return value at all (ie void)
   proc foo(inp: int, outp: var int) =
     outp = inp + 47
+  ```
 
-If the proc declaration has no body, it is a `forward`:idx: declaration. If the
-proc returns a value, the procedure body can access an implicitly declared
+If the proc declaration doesn't have a body, it is a `forward`:idx: declaration.
+If the proc returns a value, the procedure body can access an implicitly declared
 variable named `result`:idx: that represents the return value. Procs can be
 overloaded. The overloading resolution algorithm determines which proc is the
 best match for the arguments. Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc toLower(c: char): char = # toLower for characters
     if c in {'A'..'Z'}:
       result = chr(ord(c) + (ord('a') - ord('A')))
@@ -3450,10 +3925,11 @@ best match for the arguments. Example:
     result = newString(len(s))
     for i in 0..len(s) - 1:
       result[i] = toLower(s[i]) # calls toLower for characters; no recursion!
+  ```
 
-Calling a procedure can be done in many different ways:
+Calling a procedure can be done in many ways:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc callme(x, y: int, s: string = "", c: char, b: bool = false) = ...
 
   # call with positional arguments      # parameter bindings:
@@ -3464,16 +3940,18 @@ Calling a procedure can be done in many different ways:
   callme(c='\t', y=1, x=0)              # (x=0, y=1, s="", c='\t', b=false)
   # call as a command statement: no () needed:
   callme 0, 1, "abc", '\t'              # (x=0, y=1, s="abc", c='\t', b=false)
+  ```
 
 A procedure may call itself recursively.
 
 
 `Operators`:idx: are procedures with a special operator symbol as identifier:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc `$` (x: int): string =
     # converts an integer to a string; this is a prefix operator.
     result = intToStr(x)
+  ```
 
 Operators with one parameter are prefix operators, operators with two
 parameters are infix operators. (However, the parser distinguishes these from
@@ -3481,15 +3959,16 @@ the operator's position within an expression.) There is no way to declare
 postfix operators: all postfix operators are built-in and handled by the
 grammar explicitly.
 
-Any operator can be called like an ordinary proc with the '`opr`'
+Any operator can be called like an ordinary proc with the \`opr\`
 notation. (Thus an operator can have more than two parameters):
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc `*+` (a, b, c: int): int =
     # Multiply and add
     result = a * b + c
 
   assert `*+`(3, 4, 6) == `+`(`*`(a, b), c)
+  ```
 
 
 Export marker
@@ -3498,8 +3977,7 @@ Export marker
 If a declared symbol is marked with an `asterisk`:idx: it is exported from the
 current module:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc exportedEcho*(s: string) = echo s
   proc `*`*(a: string; b: int): string =
     result = newStringOfCap(a.len * b)
@@ -3510,24 +3988,25 @@ current module:
   type
     ExportedType* = object
       exportedField*: int
+  ```
 
 
 Method call syntax
 ------------------
 
-For object-oriented programming, the syntax `obj.method(args)` can be used
-instead of `method(obj, args)`. The parentheses can be omitted if there are no
-remaining arguments: `obj.len` (instead of `len(obj)`).
+For object-oriented programming, the syntax `obj.methodName(args)` can be used
+instead of `methodName(obj, args)`. The parentheses can be omitted if
+there are no remaining arguments: `obj.len` (instead of `len(obj)`).
 
 This method call syntax is not restricted to objects, it can be used
 to supply any type of first argument for procedures:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   echo "abc".len # is the same as echo len "abc"
   echo "abc".toUpper()
   echo {'a', 'b', 'c'}.card
   stdout.writeLine("Hallo") # the same as writeLine(stdout, "Hallo")
+  ```
 
 Another way to look at the method call syntax is that it provides the missing
 postfix notation.
@@ -3536,8 +4015,7 @@ The method call syntax conflicts with explicit generic instantiations:
 `p[T](x)` cannot be written as `x.p[T]` because `x.p[T]` is always
 parsed as `(x.p)[T]`.
 
-See also: `Limitations of the method call syntax
-<#templates-limitations-of-the-method-call-syntax>`_.
+See also: [Limitations of the method call syntax].
 
 The `[: ]` notation has been designed to mitigate this issue: `x.p[:T]`
 is rewritten by the parser to `p[T](x)`, `x.p[:T](y)` is rewritten to
@@ -3551,7 +4029,7 @@ Nim has no need for *get-properties*: Ordinary get-procedures that are called
 with the *method call syntax* achieve the same. But setting a value is
 different; for this, a special setter syntax is needed:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module asocket
   type
     Socket* = ref object of RootObj
@@ -3570,24 +4048,26 @@ different; for this, a special setter syntax is needed:
     ## `host` because the builtin dot access is preferred if it is
     ## available:
     s.host
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # module B
   import asocket
   var s: Socket
   new s
   s.host = 34  # same as `host=`(s, 34)
+  ```
 
 A proc defined as `f=` (with the trailing `=`) is called
 a `setter`:idx:. A setter can be called explicitly via the common
 backticks notation:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc `f=`(x: MyObject; value: string) =
     discard
 
   `f=`(myObject, "value")
+  ```
 
 
 `f=` can be called implicitly in the pattern
@@ -3608,7 +4088,7 @@ means `echo f 1, f 2` is parsed as `echo(f(1), f(2))` and not as
 `echo(f(1, f(2)))`. The method call syntax may be used to provide one
 more argument in this case:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc optarg(x: int, y: int = 0): int = x + y
   proc singlearg(x: int): int = 20*x
 
@@ -3618,9 +4098,10 @@ more argument in this case:
   let x = optarg(1, optarg 8)  # traditional procedure call with 2 arguments
   let y = 1.optarg optarg 8    # same thing as above, w/o the parenthesis
   assert x == y
+  ```
 
 The command invocation syntax also can't have complex expressions as arguments.
-For example: (`anonymous procs <#procedures-anonymous-procs>`_), `if`,
+For example: [anonymous procedures], `if`,
 `case` or `try`. Function calls with no arguments still need () to
 distinguish between a call and the function itself as a first-class value.
 
@@ -3637,45 +4118,85 @@ the closure and its enclosing scope (i.e. any modifications made to them are
 visible in both places). The closure environment may be allocated on the heap
 or on the stack if the compiler determines that this would be safe.
 
-Creating closures in loops
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+### Creating closures in loops
 
 Since closures capture local variables by reference it is often not wanted
-behavior inside loop bodies. See `closureScope
-<system.html#closureScope.t,untyped>`_ and `capture
-<sugar.html#capture.m,varargs[typed],untyped>`_ for details on how to change this behavior.
+behavior inside loop bodies. See [closureScope](
+system.html#closureScope.t,untyped) and [capture](
+sugar.html#capture.m,varargs[typed],untyped) for details on how to change this behavior.
 
-Anonymous Procs
----------------
+Anonymous procedures
+--------------------
 
 Unnamed procedures can be used as lambda expressions to pass into other
 procedures:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var cities = @["Frankfurt", "Tokyo", "New York", "Kyiv"]
 
-  cities.sort(proc (x,y: string): int =
-      cmp(x.len, y.len))
+  cities.sort(proc (x, y: string): int =
+    cmp(x.len, y.len))
+  ```
 
 
 Procs as expressions can appear both as nested procs and inside top-level
-executable code. The  `sugar <sugar.html>`_ module contains the `=>` macro
+executable code. The  [sugar](sugar.html) module contains the `=>` macro
 which enables a more succinct syntax for anonymous procedures resembling
 lambdas as they are in languages like JavaScript, C#, etc.
 
+Do notation
+-----------
+
+As a special convenience notation that keeps most elements of a
+regular proc expression, the `do` keyword can be used to pass
+anonymous procedures to routines:
+
+  ```nim
+  var cities = @["Frankfurt", "Tokyo", "New York", "Kyiv"]
+
+  sort(cities) do (x, y: string) -> int:
+    cmp(x.len, y.len)
+
+  # Less parentheses using the method plus command syntax:
+  cities = cities.map do (x: string) -> string:
+    "City of " & x
+  ```
+
+`do` is written after the parentheses enclosing the regular proc parameters.
+The proc expression represented by the `do` block is appended to the routine
+call as the last argument. In calls using the command syntax, the `do` block
+will bind to the immediately preceding expression rather than the command call.
+
+`do` with a parameter list or pragma list corresponds to an anonymous `proc`,
+however `do` without parameters or pragmas is treated as a normal statement
+list. This allows macros to receive both indented statement lists as an
+argument in inline calls, as well as a direct mirror of Nim's routine syntax.
+
+  ```nim
+  # Passing a statement list to an inline macro:
+  macroResults.add quote do:
+    if not `ex`:
+      echo `info`, ": Check failed: ", `expString`
+
+  # Processing a routine definition in a macro:
+  rpc(router, "add") do (a, b: int) -> int:
+    result = a + b
+  ```
 
 Func
 ----
 
 The `func` keyword introduces a shortcut for a `noSideEffect`:idx: proc.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   func binarySearch[T](a: openArray[T]; elem: T): int
+  ```
 
 Is short for:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc binarySearch[T](a: openArray[T]; elem: T): int {.noSideEffect.}
+  ```
 
 
 
@@ -3689,11 +4210,11 @@ Type bound operators
 
 A type bound operator is a `proc` or `func` whose name starts with `=` but isn't an operator
 (i.e. containing only symbols, such as `==`). These are unrelated to setters
-(see `properties <manual.html#procedures-properties>`_), which instead end in `=`.
+(see [Properties]), which instead end in `=`.
 A type bound operator declared for a type applies to the type regardless of whether
 the operator is in scope (including if it is private).
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # foo.nim:
   var witness* = 0
   type Foo[T] = object
@@ -3713,37 +4234,50 @@ the operator is in scope (including if it is private).
     doAssert witness == 2
   # will still be called upon exiting scope
   doAssert witness == 3
+  ```
+
+Type bound operators are:
+`=destroy`, `=copy`, `=sink`, `=trace`, `=deepcopy`, `=wasMoved`, `=dup`.
+
+These operations can be *overridden* instead of *overloaded*. This means that
+the implementation is automatically lifted to structured types. For instance,
+if the type `T` has an overridden assignment operator `=`, this operator is
+also used for assignments of the type `seq[T]`.
 
-Type bound operators currently include:
-`=destroy`, `=copy`, `=sink`, `=trace`, `=dispose`, `=deepcopy`
-(some of which are still implementation defined and not yet documented).
+Since these operations are bound to a type, they have to be bound to a
+nominal type for reasons of simplicity of implementation; this means an
+overridden `deepCopy` for `ref T` is really bound to `T` and not to `ref T`.
+This also means that one cannot override `deepCopy` for both `ptr T` and
+`ref T` at the same time, instead a distinct or object helper type has to be
+used for one pointer type.
 
 For more details on some of those procs, see
-`lifetimeminustracking-hooks <destructors.html#lifetimeminustracking-hooks>`_.
+[Lifetime-tracking hooks](destructors.html#lifetimeminustracking-hooks).
 
 Nonoverloadable builtins
 ------------------------
 
 The following built-in procs cannot be overloaded for reasons of implementation
-simplicity (they require specialized semantic checking)::
+simplicity (they require specialized semantic checking):
 
-  declared, defined, definedInScope, compiles, sizeof,
-  is, shallowCopy, getAst, astToStr, spawn, procCall
+    declared, defined, definedInScope, compiles, sizeof,
+    is, shallowCopy, getAst, astToStr, spawn, procCall
 
-Thus they act more like keywords than like ordinary identifiers; unlike a
+Thus, they act more like keywords than like ordinary identifiers; unlike a
 keyword however, a redefinition may `shadow`:idx: the definition in
-the `system` module. From this list the following should not be written in dot
+the [system](system.html) module.
+From this list the following should not be written in dot
 notation `x.f` since `x` cannot be type-checked before it gets passed
-to `f`::
+to `f`:
 
-  declared, defined, definedInScope, compiles, getAst, astToStr
+    declared, defined, definedInScope, compiles, getAst, astToStr
 
 
 Var parameters
 --------------
 The type of a parameter may be prefixed with the `var` keyword:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc divmod(a, b: int; res, remainder: var int) =
     res = a div b
     remainder = a mod b
@@ -3754,6 +4288,7 @@ The type of a parameter may be prefixed with the `var` keyword:
   divmod(8, 5, x, y) # modifies x and y
   assert x == 1
   assert y == 3
+  ```
 
 In the example, `res` and `remainder` are `var parameters`.
 Var parameters can be modified by the procedure and the changes are
@@ -3761,7 +4296,7 @@ visible to the caller. The argument passed to a var parameter has to be
 an l-value. Var parameters are implemented as hidden pointers. The
 above example is equivalent to:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc divmod(a, b: int; res, remainder: ptr int) =
     res[] = a div b
     remainder[] = a mod b
@@ -3771,11 +4306,12 @@ above example is equivalent to:
   divmod(8, 5, addr(x), addr(y))
   assert x == 1
   assert y == 3
+  ```
 
 In the examples, var parameters or pointers are used to provide two
 return values. This can be done in a cleaner way by returning a tuple:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc divmod(a, b: int): tuple[res, remainder: int] =
     (a div b, a mod b)
 
@@ -3783,13 +4319,15 @@ return values. This can be done in a cleaner way by returning a tuple:
 
   assert t.res == 1
   assert t.remainder == 3
+  ```
 
 One can use `tuple unpacking`:idx: to access the tuple's fields:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var (x, y) = divmod(8, 5) # tuple unpacking
   assert x == 1
   assert y == 3
+  ```
 
 
 **Note**: `var` parameters are never necessary for efficient parameter
@@ -3803,7 +4341,7 @@ Var return type
 A proc, converter, or iterator may return a `var` type which means that the
 returned value is an l-value and can be modified by the caller:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var g = 0
 
   proc writeAccessToG(): var int =
@@ -3811,36 +4349,39 @@ returned value is an l-value and can be modified by the caller:
 
   writeAccessToG() = 6
   assert g == 6
+  ```
 
 It is a static error if the implicitly introduced pointer could be
 used to access a location beyond its lifetime:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc writeAccessToG(): var int =
     var g = 0
     result = g # Error!
+  ```
 
 For iterators, a component of a tuple return type can have a `var` type too:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   iterator mpairs(a: var seq[string]): tuple[key: int, val: var string] =
     for i in 0..a.high:
       yield (i, a[i])
+  ```
 
 In the standard library every name of a routine that returns a `var` type
 starts with the prefix `m` per convention.
 
 
-.. include:: manual/var_t_return.rst
+.. include:: manual/var_t_return.md
 
-Future directions
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+### Future directions
 
 Later versions of Nim can be more precise about the borrowing rule with
 a syntax like:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc foo(other: Y; container: var X): var T from container
+  ```
 
 Here `var T from container` explicitly exposes that the
 location is derived from the second parameter (called
@@ -3866,7 +4407,7 @@ receives a hidden mutable parameter representing `result`.
 
 Informally:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc p(): BigT = ...
 
   var x = p()
@@ -3878,6 +4419,7 @@ Informally:
 
   var x; p(x)
   p(x)
+  ```
 
 
 Let `T`'s be `p`'s return type. NRVO applies for `T`
@@ -3887,8 +4429,7 @@ in other words, it applies for "big" structures.
 If `p` can raise an exception, NRVO applies regardless. This can produce
 observable differences in behavior:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   type
     BigT = array[16, int]
 
@@ -3905,23 +4446,59 @@ observable differences in behavior:
       doAssert x == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
 
   main()
+  ```
 
 
-However, the current implementation produces a warning in these cases.
-There are different ways to deal with this warning:
-
-1. Disable the warning via `{.push warning[ObservableStores]: off.}` ... `{.pop.}`.
-   Then one may need to ensure that `p` only raises *before* any stores to `result`
-   happen.
-
-2. One can use a temporary helper variable, for example instead of `x = p(8)`
-   use `let tmp = p(8); x = tmp`.
+The compiler can produce a warning in these cases, however this behavior is
+turned off by default. It can be enabled for a section of code via the
+`warning[ObservableStores]` and `push`/`pop` pragmas. Take the above code
+as an example:
 
+  ```nim
+  {.push warning[ObservableStores]: on.}
+  main()
+  {.pop.}
+  ```
 
 Overloading of the subscript operator
 -------------------------------------
 
-The `[]` subscript operator for arrays/openarrays/sequences can be overloaded.
+The `[]` subscript operator for arrays/openarrays/sequences can be overloaded
+for any type (with some exceptions) by defining a routine with the name `[]`.
+
+  ```nim
+  type Foo = object
+    data: seq[int]
+  
+  proc `[]`(foo: Foo, i: int): int =
+    result = foo.data[i]
+  
+  let foo = Foo(data: @[1, 2, 3])
+  echo foo[1] # 2
+  ```
+
+Assignment to subscripts can also be overloaded by naming a routine `[]=`,
+which has precedence over assigning to the result of `[]`.
+
+  ```nim
+  type Foo = object
+    data: seq[int]
+  
+  proc `[]`(foo: Foo, i: int): int =
+    result = foo.data[i]
+  proc `[]=`(foo: var Foo, i: int, val: int) =
+    foo.data[i] = val
+  
+  var foo = Foo(data: @[1, 2, 3])
+  echo foo[1] # 2
+  foo[1] = 5
+  echo foo.data # @[1, 5, 3]
+  echo foo[1] # 5
+  ```
+
+Overloads of the subscript operator cannot be applied to routine or type
+symbols themselves, as this conflicts with the syntax for instantiating
+generic parameters, i.e. `foo[int](1, 2, 3)` or `Foo[int]`.
 
 
 Methods
@@ -3931,7 +4508,7 @@ Procedures always use static dispatch. Methods use dynamic
 dispatch. For dynamic dispatch to work on an object it should be a reference
 type.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     Expression = ref object of RootObj ## abstract base class for an expression
     Literal = ref object of Expression
@@ -3959,6 +4536,7 @@ type.
     result.b = b
 
   echo eval(newPlus(newPlus(newLit(1), newLit(2)), newLit(4)))
+  ```
 
 In the example the constructors `newLit` and `newPlus` are procs
 because they should use static binding, but `eval` is a method because it
@@ -3978,20 +4556,18 @@ Multi-methods
 --------------
 
 **Note:** Starting from Nim 0.20, to use multi-methods one must explicitly pass
-`--multimethods:on` when compiling.
+`--multimethods:on`:option: when compiling.
 
 In a multi-method, all parameters that have an object type are used for the
 dispatching:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c --multiMethods:on $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c --multiMethods:on $1"
   type
     Thing = ref object of RootObj
     Unit = ref object of Thing
       x: int
 
-  method collide(a, b: Thing) {.inline.} =
+  method collide(a, b: Thing) {.base, inline.} =
     quit "to override!"
 
   method collide(a: Thing, b: Unit) {.inline.} =
@@ -4004,6 +4580,7 @@ dispatching:
   new a
   new b
   collide(a, b) # output: 2
+  ```
 
 Inhibit dynamic method resolution via procCall
 -----------------------------------------------
@@ -4012,9 +4589,7 @@ Dynamic method resolution can be inhibited via the builtin `system.procCall`:idx
 This is somewhat comparable to the `super`:idx: keyword that traditional OOP
 languages offer.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     Thing = ref object of RootObj
     Unit = ref object of Thing
@@ -4027,6 +4602,7 @@ languages offer.
     # Call the base method:
     procCall m(Thing(a))
     echo "1"
+  ```
 
 
 Iterators and the for statement
@@ -4049,7 +4625,7 @@ reached, the data is bound to the `for` loop variables and control continues
 in the body of the `for` loop. The iterator's local variables and execution
 state are automatically saved between calls. Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # this definition exists in the system module
   iterator items*(a: string): char {.inline.} =
     var i = 0
@@ -4059,15 +4635,17 @@ state are automatically saved between calls. Example:
 
   for ch in items("hello world"): # `ch` is an iteration variable
     echo ch
+  ```
 
-The compiler generates code as if the programmer would have written this:
+The compiler generates code as if the programmer had written this:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var i = 0
   while i < len(a):
     var ch = a[i]
     echo ch
     inc(i)
+  ```
 
 If the iterator yields a tuple, there can be as many iteration variables
 as there are components in the tuple. The i'th iteration variable's type is
@@ -4079,10 +4657,11 @@ Implicit items/pairs invocations
 
 If the for loop expression `e` does not denote an iterator and the for loop
 has exactly 1 variable, the for loop expression is rewritten to `items(e)`;
-ie. an `items` iterator is implicitly invoked:
+i.e. an `items` iterator is implicitly invoked:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   for x in [1,2,3]: echo x
+  ```
 
 If the for loop has exactly 2 variables, a `pairs` iterator is implicitly
 invoked.
@@ -4111,7 +4690,7 @@ templates, macros, and other inline iterators.
 
 In contrast to that, a `closure iterator`:idx: can be passed around more freely:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   iterator count0(): int {.closure.} =
     yield 0
 
@@ -4126,18 +4705,15 @@ In contrast to that, a `closure iterator`:idx: can be passed around more freely:
 
   invoke(count0)
   invoke(count2)
+  ```
 
 Closure iterators and inline iterators have some restrictions:
 
 1. For now, a closure iterator cannot be executed at compile time.
 2. `return` is allowed in a closure iterator but not in an inline iterator
    (but rarely useful) and ends the iteration.
-3. Neither inline nor closure iterators can be (directly)* recursive.
+3. Inline iterators cannot be recursive.
 4. Neither inline nor closure iterators have the special `result` variable.
-5. Closure iterators are not supported by the JS backend.
-
-(*) Closure iterators can be co-recursive with a factory proc which results
-in similar syntax to a recursive iterator.  More details follow.
 
 Iterators that are neither marked `{.closure.}` nor `{.inline.}` explicitly
 default to being inline, but this may change in future versions of the
@@ -4147,7 +4723,7 @@ The `iterator` type is always of the calling convention `closure`
 implicitly; the following example shows how to use iterators to implement
 a `collaborative tasking`:idx: system:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # simple tasking:
   type
     Task = iterator (ticker: int)
@@ -4177,15 +4753,16 @@ a `collaborative tasking`:idx: system:
       inc ticker
 
   runTasks(a1, a2)
+  ```
 
 The builtin `system.finished` can be used to determine if an iterator has
 finished its operation; no exception is raised on an attempt to invoke an
 iterator that has already finished its work.
 
-Note that `system.finished` is error prone to use because it only returns
+Note that `system.finished` is error-prone to use because it only returns
 `true` one iteration after the iterator has finished:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   iterator mycount(a, b: int): int {.closure.} =
     var x = a
     while x <= b:
@@ -4201,15 +4778,17 @@ Note that `system.finished` is error prone to use because it only returns
   2
   3
   0
+  ```
 
-Instead this code has to be used:
+Instead, this code has to be used:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var c = mycount # instantiate the iterator
   while true:
     let value = c(1, 3)
     if finished(c): break # and discard 'value'!
     echo value
+  ```
 
 It helps to think that the iterator actually returns a
 pair `(value, done)` and `finished` is used to access the hidden `done`
@@ -4220,7 +4799,7 @@ Closure iterators are *resumable functions* and so one has to provide the
 arguments to every call. To get around this limitation one can capture
 parameters of an outer factory proc:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc mycount(a, b: int): iterator (): int =
     result = iterator (): int =
       var x = a
@@ -4232,10 +4811,11 @@ parameters of an outer factory proc:
 
   for f in foo():
     echo f
+  ```
 
 The call can be made more like an inline iterator with a for loop macro:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   import std/macros
   macro toItr(x: ForLoopStmt): untyped =
     let expr = x[0]
@@ -4249,43 +4829,49 @@ The call can be made more like an inline iterator with a for loop macro:
 
   for f in toItr(mycount(1, 4)): # using early `proc mycount`
     echo f
+  ```
 
-Because of full backend function call aparatus involvment, closure iterator
-invocation is typically higher cost than inline iterators.  Adornment by
+Because of full backend function call apparatus involvement, closure iterator
+invocation is typically higher cost than inline iterators. Adornment by
 a macro wrapper at the call site like this is a possibly useful reminder.
 
-The factory `proc`, as an ordinary procedure, can be recursive.  The
+The factory `proc`, as an ordinary procedure, can be recursive. The
 above macro allows such recursion to look much like a recursive iterator
-would.  For example:
+would. For example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc recCountDown(n: int): iterator(): int =
     result = iterator(): int =
       if n > 0:
         yield n
         for e in toItr(recCountDown(n - 1)):
-            yield e
+          yield e
 
   for i in toItr(recCountDown(6)): # Emits: 6 5 4 3 2 1
     echo i
+  ```
+
+
+See also [iterable] for passing iterators to templates and macros.
 
 Converters
 ==========
 
 A converter is like an ordinary proc except that it enhances
-the "implicitly convertible" type relation (see `Convertible relation`_):
+the "implicitly convertible" type relation (see [Convertible relation]):
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # bad style ahead: Nim is not C.
   converter toBool(x: int): bool = x != 0
 
   if 4:
     echo "compiles"
+  ```
 
 
 A converter can also be explicitly invoked for improved readability. Note that
 implicit converter chaining is not supported: If there is a converter from
-type A to type B and from type B to type C the implicit conversion from A to C
+type A to type B and from type B to type C, the implicit conversion from A to C
 is not provided.
 
 
@@ -4294,7 +4880,7 @@ Type sections
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type # example demonstrating mutually recursive types
     Node = ref object  # an object managed by the garbage collector (ref)
       le, ri: Node     # left and right subtrees
@@ -4304,6 +4890,7 @@ Example:
       name: string     # the symbol's name
       line: int        # the line the symbol was declared in
       code: Node       # the symbol's abstract syntax tree
+  ```
 
 A type section begins with the `type` keyword. It contains multiple
 type definitions. A type definition binds a type to a name. Type definitions
@@ -4321,7 +4908,7 @@ Try statement
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # read the first two lines of a text file that should contain numbers
   # and tries to add them
   var
@@ -4333,14 +4920,13 @@ Example:
       echo "sum: " & $(parseInt(a) + parseInt(b))
     except OverflowDefect:
       echo "overflow!"
-    except ValueError:
-      echo "could not convert string to integer"
-    except IOError:
-      echo "IO error!"
-    except:
-      echo "Unknown exception!"
+    except ValueError, IOError:
+      echo "catch multiple exceptions!"
+    except CatchableError:
+      echo "Catchable exception!"
     finally:
       close(f)
+  ```
 
 
 The statements after the `try` are executed in sequential order unless
@@ -4349,9 +4935,6 @@ listed in an `except` clause, the corresponding statements are executed.
 The statements following the `except` clauses are called
 `exception handlers`:idx:.
 
-The empty `except`:idx: clause is executed if there is an exception that is
-not listed otherwise. It is similar to an `else` clause in `if` statements.
-
 If there is a `finally`:idx: clause, it is always executed after the
 exception handlers.
 
@@ -4369,19 +4952,22 @@ Try can also be used as an expression; the type of the `try` branch then
 needs to fit the types of `except` branches, but the type of the `finally`
 branch always has to be `void`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim test
   from std/strutils import parseInt
 
   let x = try: parseInt("133a")
-          except: -1
+          except ValueError: -1
           finally: echo "hi"
+  ```
 
 
 To prevent confusing code there is a parsing limitation; if the `try`
 follows a `(` it has to be written as a one liner:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  let x = (try: parseInt("133a") except: -1)
+  ```nim test
+  from std/strutils import parseInt
+  let x = (try: parseInt("133a") except ValueError: -1)
+  ```
 
 
 Except clauses
@@ -4390,59 +4976,65 @@ Except clauses
 Within an `except` clause it is possible to access the current exception
 using the following syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   try:
     # ...
   except IOError as e:
     # Now use "e"
     echo "I/O error: " & e.msg
+  ```
 
 Alternatively, it is possible to use `getCurrentException` to retrieve the
 exception that has been raised:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   try:
     # ...
   except IOError:
     let e = getCurrentException()
     # Now use "e"
+  ```
 
 Note that `getCurrentException` always returns a `ref Exception`
 type. If a variable of the proper type is needed (in the example
 above, `IOError`), one must convert it explicitly:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   try:
     # ...
   except IOError:
     let e = (ref IOError)(getCurrentException())
     # "e" is now of the proper type
+  ```
 
 However, this is seldom needed. The most common case is to extract an
 error message from `e`, and for such situations, it is enough to use
 `getCurrentExceptionMsg`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   try:
     # ...
-  except:
+  except CatchableError:
     echo getCurrentExceptionMsg()
+  ```
 
 Custom exceptions
 -----------------
 
 It is possible to create custom exceptions. A custom exception is a custom type:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     LoadError* = object of Exception
+  ```
 
 Ending the custom exception's name with `Error` is recommended.
 
 Custom exceptions can be raised just like any other exception, e.g.:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   raise newException(LoadError, "Failed to load data")
+  ```
 
 Defer statement
 ---------------
@@ -4451,23 +5043,20 @@ Instead of a `try finally` statement a `defer` statement can be used, which
 avoids lexical nesting and offers more flexibility in terms of scoping as shown
 below.
 
-Any statements following the `defer` in the current block will be considered
-to be in an implicit try block:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+Any statements following the `defer` will be considered
+to be in an implicit try block in the current block:
 
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   proc main =
     var f = open("numbers.txt", fmWrite)
     defer: close(f)
     f.write "abc"
     f.write "def"
+  ```
 
 Is rewritten to:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   proc main =
     var f = open("numbers.txt")
     try:
@@ -4475,13 +5064,12 @@ Is rewritten to:
       f.write "def"
     finally:
       close(f)
+  ```
 
 When `defer` is at the outermost scope of a template/macro, its scope extends
-to the block where the template is called from:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+to the block where the template/macro is called from:
 
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   template safeOpenDefer(f, path) =
     var f = open(path, fmWrite)
     defer: close(f)
@@ -4502,6 +5090,7 @@ to the block where the template is called from:
     try:
       f.write "abc" # adds a lexical scope
     finally: close(f)
+  ```
 
 Top-level `defer` statements are not supported
 since it's unclear what such a statement should refer to.
@@ -4512,8 +5101,9 @@ Raise statement
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   raise newException(IOError, "IO failed")
+  ```
 
 Apart from built-in operations like array indexing, memory allocation, etc.
 the `raise` statement is the only way to raise an exception.
@@ -4529,7 +5119,7 @@ exception.
 Exception hierarchy
 -------------------
 
-The exception tree is defined in the `system <system.html>`_ module.
+The exception tree is defined in the [system](system.html) module.
 Every exception inherits from `system.Exception`. Exceptions that indicate
 programming bugs inherit from `system.Defect` (which is a subtype of `Exception`)
 and are strictly speaking not catchable as they can also be mapped to an operation
@@ -4539,6 +5129,38 @@ exceptions inherit from `Defect`.
 Exceptions that indicate any other runtime error that can be caught inherit from
 `system.CatchableError` (which is a subtype of `Exception`).
 
+```
+Exception
+|-- CatchableError
+|   |-- IOError
+|   |   `-- EOFError
+|   |-- OSError
+|   |-- ResourceExhaustedError
+|   `-- ValueError
+|       `-- KeyError
+`-- Defect
+    |-- AccessViolationDefect
+    |-- ArithmeticDefect
+    |   |-- DivByZeroDefect
+    |   `-- OverflowDefect
+    |-- AssertionDefect
+    |-- DeadThreadDefect
+    |-- FieldDefect
+    |-- FloatingPointDefect
+    |   |-- FloatDivByZeroDefect
+    |   |-- FloatInvalidOpDefect
+    |   |-- FloatOverflowDefect
+    |   |-- FloatUnderflowDefect
+    |   `-- InexactDefect
+    |-- IndexDefect
+    |-- NilAccessDefect
+    |-- ObjectAssignmentDefect
+    |-- ObjectConversionDefect
+    |-- OutOfMemoryDefect
+    |-- RangeDefect
+    |-- ReraiseDefect
+    `-- StackOverflowDefect
+```
 
 Imported exceptions
 -------------------
@@ -4547,9 +5169,7 @@ It is possible to raise/catch imported C++ exceptions. Types imported using
 `importcpp` can be raised or caught. Exceptions are raised by value and
 caught by reference. Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim cpp -r $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim cpp -r $1"
   type
     CStdException {.importcpp: "std::exception", header: "<exception>", inheritable.} = object
       ## does not inherit from `RootObj`, so we use `inheritable` instead
@@ -4580,6 +5200,7 @@ caught by reference. Example:
     doAssert $b == "foo3"
 
   fn()
+  ```
 
 **Note:** `getCurrentException()` and `getCurrentExceptionMsg()` are not available
 for imported exceptions from C++. One needs to use the `except ImportedException as x:` syntax
@@ -4589,6 +5210,10 @@ and rely on functionality of the `x` object to get exception details.
 Effect system
 =============
 
+**Note**: The rules for effect tracking changed with the release of version
+1.6 of the Nim compiler.
+
+
 Exception tracking
 ------------------
 
@@ -4596,31 +5221,28 @@ Nim supports exception tracking. The `raises`:idx: pragma can be used
 to explicitly define which exceptions a proc/iterator/method/converter is
 allowed to raise. The compiler verifies this:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   proc p(what: bool) {.raises: [IOError, OSError].} =
     if what: raise newException(IOError, "IO")
     else: raise newException(OSError, "OS")
+  ```
 
 An empty `raises` list (`raises: []`) means that no exception may be raised:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc p(): bool {.raises: [].} =
     try:
       unsafeCall()
       result = true
-    except:
+    except CatchableError:
       result = false
+  ```
 
 
 A `raises` list can also be attached to a proc type. This affects type
 compatibility:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-    :status: 1
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"  status = 1
   type
     Callback = proc (s: string) {.raises: [IOError].}
   var
@@ -4630,6 +5252,7 @@ compatibility:
     raise newException(OSError, "OS")
 
   c = p # type error
+  ```
 
 
 For a routine `p`, the compiler uses inference rules to determine the set of
@@ -4638,59 +5261,100 @@ possibly raised exceptions; the algorithm operates on `p`'s call graph:
 1. Every indirect call via some proc type `T` is assumed to
    raise `system.Exception` (the base type of the exception hierarchy) and
    thus any exception unless `T` has an explicit `raises` list.
-   However, if the call is of the form `f(...)` where `f` is a parameter of the currently analyzed routine it is ignored. The call is optimistically assumed to have no effect. Rule 2 compensates for this case.
-2. Every expression of some proc type within a call that is not a call
-   itself (and not nil) is assumed to be called indirectly somehow and thus
+   However, if the call is of the form `f(...)` where `f` is a parameter of
+   the currently analyzed routine that is marked as `.effectsOf: f`, it is ignored.
+   The call is optimistically assumed to have no effect.
+   Rule 2 compensates for this case.
+2. Every expression `e` of some proc type within a call that is passed to parameter
+   marked as `.effectsOf` of proc `p` is assumed to be called indirectly and thus
    its raises list is added to `p`'s raises list.
 3. Every call to a proc `q` which has an unknown body (due to a forward
-   declaration or an `importc` pragma) is assumed to
+   declaration) is assumed to
    raise `system.Exception` unless `q` has an explicit `raises` list.
+   Procs that are `importc`'ed are assumed to have `.raises: []`, unless explicitly
+   declared otherwise.
 4. Every call to a method `m` is assumed to
    raise `system.Exception` unless `m` has an explicit `raises` list.
 5. For every other call, the analysis can determine an exact `raises` list.
 6. For determining a `raises` list, the `raise` and `try` statements
    of `p` are taken into consideration.
 
-Rules 1-2 ensure the following works:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  proc noRaise(x: proc()) {.raises: [].} =
-    # unknown call that might raise anything, but valid:
-    x()
-
-  proc doRaise() {.raises: [IOError].} =
-    raise newException(IOError, "IO")
-
-  proc use() {.raises: [].} =
-    # doesn't compile! Can raise IOError!
-    noRaise(doRaise)
-
-So in many cases a callback does not cause the compiler to be overly
-conservative in its effect analysis.
 
 Exceptions inheriting from `system.Defect` are not tracked with
 the `.raises: []` exception tracking mechanism. This is more consistent with the
 built-in operations. The following code is valid:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc mydiv(a, b): int {.raises: [].} =
     a div b # can raise an DivByZeroDefect
+  ```
 
 And so is:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc mydiv(a, b): int {.raises: [].} =
     if b == 0: raise newException(DivByZeroDefect, "division by zero")
     else: result = a div b
+  ```
 
 
 The reason for this is that `DivByZeroDefect` inherits from `Defect` and
-with `--panics:on` Defects become unrecoverable errors.
+with `--panics:on`:option: Defects become unrecoverable errors.
 (Since version 1.4 of the language.)
 
 
+EffectsOf annotation
+--------------------
+
+Rules 1-2 of the exception tracking inference rules (see the previous section)
+ensure the following works:
+
+  ```nim
+  proc weDontRaiseButMaybeTheCallback(callback: proc()) {.raises: [], effectsOf: callback.} =
+    callback()
+
+  proc doRaise() {.raises: [IOError].} =
+    raise newException(IOError, "IO")
+
+  proc use() {.raises: [].} =
+    # doesn't compile! Can raise IOError!
+    weDontRaiseButMaybeTheCallback(doRaise)
+  ```
+
+As can be seen from the example, a parameter of type `proc (...)` can be
+annotated as `.effectsOf`. Such a parameter allows for effect polymorphism:
+The proc `weDontRaiseButMaybeTheCallback` raises the exceptions
+that `callback` raises.
+
+So in many cases a callback does not cause the compiler to be overly
+conservative in its effect analysis:
+
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"  status = 1
+  {.push warningAsError[Effect]: on.}
+
+  import std/algorithm
+
+  type
+    MyInt = distinct int
+
+  var toSort = @[MyInt 1, MyInt 2, MyInt 3]
+
+  proc cmpN(a, b: MyInt): int =
+    cmp(a.int, b.int)
+
+  proc harmless {.raises: [].} =
+    toSort.sort cmpN
+
+  proc cmpE(a, b: MyInt): int {.raises: [Exception].} =
+    cmp(a.int, b.int)
+
+  proc harmful {.raises: [].} =
+    # does not compile, `sort` can now raise Exception
+    toSort.sort cmpE
+  ```
+
+
+
 Tag tracking
 ------------
 
@@ -4698,16 +5362,14 @@ Exception tracking is part of Nim's `effect system`:idx:. Raising an exception
 is an *effect*. Other effects can also be defined. A user defined effect is a
 means to *tag* a routine and to perform checks against this tag:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-    :status: 1
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c --warningAsError:Effect:on $1"  status = 1
   type IO = object ## input/output effect
   proc readLine(): string {.tags: [IO].} = discard
 
-  proc no_IO_please() {.tags: [].} =
+  proc no_effects_please() {.tags: [].} =
     # the compiler prevents this:
     let x = readLine()
+  ```
 
 A tag has to be a type name. A `tags` list - like a `raises` list - can
 also be attached to a proc type. This affects type compatibility.
@@ -4715,6 +5377,126 @@ also be attached to a proc type. This affects type compatibility.
 The inference for tag tracking is analogous to the inference for
 exception tracking.
 
+There is also a way which can be used to forbid certain effects:
+
+  ```nim  test = "nim c --warningAsError:Effect:on $1"  status = 1
+  type IO = object ## input/output effect
+  proc readLine(): string {.tags: [IO].} = discard
+  proc echoLine(): void = discard
+
+  proc no_IO_please() {.forbids: [IO].} =
+    # this is OK because it didn't define any tag:
+    echoLine()
+    # the compiler prevents this:
+    let y = readLine()
+  ```
+
+The `forbids` pragma defines a list of illegal effects - if any statement
+invokes any of those effects, the compilation will fail.
+Procedure types with any disallowed effect are the subtypes of equal
+procedure types without such lists:
+
+  ```nim
+  type MyEffect = object
+  type ProcType1 = proc (i: int): void {.forbids: [MyEffect].}
+  type ProcType2 = proc (i: int): void
+
+  proc caller1(p: ProcType1): void = p(1)
+  proc caller2(p: ProcType2): void = p(1)
+
+  proc effectful(i: int): void {.tags: [MyEffect].} = echo $i
+  proc effectless(i: int): void {.forbids: [MyEffect].} = echo $i
+
+  proc toBeCalled1(i: int): void = effectful(i)
+  proc toBeCalled2(i: int): void = effectless(i)
+
+  ## this will fail because toBeCalled1 uses MyEffect which was forbidden by ProcType1:
+  caller1(toBeCalled1)
+  ## this is OK because both toBeCalled2 and ProcType1 have the same requirements:
+  caller1(toBeCalled2)
+  ## these are OK because ProcType2 doesn't have any effect requirement:
+  caller2(toBeCalled1)
+  caller2(toBeCalled2)
+  ```
+
+`ProcType2` is a subtype of `ProcType1`. Unlike with the `tags` pragma, the parent context - the
+function which calls other functions with forbidden effects - doesn't inherit the forbidden list of effects.
+
+
+Side effects
+------------
+
+The `noSideEffect` pragma is used to mark a proc/iterator that can have only
+side effects through parameters. This means that the proc/iterator only changes locations that are
+reachable from its parameters and the return value only depends on the
+parameters. If none of its parameters have the type `var`, `ref`, `ptr`, `cstring`, or `proc`,
+then no locations are modified.
+
+In other words, a routine has no side effects if it does not access a threadlocal
+or global variable and it does not call any routine that has a side effect.
+
+It is a static error to mark a proc/iterator to have no side effect if the compiler cannot verify this.
+
+As a special semantic rule, the built-in [debugEcho](
+system.html#debugEcho,varargs[typed,]) pretends to be free of side effects
+so that it can be used for debugging routines marked as `noSideEffect`.
+
+`func` is syntactic sugar for a proc with no side effects:
+
+  ```nim
+  func `+` (x, y: int): int
+  ```
+
+
+To override the compiler's side effect analysis a `{.noSideEffect.}`
+`cast` pragma block can be used:
+
+  ```nim
+  func f() =
+    {.cast(noSideEffect).}:
+      echo "test"
+  ```
+
+**Side effects are usually inferred. The inference for side effects is
+analogous to the inference for exception tracking.**
+
+When the compiler cannot infer side effects, as is the case for imported
+functions, one can annotate them with the `sideEffect` pragma.
+
+GC safety effect
+----------------
+
+We call a proc `p` `GC safe`:idx: when it doesn't access any global variable
+that contains GC'ed memory (`string`, `seq`, `ref` or a closure) either
+directly or indirectly through a call to a GC unsafe proc.
+
+**The GC safety property is usually inferred. The inference for GC safety is
+analogous to the inference for exception tracking.**
+
+The `gcsafe`:idx: annotation can be used to mark a proc to be gcsafe,
+otherwise this property is inferred by the compiler. Note that `noSideEffect`
+implies `gcsafe`.
+
+Routines that are imported from C are always assumed to be `gcsafe`.
+
+To override the compiler's gcsafety analysis a `{.cast(gcsafe).}` pragma block can
+be used:
+
+  ```nim
+  var
+    someGlobal: string = "some string here"
+    perThread {.threadvar.}: string
+
+  proc setPerThread() =
+    {.cast(gcsafe).}:
+      deepCopy(perThread, someGlobal)
+  ```
+
+
+See also:
+
+- [Shared heap memory management](mm.html).
+
 
 
 Effects pragma
@@ -4724,13 +5506,14 @@ The `effects` pragma has been designed to assist the programmer with the
 effects analysis. It is a statement that makes the compiler output all inferred
 effects up to the `effects`'s position:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc p(what: bool) =
     if what:
       raise newException(IOError, "IO")
       {.effects.}
     else:
       raise newException(OSError, "OS")
+  ```
 
 The compiler produces a hint message that `IOError` can be raised. `OSError`
 is not listed as it cannot be raised in the branch the `effects` pragma
@@ -4744,14 +5527,13 @@ Generics are Nim's means to parametrize procs, iterators or types with
 `type parameters`:idx:. Depending on the context, the brackets are used either to
 introduce type parameters or to instantiate a generic proc, iterator, or type.
 
-The following example shows how a generic binary tree can be modeled:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+The following example shows how a generic binary tree can be modeled:
 
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     BinaryTree*[T] = ref object # BinaryTree is a generic type with
-                                # generic param `T`
+                                # generic parameter `T`
       le, ri: BinaryTree[T]     # left and right subtrees; may be nil
       data: T                   # the data stored in a node
 
@@ -4802,10 +5584,54 @@ The following example shows how a generic binary tree can be modeled:
   add(root, "world")          # instantiates the second `add` proc
   for str in preorder(root):
     stdout.writeLine(str)
+  ```
 
 The `T` is called a `generic type parameter`:idx: or
 a `type variable`:idx:.
 
+
+Generic Procs
+---------------
+
+Let's consider the anatomy of a generic `proc` to agree on defined terminology.
+
+```nim
+p[T: t](arg1: f): y
+```
+
+- `p`: Callee symbol
+- `[...]`: Generic parameters
+- `T: t`: Generic constraint
+- `T`: Type variable
+- `[T: t](arg1: f): y`: Formal signature
+- `arg1: f`: Formal parameter
+- `f`: Formal parameter type
+- `y`: Formal return type
+
+The use of the word "formal" here is to denote the symbols as they are defined by the programmer,
+not as they may be at compile time contextually. Since generics may be instantiated and
+types bound, we have more than one entity to think about when generics are involved.
+
+The usage of a generic will resolve the formally defined expression into an instance of that
+expression bound to only concrete types. This process is called "instantiation".
+
+Brackets at the site of a generic's formal definition specify the "constraints" as in:
+
+```nim
+type Foo[T] = object
+proc p[H;T: Foo[H]](param: T): H
+```
+
+A constraint definition may have more than one symbol defined by separating each definition by
+a `;`. Notice how `T` is composed of `H` and the return  type of `p` is defined as `H`. When this
+generic proc is instantiated `H` will be bound to a concrete type, thus making `T` concrete and
+the return type of `p` will be bound to the same concrete type used to define `H`.
+
+Brackets at the site of usage can be used to supply concrete types to instantiate the generic in the same
+order that the symbols are defined in the constraint. Alternatively, type bindings may be inferred by the compiler
+in some situations, allowing for cleaner code.
+
+
 Is operator
 -----------
 
@@ -4813,16 +5639,17 @@ The `is` operator is evaluated during semantic analysis to check for type
 equivalence. It is therefore very useful for type specialization within generic
 code:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     Table[Key, Value] = object
       keys: seq[Key]
       values: seq[Value]
       when not (Key is string): # empty value for strings used for optimization
         deletedKeys: seq[bool]
+  ```
 
 
-Type Classes
+Type classes
 ------------
 
 A type class is a special pseudo-type that can be used to match against
@@ -4834,9 +5661,9 @@ type class           matches
 ==================   ===================================================
 `object`             any object type
 `tuple`              any tuple type
-
 `enum`               any enumeration
 `proc`               any proc type
+`iterator`           any iterator type
 `ref`                any `ref` type
 `ptr`                any `ptr` type
 `var`                any `var` type
@@ -4853,20 +5680,22 @@ name that will match any instantiation of the generic type.
 Type classes can be combined using the standard boolean operators to form
 more complex type classes:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # create a type class that will match all tuple and object types
-  type RecordType = tuple or object
+  type RecordType = (tuple or object)
 
   proc printFields[T: RecordType](rec: T) =
     for key, value in fieldPairs(rec):
       echo key, " = ", value
+  ```
 
 Type constraints on generic parameters can be grouped with `,` and propagation
 stops with `;`, similarly to parameters for macros and templates:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc fn1[T; U, V: SomeFloat]() = discard # T is unconstrained
   template fn2(t; u, v: SomeFloat) = discard # t is unconstrained
+  ```
 
 Whilst the syntax of type classes appears to resemble that of ADTs/algebraic data
 types in ML-like languages, it should be understood that type classes are static
@@ -4877,20 +5706,33 @@ runtime type dynamism, unlike object variants or methods.
 
 As an example, the following would not compile:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type TypeClass = int | string
   var foo: TypeClass = 2 # foo's type is resolved to an int here
   foo = "this will fail" # error here, because foo is an int
+  ```
 
 Nim allows for type classes and regular types to be specified
 as `type constraints`:idx: of the generic type parameter:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc onlyIntOrString[T: int|string](x, y: T) = discard
 
   onlyIntOrString(450, 616) # valid
   onlyIntOrString(5.0, 0.0) # type mismatch
   onlyIntOrString("xy", 50) # invalid as 'T' cannot be both at the same time
+  ```
+
+`proc` and `iterator` type classes also accept a calling convention pragma
+to restrict the calling convention of the matching `proc` or `iterator` type.
+
+  ```nim
+  proc onlyClosure[T: proc {.closure.}](x: T) = discard
+
+  onlyClosure(proc() = echo "hello") # valid
+  proc foo() {.nimcall.} = discard
+  onlyClosure(foo) # type mismatch
+  ```
 
 
 Implicit generics
@@ -4898,25 +5740,25 @@ Implicit generics
 
 A type class can be used directly as the parameter's type.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   # create a type class that will match all tuple and object types
-  type RecordType = tuple or object
+  type RecordType = (tuple or object)
 
   proc printFields(rec: RecordType) =
     for key, value in fieldPairs(rec):
       echo key, " = ", value
+  ```
 
 
 Procedures utilizing type classes in such a manner are considered to be
 `implicitly generic`:idx:. They will be instantiated once for each unique
-combination of param types used within the program.
+combination of parameter types used within the program.
 
 By default, during overload resolution, each named type class will bind to
 exactly one concrete type. We call such type classes `bind once`:idx: types.
 Here is an example taken directly from the system module to illustrate this:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc `==`*(x, y: tuple): bool =
     ## requires `x` and `y` to be of the same tuple type
     ## generic `==` operator for tuples that is lifted from the components
@@ -4924,81 +5766,82 @@ Here is an example taken directly from the system module to illustrate this:
     result = true
     for a, b in fields(x, y):
       if a != b: result = false
+  ```
 
 Alternatively, the `distinct` type modifier can be applied to the type class
-to allow each param matching the type class to bind to a different type. Such
+to allow each parameter matching the type class to bind to a different type. Such
 type classes are called `bind many`:idx: types.
 
 Procs written with the implicitly generic style will often need to refer to the
 type parameters of the matched generic type. They can be easily accessed using
 the dot syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type Matrix[T, Rows, Columns] = object
     ...
 
   proc `[]`(m: Matrix, row, col: int): Matrix.T =
     m.data[col * high(Matrix.Columns) + row]
+  ```
 
 
 Here are more examples that illustrate implicit generics:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc p(t: Table; k: Table.Key): Table.Value
 
   # is roughly the same as:
 
   proc p[Key, Value](t: Table[Key, Value]; k: Key): Value
+  ```
 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc p(a: Table, b: Table)
 
   # is roughly the same as:
 
   proc p[Key, Value](a, b: Table[Key, Value])
+  ```
 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc p(a: Table, b: distinct Table)
 
   # is roughly the same as:
 
   proc p[Key, Value, KeyB, ValueB](a: Table[Key, Value], b: Table[KeyB, ValueB])
+  ```
 
 
 `typedesc` used as a parameter type also introduces an implicit
 generic. `typedesc` has its own set of rules:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc p(a: typedesc)
 
   # is roughly the same as:
 
   proc p[T](a: typedesc[T])
+  ```
 
 
 `typedesc` is a "bind many" type class:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc p(a, b: typedesc)
 
   # is roughly the same as:
 
   proc p[T, T2](a: typedesc[T], b: typedesc[T2])
+  ```
 
 
 A parameter of type `typedesc` is itself usable as a type. If it is used
-as a type, it's the underlying type. (In other words, one level
+as a type, it's the underlying type. In other words, one level
 of "typedesc"-ness is stripped off:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc p(a: typedesc; b: a) = discard
 
   # is roughly the same as:
@@ -5007,6 +5850,7 @@ of "typedesc"-ness is stripped off:
   # hence this is a valid call:
   p(int, 4)
   # as parameter 'a' requires a type, but 'b' requires a value.
+  ```
 
 
 Generic inference restrictions
@@ -5015,10 +5859,7 @@ Generic inference restrictions
 The types `var T` and `typedesc[T]` cannot be inferred in a generic
 instantiation. The following is not allowed:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-    :status: 1
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"  status = 1
   proc g[T](f: proc(x: T); x: T) =
     f(x)
 
@@ -5035,14 +5876,14 @@ instantiation. The following is not allowed:
 
   # also not allowed: explicit instantiation via 'var int'
   g[var int](v, i)
+  ```
 
 
 
 Symbol lookup in generics
 -------------------------
 
-Open and Closed symbols
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+### Open and Closed symbols
 
 The symbol binding rules in generics are slightly subtle: There are "open" and
 "closed" symbols. A "closed" symbol cannot be re-bound in the instantiation
@@ -5052,9 +5893,7 @@ and every other symbol is closed.
 Open symbols are looked up in two different contexts: Both the context
 at definition and the context at instantiation are considered:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     Index = distinct int
 
@@ -5064,8 +5903,9 @@ at definition and the context at instantiation are considered:
   var b = (0, 0.Index)
 
   echo a == b # works!
+  ```
 
-In the example, the generic `==` for tuples (as defined in the system module)
+In the example, the [generic `==` for tuples](system.html#%3D%3D%2CT%2CT_2) (as defined in the system module)
 uses the `==` operators of the tuple's components. However, the `==` for
 the `Index` type is defined *after* the `==` for tuples; yet the example
 compiles as the instantiation takes the currently defined symbols into account
@@ -5076,15 +5916,14 @@ Mixin statement
 
 A symbol can be forced to be open by a `mixin`:idx: declaration:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   proc create*[T](): ref T =
     # there is no overloaded 'init' here, so we need to state that it's an
     # open symbol explicitly:
     mixin init
     new result
     init result
+  ```
 
 `mixin` statements only make sense in templates and generics.
 
@@ -5097,7 +5936,7 @@ can be used to explicitly declare identifiers that should be bound early (i.e.
 the identifiers should be looked up in the scope of the template/generic
 definition):
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module A
   var
     lastId = 0
@@ -5106,12 +5945,14 @@ definition):
     bind lastId
     inc(lastId)
     lastId
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module B
   import A
 
   echo genId()
+  ```
 
 But a `bind` is rarely useful because symbol binding from the definition
 scope is the default.
@@ -5125,16 +5966,15 @@ Delegating bind statements
 The following example outlines a problem that can arise when generic
 instantiations cross multiple different modules:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   # module A
   proc genericA*[T](x: T) =
     mixin init
     init(x)
+  ```
 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   import C
 
   # module B
@@ -5143,23 +5983,24 @@ instantiations cross multiple different modules:
     # not available when `genericB` is instantiated:
     bind init
     genericA(x)
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   # module C
   type O = object
   proc init*(x: var O) = discard
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   # module main
   import B, C
 
   genericB O()
+  ```
 
 In module B has an `init` proc from module C in its scope that is not
 taken into account when `genericB` is instantiated which leads to the
-instantiation of `genericA`. The solution is to `forward`:idx these
+instantiation of `genericA`. The solution is to `forward`:idx: these
 symbols by a `bind` statement inside `genericB`.
 
 
@@ -5174,12 +6015,13 @@ The syntax to *invoke* a template is the same as calling a procedure.
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   template `!=` (a, b: untyped): untyped =
-    # this definition exists in the System module
+    # this definition exists in the system module
     not (a == b)
 
   assert(5 != 6) # the compiler rewrites that to: assert(not (5 == 6))
+  ```
 
 The `!=`, `>`, `>=`, `in`, `notin`, `isnot` operators are in fact
 templates:
@@ -5201,24 +6043,21 @@ An `untyped` parameter means that symbol lookups and type resolution is not
 performed before the expression is passed to the template. This means that
 *undeclared* identifiers, for example, can be passed to the template:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   template declareInt(x: untyped) =
     var x: int
 
   declareInt(x) # valid
   x = 3
+  ```
 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-    :status: 1
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"  status = 1
   template declareInt(x: typed) =
     var x: int
 
   declareInt(x) # invalid, because x has not been declared and so it has no type
+  ```
 
 A template where every parameter is `untyped` is called an `immediate`:idx:
 template. For historical reasons, templates can be explicitly annotated with
@@ -5236,9 +6075,7 @@ Passing a code block to a template
 One can pass a block of statements as the last argument to a template
 following the special `:` syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   template withFile(f, fn, mode, actions: untyped): untyped =
     var f: File
     if open(f, fn, mode):
@@ -5252,6 +6089,7 @@ following the special `:` syntax:
   withFile(txt, "ttempl3.txt", fmWrite):  # special colon
     txt.writeLine("line 1")
     txt.writeLine("line 2")
+  ```
 
 In the example, the two `writeLine` statements are bound to the `actions`
 parameter.
@@ -5261,10 +6099,7 @@ Usually, to pass a block of code to a template, the parameter that accepts
 the block needs to be of type `untyped`. Because symbol lookups are then
 delayed until template instantiation time:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-    :status: 1
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"  status = 1
   template t(body: typed) =
     proc p = echo "hey"
     block:
@@ -5272,6 +6107,7 @@ delayed until template instantiation time:
 
   t:
     p()  # fails with 'undeclared identifier: p'
+  ```
 
 The above code fails with the error message that `p` is not declared.
 The reason for this is that the `p()` body is type-checked before getting
@@ -5279,9 +6115,7 @@ passed to the `body` parameter and type checking in Nim implies symbol lookups.
 The same code works with `untyped` as the passed body is not required to be
 type-checked:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   template t(body: untyped) =
     proc p = echo "hey"
     block:
@@ -5289,6 +6123,7 @@ type-checked:
 
   t:
     p()  # compiles
+  ```
 
 
 Varargs of untyped
@@ -5297,12 +6132,11 @@ Varargs of untyped
 In addition to the `untyped` meta-type that prevents type checking, there is
 also `varargs[untyped]` so that not even the number of parameters is fixed:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   template hideIdentifiers(x: varargs[untyped]) = discard
 
   hideIdentifiers(undeclared1, undeclared2)
+  ```
 
 However, since a template cannot iterate over varargs, this feature is
 generally much more useful for macros.
@@ -5314,7 +6148,7 @@ Symbol binding in templates
 A template is a `hygienic`:idx: macro and so opens a new scope. Most symbols are
 bound from the definition scope of the template:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module A
   var
     lastId = 0
@@ -5322,12 +6156,14 @@ bound from the definition scope of the template:
   template genId*: untyped =
     inc(lastId)
     lastId
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module B
   import A
 
   echo genId() # Works as 'lastId' has been bound in 'genId's defining scope
+  ```
 
 As in generics, symbol binding can be influenced via `mixin` or `bind`
 statements.
@@ -5339,9 +6175,7 @@ Identifier construction
 
 In templates, identifiers can be constructed with the backticks notation:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   template typedef(name: untyped, typ: typedesc) =
     type
       `T name`* {.inject.} = typ
@@ -5349,6 +6183,7 @@ In templates, identifiers can be constructed with the backticks notation:
 
   typedef(myint, int)
   var x: PMyInt
+  ```
 
 In the example, `name` is instantiated with `myint`, so \`T name\` becomes
 `Tmyint`.
@@ -5361,7 +6196,7 @@ A parameter `p` in a template is even substituted in the expression `x.p`.
 Thus, template arguments can be used as field names and a global symbol can be
 shadowed by the same argument name even when fully qualified:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # module 'm'
 
   type
@@ -5375,10 +6210,11 @@ shadowed by the same argument name even when fully qualified:
 
   tstLev(levA)
   # produces: 'levA levA'
+  ```
 
 But the global symbol can properly be captured by a `bind` statement:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # module 'm'
 
   type
@@ -5393,6 +6229,7 @@ But the global symbol can properly be captured by a `bind` statement:
 
   tstLev(levA)
   # produces: 'levA levB'
+  ```
 
 
 Hygiene in templates
@@ -5401,9 +6238,7 @@ Hygiene in templates
 Per default, templates are `hygienic`:idx:\: Local identifiers declared in a
 template cannot be accessed in the instantiation context:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   template newException*(exceptn: typedesc, message: string): untyped =
     var
       e: ref exceptn  # e is implicitly gensym'ed here
@@ -5414,6 +6249,7 @@ template cannot be accessed in the instantiation context:
   # so this works:
   let e = "message"
   raise newException(IoError, e)
+  ```
 
 
 Whether a symbol that is declared in a template is exposed to the instantiation
@@ -5421,29 +6257,34 @@ scope is controlled by the `inject`:idx: and `gensym`:idx: pragmas:
 `gensym`'ed symbols are not exposed but `inject`'ed symbols are.
 
 The default for symbols of entity `type`, `var`, `let` and `const`
-is `gensym` and for `proc`, `iterator`, `converter`, `template`,
-`macro` is `inject`. However, if the name of the entity is passed as a
-template parameter, it is an `inject`'ed symbol:
+is `gensym`. For `proc`, `iterator`, `converter`, `template`,
+`macro`, the default is `inject`, but if a `gensym` symbol with the same name
+is defined in the same syntax-level scope, it will be `gensym` by default.
+This can be overriden by marking the routine as `inject`. 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+If the name of the entity is passed as a template parameter, it is an `inject`'ed symbol:
+
+  ```nim
   template withFile(f, fn, mode: untyped, actions: untyped): untyped =
     block:
-      var f: File  # since 'f' is a template param, it's injected implicitly
+      var f: File  # since 'f' is a template parameter, it's injected implicitly
       ...
 
   withFile(txt, "ttempl3.txt", fmWrite):
     txt.writeLine("line 1")
     txt.writeLine("line 2")
+  ```
 
 
 The `inject` and `gensym` pragmas are second class annotations; they have
-no semantics outside of a template definition and cannot be abstracted over:
+no semantics outside a template definition and cannot be abstracted over:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   {.pragma myInject: inject.}
 
   template t() =
     var x {.myInject.}: int # does NOT work
+  ```
 
 
 To get rid of hygiene in templates, one can use the `dirty`:idx: pragma for
@@ -5455,9 +6296,7 @@ and `namedParameterCall(field = value)` syntactic constructs.
 
 The reason for this is that code like
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     T = object
       f: int
@@ -5465,6 +6304,7 @@ The reason for this is that code like
   template tmp(x: T) =
     let f = 34
     echo x.f, T(f: 4)
+  ```
 
 
 should work as expected.
@@ -5472,10 +6312,7 @@ should work as expected.
 However, this means that the method call syntax is not available for
 `gensym`'ed symbols:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-    :status: 1
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"  status = 1
   template tmp(x) =
     type
       T {.gensym.} = int
@@ -5483,11 +6320,7 @@ However, this means that the method call syntax is not available for
     echo x.T # invalid: instead use:  'echo T(x)'.
 
   tmp(12)
-
-
-**Note**: The Nim compiler prior to version 1 was more lenient about this
-requirement. Use the `--useVersion:0.19` switch for a transition period.
-
+  ```
 
 
 Limitations of the method call syntax
@@ -5495,53 +6328,31 @@ Limitations of the method call syntax
 
 The expression `x` in `x.f` needs to be semantically checked (that means
 symbol lookup and type checking) before it can be decided that it needs to be
-rewritten to `f(x)`. Therefore the dot syntax has some limitations when it
+rewritten to `f(x)`. Therefore, the dot syntax has some limitations when it
 is used to invoke templates/macros:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-    :status: 1
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"  status = 1
   template declareVar(name: untyped) =
     const name {.inject.} = 45
 
   # Doesn't compile:
   unknownIdentifier.declareVar
+  ```
 
 
-Another common example is this:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-    :status: 1
-
-  from std/sequtils import toSeq
-
-  iterator something: string =
-    yield "Hello"
-    yield "World"
-
-  var info = something().toSeq
-
-The problem here is that the compiler already decided that `something()` as
-an iterator is not callable in this context before `toSeq` gets its
-chance to convert it into a sequence.
-
 It is also not possible to use fully qualified identifiers with module
 symbol in method call syntax. The order in which the dot operator
 binds to symbols prohibits this.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-    :status: 1
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"  status = 1
+  import std/sequtils
 
-   import std/sequtils
-
-   var myItems = @[1,3,3,7]
-   let N1 = count(myItems, 3) # OK
-   let N2 = sequtils.count(myItems, 3) # fully qualified, OK
-   let N3 = myItems.count(3) # OK
-   let N4 = myItems.sequtils.count(3) # illegal, `myItems.sequtils` can't be resolved
+  var myItems = @[1,3,3,7]
+  let N1 = count(myItems, 3) # OK
+  let N2 = sequtils.count(myItems, 3) # fully qualified, OK
+  let N3 = myItems.count(3) # OK
+  let N4 = myItems.sequtils.count(3) # illegal, `myItems.sequtils` can't be resolved
+  ```
 
 This means that when for some reason a procedure needs a
 disambiguation through the module name, the call needs to be
@@ -5570,15 +6381,21 @@ twice:
 While macros enable advanced compile-time code transformations, they
 cannot change Nim's syntax.
 
-Debug Example
+**Style note:** For code readability, it is best to use the least powerful
+programming construct that remains expressive. So the "check list" is:
+
+(1) Use an ordinary proc/iterator, if possible.
+(2) Else: Use a generic proc/iterator, if possible.
+(3) Else: Use a template, if possible.
+(4) Else: Use a macro.
+
+Debug example
 -------------
 
 The following example implements a powerful `debug` command that accepts a
 variable number of arguments:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   # to work with Nim syntax trees, we need an API that is defined in the
   # `macros` module:
   import std/macros
@@ -5606,10 +6423,11 @@ variable number of arguments:
   a[1] = 45
 
   debug(a[0], a[1], x)
+  ```
 
 The macro call expands to:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   write(stdout, "a[0]")
   write(stdout, ": ")
   writeLine(stdout, a[0])
@@ -5621,6 +6439,7 @@ The macro call expands to:
   write(stdout, "x")
   write(stdout, ": ")
   writeLine(stdout, x)
+  ```
 
 
 Arguments that are passed to a `varargs` parameter are wrapped in an array
@@ -5628,7 +6447,7 @@ constructor expression. This is why `debug` iterates over all of `args`'s
 children.
 
 
-BindSym
+bindSym
 -------
 
 The above `debug` macro relies on the fact that `write`, `writeLine` and
@@ -5637,9 +6456,7 @@ instantiating context. There is a way to use bound identifiers
 (aka `symbols`:idx:) instead of using unbound identifiers. The `bindSym`
 builtin can be used for that:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   import std/macros
 
   macro debug(n: varargs[typed]): untyped =
@@ -5657,10 +6474,11 @@ builtin can be used for that:
   a[1] = 45
 
   debug(a[0], a[1], x)
+  ```
 
 The macro call expands to:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   write(stdout, "a[0]")
   write(stdout, ": ")
   writeLine(stdout, a[0])
@@ -5672,48 +6490,45 @@ The macro call expands to:
   write(stdout, "x")
   write(stdout, ": ")
   writeLine(stdout, x)
+  ```
 
-However, the symbols `write`, `writeLine` and `stdout` are already bound
-and are not looked up again. As the example shows, `bindSym` does work with
-overloaded symbols implicitly.
-
-Case-Of Macro
--------------
-
-In Nim, it is possible to have a macro with the syntax of a *case-of*
-expression just with the difference that all *of-branches* are passed to
-and processed by the macro implementation. It is then up the macro
-implementation to transform the *of-branches* into a valid Nim
-statement. The following example should show how this feature could be
-used for a lexical analyzer.
+In this version of `debug`, the symbols `write`, `writeLine` and `stdout`
+are already bound and are not looked up again. As the example shows, `bindSym`
+does work with overloaded symbols implicitly.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  import std/macros
+Note that the symbol names passed to `bindSym` have to be constant. The
+experimental feature `dynamicBindSym` ([experimental manual](
+manual_experimental.html#dynamic-arguments-for-bindsym))
+allows this value to be computed dynamically.
 
-  macro case_token(args: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
-    echo args.treeRepr
-    # creates a lexical analyzer from regular expressions
-    # ... (implementation is an exercise for the reader ;-)
-    discard
+Post-statement blocks
+---------------------
 
-  case_token: # this colon tells the parser it is a macro statement
-  of r"[A-Za-z_]+[A-Za-z_0-9]*":
-    return tkIdentifier
-  of r"0-9+":
-    return tkInteger
-  of r"[\+\-\*\?]+":
-    return tkOperator
+Macros can receive `of`, `elif`, `else`, `except`, `finally` and `do`
+blocks (including their different forms such as `do` with routine parameters)
+as arguments if called in statement form.
+
+  ```nim
+  macro performWithUndo(task, undo: untyped) = ...
+
+  performWithUndo do:
+    # multiple-line block of code
+    # to perform the task
+  do:
+    # code to undo it
+
+  let num = 12
+  # a single colon may be used if there is no initial block
+  match (num mod 3, num mod 5):
+  of (0, 0):
+    echo "FizzBuzz"
+  of (0, _):
+    echo "Fizz"
+  of (_, 0):
+    echo "Buzz"
   else:
-    return tkUnknown
-
-
-**Style note**: For code readability, it is best to use the least powerful
-programming construct that still suffices. So the "check list" is:
-
-(1) Use an ordinary proc/iterator, if possible.
-(2) Else: Use a generic proc/iterator, if possible.
-(3) Else: Use a template, if possible.
-(4) Else: Use a macro.
+    echo num
+  ```
 
 
 For loop macro
@@ -5722,9 +6537,28 @@ For loop macro
 A macro that takes as its only input parameter an expression of the special
 type `system.ForLoopStmt` can rewrite the entirety of a `for` loop:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
+  import std/macros
+
+  macro example(loop: ForLoopStmt) =
+    result = newTree(nnkForStmt)    # Create a new For loop.
+    result.add loop[^3]             # This is "item".
+    result.add loop[^2][^1]         # This is "[1, 2, 3]".
+    result.add newCall(bindSym"echo", loop[0])
+
+  for item in example([1, 2, 3]): discard
+  ```
+
+Expands to:
+
+  ```nim
+  for item in items([1, 2, 3]):
+    echo item
+  ```
 
+Another example:
+
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   import std/macros
 
   macro enumerate(x: ForLoopStmt): untyped =
@@ -5756,19 +6590,60 @@ type `system.ForLoopStmt` can rewrite the entirety of a `for` loop:
   # names for `a` and `b` here to avoid redefinition errors
   for a, b in enumerate(10, [1, 2, 3, 5]):
     echo a, " ", b
+  ```
+
+
+Case statement macros
+---------------------
+
+Macros named `` `case` `` can provide implementations of `case` statements
+for certain types. The following is an example of such an implementation
+for tuples, leveraging the existing equality operator for tuples
+(as provided in `system.==`):
 
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
+  import std/macros
+
+  macro `case`(n: tuple): untyped =
+    result = newTree(nnkIfStmt)
+    let selector = n[0]
+    for i in 1 ..< n.len:
+      let it = n[i]
+      case it.kind
+      of nnkElse, nnkElifBranch, nnkElifExpr, nnkElseExpr:
+        result.add it
+      of nnkOfBranch:
+        for j in 0..it.len-2:
+          let cond = newCall("==", selector, it[j])
+          result.add newTree(nnkElifBranch, cond, it[^1])
+      else:
+        error "custom 'case' for tuple cannot handle this node", it
+
+  case ("foo", 78)
+  of ("foo", 78): echo "yes"
+  of ("bar", 88): echo "no"
+  else: discard
+  ```
+
+`case` macros are subject to overload resolution. The type of the
+`case` statement's selector expression is matched against the type
+of the first argument of the `case` macro. Then the complete `case`
+statement is passed in place of the argument and the macro is evaluated.
+
+In other words, the macro needs to transform the full `case` statement
+but only the statement's selector expression is used to determine which
+macro to call.
 
 
 Special Types
 =============
 
-static[T]
----------
+static\[T]
+----------
 
 As their name suggests, static parameters must be constant expressions:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc precompiledRegex(pattern: static string): RegEx =
     var res {.global.} = re(pattern)
     return res
@@ -5778,16 +6653,16 @@ As their name suggests, static parameters must be constant expressions:
 
   precompiledRegex(paramStr(1)) # Error, command-line options
                                 # are not constant expressions
+  ```
 
 
-For the purposes of code generation, all static params are treated as
-generic params - the proc will be compiled separately for each unique
+For the purposes of code generation, all static parameters are treated as
+generic parameters - the proc will be compiled separately for each unique
 supplied value (or combination of values).
 
-Static params can also appear in the signatures of generic types:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
+Static parameters can also appear in the signatures of generic types:
 
+  ```nim
   type
     Matrix[M,N: static int; T: Number] = array[0..(M*N - 1), T]
       # Note how `Number` is just a type constraint here, while
@@ -5798,25 +6673,27 @@ Static params can also appear in the signatures of generic types:
 
   var m1: AffineTransform3D[float]  # OK
   var m2: AffineTransform2D[string] # Error, `string` is not a `Number`
+  ```
 
 Please note that `static T` is just a syntactic convenience for the underlying
-generic type `static[T]`. The type param can be omitted to obtain the type
+generic type `static[T]`. The type parameter can be omitted to obtain the type
 class of all constant expressions. A more specific type class can be created by
 instantiating `static` with another type class.
 
 One can force an expression to be evaluated at compile time as a constant
 expression by coercing it to a corresponding `static` type:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   import std/math
 
   echo static(fac(5)), " ", static[bool](16.isPowerOfTwo)
+  ```
 
 The compiler will report any failure to evaluate the expression or a
 possible type mismatch error.
 
-typedesc[T]
------------
+typedesc\[T]
+------------
 
 In many contexts, Nim treats the names of types as regular
 values. These values exist only during the compilation phase, but since
@@ -5824,48 +6701,46 @@ all values must have a type, `typedesc` is considered their special type.
 
 `typedesc` acts as a generic type. For instance, the type of the symbol
 `int` is `typedesc[int]`. Just like with regular generic types, when the
-generic param is omitted, `typedesc` denotes the type class of all types.
+generic parameter is omitted, `typedesc` denotes the type class of all types.
 As a syntactic convenience, one can also use `typedesc` as a modifier.
 
-Procs featuring `typedesc` params are considered implicitly generic.
+Procs featuring `typedesc` parameters are considered implicitly generic.
 They will be instantiated for each unique combination of supplied types,
-and within the body of the proc, the name of each param will refer to
+and within the body of the proc, the name of each parameter will refer to
 the bound concrete type:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc new(T: typedesc): ref T =
     echo "allocating ", T.name
     new(result)
 
   var n = Node.new
   var tree = new(BinaryTree[int])
+  ```
 
-When multiple type params are present, they will bind freely to different
-types. To force a bind-once behavior, one can use an explicit generic param:
+When multiple type parameters are present, they will bind freely to different
+types. To force a bind-once behavior, one can use an explicit generic parameter:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc acceptOnlyTypePairs[T, U](A, B: typedesc[T]; C, D: typedesc[U])
+  ```
 
-Once bound, type params can appear in the rest of the proc signature:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+Once bound, type parameters can appear in the rest of the proc signature:
 
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   template declareVariableWithType(T: typedesc, value: T) =
     var x: T = value
 
   declareVariableWithType int, 42
+  ```
 
 
 Overload resolution can be further influenced by constraining the set
-of types that will match the type param. This works in practice by
+of types that will match the type parameter. This works in practice by
 attaching attributes to types via templates. The constraint can be a
 concrete type or a type class.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   template maxval(T: typedesc[int]): int = high(int)
   template maxval(T: typedesc[float]): float = Inf
 
@@ -5881,13 +6756,13 @@ concrete type or a type class.
   echo "is int a number? ", isNumber(int)
   echo "is float a number? ", isNumber(float)
   echo "is RootObj a number? ", isNumber(RootObj)
+  ```
 
 Passing `typedesc` is almost identical, just with the difference that
 the macro is not instantiated generically. The type expression is
 simply passed as a `NimNode` to the macro, like everything else.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   import std/macros
 
   macro forwardType(arg: typedesc): typedesc =
@@ -5896,6 +6771,7 @@ simply passed as a `NimNode` to the macro, like everything else.
     result = tmp
 
   var tmp: forwardType(int)
+  ```
 
 typeof operator
 ---------------
@@ -5907,10 +6783,10 @@ One can obtain the type of a given expression by constructing a `typeof`
 value from it (in many other languages this is known as the `typeof`:idx:
 operator):
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   var x = 0
   var y: typeof(x) # y has type int
+  ```
 
 
 If `typeof` is used to determine the result type of a proc/iterator/converter
@@ -5919,16 +6795,15 @@ interpretation, where `c` is an iterator, is preferred over the
 other interpretations, but this behavior can be changed by
 passing `typeOfProc` as the second argument to `typeof`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   iterator split(s: string): string = discard
   proc split(s: string): seq[string] = discard
 
-  # since an iterator is the preferred interpretation, `y` has the type `string`:
+  # since an iterator is the preferred interpretation, this has the type `string`:
   assert typeof("a b c".split) is string
 
   assert typeof("a b c".split, typeOfProc) is seq[string]
+  ```
 
 
 
@@ -5937,11 +6812,11 @@ Modules
 Nim supports splitting a program into pieces by a module concept.
 Each module needs to be in its own file and has its own `namespace`:idx:.
 Modules enable `information hiding`:idx: and `separate compilation`:idx:.
-A module may gain access to symbols of another module by the `import`:idx:
+A module may gain access to the symbols of another module by the `import`:idx:
 statement. `Recursive module dependencies`:idx: are allowed, but are slightly
 subtle. Only top-level symbols that are marked with an asterisk (`*`) are
 exported. A valid module name can only be a valid Nim identifier (and thus its
-filename is `identifier.nim`).
+filename is ``identifier.nim``).
 
 The algorithm for compiling modules is:
 
@@ -5952,7 +6827,7 @@ The algorithm for compiling modules is:
 
 This is best illustrated by an example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module A
   type
     T1* = int  # Module A exports the type `T1`
@@ -5962,9 +6837,10 @@ This is best illustrated by an example:
     var i = p(3) # works because B has been parsed completely here
 
   main()
+  ```
 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module B
   import A  # A is not parsed here! Only the already known symbols
             # of A are imported.
@@ -5973,31 +6849,32 @@ This is best illustrated by an example:
     # this works because the compiler has already
     # added T1 to A's interface symbol table
     result = x + 1
+  ```
 
 
 Import statement
 ----------------
 
-After the `import` statement, a list of module names can follow or a single
+After the `import` keyword, a list of module names can follow or a single
 module name followed by an `except` list to prevent some symbols from being
 imported:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-    :status: 1
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"  status = 1
   import std/strutils except `%`, toUpperAscii
 
   # doesn't work then:
   echo "$1" % "abc".toUpperAscii
+  ```
 
 
 It is not checked that the `except` list is really exported from the module.
-This feature allows us to compile against an older version of the module that
-does not export these identifiers.
+This feature allows us to compile against different versions of the module,
+even when one version does not export some of these identifiers.
 
 The `import` statement is only allowed at the top level.
 
+String literals can be used for import/include statements.
+The compiler performs [path substitution](nimc.html#compiler-usage-commandminusline-switches) when used.
 
 Include statement
 -----------------
@@ -6006,51 +6883,58 @@ The `include` statement does something fundamentally different than
 importing a module: it merely includes the contents of a file. The `include`
 statement is useful to split up a large module into several files:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   include fileA, fileB, fileC
+  ```
 
-The `include` statement can be used outside of the top level, as such:
+The `include` statement can be used outside the top level, as such:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module A
   echo "Hello World!"
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module B
   proc main() =
     include A
 
   main() # => Hello World!
+  ```
 
 
 Module names in imports
 -----------------------
 
-A module alias can be introduced via the `as` keyword:
+A module alias can be introduced via the `as` keyword, after which the original module name
+is inaccessible:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   import std/strutils as su, std/sequtils as qu
 
   echo su.format("$1", "lalelu")
+  ```
 
-The original module name is then not accessible. The notations
-`path/to/module` or `"path/to/module"` can be used to refer to a module
+The notations `path/to/module` or `"path/to/module"` can be used to refer to a module
 in subdirectories:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   import lib/pure/os, "lib/pure/times"
+  ```
 
-Note that the module name is still `strutils` and not `lib/pure/strutils`
-and so one **cannot** do:
+Note that the module name is still `strutils` and not `lib/pure/strutils`,
+thus one **cannot** do:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   import lib/pure/strutils
   echo lib/pure/strutils.toUpperAscii("abc")
+  ```
 
 Likewise, the following does not make sense as the name is `strutils` already:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   import lib/pure/strutils as strutils
+  ```
 
 
 Collective imports from a directory
@@ -6062,8 +6946,9 @@ from the same directory.
 Path names are syntactically either Nim identifiers or string literals. If the path
 name is not a valid Nim identifier it needs to be a string literal:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   import "gfx/3d/somemodule" # in quotes because '3d' is not a valid Nim identifier
+  ```
 
 
 Pseudo import/include paths
@@ -6075,29 +6960,29 @@ avoid ambiguity when there are multiple modules with the same path.
 There are two pseudo directories:
 
 1. `std`: The `std` pseudo directory is the abstract location of Nim's standard
-library. For example, the syntax `import std / strutils` is used to unambiguously
-refer to the standard library's `strutils` module.
+   library. For example, the syntax `import std / strutils` is used to unambiguously
+   refer to the standard library's `strutils` module.
 2. `pkg`: The `pkg` pseudo directory is used to unambiguously refer to a Nimble
-package. However, for technical details that lie outside the scope of this document,
-its semantics are: *Use the search path to look for module name but ignore the standard
-library locations*. In other words, it is the opposite of `std`.
+   package. However, for technical details that lie outside the scope of this document,
+   its semantics are: *Use the search path to look for module name but ignore the standard
+   library locations*. In other words, it is the opposite of `std`.
 
+It is recommended and preferred but not currently enforced that all stdlib module imports include the std/ "pseudo directory" as part of the import name.
 
 From import statement
 ---------------------
 
-After the `from` statement, a module name follows followed by
+After the `from` keyword, a module name followed by
 an `import` to list the symbols one likes to use without explicit
 full qualification:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   from std/strutils import `%`
 
   echo "$1" % "abc"
   # always possible: full qualification:
   echo strutils.replace("abc", "a", "z")
+  ```
 
 It's also possible to use `from module import nil` if one wants to import
 the module but wants to enforce fully qualified access to every symbol
@@ -6110,34 +6995,38 @@ Export statement
 An `export` statement can be used for symbol forwarding so that client
 modules don't need to import a module's dependencies:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # module B
   type MyObject* = object
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # module A
   import B
   export B.MyObject
 
   proc `$`*(x: MyObject): string = "my object"
+  ```
 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # module C
   import A
 
   # B.MyObject has been imported implicitly here:
   var x: MyObject
   echo $x
+  ```
 
 When the exported symbol is another module, all of its definitions will
 be forwarded. One can use an `except` list to exclude some of the symbols.
 
 Notice that when exporting, one needs to specify only the module name:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   import foo/bar/baz
   export baz
+  ```
 
 
 
@@ -6148,8 +7037,8 @@ the block in which the declaration occurred. The range where the identifier
 is known is the scope of the identifier. The exact scope of an
 identifier depends on the way it was declared.
 
-Block scope
-~~~~~~~~~~~
+### Block scope
+
 The *scope* of a variable declared in the declaration part of a block
 is valid from the point of declaration until the end of the block. If a
 block contains a second block, in which the identifier is redeclared,
@@ -6159,8 +7048,8 @@ identifier cannot be redefined in the same block, except if valid for
 procedure or iterator overloading purposes.
 
 
-Tuple or object scope
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+### Tuple or object scope
+
 The field identifiers inside a tuple or object definition are valid in the
 following places:
 
@@ -6168,32 +7057,99 @@ following places:
 * Field designators of a variable of the given tuple/object type.
 * In all descendant types of the object type.
 
-Module scope
-~~~~~~~~~~~~
+### Module scope
+
 All identifiers of a module are valid from the point of declaration until
 the end of the module. Identifiers from indirectly dependent modules are *not*
 available. The `system`:idx: module is automatically imported in every module.
 
-If a module imports an identifier by two different modules, each occurrence of
-the identifier has to be qualified unless it is an overloaded procedure or
-iterator in which case the overloading resolution takes place:
+If a module imports the same identifier from two different modules, the
+identifier is considered ambiguous, which can be resolved in the following ways:
+
+* Qualifying the identifier as `module.identifier` resolves ambiguity
+  between modules. (See below for the case that the module name itself
+  is ambiguous.)
+* Calling the identifier as a routine makes overload resolution take place,
+  which resolves ambiguity in the case that one overload matches stronger
+  than the others.
+* Using the identifier in a context where the compiler can infer the type
+  of the identifier resolves ambiguity in the case that one definition
+  matches the type stronger than the others.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module A
   var x*: string
+  proc foo*(a: string) =
+    echo "A: ", a
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module B
   var x*: int
+  proc foo*(b: int) =
+    echo "B: ", b
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module C
   import A, B
+
+  foo("abc") # A: abc
+  foo(123) # B: 123
+  let inferred: proc (x: string) = foo
+  foo("def") # A: def
+
   write(stdout, x) # error: x is ambiguous
   write(stdout, A.x) # no error: qualifier used
+  
+  proc bar(a: int): int = a + 1
+  assert bar(x) == x + 1 # no error: only A.x of type int matches
 
   var x = 4
   write(stdout, x) # not ambiguous: uses the module C's x
+  ```
+Modules can share their name, however, when trying to qualify an identifier with the module name the compiler will fail with ambiguous identifier error. One can qualify the identifier by aliasing the module.
+
+
+```nim
+# Module A/C
+proc fb* = echo "fizz"
+```
+
+
+```nim
+# Module B/C
+proc fb* = echo "buzz"
+```
+
+
+```nim
+import A/C
+import B/C
+
+C.fb() # Error: ambiguous identifier: 'C'
+```
+
+
+```nim
+import A/C as fizz
+import B/C
+
+fizz.fb() # Works
+```
+
+
+Packages
+--------
+A collection of modules in a file tree with an ``identifier.nimble`` file in the
+root of the tree is called a Nimble package. A valid package name can only be a
+valid Nim identifier and thus its filename is ``identifier.nimble`` where
+``identifier`` is the desired package name. A module without a ``.nimble`` file
+is assigned the package identifier: `unknown`.
+
+The distinction between packages allows diagnostic compiler messages to be
+scoped to the current project's package vs foreign packages.
+
 
 
 Compiler Messages
@@ -6221,65 +7177,18 @@ deprecated pragma
 
 The deprecated pragma is used to mark a symbol as deprecated:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc p() {.deprecated.}
   var x {.deprecated.}: char
+  ```
 
 This pragma can also take in an optional warning string to relay to developers.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc thing(x: bool) {.deprecated: "use thong instead".}
+  ```
 
 
-noSideEffect pragma
--------------------
-
-The `noSideEffect` pragma is used to mark a proc/iterator that can have only
-side effects through parameters. This means that the proc/iterator only changes locations that are
-reachable from its parameters and the return value only depends on the
-parameters. If none of its parameters have the type `var`, `ref`, `ptr`, `cstring`, or `proc`,
-then no locations are modified.
-
-It is a static error to mark a proc/iterator to have no side effect if the compiler cannot verify this.
-
-As a special semantic rule, the built-in `debugEcho
-<system.html#debugEcho,varargs[typed,]>`_ pretends to be free of side effects
-so that it can be used for debugging routines marked as `noSideEffect`.
-
-`func` is syntactic sugar for a proc with no side effects:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  func `+` (x, y: int): int
-
-
-To override the compiler's side effect analysis a `{.noSideEffect.}`
-`cast` pragma block can be used:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  func f() =
-    {.cast(noSideEffect).}:
-      echo "test"
-
-When a `noSideEffect` proc has proc params `bar`, whether it can be used inside a `noSideEffect` context
-depends on what the compiler knows about `bar`:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
-  func foo(bar: proc(): int): int = bar()
-  var count = 0
-  proc fn1(): int = 1
-  proc fn2(): int = (count.inc; count)
-  func fun1() = discard foo(fn1) # ok because fn1 is inferred as `func`
-  # func fun2() = discard foo(fn2) # would give: Error: 'fun2' can have side effects
-
-  # with callbacks, the compiler is conservative, ie that bar will have side effects
-  var foo2: type(foo) = foo
-  func main() =
-    discard foo(fn1) # ok
-    # discard foo2(fn1) # now this errors
-
 
 compileTime pragma
 ------------------
@@ -6289,23 +7198,23 @@ procs are useful as helpers for macros. Since version 0.12.0 of the language, a
 proc that uses `system.NimNode` within its parameter types is implicitly
 declared `compileTime`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc astHelper(n: NimNode): NimNode =
     result = n
+  ```
 
 Is the same as:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc astHelper(n: NimNode): NimNode {.compileTime.} =
     result = n
+  ```
 
 `compileTime` variables are available at runtime too. This simplifies certain
 idioms where variables are filled at compile-time (for example, lookup tables)
 but accessed at runtime:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c -r $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c -r $1"
   import std/macros
 
   var nameToProc {.compileTime.}: seq[(string, proc (): string {.nimcall.})]
@@ -6323,9 +7232,10 @@ but accessed at runtime:
   proc baz: string {.registerProc.} = "baz"
 
   doAssert nameToProc[2][1]() == "baz"
+  ```
 
 
-noReturn pragma
+noreturn pragma
 ---------------
 The `noreturn` pragma is used to mark a proc that never returns.
 
@@ -6336,20 +7246,22 @@ The `acyclic` pragma can be used for object types to mark them as acyclic
 even though they seem to be cyclic. This is an **optimization** for the garbage
 collector to not consider objects of this type as part of a cycle:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     Node = ref NodeObj
     NodeObj {.acyclic.} = object
       left, right: Node
       data: string
+  ```
 
 Or if we directly use a ref object:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     Node {.acyclic.} = ref object
       left, right: Node
       data: string
+  ```
 
 In the example, a tree structure is declared with the `Node` type. Note that
 the type definition is recursive and the GC has to assume that objects of
@@ -6377,7 +7289,7 @@ because the semantics of Nim require deep copying of sequences and strings.
 This can be expensive, especially if sequences are used to build a tree
 structure:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     NodeKind = enum nkLeaf, nkInner
     Node {.shallow.} = object
@@ -6386,6 +7298,7 @@ structure:
         strVal: string
       of nkInner:
         children: seq[Node]
+  ```
 
 
 pure pragma
@@ -6403,7 +7316,7 @@ asmNoStackFrame pragma
 A proc can be marked with the `asmNoStackFrame` pragma to tell the compiler
 it should not generate a stack frame for the proc. There are also no exit
 statements like `return result;` generated and the generated C function is
-declared as `__declspec(naked)` or `__attribute__((naked))` (depending on
+declared as `__declspec(naked)`:c: or `__attribute__((naked))`:c: (depending on
 the used C compiler).
 
 **Note**: This pragma should only be used by procs which consist solely of
@@ -6420,9 +7333,10 @@ annotate a symbol (like an iterator or proc). The *usage* of the symbol then
 triggers a static error. This is especially useful to rule out that some
 operation is valid due to overloading and type conversions:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   ## check that underlying int values are compared and not the pointers:
   proc `==`(x, y: ptr int): bool {.error.}
+  ```
 
 
 fatal pragma
@@ -6431,9 +7345,10 @@ The `fatal` pragma is used to make the compiler output an error message
 with the given content. In contrast to the `error` pragma, the compilation
 is guaranteed to be aborted by this pragma. Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   when not defined(objc):
     {.fatal: "Compile this program with the objc command!".}
+  ```
 
 warning pragma
 --------------
@@ -6450,17 +7365,17 @@ line pragma
 The `line` pragma can be used to affect line information of the annotated
 statement, as seen in stack backtraces:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   template myassert*(cond: untyped, msg = "") =
     if not cond:
       # change run-time line information of the 'raise' statement:
       {.line: instantiationInfo().}:
-        raise newException(EAssertionFailed, msg)
+        raise newException(AssertionDefect, msg)
+  ```
 
-If the `line` pragma is used with a parameter, the parameter needs be a
+If the `line` pragma is used with a parameter, the parameter needs to be a
 `tuple[filename: string, line: int]`. If it is used without a parameter,
-`system.InstantiationInfo()` is used.
+`system.instantiationInfo()` is used.
 
 
 linearScanEnd pragma
@@ -6469,7 +7384,7 @@ The `linearScanEnd` pragma can be used to tell the compiler how to
 compile a Nim `case`:idx: statement. Syntactically it has to be used as a
 statement:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   case myInt
   of 0:
     echo "most common case"
@@ -6478,9 +7393,10 @@ statement:
     echo "second most common case"
   of 2: echo "unlikely: use branch table"
   else: echo "unlikely too: use branch table for ", myInt
+  ```
 
 In the example, the case branches `0` and `1` are much more common than
-the other cases. Therefore the generated assembler code should test for these
+the other cases. Therefore, the generated assembler code should test for these
 values first so that the CPU's branch predictor has a good chance to succeed
 (avoiding an expensive CPU pipeline stall). The other cases might be put into a
 jump table for O(1) overhead but at the cost of a (very likely) pipeline
@@ -6497,8 +7413,7 @@ The `computedGoto` pragma can be used to tell the compiler how to
 compile a Nim `case`:idx: in a `while true` statement.
 Syntactically it has to be used as a statement inside the loop:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   type
     MyEnum = enum
       enumA, enumB, enumC, enumD, enumE
@@ -6530,6 +7445,7 @@ Syntactically it has to be used as a statement inside the loop:
       inc(pc)
 
   vm()
+  ```
 
 As the example shows, `computedGoto` is mostly useful for interpreters. If
 the underlying backend (C compiler) does not support the computed goto
@@ -6539,9 +7455,24 @@ extension the pragma is simply ignored.
 immediate pragma
 ----------------
 
-The immediate pragma is obsolete. See `Typed vs untyped parameters
-<#templates-typed-vs-untyped-parameters>`_.
+The immediate pragma is obsolete. See [Typed vs untyped parameters].
+
+redefine pragma
+---------------
+
+Redefinition of template symbols with the same signature is allowed.
+This can be made explicit with the `redefine` pragma:
+
+```nim
+template foo: int = 1
+echo foo() # 1
+template foo: int {.redefine.} = 2
+echo foo() # 2
+# warning: implicit redefinition of template
+template foo: int = 3
+```
 
+This is mostly intended for macro generated code.
 
 compilation option pragmas
 --------------------------
@@ -6579,9 +7510,10 @@ callconv         cdecl|...        Specifies the default calling convention for
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   {.checks: off, optimization: speed.}
   # compile without runtime checks and optimize for speed
+  ```
 
 
 push and pop pragmas
@@ -6589,16 +7521,17 @@ push and pop pragmas
 The `push/pop`:idx: pragmas are very similar to the option directive,
 but are used to override the settings temporarily. Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   {.push checks: off.}
   # compile this section without runtime checks as it is
   # speed critical
   # ... some code ...
   {.pop.} # restore old settings
+  ```
 
 `push/pop`:idx: can switch on/off some standard library pragmas, example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   {.push inline.}
   proc thisIsInlined(): int = 42
   func willBeInlined(): float = 42.0
@@ -6609,9 +7542,10 @@ but are used to override the settings temporarily. Example:
   template example(): string = "https://nim-lang.org"
   {.pop.}
 
-  {.push deprecated, hint[LineTooLong]: off, used, stackTrace: off.}
+  {.push deprecated, used, stackTrace: off.}
   proc sample(): bool = true
   {.pop.}
+  ```
 
 For third party pragmas, it depends on its implementation but uses the same syntax.
 
@@ -6633,10 +7567,11 @@ The `global` pragma can be applied to a variable within a proc to instruct
 the compiler to store it in a global location and initialize it once at program
 startup.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc isHexNumber(s: string): bool =
     var pattern {.global.} = re"[0-9a-fA-F]+"
     result = s.match(pattern)
+  ```
 
 When used within a generic proc, a separate unique global variable will be
 created for each instantiation of the proc. The order of initialization of
@@ -6646,13 +7581,15 @@ and before any variable in a module that imports it.
 
 Disabling certain messages
 --------------------------
-Nim generates some warnings and hints ("line too long") that may annoy the
+Nim generates some warnings and hints that may annoy the
 user. A mechanism for disabling certain messages is provided: Each hint
-and warning message contains a symbol in brackets. This is the message's
-identifier that can be used to enable or disable it:
+and warning message is associated with a symbol. This is the message's
+identifier, which can be used to enable or disable the message by putting it
+in brackets following the pragma:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-  {.hint[LineTooLong]: off.} # turn off the hint about too long lines
+  ```Nim
+  {.hint[XDeclaredButNotUsed]: off.} # Turn off the hint about declared but not used symbols.
+  ```
 
 This is often better than disabling all warnings at once.
 
@@ -6664,7 +7601,7 @@ Nim produces a warning for symbols that are not exported and not used either.
 The `used` pragma can be attached to a symbol to suppress this warning. This
 is particularly useful when the symbol was generated by a macro:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   template implementArithOps(T) =
     proc echoAdd(a, b: T) {.used.} =
       echo a + b
@@ -6674,18 +7611,19 @@ is particularly useful when the symbol was generated by a macro:
   # no warning produced for the unused 'echoSub'
   implementArithOps(int)
   echoAdd 3, 5
+  ```
 
 `used` can also be used as a top-level statement to mark a module as "used".
 This prevents the "Unused import" warning:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   # module: debughelper.nim
   when defined(nimHasUsed):
     # 'import debughelper' is so useful for debugging
     # that Nim shouldn't produce a warning for that import,
     # even if currently unused:
     {.used.}
+  ```
 
 
 experimental pragma
@@ -6694,11 +7632,12 @@ experimental pragma
 The `experimental` pragma enables experimental language features. Depending
 on the concrete feature, this means that the feature is either considered
 too unstable for an otherwise stable release or that the future of the feature
-is uncertain (it may be removed at any time).
+is uncertain (it may be removed at any time). See the
+[experimental manual](manual_experimental.html) for more details.
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   import std/threadpool
   {.experimental: "parallel".}
 
@@ -6711,6 +7650,7 @@ Example:
         spawn threadedEcho("echo in parallel", i)
 
   useParallel()
+  ```
 
 
 As a top-level statement, the experimental pragma enables a feature for the
@@ -6718,8 +7658,7 @@ rest of the module it's enabled in. This is problematic for macro and generic
 instantiations that cross a module scope. Currently, these usages have to be
 put into a `.push/pop` environment:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   # client.nim
   proc useParallel*[T](unused: T) =
     # use a generic T here to show the problem.
@@ -6729,12 +7668,13 @@ put into a `.push/pop` environment:
         echo "echo in parallel"
 
     {.pop.}
+  ```
 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   import client
   useParallel(1)
+  ```
 
 
 Implementation Specific Pragmas
@@ -6749,17 +7689,50 @@ Bitsize pragma
 The `bitsize` pragma is for object field members. It declares the field as
 a bitfield in C/C++.
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   type
     mybitfield = object
       flag {.bitsize:1.}: cuint
+  ```
 
 generates:
 
-.. code-block:: C
+  ```C
   struct mybitfield {
     unsigned int flag:1;
   };
+  ```
+
+
+size pragma
+-----------
+Nim automatically determines the size of an enum.
+But when wrapping a C enum type, it needs to be of a specific size.
+The `size pragma` allows specifying the size of the enum type.
+
+  ```Nim
+  type
+    EventType* {.size: sizeof(uint32).} = enum
+      QuitEvent,
+      AppTerminating,
+      AppLowMemory
+
+  doAssert sizeof(EventType) == sizeof(uint32)
+  ```
+
+The `size pragma` can also specify the size of an `importc` incomplete object type
+so that one can get the size of it at compile time even if it was declared without fields.
+
+  ```Nim
+    type
+      AtomicFlag* {.importc: "atomic_flag", header: "<stdatomic.h>", size: 1.} = object
+
+    static:
+      # if AtomicFlag didn't have the size pragma, this code would result in a compile time error.
+      echo sizeof(AtomicFlag)
+  ```
+
+The `size pragma` accepts only the values 1, 2, 4 or 8.
 
 
 Align pragma
@@ -6772,33 +7745,48 @@ alignments that are weaker than other align pragmas on the same
 declaration are ignored. Alignments that are weaker than the
 alignment requirement of the type are ignored.
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-
-   type
-     sseType = object
-       sseData {.align(16).}: array[4, float32]
+  ```Nim
+  type
+    sseType = object
+      sseData {.align(16).}: array[4, float32]
 
-     # every object will be aligned to 128-byte boundary
-     Data = object
-       x: char
-       cacheline {.align(128).}: array[128, char] # over-aligned array of char,
+    # every object will be aligned to 128-byte boundary
+    Data = object
+      x: char
+      cacheline {.align(128).}: array[128, char] # over-aligned array of char,
 
-   proc main() =
-     echo "sizeof(Data) = ", sizeof(Data), " (1 byte + 127 bytes padding + 128-byte array)"
-     # output: sizeof(Data) = 256 (1 byte + 127 bytes padding + 128-byte array)
-     echo "alignment of sseType is ", alignof(sseType)
-     # output: alignment of sseType is 16
-     var d {.align(2048).}: Data # this instance of data is aligned even stricter
+  proc main() =
+    echo "sizeof(Data) = ", sizeof(Data), " (1 byte + 127 bytes padding + 128-byte array)"
+    # output: sizeof(Data) = 256 (1 byte + 127 bytes padding + 128-byte array)
+    echo "alignment of sseType is ", alignof(sseType)
+    # output: alignment of sseType is 16
+    var d {.align(2048).}: Data # this instance of data is aligned even stricter
 
-   main()
+  main()
+  ```
 
 This pragma has no effect on the JS backend.
 
 
+Noalias pragma
+--------------
+
+Since version 1.4 of the Nim compiler, there is a `.noalias` annotation for variables
+and parameters. It is mapped directly to C/C++'s `restrict`:c: keyword and means that
+the underlying pointer is pointing to a unique location in memory, no other aliases to
+this location exist. It is *unchecked* that this alias restriction is followed. If the
+restriction is violated, the backend optimizer is free to miscompile the code.
+This is an **unsafe** language feature.
+
+Ideally in later versions of the language, the restriction will be enforced at
+compile time. (This is also why the name `noalias` was chosen instead of a more
+verbose name like `unsafeAssumeNoAlias`.)
+
+
 Volatile pragma
 ---------------
 The `volatile` pragma is for variables only. It declares the variable as
-`volatile`, whatever that means in C/C++ (its semantics are not well defined
+`volatile`:c:, whatever that means in C/C++ (its semantics are not well-defined
 in C/C++).
 
 **Note**: This pragma will not exist for the LLVM backend.
@@ -6811,10 +7799,11 @@ type, etc.) and is sometimes useful for interoperability with C:
 It tells Nim that it should not generate a declaration for the symbol in
 the C code. For example:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   var
     EACCES {.importc, nodecl.}: cint # pretend EACCES was a variable, as
                                      # Nim does not know its value
+  ```
 
 However, the `header` pragma is often the better alternative.
 
@@ -6825,17 +7814,18 @@ Header pragma
 -------------
 The `header` pragma is very similar to the `nodecl` pragma: It can be
 applied to almost any symbol and specifies that it should not be declared
-and instead, the generated code should contain an `#include`:
+and instead, the generated code should contain an `#include`:c:\:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   type
     PFile {.importc: "FILE*", header: "<stdio.h>".} = distinct pointer
       # import C's FILE* type; Nim will treat it as a new pointer type
+  ```
 
 The `header` pragma always expects a string constant. The string constant
 contains the header file: As usual for C, a system header file is enclosed
-in angle brackets: `<>`. If no angle brackets are given, Nim
-encloses the header file in `""` in the generated C code.
+in angle brackets: `<>`:c:. If no angle brackets are given, Nim
+encloses the header file in `""`:c: in the generated C code.
 
 **Note**: This will not work for the LLVM backend.
 
@@ -6843,12 +7833,13 @@ encloses the header file in `""` in the generated C code.
 IncompleteStruct pragma
 -----------------------
 The `incompleteStruct` pragma tells the compiler to not use the
-underlying C `struct` in a `sizeof` expression:
+underlying C `struct`:c: in a `sizeof` expression:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   type
     DIR* {.importc: "DIR", header: "<dirent.h>",
            pure, incompleteStruct.} = object
+  ```
 
 
 Compile pragma
@@ -6856,17 +7847,25 @@ Compile pragma
 The `compile` pragma can be used to compile and link a C/C++ source file
 with the project:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+This pragma can take three forms. The first is a simple file input:
+  ```Nim
   {.compile: "myfile.cpp".}
+  ```
+
+The second form is a tuple where the second arg is the output name strutils formatter:
+  ```Nim
+  {.compile: ("file.c", "$1.o").}
+  ```
 
 **Note**: Nim computes a SHA1 checksum and only recompiles the file if it
-has changed. One can use the `-f` command-line option to force the recompilation
-of the file.
+has changed. One can use the `-f`:option: command-line option to force
+the recompilation of the file.
 
 Since 1.4 the `compile` pragma is also available with this syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   {.compile("myfile.cpp", "--custom flags here").}
+  ```
 
 As can be seen in the example, this new variant allows for custom flags
 that are passed to the C compiler when the file is recompiled.
@@ -6876,52 +7875,58 @@ Link pragma
 -----------
 The `link` pragma can be used to link an additional file with the project:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   {.link: "myfile.o".}
+  ```
 
 
-PassC pragma
+passc pragma
 ------------
 The `passc` pragma can be used to pass additional parameters to the C
-compiler like one would using the command-line switch `--passc`:
+compiler like one would use the command-line switch `--passc`:option:\:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   {.passc: "-Wall -Werror".}
+  ```
 
-Note that one can use `gorge` from the `system module <system.html>`_ to
+Note that one can use `gorge` from the [system module](system.html) to
 embed parameters from an external command that will be executed
 during semantic analysis:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   {.passc: gorge("pkg-config --cflags sdl").}
+  ```
 
 
-LocalPassc pragma
+localPassC pragma
 -----------------
-The `localPassc` pragma can be used to pass additional parameters to the C
+The `localPassC` pragma can be used to pass additional parameters to the C
 compiler, but only for the C/C++ file that is produced from the Nim module
 the pragma resides in:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   # Module A.nim
   # Produces: A.nim.cpp
-  {.localPassc: "-Wall -Werror".} # Passed when compiling A.nim.cpp
+  {.localPassC: "-Wall -Werror".} # Passed when compiling A.nim.cpp
+  ```
 
 
-PassL pragma
+passl pragma
 ------------
-The `passL` pragma can be used to pass additional parameters to the linker
-like one would be using the command-line switch `--passL`:
+The `passl` pragma can be used to pass additional parameters to the linker
+like one would be using the command-line switch `--passl`:option:\:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-  {.passL: "-lSDLmain -lSDL".}
+  ```Nim
+  {.passl: "-lSDLmain -lSDL".}
+  ```
 
-Note that one can use `gorge` from the `system module <system.html>`_ to
+Note that one can use `gorge` from the [system module](system.html) to
 embed parameters from an external command that will be executed
 during semantic analysis:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-  {.passL: gorge("pkg-config --libs sdl").}
+  ```Nim
+  {.passl: gorge("pkg-config --libs sdl").}
+  ```
 
 
 Emit pragma
@@ -6933,7 +7938,7 @@ extremely useful for interfacing with `C++`:idx: or `Objective C`:idx: code.
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   {.emit: """
   static int cvariable = 420;
   """.}
@@ -6946,27 +7951,29 @@ Example:
   {.pop.}
 
   embedsC()
+  ```
 
-`nimbase.h` defines `NIM_EXTERNC` C macro that can be used for
-`extern "C"` code to work with both `nim c` and `nim cpp`, e.g.:
+``nimbase.h`` defines `NIM_EXTERNC`:c: C macro that can be used for
+`extern "C"`:cpp: code to work with both `nim c`:cmd: and `nim cpp`:cmd:, e.g.:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   proc foobar() {.importc:"$1".}
   {.emit: """
   #include <stdio.h>
   NIM_EXTERNC
   void fun(){}
   """.}
+  ```
 
-For backward compatibility, if the argument to the `emit` statement
-is a single string literal, Nim symbols can be referred to via backticks.
-This usage is however deprecated.
+.. note:: For backward compatibility, if the argument to the `emit` statement
+  is a single string literal, Nim symbols can be referred to via backticks.
+  This usage is however deprecated.
 
 For a top-level emit statement, the section where in the generated C/C++ file
-the code should be emitted can be influenced via the
-prefixes `/*TYPESECTION*/` or `/*VARSECTION*/` or `/*INCLUDESECTION*/`:
+the code should be emitted can be influenced via the prefixes
+`/*TYPESECTION*/`:c: or `/*VARSECTION*/`:c: or `/*INCLUDESECTION*/`:c:\:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   {.emit: """/*TYPESECTION*/
   struct Vector3 {
   public:
@@ -6980,24 +7987,25 @@ prefixes `/*TYPESECTION*/` or `/*VARSECTION*/` or `/*INCLUDESECTION*/`:
     x: cfloat
 
   proc constructVector3(a: cfloat): Vector3 {.importcpp: "Vector3(@)", nodecl}
+  ```
 
 
 ImportCpp pragma
 ----------------
 
-**Note**: `c2nim <https://github.com/nim-lang/c2nim/blob/master/doc/c2nim.rst>`_ can parse a large subset of C++ and knows
+**Note**: [c2nim](https://github.com/nim-lang/c2nim/blob/master/doc/c2nim.rst)
+can parse a large subset of C++ and knows
 about the `importcpp` pragma pattern language. It is not necessary
 to know all the details described here.
 
 
-Similar to the `importc pragma for C
-<#foreign-function-interface-importc-pragma>`_, the
+Similar to the [importc pragma] for C, the
 `importcpp` pragma can be used to import `C++`:idx: methods or C++ symbols
 in general. The generated code then uses the C++ method calling
-syntax: `obj->method(arg)`.  In combination with the `header` and `emit`
+syntax: `obj->method(arg)`:cpp:. In combination with the `header` and `emit`
 pragmas this allows *sloppy* interfacing with libraries written in C++:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   # Horrible example of how to interface with a C++ engine ... ;-)
 
   {.link: "/usr/lib/libIrrlicht.so".}
@@ -7023,138 +8031,147 @@ pragmas this allows *sloppy* interfacing with libraries written in C++:
     header: irr, importcpp: "createDevice(@)".}
   proc run(device: IrrlichtDevice): bool {.
     header: irr, importcpp: "#.run(@)".}
+  ```
 
-The compiler needs to be told to generate C++ (command `cpp`) for
+The compiler needs to be told to generate C++ (command `cpp`:option:) for
 this to work. The conditional symbol `cpp` is defined when the compiler
 emits C++ code.
 
-Namespaces
-~~~~~~~~~~
+### Namespaces
 
-The *sloppy interfacing* example uses `.emit` to produce `using namespace`
+The *sloppy interfacing* example uses `.emit` to produce `using namespace`:cpp:
 declarations. It is usually much better to instead refer to the imported name
-via the `namespace::identifier` notation:
+via the `namespace::identifier`:cpp: notation:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     IrrlichtDeviceObj {.header: irr,
                         importcpp: "irr::IrrlichtDevice".} = object
+  ```
 
 
-Importcpp for enums
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+### Importcpp for enums
 
 When `importcpp` is applied to an enum type the numerical enum values are
-annotated with the C++ enum type, like in this example: `((TheCppEnum)(3))`.
+annotated with the C++ enum type, like in this example:
+`((TheCppEnum)(3))`:cpp:.
 (This turned out to be the simplest way to implement it.)
 
 
-Importcpp for procs
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+### Importcpp for procs
 
 Note that the `importcpp` variant for procs uses a somewhat cryptic pattern
 language for maximum flexibility:
 
-- A hash `#` symbol is replaced by the first or next argument.
-- A dot following the hash `#.` indicates that the call should use C++'s dot
+- A hash ``#`` symbol is replaced by the first or next argument.
+- A dot following the hash ``#.`` indicates that the call should use C++'s dot
   or arrow notation.
-- An at symbol `@` is replaced by the remaining arguments, separated by commas.
+- An at symbol ``@`` is replaced by the remaining arguments,
+  separated by commas.
 
 For example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc cppMethod(this: CppObj, a, b, c: cint) {.importcpp: "#.CppMethod(@)".}
   var x: ptr CppObj
   cppMethod(x[], 1, 2, 3)
+  ```
 
 Produces:
 
-.. code-block:: C
+  ```C
   x->CppMethod(1, 2, 3)
+  ```
 
 As a special rule to keep backward compatibility with older versions of the
 `importcpp` pragma, if there is no special pattern
-character (any of `# ' @`) at all, C++'s
+character (any of ``# ' @``) at all, C++'s
 dot or arrow notation is assumed, so the above example can also be written as:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc cppMethod(this: CppObj, a, b, c: cint) {.importcpp: "CppMethod".}
+  ```
 
 Note that the pattern language naturally also covers C++'s operator overloading
 capabilities:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc vectorAddition(a, b: Vec3): Vec3 {.importcpp: "# + #".}
   proc dictLookup(a: Dict, k: Key): Value {.importcpp: "#[#]".}
+  ```
 
 
-- An apostrophe `'` followed by an integer `i` in the range 0..9
+- An apostrophe ``'`` followed by an integer ``i`` in the range 0..9
   is replaced by the i'th parameter *type*. The 0th position is the result
   type. This can be used to pass types to C++ function templates. Between
-  the `'` and the digit, an asterisk can be used to get to the base type
-  of the type. (So it "takes away a star" from the type; `T*` becomes `T`.)
+  the ``'`` and the digit, an asterisk can be used to get to the base type
+  of the type. (So it "takes away a star" from the type; `T*`:c: becomes `T`.)
   Two stars can be used to get to the element type of the element type etc.
 
 For example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   type Input {.importcpp: "System::Input".} = object
   proc getSubsystem*[T](): ptr T {.importcpp: "SystemManager::getSubsystem<'*0>()", nodecl.}
 
   let x: ptr Input = getSubsystem[Input]()
+  ```
 
 Produces:
 
-.. code-block:: C
+  ```C
   x = SystemManager::getSubsystem<System::Input>()
+  ```
 
 
-- `#@` is a special case to support a `cnew` operation. It is required so
+- ``#@`` is a special case to support a `cnew` operation. It is required so
   that the call expression is inlined directly, without going through a
   temporary location. This is only required to circumvent a limitation of the
   current code generator.
 
-For example C++'s `new` operator can be "imported" like this:
+For example C++'s `new`:cpp: operator can be "imported" like this:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc cnew*[T](x: T): ptr T {.importcpp: "(new '*0#@)", nodecl.}
 
   # constructor of 'Foo':
   proc constructFoo(a, b: cint): Foo {.importcpp: "Foo(@)".}
 
   let x = cnew constructFoo(3, 4)
+  ```
 
 Produces:
 
-.. code-block:: C
+  ```C
   x = new Foo(3, 4)
+  ```
 
-However, depending on the use case `new Foo` can also be wrapped like this
+However, depending on the use case `new Foo`:cpp: can also be wrapped like this
 instead:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc newFoo(a, b: cint): ptr Foo {.importcpp: "new Foo(@)".}
 
   let x = newFoo(3, 4)
+  ```
 
 
-Wrapping constructors
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+### Wrapping constructors
 
 Sometimes a C++ class has a private copy constructor and so code like
-`Class c = Class(1,2);` must not be generated but instead `Class c(1,2);`.
+`Class c = Class(1,2);`:cpp: must not be generated but instead
+`Class c(1,2);`:cpp:.
 For this purpose the Nim proc that wraps a C++ constructor needs to be
 annotated with the `constructor`:idx: pragma. This pragma also helps to generate
 faster C++ code since construction then doesn't invoke the copy constructor:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # a better constructor of 'Foo':
   proc constructFoo(a, b: cint): Foo {.importcpp: "Foo(@)", constructor.}
+  ```
 
 
-Wrapping destructors
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+### Wrapping destructors
 
 Since Nim generates C++ directly, any destructor is called implicitly by the
 C++ compiler at the scope exits. This means that often one can get away with
@@ -7162,20 +8179,18 @@ not wrapping the destructor at all! However, when it needs to be invoked
 explicitly, it needs to be wrapped. The pattern language provides
 everything that is required:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc destroyFoo(this: var Foo) {.importcpp: "#.~Foo()".}
+  ```
 
 
-Importcpp for objects
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+### Importcpp for objects
 
 Generic `importcpp`'ed objects are mapped to C++ templates. This means that
 one can import C++'s templates rather easily without the need for a pattern
 language for object types:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim cpp $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim cpp $1"
   type
     StdMap[K, V] {.importcpp: "std::map", header: "<map>".} = object
   proc `[]=`[K, V](this: var StdMap[K, V]; key: K; val: V) {.
@@ -7183,56 +8198,57 @@ language for object types:
 
   var x: StdMap[cint, cdouble]
   x[6] = 91.4
+  ```
 
 
 Produces:
 
-.. code-block:: C
+  ```C
   std::map<int, double> x;
   x[6] = 91.4;
+  ```
 
 
 - If more precise control is needed, the apostrophe `'` can be used in the
   supplied pattern to denote the concrete type parameters of the generic type.
   See the usage of the apostrophe operator in proc patterns for more details.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  type
-    VectorIterator {.importcpp: "std::vector<'0>::iterator".} [T] = object
+    ```nim
+    type
+      VectorIterator[T] {.importcpp: "std::vector<'0>::iterator".} = object
 
-  var x: VectorIterator[cint]
+    var x: VectorIterator[cint]
+    ```
 
+  Produces:
 
-Produces:
+    ```C
 
-.. code-block:: C
-
-  std::vector<int>::iterator x;
+    std::vector<int>::iterator x;
+    ```
 
 
 ImportJs pragma
 ---------------
 
-Similar to the `importcpp pragma for C++ <#implementation-specific-pragmas-importcpp-pragma>`_,
+Similar to the [importcpp pragma] for C++,
 the `importjs` pragma can be used to import Javascript methods or
 symbols in general. The generated code then uses the Javascript method
-calling syntax: `obj.method(arg)`.
+calling syntax: ``obj.method(arg)``.
 
 
 ImportObjC pragma
 -----------------
-Similar to the `importc pragma for C
-<#foreign-function-interface-importc-pragma>`_, the `importobjc` pragma can
-be used to import `Objective C`:idx: methods.  The generated code then uses the
-Objective C method calling syntax: `[obj method param1: arg]`.
+Similar to the [importc pragma] for C, the `importobjc` pragma can
+be used to import `Objective C`:idx: methods. The generated code then uses the
+Objective C method calling syntax: ``[obj method param1: arg]``.
 In addition with the `header` and `emit` pragmas this
 allows *sloppy* interfacing with libraries written in Objective C:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   # horrible example of how to interface with GNUStep ...
 
-  {.passL: "-lobjc".}
+  {.passl: "-lobjc".}
   {.emit: """
   #include <objc/Object.h>
   @interface Greeter:Object
@@ -7264,9 +8280,10 @@ allows *sloppy* interfacing with libraries written in Objective C:
   var g = newGreeter()
   g.greet(12, 34)
   g.free()
+  ```
 
-The compiler needs to be told to generate Objective C (command `objc`) for
-this to work. The conditional symbol `objc` is defined when the compiler
+The compiler needs to be told to generate Objective C (command `objc`:option:) for
+this to work. The conditional symbol ``objc`` is defined when the compiler
 emits Objective C code.
 
 
@@ -7274,68 +8291,87 @@ CodegenDecl pragma
 ------------------
 
 The `codegenDecl` pragma can be used to directly influence Nim's code
-generator. It receives a format string that determines how the variable
-or proc is declared in the generated code.
+generator. It receives a format string that determines how the variable,
+proc or object type is declared in the generated code.
 
-For variables, $1 in the format string represents the type of the variable
-and $2 is the name of the variable.
+For variables, $1 in the format string represents the type of the variable,
+$2 is the name of the variable, and each appearance of $# represents $1/$2
+respectively according to its position.
 
 The following Nim code:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var
     a {.codegenDecl: "$# progmem $#".}: int
+  ```
 
 will generate this C code:
 
-.. code-block:: c
+  ```c
   int progmem a
+  ```
 
 For procedures, $1 is the return type of the procedure, $2 is the name of
-the procedure, and $3 is the parameter list.
+the procedure, $3 is the parameter list, and each appearance of $# represents
+$1/$2/$3 respectively according to its position.
 
 The following nim code:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc myinterrupt() {.codegenDecl: "__interrupt $# $#$#".} =
     echo "realistic interrupt handler"
+  ```
 
 will generate this code:
 
-.. code-block:: c
+  ```c
   __interrupt void myinterrupt()
+  ```
+
+For object types, the $1 represents the name of the object type, $2 is the list of
+fields and $3 is the base type.
+
+```nim
+
+const strTemplate = """
+  struct $1 {
+    $2
+  };
+"""
+type Foo {.codegenDecl:strTemplate.} = object
+  a, b: int
+```
+
+will generate this code:
 
 
+```c
+struct Foo {
+  NI a;
+  NI b;
+};
+```
+
 `cppNonPod` pragma
 ------------------
 
-The `.cppNonPod` pragma should be used for non-POD `importcpp` types so that they
+The `cppNonPod` pragma should be used for non-POD `importcpp` types so that they
 work properly (in particular regarding constructor and destructor) for
-`.threadvar` variables. This requires `--tlsEmulation:off`.
+`threadvar` variables. This requires `--tlsEmulation:off`:option:.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type Foo {.cppNonPod, importcpp, header: "funs.h".} = object
     x: cint
   proc main()=
     var a {.threadvar.}: Foo
+  ```
 
-InjectStmt pragma
------------------
-
-The `injectStmt` pragma can be used to inject a statement before every
-other statement in the current module. It is only supposed to be used for
-debugging:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  {.injectStmt: gcInvariants().}
-
-  # ... complex code here that produces crashes ...
 
 compile-time define pragmas
 ---------------------------
 
 The pragmas listed here can be used to optionally accept values from
-the -d/--define option at compile time.
+the `-d/--define`:option: option at compile time.
 
 The implementation currently provides the following possible options (various
 others may be added later).
@@ -7348,19 +8384,40 @@ pragma             description
 `booldefine`:idx:  Reads in a build-time define as a bool
 =================  ============================================
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-   const FooBar {.intdefine.}: int = 5
-   echo FooBar
+  ```nim
+  const FooBar {.intdefine.}: int = 5
+  echo FooBar
+  ```
 
-::
-   nim c -d:FooBar=42 foobar.nim
+  ```cmd
+  nim c -d:FooBar=42 foobar.nim
+  ```
 
-In the above example, providing the -d flag causes the symbol
+In the above example, providing the `-d`:option: flag causes the symbol
 `FooBar` to be overwritten at compile-time, printing out 42. If the
-`-d:FooBar=42` were to be omitted, the default value of 5 would be
+`-d:FooBar=42`:option: were to be omitted, the default value of 5 would be
 used. To see if a value was provided, `defined(FooBar)` can be used.
 
-The syntax `-d:flag` is actually just a shortcut for `-d:flag=true`.
+The syntax `-d:flag`:option: is actually just a shortcut for
+`-d:flag=true`:option:.
+
+These pragmas also accept an optional string argument for qualified
+define names.
+
+  ```nim
+  const FooBar {.intdefine: "package.FooBar".}: int = 5
+  echo FooBar
+  ```
+
+  ```cmd
+  nim c -d:package.FooBar=42 foobar.nim
+  ```
+
+This helps disambiguate define names in different packages.
+
+See also the [generic `define` pragma](manual_experimental.html#generic-nimdefine-pragma)
+for a version of these pragmas that detects the type of the define based on
+the constant value.
 
 User-defined pragmas
 ====================
@@ -7370,19 +8427,21 @@ pragma pragma
 -------------
 
 The `pragma` pragma can be used to declare user-defined pragmas. This is
-useful because Nim's templates and macros do not affect pragmas. User-defined pragmas are in a different module-wide scope than all other symbols.
+useful because Nim's templates and macros do not affect pragmas.
+User-defined pragmas are in a different module-wide scope than all other symbols.
 They cannot be imported from a module.
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   when appType == "lib":
     {.pragma: rtl, exportc, dynlib, cdecl.}
   else:
     {.pragma: rtl, importc, dynlib: "client.dll", cdecl.}
 
   proc p*(a, b: int): int {.rtl.} =
-    result = a+b
+    result = a + b
+  ```
 
 In the example, a new pragma named `rtl` is introduced that either imports
 a symbol from a dynamic library or exports the symbol for dynamic library
@@ -7395,17 +8454,18 @@ It is possible to define custom typed pragmas. Custom pragmas do not affect
 code generation directly, but their presence can be detected by macros.
 Custom pragmas are defined using templates annotated with pragma `pragma`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   template dbTable(name: string, table_space: string = "") {.pragma.}
   template dbKey(name: string = "", primary_key: bool = false) {.pragma.}
   template dbForeignKey(t: typedesc) {.pragma.}
   template dbIgnore {.pragma.}
+  ```
 
 
 Consider this stylized example of a possible Object Relation Mapping (ORM)
 implementation:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   const tblspace {.strdefine.} = "dev" # switch for dev, test and prod environments
 
   type
@@ -7420,7 +8480,8 @@ implementation:
       user_id {.dbForeignKey: User.}: int
       read_access: bool
       write_access: bool
-      admin_acess: bool
+      admin_access: bool
+  ```
 
 In this example, custom pragmas are used to describe how Nim objects are
 mapped to the schema of the relational database. Custom pragmas can have
@@ -7435,7 +8496,7 @@ definitions, statements, etc.
 
 The macros module includes helpers which can be used to simplify custom pragma
 access `hasCustomPragma`, `getCustomPragmaVal`. Please consult the
-`macros <macros.html>`_ module documentation for details. These macros are not
+[macros](macros.html) module documentation for details. These macros are not
 magic, everything they do can also be achieved by walking the AST of the object
 representation.
 
@@ -7443,65 +8504,68 @@ More examples with custom pragmas:
 
 - Better serialization/deserialization control:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  type MyObj = object
-    a {.dontSerialize.}: int
-    b {.defaultDeserialize: 5.}: int
-    c {.serializationKey: "_c".}: string
+    ```nim
+    type MyObj = object
+      a {.dontSerialize.}: int
+      b {.defaultDeserialize: 5.}: int
+      c {.serializationKey: "_c".}: string
+    ```
 
 - Adopting type for gui inspector in a game engine:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  type MyComponent = object
-    position {.editable, animatable.}: Vector3
-    alpha {.editRange: [0.0..1.0], animatable.}: float32
+    ```nim
+    type MyComponent = object
+      position {.editable, animatable.}: Vector3
+      alpha {.editRange: [0.0..1.0], animatable.}: float32
+    ```
 
 
 Macro pragmas
 -------------
 
-All macros and templates can also be used as pragmas. They can be attached
-to routines (procs, iterators, etc), type names, or type expressions. The
-compiler will perform the following simple syntactic transformations:
+Macros and templates can sometimes be called with the pragma syntax. Cases
+where this is possible include when attached to routine (procs, iterators, etc.)
+declarations or routine type expressions. The compiler will perform the
+following simple syntactic transformations:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   template command(name: string, def: untyped) = discard
 
   proc p() {.command("print").} = discard
+  ```
 
 This is translated to:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   command("print"):
     proc p() = discard
+  ```
 
 ------
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     AsyncEventHandler = proc (x: Event) {.async.}
+  ```
 
 This is translated to:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     AsyncEventHandler = async(proc (x: Event))
+  ```
 
 ------
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  type
-    MyObject {.schema: "schema.protobuf".} = object
-
-This is translated to a call to the `schema` macro with a `nnkTypeDef`
-AST node capturing both the left-hand side and right-hand side of the
-definition. The macro can return a potentially modified `nnkTypeDef` tree
-which will replace the original row in the type section.
-
-When multiple macro pragmas are applied to the same definition, the
-compiler will apply them consequently from left to right. Each macro
-will receive as input the output of the previous one.
+When multiple macro pragmas are applied to the same definition, the first one
+from left to right will be evaluated. This macro can then choose to keep
+the remaining macro pragmas in its output, and those will be evaluated in
+the same way.
 
+There are a few more applications of macro pragmas, such as in type,
+variable and constant declarations, but this behavior is considered to be
+experimental and is documented in the [experimental manual](
+manual_experimental.html#extended-macro-pragmas) instead.
 
 
 Foreign function interface
@@ -7519,60 +8583,67 @@ from C. The optional argument is a string containing the C identifier. If
 the argument is missing, the C name is the Nim identifier *exactly as
 spelled*:
 
-.. code-block::
+  ```nim
   proc printf(formatstr: cstring) {.header: "<stdio.h>", importc: "printf", varargs.}
+  ```
 
 When `importc` is applied to a `let` statement it can omit its value which
-will then be expected to come from C. This can be used to import a C `const`:
+will then be expected to come from C. This can be used to import a C `const`:c:\:
 
-.. code-block::
+  ```nim
   {.emit: "const int cconst = 42;".}
 
   let cconst {.importc, nodecl.}: cint
 
   assert cconst == 42
+  ```
 
 Note that this pragma has been abused in the past to also work in the
 JS backend for JS objects and functions. Other backends do provide
 the same feature under the same name. Also, when the target language
 is not set to C, other pragmas are available:
 
- * `importcpp <manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-importcpp-pragma>`_
- * `importobjc <manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-importobjc-pragma>`_
- * `importjs <manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-importjs-pragma>`_
+ * [importcpp][importcpp pragma]
+ * [importobjc][importobjc pragma]
+ * [importjs][importjs pragma]
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+The string literal passed to `importc` can be a format string:
+
+  ```Nim
   proc p(s: cstring) {.importc: "prefix$1".}
+  ```
 
-In the example, the external name of `p` is set to `prefixp`. Only `$1`
-is available and a literal dollar sign must be written as `$$`.
+In the example, the external name of `p` is set to `prefixp`. Only ``$1``
+is available and a literal dollar sign must be written as ``$$``.
 
 
 Exportc pragma
 --------------
 The `exportc` pragma provides a means to export a type, a variable, or a
 procedure to C. Enums and constants can't be exported. The optional argument
-is a string containing the C identifier.  If the argument is missing, the C
+is a string containing the C identifier. If the argument is missing, the C
 name is the Nim identifier *exactly as spelled*:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   proc callme(formatstr: cstring) {.exportc: "callMe", varargs.}
+  ```
 
 Note that this pragma is somewhat of a misnomer: Other backends do provide
 the same feature under the same name.
 
 The string literal passed to `exportc` can be a format string:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   proc p(s: string) {.exportc: "prefix$1".} =
     echo s
+  ```
 
-In the example, the external name of `p` is set to `prefixp`. Only `$1`
-is available and a literal dollar sign must be written as `$$`.
+In the example, the external name of `p` is set to `prefixp`. Only ``$1``
+is available and a literal dollar sign must be written as ``$$``.
 
 If the symbol should also be exported to a dynamic library, the `dynlib`
 pragma should be used in addition to the `exportc` pragma. See
-`Dynlib pragma for export <#foreign-function-interface-dynlib-pragma-for-export>`_.
+[Dynlib pragma for export].
 
 
 Extern pragma
@@ -7580,32 +8651,93 @@ Extern pragma
 Like `exportc` or `importc`, the `extern` pragma affects name
 mangling. The string literal passed to `extern` can be a format string:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   proc p(s: string) {.extern: "prefix$1".} =
     echo s
+  ```
 
-In the example, the external name of `p` is set to `prefixp`. Only `$1`
-is available and a literal dollar sign must be written as `$$`.
+In the example, the external name of `p` is set to `prefixp`. Only ``$1``
+is available and a literal dollar sign must be written as ``$$``.
 
 
 Bycopy pragma
 -------------
 
-The `bycopy` pragma can be applied to an object or tuple type and
-instructs the compiler to pass the type by value to procs:
+The `bycopy` pragma can be applied to an object or tuple type or a proc param. It instructs the compiler to pass the type by value to procs:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     Vector {.bycopy.} = object
       x, y, z: float
+  ```
 
+The Nim compiler automatically determines whether a parameter is passed by value or
+by reference based on the parameter type's size. If a parameter must be passed by value
+or by reference, (such as when interfacing with a C library) use the bycopy or byref pragmas.
+Notice params marked as `byref` takes precedence over types marked as `bycopy`.
 
 Byref pragma
 ------------
 
-The `byref` pragma can be applied to an object or tuple type and instructs
-the compiler to pass the type by reference (hidden pointer) to procs.
+The `byref` pragma can be applied to an object or tuple type or a proc param.
+When applied to a type it instructs the compiler to pass the type by reference
+(hidden pointer) to procs. When applied to a param it will take precedence, even
+if the the type was marked as `bycopy`. When an `importc` type has a `byref` pragma or
+parameters are marked as `byref` in an `importc` proc, these params translate to pointers.
+When an `importcpp` type has a `byref` pragma, these params translate to
+C++ references `&`.
+
+  ```Nim
+  {.emit: """/*TYPESECTION*/
+  typedef struct {
+    int x;
+  } CStruct;
+  """.}
+
+  {.emit: """
+  #ifdef __cplusplus
+  extern "C"
+  #endif
+  int takesCStruct(CStruct* x) {
+    return x->x;
+  }
+  """.}
+
+  type
+    CStruct {.importc, byref.} = object
+      x: cint
+
+  proc takesCStruct(x: CStruct): cint {.importc.}
+  ```
+
+  or
+
+
+  ```Nim
+  type
+    CStruct {.importc.} = object
+      x: cint
+
+  proc takesCStruct(x {.byref.}: CStruct): cint {.importc.}
+  ```
 
+  ```Nim
+  {.emit: """/*TYPESECTION*/
+  struct CppStruct {
+    int x;
+
+    int takesCppStruct(CppStruct& y) {
+      return x + y.x;
+    }
+  };
+  """.}
+
+  type
+    CppStruct {.importcpp, byref.} = object
+      x: cint
+
+  proc takesCppStruct(x, y: CppStruct): cint {.importcpp.}
+  ```
 
 Varargs pragma
 --------------
@@ -7614,17 +8746,18 @@ types). It tells Nim that the proc can take a variable number of parameters
 after the last specified parameter. Nim string values will be converted to C
 strings automatically:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-  proc printf(formatstr: cstring) {.nodecl, varargs.}
+  ```Nim
+  proc printf(formatstr: cstring) {.header: "<stdio.h>", varargs.}
 
   printf("hallo %s", "world") # "world" will be passed as C string
+  ```
 
 
 Union pragma
 ------------
 The `union` pragma can be applied to any `object` type. It means all
-of the object's fields are overlaid in memory. This produces a `union`
-instead of a `struct` in the generated C/C++ code. The object declaration
+of an object's fields are overlaid in memory. This produces a `union`:c:
+instead of a `struct`:c: in the generated C/C++ code. The object declaration
 then must not use inheritance or any GC'ed memory but this is currently not
 checked.
 
@@ -7647,12 +8780,13 @@ a static error. Usage with inheritance should be defined and documented.
 Dynlib pragma for import
 ------------------------
 With the `dynlib` pragma, a procedure or a variable can be imported from
-a dynamic library (`.dll` files for Windows, `lib*.so` files for UNIX).
+a dynamic library (``.dll`` files for Windows, ``lib*.so`` files for UNIX).
 The non-optional argument has to be the name of the dynamic library:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   proc gtk_image_new(): PGtkWidget
     {.cdecl, dynlib: "libgtk-x11-2.0.so", importc.}
+  ```
 
 In general, importing a dynamic library does not require any special linker
 options or linking with import libraries. This also implies that no *devel*
@@ -7660,25 +8794,26 @@ packages need to be installed.
 
 The `dynlib` import mechanism supports a versioning scheme:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc Tcl_Eval(interp: pTcl_Interp, script: cstring): int {.cdecl,
     importc, dynlib: "libtcl(|8.5|8.4|8.3).so.(1|0)".}
+  ```
 
-At runtime, the dynamic library is searched for (in this order)::
+At runtime, the dynamic library is searched for (in this order):
 
-  libtcl.so.1
-  libtcl.so.0
-  libtcl8.5.so.1
-  libtcl8.5.so.0
-  libtcl8.4.so.1
-  libtcl8.4.so.0
-  libtcl8.3.so.1
-  libtcl8.3.so.0
+    libtcl.so.1
+    libtcl.so.0
+    libtcl8.5.so.1
+    libtcl8.5.so.0
+    libtcl8.4.so.1
+    libtcl8.4.so.0
+    libtcl8.3.so.1
+    libtcl8.3.so.0
 
 The `dynlib` pragma supports not only constant strings as an argument but also
 string expressions in general:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   import std/os
 
   proc getDllName: string =
@@ -7689,16 +8824,17 @@ string expressions in general:
     quit("could not load dynamic library")
 
   proc myImport(s: cstring) {.cdecl, importc, dynlib: getDllName().}
+  ```
 
-**Note**: Patterns like `libtcl(|8.5|8.4).so` are only supported in constant
+**Note**: Patterns like ``libtcl(|8.5|8.4).so`` are only supported in constant
 strings, because they are precompiled.
 
 **Note**: Passing variables to the `dynlib` pragma will fail at runtime
 because of order of initialization problems.
 
 **Note**: A `dynlib` import can be overridden with
-the `--dynlibOverride:name` command-line option. The
-`Compiler User Guide <nimc.html>`_ contains further information.
+the `--dynlibOverride:name`:option: command-line option. The
+[Compiler User Guide](nimc.html) contains further information.
 
 
 Dynlib pragma for export
@@ -7708,29 +8844,21 @@ With the `dynlib` pragma, a procedure can also be exported to
 a dynamic library. The pragma then has no argument and has to be used in
 conjunction with the `exportc` pragma:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   proc exportme(): int {.cdecl, exportc, dynlib.}
+  ```
 
 This is only useful if the program is compiled as a dynamic library via the
-`--app:lib` command-line option.
-
+`--app:lib`:option: command-line option.
 
 
 Threads
 =======
 
-To enable thread support the `--threads:on` command-line switch needs to
-be used. The `system` module then contains several threading primitives.
-See the `threads <threads.html>`_ and `channels <channels.html>`_ modules
-for the low-level thread API. There are also high-level parallelism constructs
-available. See `spawn <manual_experimental.html#parallel-amp-spawn>`_ for
+The `--threads:on`:option: command-line switch is enabled by default. The [typedthreads module](typedthreads.html) module then contains several threading primitives. See [spawn](manual_experimental.html#parallel-amp-spawn) for
 further details.
 
-Nim's memory model for threads is quite different than that of other common
-programming languages (C, Pascal, Java): Each thread has its own (garbage
-collected) heap, and sharing of memory is restricted to global variables. This
-helps to prevent race conditions. GC efficiency is improved quite a lot,
-because the GC never has to stop other threads and see what they reference.
+The only ways to create a thread is via `spawn` or `createThread`.
 
 
 Thread pragma
@@ -7742,46 +8870,8 @@ violations of the `no heap sharing restriction`:idx:\: This restriction implies
 that it is invalid to construct a data structure that consists of memory
 allocated from different (thread-local) heaps.
 
-A thread proc is passed to `createThread` or `spawn` and invoked
-indirectly; so the `thread` pragma implies `procvar`.
-
-
-GC safety
----------
-
-We call a proc `p` `GC safe`:idx: when it doesn't access any global variable
-that contains GC'ed memory (`string`, `seq`, `ref` or a closure) either
-directly or indirectly through a call to a GC unsafe proc.
-
-The `gcsafe`:idx: annotation can be used to mark a proc to be gcsafe,
-otherwise this property is inferred by the compiler. Note that `noSideEffect`
-implies `gcsafe`. The only way to create a thread is via `spawn` or
-`createThread`. The invoked proc must not use `var` parameters nor must
-any of its parameters contain a `ref` or `closure` type. This enforces
-the *no heap sharing restriction*.
-
-Routines that are imported from C are always assumed to be `gcsafe`.
-To disable the GC-safety checking the `--threadAnalysis:off` command-line
-switch can be used. This is a temporary workaround to ease the porting effort
-from old code to the new threading model.
-
-To override the compiler's gcsafety analysis a `{.cast(gcsafe).}` pragma block can
-be used:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  var
-    someGlobal: string = "some string here"
-    perThread {.threadvar.}: string
-
-  proc setPerThread() =
-    {.cast(gcsafe).}:
-      deepCopy(perThread, someGlobal)
-
-
-See also:
+A thread proc can be passed to `createThread` or `spawn`.
 
-- `Shared heap memory management <gc.html>`_.
 
 
 Threadvar pragma
@@ -7791,8 +8881,9 @@ A variable can be marked with the `threadvar` pragma, which makes it a
 `thread-local`:idx: variable; Additionally, this implies all the effects
 of the `global` pragma.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var checkpoints* {.threadvar.}: seq[string]
+  ```
 
 Due to implementation restrictions, thread-local variables cannot be
 initialized within the `var` section. (Every thread-local variable needs to
@@ -7804,4 +8895,139 @@ Threads and exceptions
 
 The interaction between threads and exceptions is simple: A *handled* exception
 in one thread cannot affect any other thread. However, an *unhandled* exception
-in one thread terminates the whole *process*!
+in one thread terminates the whole *process*.
+
+
+Guards and locks
+================
+
+Nim provides common low level concurrency mechanisms like locks, atomic
+intrinsics or condition variables.
+
+Nim significantly improves on the safety of these features via additional
+pragmas:
+
+1) A `guard`:idx: annotation is introduced to prevent data races.
+2) Every access of a guarded memory location needs to happen in an
+   appropriate `locks`:idx: statement.
+
+
+Guards and locks sections
+-------------------------
+
+### Protecting global variables
+
+Object fields and global variables can be annotated via a `guard` pragma:
+
+  ```nim
+  import std/locks
+
+  var glock: Lock
+  var gdata {.guard: glock.}: int
+  ```
+
+The compiler then ensures that every access of `gdata` is within a `locks`
+section:
+
+  ```nim
+  proc invalid =
+    # invalid: unguarded access:
+    echo gdata
+
+  proc valid =
+    # valid access:
+    {.locks: [glock].}:
+      echo gdata
+  ```
+
+Top level accesses to `gdata` are always allowed so that it can be initialized
+conveniently. It is *assumed* (but not enforced) that every top level statement
+is executed before any concurrent action happens.
+
+The `locks` section deliberately looks ugly because it has no runtime
+semantics and should not be used directly! It should only be used in templates
+that also implement some form of locking at runtime:
+
+  ```nim
+  template lock(a: Lock; body: untyped) =
+    pthread_mutex_lock(a)
+    {.locks: [a].}:
+      try:
+        body
+      finally:
+        pthread_mutex_unlock(a)
+  ```
+
+
+The guard does not need to be of any particular type. It is flexible enough to
+model low level lockfree mechanisms:
+
+  ```nim
+  var dummyLock {.compileTime.}: int
+  var atomicCounter {.guard: dummyLock.}: int
+
+  template atomicRead(x): untyped =
+    {.locks: [dummyLock].}:
+      memoryReadBarrier()
+      x
+
+  echo atomicRead(atomicCounter)
+  ```
+
+
+The `locks` pragma takes a list of lock expressions `locks: [a, b, ...]`
+in order to support *multi lock* statements.
+
+
+### Protecting general locations
+
+The `guard` annotation can also be used to protect fields within an object.
+The guard then needs to be another field within the same object or a
+global variable.
+
+Since objects can reside on the heap or on the stack, this greatly enhances
+the expressiveness of the language:
+
+  ```nim
+  import std/locks
+
+  type
+    ProtectedCounter = object
+      v {.guard: L.}: int
+      L: Lock
+
+  proc incCounters(counters: var openArray[ProtectedCounter]) =
+    for i in 0..counters.high:
+      lock counters[i].L:
+        inc counters[i].v
+  ```
+
+The access to field `x.v` is allowed since its guard `x.L`  is active.
+After template expansion, this amounts to:
+
+  ```nim
+  proc incCounters(counters: var openArray[ProtectedCounter]) =
+    for i in 0..counters.high:
+      pthread_mutex_lock(counters[i].L)
+      {.locks: [counters[i].L].}:
+        try:
+          inc counters[i].v
+        finally:
+          pthread_mutex_unlock(counters[i].L)
+  ```
+
+There is an analysis that checks that `counters[i].L` is the lock that
+corresponds to the protected location `counters[i].v`. This analysis is called
+`path analysis`:idx: because it deals with paths to locations
+like `obj.field[i].fieldB[j]`.
+
+The path analysis is **currently unsound**, but that doesn't make it useless.
+Two paths are considered equivalent if they are syntactically the same.
+
+This means the following compiles (for now) even though it really should not:
+
+  ```nim
+  {.locks: [a[i].L].}:
+    inc i
+    access a[i].v
+  ```
diff --git a/doc/manual/var_t_return.rst b/doc/manual/var_t_return.md
index e34993e3e..15d908c74 100644
--- a/doc/manual/var_t_return.rst
+++ b/doc/manual/var_t_return.md
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 .. default-role:: code
+.. include:: ../rstcommon.rst
 
 Memory safety for returning by `var T` is ensured by a simple borrowing
 rule: If `result` does not refer to a location pointing to the heap
 (that is in `result = X` the `X` involves a `ptr` or `ref` access)
 then it has to be derived from the routine's first parameter:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc forward[T](x: var T): var T =
     result = x # ok, derived from the first parameter.
 
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ then it has to be derived from the routine's first parameter:
     result = forward(x) # Error: location is derived from `x`
                         # which is not p's first parameter and lives
                         # on the stack.
+  ```
 
 In other words, the lifetime of what `result` points to is attached to the
 lifetime of the first parameter and that is enough knowledge to verify
diff --git a/doc/manual_experimental.rst b/doc/manual_experimental.md
index cf2e0c247..da51d59ad 100644
--- a/doc/manual_experimental.rst
+++ b/doc/manual_experimental.md
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 =========================
 Nim Experimental Features
 =========================
@@ -7,6 +5,8 @@ Nim Experimental Features
 :Authors: Andreas Rumpf
 :Version: |nimversion|
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
 .. contents::
 
 
@@ -15,69 +15,30 @@ About this document
 
 This document describes features of Nim that are to be considered experimental.
 Some of these are not covered by the `.experimental` pragma or
-`--experimental` switch because they are already behind a special syntax and
+`--experimental`:option: switch because they are already behind a special syntax and
 one may want to use Nim libraries using these features without using them
 oneself.
 
-**Note**: Unless otherwise indicated, these features are not to be removed,
-but refined and overhauled.
-
-
-Package level objects
-=====================
-
-Every Nim module resides in a (nimble) package. An object type can be attached
-to the package it resides in. If that is done, the type can be referenced from
-other modules as an `incomplete`:idx: object type. This feature allows to
-break up recursive type dependencies across module boundaries. Incomplete
-object types are always passed `byref` and can only be used in pointer like
-contexts (`var/ref/ptr IncompleteObject`) in general since the compiler does
-not yet know the size of the object. To complete an incomplete object
-the `package` pragma has to be used. `package` implies `byref`.
-
-As long as a type `T` is incomplete, neither `sizeof(T)` nor runtime
-type information for `T` is available.
-
-
-Example:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  # module A (in an arbitrary package)
-  type
-    Pack.SomeObject = object ## declare as incomplete object of package 'Pack'
-    Triple = object
-      a, b, c: ref SomeObject ## pointers to incomplete objects are allowed
-
-  ## Incomplete objects can be used as parameters:
-  proc myproc(x: SomeObject) = discard
-
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  # module B (in package "Pack")
-  type
-    SomeObject* {.package.} = object ## Use 'package' to complete the object
-      s, t: string
-      x, y: int
+.. note:: Unless otherwise indicated, these features are not to be removed,
+  but refined and overhauled.
 
 
 Void type
 =========
 
-The `void` type denotes the absence of any type. Parameters of
-type `void` are treated as non-existent, `void` as a return type means that
-the procedure does not return a value:
+The `void` type denotes the absence of any value, i.e. it is the type that contains no values. Consequently, no value can be provided for parameters of
+type `void`, and no value can be returned from a function with return type `void`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc nothing(x, y: void): void =
     echo "ha"
 
   nothing() # writes "ha" to stdout
+  ```
 
 The `void` type is particularly useful for generic code:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc callProc[T](p: proc (x: T), x: T) =
     when T is void:
       p()
@@ -89,135 +50,235 @@ The `void` type is particularly useful for generic code:
 
   callProc[int](intProc, 12)
   callProc[void](emptyProc)
+  ```
 
 However, a `void` type cannot be inferred in generic code:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   callProc(emptyProc)
   # Error: type mismatch: got (proc ())
   # but expected one of:
   # callProc(p: proc (T), x: T)
+  ```
 
 The `void` type is only valid for parameters and return types; other symbols
 cannot have the type `void`.
 
+Generic `define` pragma
+=======================
 
+Aside the [typed define pragmas for constants](manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-compileminustime-define-pragmas),
+there is a generic `{.define.}` pragma that interprets the value of the define
+based on the type of the constant value.
 
-Covariance
-==========
+  ```nim
+  const foo {.define: "package.foo".} = 123
+  const bar {.define: "package.bar".} = false
+  ```
 
-Covariance in Nim can be introduced only through pointer-like types such
-as `ptr` and `ref`. Sequence, Array and OpenArray types, instantiated
-with pointer-like types will be considered covariant if and only if they
-are also immutable. The introduction of a `var` modifier or additional
-`ptr` or `ref` indirections would result in invariant treatment of
-these types.
+  ```cmd
+  nim c -d:package.foo=456 -d:package.bar foobar.nim
+  ```
 
-`proc` types are currently always invariant, but future versions of Nim
-may relax this rule.
+The following types are supported:
 
-User-defined generic types may also be covariant with respect to some of
-their parameters. By default, all generic params are considered invariant,
-but you may choose the apply the prefix modifier `in` to a parameter to
-make it contravariant or `out` to make it covariant:
+* `string` and `cstring`
+* Signed and unsigned integer types
+* `bool`
+* Enums
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  type
-    AnnotatedPtr[out T] =
-      metadata: MyTypeInfo
-      p: ref T
+Top-down type inference
+=======================
 
-    RingBuffer[out T] =
-      startPos: int
-      data: seq[T]
+In expressions such as:
 
-    Action {.importcpp: "std::function<void ('0)>".} [in T] = object
+```nim
+let a: T = ex
+```
 
-When the designated generic parameter is used to instantiate a pointer-like
-type as in the case of `AnnotatedPtr` above, the resulting generic type will
-also have pointer-like covariance:
+Normally, the compiler type checks the expression `ex` by itself, then
+attempts to statically convert the type-checked expression to the given type
+`T` as much as it can, while making sure it matches the type. The extent of
+this process is limited however due to the expression usually having
+an assumed type that might clash with the given type.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  type
-    GuiWidget = object of RootObj
-    Button = object of GuiWidget
-    ComboBox = object of GuiWidget
+With top-down type inference, the expression is type checked with the
+extra knowledge that it is supposed to be of type `T`. For example,
+the following code is does not compile with the former method, but
+compiles with top-down type inference:
 
-  var
-    widgetPtr: AnnotatedPtr[GuiWidget]
-    buttonPtr: AnnotatedPtr[Button]
+```nim
+let foo: (float, uint8, cstring) = (1, 2, "abc")
+```
 
-  ...
+The tuple expression has an expected type of `(float, uint8, cstring)`.
+Since it is a tuple literal, we can use this information to assume the types
+of its elements. The expected types for the expressions `1`, `2` and `"abc"`
+are respectively `float`, `uint8`, and `cstring`; and these expressions can be
+statically converted to these types.
 
-  proc drawWidget[T](x: AnnotatedPtr[GuiWidget]) = ...
+Without this information, the type of the tuple expression would have been
+assumed to be `(int, int, string)`. Thus the type of the tuple expression
+would not match the type of the variable, and an error would be given.
 
-  # you can call procs expecting base types by supplying a derived type
-  drawWidget(buttonPtr)
+The extent of this varies, but there are some notable special cases.
 
-  # and you can convert more-specific pointer types to more general ones
-  widgetPtr = buttonPtr
 
-Just like with regular pointers, covariance will be enabled only for immutable
-values:
+Inferred generic parameters
+---------------------------
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  proc makeComboBox[T](x: var AnnotatedPtr[GuiWidget]) =
-    x.p = new(ComboBox)
+In expressions making use of generic procs or templates, the expected
+(unbound) types are often able to be inferred based on context.
+This feature has to be enabled via `{.experimental: "inferGenericTypes".}`
 
-  makeComboBox(buttonPtr) # Error, AnnotatedPtr[Button] cannot be modified
-                          # to point to a ComboBox
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
+  {.experimental: "inferGenericTypes".}
 
-On the other hand, in the `RingBuffer` example above, the designated generic
-param is used to instantiate the non-pointer `seq` type, which means that
-the resulting generic type will have covariance that mimics an array or
-sequence (i.e. it will be covariant only when instantiated with `ptr` and
-`ref` types):
+  import std/options
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  var x = newSeq[int](1)
+  # Do some work on 'x'...
 
-  type
-    Base = object of RootObj
-    Derived = object of Base
+  # Works!
+  # 'x' is 'seq[int]' so 'newSeq[int]' is implied
+  x = newSeq(10)
 
-  proc consumeBaseValues(b: RingBuffer[Base]) = ...
+  # Works!
+  # 'T' of 'none' is bound to the 'T' of 'noneProducer', passing it along.
+  # Effectively 'none.T = noneProducer.T'
+  proc noneProducer[T](): Option[T] = none()
+  let myNone = noneProducer[int]()
 
-  var derivedValues: RingBuffer[Derived]
+  # Also works
+  # 'myOtherNone' binds its 'T' to 'float' and 'noneProducer' inherits it
+  # noneProducer.T = myOtherNone.T
+  let myOtherNone: Option[float] = noneProducer()
 
-  consumeBaseValues(derivedValues) # Error, Base and Derived values may differ
-                                   # in size
+  # Works as well
+  # none.T = myOtherOtherNone.T
+  let myOtherOtherNone: Option[int] = none()
+  ```
 
-  proc consumeBasePointers(b: RingBuffer[ptr Base]) = ...
+This is achieved by reducing the types on the lhs and rhs until the *lhs* is left with only types such as `T`.
+While lhs and rhs are reduced together, this does *not* mean that the *rhs* will also only be left
+with a flat type `Z`, it may be of the form `MyType[Z]`.
 
-  var derivedPointers: RingBuffer[ptr Derived]
+After the types have been reduced, the types `T` are bound to the types that are left on the rhs.
 
-  consumeBaseValues(derivedPointers) # This is legal
+If bindings *cannot be inferred*, compilation will fail and manual specification is required.
 
-Please note that Nim will treat the user-defined pointer-like types as
-proper alternatives to the built-in pointer types. That is, types such
-as `seq[AnnotatedPtr[T]]` or `RingBuffer[AnnotatedPtr[T]]` will also be
-considered covariant and you can create new pointer-like types by instantiating
-other user-defined pointer-like types.
+An example for *failing inference* can be found when passing a generic expression
+to a function/template call:
 
-The contravariant parameters introduced with the `in` modifier are currently
-useful only when interfacing with imported types having such semantics.
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"  status = 1
+  {.experimental: "inferGenericTypes".}
 
+  proc myProc[T](a, b: T) = discard
 
-Automatic dereferencing
-=======================
+  # Fails! Unable to infer that 'T' is supposed to be 'int'
+  myProc(newSeq[int](), newSeq(1))
 
-Automatic dereferencing is performed for the first argument of a routine call.
-This feature has to be enabled via `{.experimental: "implicitDeref".}`:
+  # Works! Manual specification of 'T' as 'int' necessary
+  myProc(newSeq[int](), newSeq[int](1))
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  {.experimental: "implicitDeref".}
+Combination of generic inference with the `auto` type is also unsupported:
 
-  proc depth(x: NodeObj): int = ...
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"  status = 1
+  {.experimental: "inferGenericTypes".}
+
+  proc produceValue[T]: auto = default(T)
+  let a: int = produceValue() # 'auto' cannot be inferred here
+  ```
+
+**Note**: The described inference does not permit the creation of overrides based on
+the return type of a procedure. It is a mapping mechanism that does not attempt to 
+perform deeper inference, nor does it modify what is a valid override.
+
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"  status = 1
+  # Doesn't affect the following code, it is invalid either way
+  {.experimental: "inferGenericTypes".}
+
+  proc a: int = 0
+  proc a: float = 1.0 # Fails! Invalid code and not recommended
+  ```
+
+
+Sequence literals
+-----------------
+
+Top-down type inference applies to sequence literals.
+
+```nim
+let x: seq[seq[float]] = @[@[1, 2, 3], @[4, 5, 6]]
+```
+
+This behavior is tied to the `@` overloads in the `system` module,
+so overloading `@` can disable this behavior. This can be circumvented by
+specifying the `` system.`@` `` overload.
+
+```nim
+proc `@`(x: string): string = "@" & x
+
+# does not compile:
+let x: seq[float] = @[1, 2, 3]
+# compiles:
+let x: seq[float] = system.`@`([1, 2, 3])
+```
+
+
+Package level objects
+=====================
+
+Every Nim module resides in a (nimble) package. An object type can be attached
+to the package it resides in. If that is done, the type can be referenced from
+other modules as an `incomplete`:idx: object type. This feature allows to
+break up recursive type dependencies across module boundaries. Incomplete
+object types are always passed `byref` and can only be used in pointer like
+contexts (`var/ref/ptr IncompleteObject`) in general, since the compiler does
+not yet know the size of the object. To complete an incomplete object,
+the `package` pragma has to be used. `package` implies `byref`.
+
+As long as a type `T` is incomplete, no runtime type information for `T` is
+available.
+
+
+Example:
+
+  ```nim
+  # module A (in an arbitrary package)
+  type
+    Pack.SomeObject = object # declare as incomplete object of package 'Pack'
+    Triple = object
+      a, b, c: ref SomeObject # pointers to incomplete objects are allowed
+
+  # Incomplete objects can be used as parameters:
+  proc myproc(x: SomeObject) = discard
+  ```
+
+
+  ```nim
+  # module B (in package "Pack")
+  type
+    SomeObject* {.package.} = object # Use 'package' to complete the object
+      s, t: string
+      x, y: int
+  ```
+
+This feature will likely be superseded in the future by support for
+recursive module dependencies.
+
+
+Importing private symbols
+=========================
+
+In some situations, it may be useful to import all symbols (public or private)
+from a module. The syntax `import foo {.all.}` can be used to import all
+symbols from the module `foo`. Note that importing private symbols is
+generally not recommended.
+
+See also the experimental [importutils](importutils.html) module.
 
-  var
-    n: Node
-  new(n)
-  echo n.depth
-  # no need to write n[].depth either
 
 Code reordering
 ===============
@@ -263,8 +324,7 @@ preface definitions inside a module.
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   {.experimental: "codeReordering".}
 
   proc foo(x: int) =
@@ -274,13 +334,14 @@ Example:
     echo(x)
 
   foo(10)
+  ```
 
 Variables can also be reordered as well. Variables that are *initialized* (i.e.
 variables that have their declaration and assignment combined in a single
 statement) can have their entire initialization statement reordered. Be wary of
 what code is executed at the top level:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   {.experimental: "codeReordering".}
 
   proc a() =
@@ -289,6 +350,7 @@ what code is executed at the top level:
   var foo = 5
 
   a() # outputs: "5"
+  ```
 
 ..
    TODO: Let's table this for now. This is an *experimental feature* and so the
@@ -299,7 +361,7 @@ what code is executed at the top level:
    code reordering process, and not after. As an example, the output of this
    code is the same as it would be with code reordering disabled.
 
-   .. code-block:: nim
+     ```nim
      {.experimental: "codeReordering".}
 
      proc x() =
@@ -308,11 +370,12 @@ what code is executed at the top level:
      var foo = 4
 
      x() # "false"
+     ```
 
 It is important to note that reordering *only* works for symbols at top level
 scope. Therefore, the following will *fail to compile:*
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   {.experimental: "codeReordering".}
 
   proc a() =
@@ -321,64 +384,10 @@ scope. Therefore, the following will *fail to compile:*
       echo("Hello!")
 
   a()
+  ```
 
-
-Named argument overloading
-==========================
-
-Routines with the same type signature can be called differently if a parameter
-has different names. This does not need an `experimental` switch, but is an
-unstable feature.
-
-.. code-block::nim
-  proc foo(x: int) =
-    echo "Using x: ", x
-  proc foo(y: int) =
-    echo "Using y: ", y
-
-  foo(x = 2)
-  # Using x: 2
-  foo(y = 2)
-  # Using y: 2
-
-
-Do notation
-===========
-
-As a special more convenient notation, proc expressions involved in procedure
-calls can use the `do` keyword:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  sort(cities) do (x,y: string) -> int:
-    cmp(x.len, y.len)
-
-  # Less parenthesis using the method plus command syntax:
-  cities = cities.map do (x:string) -> string:
-    "City of " & x
-
-  # In macros, the do notation is often used for quasi-quoting
-  macroResults.add quote do:
-    if not `ex`:
-      echo `info`, ": Check failed: ", `expString`
-
-`do` is written after the parentheses enclosing the regular proc params.
-The proc expression represented by the do block is appended to them.
-In calls using the command syntax, the do block will bind to the immediately
-preceding expression, transforming it in a call.
-
-`do` with parentheses is an anonymous `proc`; however a `do` without
-parentheses is just a block of code. The `do` notation can be used to
-pass multiple blocks to a macro:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  macro performWithUndo(task, undo: untyped) = ...
-
-  performWithUndo do:
-    # multiple-line block of code
-    # to perform the task
-  do:
-    # code to undo it
-
+This feature will likely be replaced with a better solution to remove
+the need for forward declarations.
 
 Special Operators
 =================
@@ -386,8 +395,8 @@ Special Operators
 dot operators
 -------------
 
-**Note**: Dot operators are still experimental and so need to be enabled
-via `{.experimental: "dotOperators".}`.
+.. note:: Dot operators are still experimental and so need to be enabled
+  via `{.experimental: "dotOperators".}`.
 
 Nim offers a special family of dot operators that can be used to
 intercept and rewrite proc call and field access attempts, referring
@@ -402,19 +411,21 @@ for a dot operator that can be matched against a re-written form of
 the expression, where the unknown field or proc name is passed to
 an `untyped` parameter:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   a.b # becomes `.`(a, b)
   a.b(c, d) # becomes `.`(a, b, c, d)
+  ```
 
 The matched dot operators can be symbols of any callable kind (procs,
 templates and macros), depending on the desired effect:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   template `.`(js: PJsonNode, field: untyped): JSON = js[astToStr(field)]
 
   var js = parseJson("{ x: 1, y: 2}")
   echo js.x # outputs 1
   echo js.y # outputs 2
+  ```
 
 The following dot operators are available:
 
@@ -433,8 +444,9 @@ operator `.=`
 -------------
 This operator will be matched against assignments to missing fields.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   a.b = c # becomes `.=`(a, b, c)
+  ```
 
 Call operator
 -------------
@@ -443,7 +455,7 @@ precedence over dot operators, however it does not match missing overloads
 for existing routines. The experimental `callOperator` switch must be enabled
 to use this operator.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   {.experimental: "callOperator".}
 
   template `()`(a: int, b: float): untyped = $(a, b)
@@ -467,21 +479,95 @@ to use this operator.
 
     doAssert not compiles(a.b(c)) # gives a type mismatch error same as b(a, c)
     doAssert (a.b)(c) == `()`(a.b, c)
+  ```
+
+
+Extended macro pragmas
+======================
+
+Macro pragmas as described in [the manual](manual.html#userminusdefined-pragmas-macro-pragmas)
+can also be applied to type, variable and constant declarations.
+
+For types:
+
+  ```nim
+  type
+    MyObject {.schema: "schema.protobuf".} = object
+  ```
+
+This is translated to a call to the `schema` macro with a `nnkTypeDef`
+AST node capturing the left-hand side, remaining pragmas and the right-hand
+side of the definition. The macro can return either a type section or
+another `nnkTypeDef` node, both of which will replace the original row
+in the type section.
+
+In the future, this `nnkTypeDef` argument may be replaced with a unary
+type section node containing the type definition, or some other node that may
+be more convenient to work with. The ability to return nodes other than type
+definitions may also be supported, however currently this is not convenient
+when dealing with mutual type recursion. For now, macros can return an unused
+type definition where the right-hand node is of kind `nnkStmtListType`.
+Declarations in this node will be attached to the same scope as
+the parent scope of the type section.
+
+------
+
+For variables and constants, it is largely the same, except a unary node with
+the same kind as the section containing a single definition is passed to macros,
+and macros can return any expression.
+
+  ```nim
+  var
+    a = ...
+    b {.importc, foo, nodecl.} = ...
+    c = ...
+  ```
+
+Assuming `foo` is a macro or a template, this is roughly equivalent to:
+
+  ```nim
+  var a = ...
+  foo:
+    var b {.importc, nodecl.} = ...
+  var c = ...
+  ```
+
+
+Symbols as template/macro calls (alias syntax)
+==============================================
+
+Templates and macros that have no generic parameters and no required arguments
+can be called as lone symbols, i.e. without parentheses. This is useful for
+repeated uses of complex expressions that cannot conveniently be represented
+as runtime values.
+
+  ```nim
+  type Foo = object
+    bar: int
+
+  var foo = Foo(bar: 10)
+  template bar: int = foo.bar
+  assert bar == 10
+  bar = 15
+  assert bar == 15
+  ```
 
 
 Not nil annotation
 ==================
 
 **Note:** This is an experimental feature. It can be enabled with
-`{.experimental: "notnil"}`.
+`{.experimental: "notnil".}`.
 
-All types for which `nil` is a valid value can be annotated with the `not
-nil` annotation to exclude `nil` as a valid value:
+All types for which `nil` is a valid value can be annotated with the
+`not nil` annotation to exclude `nil` as a valid value. Note that only local
+symbols are checked.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  {.experimental: "notnil"}
+  ```nim
+  {.experimental: "notnil".}
 
   type
+    TObj = object
     PObject = ref TObj not nil
     TProc = (proc (x, y: int)) not nil
 
@@ -492,14 +578,323 @@ nil` annotation to exclude `nil` as a valid value:
   p(nil)
 
   # and also this:
-  var x: PObject
-  p(x)
+  proc foo =
+    var x: PObject
+    p(x)
+
+  foo()
+  ```
 
 The compiler ensures that every code path initializes variables which contain
 non-nilable pointers. The details of this analysis are still to be specified
 here.
 
-.. include:: manual_experimental_strictnotnil.rst
+.. include:: manual_experimental_strictnotnil.md
+
+
+Aliasing restrictions in parameter passing
+==========================================
+
+.. note:: The aliasing restrictions are currently not enforced by the
+  implementation and need to be fleshed out further.
+
+"Aliasing" here means that the underlying storage locations overlap in memory
+at runtime. An "output parameter" is a parameter of type `var T`,
+an input parameter is any parameter that is not of type `var`.
+
+1. Two output parameters should never be aliased.
+2. An input and an output parameter should not be aliased.
+3. An output parameter should never be aliased with a global or thread local
+   variable referenced by the called proc.
+4. An input parameter should not be aliased with a global or thread local
+   variable updated by the called proc.
+
+One problem with rules 3 and 4 is that they affect specific global or thread
+local variables, but Nim's effect tracking only tracks "uses no global variable"
+via `.noSideEffect`. The rules 3 and 4 can also be approximated by a different rule:
+
+5. A global or thread local variable (or a location derived from such a location)
+   can only passed to a parameter of a `.noSideEffect` proc.
+
+
+Strict funcs
+============
+
+Since version 1.4, a stricter definition of "side effect" is available.
+In addition to the existing rule that a side effect is calling a function
+with side effects, the following rule is also enforced:
+
+A store to the heap via a `ref` or `ptr` indirection is not allowed.
+
+For example:
+
+  ```nim
+  {.experimental: "strictFuncs".}
+
+  type
+    Node = ref object
+      le, ri: Node
+      data: string
+
+  func len(n: Node): int =
+    # valid: len does not have side effects
+    var it = n
+    while it != nil:
+      inc result
+      it = it.ri
+
+  func mut(n: Node) =
+    var it = n
+    while it != nil:
+      it.data = "yeah" # forbidden mutation
+      it = it.ri
+
+  ```
+
+
+View types
+==========
+
+.. tip::  `--experimental:views`:option: is more effective
+  with `--experimental:strictFuncs`:option:.
+
+A view type is a type that is or contains one of the following types:
+
+- `lent T` (view into `T`)
+- `openArray[T]` (pair of (pointer to array of `T`, size))
+
+For example:
+
+  ```nim
+  type
+    View1 = openArray[byte]
+    View2 = lent string
+    View3 = Table[openArray[char], int]
+  ```
+
+
+Exceptions to this rule are types constructed via `ptr` or `proc`.
+For example, the following types are **not** view types:
+
+  ```nim
+  type
+    NotView1 = proc (x: openArray[int])
+    NotView2 = ptr openArray[char]
+    NotView3 = ptr array[4, lent int]
+  ```
+
+
+The mutability aspect of a view type is not part of the type but part
+of the locations it's derived from. More on this later.
+
+A *view* is a symbol (a let, var, const, etc.) that has a view type.
+
+Since version 1.4, Nim allows view types to be used as local variables.
+This feature needs to be enabled via `{.experimental: "views".}`.
+
+A local variable of a view type *borrows* from the locations and
+it is statically enforced that the view does not outlive the location
+it was borrowed from.
+
+For example:
+
+  ```nim
+  {.experimental: "views".}
+
+  proc take(a: openArray[int]) =
+    echo a.len
+
+  proc main(s: seq[int]) =
+    var x: openArray[int] = s # 'x' is a view into 's'
+    # it is checked that 'x' does not outlive 's' and
+    # that 's' is not mutated.
+    for i in 0 .. high(x):
+      echo x[i]
+    take(x)
+
+    take(x.toOpenArray(0, 1)) # slicing remains possible
+    let y = x  # create a view from a view
+    take y
+    # it is checked that 'y' does not outlive 'x' and
+    # that 'x' is not mutated as long as 'y' lives.
+
+
+  main(@[11, 22, 33])
+  ```
+
+
+A local variable of a view type can borrow from a location
+derived from a parameter, another local variable, a global `const` or `let`
+symbol or a thread-local `var` or `let`.
+
+Let `p` the proc that is analysed for the correctness of the borrow operation.
+
+Let `source` be one of:
+
+- A formal parameter of `p`. Note that this does not cover parameters of
+  inner procs.
+- The `result` symbol of `p`.
+- A local `var` or `let` or `const` of `p`. Note that this does
+  not cover locals of inner procs.
+- A thread-local `var` or `let`.
+- A global `let` or `const`.
+- A constant array/seq/object/tuple constructor.
+
+
+Path expressions
+----------------
+
+A location derived from `source` is then defined as a path expression that
+has `source` as the owner. A path expression `e` is defined recursively:
+
+- `source` itself is a path expression.
+- Container access like `e[i]` is a path expression.
+- Tuple access `e[0]` is a path expression.
+- Object field access `e.field` is a path expression.
+- `system.toOpenArray(e, ...)` is a path expression.
+- Pointer dereference `e[]` is a path expression.
+- An address `addr e` is a path expression.
+- A type conversion `T(e)` is a path expression.
+- A cast expression `cast[T](e)` is a path expression.
+- `f(e, ...)` is a path expression if `f`'s return type is a view type.
+  Because the view can only have been borrowed from `e`, we then know
+  that the owner of `f(e, ...)` is `e`.
+
+
+If a view type is used as a return type, the location must borrow from a location
+that is derived from the first parameter that is passed to the proc.
+See [the manual](manual.html#procedures-var-return-type)
+for details about how this is done for `var T`.
+
+A mutable view can borrow from a mutable location, an immutable view can borrow
+from both a mutable or an immutable location.
+
+If a view borrows from a mutable location, the view can be used to update the
+location. Otherwise it cannot be used for mutations.
+
+The *duration* of a borrow is the span of commands beginning from the assignment
+to the view and ending with the last usage of the view.
+
+For the duration of the borrow operation, no mutations to the borrowed locations
+may be performed except via the view that borrowed from the
+location. The borrowed location is said to be *sealed* during the borrow.
+
+  ```nim
+  {.experimental: "views".}
+
+  type
+    Obj = object
+      field: string
+
+  proc dangerous(s: var seq[Obj]) =
+    let v: lent Obj = s[0] # seal 's'
+    s.setLen 0  # prevented at compile-time because 's' is sealed.
+    echo v.field
+  ```
+
+
+The scope of the view does not matter:
+
+  ```nim
+  proc valid(s: var seq[Obj]) =
+    let v: lent Obj = s[0]  # begin of borrow
+    echo v.field            # end of borrow
+    s.setLen 0  # valid because 'v' isn't used afterwards
+  ```
+
+
+The analysis requires as much precision about mutations as is reasonably obtainable,
+so it is more effective with the experimental [strict funcs]
+feature. In other words `--experimental:views`:option: works better
+with `--experimental:strictFuncs`:option:.
+
+The analysis is currently control flow insensitive:
+
+  ```nim
+  proc invalid(s: var seq[Obj]) =
+    let v: lent Obj = s[0]
+    if false:
+      s.setLen 0
+    echo v.field
+  ```
+
+In this example, the compiler assumes that `s.setLen 0` invalidates the
+borrow operation of `v` even though a human being can easily see that it
+will never do that at runtime.
+
+
+Start of a borrow
+-----------------
+
+A borrow starts with one of the following:
+
+- The assignment of a non-view-type to a view-type.
+- The assignment of a location that is derived from a local parameter
+  to a view-type.
+
+
+End of a borrow
+---------------
+
+A borrow operation ends with the last usage of the view variable.
+
+
+Reborrows
+---------
+
+A view `v` can borrow from multiple different locations. However, the borrow
+is always the full span of `v`'s lifetime and every location that is borrowed
+from is sealed during `v`'s lifetime.
+
+
+Algorithm
+---------
+
+The following section is an outline of the algorithm that the current implementation
+uses. The algorithm performs two traversals over the AST of the procedure or global
+section of code that uses a view variable. No fixpoint iterations are performed, the
+complexity of the analysis is O(N) where N is the number of nodes of the AST.
+
+The first pass over the AST computes the lifetime of each local variable based on
+a notion of an "abstract time", in the implementation it's a simple integer that is
+incremented for every visited node.
+
+In the second pass, information about the underlying object "graphs" is computed.
+Let `v` be a parameter or a local variable. Let `G(v)` be the graph
+that `v` belongs to. A graph is defined by the set of variables that belong
+to the graph. Initially for all `v`: `G(v) = {v}`. Every variable can only
+be part of a single graph.
+
+Assignments like `a = b` "connect" two variables, both variables end up in the
+same graph `{a, b} = G(a) = G(b)`. Unfortunately, the pattern to look for is
+much more complex than that and can involve multiple assignment targets
+and sources:
+
+    f(x, y) = g(a, b)
+
+connects `x` and `y` to `a` and `b`: `G(x) = G(y) = G(a) = G(b) = {x, y, a, b}`.
+A type based alias analysis rules out some of these combinations, for example
+a `string` value cannot possibly be connected to a `seq[int]`.
+
+A pattern like `v[] = value` or `v.field = value` marks `G(v)` as mutated.
+After the second pass a set of disjoint graphs was computed.
+
+For strict functions it is then enforced that there is no graph that is both mutated
+and has an element that is an immutable parameter (that is a parameter that is not
+of type `var T`).
+
+For borrow checking, a different set of checks is performed. Let `v` be the view
+and `b` the location that is borrowed from.
+
+- The lifetime of `v` must not exceed `b`'s lifetime. Note: The lifetime of
+  a parameter is the complete proc body.
+- If `v` is used for a mutation, `b` must be a mutable location too.
+- During `v`'s lifetime, `G(b)` can only be modified by `v` (and only if
+  `v` is a mutable view).
+- If `v` is `result` then `b` has to be a location derived from the first
+  formal parameter or from a constant location.
+- A view cannot be used for a read or a write access before it was assigned to.
+
 
 Concepts
 ========
@@ -509,7 +904,7 @@ arbitrary set of requirements that the matched type must satisfy.
 
 Concepts are written in the following form:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     Comparable = concept x, y
       (x < y) is bool
@@ -522,11 +917,13 @@ Concepts are written in the following form:
 
       for value in s:
         value is T
+  ```
 
-The concept is a match if:
+The concept matches if:
 
-a) all of the expressions within the body can be compiled for the tested type
-b) all statically evaluable boolean expressions in the body must be true
+a) all expressions within the body can be compiled for the tested type
+b) all statically evaluable boolean expressions in the body are true
+c) all type modifiers specified match their respective definitions
 
 The identifiers following the `concept` keyword represent instances of the
 currently matched type. You can apply any of the standard type modifiers such
@@ -534,26 +931,28 @@ as `var`, `ref`, `ptr` and `static` to denote a more specific type of
 instance. You can also apply the `type` modifier to create a named instance of
 the type itself:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     MyConcept = concept x, var v, ref r, ptr p, static s, type T
       ...
+  ```
 
 Within the concept body, types can appear in positions where ordinary values
 and parameters are expected. This provides a more convenient way to check for
 the presence of callable symbols with specific signatures:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     OutputStream = concept var s
       s.write(string)
+  ```
 
 In order to check for symbols accepting `type` params, you must prefix
 the type with the explicit `type` modifier. The named instance of the
 type, following the `concept` keyword is also considered to have the
 explicit modifier and will be matched only as a type.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     # Let's imagine a user-defined casting framework with operators
     # such as `val.to(string)` and `val.to(JSonValue)`. We can test
@@ -571,6 +970,7 @@ explicit modifier and will be matched only as a type.
       x is AdditiveMonoid
       -x is T
       x - y is T
+  ```
 
 Please note that the `is` operator allows one to easily verify the precise
 type signatures of the required operations, but since type inference and
@@ -590,11 +990,12 @@ When you need to understand why the compiler is not matching a particular
 concept and, as a result, a wrong overload is selected, you can apply the
 `explain` pragma to either the concept body or a particular call-site.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     MyConcept {.explain.} = concept ...
 
   overloadedProc(x, y, z) {.explain.}
+  ```
 
 This will provide Hints in the compiler output either every time the concept is
 not matched or only on the particular call-site.
@@ -605,7 +1006,7 @@ Generic concepts and type binding rules
 
 The concept types can be parametric just like the regular generic types:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   ### matrixalgo.nim
 
   import std/typetraits
@@ -665,6 +1066,7 @@ The concept types can be parametric just like the regular generic types:
 
   echo m.transposed.determinant
   setPerspectiveProjection projectionMatrix
+  ```
 
 When the concept type is matched against a concrete type, the unbound type
 parameters are inferred from the body of the concept in a way that closely
@@ -678,10 +1080,11 @@ and `x.data is seq[T]`.
 Unbound static params will be inferred from expressions involving the `==`
 operator and also when types dependent on them are being matched:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     MatrixReducer[M, N: static int; T] = concept x
       x.reduce(SquareMatrix[N, T]) is array[M, int]
+  ```
 
 The Nim compiler includes a simple linear equation solver, allowing it to
 infer static params in some situations where integer arithmetic is involved.
@@ -692,7 +1095,7 @@ modifier to any of the otherwise inferable types to get a type that will be
 matched without permanently inferring it. This may be useful when you need
 to match several procs accepting the same wide class of types:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     Enumerable[T] = concept e
       for v in e:
@@ -709,12 +1112,13 @@ to match several procs accepting the same wide class of types:
       # it's also possible to give an alias name to a `bind many` type class
       type Enum = distinct Enumerable
       o.baz is Enum
+  ```
 
 On the other hand, using `bind once` types allows you to test for equivalent
 types used in multiple signatures, without actually requiring any concrete
 types, thus allowing you to encode implementation-defined types:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     MyConcept = concept x
       type T1 = auto
@@ -725,6 +1129,7 @@ types, thus allowing you to encode implementation-defined types:
       x.alpha(T2)
       x.omega(T2) # both procs must accept the same type
                   # and it must be a numeric sequence
+  ```
 
 As seen in the previous examples, you can refer to generic concepts such as
 `Enumerable[T]` just by their short name. Much like the regular generic types,
@@ -742,9 +1147,7 @@ in any required way. For example, here is how one might define the classic
 `Functor` concept from Haskell and then demonstrate that Nim's `Option[T]`
 type is an instance of it:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   import std/[sugar, typetraits]
 
   type
@@ -765,6 +1168,7 @@ type is an instance of it:
 
   import std/options
   echo Option[int] is Functor # prints true
+  ```
 
 
 Concept derived values
@@ -774,7 +1178,7 @@ All top level constants or types appearing within the concept body are
 accessible through the dot operator in procs where the concept was successfully
 matched to a concrete type:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     DateTime = concept t1, t2, type T
       const Min = T.MinDate
@@ -796,6 +1200,7 @@ matched to a concrete type:
 
       deviation: float
     ...
+  ```
 
 
 Concept refinement
@@ -808,7 +1213,7 @@ overload resolution, Nim will assign a higher precedence to the most specific
 one. As an alternative way of defining concept refinements, you can use the
 object inheritance syntax involving the `of` keyword:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     Graph = concept g, type G of EquallyComparable, Copyable
       type
@@ -842,6 +1247,7 @@ object inheritance syntax involving the `of` keyword:
   proc f(g: IncidendeGraph)
   proc f(g: BidirectionalGraph) # this one will be preferred if we pass a type
                                 # matching the BidirectionalGraph concept
+  ```
 
 ..
   Converter type classes
@@ -851,7 +1257,7 @@ object inheritance syntax involving the `of` keyword:
   a small set of simpler types. This is achieved with a `return` statement within
   the concept body:
 
-  .. code-block:: nim
+    ```nim
     type
       Stringable = concept x
         $x is string
@@ -875,6 +1281,7 @@ object inheritance syntax involving the `of` keyword:
     # the same call at the cost of additional instantiations
     # the varargs param will be converted to a tuple
     proc log(format: static string, varargs[distinct StringRef])
+    ```
 
 
 ..
@@ -902,7 +1309,7 @@ object inheritance syntax involving the `of` keyword:
   a converter type class, which converts the regular instances of the matching
   types to the corresponding VTable type.
 
-  .. code-block:: nim
+    ```nim
     type
       IntEnumerable = vtref Enumerable[int]
 
@@ -915,6 +1322,7 @@ object inheritance syntax involving the `of` keyword:
 
     proc addStream(o: var MyObject, e: OutputStream.vtref) =
       o.streams.add e
+    ```
 
   The procs that will be included in the vtable are derived from the concept
   body and include all proc calls for which all param types were specified as
@@ -934,97 +1342,44 @@ object inheritance syntax involving the `of` keyword:
   the `vtptr` magic produced types bound to `ptr` types.
 
 
-Type bound operations
-=====================
-
-There are 4 operations that are bound to a type:
-
-1. Assignment
-2. Moves
-3. Destruction
-4. Deep copying for communication between threads
-
-These operations can be *overridden* instead of *overloaded*. This means the
-implementation is automatically lifted to structured types. For instance if type
-`T` has an overridden assignment operator `=` this operator is also used
-for assignments of the type `seq[T]`. Since these operations are bound to a
-type they have to be bound to a nominal type for reasons of simplicity of
-implementation: This means an overridden `deepCopy` for `ref T` is really
-bound to `T` and not to `ref T`. This also means that one cannot override
-`deepCopy` for both `ptr T` and `ref T` at the same time; instead a
-helper distinct or object type has to be used for one pointer type.
-
-Assignments, moves and destruction are specified in
-the `destructors <destructors.html>`_ document.
-
-
-deepCopy
---------
-
-`=deepCopy` is a builtin that is invoked whenever data is passed to
-a `spawn`'ed proc to ensure memory safety. The programmer can override its
-behaviour for a specific `ref` or `ptr` type `T`. (Later versions of the
-language may weaken this restriction.)
-
-The signature has to be:
+..
+  deepCopy
+  --------
+  `=deepCopy` is a builtin that is invoked whenever data is passed to
+  a `spawn`'ed proc to ensure memory safety. The programmer can override its
+  behaviour for a specific `ref` or `ptr` type `T`. (Later versions of the
+  language may weaken this restriction.)
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  proc `=deepCopy`(x: T): T
+  The signature has to be:
 
-This mechanism will be used by most data structures that support shared memory
-like channels to implement thread safe automatic memory management.
+    ```nim
+    proc `=deepCopy`(x: T): T
+    ```
 
-The builtin `deepCopy` can even clone closures and their environments. See
-the documentation of `spawn <#parallel-amp-spawn-spawn-statement>`_ for details.
+  This mechanism will be used by most data structures that support shared memory,
+  like channels, to implement thread safe automatic memory management.
 
+  The builtin `deepCopy` can even clone closures and their environments. See
+  the documentation of [spawn][spawn statement] for details.
 
-Case statement macros
-=====================
 
-Macros named `case` can rewrite `case` statements for certain types in order to
-implement `pattern matching`:idx:. The following example implements a
-simplistic form of pattern matching for tuples, leveraging the existing
-equality operator for tuples (as provided in `system.==`):
+Dynamic arguments for bindSym
+=============================
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+This experimental feature allows the symbol name argument of `macros.bindSym`
+to be computed dynamically.
 
-  {.experimental: "caseStmtMacros".}
+  ```nim
+  {.experimental: "dynamicBindSym".}
 
   import std/macros
 
-  macro `case`(n: tuple): untyped =
-    result = newTree(nnkIfStmt)
-    let selector = n[0]
-    for i in 1 ..< n.len:
-      let it = n[i]
-      case it.kind
-      of nnkElse, nnkElifBranch, nnkElifExpr, nnkElseExpr:
-        result.add it
-      of nnkOfBranch:
-        for j in 0..it.len-2:
-          let cond = newCall("==", selector, it[j])
-          result.add newTree(nnkElifBranch, cond, it[^1])
-      else:
-        error "custom 'case' for tuple cannot handle this node", it
+  macro callOp(opName, arg1, arg2): untyped =
+    result = newCall(bindSym($opName), arg1, arg2)
 
-  case ("foo", 78)
-  of ("foo", 78): echo "yes"
-  of ("bar", 88): echo "no"
-  else: discard
-
-
-Currently case statement macros must be enabled explicitly
-via `{.experimental: "caseStmtMacros".}`.
-
-`case` macros are subject to overload resolution. The type of the
-`case` statement's selector expression is matched against the type
-of the first argument of the `case` macro. Then the complete `case`
-statement is passed in place of the argument and the macro is evaluated.
-
-In other words, the macro needs to transform the full `case` statement
-but only the statement's selector expression is used to determine which
-macro to call.
+  echo callOp("+", 1, 2)
+  echo callOp("-", 5, 4)
+  ```
 
 
 Term rewriting macros
@@ -1035,48 +1390,51 @@ a *name* but also a *pattern* that is searched for after the semantic checking
 phase of the compiler: This means they provide an easy way to enhance the
 compilation pipeline with user defined optimizations:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  template optMul{`*`(a, 2)}(a: int): int = a+a
+  ```nim
+  template optMul{`*`(a, 2)}(a: int): int = a + a
 
   let x = 3
   echo x * 2
+  ```
 
 The compiler now rewrites `x * 2` as `x + x`. The code inside the
-curlies is the pattern to match against. The operators `*`,  `**`,
+curly brackets is the pattern to match against. The operators `*`,  `**`,
 `|`, `~` have a special meaning in patterns if they are written in infix
 notation, so to match verbatim against `*` the ordinary function call syntax
 needs to be used.
 
-Term rewriting macro are applied recursively, up to a limit. This means that
+Term rewriting macros are applied recursively, up to a limit. This means that
 if the result of a term rewriting macro is eligible for another rewriting,
 the compiler will try to perform it, and so on, until no more optimizations
 are applicable. To avoid putting the compiler into an infinite loop, there is
 a hard limit on how many times a single term rewriting macro can be applied.
 Once this limit has been passed, the term rewriting macro will be ignored.
 
-Unfortunately optimizations are hard to get right and even the tiny example
+Unfortunately optimizations are hard to get right and even this tiny example
 is **wrong**:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  template optMul{`*`(a, 2)}(a: int): int = a+a
+  ```nim
+  template optMul{`*`(a, 2)}(a: int): int = a + a
 
   proc f(): int =
     echo "side effect!"
     result = 55
 
   echo f() * 2
+  ```
 
 We cannot duplicate 'a' if it denotes an expression that has a side effect!
 Fortunately Nim supports side effect analysis:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  template optMul{`*`(a, 2)}(a: int{noSideEffect}): int = a+a
+  ```nim
+  template optMul{`*`(a, 2)}(a: int{noSideEffect}): int = a + a
 
   proc f(): int =
     echo "side effect!"
     result = 55
 
   echo f() * 2 # not optimized ;-)
+  ```
 
 You can make one overload matching with a constraint and one without, and the
 one with a constraint will have precedence, and so you can handle both cases
@@ -1086,13 +1444,15 @@ So what about `2 * a`? We should tell the compiler `*` is commutative. We
 cannot really do that however as the following code only swaps arguments
 blindly:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  template mulIsCommutative{`*`(a, b)}(a, b: int): int = b*a
+  ```nim
+  template mulIsCommutative{`*`(a, b)}(a, b: int): int = b * a
+  ```
 
 What optimizers really need to do is a *canonicalization*:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  template canonMul{`*`(a, b)}(a: int{lit}, b: int): int = b*a
+  ```nim
+  template canonMul{`*`(a, b)}(a: int{lit}, b: int): int = b * a
+  ```
 
 The `int{lit}` parameter pattern matches against an expression of
 type `int`, but only if it's a literal.
@@ -1109,7 +1469,7 @@ The `parameter constraint`:idx: expression can use the operators `|` (or),
 Predicate                Meaning
 ===================      =====================================================
 `atom`                   The matching node has no children.
-`lit`                    The matching node is a literal like "abc", 12.
+`lit`                    The matching node is a literal like `"abc"`, `12`.
 `sym`                    The matching node must be a symbol (a bound
                          identifier).
 `ident`                  The matching node must be an identifier (an unbound
@@ -1150,11 +1510,31 @@ The `alias` and `noalias` predicates refer not only to the matching AST,
 but also to every other bound parameter; syntactically they need to occur after
 the ordinary AST predicates:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   template ex{a = b + c}(a: int{noalias}, b, c: int) =
     # this transformation is only valid if 'b' and 'c' do not alias 'a':
     a = b
     inc a, c
+  ```
+
+Another example:
+
+  ```nim
+  proc somefunc(s: string)                 = assert s == "variable"
+  proc somefunc(s: string{nkStrLit})       = assert s == "literal"
+  proc somefunc(s: string{nkRStrLit})      = assert s == r"raw"
+  proc somefunc(s: string{nkTripleStrLit}) = assert s == """triple"""
+  proc somefunc(s: static[string])         = assert s == "constant"
+
+  # Use parameter constraints to provide overloads based on both the input parameter type and form.
+  var variable = "variable"
+  somefunc(variable)
+  const constant = "constant"
+  somefunc(constant)
+  somefunc("literal")
+  somefunc(r"raw")
+  somefunc("""triple""")
+  ```
 
 
 Pattern operators
@@ -1164,50 +1544,50 @@ The operators `*`,  `**`, `|`, `~` have a special meaning in patterns
 if they are written in infix notation.
 
 
-The `|` operator
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+### The `|` operator
 
 The `|` operator if used as infix operator creates an ordered choice:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   template t{0|1}(): untyped = 3
   let a = 1
   # outputs 3:
   echo a
+  ```
 
 The matching is performed after the compiler performed some optimizations like
 constant folding, so the following does not work:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   template t{0|1}(): untyped = 3
   # outputs 1:
   echo 1
+  ```
 
 The reason is that the compiler already transformed the 1 into "1" for
 the `echo` statement. However, a term rewriting macro should not change the
-semantics anyway. In fact they can be deactivated with the `--patterns:off`
+semantics anyway. In fact, they can be deactivated with the `--patterns:off`:option:
 command line option or temporarily with the `patterns` pragma.
 
 
-The `{}` operator
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+### The `{}` operator
 
 A pattern expression can be bound to a pattern parameter via the `expr{param}`
 notation:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  template t{(0|1|2){x}}(x: untyped): untyped = x+1
+  ```nim
+  template t{(0|1|2){x}}(x: untyped): untyped = x + 1
   let a = 1
   # outputs 2:
   echo a
+  ```
 
 
-The `~` operator
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+### The `~` operator
 
-The `~` operator is the **not** operator in patterns:
+The `~` operator is the 'not' operator in patterns:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   template t{x = (~x){y} and (~x){z}}(x, y, z: bool) =
     x = y
     if x: x = z
@@ -1218,15 +1598,15 @@ The `~` operator is the **not** operator in patterns:
     c = false
   a = b and c
   echo a
+  ```
 
 
-The `*` operator
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+### The `*` operator
 
 The `*` operator can *flatten* a nested binary expression like `a & b & c`
 to `&(a, b, c)`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var
     calls = 0
 
@@ -1242,6 +1622,7 @@ to `&(a, b, c)`:
 
   # check that it's been optimized properly:
   doAssert calls == 1
+  ```
 
 
 The second operator of `*` must be a parameter; it is used to gather all the
@@ -1250,17 +1631,17 @@ is passed to `optConc` in `a` as a special list (of kind `nkArgList`)
 which is flattened into a call expression; thus the invocation of `optConc`
 produces:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-   `&&`("my", space & "awe", "some ", "concat")
+  ```nim
+  `&&`("my", space & "awe", "some ", "concat")
+  ```
 
 
-The `**` operator
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+### The `**` operator
 
 The `**` is much like the `*` operator, except that it gathers not only
 all the arguments, but also the matched operators in reverse polish notation:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   import std/macros
 
   type
@@ -1281,35 +1662,58 @@ all the arguments, but also the matched operators in reverse polish notation:
   var x, y, z: Matrix
 
   echo x + y * z - x
+  ```
 
 This passes the expression `x + y * z - x` to the `optM` macro as
-an `nnkArglist` node containing::
+an `nnkArgList` node containing:
 
-  Arglist
-    Sym "x"
-    Sym "y"
-    Sym "z"
-    Sym "*"
-    Sym "+"
-    Sym "x"
-    Sym "-"
+    Arglist
+      Sym "x"
+      Sym "y"
+      Sym "z"
+      Sym "*"
+      Sym "+"
+      Sym "x"
+      Sym "-"
 
-(Which is the reverse polish notation of `x + y * z - x`.)
+(This is the reverse polish notation of `x + y * z - x`.)
 
 
 Parameters
 ----------
 
 Parameters in a pattern are type checked in the matching process. If a
-parameter is of the type `varargs` it is treated specially and it can match
+parameter is of the type `varargs`, it is treated specially and can match
 0 or more arguments in the AST to be matched against:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   template optWrite{
     write(f, x)
     ((write|writeLine){w})(f, y)
   }(x, y: varargs[untyped], f: File, w: untyped) =
     w(f, x, y)
+  ```
+
+
+noRewrite pragma
+----------------
+
+Term rewriting macros and templates are currently greedy and
+they will rewrite as long as there is a match.
+There was no way to ensure some rewrite happens only once,
+e.g. when rewriting term to same term plus extra content.
+
+`noRewrite` pragma can actually prevent further rewriting on marked code,
+e.g. with given example `echo("ab")` will be rewritten just once:
+
+  ```nim
+  template pwnEcho{echo(x)}(x: untyped) =
+    {.noRewrite.}: echo("pwned!")
+
+  echo "ab"
+  ```
+
+`noRewrite` pragma can be useful to control term-rewriting macros recursion.
 
 
 
@@ -1319,12 +1723,13 @@ Example: Partial evaluation
 The following example shows how some simple partial evaluation can be
 implemented with term rewriting:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc p(x, y: int; cond: bool): int =
     result = if cond: x + y else: x - y
 
   template optP1{p(x, y, true)}(x, y: untyped): untyped = x + y
   template optP2{p(x, y, false)}(x, y: untyped): untyped = x - y
+  ```
 
 
 Example: Hoisting
@@ -1332,7 +1737,7 @@ Example: Hoisting
 
 The following example shows how some form of hoisting can be implemented:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   import std/pegs
 
   template optPeg{peg(pattern)}(pattern: string{lit}): Peg =
@@ -1342,6 +1747,7 @@ The following example shows how some form of hoisting can be implemented:
   for i in 0 .. 3:
     echo match("(a b c)", peg"'(' @ ')'")
     echo match("W_HI_Le", peg"\y 'while'")
+  ```
 
 The `optPeg` template optimizes the case of a peg constructor with a string
 literal, so that the pattern will only be parsed once at program startup and
@@ -1353,9 +1759,9 @@ AST based overloading
 =====================
 
 Parameter constraints can also be used for ordinary routine parameters; these
-constraints affect ordinary overloading resolution then:
+constraints then affect ordinary overloading resolution:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc optLit(a: string{lit|`const`}) =
     echo "string literal"
   proc optLit(a: string) =
@@ -1370,6 +1776,7 @@ constraints affect ordinary overloading resolution then:
   optLit("literal")
   optLit(constant)
   optLit(variable)
+  ```
 
 However, the constraints `alias` and `noalias` are not available in
 ordinary routines.
@@ -1384,29 +1791,32 @@ Nim has two flavors of parallelism:
 
 Nim has a builtin thread pool that can be used for CPU intensive tasks. For
 IO intensive tasks the `async` and `await` features should be
-used instead. Both parallel and spawn need the `threadpool <threadpool.html>`_
+used instead. Both parallel and spawn need the [threadpool](threadpool.html)
 module to work.
 
 Somewhat confusingly, `spawn` is also used in the `parallel` statement
 with slightly different semantics. `spawn` always takes a call expression of
-the form `f(a, ...)`. Let `T` be `f`'s return type. If `T` is `void`
-then `spawn`'s return type is also `void` otherwise it is `FlowVar[T]`.
+the form `f(a, ...)`. Let `T` be `f`'s return type. If `T` is `void`,
+then `spawn`'s return type is also `void`, otherwise it is `FlowVar[T]`.
 
-Within a `parallel` section sometimes the `FlowVar[T]` is eliminated
+Within a `parallel` section, the `FlowVar[T]` is sometimes eliminated
 to `T`. This happens when `T` does not contain any GC'ed memory.
 The compiler can ensure the location in `location = spawn f(...)` is not
 read prematurely within a `parallel` section and so there is no need for
 the overhead of an indirection via `FlowVar[T]` to ensure correctness.
 
-**Note**: Currently exceptions are not propagated between `spawn`'ed tasks!
+.. note:: Currently exceptions are not propagated between `spawn`'ed tasks!
+
+This feature is likely to be removed in the future as external packages
+can have better solutions.
 
 
 Spawn statement
 ---------------
 
-`spawn`:idx: can be used to pass a task to the thread pool:
+The `spawn`:idx: statement can be used to pass a task to the thread pool:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   import std/threadpool
 
   proc processLine(line: string) =
@@ -1415,6 +1825,7 @@ Spawn statement
   for x in lines("myinput.txt"):
     spawn processLine(x)
   sync()
+  ```
 
 For reasons of type safety and implementation simplicity the expression
 that `spawn` takes is restricted:
@@ -1425,10 +1836,10 @@ that `spawn` takes is restricted:
 * `f`'s parameters may not be of type `var`.
   This means one has to use raw `ptr`'s for data passing reminding the
   programmer to be careful.
-* `ref` parameters are deeply copied which is a subtle semantic change and
-  can cause performance problems but ensures memory safety. This deep copy
-  is performed via `system.deepCopy` and so can be overridden.
-* For *safe* data exchange between `f` and the caller a global `TChannel`
+* `ref` parameters are deeply copied, which is a subtle semantic change and
+  can cause performance problems, but ensures memory safety. This deep copy
+  is performed via `system.deepCopy`, so it can be overridden.
+* For *safe* data exchange between `f` and the caller, a global `Channel`
   needs to be used. However, since spawn can return a result, often no further
   communication is required.
 
@@ -1438,7 +1849,7 @@ a `data flow variable`:idx: `FlowVar[T]` that can be read from. The reading
 with the `^` operator is **blocking**. However, one can use `blockUntilAny` to
 wait on multiple flow variables at the same time:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   import std/threadpool, ...
 
   # wait until 2 out of 3 servers received the update:
@@ -1450,11 +1861,12 @@ wait on multiple flow variables at the same time:
     assert index >= 0
     responses.del(index)
     discard blockUntilAny(responses)
+  ```
 
-Data flow variables ensure that no data races
-are possible. Due to technical limitations not every type `T` is possible in
-a data flow variable: `T` has to be of the type `ref`, `string`, `seq`
-or of a type that doesn't contain a type that is garbage collected. This
+Data flow variables ensure that no data races are possible. Due to
+technical limitations, not every type `T` can be used in
+a data flow variable: `T` has to be a `ref`, `string`, `seq`
+or of a type that doesn't contain any GC'd type. This
 restriction is not hard to work-around in practice.
 
 
@@ -1464,17 +1876,15 @@ Parallel statement
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c --threads:on $1"
-
-  # Compute PI in an inefficient way
+  ```nim  test = "nim c --threads:on $1"
+  # Compute pi in an inefficient way
   import std/[strutils, math, threadpool]
   {.experimental: "parallel".}
 
   proc term(k: float): float = 4 * math.pow(-1, k) / (2*k + 1)
 
   proc pi(n: int): float =
-    var ch = newSeq[float](n+1)
+    var ch = newSeq[float](n + 1)
     parallel:
       for k in 0..ch.high:
         ch[k] = spawn term(float(k))
@@ -1482,19 +1892,20 @@ Example:
       result += ch[k]
 
   echo formatFloat(pi(5000))
+  ```
 
 
 The parallel statement is the preferred mechanism to introduce parallelism in a
-Nim program. A subset of the Nim language is valid within a `parallel`
+Nim program. Only a subset of the Nim language is valid within a `parallel`
 section. This subset is checked during semantic analysis to be free of data
 races. A sophisticated `disjoint checker`:idx: ensures that no data races are
-possible even though shared memory is extensively supported!
+possible, even though shared memory is extensively supported!
 
 The subset is in fact the full language with the following
 restrictions / changes:
 
 * `spawn` within a `parallel` section has special semantics.
-* Every location of the form `a[i]` and `a[i..j]` and `dest` where
+* Every location of the form `a[i]`, `a[i..j]` and `dest` where
   `dest` is part of the pattern `dest = spawn f(...)` has to be
   provably disjoint. This is called the *disjoint check*.
 * Every other complex location `loc` that is used in a spawned
@@ -1508,569 +1919,751 @@ restrictions / changes:
   yet performed for ordinary slices outside of a `parallel` section.
 
 
-Guards and locks
-================
+Strict definitions and `out` parameters
+=======================================
+
+With `experimental: "strictDefs"` *every* local variable must be initialized explicitly before it can be used:
 
-Apart from `spawn` and `parallel` Nim also provides all the common low level
-concurrency mechanisms like locks, atomic intrinsics or condition variables.
+  ```nim
+  {.experimental: "strictDefs".}
 
-Nim significantly improves on the safety of these features via additional
-pragmas:
+  proc test =
+    var s: seq[string]
+    s.add "abc" # invalid!
 
-1) A `guard`:idx: annotation is introduced to prevent data races.
-2) Every access of a guarded memory location needs to happen in an
-   appropriate `locks`:idx: statement.
-3) Locks and routines can be annotated with `lock levels`:idx: to allow
-   potential deadlocks to be detected during semantic analysis.
+  ```
 
+Needs to be written as:
 
-Guards and the locks section
-----------------------------
+  ```nim
+  {.experimental: "strictDefs".}
 
-Protecting global variables
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+  proc test =
+    var s: seq[string] = @[]
+    s.add "abc" # valid!
 
-Object fields and global variables can be annotated via a `guard` pragma:
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  var glock: TLock
-  var gdata {.guard: glock.}: int
+A control flow analysis is performed in order to prove that a variable has been written to
+before it is used. Thus the following is valid:
 
-The compiler then ensures that every access of `gdata` is within a `locks`
-section:
+  ```nim
+  {.experimental: "strictDefs".}
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  proc invalid =
-    # invalid: unguarded access:
-    echo gdata
+  proc test(cond: bool) =
+    var s: seq[string]
+    if cond:
+      s = @["y"]
+    else:
+      s = @[]
+    s.add "abc" # valid!
+  ```
 
-  proc valid =
-    # valid access:
-    {.locks: [glock].}:
-      echo gdata
+In this example every path does set `s` to a value before it is used.
 
-Top level accesses to `gdata` are always allowed so that it can be initialized
-conveniently. It is *assumed* (but not enforced) that every top level statement
-is executed before any concurrent action happens.
+  ```nim
+  {.experimental: "strictDefs".}
 
-The `locks` section deliberately looks ugly because it has no runtime
-semantics and should not be used directly! It should only be used in templates
-that also implement some form of locking at runtime:
+  proc test(cond: bool) =
+    let s: seq[string]
+    if cond:
+      s = @["y"]
+    else:
+      s = @[]
+  ```
+
+With `experimental: "strictDefs"`, `let` statements are allowed to not have an initial value, but every path should set `s` to a value before it is used.
+
+
+`out` parameters
+----------------
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  template lock(a: TLock; body: untyped) =
-    pthread_mutex_lock(a)
-    {.locks: [a].}:
-      try:
-        body
-      finally:
-        pthread_mutex_unlock(a)
+An `out` parameter is like a `var` parameter but it must be written to before it can be used:
 
+  ```nim
+  proc myopen(f: out File; name: string): bool =
+    f = default(File)
+    result = open(f, name)
+  ```
 
-The guard does not need to be of any particular type. It is flexible enough to
-model low level lockfree mechanisms:
+While it is usually the better style to use the return type in order to return results API and ABI
+considerations might make this infeasible. Like for `var T` Nim maps `out T` to a hidden pointer.
+For example POSIX's `stat` routine can be wrapped as:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  var dummyLock {.compileTime.}: int
-  var atomicCounter {.guard: dummyLock.}: int
+  ```nim
+  proc stat*(a1: cstring, a2: out Stat): cint {.importc, header: "<sys/stat.h>".}
+  ```
 
-  template atomicRead(x): untyped =
-    {.locks: [dummyLock].}:
-      memoryReadBarrier()
-      x
+When the implementation of a routine with output parameters is analysed, the compiler
+checks that every path before the (implicit or explicit) return does set every output
+parameter:
 
-  echo atomicRead(atomicCounter)
+  ```nim
+  proc p(x: out int; y: out string; cond: bool) =
+    x = 4
+    if cond:
+      y = "abc"
+    # error: not every path initializes 'y'
+  ```
 
 
-The `locks` pragma takes a list of lock expressions `locks: [a, b, ...]`
-in order to support *multi lock* statements. Why these are essential is
-explained in the `lock levels <#guards-and-locks-lock-levels>`_ section.
+Out parameters and exception handling
+-------------------------------------
 
+The analysis should take exceptions into account (but currently does not):
 
-Protecting general locations
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+  ```nim
+  proc p(x: out int; y: out string; cond: bool) =
+    x = canRaise(45)
+    y = "abc" # <-- error: not every path initializes 'y'
+  ```
 
-The `guard` annotation can also be used to protect fields within an object.
-The guard then needs to be another field within the same object or a
-global variable.
+Once the implementation takes exceptions into account it is easy enough to
+use `outParam = default(typeof(outParam))` in the beginning of the proc body.
 
-Since objects can reside on the heap or on the stack this greatly enhances the
-expressivity of the language:
+Out parameters and inheritance
+------------------------------
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+It is not valid to pass an lvalue of a supertype to an `out T` parameter:
+
+  ```nim
   type
-    ProtectedCounter = object
-      v {.guard: L.}: int
-      L: TLock
-
-  proc incCounters(counters: var openArray[ProtectedCounter]) =
-    for i in 0..counters.high:
-      lock counters[i].L:
-        inc counters[i].v
-
-The access to field `x.v` is allowed since its guard `x.L`  is active.
-After template expansion, this amounts to:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  proc incCounters(counters: var openArray[ProtectedCounter]) =
-    for i in 0..counters.high:
-      pthread_mutex_lock(counters[i].L)
-      {.locks: [counters[i].L].}:
-        try:
-          inc counters[i].v
-        finally:
-          pthread_mutex_unlock(counters[i].L)
-
-There is an analysis that checks that `counters[i].L` is the lock that
-corresponds to the protected location `counters[i].v`. This analysis is called
-`path analysis`:idx: because it deals with paths to locations
-like `obj.field[i].fieldB[j]`.
-
-The path analysis is **currently unsound**, but that doesn't make it useless.
-Two paths are considered equivalent if they are syntactically the same.
-
-This means the following compiles (for now) even though it really should not:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  {.locks: [a[i].L].}:
-    inc i
-    access a[i].v
-
-
-
-Lock levels
------------
-
-Lock levels are used to enforce a global locking order in order to detect
-potential deadlocks during semantic analysis. A lock level is an constant
-integer in the range 0..1_000. Lock level 0 means that no lock is acquired at
-all.
-
-If a section of code holds a lock of level `M` than it can also acquire any
-lock of level `N < M`. Another lock of level `M` cannot be acquired. Locks
-of the same level can only be acquired *at the same time* within a
-single `locks` section:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  var a, b: TLock[2]
-  var x: TLock[1]
-  # invalid locking order: TLock[1] cannot be acquired before TLock[2]:
-  {.locks: [x].}:
-    {.locks: [a].}:
-      ...
-  # valid locking order: TLock[2] acquired before TLock[1]:
-  {.locks: [a].}:
-    {.locks: [x].}:
-      ...
+    Superclass = object of RootObj
+      a: int
+    Subclass = object of Superclass
+      s: string
 
-  # invalid locking order: TLock[2] acquired before TLock[2]:
-  {.locks: [a].}:
-    {.locks: [b].}:
-      ...
+  proc init(x: out Superclass) =
+    x = Superclass(a: 8)
 
-  # valid locking order, locks of the same level acquired at the same time:
-  {.locks: [a, b].}:
-    ...
+  var v: Subclass
+  init v
+  use v.s # the 's' field was never initialized!
+  ```
 
+However, in the future this could be allowed and provide a better way to write object
+constructors that take inheritance into account.
 
-Here is how a typical multilock statement can be implemented in Nim. Note how
-the runtime check is required to ensure a global ordering for two locks `a`
-and `b` of the same lock level:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  template multilock(a, b: ptr TLock; body: untyped) =
-    if cast[ByteAddress](a) < cast[ByteAddress](b):
-      pthread_mutex_lock(a)
-      pthread_mutex_lock(b)
-    else:
-      pthread_mutex_lock(b)
-      pthread_mutex_lock(a)
-    {.locks: [a, b].}:
-      try:
-        body
-      finally:
-        pthread_mutex_unlock(a)
-        pthread_mutex_unlock(b)
+**Note**: The implementation of "strict definitions" and "out parameters" is experimental but the concept
+is solid and it is expected that eventually this mode becomes the default in later versions.
 
 
-Whole routines can also be annotated with a `locks` pragma that takes a lock
-level. This then means that the routine may acquire locks of up to this level.
-This is essential so that procs can be called within a `locks` section:
+Strict case objects
+===================
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  proc p() {.locks: 3.} = discard
+With `experimental: "strictCaseObjects"` *every* field access is checked to be valid at compile-time.
+The field is within a `case` section of an `object`.
 
-  var a: TLock[4]
-  {.locks: [a].}:
-    # p's locklevel (3) is strictly less than a's (4) so the call is allowed:
-    p()
+  ```nim
+  {.experimental: "strictCaseObjects".}
 
+  type
+    Foo = object
+      case b: bool
+      of false:
+        s: string
+      of true:
+        x: int
 
-As usual `locks` is an inferred effect and there is a subtype
-relation: `proc () {.locks: N.}` is a subtype of `proc () {.locks: M.}`
-iff (M <= N).
+  var x = Foo(b: true, x: 4)
+  case x.b
+  of true:
+    echo x.x # valid
+  of false:
+    echo "no"
 
-The `locks` pragma can also take the special value `"unknown"`. This
-is useful in the context of dynamic method dispatching. In the following
-example, the compiler can infer a lock level of 0 for the `base` case.
-However, one of the overloaded methods calls a procvar which is
-potentially locking. Thus, the lock level of calling `g.testMethod`
-cannot be inferred statically, leading to compiler warnings. By using
-`{.locks: "unknown".}`, the base method can be marked explicitly as
-having unknown lock level as well:
+  case x.b
+  of false:
+    echo x.x # error: field access outside of valid case branch: x.x
+  of true:
+    echo "no"
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  type SomeBase* = ref object of RootObj
-  type SomeDerived* = ref object of SomeBase
-    memberProc*: proc ()
+  ```
 
-  method testMethod(g: SomeBase) {.base, locks: "unknown".} = discard
-  method testMethod(g: SomeDerived) =
-    if g.memberProc != nil:
-      g.memberProc()
+**Note**: The implementation of "strict case objects" is experimental but the concept
+is solid and it is expected that eventually this mode becomes the default in later versions.
 
 
-noRewrite pragma
-----------------
+Quirky routines
+===============
 
-Term rewriting macros and templates are currently greedy and
-they will rewrite as long as there is a match.
-There was no way to ensure some rewrite happens only once,
-e.g. when rewriting term to same term plus extra content.
+The default code generation strategy of exceptions under the ARC/ORC model is the so called
+`--exceptions:goto` implementation. This implementation inserts a check after every call that
+can potentially raise an exception. A typical instruction sequence for this on
+for a x86 64 bit machine looks like:
 
-`noRewrite` pragma can actually prevent further rewriting on marked code,
-e.g. with given example `echo("ab")` will be rewritten just once:
+  ```
+  cmp DWORD PTR [rbx], 0
+  je  .L1
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-  template pwnEcho{echo(x)}(x: untyped) =
-    {.noRewrite.}: echo("pwned!")
+This is a memory fetch followed by jump. (An ideal implementation would
+use the carry flag and a single instruction like ``jc .L1``.)
 
-  echo "ab"
+This overhead might not be desired and depending on the semantics of the routine may not be required
+either.
+So it can be disabled via a `.quirky` annotation:
 
-`noRewrite` pragma can be useful to control term-rewriting macros recursion.
+  ```nim
+  proc wontRaise(x: int) {.quirky.} =
+    if x != 0:
+      # because of `quirky` this will continue even if `write` raised an IO exception:
+      write x
+      wontRaise(x-1)
 
+  wontRaise 10
 
-Aliasing restrictions in parameter passing
-==========================================
+  ```
 
-**Note**: The aliasing restrictions are currently not enforced by the
-implementation and need to be fleshed out further.
+If the used exception model is not `--exceptions:goto` then the `quirky` pragma has no effect and is
+ignored.
 
-"Aliasing" here means that the underlying storage locations overlap in memory
-at runtime. An "output parameter" is a parameter of type `var T`,
-an input parameter is any parameter that is not of type `var`.
+The `quirky` pragma can also be be pushed in order to affect a group of routines and whether
+the compiler supports the pragma can be checked with `defined(nimHasQuirky)`:
 
-1. Two output parameters should never be aliased.
-2. An input and an output parameter should not be aliased.
-3. An output parameter should never be aliased with a global or thread local
-   variable referenced by the called proc.
-4. An input parameter should not be aliased with a global or thread local
-   variable updated by the called proc.
+  ```nim
+  when defined(nimHasQuirky):
+    {.push quirky: on.}
 
-One problem with rules 3 and 4 is that they affect specific global or thread
-local variables, but Nim's effect tracking only tracks "uses no global variable"
-via `.noSideEffect`. The rules 3 and 4 can also be approximated by a different rule:
+  proc doRaise() = raise newException(ValueError, "")
 
-5. A global or thread local variable (or a location derived from such a location)
-   can only passed to a parameter of a `.noSideEffect` proc.
+  proc f(): string = "abc"
 
+  proc q(cond: bool) =
+    if cond:
+      doRaise()
+    echo f()
 
-Noalias annotation
-==================
+  q(true)
 
-Since version 1.4 of the Nim compiler, there is a `.noalias` annotation for variables
-and parameters. It is mapped directly to C/C++'s `restrict` keyword and means that
-the underlying pointer is pointing to a unique location in memory, no other aliases to
-this location exist. It is *unchecked* that this alias restriction is followed, if the
-restriction is violated, the backend optimizer is free to miscompile the code.
-This is an **unsafe** language feature.
+  when defined(nimHasQuirky):
+    {.pop.}
+  ```
 
-Ideally in later versions of the language, the restriction will be enforced at
-compile time. (Which is also why the name `noalias` was choosen instead of a more
-verbose name like `unsafeAssumeNoAlias`.)
+**Warning**: The `quirky` pragma only affects code generation, no check for validity is performed!
 
 
-Strict funcs
-============
+Threading under ARC/ORC
+=======================
 
-Since version 1.4 a stricter definition of "side effect" is available. In addition
-to the existing rule that a side effect is calling a function with side effects
-the following rule is also enforced:
+ARC/ORC supports a shared heap out of the box. This means that messages can be sent between
+threads without copies. However, without copying the data there is an inherent danger of
+data races. Data races are prevented at compile-time if it is enforced that
+only **isolated** subgraphs can be sent around.
 
-Any mutation to an object does count as a side effect if that object is reachable
-via a parameter that is not declared as a `var` parameter.
 
-For example:
+Isolation
+---------
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+The standard library module `isolation.nim` provides a generic type `Isolated[T]` that
+captures the important notion that nothing else can reference the graph that is wrapped
+inside `Isolated[T]`. It is what a channel implementation should use in order to enforce
+the freedom of data races:
 
-  {.experimental: "strictFuncs".}
+  ```nim
+  proc send*[T](c: var Channel[T]; msg: sink Isolated[T])
+  proc recv*[T](c: var Channel[T]): T
+    ## Note: Returns T, not Isolated[T] for convenience.
 
-  type
-    Node = ref object
-      le, ri: Node
-      data: string
+  proc recvIso*[T](c: var Channel[T]): Isolated[T]
+    ## remembers the data is Isolated[T].
+  ```
 
-  func len(n: Node): int =
-    # valid: len does not have side effects
-    var it = n
-    while it != nil:
-      inc result
-      it = it.ri
+In order to create an `Isolated` graph one has to use either `isolate` or `unsafeIsolate`.
+`unsafeIsolate` is as its name says unsafe and no checking is performed. It should be considered
+to be as dangerous as a `cast` operation.
 
-  func mut(n: Node) =
-    let m = n # is the statement that connected the mutation to the parameter
-    m.data = "yeah" # the mutation is here
-    # Error: 'mut' can have side effects
-    # an object reachable from 'n' is potentially mutated
 
+Construction must ensure that the invariant holds, namely that the wrapped `T`
+is free of external aliases into it. `isolate` ensures this invariant. It is
+inspired by Pony's `recover` construct:
 
-The algorithm behind this analysis is described in
-the `view types section <#view-types-algorithm>`_.
+  ```nim
+  func isolate(x: sink T): Isolated[T] {.magic: "Isolate".}
+  ```
 
 
-View types
-==========
+As you can see, this is a new builtin because the check it performs on `x` is non-trivial:
 
-**Note**:  `--experimental:views` is more effective
-with `--experimental:strictFuncs`.
+If `T` does not contain a `ref` or `closure` type, it is isolated. Else the syntactic
+structure of `x` is analyzed:
 
-A view type is a type that is or contains one of the following types:
+- Literals like `nil`, `4`, `"abc"` are isolated.
+- A local variable or a routine parameter is isolated if either of these conditions is true:
+  1. Its type is annotated with the `.sendable` pragma. Note `Isolated[T]` is annotated as
+     `.sendable`.
+  2. Its type contains the potentially dangerous `ref` and `proc {.closure}` types
+     only in places that are protected via a `.sendable` container.
 
-- `var T` (mutable view into `T`)
-- `lent T` (immutable view into `T`)
-- `openArray[T]` (pair of (pointer to array of `T`, size))
+- An array constructor `[x...]` is isolated if every element `x` is isolated.
+- An object constructor `Obj(x...)` is isolated if every element `x` is isolated.
+- An `if` or `case` expression is isolated if all possible values the expression
+  may return are isolated.
+- A type conversion `C(x)` is isolated if `x` is isolated. Analogous for `cast`
+  expressions.
+- A function call `f(x...)` is isolated if `f` is `.noSideEffect` and for every argument `x`:
+  - `x` is isolated **or**
+  - `f`'s return type cannot *alias* `x`'s type. This is checked via a form of alias analysis as explained in the next paragraph.
 
-For example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
 
-  type
-    View1 = var int
-    View2 = openArray[byte]
-    View3 = lent string
-    View4 = Table[openArray[char], int]
+Alias analysis
+--------------
+
+We start with an important, simple case that must be valid: Sending the result
+of `parseJson` to a channel. Since the signature
+is `func parseJson(input: string): JsonNode` it is easy to see that JsonNode
+can never simply be a view into `input` which is a `string`.
+
+A different case is the identity function `id`, `send id(myJsonGraph)` must be
+invalid because we do not know how many aliases into `myJsonGraph` exist
+elsewhere.
+
+In general type `A` can alias type `T` if:
+
+- `A` and `T` are the same types.
+- `A` is a distinct type derived from `T`.
+- `A` is a field inside `T` if `T` is a final object type.
+- `T` is an inheritable object type. (An inherited type could always contain
+  a `field: A`).
+- `T` is a closure type. Reason: `T`'s environment can contain a field of
+  type `A`.
+- `A` is the element type of `T` if `T` is an array, sequence or pointer type.
 
 
-Exceptions to this rule are types constructed via `ptr` or `proc`.
-For example, the following types are **not** view types:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
 
+Sendable pragma
+---------------
+
+A container type can be marked as `.sendable`. `.sendable` declares that the type
+encapsulates a `ref` type effectively so that a variable of this container type
+can be used in an `isolate` context:
+
+  ```nim
   type
-    NotView1 = proc (x: openArray[int])
-    NotView2 = ptr openArray[char]
-    NotView3 = ptr array[4, var int]
+    Isolated*[T] {.sendable.} = object ## Isolated data can only be moved, not copied.
+      value: T
 
+  proc `=copy`*[T](dest: var Isolated[T]; src: Isolated[T]) {.error.}
 
-A *mutable* view type is a type that is or contains a `var T` type.
-An *immutable* view type is a view type that is not a mutable view type.
+  proc `=sink`*[T](dest: var Isolated[T]; src: Isolated[T]) {.inline.} =
+    # delegate to value's sink operation
+    `=sink`(dest.value, src.value)
 
-A *view* is a symbol (a let, var, const, etc.) that has a view type.
+  proc `=destroy`*[T](dest: var Isolated[T]) {.inline.} =
+    # delegate to value's destroy operation
+    `=destroy`(dest.value)
+  ```
 
-Since version 1.4 Nim allows view types to be used as local variables.
-This feature needs to be enabled via `{.experimental: "views".}`.
+The `.sendable` pragma itself is an experimenal, unchecked, unsafe annotation. It is
+currently only used by `Isolated[T]`.
 
-A local variable of a view type *borrows* from the locations and
-it is statically enforced that the view does not outlive the location
-it was borrowed from.
+Virtual pragma
+==============
+
+`virtual` is designed to extend or create virtual functions when targeting the cpp backend. When a proc is marked with virtual, it forward declares the proc header within the type's body.
+
+Here's an example of how to use the virtual pragma:
+
+```nim
+proc newCpp*[T](): ptr T {.importcpp: "new '*0()".}
+type
+  Foo = object of RootObj
+  FooPtr = ptr Foo
+  Boo = object of Foo
+  BooPtr = ptr Boo
+
+proc salute(self: FooPtr) {.virtual.} =
+  echo "hello foo"
+
+proc salute(self: BooPtr) {.virtual.} =
+  echo "hello boo"
+
+let foo = newCpp[Foo]()
+let boo = newCpp[Boo]()
+let booAsFoo = cast[FooPtr](newCpp[Boo]())
+
+foo.salute() # prints hello foo
+boo.salute() # prints hello boo
+booAsFoo.salute() # prints hello boo
+```
+In this example, the `salute` function is virtual in both Foo and Boo types. This allows for polymorphism.
+
+The virtual pragma also supports a special syntax to express Cpp constraints. Here's how it works:
+
+`$1` refers to the function name
+`'idx` refers to the type of the argument at the position idx. Where idx = 1 is the `this` argument.
+`#idx` refers to the argument name.
+
+The return type can be referred to as `-> '0`, but this is optional and often not needed.
+
+ ```nim
+ {.emit:"""/*TYPESECTION*/
+#include <iostream>
+  class CppPrinter {
+  public:
+
+    virtual void printConst(char* message) const {
+        std::cout << "Const Message: " << message << std::endl;
+    }
+    virtual void printConstRef(char* message, const int& flag) const {
+        std::cout << "Const Ref Message: " << message << std::endl;
+    }
+};
+""".}
+
+type
+  CppPrinter {.importcpp, inheritable.} = object
+  NimPrinter {.exportc.} = object of CppPrinter
+
+proc printConst(self: CppPrinter; message:cstring) {.importcpp.}
+CppPrinter().printConst(message)
+
+# override is optional.
+proc printConst(self: NimPrinter; message: cstring) {.virtual: "$1('2 #2) const override".} =
+  echo "NimPrinter: " & $message
+
+proc printConstRef(self: NimPrinter; message: cstring; flag:int32) {.virtual: "$1('2 #2, const '3& #3 ) const override".} =
+  echo "NimPrinterConstRef: " & $message
+
+NimPrinter().printConst(message)
+var val: int32 = 10
+NimPrinter().printConstRef(message, val)
+
+```
+
+Constructor pragma
+==================
+
+The `constructor` pragma can be used in two ways: in conjunction with `importcpp` to import a C++ constructor, and to declare constructors that operate similarly to `virtual`.
+
+Consider:
+
+```nim
+type Foo* = object
+  x: int32
+
+proc makeFoo(x: int32): Foo {.constructor.} =
+  result.x = x
+```
+
+It forward declares the constructor in the type definition. When the constructor has parameters, it also generates a default constructor. One can avoid this behaviour by using `noDecl` in a default constructor.
+
+Like `virtual`, `constructor` also supports a syntax that allows to express C++ constraints.
 
 For example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+```nim
+{.emit:"""/*TYPESECTION*/
+struct CppClass {
+  int x;
+  int y;
+  CppClass(int inX, int inY) {
+    this->x = inX;
+    this->y = inY;
+  }
+  //CppClass() = default;
+};
+""".}
+
+type
+  CppClass* {.importcpp, inheritable.} = object
+    x: int32
+    y: int32
+  NimClass* = object of CppClass
+
+proc makeNimClass(x: int32): NimClass {.constructor:"NimClass('1 #1) : CppClass(0, #1)".} =
+  result.x = x
+
+# Optional: define the default constructor explicitly
+proc makeCppClass(): NimClass {.constructor: "NimClass() : CppClass(0, 0)".} =
+  result.x = 1
+```
+
+In the example above `CppClass` has a deleted default constructor. Notice how by using the constructor syntax, one can call the appropriate constructor.
+
+Notice when calling a constructor in the section of a global variable initialization, it will be called before `NimMain` meaning Nim is not fully initialized.
+
+Constructor Initializer
+=======================
 
-  {.experimental: "views".}
+By default Nim initializes `importcpp` types with `{}`. This can be problematic when importing
+types with a deleted default constructor. In order to avoid this, one can specify default values for a constructor by specifying default values for the proc params in the `constructor` proc.
 
-  proc take(a: openArray[int]) =
-    echo a.len
+For example:
 
-  proc main(s: seq[int]) =
-    var x: openArray[int] = s # 'x' is a view into 's'
-    # it is checked that 'x' does not outlive 's' and
-    # that 's' is not mutated.
-    for i in 0 .. high(x):
-      echo x[i]
-    take(x)
+```nim
 
-    take(x.toOpenArray(0, 1)) # slicing remains possible
-    let y = x  # create a view from a view
-    take y
-    # it is checked that 'y' does not outlive 'x' and
-    # that 'x' is not mutated as long as 'y' lives.
+{.emit: """/*TYPESECTION*/
+struct CppStruct {
+  CppStruct(int x, char* y): x(x), y(y){}
+  int x;
+  char* y;
+};
+""".}
+type
+  CppStruct {.importcpp, inheritable.} = object
 
+proc makeCppStruct(a: cint = 5, b:cstring = "hello"): CppStruct {.importcpp: "CppStruct(@)", constructor.}
 
-  main(@[11, 22, 33])
+(proc (s: CppStruct) = echo "hello")(makeCppStruct()) 
+# If one removes a default value from the constructor and passes it to the call explicitly, the C++ compiler will complain.
 
+```
+Skip initializers in fields members
+===================================
 
-A local variable of a view type can borrow from a location
-derived from a parameter, another local variable, a global `const` or `let`
-symbol or a thread-local `var` or `let`.
+By using `noInit` in a type or field declaration, the compiler will skip the initializer. By doing so one can explicitly initialize those values in the constructor of the type owner.
 
-Let `p` the proc that is analysed for the correctness of the borrow operation.
+For example:
 
-Let `source` be one of:
+```nim
 
-- A formal parameter of `p`. Note that this does not cover parameters of
-  inner procs.
-- The `result` symbol of `p`.
-- A local `var` or `let` or `const` of `p`. Note that this does
-  not cover locals of inner procs.
-- A thread-local `var` or `let`.
-- A global `let` or `const`.
-- A constant array/seq/object/tuple constructor.
+{.emit: """/*TYPESECTION*/
+  struct Foo {
+    Foo(int a){};
+  };
+  struct Boo {
+    Boo(int a){};
+  };
 
+  """.}
 
-Path expressions
-----------------
+type 
+  Foo {.importcpp.} = object
+  Boo {.importcpp, noInit.} = object
+  Test {.exportc.} = object
+    foo {.noInit.}: Foo
+    boo: Boo
 
-A location derived from `source` is then defined as a path expression that
-has `source` as the owner. A path expression `e` is defined recursively:
+proc makeTest(): Test {.constructor: "Test() : foo(10), boo(1)".} = 
+  discard
 
-- `source` itself is a path expression.
-- Container access like `e[i]` is a path expression.
-- Tuple access `e[0]` is a path expression.
-- Object field access `e.field` is a path expression.
-- `system.toOpenArray(e, ...)` is a path expression.
-- Pointer dereference `e[]` is a path expression.
-- An address `addr e`, `unsafeAddr e` is a path expression.
-- A type conversion `T(e)` is a path expression.
-- A cast expression `cast[T](e)` is a path expression.
-- `f(e, ...)` is a path expression if `f`'s return type is a view type.
-  Because the view can only have been borrowed from `e`, we then know
-  that owner of `f(e, ...)` is `e`.
+proc main() = 
+  var t = makeTest()
 
+main()
 
-If a view type is used as a return type, the location must borrow from a location
-that is derived from the first parameter that is passed to the proc.
-See https://nim-lang.org/docs/manual.html#procedures-var-return-type for
-details about how this is done for `var T`.
+```
 
-A mutable view can borrow from a mutable location, an immutable view can borrow
-from both a mutable or an immutable location.
+Will produce: 
 
-The *duration* of a borrow is the span of commands beginning from the assignment
-to the view and ending with the last usage of the view.
+```cpp
 
-For the duration of the borrow operation, no mutations to the borrowed locations
-may be performed except via the potentially mutable view that borrowed from the
-location. The borrowed location is said to be *sealed* during the borrow.
+struct Test {
+	Foo foo; 
+	Boo boo;
+  N_LIB_PRIVATE N_NOCONV(, Test)(void);
+};
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+```
 
-  {.experimental: "views".}
+Notice that without `noInit` it would produce `Foo foo {}` and `Boo boo {}`
 
-  type
-    Obj = object
-      field: string
 
-  proc dangerous(s: var seq[Obj]) =
-    let v: lent Obj = s[0] # seal 's'
-    s.setLen 0  # prevented at compile-time because 's' is sealed.
-    echo v.field
+Member pragma
+=============
 
+Like the `constructor` and `virtual` pragmas, the `member` pragma can be used to attach a procedure to a C++ type. It's more flexible than the `virtual` pragma in the sense that it accepts not only names but also operators and destructors.
 
-The scope of the view does not matter:
+For example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+```nim
+proc print(s: cstring) {.importcpp: "printf(@)", header: "<stdio.h>".}
 
-  proc valid(s: var seq[Obj]) =
-    let v: lent Obj = s[0]  # begin of borrow
-    echo v.field            # end of borrow
-    s.setLen 0  # valid because 'v' isn't used afterwards
+type
+  Doo {.exportc.} = object
+    test: int
 
+proc memberProc(f: Doo) {.member.} = 
+  echo $f.test
 
-The analysis requires as much precision about mutations as is reasonably obtainable,
-so it is more effective with the experimental `strict funcs <#strict-funcs>`_
-feature. In other words `--experimental:views` works better
-with `--experimental:strictFuncs`.
+proc destructor(f: Doo) {.member: "~'1()", used.} = 
+  print "destructing\n"
 
-The analysis is currently control flow insensitive:
+proc `==`(self, other: Doo): bool {.member: "operator==('2 const & #2) const -> '0".} = 
+  self.test == other.test
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+let doo = Doo(test: 2)
+doo.memberProc()
+echo doo == Doo(test: 1)
 
-  proc invalid(s: var seq[Obj]) =
-    let v: lent Obj = s[0]
-    if false:
-      s.setLen 0
-    echo v.field
+```
 
-In this example, the compiler assumes that `s.setLen 0` invalidates the
-borrow operation of `v` even though a human being can easily see that it
-will never do that at runtime.
+Will print:
+```
+2
+false
+destructing
+destructing
+```
 
+Notice how the C++ destructor is called automatically. Also notice the double implementation of `==` as an operator in Nim but also in C++. This is useful if you need the type to match some C++ `concept` or `trait` when interoping. 
 
-Start of a borrow
------------------
+A side effect of being able to declare C++ operators, is that you can now also create a
+C++ functor to have seamless interop with C++ lambdas (syntactic sugar for functors).
 
-A borrow starts with one of the following:
+For example:
 
-- The assignment of a non-view-type to a view-type.
-- The assignment of a location that is derived from a local parameter
-  to a view-type.
+```nim
+type
+  NimFunctor = object
+    discard
+proc invoke(f: NimFunctor; n: int) {.member: "operator ()('2 #2)".} = 
+  echo "FunctorSupport!"
+
+{.experimental: "callOperator".}
+proc `()`(f: NimFunctor; n:int) {.importcpp: "#(@)" .} 
+NimFunctor()(1)
+```
+Notice we use the overload of `()` to have the same semantics in Nim, but on the `importcpp` we import the functor as a function. 
+This allows to easy interop with functions that accepts for example a `const` operator in its signature. 
+
+
+Injected symbols in generic procs and templates
+===============================================
+
+With the experimental option `openSym`, captured symbols in generic routine and
+template bodies may be replaced by symbols injected locally by templates/macros
+at instantiation time. `bind` may be used to keep the captured symbols over the
+injected ones regardless of enabling the options, but other methods like
+renaming the captured symbols should be used instead so that the code is not
+affected by context changes.
+
+Since this change may affect runtime behavior, the experimental switch
+`openSym` needs to be enabled; and a warning is given in the case where an
+injected symbol would replace a captured symbol not bound by `bind` and
+the experimental switch isn't enabled.
+
+```nim
+const value = "captured"
+template foo(x: int, body: untyped): untyped =
+  let value {.inject.} = "injected"
+  body
+
+proc old[T](): string =
+  foo(123):
+    return value # warning: a new `value` has been injected, use `bind` or turn on `experimental:openSym`
+echo old[int]() # "captured"
+
+template oldTempl(): string =
+  block:
+    foo(123):
+      value # warning: a new `value` has been injected, use `bind` or turn on `experimental:openSym`
+echo oldTempl() # "captured"
 
+{.experimental: "openSym".}
 
-End of a borrow
----------------
+proc bar[T](): string =
+  foo(123):
+    return value
+assert bar[int]() == "injected" # previously it would be "captured"
 
-A borrow operation ends with the last usage of the view variable.
+proc baz[T](): string =
+  bind value
+  foo(123):
+    return value
+assert baz[int]() == "captured"
 
+template barTempl(): string =
+  block:
+    foo(123):
+      value
+assert barTempl() == "injected" # previously it would be "captured"
 
-Reborrows
----------
+template bazTempl(): string =
+  bind value
+  block:
+    foo(123):
+      value
+assert bazTempl() == "captured"
+```
+
+This option also generates a new node kind `nnkOpenSym` which contains
+exactly 1 `nnkSym` node. In the future this might be merged with a slightly
+modified `nnkOpenSymChoice` node but macros that want to support the
+experimental feature should still handle `nnkOpenSym`, as the node kind would
+simply not be generated as opposed to being removed.
+
+Another experimental switch `genericsOpenSym` exists that enables this behavior
+at instantiation time, meaning templates etc can enable it specifically when
+they are being called. However this does not generate `nnkOpenSym` nodes
+(unless the other switch is enabled) and so doesn't reflect the regular
+behavior of the switch.
+
+```nim
+const value = "captured"
+template foo(x: int, body: untyped): untyped =
+  let value {.inject.} = "injected"
+  {.push experimental: "genericsOpenSym".}
+  body
+  {.pop.}
+
+proc bar[T](): string =
+  foo(123):
+    return value
+echo bar[int]() # "injected"
+
+template barTempl(): string =
+  block:
+    var res: string
+    foo(123):
+      res = value
+    res
+assert barTempl() == "injected"
+```
 
-A view `v` can borrow from multiple different locations. However, the borrow
-is always the full span of `v`'s lifetime and every location that is borrowed
-from is sealed during `v`'s lifetime.
 
+VTable for methods
+==================
 
-Algorithm
----------
+Methods now support implementations based on a VTable by using `--experimental:vtables`. Note that the option needs to enabled
+globally. The virtual method table is stored in the type info of
+an object, which is an array of function pointers.
 
-The following section is an outline of the algorithm that the current implementation
-uses. The algorithm performs two traversals over the AST of the procedure or global
-section of code that uses a view variable. No fixpoint iterations are performed, the
-complexity of the analysis is O(N) where N is the number of nodes of the AST.
+```nim
+method foo(x: Base, ...) {.base.}
+method foo(x: Derived, ...) {.base.}
+```
 
-The first pass over the AST computes the lifetime of each local variable based on
-a notion of an "abstract time", in the implementation it's a simple integer that is
-incremented for every visited node.
+It roughly generates a dispatcher like
 
-In the second pass information about the underlying object "graphs" is computed.
-Let `v` be a parameter or a local variable. Let `G(v)` be the graph
-that `v` belongs to. A graph is defined by the set of variables that belong
-to the graph. Initially for all `v`: `G(v) = {v}`. Every variable can only
-be part of a single graph.
+```nim
+proc foo_dispatch(x: Base, ...) =
+  x.typeinfo.vtable[method_index](x, ...) # method_index is the index of the sorted order of a method
+```
 
-Assignments like `a = b` "connect" two variables, both variables end up in the
-same graph `{a, b} = G(a) = G(b)`. Unfortunately, the pattern to look for is
-much more complex than that and can involve multiple assignment targets
-and sources::
+Methods are required to be in the same module where their type has been defined.
 
-  f(x, y) = g(a, b)
+```nim
+# types.nim
+type
+  Base* = ref object
+```
 
-connects `x` and `y` to `a` and `b`: `G(x) = G(y) = G(a) = G(b) = {x, y, a, b}`.
-A type based alias analysis rules out some of these combinations, for example
-a `string` value cannot possibly be connected to a `seq[int]`.
+```nim
+import types
 
-A pattern like `v[] = value` or `v.field = value` marks `G(v)` as mutated.
-After the second pass a set of disjoint graphs was computed.
+method foo(x: Base) {.base.} = discard
+```
 
-For strict functions it is then enforced that there is no graph that is both mutated
-and has an element that is an immutable parameter (that is a parameter that is not
-of type `var T`).
+It gives an error: method `foo` can be defined only in the same module with its type (Base).
 
-For borrow checking a different set of checks is performed. Let `v` be the view
-and `b` the location that is borrowed from.
 
-- The lifetime of `v` must not exceed `b`'s lifetime. Note: The lifetime of
-  a parameter is the complete proc body.
-- If `v` is a mutable view and `v` is used to actually mutate the
-  borrowed location, then `b` has to be a mutable location.
-  Note: If it is not actually used for mutation, borrowing a mutable view from an
-  immutable location is allowed! This allows for many important idioms and will be
-  justified in an upcoming RFC.
-- During `v`'s lifetime, `G(b)` can only be modified by `v` (and only if
-  `v` is a mutable view).
-- If `v` is `result` then `b` has to be a location derived from the first
-  formal parameter or from a constant location.
-- A view cannot be used for a read or a write access before it was assigned to.
+asmSyntax pragma
+================
+
+The `asmSyntax` pragma is used to specify target inline assembler syntax in an `asm` statement.
+
+It prevents compiling code with different of the target CC inline asm syntax, i.e. it will not allow gcc inline asm code to be compiled with vcc.
+
+```nim
+proc nothing() =
+  asm {.asmSyntax: "gcc".}"""
+    nop
+  """
+```
+
+The current C(C++) backend implementation cannot generate code for gcc and for vcc at the same time. For example, `{.asmSyntax: "vcc".}` with the ICC compiler will not generate code with intel asm syntax, even though ICC can use both gcc-like and vcc-like asm.
diff --git a/doc/manual_experimental_strictnotnil.rst b/doc/manual_experimental_strictnotnil.md
index c7c045683..a6fa6cda8 100644
--- a/doc/manual_experimental_strictnotnil.rst
+++ b/doc/manual_experimental_strictnotnil.md
@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 Strict not nil checking
 =========================
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
+
 **Note:** This feature is experimental, you need to enable it with
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   {.experimental: "strictNotNil".}
+  ```
 
 or 
 
-.. code-block:: bash
+  ```cmd
   nim c --experimental:strictNotNil <program>
+  ```
 
 In the second case it would check builtin and imported modules as well.
 
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@ not nil
 
 You can annotate a type where nil isn't a valid value with `not nil`.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
     type
       NilableObject = ref object
         a: int
@@ -56,32 +59,40 @@ You can annotate a type where nil isn't a valid value with `not nil`.
       p(x)
     else:
       p(x) # ok
+  ```
 
 
 
 If a type can include `nil` as a valid value, dereferencing values of the type
-is checked by the compiler: if a value which might be nil is derefenced, this produces a warning by default, you can turn this into an error using the compiler options `--warningAsError:strictNotNil`
+is checked by the compiler: if a value which might be nil is dereferenced, this
+produces a warning by default, you can turn this into an error using
+the compiler options `--warningAsError:strictNotNil`:option:.
 
 If a type is nilable, you should dereference its values only after a `isNil` or equivalent check.
 
 local turn on/off
 ---------------------
 
-You can still turn off nil checking on function/module level by using a `{.strictNotNil: off}.` pragma.
-Note: test that/TODO for code/manual.
+You can still turn off nil checking on function/module level by using a `{.strictNotNil: off.}` pragma.
+
+..
+  Note: test that/TODO for code/manual.
 
 nilability state
 -----------------
 
-Currently a nilable value can be `Safe`, `MaybeNil` or `Nil` : we use internally `Parent` and `Unreachable` but this is an implementation detail(a parent layer has the actual nilability).
-
-`Safe` means it shouldn't be nil at that point: e.g. after assignment to a non-nil value or `not a.isNil` check
-`MaybeNil` means it might be nil, but it might not be nil: e.g. an argument, a call argument or a value after an `if` and `else`.
-`Nil` means it should be nil at that point; e.g. after an assignment to `nil` or a `.isNil` check.
+Currently, a nilable value can be `Safe`, `MaybeNil` or `Nil` : we use internally `Parent` and `Unreachable` but this is an implementation detail(a parent layer has the actual nilability).
 
-`Unreachable` means it shouldn't be possible to access this in this branch: so we do generate a warning as well.
+- `Safe` means it shouldn't be nil at that point: e.g. after assignment to
+  a non-nil value or `not a.isNil` check
+- `MaybeNil` means it might be nil, but it might not be nil: e.g. an argument,
+  a call argument or a value after an `if` and `else`.
+- `Nil` means it should be nil at that point; e.g. after an assignment to
+  `nil` or a `.isNil` check.
+- `Unreachable` means it shouldn't be possible to access this in this branch:
+  so we do generate a warning as well.
 
-We show an error for each dereference (`[]`, `.field`, `[index]` `()` etc) which is of a tracked expression which is
+We show an error for each dereference (`[]`, `.field`, `[index]` `()` etc.) which is of a tracked expression which is
 in `MaybeNil` or `Nil` state.
 
 
@@ -92,7 +103,8 @@ Types are either nilable or non-nilable.
 When you pass a param or a default value, we use the type : for nilable types we return `MaybeNil`
 and for non-nilable `Safe`.
 
-TODO: fix the manual here. (This is not great, as default values for non-nilables and nilables are usually actually `nil` , so we should think a bit more about this section.)
+..
+  TODO: fix the manual here. (This is not great, as default values for non-nilables and nilables are usually actually `nil` , so we should think a bit more about this section.)
 
 params rules
 ------------
@@ -112,38 +124,41 @@ call args rules
 
 When we call with arguments, we have two cases when we might change the nilability.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   callByVar(a)
+  ```
 
 Here `callByVar` can re-assign `a`, so this might change `a`'s nilability, so we change it to `MaybeNil`.
 This is also a possible aliasing `move out` (moving out of a current alias set).
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   call(a)
+  ```
 
-Here `call` can change a field or element of `a`, so if we have a dependant expression of `a` : e.g. `a.field`. Dependats become `MaybeNil`.
+Here `call` can change a field or element of `a`, so if we have a dependant expression of `a` : e.g. `a.field`. Dependants become `MaybeNil`.
 
 
 branches rules
 ---------------
 
 Branches are the reason we do nil checking like this: with flow checking. 
-Sources of brancing are `if`, `while`, `for`, `and`, `or`, `case`, `try` and combinations with `return`, `break`, `continue` and `raise`
+Sources of branching are `if`, `while`, `for`, `and`, `or`, `case`, `try` and combinations with `return`, `break`, `continue` and `raise`
 
 We create a new layer/"scope" for each branch where we map expressions to nilability. This happens when we "fork": usually on the beginning of a construct.
 When branches "join" we usually unify their expression maps or/and nilabilities.
 
 Merging usually merges maps and alias sets: nilabilities are merged like this:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   template union(l: Nilability, r: Nilability): Nilability =
     ## unify two states
     if l == r:
       l
     else:
       MaybeNil
+  ```
 
-Special handling is for `.isNil` and ` == nil`, also for `not`, `and` and `or`.
+Special handling is for `.isNil` and `== nil`, also for `not`, `and` and `or`.
 
 `not` reverses the nilability, `and` is similar to "forking" : the right expression is checked in the layer resulting from the left one and `or` is similar to "merging": the right and left expression should be both checked in the original layer.
 
@@ -158,7 +173,7 @@ We want to track also field(dot) and index(bracket) expressions.
 We track some of those compound expressions which might be nilable as dependants of their bases: `a.field` is changed if `a` is moved (re-assigned), 
 similarly `a[index]` is dependent on `a` and `a.field.field` on `a.field`.
 
-When we move the base, we update dependants to `MaybeNil`. Otherwise we usually start with type nilability.
+When we move the base, we update dependants to `MaybeNil`. Otherwise, we usually start with type nilability.
 
 When we call args, we update the nilability of their dependants to `MaybeNil` as the calls usually can change them.
 We might need to check for `strictFuncs` pure funcs and not do that then.
@@ -166,10 +181,10 @@ We might need to check for `strictFuncs` pure funcs and not do that then.
 For field expressions `a.field`, we calculate an integer value based on a hash of the tree and just accept equivalent trees as equivalent expressions.
 
 For item expression `a[index]`, we also calculate an integer value based on a hash of the tree and accept equivalent trees as equivalent expressions: for static values only.
-For now we support only constant indices: we dont track expression with no-const indices. For those we just report a warning even if they are safe for now: one can use a local variable to workaround. For loops this might be annoying: so one should be able to turn off locally the warning using the `{.warning[StrictCheckNotNil]:off}.`.
+For now, we support only constant indices: we don't track expression with no-const indices. For those we just report a warning even if they are safe for now: one can use a local variable to workaround. For loops this might be annoying: so one should be able to turn off locally the warning using the `{.warning[StrictNotNil]:off.}`.
 
 For bracket expressions, in the future we might count `a[<any>]` as the same general expression.
-This means we should should the index but otherwise handle it the same for assign (maybe "aliasing" all the non-static elements) and differentiate only for static: e.g. `a[0]` and `a[1]`.
+This means we should the index but otherwise handle it the same for assign (maybe "aliasing" all the non-static elements) and differentiate only for static: e.g. `a[0]` and `a[1]`.
 
 element tracking
 -----------------
@@ -177,8 +192,9 @@ element tracking
 When we assign an object construction, we should track the fields as well: 
 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var a = Nilable(field: Nilable()) # a : Safe, a.field: Safe
+  ```
 
 Usually we just track the result of an expression: probably this should apply for elements in other cases as well.
 Also related to tracking initialization of expressions/fields.
@@ -187,14 +203,15 @@ unstructured control flow rules
 -------------------------------
 
 Unstructured control flow keywords as `return`, `break`, `continue`, `raise` mean that we jump from a branch out.
-This means that if there is code after the finishing of the branch, it would be ran if one hasn't hit the direct parent branch of those: so it is similar to an `else`. In those cases we should use the reverse nilabilities for the local to the condition expressions. E.g.
+This means that if there is code after the finishing of the branch, it would be run if one hasn't hit the direct parent branch of those: so it is similar to an `else`. In those cases we should use the reverse nilabilities for the local to the condition expressions. E.g.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   for a in c:
     if not a.isNil:
       b()
       break
     code # here a: Nil , because if not, we would have breaked
+  ```
 
 
 aliasing
@@ -208,28 +225,30 @@ Assignments and other changes to nilability can move / move out expressions of s
 `move`: Moving `left` to `right` means we remove `left` from its current set and unify it with the `right`'s set.
 This means it stops being aliased with its previous aliases.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var left = b
   left = right # moving left to right
+  ```
 
 `move out`: Moving out `left` might remove it from the current set and ensure that it's in its own set as a single element.
 e.g.
 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var left = b
   left = nil # moving out
+  ```
 
+..
+  initialization of non nilable and nilable values
+  -------------------------------------------------
 
-initialization of non nilable and nilable values
--------------------------------------------------
-
-TODO
+  TODO
 
 warnings and errors
 ---------------------
 
-We show an error for each dereference (`[]`, `.field`, `[index]` `()` etc) which is of a tracked expression which is
+We show an error for each dereference (`[]`, `.field`, `[index]` `()` etc.) which is of a tracked expression which is
 in `MaybeNil` or `Nil` state.
 
 We might also show a history of the transitions and the reasons for them that might change the nilability of the expression.
diff --git a/doc/markdown_rst.md b/doc/markdown_rst.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7977f75a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/markdown_rst.md
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+==========================================
+Nim-flavored Markdown and reStructuredText
+==========================================
+
+:Author: Andrey Makarov
+:Version: |nimversion|
+
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
+.. contents::
+
+.. importdoc:: docgen.md
+
+Both `Markdown`:idx: (md) and `reStructuredText`:idx: (RST) are markup
+languages whose goal is to typeset texts with complex structure,
+formatting and references using simple plaintext representation.
+
+Command line usage
+==================
+
+Usage (to convert Markdown into HTML):
+
+  ```cmd
+  nim md2html markdown_rst.md
+  ```
+
+Output:
+
+    You're reading it!
+
+The `md2tex`:option: command is invoked identically to `md2html`:option:,
+but outputs a ``.tex`` file instead of ``.html``.
+
+These tools embedded into Nim compiler; the compiler can output
+the result to HTML [^html] or Latex [^latex].
+
+[^html]: commands `nim doc`:cmd: for ``*.nim`` files and
+   `nim rst2html`:cmd: for ``*.rst`` files
+
+[^latex]: commands `nim doc2tex`:cmd: for ``*.nim`` and
+   `nim rst2tex`:cmd: for ``*.rst``.
+
+Full list of supported commands:
+
+===================   ======================   ============   ==============
+command               runs on...               input format   output format
+===================   ======================   ============   ==============
+`nim md2html`:cmd:    standalone md files      ``.md``        ``.html`` HTML
+`nim md2tex`:cmd:     same                     same           ``.tex`` LaTeX
+`nim rst2html`:cmd:   standalone rst files     ``.rst``       ``.html`` HTML
+`nim rst2tex`:cmd:    same                     same           ``.tex`` LaTeX
+`nim doc`:cmd:        documentation comments   ``.nim``       ``.html`` HTML
+`nim doc2tex`:cmd:    same                     same           ``.tex`` LaTeX
+`nim jsondoc`:cmd:    same                     same           ``.json`` JSON
+===================   ======================   ============   ==============
+
+
+Basic markup
+============
+
+If you are new to Markdown/RST please consider reading the following:
+
+1) [Markdown Basic Syntax]
+2) a long specification of Markdown: [CommonMark Spec]
+3) a short [quick introduction] to RST
+4) an [RST reference]: a comprehensive cheatsheet for RST
+5) a more formal 50-page [RST specification].
+
+Features
+--------
+
+A large subset is implemented with some [limitations] and
+[additional Nim-specific features].
+
+Supported common RST/Markdown features:
+
+* body elements
+  + sections
+  + transitions
+  + paragraphs
+  + bullet lists using \+, \*, \-
+  + enumerated lists using arabic numerals or alphabet
+    characters:  1. ... 2. ... *or* a. ... b. ... *or* A. ... B. ...
+  + footnotes (including manually numbered, auto-numbered, auto-numbered
+    with label, and auto-symbol footnotes) and citations
+  + field lists
+  + option lists
+  + quoted literal blocks
+  + line blocks
+  + simple tables
+  + directives (see official documentation in [RST directives list]):
+    - ``image``, ``figure`` for including images and videos
+    - ``code``
+    - ``contents`` (table of contents), ``container``, ``raw``
+    - ``include``
+    - admonitions: "attention", "caution", "danger", "error", "hint",
+      "important", "note", "tip", "warning", "admonition"
+    - substitution definitions: `replace` and `image`
+  + comments
+* inline markup
+  + *emphasis*, **strong emphasis**,
+    ``inline literals``, hyperlink references (including embedded URI),
+    substitution references, standalone hyperlinks,
+    internal links (inline and outline)
+  + \`interpreted text\` with roles ``:literal:``, ``:strong:``,
+    ``emphasis``, ``:sub:``/``:subscript:``, ``:sup:``/``:superscript:``
+    (see [RST roles list] for description).
+  + inline internal targets
+
+RST mode only features
+----------------------
+
++ RST syntax for definition lists (that is additional indentation after
+  a definition line)
++ indented literal blocks starting from ``::``
+
+Markdown-specific features
+--------------------------
+
+* Markdown tables
+* Markdown code blocks. For them the same additional arguments as for RST
+  code blocks can be provided (e.g. `test` or `number-lines`) but with
+  a one-line syntax like this:
+
+      ```nim test number-lines=10
+      echo "ok"
+      ```
+* Markdown links ``[...](...)``
+* Pandoc syntax for automatic links ``[...]``, see [Referencing] for description
+* Pandoc syntax for footnotes, including ``[^10]`` (manually numbered)
+  and ``[^someName]`` (auto-numbered with a label)
+* Markdown literal blocks indented by 4 or more spaces
+* Markdown headlines
+* Markdown block quotes
+* Markdown syntax for definition lists
+* using ``1`` as auto-enumerator in enumerated lists like RST ``#``
+  (auto-enumerator ``1`` can not be used with ``#`` in the same list)
+
+Additional Nim-specific features
+--------------------------------
+
+* referencing to definitions in external files, see
+  [Markup external referencing] section
+* directives: ``code-block`` [^Sphinx], ``title``,
+  ``index`` [^Sphinx]
+* predefined roles
+  - ``:nim:`` (default), ``:c:`` (C programming language),
+    ``:python:``, ``:yaml:``, ``:java:``, ``:cpp:`` (C++), ``:csharp`` (C#).
+    That is every language that [highlite](highlite.html) supports.
+    They turn on appropriate syntax highlighting in inline code.
+
+    .. Note:: default role for Nim files is ``:nim:``,
+              for ``*.rst`` it's currently ``:literal:``.
+
+  - generic command line highlighting roles:
+    - ``:cmd:`` for commands and common shells syntax
+    - ``:console:`` the same  for interactive sessions
+      (commands should be prepended by ``$``)
+    - ``:program:`` for executable names [^Sphinx]
+      (one can just use ``:cmd:`` on single word)
+    - ``:option:`` for command line options [^Sphinx]
+  - ``:tok:``, a role for highlighting of programming language tokens
+* ***triple emphasis*** (bold and italic) using \*\*\*
+* ``:idx:`` role for \`interpreted text\` to include the link to this
+  text into an index (example: [Nim index]).
+* double slash `//` in option lists serves as a prefix for any option that
+  starts from a word (without any leading symbols like `-`, `--`, `/`):
+
+      //compile   compile the project
+      //doc       generate documentation
+
+  Here the dummy `//` will disappear, while options `compile`:option:
+  and `doc`:option: will be left in the final document.
+* emoji / smiley symbols
+
+[^Sphinx]: similar but different from the directives of
+   Python [Sphinx directives] and [Sphinx roles] extensions
+
+.. Note:: By default Nim has ``roSupportMarkdown`` and
+   ``roSupportRawDirective`` turned **on**.
+
+.. warning:: Using Nim-specific features can cause other Markdown and
+  RST implementations to fail on your document.
+
+Referencing
+===========
+
+To be able to copy and share links Nim generates anchors for all
+main document elements:
+
+* headlines (including document title)
+* footnotes
+* explicitly set anchors: RST internal cross-references and
+  inline internal targets
+* Nim symbols (external referencing), see [Nim DocGen Tools Guide] for details.
+
+But direct use of those anchors have 2 problems:
+
+1. the anchors are usually mangled (e.g. spaces substituted to minus
+   signs, etc).
+2. manual usage of anchors is not checked, so it's easy to get broken
+   links inside your project if e.g. spelling has changed for a heading
+   or you use a wrong relative path to your document.
+
+That's why Nim implementation has syntax for using
+*original* labels for referencing.
+Such referencing can be either local/internal or external:
+
+* Local referencing (inside any given file) is defined by
+  RST standard or Pandoc Markdown User guide.
+* External (cross-document) referencing is a Nim-specific feature,
+  though it's not really different from local referencing by its syntax.
+
+Markup local referencing
+------------------------
+
+There are 2 syntax option available for referencing to objects
+inside any given file, e.g. for headlines:
+
+    Markdown                  RST
+
+    Some headline             Some headline
+    =============             =============
+
+    Ref. [Some headline]      Ref. `Some headline`_
+
+
+Markup external referencing
+---------------------------
+
+The syntax is the same as for local referencing, but the anchors are
+saved in ``.idx`` files, so one needs to generate them beforehand,
+and they should be loaded by an `.. importdoc::` directive.
+E.g. if we want to reference section "Some headline" in ``file1.md``
+from ``file2.md``, then ``file2.md`` may look like:
+
+```
+.. importdoc:: file1.md
+
+Ref. [Some headline]
+```
+
+```cmd
+nim md2html --index:only file1.md  # creates ``htmldocs/file1.idx``
+nim md2html file2.md               # creates ``htmldocs/file2.html``
+```
+
+To allow cross-references between any files in any order (especially, if
+circular references are present), it's strongly recommended
+to make a run for creating all the indexes first:
+
+```cmd
+nim md2html --index:only file1.md  # creates ``htmldocs/file1.idx``
+nim md2html --index:only file2.md  # creates ``htmldocs/file2.idx``
+nim md2html file1.md               # creates ``htmldocs/file1.html``
+nim md2html file2.md               # creates ``htmldocs/file2.html``
+```
+
+and then one can freely reference any objects as if these 2 documents
+are actually 1 file.
+
+Other
+=====
+
+Idiosyncrasies
+--------------
+
+Currently we do **not** aim at 100% Markdown or RST compatibility in inline
+markup recognition rules because that would provide very little user value.
+This parser has 2 modes for inline markup:
+
+1) Markdown-like mode which is enabled by `roPreferMarkdown` option
+   (turned **on** by default).
+
+   .. Note:: RST features like directives are still turned **on**
+
+2) Compatibility mode which is RST rules.
+
+.. Note:: in both modes the parser interpretes text between single
+     backticks (code) identically:
+     backslash does not escape; the only exception: ``\`` folowed by `
+     does escape so that we can always input a single backtick ` in
+     inline code. However that makes impossible to input code with
+     ``\`` at the end in *single* backticks, one must use *double*
+     backticks:
+
+         `\`   -- WRONG
+         ``\`` -- GOOD
+         So single backticks can always be input: `\`` will turn to ` code
+
+.. Attention::
+   We don't support some obviously poor design choices of Markdown (or RST).
+
+   - no support for the rule of 2 spaces causing a line break in Markdown
+     (use RST "line blocks" syntax for making line breaks)
+
+   - interpretation of Markdown block quotes is also slightly different,
+     e.g. case
+
+         >>> foo
+         > bar
+         >>baz
+
+     is a single 3rd-level quote `foo bar baz` in original Markdown, while
+     in Nim we naturally see it as 3rd-level quote `foo` + 1st level `bar` +
+     2nd level `baz`:
+
+     >>> foo
+     > bar
+     >>baz
+
+Limitations
+-----------
+
+* no Unicode support in character width calculations
+* body elements
+  - no roman numerals in enumerated lists
+  - no doctest blocks
+  - no grid tables
+  - some directives are missing (check official [RST directives list]):
+    ``parsed-literal``, ``sidebar``, ``topic``, ``math``, ``rubric``,
+    ``epigraph``, ``highlights``, ``pull-quote``, ``compound``,
+    ``table``, ``csv-table``, ``list-table``, ``section-numbering``,
+    ``header``, ``footer``, ``meta``, ``class``
+    - no ``role`` directives and no custom interpreted text roles
+    - some standard roles are not supported (check [RST roles list])
+    - no generic admonition support
+* inline markup
+  - no simple-inline-markup
+  - no embedded aliases
+
+Additional resources
+--------------------
+
+* See [Nim DocGen Tools Guide](docgen.html) for the details about
+  `nim doc`:cmd: command and idiosyncrasies of documentation markup in
+  ``.nim`` files and Nim programming language projects.
+* See also documentation for [rst module](rst.html) -- Nim RST/Markdown parser.
+
+.. _Markdown Basic Syntax: https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/writing-on-github/getting-started-with-writing-and-formatting-on-github/basic-writing-and-formatting-syntax
+.. _CommonMark Spec: https://spec.commonmark.org/0.30
+.. _quick introduction: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/user/rst/quickstart.html
+.. _RST reference: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/user/rst/quickref.html
+.. _RST specification: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html
+.. _RST directives list: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/rst/directives.html
+.. _RST roles list: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/rst/roles.html
+.. _Nim index: https://nim-lang.org/docs/theindex.html
+.. _Sphinx directives: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/restructuredtext/directives.html
+.. _Sphinx roles: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/restructuredtext/roles.html
diff --git a/doc/mm.md b/doc/mm.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e0d2f3b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/mm.md
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+=======================
+Nim's Memory Management
+=======================
+
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
+
+:Author: Andreas Rumpf
+:Version: |nimversion|
+
+..
+
+
+> "The road to hell is paved with good intentions."
+
+
+Multi-paradigm Memory Management Strategies
+===========================================
+
+.. default-role:: option
+
+Nim offers multiple different memory management strategies.
+To choose the memory management strategy use the `--mm:` switch.
+
+ .. hint:: **The recommended switch for newly written Nim code is `--mm:orc`.**
+
+
+ARC/ORC
+-------
+
+ORC is the default memory management strategy. It is a memory
+management mode primarily based on reference counting. Reference cycles are
+handled by a cycle collection mechanism based on "trial deletion".
+Since algorithms based on "tracing" are not used, the runtime behavior is oblivious to the involved heap and stack sizes.
+
+The reference counting operations (= "RC ops") do not use atomic instructions and do not have to --
+instead entire subgraphs are *moved* between threads. The Nim compiler also aggressively
+optimizes away RC ops and exploits [move semantics](destructors.html#move-semantics).
+
+Nim performs a fair share of optimizations for ARC/ORC; you can inspect what it did
+to your time critical function via `--expandArc:functionName`. Likewise, you can inspect the whole module via `--expandArc:fileName`.
+
+`--mm:arc` uses the same mechanism as `--mm:orc`, but it leaves out the cycle collector.
+Both ARC and ORC offer deterministic performance for `hard realtime`:idx: systems, but
+ARC can be easier to reason about for people coming from Ada/C++/C -- roughly speaking
+the memory for a variable is freed when it goes "out of scope".
+
+We generally advise you to use the `acyclic` annotation in order to optimize away the
+cycle collector's overhead
+but `--mm:orc` also produces more machine code than `--mm:arc`, so if you're on a target
+where code size matters and you know that your code does not produce cycles, you can
+use `--mm:arc`. Notice that the default `async`:idx: implementation produces cycles
+and leaks memory with `--mm:arc`, in other words, for `async` you need to use `--mm:orc`.
+
+
+
+Other MM modes
+--------------
+
+.. note:: The `refc` GC is incremental, thread-local and not "stop-the-world".
+
+--mm:refc    It's a deferred reference counting based garbage collector
+  with a simple Mark&Sweep backup GC in order to collect cycles.
+  Heaps are thread-local. [This document](refc.html) contains further information.
+--mm:markAndSweep  Simple Mark-And-Sweep based garbage collector.
+  Heaps are thread-local.
+--mm:boehm    Boehm based garbage collector, it offers a shared heap.
+--mm:go    Go's garbage collector, useful for interoperability with Go.
+  Offers a shared heap.
+
+--mm:none    No memory management strategy nor a garbage collector. Allocated memory is
+  simply never freed. You should use `--mm:arc` instead.
+
+Here is a comparison of the different memory management modes:
+
+================== ======== ================= ============== ====== =================== ===================
+Memory Management  Heap     Reference Cycles  Stop-The-World Atomic Valgrind compatible Command line switch
+================== ======== ================= ============== ====== =================== ===================
+ORC                Shared   Cycle Collector   No             No     Yes                 `--mm:orc`
+ARC                Shared   Leak              No             No     Yes                 `--mm:arc`
+Atomic ARC         Shared   Leak              No             Yes    Yes                 `--mm:atomicArc`
+RefC               Local    Cycle Collector   No             No     No                  `--mm:refc`
+Mark & Sweep       Local    Cycle Collector   No             No     No                  `--mm:markAndSweep`
+Boehm              Shared   Cycle Collector   Yes            No     No                  `--mm:boehm`
+Go                 Shared   Cycle Collector   Yes            No     No                  `--mm:go`
+None               Manual   Manual            Manual         Manual Manual              `--mm:none`
+================== ======== ================= ============== ====== =================== ===================
+
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
+
+JavaScript's garbage collector is used for the [JavaScript and NodeJS](
+backends.html#backends-the-javascript-target) compilation targets.
+The [NimScript](nims.html) target uses the memory management strategy built into
+the Nim compiler.
diff --git a/doc/nep1.rst b/doc/nep1.md
index 3bae6a00b..3d2a0cef3 100644
--- a/doc/nep1.rst
+++ b/doc/nep1.md
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-.. default-role:: code
+============================
+Standard Library Style Guide
+============================
 
-==========================================================
-Nim Enhancement Proposal #1 - Standard Library Style Guide
-==========================================================
 :Author: Clay Sweetser, Dominik Picheta
 :Version: |nimversion|
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
 .. contents::
 
 
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ library should follow.
 Note that there can be exceptions to these rules. Nim being as flexible as it
 is, there will be parts of this style guide that don't make sense in certain
 contexts. Furthermore, just as
-`Python's style guide<http://legacy.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/>`_ changes
+[Python's style guide](http://legacy.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/) changes
 over time, this style guide will too.
 
 These rules will only be enforced for contributions to the Nim
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ Spacing and Whitespace Conventions
   Not all editors support automatic alignment of code sections, and re-aligning
   long sections of code by hand can quickly become tedious.
 
-  .. code-block:: nim
+    ```nim
     # This is bad, as the next time someone comes
     # to edit this code block, they
     # must re-align all the assignments again:
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@ Spacing and Whitespace Conventions
       CalId*       = int
       LongLong*    = int64
       LongLongPtr* = ptr LongLong
+    ```
 
 
 Naming Conventions
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ Naming Conventions
   camelCase with the exception of constants which **may** use PascalCase but
   are not required to.
 
-  .. code-block:: nim
+    ```nim
     # Constants can start with either a lower case or upper case letter.
     const aConstant = 42
     const FooBar = 4.2
@@ -78,6 +80,7 @@ Naming Conventions
     # Types must start with an uppercase letter.
     type
       FooBar = object
+    ```
 
   For constants coming from a C/C++ wrapper, ALL_UPPERCASE are allowed, but ugly.
   (Why shout CONSTANT? Constants do no harm, variables do!)
@@ -88,41 +91,45 @@ Naming Conventions
   that will be used the most, add the suffixes to the pointer variants only. The
   same applies to C/C++ wrappers.
 
-  .. code-block:: nim
+    ```nim
     type
       Handle = object # Will be used most often
         fd: int64
       HandleRef = ref Handle # Will be used less often
+    ```
 
 - Exception and Error types should have the "Error" or "Defect" suffix.
 
-  .. code-block:: nim
+    ```nim
     type
       ValueError = object of CatchableError
       AssertionDefect = object of Defect
       Foo = object of Exception # bad style, try to inherit CatchableError or Defect
+    ```
 
 - Unless marked with the `{.pure.}` pragma, members of enums should have an
   identifying prefix, such as an abbreviation of the enum's name.
 
-  .. code-block:: nim
+    ```nim
     type
       PathComponent = enum
         pcDir
         pcLinkToDir
         pcFile
         pcLinkToFile
+    ```
 
 - Non-pure enum values should use camelCase whereas pure enum values should use
   PascalCase.
 
-  .. code-block:: nim
+    ```nim
     type
       PathComponent {.pure.} = enum
         Dir
         LinkToDir
         File
         LinkToFile
+    ```
 
 - In the age of HTTP, HTML, FTP, TCP, IP, UTF, WWW it is foolish to pretend
   these are somewhat special words requiring all uppercase. Instead treat them
@@ -139,7 +146,7 @@ Naming Conventions
   - rotate and rotated
 
 - When the 'returns transformed copy' version already exists like `strutils.replace`
-  an in-place version should get an `-In` suffix (`replaceIn` for this example).
+  an in-place version should get an ``-In`` suffix (`replaceIn` for this example).
 
 
 - Use `subjectVerb`, not `verbSubject`, e.g.: `fileExists`, not `existsFile`.
@@ -152,12 +159,13 @@ The library uses a simple naming scheme that makes use of common abbreviations
 to keep the names short but meaningful.
 
 
--------------------     ------------   --------------------------------------
+===================     ============   ======================================
 English word            To use         Notes
--------------------     ------------   --------------------------------------
+===================     ============   ======================================
 initialize              initFoo        initializes a value type `Foo`
 new                     newFoo         initializes a reference type `Foo`
-                                       via `new`
+                                       via `new` or a value type `Foo`
+                                       with reference semantics.
 this or self            self           for method like procs, e.g.:
                                        `proc fun(self: Foo, a: int)`
                                        rationale: `self` is more unique in English
@@ -218,22 +226,23 @@ literal                 lit
 string                  str
 identifier              ident
 indentation             indent
--------------------     ------------   --------------------------------------
+===================     ============   ======================================
 
 
 Coding Conventions
 ------------------
 
-- The 'return' statement should ideally be used when its control-flow properties
-  are required. Use a procedure's implicit 'result' variable whenever possible.
+- The `return` statement should ideally be used when its control-flow properties
+  are required. Use a procedure's implicit `result` variable whenever possible.
   This improves readability.
 
-  .. code-block:: nim
+    ```nim
     proc repeat(text: string, x: int): string =
       result = ""
 
       for i in 0..x:
         result.add($i)
+    ```
 
 - Use a proc when possible, only using the more powerful facilities of macros,
   templates, iterators, and converters when necessary.
@@ -247,32 +256,45 @@ Coding Conventions
 Conventions for multi-line statements and expressions
 -----------------------------------------------------
 
-- Tuples which are longer than one line should indent their parameters to
-  align with the parameters above it.
+- Tuples which are longer than one line should indent their parameters.
 
-  .. code-block:: nim
+    ```nim
     type
-      LongTupleA = tuple[wordyTupleMemberOne: int, wordyTupleMemberTwo: string,
-                         wordyTupleMemberThree: float]
+      LongTupleA = tuple[
+        wordyTupleMemberOne: int, wordyTupleMemberTwo: string,
+        wordyTupleMemberThree: float]
+    ```
 
 - Similarly, any procedure and procedure type declarations that are longer
-  than one line should do the same thing.
+  than one line should do the same thing. Double indent may be used to
+  distinguish them from the body that follows - this applies to all constructs
+  with a body (if, while, etc).
 
-  .. code-block:: nim
+    ```nim
     type
-      EventCallback = proc (timeReceived: Time, errorCode: int, event: Event,
-                            output: var string)
-
-    proc lotsOfArguments(argOne: string, argTwo: int, argThree: float,
-                         argFour: proc(), argFive: bool): int
-                        {.heyLookALongPragma.} =
-
-- Multi-line procedure calls should continue on the same column as the opening
-  parenthesis (like multi-line procedure declarations).
-
-  .. code-block:: nim
-    startProcess(nimExecutable, currentDirectory, compilerArguments
-                 environment, processOptions)
+      EventCallback = proc(
+        timeReceived: Time, errorCode: int, event: Event,
+        output: var string)
+
+    proc lotsOfArguments(
+        argOne: string, argTwo: int, argThree: float,
+        argFour: proc(), argFive: bool, argSix: int
+    ): GenericType[int, string] {.heyLookALongPragma.} =
+      discard
+    ```
+
+- Multi-line procedure calls should continue indented (like multi-line procedure
+  declarations).
+
+    ```nim
+    startProcess(
+      nimExecutable, currentDirectory, compilerArguments
+      environment, processOptions)
+    ```
+
+Previous versions of this guide advocated vertical alignment along the opening
+brace / parenthesis - both styles are permissible with a preference for the
+current style in new code.
 
 Miscellaneous
 -------------
@@ -288,15 +310,26 @@ Miscellaneous
 
   use this:
 
-  .. code-block:: nim
+    ```nim
     let a = """
     foo
     bar
     """
+    ```
 
   instead of:
 
-  .. code-block:: nim
+    ```nim
     let a = """foo
     bar
     """
+    ```
+
+- A getter API for a private field `foo` should preferably be named `foo`, not `getFoo`.
+  A getter-like API should preferably be named `getFoo`, not `foo` if:
+    * the API has side effects
+    * or the cost is not `O(1)`
+  For in between cases, there is no clear guideline.
+
+- Likewise with a setter API, replacing `foo` with `foo=` and `getFoo` with `setFoo`
+  in the above text.
diff --git a/doc/nimc.rst b/doc/nimc.md
index aad889591..38558454b 100644
--- a/doc/nimc.rst
+++ b/doc/nimc.md
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 ===================================
    Nim Compiler User Guide
 ===================================
@@ -7,11 +5,15 @@
 :Author: Andreas Rumpf
 :Version: |nimversion|
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
 .. contents::
 
-  "Look at you, hacker. A pathetic creature of meat and bone, panting and
-  sweating as you run through my corridors. How can you challenge a perfect,
-  immortal machine?"
+..
+
+> "Look at you, hacker. A pathetic creature of meat and bone, panting and
+> sweating as you run through my corridors. How can you challenge a perfect,
+> immortal machine?"
 
 
 Introduction
@@ -19,10 +21,10 @@ Introduction
 
 This document describes the usage of the *Nim compiler*
 on the different supported platforms. It is not a definition of the Nim
-programming language (which is covered in the `manual <manual.html>`_).
+programming language (which is covered in the [manual](manual.html)).
 
 Nim is free software; it is licensed under the
-`MIT License <http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php>`_.
+[MIT License](http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php).
 
 
 Compiler Usage
@@ -30,8 +32,22 @@ Compiler Usage
 
 Command-line switches
 ---------------------
+All options that take a `PATH` or `DIR` argument are subject to path substitution:
+
+- `$nim`: The global nim prefix path
+- `$lib`: The stdlib path
+- `$home` and `~`: The user's home path
+- `$config`: The directory of the module currently being compiled
+- `$projectname`: The project file's name without file extension
+- `$projectpath` and `$projectdir`: The project file's path
+- `$nimcache`: The nimcache path
+
+
 Basic command-line switches are:
 
+.. no syntax highlighting in the below included files at the moment
+.. default-role:: code
+
 Usage:
 
 .. include:: basicopt.txt
@@ -43,12 +59,13 @@ Advanced command-line switches are:
 .. include:: advopt.txt
 
 
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
 
 List of warnings
 ----------------
 
-Each warning can be activated individually with `--warning[NAME]:on|off` or
-in a `push` pragma.
+Each warning can be activated individually with `--warning:NAME:on|off`:option: or
+in a `push` pragma with `{.warning[NAME]:on|off.}`.
 
 ==========================       ============================================
 Name                             Description
@@ -64,6 +81,14 @@ SmallLshouldNotBeUsed            The letter 'l' should not be used as an
                                  identifier.
 EachIdentIsTuple                 The code contains a confusing `var`
                                  declaration.
+CStringConv                      Warn about dangerous implicit conversions
+                                 to `cstring`.
+EnumConv                         Warn about conversions from enum to enum.
+AnyEnumConv                      Warn about any conversions to an enum type.
+HoleEnumConv                     Warn about conversion to an enum with
+                                 holes. These conversions are unsafe.
+ResultUsed                       Warn about the usage of the
+                                 built-in `result` variable.
 User                             Some user-defined warning.
 ==========================       ============================================
 
@@ -71,8 +96,8 @@ User                             Some user-defined warning.
 List of hints
 -------------
 
-Each hint can be activated individually with `--hint[NAME]:on|off` or in a
-`push` pragma.
+Each hint can be activated individually with `--hint:NAME:on|off`:option: or in a
+`push` pragma with `{.hint[NAME]:on|off.}`.
 
 ==========================       ============================================
 Name                             Description
@@ -90,7 +115,6 @@ ExprAlwaysX
 ExtendedContext
 GCStats                          Dumps statistics about the Garbage Collector.
 GlobalVar                        Shows global variables declarations.
-LineTooLong                      Line exceeds the maximum length.
 Link                             Linking phase.
 Name
 Path                             Search paths modifications.
@@ -116,13 +140,13 @@ Level  Description
 =====  ============================================
 0      Minimal output level for the compiler.
 1      Displays compilation of all the compiled files, including those imported
-       by other modules or through the `compile pragma
-       <manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-compile-pragma>`_.
+       by other modules or through the [compile pragma](
+       manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-compile-pragma).
        This is the default level.
 2      Displays compilation statistics, enumerates the dynamic
        libraries that will be loaded by the final binary, and dumps to
-       standard output the result of applying `a filter to the source code
-       <filters.html>`_ if any filter was used during compilation.
+       standard output the result of applying [a filter to the source code](
+       filters.html) if any filter was used during compilation.
 3      In addition to the previous levels dumps a debug stack trace
        for compiler developers.
 =====  ============================================
@@ -131,54 +155,89 @@ Level  Description
 Compile-time symbols
 --------------------
 
-Through the `-d:x` or `--define:x` switch you can define compile-time
+Through the `-d:x`:option: or `--define:x`:option: switch you can define compile-time
 symbols for conditional compilation. The defined switches can be checked in
-source code with the `when statement
-<manual.html#statements-and-expressions-when-statement>`_ and
-`defined proc <system.html#defined,untyped>`_. The typical use of this switch is
-to enable builds in release mode (`-d:release`) where optimizations are
-enabled for better performance. Another common use is the `-d:ssl` switch to
+source code with the [when statement](
+manual.html#statements-and-expressions-when-statement) and
+[defined proc](system.html#defined,untyped). The typical use of this switch is
+to enable builds in release mode (`-d:release`:option:) where optimizations are
+enabled for better performance. Another common use is the `-d:ssl`:option: switch to
 activate SSL sockets.
 
-Additionally, you may pass a value along with the symbol: `-d:x=y`
-which may be used in conjunction with the `compile-time define
-pragmas<manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-compileminustime-define-pragmas>`_
+Additionally, you may pass a value along with the symbol: `-d:x=y`:option:
+which may be used in conjunction with the [compile-time define
+pragmas](manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-compileminustime-define-pragmas)
 to override symbols during build time.
 
 Compile-time symbols are completely **case insensitive** and underscores are
-ignored too. `--define:FOO` and `--define:foo` are identical.
+ignored too. `--define:FOO`:option: and `--define:foo`:option: are identical.
 
 Compile-time symbols starting with the `nim` prefix are reserved for the
 implementation and should not be used elsewhere.
 
+==========================       ============================================
+Name                             Description
+==========================       ============================================
+nimStdSetjmp                     Use the standard `setjmp()/longjmp()` library
+                                 functions for setjmp-based exceptions. This is
+                                 the default on most platforms.
+nimSigSetjmp                     Use `sigsetjmp()/siglongjmp()` for setjmp-based exceptions.
+nimRawSetjmp                     Use `_setjmp()/_longjmp()` on POSIX and `_setjmp()/longjmp()`
+                                 on Windows, for setjmp-based exceptions. It's the default on
+                                 BSDs and BSD-like platforms, where it's significantly faster
+                                 than the standard functions.
+nimBuiltinSetjmp                 Use `__builtin_setjmp()/__builtin_longjmp()` for setjmp-based
+                                 exceptions. This will not work if an exception is being thrown
+                                 and caught inside the same procedure. Useful for benchmarking.
+==========================       ============================================
+
 
 Configuration files
 -------------------
 
-**Note:** The *project file name* is the name of the `.nim` file that is
+**Note:** The *project file name* is the name of the ``.nim`` file that is
 passed as a command-line argument to the compiler.
 
 
-The `nim` executable processes configuration files in the following
+The `nim`:cmd: executable processes configuration files in the following
 directories (in this order; later files overwrite previous settings):
 
-1) `$nim/config/nim.cfg`, `/etc/nim/nim.cfg` (UNIX) or ``<Nim's installation directory>\config\nim.cfg`` (Windows). This file can be skipped with the `--skipCfg` command line option.
-2) If environment variable `XDG_CONFIG_HOME` is defined, `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/nim/nim.cfg` or `~/.config/nim/nim.cfg` (POSIX) or `%APPDATA%/nim/nim.cfg` (Windows). This file can be skipped with the `--skipUserCfg` command line option.
-3) `$parentDir/nim.cfg` where `$parentDir` stands for any parent  directory of the project file's path. These files can be skipped with the `--skipParentCfg` command-line option.
-4) `$projectDir/nim.cfg` where `$projectDir` stands for the project  file's path. This file can be skipped with the `--skipProjCfg` command-line option.
-5) A project can also have a project-specific configuration file named `$project.nim.cfg` that resides in the same directory as `$project.nim`. This file can be skipped with the `--skipProjCfg` command-line option.
+1) ``$nim/config/nim.cfg``, ``/etc/nim/nim.cfg`` (UNIX) or
+   ``<Nim's installation directory>\config\nim.cfg`` (Windows).
+   This file can be skipped with the `--skipCfg`:option: command line option.
+2) If environment variable `XDG_CONFIG_HOME` is defined,
+   ``$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/nim/nim.cfg`` or ``~/.config/nim/nim.cfg`` (POSIX) or
+   ``%APPDATA%/nim/nim.cfg`` (Windows).
+   This file can be skipped with the `--skipUserCfg`:option: command line
+   option.
+3) ``$parentDir/nim.cfg`` where ``$parentDir`` stands for any parent
+   directory of the project file's path.
+   These files can be skipped with the `--skipParentCfg`:option:
+   command-line option.
+4) ``$projectDir/nim.cfg`` where ``$projectDir`` stands for the project
+   file's path.
+   This file can be skipped with the `--skipProjCfg`:option:
+   command-line option.
+5) A project can also have a project-specific configuration file named
+   ``$project.nim.cfg`` that resides in the same directory as ``$project.nim``.
+   This file can be skipped with the `--skipProjCfg`:option:
+   command-line option.
 
 
 Command-line settings have priority over configuration file settings.
 
 The default build of a project is a `debug build`:idx:. To compile a
-`release build`:idx: define the `release` symbol::
+`release build`:idx: define the `release` symbol:
 
+  ```cmd
   nim c -d:release myproject.nim
+  ```
 
- To compile a `dangerous release build`:idx: define the `danger` symbol::
+To compile a `dangerous release build`:idx: define the `danger` symbol:
 
+  ```cmd
   nim c -d:danger myproject.nim
+  ```
 
 
 Search path handling
@@ -188,39 +247,39 @@ Nim has the concept of a global search path (PATH) that is queried to
 determine where to find imported modules or include files. If multiple files are
 found an ambiguity error is produced.
 
-`nim dump` shows the contents of the PATH.
+`nim dump`:cmd: shows the contents of the PATH.
 
 However before the PATH is used the current directory is checked for the
-file's existence. So if PATH contains `$lib` and `$lib/bar` and the
-directory structure looks like this::
+file's existence. So if PATH contains ``$lib`` and ``$lib/bar`` and the
+directory structure looks like this:
 
-  $lib/x.nim
-  $lib/bar/x.nim
-  foo/x.nim
-  foo/main.nim
-  other.nim
+    $lib/x.nim
+    $lib/bar/x.nim
+    foo/x.nim
+    foo/main.nim
+    other.nim
 
 And `main` imports `x`, `foo/x` is imported. If `other` imports `x`
-then both `$lib/x.nim` and `$lib/bar/x.nim` match but `$lib/x.nim` is used
+then both ``$lib/x.nim`` and ``$lib/bar/x.nim`` match but ``$lib/x.nim`` is used
 as it is the first match.
 
 
 Generated C code directory
 --------------------------
 The generated files that Nim produces all go into a subdirectory called
-`nimcache`. Its full path is
+``nimcache``. Its full path is
 
-- `$XDG_CACHE_HOME/nim/$projectname(_r|_d)` or `~/.cache/nim/$projectname(_r|_d)`
+- ``$XDG_CACHE_HOME/nim/$projectname(_r|_d)`` or ``~/.cache/nim/$projectname(_r|_d)``
   on Posix
-- `$HOME/nimcache/$projectname(_r|_d)` on Windows.
+- ``$HOME\nimcache\$projectname(_r|_d)`` on Windows.
 
 The `_r` suffix is used for release builds, `_d` is for debug builds.
 
 This makes it easy to delete all generated files.
 
-The `--nimcache`
-`compiler switch <#compiler-usage-commandminusline-switches>`_ can be used to
-to change the `nimcache` directory.
+The `--nimcache`:option:
+[compiler switch][command-line switches] can be used to
+to change the ``nimcache`` directory.
 
 However, the generated C code is not platform-independent. C code generated for
 Linux does not compile on Windows, for instance. The comment on top of the
@@ -230,60 +289,75 @@ C file lists the OS, CPU, and CC the file has been compiled for.
 Compiler Selection
 ==================
 
-To change the compiler from the default compiler (at the command line)::
+To change the compiler from the default compiler (at the command line):
 
+  ```cmd
   nim c --cc:llvm_gcc --compile_only myfile.nim
+  ```
 
-This uses the configuration defined in ``config\nim.cfg`` for `lvm_gcc`.
+This uses the configuration defined in ``config\nim.cfg`` for `llvm_gcc`:cmd:.
 
 If nimcache already contains compiled code from a different compiler for the same project,
-add the `-f` flag to force all files to be recompiled.
+add the `-f`:option: flag to force all files to be recompiled.
 
 The default compiler is defined at the top of ``config\nim.cfg``.
-Changing this setting affects the compiler used by `koch` to (re)build Nim.
+Changing this setting affects the compiler used by `koch`:cmd: to (re)build Nim.
 
-To use the `CC` environment variable, use `nim c --cc:env myfile.nim`. To use the
-`CXX` environment variable, use `nim cpp --cc:env myfile.nim`. `--cc:env` is available
-since Nim version 1.4.
+To use the `CC` environment variable, use `nim c --cc:env myfile.nim`:cmd:.
+To use the `CXX` environment variable, use `nim cpp --cc:env myfile.nim`:cmd:.
+`--cc:env`:option: is available since Nim version 1.4.
 
 
 Cross-compilation
 =================
 
-To cross compile, use for example::
+To cross compile, use for example:
 
+  ```cmd
   nim c --cpu:i386 --os:linux --compileOnly --genScript myproject.nim
+  ```
 
-Then move the C code and the compile script `compile_myproject.sh` to your
+Then move the C code and the compile script `compile_myproject.sh`:cmd: to your
 Linux i386 machine and run the script.
 
-Another way is to make Nim invoke a cross compiler toolchain::
+Another way is to make Nim invoke a cross compiler toolchain:
 
+  ```cmd
   nim c --cpu:arm --os:linux myproject.nim
+  ```
 
-For cross compilation, the compiler invokes a C compiler named
-like `$cpu.$os.$cc` (for example arm.linux.gcc) and the configuration
-system is used to provide meaningful defaults. For example for `ARM` your
-configuration file should contain something like::
+For cross compilation, the compiler invokes a C compiler named like
+`$cpu.$os.$cc` (for example `arm.linux.gcc`) with options defined in
+`$cpu.$os.$cc.options.always`. The configuration system is used to provide
+meaningful defaults. For example, for Linux on a 32-bit ARM CPU, your
+configuration file should contain something like:
 
-  arm.linux.gcc.path = "/usr/bin"
-  arm.linux.gcc.exe = "arm-linux-gcc"
-  arm.linux.gcc.linkerexe = "arm-linux-gcc"
+    arm.linux.gcc.path = "/usr/bin"
+    arm.linux.gcc.exe = "arm-linux-gcc"
+    arm.linux.gcc.linkerexe = "arm-linux-gcc"
+    arm.linux.gcc.options.always = "-w -fmax-errors=3"
 
 Cross-compilation for Windows
 =============================
 
-To cross-compile for Windows from Linux or macOS using the MinGW-w64 toolchain::
+To cross-compile for Windows from Linux or macOS using the MinGW-w64 toolchain:
 
+  ```cmd
   nim c -d:mingw myproject.nim
+  # `nim r` also works, running the binary via `wine` or `wine64`:
+  nim r -d:mingw --eval:'import os; echo "a" / "b"'
+  ```
 
-Use `--cpu:i386` or `--cpu:amd64` to switch the CPU architecture.
+Use `--cpu:i386`:option: or `--cpu:amd64`:option: to switch the CPU architecture.
 
-The MinGW-w64 toolchain can be installed as follows::
+The MinGW-w64 toolchain can be installed as follows:
 
-  Ubuntu: apt install mingw-w64
-  CentOS: yum install mingw32-gcc | mingw64-gcc - requires EPEL
-  OSX: brew install mingw-w64
+  ```cmd
+  apt install mingw-w64   # Ubuntu
+  yum install mingw32-gcc
+  yum install mingw64-gcc # CentOS - requires EPEL
+  brew install mingw-w64  # OSX
+  ```
 
 
 Cross-compilation for Android
@@ -293,36 +367,40 @@ There are two ways to compile for Android: terminal programs (Termux) and with
 the NDK (Android Native Development Kit).
 
 The first one is to treat Android as a simple Linux and use
-`Termux <https://wiki.termux.com>`_ to connect and run the Nim compiler
+[Termux](https://wiki.termux.com) to connect and run the Nim compiler
 directly on android as if it was Linux. These programs are console-only
 programs that can't be distributed in the Play Store.
 
-Use regular `nim c` inside termux to make Android terminal programs.
+Use regular `nim c`:cmd: inside termux to make Android terminal programs.
 
 Normal Android apps are written in Java, to use Nim inside an Android app
 you need a small Java stub that calls out to a native library written in
-Nim using the `NDK <https://developer.android.com/ndk>`_. You can also use
-`native-activity <https://developer.android.com/ndk/samples/sample_na>`_
+Nim using the [NDK](https://developer.android.com/ndk). You can also use
+[native-activity](https://developer.android.com/ndk/samples/sample_na)
 to have the Java stub be auto-generated for you.
 
-Use `nim c -c --cpu:arm --os:android -d:androidNDK --noMain:on` to
+Use `nim c -c --cpu:arm --os:android -d:androidNDK --noMain:on`:cmd: to
 generate the C source files you need to include in your Android Studio
 project. Add the generated C files to CMake build script in your Android
 project. Then do the final compile with Android Studio which uses Gradle
 to call CMake to compile the project.
 
-Because Nim is part of a library it can't have its own c style `main()`
-so you would need to define your own `android_main` and init the Java
+Because Nim is part of a library it can't have its own C-style `main()`:c:
+so you would need to define your own `android_main`:c: and init the Java
 environment, or use a library like SDL2 or GLFM to do it. After the Android
-stuff is done, it's very important to call `NimMain()` in order to
+stuff is done, it's very important to call `NimMain()`:c: in order to
 initialize Nim's garbage collector and to run the top level statements
 of your program.
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-
+  ```Nim
   proc NimMain() {.importc.}
   proc glfmMain*(display: ptr GLFMDisplay) {.exportc.} =
     NimMain() # initialize garbage collector memory, types and stack
+  ```
+
+
+The name `NimMain` can be influenced via the `--nimMainPrefix:prefix` switch.
+Use `--nimMainPrefix:MyLib` and the function to call is named `MyLibNimMain`.
 
 
 Cross-compilation for iOS
@@ -333,85 +411,119 @@ Normal languages for iOS development are Swift and Objective C. Both of these
 use LLVM and can be compiled into object files linked together with C, C++
 or Objective C code produced by Nim.
 
-Use `nim c -c --os:ios --noMain:on` to generate C files and include them in
+Use `nim c -c --os:ios --noMain:on`:cmd: to generate C files and include them in
 your XCode project. Then you can use XCode to compile, link, package and
 sign everything.
 
-Because Nim is part of a library it can't have its own c style `main()` so you
+Because Nim is part of a library it can't have its own C-style `main()`:c: so you
 would need to define `main` that calls `autoreleasepool` and
 `UIApplicationMain` to do it, or use a library like SDL2 or GLFM. After
-the iOS setup is done, it's very important to call `NimMain()` to
+the iOS setup is done, it's very important to call `NimMain()`:c: to
 initialize Nim's garbage collector and to run the top-level statements
 of your program.
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-
+  ```Nim
   proc NimMain() {.importc.}
   proc glfmMain*(display: ptr GLFMDisplay) {.exportc.} =
     NimMain() # initialize garbage collector memory, types and stack
+  ```
 
 Note: XCode's "make clean" gets confused about the generated nim.c files,
 so you need to clean those files manually to do a clean build.
 
+The name `NimMain` can be influenced via the `--nimMainPrefix:prefix` switch.
+Use `--nimMainPrefix:MyLib` and the function to call is named `MyLibNimMain`.
+
 
 Cross-compilation for Nintendo Switch
 =====================================
 
-Simply add --os:nintendoswitch
-to your usual `nim c` or `nim cpp` command and set the `passC`
-and `passL` command line switches to something like:
+Simply add `--os:nintendoswitch`:option:
+to your usual `nim c`:cmd: or `nim cpp`:cmd: command and set the `passC`:option:
+and `passL`:option: command line switches to something like:
 
-.. code-block:: console
-  nim c ... --passC="-I$DEVKITPRO/libnx/include" ...
+  ```cmd
+  nim c ... --d:nimAllocPagesViaMalloc --mm:orc --passC="-I$DEVKITPRO/libnx/include" ...
   --passL="-specs=$DEVKITPRO/libnx/switch.specs -L$DEVKITPRO/libnx/lib -lnx"
+  ```
 
-or setup a nim.cfg file like so:
+or setup a ``nim.cfg`` file like so:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-  #nim.cfg
-  --passC="-I$DEVKITPRO/libnx/include"
-  --passL="-specs=$DEVKITPRO/libnx/switch.specs -L$DEVKITPRO/libnx/lib -lnx"
+    #nim.cfg
+    --mm:orc
+    --d:nimAllocPagesViaMalloc
+    --define:nimInheritHandles
+    --passC="-I$DEVKITPRO/libnx/include"
+    --passL="-specs=$DEVKITPRO/libnx/switch.specs -L$DEVKITPRO/libnx/lib -lnx"
 
-The DevkitPro setup must be the same as the default with their new installer
-`here for Mac/Linux <https://github.com/devkitPro/pacman/releases>`_ or
-`here for Windows <https://github.com/devkitPro/installer/releases>`_.
+The devkitPro setup must be the same as the default with their new installer
+[here for Mac/Linux](https://github.com/devkitPro/pacman/releases) or
+[here for Windows](https://github.com/devkitPro/installer/releases).
 
-For example, with the above-mentioned config::
+For example, with the above-mentioned config:
 
+  ```cmd
   nim c --os:nintendoswitch switchhomebrew.nim
+  ```
 
-This will generate a file called `switchhomebrew.elf` which can then be turned into
-an nro file with the `elf2nro` tool in the DevkitPro release. Examples can be found at
-`the nim-libnx github repo <https://github.com/jyapayne/nim-libnx.git>`_.
+This will generate a file called ``switchhomebrew.elf`` which can then be turned into
+an nro file with the `elf2nro`:cmd: tool in the devkitPro release. Examples can be found at
+[the nim-libnx github repo](https://github.com/jyapayne/nim-libnx.git).
 
-There are a few things that don't work because the DevkitPro libraries don't support them.
+There are a few things that don't work because the devkitPro libraries don't support them.
 They are:
 
 1. Waiting for a subprocess to finish. A subprocess can be started, but right
    now it can't be waited on, which sort of makes subprocesses a bit hard to use
-2. Dynamic calls. DevkitPro libraries have no dlopen/dlclose functions.
-3. Command line parameters. It doesn't make sense to have these for a console
-   anyways, so no big deal here.
-4. mqueue. Sadly there are no mqueue headers.
-5. ucontext. No headers for these either. No coroutines for now :(
-6. nl_types. No headers for this.
+2. Dynamic calls. Switch OS (Horizon) doesn't support dynamic libraries, so dlopen/dlclose are not available.
+3. mqueue. Sadly there are no mqueue headers.
+4. ucontext. No headers for these either. No coroutines for now :(
+5. nl_types. No headers for this.
+6. As mmap is not supported, the nimAllocPagesViaMalloc option has to be used.
+
+GPU Compilation
+===============
+
+Compiling for GPU computation can be achieved with `--cc:nvcc` for CUDA with nvcc, or with `--cc:hipcc` for AMD GPUs with HIP. Both compilers require building for C++ with `nim cpp`.
+
+Here's a very simple CUDA kernel example using emit, which can be compiled with `nim cpp --cc:nvcc --define:"useMalloc" hello_kernel.nim` assuming you have the CUDA toolkit installed.
+
+```nim
+{.emit: """
+__global__ void add(int a, int b) {
+  int c;
+  c = a + b;
+}
+""".}
+
+proc main() =
+  {.emit: """
+  add<<<1,1>>>(2,7);
+  """.}
+
+main()
+```
 
 DLL generation
 ==============
 
+**Note**: The same rules apply to `lib*.so` shared object files on UNIX. For better
+readability only the DLL version is described here.
+
 Nim supports the generation of DLLs. However, there must be only one
 instance of the GC per process/address space. This instance is contained in
-`nimrtl.dll`. This means that every generated Nim DLL depends
-on `nimrtl.dll`. To generate the "nimrtl.dll" file, use the command::
+``nimrtl.dll``. This means that every generated Nim DLL depends
+on ``nimrtl.dll``. To generate the "nimrtl.dll" file, use the command:
 
+  ```cmd
   nim c -d:release lib/nimrtl.nim
+  ```
 
-To link against `nimrtl.dll` use the command::
+To link against ``nimrtl.dll`` use the command:
 
+  ```cmd
   nim c -d:useNimRtl myprog.nim
-
-**Note**: Currently the creation of `nimrtl.dll` with thread support has
-never been tested and is unlikely to work!
+  ```
 
 
 Additional compilation switches
@@ -426,20 +538,20 @@ Define                   Effect
 ======================   =========================================================
 `release`                Turns on the optimizer.
                          More aggressive optimizations are possible, e.g.:
-                         `--passC:-ffast-math` (but see issue #10305)
+                         `--passC:-ffast-math`:option: (but see issue #10305)
 `danger`                 Turns off all runtime checks and turns on the optimizer.
-`useFork`                Makes `osproc` use `fork` instead of `posix_spawn`.
-`useNimRtl`              Compile and link against `nimrtl.dll`.
+`useFork`                Makes `osproc` use `fork`:c: instead of `posix_spawn`:c:.
+`useNimRtl`              Compile and link against ``nimrtl.dll``.
 `useMalloc`              Makes Nim use C's `malloc`:idx: instead of Nim's
                          own memory manager, albeit prefixing each allocation with
                          its size to support clearing memory on reallocation.
-                         This only works with `gc:none`, `gc:arc` and
-                         `--gc:orc`.
+                         This only works with `--mm:none`:option:,
+                         `--mm:arc`:option: and `--mm:orc`:option:.
 `useRealtimeGC`          Enables support of Nim's GC for *soft* realtime
-                         systems. See the documentation of the `gc <gc.html>`_
+                         systems. See the documentation of the [refc](refc.html)
                          for further information.
 `logGC`                  Enable GC logging to stdout.
-`nodejs`                 The JS target is actually `node.js`.
+`nodejs`                 The JS target is actually ``node.js``.
 `ssl`                    Enables OpenSSL support for the sockets module.
 `memProfiler`            Enables memory profiling for the native GC.
 `uClibc`                 Use uClibc instead of libc. (Relevant for Unix-like OSes)
@@ -447,18 +559,25 @@ Define                   Effect
                          what's in the Nim file with what's in the C header.
                          This may become enabled by default in the future.
 `tempDir`                This symbol takes a string as its value, like
-                         `--define:tempDir:/some/temp/path` to override the
-                         temporary directory returned by `os.getTempDir()`.
+                         `--define:tempDir:/some/temp/path`:option: to override
+                         the temporary directory returned by `os.getTempDir()`.
                          The value **should** end with a directory separator
                          character. (Relevant for the Android platform)
 `useShPath`              This symbol takes a string as its value, like
-                         `--define:useShPath:/opt/sh/bin/sh` to override the
-                         path for the `sh` binary, in cases where it is not
-                         located in the default location `/bin/sh`.
-`noSignalHandler`        Disable the crash handler from `system.nim`.
-`globalSymbols`          Load all `{.dynlib.}` libraries with the `RTLD_GLOBAL`
+                         `--define:useShPath:/opt/sh/bin/sh`:option: to override
+                         the path for the `sh`:cmd: binary, in cases where it is
+                         not located in the default location ``/bin/sh``.
+`noSignalHandler`        Disable the crash handler from ``system.nim``.
+`globalSymbols`          Load all `{.dynlib.}` libraries with the `RTLD_GLOBAL`:c:
                          flag on Posix systems to resolve symbols in subsequently
                          loaded libraries.
+`lto`                    Enable link-time optimization in the backend compiler and
+                         linker.
+`lto_incremental`        Enable link-time optimization and additionally enable
+                         incremental linking for compilers that support it.
+                         Currently only clang and vcc.
+`strip`                  Strip debug symbols added by the backend compiler from
+                         the executable.
 ======================   =========================================================
 
 
@@ -473,20 +592,21 @@ generator and are subject to change.
 
 LineDir option
 --------------
-The `lineDir` option can be turned on or off. If turned on the
-generated C code contains `#line` directives. This may be helpful for
+The `--lineDir`:option: option can be turned on or off. If turned on the
+generated C code contains `#line`:c: directives. This may be helpful for
 debugging with GDB.
 
 
 StackTrace option
 -----------------
-If the `stackTrace` option is turned on, the generated C contains code to
+If the `--stackTrace`:option: option is turned on, the generated C contains code to
 ensure that proper stack traces are given if the program crashes or some uncaught exception is raised.
 
 
 LineTrace option
 ----------------
-The `lineTrace` option implies the `stackTrace` option. If turned on,
+The `--lineTrace`:option: option implies the `stackTrace`:option: option.
+If turned on,
 the generated C contains code to ensure that proper stack traces with line
 number information are given if the program crashes or an uncaught exception
 is raised.
@@ -496,37 +616,39 @@ DynlibOverride
 ==============
 
 By default Nim's `dynlib` pragma causes the compiler to generate
-`GetProcAddress` (or their Unix counterparts)
-calls to bind to a DLL. With the `dynlibOverride` command line switch this
-can be prevented and then via `--passL` the static library can be linked
+`GetProcAddress`:cpp: (or their Unix counterparts)
+calls to bind to a DLL. With the `dynlibOverride`:option: command line switch this
+can be prevented and then via `--passL`:option: the static library can be linked
 against. For instance, to link statically against Lua this command might work
-on Linux::
+on Linux:
 
+  ```cmd
   nim c --dynlibOverride:lua --passL:liblua.lib program.nim
+  ```
 
 
 Backend language options
 ========================
 
-The typical compiler usage involves using the `compile` or `c` command to
-transform a `.nim` file into one or more `.c` files which are then
+The typical compiler usage involves using the `compile`:option: or `c`:option:
+command to transform a ``.nim`` file into one or more ``.c`` files which are then
 compiled with the platform's C compiler into a static binary. However, there
 are other commands to compile to C++, Objective-C, or JavaScript. More details
-can be read in the `Nim Backend Integration document <backends.html>`_.
+can be read in the [Nim Backend Integration document](backends.html).
 
 
 Nim documentation tools
 =======================
 
 Nim provides the `doc`:idx: command to generate HTML
-documentation from `.nim` source files. Only exported symbols will appear in
-the output. For more details `see the docgen documentation <docgen.html>`_.
+documentation from ``.nim`` source files. Only exported symbols will appear in
+the output. For more details see [the docgen documentation](docgen.html).
 
 Nim idetools integration
 ========================
 
 Nim provides language integration with external IDEs through the
-idetools command. See the documentation of `idetools <idetools.html>`_
+idetools command. See the documentation of [idetools](idetools.html)
 for further information.
 
 ..
@@ -557,19 +679,21 @@ embedded microprocessors with only a few kilobytes of memory.
 A good start is to use the `any` operating target together with the
 `malloc` memory allocator and the `arc` garbage collector. For example:
 
-`nim c --os:any --gc:arc -d:useMalloc [...] x.nim`
+  ```cmd
+  nim c --os:any --mm:arc -d:useMalloc [...] x.nim
+  ```
 
-- `--gc:arc` will enable the reference counting memory management instead
+- `--mm:arc`:option: will enable the reference counting memory management instead
   of the default garbage collector. This enables Nim to use heap memory which
   is required for strings and seqs, for example.
 
-- The `--os:any` target makes sure Nim does not depend on any specific
+- The `--os:any`:option: target makes sure Nim does not depend on any specific
   operating system primitives. Your platform should support only some basic
   ANSI C library `stdlib` and `stdio` functions which should be available
   on almost any platform.
 
-- The `-d:useMalloc` option configures Nim to use only the standard C memory
-  manage primitives `malloc()`, `free()`, `realloc()`.
+- The `-d:useMalloc`:option: option configures Nim to use only the standard C memory
+  manage primitives `malloc()`:c:, `free()`:c:, `realloc()`:c:.
 
 If your platform does not provide these functions it should be trivial to
 provide an implementation for them and link these to your program.
@@ -579,20 +703,65 @@ additional flags to both the Nim compiler and the C compiler and/or linker
 to optimize the build for size. For example, the following flags can be used
 when targeting a gcc compiler:
 
-`--opt:size --passC:-flto --passL:-flto`
+`--opt:size -d:lto -d:strip`:option:
 
-The `--opt:size` flag instructs Nim to optimize code generation for small
-size (with the help of the C compiler), the `flto` flags enable link-time
-optimization in the compiler and linker.
+The `--opt:size`:option: flag instructs Nim to optimize code generation for small
+size (with the help of the C compiler), the `-d:lto`:option: flags enable link-time
+optimization in the compiler and linker, the `-d:strip`:option: strips debug symbols.
 
-Check the `Cross-compilation` section for instructions on how to compile the
+Check the [Cross-compilation] section for instructions on how to compile the
 program for your target.
 
+
+nimAllocPagesViaMalloc
+----------------------
+
+Nim's default allocator is based on TLSF, this algorithm was designed for embedded
+devices. This allocator gets blocks/pages of memory via a currently undocumented
+`osalloc` API which usually uses POSIX's `mmap` call. On many environments `mmap`
+is not available but C's `malloc` is. You can use the `nimAllocPagesViaMalloc`
+define to use `malloc` instead of `mmap`. `nimAllocPagesViaMalloc` is currently
+only supported with `--mm:arc` or `--mm:orc`. (Since version 1.6)
+
+nimPage256 / nimPage512 / nimPage1k
+===================================
+
+Adjust the page size for Nim's GC allocator. This enables using
+`nimAllocPagesViaMalloc` on devices with less RAM. The default
+page size requires too much RAM to work.
+
+Recommended settings:
+
+- < 32 kB of RAM use `nimPage256`
+
+- < 512 kB of RAM use `nimPage512`
+
+- < 2 MB of RAM use `nimPage1k`
+
+Initial testing hasn't shown much difference between 512B or 1kB page sizes
+in terms of performance or latency. Using `nimPages256` will limit the
+total amount of allocatable RAM.
+
+nimMemAlignTiny
+===============
+
+Sets `MemAlign` to `4` bytes which reduces the memory alignment
+to better match some embedded devices.
+
+Thread stack size
+=================
+
+Nim's thread API provides a simple wrapper around more advanced
+RTOS task features. Customizing the stack size and stack guard size can
+be done by setting `-d:nimThreadStackSize=16384` or `-d:nimThreadStackGuard=32`.
+
+Currently only Zephyr, NuttX and FreeRTOS support these configurations.
+
 Nim for realtime systems
 ========================
 
-See the documentation of Nim's soft realtime `GC <gc.html>`_ for further
-information.
+See the `--mm:arc` or `--mm:orc` memory management settings in
+[MM](mm.html) for further information.
 
 
 Signal handling in Nim
@@ -602,7 +771,7 @@ The Nim programming language has no concept of Posix's signal handling
 mechanisms. However, the standard library offers some rudimentary support
 for signal handling, in particular, segmentation faults are turned into
 fatal errors that produce a stack trace. This can be disabled with the
-`-d:noSignalHandler` switch.
+`-d:noSignalHandler`:option: switch.
 
 
 Optimizing for Nim
@@ -635,38 +804,28 @@ passed to subroutines. The compiler does not copy strings that are a result of
 a procedure call, because the callee returns a new string anyway.
 Thus it is efficient to do:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   var s = procA() # assignment will not copy the string; procA allocates a new
                   # string already
+  ```
 
 However, it is not efficient to do:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   var s = varA    # assignment has to copy the whole string into a new buffer!
+  ```
 
 For `let` symbols a copy is not always necessary:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   let s = varA    # may only copy a pointer if it safe to do so
-
-
-If you know what you're doing, you can also mark single-string (or sequence)
-objects as `shallow`:idx:\:
-
-.. code-block:: Nim
-  var s = "abc"
-  shallow(s) # mark 's' as a shallow string
-  var x = s  # now might not copy the string!
-
-Usage of `shallow` is always safe once you know the string won't be modified
-anymore, similar to Ruby's `freeze`:idx:.
-
+  ```
 
 The compiler optimizes string case statements: A hashing scheme is used for them
 if several different string constants are used. So code like this is reasonably
 efficient:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   case normalize(k.key)
   of "name": c.name = v
   of "displayname": c.displayName = v
@@ -682,3 +841,4 @@ efficient:
     else: quit(errorStr(p, "expected: console or gui"))
   of "license": c.license = UnixToNativePath(k.value)
   else: quit(errorStr(p, "unknown variable: " & k.key))
+  ```
diff --git a/doc/nimdoc.cls b/doc/nimdoc.cls
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37039f130
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/nimdoc.cls
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+\ProvidesClass{nimdoc}[2022/04/17, 2018/01/01 LaTeX2e nonstandard class]
+
+\LoadClass[a4paper,11pt]{article}
+
+\usepackage[a4paper,xetex,left=3cm,right=3cm,top=1.5cm,bottom=2cm]{geometry}
+
+%   for 2-sided printing with larger inner "binding" margin
+%\usepackage[a4paper,xetex,twoside,left=4cm,right=2cm,top=1.5cm,bottom=2cm]{geometry}
+%   for e-readers with 1.77:1 aspect ratio (e.g. 1920x1080)
+%\usepackage[xetex,paperheight=27.6cm,paperwidth=15.5cm,left=3mm,right=3mm,top=3mm,bottom=3mm]{geometry}
+%   for e-readers with 1.45:1 aspect ratio (e.g. 1200x825)
+%\usepackage[xetex,paperheight=22.5cm,paperwidth=15.5cm,left=3mm,right=3mm,top=3mm,bottom=3mm]{geometry}
+%   for e-readers with 1.33:1 aspect ratio (e.g. 1872x1404)
+%\usepackage[xetex,paperheight=20.7cm,paperwidth=15.5cm,left=3mm,right=3mm,top=3mm,bottom=3mm]{geometry}
+
+\usepackage{fontspec}
+% logic to select default font with some fall-back fonts.
+\IfFontExistsTF{Times New Roman}{%
+  \setmainfont{Times New Roman}  % the default font
+  \typeout{========================================= nim: using Times New Roman}
+}{
+  \IfFontExistsTF{FreeSerif}{%
+    \setmainfont{FreeSerif}  % fallback #1 - official GNU font, resembles Times
+    \typeout{========================================= nim: using FreeSerif}
+  }{
+    \IfFontExistsTF{DejaVuSerif}{%
+      \setmainfont{DejaVuSerif}  % fallback #2 - very widespread free font
+      \typeout{========================================= nim: using DejaVuSerif}
+    }{
+      \typeout{!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Fonts not found !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!}
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+% default monospace font for code:
+\usepackage{GoMono}
+\usepackage{relsize}
+% make this monospace font 2 steps smaller to hold 80-character line
+\newcommand{\rstverbblockfont}{\smaller[2]}
+\newcommand{\rstverbinlinefont}{\smaller}
+
+\usepackage{parskip}  % paragraphs delimited by vertical space, no indent
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+
+\usepackage{makeidx}
+\newcommand{\nimindexterm}[2]{#2\index{#2}\label{#1}}
+\makeindex
+
+\usepackage{dingbat} % for \carriagereturn, etc
+\usepackage{fvextra}  % for code blocks (works better than original fancyvrb)
+\fvset{
+  breaklines,
+  breakafter={=}:|\_\{\}[](){,}.;+-*/'",
+  breaksymbolleft=\color{red}{\ensuremath{\hookrightarrow}},
+  breaksymbolright=\color{red}{\small\carriagereturn}
+}
+\fvinlineset{%
+   breaklines,
+   breakafter={=}:|\_\{\}[](){,}.;+-*/'",
+     % that does not work at all when we underline inline code by ulem :-(
+   commandchars=\\\{\}
+}
+
+\usepackage{scrextend}  % for the `addmargin` environment
+
+\usepackage[table]{xcolor}
+\usepackage[urlbordercolor=blue,linkbordercolor=cyan,
+            pdfborderstyle={/S/U/W 1}]{hyperref}
+\usepackage{enumitem}  % for option list, enumList, and rstfootnote
+
+\usepackage[most]{tcolorbox}  % boxes around admonitions, code blocks, doc.item
+
+\newtcolorbox{rstadmonition}[1][]{blanker, breakable,
+     left=3mm, right=0mm, top=1mm, bottom=1mm,
+     before upper=\indent, parbox=false, #1}
+
+\newtcolorbox{rstquote}[1][]{blanker, breakable,
+     left=3mm, right=3mm, top=1mm, bottom=1mm,
+     parbox=false,
+     borderline west={0.3em}{0pt}{lightgray},
+     borderline north={0.05em}{0pt}{lightgray},
+     borderline east={0.05em}{0pt}{lightgray},
+     borderline south={0.05em}{0pt}{lightgray}}
+
+\definecolor{rstframecolor}{rgb}{0.85, 0.8, 0.6}
+
+\usepackage{booktabs}
+\belowrulesep=0ex
+\aboverulesep=0ex
+\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.1}
+
+\newtcolorbox{rstprebox}[1][]{blanker, breakable,
+     left=3mm, right=3mm, top=1mm, bottom=1mm,
+     borderline ={0.1em}{0pt}{rstframecolor},
+     before upper=\indent, parbox=false, #1}
+
+\newenvironment{rstpre}{%
+\VerbatimEnvironment\begingroup\begin{rstprebox}%
+\begin{Verbatim}[fontsize=\rstverbblockfont , commandchars=\\\{\}]}%
+{\end{Verbatim}\end{rstprebox}\endgroup}
+
+\newtcolorbox{rstdocitembox}[1][]{blanker, breakable,
+     left=3mm, right=3mm, top=1mm, bottom=1mm,
+     borderline ={1pt}{0pt}{cyan},
+     before upper=\indent, parbox=false, #1}
+
+% Inline code formatting: grey underline,
+% use \Verb from fvextras e.g. to display -- correctly as double -
+\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
+\newcommand\rstuline{\bgroup\markoverwith{\textcolor{rstframecolor}{\rule[-0.8ex]{2pt}{1.0pt}}}\ULon}
+
+\newcommand{\rstcode}[1]{%
+{\rstverbinlinefont\Verb{\rstuline{#1}}}%
+}
+
+\newcommand{\rstcodeitem}[1]{\Verb{#1}}
+
+\newenvironment{rstdocitem}{%
+\VerbatimEnvironment\begingroup\begin{rstdocitembox}%
+\begin{Verbatim}[fontsize=\rstverbblockfont , commandchars=\\\{\}]}%
+{\end{Verbatim}\end{rstdocitembox}\endgroup}
+
+
+\newenvironment{rstfootnote}{\begin{description}[labelindent=1em,leftmargin=1em,labelwidth=2.6em]}{\end{description}}
+\ifdim\linewidth<30em
+  \def\rstoptleftmargin{0.4\linewidth}
+  \def\rstoptlabelwidth{0.35\linewidth}
+\else
+  \def\rstoptleftmargin{12em}
+  \def\rstoptlabelwidth{10.5em}
+\fi
+\newenvironment{rstoptlist}{%
+\begin{description}[font=\sffamily\bfseries,style=nextline,leftmargin=\rstoptleftmargin,labelwidth=\rstoptlabelwidth]}{\end{description}}
+
+\usepackage{multirow}
+\usepackage{tabulary}  % tables with adjustable cell width and no overflow
+% make tabulary prevent overflows (https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/195088)
+\tymin=60pt
+\tymax=\maxdimen
+% to pack tabulary into a new environment, special syntax is needed :-(
+\newenvironment{rsttab}[1]{\tabulary{\linewidth}{#1}}{\endtabulary}
+
+\newcommand{\rstsub}[1]{\raisebox{-0.5ex}{\scriptsize{#1}}}
+\newcommand{\rstsup}[1]{\raisebox{0.5ex}{\scriptsize{#1}}}
+
+\newcommand{\rsthA}[2][]{\section[#1]{#2}}
+\newcommand{\rsthB}[2][]{\subsection[#1]{#2}}
+\newcommand{\rsthC}[2][]{\subsubsection[#1]{#2}}
+\newcommand{\rsthD}[2][]{\paragraph[#1]{#2}}
+\newcommand{\rsthE}[2][]{\paragraph[#1]{#2}}
+
+\newcommand{\rstovA}[2][]{\section*[#1]{#2}}
+\newcommand{\rstovB}[2][]{\subsection*[#1]{#2}}
+\newcommand{\rstovC}[2][]{\subsubsection*[#1]{#2}}
+\newcommand{\rstovD}[2][]{\paragraph*[#1]{#2}}
+\newcommand{\rstovE}[2][]{\paragraph*[#1]{#2}}
+
+% Syntax highlighting:
+\newcommand{\spanDecNumber}[1]{\textbf{\textcolor{darkgray}{#1}}}
+\newcommand{\spanBinNumber}[1]{\textbf{\textcolor{darkgray}{#1}}}
+\newcommand{\spanHexNumber}[1]{\textbf{\textcolor{darkgray}{#1}}}
+\newcommand{\spanOctNumber}[1]{\textbf{\textcolor{darkgray}{#1}}}
+\newcommand{\spanFloatNumber}[1]{\textbf{\textcolor{darkgray}{#1}}}
+\newcommand{\spanIdentifier}[1]{#1}
+\newcommand{\spanKeyword}[1]{\textbf{#1}}
+\newcommand{\spanStringLit}[1]{\textbf{\textcolor{darkgray}{#1}}}
+\newcommand{\spanLongStringLit}[1]{\textbf{\textcolor{darkgray}{#1}}}
+\newcommand{\spanCharLit}[1]{#1}
+\newcommand{\spanEscapeSequence}[1]{#1}
+\newcommand{\spanOperator}[1]{\textbf{#1}}
+\newcommand{\spanPunctuation}[1]{#1}
+\newcommand{\spanComment}[1]{\emph{#1}}
+\newcommand{\spanLongComment}[1]{\emph{#1}}
+\newcommand{\spanRegularExpression}[1]{#1}
+\newcommand{\spanTagStart}[1]{#1}
+\newcommand{\spanTagEnd}[1]{#1}
+\newcommand{\spanKey}[1]{#1}
+\newcommand{\spanValue}[1]{#1}
+\newcommand{\spanRawData}[1]{\textbf{\textcolor{darkgray}{#1}}}
+\newcommand{\spanAssembler}[1]{#1}
+\newcommand{\spanPreprocessor}[1]{#1}
+\newcommand{\spanDirective}[1]{#1}
+\newcommand{\spanCommand}[1]{#1}
+\newcommand{\spanRule}[1]{#1}
+\newcommand{\spanHyperlink}[1]{#1}
+\newcommand{\spanLabel}[1]{#1}
+\newcommand{\spanReference}[1]{#1}
+\newcommand{\spanOther}[1]{#1}
+\newcommand{\spantok}[1]{\fbox{#1}}
+\newcommand{\spanPrompt}[1]{\textcolor{red}{\textbf{#1}}}
+\newcommand{\spanProgramOutput}[1]{\textcolor{darkgray}{\textbf{#1}}}
+\newcommand{\spanprogram}[1]{\textbf{\underline{#1}}}
+\newcommand{\spanoption}[1]{\textbf{\textcolor{darkgray}{#1}}}
+
+% Never allow text overflow to margin:
+\setlength\emergencystretch{\hsize}\hbadness=10000
diff --git a/doc/nimdoc.css b/doc/nimdoc.css
index db9a7ce97..0c399e4c1 100644
--- a/doc/nimdoc.css
+++ b/doc/nimdoc.css
@@ -35,7 +35,13 @@ Modified by Boyd Greenfield and narimiran
   --escapeSequence: #c4891b;

   --number: #252dbe;

   --literal: #a4255b;

+  --program: #6060c0;

+  --option: #508000;

   --raw-data: #a4255b;

+

+  --clipboard-image-normal: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' style='color: black' fill='none' viewBox='0 0 24 24' stroke='currentColor'%3E %3Cpath stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-width='2' d='M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2' /%3E %3C/svg%3E");

+  --clipboard-image-selected: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' style='color: black' viewBox='0 0 20 20' fill='currentColor'%3E %3Cpath d='M8 3a1 1 0 011-1h2a1 1 0 110 2H9a1 1 0 01-1-1z' /%3E %3Cpath d='M6 3a2 2 0 00-2 2v11a2 2 0 002 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V5a2 2 0 00-2-2 3 3 0 01-3 3H9a3 3 0 01-3-3z' /%3E %3C/svg%3E");

+  --clipboard-image: var(--clipboard-image-normal)

 }

 

 [data-theme="dark"] {

@@ -63,66 +69,54 @@ Modified by Boyd Greenfield and narimiran
   --escapeSequence: #bd93f9;

   --number: #bd93f9;

   --literal: #f1fa8c;

+  --program: #9090c0;

+  --option: #90b010;

   --raw-data: #8be9fd;

-}

 

-.theme-switch-wrapper {

-  display: flex;

-  align-items: center;

-}

-

-.theme-switch-wrapper em {

-  margin-left: 10px;

-  font-size: 1rem;

-}

-

-.theme-switch {

-  display: inline-block;

-  height: 22px;

-  position: relative;

-  width: 50px;

-}

-

-.theme-switch input {

-  display: none;

-}

-

-.slider {

-  background-color: #ccc;

-  bottom: 0;

-  cursor: pointer;

-  left: 0;

-  position: absolute;

-  right: 0;

-  top: 0;

-  transition: .4s;

+  --clipboard-image-normal: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' style='color: lightgray' fill='none' viewBox='0 0 24 24' stroke='currentColor'%3E %3Cpath stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-width='2' d='M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2' /%3E %3C/svg%3E");

+  --clipboard-image-selected: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' style='color: lightgray' viewBox='0 0 20 20' fill='currentColor'%3E %3Cpath d='M8 3a1 1 0 011-1h2a1 1 0 110 2H9a1 1 0 01-1-1z' /%3E %3Cpath d='M6 3a2 2 0 00-2 2v11a2 2 0 002 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V5a2 2 0 00-2-2 3 3 0 01-3 3H9a3 3 0 01-3-3z' /%3E %3C/svg%3E");

+  --clipboard-image: var(--clipboard-image-normal);

 }

 

-.slider:before {

-  background-color: #fff;

-  bottom: 4px;

-  content: "";

-  height: 13px;

-  left: 4px;

-  position: absolute;

-  transition: .4s;

-  width: 13px;

-}

-

-input:checked + .slider {

-  background-color: #66bb6a;

-}

-

-input:checked + .slider:before {

-  transform: translateX(26px);

-}

-

-.slider.round {

-  border-radius: 17px;

+@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {

+  [data-theme="auto"] {

+    --primary-background: #171921;

+    --secondary-background: #1e202a;

+    --third-background: #2b2e3b;

+    --info-background: #008000;

+    --warning-background: #807000;

+    --error-background: #c03000;

+    --border: #0e1014;

+    --text: #fff;

+    --anchor: #8be9fd;

+    --anchor-focus: #8be9fd;

+    --input-focus: #8be9fd;

+    --strong: #bd93f9;

+    --hint: #7A7C85;

+    --nim-sprite-base64: url("data:image/png;base64,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");

+

+    --keyword: #ff79c6;

+    --identifier: #f8f8f2;

+    --comment: #6272a4;

+    --operator: #ff79c6;

+    --punctuation: #f8f8f2;

+    --other: #f8f8f2;

+    --escapeSequence: #bd93f9;

+    --number: #bd93f9;

+    --literal: #f1fa8c;

+    --program: #9090c0;

+    --option: #90b010;

+    --raw-data: #8be9fd;

+

+    --clipboard-image-normal: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' style='color: lightgray' fill='none' viewBox='0 0 24 24' stroke='currentColor'%3E %3Cpath stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-width='2' d='M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2' /%3E %3C/svg%3E");

+    --clipboard-image-selected: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' style='color: lightgray' viewBox='0 0 20 20' fill='currentColor'%3E %3Cpath d='M8 3a1 1 0 011-1h2a1 1 0 110 2H9a1 1 0 01-1-1z' /%3E %3Cpath d='M6 3a2 2 0 00-2 2v11a2 2 0 002 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V5a2 2 0 00-2-2 3 3 0 01-3 3H9a3 3 0 01-3-3z' /%3E %3C/svg%3E");

+    --clipboard-image: var(--clipboard-image-normal);

+  }

 }

 

-.slider.round:before {

-  border-radius: 50%;

+.theme-select-wrapper {

+  display: flex;

+  align-items: center;

 }

 

 html {

@@ -147,24 +141,39 @@ body {
   padding: 0;

   box-sizing: border-box; }

 

-.column,

-.columns {

+.column, .columns {

   width: 100%;

   float: left;

   box-sizing: border-box;

-  margin-left: 1%;

+  margin-left: 1%; }

+

+@media print {

+  #global-links, .link-seesrc, .theme-switch-wrapper, #searchInputDiv, .search-groupby {

+    display:none;

+  }

+  .columns {

+    width:100% !important;

+  }

 }

 

-.column:first-child,

-.columns:first-child {

+.column:first-child, .columns:first-child {

   margin-left: 0; }

 

+.container .row {

+  display: flex; }

+

 .three.columns {

-  width: 22%;

+  width: 25.0%;

+  height: 100vh;

+  position: sticky;

+  top: 0px;

+  overflow-y: auto;

+  padding: 2px;

 }

 

 .nine.columns {

-  width: 77.0%; }

+  width: 75.0%;

+  padding-left: 1.5em; }

 

 .twelve.columns {

   width: 100%;

@@ -230,6 +239,12 @@ select:focus {
 }

 

 /* Docgen styles */

+

+:target {

+  border: 2px solid #B5651D;

+  border-style: dotted;

+}

+

 /* Links */

 a {

   color: var(--anchor);

@@ -245,27 +260,32 @@ a.reference-toplevel {
   font-weight: bold;

 }

 

+a.nimdoc {

+  word-spacing: 0.3em;

+}

+

 a.toc-backref {

   text-decoration: none;

-  color: var(--text); }

+  color: var(--text);

+}

 

 a.link-seesrc {

   color: #607c9f;

   font-size: 0.9em;

-  font-style: italic; }

+  font-style: italic;

+}

 

-a:hover,

-a:focus {

+a:hover, a:focus {

   color: var(--anchor-focus);

-  text-decoration: underline; }

+  text-decoration: underline;

+}

 

 a:hover span.Identifier {

   color: var(--anchor);

 }

 

 

-sub,

-sup {

+sub, sup {

   position: relative;

   font-size: 75%;

   line-height: 0;

@@ -292,8 +312,7 @@ img {
     background: transparent !important;

     box-shadow: none !important; }

 

-  a,

-  a:visited {

+  a, a:visited {

     text-decoration: underline; }

 

   a[href]:after {

@@ -307,16 +326,14 @@ img {
   a[href^="#"]:after {

     content: ""; }

 

-  pre,

-  blockquote {

+  pre, blockquote {

     border: 1px solid #999;

     page-break-inside: avoid; }

 

   thead {

     display: table-header-group; }

 

-  tr,

-  img {

+  tr, img {

     page-break-inside: avoid; }

 

   img {

@@ -331,22 +348,18 @@ img {
   h1.title {

     page-break-before: avoid; }

 

-  p,

-  h2,

-  h3 {

+  p, h2, h3 {

     orphans: 3;

     widows: 3; }

 

-  h2,

-  h3 {

+  h2, h3 {

     page-break-after: avoid; }

 }

 

 

 p {

   margin-top: 0.5em;

-  margin-bottom: 0.5em;

-}

+  margin-bottom: 0.5em; }

 

 small {

   font-size: 85%; }

@@ -354,8 +367,7 @@ small {
 strong {

   font-weight: 600;

   font-size: 0.95em;

-  color: var(--strong);

-}

+  color: var(--strong); }

 

 em {

   font-style: italic; }

@@ -376,8 +388,7 @@ h1.title {
   text-align: center;

   font-weight: 900;

   margin-top: 0.75em;

-  margin-bottom: 0em;

-}

+  margin-bottom: 0em; }

 

 h2 {

   font-size: 1.3em;

@@ -404,36 +415,29 @@ h6 {
   font-size: 1.1em; }

 

 

-ul,

-ol {

+ul, ol {

   padding: 0;

   margin-top: 0.5em;

   margin-left: 0.75em; }

 

-ul ul,

-ul ol,

-ol ol,

-ol ul {

+ul ul, ul ol, ol ol, ol ul {

   margin-bottom: 0;

   margin-left: 1.25em; }

 

 ul.simple > li {

-    list-style-type: circle;

-}

+  list-style-type: circle; }

 

 ul.simple-boot li {

-    list-style-type: none;

-    margin-left: 0em;

-    margin-bottom: 0.5em;

-}

+  list-style-type: none;

+  margin-left: 0em;

+  margin-bottom: 0.5em; }

 

 ol.simple > li, ul.simple > li {

   margin-bottom: 0.2em;

   margin-left: 0.4em }

 

 ul.simple.simple-toc > li {

-    margin-top: 1em;

-}

+  margin-top: 1em; }

 

 ul.simple-toc {

   list-style: none;

@@ -442,8 +446,7 @@ ul.simple-toc {
   margin-top: 1em; }

 

 ul.simple-toc > li {

-    list-style-type: none;

-}

+  list-style-type: none; }

 

 ul.simple-toc-section {

   list-style-type: circle;

@@ -453,12 +456,10 @@ ul.simple-toc-section {
 ul.nested-toc-section {

   list-style-type: circle;

   margin-left: -0.75em;

-  color: var(--text);

-}

+  color: var(--text); }

 

 ul.nested-toc-section > li {

-  margin-left: 1.25em;

-}

+  margin-left: 1.25em; }

 

 

 ol.arabic {

@@ -505,12 +506,39 @@ hr.footnote {
   margin-top: 0.15em;

 }

 div.footnote-group {

-  margin-left: 1em; }

+  margin-left: 1em;

+}

 div.footnote-label {

   display: inline-block;

   min-width: 1.7em;

 }

 

+div.option-list {

+  border: 0.1em solid var(--border);

+}

+div.option-list-item {

+  padding-left: 12em;

+  padding-right: 0;

+  padding-bottom: 0.3em;

+  padding-top: 0.3em;

+}

+div.odd {

+  background-color: var(--secondary-background);

+}

+div.option-list-label {

+  margin-left: -11.5em;

+  margin-right: 0em;

+  min-width: 11.5em;

+  display: inline-block;

+  vertical-align: top;

+}

+div.option-list-description {

+  width: calc(100% - 1em);

+  padding-left: 1em;

+  padding-right: 0;

+  display: inline-block;

+}

+

 blockquote {

   font-size: 0.9em;

   font-style: italic;

@@ -519,7 +547,12 @@ blockquote {
   border-left: 5px solid #bbc;

 }

 

-.pre {

+blockquote.markdown-quote {

+  font-size: 0.9rem;  /* use rem to avoid recursion */

+  font-style: normal;

+}

+

+.pre, span.tok {

   font-family: "Source Code Pro", Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace;

   font-weight: 500;

   font-size: 0.85em;

@@ -530,6 +563,16 @@ blockquote {
   border-radius: 4px;

 }

 

+span.tok {

+  border: 1px solid #808080;

+  padding-bottom: 0.1em;

+  margin-right: 0.2em;

+}

+

+.copyToClipBoard {

+  position: relative;

+}

+

 pre {

   font-family: "Source Code Pro", Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace;

   color: var(--text);

@@ -548,7 +591,25 @@ pre {
   border: 1px solid var(--border);

   -webkit-border-radius: 6px;

   -moz-border-radius: 6px;

-  border-radius: 6px; }

+  border-radius: 6px;

+}

+

+.copyToClipBoardBtn {

+  visibility: hidden;

+  position: absolute;

+  width: 24px;

+  border-radius: 4px;

+  background-image: var(--clipboard-image);

+  right: 5px;

+  top: 13px;

+  background-color: var(--secondary-background);

+  padding: 11px;

+  border: 0;

+}

+

+.copyToClipBoard:hover .copyToClipBoardBtn {

+  visibility: visible;

+}

 

 .pre-scrollable {

   max-height: 340px;

@@ -562,8 +623,8 @@ pre {
 

 table.line-nums-table {

   border-radius: 4px;

-  border: 1px solid #cccccc;

-  background-color: ghostwhite;

+  border: 1px solid var(--border);

+  background-color: var(--secondary-background);

   border-collapse: separate;

   margin-top: 15px;

   margin-bottom: 25px; }

@@ -599,6 +660,9 @@ table {
   border-collapse: collapse;

   border-color: var(--third-background);

   border-spacing: 0;

+}

+

+table:not(.line-nums-table) {

   font-size: 0.9em;

 }

 

@@ -613,11 +677,11 @@ table th {
   font-weight: bold; }

 

 table th.docinfo-name {

-    background-color: transparent;

-    text-align: right;

+  background-color: transparent;

+  text-align: right;

 }

 

-table tr:hover {

+table:not(.line-nums-table) tr:hover {

   background-color: var(--third-background); }

 

 

@@ -631,31 +695,31 @@ table.borderless td, table.borderless th {
   padding: 0 0.5em 0 0 !important; }

 

 .admonition {

-    padding: 0.3em;

-    background-color: var(--secondary-background);

-    border-left: 0.4em solid #7f7f84;

-    margin-bottom: 0.5em;

-    -webkit-box-shadow: 0 5px 8px -6px rgba(0,0,0,.2);

-       -moz-box-shadow: 0 5px 8px -6px rgba(0,0,0,.2);

-            box-shadow: 0 5px 8px -6px rgba(0,0,0,.2);

+  padding: 0.3em;

+  background-color: var(--secondary-background);

+  border-left: 0.4em solid #7f7f84;

+  margin-bottom: 0.5em;

+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 5px 8px -6px rgba(0,0,0,.2);

+      -moz-box-shadow: 0 5px 8px -6px rgba(0,0,0,.2);

+          box-shadow: 0 5px 8px -6px rgba(0,0,0,.2);

 }

 .admonition-info {

-    border-color: var(--info-background);

+  border-color: var(--info-background);

 }

 .admonition-info-text {

-    color: var(--info-background);

+  color: var(--info-background);

 }

 .admonition-warning {

-    border-color: var(--warning-background);

+  border-color: var(--warning-background);

 }

 .admonition-warning-text {

-    color: var(--warning-background);

+  color: var(--warning-background);

 }

 .admonition-error {

-    border-color: var(--error-background);

+  border-color: var(--error-background);

 }

 .admonition-error-text {

-    color: var(--error-background);

+  color: var(--error-background);

 }

 

 .first {

@@ -689,8 +753,7 @@ div.footer, div.header {
   font-size: smaller; }

 

 div.footer {

-    padding-top: 5em;

-}

+  padding-top: 5em; }

 

 div.line-block {

   display: block;

@@ -707,19 +770,23 @@ div.topic {
 

 div.search_results {

   background-color: var(--third-background);

-  margin: 3em;

+  margin: 3vh 5vw;

   padding: 1em;

   border: 1px solid #4d4d4d;

-}

+  position: fixed;

+  top: 10px;

+  isolation: isolate;

+  max-width: calc(100vw - 6em);

+  z-index: 1;

+  max-height: calc(100vh - 6em);

+  overflow-y: scroll;}

 

 div#global-links ul {

   margin-left: 0;

-  list-style-type: none;

-}

+  list-style-type: none; }

 

 div#global-links > simple-boot {

-    margin-left: 3em;

-}

+  margin-left: 3em; }

 

 hr.docutils {

   width: 75%; }

@@ -817,9 +884,6 @@ span.classifier {
 span.classifier-delimiter {

   font-weight: bold; }

 

-span.option {

-  white-space: nowrap; }

-

 span.problematic {

   color: #b30000; }

 

@@ -899,8 +963,29 @@ span.Preprocessor {
 span.Directive {

   color: #252dbe; }

 

-span.Command, span.Rule, span.Hyperlink, span.Label, span.Reference,

-span.Other {

+span.option {

+  font-weight: bold;

+  font-family: "Source Code Pro", Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace;

+  color: var(--option); }

+

+span.Prompt {

+  font-weight: bold;

+  color: red; }

+

+span.ProgramOutput {

+  font-weight: bold;

+  color: #808080; }

+

+span.program {

+  font-weight: bold;

+  color: var(--program);

+  text-decoration: underline;

+  text-decoration-color: var(--hint);

+  text-decoration-thickness: 0.05em;

+  text-underline-offset: 0.15em; }

+

+span.Command, span.Rule, span.Hyperlink,

+span.Label, span.Reference, span.Other {

   color: var(--other); }

 

 /* Pop type, const, proc, and iterator defs in nim def blocks */

@@ -938,17 +1023,14 @@ span.pragmadots {
   border-radius: 4px;

   margin: 0 2px;

   cursor: pointer;

-  font-size: 0.8em;

-}

+  font-size: 0.8em; }

 

 span.pragmadots:hover {

-  background-color: var(--hint);

-}

+  background-color: var(--hint); }

+

 span.pragmawrap {

-  display: none;

-}

+  display: none; }

 

 span.attachedType {

   display: none;

-  visibility: hidden;

-}

+  visibility: hidden; }

diff --git a/doc/nimfix.rst b/doc/nimfix.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index d105346da..000000000
--- a/doc/nimfix.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
-=====================
-  Nimfix User Guide
-=====================
-
-:Author: Andreas Rumpf
-:Version: |nimversion|
-
-**WARNING**: Nimfix is currently beta-quality.
-
-Nimfix is a tool to help you upgrade from Nimrod (<= version 0.9.6) to
-Nim (=> version 0.10.0).
-
-It performs 3 different actions:
-
-1. It makes your code case consistent.
-2. It renames every symbol that has a deprecation rule. So if a module has a
-   rule `{.deprecated: [TFoo: Foo].}` then `TFoo` is replaced by `Foo`.
-3. It can also check that your identifiers adhere to the official style guide
-   and optionally modify them to do so (via `--styleCheck:auto`).
-
-Note that `nimfix` defaults to **overwrite** your code unless you
-use `--overwriteFiles:off`! But hey, if you do not use a version control
-system by this day and age, your project is already in big trouble.
-
-
-Installation
-------------
-
-Nimfix is part of the compiler distribution. Compile via::
-
-  nim c compiler/nimfix/nimfix.nim
-  mv compiler/nimfix/nimfix bin
-
-Or on windows::
-
-  nim c compiler\nimfix\nimfix.nim
-  move compiler\nimfix\nimfix.exe bin
-
-Usage
------
-
-Usage:
-  nimfix [options] projectfile.nim
-
-Options:
-
-  --overwriteFiles:on|off       overwrite the original nim files. DEFAULT is ON!
-  --wholeProject                overwrite every processed file.
-  --checkExtern:on|off          style check also extern names
-  --styleCheck:on|off|auto      performs style checking for identifiers
-                                and suggests an alternative spelling;
-                                'auto' corrects the spelling.
-
-In addition, all command line options of Nim are supported.
-
-
diff --git a/doc/nimgrep.md b/doc/nimgrep.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63f760051
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/nimgrep.md
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+=========================
+  nimgrep User's manual
+=========================
+
+:Author: Andreas Rumpf
+:Version: 1.6.0
+
+.. default-role:: option
+.. contents::
+
+Nimgrep is a command line tool for search and replace tasks. It can search for
+regex or peg patterns and can search whole directories at once. User
+confirmation for every single replace operation can be requested.
+
+Nimgrep has particularly good support for Nim's
+eccentric *style insensitivity* (see option `-y` below).
+Apart from that it is a generic text manipulation tool.
+
+
+Installation
+============
+
+Compile nimgrep with the command:
+
+  ```cmd
+  nim c -d:release tools/nimgrep.nim
+  ```
+
+And copy the executable somewhere in your ``$PATH``.
+
+
+Command line switches
+=====================
+
+.. include:: nimgrep_cmdline.txt
+
+Path filter options
+-------------------
+
+Let us assume we have file `dirA/dirB/dirC/file.nim`.
+Filesystem path options will match for these parts of the path:
+
+| option              | matches for                        |
+| :------------------ | :--------------------------------  |
+| `--[not]extensions` | ``nim``                            |
+| `--[not]filename`   | ``file.nim``                       |
+| `--[not]dirname`    | ``dirA`` and ``dirB`` and ``dirC`` |
+| `--[not]dirpath`    | ``dirA/dirB/dirC``                 |
+
+Combining multiple filter options together and negating them
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Options for filtering can be provided multiple times so they form a list,
+which works as:
+* positive filters
+  `--filename`, `--dirname`, `--dirpath`, `--inContext`,
+  `--inFile` accept files/matches if *any* pattern from the list is hit
+* negative filters
+  `--notfilename`, `--notdirname`, `--notdirpath`, `--notinContext`,
+  `--notinFile` accept files/matches if *no* pattern from the list is hit.
+
+In other words the same filtering option repeated many times means logical OR.
+
+.. Important::
+  Different filtering options are related by logical AND: they all must
+  be true for a match to be accepted.
+  E.g. `--filename:F --dirname:D1 --notdirname:D2` means
+  `filename(F) AND dirname(D1) AND (NOT dirname(D2))`.
+
+So negative filtering patterns are effectively related by logical OR also:
+`(NOT PAT1) AND (NOT PAT2) == NOT (PAT1 OR PAT2)`:literal: in pseudo-code.
+
+That means you can always use only 1 such an option with logical OR, e.g.
+`--notdirname:PAT1 --notdirname:PAT2` is fully equivalent to
+`--notdirname:'PAT1|PAT2'`.
+
+.. Note::
+   If you want logical AND on patterns you should compose 1 appropriate pattern,
+   possibly combined with multi-line mode `(?s)`:literal:.
+   E.g. to require that multi-line context of matches has occurrences of
+   **both** PAT1 and PAT2 use positive lookaheads (`(?=PAT)`:literal:):
+     ```cmd
+     nimgrep --inContext:'(?s)(?=.*PAT1)(?=.*PAT2)'
+     ```
+
+Meaning of `^`:literal: and `$`:literal:
+========================================
+
+`nimgrep`:cmd: PCRE engine is run in a single-line mode so
+`^`:literal: matches the beginning of whole input *file* and
+`$`:literal: matches the end of *file* (or whole input *string* for
+options like `--filename`).
+
+Add the `(?m)`:literal: modifier to the beginning of your pattern for
+`^`:literal: and `$`:literal: to match the beginnings and ends of *lines*.
+
+Examples
+========
+
+All examples below use default PCRE Regex patterns:
+
++ To search recursively in Nim files using style-insensitive identifiers:
+
+    ```cmd
+    nimgrep --recursive --ext:'nim|nims' --ignoreStyle
+    # short: -r --ext:'nim|nims' -y
+    ```
+
+  .. Note:: we used `'` quotes to avoid special treatment of `|` symbol
+    for shells like Bash
+
++ To exclude version control directories (Git, Mercurial=hg, Subversion=svn)
+  from the search:
+    ```cmd
+    nimgrep --notdirname:'^\.git$' --notdirname:'^\.hg$' --notdirname:'^\.svn$'
+    # short: --ndi:'^\.git$' --ndi:'^\.hg$' --ndi:'^\.svn$'
+    ```
++ To search only in paths containing the `tests`:literal: sub-directory
+  recursively:
+    ```cmd
+    nimgrep --recursive --dirname:'^tests$'
+    # short: -r --di:'^tests$'
+    # or using --dirpath:
+    nimgrep --recursive --dirpath:'(^|/)tests($|/)'
+    # short: -r --pa:'(^|/)tests($|/)'
+    ```
++ Nimgrep can search multi-line, e.g. to find files containing `import`:literal:
+  and then `strutils`:literal: use pattern `'import(.|\n)*?strutils'`:literal:.
diff --git a/doc/nimgrep.rst b/doc/nimgrep.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b0fe0dbb..000000000
--- a/doc/nimgrep.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
-=========================
-  nimgrep User's manual
-=========================
-
-:Author: Andreas Rumpf
-:Version: 0.9
-
-
-Nimgrep is a command line tool for search&replace tasks. It can search for
-regex or peg patterns and can search whole directories at once. User
-confirmation for every single replace operation can be requested.
-
-Nimgrep has particularly good support for Nim's
-eccentric *style insensitivity*. Apart from that it is a generic text
-manipulation tool.
-
-
-Installation
-============
-
-Compile nimgrep with the command::
-
-  nim c -d:release tools/nimgrep.nim
-
-And copy the executable somewhere in your `$PATH`.
-
-
-Command line switches
-=====================
-
-Usage:
-  nimgrep [options] [pattern] [replacement] (file/directory)*
-Options:
-  --find, -f          find the pattern (default)
-  --replace, -r       replace the pattern
-  --peg               pattern is a peg
-  --re                pattern is a regular expression (default); extended
-                      syntax for the regular expression is always turned on
-  --recursive         process directories recursively
-  --confirm           confirm each occurrence/replacement; there is a chance
-                      to abort any time without touching the file
-  --stdin             read pattern from stdin (to avoid the shell's confusing
-                      quoting rules)
-  --word, -w          the match should have word boundaries (buggy for pegs!)
-  --ignoreCase, -i    be case insensitive
-  --ignoreStyle, -y   be style insensitive
-  --ext:EX1|EX2|...   only search the files with the given extension(s)
-  --verbose           be verbose: list every processed file
-  --help, -h          shows this help
-  --version, -v       shows the version
diff --git a/doc/nimgrep_cmdline.txt b/doc/nimgrep_cmdline.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f6887bc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/nimgrep_cmdline.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+
+Usage:
+
+* To search:
+
+      nimgrep [options] PATTERN [(FILE/DIRECTORY)*/-]
+
+* To replace:
+
+      nimgrep [options] PATTERN --replace REPLACEMENT (FILE/DIRECTORY)*/-
+
+* To list file names:
+
+      nimgrep [options] --filenames [PATTERN] [(FILE/DIRECTORY)*]
+
+Positional arguments, from left to right:
+1) PATTERN is either Regex (default) or Peg if `--peg` is specified.
+   PATTERN and REPLACEMENT should be skipped when `--stdin` is specified.
+2) REPLACEMENT supports `$1`, `$#` notations for captured groups in PATTERN.
+
+   .. DANGER:: `--replace` mode **DOES NOT** ask confirmation
+      unless `--confirm` is specified!
+
+3) Final arguments are a list of paths (FILE/DIRECTORY) or a standalone
+   minus `-` or not specified (empty):
+
+   * empty, current directory `.` is assumed (not with `--replace`)
+
+     .. Note:: so when no FILE/DIRECTORY/`-` is specified nimgrep
+       does **not** read the pipe, but searches files in the current
+       dir instead!
+   * `-`, read buffer once from stdin: pipe or terminal input;
+     in `--replace` mode the result is directed to stdout;
+     it's not compatible with `--stdin`, `--filenames`, or `--confirm`
+
+
+   For any given DIRECTORY nimgrep searches only its immediate files without
+   traversing subdirectories unless `--recursive` is specified.
+
+In replacement mode we require all 3 positional arguments to avoid damaging.
+
+Options:
+* Mode of operation:
+  --find, -f          find the PATTERN (default)
+  --replace, -!       replace the PATTERN to REPLACEMENT, rewriting the files
+  --confirm           confirm each occurrence/replacement; there is a chance
+                      to abort any time without touching the file
+  --filenames         just list filenames. Provide a PATTERN to find it in
+                      the filenames (not in the contents of a file) or run
+                      with empty pattern to just list all files:
+
+                          nimgrep --filenames               # In current dir
+                          nimgrep --filenames "" DIRECTORY
+                           # Note empty pattern "", lists all files in DIRECTORY
+* Interprete patterns:
+  --peg               PATTERN and PAT are Peg
+  --re                PATTERN and PAT are regular expressions (default)
+  --rex, -x           use the "extended" syntax for the regular expression
+                      so that whitespace is not significant
+  --word, -w          matches should have word boundaries (buggy for pegs!)
+  --ignoreCase, -i    be case-insensitive in PATTERN and PAT
+  --ignoreStyle, -y   be style insensitive in PATTERN and PAT
+  .. Note:: PATTERN and patterns PAT (see below in other options) are all either
+     Regex or Peg simultaneously and options `--rex`, `--word`, `--ignoreCase`,
+     and `--ignoreStyle` are applied to all of them.
+
+* File system walk:
+  --recursive, -r      process directories recursively
+  --follow             follow all symlinks when processing recursively
+  --sortTime, -s[:asc|desc]
+                       order files by the last modification time (default: off):
+                       ascending (recent files go last) or descending
+
+* Filter files (based on filesystem paths):
+
+  .. Hint:: Instead of `not` you can type just `n` for negative options below.
+
+  --ex[tensions]:EX1|EX2|...
+                       only search the files with the given extension(s),
+                       empty one (`--ex`) means files with missing extension
+  --notex[tensions]:EX1|EX2|...
+                       exclude files having given extension(s), use empty one to
+                       skip files with no extension (like some binary files are)
+  --fi[lename]:PAT     search only files whose name matches pattern PAT
+  --notfi[lename]:PAT  skip files whose name matches pattern PAT
+  --di[rname]:PAT      select files that in their path have a directory name
+                       that matches pattern PAT
+  --notdi[rname]:PAT   do not descend into directories whose name (not path)
+                       matches pattern PAT
+  --dirp[ath]:PAT      select only files whose whole relative directory path
+                       matches pattern PAT
+  --notdirp[ath]:PAT   skip files whose whole relative directory path
+                       matches pattern PAT
+
+* Filter files (based on file contents):
+  --inF[ile]:PAT      select files containing a (not displayed) match of PAT
+  --notinF[ile]:PAT   skip files containing a match of PAT
+  --bin:on|off|only   process binary files? (detected by \0 in first 1K bytes)
+                      (default: on - binary and text files treated the same way)
+  --text, -t          process only text files, the same as `--bin:off`
+
+* Filter matches:
+  --inC[ontext]:PAT   select only matches containing a match of PAT in their
+                      surrounding context (multiline with `-c`, `-a`, `-b`)
+  --notinC[ontext]:PAT
+                      skip matches not containing a match of PAT
+                      in their surrounding context
+
+* Represent results:
+  --nocolor           output will be given without any colors
+  --color[:on]        force color even if output is redirected (default: auto)
+  --colorTheme:THEME  select color THEME from `simple` (default),
+                      `bnw` (black and white), `ack`, or `gnu` (GNU grep)
+  --count             only print counts of matches for files that matched
+  --context:N, -c:N   print N lines of leading context before every match and
+                      N lines of trailing context after it (default N: 0)
+  --afterContext:N, -a:N
+                      print N lines of trailing context after every match
+  --beforeContext:N, -b:N
+                      print N lines of leading context before every match
+  --group, -g         group matches by file
+  --newLine, -l       display every matching line starting from a new line
+  --cols[:N]          limit max displayed columns/width of output lines from
+                      files by N characters, cropping overflows (default: off)
+  --cols:auto, -%     calculate columns from terminal width for every line
+  --onlyAscii, -@     display only printable ASCII Latin characters 0x20-0x7E
+                      substitutions: 0 -> ^@, 1 -> ^A, ... 0x1F -> ^_,
+                                     0x7F -> '7F, ..., 0xFF -> 'FF
+
+* Miscellaneous:
+  --threads:N, -j:N   speed up search by N additional workers (default: 0, off)
+  --stdin             read PATTERN from stdin (to avoid the shell's confusing
+                      quoting rules) and, if `--replace` given, REPLACEMENT
+  --verbose           be verbose: list every processed file
+  --help, -h          shows this help
+  --version, -v       shows the version
diff --git a/doc/niminst.rst b/doc/niminst.md
index 3ccb47cc8..cc399c57a 100644
--- a/doc/niminst.rst
+++ b/doc/niminst.md
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 =========================
   niminst User's manual
 =========================
@@ -7,6 +5,8 @@
 :Author: Andreas Rumpf
 :Version: |nimversion|
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
 .. contents::
 
 Introduction
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Introduction
 
 niminst is a tool to generate an installer for a Nim program. Currently
 it can create an installer for Windows
-via `Inno Setup <http://www.jrsoftware.org/isinfo.php>`_ as well as
+via [Inno Setup](http://www.jrsoftware.org/isinfo.php) as well as
 installation/deinstallation scripts for UNIX. Later versions will support
 Linux' package management systems.
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ systems.
 Configuration file
 ==================
 
-niminst uses the Nim `parsecfg <parsecfg.html>`_ module to parse the
+niminst uses the Nim [parsecfg](parsecfg.html) module to parse the
 configuration file. Here's an example of how the syntax looks like:
 
 .. include:: mytest.cfg
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ configuration file. Here's an example of how the syntax looks like:
 
 The value of a key-value pair can reference user-defined variables via
 the `$variable` notation: They can be defined in the command line with the
-`--var:name=value` switch. This is useful to not hard-coding the
+`--var:name=value`:option: switch. This is useful to not hard-coding the
 program's version number into the configuration file, for instance.
 
 It follows a description of each possible section and how it affects the
@@ -49,20 +49,20 @@ contain the following key-value pairs:
 ====================   =======================================================
 Key                    description
 ====================   =======================================================
-`Name`               the project's name; this needs to be a single word
-`DisplayName`        the project's long name; this can contain spaces. If
+`Name`                 the project's name; this needs to be a single word
+`DisplayName`          the project's long name; this can contain spaces. If
                        not specified, this is the same as `Name`.
-`Version`            the project's version
-`OS`                 the OSes to generate C code for; for example:
+`Version`              the project's version
+`OS`                   the OSes to generate C code for; for example:
                        `"windows;linux;macosx"`
-`CPU`                the CPUs to generate C code for; for example:
+`CPU`                  the CPUs to generate C code for; for example:
                        `"i386;amd64;powerpc"`
-`Authors`            the project's authors
-`Description`        the project's description
-`App`                the application's type: "Console" or "GUI". If
+`Authors`              the project's authors
+`Description`          the project's description
+`App`                  the application's type: "Console" or "GUI". If
                        "Console", niminst generates a special batch file
                        for Windows to open up the command-line shell.
-`License`            the filename of the application's license
+`License`              the filename of the application's license
 ====================   =======================================================
 
 
@@ -72,11 +72,11 @@ Key                    description
 Many sections support the `files` key. Listed filenames
 can be separated by semicolon or the `files` key can be repeated. Wildcards
 in filenames are supported. If it is a directory name, all files in the
-directory are used::
+directory are used:
 
-  [Config]
-  Files: "configDir"
-  Files: "otherconfig/*.conf;otherconfig/*.cfg"
+    [Config]
+    Files: "configDir"
+    Files: "otherconfig/*.conf;otherconfig/*.cfg"
 
 
 Config section
@@ -91,10 +91,10 @@ Documentation section
 
 The `documentation` section supports the `files` key.
 Listed files will be installed into the OS's native documentation directory
-(which might be `$appdir/doc`).
+(which might be ``$appdir/doc``).
 
 There is a `start` key which determines whether the Windows installer
-generates a link to e.g. the `index.html` of your documentation.
+generates a link to e.g. the ``index.html`` of your documentation.
 
 
 Other section
@@ -125,9 +125,9 @@ Other possible options are:
 ====================   =======================================================
 Key                    description
 ====================   =======================================================
-`BinPath`            paths to add to the Windows `%PATH%` environment
+`BinPath`              paths to add to the Windows `%PATH%` environment
                        variable. Example: ``BinPath: r"bin;dist\mingw\bin"``
-`InnoSetup`          boolean flag whether an Inno Setup installer should be
+`InnoSetup`            boolean flag whether an Inno Setup installer should be
                        generated for Windows. Example: `InnoSetup: "Yes"`
 ====================   =======================================================
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ UnixBin section
 
 The `UnixBin` section currently only supports the `files` key.
 Listed files will be installed into the OS's native bin directory
-(e.g. `/usr/local/bin`). The exact location depends on the
+(e.g. ``/usr/local/bin``). The exact location depends on the
 installation path the user specifies when running the `install.sh` script.
 
 
@@ -149,9 +149,9 @@ Possible options are:
 ====================   =======================================================
 Key                    description
 ====================   =======================================================
-`InstallScript`      boolean flag whether an installation shell script
+`InstallScript`        boolean flag whether an installation shell script
                        should be generated. Example: `InstallScript: "Yes"`
-`UninstallScript`    boolean flag whether a de-installation shell script
+`UninstallScript`      boolean flag whether a de-installation shell script
                        should be generated.
                        Example: `UninstallScript: "Yes"`
 ====================   =======================================================
@@ -165,9 +165,9 @@ Possible options are:
 ====================   =======================================================
 Key                    description
 ====================   =======================================================
-`path`               Path to Inno Setup.
+`path`                 Path to Inno Setup.
                        Example: ``path = r"c:\inno setup 5\iscc.exe"``
-`flags`              Flags to pass to Inno Setup.
+`flags`                Flags to pass to Inno Setup.
                        Example: `flags = "/Q"`
 ====================   =======================================================
 
@@ -180,8 +180,8 @@ Possible options are:
 ====================   =======================================================
 Key                    description
 ====================   =======================================================
-`path`               Path to the C compiler.
-`flags`              Flags to pass to the C Compiler.
+`path`                 Path to the C compiler.
+`flags`                Flags to pass to the C Compiler.
                        Example: `flags = "-w"`
 ====================   =======================================================
 
diff --git a/doc/nims.rst b/doc/nims.md
index f81637d73..987cc2096 100644
--- a/doc/nims.rst
+++ b/doc/nims.md
@@ -1,34 +1,35 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 ================================
           NimScript
 ================================
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
+
 Strictly speaking, `NimScript` is the subset of Nim that can be evaluated
 by Nim's builtin virtual machine (VM). This VM is used for Nim's compiletime
 function evaluation features.
 
-The `nim` executable processes the `.nims` configuration files in
+The `nim`:cmd: executable processes the ``.nims`` configuration files in
 the following directories (in this order; later files overwrite
 previous settings):
 
 1) If environment variable `XDG_CONFIG_HOME` is defined,
-   `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/nim/config.nims` or
-   `~/.config/nim/config.nims` (POSIX) or
-   `%APPDATA%/nim/config.nims` (Windows). This file can be skipped
-   with the `--skipUserCfg` command line option.
-2) `$parentDir/config.nims` where `$parentDir` stands for any
+   ``$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/nim/config.nims`` or
+   ``~/.config/nim/config.nims`` (POSIX) or
+   ``%APPDATA%/nim/config.nims`` (Windows). This file can be skipped
+   with the `--skipUserCfg`:option: command line option.
+2) ``$parentDir/config.nims`` where ``$parentDir`` stands for any
    parent directory of the project file's path. These files can be
-   skipped with the `--skipParentCfg` command line option.
-3) `$projectDir/config.nims` where `$projectDir` stands for the
-   project's path. This file can be skipped with the `--skipProjCfg`
+   skipped with the `--skipParentCfg`:option: command line option.
+3) ``$projectDir/config.nims`` where ``$projectDir`` stands for the
+   project's path. This file can be skipped with the `--skipProjCfg`:option:
    command line option.
 4) A project can also have a project specific configuration file named
-   `$project.nims` that resides in the same directory as
-   `$project.nim`. This file can be skipped with the same
-   `--skipProjCfg` command line option.
+   ``$project.nims`` that resides in the same directory as
+   ``$project.nim``. This file can be skipped with the same
+   `--skipProjCfg`:option: command line option.
 
-For available procs and implementation details see `nimscript <nimscript.html>`_.
+For available procs and implementation details see [nimscript](nimscript.html).
 
 
 Limitations
@@ -60,84 +61,88 @@ Standard library modules
 
 At least the following standard library modules are available:
 
-* `macros <macros.html>`_
-* `os <os.html>`_
-* `strutils <strutils.html>`_
-* `math <math.html>`_
-* `distros <distros.html>`_
-* `sugar <sugar.html>`_
-* `algorithm <algorithm.html>`_
-* `base64 <base64.html>`_
-* `bitops <bitops.html>`_
-* `chains <chains.html>`_
-* `colors <colors.html>`_
-* `complex <complex.html>`_
-* `htmlgen <htmlgen.html>`_
-* `httpcore <httpcore.html>`_
-* `lenientops <lenientops.html>`_
-* `mersenne <mersenne.html>`_
-* `options <options.html>`_
-* `parseutils <parseutils.html>`_
-* `punycode <punycode.html>`_
-* `random <punycode.html>`_
-* `stats <stats.html>`_
-* `strformat <strformat.html>`_
-* `strmisc <strmisc.html>`_
-* `strscans <strscans.html>`_
-* `unicode <unicode.html>`_
-* `uri <uri.html>`_
-* `std/editdistance <editdistance.html>`_
-* `std/wordwrap <wordwrap.html>`_
-* `std/sums <sums.html>`_
-* `parsecsv <parsecsv.html>`_
-* `parsecfg <parsecfg.html>`_
-* `parsesql <parsesql.html>`_
-* `xmlparser <xmlparser.html>`_
-* `htmlparser <htmlparser.html>`_
-* `ropes <ropes.html>`_
-* `json <json.html>`_
-* `parsejson <parsejson.html>`_
-* `strtabs <strtabs.html>`_
-* `unidecode <unidecode.html>`_
-
-In addition to the standard Nim syntax (`system <system.html>`_ module),
+* [algorithm](algorithm.html)
+* [base64](base64.html)
+* [bitops](bitops.html)
+* [chains](chains.html)
+* [colors](colors.html)
+* [complex](complex.html)
+* [distros](distros.html)
+* [std/editdistance](editdistance.html)
+* [htmlgen](htmlgen.html)
+* [htmlparser](htmlparser.html)
+* [httpcore](httpcore.html)
+* [json](json.html)
+* [lenientops](lenientops.html)
+* [macros](macros.html)
+* [math](math.html)
+* [options](options.html)
+* [os](os.html)
+* [parsecfg](parsecfg.html)
+* [parsecsv](parsecsv.html)
+* [parsejson](parsejson.html)
+* [parsesql](parsesql.html)
+* [parseutils](parseutils.html)
+* [punycode](punycode.html)
+* [random](random.html)
+* [ropes](ropes.html)
+* [std/setutils](setutils.html)
+* [stats](stats.html)
+* [strformat](strformat.html)
+* [strmisc](strmisc.html)
+* [strscans](strscans.html)
+* [strtabs](strtabs.html)
+* [strutils](strutils.html)
+* [sugar](sugar.html)
+* [unicode](unicode.html)
+* [unidecode](unidecode.html)
+* [uri](uri.html)
+* [std/wordwrap](wordwrap.html)
+* [xmlparser](xmlparser.html)
+
+In addition to the standard Nim syntax ([system](system.html) module),
 NimScripts support the procs and templates defined in the
-`nimscript <nimscript.html>`_ module too.
+[nimscript](nimscript.html) module too.
 
 See also:
-* `Check the tests for more information about modules compatible with NimScript. <https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/blob/devel/tests/test_nimscript.nims>`_
+* [Check the tests for more information about modules compatible with NimScript](
+  https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/blob/devel/tests/test_nimscript.nims)
 
 
 NimScript as a configuration file
 =================================
 
-A command-line switch `--FOO` is written as `switch("FOO")` in
-NimScript. Similarly, command-line `--FOO:VAL` translates to
+A command-line switch `--FOO`:option: is written as `switch("FOO")` in
+NimScript. Similarly, command-line `--FOO:VAL`:option: translates to
 `switch("FOO", "VAL")`.
 
 Here are few examples of using the `switch` proc:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # command-line: --opt:size
   switch("opt", "size")
-  # command-line: --define:foo or -d:foo
-  switch("define", "foo")
+  # command-line: --define:release or -d:release
+  switch("define", "release")
   # command-line: --forceBuild
   switch("forceBuild")
+  # command-line: --hint[Conf]:off or --hint:Conf:off
+  switch("hint", "[Conf]:off")
+  ```
 
-NimScripts also support `--` templates for convenience, which look
+NimScripts also support `--`:option: templates for convenience, which look
 like command-line switches written as-is in the NimScript file. So the
 above example can be rewritten as:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   --opt:size
-  --define:foo
+  --define:release
   --forceBuild
+  ```
 
 **Note**: In general, the *define* switches can also be set in
-NimScripts using `switch` or `--`, as shown in above
-examples. Only the `release` define (`-d:release`) cannot be set
-in NimScripts.
+NimScripts using `switch` or `--`, as shown in above examples. Few
+`define` switches such as `-d:strip`:option:, `-d:lto`:option: and
+`-d:lto_incremental`:option: cannot be set in NimScripts.
 
 
 NimScript as a build tool
@@ -145,11 +150,12 @@ NimScript as a build tool
 
 The `task` template that the `system` module defines allows a NimScript
 file to be used as a build tool. The following example defines a
-task `build` that is an alias for the `c` command:
+task `build` that is an alias for the `c`:option: command:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   task build, "builds an example":
     setCommand "c"
+  ```
 
 
 In fact, as a convention the following tasks should be available:
@@ -159,20 +165,20 @@ Task          Description
 =========     ===================================================
 `help`        List all the available NimScript tasks along with their docstrings.
 `build`       Build the project with the required
-              backend (`c`, `cpp` or `js`).
+              backend (`c`:option:, `cpp`:option: or `js`:option:).
 `tests`       Runs the tests belonging to the project.
 `bench`       Runs benchmarks belonging to the project.
 =========     ===================================================
 
 
-Look at the module `distros <distros.html>`_ for some support of the
+Look at the module [distros](distros.html) for some support of the
 OS's native package managers.
 
 
 Nimble integration
 ==================
 
-See the `Nimble readme <https://github.com/nim-lang/nimble#readme>`_
+See the [Nimble readme](https://github.com/nim-lang/nimble#readme)
 for more information.
 
 
@@ -180,11 +186,10 @@ Standalone NimScript
 ====================
 
 NimScript can also be used directly as a portable replacement for Bash and
-Batch files. Use `nim myscript.nims` to run `myscript.nims`. For example,
+Batch files. Use `nim myscript.nims`:cmd: to run ``myscript.nims``. For example,
 installation of Nimble could be accomplished with this simple script:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   mode = ScriptMode.Verbose
 
   var id = 0
@@ -197,18 +202,19 @@ installation of Nimble could be accomplished with this simple script:
     exec "nim c nimble"
 
   mvFile "nimble" & $id & "/src/nimble".toExe, "bin/nimble".toExe
+  ```
 
 On Unix, you can also use the shebang `#!/usr/bin/env nim`, as long as your filename
-ends with `.nims`:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
+ends with ``.nims``:
 
+  ```nim
   #!/usr/bin/env nim
   mode = ScriptMode.Silent
 
   echo "hello world"
+  ```
 
-Use `#!/usr/bin/env -S nim --hints:off` to disable hints.
+Use `#!/usr/bin/env -S nim e --hints:off` to disable hints and relax the file extension constraint.
 
 
 Benefits
@@ -228,8 +234,7 @@ allowing the same script to support a lot of systems.
 
 See the following (incomplete) example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   import std/distros
 
   # Architectures.
@@ -255,6 +260,7 @@ See the following (incomplete) example:
     echo "Distro is ArchLinux"
   elif detectOs(Debian):
     echo "Distro is Debian"
+  ```
 
 
 Uniform Syntax
@@ -276,24 +282,24 @@ making it ideal for functional scripting metaprogramming.
 This is an example of a third party module that uses macros and templates to
 translate text strings on unmodified NimScript:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   import nimterlingua
   nimterlingua("translations.cfg")
   echo "cat"  # Run with -d:RU becomes "kot", -d:ES becomes "gato", ...
+  ```
 
 translations.cfg
 
-.. code-block:: none
-
+  ```none
   [cat]
   ES = gato
   IT = gatto
   RU = kot
   FR = chat
+  ```
 
 
-* `Nimterlingua <https://nimble.directory/pkg/nimterlingua>`_
+* [Nimterlingua](https://nimble.directory/pkg/nimterlingua)
 
 
 Graceful Fallback
@@ -304,8 +310,7 @@ but often a graceful and seamless fallback degradation is used.
 
 See the following NimScript:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   if likely(true):
     discard
   elif unlikely(false):
@@ -315,6 +320,7 @@ See the following NimScript:
 
   static:
     echo CompileDate
+  ```
 
 
 `likely()`, `unlikely()`, `static:` and `{.compiletime.}`
@@ -325,14 +331,15 @@ Evolving Scripting language
 ---------------------------
 
 NimScript evolves together with Nim,
-`occasionally new features might become available on NimScript <https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pulls?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=nimscript>`_ ,
+[occasionally new features might become available on NimScript](
+https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pulls?q=nimscript+is%3Amerged),
 adapted from compiled Nim or added as new features on both.
 
 Scripting Language with a Package Manager
 -----------------------------------------
 
 You can create your own modules to be compatible with NimScript,
-and check `Nimble <https://nimble.directory>`_
+and check [Nimble](https://nimble.directory)
 to search for third party modules that may work on NimScript.
 
 DevOps Scripting
@@ -341,4 +348,5 @@ DevOps Scripting
 You can use NimScript to deploy to production, run tests, build projects, do benchmarks,
 generate documentation, and all kinds of DevOps/SysAdmin specific tasks.
 
-* `An example of a third party NimScript that can be used as a project-agnostic tool. <https://github.com/kaushalmodi/nim_config#list-available-tasks>`_
+* [An example of a third party NimScript that can be used as a project-agnostic
+  tool.](https://github.com/kaushalmodi/nim_config#list-available-tasks)
diff --git a/doc/nimsuggest.rst b/doc/nimsuggest.md
index 509f72e8a..3d076a6f5 100644
--- a/doc/nimsuggest.rst
+++ b/doc/nimsuggest.md
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 ================================
   Nim IDE Integration Guide
 ================================
@@ -7,49 +5,53 @@
 :Author: Unknown
 :Version: |nimversion|
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
 .. contents::
 
 
 Nim differs from many other compilers in that it is really fast,
 and being so fast makes it suited to provide external queries for
 text editors about the source code being written. Through the
-`nimsuggest` tool, any IDE
-can query a `.nim` source file and obtain useful information like
+`nimsuggest`:cmd: tool, any IDE
+can query a ``.nim`` source file and obtain useful information like
 definition of symbols or suggestions for completion.
 
 This document will guide you through the available options. If you
 want to look at practical examples of nimsuggest support you can look
 at the
-`various editor integrations <https://github.com/Araq/Nim/wiki/Editor-Support>`_
+[various editor integrations](https://github.com/Araq/Nim/wiki/Editor-Support)
 already available.
 
 
 Installation
 ============
 
-Nimsuggest is part of Nim's core. Build it via::
+Nimsuggest is part of Nim's core. Build it via:
 
+  ```cmd
   koch nimsuggest
+  ```
 
 
 Nimsuggest invocation
 =====================
 
-Run it via `nimsuggest --stdin --debug myproject.nim`. Nimsuggest is a
+Run it via `nimsuggest --stdin --debug myproject.nim`:cmd:. Nimsuggest is a
 server that takes queries that are related to `myproject`. There is some
-support so that you can throw random `.nim` files which are not part
+support so that you can throw random ``.nim`` files which are not part
 of `myproject` at Nimsuggest too, but usually the query refer to modules/files
 that are part of `myproject`.
 
-`--stdin` means that Nimsuggest reads the query from `stdin`. This is great
+`--stdin`:option: means that Nimsuggest reads the query from `stdin`. This is great
 for testing things out and playing with it but for an editor communication
 via sockets is more reasonable so that is the default. It listens to port 6000
 by default.
 
-Nimsuggest is basically a frontend for the nim compiler so `--path` flags and
-`config files <https://nim-lang.org/docs/nimc.html#compiler-usage-configuration-files>`_
+Nimsuggest is basically a frontend for the nim compiler so `--path`:option: flags and
+[config files](nimc.html#compiler-usage-configuration-files)
 can be used to specify additional dependencies like 
-`nimsuggest --stdin --debug --path:"dependencies" myproject.nim`. 
+`nimsuggest --stdin --debug --path:"dependencies" myproject.nim`:cmd:.
 
 
 Specifying the location of the query
@@ -60,26 +62,26 @@ cryptic 3 letter "command" `def` or `con` or `sug` or `use` followed by
 a location. A query location consists of:
 
 
-`file.nim`
-    This is the name of the module or include file the query refers to.
+``file.nim``
+:   This is the name of the module or include file the query refers to.
 
-`dirtyfile.nim`
-    This is optional.
+``dirtyfile.nim``
+:   This is optional.
 
     The `file` parameter is enough for static analysis, but IDEs
     tend to have *unsaved buffers* where the user may still be in
     the middle of typing a line. In such situations the IDE can
     save the current contents to a temporary file and then use the
-    `dirtyfile.nim` option to tell Nimsuggest that `foobar.nim` should
-    be taken from `temporary/foobar.nim`.
+    ``dirtyfile.nim`` option to tell Nimsuggest that ``foobar.nim`` should
+    be taken from ``temporary/foobar.nim``.
 
 
-`line`
-    An integer with the line you are going to query. For the compiler
+``line``
+:   An integer with the line you are going to query. For the compiler
     lines start at **1**.
 
-`col`
-    An integer with the column you are going to query. For the
+``col``
+:   An integer with the column you are going to query. For the
     compiler columns start at **0**.
 
 
@@ -111,8 +113,8 @@ The `sug` Nimsuggest command performs a query about possible
 completion symbols at some point in the file.
 
 The typical usage scenario for this option is to call it after the
-user has typed the dot character for `the object oriented call
-syntax <tut2.html#object-oriented-programming-method-call-syntax>`_.
+user has typed the dot character for [the object oriented call
+syntax](tut2.html#object-oriented-programming-method-call-syntax).
 Nimsuggest will try to return the suggestions sorted first by scope
 (from innermost to outermost) and then by item name.
 
@@ -149,9 +151,9 @@ tab characters (``\t``). The values of each column are:
 1. Three characters indicating the type of returned answer (e.g.
    `def` for definition, `sug` for suggestion, etc).
 2. Type of the symbol. This can be `skProc`, `skLet`, and just
-   about any of the enums defined in the module `compiler/ast.nim`.
+   about any of the enums defined in the module ``compiler/ast.nim``.
 3. Fully qualified path of the symbol. If you are querying a symbol
-   defined in the `proj.nim` file, this would have the form
+   defined in the ``proj.nim`` file, this would have the form
    `proj.symbolName`.
 4. Type/signature. For variables and enums this will contain the
    type of the symbol, for procs, methods and templates this will
diff --git a/doc/overview.rst b/doc/overview.md
index e01520d7c..b21eb1e68 100644
--- a/doc/overview.rst
+++ b/doc/overview.md
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ Nim Documentation Overview
 :Author: Andreas Rumpf
 :Version: |nimversion|
 
-.. include:: docs.rst
+.. include:: docs.md
 
diff --git a/doc/packaging.rst b/doc/packaging.md
index ecde73f61..b742bef28 100644
--- a/doc/packaging.rst
+++ b/doc/packaging.md
@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ Packaging Nim
 
 This page provide hints on distributing Nim using OS packages.
 
-See `distros <distros.html>`_ for tools to detect Linux distribution at runtime.
+See [distros](distros.html) for tools to detect Linux distribution at runtime.
+
+See [here](intern.html#bootstrapping-the-compiler-reproducible-builds) for how to
+compile reproducible builds.
 
 Supported architectures
 -----------------------
@@ -45,28 +48,33 @@ The Debian package ships bash and ksh completion and manpages that can be reused
 
 Hints on the build process:
 
-::
-
-   # build from C sources and then using koch
-   ./build.sh --os $os_type --cpu $cpu_arch
-   ./bin/nim c koch
-   ./koch boot -d:release
+  ```cmd
+  # build from C sources and then using koch
+  make -j   # supports parallel build
+  # alternatively: ./build.sh --os $os_type --cpu $cpu_arch
+  ./bin/nim c -d:release koch
+  ./koch boot -d:release
 
-   # optionally generate docs into doc/html
-   ./koch docs
+  # optionally generate docs into doc/html
+  ./koch docs
 
-   ./koch tools -d:release
+  ./koch tools
 
-   # extract files to be really installed
-   ./install.sh <tempdir>
+  # extract files to be really installed
+  ./install.sh <tempdir>
 
-   # also include the tools
-   for fn in nimble nimsuggest nimgrep; do cp ./bin/$fn <tempdir>/nim/bin/; done
+  # also include the tools
+  for fn in nimble nimsuggest nimgrep; do cp ./bin/$fn <tempdir>/nim/bin/; done
+  ```
 
 What to install:
 
-- The expected stdlib location is /usr/lib/nim
-- Global configuration files under /etc/nim
+- The expected stdlib location is `/usr/lib/nim/lib`, previously it was just `/usr/lib/nim`
+- `nimdoc.css` and `nimdoc.cls` from the `doc` folder should go into `/usr/lib/nim/doc/`
+- `tools/debug/nim-gdb.py` should go into `/usr/lib/nim/tools/`
+- `tools/dochack/dochack.js` should be installed to `/usr/lib/nim/tools/dochack/`
+- Global configuration files under `/etc/nim`
 - Optionally: manpages, documentation, shell completion
 - When installing documentation, .idx files are not required
 - The "compiler" directory contains compiler sources and should not be part of the compiler binary package
+
diff --git a/doc/pegdocs.txt b/doc/pegdocs.txt
index 4c557aed8..0a8fd8187 100644
--- a/doc/pegdocs.txt
+++ b/doc/pegdocs.txt
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ notation           meaning
 ``A / ... / Z``    Ordered choice: Apply expressions `A`, ..., `Z`, in this
                    order, to the text ahead, until one of them succeeds and
                    possibly consumes some text. Indicate success if one of
-                   expressions succeeded. Otherwise do not consume any text
+                   expressions succeeded. Otherwise, do not consume any text
                    and indicate failure.
 ``A ... Z``        Sequence: Apply expressions `A`, ..., `Z`, in this order,
                    to consume consecutive portions of the text ahead, as long
                    as they succeed. Indicate success if all succeeded.
-                   Otherwise do not consume any text and indicate failure.
+                   Otherwise, do not consume any text and indicate failure.
                    The sequence's precedence is higher than that of ordered
                    choice: ``A B / C`` means ``(A B) / Z`` and
                    not ``A (B / Z)``.
@@ -27,7 +27,10 @@ notation           meaning
 ``{E}``            Capture: Apply expression `E` and store the substring
                    that matched `E` into a *capture* that can be accessed
                    after the matching process.
-``$i``             Back reference to the ``i``th capture. ``i`` counts from 1.
+``{}``             Empty capture: Delete the last capture. No character
+                   is consumed.
+``$i``             Back reference to the ``i``th capture. ``i`` counts forwards
+                   from 1 or backwards (last capture to first) from ^1.
 ``$``              Anchor: Matches at the end of the input. No character
                    is consumed. Same as ``!.``.
 ``^``              Anchor: Matches at the start of the input. No character
@@ -41,20 +44,20 @@ notation           meaning
 ``E+``             One or more: Apply expression `E` repeatedly to match
                    the text ahead, as long as it succeeds. Consume the matched
                    text (if any) and indicate success if there was at least
-                   one match. Otherwise indicate failure.
+                   one match. Otherwise, indicate failure.
 ``E*``             Zero or more: Apply expression `E` repeatedly to match
                    the text ahead, as long as it succeeds. Consume the matched
                    text (if any). Always indicate success.
 ``E?``             Zero or one: If expression `E` matches the text ahead,
                    consume it. Always indicate success.
 ``[s]``            Character class: If the character ahead appears in the
-                   string `s`, consume it and indicate success. Otherwise
+                   string `s`, consume it and indicate success. Otherwise,
                    indicate failure.
 ``[a-b]``          Character range: If the character ahead is one from the
                    range `a` through `b`, consume it and indicate success.
-                   Otherwise indicate failure.
+                   Otherwise, indicate failure.
 ``'s'``            String: If the text ahead is the string `s`, consume it
-                   and indicate success. Otherwise indicate failure.
+                   and indicate success. Otherwise, indicate failure.
 ``i's'``           String match ignoring case.
 ``y's'``           String match ignoring style.
 ``v's'``           Verbatim string match: Use this to override a global
@@ -63,15 +66,15 @@ notation           meaning
 ``y$j``            String match ignoring style for back reference.
 ``v$j``            Verbatim string match for back reference.
 ``.``              Any character: If there is a character ahead, consume it
-                   and indicate success. Otherwise (that is, at the end of
+                   and indicate success. Otherwise, (that is, at the end of
                    input) indicate failure.
-``_``              Any Unicode character: If there is an UTF-8 character
-                   ahead, consume it and indicate success. Otherwise indicate
+``_``              Any Unicode character: If there is a UTF-8 character
+                   ahead, consume it and indicate success. Otherwise, indicate
                    failure.
 ``@E``             Search: Shorthand for ``(!E .)* E``. (Search loop for the
                    pattern `E`.)
 ``{@} E``          Captured Search: Shorthand for ``{(!E .)*} E``. (Search
-                   loop for the pattern `E`.) Everything until and exluding
+                   loop for the pattern `E`.) Everything until and excluding
                    `E` is captured.
 ``@@ E``           Same as ``{@} E``.
 ``A <- E``         Rule: Bind the expression `E` to the *nonterminal symbol*
@@ -79,7 +82,7 @@ notation           meaning
                    matching engine.**
 ``\identifier``    Built-in macro for a longer expression.
 ``\ddd``           Character with decimal code *ddd*.
-``\"``, etc        Literal ``"``, etc.
+``\"``, etc.       Literal ``"``, etc.
 ===============    ============================================================
 
 
@@ -128,51 +131,53 @@ notation           meaning
 Supported PEG grammar
 ---------------------
 
-The PEG parser implements this grammar (written in PEG syntax)::
+The PEG parser implements this grammar (written in PEG syntax):
 
-  # Example grammar of PEG in PEG syntax.
-  # Comments start with '#'.
-  # First symbol is the start symbol.
+    # Example grammar of PEG in PEG syntax.
+    # Comments start with '#'.
+    # First symbol is the start symbol.
 
-  grammar <- rule* / expr
+    grammar <- rule* / expr
 
-  identifier <- [A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*
-  charsetchar <- "\\" . / [^\]]
-  charset <- "[" "^"? (charsetchar ("-" charsetchar)?)+ "]"
-  stringlit <- identifier? ("\"" ("\\" . / [^"])* "\"" /
-                            "'" ("\\" . / [^'])* "'")
-  builtin <- "\\" identifier / [^\13\10]
+    identifier <- [A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*
+    charsetchar <- "\\" . / [^\]]
+    charset <- "[" "^"? (charsetchar ("-" charsetchar)?)+ "]"
+    stringlit <- identifier? ("\"" ("\\" . / [^"])* "\"" /
+                              "'" ("\\" . / [^'])* "'")
+    builtin <- "\\" identifier / [^\13\10]
 
-  comment <- '#' @ \n
-  ig <- (\s / comment)* # things to ignore
+    comment <- '#' @ \n
+    ig <- (\s / comment)* # things to ignore
 
-  rule <- identifier \s* "<-" expr ig
-  identNoArrow <- identifier !(\s* "<-")
-  prefixOpr <- ig '&' / ig '!' / ig '@' / ig '{@}' / ig '@@'
-  literal <- ig identifier? '$' [0-9]+ / '$' / '^' /
-             ig identNoArrow /
-             ig charset /
-             ig stringlit /
-             ig builtin /
-             ig '.' /
-             ig '_' /
-             (ig "(" expr ig ")")
-  postfixOpr <- ig '?' / ig '*' / ig '+'
-  primary <- prefixOpr* (literal postfixOpr*)
+    rule <- identifier \s* "<-" expr ig
+    identNoArrow <- identifier !(\s* "<-")
+    prefixOpr <- ig '&' / ig '!' / ig '@' / ig '{@}' / ig '@@'
+    literal <- ig identifier? '$' '^'? [0-9]+ / '$' / '^' /
+               ig identNoArrow /
+               ig charset /
+               ig stringlit /
+               ig builtin /
+               ig '.' /
+               ig '_' /
+               (ig "(" expr ig ")") /
+               (ig "{" expr? ig "}")
+    postfixOpr <- ig '?' / ig '*' / ig '+'
+    primary <- prefixOpr* (literal postfixOpr*)
 
-  # Concatenation has higher priority than choice:
-  # ``a b / c`` means ``(a b) / c``
+    # Concatenation has higher priority than choice:
+    # ``a b / c`` means ``(a b) / c``
 
-  seqExpr <- primary+
-  expr <- seqExpr (ig "/" expr)*
+    seqExpr <- primary+
+    expr <- seqExpr (ig "/" expr)*
 
 
 **Note**: As a special syntactic extension if the whole PEG is only a single
 expression, identifiers are not interpreted as non-terminals, but are
 interpreted as verbatim string:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   abc =~ peg"abc" # is true
+  ```
 
 So it is not necessary to write ``peg" 'abc' "`` in the above example.
 
@@ -182,22 +187,25 @@ Examples
 
 Check if `s` matches Nim's "while" keyword:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   s =~ peg" y'while'"
+  ```
 
 Exchange (key, val)-pairs:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   "key: val; key2: val2".replacef(peg"{\ident} \s* ':' \s* {\ident}", "$2: $1")
+  ```
 
 Determine the ``#include``'ed files of a C file:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   for line in lines("myfile.c"):
     if line =~ peg"""s <- ws '#include' ws '"' {[^"]+} '"' ws
                      comment <- '/*' @ '*/' / '//' .*
                      ws <- (comment / \s+)* """:
       echo matches[0]
+  ```
 
 PEG vs regular expression
 -------------------------
diff --git a/doc/readme.txt b/doc/readme.txt
index 6f4cece87..1157752b9 100644
--- a/doc/readme.txt
+++ b/doc/readme.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ============================
-Nim's documenation system
+Nim's documentation system
 ============================
 
 This folder contains Nim's documentation. The documentation
-is written in a format called *reStructuredText*, a markup language that reads
+is written in a format called *Markdown*, a markup language that reads
 like ASCII and can be converted to HTML automatically!
diff --git a/doc/gc.rst b/doc/refc.md
index 4455afcbe..4023748e6 100644
--- a/doc/gc.rst
+++ b/doc/refc.md
@@ -1,73 +1,3 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
-=======================
-Nim's Memory Management
-=======================
-
-:Author: Andreas Rumpf
-:Version: |nimversion|
-
-..
-
-
-  "The road to hell is paved with good intentions."
-
-
-Introduction
-============
-
-A memory-management algorithm optimal for every use-case cannot exist.
-Nim provides multiple paradigms for needs ranging from large multi-threaded
-applications, to games, hard-realtime systems and small microcontrollers.
-
-This document describes how the management strategies work;
-How to tune the garbage collectors for your needs, like (soft) `realtime systems`:idx:,
-and how the memory management strategies other than garbage collectors work.
-
-.. note:: the default GC is incremental, thread-local and not "stop-the-world"
-
-Multi-paradigm Memory Management Strategies
-===========================================
-
-To choose the memory management strategy use the `--gc:` switch.
-
-- `--gc:refc`. This is the default GC. It's a
-  deferred reference counting based garbage collector
-  with a simple Mark&Sweep backup GC in order to collect cycles. Heaps are thread-local.
-- `--gc:markAndSweep`. Simple Mark-And-Sweep based garbage collector. Heaps are thread-local.
-- `--gc:boehm`. Boehm based garbage collector, it offers a shared heap.
-- `--gc:go`. Go's garbage collector, useful for interoperability with Go. Offers a shared heap.
-- `--gc:arc`. Plain reference counting with
-  `move semantic optimizations <destructors.html#move-semantics>`_, offers a shared heap.
-  It offers deterministic performance for `hard realtime`:idx: systems. Reference cycles
-  cause memory leaks, beware.
-
-- `--gc:orc`. Same as `--gc:arc` but adds a cycle collector based on "trial deletion".
-  Unfortunately, that makes its performance profile hard to reason about so it is less
-  useful for hard real-time systems.
-
-- `--gc:none`. No memory management strategy nor a garbage collector. Allocated memory is
-  simply never freed. You should use `--gc:arc` instead.
-
-
-================== ======== ================= ============== ===================
-Memory Management  Heap     Reference Cycles  Stop-The-World Command line switch
-================== ======== ================= ============== ===================
-RefC               Local    Cycle Collector   No             `--gc:refc`
-Mark & Sweep       Local    Cycle Collector   No             `--gc:markAndSweep`
-ARC                Shared   Leak              No             `--gc:arc`
-ORC                Shared   Cycle Collector   No             `--gc:orc`
-Boehm              Shared   Cycle Collector   Yes            `--gc:boehm`
-Go                 Shared   Cycle Collector   Yes            `--gc:go`
-None               Manual   Manual            Manual         `--gc:none`
-================== ======== ================= ============== ===================
-
-JavaScript's garbage collector is used for the `JavaScript and NodeJS
-<backends.html#backends-the-javascript-target>`_ compilation targets.
-The `NimScript <nims.html>`_ target uses the memory management strategy built into
-the Nim compiler.
-
-
 Tweaking the refc GC
 ====================
 
@@ -82,13 +12,14 @@ Soft real-time support
 ----------------------
 
 To enable real-time support, the symbol `useRealtimeGC`:idx: needs to be
-defined via `--define:useRealtimeGC` (you can put this into your config
+defined via `--define:useRealtimeGC`:option: (you can put this into your config
 file as well).
 With this switch the garbage collector supports the following operations:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc GC_setMaxPause*(maxPauseInUs: int)
   proc GC_step*(us: int, strongAdvice = false, stackSize = -1)
+  ```
 
 The unit of the parameters `maxPauseInUs` and `us` is microseconds.
 
@@ -132,7 +63,7 @@ Time measurement with garbage collectors
 ----------------------------------------
 
 The garbage collectors' way of measuring time uses
-(see `lib/system/timers.nim` for the implementation):
+(see ``lib/system/timers.nim`` for the implementation):
 
 1) `QueryPerformanceCounter` and `QueryPerformanceFrequency` on Windows.
 2) `mach_absolute_time` on Mac OS X.
@@ -156,13 +87,41 @@ that up to 100 objects are traversed and freed before it checks again. Thus
 highly specialized environments or for older hardware.
 
 
+Thread coordination
+-------------------
+
+When the `NimMain()` function is called Nim initializes the garbage
+collector to the current thread, which is usually the main thread of your
+application. If your C code later spawns a different thread and calls Nim
+code, the garbage collector will fail to work properly and you will crash.
+
+As long as you don't use the threadvar emulation Nim uses native thread
+variables, of which you get a fresh version whenever you create a thread. You
+can then attach a GC to this thread via
+
+  ```nim
+  system.setupForeignThreadGc()
+  ```
+
+It is **not** safe to disable the garbage collector and enable it after the
+call from your background thread even if the code you are calling is short
+lived.
+
+Before the thread exits, you should tear down the thread's GC to prevent memory
+leaks by calling
+
+  ```nim
+  system.tearDownForeignThreadGc()
+  ```
+
+
 Keeping track of memory
 =======================
 
 If you need to pass around memory allocated by Nim to C, you can use the
 procs `GC_ref` and `GC_unref` to mark objects as referenced to avoid them
 being freed by the garbage collector.
-Other useful procs from `system <system.html>`_ you can use to keep track of memory are:
+Other useful procs from [system](system.html) you can use to keep track of memory are:
 
 * `getTotalMem()` Returns the amount of total memory managed by the garbage collector.
 * `getOccupiedMem()` Bytes reserved by the garbage collector and used by objects.
@@ -170,7 +129,7 @@ Other useful procs from `system <system.html>`_ you can use to keep track of mem
 * `GC_getStatistics()` Garbage collector statistics as a human-readable string.
 
 These numbers are usually only for the running thread, not for the whole heap,
-with the exception of `--gc:boehm` and `--gc:go`.
+with the exception of `--mm:boehm`:option: and `--mm:go`:option:.
 
 In addition to `GC_ref` and `GC_unref` you can avoid the garbage collector by manually
 allocating memory with procs like `alloc`, `alloc0`, `allocShared`, `allocShared0` or `allocCStringArray`.
@@ -179,12 +138,14 @@ The garbage collector won't try to free them, you need to call their respective
 when you are done with them or they will leak.
 
 
+
 Heap dump
 =========
 
 The heap dump feature is still in its infancy, but it already proved
 useful for us, so it might be useful for you. To get a heap dump, compile
-with `-d:nimTypeNames` and call `dumpNumberOfInstances` at a strategic place in your program.
+with `-d:nimTypeNames`:option: and call `dumpNumberOfInstances`
+at a strategic place in your program.
 This produces a list of the used types in your program and for every type
 the total amount of object instances for this type as well as the total
 amount of bytes these instances take up.
diff --git a/doc/regexprs.txt b/doc/regexprs.txt
index b7370d858..fa7f9d24a 100644
--- a/doc/regexprs.txt
+++ b/doc/regexprs.txt
@@ -47,16 +47,18 @@ full documentation of Perl's regular expressions.
 Because the backslash ``\`` is a meta character both in the Nim
 programming language and in regular expressions, it is strongly
 recommended that one uses the *raw* strings of Nim, so that
-backslashes are interpreted by the regular expression engine::
+backslashes are interpreted by the regular expression engine:
 
+```nim
   r"\S"  # matches any character that is not whitespace
+```
 
 A regular expression is a pattern that is matched against a subject string
 from left to right. Most characters stand for themselves in a pattern, and
 match the corresponding characters in the subject. As a trivial example,
-the pattern::
+the pattern:
 
-  The quick brown fox
+    The quick brown fox
 
 matches a portion of a subject string that is identical to itself.
 The power of regular expressions comes from the ability to include
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ in patterns in a visible manner. There is no restriction on the appearance of
 non-printing characters, apart from the binary zero that terminates a pattern,
 but when a pattern is being prepared by text editing, it is usually easier to
 use one of the following escape sequences than the binary character it
-represents::
+represents:
 
 ==============     ============================================================
 character          meaning
@@ -146,7 +148,7 @@ character          meaning
 After ``\x``, from zero to two hexadecimal digits are read (letters can be in
 upper or lower case). In UTF-8 mode, any number of hexadecimal digits may
 appear between ``\x{`` and ``}``, but the value of the character code must be
-less than 2**31 (that is, the maximum hexadecimal value is 7FFFFFFF). If
+less than 2^31 (that is, the maximum hexadecimal value is 7FFFFFFF). If
 characters other than hexadecimal digits appear between ``\x{`` and ``}``, or
 if there is no terminating ``}``, this form of escape is not recognized.
 Instead, the initial ``\x`` will be interpreted as a basic hexadecimal escape,
@@ -244,7 +246,7 @@ The fourth use of backslash is for certain `simple assertions`:idx:. An
 assertion specifies a condition that has to be met at a particular point in
 a match, without consuming any characters from the subject string. The use of
 subpatterns for more complicated assertions is described below. The
-backslashed assertions are::
+backslashed assertions are:
 
 ==============     ============================================================
 assertion          meaning
diff --git a/doc/rstcommon.rst b/doc/rstcommon.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e9cc615db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/rstcommon.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+..
+  Usage of this file:
+     Add this in the beginning of *.rst file:
+
+         .. default-role:: code
+         .. include:: rstcommon.rst
+
+     It's the current trick for brevity and compatibility with both Github and
+     rst2html.py, considering that Github cannot highlight Nim in
+     RST files anyway and it does not include files.
+     This way interpreted text is displayed with monospaced font in Github
+     and it's displayed an Nim code in both rst2html.py
+     (note ".. default-role:: Nim" above) and `nim rst2html`.
+
+     For files that are user manual and consist of stuff like cmdline
+     option description, use 'code' as a **real** default role:
+
+     .. include:: rstcommon.rst
+     .. default-role:: code
+
+.. define language roles explicitly (for compatibility with rst2html.py):
+
+.. role:: nim(code)
+   :language: nim
+
+.. default-role:: nim
+
+.. role:: c(code)
+   :language: c
+
+.. role:: cpp(code)
+   :language: cpp
+
+.. role:: yaml(code)
+   :language: yaml
+
+.. role:: python(code)
+   :language: python
+
+.. role:: java(code)
+   :language: java
+
+.. role:: csharp(code)
+   :language: csharp
+
+.. role:: cmd(code)
+
+.. role:: program(code)
+
+.. role:: option(code)
+
diff --git a/doc/sets_fragment.txt b/doc/sets_fragment.txt
index 8436190a0..35b1fc023 100644
--- a/doc/sets_fragment.txt
+++ b/doc/sets_fragment.txt
@@ -1,27 +1,35 @@
 The set type models the mathematical notion of a set. The set's basetype can
 only be an ordinal type of a certain size, namely:
 
-* ``int8``-``int16``
-* ``uint8``/``byte``-``uint16``
-* ``char``
-* ``enum``
-
-or equivalent. For signed integers the set's base type is defined to be in the
-range ``0 .. MaxSetElements-1`` where ``MaxSetElements`` is currently always
-2^16.
+* `int8`-`int16`
+* `uint8`/`byte`-`uint16`
+* `char`
+* `enum`
+* Ordinal subrange types, i.e. `range[-10..10]`
+
+or equivalent. When constructing a set with signed integer literals, the set's
+base type is defined to be in the range `0 .. DefaultSetElements-1` where
+`DefaultSetElements` is currently always 2^8. The maximum range length for the
+base type of a set is `MaxSetElements` which is currently always 2^16. Types
+with a bigger range length are coerced into the range `0 .. MaxSetElements-1`.
 
 The reason is that sets are implemented as high performance bit vectors.
 Attempting to declare a set with a larger type will result in an error:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+```nim
+  var s: set[int64] # Error: set is too large; use `std/sets` for ordinal types
+                    # with more than 2^16 elements
+```
+
 
-  var s: set[int64] # Error: set is too large
+**Note:** Nim also offers [hash sets](sets.html) (which you need to import
+with `import std/sets`), which have no such restrictions.
 
-Sets can be constructed via the set constructor: ``{}`` is the empty set. The
+Sets can be constructed via the set constructor: `{}` is the empty set. The
 empty set is type compatible with any concrete set type. The constructor
 can also be used to include elements (and ranges of elements):
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     CharSet = set[char]
   var
@@ -29,37 +37,44 @@ can also be used to include elements (and ranges of elements):
   x = {'a'..'z', '0'..'9'} # This constructs a set that contains the
                            # letters from 'a' to 'z' and the digits
                            # from '0' to '9'
+  ```
+
+The module [`std/setutils`](setutils.html) provides a way to initialize a set from an iterable:
+
+```nim
+import std/setutils
+
+let uniqueChars = myString.toSet
+```
 
 These operations are supported by sets:
 
 ==================    ========================================================
 operation             meaning
 ==================    ========================================================
-``A + B``             union of two sets
-``A * B``             intersection of two sets
-``A - B``             difference of two sets (A without B's elements)
-``A == B``            set equality
-``A <= B``            subset relation (A is subset of B or equal to B)
-``A < B``             strict subset relation (A is a proper subset of B)
-``e in A``            set membership (A contains element e)
-``e notin A``         A does not contain element e
-``contains(A, e)``    A contains element e
-``card(A)``           the cardinality of A (number of elements in A)
-``incl(A, elem)``     same as ``A = A + {elem}``
-``excl(A, elem)``     same as ``A = A - {elem}``
+`A + B`               union of two sets
+`A * B`               intersection of two sets
+`A - B`               difference of two sets (A without B's elements)
+`A == B`              set equality
+`A <= B`              subset relation (A is subset of B or equal to B)
+`A < B`               strict subset relation (A is a proper subset of B)
+`e in A`              set membership (A contains element e)
+`e notin A`           A does not contain element e
+`contains(A, e)`      A contains element e
+`card(A)`             the cardinality of A (number of elements in A)
+`incl(A, elem)`       same as `A = A + {elem}`
+`excl(A, elem)`       same as `A = A - {elem}`
 ==================    ========================================================
 
-Bit fields
-~~~~~~~~~~
+### Bit fields
 
 Sets are often used to define a type for the *flags* of a procedure.
 This is a cleaner (and type safe) solution than defining integer
-constants that have to be ``or``'ed together.
+constants that have to be `or`'ed together.
 
 Enum, sets and casting can be used together as in:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   type
     MyFlag* {.size: sizeof(cint).} = enum
       A
@@ -77,10 +92,11 @@ Enum, sets and casting can be used together as in:
   assert toNum({A, C}) == 5
   assert toFlags(0) == {}
   assert toFlags(7) == {A, B, C}
+  ```
 
 Note how the set turns enum values into powers of 2.
 
 If using enums and sets with C, use distinct cint.
 
 For interoperability with C see also the
-`bitsize pragma <manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-bitsize-pragma>`_.
+[bitsize pragma](manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-bitsize-pragma).
diff --git a/doc/spawn.txt b/doc/spawn.txt
index c437e8aa3..ed25ad5fd 100644
--- a/doc/spawn.txt
+++ b/doc/spawn.txt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Nim has two flavors of parallelism:
 1) `Structured`:idx parallelism via the ``parallel`` statement.
 2) `Unstructured`:idx: parallelism via the standalone ``spawn`` statement.
 
-Both need the `threadpool <threadpool.html>`_ module to work.
+Both need the [threadpool](threadpool.html) module to work.
 
 Somewhat confusingly, ``spawn`` is also used in the ``parallel`` statement
 with slightly different semantics. ``spawn`` always takes a call expression of
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ the passed expression on the thread pool and returns a `data flow variable`:idx:
 **blocking**. However, one can use ``blockUntilAny`` to wait on multiple flow
 variables at the same time:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   import std/threadpool, ...
 
   # wait until 2 out of 3 servers received the update:
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ variables at the same time:
     assert index >= 0
     responses.del(index)
     discard blockUntilAny(responses)
+  ```
 
 Data flow variables ensure that no data races
 are possible. Due to technical limitations not every type ``T`` is possible in
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ Parallel statement
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Compute PI in an inefficient way
   import std/[strutils, math, threadpool]
 
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@ Example:
       result += ch[k]
 
   echo formatFloat(pi(5000))
+  ```
 
 
 The parallel statement is the preferred mechanism to introduce parallelism
diff --git a/doc/subexes.txt b/doc/subexes.txt
index 62ddd1ec8..1bfd60213 100644
--- a/doc/subexes.txt
+++ b/doc/subexes.txt
@@ -47,8 +47,7 @@ Notation                meaning
 Examples
 ========
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   subex"$1($', '{2..})" % ["f", "a", "b", "c"] == "f(a, b, c)"
 
   subex"$1 $[files|file|files]{1} copied" % ["1"] == "1 file copied"
@@ -57,5 +56,5 @@ Examples
 
   subex("type\n  TEnum = enum\n    $', '40c'\n    '{..}") % [
     "fieldNameA", "fieldNameB", "fieldNameC", "fieldNameD"]
-
+  ```
 
diff --git a/doc/testament.md b/doc/testament.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ff3591ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/testament.md
@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+===========
+ Testament
+===========
+
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
+.. contents::
+
+Testament is an advanced automatic unittests runner for Nim tests, is used for the development of Nim itself,
+offers process isolation for your tests, it can generate statistics about test cases,
+supports multiple targets (C, C++, ObjectiveC, JavaScript, etc.),
+simulated [Dry-Runs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_run_(testing)),
+has logging, can generate HTML reports, skip tests from a file, and more,
+so can be useful to run your tests, even the most complex ones.
+
+
+Test files location
+===================
+
+By default, Testament looks for test files on ``"./tests/category/*.nim"``.
+You can overwrite this pattern glob using `pattern <glob>`:option:.
+The default working directory path can be changed using
+`--directory:"folder/subfolder/"`:option:.
+
+Testament uses the `nim`:cmd: compiler on `PATH`.
+You can change that using `--nim:"folder/subfolder/nim"`:option:.
+Running JavaScript tests with `--targets:"js"`:option: requires
+a working NodeJS on `PATH`.
+
+Commands
+========
+
+p|pat|pattern <glob>        run all the tests matching the given pattern
+all                         run all tests inside of category folders
+c|cat|category <category>   run all the tests of a certain category
+r|run <test>                run single test file
+html                        generate testresults.html from the database
+
+
+Options
+=======
+
+--print                   print results to the console
+--verbose                 print commands (compiling and running tests)
+--simulate                see what tests would be run but don't run them (for debugging)
+--failing                 only show failing/ignored tests
+--targets:"c cpp js objc" run tests for specified targets (default: c)
+--nim:path                use a particular nim executable (default: $PATH/nim)
+--directory:dir           Change to directory dir before reading the tests or doing anything else.
+--colors:on|off           Turn messages coloring on|off.
+--backendLogging:on|off   Disable or enable backend logging. By default turned on.
+--megatest:on|off         Enable or disable megatest. Default is on.
+--valgrind:on|off         Enable or disable valgrind support. Default is on.
+--skipFrom:file           Read tests to skip from `file` - one test per line, # comments ignored
+
+
+Running a single test
+=====================
+
+This is a minimal example to understand the basics,
+not very useful for production, but easy to understand:
+
+  ```console
+  $ mkdir -p tests/category
+  $ echo "assert 42 == 42" > tests/category/test0.nim
+  $ testament run tests/category/test0.nim
+  PASS: tests/category/test0.nim c                           ( 0.2 sec)
+  $ testament r tests/category/test0
+  PASS: tests/category/test0.nim C                           ( 0.2 sec)
+  ```
+
+
+Running all tests from a directory
+==================================
+
+ This will run all tests in the top level tests/ directory. NOTE: these
+ tests are skipped by `testament all`.
+ 
+  ```console
+  $ testament pattern "tests/*.nim"
+  ```
+
+To search for tests deeper in a directory, use
+
+  ```console
+  $ testament pattern "tests/**/*.nim"    # one level deeper
+  $ testament pattern "tests/**/**/*.nim" # two levels deeper
+  ```
+
+HTML Reports
+============
+
+Generate HTML Reports ``testresults.html`` from unittests,
+you have to run at least 1 test *before* generating a report:
+
+  ```console
+  $ testament html
+  ```
+
+
+Writing Unit tests
+==================
+
+Example "template" **to edit** and write a Testament unittest:
+
+  ```nim
+  discard """
+
+    # What actions to expect completion on.
+    # Options:
+    #   "compile": expect successful compilation
+    #   "run": expect successful compilation and execution
+    #   "reject": expect failed compilation. The "reject" action can catch
+    #             {.error.} pragmas but not {.fatal.} pragmas because
+    #             {.error.} calls are expected to originate from the test-file, 
+    #             and can explicitly be specified using the "file", "line" and
+    #             "column" options.
+    #             {.fatal.} pragmas guarantee that compilation will be aborted.
+    action: "run"
+    
+    # For testing failed compilations you can specify the expected origin of the 
+    # compilation error.
+    # With the "file", "line" and "column" options you can define the file, 
+    # line and column that a compilation-error should have originated from.
+    # Use only with action: "reject" as it expects a failed compilation.
+    # Requires errormsg or msg to be defined.
+    # file: ""
+    # line: ""
+    # column: ""
+
+    # The exit code that the test is expected to return. Typically, the default
+    # value of 0 is fine. Note that if the test will be run by valgrind, then
+    # the test will exit with either a code of 0 on success or 1 on failure.
+    exitcode: 0
+
+    # Provide an `output` string to assert that the test prints to standard out
+    # exactly the expected string. Provide an `outputsub` string to assert that
+    # the string given here is a substring of the standard out output of the
+    # test (the output includes both the compiler and test execution output).
+    output: ""
+    outputsub: ""
+
+    # Whether to sort the compiler output lines before comparing them to the 
+    # expected output.
+    sortoutput: true
+
+    # Provide a `nimout` string to assert that the compiler during compilation
+    # prints the defined lines to the standard out.
+    # The lines must match in order, but there may be more lines that appear 
+    # before, after, or in between them. 
+    nimout: '''
+  a very long,
+  multi-line
+  string'''
+
+    # This is the Standard Input the test should take, if any.
+    input: ""
+
+    # Error message the test should print, if any.
+    errormsg: ""
+
+    # Can be run in batch mode, or not.
+    batchable: true
+
+    # Can be run Joined with other tests to run all together, or not.
+    joinable: true
+
+    # On Linux 64-bit machines, whether to use Valgrind to check for bad memory
+    # accesses or memory leaks. On other architectures, the test will be run
+    # as-is, without Valgrind.
+    # Options:
+    #   true: run the test with Valgrind
+    #   false: run the without Valgrind
+    #   "leaks": run the test with Valgrind, but do not check for memory leaks
+    valgrind: false   # Can use Valgrind to check for memory leaks, or not (Linux 64Bit only).
+
+    # Checks that the specified piece of C-code is within the generated C-code.
+    ccodecheck: "'Assert error message'"
+
+    # Command the test should use to run. If left out or an empty string is
+    # provided, the command is taken to be:
+    # "nim $target --hints:on -d:testing --nimblePath:build/deps/pkgs $options $file"
+    # Subject to variable interpolation.
+    cmd: "nim c -r $file"
+
+    # Maximum generated temporary intermediate code file size for the test.
+    maxcodesize: 666
+
+    # Timeout seconds to run the test. Fractional values are supported.
+    timeout: 1.5
+
+    # Targets to run the test into (c, cpp, objc, js). Defaults to c.
+    targets: "c js"
+
+    # flags with which to run the test, delimited by `;`
+    matrix: "; -d:release; -d:caseFoo -d:release"
+
+    # Conditions that will skip this test. Use of multiple "disabled" clauses
+    # is permitted.
+    disabled: "bsd"   # Can disable OSes...
+    disabled: "win"
+    disabled: "32bit" # ...or architectures
+    disabled: "i386"
+    disabled: "azure" # ...or pipeline runners
+    disabled: true    # ...or can disable the test entirely
+
+  """
+  assert true
+  assert 42 == 42, "Assert error message"
+  ```
+
+
+* As you can see the "Spec" is just a `discard """ """`.
+* Spec has sane defaults, so you don't need to provide them all, any simple assert will work just fine.
+* This is not the full spec of Testament, check [the Testament Spec on GitHub,
+  see parseSpec()](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/blob/devel/testament/specs.nim#L317).
+* Nim itself uses Testament, so [there are plenty of test examples](
+  https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/tree/devel/tests).
+* Has some built-in CI compatibility, like Azure Pipelines, etc.
+
+
+Inline hints, warnings and errors (notes)
+-----------------------------------------
+
+Testing the line, column, kind and message of hints, warnings and errors can
+be written inline like so:
+  ```nim
+  {.warning: "warning!!"} #[tt.Warning
+           ^ warning!! [User] ]#
+  ```
+
+The opening `#[tt.` marks the message line.
+The `^` marks the message column.
+
+Inline messages can be combined with `nimout` when `nimoutFull` is false (default).
+This allows testing for expected messages from other modules:
+
+  ```nim
+  discard """
+    nimout: "config.nims(1, 1) Hint: some hint message [User]"
+  """
+  {.warning: "warning!!"} #[tt.Warning
+           ^ warning!! [User] ]#
+  ```
+
+Multiple messages for a line can be checked by delimiting messages with ';':
+
+  ```nim
+  discard """
+    matrix: "--errorMax:0 --styleCheck:error"
+  """
+
+  proc generic_proc*[T](a_a: int) = #[tt.Error
+       ^ 'generic_proc' should be: 'genericProc'; tt.Error
+                        ^ 'a_a' should be: 'aA' ]#
+    discard
+  ```
+
+Use `--errorMax:0` in `matrix`, or `cmd: "nim check $file"` when testing
+for multiple 'Error' messages.
+
+Output message variable interpolation
+-------------------------------------
+
+`errormsg`, `nimout`, and inline messages are subject to these variable interpolations:
+
+* `${/}` - platform's directory separator
+* `$file` - the filename (without directory) of the test
+
+All other `$` characters need escaped as `$$`.
+
+Cmd variable interpolation
+--------------------------
+
+The `cmd` option is subject to these variable interpolations:
+
+* `$target` - the compilation target, e.g. `c`.
+* `$options` - the options for the compiler.
+* `$file` - the file path of the test.
+* `$filedir` - the directory of the test file.
+
+.. code-block:: nim
+
+  discard """
+    cmd: "nim $target --nimblePath:./nimbleDir/simplePkgs $options $file"
+  """
+
+All other `$` characters need escaped as `$$`.
+
+
+Unit test Examples
+==================
+
+Expected to fail:
+
+  ```nim
+  discard """
+    errormsg: "undeclared identifier: 'not_defined'"
+  """
+  assert not_defined == "not_defined", "not_defined is not defined"
+  ```
+
+Expected to fail with error thrown from another file:
+```nim
+# test.nim
+discard """
+  action: "reject"
+  errorMsg: "I break"
+  file: "breakPragma.nim"
+"""
+import ./breakPragma
+
+proc x() {.justDo.} = discard
+
+# breakPragma.nim
+import std/macros
+
+macro justDo*(procDef: typed): untyped =
+  error("I break")
+  return procDef
+```
+
+Expecting generated C to contain a given piece of code:
+
+  ```nim
+  discard """
+    # Checks that the string "Assert error message" is in the generated 
+    # C code.
+    ccodecheck: "'Assert error message'"
+  """
+  assert 42 == 42, "Assert error message"
+  ```
+
+
+Non-Zero exit code:
+
+  ```nim
+  discard """
+    exitcode: 1
+  """
+  quit "Non-Zero exit code", 1
+  ```
+
+Standard output checking:
+
+  ```nim
+  discard """
+
+    output: '''
+  0
+  1
+  2
+  3
+  4
+  5
+  '''
+
+  """
+  for i in 0..5: echo i
+  ```
+
+JavaScript tests:
+
+  ```nim
+  discard """
+    targets: "js"
+  """
+  when defined(js):
+    import std/jsconsole
+    console.log("My Frontend Project")
+  ```
+
+Compile-time tests:
+
+  ```nim
+  discard """
+    action: "compile"
+  """
+  static: assert 9 == 9, "Compile time assert"
+  ```
+
+Tests without Spec:
+
+  ```nim
+  assert 1 == 1
+  ```
+
+
+See also:
+* [Unittest](unittest.html)
diff --git a/doc/testament.rst b/doc/testament.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 04c966ffe..000000000
--- a/doc/testament.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,252 +0,0 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
-Testament is an advanced automatic unittests runner for Nim tests, is used for the development of Nim itself,
-offers process isolation for your tests, it can generate statistics about test cases,
-supports multiple targets (C, C++, ObjectiveC, JavaScript, etc),
-simulated `Dry-Runs <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_run_(testing)>`_,
-has logging, can generate HTML reports, skip tests from a file, and more,
-so can be useful to run your tests, even the most complex ones.
-
-
-Test files location
-===================
-
-By default Testament looks for test files on `"./tests/*.nim"`.
-You can overwrite this pattern glob using `pattern <glob>`.
-The default working directory path can be changed using
-`--directory:"folder/subfolder/"`.
-
-Testament uses the `nim` compiler on `PATH`.
-You can change that using `--nim:"folder/subfolder/nim"`.
-Running JavaScript tests with `--targets:"js"` requires a working NodeJS on
-`PATH`.
-
-
-Options
-=======
-
-* `--print`                   Also print results to the console
-* `--simulate`                See what tests would be run but don't run them (for debugging)
-* `--failing`                 Only show failing/ignored tests
-* `--targets:"c cpp js objc"` Run tests for specified targets (default: all)
-* `--nim:path`                Use a particular nim executable (default: `$PATH/nim`)
-* `--directory:dir`           Change to directory dir before reading the tests or doing anything else.
-* `--colors:on|off`           Turn messages coloring on|off.
-* `--backendLogging:on|off`   Disable or enable backend logging. By default turned on.
-* `--skipFrom:file`           Read tests to skip from `file` - one test per line, # comments ignored
-
-
-Running a single test
-=====================
-
-This is a minimal example to understand the basics,
-not very useful for production, but easy to understand:
-
-.. code::
-
-  $ mkdir tests
-  $ echo "assert 42 == 42" > tests/test0.nim
-  $ testament run test0.nim
-    PASS: tests/test0.nim C                                       ( 0.2 sec)
-
-  $ testament r test0
-    PASS: tests/test0.nim C                                       ( 0.2 sec)
-
-
-Running all tests from a directory
-==================================
-
-.. code::
-
-  $ testament pattern "tests/*.nim"
-
-To search for tests deeper in a directory, use
-
-.. code::
-
-  $ testament pattern "tests/**/*.nim"    # one level deeper
-  $ testament pattern "tests/**/**/*.nim" # two levels deeper
-
-HTML Reports
-============
-
-Generate HTML Reports `testresults.html` from unittests,
-you have to run at least 1 test *before* generating a report:
-
-.. code::
-
-  $ testament html
-
-
-Writing Unitests
-================
-
-Example "template" **to edit** and write a Testament unittest:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  discard """
-
-    # What actions to expect completion on.
-    # Options:
-    #   "compile": expect successful compilation
-    #   "run": expect successful compilation and execution
-    #   "reject": expect failed compilation. The "reject" action can catch
-    #             {.error.} pragmas but not {.fatal.} pragmas because
-    #             {.fatal.} pragmas guarantee that compilation will be aborted.
-    action: "run"
-
-    # The exit code that the test is expected to return. Typically, the default
-    # value of 0 is fine. Note that if the test will be run by valgrind, then
-    # the test will exit with either a code of 0 on success or 1 on failure.
-    exitcode: 0
-
-    # Provide an `output` string to assert that the test prints to standard out
-    # exatly the expected string. Provide an `outputsub` string to assert that
-    # the string given here is a substring of the standard out output of the
-    # test.
-    output: ""
-    outputsub: ""
-
-    # Whether to sort the output lines before comparing them to the desired
-    # output.
-    sortoutput: true
-
-    # Each line in the string given here appears in the same order in the
-    # compiler output, but there may be more lines that appear before, after, or
-    # in between them.
-    nimout: '''
-  a very long,
-  multi-line
-  string'''
-
-    # This is the Standard Input the test should take, if any.
-    input: ""
-
-    # Error message the test should print, if any.
-    errormsg: ""
-
-    # Can be run in batch mode, or not.
-    batchable: true
-
-    # Can be run Joined with other tests to run all togheter, or not.
-    joinable: true
-
-    # On Linux 64-bit machines, whether to use Valgrind to check for bad memory
-    # accesses or memory leaks. On other architectures, the test will be run
-    # as-is, without Valgrind.
-    # Options:
-    #   true: run the test with Valgrind
-    #   false: run the without Valgrind
-    #   "leaks": run the test with Valgrind, but do not check for memory leaks
-    valgrind: false   # Can use Valgrind to check for memory leaks, or not (Linux 64Bit only).
-
-    # Command the test should use to run. If left out or an empty string is
-    # provided, the command is taken to be:
-    # "nim $target --hints:on -d:testing --nimblePath:build/deps/pkgs $options $file"
-    # You can use the $target, $options, and $file placeholders in your own
-    # command, too.
-    cmd: "nim c -r $file"
-
-    # Maximum generated temporary intermediate code file size for the test.
-    maxcodesize: 666
-
-    # Timeout seconds to run the test. Fractional values are supported.
-    timeout: 1.5
-
-    # Targets to run the test into (c, cpp, objc, js).
-    targets: "c js"
-
-    # flags with which to run the test, delimited by `;`
-    matrix: "; -d:release; -d:caseFoo -d:release"
-
-    # Conditions that will skip this test. Use of multiple "disabled" clauses
-    # is permitted.
-    disabled: "bsd"   # Can disable OSes...
-    disabled: "win"
-    disabled: "32bit" # ...or architectures
-    disabled: "i386"
-    disabled: "azure" # ...or pipeline runners
-    disabled: true    # ...or can disable the test entirely
-
-  """
-  assert true
-  assert 42 == 42, "Assert error message"
-
-
-* As you can see the "Spec" is just a `discard """ """`.
-* Spec has sane defaults, so you don't need to provide them all, any simple assert will work just fine.
-* `This is not the full spec of Testament, check the Testament Spec on GitHub, see parseSpec(). <https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/blob/devel/testament/specs.nim#L238>`_
-* `Nim itself uses Testament, so there are plenty of test examples. <https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/tree/devel/tests>`_
-* Has some built-in CI compatibility, like Azure Pipelines, etc.
-* `Testament supports inlined error messages on Unittests, basically comments with the expected error directly on the code. <https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/blob/9a110047cbe2826b1d4afe63e3a1f5a08422b73f/tests/effects/teffects1.nim>`_
-
-
-Unitests Examples
-=================
-
-Expected to fail:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  discard """
-    errormsg: "undeclared identifier: 'not_defined'"
-  """
-  assert not_defined == "not_defined", "not_defined is not defined"
-
-Non-Zero exit code:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  discard """
-    exitcode: 1
-  """
-  quit "Non-Zero exit code", 1
-
-Standard output checking:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  discard """
-
-    output: '''
-  0
-  1
-  2
-  3
-  4
-  5
-  '''
-
-  """
-  for i in 0..5: echo i
-
-JavaScript tests:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  discard """
-    targets: "js"
-  """
-  when defined(js):
-    import std/jsconsole
-    console.log("My Frontend Project")
-
-Compile-time tests:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  discard """
-    action: "compile"
-  """
-  static: assert 9 == 9, "Compile time assert"
-
-Tests without Spec:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-  assert 1 == 1
-
-
-See also:
-* `Unittest <unittest.html>`_
diff --git a/doc/tools.rst b/doc/tools.md
index e0044e1ca..baf7ce386 100644
--- a/doc/tools.rst
+++ b/doc/tools.md
@@ -1,41 +1,45 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 ========================
 Tools available with Nim
 ========================
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
+
 The standard distribution ships with the following tools:
 
-- | `Hot code reloading <hcr.html>`_
+- | [atlas](atlas.html)
+  | `atlas`:cmd: is a simple package cloner tool. It manages an isolated workspace that
+    contains projects and dependencies.
+
+- | [Hot code reloading](hcr.html)
   | The "Hot code reloading" feature is built into the compiler but has its own
     document explaining how it works.
 
-- | `Documentation generator <docgen.html>`_
-  | The builtin document generator `nim doc` generates HTML documentation
-    from `.nim` source files.
+- | [Documentation generator](docgen.html)
+  | The builtin document generator `nim doc`:cmd: generates HTML documentation
+    from ``.nim`` source files.
 
-- | `Nimsuggest for IDE support <nimsuggest.html>`_
-  | Through the `nimsuggest` tool, any IDE can query a `.nim` source file
+- | [Nimsuggest for IDE support](nimsuggest.html)
+  | Through the `nimsuggest`:cmd: tool, any IDE can query a ``.nim`` source file
     and obtain useful information like the definition of symbols or suggestions for
     completion.
 
-- | `C2nim <https://github.com/nim-lang/c2nim/blob/master/doc/c2nim.rst>`_
+- | [C2nim](https://github.com/nim-lang/c2nim/blob/master/doc/c2nim.rst)
   | C to Nim source converter. Translates C header files to Nim.
 
-- | `niminst <niminst.html>`_
+- | [niminst](niminst.html)
   | niminst is a tool to generate an installer for a Nim program.
 
-- | `nimgrep <nimgrep.html>`_
+- | [nimgrep](nimgrep.html)
   | Nim search and replace utility.
 
 - | nimpretty
-  | `nimpretty` is a Nim source code beautifier,
+  | `nimpretty`:cmd: is a Nim source code beautifier,
     to format code according to the official style guide.
 
-- | `testament <https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/testament.html>`_
-  | `testament` is an advanced automatic *unittests runner* for Nim tests,
+- | [testament](testament.html)
+  | `testament`:cmd: is an advanced automatic *unittests runner* for Nim tests,
     is used for the development of Nim itself, offers process isolation for your tests,
     it can generate statistics about test cases, supports multiple targets (C, JS, etc),
-    `simulated Dry-Runs <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_run_(testing)>`_,
     has logging, can generate HTML reports, skip tests from a file, and more,
     so can be useful to run your tests, even the most complex ones.
diff --git a/doc/tut1.rst b/doc/tut1.md
index d2d6f8fe7..2e83effa3 100644
--- a/doc/tut1.rst
+++ b/doc/tut1.md
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 =====================
 Nim Tutorial (Part I)
 =====================
@@ -7,28 +5,31 @@ Nim Tutorial (Part I)
 :Author: Andreas Rumpf
 :Version: |nimversion|
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
 .. contents::
 
 Introduction
 ============
 
-.. raw:: html
-  <blockquote><p>
-  "Der Mensch ist doch ein Augentier -- sch&ouml;ne Dinge w&uuml;nsch ich mir."
-  </p></blockquote>
+>  "Der Mensch ist doch ein Augentier -- Schöne Dinge wünsch' ich mir."
 
 
 This document is a tutorial for the programming language *Nim*.
 
 This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with basic programming concepts
 like variables, types, or statements.
-If you would like to have a gentle introduction of those concepts, we recommend
-`Nim Basics tutorial <https://narimiran.github.io/nim-basics/>`_.
-On the other hand, the `manual <manual.html>`_ contains many more examples of
-the advanced language features.
+
+Here are several other resources for learning Nim:
+
+* [Nim Basics tutorial](https://narimiran.github.io/nim-basics/) - a gentle 
+  introduction of the concepts mentioned above
+* [Learn Nim in 5 minutes](https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/nim/) - quick,
+  five-minute introduction to Nim
+* [The Nim manual](manual.html) - many more examples of the advanced language features
 
 All code examples in this tutorial, as well as the ones found in the rest of
-Nim's documentation, follow the `Nim style guide <nep1.html>`_.
+Nim's documentation, follow the [Nim style guide](nep1.html).
 
 
 The first program
@@ -36,36 +37,46 @@ The first program
 
 We start the tour with a modified "hello world" program:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```Nim  test = "nim c $1"
   # This is a comment
   echo "What's your name? "
   var name: string = readLine(stdin)
   echo "Hi, ", name, "!"
+  ```
 
 
-Save this code to the file "greetings.nim". Now compile and run it::
-
+Save this code to the file "greetings.nim". Now compile and run it:
+  ```cmd
   nim compile --run greetings.nim
+  ```
 
-With the `--run` `switch <nimc.html#compiler-usage-commandminusline-switches>`_ Nim
+With the ``--run`` [switch](nimc.html#compiler-usage-commandminusline-switches) Nim
 executes the file automatically after compilation. You can give your program
-command-line arguments by appending them after the filename::
-
+command-line arguments by appending them after the filename:
+  ```cmd
   nim compile --run greetings.nim arg1 arg2
+  ```
 
-Commonly used commands and switches have abbreviations, so you can also use::
-
+Commonly used commands and switches have abbreviations, so you can also use:
+  ```cmd
   nim c -r greetings.nim
+  ```
 
-To compile a release version use::
-
+This is a **debug version**.
+To compile a release version use:
+  ```cmd
   nim c -d:release greetings.nim
+  ```
 
 By default, the Nim compiler generates a large number of runtime checks
-aiming for your debugging pleasure. With `-d:release` some checks are
-`turned off and optimizations are turned on
-<nimc.html#compiler-usage-compileminustime-symbols>`_.
+aiming for your debugging pleasure. With ``-d:release`` some checks are
+[turned off and optimizations are turned on](
+nimc.html#compiler-usage-compileminustime-symbols).
+
+For benchmarking or production code, use the ``-d:release`` switch.
+For comparing the performance with unsafe languages like C, use the ``-d:danger`` switch
+in order to get meaningful, comparable results. Otherwise, Nim might be handicapped
+by checks that are **not even available** for C.
 
 Though it should be pretty obvious what the program does, I will explain the
 syntax: statements which are not indented are executed when the program
@@ -74,21 +85,21 @@ done with spaces only, tabulators are not allowed.
 
 String literals are enclosed in double-quotes. The `var` statement declares
 a new variable named `name` of type `string` with the value that is
-returned by the `readLine <io.html#readLine,File>`_ procedure. Since the
-compiler knows that `readLine <io.html#readLine,File>`_ returns a string,
+returned by the [readLine](syncio.html#readLine,File) procedure. Since the
+compiler knows that [readLine](syncio.html#readLine,File) returns a string,
 you can leave out the type in the declaration (this is called `local type
 inference`:idx:). So this will work too:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```Nim  test = "nim c $1"
   var name = readLine(stdin)
+  ```
 
 Note that this is basically the only form of type inference that exists in
 Nim: it is a good compromise between brevity and readability.
 
 The "hello world" program contains several identifiers that are already known
-to the compiler: `echo`, `readLine <io.html#readLine,File>`_, etc.
-These built-ins are declared in the system_ module which is implicitly
+to the compiler: `echo`, [readLine](syncio.html#readLine,File), etc.
+These built-ins are declared in the [system](system.html) module which is implicitly
 imported by any other module.
 
 
@@ -104,17 +115,18 @@ String and character literals
 -----------------------------
 
 String literals are enclosed in double-quotes; character literals in single
-quotes. Special characters are escaped with ``\\``: ``\n`` means newline, ``\t``
+quotes. Special characters are escaped with ``\``: ``\n`` means newline, ``\t``
 means tabulator, etc. There are also *raw* string literals:
 
-.. code-block:: Nim
+  ```Nim
   r"C:\program files\nim"
+  ```
 
 In raw literals, the backslash is not an escape character.
 
 The third and last way to write string literals is *long-string literals*.
 They are written with three quotes: `""" ... """`; they can span over
-multiple lines and the ``\\`` is not an escape character either. They are very
+multiple lines and the ``\`` is not an escape character either. They are very
 useful for embedding HTML code templates for example.
 
 
@@ -124,11 +136,11 @@ Comments
 Comments start anywhere outside a string or character literal with the
 hash character `#`. Documentation comments start with `##`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   # A comment.
 
   var myVariable: int ## a documentation comment
+  ```
 
 
 Documentation comments are tokens; they are only allowed at certain places in
@@ -138,8 +150,7 @@ documentation generators.
 Multiline comments are started with `#[` and terminated with `]#`.  Multiline
 comments can also be nested.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   #[
   You can have any Nim code text commented
   out inside this with no indentation restrictions.
@@ -148,6 +159,7 @@ comments can also be nested.
        Note: these can be nested!!
     ]#
   ]#
+  ```
 
 
 Numbers
@@ -165,49 +177,19 @@ The var statement
 =================
 The var statement declares a new local or global variable:
 
-.. code-block::
+  ```nim
   var x, y: int # declares x and y to have the type `int`
+  ```
 
 Indentation can be used after the `var` keyword to list a whole section of
 variables:
 
-.. code-block::
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   var
     x, y: int
     # a comment can occur here too
     a, b, c: string
-
-
-The assignment statement
-========================
-
-The assignment statement assigns a new value to a variable or more generally
-to a storage location:
-
-.. code-block::
-  var x = "abc" # introduces a new variable `x` and assigns a value to it
-  x = "xyz"     # assigns a new value to `x`
-
-`=` is the *assignment operator*. The assignment operator can be
-overloaded. You can declare multiple variables with a single assignment
-statement and all the variables will have the same value:
-
-.. code-block::
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-  var x, y = 3  # assigns 3 to the variables `x` and `y`
-  echo "x ", x  # outputs "x 3"
-  echo "y ", y  # outputs "y 3"
-  x = 42        # changes `x` to 42 without changing `y`
-  echo "x ", x  # outputs "x 42"
-  echo "y ", y  # outputs "y 3"
-
-Note that declaring multiple variables with a single assignment that calls a
-procedure can have unexpected results: the compiler will *unroll* the
-assignments and end up calling the procedure several times. If the result of
-the procedure depends on side effects, your variables may end up having
-different values! For safety use side-effect-free procedures if making multiple
-assignments.
+  ```
 
 
 Constants
@@ -217,20 +199,20 @@ Constants are symbols which are bound to a value. The constant's value
 cannot change. The compiler must be able to evaluate the expression in a
 constant declaration at compile time:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   const x = "abc" # the constant x contains the string "abc"
+  ```
 
 Indentation can be used after the `const` keyword to list a whole section of
 constants:
 
-.. code-block::
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   const
     x = 1
     # a comment can occur here too
     y = 2
     z = y + 5 # computations are possible
+  ```
 
 
 The let statement
@@ -239,20 +221,47 @@ The `let` statement works like the `var` statement but the declared
 symbols are *single assignment* variables: After the initialization their
 value cannot change:
 
-.. code-block::
+  ```nim
   let x = "abc" # introduces a new variable `x` and binds a value to it
   x = "xyz"     # Illegal: assignment to `x`
+  ```
 
 The difference between `let` and `const` is: `let` introduces a variable
 that can not be re-assigned, `const` means "enforce compile time evaluation
 and put it into a data section":
 
-.. code-block::
+  ```nim
   const input = readLine(stdin) # Error: constant expression expected
+  ```
 
-.. code-block::
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   let input = readLine(stdin)   # works
+  ```
+
+
+The assignment statement
+========================
+
+The assignment statement assigns a new value to a variable or more generally
+to a storage location:
+
+  ```nim
+  var x = "abc" # introduces a new variable `x` and assigns a value to it
+  x = "xyz"     # assigns a new value to `x`
+  ```
+
+`=` is the *assignment operator*. The assignment operator can be
+overloaded. You can declare multiple variables with a single assignment
+statement and all the variables will have the same value:
+
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
+  var x, y = 3  # assigns 3 to the variables `x` and `y`
+  echo "x ", x  # outputs "x 3"
+  echo "y ", y  # outputs "y 3"
+  x = 42        # changes `x` to 42 without changing `y`
+  echo "x ", x  # outputs "x 42"
+  echo "y ", y  # outputs "y 3"
+  ```
 
 
 Control flow statements
@@ -268,8 +277,7 @@ If statement
 
 The if statement is one way to branch the control flow:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   let name = readLine(stdin)
   if name == "":
     echo "Poor soul, you lost your name?"
@@ -277,6 +285,7 @@ The if statement is one way to branch the control flow:
     echo "Very funny, your name is name."
   else:
     echo "Hi, ", name, "!"
+  ```
 
 There can be zero or more `elif` parts, and the `else` part is optional.
 The keyword `elif` is short for `else if`, and is useful to avoid
@@ -287,11 +296,10 @@ characters.)
 Case statement
 --------------
 
-Another way to branch is provided by the case statement. A case statement is
-a multi-branch:
+Another way to branch is provided by the case statement. A case statement allows
+for multiple branches:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   let name = readLine(stdin)
   case name
   of "":
@@ -302,6 +310,7 @@ a multi-branch:
     echo "Cool name!"
   else:
     echo "Hi, ", name, "!"
+  ```
 
 As it can be seen, for an `of` branch a comma-separated list of values is also
 allowed.
@@ -310,7 +319,7 @@ The case statement can deal with integers, other ordinal types, and strings.
 (What an ordinal type is will be explained soon.)
 For integers or other ordinal types value ranges are also possible:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # this statement will be explained later:
   from std/strutils import parseInt
 
@@ -319,21 +328,23 @@ For integers or other ordinal types value ranges are also possible:
   case n
   of 0..2, 4..7: echo "The number is in the set: {0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7}"
   of 3, 8: echo "The number is 3 or 8"
+  ```
 
-However, the above code does not compile: the reason is that you have to cover
+However, the above code **does not compile**: the reason is that you have to cover
 every value that `n` may contain, but the code only handles the values
 `0..8`. Since it is not very practical to list every other possible integer
 (though it is possible thanks to the range notation), we fix this by telling
 the compiler that for every other value nothing should be done:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   ...
   case n
   of 0..2, 4..7: echo "The number is in the set: {0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7}"
   of 3, 8: echo "The number is 3 or 8"
   else: discard
+  ```
 
-The empty `discard statement <#procedures-discard-statement>`_ is a *do
+The empty [discard statement] is a *do
 nothing* statement. The compiler knows that a case statement with an else part
 cannot fail and thus the error disappears. Note that it is impossible to cover
 all possible string values: that is why string cases always need an `else`
@@ -349,15 +360,13 @@ While statement
 
 The while statement is a simple looping construct:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   echo "What's your name? "
   var name = readLine(stdin)
   while name == "":
     echo "Please tell me your name: "
-    name = readLine(stdin)
-    # no `var`, because we do not declare a new variable here
+    name = readLine(stdin) # no `var`, because we do not declare a new variable here
+  ```
 
 The example uses a while loop to keep asking the users for their name, as long
 as the user types in nothing (only presses RETURN).
@@ -367,112 +376,117 @@ For statement
 -------------
 
 The `for` statement is a construct to loop over any element an *iterator*
-provides. The example uses the built-in `countup
-<system.html#countup.i,T,T,Positive>`_ iterator:
+provides. The example uses the built-in [countup](
+system.html#countup.i,T,T,Positive) iterator:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   echo "Counting to ten: "
   for i in countup(1, 10):
     echo i
   # --> Outputs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 on different lines
+  ```
 
 The variable `i` is implicitly declared by the
-`for` loop and has the type `int`, because that is what `countup
-<system.html#countup.i,T,T,Positive>`_ returns. `i` runs through the values
+`for` loop and has the type `int`, because that is what [countup](
+system.html#countup.i,T,T,Positive) returns. `i` runs through the values
 1, 2, .., 10. Each value is `echo`-ed. This code does the same:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   echo "Counting to 10: "
   var i = 1
   while i <= 10:
     echo i
-    inc(i) # increment i by 1
+    inc i # increment i by 1
   # --> Outputs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 on different lines
+  ```
+
+Since counting up occurs so often in programs, Nim also has a [..](
+system.html#...i,T,T) iterator that does the same:
+
+  ```nim
+  for i in 1 .. 10:
+    ...
+  ```
 
 Counting down can be achieved as easily (but is less often needed):
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   echo "Counting down from 10 to 1: "
   for i in countdown(10, 1):
     echo i
   # --> Outputs 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 on different lines
-
-Since counting up occurs so often in programs, Nim also has a `..
-<system.html#...i,T,T>`_ iterator that does the same:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
-  for i in 1 .. 10:
-    ...
+  ```
 
 Zero-indexed counting has two shortcuts `..<` and `.. ^1`
-(`backward index operator <system.html#^.t%2Cint>`_) to simplify
+([backward index operator](system.html#^.t%2Cint)) to simplify
 counting to one less than the higher index:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   for i in 0 ..< 10:
-    ...  # 0 .. 9
+    ...  # the same as 0 .. 9
+  ```
 
 or
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var s = "some string"
   for i in 0 ..< s.len:
     ...
+  ```
 
 or
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var s = "some string"
   for idx, c in s[0 .. ^1]:
-    ...
+    ... # ^1 is the last element, ^2 would be one before it, and so on
+  ```
 
 Other useful iterators for collections (like arrays and sequences) are
 * `items` and `mitems`, which provides immutable and mutable elements respectively, and
 * `pairs` and `mpairs` which provides the element and an index number (immutable and mutable respectively)
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   for index, item in ["a","b"].pairs:
     echo item, " at index ", index
   # => a at index 0
   # => b at index 1
+  ```
 
 Scopes and the block statement
 ------------------------------
+
 Control flow statements have a feature not covered yet: they open a
 new scope. This means that in the following example, `x` is not accessible
 outside the loop:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-    :status: 1
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"  status = 1
   while false:
     var x = "hi"
   echo x # does not work
+  ```
 
 A while (for) statement introduces an implicit block. Identifiers
 are only visible within the block they have been declared. The `block`
 statement can be used to open a new block explicitly:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-    :status: 1
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"  status = 1
   block myblock:
     var x = "hi"
   echo x # does not work either
+  ```
 
 The block's *label* (`myblock` in the example) is optional.
 
 
 Break statement
 ---------------
+
 A block can be left prematurely with a `break` statement. The break statement
 can leave a `while`, `for`, or a `block` statement. It leaves the
 innermost construct, unless a label of a block is given:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   block myblock:
     echo "entering block"
     while true:
@@ -488,19 +502,20 @@ innermost construct, unless a label of a block is given:
       break myblock2 # leaves the block (and the loop)
     echo "still in block" # it won't be printed
   echo "outside the block"
+  ```
 
 
 Continue statement
 ------------------
+
 Like in many other programming languages, a `continue` statement starts
 the next iteration immediately:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-  while true:
-    let x = readLine(stdin)
-    if x == "": continue
-    echo x
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
+  for i in 1 .. 5:
+    if i <= 3: continue
+    echo i # will only print 4 and 5
+  ```
 
 
 When statement
@@ -508,9 +523,7 @@ When statement
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   when system.hostOS == "windows":
     echo "running on Windows!"
   elif system.hostOS == "linux":
@@ -519,6 +532,7 @@ Example:
     echo "running on Mac OS X!"
   else:
     echo "unknown operating system"
+  ```
 
 The `when` statement is almost identical to the `if` statement, but with these
 differences:
@@ -530,7 +544,7 @@ differences:
   that belong to the first condition that evaluates to `true`.
 
 The `when` statement is useful for writing platform-specific code, similar to
-the `#ifdef` construct in the C programming language.
+the `#ifdef`:c: construct in the C programming language.
 
 
 Statements and indentation
@@ -546,7 +560,7 @@ statements. *Complex statements* like `if`, `when`, `for`, `while` can
 contain other statements. To avoid ambiguities, complex statements must always
 be indented, but single simple statements do not:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # no indentation needed for single-assignment statement:
   if x: x = false
 
@@ -561,18 +575,19 @@ be indented, but single simple statements do not:
   if x:
     x = false
     y = false
+  ```
 
 
 *Expressions* are parts of a statement that usually result in a value. The
 condition in an if statement is an example of an expression. Expressions can
 contain indentation at certain places for better readability:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   if thisIsaLongCondition() and
       thisIsAnotherLongCondition(1,
          2, 3, 4):
     x = true
+  ```
 
 As a rule of thumb, indentation within expressions is allowed after operators,
 an open parenthesis and after commas.
@@ -580,22 +595,23 @@ an open parenthesis and after commas.
 With parenthesis and semicolons `(;)` you can use statements where only
 an expression is allowed:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   # computes fac(4) at compile time:
   const fac4 = (var x = 1; for i in 1..4: x *= i; x)
+  ```
 
 
 Procedures
 ==========
 
-To define new commands like `echo <system.html#echo,varargs[typed,]>`_
-and `readLine <io.html#readLine,File>`_ in the examples, the concept of a
-`procedure` is needed. (Some languages call them *methods* or *functions*.)
-In Nim new procedures are defined with the `proc` keyword:
+To define new commands like [echo](system.html#echo,varargs[typed,])
+and [readLine](syncio.html#readLine,File) in the examples, the concept of a
+*procedure* is needed. You might be used to them being called *methods* or
+*functions* in other languages, but Nim
+[differentiates these concepts](tut1.html#procedures-funcs-and-methods). In
+Nim, new procedures are defined with the `proc` keyword:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   proc yes(question: string): bool =
     echo question, " (y/n)"
     while true:
@@ -608,6 +624,7 @@ In Nim new procedures are defined with the `proc` keyword:
     echo "I'm sorry Dave, I'm afraid I can't do that."
   else:
     echo "I think you know what the problem is just as well as I do."
+  ```
 
 This example shows a procedure named `yes` that asks the user a `question`
 and returns true if they answered "yes" (or something similar) and returns
@@ -625,23 +642,24 @@ Some terminology: in the example `question` is called a (formal) *parameter*,
 
 Result variable
 ---------------
+
 A procedure that returns a value has an implicit `result` variable declared
-that represents the return value. A `return` statement with no expression is 
+that represents the return value. A `return` statement with no expression is
 shorthand for `return result`. The `result` value is always returned
 automatically at the end of a procedure if there is no `return` statement at
 the exit.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   proc sumTillNegative(x: varargs[int]): int =
     for i in x:
       if i < 0:
         return
       result = result + i
 
-  echo sumTillNegative() # echos 0
-  echo sumTillNegative(3, 4, 5) # echos 12
-  echo sumTillNegative(3, 4 , -1 , 6) # echos 7
+  echo sumTillNegative() # echoes 0
+  echo sumTillNegative(3, 4, 5) # echoes 12
+  echo sumTillNegative(3, 4 , -1 , 6) # echoes 7
+  ```
 
 The `result` variable is already implicitly declared at the start of the
 function, so declaring it again with 'var result', for example, would shadow it
@@ -654,33 +672,33 @@ A procedure that does not have any `return` statement and does not use the
 special `result` variable returns the value of its last expression. For example,
 this procedure
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   proc helloWorld(): string =
-      "Hello, World!"
+    "Hello, World!"
+  ```
 
 returns the string "Hello, World!".
 
 Parameters
 ----------
+
 Parameters are immutable in the procedure body. By default, their value cannot be
 changed because this allows the compiler to implement parameter passing in the
 most efficient way. If a mutable variable is needed inside the procedure, it has
 to be declared with `var` in the procedure body. Shadowing the parameter name
 is possible, and actually an idiom:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   proc printSeq(s: seq, nprinted: int = -1) =
     var nprinted = if nprinted == -1: s.len else: min(nprinted, s.len)
     for i in 0 ..< nprinted:
       echo s[i]
+  ```
 
 If the procedure needs to modify the argument for the
 caller, a `var` parameter can be used:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   proc divmod(a, b: int; res, remainder: var int) =
     res = a div b        # integer division
     remainder = a mod b  # integer modulo operation
@@ -690,6 +708,7 @@ caller, a `var` parameter can be used:
   divmod(8, 5, x, y) # modifies x and y
   echo x
   echo y
+  ```
 
 In the example, `res` and `remainder` are `var parameters`.
 Var parameters can be modified by the procedure and the changes are
@@ -699,23 +718,25 @@ a tuple as a return value instead of using var parameters.
 
 Discard statement
 -----------------
+
 To call a procedure that returns a value just for its side effects and ignoring
 its return value, a `discard` statement **must** be used. Nim does not
 allow silently throwing away a return value:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   discard yes("May I ask a pointless question?")
+  ```
 
 
 The return value can be ignored implicitly if the called proc/iterator has
 been declared with the `discardable` pragma:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   proc p(x, y: int): int {.discardable.} =
     return x + y
 
   p(3, 4) # now valid
+  ```
 
 
 Named arguments
@@ -723,41 +744,45 @@ Named arguments
 
 Often a procedure has many parameters and it is not clear in which order the
 parameters appear. This is especially true for procedures that construct a
-complex data type. Therefore the arguments to a procedure can be named, so
+complex data type. Therefore, the arguments to a procedure can be named, so
 that it is clear which argument belongs to which parameter:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc createWindow(x, y, width, height: int; title: string;
                     show: bool): Window =
      ...
 
   var w = createWindow(show = true, title = "My Application",
                        x = 0, y = 0, height = 600, width = 800)
+  ```
 
 Now that we use named arguments to call `createWindow` the argument order
 does not matter anymore. Mixing named arguments with ordered arguments is
 also possible, but not very readable:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var w = createWindow(0, 0, title = "My Application",
                        height = 600, width = 800, true)
+  ```
 
 The compiler checks that each parameter receives exactly one argument.
 
 
 Default values
 --------------
+
 To make the `createWindow` proc easier to use it should provide `default
 values`; these are values that are used as arguments if the caller does not
 specify them:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc createWindow(x = 0, y = 0, width = 500, height = 700,
                     title = "unknown",
                     show = true): Window =
      ...
 
   var w = createWindow(title = "My Application", height = 600, width = 800)
+  ```
 
 Now the call to `createWindow` only needs to set the values that differ
 from the defaults.
@@ -768,9 +793,10 @@ no need to write `title: string = "unknown"`, for example.
 
 Overloaded procedures
 ---------------------
+
 Nim provides the ability to overload procedures similar to C++:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc toString(x: int): string =
     result =
       if x < 0: "negative"
@@ -784,20 +810,20 @@ Nim provides the ability to overload procedures similar to C++:
 
   assert toString(13) == "positive" # calls the toString(x: int) proc
   assert toString(true) == "yep"    # calls the toString(x: bool) proc
+  ```
 
-(Note that `toString` is usually the `$ <dollars.html>`_ operator in
+(Note that `toString` is usually the [$](dollars.html) operator in
 Nim.) The compiler chooses the most appropriate proc for the `toString`
 calls. How this overloading resolution algorithm works exactly is not
-discussed here (it will be specified in the manual soon).  However, it does
-not lead to nasty surprises and is based on a quite simple unification
-algorithm. Ambiguous calls are reported as errors.
+discussed here -- see the manual for details. Ambiguous calls are reported as errors.
 
 
 Operators
 ---------
-The Nim library makes heavy use of overloading - one reason for this is that
+
+The Nim standard library makes heavy use of overloading - one reason for this is that
 each operator like `+` is just an overloaded proc. The parser lets you
-use operators in `infix notation` (`a + b`) or `prefix notation` (`+ a`).
+use operators in *infix notation* (`a + b`) or *prefix notation* (`+ a`).
 An infix operator always receives two arguments, a prefix operator always one.
 (Postfix operators are not possible, because this would be ambiguous: does
 `a @ @ b` mean `(a) @ (@b)` or `(a@) @ (b)`? It always means
@@ -805,27 +831,28 @@ An infix operator always receives two arguments, a prefix operator always one.
 
 Apart from a few built-in keyword operators such as `and`, `or`, `not`,
 operators always consist of these characters:
-``+  -  *  \  /  <  >  =  @  $  ~  &  %  !  ?  ^  .  |``
+`+  -  *  \  /  <  >  =  @  $  ~  &  %  !  ?  ^  .  |`
 
 User-defined operators are allowed. Nothing stops you from defining your own
 `@!?+~` operator, but doing so may reduce readability.
 
 The operator's precedence is determined by its first character. The details
-can be found in the manual.
+can be [found in the manual](manual.html#syntax-precedence).
 
 To define a new operator enclose the operator in backticks "`":
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc `$` (x: myDataType): string = ...
   # now the $ operator also works with myDataType, overloading resolution
   # ensures that $ works for built-in types just like before
+  ```
 
 The "`" notation can also be used to call an operator just like any other
 procedure:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-  if `==`( `+`(3, 4), 7): echo "True"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
+  if `==`( `+`(3, 4), 7): echo "true"
+  ```
 
 
 Forward declarations
@@ -836,11 +863,12 @@ Every variable, procedure, etc. needs to be declared before it can be used.
 language that supports metaprogramming as extensively as Nim does.)
 However, this cannot be done for mutually recursive procedures:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # forward declaration:
   proc even(n: int): bool
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc odd(n: int): bool =
     assert(n >= 0) # makes sure we don't run into negative recursion
     if n == 0: false
@@ -852,12 +880,13 @@ However, this cannot be done for mutually recursive procedures:
     if n == 1: false
     else:
       n == 0 or odd(n-1)
+  ```
 
 Here `odd` depends on `even` and vice versa. Thus `even` needs to be
 introduced to the compiler before it is completely defined. The syntax for
 such a forward declaration is simple: just omit the `=` and the
 procedure's body. The `assert` just adds border conditions, and will be
-covered later in `Modules`_ section.
+covered later in [Modules] section.
 
 Later versions of the language will weaken the requirements for forward
 declarations.
@@ -866,40 +895,66 @@ The example also shows that a proc's body can consist of a single expression
 whose value is then returned implicitly.
 
 
+Funcs and methods
+-----------------
+
+As mentioned in the introduction, Nim differentiates between procedures,
+functions, and methods, defined by the `proc`, `func`, and `method` keywords
+respectively. In some ways, Nim is a bit more pedantic in its definitions than
+other languages.
+
+Functions are closer to the concept of a pure mathematical
+function, which might be familiar to you if you've ever done functional
+programming. Essentially they are procedures with additional limitations set on
+them: they can't access global state (except `const`) and can't produce
+side-effects. The `func` keyword is basically an alias for `proc` tagged
+with `{.noSideEffects.}`. Functions can still change their mutable arguments
+however, which are those marked as `var`, along with any `ref` objects.
+
+Unlike procedures, methods are dynamically dispatched. This sounds a bit
+complicated, but it is a concept closely related to inheritance and object-oriented
+programming. If you overload a procedure (two procedures with the same name but
+of different types or with different sets of arguments are said to be overloaded), the procedure to use is determined
+at compile-time. Methods, on the other hand, depend on objects that inherit from
+the `RootObj`. This is something that is covered in much greater depth in
+the [second part of the tutorial](tut2.html#object-oriented-programming-dynamic-dispatch).
+
+
 Iterators
 =========
 
 Let's return to the simple counting example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   echo "Counting to ten: "
   for i in countup(1, 10):
     echo i
+  ```
 
-Can a `countup <system.html#countup.i,T,T,Positive>`_ proc be written that
-supports this loop? Lets try:
+Can a [countup](system.html#countup.i,T,T,Positive) proc be written that
+supports this loop? Let's try:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc countup(a, b: int): int =
     var res = a
     while res <= b:
       return res
       inc(res)
+  ```
 
 However, this does not work. The problem is that the procedure should not
 only `return`, but return and **continue** after an iteration has
 finished. This *return and continue* is called a `yield` statement. Now
 the only thing left to do is to replace the `proc` keyword by `iterator`
-and here it is - our first iterator:
+and here it is -- our first iterator:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   iterator countup(a, b: int): int =
     var res = a
     while res <= b:
       yield res
       inc(res)
+  ```
 
 Iterators look very similar to procedures, but there are several
 important differences:
@@ -909,16 +964,17 @@ important differences:
   `yield` statement).
 * Iterators have no implicit `result` variable.
 * Iterators do not support recursion.
-* Iterators cannot be forward declared, because the compiler must be able to inline an iterator. (This restriction will be gone in a
-  future version of the compiler.)
+* Iterators cannot be forward declared, because the compiler must be able to inline an iterator.
+  (This restriction will be gone in a future version of the compiler.)
 
-However, you can also use a `closure` iterator to get a different set of
-restrictions. See `first-class iterators <manual.html#iterators-and-the-for-statement-firstminusclass-iterators>`_
+However, you can also use a closure iterator to get a different set of
+restrictions. See [first-class iterators](
+manual.html#iterators-and-the-for-statement-firstminusclass-iterators)
 for details. Iterators can have the same name and parameters as a proc since
-essentially they have their own namespaces. Therefore it is common practice to
+essentially they have their own namespaces. Therefore, it is common to
 wrap iterators in procs of the same name which accumulate the result of the
-iterator and return it as a sequence, like `split` from the `strutils module
-<strutils.html>`_.
+iterator and return it as a sequence, like `split` from the [strutils module](
+strutils.html).
 
 
 Basic types
@@ -931,25 +987,26 @@ Booleans
 --------
 
 Nim's boolean type is called `bool` and consists of the two
-pre-defined values `true` and `false`. Conditions in while,
-if, elif, and when statements must be of type bool.
+pre-defined values `true` and `false`. Conditions in `while`,
+`if`, `elif`, and `when` statements must be of type bool.
 
 The operators `not, and, or, xor, <, <=, >, >=, !=, ==` are defined
 for the bool type. The `and` and `or` operators perform short-circuit
 evaluation. For example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   while p != nil and p.name != "xyz":
     # p.name is not evaluated if p == nil
     p = p.next
+  ```
 
 
 Characters
 ----------
-The `character type` is called `char`. Its size is always one byte, so
+
+The *character type* is called `char`. Its size is always one byte, so
 it cannot represent most UTF-8 characters, but it *can* represent one of the bytes
-that makes up a multi-byte UTF-8 character.
+that makes up a multibyte UTF-8 character.
 The reason for this is efficiency: for the overwhelming majority of use-cases,
 the resulting programs will still handle UTF-8 properly as UTF-8 was especially
 designed for this.
@@ -963,6 +1020,7 @@ Converting from an integer to a `char` is done with the `chr` proc.
 
 Strings
 -------
+
 String variables are **mutable**, so appending to a string
 is possible, and quite efficient. Strings in Nim are both zero-terminated and have a
 length field. A string's length can be retrieved with the builtin `len`
@@ -984,6 +1042,7 @@ A string variable is initialized with the empty string `""`.
 
 Integers
 --------
+
 Nim has these integer types built-in:
 `int int8 int16 int32 int64 uint uint8 uint16 uint32 uint64`.
 
@@ -991,13 +1050,13 @@ The default integer type is `int`. Integer literals can have a *type suffix*
 to specify a non-default integer type:
 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   let
     x = 0     # x is of type `int`
     y = 0'i8  # y is of type `int8`
-    z = 0'i64 # z is of type `int64`
+    z = 0'i32 # z is of type `int32`
     u = 0'u   # u is of type `uint`
+  ```
 
 Most often integers are used for counting objects that reside in memory, so
 `int` has the same size as a pointer.
@@ -1014,12 +1073,13 @@ errors.
 
 Lossless `Automatic type conversion`:idx: is performed in expressions where different
 kinds of integer types are used. However, if the type conversion
-would cause loss of information, the `EOutOfRange`:idx: exception is raised (if the error
+would cause loss of information, the `RangeDefect`:idx: is raised (if the error
 cannot be detected at compile time).
 
 
 Floats
 ------
+
 Nim has these floating-point types built-in: `float float32 float64`.
 
 The default float type is `float`. In the current implementation,
@@ -1028,51 +1088,51 @@ The default float type is `float`. In the current implementation,
 Float literals can have a *type suffix* to specify a non-default float
 type:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   var
     x = 0.0      # x is of type `float`
     y = 0.0'f32  # y is of type `float32`
     z = 0.0'f64  # z is of type `float64`
+  ```
 
 The common operators `+ - * /  <  <=  ==  !=  >  >=` are defined for
 floats and follow the IEEE-754 standard.
 
 Automatic type conversion in expressions with different kinds of floating-point types is performed: the smaller type is converted to the larger. Integer
 types are **not** converted to floating-point types automatically, nor vice
-versa. Use the `toInt <system.html#toInt,float>`_ and
-`toFloat <system.html#toFloat,int>`_ procs for these conversions.
+versa. Use the [toInt](system.html#toInt,float) and
+[toFloat](system.html#toFloat,int) procs for these conversions.
 
 
 Type Conversion
 ---------------
+
 Conversion between numerical types is performed by using the
 type as a function:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   var
     x: int32 = 1.int32   # same as calling int32(1)
     y: int8  = int8('a') # 'a' == 97'i8
     z: float = 2.5       # int(2.5) rounds down to 2
     sum: int = int(x) + int(y) + int(z) # sum == 100
+  ```
 
 
 Internal type representation
 ============================
 
-As mentioned earlier, the built-in `$ <dollars.html>`_ (stringify) operator
+As mentioned earlier, the built-in [$](dollars.html) (stringify) operator
 turns any basic type into a string, which you can then print to the console
 using the `echo` proc. However, advanced types, and your own custom types,
 won't work with the `$` operator until you define it for them.
 Sometimes you just want to debug the current value of a complex type without
-having to write its `$` operator.  You can use then the `repr
-<system.html#repr,T>`_ proc which works with any type and even complex data
+having to write its `$` operator.  You can use then the [repr](
+system.html#repr,T) proc which works with any type and even complex data
 graphs with cycles. The following example shows that even for basic types
 there is a difference between the `$` and `repr` outputs:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   var
     myBool = true
     myCharacter = 'n'
@@ -1088,7 +1148,8 @@ there is a difference between the `$` and `repr` outputs:
   echo myInteger, ":", repr(myInteger)
   # --> 42:42
   echo myFloat, ":", repr(myFloat)
-  # --> 3.1400000000000001e+00:3.1400000000000001e+00
+  # --> 3.14:3.14
+  ```
 
 
 Advanced types
@@ -1096,11 +1157,11 @@ Advanced types
 
 In Nim new types can be defined within a `type` statement:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     biggestInt = int64      # biggest integer type that is available
     biggestFloat = float64  # biggest float type that is available
+  ```
 
 Enumeration and object types may only be defined within a
 `type` statement.
@@ -1108,20 +1169,20 @@ Enumeration and object types may only be defined within a
 
 Enumerations
 ------------
+
 A variable of an enumeration type can only be assigned one of the enumeration's specified values.
 These values are a set of ordered symbols. Each symbol is mapped
 to an integer value internally. The first symbol is represented
 at runtime by 0, the second by 1, and so on. For example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     Direction = enum
       north, east, south, west
 
   var x = south     # `x` is of type `Direction`; its value is `south`
-  echo x            # writes "south" to `stdout`
+  echo x            # prints "south"
+  ```
 
 All the comparison operators can be used with enumeration types.
 
@@ -1138,14 +1199,15 @@ must be in ascending order.
 
 Ordinal types
 -------------
+
 Enumerations, integer types, `char` and `bool` (and
 subranges) are called ordinal types. Ordinal types have quite
 a few special operations:
 
 
------------------     --------------------------------------------------------
+=================     ========================================================
 Operation             Comment
------------------     --------------------------------------------------------
+=================     ========================================================
 `ord(x)`              returns the integer value that is used to
                       represent `x`'s value
 `inc(x)`              increments `x` by one
@@ -1156,24 +1218,25 @@ Operation             Comment
 `succ(x, n)`          returns the `n`'th successor of `x`
 `pred(x)`             returns the predecessor of `x`
 `pred(x, n)`          returns the `n`'th predecessor of `x`
------------------     --------------------------------------------------------
+=================     ========================================================
 
 
-The `inc <system.html#inc,T,int>`_, `dec <system.html#dec,T,int>`_, `succ
-<system.html#succ,T,int>`_ and `pred <system.html#pred,T,int>`_ operations can
-fail by raising an `EOutOfRange` or `EOverflow` exception. (If the code has been
+The [inc](system.html#inc,T,int), [dec](system.html#dec,T,int), [succ](
+system.html#succ,T,int) and [pred](system.html#pred,T,int) operations can
+fail by raising an `RangeDefect` or `OverflowDefect`. (If the code has been
 compiled with the proper runtime checks turned on.)
 
 
 Subranges
 ---------
+
 A subrange type is a range of values from an integer or enumeration type
 (the base type). Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     MySubrange = range[0..5]
+  ```
 
 
 `MySubrange` is a subrange of `int` which can only hold the values 0
@@ -1181,8 +1244,8 @@ to 5. Assigning any other value to a variable of type `MySubrange` is a
 compile-time or runtime error. Assignments from the base type to one of its
 subrange types (and vice versa) are allowed.
 
-The `system` module defines the important `Natural <system.html#Natural>`_
-type as `range[0..high(int)]` (`high <system.html#high,typedesc[T]>`_ returns
+The `system` module defines the important [Natural](system.html#Natural)
+type as `range[0..high(int)]` ([high](system.html#high,typedesc[T]) returns
 the maximal value). Other programming languages may suggest the use of unsigned
 integers for natural numbers. This is often **unwise**: you don't want unsigned
 arithmetic (which wraps around) just because the numbers cannot be negative.
@@ -1196,37 +1259,36 @@ Sets
 
 Arrays
 ------
+
 An array is a simple fixed-length container. Each element in
 an array has the same type. The array's index type can be any ordinal type.
 
 Arrays can be constructed using `[]`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     IntArray = array[0..5, int] # an array that is indexed with 0..5
   var
     x: IntArray
   x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
-  for i in low(x)..high(x):
+  for i in low(x) .. high(x):
     echo x[i]
+  ```
 
 The notation `x[i]` is used to access the i-th element of `x`.
 Array access is always bounds checked (at compile-time or at runtime). These
 checks can be disabled via pragmas or invoking the compiler with the
-`--bound_checks:off` command line switch.
+``--bound_checks:off`` command line switch.
 
 Arrays are value types, like any other Nim type. The assignment operator
 copies the whole array contents.
 
-The built-in `len <system.html#len,TOpenArray>`_ proc returns the array's
-length. `low(a) <system.html#low,openArray[T]>`_ returns the lowest valid index
-for the array `a` and `high(a) <system.html#high,openArray[T]>`_ the highest
+The built-in [len](system.html#len,TOpenArray) proc returns the array's
+length. [low(a)](system.html#low,openArray[T]) returns the lowest valid index
+for the array `a` and [high(a)](system.html#high,openArray[T]) the highest
 valid index.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     Direction = enum
       north, east, south, west
@@ -1238,10 +1300,11 @@ valid index.
   level[north] = on
   level[south] = slowBlink
   level[east] = fastBlink
-  echo repr(level)  # --> [on, fastBlink, slowBlink, off]
+  echo level        # --> [on, fastBlink, slowBlink, off]
   echo low(level)   # --> north
   echo len(level)   # --> 4
   echo high(level)  # --> west
+  ```
 
 The syntax for nested arrays (multidimensional) in other languages is a matter
 of appending more brackets because usually each dimension is restricted to the
@@ -1251,7 +1314,7 @@ the previous example where a level is defined as an array of enums indexed by
 yet another enum, we can add the following lines to add a light tower type
 subdivided into height levels accessed through their integer index:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     LightTower = array[1..10, LevelSetting]
   var
@@ -1260,25 +1323,26 @@ subdivided into height levels accessed through their integer index:
   tower[1][east] = mediumBlink
   echo len(tower)     # --> 10
   echo len(tower[1])  # --> 4
-  echo repr(tower)    # --> [[slowBlink, mediumBlink, ...more output..
+  echo tower          # --> [[slowBlink, mediumBlink, ...more output..
   # The following lines don't compile due to type mismatch errors
   #tower[north][east] = on
   #tower[0][1] = on
+  ```
 
 Note how the built-in `len` proc returns only the array's first dimension
 length.  Another way of defining the `LightTower` to better illustrate its
 nested nature would be to omit the previous definition of the `LevelSetting`
 type and instead write it embedded directly as the type of the first dimension:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     LightTower = array[1..10, array[north..west, BlinkLights]]
+  ```
 
 It is quite common to have arrays start at zero, so there's a shortcut syntax
 to specify a range from zero to the specified index minus one:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     IntArray = array[0..5, int] # an array that is indexed with 0..5
     QuickArray = array[6, int]  # an array that is indexed with 0..5
@@ -1287,50 +1351,50 @@ to specify a range from zero to the specified index minus one:
     y: QuickArray
   x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
   y = x
-  for i in low(x)..high(x):
+  for i in low(x) .. high(x):
     echo x[i], y[i]
+  ```
 
 
 Sequences
 ---------
+
 Sequences are similar to arrays but of dynamic length which may change
 during runtime (like strings). Since sequences are resizable they are always
 allocated on the heap and garbage collected.
 
-Sequences are always indexed with an `int` starting at position 0.  The `len
-<system.html#len,seq[T]>`_, `low <system.html#low,openArray[T]>`_ and `high
-<system.html#high,openArray[T]>`_ operations are available for sequences too.
+Sequences are always indexed with an `int` starting at position 0.  The [len](
+system.html#len,seq[T]), [low](system.html#low,openArray[T]) and [high](
+system.html#high,openArray[T]) operations are available for sequences too.
 The notation `x[i]` can be used to access the i-th element of `x`.
 
 Sequences can be constructed by the array constructor `[]` in conjunction
 with the array to sequence operator `@`. Another way to allocate space for
-a sequence is to call the built-in `newSeq <system.html#newSeq>`_ procedure.
+a sequence is to call the built-in [newSeq](system.html#newSeq) procedure.
 
 A sequence may be passed to an openarray parameter.
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   var
     x: seq[int] # a reference to a sequence of integers
   x = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] # the @ turns the array into a sequence allocated on the heap
+  ```
 
 Sequence variables are initialized with `@[]`.
 
 The `for` statement can be used with one or two variables when used with a
 sequence. When you use the one variable form, the variable will hold the value
 provided by the sequence. The `for` statement is looping over the results
-from the `items() <iterators.html#items.i,seq[T]>`_ iterator from the `system
-<system.html>`_ module.  But if you use the two-variable form, the first
+from the [items()](iterators.html#items.i,seq[T]) iterator from the [system](
+system.html) module.  But if you use the two-variable form, the first
 variable will hold the index position and the second variable will hold the
 value. Here the `for` statement is looping over the results from the
-`pairs() <iterators.html#pairs.i,seq[T]>`_ iterator from the `system
-<system.html>`_ module.  Examples:
+[pairs()](iterators.html#pairs.i,seq[T]) iterator from the [system](
+system.html) module.  Examples:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   for value in @[3, 4, 5]:
     echo value
   # --> 3
@@ -1342,22 +1406,23 @@ value. Here the `for` statement is looping over the results from the
   # --> index: 0, value:3
   # --> index: 1, value:4
   # --> index: 2, value:5
+  ```
 
 
 Open arrays
 -----------
+
 **Note**: Openarrays can only be used for parameters.
 
 Often fixed-size arrays turn out to be too inflexible; procedures should be
 able to deal with arrays of different sizes. The `openarray`:idx: type allows
 this. Openarrays are always indexed with an `int` starting at position 0.
-The `len <system.html#len,TOpenArray>`_, `low <system.html#low,openArray[T]>`_
-and `high <system.html#high,openArray[T]>`_ operations are available for open
+The [len](system.html#len,TOpenArray), [low](system.html#low,openArray[T])
+and [high](system.html#high,openArray[T]) operations are available for open
 arrays too.  Any array with a compatible base type can be passed to an
 openarray parameter, the index type does not matter.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   var
     fruits:   seq[string]       # reference to a sequence of strings that is initialized with '@[]'
     capitals: array[3, string]  # array of strings with a fixed size
@@ -1371,6 +1436,7 @@ openarray parameter, the index type does not matter.
 
   assert openArraySize(fruits) == 2     # procedure accepts a sequence as parameter
   assert openArraySize(capitals) == 3   # but also an array type
+  ```
 
 The openarray type cannot be nested: multidimensional openarrays are not
 supported because this is seldom needed and cannot be done efficiently.
@@ -1384,8 +1450,7 @@ also a means to implement passing a variable number of
 arguments to a procedure. The compiler converts the list of arguments
 to an array automatically:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   proc myWriteln(f: File, a: varargs[string]) =
     for s in items(a):
       write(f, s)
@@ -1394,13 +1459,13 @@ to an array automatically:
   myWriteln(stdout, "abc", "def", "xyz")
   # is transformed by the compiler to:
   myWriteln(stdout, ["abc", "def", "xyz"])
+  ```
 
 This transformation is only done if the varargs parameter is the
 last parameter in the procedure header. It is also possible to perform
 type conversions in this context:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   proc myWriteln(f: File, a: varargs[string, `$`]) =
     for s in items(a):
       write(f, s)
@@ -1409,9 +1474,10 @@ type conversions in this context:
   myWriteln(stdout, 123, "abc", 4.0)
   # is transformed by the compiler to:
   myWriteln(stdout, [$123, $"abc", $4.0])
+  ```
 
-In this example `$ <dollars.html>`_ is applied to any argument that is passed
-to the parameter `a`. Note that `$ <dollars.html>`_ applied to strings is a
+In this example [$](dollars.html) is applied to any argument that is passed
+to the parameter `a`. Note that [$](dollars.html) applied to strings is a
 nop.
 
 
@@ -1423,9 +1489,7 @@ context. A slice is just an object of type Slice which contains two bounds,
 `a` and `b`. By itself a slice is not very useful, but other collection types
 define operators which accept Slice objects to define ranges.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   var
     a = "Nim is a programming language"
     b = "Slices are useless."
@@ -1433,29 +1497,30 @@ define operators which accept Slice objects to define ranges.
   echo a[7 .. 12] # --> 'a prog'
   b[11 .. ^2] = "useful"
   echo b # --> 'Slices are useful.'
+  ```
 
 In the previous example slices are used to modify a part of a string. The
 slice's bounds can hold any value supported by
 their type, but it is the proc using the slice object which defines what values
 are accepted.
 
-To understand some of the different ways of specifying the indices of
+To understand the different ways of specifying the indices of
 strings, arrays, sequences, etc., it must be remembered that Nim uses
 zero-based indices.
 
 So the string `b` is of length 19, and two different ways of specifying the
 indices are
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   "Slices are useless."
    |          |     |
    0         11    17   using indices
   ^19        ^8    ^2   using ^ syntax
+  ```
 
 where `b[0 .. ^1]` is equivalent to `b[0 .. b.len-1]` and `b[0 ..< b.len]`, and it
-can be seen that the `^1` provides a short-hand way of specifying the `b.len-1`. See
-the `backwards index operator <system.html#^.t%2Cint>`_.
+can be seen that the `^1` provides a shorthand way of specifying the `b.len-1`. See
+the [backwards index operator](system.html#^.t%2Cint).
 
 In the above example, because the string ends in a period, to get the portion of the
 string that is "useless" and replace it with "useful".
@@ -1466,7 +1531,7 @@ string that is "useless" and replace it with "useful".
 Note 1: alternate ways of writing this are `b[^8 .. ^2] = "useful"` or
 as `b[11 .. b.len-2] = "useful"` or as `b[11 ..< b.len-1] = "useful"`.
 
-Note 2: As the `^` template returns a `distinct int <manual.html#types-distinct-type>`_
+Note 2: As the `^` template returns a [distinct int](manual.html#types-distinct-type)
 of type `BackwardsIndex`, we can have a `lastIndex` constant defined as `const lastIndex = ^1`,
 and later used as `b[0 .. lastIndex]`.
 
@@ -1482,7 +1547,7 @@ Each object type `Foo` has a constructor `Foo(field: value, ...)`
 where all of its fields can be initialized. Unspecified fields will
 get their default value.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   type
     Person = object
       name: string
@@ -1509,18 +1574,18 @@ get their default value.
   # unspecified members will be initialized with their default
   # values. In this case it is the empty string.
   doAssert person4.name == ""
+  ```
 
 
 Object fields that should be visible from outside the defining module have to
 be marked with `*`.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     Person* = object # the type is visible from other modules
       name*: string  # the field of this type is visible from other modules
       age*: int
+  ```
 
 Tuples
 ------
@@ -1542,8 +1607,7 @@ tuple's field. Another notation that is not available for objects is
 `t[i]` to access the `i`'th field. Here `i` must be a constant
 integer.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     # type representing a person:
     # A person consists of a name and an age.
@@ -1592,43 +1656,60 @@ integer.
   #person = building
   # --> Error: type mismatch: got (tuple[street: string, number: int])
   #     but expected 'Person'
+  ```
 
 Even though you don't need to declare a type for a tuple to use it, tuples
 created with different field names will be considered different objects despite
 having the same field types.
 
-Tuples can be *unpacked* during variable assignment (and only then!). This can
+Tuples can be *unpacked* during variable assignment. This can
 be handy to assign directly the fields of the tuples to individually named
-variables. An example of this is the `splitFile <os.html#splitFile,string>`_
-proc from the `os module <os.html>`_ which returns the directory, name, and
+variables. An example of this is the [splitFile](os.html#splitFile,string)
+proc from the [os module](os.html) which returns the directory, name, and
 extension of a path at the same time. For tuple unpacking to work you must
 use parentheses around the values you want to assign the unpacking to,
 otherwise, you will be assigning the same value to all the individual
 variables! For example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   import std/os
 
   let
     path = "usr/local/nimc.html"
     (dir, name, ext) = splitFile(path)
     baddir, badname, badext = splitFile(path)
-  echo dir      # outputs `usr/local`
-  echo name     # outputs `nimc`
-  echo ext      # outputs `.html`
+  echo dir      # outputs "usr/local"
+  echo name     # outputs "nimc"
+  echo ext      # outputs ".html"
   # All the following output the same line:
-  # `(dir: usr/local, name: nimc, ext: .html)`
+  # "(dir: usr/local, name: nimc, ext: .html)"
   echo baddir
   echo badname
   echo badext
+  ```
+
+Tuple unpacking is also supported in for-loops:
+
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
+  let a = [(10, 'a'), (20, 'b'), (30, 'c')]
+
+  for (x, c) in a:
+    echo x
+  # This will output: 10; 20; 30
+
+  # Accessing the index is also possible:
+  for i, (x, c) in a:
+    echo i, c
+  # This will output: 0a; 1b; 2c
+  ```
 
-Fields of tuples are always public, they don't need to be explicity
+Fields of tuples are always public, they don't need to be explicitly
 marked to be exported, unlike for example fields in an object type.
 
+
 Reference and pointer types
 ---------------------------
+
 References (similar to pointers in other programming languages) are a
 way to introduce many-to-one relationships. This means different references can
 point to and modify the same location in memory.
@@ -1636,9 +1717,9 @@ point to and modify the same location in memory.
 Nim distinguishes between `traced`:idx: and `untraced`:idx: references.
 Untraced references are also called *pointers*. Traced references point to
 objects in a garbage-collected heap, untraced references point to
-manually allocated objects or objects elsewhere in memory. Thus
+manually allocated objects or objects elsewhere in memory. Thus,
 untraced references are *unsafe*. However, for certain low-level operations
-(e.g., accessing the hardware), untraced references are necessary.
+(e.g. accessing the hardware), untraced references are necessary.
 
 Traced references are declared with the **ref** keyword; untraced references
 are declared with the **ptr** keyword.
@@ -1648,22 +1729,26 @@ meaning to retrieve the item the reference points to. The `.` (access a
 tuple/object field operator) and `[]` (array/string/sequence index operator)
 operators perform implicit dereferencing operations for reference types:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     Node = ref object
       le, ri: Node
       data: int
-  var
-    n: Node
-  new(n)
-  n.data = 9
+
+  var n = Node(data: 9)
+  echo n.data
   # no need to write n[].data; in fact n[].data is highly discouraged!
+  ```
+
+To allocate a new traced object, the built-in procedure `new` can be used:
+
+  ```nim
+  var n: Node
+  new(n)
+  ```
 
-To allocate a new traced object, the built-in procedure `new` must be used.
 To deal with untraced memory, the procedures `alloc`, `dealloc` and
-`realloc` can be used. The `system <system.html>`_
+`realloc` can be used. The [system](system.html)
 module's documentation contains further details.
 
 If a reference points to *nothing*, it has the value `nil`.
@@ -1671,6 +1756,7 @@ If a reference points to *nothing*, it has the value `nil`.
 
 Procedural type
 ---------------
+
 A procedural type is a (somewhat abstract) pointer to a procedure.
 `nil` is an allowed value for a variable of a procedural type.
 Nim uses procedural types to achieve `functional`:idx: programming
@@ -1678,41 +1764,45 @@ techniques.
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-  proc echoItem(x: int) = echo x
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
+  proc greet(name: string): string =
+    "Hello, " & name & "!"
+
+  proc bye(name: string): string =
+    "Goodbye, " & name & "."
 
-  proc forEach(action: proc (x: int)) =
-    const
-      data = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
-    for d in items(data):
-      action(d)
+  proc communicate(greeting: proc (x: string): string, name: string) =
+    echo greeting(name)
 
-  forEach(echoItem)
+  communicate(greet, "John")
+  communicate(bye, "Mary")
+  ```
 
 A subtle issue with procedural types is that the calling convention of the
 procedure influences the type compatibility: procedural types are only compatible
 if they have the same calling convention. The different calling conventions are
-listed in the `manual <manual.html#types-procedural-type>`_.
+listed in the [manual](manual.html#types-procedural-type).
 
 Distinct type
 -------------
+
 A Distinct type allows for the creation of a new type that "does not imply a
 subtype relationship between it and its base type".
 You must **explicitly** define all behavior for the distinct type.
 To help with this, both the distinct type and its base type can cast from one
 type to the other.
-Examples are provided in the `manual <manual.html#types-distinct-type>`_.
+Examples are provided in the [manual](manual.html#types-distinct-type).
 
 Modules
 =======
-Nim supports splitting a program into pieces with a module concept.
+
+Nim supports splitting a program into pieces with a *module* concept.
 Each module is in its own file. Modules enable `information hiding`:idx: and
 `separate compilation`:idx:. A module may gain access to the symbols of another
 module by using the `import`:idx: statement. Only top-level symbols that are marked
 with an asterisk (`*`) are exported:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module A
   var
     x*, y: int
@@ -1721,11 +1811,12 @@ with an asterisk (`*`) are exported:
     # allocate a new sequence:
     newSeq(result, len(a))
     # multiply two int sequences:
-    for i in 0..len(a)-1: result[i] = a[i] * b[i]
+    for i in 0 ..< len(a): result[i] = a[i] * b[i]
 
   when isMainModule:
     # test the new `*` operator for sequences:
     assert(@[1, 2, 3] * @[1, 2, 3] == @[1, 4, 9])
+  ```
 
 The above module exports `x` and `*`, but not `y`.
 
@@ -1741,15 +1832,17 @@ a symbol is ambiguous, it *must* be qualified. A symbol is ambiguous
 if it is defined in two (or more) different modules and both modules are
 imported by a third one:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module A
   var x*: string
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module B
   var x*: int
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module C
   import A, B
   write(stdout, x) # error: x is ambiguous
@@ -1757,20 +1850,23 @@ imported by a third one:
 
   var x = 4
   write(stdout, x) # not ambiguous: uses the module C's x
+  ```
 
 
 But this rule does not apply to procedures or iterators. Here the overloading
 rules apply:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module A
   proc x*(a: int): string = $a
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module B
   proc x*(a: string): string = $a
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # Module C
   import A, B
   write(stdout, x(3))   # no error: A.x is called
@@ -1778,6 +1874,7 @@ rules apply:
 
   proc x*(a: int): string = discard
   write(stdout, x(3))   # ambiguous: which `x` is to call?
+  ```
 
 
 Excluding symbols
@@ -1787,8 +1884,9 @@ The normal `import` statement will bring in all exported symbols.
 These can be limited by naming symbols that should be excluded using
 the `except` qualifier.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   import mymodule except y
+  ```
 
 
 From statement
@@ -1798,42 +1896,48 @@ We have already seen the simple `import` statement that just imports all
 exported symbols. An alternative that only imports listed symbols is the
 `from import` statement:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   from mymodule import x, y, z
+  ```
 
 The `from` statement can also force namespace qualification on
 symbols, thereby making symbols available, but needing to be qualified
 in order to be used.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   from mymodule import x, y, z
 
   x()           # use x without any qualification
+  ```
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   from mymodule import nil
 
   mymodule.x()  # must qualify x with the module name as prefix
 
   x()           # using x here without qualification is a compile error
+  ```
 
 Since module names are generally long to be descriptive, you can also
 define a shorter alias to use when qualifying symbols.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   from mymodule as m import nil
 
   m.x()         # m is aliasing mymodule
+  ```
 
 
 Include statement
 -----------------
+
 The `include` statement does something fundamentally different than
 importing a module: it merely includes the contents of a file. The `include`
 statement is useful to split up a large module into several files:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   include fileA, fileB, fileC
+  ```
 
 
 
@@ -1841,7 +1945,7 @@ Part 2
 ======
 
 So, now that we are done with the basics, let's see what Nim offers apart
-from a nice syntax for procedural programming: `Part II <tut2.html>`_
+from a nice syntax for procedural programming: [Part II](tut2.html)
 
 
 .. _strutils: strutils.html
diff --git a/doc/tut2.rst b/doc/tut2.md
index 3aef6bb0f..1b59288d5 100644
--- a/doc/tut2.rst
+++ b/doc/tut2.md
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 ======================
 Nim Tutorial (Part II)
 ======================
@@ -7,17 +5,19 @@ Nim Tutorial (Part II)
 :Author: Andreas Rumpf
 :Version: |nimversion|
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
 .. contents::
 
 
 Introduction
 ============
 
-  "Repetition renders the ridiculous reasonable." -- Norman Wildberger
+> "Repetition renders the ridiculous reasonable." -- Norman Wildberger
 
 This document is a tutorial for the advanced constructs of the *Nim*
 programming language. **Note that this document is somewhat obsolete as the**
-`manual <manual.html>`_ **contains many more examples of the advanced language
+[manual](manual.html) **contains many more examples of the advanced language
 features.**
 
 
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ Pragmas
 Pragmas are Nim's method to give the compiler additional information/
 commands without introducing a massive number of new keywords. Pragmas are
 enclosed in the special `{.` and `.}` curly dot brackets. This tutorial
-does not cover pragmas. See the `manual <manual.html#pragmas>`_ or `user guide
-<nimc.html#additional-features>`_ for a description of the available
+does not cover pragmas. See the [manual](manual.html#pragmas) or [user guide](
+nimc.html#additional-features) for a description of the available
 pragmas.
 
 
@@ -53,8 +53,7 @@ types with inheritance are also marked as `ref` types even though
 this isn't strictly enforced. To check at runtime if an object is of a certain
 type, the `of` operator can be used.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     Person = ref object of RootObj
       name*: string  # the * means that `name` is accessible from other modules
@@ -70,6 +69,7 @@ type, the `of` operator can be used.
   # object construction:
   student = Student(name: "Anton", age: 5, id: 2)
   echo student[]
+  ```
 
 Inheritance is done with the `object of` syntax. Multiple inheritance is
 currently not supported. If an object type has no suitable ancestor, `RootObj`
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ to introduce new object roots apart from `system.RootObj`. (This is used
 in the GTK wrapper for instance.)
 
 Ref objects should be used whenever inheritance is used. It isn't strictly
-necessary, but with non-ref objects assignments such as `let person: Person =
+necessary, but with non-ref objects, assignments such as `let person: Person =
 Student(id: 123)` will truncate subclass fields.
 
 **Note**: Composition (*has-a* relation) is often preferable to inheritance
@@ -97,8 +97,7 @@ would require arbitrary symbol lookahead which slows down compilation.)
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     Node = ref object  # a reference to an object with the following field:
       le, ri: Node     # left and right subtrees
@@ -108,6 +107,7 @@ Example:
       name: string     # the symbol's name
       line: int        # the line the symbol was declared in
       code: Node       # the symbol's abstract syntax tree
+  ```
 
 
 Type conversions
@@ -124,9 +124,10 @@ raised.
 The syntax for type conversions is `destination_type(expression_to_convert)`
 (like an ordinary call):
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc getID(x: Person): int =
     Student(x).id
+  ```
 
 The `InvalidObjectConversionDefect` exception is raised if `x` is not a
 `Student`.
@@ -139,9 +140,7 @@ variant types are needed.
 
 An example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   # This is an example how an abstract syntax tree could be modelled in Nim
   type
     NodeKind = enum  # the different node types
@@ -165,8 +164,9 @@ An example:
   # the following statement raises an `FieldDefect` exception, because
   # n.kind's value does not fit:
   n.strVal = ""
+  ```
 
-As can been seen from the example, an advantage to an object hierarchy is that
+As can be seen from the example, an advantage to an object hierarchy is that
 no conversion between different object types is needed. Yet, access to invalid
 object fields raises an exception.
 
@@ -175,34 +175,35 @@ Method call syntax
 ------------------
 
 There is a syntactic sugar for calling routines:
-The syntax `obj.method(args)` can be used instead of `method(obj, args)`.
+The syntax `obj.methodName(args)` can be used
+instead of `methodName(obj, args)`.
 If there are no remaining arguments, the parentheses can be omitted:
 `obj.len` (instead of `len(obj)`).
 
 This method call syntax is not restricted to objects, it can be used
 for any type:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   import std/strutils
 
   echo "abc".len # is the same as echo len("abc")
   echo "abc".toUpperAscii()
   echo({'a', 'b', 'c'}.card)
   stdout.writeLine("Hallo") # the same as writeLine(stdout, "Hallo")
+  ```
 
 (Another way to look at the method call syntax is that it provides the missing
 postfix notation.)
 
 So "pure object oriented" code is easy to write:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   import std/[strutils, sequtils]
 
   stdout.writeLine("Give a list of numbers (separated by spaces): ")
   stdout.write(stdin.readLine.splitWhitespace.map(parseInt).max.`$`)
   stdout.writeLine(" is the maximum!")
+  ```
 
 
 Properties
@@ -212,9 +213,7 @@ Ordinary get-procedures that are called with the *method call syntax* achieve
 the same. But setting a value is different; for this a special setter syntax
 is needed:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     Socket* = ref object of RootObj
       h: int # cannot be accessed from the outside of the module due to missing star
@@ -230,6 +229,7 @@ is needed:
   var s: Socket
   new s
   s.host = 34  # same as `host=`(s, 34)
+  ```
 
 (The example also shows `inline` procedures.)
 
@@ -237,8 +237,7 @@ is needed:
 The `[]` array access operator can be overloaded to provide
 `array properties`:idx:\ :
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     Vector* = object
       x, y, z: float
@@ -258,6 +257,7 @@ The `[]` array access operator can be overloaded to provide
     of 1: result = v.y
     of 2: result = v.z
     else: assert(false)
+  ```
 
 The example is silly, since a vector is better modelled by a tuple which
 already provides `v[]` access.
@@ -269,8 +269,7 @@ Dynamic dispatch
 Procedures always use static dispatch. For dynamic dispatch replace the
 `proc` keyword by `method`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     Expression = ref object of RootObj ## abstract base class for an expression
     Literal = ref object of Expression
@@ -290,20 +289,19 @@ Procedures always use static dispatch. For dynamic dispatch replace the
   proc newPlus(a, b: Expression): PlusExpr = PlusExpr(a: a, b: b)
 
   echo eval(newPlus(newPlus(newLit(1), newLit(2)), newLit(4)))
+  ```
 
 Note that in the example the constructors `newLit` and `newPlus` are procs
 because it makes more sense for them to use static binding, but `eval` is a
 method because it requires dynamic binding.
 
 **Note:** Starting from Nim 0.20, to use multi-methods one must explicitly pass
-`--multimethods:on` when compiling.
+``--multimethods:on`` when compiling.
 
 In a multi-method all parameters that have an object type are used for the
 dispatching:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c --multiMethods:on $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c --multiMethods:on $1"
   type
     Thing = ref object of RootObj
     Unit = ref object of Thing
@@ -322,6 +320,7 @@ dispatching:
   new a
   new b
   collide(a, b) # output: 2
+  ```
 
 
 As the example demonstrates, invocation of a multi-method cannot be ambiguous:
@@ -338,7 +337,7 @@ Exceptions
 ==========
 
 In Nim exceptions are objects. By convention, exception types are
-suffixed with 'Error'. The `system <system.html>`_ module defines an
+suffixed with 'Error'. The [system](system.html) module defines an
 exception hierarchy that you might want to stick to. Exceptions derive from
 `system.Exception`, which provides the common interface.
 
@@ -354,20 +353,21 @@ Raise statement
 ---------------
 Raising an exception is done with the `raise` statement:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   var
     e: ref OSError
   new(e)
   e.msg = "the request to the OS failed"
   raise e
+  ```
 
 If the `raise` keyword is not followed by an expression, the last exception
 is *re-raised*. For the purpose of avoiding repeating this common code pattern,
 the template `newException` in the `system` module can be used:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   raise newException(OSError, "the request to the OS failed")
+  ```
 
 
 Try statement
@@ -375,8 +375,7 @@ Try statement
 
 The `try` statement handles exceptions:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   from std/strutils import parseInt
 
   # read the first two lines of a text file that should contain numbers
@@ -394,12 +393,13 @@ The `try` statement handles exceptions:
       echo "could not convert string to integer"
     except IOError:
       echo "IO error!"
-    except:
+    except CatchableError:
       echo "Unknown exception!"
       # reraise the unknown exception:
       raise
     finally:
       close(f)
+  ```
 
 The statements after the `try` are executed unless an exception is
 raised. Then the appropriate `except` part is executed.
@@ -417,19 +417,20 @@ the rest of the procedure - that is not within a `finally` clause -
 is not executed (if an exception occurs).
 
 If you need to *access* the actual exception object or message inside an
-`except` branch you can use the `getCurrentException()
-<system.html#getCurrentException>`_ and `getCurrentExceptionMsg()
-<system.html#getCurrentExceptionMsg>`_ procs from the `system <system.html>`_
+`except` branch you can use the [getCurrentException()](
+system.html#getCurrentException) and [getCurrentExceptionMsg()](
+system.html#getCurrentExceptionMsg) procs from the [system](system.html)
 module. Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   try:
     doSomethingHere()
-  except:
+  except CatchableError:
     let
       e = getCurrentException()
       msg = getCurrentExceptionMsg()
     echo "Got exception ", repr(e), " with message ", msg
+  ```
 
 
 Annotating procs with raised exceptions
@@ -442,12 +443,13 @@ instance, if you specify that a proc raises `IOError`, and at some point it
 (or one of the procs it calls) starts raising a new exception the compiler will
 prevent that proc from compiling. Usage example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   proc complexProc() {.raises: [IOError, ArithmeticDefect].} =
     ...
 
   proc simpleProc() {.raises: [].} =
     ...
+  ```
 
 Once you have code like this in place, if the list of raised exception changes
 the compiler will stop with an error specifying the line of the proc which
@@ -459,10 +461,10 @@ If you want to add the `{.raises.}` pragma to existing code, the compiler can
 also help you. You can add the `{.effects.}` pragma statement to your proc and
 the compiler will output all inferred effects up to that point (exception
 tracking is part of Nim's effect system). Another more roundabout way to
-find out the list of exceptions raised by a proc is to use the Nim `doc`
+find out the list of exceptions raised by a proc is to use the Nim ``doc``
 command which generates documentation for a whole module and decorates all
 procs with the list of raised exceptions. You can read more about Nim's
-`effect system and related pragmas in the manual <manual.html#effect-system>`_.
+[effect system and related pragmas in the manual](manual.html#effect-system).
 
 
 Generics
@@ -473,8 +475,7 @@ with `type parameters`:idx:. Generic parameters are written within square
 brackets, for example `Foo[T]`. They are most useful for efficient type safe
 containers:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   type
     BinaryTree*[T] = ref object # BinaryTree is a generic type with
                                 # generic param `T`
@@ -529,6 +530,7 @@ containers:
   add(root, "world")          # instantiates the second `add` proc
   for str in preorder(root):
     stdout.writeLine(str)
+  ```
 
 The example shows a generic binary tree. Depending on context, the brackets are
 used either to introduce type parameters or to instantiate a generic proc,
@@ -538,8 +540,7 @@ is not hidden and is used in the `preorder` iterator.
 
 There is a special `[:T]` syntax when using generics with the method call syntax:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   proc foo[T](i: T) =
     discard
 
@@ -548,6 +549,7 @@ There is a special `[:T]` syntax when using generics with the method call syntax
   # i.foo[int]() # Error: expression 'foo(i)' has no type (or is ambiguous)
 
   i.foo[:int]() # Success
+  ```
 
 
 Templates
@@ -562,12 +564,13 @@ To *invoke* a template, call it like a procedure.
 
 Example:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   template `!=` (a, b: untyped): untyped =
     # this definition exists in the System module
     not (a == b)
 
   assert(5 != 6) # the compiler rewrites that to: assert(not (5 == 6))
+  ```
 
 The `!=`, `>`, `>=`, `in`, `notin`, `isnot` operators are in fact
 templates: this has the benefit that if you overload the `==` operator,
@@ -581,8 +584,7 @@ for IEEE floating point numbers - NaN breaks basic boolean logic.)
 Templates are especially useful for lazy evaluation purposes. Consider a
 simple proc for logging:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   const
     debug = true
 
@@ -592,6 +594,7 @@ simple proc for logging:
   var
     x = 4
   log("x has the value: " & $x)
+  ```
 
 This code has a shortcoming: if `debug` is set to false someday, the quite
 expensive `$` and `&` operations are still performed! (The argument
@@ -599,8 +602,7 @@ evaluation for procedures is *eager*).
 
 Turning the `log` proc into a template solves this problem:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   const
     debug = true
 
@@ -610,6 +612,7 @@ Turning the `log` proc into a template solves this problem:
   var
     x = 4
   log("x has the value: " & $x)
+  ```
 
 The parameters' types can be ordinary types or the meta types `untyped`,
 `typed`, or `type`. `type` suggests that only a type symbol may be given
@@ -621,9 +624,7 @@ If the template has no explicit return type,
 
 To pass a block of statements to a template, use `untyped` for the last parameter:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   template withFile(f: untyped, filename: string, mode: FileMode,
                     body: untyped) =
     let fn = filename
@@ -639,6 +640,7 @@ To pass a block of statements to a template, use `untyped` for the last paramete
   withFile(txt, "ttempl3.txt", fmWrite):
     txt.writeLine("line 1")
     txt.writeLine("line 2")
+  ```
 
 In the example the two `writeLine` statements are bound to the `body`
 parameter. The `withFile` template contains boilerplate code and helps to
@@ -649,8 +651,7 @@ once.
 Example: Lifting Procs
 ----------------------
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
+  `````nim  test = "nim c $1"
   import std/math
 
   template liftScalarProc(fname) =
@@ -659,9 +660,10 @@ Example: Lifting Procs
     ## to provide templated procs that can handle a single
     ## parameter of seq[T] or nested seq[seq[]] or the same type
     ##
-    ## .. code-block:: Nim
-    ##  liftScalarProc(abs)
-    ##  # now abs(@[@[1,-2], @[-2,-3]]) == @[@[1,2], @[2,3]]
+    ##   ```Nim
+    ##   liftScalarProc(abs)
+    ##   # now abs(@[@[1,-2], @[-2,-3]]) == @[@[1,2], @[2,3]]
+    ##   ```
     proc fname[T](x: openarray[T]): auto =
       var temp: T
       type outType = typeof(fname(temp))
@@ -671,6 +673,7 @@ Example: Lifting Procs
 
   liftScalarProc(sqrt)   # make sqrt() work for sequences
   echo sqrt(@[4.0, 16.0, 25.0, 36.0])   # => @[2.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
+  `````
 
 Compilation to JavaScript
 =========================
@@ -691,4 +694,4 @@ JavaScript-compatible code you should remember the following:
 Part 3
 ======
 
-The next part is entirely about metaprogramming via macros: `Part III <tut3.html>`_
+The next part is entirely about metaprogramming via macros: [Part III](tut3.html).
diff --git a/doc/tut3.rst b/doc/tut3.md
index 358a9b45e..3a55d4790 100644
--- a/doc/tut3.rst
+++ b/doc/tut3.md
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-.. default-role:: code
-
 =======================
 Nim Tutorial (Part III)
 =======================
@@ -7,13 +5,15 @@ Nim Tutorial (Part III)
 :Author: Arne Döring
 :Version: |nimversion|
 
+.. default-role:: code
+.. include:: rstcommon.rst
 .. contents::
 
 
 Introduction
 ============
 
-  "With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility." -- Spider Man's Uncle
+>  "With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility." -- Spider Man's Uncle
 
 This document is a tutorial about Nim's macro system.
 A macro is a function that is executed at compile-time and transforms
@@ -91,14 +91,14 @@ in the expression `foo(x)`, `x` needs to be an integer constant,
 but in the macro body `arg` is just like a normal parameter of type
 `int`.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   import std/macros
 
   macro myMacro(arg: static[int]): untyped =
     echo arg # just an int (7), not `NimNode`
 
   myMacro(1 + 2 * 3)
+  ```
 
 
 Code Blocks as Arguments
@@ -108,12 +108,12 @@ It is possible to pass the last argument of a call expression in a
 separate code block with indentation. For example, the following code
 example is a valid (but not a recommended) way to call `echo`:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   echo "Hello ":
     let a = "Wor"
     let b = "ld!"
     a & b
+  ```
 
 For macros this way of calling is very useful; syntax trees of arbitrary
 complexity can be passed to macros with this notation.
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ The Syntax Tree
 In order to build a Nim syntax tree one needs to know how Nim source
 code is represented as a syntax tree, and how such a tree needs to
 look like so that the Nim compiler will understand it. The nodes of the
-Nim syntax tree are documented in the `macros <macros.html>`_ module.
+Nim syntax tree are documented in the [macros](macros.html) module.
 But a more interactive way to explore the Nim
 syntax tree is with `macros.treeRepr`, it converts a syntax tree
 into a multi-line string for printing on the console. It can be used
@@ -134,8 +134,7 @@ and for debug printing of generated syntax tree. `dumpTree` is a
 predefined macro that just prints its argument in a tree representation,
 but does nothing else. Here is an example of such a tree representation:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   dumpTree:
     var mt: MyType = MyType(a:123.456, b:"abcdef")
 
@@ -153,6 +152,7 @@ but does nothing else. Here is an example of such a tree representation:
   #           ExprColonExpr
   #             Ident "b"
   #             StrLit "abcdef"
+  ```
 
 
 Custom Semantic Checking
@@ -166,10 +166,10 @@ macro evaluation should be caught and create a nice error message.
 the checks need to be more complex, arbitrary error messages can
 be created with the `macros.error` proc.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   macro myAssert(arg: untyped): untyped =
     arg.expectKind nnkInfix
+  ```
 
 
 Generating Code
@@ -187,22 +187,36 @@ tree with calls to `newTree` and `newLit` the macro
 Backticks are used to insert code from `NimNode` symbols into the
 generated expression.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    macro a(i) = quote do: let `i` = 0
-    a b
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
+  import std/macros
+  macro a(i) = quote do:
+    let `i` = 0
+
+  a b
+  doAssert b == 0
+  ```
 
 A custom prefix operator can be defined whenever backticks are needed.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    macro a(i) = quote("@") do: assert @i == 0
-    let b = 0
-    a b
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
+  import std/macros
+  macro a(i) = quote("@") do:
+    assert @i == 0
+
+  let b = 0
+  a b
+  ```
 
 The injected symbol needs accent quoted when it resolves to a symbol.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    macro a(i) = quote("@") do: let `@i` == 0
-    a b
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
+  import std/macros
+  macro a(i) = quote("@") do:
+    let `@i` = 0
+
+  a b
+  doAssert b == 0
+  ```
 
 Make sure to inject only symbols of type `NimNode` into the generated syntax
 tree. You can use `newLit` to convert arbitrary values into
@@ -210,9 +224,7 @@ expressions trees of type `NimNode` so that it is safe to inject
 them into the tree.
 
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   import std/macros
 
   type
@@ -232,26 +244,26 @@ them into the tree.
       echo `mtLit`
 
   myMacro("Hallo")
+  ```
 
 The call to `myMacro` will generate the following code:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   echo "Hallo"
   echo MyType(a: 123.456'f64, b: "abcdef")
+  ```
 
 
 Building Your First Macro
 -------------------------
 
 To give a starting point to writing macros we will show now how to
-implement the `myDebug` macro mentioned earlier. The first thing to
+implement the `myAssert` macro mentioned earlier. The first thing to
 do is to build a simple example of the macro usage, and then just
 print the argument. This way it is possible to get an idea of what a
 correct argument should look like.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   import std/macros
 
   macro myAssert(arg: untyped): untyped =
@@ -261,13 +273,14 @@ correct argument should look like.
   let b = 2
 
   myAssert(a != b)
+  ```
 
-.. code-block::
-
+  ```
   Infix
     Ident "!="
     Ident "a"
     Ident "b"
+  ```
 
 
 From the output, it is possible to see that the argument is an infix
@@ -275,9 +288,7 @@ operator (node kind is "Infix"), as well as that the two operands are
 at index 1 and 2. With this information, the actual macro can be
 written.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-    :test: "nim c $1"
-
+  ```nim  test = "nim c $1"
   import std/macros
 
   macro myAssert(arg: untyped): untyped =
@@ -298,6 +309,7 @@ written.
 
   myAssert(a != b)
   myAssert(a == b)
+  ```
 
 
 This is the code that will be generated. To debug what the macro
@@ -305,9 +317,40 @@ actually generated, the statement `echo result.repr` can be used, in
 the last line of the macro. It is also the statement that has been
 used to get this output.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   if not (a != b):
     raise newException(AssertionDefect, $a & " != " & $b)
+  ```
+
+
+Going further
+-------------
+
+It is possible to create more complex macros by combining different
+`NimNode` symbols with `quote do:` expressions. For example, you may
+use `newStmtList` to build your macro iteratively, and `ident` in cases
+in which you wish to create an identifier from a string, as shown below.
+
+  ```nim
+  import std/macros
+
+  macro createProcedures() =
+    result = newStmtList()
+
+    for i in 0..<10:
+      let name = ident("myProc" & $i)
+      let content = newLit("I am procedure number #" & $i)
+
+      result.add quote do:
+        proc `name`() =
+          echo `content`
+
+  createProcedures()
+  myProc7()
+  ```
+
+The call to `myProc7` will echo `I am procedure number #7`.
+
 
 With Power Comes Responsibility
 -------------------------------
@@ -353,7 +396,7 @@ recommended way. But still `strformat` is a good example for a
 practical use case for a macro that is slightly more complex than the
 `assert` macro.
 
-`Strformat <https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/blob/5845716df8c96157a047c2bd6bcdd795a7a2b9b1/lib/pure/strformat.nim#L280>`_
+[Strformat](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/blob/devel/lib/pure/strformat.nim)
 
 Ast Pattern Matching
 --------------------
@@ -362,7 +405,7 @@ Ast Pattern Matching is a macro library to aid in writing complex
 macros. This can be seen as a good example of how to repurpose the
 Nim syntax tree with new semantics.
 
-`Ast Pattern Matching <https://github.com/krux02/ast-pattern-matching>`_
+[Ast Pattern Matching](https://github.com/nim-lang/ast-pattern-matching)
 
 OpenGL Sandbox
 --------------
@@ -371,4 +414,4 @@ This project has a working Nim to GLSL compiler written entirely in
 macros. It scans recursively through all used function symbols to
 compile them so that cross library functions can be executed on the GPU.
 
-`OpenGL Sandbox <https://github.com/krux02/opengl-sandbox>`_
+[OpenGL Sandbox](https://github.com/krux02/opengl-sandbox)
diff --git a/drnim/drnim.nim b/drnim/drnim.nim
index 44eab8625..eb0d89aa2 100644
--- a/drnim/drnim.nim
+++ b/drnim/drnim.nim
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ type
   DrnimContext = ref object
     z3: Z3_context
     graph: ModuleGraph
+    idgen: IdGenerator
     facts: seq[(PNode, VersionScope)]
     varVersions: seq[int] # this maps variable IDs to their current version.
     varSyms: seq[PSym] # mirrors 'varVersions'
@@ -80,6 +81,7 @@ type
 
   DrCon = object
     graph: ModuleGraph
+    idgen: IdGenerator
     mapping: Table[string, Z3_ast]
     canonParameterNames: bool
     assumeUniqueness: bool
@@ -301,12 +303,12 @@ proc nodeToZ3(c: var DrCon; n: PNode; scope: VersionScope; vars: var seq[PNode])
 
 proc nodeToDomain(c: var DrCon; n, q: PNode; opAnd: PSym): PNode =
   assert n.kind == nkInfix
-  let opLe = createMagic(c.graph, "<=", mLeI)
+  let opLe = createMagic(c.graph, c.idgen, "<=", mLeI)
   case $n[0]
   of "..":
     result = buildCall(opAnd, buildCall(opLe, n[1], q), buildCall(opLe, q, n[2]))
   of "..<":
-    let opLt = createMagic(c.graph, "<", mLtI)
+    let opLt = createMagic(c.graph, c.idgen, "<", mLtI)
     result = buildCall(opAnd, buildCall(opLe, n[1], q), buildCall(opLt, q, n[2]))
   else:
     notImplemented(n)
@@ -315,7 +317,7 @@ template quantorToZ3(fn) {.dirty.} =
   template ctx: untyped = c.up.z3
 
   var bound = newSeq[Z3_app](n.len-2)
-  let opAnd = createMagic(c.graph, "and", mAnd)
+  let opAnd = createMagic(c.graph, c.idgen, "and", mAnd)
   var known: PNode
   for i in 1..n.len-2:
     let it = n[i]
@@ -333,7 +335,7 @@ template quantorToZ3(fn) {.dirty.} =
 
   var dummy: seq[PNode]
   assert known != nil
-  let x = nodeToZ3(c, buildCall(createMagic(c.graph, "->", mImplies),
+  let x = nodeToZ3(c, buildCall(createMagic(c.graph, c.idgen, "->", mImplies),
                    known, n[^1]), scope, dummy)
   result = fn(ctx, 0, bound.len.cuint, addr(bound[0]), 0, nil, x)
 
@@ -395,8 +397,8 @@ proc nodeToZ3(c: var DrCon; n: PNode; scope: VersionScope; vars: var seq[PNode])
       else:
         notImplemented(n)
     of mHigh:
-      let addOpr = createMagic(c.graph, "+", mAddI)
-      let lenOpr = createMagic(c.graph, "len", mLengthOpenArray)
+      let addOpr = createMagic(c.graph, c.idgen, "+", mAddI)
+      let lenOpr = createMagic(c.graph, c.idgen, "len", mLengthOpenArray)
       let asLenExpr = addOpr.buildCall(lenOpr.buildCall(n[1]), nkIntLit.newIntNode(-1))
       result = rec asLenExpr
     of mLow:
@@ -577,8 +579,8 @@ proc addRangeInfo(c: var DrCon, n: PNode; scope: VersionScope, res: var seq[Z3_a
         res.add nodeToZ3(c, translateEnsures(ensures, n), scope, dummy)
     return
 
-  let x = newTree(nkInfix, newSymNode createMagic(c.graph, "<=", cmpOp), lowBound, n)
-  let y = newTree(nkInfix, newSymNode createMagic(c.graph, "<=", cmpOp), n, highBound)
+  let x = newTree(nkInfix, newSymNode createMagic(c.graph, c.idgen, "<=", cmpOp), lowBound, n)
+  let y = newTree(nkInfix, newSymNode createMagic(c.graph, c.idgen, "<=", cmpOp), n, highBound)
 
   var dummy: seq[PNode]
   res.add nodeToZ3(c, x, scope, dummy)
@@ -677,6 +679,7 @@ proc proofEngine(ctx: DrnimContext; assumptions: seq[(PNode, VersionScope)];
                  toProve: (PNode, VersionScope)): (bool, string) =
   var c: DrCon
   c.graph = ctx.graph
+  c.idgen = ctx.idgen
   c.assumeUniqueness = assumeUniqueness
   c.up = ctx
   result = proofEngineAux(c, assumptions, toProve)
@@ -738,10 +741,11 @@ proc compatibleProps(graph: ModuleGraph; formal, actual: PType): bool {.nimcall.
 
       var c: DrCon
       c.graph = graph
+      c.idgen = graph.idgen
       c.canonParameterNames = true
       try:
         c.up = DrnimContext(z3: setupZ3(), o: initOperators(graph), graph: graph, owner: nil,
-          opImplies: createMagic(graph, "->", mImplies))
+          opImplies: createMagic(graph, c.idgen, "->", mImplies))
         template zero: untyped = VersionScope(0)
         if not frequires.isEmpty:
           result = not arequires.isEmpty and proofEngineAux(c, @[(frequires, zero)], (arequires, zero))[0]
@@ -847,7 +851,7 @@ proc checkLe(c: DrnimContext, a, b: PNode) =
     of tyChar, tyUInt..tyUInt64: cmpOp = mLeU
     else: discard
 
-  let cmp = newTree(nkInfix, newSymNode createMagic(c.graph, "<=", cmpOp), a, b)
+  let cmp = newTree(nkInfix, newSymNode createMagic(c.graph, c.idgen, "<=", cmpOp), a, b)
   cmp.info = a.info
   discard prove(c, cmp)
 
@@ -1026,7 +1030,7 @@ proc traverseAsgn(c: DrnimContext; n: PNode) =
   proc replaceByOldParams(fact, le: PNode): PNode =
     if guards.sameTree(fact, le):
       result = newNodeIT(nkCall, fact.info, fact.typ)
-      result.add newSymNode createMagic(c.graph, "old", mOld)
+      result.add newSymNode createMagic(c.graph, c.idgen, "old", mOld)
       result.add fact
     else:
       result = shallowCopy(fact)
@@ -1176,8 +1180,9 @@ proc strongSemCheck(graph: ModuleGraph; owner: PSym; n: PNode) =
     c.z3 = setupZ3()
     c.o = initOperators(graph)
     c.graph = graph
+    c.idgen = graph.idgen
     c.owner = owner
-    c.opImplies = createMagic(c.graph, "->", mImplies)
+    c.opImplies = createMagic(c.graph, c.idgen, "->", mImplies)
     try:
       traverse(c, n)
       ensuresCheck(c, owner)
@@ -1200,23 +1205,7 @@ proc mainCommand(graph: ModuleGraph) =
   registerPass graph, semPass
   compileProject(graph)
   if conf.errorCounter == 0:
-    let mem =
-      when declared(system.getMaxMem): formatSize(getMaxMem()) & " peakmem"
-      else: formatSize(getTotalMem()) & " totmem"
-    let loc = $conf.linesCompiled
-    let build = if isDefined(conf, "danger"): "Dangerous Release"
-                elif isDefined(conf, "release"): "Release"
-                else: "Debug"
-    let sec = formatFloat(epochTime() - conf.lastCmdTime, ffDecimal, 3)
-    let project = if optListFullPaths in conf.globalOptions: $conf.projectFull else: $conf.projectName
-    rawMessage(conf, hintSuccessX, [
-      "loc", loc,
-      "sec", sec,
-      "mem", mem,
-      "build", build,
-      "project", project,
-      "output", ""
-      ])
+    genSuccessX(graph.config)
 
 proc processCmdLine(pass: TCmdLinePass, cmd: string; config: ConfigRef) =
   var p = parseopt.initOptParser(cmd)
diff --git a/drnim/tests/config.nims b/drnim/tests/config.nims
index a6b0e7d88..346b0b4e6 100644
--- a/drnim/tests/config.nims
+++ b/drnim/tests/config.nims
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ switch("path", "$nim/testament/lib") # so we can `import stdtest/foo` in this di
 ## prevent common user config settings to interfere with testament expectations
 ## Indifidual tests can override this if needed to test for these options.
 switch("colors", "off")
-switch("listFullPaths", "off")
+switch("filenames", "canonical")
 switch("excessiveStackTrace", "off")
 
 # we only want to check the marked parts in the tests:
diff --git a/koch.nim b/koch.nim
index bf7fb1e62..77bc2299f 100644
--- a/koch.nim
+++ b/koch.nim
@@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
 #
 #
 #         Maintenance program for Nim
-#        (c) Copyright 2017 Andreas Rumpf
+#        (c) Copyright 2024 Andreas Rumpf
 #
 #    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
-#    See doc/koch.txt for documentation.
+#    See doc/koch.md for documentation.
 #
 
 const
-  NimbleStableCommit = "d13f3b8ce288b4dc8c34c219a4e050aaeaf43fc9" # master
-  # examples of possible values: #head, #ea82b54, 1.2.3
+  # examples of possible values for repos: Head, ea82b54
+  NimbleStableCommit = "4fb6f8e6c33963f6f510fe82d09ad2a61b5e4265" # 0.16.1
+  AtlasStableCommit = "5faec3e9a33afe99a7d22377dd1b45a5391f5504"
+  ChecksumsStableCommit = "bd9bf4eaea124bf8d01e08f92ac1b14c6879d8d3"
+  SatStableCommit = "faf1617f44d7632ee9601ebc13887644925dcc01"
+
+  # examples of possible values for fusion: #head, #ea82b54, 1.2.3
   FusionStableHash = "#372ee4313827ef9f2ea388840f7d6b46c2b1b014"
   HeadHash = "#head"
 when not defined(windows):
@@ -34,6 +39,9 @@ import std/[os, strutils, parseopt, osproc]
   # If this fails with: `Error: cannot open file: std/os`, see
   # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/14291 for explanation + how to fix.
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, syncio]
+
 import tools / kochdocs
 import tools / deps
 
@@ -44,7 +52,7 @@ const
 +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
 |         Maintenance program for Nim                             |
 |             Version $1|
-|             (c) 2017 Andreas Rumpf                              |
+|             (c) 2024 Andreas Rumpf                              |
 +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
 Build time: $2, $3
 
@@ -59,6 +67,7 @@ Options:
   --nim:path               use specified path for nim binary
   --localdocs[:path]       only build local documentations. If a path is not
                            specified (or empty), the default is used.
+  --skipIntegrityCheck     skips integrity check when booting the compiler
 Possible Commands:
   boot [options]           bootstraps with given command line options
   distrohelper [bindir]    helper for distro packagers
@@ -67,6 +76,8 @@ Possible Commands:
                            e.g. nimble)
                            doesn't require network connectivity
   nimble                   builds the Nimble tool
+  atlas                    builds the Atlas tool
+  checksums                installs the checksums dependency
   fusion                   installs fusion via Nimble
 
 Boot options:
@@ -76,9 +87,12 @@ Boot options:
   -d:leanCompiler          produce a compiler without JS codegen or
                            documentation generator in order to use less RAM
                            for bootstrapping
+  -d:nimHasLibFFI          adds FFI support for allowing compile-time VM to
+                           interface with native functions (experimental,
+                           requires prior `koch installdeps libffi`)
 
 Commands for core developers:
-  runCI                    runs continuous integration (CI), e.g. from travis
+  runCI                    runs continuous integration (CI), e.g. from Github Actions
   docs [options]           generates the full documentation
   csource -d:danger        builds the C sources for installation
   pdf                      builds the PDF documentation
@@ -89,10 +103,6 @@ Commands for core developers:
   tests [options]          run the testsuite (run a subset of tests by
                            specifying a category, e.g. `tests cat async`)
   temp options             creates a temporary compiler for testing
-  pushcsource              push generated C sources to its repo
-Web options:
-  --googleAnalytics:UA-... add the given google analytics code to the docs. To
-                           build the official docs, use UA-48159761-1
 """
 
 let kochExe* = when isMainModule: os.getAppFilename() # always correct when koch is main program, even if `koch` exe renamed e.g.: `nim c -o:koch_debug koch.nim`
@@ -149,13 +159,27 @@ proc bundleNimbleExe(latest: bool, args: string) =
   let commit = if latest: "HEAD" else: NimbleStableCommit
   cloneDependency(distDir, "https://github.com/nim-lang/nimble.git",
                   commit = commit, allowBundled = true)
+  cloneDependency(distDir / "nimble" / distDir, "https://github.com/nim-lang/checksums.git",
+                commit = ChecksumsStableCommit, allowBundled = true) # or copy it from dist?
+  cloneDependency(distDir / "nimble" / distDir, "https://github.com/nim-lang/sat.git",
+                commit = SatStableCommit, allowBundled = true)
   # installer.ini expects it under $nim/bin
   nimCompile("dist/nimble/src/nimble.nim",
-             options = "-d:release --noNimblePath " & args)
+             options = "-d:release -d:nimNimbleBootstrap --noNimblePath " & args)
+
+proc bundleAtlasExe(latest: bool, args: string) =
+  let commit = if latest: "HEAD" else: AtlasStableCommit
+  cloneDependency(distDir, "https://github.com/nim-lang/atlas.git",
+                  commit = commit, allowBundled = true)
+  cloneDependency(distDir / "atlas" / distDir, "https://github.com/nim-lang/sat.git",
+                commit = SatStableCommit, allowBundled = true)
+  # installer.ini expects it under $nim/bin
+  nimCompile("dist/atlas/src/atlas.nim",
+             options = "-d:release --noNimblePath -d:nimAtlasBootstrap " & args)
 
 proc bundleNimsuggest(args: string) =
   nimCompileFold("Compile nimsuggest", "nimsuggest/nimsuggest.nim",
-                 options = "-d:release -d:danger " & args)
+                 options = "-d:danger " & args)
 
 proc buildVccTool(args: string) =
   let input = "tools/vccexe/vccexe.nim"
@@ -182,8 +206,14 @@ proc bundleWinTools(args: string) =
     nimCompile(r"tools\downloader.nim",
                options = r"--cc:vcc --app:gui -d:ssl --noNimblePath --path:..\ui " & args)
 
+proc bundleChecksums(latest: bool) =
+  let commit = if latest: "HEAD" else: ChecksumsStableCommit
+  cloneDependency(distDir, "https://github.com/nim-lang/checksums.git", commit, allowBundled = true)
+
 proc zip(latest: bool; args: string) =
+  bundleChecksums(latest)
   bundleNimbleExe(latest, args)
+  bundleAtlasExe(latest, args)
   bundleNimsuggest(args)
   bundleNimpretty(args)
   bundleWinTools(args)
@@ -216,13 +246,28 @@ proc buildTools(args: string = "") =
                  options = "-d:release " & args)
   when defined(windows): buildVccTool(args)
   bundleNimpretty(args)
-  nimCompileFold("Compile nimfind", "tools/nimfind.nim",
-                 options = "-d:release " & args)
-  nimCompileFold("Compile testament", "testament/testament.nim",
+  nimCompileFold("Compile testament", "testament/testament.nim", options = "-d:release " & args)
+
+  # pre-packages a debug version of nim which can help in many cases investigate issuses
+  # withouth having to rebuild compiler.
+  # `-d:nimDebugUtils` only makes sense when temporarily editing/debugging compiler
+  # `-d:debug` should be changed to a flag that doesn't require re-compiling nim
+  # `--opt:speed` is a sensible default even for a debug build, it doesn't affect nim stacktraces
+  nimCompileFold("Compile nim_dbg", "compiler/nim.nim", options =
+      "--opt:speed --stacktrace -d:debug --stacktraceMsgs -d:nimCompilerStacktraceHints " & args,
+      outputName = "nim_dbg")
+
+proc testTools(args: string = "") =
+  nimCompileFold("Compile nimgrep", "tools/nimgrep.nim",
                  options = "-d:release " & args)
+  when defined(windows): buildVccTool(args)
+  bundleNimpretty(args)
+  nimCompileFold("Compile testament", "testament/testament.nim", options = "-d:release " & args)
 
 proc nsis(latest: bool; args: string) =
+  bundleChecksums(latest)
   bundleNimbleExe(latest, args)
+  bundleAtlasExe(latest, args)
   bundleNimsuggest(args)
   bundleWinTools(args)
   # make sure we have generated the niminst executables:
@@ -242,19 +287,21 @@ proc install(args: string) =
   geninstall()
   exec("sh ./install.sh $#" % args)
 
-when false:
-  proc web(args: string) =
-    nimexec("js tools/dochack/dochack.nim")
-    nimexec("cc -r tools/nimweb.nim $# web/website.ini --putenv:nimversion=$#" %
-        [args, VersionAsString])
-
-  proc website(args: string) =
-    nimexec("cc -r tools/nimweb.nim $# --website web/website.ini --putenv:nimversion=$#" %
-        [args, VersionAsString])
-
-  proc pdf(args="") =
-    exec("$# cc -r tools/nimweb.nim $# --pdf web/website.ini --putenv:nimversion=$#" %
-        [findNim().quoteShell(), args, VersionAsString], additionalPATH=findNim().splitFile.dir)
+proc installDeps(dep: string, commit = "") =
+  # the hashes/urls are version controlled here, so can be changed seamlessly
+  # and tied to a nim release (mimicking git submodules)
+  var commit = commit
+  case dep
+  of "tinyc":
+    if commit.len == 0: commit = "916cc2f94818a8a382dd8d4b8420978816c1dfb3"
+    cloneDependency(distDir, "https://github.com/timotheecour/nim-tinyc-archive", commit)
+  of "libffi":
+    # technically a nimble package, however to play nicely with --noNimblePath,
+    # let's just clone it wholesale:
+    if commit.len == 0: commit = "bb2bdaf1a29a4bff6fbd8ae4695877cbb3ec783e"
+    cloneDependency(distDir, "https://github.com/Araq/libffi", commit)
+  else: doAssert false, "unsupported: " & dep
+  # xxx: also add linenoise, niminst etc, refs https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/206
 
 # -------------- boot ---------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -283,9 +330,9 @@ proc thVersion(i: int): string =
 
 template doUseCpp(): bool = getEnv("NIM_COMPILE_TO_CPP", "false") == "true"
 
-proc boot(args: string) =
+proc boot(args: string, skipIntegrityCheck: bool) =
   ## bootstrapping is a process that involves 3 steps:
-  ## 1. use csources to produce nim1.exe. This nim1.exe is buggy but
+  ## 1. use csourcesAny to produce nim1.exe. This nim1.exe is buggy but
   ## rock solid for building a Nim compiler. It shouldn't be used for anything else.
   ## 2. use nim1.exe to produce nim2.exe. nim2.exe is the one you really need.
   ## 3. We use nim2.exe to build nim3.exe. nim3.exe is equal to nim2.exe except for timestamps.
@@ -298,39 +345,41 @@ proc boot(args: string) =
   let smartNimcache = (if "release" in args or "danger" in args: "nimcache/r_" else: "nimcache/d_") &
                       hostOS & "_" & hostCPU
 
+  bundleChecksums(false)
+
+  let usingLibFFI = "nimHasLibFFI" in args
+  if usingLibFFI and not dirExists("dist/libffi"):
+    installDeps("libffi")
+
   let nimStart = findStartNim().quoteShell()
-  for i in 0..2:
-    # Nim versions < (1, 1) expect Nim's exception type to have a 'raiseId' field for
-    # C++ interop. Later Nim versions do this differently and removed the 'raiseId' field.
-    # Thus we always bootstrap the first iteration with "c" and not with "cpp" as
-    # a workaround.
-    let defaultCommand = if useCpp and i > 0: "cpp" else: "c"
+  let times = 2 - ord(skipIntegrityCheck)
+  for i in 0..times:
+    let defaultCommand = if useCpp: "cpp" else: "c"
     let bootOptions = if args.len == 0 or args.startsWith("-"): defaultCommand else: ""
     echo "iteration: ", i+1
     var extraOption = ""
     var nimi = i.thVersion
     if i == 0:
       nimi = nimStart
-      extraOption.add " --skipUserCfg --skipParentCfg"
+      extraOption.add " --skipUserCfg --skipParentCfg -d:nimKochBootstrap"
+
+      # --noNimblePath precludes nimble packages as dependencies to the compiler,
+      # so libffi is not "installed as a nimble package"
+      if usingLibFFI: extraOption.add " --path:./dist"
         # The configs are skipped for bootstrap
         # (1st iteration) to prevent newer flags from breaking bootstrap phase.
       let ret = execCmdEx(nimStart & " --version")
       doAssert ret.exitCode == 0
       let version = ret.output.splitLines[0]
-      # remove these when csources get updated
-      template addLib() =
+      if version.startsWith "Nim Compiler Version 0.20.0":
         extraOption.add " --lib:lib" # see https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/14291
-      if version.startsWith "Nim Compiler Version 0.19.0":
-        extraOption.add " -d:nimBoostrapCsources0_19_0"
-        addLib()
-      elif version.startsWith "Nim Compiler Version 0.20.0": addLib()
 
     # in order to use less memory, we split the build into two steps:
     # --compileOnly produces a $project.json file and does not run GCC/Clang.
     # jsonbuild then uses the $project.json file to build the Nim binary.
-    exec "$# $# $# --nimcache:$# $# --compileOnly compiler" / "nim.nim" %
+    exec "$# $# $# --nimcache:$# $# --noNimblePath --compileOnly compiler" / "nim.nim" %
       [nimi, bootOptions, extraOption, smartNimcache, args]
-    exec "$# jsonscript --nimcache:$# $# compiler" / "nim.nim" %
+    exec "$# jsonscript --noNimblePath --nimcache:$# $# compiler" / "nim.nim" %
       [nimi, smartNimcache, args]
 
     if sameFileContent(output, i.thVersion):
@@ -339,7 +388,9 @@ proc boot(args: string) =
       return
     copyExe(output, (i+1).thVersion)
   copyExe(output, finalDest)
-  when not defined(windows): echo "[Warning] executables are still not equal"
+  when not defined(windows):
+    if not skipIntegrityCheck:
+      echo "[Warning] executables are still not equal"
 
 # -------------- clean --------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -457,9 +508,11 @@ proc temp(args: string) =
       result[1].add " " & quoteShell(args[i])
       inc i
 
+  bundleChecksums(false)
+
   let d = getAppDir()
-  var output = d / "compiler" / "nim".exe
-  var finalDest = d / "bin" / "nim_temp".exe
+  let output = d / "compiler" / "nim".exe
+  let finalDest = d / "bin" / "nim_temp".exe
   # 125 is the magic number to tell git bisect to skip the current commit.
   var (bootArgs, programArgs) = splitArgs(args)
   if "doc" notin programArgs and
@@ -483,6 +536,22 @@ proc xtemp(cmd: string) =
   finally:
     copyExe(d / "bin" / "nim_backup".exe, d / "bin" / "nim".exe)
 
+proc icTest(args: string) =
+  temp("")
+  let inp = os.parseCmdLine(args)[0]
+  let content = readFile(inp)
+  let nimExe = getAppDir() / "bin" / "nim_temp".exe
+  var i = 0
+  for fragment in content.split("#!EDIT!#"):
+    let file = inp.replace(".nim", "_temp.nim")
+    writeFile(file, fragment)
+    var cmd = nimExe & " cpp --ic:on -d:nimIcIntegrityChecks --listcmd "
+    if i == 0:
+      cmd.add "-f "
+    cmd.add quoteShell(file)
+    exec(cmd)
+    inc i
+
 proc buildDrNim(args: string) =
   if not dirExists("dist/nimz3"):
     exec("git clone https://github.com/zevv/nimz3.git dist/nimz3")
@@ -510,32 +579,30 @@ proc hostInfo(): string =
   "hostOS: $1, hostCPU: $2, int: $3, float: $4, cpuEndian: $5, cwd: $6" %
     [hostOS, hostCPU, $int.sizeof, $float.sizeof, $cpuEndian, getCurrentDir()]
 
-proc installDeps(dep: string, commit = "") =
-  # the hashes/urls are version controlled here, so can be changed seamlessly
-  # and tied to a nim release (mimicking git submodules)
-  var commit = commit
-  case dep
-  of "tinyc":
-    if commit.len == 0: commit = "916cc2f94818a8a382dd8d4b8420978816c1dfb3"
-    cloneDependency(distDir, "https://github.com/timotheecour/nim-tinyc-archive", commit)
-  else: doAssert false, "unsupported: " & dep
-  # xxx: also add linenoise, niminst etc, refs https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/206
-
 proc runCI(cmd: string) =
   doAssert cmd.len == 0, cmd # avoid silently ignoring
   echo "runCI: ", cmd
   echo hostInfo()
   # boot without -d:nimHasLibFFI to make sure this still works
-  kochExecFold("Boot in release mode", "boot -d:release -d:nimStrictMode")
+  # `--lib:lib` is needed for bootstrap on openbsd, for reasons described in
+  # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/14291 (`getAppFilename` bugsfor older nim on openbsd).
+  kochExecFold("Boot Nim ORC", "boot -d:release -d:nimStrictMode --lib:lib")
+
+  when false: # debugging: when you need to run only 1 test in CI, use something like this:
+    execFold("debugging test", "nim r tests/stdlib/tosproc.nim")
+    doAssert false, "debugging only"
 
   ## build nimble early on to enable remainder to depend on it if needed
   kochExecFold("Build Nimble", "nimble")
 
+  execFold("Install smtp", "nimble install smtp -y")
+
   let batchParam = "--batch:$1" % "NIM_TESTAMENT_BATCH".getEnv("_")
   if getEnv("NIM_TEST_PACKAGES", "0") == "1":
-    execFold("Test selected Nimble packages", "nim r testament/testament $# pcat nimble-packages" % batchParam)
+    nimCompileFold("Compile testament", "testament/testament.nim", options = "-d:release")
+    execFold("Test selected Nimble packages", "testament $# pcat nimble-packages" % batchParam)
   else:
-    buildTools()
+    testTools()
 
     for a in "zip opengl sdl1 jester@#head".split:
       let buildDeps = "build"/"deps" # xxx factor pending https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/616
@@ -546,51 +613,35 @@ proc runCI(cmd: string) =
     ## run tests
     execFold("Test nimscript", "nim e tests/test_nimscript.nims")
     when defined(windows):
-      # note: will be over-written below
-      execFold("Compile tester", "nim c -d:nimCoroutines --os:genode -d:posix --compileOnly testament/testament")
+      execFold("Compile tester", "nim c --usenimcache -d:nimCoroutines --os:genode -d:posix --compileOnly testament/testament")
 
     # main bottleneck here
     # xxx: even though this is the main bottleneck, we could speedup the rest via batching with `--batch`.
     # BUG: with initOptParser, `--batch:'' all` interprets `all` as the argument of --batch, pending bug #14343
-    execFold("Run tester", "nim c -r -d:nimCoroutines --putenv:NIM_TESTAMENT_REMOTE_NETWORKING:1 -d:nimStrictMode testament/testament $# all -d:nimCoroutines" % batchParam)
+    execFold("Run tester", "nim c -r --putenv:NIM_TESTAMENT_REMOTE_NETWORKING:1 -d:nimStrictMode testament/testament $# all -d:nimCoroutines" % batchParam)
 
-    block CT_FFI:
+    block: # nimHasLibFFI:
       when defined(posix): # windows can be handled in future PR's
-        execFold("nimble install -y libffi", "nimble install -y libffi")
-        const nimFFI = "./bin/nim.ctffi"
+        installDeps("libffi")
+        const nimFFI = "bin/nim.ctffi"
         # no need to bootstrap with koch boot (would be slower)
         let backend = if doUseCpp(): "cpp" else: "c"
-        execFold("build with -d:nimHasLibFFI", "nim $1 -d:release -d:nimHasLibFFI -o:$2 compiler/nim.nim" % [backend, nimFFI])
+        execFold("build with -d:nimHasLibFFI", "nim $1 -d:release --noNimblePath -d:nimHasLibFFI --path:./dist -o:$2 compiler/nim.nim" % [backend, nimFFI])
         execFold("test with -d:nimHasLibFFI", "$1 $2 -r testament/testament --nim:$1 r tests/misc/trunner.nim -d:nimTrunnerFfi" % [nimFFI, backend])
 
-    execFold("Run nimdoc tests", "nim c -r nimdoc/tester")
-    execFold("Run rst2html tests", "nim c -r nimdoc/rsttester")
-    execFold("Run nimpretty tests", "nim c -r nimpretty/tester.nim")
+    execFold("Run nimdoc tests", "nim r nimdoc/tester")
+    execFold("Run rst2html tests", "nim r nimdoc/rsttester")
+    execFold("Run nimpretty tests", "nim r nimpretty/tester.nim")
     when defined(posix):
-      execFold("Run nimsuggest tests", "nim c -r nimsuggest/tester")
+      # refs #18385, build with -d:release instead of -d:danger for testing
+      # We could also skip building nimsuggest in buildTools, or build it with -d:release
+      # in bundleNimsuggest depending on some environment variable when we are in CI. One advantage
+      # of rebuilding is this won't affect bin/nimsuggest when running runCI locally
+      execFold("build nimsuggest_testing", "nim c -o:bin/nimsuggest_testing -d:release nimsuggest/nimsuggest")
+      execFold("Run nimsuggest tests", "nim r nimsuggest/tester")
+
+    kochExecFold("Testing booting in refc", "boot -d:release --mm:refc -d:nimStrictMode --lib:lib")
 
-proc pushCsources() =
-  if not dirExists("../csources/.git"):
-    quit "[Error] no csources git repository found"
-  csource("-d:danger")
-  let cwd = getCurrentDir()
-  try:
-    copyDir("build/c_code", "../csources/c_code")
-    copyFile("build/build.sh", "../csources/build.sh")
-    copyFile("build/build.bat", "../csources/build.bat")
-    copyFile("build/build64.bat", "../csources/build64.bat")
-    copyFile("build/makefile", "../csources/makefile")
-
-    setCurrentDir("../csources")
-    for kind, path in walkDir("c_code"):
-      if kind == pcDir:
-        exec("git add " & path / "*.c")
-    exec("git commit -am \"updated csources to version " & NimVersion & "\"")
-    exec("git push origin master")
-    exec("git tag -am \"Version $1\" v$1" % NimVersion)
-    exec("git push origin v$1" % NimVersion)
-  finally:
-    setCurrentDir(cwd)
 
 proc testUnixInstall(cmdLineRest: string) =
   csource("-d:danger" & cmdLineRest)
@@ -616,7 +667,7 @@ proc testUnixInstall(cmdLineRest: string) =
       execCleanPath("./koch tools")
       # check the tests work:
       putEnv("NIM_EXE_NOT_IN_PATH", "NOT_IN_PATH")
-      execCleanPath("./koch tests --nim:./bin/nim cat megatest", destDir / "bin")
+      execCleanPath("./koch tests --nim:bin/nim cat megatest", destDir / "bin")
     else:
       echo "Version check: failure"
   finally:
@@ -644,9 +695,16 @@ proc valgrind(cmd: string) =
   let supp = getAppDir() / "tools" / "nimgrind.supp"
   exec("valgrind --suppressions=" & supp & valcmd)
 
-proc showHelp() =
+proc showHelp(success: bool) =
   quit(HelpText % [VersionAsString & spaces(44-len(VersionAsString)),
-                   CompileDate, CompileTime], QuitSuccess)
+                   CompileDate, CompileTime], if success: QuitSuccess else: QuitFailure)
+
+proc branchDone() =
+  let thisBranch = execProcess("git symbolic-ref --short HEAD").strip()
+  if thisBranch != "devel" and thisBranch != "":
+    exec("git checkout devel")
+    exec("git branch -D " & thisBranch)
+    exec("git pull --rebase")
 
 when isMainModule:
   var op = initOptParser()
@@ -654,11 +712,13 @@ when isMainModule:
     latest = false
     localDocsOnly = false
     localDocsOut = ""
+    skipIntegrityCheck = false
   while true:
     op.next()
     case op.kind
     of cmdLongOption, cmdShortOption:
       case normalize(op.key)
+      of "help", "h": showHelp(success = true)
       of "latest": latest = true
       of "stable": latest = false
       of "nim": nimExe = op.val.absolutePath # absolute so still works with changeDir
@@ -666,12 +726,14 @@ when isMainModule:
         localDocsOnly = true
         if op.val.len > 0:
           localDocsOut = op.val.absolutePath
-      else: showHelp()
+      of "skipintegritycheck":
+        skipIntegrityCheck = true
+      else: showHelp(success = false)
     of cmdArgument:
       case normalize(op.key)
-      of "boot": boot(op.cmdLineRest)
+      of "boot": boot(op.cmdLineRest, skipIntegrityCheck)
       of "clean": clean(op.cmdLineRest)
-      of "doc", "docs": buildDocs(op.cmdLineRest, localDocsOnly, localDocsOut)
+      of "doc", "docs": buildDocs(op.cmdLineRest & " --d:nimPreviewSlimSystem " & paCode, localDocsOnly, localDocsOut)
       of "doc0", "docs0":
         # undocumented command for Araq-the-merciful:
         buildDocs(op.cmdLineRest & gaCode)
@@ -691,6 +753,7 @@ when isMainModule:
       of "xtemp": xtemp(op.cmdLineRest)
       of "wintools": bundleWinTools(op.cmdLineRest)
       of "nimble": bundleNimbleExe(latest, op.cmdLineRest)
+      of "atlas": bundleAtlasExe(latest, op.cmdLineRest)
       of "nimsuggest": bundleNimsuggest(op.cmdLineRest)
       # toolsNoNimble is kept for backward compatibility with build scripts
       of "toolsnonimble", "toolsnoexternal":
@@ -698,13 +761,20 @@ when isMainModule:
       of "tools":
         buildTools(op.cmdLineRest)
         bundleNimbleExe(latest, op.cmdLineRest)
-      of "pushcsource", "pushcsources": pushCsources()
+        bundleAtlasExe(latest, op.cmdLineRest)
+      of "checksums":
+        bundleChecksums(latest)
+      of "pushcsource":
+        quit "use this instead: https://github.com/nim-lang/csources_v1/blob/master/push_c_code.nim"
       of "valgrind": valgrind(op.cmdLineRest)
       of "c2nim": bundleC2nim(op.cmdLineRest)
       of "drnim": buildDrNim(op.cmdLineRest)
       of "fusion":
         let suffix = if latest: HeadHash else: FusionStableHash
         exec("nimble install -y fusion@$#" % suffix)
-      else: showHelp()
+      of "ic": icTest(op.cmdLineRest)
+      of "branchdone": branchDone()
+      else: showHelp(success = false)
       break
-    of cmdEnd: break
+    of cmdEnd:
+      showHelp(success = false)
diff --git a/lib/core/hotcodereloading.nim b/lib/core/hotcodereloading.nim
index 73f38402d..3a876885c 100644
--- a/lib/core/hotcodereloading.nim
+++ b/lib/core/hotcodereloading.nim
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 
 when defined(hotcodereloading):
   import
-    macros
+    std/macros
 
   template beforeCodeReload*(body: untyped) =
     hcrAddEventHandler(true, proc = body) {.executeOnReload.}
diff --git a/lib/core/locks.nim b/lib/core/locks.nim
index bddd6d864..523727479 100644
--- a/lib/core/locks.nim
+++ b/lib/core/locks.nim
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@ when not compileOption("threads") and not defined(nimdoc):
   when false: # fix #12330
     {.error: "Locks requires --threads:on option.".}
 
-const insideRLocksModule = false
-include "system/syslocks"
+import std/private/syslocks
 
 type
   Lock* = SysLock ## Nim lock; whether this is re-entrant
@@ -28,25 +27,30 @@ type
 
 {.push stackTrace: off.}
 
+
+proc `$`*(lock: Lock): string =
+  # workaround bug #14873
+  result = "()"
+
 proc initLock*(lock: var Lock) {.inline.} =
   ## Initializes the given lock.
   when not defined(js):
     initSysLock(lock)
 
-proc deinitLock*(lock: var Lock) {.inline.} =
+proc deinitLock*(lock: Lock) {.inline.} =
   ## Frees the resources associated with the lock.
   deinitSys(lock)
 
-proc tryAcquire*(lock: var Lock): bool =
+proc tryAcquire*(lock: var Lock): bool {.inline.} =
   ## Tries to acquire the given lock. Returns `true` on success.
   result = tryAcquireSys(lock)
 
-proc acquire*(lock: var Lock) =
+proc acquire*(lock: var Lock) {.inline.} =
   ## Acquires the given lock.
   when not defined(js):
     acquireSys(lock)
 
-proc release*(lock: var Lock) =
+proc release*(lock: var Lock) {.inline.} =
   ## Releases the given lock.
   when not defined(js):
     releaseSys(lock)
@@ -56,22 +60,26 @@ proc initCond*(cond: var Cond) {.inline.} =
   ## Initializes the given condition variable.
   initSysCond(cond)
 
-proc deinitCond*(cond: var Cond) {.inline.} =
+proc deinitCond*(cond: Cond) {.inline.} =
   ## Frees the resources associated with the condition variable.
   deinitSysCond(cond)
 
 proc wait*(cond: var Cond, lock: var Lock) {.inline.} =
-  ## waits on the condition variable `cond`.
+  ## Waits on the condition variable `cond`.
   waitSysCond(cond, lock)
 
 proc signal*(cond: var Cond) {.inline.} =
-  ## sends a signal to the condition variable `cond`.
+  ## Sends a signal to the condition variable `cond`.
   signalSysCond(cond)
 
+proc broadcast*(cond: var Cond) {.inline.} =
+  ## Unblocks all threads currently blocked on the
+  ## specified condition variable `cond`.
+  broadcastSysCond(cond)
+
 template withLock*(a: Lock, body: untyped) =
   ## Acquires the given lock, executes the statements in body and
   ## releases the lock after the statements finish executing.
-  mixin acquire, release
   acquire(a)
   {.locks: [a].}:
     try:
diff --git a/lib/core/macrocache.nim b/lib/core/macrocache.nim
index e376ad87f..39999fa11 100644
--- a/lib/core/macrocache.nim
+++ b/lib/core/macrocache.nim
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@
 ## This module provides an API for macros to collect compile-time information
 ## across module boundaries. It should be used instead of global `{.compileTime.}`
 ## variables as those break incremental compilation.
-## 
+##
 ## The main feature of this module is that if you create `CacheTable`s or
 ## any other `Cache` types with the same name in different modules, their
-## content will be shared, meaning that you can fill a `CacheTable` in 
+## content will be shared, meaning that you can fill a `CacheTable` in
 ## one module, and iterate over its contents in another.
 
 runnableExamples:
@@ -22,20 +22,20 @@ runnableExamples:
   const mcTable = CacheTable"myTable"
   const mcSeq = CacheSeq"mySeq"
   const mcCounter = CacheCounter"myCounter"
-  
+
   static:
     # add new key "val" with the value `myval`
     let myval = newLit("hello ic")
     mcTable["val"] = myval
     assert mcTable["val"].kind == nnkStrLit
-  
+
   # Can access the same cache from different static contexts
   # All the information is retained
   static:
     # get value from `mcTable` and add it to `mcSeq`
     mcSeq.add(mcTable["val"])
     assert mcSeq.len == 1
-  
+
   static:
     assert mcSeq[0].strVal == "hello ic"
 
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ type
     ## Compile-time sequence of `NimNode`s.
   CacheTable* = distinct string
     ## Compile-time table of key-value pairs.
-    ## 
+    ##
     ## Keys are `string`s and values are `NimNode`s.
   CacheCounter* = distinct string
     ## Compile-time counter, uses `int` for storing the count.
@@ -80,22 +80,22 @@ proc add*(s: CacheSeq; value: NimNode) {.magic: "NcsAdd".} =
   runnableExamples:
     import std/macros
     const mySeq = CacheSeq"addTest"
-    
+
     static:
       mySeq.add(newLit(5))
       mySeq.add(newLit("hello ic"))
-  
+
       assert mySeq.len == 2
       assert mySeq[1].strVal == "hello ic"
 
-proc incl*(s: CacheSeq; value: NimNode) {.magic: "NcsIncl".} = 
+proc incl*(s: CacheSeq; value: NimNode) {.magic: "NcsIncl".} =
   ## Adds `value` to `s`.
-  ## 
+  ##
   ## .. hint:: This doesn't do anything if `value` is already in `s`.
   runnableExamples:
     import std/macros
     const mySeq = CacheSeq"inclTest"
-    
+
     static:
       mySeq.incl(newLit(5))
       mySeq.incl(newLit(5))
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ proc len*(s: CacheSeq): int {.magic: "NcsLen".} =
       let val = newLit("helper")
       mySeq.add(val)
       assert mySeq.len == 1
-      
+
       mySeq.add(val)
       assert mySeq.len == 2
 
@@ -127,25 +127,38 @@ proc `[]`*(s: CacheSeq; i: int): NimNode {.magic: "NcsAt".} =
       mySeq.add(newLit(42))
       assert mySeq[0].intVal == 42
 
+proc `[]`*(s: CacheSeq; i: BackwardsIndex): NimNode =
+  ## Returns the `i`th last value from `s`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    import std/macros
+
+    const mySeq = CacheSeq"backTest"
+    static:
+      mySeq &= newLit(42)
+      mySeq &= newLit(7)
+      assert mySeq[^1].intVal == 7  # Last item
+      assert mySeq[^2].intVal == 42 # Second last item
+  s[s.len - int(i)]
+
 iterator items*(s: CacheSeq): NimNode =
   ## Iterates over each item in `s`.
   runnableExamples:
     import std/macros
     const myseq = CacheSeq"itemsTest"
-    
+
     static:
       myseq.add(newLit(5))
       myseq.add(newLit(42))
-      
+
       for val in myseq:
         # check that all values in `myseq` are int literals
         assert val.kind == nnkIntLit
-  
+
   for i in 0 ..< len(s): yield s[i]
 
 proc `[]=`*(t: CacheTable; key: string, value: NimNode) {.magic: "NctPut".} =
-  ## Inserts a `(key, value)` pair into `t`. 
-  ## 
+  ## Inserts a `(key, value)` pair into `t`.
+  ##
   ## .. warning:: `key` has to be unique! Assigning `value` to a `key` that is already
   ##   in the table will result in a compiler error.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -155,11 +168,11 @@ proc `[]=`*(t: CacheTable; key: string, value: NimNode) {.magic: "NctPut".} =
     static:
       # assign newLit(5) to the key "value"
       mcTable["value"] = newLit(5)
-      
+
       # check that we can get the value back
-      assert mcTable["value"].kind == nnkIntLit    
+      assert mcTable["value"].kind == nnkIntLit
 
-proc len*(t: CacheTable): int {.magic: "NctLen".} = 
+proc len*(t: CacheTable): int {.magic: "NctLen".} =
   ## Returns the number of elements in `t`.
   runnableExamples:
     import std/macros
@@ -177,10 +190,36 @@ proc `[]`*(t: CacheTable; key: string): NimNode {.magic: "NctGet".} =
     const mcTable = CacheTable"subTest"
     static:
       mcTable["toAdd"] = newStmtList()
-      
+
       # get the NimNode back
       assert mcTable["toAdd"].kind == nnkStmtList
 
+proc hasKey*(t: CacheTable; key: string): bool =
+  ## Returns true if `key` is in the table `t`.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * [contains proc][contains(CacheTable, string)] for use with the `in` operator
+  runnableExamples:
+    import std/macros
+    const mcTable = CacheTable"hasKeyEx"
+    static:
+      assert not mcTable.hasKey("foo")
+      mcTable["foo"] = newEmptyNode()
+      # Will now be true since we inserted a value
+      assert mcTable.hasKey("foo")
+  discard "Implemented in vmops"
+
+proc contains*(t: CacheTable; key: string): bool {.inline.} =
+  ## Alias of [hasKey][hasKey(CacheTable, string)] for use with the `in` operator.
+  runnableExamples:
+    import std/macros
+    const mcTable = CacheTable"containsEx"
+    static:
+      mcTable["foo"] = newEmptyNode()
+      # Will be true since we gave it a value before
+      assert "foo" in mcTable
+  t.hasKey(key)
+
 proc hasNext(t: CacheTable; iter: int): bool {.magic: "NctHasNext".}
 proc next(t: CacheTable; iter: int): (string, NimNode, int) {.magic: "NctNext".}
 
@@ -189,8 +228,8 @@ iterator pairs*(t: CacheTable): (string, NimNode) =
   runnableExamples:
     import std/macros
     const mytabl = CacheTable"values"
-    
-    static: 
+
+    static:
       mytabl["intVal"] = newLit(5)
       mytabl["otherVal"] = newLit(6)
       for key, val in mytabl:
diff --git a/lib/core/macros.nim b/lib/core/macros.nim
index 5a556fc8d..7646b165c 100644
--- a/lib/core/macros.nim
+++ b/lib/core/macros.nim
@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@
 include "system/inclrtl"
 import std/private/since
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, formatfloat]
+
+
 ## This module contains the interface to the compiler's abstract syntax
 ## tree (`AST`:idx:). Macros operate on this tree.
 ##
@@ -19,6 +23,8 @@ import std/private/since
 
 ## .. include:: ../../doc/astspec.txt
 
+## .. importdoc:: system.nim
+
 # If you look for the implementation of the magic symbol
 # ``{.magic: "Foo".}``, search for `mFoo` and `opcFoo`.
 
@@ -71,21 +77,24 @@ type
     nnkTupleTy, nnkTupleClassTy, nnkTypeClassTy, nnkStaticTy,
     nnkRecList, nnkRecCase, nnkRecWhen,
     nnkRefTy, nnkPtrTy, nnkVarTy,
-    nnkConstTy, nnkMutableTy,
+    nnkConstTy, nnkOutTy,
     nnkDistinctTy,
     nnkProcTy,
     nnkIteratorTy,         # iterator type
-    nnkSharedTy,           # 'shared T'
+    nnkSinkAsgn,
     nnkEnumTy,
     nnkEnumFieldDef,
-    nnkArglist, nnkPattern
+    nnkArgList, nnkPattern
     nnkHiddenTryStmt,
     nnkClosure,
     nnkGotoState,
     nnkState,
     nnkBreakState,
     nnkFuncDef,
-    nnkTupleConstr
+    nnkTupleConstr,
+    nnkError,  ## erroneous AST node
+    nnkModuleRef, nnkReplayAction, nnkNilRodNode ## internal IC nodes
+    nnkOpenSym
 
   NimNodeKinds* = set[NimNodeKind]
   NimTypeKind* = enum  # some types are no longer used, see ast.nim
@@ -120,6 +129,10 @@ type
 
   TNimSymKinds* {.deprecated.} = set[NimSymKind]
 
+const
+  nnkMutableTy* {.deprecated.} = nnkOutTy
+  nnkSharedTy* {.deprecated.} = nnkSinkAsgn
+
 type
   NimIdent* {.deprecated.} = object of RootObj
     ## Represents a Nim identifier in the AST. **Note**: This is only
@@ -134,8 +147,9 @@ type
 
 const
   nnkLiterals* = {nnkCharLit..nnkNilLit}
+  # see matching set CallNodes below
   nnkCallKinds* = {nnkCall, nnkInfix, nnkPrefix, nnkPostfix, nnkCommand,
-                   nnkCallStrLit}
+                   nnkCallStrLit, nnkHiddenCallConv}
   nnkPragmaCallKinds = {nnkExprColonExpr, nnkCall, nnkCallStrLit}
 
 {.push warnings: off.}
@@ -177,7 +191,7 @@ template `^^`(n: NimNode, i: untyped): untyped =
 
 proc `[]`*[T, U: Ordinal](n: NimNode, x: HSlice[T, U]): seq[NimNode] =
   ## Slice operation for NimNode.
-  ## Returns a seq of child of `n` who inclusive range [n[x.a], n[x.b]].
+  ## Returns a seq of child of `n` who inclusive range `[n[x.a], n[x.b]]`.
   let xa = n ^^ x.a
   let L = (n ^^ x.b) - xa + 1
   result = newSeq[NimNode](L)
@@ -196,10 +210,9 @@ template `or`*(x, y: NimNode): NimNode =
   ## Evaluate `x` and when it is not an empty node, return
   ## it. Otherwise evaluate to `y`. Can be used to chain several
   ## expressions to get the first expression that is not empty.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   let node = mightBeEmpty() or mightAlsoBeEmpty() or fallbackNode
+  ##   ```
 
   let arg = x
   if arg != nil and arg.kind != nnkEmpty:
@@ -208,12 +221,12 @@ template `or`*(x, y: NimNode): NimNode =
     y
 
 proc add*(father, child: NimNode): NimNode {.magic: "NAdd", discardable,
-  noSideEffect, locks: 0.}
+  noSideEffect.}
   ## Adds the `child` to the `father` node. Returns the
   ## father node so that calls can be nested.
 
 proc add*(father: NimNode, children: varargs[NimNode]): NimNode {.
-  magic: "NAddMultiple", discardable, noSideEffect, locks: 0.}
+  magic: "NAddMultiple", discardable, noSideEffect.}
   ## Adds each child of `children` to the `father` node.
   ## Returns the `father` node so that calls can be nested.
 
@@ -266,7 +279,7 @@ when (NimMajor, NimMinor, NimPatch) >= (1, 3, 5) or defined(nimSymImplTransform)
     ## note that code transformations are implementation dependent and subject to change.
     ## See an example in `tests/macros/tmacros_various.nim`.
 
-proc owner*(sym: NimNode): NimNode {.magic: "SymOwner", noSideEffect.}
+proc owner*(sym: NimNode): NimNode {.magic: "SymOwner", noSideEffect, deprecated.}
   ## Accepts a node of kind `nnkSym` and returns its owner's symbol.
   ## The meaning of 'owner' depends on `sym`'s `NimSymKind` and declaration
   ## context. For top level declarations this is an `nskModule` symbol,
@@ -336,8 +349,7 @@ proc getTypeImpl*(n: NimNode): NimNode {.magic: "NGetType", noSideEffect.} =
       newLit(x.getTypeImpl.repr)
     let t = """
 object
-  arr: array[0 .. 3, float32]
-"""
+  arr: array[0 .. 3, float32]"""
     doAssert(dumpTypeImpl(a) == t)
     doAssert(dumpTypeImpl(b) == t)
     doAssert(dumpTypeImpl(c) == t)
@@ -390,10 +402,38 @@ proc newNimNode*(kind: NimNodeKind,
   ## produced code crashes. You should ensure that it is set to a node that
   ## you are transforming.
 
-proc copyNimNode*(n: NimNode): NimNode {.magic: "NCopyNimNode", noSideEffect.}
-proc copyNimTree*(n: NimNode): NimNode {.magic: "NCopyNimTree", noSideEffect.}
+proc copyNimNode*(n: NimNode): NimNode {.magic: "NCopyNimNode", noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Creates a new AST node by copying the node `n`. Note that unlike `copyNimTree`,
+  ## child nodes of `n` are not copied.
+  runnableExamples:
+    macro foo(x: typed) =
+      var s = copyNimNode(x)
+      doAssert s.len == 0
+      doAssert s.kind == nnkStmtList
+
+    foo:
+      let x = 12
+      echo x
+
+proc copyNimTree*(n: NimNode): NimNode {.magic: "NCopyNimTree", noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Creates a new AST node by recursively copying the node `n`. Note that
+  ## unlike `copyNimNode`, this copies `n`, the children of `n`, etc.
+  runnableExamples:
+    macro foo(x: typed) =
+      var s = copyNimTree(x)
+      doAssert s.len == 2
+      doAssert s.kind == nnkStmtList
+
+    foo:
+      let x = 12
+      echo x
+
+when defined(nimHasNoReturnError):
+  {.pragma: errorNoReturn, noreturn.}
+else:
+  {.pragma: errorNoReturn.}
 
-proc error*(msg: string, n: NimNode = nil) {.magic: "NError", benign.}
+proc error*(msg: string, n: NimNode = nil) {.magic: "NError", benign, errorNoReturn.}
   ## Writes an error message at compile time. The optional `n: NimNode`
   ## parameter is used as the source for file and line number information in
   ## the compilation error message.
@@ -441,9 +481,11 @@ proc ident*(name: string): NimNode {.magic: "StrToIdent", noSideEffect.}
   ## Create a new ident node from a string.
 
 type
-  BindSymRule* = enum    ## specifies how `bindSym` behaves
+  BindSymRule* = enum    ## Specifies how `bindSym` behaves. The difference
+                         ## between open and closed symbols can be found in
+                         ## `<manual.html#symbol-lookup-in-generics-open-and-closed-symbols>`_
     brClosed,            ## only the symbols in current scope are bound
-    brOpen,              ## open wrt overloaded symbols, but may be a single
+    brOpen,              ## open for overloaded symbols, but may be a single
                          ## symbol if not ambiguous (the rules match that of
                          ## binding in generics)
     brForceOpen          ## same as brOpen, but it will always be open even
@@ -462,12 +504,7 @@ proc bindSym*(ident: string | NimNode, rule: BindSymRule = brClosed): NimNode {.
   ## If `rule == brForceOpen` always an `nnkOpenSymChoice` tree is
   ## returned even if the symbol is not ambiguous.
   ##
-  ## Experimental feature:
-  ## use {.experimental: "dynamicBindSym".} to activate it.
-  ## If called from template / regular code, `ident` and `rule` must be
-  ## constant expression / literal value.
-  ## If called from macros / compile time procs / static blocks,
-  ## `ident` and `rule` can be VM computed value.
+  ## See the `manual <manual.html#macros-bindsym>`_ for more details.
 
 proc genSym*(kind: NimSymKind = nskLet; ident = ""): NimNode {.
   magic: "NGenSym", noSideEffect.}
@@ -475,8 +512,9 @@ proc genSym*(kind: NimSymKind = nskLet; ident = ""): NimNode {.
   ## needs to occur in a declaration context.
 
 proc callsite*(): NimNode {.magic: "NCallSite", benign, deprecated:
-  "Deprecated since v0.18.1; use varargs[untyped] in the macro prototype instead".}
+  "Deprecated since v0.18.1; use `varargs[untyped]` in the macro prototype instead".}
   ## Returns the AST of the invocation expression that invoked this macro.
+  # see https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/387 as candidate replacement.
 
 proc toStrLit*(n: NimNode): NimNode =
   ## Converts the AST `n` to the concrete Nim code and wraps that
@@ -504,6 +542,22 @@ proc getFile(arg: NimNode): string {.magic: "NLineInfo", noSideEffect.}
 proc copyLineInfo*(arg: NimNode, info: NimNode) {.magic: "NLineInfo", noSideEffect.}
   ## Copy lineinfo from `info`.
 
+proc setLine(arg: NimNode, line: uint16) {.magic: "NLineInfo", noSideEffect.}
+proc setColumn(arg: NimNode, column: int16) {.magic: "NLineInfo", noSideEffect.}
+proc setFile(arg: NimNode, file: string) {.magic: "NLineInfo", noSideEffect.}
+
+proc setLineInfo*(arg: NimNode, file: string, line: int, column: int) =
+  ## Sets the line info on the NimNode. The file needs to exists, but can be a
+  ## relative path. If you want to attach line info to a block using `quote`
+  ## you'll need to add the line information after the quote block.
+  arg.setFile(file)
+  arg.setLine(line.uint16)
+  arg.setColumn(column.int16)
+
+proc setLineInfo*(arg: NimNode, lineInfo: LineInfo) =
+  ## See `setLineInfo proc<#setLineInfo,NimNode,string,int,int>`_
+  setLineInfo(arg, lineInfo.filename, lineInfo.line, lineInfo.column)
+
 proc lineInfoObj*(n: NimNode): LineInfo =
   ## Returns `LineInfo` of `n`, using absolute path for `filename`.
   result = LineInfo(filename: n.getFile, line: n.getLine, column: n.getColumn)
@@ -512,38 +566,40 @@ proc lineInfo*(arg: NimNode): string =
   ## Return line info in the form `filepath(line, column)`.
   $arg.lineInfoObj
 
-proc internalParseExpr(s: string): NimNode {.
+proc internalParseExpr(s, filename: string): NimNode {.
   magic: "ParseExprToAst", noSideEffect.}
 
-proc internalParseStmt(s: string): NimNode {.
+proc internalParseStmt(s, filename: string): NimNode {.
   magic: "ParseStmtToAst", noSideEffect.}
 
 proc internalErrorFlag*(): string {.magic: "NError", noSideEffect.}
   ## Some builtins set an error flag. This is then turned into a proper
   ## exception. **Note**: Ordinary application code should not call this.
 
-proc parseExpr*(s: string): NimNode {.noSideEffect.} =
+proc parseExpr*(s: string; filename: string = ""): NimNode {.noSideEffect.} =
   ## Compiles the passed string to its AST representation.
   ## Expects a single expression. Raises `ValueError` for parsing errors.
-  result = internalParseExpr(s)
+  ## A filename can be given for more informative errors.
+  result = internalParseExpr(s, filename)
   let x = internalErrorFlag()
   if x.len > 0: raise newException(ValueError, x)
 
-proc parseStmt*(s: string): NimNode {.noSideEffect.} =
+proc parseStmt*(s: string; filename: string = ""): NimNode {.noSideEffect.} =
   ## Compiles the passed string to its AST representation.
   ## Expects one or more statements. Raises `ValueError` for parsing errors.
-  result = internalParseStmt(s)
+  ## A filename can be given for more informative errors.
+  result = internalParseStmt(s, filename)
   let x = internalErrorFlag()
   if x.len > 0: raise newException(ValueError, x)
 
 proc getAst*(macroOrTemplate: untyped): NimNode {.magic: "ExpandToAst", noSideEffect.}
   ## Obtains the AST nodes returned from a macro or template invocation.
+  ## See also `genasts.genAst`.
   ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   macro FooMacro() =
   ##     var ast = getAst(BarTemplate())
+  ##   ```
 
 proc quote*(bl: typed, op = "``"): NimNode {.magic: "QuoteAst", noSideEffect.} =
   ## Quasi-quoting operator.
@@ -558,6 +614,8 @@ proc quote*(bl: typed, op = "``"): NimNode {.magic: "QuoteAst", noSideEffect.} =
   ##
   ## A custom operator interpolation needs accent quoted (``) whenever it resolves
   ## to a symbol.
+  ##
+  ## See also `genasts <genasts.html>`_ which avoids some issues with `quote`.
   runnableExamples:
     macro check(ex: untyped) =
       # this is a simplified version of the check macro from the
@@ -852,6 +910,29 @@ proc nestList*(op: NimNode; pack: NimNode; init: NimNode): NimNode =
   for i in countdown(pack.len - 1, 0):
     result = newCall(op, pack[i], result)
 
+proc eqIdent*(a: string; b: string): bool {.magic: "EqIdent", noSideEffect.}
+  ## Style insensitive comparison.
+
+proc eqIdent*(a: NimNode; b: string): bool {.magic: "EqIdent", noSideEffect.}
+  ## Style insensitive comparison.  `a` can be an identifier or a
+  ## symbol. `a` may be wrapped in an export marker
+  ## (`nnkPostfix`) or quoted with backticks (`nnkAccQuoted`),
+  ## these nodes will be unwrapped.
+
+proc eqIdent*(a: string; b: NimNode): bool {.magic: "EqIdent", noSideEffect.}
+  ## Style insensitive comparison.  `b` can be an identifier or a
+  ## symbol. `b` may be wrapped in an export marker
+  ## (`nnkPostfix`) or quoted with backticks (`nnkAccQuoted`),
+  ## these nodes will be unwrapped.
+
+proc eqIdent*(a: NimNode; b: NimNode): bool {.magic: "EqIdent", noSideEffect.}
+  ## Style insensitive comparison.  `a` and `b` can be an
+  ## identifier or a symbol. Both may be wrapped in an export marker
+  ## (`nnkPostfix`) or quoted with backticks (`nnkAccQuoted`),
+  ## these nodes will be unwrapped.
+
+const collapseSymChoice = not defined(nimLegacyMacrosCollapseSymChoice)
+
 proc treeTraverse(n: NimNode; res: var string; level = 0; isLisp = false, indented = false) {.benign.} =
   if level > 0:
     if indented:
@@ -873,14 +954,29 @@ proc treeTraverse(n: NimNode; res: var string; level = 0; isLisp = false, indent
     discard # same as nil node in this representation
   of nnkCharLit .. nnkInt64Lit:
     res.add(" " & $n.intVal)
+  of nnkUIntLit .. nnkUInt64Lit:
+    res.add(" " & $cast[uint64](n.intVal))
   of nnkFloatLit .. nnkFloat64Lit:
     res.add(" " & $n.floatVal)
   of nnkStrLit .. nnkTripleStrLit, nnkCommentStmt, nnkIdent, nnkSym:
     res.add(" " & $n.strVal.newLit.repr)
   of nnkNone:
     assert false
+  elif n.kind in {nnkOpenSymChoice, nnkClosedSymChoice} and collapseSymChoice:
+    res.add(" " & $n.len)
+    if n.len > 0:
+      var allSameSymName = true
+      for i in 0..<n.len:
+        if n[i].kind != nnkSym or not eqIdent(n[i], n[0]):
+          allSameSymName = false
+          break
+      if allSameSymName:
+        res.add(" " & $n[0].strVal.newLit.repr)
+      else:
+        for j in 0 ..< n.len:
+          n[j].treeTraverse(res, level+1, isLisp, indented)
   else:
-    for j in 0 .. n.len-1:
+    for j in 0 ..< n.len:
       n[j].treeTraverse(res, level+1, isLisp, indented)
 
   if isLisp:
@@ -889,21 +985,21 @@ proc treeTraverse(n: NimNode; res: var string; level = 0; isLisp = false, indent
 proc treeRepr*(n: NimNode): string {.benign.} =
   ## Convert the AST `n` to a human-readable tree-like string.
   ##
-  ## See also `repr`, `lispRepr`, and `astGenRepr`.
+  ## See also `repr`, `lispRepr`_, and `astGenRepr`_.
   result = ""
   n.treeTraverse(result, isLisp = false, indented = true)
 
 proc lispRepr*(n: NimNode; indented = false): string {.benign.} =
   ## Convert the AST `n` to a human-readable lisp-like string.
   ##
-  ## See also `repr`, `treeRepr`, and `astGenRepr`.
+  ## See also `repr`, `treeRepr`_, and `astGenRepr`_.
   result = ""
   n.treeTraverse(result, isLisp = true, indented = indented)
 
 proc astGenRepr*(n: NimNode): string {.benign.} =
   ## Convert the AST `n` to the code required to generate that AST.
   ##
-  ## See also `repr`, `treeRepr`, and `lispRepr`.
+  ## See also `repr`_, `treeRepr`_, and `lispRepr`_.
 
   const
     NodeKinds = {nnkEmpty, nnkIdent, nnkSym, nnkNone, nnkCommentStmt}
@@ -928,6 +1024,10 @@ proc astGenRepr*(n: NimNode): string {.benign.} =
     of nnkStrLit..nnkTripleStrLit, nnkCommentStmt, nnkIdent, nnkSym:
       res.add(n.strVal.newLit.repr)
     of nnkNone: assert false
+    elif n.kind in {nnkOpenSymChoice, nnkClosedSymChoice} and collapseSymChoice:
+      res.add(", # unrepresentable symbols: " & $n.len)
+      if n.len > 0:
+        res.add(" " & n[0].strVal.newLit.repr)
     else:
       res.add(".newTree(")
       for j in 0..<n.len:
@@ -955,18 +1055,18 @@ macro dumpTree*(s: untyped): untyped = echo s.treeRepr
   ## a certain expression/statement.
   ##
   ## For example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##    dumpTree:
-  ##      echo "Hello, World!"
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   dumpTree:
+  ##     echo "Hello, World!"
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Outputs:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block::
-  ##    StmtList
-  ##      Command
-  ##        Ident "echo"
-  ##        StrLit "Hello, World!"
+  ##   ```
+  ##   StmtList
+  ##     Command
+  ##       Ident "echo"
+  ##       StrLit "Hello, World!"
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Also see `dumpAstGen` and `dumpLisp`.
 
@@ -979,18 +1079,18 @@ macro dumpLisp*(s: untyped): untyped = echo s.lispRepr(indented = true)
   ## a certain expression/statement.
   ##
   ## For example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##    dumpLisp:
-  ##      echo "Hello, World!"
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   dumpLisp:
+  ##     echo "Hello, World!"
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Outputs:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block::
-  ##    (StmtList
-  ##     (Command
-  ##      (Ident "echo")
-  ##      (StrLit "Hello, World!")))
+  ##   ```
+  ##   (StmtList
+  ##    (Command
+  ##     (Ident "echo")
+  ##     (StrLit "Hello, World!")))
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Also see `dumpAstGen` and `dumpTree`.
 
@@ -1002,20 +1102,20 @@ macro dumpAstGen*(s: untyped): untyped = echo s.astGenRepr
   ## outputs and then copying the snippets into the macro for modification.
   ##
   ## For example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##    dumpAstGen:
-  ##      echo "Hello, World!"
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   dumpAstGen:
+  ##     echo "Hello, World!"
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Outputs:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##    nnkStmtList.newTree(
-  ##      nnkCommand.newTree(
-  ##        newIdentNode("echo"),
-  ##        newLit("Hello, World!")
-  ##      )
-  ##    )
+  ##   ```
+  ##   nnkStmtList.newTree(
+  ##     nnkCommand.newTree(
+  ##       newIdentNode("echo"),
+  ##       newLit("Hello, World!")
+  ##     )
+  ##   )
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Also see `dumpTree` and `dumpLisp`.
 
@@ -1023,11 +1123,16 @@ proc newEmptyNode*(): NimNode {.noSideEffect.} =
   ## Create a new empty node.
   result = newNimNode(nnkEmpty)
 
-proc newStmtList*(stmts: varargs[NimNode]): NimNode=
+proc newStmtList*(stmts: varargs[NimNode]): NimNode =
   ## Create a new statement list.
   result = newNimNode(nnkStmtList).add(stmts)
 
-proc newPar*(exprs: varargs[NimNode]): NimNode=
+proc newPar*(exprs: NimNode): NimNode =
+  ## Create a new parentheses-enclosed expression.
+  newNimNode(nnkPar).add(exprs)
+
+proc newPar*(exprs: varargs[NimNode]): NimNode {.deprecated:
+        "don't use newPar/nnkPar to construct tuple expressions; use nnkTupleConstr instead".} =
   ## Create a new parentheses-enclosed expression.
   newNimNode(nnkPar).add(exprs)
 
@@ -1080,23 +1185,22 @@ proc newIdentDefs*(name, kind: NimNode;
   ## `let` or `var` blocks may have an empty `kind` node if the
   ## identifier is being assigned a value. Example:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   var varSection = newNimNode(nnkVarSection).add(
   ##     newIdentDefs(ident("a"), ident("string")),
   ##     newIdentDefs(ident("b"), newEmptyNode(), newLit(3)))
   ##   # --> var
   ##   #       a: string
   ##   #       b = 3
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## If you need to create multiple identifiers you need to use the lower level
   ## `newNimNode`:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   result = newNimNode(nnkIdentDefs).add(
   ##     ident("a"), ident("b"), ident("c"), ident("string"),
   ##       newStrLitNode("Hello"))
+  ##   ```
   newNimNode(nnkIdentDefs).add(name, kind, default)
 
 proc newNilLit*(): NimNode =
@@ -1111,8 +1215,8 @@ const
   RoutineNodes* = {nnkProcDef, nnkFuncDef, nnkMethodDef, nnkDo, nnkLambda,
                    nnkIteratorDef, nnkTemplateDef, nnkConverterDef, nnkMacroDef}
   AtomicNodes* = {nnkNone..nnkNilLit}
-  CallNodes* = {nnkCall, nnkInfix, nnkPrefix, nnkPostfix, nnkCommand,
-    nnkCallStrLit, nnkHiddenCallConv}
+  # see matching set nnkCallKinds above
+  CallNodes* = nnkCallKinds
 
 proc expectKind*(n: NimNode; k: set[NimNodeKind]) =
   ## Checks that `n` is of kind `k`. If this is not the case,
@@ -1143,14 +1247,12 @@ proc newProc*(name = newEmptyNode();
 
 proc newIfStmt*(branches: varargs[tuple[cond, body: NimNode]]): NimNode =
   ## Constructor for `if` statements.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
-  ##    newIfStmt(
-  ##      (Ident, StmtList),
-  ##      ...
-  ##    )
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   newIfStmt(
+  ##     (Ident, StmtList),
+  ##     ...
+  ##   )
+  ##   ```
   result = newNimNode(nnkIfStmt)
   if len(branches) < 1:
     error("If statement must have at least one branch")
@@ -1161,17 +1263,15 @@ proc newEnum*(name: NimNode, fields: openArray[NimNode],
               public, pure: bool): NimNode =
 
   ## Creates a new enum. `name` must be an ident. Fields are allowed to be
-  ## either idents or EnumFieldDef
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
-  ##    newEnum(
-  ##      name    = ident("Colors"),
-  ##      fields  = [ident("Blue"), ident("Red")],
-  ##      public  = true, pure = false)
-  ##
-  ##    # type Colors* = Blue Red
+  ## either idents or EnumFieldDef:
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   newEnum(
+  ##     name    = ident("Colors"),
+  ##     fields  = [ident("Blue"), ident("Red")],
+  ##     public  = true, pure = false)
   ##
+  ##   # type Colors* = Blue Red
+  ##   ```
 
   expectKind name, nnkIdent
   if len(fields) < 1:
@@ -1227,12 +1327,19 @@ proc `name=`*(someProc: NimNode; val: NimNode) =
   else: someProc[0] = val
 
 proc params*(someProc: NimNode): NimNode =
-  someProc.expectRoutine
-  result = someProc[3]
+  if someProc.kind == nnkProcTy:
+    someProc[0]
+  else:
+    someProc.expectRoutine
+    someProc[3]
+
 proc `params=`* (someProc: NimNode; params: NimNode) =
-  someProc.expectRoutine
   expectKind(params, nnkFormalParams)
-  someProc[3] = params
+  if someProc.kind == nnkProcTy:
+    someProc[0] = params
+  else:
+    someProc.expectRoutine
+    someProc[3] = params
 
 proc pragma*(someProc: NimNode): NimNode =
   ## Get the pragma of a proc type.
@@ -1302,10 +1409,12 @@ proc `$`*(node: NimNode): string =
     result = node.basename.strVal & "*"
   of nnkStrLit..nnkTripleStrLit, nnkCommentStmt, nnkSym, nnkIdent:
     result = node.strVal
-  of nnkOpenSymChoice, nnkClosedSymChoice:
+  of nnkOpenSymChoice, nnkClosedSymChoice, nnkOpenSym:
     result = $node[0]
   of nnkAccQuoted:
-    result = $node[0]
+    result = ""
+    for i in 0 ..< node.len:
+      result.add(repr(node[i]))
   else:
     badNodeKind node, "$"
 
@@ -1326,10 +1435,10 @@ iterator children*(n: NimNode): NimNode {.inline.} =
 
 template findChild*(n: NimNode; cond: untyped): NimNode {.dirty.} =
   ## Find the first child node matching condition (or nil).
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   var res = findChild(n, it.kind == nnkPostfix and
-  ##                          it.basename.ident == toNimIdent"foo")
+  ##                          it.basename.ident == ident"foo")
+  ##   ```
   block:
     var res: NimNode
     for it in n.children:
@@ -1390,27 +1499,6 @@ proc copy*(node: NimNode): NimNode =
   ## An alias for `copyNimTree<#copyNimTree,NimNode>`_.
   return node.copyNimTree()
 
-proc eqIdent*(a: string; b: string): bool {.magic: "EqIdent", noSideEffect.}
-  ## Style insensitive comparison.
-
-proc eqIdent*(a: NimNode; b: string): bool {.magic: "EqIdent", noSideEffect.}
-  ## Style insensitive comparison.  `a` can be an identifier or a
-  ## symbol. `a` may be wrapped in an export marker
-  ## (`nnkPostfix`) or quoted with backticks (`nnkAccQuoted`),
-  ## these nodes will be unwrapped.
-
-proc eqIdent*(a: string; b: NimNode): bool {.magic: "EqIdent", noSideEffect.}
-  ## Style insensitive comparison.  `b` can be an identifier or a
-  ## symbol. `b` may be wrapped in an export marker
-  ## (`nnkPostfix`) or quoted with backticks (`nnkAccQuoted`),
-  ## these nodes will be unwrapped.
-
-proc eqIdent*(a: NimNode; b: NimNode): bool {.magic: "EqIdent", noSideEffect.}
-  ## Style insensitive comparison.  `a` and `b` can be an
-  ## identifier or a symbol. Both may be wrapped in an export marker
-  ## (`nnkPostfix`) or quoted with backticks (`nnkAccQuoted`),
-  ## these nodes will be unwrapped.
-
 proc expectIdent*(n: NimNode, name: string) {.since: (1,1).} =
   ## Check that `eqIdent(n,name)` holds true. If this is not the
   ## case, compilation aborts with an error message. This is useful
@@ -1418,7 +1506,7 @@ proc expectIdent*(n: NimNode, name: string) {.since: (1,1).} =
   if not eqIdent(n, name):
     error("Expected identifier to be `" & name & "` here", n)
 
-proc hasArgOfName*(params: NimNode; name: string): bool=
+proc hasArgOfName*(params: NimNode; name: string): bool =
   ## Search `nnkFormalParams` for an argument.
   expectKind(params, nnkFormalParams)
   for i in 1..<params.len:
@@ -1442,11 +1530,10 @@ proc boolVal*(n: NimNode): bool {.noSideEffect.} =
   if n.kind == nnkIntLit: n.intVal != 0
   else: n == bindSym"true" # hacky solution for now
 
-when defined(nimMacrosGetNodeId):
-  proc nodeID*(n: NimNode): int {.magic: "NodeId".}
-    ## Returns the id of `n`, when the compiler has been compiled
-    ## with the flag `-d:useNodeids`, otherwise returns `-1`. This
-    ## proc is for the purpose to debug the compiler only.
+proc nodeID*(n: NimNode): int {.magic: "NodeId".}
+  ## Returns the id of `n`, when the compiler has been compiled
+  ## with the flag `-d:useNodeids`, otherwise returns `-1`. This
+  ## proc is for the purpose to debug the compiler only.
 
 macro expandMacros*(body: typed): untyped =
   ## Expands one level of macro - useful for debugging.
@@ -1455,7 +1542,7 @@ macro expandMacros*(body: typed): untyped =
   ##
   ## For instance,
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   import std/[sugar, macros]
   ##
   ##   let
@@ -1463,6 +1550,7 @@ macro expandMacros*(body: typed): untyped =
   ##     y = 20
   ##   expandMacros:
   ##     dump(x + y)
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## will actually dump `x + y`, but at the same time will print at
   ## compile time the expansion of the `dump` macro, which in this
@@ -1470,16 +1558,37 @@ macro expandMacros*(body: typed): untyped =
   echo body.toStrLit
   result = body
 
+proc extractTypeImpl(n: NimNode): NimNode =
+  ## attempts to extract the type definition of the given symbol
+  case n.kind
+  of nnkSym: # can extract an impl
+    result = n.getImpl.extractTypeImpl()
+  of nnkObjectTy, nnkRefTy, nnkPtrTy: result = n
+  of nnkBracketExpr:
+    if n.typeKind == ntyTypeDesc:
+      result = n[1].extractTypeImpl()
+    else:
+      doAssert n.typeKind == ntyGenericInst
+      result = n[0].getImpl()
+  of nnkTypeDef:
+    result = n[2]
+  else: error("Invalid node to retrieve type implementation of: " & $n.kind)
+
 proc customPragmaNode(n: NimNode): NimNode =
-  expectKind(n, {nnkSym, nnkDotExpr, nnkBracketExpr, nnkTypeOfExpr, nnkCheckedFieldExpr})
+  expectKind(n, {nnkSym, nnkDotExpr, nnkBracketExpr, nnkTypeOfExpr, nnkType, nnkCheckedFieldExpr})
   let
     typ = n.getTypeInst()
 
   if typ.kind == nnkBracketExpr and typ.len > 1 and typ[1].kind == nnkProcTy:
     return typ[1][1]
   elif typ.typeKind == ntyTypeDesc:
-    let impl = typ[1].getImpl()
-    if impl[0].kind == nnkPragmaExpr:
+    let impl = getImpl(
+      if kind(typ[1]) == nnkBracketExpr: typ[1][0]
+      else: typ[1]
+    )
+    if impl.kind == nnkNilLit:
+      return impl
+    elif impl[0].kind == nnkPragmaExpr:
       return impl[0][1]
     else:
       return impl[0] # handle types which don't have macro at all
@@ -1488,10 +1597,10 @@ proc customPragmaNode(n: NimNode): NimNode =
     let impl = n.getImpl()
     if impl.kind in RoutineNodes:
       return impl.pragma
-    elif impl.kind == nnkIdentDefs and impl[0].kind == nnkPragmaExpr:
+    elif impl.kind in {nnkIdentDefs, nnkConstDef} and impl[0].kind == nnkPragmaExpr:
       return impl[0][1]
     else:
-      let timpl = typ.getImpl()
+      let timpl = getImpl(if typ.kind == nnkBracketExpr: typ[0] else: typ)
       if timpl.len>0 and timpl[0].len>1:
         return timpl[0][1]
       else:
@@ -1499,12 +1608,13 @@ proc customPragmaNode(n: NimNode): NimNode =
 
   if n.kind in {nnkDotExpr, nnkCheckedFieldExpr}:
     let name = $(if n.kind == nnkCheckedFieldExpr: n[0][1] else: n[1])
-    let typInst = getTypeInst(if n.kind == nnkCheckedFieldExpr or n[0].kind == nnkHiddenDeref: n[0][0] else: n[0])
-    var typDef = getImpl(if typInst.kind == nnkVarTy: typInst[0] else: typInst)
+    var typInst = getTypeInst(if n.kind == nnkCheckedFieldExpr or n[0].kind == nnkHiddenDeref: n[0][0] else: n[0])
+    while typInst.kind in {nnkVarTy, nnkBracketExpr}: typInst = typInst[0]
+    var typDef = getImpl(typInst)
     while typDef != nil:
       typDef.expectKind(nnkTypeDef)
-      let typ = typDef[2]
-      typ.expectKind({nnkRefTy, nnkPtrTy, nnkObjectTy})
+      let typ = typDef[2].extractTypeImpl()
+      if typ.kind notin {nnkRefTy, nnkPtrTy, nnkObjectTy}: break
       let isRef = typ.kind in {nnkRefTy, nnkPtrTy}
       if isRef and typ[0].kind in {nnkSym, nnkBracketExpr}: # defines ref type for another object(e.g. X = ref X)
         typDef = getImpl(typ[0])
@@ -1515,18 +1625,17 @@ proc customPragmaNode(n: NimNode): NimNode =
         for i in 0..<identDefsStack.len: identDefsStack[i] = obj[2][i]
         while identDefsStack.len > 0:
           var identDefs = identDefsStack.pop()
-          if identDefs.kind == nnkRecCase:
-            identDefsStack.add(identDefs[0])
-            for i in 1..<identDefs.len:
-              let varNode = identDefs[i]
-              # if it is and empty branch, skip
-              if varNode[0].kind == nnkNilLit: continue
-              if varNode[1].kind == nnkIdentDefs:
-                identDefsStack.add(varNode[1])
-              else: # nnkRecList
-                for j in 0 ..< varNode[1].len:
-                  identDefsStack.add(varNode[1][j])
 
+          case identDefs.kind
+          of nnkRecList:
+            for child in identDefs.children:
+              identDefsStack.add(child)
+          of nnkRecCase:
+            # Add condition definition
+            identDefsStack.add(identDefs[0])
+            # Add branches
+            for i in 1 ..< identDefs.len:
+              identDefsStack.add(identDefs[i].last)
           else:
             for i in 0 .. identDefs.len - 3:
               let varNode = identDefs[i]
@@ -1547,9 +1656,9 @@ macro hasCustomPragma*(n: typed, cp: typed{nkSym}): untyped =
   ## Expands to `true` if expression `n` which is expected to be `nnkDotExpr`
   ## (if checking a field), a proc or a type has custom pragma `cp`.
   ##
-  ## See also `getCustomPragmaVal`.
+  ## See also `getCustomPragmaVal`_.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   template myAttr() {.pragma.}
   ##   type
   ##     MyObj = object
@@ -1560,6 +1669,7 @@ macro hasCustomPragma*(n: typed, cp: typed{nkSym}): untyped =
   ##   var o: MyObj
   ##   assert(o.myField.hasCustomPragma(myAttr))
   ##   assert(myProc.hasCustomPragma(myAttr))
+  ##   ```
   let pragmaNode = customPragmaNode(n)
   for p in pragmaNode:
     if (p.kind == nnkSym and p == cp) or
@@ -1571,9 +1681,9 @@ macro getCustomPragmaVal*(n: typed, cp: typed{nkSym}): untyped =
   ## Expands to value of custom pragma `cp` of expression `n` which is expected
   ## to be `nnkDotExpr`, a proc or a type.
   ##
-  ## See also `hasCustomPragma`
+  ## See also `hasCustomPragma`_.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   template serializationKey(key: string) {.pragma.}
   ##   type
   ##     MyObj {.serializationKey: "mo".} = object
@@ -1582,11 +1692,12 @@ macro getCustomPragmaVal*(n: typed, cp: typed{nkSym}): untyped =
   ##   assert(o.myField.getCustomPragmaVal(serializationKey) == "mf")
   ##   assert(o.getCustomPragmaVal(serializationKey) == "mo")
   ##   assert(MyObj.getCustomPragmaVal(serializationKey) == "mo")
+  ##   ```
   result = nil
   let pragmaNode = customPragmaNode(n)
   for p in pragmaNode:
     if p.kind in nnkPragmaCallKinds and p.len > 0 and p[0].kind == nnkSym and p[0] == cp:
-      if p.len == 2:
+      if p.len == 2 or (p.len == 3 and p[1].kind == nnkSym and p[1].symKind == nskType):
         result = p[1]
       else:
         let def = p[0].getImpl[3]
@@ -1600,6 +1711,21 @@ macro getCustomPragmaVal*(n: typed, cp: typed{nkSym}): untyped =
     error(n.repr & " doesn't have a pragma named " & cp.repr()) # returning an empty node results in most cases in a cryptic error,
 
 macro unpackVarargs*(callee: untyped; args: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
+  ## Calls `callee` with `args` unpacked as individual arguments.
+  ## This is useful in 2 cases:
+  ## * when forwarding `varargs[T]` for some typed `T`
+  ## * when forwarding `varargs[untyped]` when `args` can potentially be empty,
+  ##   due to a compiler limitation
+  runnableExamples:
+    template call1(fun: typed; args: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
+      unpackVarargs(fun, args)
+      # when varargsLen(args) > 0: fun(args) else: fun() # this would also work
+    template call2(fun: typed; args: varargs[typed]): untyped =
+      unpackVarargs(fun, args)
+    proc fn1(a = 0, b = 1) = discard (a, b)
+    call1(fn1, 10, 11)
+    call1(fn1) # `args` is empty in this case
+    if false: call2(echo, 10, 11) # would print 1011
   result = newCall(callee)
   for i in 0 ..< args.len:
     result.add args[i]
@@ -1653,33 +1779,34 @@ proc extractDocCommentsAndRunnables*(n: NimNode): NimNode =
   ## runnableExamples in `a`, stopping at the first child that is neither.
   ## Example:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##  import std/macros
-  ##  macro transf(a): untyped =
-  ##    result = quote do:
-  ##      proc fun2*() = discard
-  ##    let header = extractDocCommentsAndRunnables(a.body)
-  ##    # correct usage: rest is appended
-  ##    result.body = header
-  ##    result.body.add quote do: discard # just an example
-  ##    # incorrect usage: nesting inside a nnkStmtList:
-  ##    # result.body = quote do: (`header`; discard)
-  ##
-  ##  proc fun*() {.transf.} =
-  ##    ## first comment
-  ##    runnableExamples: discard
-  ##    runnableExamples: discard
-  ##    ## last comment
-  ##    discard # first statement after doc comments + runnableExamples
-  ##    ## not docgen'd
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   import std/macros
+  ##   macro transf(a): untyped =
+  ##     result = quote do:
+  ##       proc fun2*() = discard
+  ##     let header = extractDocCommentsAndRunnables(a.body)
+  ##     # correct usage: rest is appended
+  ##     result.body = header
+  ##     result.body.add quote do: discard # just an example
+  ##     # incorrect usage: nesting inside a nnkStmtList:
+  ##     # result.body = quote do: (`header`; discard)
+  ##
+  ##   proc fun*() {.transf.} =
+  ##     ## first comment
+  ##     runnableExamples: discard
+  ##     runnableExamples: discard
+  ##     ## last comment
+  ##     discard # first statement after doc comments + runnableExamples
+  ##     ## not docgen'd
+  ##   ```
 
   result = newStmtList()
   for ni in n:
     case ni.kind
     of nnkCommentStmt:
       result.add ni
-    of nnkCall:
-      if ni[0].kind == nnkIdent and ni[0].strVal == "runnableExamples":
+    of nnkCall, nnkCommand:
+      if ni[0].kind == nnkIdent and ni[0].eqIdent "runnableExamples":
         result.add ni
       else: break
     else: break
diff --git a/lib/core/rlocks.nim b/lib/core/rlocks.nim
index 27a9c5e60..8cb0cef05 100644
--- a/lib/core/rlocks.nim
+++ b/lib/core/rlocks.nim
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@
 
 
 when not compileOption("threads") and not defined(nimdoc):
-  {.error: "Rlocks requires --threads:on option.".}
+  when false:
+    # make rlocks modlue consistent with locks module,
+    # so they can replace each other seamlessly.
+    {.error: "Rlocks requires --threads:on option.".}
 
-const insideRLocksModule = true
-include "system/syslocks"
+import std/private/syslocks
 
 type
   RLock* = SysLock ## Nim lock, re-entrant
@@ -29,27 +31,27 @@ proc initRLock*(lock: var RLock) {.inline.} =
   else:
     initSysLock(lock)
 
-proc deinitRLock*(lock: var RLock) {.inline.} =
+proc deinitRLock*(lock: RLock) {.inline.} =
   ## Frees the resources associated with the lock.
   deinitSys(lock)
 
-proc tryAcquire*(lock: var RLock): bool =
+proc tryAcquire*(lock: var RLock): bool {.inline.} =
   ## Tries to acquire the given lock. Returns `true` on success.
   result = tryAcquireSys(lock)
 
-proc acquire*(lock: var RLock) =
+proc acquire*(lock: var RLock) {.inline.} =
   ## Acquires the given lock.
   acquireSys(lock)
 
-proc release*(lock: var RLock) =
+proc release*(lock: var RLock) {.inline.} =
   ## Releases the given lock.
   releaseSys(lock)
 
-template withRLock*(lock: var RLock, code: untyped): untyped =
+template withRLock*(lock: RLock, code: untyped) =
   ## Acquires the given lock and then executes the code.
-  block:
-    acquire(lock)
-    defer:
-      release(lock)
-    {.locks: [lock].}:
+  acquire(lock)
+  {.locks: [lock].}:
+    try:
       code
+    finally:
+      release(lock)
diff --git a/lib/core/typeinfo.nim b/lib/core/typeinfo.nim
index 1c21e10bf..f2fee91c4 100644
--- a/lib/core/typeinfo.nim
+++ b/lib/core/typeinfo.nim
@@ -9,16 +9,29 @@
 
 ## This module implements an interface to Nim's `runtime type information`:idx:
 ## (`RTTI`:idx:). See the `marshal <marshal.html>`_ module for an example of
-## what this module allows you to do.
+## what this allows you to do.
 ##
-## Note that even though `Any` and its operations hide the nasty low level
-## details from its clients, it remains inherently unsafe! Also, Nim's
-## runtime type information will evolve and may eventually be deprecated.
-## As an alternative approach to programmatically understanding and
-## manipulating types, consider using the `macros <macros.html>`_ package to
-## work with the types' AST representation at compile time. See, for example,
-## the `getTypeImpl proc<macros.html#getTypeImpl,NimNode>`_. As an alternative
-## approach to storing arbitrary types at runtime, consider using generics.
+## .. note:: Even though `Any` and its operations hide the nasty low level
+##   details from its users, it remains inherently unsafe! Also, Nim's
+##   runtime type information will evolve and may eventually be deprecated.
+##   As an alternative approach to programmatically understanding and
+##   manipulating types, consider using the `macros <macros.html>`_ module to
+##   work with the types' AST representation at compile time. See for example
+##   the `getTypeImpl proc <macros.html#getTypeImpl,NimNode>`_. As an alternative
+##   approach to storing arbitrary types at runtime, consider using generics.
+
+runnableExamples:
+  var x: Any
+
+  var i = 42
+  x = i.toAny
+  assert x.kind == akInt
+  assert x.getInt == 42
+
+  var s = @[1, 2, 3]
+  x = s.toAny
+  assert x.kind == akSequence
+  assert x.len == 3
 
 {.push hints: off.}
 
@@ -27,45 +40,50 @@ include "system/hti.nim"
 
 {.pop.}
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+
 type
-  AnyKind* = enum      ## what kind of `any` it is
-    akNone = 0,         ## invalid any
-    akBool = 1,         ## any represents a `bool`
-    akChar = 2,         ## any represents a `char`
-    akEnum = 14,        ## any represents an enum
-    akArray = 16,       ## any represents an array
-    akObject = 17,      ## any represents an object
-    akTuple = 18,       ## any represents a tuple
-    akSet = 19,         ## any represents a set
-    akRange = 20,       ## any represents a range
-    akPtr = 21,         ## any represents a ptr
-    akRef = 22,         ## any represents a ref
-    akSequence = 24,    ## any represents a sequence
-    akProc = 25,        ## any represents a proc
-    akPointer = 26,     ## any represents a pointer
-    akString = 28,      ## any represents a string
-    akCString = 29,     ## any represents a cstring
-    akInt = 31,         ## any represents an int
-    akInt8 = 32,        ## any represents an int8
-    akInt16 = 33,       ## any represents an int16
-    akInt32 = 34,       ## any represents an int32
-    akInt64 = 35,       ## any represents an int64
-    akFloat = 36,       ## any represents a float
-    akFloat32 = 37,     ## any represents a float32
-    akFloat64 = 38,     ## any represents a float64
-    akFloat128 = 39,    ## any represents a float128
-    akUInt = 40,        ## any represents an unsigned int
-    akUInt8 = 41,       ## any represents an unsigned int8
-    akUInt16 = 42,      ## any represents an unsigned in16
-    akUInt32 = 43,      ## any represents an unsigned int32
-    akUInt64 = 44,      ## any represents an unsigned int64
+  AnyKind* = enum       ## The kind of `Any`.
+    akNone = 0,         ## invalid
+    akBool = 1,         ## bool
+    akChar = 2,         ## char
+    akEnum = 14,        ## enum
+    akArray = 16,       ## array
+    akObject = 17,      ## object
+    akTuple = 18,       ## tuple
+    akSet = 19,         ## set
+    akRange = 20,       ## range
+    akPtr = 21,         ## ptr
+    akRef = 22,         ## ref
+    akSequence = 24,    ## sequence
+    akProc = 25,        ## proc
+    akPointer = 26,     ## pointer
+    akString = 28,      ## string
+    akCString = 29,     ## cstring
+    akInt = 31,         ## int
+    akInt8 = 32,        ## int8
+    akInt16 = 33,       ## int16
+    akInt32 = 34,       ## int32
+    akInt64 = 35,       ## int64
+    akFloat = 36,       ## float
+    akFloat32 = 37,     ## float32
+    akFloat64 = 38,     ## float64
+    akFloat128 = 39,    ## float128
+    akUInt = 40,        ## uint
+    akUInt8 = 41,       ## uint8
+    akUInt16 = 42,      ## uin16
+    akUInt32 = 43,      ## uint32
+    akUInt64 = 44,      ## uint64
 #    akOpt = 44+18       ## the builtin 'opt' type.
 
-  Any* = object          ## can represent any nim value; NOTE: the wrapped
-                          ## value can be modified with its wrapper! This means
-                          ## that `Any` keeps a non-traced pointer to its
-                          ## wrapped value and **must not** live longer than
-                          ## its wrapped value.
+  Any* = object
+    ## A type that can represent any nim value.
+    ##
+    ## .. danger:: The wrapped value can be modified with its wrapper! This means
+    ##   that `Any` keeps a non-traced pointer to its wrapped value and
+    ##   **must not** live longer than its wrapped value.
     value: pointer
     when defined(js):
       rawType: PNimType
@@ -73,7 +91,7 @@ type
       rawTypePtr: pointer
 
   ppointer = ptr pointer
-  pbyteArray = ptr array[0xffff, int8]
+  pbyteArray = ptr array[0xffff, uint8]
 
 when not defined(gcDestructors):
   type
@@ -84,9 +102,9 @@ when not defined(gcDestructors):
     PGenSeq = ptr TGenericSeq
 
   when defined(gogc):
-    const GenericSeqSize = (3 * sizeof(int))
+    const GenericSeqSize = 3 * sizeof(int)
   else:
-    const GenericSeqSize = (2 * sizeof(int))
+    const GenericSeqSize = 2 * sizeof(int)
 
 else:
   include system/seqs_v2_reimpl
@@ -103,8 +121,7 @@ when not defined(js):
 proc genericAssign(dest, src: pointer, mt: PNimType) {.importCompilerProc.}
 
 when not defined(gcDestructors):
-  proc genericShallowAssign(dest, src: pointer, mt: PNimType) {.
-    importCompilerProc.}
+  proc genericShallowAssign(dest, src: pointer, mt: PNimType) {.importCompilerProc.}
   proc incrSeq(seq: PGenSeq, elemSize, elemAlign: int): PGenSeq {.importCompilerProc.}
   proc newObj(typ: PNimType, size: int): pointer {.importCompilerProc.}
   proc newSeq(typ: PNimType, len: int): pointer {.importCompilerProc.}
@@ -112,25 +129,27 @@ when not defined(gcDestructors):
 else:
   proc nimNewObj(size, align: int): pointer {.importCompilerProc.}
   proc newSeqPayload(cap, elemSize, elemAlign: int): pointer {.importCompilerProc.}
-  proc prepareSeqAdd(len: int; p: pointer; addlen, elemSize, elemAlign: int): pointer {.
+  proc prepareSeqAddUninit(len: int; p: pointer; addlen, elemSize, elemAlign: int): pointer {.
+    importCompilerProc.}
+  proc zeroNewElements(len: int; p: pointer; addlen, elemSize, elemAlign: int) {.
     importCompilerProc.}
 
-template `+!!`(a, b): untyped = cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](a) + b)
+template `+!!`(a, b): untyped = cast[pointer](cast[int](a) + b)
 
 proc getDiscriminant(aa: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode): int =
   assert(n.kind == nkCase)
   var d: int
-  var a = cast[ByteAddress](aa)
+  let a = cast[int](aa)
   case n.typ.size
-  of 1: d = ze(cast[ptr int8](a +% n.offset)[])
-  of 2: d = ze(cast[ptr int16](a +% n.offset)[])
-  of 4: d = int(cast[ptr int32](a +% n.offset)[])
-  of 8: d = int(cast[ptr int64](a +% n.offset)[])
+  of 1: d = int(cast[ptr uint8](a +% n.offset)[])
+  of 2: d = int(cast[ptr uint16](a +% n.offset)[])
+  of 4: d = int(cast[ptr uint32](a +% n.offset)[])
+  of 8: d = int(cast[ptr uint64](a +% n.offset)[])
   else: assert(false)
   return d
 
 proc selectBranch(aa: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode): ptr TNimNode =
-  var discr = getDiscriminant(aa, n)
+  let discr = getDiscriminant(aa, n)
   if discr <% n.len:
     result = n.sons[discr]
     if result == nil: result = n.sons[n.len]
@@ -142,19 +161,9 @@ proc newAny(value: pointer, rawType: PNimType): Any {.inline.} =
   result.value = value
   result.rawType = rawType
 
-when declared(system.VarSlot):
-  proc toAny*(x: VarSlot): Any {.inline.} =
-    ## Constructs a `Any` object from a variable slot `x`.
-    ## This captures `x`'s address, so `x` can be modified with its
-    ## `Any` wrapper! The client needs to ensure that the wrapper
-    ## **does not** live longer than `x`!
-    ## This is provided for easier reflection capabilities of a debugger.
-    result.value = x.address
-    result.rawType = x.typ
-
 proc toAny*[T](x: var T): Any {.inline.} =
-  ## Constructs a `Any` object from `x`. This captures `x`'s address, so
-  ## `x` can be modified with its `Any` wrapper! The client needs to ensure
+  ## Constructs an `Any` object from `x`. This captures `x`'s address, so
+  ## `x` can be modified with its `Any` wrapper! The caller needs to ensure
   ## that the wrapper **does not** live longer than `x`!
   newAny(addr(x), cast[PNimType](getTypeInfo(x)))
 
@@ -167,12 +176,12 @@ proc size*(x: Any): int {.inline.} =
   result = x.rawType.size
 
 proc baseTypeKind*(x: Any): AnyKind {.inline.} =
-  ## Gets the base type's kind; `akNone` is returned if `x` has no base type.
+  ## Gets the base type's kind. If `x` has no base type, `akNone` is returned.
   if x.rawType.base != nil:
     result = AnyKind(ord(x.rawType.base.kind))
 
 proc baseTypeSize*(x: Any): int {.inline.} =
-  ## Returns the size of `x`'s basetype.
+  ## Returns the size of `x`'s base type. If `x` has no base type, 0 is returned.
   if x.rawType.base != nil:
     result = x.rawType.base.size
 
@@ -203,7 +212,9 @@ proc extendSeq*(x: Any) =
   when defined(gcDestructors):
     var s = cast[ptr NimSeqV2Reimpl](x.value)
     let elem = x.rawType.base
-    s.p = cast[ptr NimSeqPayloadReimpl](prepareSeqAdd(s.len, s.p, 1, elem.size, elem.align))
+    if s.p == nil or s.p.cap < s.len+1:
+      s.p = cast[ptr NimSeqPayloadReimpl](prepareSeqAddUninit(s.len, s.p, 1, elem.size, elem.align))
+    zeroNewElements(s.len, s.p, 1, elem.size, elem.align)
     inc s.len
   else:
     var y = cast[ptr PGenSeq](x.value)[]
@@ -301,33 +312,32 @@ proc len*(x: Any): int =
 
 
 proc base*(x: Any): Any =
-  ## Returns base Any (useful for inherited object types).
+  ## Returns the base type of `x` (useful for inherited object types).
   result.rawType = x.rawType.base
   result.value = x.value
 
 
 proc isNil*(x: Any): bool =
-  ## `isNil` for an any `x` that represents a cstring, proc or
+  ## `isNil` for an `x` that represents a cstring, proc or
   ## some pointer type.
-  assert x.rawType.kind in {tyCString, tyRef, tyPtr, tyPointer, tyProc}
+  assert x.rawType.kind in {tyCstring, tyRef, tyPtr, tyPointer, tyProc}
   result = isNil(cast[ppointer](x.value)[])
 
-const
-  pointerLike = when defined(gcDestructors): {tyCString, tyRef, tyPtr, tyPointer, tyProc}
-                else: {tyString, tyCString, tyRef, tyPtr, tyPointer,
-                            tySequence, tyProc}
+const pointerLike =
+  when defined(gcDestructors): {tyCstring, tyRef, tyPtr, tyPointer, tyProc}
+  else: {tyString, tyCstring, tyRef, tyPtr, tyPointer, tySequence, tyProc}
 
 proc getPointer*(x: Any): pointer =
   ## Retrieves the pointer value out of `x`. `x` needs to be of kind
   ## `akString`, `akCString`, `akProc`, `akRef`, `akPtr`,
-  ## `akPointer`, `akSequence`.
+  ## `akPointer` or `akSequence`.
   assert x.rawType.kind in pointerLike
   result = cast[ppointer](x.value)[]
 
 proc setPointer*(x: Any, y: pointer) =
   ## Sets the pointer value of `x`. `x` needs to be of kind
   ## `akString`, `akCString`, `akProc`, `akRef`, `akPtr`,
-  ## `akPointer`, `akSequence`.
+  ## `akPointer` or `akSequence`.
   assert x.rawType.kind in pointerLike
   if y != nil and x.rawType.kind != tyPointer:
     genericAssign(x.value, y, x.rawType)
@@ -349,15 +359,15 @@ proc fieldsAux(p: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode,
     if m != nil: fieldsAux(p, m, ret)
 
 iterator fields*(x: Any): tuple[name: string, any: Any] =
-  ## Iterates over every active field of the any `x` that represents an object
+  ## Iterates over every active field of `x`. `x` needs to represent an object
   ## or a tuple.
   assert x.rawType.kind in {tyTuple, tyObject}
-  var p = x.value
+  let p = x.value
   var t = x.rawType
   # XXX BUG: does not work yet, however is questionable anyway
   when false:
     if x.rawType.kind == tyObject: t = cast[ptr PNimType](x.value)[]
-  var ret: seq[tuple[name: cstring, any: Any]] = @[]
+  var ret: seq[tuple[name: cstring, any: Any]]
   if t.kind == tyObject:
     while true:
       fieldsAux(p, t.node, ret)
@@ -368,8 +378,7 @@ iterator fields*(x: Any): tuple[name: string, any: Any] =
   for name, any in items(ret):
     yield ($name, any)
 
-proc getFieldNode(p: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode,
-                  name: cstring): ptr TNimNode =
+proc getFieldNode(p: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode, name: cstring): ptr TNimNode =
   case n.kind
   of nkNone: assert(false)
   of nkSlot:
@@ -383,17 +392,17 @@ proc getFieldNode(p: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode,
     if cmpNimIdentifier(n.name, name) == 0:
       result = n
     else:
-      var m = selectBranch(p, n)
+      let m = selectBranch(p, n)
       if m != nil: result = getFieldNode(p, m, name)
 
 proc `[]=`*(x: Any, fieldName: string, value: Any) =
-  ## Sets a field of `x`; `x` represents an object or a tuple.
+  ## Sets a field of `x`. `x` needs to represent an object or a tuple.
   var t = x.rawType
   # XXX BUG: does not work yet, however is questionable anyway
   when false:
     if x.rawType.kind == tyObject: t = cast[ptr PNimType](x.value)[]
   assert x.rawType.kind in {tyTuple, tyObject}
-  var n = getFieldNode(x.value, t.node, fieldName)
+  let n = getFieldNode(x.value, t.node, fieldName)
   if n != nil:
     assert n.typ == value.rawType
     genericAssign(x.value +!! n.offset, value.value, value.rawType)
@@ -401,13 +410,13 @@ proc `[]=`*(x: Any, fieldName: string, value: Any) =
     raise newException(ValueError, "invalid field name: " & fieldName)
 
 proc `[]`*(x: Any, fieldName: string): Any =
-  ## Gets a field of `x`; `x` represents an object or a tuple.
+  ## Gets a field of `x`. `x` needs to represent an object or a tuple.
   var t = x.rawType
   # XXX BUG: does not work yet, however is questionable anyway
   when false:
     if x.rawType.kind == tyObject: t = cast[ptr PNimType](x.value)[]
   assert x.rawType.kind in {tyTuple, tyObject}
-  var n = getFieldNode(x.value, t.node, fieldName)
+  let n = getFieldNode(x.value, t.node, fieldName)
   if n != nil:
     result.value = x.value +!! n.offset
     result.rawType = n.typ
@@ -417,39 +426,39 @@ proc `[]`*(x: Any, fieldName: string): Any =
     raise newException(ValueError, "invalid field name: " & fieldName)
 
 proc `[]`*(x: Any): Any =
-  ## Dereference operation for the any `x` that represents a ptr or a ref.
+  ## Dereference operator for `Any`. `x` needs to represent a ptr or a ref.
   assert x.rawType.kind in {tyRef, tyPtr}
   result.value = cast[ppointer](x.value)[]
   result.rawType = x.rawType.base
 
 proc `[]=`*(x, y: Any) =
-  ## Dereference operation for the any `x` that represents a ptr or a ref.
+  ## Dereference operator for `Any`. `x` needs to represent a ptr or a ref.
   assert x.rawType.kind in {tyRef, tyPtr}
   assert y.rawType == x.rawType.base
   genericAssign(cast[ppointer](x.value)[], y.value, y.rawType)
 
 proc getInt*(x: Any): int =
-  ## Retrieves the int value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent an int.
+  ## Retrieves the `int` value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent an `int`.
   assert skipRange(x.rawType).kind == tyInt
   result = cast[ptr int](x.value)[]
 
 proc getInt8*(x: Any): int8 =
-  ## Retrieves the int8 value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent an int8.
+  ## Retrieves the `int8` value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent an `int8`.
   assert skipRange(x.rawType).kind == tyInt8
   result = cast[ptr int8](x.value)[]
 
 proc getInt16*(x: Any): int16 =
-  ## Retrieves the int16 value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent an int16.
+  ## Retrieves the `int16` value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent an `int16`.
   assert skipRange(x.rawType).kind == tyInt16
   result = cast[ptr int16](x.value)[]
 
 proc getInt32*(x: Any): int32 =
-  ## Retrieves the int32 value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent an int32.
+  ## Retrieves the `int32` value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent an `int32`.
   assert skipRange(x.rawType).kind == tyInt32
   result = cast[ptr int32](x.value)[]
 
 proc getInt64*(x: Any): int64 =
-  ## Retrieves the int64 value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent an int64.
+  ## Retrieves the `int64` value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent an `int64`.
   assert skipRange(x.rawType).kind == tyInt64
   result = cast[ptr int64](x.value)[]
 
@@ -457,7 +466,7 @@ proc getBiggestInt*(x: Any): BiggestInt =
   ## Retrieves the integer value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent
   ## some integer, a bool, a char, an enum or a small enough bit set.
   ## The value might be sign-extended to `BiggestInt`.
-  var t = skipRange(x.rawType)
+  let t = skipRange(x.rawType)
   case t.kind
   of tyInt: result = BiggestInt(cast[ptr int](x.value)[])
   of tyInt8: result = BiggestInt(cast[ptr int8](x.value)[])
@@ -468,8 +477,8 @@ proc getBiggestInt*(x: Any): BiggestInt =
   of tyChar: result = BiggestInt(cast[ptr char](x.value)[])
   of tyEnum, tySet:
     case t.size
-    of 1: result = ze64(cast[ptr int8](x.value)[])
-    of 2: result = ze64(cast[ptr int16](x.value)[])
+    of 1: result = int64(cast[ptr uint8](x.value)[])
+    of 2: result = int64(cast[ptr uint16](x.value)[])
     of 4: result = BiggestInt(cast[ptr int32](x.value)[])
     of 8: result = BiggestInt(cast[ptr int64](x.value)[])
     else: assert false
@@ -482,7 +491,7 @@ proc getBiggestInt*(x: Any): BiggestInt =
 proc setBiggestInt*(x: Any, y: BiggestInt) =
   ## Sets the integer value of `x`. `x` needs to represent
   ## some integer, a bool, a char, an enum or a small enough bit set.
-  var t = skipRange(x.rawType)
+  let t = skipRange(x.rawType)
   case t.kind
   of tyInt: cast[ptr int](x.value)[] = int(y)
   of tyInt8: cast[ptr int8](x.value)[] = int8(y)
@@ -493,8 +502,8 @@ proc setBiggestInt*(x: Any, y: BiggestInt) =
   of tyChar: cast[ptr char](x.value)[] = chr(y.int)
   of tyEnum, tySet:
     case t.size
-    of 1: cast[ptr int8](x.value)[] = toU8(y.int)
-    of 2: cast[ptr int16](x.value)[] = toU16(y.int)
+    of 1: cast[ptr uint8](x.value)[] = uint8(y.int)
+    of 2: cast[ptr uint16](x.value)[] = uint16(y.int)
     of 4: cast[ptr int32](x.value)[] = int32(y)
     of 8: cast[ptr int64](x.value)[] = y
     else: assert false
@@ -505,38 +514,34 @@ proc setBiggestInt*(x: Any, y: BiggestInt) =
   else: assert false
 
 proc getUInt*(x: Any): uint =
-  ## Retrieves the uint value out of `x`, `x` needs to represent an uint.
+  ## Retrieves the `uint` value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent a `uint`.
   assert skipRange(x.rawType).kind == tyUInt
   result = cast[ptr uint](x.value)[]
 
 proc getUInt8*(x: Any): uint8 =
-  ## Retrieves the uint8 value out of `x`, `x` needs to represent an
-  ## uint8.
+  ## Retrieves the `uint8` value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent a `uint8`.
   assert skipRange(x.rawType).kind == tyUInt8
   result = cast[ptr uint8](x.value)[]
 
 proc getUInt16*(x: Any): uint16 =
-  ## Retrieves the uint16 value out of `x`, `x` needs to represent an
-  ## uint16.
+  ## Retrieves the `uint16` value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent a `uint16`.
   assert skipRange(x.rawType).kind == tyUInt16
   result = cast[ptr uint16](x.value)[]
 
 proc getUInt32*(x: Any): uint32 =
-  ## Retrieves the uint32 value out of `x`, `x` needs to represent an
-  ## uint32.
+  ## Retrieves the `uint32` value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent a `uint32`.
   assert skipRange(x.rawType).kind == tyUInt32
   result = cast[ptr uint32](x.value)[]
 
 proc getUInt64*(x: Any): uint64 =
-  ## Retrieves the uint64 value out of `x`, `x` needs to represent an
-  ## uint64.
+  ## Retrieves the `uint64` value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent a `uint64`.
   assert skipRange(x.rawType).kind == tyUInt64
   result = cast[ptr uint64](x.value)[]
 
 proc getBiggestUint*(x: Any): uint64 =
   ## Retrieves the unsigned integer value out of `x`. `x` needs to
   ## represent an unsigned integer.
-  var t = skipRange(x.rawType)
+  let t = skipRange(x.rawType)
   case t.kind
   of tyUInt: result = uint64(cast[ptr uint](x.value)[])
   of tyUInt8: result = uint64(cast[ptr uint8](x.value)[])
@@ -546,9 +551,9 @@ proc getBiggestUint*(x: Any): uint64 =
   else: assert false
 
 proc setBiggestUint*(x: Any; y: uint64) =
-  ## Sets the unsigned integer value of `c`. `c` needs to represent an
+  ## Sets the unsigned integer value of `x`. `x` needs to represent an
   ## unsigned integer.
-  var t = skipRange(x.rawType)
+  let t = skipRange(x.rawType)
   case t.kind:
   of tyUInt: cast[ptr uint](x.value)[] = uint(y)
   of tyUInt8: cast[ptr uint8](x.value)[] = uint8(y)
@@ -558,14 +563,14 @@ proc setBiggestUint*(x: Any; y: uint64) =
   else: assert false
 
 proc getChar*(x: Any): char =
-  ## Retrieves the char value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent a char.
-  var t = skipRange(x.rawType)
+  ## Retrieves the `char` value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent a `char`.
+  let t = skipRange(x.rawType)
   assert t.kind == tyChar
   result = cast[ptr char](x.value)[]
 
 proc getBool*(x: Any): bool =
-  ## Retrieves the bool value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent a bool.
-  var t = skipRange(x.rawType)
+  ## Retrieves the `bool` value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent a `bool`.
+  let t = skipRange(x.rawType)
   assert t.kind == tyBool
   result = cast[ptr bool](x.value)[]
 
@@ -579,10 +584,10 @@ proc getEnumOrdinal*(x: Any, name: string): int =
   ## Gets the enum field ordinal from `name`. `x` needs to represent an enum
   ## but is only used to access the type information. In case of an error
   ## `low(int)` is returned.
-  var typ = skipRange(x.rawType)
+  let typ = skipRange(x.rawType)
   assert typ.kind == tyEnum
-  var n = typ.node
-  var s = n.sons
+  let n = typ.node
+  let s = n.sons
   for i in 0 .. n.len-1:
     if cmpNimIdentifier($s[i].name, name) == 0:
       if ntfEnumHole notin typ.flags:
@@ -595,16 +600,16 @@ proc getEnumField*(x: Any, ordinalValue: int): string =
   ## Gets the enum field name as a string. `x` needs to represent an enum
   ## but is only used to access the type information. The field name of
   ## `ordinalValue` is returned.
-  var typ = skipRange(x.rawType)
+  let typ = skipRange(x.rawType)
   assert typ.kind == tyEnum
-  var e = ordinalValue
+  let e = ordinalValue
   if ntfEnumHole notin typ.flags:
     if e <% typ.node.len:
       return $typ.node.sons[e].name
   else:
     # ugh we need a slow linear search:
-    var n = typ.node
-    var s = n.sons
+    let n = typ.node
+    let s = n.sons
     for i in 0 .. n.len-1:
       if s[i].offset == e: return $s[i].name
   result = $e
@@ -614,17 +619,17 @@ proc getEnumField*(x: Any): string =
   result = getEnumField(x, getBiggestInt(x).int)
 
 proc getFloat*(x: Any): float =
-  ## Retrieves the float value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent an float.
+  ## Retrieves the `float` value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent a `float`.
   assert skipRange(x.rawType).kind == tyFloat
   result = cast[ptr float](x.value)[]
 
 proc getFloat32*(x: Any): float32 =
-  ## Retrieves the float32 value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent an float32.
+  ## Retrieves the `float32` value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent a `float32`.
   assert skipRange(x.rawType).kind == tyFloat32
   result = cast[ptr float32](x.value)[]
 
 proc getFloat64*(x: Any): float64 =
-  ## Retrieves the float64 value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent an float64.
+  ## Retrieves the `float64` value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent a `float64`.
   assert skipRange(x.rawType).kind == tyFloat64
   result = cast[ptr float64](x.value)[]
 
@@ -647,7 +652,7 @@ proc setBiggestFloat*(x: Any, y: BiggestFloat) =
   else: assert false
 
 proc getString*(x: Any): string =
-  ## Retrieves the string value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent a string.
+  ## Retrieves the `string` value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent a `string`.
   assert x.rawType.kind == tyString
   when defined(gcDestructors):
     result = cast[ptr string](x.value)[]
@@ -656,13 +661,13 @@ proc getString*(x: Any): string =
       result = cast[ptr string](x.value)[]
 
 proc setString*(x: Any, y: string) =
-  ## Sets the string value of `x`. `x` needs to represent a string.
+  ## Sets the `string` value of `x`. `x` needs to represent a `string`.
   assert x.rawType.kind == tyString
   cast[ptr string](x.value)[] = y # also correct for gcDestructors
 
 proc getCString*(x: Any): cstring =
-  ## Retrieves the cstring value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent a cstring.
-  assert x.rawType.kind == tyCString
+  ## Retrieves the `cstring` value out of `x`. `x` needs to represent a `cstring`.
+  assert x.rawType.kind == tyCstring
   result = cast[ptr cstring](x.value)[]
 
 proc assign*(x, y: Any) =
@@ -672,34 +677,34 @@ proc assign*(x, y: Any) =
   genericAssign(x.value, y.value, y.rawType)
 
 iterator elements*(x: Any): int =
-  ## Iterates over every element of `x` that represents a Nim bitset.
+  ## Iterates over every element of `x`. `x` needs to represent a `set`.
   assert x.rawType.kind == tySet
-  var typ = x.rawType
-  var p = x.value
+  let typ = x.rawType
+  let p = x.value
   # "typ.slots.len" field is for sets the "first" field
   var u: int64
   case typ.size
-  of 1: u = ze64(cast[ptr int8](p)[])
-  of 2: u = ze64(cast[ptr int16](p)[])
-  of 4: u = ze64(cast[ptr int32](p)[])
+  of 1: u = int64(cast[ptr uint8](p)[])
+  of 2: u = int64(cast[ptr uint16](p)[])
+  of 4: u = int64(cast[ptr uint32](p)[])
   of 8: u = cast[ptr int64](p)[]
   else:
-    var a = cast[pbyteArray](p)
+    let a = cast[pbyteArray](p)
     for i in 0 .. typ.size*8-1:
-      if (ze(a[i div 8]) and (1 shl (i mod 8))) != 0:
-        yield i+typ.node.len
+      if (int(a[i div 8]) and (1 shl (i mod 8))) != 0:
+        yield i + typ.node.len
   if typ.size <= 8:
     for i in 0..sizeof(int64)*8-1:
       if (u and (1'i64 shl int64(i))) != 0'i64:
-        yield i+typ.node.len
+        yield i + typ.node.len
 
 proc inclSetElement*(x: Any, elem: int) =
   ## Includes an element `elem` in `x`. `x` needs to represent a Nim bitset.
   assert x.rawType.kind == tySet
-  var typ = x.rawType
-  var p = x.value
+  let typ = x.rawType
+  let p = x.value
   # "typ.slots.len" field is for sets the "first" field
-  var e = elem - typ.node.len
+  let e = elem - typ.node.len
   case typ.size
   of 1:
     var a = cast[ptr int8](p)
@@ -715,4 +720,4 @@ proc inclSetElement*(x: Any, elem: int) =
     a[] = a[] or (1'i64 shl e)
   else:
     var a = cast[pbyteArray](p)
-    a[e shr 3] = toU8(a[e shr 3] or (1 shl (e and 7)))
+    a[e shr 3] = a[e shr 3] or uint8(1 shl (e and 7))
diff --git a/lib/deprecated/pure/LockFreeHash.nim b/lib/deprecated/pure/LockFreeHash.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 97e1ef6ad..000000000
--- a/lib/deprecated/pure/LockFreeHash.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,609 +0,0 @@
-#nim c -t:-march=i686 --cpu:amd64 --threads:on -d:release lockfreehash.nim
-
-import math, hashes
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-## Memory Utility Functions
-
-proc newHeap*[T](): ptr T =
-  result = cast[ptr T](alloc0(sizeof(T)))
-
-proc copyNew*[T](x: var T): ptr T =
-  var
-    size = sizeof(T)
-    mem = alloc(size)
-  copyMem(mem, x.addr, size)
-  return cast[ptr T](mem)
-
-proc copyTo*[T](val: var T, dest: int) =
-  copyMem(pointer(dest), val.addr, sizeof(T))
-
-proc allocType*[T](): pointer = alloc(sizeof(T))
-
-proc newShared*[T](): ptr T =
-  result = cast[ptr T](allocShared0(sizeof(T)))
-
-proc copyShared*[T](x: var T): ptr T =
-  var
-    size = sizeof(T)
-    mem = allocShared(size)
-  copyMem(mem, x.addr, size)
-  return cast[ptr T](mem)
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-## Pointer arithmetic
-
-proc `+`*(p: pointer, i: int): pointer {.inline.} =
-  cast[pointer](cast[int](p) + i)
-
-const
-  minTableSize = 8
-  reProbeLimit = 12
-  minCopyWork = 4096
-  intSize = sizeof(int)
-
-
-
-when sizeof(int) == 4: # 32bit
-  type
-    Raw = range[0..1073741823]
-    ## The range of uint values that can be stored directly in a value slot
-    ## when on a 32 bit platform
-elif sizeof(int) == 8: # 64bit
-  type
-    Raw = range[0'i64..4611686018427387903'i64]
-    ## The range of uint values that can be stored directly in a value slot
-    ## when on a 64 bit platform
-else:
-  {.error: "unsupported platform".}
-
-type
-  Entry = tuple
-    key: int
-    value: int
-
-  EntryArr = ptr array[0..10_000_000, Entry]
-
-  PConcTable[K, V] = ptr object {.pure.}
-    len: int
-    used: int
-    active: int
-    copyIdx: int
-    copyDone: int
-    next: PConcTable[K, V]
-    data: EntryArr
-
-proc setVal[K, V](table: var PConcTable[K, V], key: int, val: int,
-  expVal: int, match: bool): int
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-# Create a new table
-proc newLFTable*[K, V](size: int = minTableSize): PConcTable[K, V] =
-  let
-    dataLen = max(nextPowerOfTwo(size), minTableSize)
-    dataSize = dataLen*sizeof(Entry)
-    dataMem = allocShared0(dataSize)
-    tableSize = 7 * intSize
-    tableMem = allocShared0(tableSize)
-    table = cast[PConcTable[K, V]](tableMem)
-  table.len = dataLen
-  table.used = 0
-  table.active = 0
-  table.copyIdx = 0
-  table.copyDone = 0
-  table.next = nil
-  table.data = cast[EntryArr](dataMem)
-  result = table
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-# Delete a table
-proc deleteConcTable[K, V](tbl: PConcTable[K, V]) =
-  deallocShared(tbl.data)
-  deallocShared(tbl)
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-proc `[]`[K, V](table: var PConcTable[K, V], i: int): var Entry {.inline.} =
-  table.data[i]
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# State flags stored in ptr
-
-
-proc pack[T](x: T): int {.inline.} =
-  result = (cast[int](x) shl 2)
-  #echo("packKey ",cast[int](x) , " -> ", result)
-
-# Pop the flags off returning a 4 byte aligned ptr to our Key or Val
-proc pop(x: int): int {.inline.} =
-  result = x and 0xFFFFFFFC'i32
-
-# Pop the raw value off of our Key or Val
-proc popRaw(x: int): int {.inline.} =
-  result = x shr 2
-
-# Pop the flags off returning a 4 byte aligned ptr to our Key or Val
-proc popPtr[V](x: int): ptr V {.inline.} =
-  result = cast[ptr V](pop(x))
-  #echo("popPtr " & $x & " -> " & $cast[int](result))
-
-# Ghost (sentinel)
-# K or V is no longer valid use new table
-const Ghost = 0xFFFFFFFC
-proc isGhost(x: int): bool {.inline.} =
-  result = x == 0xFFFFFFFC
-
-# Tombstone
-# applied to V = K is dead
-proc isTomb(x: int): bool {.inline.} =
-  result = (x and 0x00000002) != 0
-
-proc setTomb(x: int): int {.inline.} =
-  result = x or 0x00000002
-
-# Prime
-# K or V is in new table copied from old
-proc isPrime(x: int): bool {.inline.} =
-  result = (x and 0x00000001) != 0
-
-proc setPrime(x: int): int {.inline.} =
-  result = x or 0x00000001
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-##This is for i32 only need to override for i64
-proc hashInt(x: int): int {.inline.} =
-  var h = uint32(x) #shr 2'u32
-  h = h xor (h shr 16'u32)
-  h *= 0x85ebca6b'u32
-  h = h xor (h shr 13'u32)
-  h *= 0xc2b2ae35'u32
-  h = h xor (h shr 16'u32)
-  result = int(h)
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-proc resize[K, V](self: PConcTable[K, V]): PConcTable[K, V] =
-  var next = atomic_load_n(self.next.addr, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-  #echo("next = " & $cast[int](next))
-  if next != nil:
-    #echo("A new table already exists, copy in progress")
-    return next
-  var
-    oldLen = atomic_load_n(self.len.addr, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-    newTable = newLFTable[K, V](oldLen*2)
-    success = atomic_compare_exchange_n(self.next.addr, next.addr, newTable,
-                  false, ATOMIC_RELAXED, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-  if not success:
-    echo("someone beat us to it! delete table we just created and return his " &
-        $cast[int](next))
-    deleteConcTable(newTable)
-    return next
-  else:
-    echo("Created New Table! " & $cast[int](newTable) & " Size = " & $newTable.len)
-    return newTable
-
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-#proc keyEQ[K](key1: ptr K, key2: ptr K): bool {.inline.} =
-proc keyEQ[K](key1: int, key2: int): bool {.inline.} =
-  result = false
-  when K is Raw:
-    if key1 == key2:
-      result = true
-  else:
-    var
-      p1 = popPtr[K](key1)
-      p2 = popPtr[K](key2)
-    if p1 != nil and p2 != nil:
-      if cast[int](p1) == cast[int](p2):
-        return true
-      if p1[] == p2[]:
-        return true
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-#proc tableFull(self: var PConcTable[K,V]) : bool {.inline.} =
-
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-proc copySlot[K, V](idx: int, oldTbl: var PConcTable[K, V],
-    newTbl: var PConcTable[K, V]): bool =
-  #echo("Copy idx " & $idx)
-  var
-    oldVal = 0
-    oldkey = 0
-    ok = false
-  result = false
-  #Block the key so no other threads waste time here
-  while not ok:
-    ok = atomic_compare_exchange_n(oldTbl[idx].key.addr, oldKey.addr,
-      setTomb(oldKey), false, ATOMIC_RELAXED, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-  #echo("oldKey was = " & $oldKey & "  set it to tomb " & $setTomb(oldKey))
-  #Prevent new values from appearing in the old table by priming
-  oldVal = atomic_load_n(oldTbl[idx].value.addr, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-  while not isPrime(oldVal):
-    var box = if oldVal == 0 or isTomb(oldVal): oldVal.setTomb.setPrime
-      else: oldVal.setPrime
-    if atomic_compare_exchange_n(oldTbl[idx].value.addr, oldVal.addr,
-      box, false, ATOMIC_RELAXED, ATOMIC_RELAXED):
-      if isPrime(box) and isTomb(box):
-        return true
-      oldVal = box
-      break
-  #echo("oldVal was = ", oldVal, "  set it to prime ", box)
-  if isPrime(oldVal) and isTomb(oldVal):
-    #when not (K is Raw):
-    #  deallocShared(popPtr[K](oldKey))
-    return false
-  if isTomb(oldVal):
-    echo("oldVal is Tomb!!!, should not happen")
-  if pop(oldVal) != 0:
-    result = setVal(newTbl, pop(oldKey), pop(oldVal), 0, true) == 0
-  #if result:
-    #echo("Copied a Slot! idx= " & $idx & " key= " & $oldKey & " val= " & $oldVal)
-  #else:
-    #echo("copy slot failed")
-  # Our copy is done so we disable the old slot
-  while not ok:
-    ok = atomic_compare_exchange_n(oldTbl[idx].value.addr, oldVal.addr,
-      oldVal.setTomb.setPrime, false, ATOMIC_RELAXED, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-  #echo("disabled old slot")
-  #echo"---------------------"
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-proc promote[K, V](table: var PConcTable[K, V]) =
-  var
-    newData = atomic_load_n(table.next.data.addr, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-    newLen = atomic_load_n(table.next.len.addr, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-    newUsed = atomic_load_n(table.next.used.addr, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-
-  deallocShared(table.data)
-  atomic_store_n(table.data.addr, newData, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-  atomic_store_n(table.len.addr, newLen, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-  atomic_store_n(table.used.addr, newUsed, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-  atomic_store_n(table.copyIdx.addr, 0, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-  atomic_store_n(table.copyDone.addr, 0, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-  deallocShared(table.next)
-  atomic_store_n(table.next.addr, nil, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-  echo("new table swapped!")
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-proc checkAndPromote[K, V](table: var PConcTable[K, V], workDone: int): bool =
-  var
-    oldLen = atomic_load_n(table.len.addr, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-    copyDone = atomic_load_n(table.copyDone.addr, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-    ok: bool
-  result = false
-  if workDone > 0:
-    #echo("len to copy =" & $oldLen)
-    #echo("copyDone + workDone = " & $copyDone & " + " & $workDone)
-    while not ok:
-      ok = atomic_compare_exchange_n(table.copyDone.addr, copyDone.addr,
-        copyDone + workDone, false, ATOMIC_RELAXED, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-    #if ok: echo("set copyDone")
-    # If the copy is done we can promote this table
-    if copyDone + workDone >= oldLen:
-      # Swap new data
-      #echo("work is done!")
-      table.promote
-      result = true
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-proc copySlotAndCheck[K, V](table: var PConcTable[K, V], idx: int):
-  PConcTable[K, V] =
-  var
-    newTable = cast[PConcTable[K, V]](atomic_load_n(table.next.addr,
-        ATOMIC_RELAXED))
-  result = newTable
-  if newTable != nil and copySlot(idx, table, newTable):
-    #echo("copied a single slot, idx = " & $idx)
-    if checkAndPromote(table, 1): return table
-
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-proc helpCopy[K, V](table: var PConcTable[K, V]): PConcTable[K, V] =
-  var
-    newTable = cast[PConcTable[K, V]](atomic_load_n(table.next.addr,
-        ATOMIC_RELAXED))
-  result = newTable
-  if newTable != nil:
-    var
-      oldLen = atomic_load_n(table.len.addr, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-      copyDone = atomic_load_n(table.copyDone.addr, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-      copyIdx = 0
-      work = min(oldLen, minCopyWork)
-      #panicStart = -1
-      workDone = 0
-    if copyDone < oldLen:
-      var ok: bool
-      while not ok:
-        ok = atomic_compare_exchange_n(table.copyIdx.addr, copyIdx.addr,
-          copyIdx + work, false, ATOMIC_RELAXED, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-      #echo("copy idx = ", copyIdx)
-      for i in 0..work-1:
-        var idx = (copyIdx + i) and (oldLen - 1)
-        if copySlot(idx, table, newTable):
-          workDone += 1
-      if workDone > 0:
-        #echo("did work ", workDone, " on thread ", cast[int](myThreadID[pointer]()))
-        if checkAndPromote(table, workDone): return table
-    # In case a thread finished all the work then got stalled before promotion
-    if checkAndPromote(table, 0): return table
-
-
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-proc setVal[K, V](table: var PConcTable[K, V], key: int, val: int,
-  expVal: int, match: bool): int =
-  #echo("-try set- in table ", " key = ", (popPtr[K](key)[]), " val = ", val)
-  when K is Raw:
-    var idx = hashInt(key)
-  else:
-    var idx = popPtr[K](key)[].hash
-  var
-    nextTable: PConcTable[K, V]
-    probes = 1
-  # spin until we find a key slot or build and jump to next table
-  while true:
-    idx = idx and (table.len - 1)
-    #echo("try set idx = " & $idx & "for" & $key)
-    var
-      probedKey = 0
-      openKey = atomic_compare_exchange_n(table[idx].key.addr, probedKey.addr,
-        key, false, ATOMIC_RELAXED, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-    if openKey:
-      if val.isTomb:
-        #echo("val was tomb, bail, no reason to set an open slot to tomb")
-        return val
-      #increment used slots
-      #echo("found an open slot, total used = " &
-      #$atomic_add_fetch(table.used.addr, 1, ATOMIC_RELAXED))
-      discard atomic_add_fetch(table.used.addr, 1, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-      break # We found an open slot
-    #echo("set idx ", idx, " key = ", key, " probed = ", probedKey)
-    if keyEQ[K](probedKey, key):
-      #echo("we found the matching slot")
-      break # We found a matching slot
-    if (not(expVal != 0 and match)) and (probes >= reProbeLimit or key.isTomb):
-      if key.isTomb: echo("Key is Tombstone")
-      #if probes >= reProbeLimit: echo("Too much probing " & $probes)
-      #echo("try to resize")
-      #create next bigger table
-      nextTable = resize(table)
-      #help do some copying
-      #echo("help copy old table to new")
-      nextTable = helpCopy(table)
-      #now setVal in the new table instead
-      #echo("jumping to next table to set val")
-      return setVal(nextTable, key, val, expVal, match)
-    else:
-      idx += 1
-      probes += 1
-  # Done spinning for a new slot
-  var oldVal = atomic_load_n(table[idx].value.addr, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-  if val == oldVal:
-    #echo("this val is already in the slot")
-    return oldVal
-  nextTable = atomic_load_n(table.next.addr, ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
-  if nextTable == nil and
-    ((oldVal == 0 and
-    (probes >= reProbeLimit or table.used / table.len > 0.8)) or
-    (isPrime(oldVal))):
-    if table.used / table.len > 0.8: echo("resize because usage ratio = " &
-      $(table.used / table.len))
-    if isPrime(oldVal): echo("old val isPrime, should be a rare mem ordering event")
-    nextTable = resize(table)
-  if nextTable != nil:
-    #echo("tomb old slot then set in new table")
-    nextTable = copySlotAndCheck(table, idx)
-    return setVal(nextTable, key, val, expVal, match)
-  # Finally ready to add new val to table
-  while true:
-    if match and oldVal != expVal:
-      #echo("set failed, no match  oldVal= " & $oldVal & " expVal= " & $expVal)
-      return oldVal
-    if atomic_compare_exchange_n(table[idx].value.addr, oldVal.addr,
-        val, false, ATOMIC_RELEASE, ATOMIC_RELAXED):
-      #echo("val set at table " & $cast[int](table))
-      if expVal != 0:
-        if (oldVal == 0 or isTomb(oldVal)) and not isTomb(val):
-          discard atomic_add_fetch(table.active.addr, 1, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-        elif not (oldVal == 0 or isTomb(oldVal)) and isTomb(val):
-          discard atomic_add_fetch(table.active.addr, -1, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
-      if oldVal == 0 and expVal != 0:
-        return setTomb(oldVal)
-      else: return oldVal
-    if isPrime(oldVal):
-      nextTable = copySlotAndCheck(table, idx)
-      return setVal(nextTable, key, val, expVal, match)
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-proc getVal[K, V](table: var PConcTable[K, V], key: int): int =
-  #echo("-try get-  key = " & $key)
-  when K is Raw:
-    var idx = hashInt(key)
-  else:
-    var idx = popPtr[K](key)[].hash
-    #echo("get idx ", idx)
-  var
-    probes = 0
-    val: int
-  while true:
-    idx = idx and (table.len - 1)
-    var
-      newTable: PConcTable[K, V] # = atomic_load_n(table.next.addr, ATOMIC_ACQUIRE)
-      probedKey = atomic_load_n(table[idx].key.addr, ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
-    if keyEQ[K](probedKey, key):
-      #echo("found key after ", probes+1)
-      val = atomic_load_n(table[idx].value.addr, ATOMIC_ACQUIRE)
-      if not isPrime(val):
-        if isTomb(val):
-          #echo("val was tomb but not prime")
-          return 0
-        else:
-          #echo("-GotIt- idx = ", idx, " key = ", key, " val ", val )
-          return val
-      else:
-        newTable = copySlotAndCheck(table, idx)
-        return getVal(newTable, key)
-    else:
-      #echo("probe ", probes, " idx = ", idx, " key = ", key, " found ", probedKey )
-      if probes >= reProbeLimit*4 or key.isTomb:
-        if newTable == nil:
-          #echo("too many probes and no new table ", key, "  ", idx )
-          return 0
-        else:
-          newTable = helpCopy(table)
-          return getVal(newTable, key)
-      idx += 1
-      probes += 1
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-#proc set*(table: var PConcTable[Raw,Raw], key: Raw, val: Raw) =
-#  discard setVal(table, pack(key), pack(key), 0, false)
-
-#proc set*[V](table: var PConcTable[Raw,V], key: Raw, val: ptr V) =
-#  discard setVal(table, pack(key), cast[int](val), 0, false)
-
-proc set*[K, V](table: var PConcTable[K, V], key: var K, val: var V) =
-  when not (K is Raw):
-    var newKey = cast[int](copyShared(key))
-  else:
-    var newKey = pack(key)
-  when not (V is Raw):
-    var newVal = cast[int](copyShared(val))
-  else:
-    var newVal = pack(val)
-  var oldPtr = pop(setVal(table, newKey, newVal, 0, false))
-    #echo("oldPtr = ", cast[int](oldPtr), " newPtr = ", cast[int](newPtr))
-  when not (V is Raw):
-    if newVal != oldPtr and oldPtr != 0:
-      deallocShared(cast[ptr V](oldPtr))
-
-
-
-proc get*[K, V](table: var PConcTable[K, V], key: var K): V =
-  when not (V is Raw):
-    when not (K is Raw):
-      return popPtr[V](getVal(table, cast[int](key.addr)))[]
-    else:
-      return popPtr[V](getVal(table, pack(key)))[]
-  else:
-    when not (K is Raw):
-      return popRaw(getVal(table, cast[int](key.addr)))
-    else:
-      return popRaw(getVal(table, pack(key)))
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-#proc `[]`[K,V](table: var PConcTable[K,V], key: K): PEntry[K,V] {.inline.} =
-#  getVal(table, key)
-
-#proc `[]=`[K,V](table: var PConcTable[K,V], key: K, val: V): PEntry[K,V] {.inline.} =
-#  setVal(table, key, val)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-#Tests ----------------------------
-when not defined(testing) and isMainModule:
-  import locks, times, mersenne
-
-  const
-    numTests = 100000
-    numThreads = 10
-
-
-
-  type
-    TestObj = tuple
-      thr: int
-      f0: int
-      f1: int
-
-    Data = tuple[k: string, v: TestObj]
-    PDataArr = array[0..numTests-1, Data]
-    Dict = PConcTable[string, TestObj]
-
-  var
-    thr: array[0..numThreads-1, Thread[Dict]]
-
-    table = newLFTable[string, TestObj](8)
-    rand = newMersenneTwister(2525)
-
-  proc createSampleData(len: int): PDataArr =
-    #result = cast[PDataArr](allocShared0(sizeof(Data)*numTests))
-    for i in 0..len-1:
-      result[i].k = "mark" & $(i+1)
-      #echo("mark" & $(i+1), " ", hash("mark" & $(i+1)))
-      result[i].v.thr = 0
-      result[i].v.f0 = i+1
-      result[i].v.f1 = 0
-      #echo("key = " & $(i+1) & " Val ptr = " & $cast[int](result[i].v.addr))
-
-
-
-  proc threadProc(tp: Dict) {.thread.} =
-    var t = cpuTime();
-    for i in 1..numTests:
-      var key = "mark" & $(i)
-      var got = table.get(key)
-      got.thr = cast[int](myThreadID[pointer]())
-      got.f1 = got.f1 + 1
-      table.set(key, got)
-    t = cpuTime() - t
-    echo t
-
-
-  var testData = createSampleData(numTests)
-
-  for i in 0..numTests-1:
-    table.set(testData[i].k, testData[i].v)
-
-  var i = 0
-  while i < numThreads:
-    createThread(thr[i], threadProc, table)
-    i += 1
-
-  joinThreads(thr)
-
-
-
-
-
-  var fails = 0
-
-  for i in 0..numTests-1:
-    var got = table.get(testData[i].k)
-    if got.f0 != i+1 or got.f1 != numThreads:
-      fails += 1
-      echo(got)
-
-  echo("Failed read or write = ", fails)
-
-
-  #for i in 1..numTests:
-  #  echo(i, " = ", hashInt(i) and 8191)
-
-  deleteConcTable(table)
diff --git a/lib/deprecated/pure/events.nim b/lib/deprecated/pure/events.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 218cb45d5..000000000
--- a/lib/deprecated/pure/events.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2011 Alexander Mitchell-Robinson
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-## :Author: Alexander Mitchell-Robinson
-##
-## Unstable API.
-##
-## This module implements an event system that is not dependent on external
-## graphical toolkits. It was originally called `NimEE` because
-## it was inspired by Python's PyEE module. There are two ways you can use
-## events: one is a python-inspired way; the other is more of a C-style way.
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##    var ee = initEventEmitter()
-##    var genericargs: EventArgs
-##    proc handleevent(e: EventArgs) =
-##        echo("Handled!")
-##
-##    # Python way
-##    ee.on("EventName", handleevent)
-##    ee.emit("EventName", genericargs)
-##
-##    # C/Java way
-##    # Declare a type
-##    type
-##        SomeObject = object of RootObj
-##            SomeEvent: EventHandler
-##    var myobj: SomeObject
-##    myobj.SomeEvent = initEventHandler("SomeEvent")
-##    myobj.SomeEvent.addHandler(handleevent)
-##    ee.emit(myobj.SomeEvent, genericargs)
-
-type
-  EventArgs* = object of RootObj ## Base object for event arguments that are passed to callback functions.
-  EventHandler* = tuple[name: string, handlers: seq[proc(e: EventArgs) {.closure.}]] ## An eventhandler for an event.
-
-type
-  EventEmitter* = object ## An object that fires events and holds event handlers for an object.
-    s: seq[EventHandler]
-  EventError* = object of ValueError
-
-proc initEventHandler*(name: string): EventHandler =
-  ## Initializes an EventHandler with the specified name and returns it.
-  result.handlers = @[]
-  result.name = name
-
-proc addHandler*(handler: var EventHandler, fn: proc(e: EventArgs) {.closure.}) =
-  ## Adds the callback to the specified event handler.
-  handler.handlers.add(fn)
-
-proc removeHandler*(handler: var EventHandler, fn: proc(e: EventArgs) {.closure.}) =
-  ## Removes the callback from the specified event handler.
-  for i in countup(0, len(handler.handlers)-1):
-    if fn == handler.handlers[i]:
-      handler.handlers.del(i)
-      break
-
-proc containsHandler*(handler: var EventHandler, fn: proc(e: EventArgs) {.closure.}): bool =
-  ## Checks if a callback is registered to this event handler.
-  return handler.handlers.contains(fn)
-
-
-proc clearHandlers*(handler: var EventHandler) =
-  ## Clears all of the callbacks from the event handler.
-  setLen(handler.handlers, 0)
-
-proc getEventHandler(emitter: var EventEmitter, event: string): int =
-  for k in 0..high(emitter.s):
-    if emitter.s[k].name == event: return k
-  return -1
-
-proc on*(emitter: var EventEmitter, event: string, fn: proc(e: EventArgs) {.closure.}) =
-  ## Assigns a event handler with the specified callback. If the event
-  ## doesn't exist, it will be created.
-  var i = getEventHandler(emitter, event)
-  if i < 0:
-    var eh = initEventHandler(event)
-    addHandler(eh, fn)
-    emitter.s.add(eh)
-  else:
-    addHandler(emitter.s[i], fn)
-
-proc emit*(emitter: var EventEmitter, eventhandler: var EventHandler,
-           args: EventArgs) =
-  ## Fires an event handler with specified event arguments.
-  for fn in items(eventhandler.handlers): fn(args)
-
-proc emit*(emitter: var EventEmitter, event: string, args: EventArgs) =
-  ## Fires an event handler with specified event arguments.
-  var i = getEventHandler(emitter, event)
-  if i >= 0:
-    emit(emitter, emitter.s[i], args)
-
-proc initEventEmitter*(): EventEmitter =
-  ## Creates and returns a new EventEmitter.
-  result.s = @[]
diff --git a/lib/deprecated/pure/future.nim b/lib/deprecated/pure/future.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e06161f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/deprecated/pure/future.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+## This module is a deprecated alias for the `sugar` module. Deprecated since 0.19.0.
+
+{.deprecated: "Use the new 'sugar' module instead".}
+
+import std/sugar
+export sugar
diff --git a/lib/pure/mersenne.nim b/lib/deprecated/pure/mersenne.nim
index 6778e2d62..37c5085b1 100644
--- a/lib/pure/mersenne.nim
+++ b/lib/deprecated/pure/mersenne.nim
@@ -2,24 +2,20 @@
 #
 #            Nim's Runtime Library
 #        (c) Copyright 2015 Nim Contributors
-#
 #    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
 ## The [Mersenne Twister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersenne_Twister)
 ## random number generator.
-##
-## **Note:** The procs in this module work at compile-time.
+## .. note:: The procs in this module work at compile-time.
+
+{.deprecated: "use `std/random` instead".}
 
 runnableExamples:
   var rand = newMersenneTwister(uint32.high)  ## must be "var"
   doAssert rand.getNum() != rand.getNum()  ## pseudorandom number
-
 ## See also
 ## ========
 ## * `random module<random.html>`_ for Nim's standard random number generator
-
 type
   MersenneTwister* = object
     ## The Mersenne Twister.
@@ -35,6 +31,7 @@ proc newMersenneTwister*(seed: uint32): MersenneTwister =
                                       (result.mt[i-1] shr 30'u32)) + i)
 
 proc generateNumbers(m: var MersenneTwister) =
+
   for i in 0..623:
     var y = (m.mt[i] and 0x80000000'u32) +
             (m.mt[(i+1) mod 624] and 0x7fffffff'u32)
@@ -48,7 +45,6 @@ proc getNum*(m: var MersenneTwister): uint32 =
     generateNumbers(m)
   result = m.mt[m.index]
   m.index = (m.index + 1) mod m.mt.len
-
   result = result xor (result shr 11'u32)
   result = result xor ((result shl 7'u32) and 0x9d2c5680'u32)
   result = result xor ((result shl 15'u32) and 0xefc60000'u32)
diff --git a/lib/deprecated/pure/ospaths.nim b/lib/deprecated/pure/ospaths.nim
index 6c7fe4fb3..43fcb17cc 100644
--- a/lib/deprecated/pure/ospaths.nim
+++ b/lib/deprecated/pure/ospaths.nim
@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-## This module is deprecated, `import os` instead.
-{.deprecated: "import os.nim instead".}
+## This module is deprecated since 0.20.0, `import std/os` instead.
 
-import os
+{.deprecated: "use `std/os` instead".}
+
+import std/os
 export ReadEnvEffect, WriteEnvEffect, ReadDirEffect, WriteDirEffect, OSErrorCode,
   doslikeFileSystem, CurDir, ParDir, DirSep, AltSep, PathSep, FileSystemCaseSensitive,
   ExeExt, ScriptExt, DynlibFormat, ExtSep, joinPath, `/`, splitPath, parentDir,
diff --git a/lib/pure/oswalkdir.nim b/lib/deprecated/pure/oswalkdir.nim
index 866f9ed70..57a2cb81d 100644
--- a/lib/pure/oswalkdir.nim
+++ b/lib/deprecated/pure/oswalkdir.nim
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-## This module is deprecated, `import os` instead.
-{.deprecated: "import os.nim instead".}
-import os
+## This module is deprecated, `import std/os` instead.
+{.deprecated: "import 'std/os' instead".}
+import std/os
 export PathComponent, walkDir, walkDirRec
diff --git a/lib/deprecated/pure/parseopt2.nim b/lib/deprecated/pure/parseopt2.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index a6d5de06d..000000000
--- a/lib/deprecated/pure/parseopt2.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,155 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2015 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-## This module provides the standard Nim command line parser.
-## It supports one convenience iterator over all command line options and some
-## lower-level features.
-##
-## Supported syntax:
-##
-## 1. short options - `-abcd`, where a, b, c, d are names
-## 2. long option - `--foo:bar`, `--foo=bar` or `--foo`
-## 3. argument - everything else
-
-{.deprecated: "Use the 'parseopt' module instead".}
-{.push debugger: off.}
-
-include "system/inclrtl"
-
-import
-  os, strutils
-
-type
-  CmdLineKind* = enum         ## the detected command line token
-    cmdEnd,                   ## end of command line reached
-    cmdArgument,              ## argument detected
-    cmdLongOption,            ## a long option `--option` detected
-    cmdShortOption            ## a short option `-c` detected
-  OptParser* =
-      object of RootObj ## this object implements the command line parser
-    cmd: seq[string]
-    pos: int
-    remainingShortOptions: string
-    kind*: CmdLineKind        ## the detected command line token
-    key*, val*: string        ## key and value pair; `key` is the option
-                              ## or the argument, `value` is not "" if
-                              ## the option was given a value
-
-proc initOptParser*(cmdline: seq[string]): OptParser {.rtl.} =
-  ## Initializes option parses with cmdline. cmdline should not contain
-  ## argument 0 - program name.
-  ## If cmdline.len == 0 default to current command line arguments.
-  result.remainingShortOptions = ""
-  when not defined(createNimRtl):
-    if cmdline.len == 0:
-      result.cmd = commandLineParams()
-      return
-  else:
-    assert cmdline != nil, "Cannot determine command line arguments."
-
-  result.cmd = @cmdline
-
-when not defined(createNimRtl):
-  proc initOptParser*(): OptParser =
-    ## Initializes option parser from current command line arguments.
-    return initOptParser(commandLineParams())
-
-proc next*(p: var OptParser) {.rtl, extern: "npo2$1".}
-
-proc nextOption(p: var OptParser, token: string, allowEmpty: bool) =
-  for splitchar in [':', '=']:
-    if splitchar in token:
-      let pos = token.find(splitchar)
-      p.key = token[0..pos-1]
-      p.val = token[pos+1..token.len-1]
-      return
-
-  p.key = token
-  if allowEmpty:
-    p.val = ""
-  else:
-    p.remainingShortOptions = token[0..token.len-1]
-    p.next()
-
-proc next(p: var OptParser) =
-  if p.remainingShortOptions.len != 0:
-    p.kind = cmdShortOption
-    p.key = p.remainingShortOptions[0..0]
-    p.val = ""
-    p.remainingShortOptions = p.remainingShortOptions[1..p.remainingShortOptions.len-1]
-    return
-
-  if p.pos >= p.cmd.len:
-    p.kind = cmdEnd
-    return
-
-  let token = p.cmd[p.pos]
-  p.pos += 1
-
-  if token.startsWith("--"):
-    p.kind = cmdLongOption
-    nextOption(p, token[2..token.len-1], allowEmpty=true)
-  elif token.startsWith("-"):
-    p.kind = cmdShortOption
-    nextOption(p, token[1..token.len-1], allowEmpty=true)
-  else:
-    p.kind = cmdArgument
-    p.key = token
-    p.val = ""
-
-proc cmdLineRest*(p: OptParser): string {.rtl, extern: "npo2$1".} =
-  ## Returns the part of command line string that has not been parsed yet,
-  ## properly quoted.
-  return p.cmd[p.pos..p.cmd.len-1].quoteShellCommand
-
-type
-  GetoptResult* = tuple[kind: CmdLineKind, key, val: string]
-
-iterator getopt*(p: var OptParser): GetoptResult =
-  ## This is an convenience iterator for iterating over the given OptParser object.
-  ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##   var p = initOptParser("--left --debug:3 -l=4 -r:2")
-  ##   for kind, key, val in p.getopt():
-  ##     case kind
-  ##     of cmdArgument:
-  ##       filename = key
-  ##     of cmdLongOption, cmdShortOption:
-  ##       case key
-  ##       of "help", "h": writeHelp()
-  ##       of "version", "v": writeVersion()
-  ##     of cmdEnd: assert(false) # cannot happen
-  ##   if filename == "":
-  ##     # no filename has been given, so we show the help:
-  ##     writeHelp()
-  p.pos = 0
-  while true:
-    next(p)
-    if p.kind == cmdEnd: break
-    yield (p.kind, p.key, p.val)
-
-when declared(paramCount):
-  iterator getopt*(): GetoptResult =
-    ## This is an convenience iterator for iterating over the command line arguments.
-    ## This create a new OptParser object.
-    ## See above for a more detailed example
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: nim
-    ##   for kind, key, val in getopt():
-    ##     # this will iterate over all arguments passed to the cmdline.
-    ##     continue
-    ##
-    var p = initOptParser()
-    while true:
-      next(p)
-      if p.kind == cmdEnd: break
-      yield (p.kind, p.key, p.val)
-
-{.pop.}
diff --git a/lib/deprecated/pure/securehash.nim b/lib/deprecated/pure/securehash.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 2f4530d88..000000000
--- a/lib/deprecated/pure/securehash.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-
-
-## This module is a deprecated alias for the `sha1` module.
-{.deprecated.}
-
-include "../std/sha1"
diff --git a/lib/deprecated/pure/sharedstrings.nim b/lib/deprecated/pure/sharedstrings.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 29cb0fcc2..000000000
--- a/lib/deprecated/pure/sharedstrings.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2015 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-## Shared string support for Nim.
-
-type
-  UncheckedCharArray = UncheckedArray[char]
-
-type
-  Buffer = ptr object
-    refcount: int
-    capacity, realLen: int
-    data: UncheckedCharArray
-
-  SharedString* = object ## A string that can be shared. Slicing is O(1).
-    buffer: Buffer
-    first, len: int
-
-proc decRef(b: Buffer) {.inline.} =
-  if atomicDec(b.refcount) <= 0:
-    deallocShared(b)
-
-proc incRef(b: Buffer) {.inline.} =
-  atomicInc(b.refcount)
-
-{.experimental.}
-
-proc `=destroy`*(s: SharedString) =
-  #echo "destroyed"
-  if not s.buffer.isNil:
-    decRef(s.buffer)
-
-when false:
-  proc `=`*(dest: var SharedString; src: SharedString) =
-    incRef(src.buffer)
-    if not dest.buffer.isNil:
-      decRef(dest.buffer)
-    dest.buffer = src.buffer
-    dest.first = src.first
-    dest.len = src.len
-
-proc len*(s: SharedString): int = s.len
-
-proc `[]`*(s: SharedString; i: Natural): char =
-  if i < s.len: result = s.buffer.data[i+s.first]
-  else: raise newException(IndexDefect, formatErrorIndexBound(i, s.len-1))
-
-proc `[]=`*(s: var SharedString; i: Natural; value: char) =
-  if i < s.len: s.buffer.data[i+s.first] = value
-  else: raise newException(IndexDefect, formatErrorIndexBound(i, s.len-1))
-
-proc `[]`*(s: SharedString; ab: HSlice[int, int]): SharedString =
-  #incRef(src.buffer)
-  if ab.a < s.len:
-    result.buffer = s.buffer
-    result.first = ab.a
-    result.len = min(s.len, ab.b - ab.a + 1)
-  # else: produce empty string ;-)
-
-proc newBuffer(cap, len: int): Buffer =
-  assert cap >= len
-  result = cast[Buffer](allocShared0(sizeof(int)*3 + cap))
-  result.refcount = 0
-  result.capacity = cap
-  result.realLen = len
-
-proc newSharedString*(len: Natural): SharedString =
-  if len != 0:
-    # optimization: Don't have an underlying buffer when 'len == 0'
-    result.buffer = newBuffer(len, len)
-  result.first = 0
-  result.len = len
-
-proc newSharedString*(s: string): SharedString =
-  let len = s.len
-  if len != 0:
-    # optimization: Don't have an underlying buffer when 'len == 0'
-    result.buffer = newBuffer(len, len)
-    copyMem(addr result.buffer.data[0], cstring(s), s.len)
-  result.first = 0
-  result.len = len
-
-when declared(atomicLoadN):
-  template load(x): untyped = atomicLoadN(addr x, ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
-else:
-  # XXX Fixme
-  template load(x): untyped = x
-
-proc add*(s: var SharedString; t: cstring; len: Natural) =
-  if len == 0: return
-  let newLen = s.len + len
-  if s.buffer.isNil:
-    s.buffer = newBuffer(len, len)
-    copyMem(addr s.buffer.data[0], t, len)
-    s.len = len
-  elif newLen >= s.buffer.capacity or s.first != 0 or
-      s.len != s.buffer.realLen or load(s.buffer.refcount) > 1:
-    let oldBuf = s.buffer
-    s.buffer = newBuffer(max(s.buffer.capacity * 3 div 2, newLen), newLen)
-    copyMem(addr s.buffer.data[0], addr oldBuf.data[s.first], s.len)
-    copyMem(addr s.buffer.data[s.len], t, len)
-    decRef(oldBuf)
-  else:
-    copyMem(addr s.buffer.data[s.len], t, len)
-    s.buffer.realLen += len
-    s.len += len
-
-proc add*(s: var SharedString; t: string) =
-  s.add(t.cstring, t.len)
-
-proc rawData*(s: var SharedString): pointer =
-  if s.buffer.isNil: result = nil
-  else: result = addr s.buffer.data[s.first]
-
-proc add*(s: var SharedString; t: SharedString) =
-  if t.buffer.isNil: return
-  s.add(cast[cstring](addr s.buffer.data[s.first]), t.len)
-
-proc `$`*(s: SharedString): string =
-  result = newString(s.len)
-  if s.len > 0:
-    copyMem(addr result[0], addr s.buffer.data[s.first], s.len)
-
-proc `==`*(s: SharedString; t: string): bool =
-  if s.buffer.isNil: result = t.len == 0
-  else: result = t.len == s.len and equalMem(addr s.buffer.data[s.first],
-                                             cstring(t), t.len)
-
-proc `==`*(s, t: SharedString): bool =
-  if s.buffer.isNil: result = t.len == 0
-  else: result = t.len == s.len and equalMem(addr s.buffer.data[s.first],
-                                             addr t.buffer.data[t.first], t.len)
-
-iterator items*(s: SharedString): char =
-  let buf = s.buffer.data
-  let x = s.first
-  if buf != nil:
-    for i in 0..<s.len:
-      yield buf[i+x]
-
-import hashes
-
-proc hash*(s: SharedString): THash =
-  var h: THash = 0
-  for x in s: h = h !& x.hash
-  result = !$h
diff --git a/lib/std/sums.nim b/lib/deprecated/pure/sums.nim
index b68858ef7..a6ce1b85d 100644
--- a/lib/std/sums.nim
+++ b/lib/deprecated/pure/sums.nim
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 
 ## Accurate summation functions.
 
+{.deprecated: "use the nimble package `sums` instead.".}
+
 runnableExamples:
   import std/math
 
diff --git a/lib/deps.txt b/lib/deps.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a44b5fe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/deps.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Dragonbox.nim and Schubfach.nim
+
+"Dragonbox" is Nim's "float64 to string" algorithm.
+"Schubfach" is Nim's "float32 to string" algorithm. These are based on
+
+https://github.com/abolz/Drachennest/blob/master/src/dragonbox.cc
+https://github.com/abolz/Drachennest/blob/master/src/schubfach_32.cc
+
+commit e6714a39ad331b4489d0b6aaf3968635bff4eb5e
+
+The `.cc` files were translated by c2nim via `--cpp --keepBodies --nep1`
+and then modified to remove the unsafe code.
+
+We used c2nim as of commit f0469c909d9e2e28d59687e394bf5ac862f561b6.
diff --git a/lib/experimental/diff.nim b/lib/experimental/diff.nim
index 1db891440..669e9f613 100644
--- a/lib/experimental/diff.nim
+++ b/lib/experimental/diff.nim
@@ -10,28 +10,31 @@
 ## This module implements an algorithm to compute the
 ## `diff`:idx: between two sequences of lines.
 ##
-## A basic example of `diffInt` on 2 arrays of integers:
-##
-## .. code::nim
-##
-##   import experimental/diff
-##   echo diffInt([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], [-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 666, 7, 42])
-##
-## Another short example of `diffText` to diff strings:
-##
-## .. code::nim
-##
-##   import experimental/diff
-##   # 2 samples of text for testing (from "The Call of Cthulhu" by Lovecraft)
-##   let txt0 = """I have looked upon all the universe has to hold of horror,
-##   even skies of spring and flowers of summer must ever be poison to me."""
-##   let txt1 = """I have looked upon all your code has to hold of bugs,
-##   even skies of spring and flowers of summer must ever be poison to me."""
-##
-##   echo diffText(txt0, txt1)
-##
 ## - To learn more see `Diff on Wikipedia. <http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Diff>`_
 
+runnableExamples:
+  assert diffInt(
+    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
+    [-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 666, 7, 42]) ==
+    @[Item(startA: 0, startB: 0, deletedA: 1, insertedB: 1),
+      Item(startA: 6, startB: 6, deletedA: 1, insertedB: 1),
+      Item(startA: 8, startB: 8, deletedA: 1, insertedB: 1)]
+
+runnableExamples:
+  # 2 samples of text (from "The Call of Cthulhu" by Lovecraft)
+  let txt0 = """
+abc
+def ghi
+jkl2"""
+  let txt1 = """
+bacx
+abc
+def ghi
+jkl"""
+  assert diffText(txt0, txt1) ==
+    @[Item(startA: 0, startB: 0, deletedA: 0, insertedB: 1),
+      Item(startA: 2, startB: 3, deletedA: 1, insertedB: 1)]
+
 # code owner: Arne Döring
 #
 # This is based on C# code written by Matthias Hertel, http://www.mathertel.de
@@ -40,7 +43,10 @@
 # "An O(ND) Difference Algorithm and its Variations" by Eugene Myers
 # Algorithmica Vol. 1 No. 2, 1986, p 251.
 
-import tables, strutils
+import std/[tables, strutils]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 type
   Item* = object    ## An Item in the list of differences.
@@ -288,9 +294,9 @@ proc diffInt*(arrayA, arrayB: openArray[int]): seq[Item] =
   var dataB = newDiffData(@arrayB, arrayB.len)
 
   let max = dataA.len + dataB.len + 1
-  ## vector for the (0,0) to (x,y) search
+  # vector for the (0,0) to (x,y) search
   var downVector = newSeq[int](2 * max + 2)
-  ## vector for the (u,v) to (N,M) search
+  # vector for the (u,v) to (N,M) search
   var upVector = newSeq[int](2 * max + 2)
 
   lcs(dataA, 0, dataA.len, dataB, 0, dataB.len, downVector, upVector)
@@ -309,7 +315,7 @@ proc diffText*(textA, textB: string): seq[Item] =
   ## `textB` B-version of the text (usually the new one)
   ##
   ## Returns a seq of Items that describe the differences.
-
+  # See also `gitutils.diffStrings`.
   # prepare the input-text and convert to comparable numbers.
   var h = initTable[string, int]()  # TextA.len + TextB.len  <- probably wrong initial size
   # The A-Version of the data (original data) to be compared.
@@ -321,9 +327,9 @@ proc diffText*(textA, textB: string): seq[Item] =
   h.clear # free up hashtable memory (maybe)
 
   let max = dataA.len + dataB.len + 1
-  ## vector for the (0,0) to (x,y) search
+  # vector for the (0,0) to (x,y) search
   var downVector = newSeq[int](2 * max + 2)
-  ## vector for the (u,v) to (N,M) search
+  # vector for the (u,v) to (N,M) search
   var upVector = newSeq[int](2 * max + 2)
 
   lcs(dataA, 0, dataA.len, dataB, 0, dataB.len, downVector, upVector)
diff --git a/lib/genode/alloc.nim b/lib/genode/alloc.nim
index a21a3ad7b..24fb9954e 100644
--- a/lib/genode/alloc.nim
+++ b/lib/genode/alloc.nim
@@ -15,20 +15,20 @@ when not defined(genode):
   {.error: "Genode only module".}
 
 when not declared(GenodeEnv):
-  include genode/env
+  import genode/env
 
-type DataspaceCapability {.
-  importcpp: "Genode::Dataspace_capability", pure.} = object
+type RamDataspaceCapability {.
+  importcpp: "Genode::Ram_dataspace_capability", pure.} = object
 
 type
   Map = object
     attachment: pointer
     size: int
-    ds: DataspaceCapability
+    ds: RamDataspaceCapability
 
   SlabMeta = object
     next: ptr MapSlab
-    ds: DataspaceCapability
+    ds: RamDataspaceCapability
 
   MapSlab = object
     meta: SlabMeta
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ proc capsAvail(env: GenodeEnv): int {.
   ## Return the number of available capabilities.
   ## Each dataspace allocation consumes a capability.
 
-proc allocDataspace(env: GenodeEnv; size: int): DataspaceCapability {.
+proc allocDataspace(env: GenodeEnv; size: int): RamDataspaceCapability {.
   importcpp: "#->pd().alloc(@)".}
   ## Allocate a dataspace and its capability.
 
-proc attachDataspace(env: GenodeEnv; ds: DataspaceCapability): pointer {.
+proc attachDataspace(env: GenodeEnv; ds: RamDataspaceCapability): pointer {.
   importcpp: "#->rm().attach(@)".}
   ## Attach a dataspace into the component address-space.
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ proc detachAddress(env: GenodeEnv; p: pointer) {.
   importcpp: "#->rm().detach(@)".}
   ## Detach a dataspace from the component address-space.
 
-proc freeDataspace(env: GenodeEnv; ds: DataspaceCapability) {.
+proc freeDataspace(env: GenodeEnv; ds: RamDataspaceCapability) {.
   importcpp: "#->pd().free(@)".}
   ## Free a dataspace.
 
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ proc osDeallocPages(p: pointer; size: int) =
       if m.attachment == p:
         if m.size != size:
           echo "cannot partially detach dataspace"
-          quit -1
+          rawQuit -1
         runtimeEnv.detachAddress m.attachment
         runtimeEnv.freeDataspace m.ds
         m[] = Map()
diff --git a/lib/genode/constructibles.nim b/lib/genode/constructibles.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a4a646e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/genode/constructibles.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#
+#
+#            Nim's Runtime Library
+#        (c) Copyright 2022 Emery Hemingway
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+type Constructible*[T] {.
+  importcpp: "Genode::Constructible",
+  header: "<util/reconstructible.h>", byref, pure.} = object
+
+proc construct*[T](x: Constructible[T]) {.importcpp.}
+  ## Construct a constructible C++ object.
+
+proc destruct*[T](x: Constructible[T]) {.importcpp.}
+  ## Destruct a constructible C++ object.
+
+proc constructed*[T](x: Constructible[T]): bool {.importcpp.}
+  ## Test if an object is constructed.
diff --git a/lib/genode/entrypoints.nim b/lib/genode/entrypoints.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0bf5e0e0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/genode/entrypoints.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#
+#
+#            Nim's Runtime Library
+#        (c) Copyright 2022 Emery Hemingway
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+## See `Genode Foundations - Entrypoint <https://genode.org/documentation/genode-foundations/21.05/functional_specification/Entrypoint.html>`
+## for a description of Entrypoints.
+
+type
+  EntrypointObj {.
+    importcpp: "Genode::Entrypoint",
+    header: "<base/entrypoint.h>",
+    pure.} = object
+  Entrypoint* = ptr EntrypointObj
+    ## Opaque Entrypoint object.
+
+proc ep*(env: GenodeEnv): Entrypoint {.importcpp: "(&#->ep())".}
+  ## Access the entrypoint associated with `env`.
diff --git a/lib/genode/env.nim b/lib/genode/env.nim
index ef4a25883..babe2a8a0 100644
--- a/lib/genode/env.nim
+++ b/lib/genode/env.nim
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@
 #
 
 when not defined(genode):
-  {.error: "Genode only include".}
+  {.error: "Genode only module".}
 
 type
-  GenodeEnvObj {.importcpp: "Genode::Env", header: "<base/env.h>", pure.} = object
-  GenodeEnvPtr = ptr GenodeEnvObj
+  GenodeEnvObj* {.importcpp: "Genode::Env", header: "<base/env.h>", pure.} = object
+  GenodeEnvPtr* = ptr GenodeEnvObj
 
-const runtimeEnvSym = "nim_runtime_env"
+const runtimeEnvSym* = "nim_runtime_env"
 
 when not defined(nimscript):
-  var runtimeEnv {.importcpp: runtimeEnvSym.}: GenodeEnvPtr
+  var runtimeEnv* {.importcpp: runtimeEnvSym.}: GenodeEnvPtr
diff --git a/lib/genode/signals.nim b/lib/genode/signals.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d1875730
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/genode/signals.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#
+#
+#            Nim's Runtime Library
+#        (c) Copyright 2022 Emery Hemingway
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+## See `Genode Foundations - Asynchronous notifications <https://genode.org/documentation/genode-foundations/21.05/architecture/Inter-component_communication.html#Asynchronous_notifications>`
+## for a description of Genode signals.
+
+when not defined(genode) or defined(nimdoc):
+  {.error: "Genode only module".}
+
+import ./entrypoints, ./constructibles
+
+export ep # Entrypoint accessor on GenodeEnv
+
+type
+  SignalContextCapability* {.
+    importcpp: "Genode::Signal_context_capability",
+    header: "<base/signal.h>", pure.} = object
+    ## Capability to an asynchronous signal context.
+
+proc isValid*(cap: SignalContextCapability): bool {.importcpp: "#.valid()".}
+  ## Call the Genode core to check if this `SignalContextCapability` is valid.
+  # TODO: RpcEffect
+
+type
+  HandlerProc = proc () {.closure, gcsafe.}
+
+  SignalHandlerBase {.
+    importcpp: "Nim::SignalHandler",
+    header: "genode_cpp/signals.h",
+    pure.} = object
+
+  SignalHandlerCpp = Constructible[SignalHandlerBase]
+
+  SignalHandlerObj = object
+    cpp: SignalHandlerCpp
+    cb: HandlerProc
+      ## Signal handling procedure called during dispatch.
+
+  SignalHandler* = ref SignalHandlerObj
+    ## Nim object enclosing a Genode signal handler.
+
+proc construct(cpp: SignalHandlerCpp; ep: Entrypoint; sh: SignalHandler) {.importcpp.}
+
+proc cap(cpp: SignalHandlerCpp): SignalContextCapability {.importcpp: "#->cap()".}
+
+proc newSignalHandler*(ep: Entrypoint; cb: HandlerProc): SignalHandler =
+  ## Create a new signal handler. A label is recommended for
+  ## debugging purposes. A signal handler will not be garbage
+  ## collected until after it has been dissolved.
+  result = SignalHandler(cb: cb)
+  result.cpp.construct(ep, result)
+  GCref result
+
+proc dissolve*(sig: SignalHandler) =
+  ## Dissolve signal dispatcher from entrypoint.
+  # TODO: =destroy?
+  destruct sig.cpp
+  sig.cb = nil # lose the callback
+  GCunref sig
+
+proc cap*(sig: SignalHandler): SignalContextCapability =
+  ## Signal context capability. Can be delegated to external components.
+  sig.cpp.cap
+
+proc submit*(cap: SignalContextCapability) {.
+    importcpp: "Genode::Signal_transmitter(#).submit()".}
+  ## Submit a signal to a context capability.
+
+proc nimHandleSignal(p: pointer) {.exportc.} =
+  ## C symbol invoked by entrypoint during signal dispatch.
+  cast[SignalHandler](p).cb()
diff --git a/lib/genode_cpp/signals.h b/lib/genode_cpp/signals.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fa3975d38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/genode_cpp/signals.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ *
+ *           Nim's Runtime Library
+ *       (c) Copyright 2022 Emery Hemingway
+ *
+ *   See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+ *   distribution, for details about the copyright.
+ *
+ */
+
+#ifndef _NIM_SIGNALS_H_
+#define _NIM_SIGNALS_H_
+
+#include <libc/component.h>
+#include <base/signal.h>
+#include <util/reconstructible.h>
+
+// Symbol for calling back into Nim
+extern "C" void nimHandleSignal(void *arg);
+
+namespace Nim { struct SignalHandler; }
+
+struct Nim::SignalHandler
+{
+	// Pointer to the Nim handler object.
+	void *arg;
+
+	void handle_signal() {
+		Libc::with_libc([this] () { nimHandleSignal(arg); }); }
+
+	Genode::Signal_handler<SignalHandler> handler;
+
+	SignalHandler(Genode::Entrypoint *ep, void *arg)
+	: arg(arg), handler(*ep, *this, &SignalHandler::handle_signal) { }
+
+	Genode::Signal_context_capability cap() { return handler; }
+};
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/genode_cpp/syslocks.h b/lib/genode_cpp/syslocks.h
index 8ba39abc2..b5d5ae694 100644
--- a/lib/genode_cpp/syslocks.h
+++ b/lib/genode_cpp/syslocks.h
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 /* Genode includes */
 #include <base/semaphore.h>
-#include <base/lock.h>
+#include <base/mutex.h>
 
 namespace Nim {
 	struct SysLock;
@@ -22,15 +22,14 @@ namespace Nim {
 
 struct Nim::SysLock
 {
-	Genode::Lock _lock_a, _lock_b;
+	Genode::Mutex _mutex_a, _mutex_b;
 	bool         _locked;
 
 	void acquireSys()
 	{
-		_lock_a.lock();
+		Genode::Mutex::Guard guard(_mutex_a);
 		_locked = true;
-		_lock_a.unlock();
-		_lock_b.lock();
+		_mutex_b.acquire();
 	}
 
 	bool tryAcquireSys()
@@ -38,23 +37,22 @@ struct Nim::SysLock
 		if (_locked)
 			return false;
 
-		_lock_a.lock();
+		Genode::Mutex::Guard guard(_mutex_a);
+
 		if (_locked) {
-			_lock_a.unlock();
 			return false;
 		} else {
 			_locked = true;
-			_lock_b.lock();
-			_lock_a.unlock();
+			_mutex_b.acquire();
 			return true;
 		}
 	}
 
 	void releaseSys()
 	{
+		Genode::Mutex::Guard guard(_mutex_a);
 		_locked = false;
-		_lock_a.unlock();
-		_lock_b.unlock();
+		_mutex_b.release();
 	}
 };
 
@@ -73,6 +71,11 @@ struct Nim::SysCond
 	{
 		_semaphore.up();
 	}
+
+	void broadcastSysCond()
+	{
+		_semaphore.up();
+	}
 };
 
 #endif
diff --git a/lib/impure/db_mysql.nim b/lib/impure/db_mysql.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 242ea1b0d..000000000
--- a/lib/impure/db_mysql.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,424 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2015 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-## A higher level `mySQL`:idx: database wrapper. The same interface is
-## implemented for other databases too.
-##
-## See also: `db_odbc <db_odbc.html>`_, `db_sqlite <db_sqlite.html>`_,
-## `db_postgres <db_postgres.html>`_.
-##
-## Parameter substitution
-## ======================
-##
-## All `db_*` modules support the same form of parameter substitution.
-## That is, using the `?` (question mark) to signify the place where a
-## value should be placed. For example:
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##     sql"INSERT INTO myTable (colA, colB, colC) VALUES (?, ?, ?)"
-##
-##
-## Examples
-## ========
-##
-## Opening a connection to a database
-## ----------------------------------
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##     import std/db_mysql
-##     let db = open("localhost", "user", "password", "dbname")
-##     db.close()
-##
-## Creating a table
-## ----------------
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##      db.exec(sql"DROP TABLE IF EXISTS myTable")
-##      db.exec(sql("""CREATE TABLE myTable (
-##                       id integer,
-##                       name varchar(50) not null)"""))
-##
-## Inserting data
-## --------------
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##     db.exec(sql"INSERT INTO myTable (id, name) VALUES (0, ?)",
-##             "Dominik")
-##
-## Larger example
-## --------------
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##
-##  import std/[db_mysql, math]
-##
-##  let theDb = open("localhost", "nim", "nim", "test")
-##
-##  theDb.exec(sql"Drop table if exists myTestTbl")
-##  theDb.exec(sql("create table myTestTbl (" &
-##      " Id    INT(11)     NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, " &
-##      " Name  VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, " &
-##      " i     INT(11), " &
-##      " f     DECIMAL(18,10))"))
-##
-##  theDb.exec(sql"START TRANSACTION")
-##  for i in 1..1000:
-##    theDb.exec(sql"INSERT INTO myTestTbl (name,i,f) VALUES (?,?,?)",
-##          "Item#" & $i, i, sqrt(i.float))
-##  theDb.exec(sql"COMMIT")
-##
-##  for x in theDb.fastRows(sql"select * from myTestTbl"):
-##    echo x
-##
-##  let id = theDb.tryInsertId(sql"INSERT INTO myTestTbl (name,i,f) VALUES (?,?,?)",
-##          "Item#1001", 1001, sqrt(1001.0))
-##  echo "Inserted item: ", theDb.getValue(sql"SELECT name FROM myTestTbl WHERE id=?", id)
-##
-##  theDb.close()
-
-
-import strutils, mysql
-
-import db_common
-export db_common
-
-import std/private/since
-
-type
-  DbConn* = distinct PMySQL ## encapsulates a database connection
-  Row* = seq[string]   ## a row of a dataset. NULL database values will be
-                       ## converted to nil.
-  InstantRow* = object ## a handle that can be used to get a row's
-                       ## column text on demand
-    row: cstringArray
-    len: int
-
-proc dbError*(db: DbConn) {.noreturn.} =
-  ## raises a DbError exception.
-  var e: ref DbError
-  new(e)
-  e.msg = $mysql.error(PMySQL db)
-  raise e
-
-when false:
-  proc dbQueryOpt*(db: DbConn, query: string, args: varargs[string, `$`]) =
-    var stmt = mysql_stmt_init(db)
-    if stmt == nil: dbError(db)
-    if mysql_stmt_prepare(stmt, query, len(query)) != 0:
-      dbError(db)
-    var
-      binding: seq[MYSQL_BIND]
-    discard mysql_stmt_close(stmt)
-
-proc dbQuote*(s: string): string =
-  ## DB quotes the string.
-  result = newStringOfCap(s.len + 2)
-  result.add "'"
-  for c in items(s):
-    # see https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/SQL_Injection_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.html#mysql-escaping
-    case c
-    of '\0': result.add "\\0"
-    of '\b': result.add "\\b"
-    of '\t': result.add "\\t"
-    of '\l': result.add "\\n"
-    of '\r': result.add "\\r"
-    of '\x1a': result.add "\\Z"
-    of '"': result.add "\\\""
-    of '\'': result.add "\\'"
-    of '\\': result.add "\\\\"
-    of '_': result.add "\\_"
-    else: result.add c
-  add(result, '\'')
-
-proc dbFormat(formatstr: SqlQuery, args: varargs[string]): string =
-  result = ""
-  var a = 0
-  for c in items(string(formatstr)):
-    if c == '?':
-      add(result, dbQuote(args[a]))
-      inc(a)
-    else:
-      add(result, c)
-
-proc tryExec*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery, args: varargs[string, `$`]): bool {.
-  tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect].} =
-  ## tries to execute the query and returns true if successful, false otherwise.
-  var q = dbFormat(query, args)
-  return mysql.realQuery(PMySQL db, q, q.len) == 0'i32
-
-proc rawExec(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery, args: varargs[string, `$`]) =
-  var q = dbFormat(query, args)
-  if mysql.realQuery(PMySQL db, q, q.len) != 0'i32: dbError(db)
-
-proc exec*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery, args: varargs[string, `$`]) {.
-  tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect].} =
-  ## executes the query and raises EDB if not successful.
-  var q = dbFormat(query, args)
-  if mysql.realQuery(PMySQL db, q, q.len) != 0'i32: dbError(db)
-
-proc newRow(L: int): Row =
-  newSeq(result, L)
-  for i in 0..L-1: result[i] = ""
-
-proc properFreeResult(sqlres: mysql.PRES, row: cstringArray) =
-  if row != nil:
-    while mysql.fetchRow(sqlres) != nil: discard
-  mysql.freeResult(sqlres)
-
-iterator fastRows*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                   args: varargs[string, `$`]): Row {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## executes the query and iterates over the result dataset.
-  ##
-  ## This is very fast, but potentially dangerous.  Use this iterator only
-  ## if you require **ALL** the rows.
-  ##
-  ## Breaking the fastRows() iterator during a loop will cause the next
-  ## database query to raise an [EDb] exception `Commands out of sync`.
-  rawExec(db, query, args)
-  var sqlres = mysql.useResult(PMySQL db)
-  if sqlres != nil:
-    var
-      L = int(mysql.numFields(sqlres))
-      row: cstringArray
-      result: Row
-      backup: Row
-    newSeq(result, L)
-    while true:
-      row = mysql.fetchRow(sqlres)
-      if row == nil: break
-      for i in 0..L-1:
-        setLen(result[i], 0)
-        result[i].add row[i]
-      yield result
-    properFreeResult(sqlres, row)
-
-iterator instantRows*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                      args: varargs[string, `$`]): InstantRow
-                      {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## Same as fastRows but returns a handle that can be used to get column text
-  ## on demand using []. Returned handle is valid only within the iterator body.
-  rawExec(db, query, args)
-  var sqlres = mysql.useResult(PMySQL db)
-  if sqlres != nil:
-    let L = int(mysql.numFields(sqlres))
-    var row: cstringArray
-    while true:
-      row = mysql.fetchRow(sqlres)
-      if row == nil: break
-      yield InstantRow(row: row, len: L)
-    properFreeResult(sqlres, row)
-
-proc setTypeName(t: var DbType; f: PFIELD) =
-  t.name = $f.name
-  t.maxReprLen = Natural(f.max_length)
-  if (NOT_NULL_FLAG and f.flags) != 0: t.notNull = true
-  case f.ftype
-  of TYPE_DECIMAL:
-    t.kind = dbDecimal
-  of TYPE_TINY:
-    t.kind = dbInt
-    t.size = 1
-  of TYPE_SHORT:
-    t.kind = dbInt
-    t.size = 2
-  of TYPE_LONG:
-    t.kind = dbInt
-    t.size = 4
-  of TYPE_FLOAT:
-    t.kind = dbFloat
-    t.size = 4
-  of TYPE_DOUBLE:
-    t.kind = dbFloat
-    t.size = 8
-  of TYPE_NULL:
-    t.kind = dbNull
-  of TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
-    t.kind = dbTimestamp
-  of TYPE_LONGLONG:
-    t.kind = dbInt
-    t.size = 8
-  of TYPE_INT24:
-    t.kind = dbInt
-    t.size = 3
-  of TYPE_DATE:
-    t.kind = dbDate
-  of TYPE_TIME:
-    t.kind = dbTime
-  of TYPE_DATETIME:
-    t.kind = dbDatetime
-  of TYPE_YEAR:
-    t.kind = dbDate
-  of TYPE_NEWDATE:
-    t.kind = dbDate
-  of TYPE_VARCHAR, TYPE_VAR_STRING, TYPE_STRING:
-    t.kind = dbVarchar
-  of TYPE_BIT:
-    t.kind = dbBit
-  of TYPE_NEWDECIMAL:
-    t.kind = dbDecimal
-  of TYPE_ENUM: t.kind = dbEnum
-  of TYPE_SET: t.kind = dbSet
-  of TYPE_TINY_BLOB, TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB, TYPE_LONG_BLOB,
-     TYPE_BLOB: t.kind = dbBlob
-  of TYPE_GEOMETRY:
-    t.kind = dbGeometry
-
-proc setColumnInfo(columns: var DbColumns; res: PRES; L: int) =
-  setLen(columns, L)
-  for i in 0..<L:
-    let fp = mysql.fetch_field_direct(res, cint(i))
-    setTypeName(columns[i].typ, fp)
-    columns[i].name = $fp.name
-    columns[i].tableName = $fp.table
-    columns[i].primaryKey = (fp.flags and PRI_KEY_FLAG) != 0
-    #columns[i].foreignKey = there is no such thing in mysql
-
-iterator instantRows*(db: DbConn; columns: var DbColumns; query: SqlQuery;
-                      args: varargs[string, `$`]): InstantRow =
-  ## Same as fastRows but returns a handle that can be used to get column text
-  ## on demand using []. Returned handle is valid only within the iterator body.
-  rawExec(db, query, args)
-  var sqlres = mysql.useResult(PMySQL db)
-  if sqlres != nil:
-    let L = int(mysql.numFields(sqlres))
-    setColumnInfo(columns, sqlres, L)
-    var row: cstringArray
-    while true:
-      row = mysql.fetchRow(sqlres)
-      if row == nil: break
-      yield InstantRow(row: row, len: L)
-    properFreeResult(sqlres, row)
-
-
-proc `[]`*(row: InstantRow, col: int): string {.inline.} =
-  ## Returns text for given column of the row.
-  $row.row[col]
-
-proc unsafeColumnAt*(row: InstantRow, index: int): cstring {.inline.} =
-  ## Return cstring of given column of the row
-  row.row[index]
-
-proc len*(row: InstantRow): int {.inline.} =
-  ## Returns number of columns in the row.
-  row.len
-
-proc getRow*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-             args: varargs[string, `$`]): Row {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## Retrieves a single row. If the query doesn't return any rows, this proc
-  ## will return a Row with empty strings for each column.
-  rawExec(db, query, args)
-  var sqlres = mysql.useResult(PMySQL db)
-  if sqlres != nil:
-    var L = int(mysql.numFields(sqlres))
-    result = newRow(L)
-    var row = mysql.fetchRow(sqlres)
-    if row != nil:
-      for i in 0..L-1:
-        setLen(result[i], 0)
-        add(result[i], row[i])
-    properFreeResult(sqlres, row)
-
-proc getAllRows*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                 args: varargs[string, `$`]): seq[Row] {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## executes the query and returns the whole result dataset.
-  result = @[]
-  rawExec(db, query, args)
-  var sqlres = mysql.useResult(PMySQL db)
-  if sqlres != nil:
-    var L = int(mysql.numFields(sqlres))
-    var row: cstringArray
-    var j = 0
-    while true:
-      row = mysql.fetchRow(sqlres)
-      if row == nil: break
-      setLen(result, j+1)
-      newSeq(result[j], L)
-      for i in 0..L-1:
-        result[j][i] = $row[i]
-      inc(j)
-    mysql.freeResult(sqlres)
-
-iterator rows*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-               args: varargs[string, `$`]): Row {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## same as `fastRows`, but slower and safe.
-  for r in items(getAllRows(db, query, args)): yield r
-
-proc getValue*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-               args: varargs[string, `$`]): string {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## executes the query and returns the first column of the first row of the
-  ## result dataset. Returns "" if the dataset contains no rows or the database
-  ## value is NULL.
-  result = getRow(db, query, args)[0]
-
-proc tryInsertId*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                  args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64 {.tags: [WriteDbEffect].} =
-  ## executes the query (typically "INSERT") and returns the
-  ## generated ID for the row or -1 in case of an error.
-  var q = dbFormat(query, args)
-  if mysql.realQuery(PMySQL db, q, q.len) != 0'i32:
-    result = -1'i64
-  else:
-    result = mysql.insertId(PMySQL db)
-
-proc insertId*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-               args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64 {.tags: [WriteDbEffect].} =
-  ## executes the query (typically "INSERT") and returns the
-  ## generated ID for the row.
-  result = tryInsertID(db, query, args)
-  if result < 0: dbError(db)
-
-proc tryInsert*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery, pkName: string,
-                args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64
-               {.tags: [WriteDbEffect], raises: [], since: (1, 3).} =
-  ## same as tryInsertID
-  tryInsertID(db, query, args)
-
-proc insert*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery, pkName: string,
-             args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64
-            {.tags: [WriteDbEffect], since: (1, 3).} =
-  ## same as insertId
-  result = tryInsert(db, query,pkName, args)
-  if result < 0: dbError(db)
-
-proc execAffectedRows*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                       args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64 {.
-                       tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect].} =
-  ## runs the query (typically "UPDATE") and returns the
-  ## number of affected rows
-  rawExec(db, query, args)
-  result = mysql.affectedRows(PMySQL db)
-
-proc close*(db: DbConn) {.tags: [DbEffect].} =
-  ## closes the database connection.
-  if PMySQL(db) != nil: mysql.close(PMySQL db)
-
-proc open*(connection, user, password, database: string): DbConn {.
-  tags: [DbEffect].} =
-  ## opens a database connection. Raises `EDb` if the connection could not
-  ## be established.
-  var res = mysql.init(nil)
-  if res == nil: dbError("could not open database connection")
-  let
-    colonPos = connection.find(':')
-    host = if colonPos < 0: connection
-           else: substr(connection, 0, colonPos-1)
-    port: int32 = if colonPos < 0: 0'i32
-                  else: substr(connection, colonPos+1).parseInt.int32
-  if mysql.realConnect(res, host, user, password, database,
-                       port, nil, 0) == nil:
-    var errmsg = $mysql.error(res)
-    mysql.close(res)
-    dbError(errmsg)
-  result = DbConn(res)
-
-proc setEncoding*(connection: DbConn, encoding: string): bool {.
-  tags: [DbEffect].} =
-  ## sets the encoding of a database connection, returns true for
-  ## success, false for failure.
-  result = mysql.set_character_set(PMySQL connection, encoding) == 0
diff --git a/lib/impure/db_odbc.nim b/lib/impure/db_odbc.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e4032b34..000000000
--- a/lib/impure/db_odbc.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,532 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2015 Nim Contributors
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-## A higher level `ODBC` database wrapper.
-##
-## This is the same interface that is implemented for other databases.
-##
-## This has NOT yet been (extensively) tested against ODBC drivers for
-## Teradata, Oracle, Sybase, MSSqlvSvr, et. al.  databases.
-##
-## Currently all queries are ANSI calls, not Unicode.
-##
-## See also: `db_postgres <db_postgres.html>`_, `db_sqlite <db_sqlite.html>`_,
-## `db_mysql <db_mysql.html>`_.
-##
-## Parameter substitution
-## ======================
-##
-## All `db_*` modules support the same form of parameter substitution.
-## That is, using the `?` (question mark) to signify the place where a
-## value should be placed. For example:
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##     sql"INSERT INTO myTable (colA, colB, colC) VALUES (?, ?, ?)"
-##
-##
-## Examples
-## ========
-##
-## Opening a connection to a database
-## ----------------------------------
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##     import std/db_odbc
-##     var db = open("localhost", "user", "password", "dbname")
-##     db.close()
-##
-## Creating a table
-## ----------------
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##      db.exec(sql"DROP TABLE IF EXISTS myTable")
-##      db.exec(sql("""CREATE TABLE myTable (
-##                       id integer,
-##                       name varchar(50) not null)"""))
-##
-## Inserting data
-## --------------
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##     db.exec(sql"INSERT INTO myTable (id, name) VALUES (0, ?)",
-##             "Andreas")
-##
-## Large example
-## -------------
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##
-##  import std/[db_odbc, math]
-##
-##  var theDb = open("localhost", "nim", "nim", "test")
-##
-##  theDb.exec(sql"Drop table if exists myTestTbl")
-##  theDb.exec(sql("create table myTestTbl (" &
-##      " Id    INT(11)     NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, " &
-##      " Name  VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, " &
-##      " i     INT(11), " &
-##      " f     DECIMAL(18,10))"))
-##
-##  theDb.exec(sql"START TRANSACTION")
-##  for i in 1..1000:
-##    theDb.exec(sql"INSERT INTO myTestTbl (name,i,f) VALUES (?,?,?)",
-##          "Item#" & $i, i, sqrt(i.float))
-##  theDb.exec(sql"COMMIT")
-##
-##  for x in theDb.fastRows(sql"select * from myTestTbl"):
-##    echo x
-##
-##  let id = theDb.tryInsertId(sql"INSERT INTO myTestTbl (name,i,f) VALUES (?,?,?)",
-##          "Item#1001", 1001, sqrt(1001.0))
-##  echo "Inserted item: ", theDb.getValue(sql"SELECT name FROM myTestTbl WHERE id=?", id)
-##
-##  theDb.close()
-
-import strutils, odbcsql
-import db_common
-export db_common
-
-import std/private/since
-
-type
-  OdbcConnTyp = tuple[hDb: SqlHDBC, env: SqlHEnv, stmt: SqlHStmt]
-  DbConn* = OdbcConnTyp    ## encapsulates a database connection
-  Row* = seq[string]   ## a row of a dataset. NULL database values will be
-                       ## converted to nil.
-  InstantRow* = tuple[row: seq[string], len: int]  ## a handle that can be
-                                                    ## used to get a row's
-                                                    ## column text on demand
-
-var
-  buf: array[0..4096, char]
-
-proc properFreeResult(hType: int, sqlres: var SqlHandle) {.
-          tags: [WriteDbEffect], raises: [].} =
-  try:
-    discard SQLFreeHandle(hType.TSqlSmallInt, sqlres)
-    sqlres = nil
-  except: discard
-
-proc getErrInfo(db: var DbConn): tuple[res: int, ss, ne, msg: string] {.
-          tags: [ReadDbEffect], raises: [].} =
-  ## Returns ODBC error information
-  var
-    sqlState: array[0..512, char]
-    nativeErr: array[0..512, char]
-    errMsg: array[0..512, char]
-    retSz: TSqlSmallInt = 0
-    res: TSqlSmallInt = 0
-  try:
-    sqlState[0] = '\0'
-    nativeErr[0] = '\0'
-    errMsg[0] = '\0'
-    res = SQLErr(db.env, db.hDb, db.stmt,
-              cast[PSQLCHAR](sqlState.addr),
-              cast[PSQLCHAR](nativeErr.addr),
-              cast[PSQLCHAR](errMsg.addr),
-              511.TSqlSmallInt, retSz.addr)
-  except:
-    discard
-  return (res.int, $(addr sqlState), $(addr nativeErr), $(addr errMsg))
-
-proc dbError*(db: var DbConn) {.
-          tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], raises: [DbError] .} =
-  ## Raises an `[DbError]` exception with ODBC error information
-  var
-    e: ref DbError
-    ss, ne, msg: string = ""
-    isAnError = false
-    res: int = 0
-    prevSs = ""
-  while true:
-    prevSs = ss
-    (res, ss, ne, msg) = db.getErrInfo()
-    if prevSs == ss:
-      break
-    # sqlState of 00000 is not an error
-    elif ss == "00000":
-      break
-    elif ss == "01000":
-      echo "\nWarning: ", ss, " ", msg
-      continue
-    else:
-      isAnError = true
-      echo "\nError: ", ss, " ", msg
-  if isAnError:
-    new(e)
-    e.msg = "ODBC Error"
-    if db.stmt != nil:
-      properFreeResult(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, db.stmt)
-    properFreeResult(SQL_HANDLE_DBC, db.hDb)
-    properFreeResult(SQL_HANDLE_ENV, db.env)
-    raise e
-
-proc sqlCheck(db: var DbConn, resVal: TSqlSmallInt) {.raises: [DbError]} =
-  ## Wrapper that raises [EDb] if `resVal` is neither SQL_SUCCESS or SQL_NO_DATA
-  if resVal notIn [SQL_SUCCESS, SQL_NO_DATA]: dbError(db)
-
-proc sqlGetDBMS(db: var DbConn): string {.
-        tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], raises: [] .} =
-  ## Returns the ODBC SQL_DBMS_NAME string
-  const
-    SQL_DBMS_NAME = 17.SqlUSmallInt
-  var
-    sz: TSqlSmallInt = 0
-  buf[0] = '\0'
-  try:
-    db.sqlCheck(SQLGetInfo(db.hDb, SQL_DBMS_NAME, cast[SqlPointer](buf.addr),
-                        4095.TSqlSmallInt, sz.addr))
-  except: discard
-  return $(addr buf)
-
-proc dbQuote*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect.} =
-  ## DB quotes the string.
-  result = "'"
-  for c in items(s):
-    if c == '\'': add(result, "''")
-    else: add(result, c)
-  add(result, '\'')
-
-proc dbFormat(formatstr: SqlQuery, args: varargs[string]): string {.
-                  noSideEffect.} =
-  ## Replace any `?` placeholders with `args`,
-  ## and quotes the arguments
-  result = ""
-  var a = 0
-  for c in items(string(formatstr)):
-    if c == '?':
-      add(result, dbQuote(args[a]))
-      inc(a)
-    else:
-      add(result, c)
-
-proc prepareFetch(db: var DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                args: varargs[string, `$`]): TSqlSmallInt {.
-                tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], raises: [DbError].} =
-  # Prepare a statement, execute it and fetch the data to the driver
-  # ready for retrieval of the data
-  # Used internally by iterators and retrieval procs
-  # requires calling
-  #      properFreeResult(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, db.stmt)
-  # when finished
-  db.sqlCheck(SQLAllocHandle(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, db.hDb, db.stmt))
-  var q = dbFormat(query, args)
-  db.sqlCheck(SQLPrepare(db.stmt, q.PSQLCHAR, q.len.TSqlSmallInt))
-  db.sqlCheck(SQLExecute(db.stmt))
-  result = SQLFetch(db.stmt)
-  db.sqlCheck(result)
-
-proc prepareFetchDirect(db: var DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                args: varargs[string, `$`]) {.
-                tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], raises: [DbError].} =
-  # Prepare a statement, execute it and fetch the data to the driver
-  # ready for retrieval of the data
-  # Used internally by iterators and retrieval procs
-  # requires calling
-  #      properFreeResult(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, db.stmt)
-  # when finished
-  db.sqlCheck(SQLAllocHandle(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, db.hDb, db.stmt))
-  var q = dbFormat(query, args)
-  db.sqlCheck(SQLExecDirect(db.stmt, q.PSQLCHAR, q.len.TSqlSmallInt))
-  db.sqlCheck(SQLFetch(db.stmt))
-
-proc tryExec*(db: var DbConn, query: SqlQuery, args: varargs[string, `$`]): bool {.
-  tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], raises: [].} =
-  ## Tries to execute the query and returns true if successful, false otherwise.
-  var
-    res:TSqlSmallInt = -1
-  try:
-    db.prepareFetchDirect(query, args)
-    var
-      rCnt:TSqlLen = -1
-    res = SQLRowCount(db.stmt, rCnt)
-    properFreeResult(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, db.stmt)
-    if res != SQL_SUCCESS: dbError(db)
-  except: discard
-  return res == SQL_SUCCESS
-
-proc rawExec(db: var DbConn, query: SqlQuery, args: varargs[string, `$`]) {.
-            tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], raises: [DbError].} =
-  db.prepareFetchDirect(query, args)
-
-proc exec*(db: var DbConn, query: SqlQuery, args: varargs[string, `$`]) {.
-            tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], raises: [DbError].} =
-  ## Executes the query and raises EDB if not successful.
-  db.prepareFetchDirect(query, args)
-  properFreeResult(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, db.stmt)
-
-proc newRow(L: int): Row {.noSideEFfect.} =
-  newSeq(result, L)
-  for i in 0..L-1: result[i] = ""
-
-iterator fastRows*(db: var DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                   args: varargs[string, `$`]): Row {.
-                tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], raises: [DbError].} =
-  ## Executes the query and iterates over the result dataset.
-  ##
-  ## This is very fast, but potentially dangerous.  Use this iterator only
-  ## if you require **ALL** the rows.
-  ##
-  ## Breaking the fastRows() iterator during a loop may cause a driver error
-  ## for subsequent queries
-  ##
-  ## Rows are retrieved from the server at each iteration.
-  var
-    rowRes: Row
-    sz: TSqlLen = 0
-    cCnt: TSqlSmallInt = 0
-    res: TSqlSmallInt = 0
-  res = db.prepareFetch(query, args)
-  if res == SQL_NO_DATA:
-    discard
-  elif res == SQL_SUCCESS:
-    res = SQLNumResultCols(db.stmt, cCnt)
-    rowRes = newRow(cCnt)
-    rowRes.setLen(max(cCnt,0))
-    while res == SQL_SUCCESS:
-      for colId in 1..cCnt:
-        buf[0] = '\0'
-        db.sqlCheck(SQLGetData(db.stmt, colId.SqlUSmallInt, SQL_C_CHAR,
-                                 cast[cstring](buf.addr), 4095, sz.addr))
-        rowRes[colId-1] = $(addr buf)
-      yield rowRes
-      res = SQLFetch(db.stmt)
-  properFreeResult(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, db.stmt)
-  db.sqlCheck(res)
-
-iterator instantRows*(db: var DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                      args: varargs[string, `$`]): InstantRow
-                {.tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect].} =
-  ## Same as fastRows but returns a handle that can be used to get column text
-  ## on demand using []. Returned handle is valid only within the iterator body.
-  var
-    rowRes: Row = @[]
-    sz: TSqlLen = 0
-    cCnt: TSqlSmallInt = 0
-    res: TSqlSmallInt = 0
-  res = db.prepareFetch(query, args)
-  if res == SQL_NO_DATA:
-    discard
-  elif res == SQL_SUCCESS:
-    res = SQLNumResultCols(db.stmt, cCnt)
-    rowRes = newRow(cCnt)
-    rowRes.setLen(max(cCnt,0))
-    while res == SQL_SUCCESS:
-      for colId in 1..cCnt:
-        buf[0] = '\0'
-        db.sqlCheck(SQLGetData(db.stmt, colId.SqlUSmallInt, SQL_C_CHAR,
-                                 cast[cstring](buf.addr), 4095, sz.addr))
-        rowRes[colId-1] = $(addr buf)
-      yield (row: rowRes, len: cCnt.int)
-      res = SQLFetch(db.stmt)
-  properFreeResult(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, db.stmt)
-  db.sqlCheck(res)
-
-proc `[]`*(row: InstantRow, col: int): string {.inline.} =
-  ## Returns text for given column of the row
-  $row.row[col]
-
-proc unsafeColumnAt*(row: InstantRow, index: int): cstring {.inline.} =
-  ## Return cstring of given column of the row
-  row.row[index]
-
-proc len*(row: InstantRow): int {.inline.} =
-  ## Returns number of columns in the row
-  row.len
-
-proc getRow*(db: var DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-             args: varargs[string, `$`]): Row {.
-          tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], raises: [DbError].} =
-  ## Retrieves a single row. If the query doesn't return any rows, this proc
-  ## will return a Row with empty strings for each column.
-  var
-    rowRes: Row
-    sz: TSqlLen = 0
-    cCnt: TSqlSmallInt = 0
-    res: TSqlSmallInt = 0
-  res = db.prepareFetch(query, args)
-  if res == SQL_NO_DATA:
-    result = @[]
-  elif res == SQL_SUCCESS:
-    res = SQLNumResultCols(db.stmt, cCnt)
-    rowRes = newRow(cCnt)
-    rowRes.setLen(max(cCnt,0))
-    for colId in 1..cCnt:
-      buf[0] = '\0'
-      db.sqlCheck(SQLGetData(db.stmt, colId.SqlUSmallInt, SQL_C_CHAR,
-                               cast[cstring](buf.addr), 4095, sz.addr))
-      rowRes[colId-1] = $(addr buf)
-    res = SQLFetch(db.stmt)
-    result = rowRes
-  properFreeResult(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, db.stmt)
-  db.sqlCheck(res)
-
-proc getAllRows*(db: var DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                 args: varargs[string, `$`]): seq[Row] {.
-           tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], raises: [DbError] .} =
-  ## Executes the query and returns the whole result dataset.
-  var
-    rows: seq[Row] = @[]
-    rowRes: Row
-    sz: TSqlLen = 0
-    cCnt: TSqlSmallInt = 0
-    res: TSqlSmallInt = 0
-  res = db.prepareFetch(query, args)
-  if res == SQL_NO_DATA:
-    result = @[]
-  elif res == SQL_SUCCESS:
-    res = SQLNumResultCols(db.stmt, cCnt)
-    rowRes = newRow(cCnt)
-    rowRes.setLen(max(cCnt,0))
-    while res == SQL_SUCCESS:
-      for colId in 1..cCnt:
-        buf[0] = '\0'
-        db.sqlCheck(SQLGetData(db.stmt, colId.SqlUSmallInt, SQL_C_CHAR,
-                                 cast[cstring](buf.addr), 4095, sz.addr))
-        rowRes[colId-1] = $(addr buf)
-      rows.add(rowRes)
-      res = SQLFetch(db.stmt)
-    result = rows
-  properFreeResult(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, db.stmt)
-  db.sqlCheck(res)
-
-iterator rows*(db: var DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-               args: varargs[string, `$`]): Row {.
-         tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], raises: [DbError].} =
-  ## Same as `fastRows`, but slower and safe.
-  ##
-  ## This retrieves ALL rows into memory before
-  ## iterating through the rows.
-  ## Large dataset queries will impact on memory usage.
-  for r in items(getAllRows(db, query, args)): yield r
-
-proc getValue*(db: var DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-               args: varargs[string, `$`]): string {.
-           tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], raises: [].} =
-  ## Executes the query and returns the first column of the first row of the
-  ## result dataset. Returns "" if the dataset contains no rows or the database
-  ## value is NULL.
-  result = ""
-  try:
-    result = getRow(db, query, args)[0]
-  except: discard
-
-proc tryInsertId*(db: var DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                  args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64 {.
-            tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], raises: [].} =
-  ## Executes the query (typically "INSERT") and returns the
-  ## generated ID for the row or -1 in case of an error.
-  if not tryExec(db, query, args):
-    result = -1'i64
-  else:
-    result = -1'i64
-    try:
-      case sqlGetDBMS(db).toLower():
-      of "postgresql":
-        result = getValue(db, sql"SELECT LASTVAL();", []).parseInt
-      of "mysql":
-        result = getValue(db, sql"SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID();", []).parseInt
-      of "sqlite":
-        result = getValue(db, sql"SELECT LAST_INSERT_ROWID();", []).parseInt
-      of "microsoft sql server":
-        result = getValue(db, sql"SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY();", []).parseInt
-      of "oracle":
-        result = getValue(db, sql"SELECT id.currval FROM DUAL;", []).parseInt
-      else: result = -1'i64
-    except: discard
-
-proc insertId*(db: var DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-               args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64 {.
-         tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], raises: [DbError].} =
-  ## Executes the query (typically "INSERT") and returns the
-  ## generated ID for the row.
-  result = tryInsertID(db, query, args)
-  if result < 0: dbError(db)
-
-proc tryInsert*(db: var DbConn, query: SqlQuery,pkName: string,
-                args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64
-               {.tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], raises: [], since: (1, 3).} =
-  ## same as tryInsertID
-  tryInsertID(db, query, args)
-
-proc insert*(db: var DbConn, query: SqlQuery, pkName: string,
-             args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64 
-            {.tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], since: (1, 3).} =
-  ## same as insertId
-  result = tryInsert(db, query,pkName, args)
-  if result < 0: dbError(db)
-
-proc execAffectedRows*(db: var DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                       args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64 {.
-             tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], raises: [DbError].} =
-  ## Runs the query (typically "UPDATE") and returns the
-  ## number of affected rows
-  result = -1
-  db.sqlCheck(SQLAllocHandle(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, db.hDb, db.stmt.SqlHandle))
-  var q = dbFormat(query, args)
-  db.sqlCheck(SQLPrepare(db.stmt, q.PSQLCHAR, q.len.TSqlSmallInt))
-  rawExec(db, query, args)
-  var rCnt:TSqlLen = -1
-  db.sqlCheck(SQLRowCount(db.hDb, rCnt))
-  properFreeResult(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, db.stmt)
-  result = rCnt.int64
-
-proc close*(db: var DbConn) {.
-      tags: [WriteDbEffect], raises: [].} =
-  ## Closes the database connection.
-  if db.hDb != nil:
-    try:
-      var res = SQLDisconnect(db.hDb)
-      if db.stmt != nil:
-        res = SQLFreeHandle(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, db.stmt)
-      res = SQLFreeHandle(SQL_HANDLE_DBC, db.hDb)
-      res = SQLFreeHandle(SQL_HANDLE_ENV, db.env)
-      db = (hDb: nil, env: nil, stmt: nil)
-    except:
-      discard
-
-proc open*(connection, user, password, database: string): DbConn {.
-  tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], raises: [DbError].} =
-  ## Opens a database connection.
-  ##
-  ## Raises `EDb` if the connection could not be established.
-  ##
-  ## Currently the database parameter is ignored,
-  ## but included to match `open()` in the other db_xxxxx library modules.
-  var
-    val = SQL_OV_ODBC3
-    resLen = 0
-  result = (hDb: nil, env: nil, stmt: nil)
-  # allocate environment handle
-  var res = SQLAllocHandle(SQL_HANDLE_ENV, result.env, result.env)
-  if res != SQL_SUCCESS: dbError("Error: unable to initialise ODBC environment.")
-  res = SQLSetEnvAttr(result.env,
-                      SQL_ATTR_ODBC_VERSION.TSqlInteger,
-                      cast[SqlPointer](val), resLen.TSqlInteger)
-  if res != SQL_SUCCESS: dbError("Error: unable to set ODBC driver version.")
-  # allocate hDb handle
-  res = SQLAllocHandle(SQL_HANDLE_DBC, result.env, result.hDb)
-  if res != SQL_SUCCESS: dbError("Error: unable to allocate connection handle.")
-
-  # Connect: connection = dsn str,
-  res = SQLConnect(result.hDb,
-                  connection.PSQLCHAR , connection.len.TSqlSmallInt,
-                  user.PSQLCHAR, user.len.TSqlSmallInt,
-                  password.PSQLCHAR, password.len.TSqlSmallInt)
-  if res != SQL_SUCCESS:
-    result.dbError()
-
-proc setEncoding*(connection: DbConn, encoding: string): bool {.
-  tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect], raises: [DbError].} =
-  ## Currently not implemented for ODBC.
-  ##
-  ## Sets the encoding of a database connection, returns true for
-  ## success, false for failure.
-  ##result = set_character_set(connection, encoding) == 0
-  dbError("setEncoding() is currently not implemented by the db_odbc module")
diff --git a/lib/impure/db_postgres.nim b/lib/impure/db_postgres.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 034a94852..000000000
--- a/lib/impure/db_postgres.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,590 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2015 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-## A higher level `PostgreSQL`:idx: database wrapper. This interface
-## is implemented for other databases also.
-##
-## See also: `db_odbc <db_odbc.html>`_, `db_sqlite <db_sqlite.html>`_,
-## `db_mysql <db_mysql.html>`_.
-##
-## Parameter substitution
-## ======================
-##
-## All `db_*` modules support the same form of parameter substitution.
-## That is, using the `?` (question mark) to signify the place where a
-## value should be placed. For example:
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##     sql"INSERT INTO myTable (colA, colB, colC) VALUES (?, ?, ?)"
-##
-## **Note**: There are two approaches to parameter substitution support by
-## this module.
-##
-## 1. `SqlQuery` using `?, ?, ?, ...` (same as all the `db_*` modules)
-##
-## 2. `SqlPrepared` using `$1, $2, $3, ...`
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##   prepare(db, "myExampleInsert",
-##           sql"""INSERT INTO myTable
-##                 (colA, colB, colC)
-##                 VALUES ($1, $2, $3)""",
-##           3)
-##
-##
-## Unix Socket
-## ===========
-##
-## Using Unix sockets instead of TCP connection can
-## `improve performance up to 30% ~ 175% for some operations <https://momjian.us/main/blogs/pgblog/2012.html#June_6_2012>`_.
-##
-## To use Unix sockets with `db_postgres`, change the server address to the socket file path:
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##   import std/db_postgres ## Change "localhost" or "127.0.0.1" to the socket file path
-##   let db = db_postgres.open("/run/postgresql", "user", "password", "database")
-##   echo db.getAllRows(sql"SELECT version();")
-##   db.close()
-##
-## The socket file path is operating system specific and distribution specific,
-## additional configuration may or may not be needed on your `postgresql.conf`.
-## The Postgres server must be on the same computer and only works for Unix-like operating systems.
-##
-##
-## Examples
-## ========
-##
-## Opening a connection to a database
-## ----------------------------------
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##     import std/db_postgres
-##     let db = open("localhost", "user", "password", "dbname")
-##     db.close()
-##
-## Creating a table
-## ----------------
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##      db.exec(sql"DROP TABLE IF EXISTS myTable")
-##      db.exec(sql("""CREATE TABLE myTable (
-##                       id integer,
-##                       name varchar(50) not null)"""))
-##
-## Inserting data
-## --------------
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##     db.exec(sql"INSERT INTO myTable (id, name) VALUES (0, ?)",
-##             "Dominik")
-import strutils, postgres
-
-import db_common
-export db_common
-
-import std/private/since
-
-type
-  DbConn* = PPGconn    ## encapsulates a database connection
-  Row* = seq[string]   ## a row of a dataset. NULL database values will be
-                       ## converted to nil.
-  InstantRow* = object ## a handle that can be
-    res: PPGresult     ## used to get a row's
-    line: int          ## column text on demand
-  SqlPrepared* = distinct string ## a identifier for the prepared queries
-
-proc dbError*(db: DbConn) {.noreturn.} =
-  ## raises a DbError exception.
-  var e: ref DbError
-  new(e)
-  e.msg = $pqErrorMessage(db)
-  raise e
-
-proc dbQuote*(s: string): string =
-  ## DB quotes the string.
-  result = "'"
-  for c in items(s):
-    if c == '\'': add(result, "''")
-    else: add(result, c)
-  add(result, '\'')
-
-proc dbFormat(formatstr: SqlQuery, args: varargs[string]): string =
-  result = ""
-  var a = 0
-  if args.len > 0 and not string(formatstr).contains("?"):
-    dbError("""parameter substitution expects "?" """)
-  if args.len == 0:
-    return string(formatstr)
-  else:
-    for c in items(string(formatstr)):
-      if c == '?':
-        add(result, dbQuote(args[a]))
-        inc(a)
-      else:
-        add(result, c)
-
-proc tryExec*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-              args: varargs[string, `$`]): bool {.tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect].} =
-  ## tries to execute the query and returns true if successful, false otherwise.
-  var res = pqexecParams(db, dbFormat(query, args), 0, nil, nil,
-                        nil, nil, 0)
-  result = pqresultStatus(res) == PGRES_COMMAND_OK
-  pqclear(res)
-
-proc tryExec*(db: DbConn, stmtName: SqlPrepared,
-              args: varargs[string, `$`]): bool {.tags: [
-              ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect].} =
-  ## tries to execute the query and returns true if successful, false otherwise.
-  var arr = allocCStringArray(args)
-  var res = pqexecPrepared(db, stmtName.string, int32(args.len), arr,
-                           nil, nil, 0)
-  deallocCStringArray(arr)
-  result = pqresultStatus(res) == PGRES_COMMAND_OK
-  pqclear(res)
-
-proc exec*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery, args: varargs[string, `$`]) {.
-  tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect].} =
-  ## executes the query and raises EDB if not successful.
-  var res = pqexecParams(db, dbFormat(query, args), 0, nil, nil,
-                        nil, nil, 0)
-  if pqresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK: dbError(db)
-  pqclear(res)
-
-proc exec*(db: DbConn, stmtName: SqlPrepared,
-          args: varargs[string]) {.tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect].} =
-  var arr = allocCStringArray(args)
-  var res = pqexecPrepared(db, stmtName.string, int32(args.len), arr,
-                           nil, nil, 0)
-  deallocCStringArray(arr)
-  if pqResultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK: dbError(db)
-  pqclear(res)
-
-proc newRow(L: int): Row =
-  newSeq(result, L)
-  for i in 0..L-1: result[i] = ""
-
-proc setupQuery(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                args: varargs[string]): PPGresult =
-  result = pqexec(db, dbFormat(query, args))
-  if pqResultStatus(result) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK: dbError(db)
-
-proc setupQuery(db: DbConn, stmtName: SqlPrepared,
-                 args: varargs[string]): PPGresult =
-  var arr = allocCStringArray(args)
-  result = pqexecPrepared(db, stmtName.string, int32(args.len), arr,
-                          nil, nil, 0)
-  deallocCStringArray(arr)
-  if pqResultStatus(result) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK: dbError(db)
-
-proc prepare*(db: DbConn; stmtName: string, query: SqlQuery;
-              nParams: int): SqlPrepared =
-  ## Creates a new `SqlPrepared` statement. Parameter substitution is done
-  ## via `$1`, `$2`, `$3`, etc.
-  if nParams > 0 and not string(query).contains("$1"):
-    dbError("parameter substitution expects \"$1\"")
-  var res = pqprepare(db, stmtName, query.string, int32(nParams), nil)
-  if pqResultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK: dbError(db)
-  return SqlPrepared(stmtName)
-
-proc setRow(res: PPGresult, r: var Row, line, cols: int32) =
-  for col in 0'i32..cols-1:
-    setLen(r[col], 0)
-    let x = pqgetvalue(res, line, col)
-    if x.isNil:
-      r[col] = ""
-    else:
-      add(r[col], x)
-
-iterator fastRows*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                   args: varargs[string, `$`]): Row {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## executes the query and iterates over the result dataset. This is very
-  ## fast, but potentially dangerous: If the for-loop-body executes another
-  ## query, the results can be undefined. For Postgres it is safe though.
-  var res = setupQuery(db, query, args)
-  var L = pqnfields(res)
-  var result = newRow(L)
-  for i in 0'i32..pqntuples(res)-1:
-    setRow(res, result, i, L)
-    yield result
-  pqclear(res)
-
-iterator fastRows*(db: DbConn, stmtName: SqlPrepared,
-                   args: varargs[string, `$`]): Row {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## executes the prepared query and iterates over the result dataset.
-  var res = setupQuery(db, stmtName, args)
-  var L = pqNfields(res)
-  var result = newRow(L)
-  for i in 0'i32..pqNtuples(res)-1:
-    setRow(res, result, i, L)
-    yield result
-  pqClear(res)
-
-iterator instantRows*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                      args: varargs[string, `$`]): InstantRow
-                      {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## same as fastRows but returns a handle that can be used to get column text
-  ## on demand using []. Returned handle is valid only within iterator body.
-  var res = setupQuery(db, query, args)
-  for i in 0'i32..pqNtuples(res)-1:
-    yield InstantRow(res: res, line: i)
-  pqClear(res)
-
-iterator instantRows*(db: DbConn, stmtName: SqlPrepared,
-                      args: varargs[string, `$`]): InstantRow
-                      {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## same as fastRows but returns a handle that can be used to get column text
-  ## on demand using []. Returned handle is valid only within iterator body.
-  var res = setupQuery(db, stmtName, args)
-  for i in 0'i32..pqNtuples(res)-1:
-    yield InstantRow(res: res, line: i)
-  pqClear(res)
-
-proc getColumnType(res: PPGresult, col: int) : DbType =
-  ## returns DbType for given column in the row
-  ## defined in pg_type.h file in the postgres source code
-  ## Wire representation for types: http://www.npgsql.org/dev/types.html
-  var oid = pqftype(res, int32(col))
-  ## The integer returned is the internal OID number of the type
-  case oid
-  of 16: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbBool, name: "bool")
-  of 17: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbBlob, name: "bytea")
-
-  of 21:   return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbInt, name: "int2", size: 2)
-  of 23:   return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbInt, name: "int4", size: 4)
-  of 20:   return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbInt, name: "int8", size: 8)
-  of 1560: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbBit, name: "bit")
-  of 1562: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbInt, name: "varbit")
-
-  of 18:   return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbFixedChar, name: "char")
-  of 19:   return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbFixedChar, name: "name")
-  of 1042: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbFixedChar, name: "bpchar")
-
-  of 25:   return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbVarchar, name: "text")
-  of 1043: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbVarChar, name: "varchar")
-  of 2275: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbVarchar, name: "cstring")
-
-  of 700: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbFloat, name: "float4")
-  of 701: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbFloat, name: "float8")
-
-  of 790:  return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbDecimal, name: "money")
-  of 1700: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbDecimal, name: "numeric")
-
-  of 704:  return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbTimeInterval, name: "tinterval")
-  of 702:  return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbTimestamp, name: "abstime")
-  of 703:  return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbTimeInterval, name: "reltime")
-  of 1082: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbDate, name: "date")
-  of 1083: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbTime, name: "time")
-  of 1114: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbTimestamp, name: "timestamp")
-  of 1184: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbTimestamp, name: "timestamptz")
-  of 1186: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbTimeInterval, name: "interval")
-  of 1266: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbTime, name: "timetz")
-
-  of 114:  return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbJson, name: "json")
-  of 142:  return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbXml, name: "xml")
-  of 3802: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbJson, name: "jsonb")
-
-  of 600: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbPoint, name: "point")
-  of 601: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbLseg, name: "lseg")
-  of 602: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbPath, name: "path")
-  of 603: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbBox, name: "box")
-  of 604: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbPolygon, name: "polygon")
-  of 628: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbLine, name: "line")
-  of 718: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbCircle, name: "circle")
-
-  of 650: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbInet, name: "cidr")
-  of 829: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbMacAddress, name: "macaddr")
-  of 869: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbInet, name: "inet")
-
-  of 2950: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbVarchar, name: "uuid")
-  of 3614: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbVarchar, name: "tsvector")
-  of 3615: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbVarchar, name: "tsquery")
-  of 2970: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbVarchar, name: "txid_snapshot")
-
-  of 27:   return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbComposite, name: "tid")
-  of 1790: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbComposite, name: "refcursor")
-  of 2249: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbComposite, name: "record")
-  of 3904: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbComposite, name: "int4range")
-  of 3906: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbComposite, name: "numrange")
-  of 3908: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbComposite, name: "tsrange")
-  of 3910: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbComposite, name: "tstzrange")
-  of 3912: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbComposite, name: "daterange")
-  of 3926: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbComposite, name: "int8range")
-
-  of 22:   return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "int2vector")
-  of 30:   return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "oidvector")
-  of 143:  return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "xml[]")
-  of 199:  return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "json[]")
-  of 629:  return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "line[]")
-  of 651:  return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "cidr[]")
-  of 719:  return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "circle[]")
-  of 791:  return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "money[]")
-  of 1000: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "bool[]")
-  of 1001: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "bytea[]")
-  of 1002: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "char[]")
-  of 1003: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "name[]")
-  of 1005: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "int2[]")
-  of 1006: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "int2vector[]")
-  of 1007: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "int4[]")
-  of 1008: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "regproc[]")
-  of 1009: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "text[]")
-  of 1028: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "oid[]")
-  of 1010: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "tid[]")
-  of 1011: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "xid[]")
-  of 1012: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "cid[]")
-  of 1013: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "oidvector[]")
-  of 1014: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "bpchar[]")
-  of 1015: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "varchar[]")
-  of 1016: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "int8[]")
-  of 1017: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "point[]")
-  of 1018: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "lseg[]")
-  of 1019: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "path[]")
-  of 1020: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "box[]")
-  of 1021: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "float4[]")
-  of 1022: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "float8[]")
-  of 1023: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "abstime[]")
-  of 1024: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "reltime[]")
-  of 1025: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "tinterval[]")
-  of 1027: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "polygon[]")
-  of 1040: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "macaddr[]")
-  of 1041: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "inet[]")
-  of 1263: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "cstring[]")
-  of 1115: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "timestamp[]")
-  of 1182: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "date[]")
-  of 1183: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "time[]")
-  of 1185: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "timestamptz[]")
-  of 1187: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "interval[]")
-  of 1231: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "numeric[]")
-  of 1270: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "timetz[]")
-  of 1561: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "bit[]")
-  of 1563: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "varbit[]")
-  of 2201: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "refcursor[]")
-  of 2951: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "uuid[]")
-  of 3643: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "tsvector[]")
-  of 3645: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "tsquery[]")
-  of 3807: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "jsonb[]")
-  of 2949: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "txid_snapshot[]")
-  of 3905: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "int4range[]")
-  of 3907: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "numrange[]")
-  of 3909: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "tsrange[]")
-  of 3911: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "tstzrange[]")
-  of 3913: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "daterange[]")
-  of 3927: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "int8range[]")
-  of 2287: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbArray, name: "record[]")
-
-  of 705:  return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbUnknown, name: "unknown")
-  else: return DbType(kind: DbTypeKind.dbUnknown, name: $oid) ## Query the system table pg_type to determine exactly which type is referenced.
-
-proc setColumnInfo(columns: var DbColumns; res: PPGresult; L: int32) =
-  setLen(columns, L)
-  for i in 0'i32..<L:
-    columns[i].name = $pqfname(res, i)
-    columns[i].typ = getColumnType(res, i)
-    columns[i].tableName = $(pqftable(res, i)) ## Returns the OID of the table from which the given column was fetched.
-                                               ## Query the system table pg_class to determine exactly which table is referenced.
-    #columns[i].primaryKey = libpq does not have a function for that
-    #columns[i].foreignKey = libpq does not have a function for that
-
-iterator instantRows*(db: DbConn; columns: var DbColumns; query: SqlQuery;
-                      args: varargs[string, `$`]): InstantRow
-                      {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  var res = setupQuery(db, query, args)
-  setColumnInfo(columns, res, pqnfields(res))
-  for i in 0'i32..<pqntuples(res):
-    yield InstantRow(res: res, line: i)
-  pqClear(res)
-
-proc `[]`*(row: InstantRow; col: int): string {.inline.} =
-  ## returns text for given column of the row
-  $pqgetvalue(row.res, int32(row.line), int32(col))
-
-proc unsafeColumnAt*(row: InstantRow, index: int): cstring {.inline.} =
-  ## Return cstring of given column of the row
-  pqgetvalue(row.res, int32(row.line), int32(index))
-
-proc len*(row: InstantRow): int {.inline.} =
-  ## returns number of columns in the row
-  int(pqNfields(row.res))
-
-proc getRow*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-             args: varargs[string, `$`]): Row {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## retrieves a single row. If the query doesn't return any rows, this proc
-  ## will return a Row with empty strings for each column.
-  var res = setupQuery(db, query, args)
-  var L = pqnfields(res)
-  result = newRow(L)
-  if pqntuples(res) > 0:
-    setRow(res, result, 0, L)
-  pqclear(res)
-
-proc getRow*(db: DbConn, stmtName: SqlPrepared,
-             args: varargs[string, `$`]): Row {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  var res = setupQuery(db, stmtName, args)
-  var L = pqNfields(res)
-  result = newRow(L)
-  if pqntuples(res) > 0:
-    setRow(res, result, 0, L)
-  pqClear(res)
-
-proc getAllRows*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                 args: varargs[string, `$`]): seq[Row] {.
-                 tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## executes the query and returns the whole result dataset.
-  result = @[]
-  for r in fastRows(db, query, args):
-    result.add(r)
-
-proc getAllRows*(db: DbConn, stmtName: SqlPrepared,
-                 args: varargs[string, `$`]): seq[Row] {.tags:
-                 [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## executes the prepared query and returns the whole result dataset.
-  result = @[]
-  for r in fastRows(db, stmtName, args):
-    result.add(r)
-
-iterator rows*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-               args: varargs[string, `$`]): Row {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## same as `fastRows`, but slower and safe.
-  for r in items(getAllRows(db, query, args)): yield r
-
-iterator rows*(db: DbConn, stmtName: SqlPrepared,
-               args: varargs[string, `$`]): Row {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## same as `fastRows`, but slower and safe.
-  for r in items(getAllRows(db, stmtName, args)): yield r
-
-proc getValue*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-               args: varargs[string, `$`]): string {.
-               tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## executes the query and returns the first column of the first row of the
-  ## result dataset. Returns "" if the dataset contains no rows or the database
-  ## value is NULL.
-  var res = setupQuery(db, query, args)
-  if pqntuples(res) > 0:
-    var x = pqgetvalue(res, 0, 0)
-    result = if isNil(x): "" else: $x
-  else:
-    result = ""
-
-proc getValue*(db: DbConn, stmtName: SqlPrepared,
-               args: varargs[string, `$`]): string {.
-               tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## executes the query and returns the first column of the first row of the
-  ## result dataset. Returns "" if the dataset contains no rows or the database
-  ## value is NULL.
-  var res = setupQuery(db, stmtName, args)
-  if pqntuples(res) > 0:
-    var x = pqgetvalue(res, 0, 0)
-    result = if isNil(x): "" else: $x
-  else:
-    result = ""
-
-proc tryInsertID*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                  args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64 {.
-                  tags: [WriteDbEffect].}=
-  ## executes the query (typically "INSERT") and returns the
-  ## generated ID for the row or -1 in case of an error. For Postgre this adds
-  ## `RETURNING id` to the query, so it only works if your primary key is
-  ## named `id`.
-  var x = pqgetvalue(setupQuery(db, SqlQuery(string(query) & " RETURNING id"),
-    args), 0, 0)
-  if not isNil(x):
-    result = parseBiggestInt($x)
-  else:
-    result = -1
-
-proc insertID*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-               args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64 {.
-               tags: [WriteDbEffect].} =
-  ## executes the query (typically "INSERT") and returns the
-  ## generated ID for the row. For Postgre this adds
-  ## `RETURNING id` to the query, so it only works if your primary key is
-  ## named `id`.
-  result = tryInsertID(db, query, args)
-  if result < 0: dbError(db)
-
-proc tryInsert*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,pkName: string,
-                args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64
-               {.tags: [WriteDbEffect], since: (1, 3).}=
-  ## executes the query (typically "INSERT") and returns the
-  ## generated ID for the row or -1 in case of an error.
-  var x = pqgetvalue(setupQuery(db, SqlQuery(string(query) & " RETURNING " & pkName),
-    args), 0, 0)
-  if not isNil(x):
-    result = parseBiggestInt($x)
-  else:
-    result = -1
-
-proc insert*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery, pkName: string,
-             args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64
-            {.tags: [WriteDbEffect], since: (1, 3).} =
-  ## executes the query (typically "INSERT") and returns the
-  ## generated ID
-  result = tryInsertID(db, query, args)
-  if result < 0: dbError(db)
-
-proc execAffectedRows*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                       args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64 {.tags: [
-                       ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect].} =
-  ## executes the query (typically "UPDATE") and returns the
-  ## number of affected rows.
-  var q = dbFormat(query, args)
-  var res = pqExec(db, q)
-  if pqresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK: dbError(db)
-  result = parseBiggestInt($pqcmdTuples(res))
-  pqclear(res)
-
-proc execAffectedRows*(db: DbConn, stmtName: SqlPrepared,
-                       args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64 {.tags: [
-                       ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect].} =
-  ## executes the query (typically "UPDATE") and returns the
-  ## number of affected rows.
-  var arr = allocCStringArray(args)
-  var res = pqexecPrepared(db, stmtName.string, int32(args.len), arr,
-                           nil, nil, 0)
-  deallocCStringArray(arr)
-  if pqresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK: dbError(db)
-  result = parseBiggestInt($pqcmdTuples(res))
-  pqclear(res)
-
-proc close*(db: DbConn) {.tags: [DbEffect].} =
-  ## closes the database connection.
-  if db != nil: pqfinish(db)
-
-proc open*(connection, user, password, database: string): DbConn {.
-  tags: [DbEffect].} =
-  ## opens a database connection. Raises `EDb` if the connection could not
-  ## be established.
-  ##
-  ## Clients can also use Postgres keyword/value connection strings to
-  ## connect.
-  ##
-  ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
-  ##      con = open("", "", "", "host=localhost port=5432 dbname=mydb")
-  ##
-  ## See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNSTRING
-  ## for more information.
-  let
-    colonPos = connection.find(':')
-    host = if colonPos < 0: connection
-           else: substr(connection, 0, colonPos-1)
-    port = if colonPos < 0: ""
-           else: substr(connection, colonPos+1)
-  result = pqsetdbLogin(host, port, nil, nil, database, user, password)
-  if pqStatus(result) != CONNECTION_OK: dbError(result) # result = nil
-
-proc setEncoding*(connection: DbConn, encoding: string): bool {.
-  tags: [DbEffect].} =
-  ## sets the encoding of a database connection, returns true for
-  ## success, false for failure.
-  return pqsetClientEncoding(connection, encoding) == 0
-
-
-# Tests are in ../../tests/untestable/tpostgres.
diff --git a/lib/impure/db_sqlite.nim b/lib/impure/db_sqlite.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 832407960..000000000
--- a/lib/impure/db_sqlite.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,950 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2015 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-## A higher level `SQLite`:idx: database wrapper. This interface
-## is implemented for other databases too.
-##
-## Basic usage
-## ===========
-##
-## The basic flow of using this module is:
-##
-## 1. Open database connection
-## 2. Execute SQL query
-## 3. Close database connection
-##
-## Parameter substitution
-## ----------------------
-##
-## All `db_*` modules support the same form of parameter substitution.
-## That is, using the `?` (question mark) to signify the place where a
-## value should be placed. For example:
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##
-##    sql"INSERT INTO my_table (colA, colB, colC) VALUES (?, ?, ?)"
-##
-## Opening a connection to a database
-## ----------------------------------
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##
-##    import std/db_sqlite
-##
-##    # user, password, database name can be empty.
-##    # These params are not used on db_sqlite module.
-##    let db = open("mytest.db", "", "", "")
-##    db.close()
-##
-## Creating a table
-## ----------------
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##
-##    db.exec(sql"DROP TABLE IF EXISTS my_table")
-##    db.exec(sql"""CREATE TABLE my_table (
-##                     id   INTEGER,
-##                     name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL
-##                  )""")
-##
-## Inserting data
-## --------------
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##
-##    db.exec(sql"INSERT INTO my_table (id, name) VALUES (0, ?)",
-##            "Jack")
-##
-## Larger example
-## --------------
-##
-## .. code-block:: nim
-##
-##    import std/[db_sqlite, math]
-##
-##    let db = open("mytest.db", "", "", "")
-##
-##    db.exec(sql"DROP TABLE IF EXISTS my_table")
-##    db.exec(sql"""CREATE TABLE my_table (
-##                     id    INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
-##                     name  VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
-##                     i     INT(11),
-##                     f     DECIMAL(18, 10)
-##                  )""")
-##
-##    db.exec(sql"BEGIN")
-##    for i in 1..1000:
-##      db.exec(sql"INSERT INTO my_table (name, i, f) VALUES (?, ?, ?)",
-##              "Item#" & $i, i, sqrt(i.float))
-##    db.exec(sql"COMMIT")
-##
-##    for x in db.fastRows(sql"SELECT * FROM my_table"):
-##      echo x
-##
-##    let id = db.tryInsertId(sql"""INSERT INTO my_table (name, i, f)
-##                                  VALUES (?, ?, ?)""",
-##                            "Item#1001", 1001, sqrt(1001.0))
-##    echo "Inserted item: ", db.getValue(sql"SELECT name FROM my_table WHERE id=?", id)
-##
-##    db.close()
-##
-## Storing binary data example
-##----------------------------
-##
-## .. code-block:: nim
-##
-##   import std/random
-##
-##   ## Generate random float datas
-##   var orig = newSeq[float64](150)
-##   randomize()
-##   for x in orig.mitems:
-##     x = rand(1.0)/10.0
-##
-##   let db = open("mysqlite.db", "", "", "")
-##   block: ## Create database
-##     ## Binary datas needs to be of type BLOB in SQLite
-##     let createTableStr = sql"""CREATE TABLE test(
-##       id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
-##       data BLOB
-##     )
-##     """
-##     db.exec(createTableStr)
-##
-##   block: ## Insert data
-##     var id = 1
-##     ## Data needs to be converted to seq[byte] to be interpreted as binary by bindParams
-##     var dbuf = newSeq[byte](orig.len*sizeof(float64))
-##     copyMem(unsafeAddr(dbuf[0]), unsafeAddr(orig[0]), dbuf.len)
-##
-##     ## Use prepared statement to insert binary data into database
-##     var insertStmt = db.prepare("INSERT INTO test (id, data) VALUES (?, ?)")
-##     insertStmt.bindParams(id, dbuf)
-##     let bres = db.tryExec(insertStmt)
-##     ## Check insert
-##     doAssert(bres)
-##     # Destroy statement
-##     finalize(insertStmt)
-##
-##   block: ## Use getValue to select data
-##     var dataTest = db.getValue(sql"SELECT data FROM test WHERE id = ?", 1)
-##     ## Calculate sequence size from buffer size
-##     let seqSize = int(dataTest.len*sizeof(byte)/sizeof(float64))
-##     ## Copy binary string data in dataTest into a seq
-##     var res: seq[float64] = newSeq[float64](seqSize)
-##     copyMem(unsafeAddr(res[0]), addr(dataTest[0]), dataTest.len)
-##
-##     ## Check datas obtained is identical
-##     doAssert res == orig
-##
-##   db.close()
-##
-##
-## Note
-## ====
-## This module does not implement any ORM features such as mapping the types from the schema.
-## Instead, a `seq[string]` is returned for each row.
-##
-## The reasoning is as follows:
-## 1. it's close to what many DBs offer natively (char**)
-## 2. it hides the number of types that the DB supports
-##    (int? int64? decimal up to 10 places? geo coords?)
-## 3. it's convenient when all you do is to forward the data to somewhere else (echo, log, put the data into a new query)
-##
-## See also
-## ========
-##
-## * `db_odbc module <db_odbc.html>`_ for ODBC database wrapper
-## * `db_mysql module <db_mysql.html>`_ for MySQL database wrapper
-## * `db_postgres module <db_postgres.html>`_ for PostgreSQL database wrapper
-
-{.experimental: "codeReordering".}
-
-import sqlite3, macros
-
-import db_common
-export db_common
-
-import std/private/since
-
-type
-  DbConn* = PSqlite3  ## Encapsulates a database connection.
-  Row* = seq[string]  ## A row of a dataset. `NULL` database values will be
-                      ## converted to an empty string.
-  InstantRow* = PStmt ## A handle that can be used to get a row's column
-                      ## text on demand.
-  SqlPrepared* = distinct PStmt ## a identifier for the prepared queries
-
-proc dbError*(db: DbConn) {.noreturn.} =
-  ## Raises a `DbError` exception.
-  ##
-  ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##
-  ##    let db = open("mytest.db", "", "", "")
-  ##    if not db.tryExec(sql"SELECT * FROM not_exist_table"):
-  ##      dbError(db)
-  ##    db.close()
-  var e: ref DbError
-  new(e)
-  e.msg = $sqlite3.errmsg(db)
-  raise e
-
-proc dbQuote*(s: string): string =
-  ## Escapes the `'` (single quote) char to `''`.
-  ## Because single quote is used for defining `VARCHAR` in SQL.
-  runnableExamples:
-    doAssert dbQuote("'") == "''''"
-    doAssert dbQuote("A Foobar's pen.") == "'A Foobar''s pen.'"
-
-  result = "'"
-  for c in items(s):
-    if c == '\'': add(result, "''")
-    else: add(result, c)
-  add(result, '\'')
-
-proc dbFormat(formatstr: SqlQuery, args: varargs[string]): string =
-  result = ""
-  var a = 0
-  for c in items(string(formatstr)):
-    if c == '?':
-      add(result, dbQuote(args[a]))
-      inc(a)
-    else:
-      add(result, c)
-
-proc prepare*(db: DbConn; q: string): SqlPrepared {.since: (1, 3).} =
-  ## Creates a new `SqlPrepared` statement.
-  if prepare_v2(db, q, q.len.cint,result.PStmt, nil) != SQLITE_OK:
-    discard finalize(result.PStmt)
-    dbError(db)
-
-proc tryExec*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-              args: varargs[string, `$`]): bool {.
-              tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect].} =
-  ## Tries to execute the query and returns `true` if successful, `false` otherwise.
-  ##
-  ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##
-  ##    let db = open("mytest.db", "", "", "")
-  ##    if not db.tryExec(sql"SELECT * FROM my_table"):
-  ##      dbError(db)
-  ##    db.close()
-  assert(not db.isNil, "Database not connected.")
-  var q = dbFormat(query, args)
-  var stmt: sqlite3.PStmt
-  if prepare_v2(db, q, q.len.cint, stmt, nil) == SQLITE_OK:
-    let x = step(stmt)
-    if x in {SQLITE_DONE, SQLITE_ROW}:
-      result = finalize(stmt) == SQLITE_OK
-    else:
-      discard finalize(stmt)
-      result = false
-
-proc tryExec*(db: DbConn, stmtName: SqlPrepared): bool {.
-              tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect].} =
-    let x = step(stmtName.PStmt)
-    if x in {SQLITE_DONE, SQLITE_ROW}:
-      result = true
-    else:
-      discard finalize(stmtName.PStmt)
-      result = false
-
-proc exec*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery, args: varargs[string, `$`])  {.
-  tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect].} =
-  ## Executes the query and raises a `DbError` exception if not successful.
-  ##
-  ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##
-  ##    let db = open("mytest.db", "", "", "")
-  ##    try:
-  ##      db.exec(sql"INSERT INTO my_table (id, name) VALUES (?, ?)",
-  ##              1, "item#1")
-  ##    except:
-  ##      stderr.writeLine(getCurrentExceptionMsg())
-  ##    finally:
-  ##      db.close()
-  if not tryExec(db, query, args): dbError(db)
-
-proc newRow(L: int): Row =
-  newSeq(result, L)
-  for i in 0..L-1: result[i] = ""
-
-proc setupQuery(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                args: varargs[string]): PStmt =
-  assert(not db.isNil, "Database not connected.")
-  var q = dbFormat(query, args)
-  if prepare_v2(db, q, q.len.cint, result, nil) != SQLITE_OK: dbError(db)
-
-proc setupQuery(db: DbConn, stmtName: SqlPrepared): SqlPrepared {.since: (1, 3).} =
-  assert(not db.isNil, "Database not connected.")
-  result = stmtName
-
-proc setRow(stmt: PStmt, r: var Row, cols: cint) =
-  for col in 0'i32..cols-1:
-    let cb = column_bytes(stmt, col)
-    setLen(r[col], cb) # set capacity
-    if column_type(stmt, col) == SQLITE_BLOB:
-      copyMem(addr(r[col][0]), column_blob(stmt, col), cb)
-    else:
-      setLen(r[col], 0)
-      let x = column_text(stmt, col)
-      if not isNil(x): add(r[col], x)
-
-iterator fastRows*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                   args: varargs[string, `$`]): Row {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## Executes the query and iterates over the result dataset.
-  ##
-  ## This is very fast, but potentially dangerous. Use this iterator only
-  ## if you require **ALL** the rows.
-  ##
-  ## **Note:** Breaking the `fastRows()` iterator during a loop will cause the
-  ## next database query to raise a `DbError` exception `unable to close due
-  ## to ...`.
-  ##
-  ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##
-  ##    let db = open("mytest.db", "", "", "")
-  ##
-  ##    # Records of my_table:
-  ##    # | id | name     |
-  ##    # |----|----------|
-  ##    # |  1 | item#1   |
-  ##    # |  2 | item#2   |
-  ##
-  ##    for row in db.fastRows(sql"SELECT id, name FROM my_table"):
-  ##      echo row
-  ##
-  ##    # Output:
-  ##    # @["1", "item#1"]
-  ##    # @["2", "item#2"]
-  ##
-  ##    db.close()
-  var stmt = setupQuery(db, query, args)
-  var L = (column_count(stmt))
-  var result = newRow(L)
-  try:
-    while step(stmt) == SQLITE_ROW:
-      setRow(stmt, result, L)
-      yield result
-  finally:
-    if finalize(stmt) != SQLITE_OK: dbError(db)
-
-iterator fastRows*(db: DbConn, stmtName: SqlPrepared): Row
-                  {.tags: [ReadDbEffect,WriteDbEffect], since: (1, 3).} =
-  discard setupQuery(db, stmtName)
-  var L = (column_count(stmtName.PStmt))
-  var result = newRow(L)
-  try:
-    while step(stmtName.PStmt) == SQLITE_ROW:
-      setRow(stmtName.PStmt, result, L)
-      yield result
-  except:
-    dbError(db)
-
-iterator instantRows*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                      args: varargs[string, `$`]): InstantRow
-                      {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## Similar to `fastRows iterator <#fastRows.i,DbConn,SqlQuery,varargs[string,]>`_
-  ## but returns a handle that can be used to get column text
-  ## on demand using `[]`. Returned handle is valid only within the iterator body.
-  ##
-  ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##
-  ##    let db = open("mytest.db", "", "", "")
-  ##
-  ##    # Records of my_table:
-  ##    # | id | name     |
-  ##    # |----|----------|
-  ##    # |  1 | item#1   |
-  ##    # |  2 | item#2   |
-  ##
-  ##    for row in db.instantRows(sql"SELECT * FROM my_table"):
-  ##      echo "id:" & row[0]
-  ##      echo "name:" & row[1]
-  ##      echo "length:" & $len(row)
-  ##
-  ##    # Output:
-  ##    # id:1
-  ##    # name:item#1
-  ##    # length:2
-  ##    # id:2
-  ##    # name:item#2
-  ##    # length:2
-  ##
-  ##    db.close()
-  var stmt = setupQuery(db, query, args)
-  try:
-    while step(stmt) == SQLITE_ROW:
-      yield stmt
-  finally:
-    if finalize(stmt) != SQLITE_OK: dbError(db)
-
-iterator instantRows*(db: DbConn, stmtName: SqlPrepared): InstantRow
-                      {.tags: [ReadDbEffect,WriteDbEffect], since: (1, 3).} =
-  var stmt = setupQuery(db, stmtName).PStmt
-  try:
-    while step(stmt) == SQLITE_ROW:
-      yield stmt
-  except:
-    dbError(db)
-
-proc toTypeKind(t: var DbType; x: int32) =
-  case x
-  of SQLITE_INTEGER:
-    t.kind = dbInt
-    t.size = 8
-  of SQLITE_FLOAT:
-    t.kind = dbFloat
-    t.size = 8
-  of SQLITE_BLOB: t.kind = dbBlob
-  of SQLITE_NULL: t.kind = dbNull
-  of SQLITE_TEXT: t.kind = dbVarchar
-  else: t.kind = dbUnknown
-
-proc setColumns(columns: var DbColumns; x: PStmt) =
-  let L = column_count(x)
-  setLen(columns, L)
-  for i in 0'i32 ..< L:
-    columns[i].name = $column_name(x, i)
-    columns[i].typ.name = $column_decltype(x, i)
-    toTypeKind(columns[i].typ, column_type(x, i))
-    columns[i].tableName = $column_table_name(x, i)
-
-iterator instantRows*(db: DbConn; columns: var DbColumns; query: SqlQuery,
-                      args: varargs[string, `$`]): InstantRow
-                      {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## Similar to `instantRows iterator <#instantRows.i,DbConn,SqlQuery,varargs[string,]>`_,
-  ## but sets information about columns to `columns`.
-  ##
-  ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##
-  ##    let db = open("mytest.db", "", "", "")
-  ##
-  ##    # Records of my_table:
-  ##    # | id | name     |
-  ##    # |----|----------|
-  ##    # |  1 | item#1   |
-  ##    # |  2 | item#2   |
-  ##
-  ##    var columns: DbColumns
-  ##    for row in db.instantRows(columns, sql"SELECT * FROM my_table"):
-  ##      discard
-  ##    echo columns[0]
-  ##
-  ##    # Output:
-  ##    # (name: "id", tableName: "my_table", typ: (kind: dbNull,
-  ##    # notNull: false, name: "INTEGER", size: 0, maxReprLen: 0, precision: 0,
-  ##    # scale: 0, min: 0, max: 0, validValues: @[]), primaryKey: false,
-  ##    # foreignKey: false)
-  ##
-  ##    db.close()
-  var stmt = setupQuery(db, query, args)
-  setColumns(columns, stmt)
-  try:
-    while step(stmt) == SQLITE_ROW:
-      yield stmt
-  finally:
-    if finalize(stmt) != SQLITE_OK: dbError(db)
-
-proc `[]`*(row: InstantRow, col: int32): string {.inline.} =
-  ## Returns text for given column of the row.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `instantRows iterator <#instantRows.i,DbConn,SqlQuery,varargs[string,]>`_
-  ##   example code
-  $column_text(row, col)
-
-proc unsafeColumnAt*(row: InstantRow, index: int32): cstring {.inline.} =
-  ## Returns cstring for given column of the row.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `instantRows iterator <#instantRows.i,DbConn,SqlQuery,varargs[string,]>`_
-  ##   example code
-  column_text(row, index)
-
-proc len*(row: InstantRow): int32 {.inline.} =
-  ## Returns number of columns in a row.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `instantRows iterator <#instantRows.i,DbConn,SqlQuery,varargs[string,]>`_
-  ##   example code
-  column_count(row)
-
-proc getRow*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-             args: varargs[string, `$`]): Row {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## Retrieves a single row. If the query doesn't return any rows, this proc
-  ## will return a `Row` with empty strings for each column.
-  ##
-  ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##
-  ##    let db = open("mytest.db", "", "", "")
-  ##
-  ##    # Records of my_table:
-  ##    # | id | name     |
-  ##    # |----|----------|
-  ##    # |  1 | item#1   |
-  ##    # |  2 | item#2   |
-  ##
-  ##    doAssert db.getRow(sql"SELECT id, name FROM my_table"
-  ##                       ) == Row(@["1", "item#1"])
-  ##    doAssert db.getRow(sql"SELECT id, name FROM my_table WHERE id = ?",
-  ##                       2) == Row(@["2", "item#2"])
-  ##
-  ##    # Returns empty.
-  ##    doAssert db.getRow(sql"INSERT INTO my_table (id, name) VALUES (?, ?)",
-  ##                       3, "item#3") == @[]
-  ##    doAssert db.getRow(sql"DELETE FROM my_table WHERE id = ?", 3) == @[]
-  ##    doAssert db.getRow(sql"UPDATE my_table SET name = 'ITEM#1' WHERE id = ?",
-  ##                       1) == @[]
-  ##    db.close()
-  var stmt = setupQuery(db, query, args)
-  var L = (column_count(stmt))
-  result = newRow(L)
-  if step(stmt) == SQLITE_ROW:
-    setRow(stmt, result, L)
-  if finalize(stmt) != SQLITE_OK: dbError(db)
-
-proc getAllRows*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                 args: varargs[string, `$`]): seq[Row] {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## Executes the query and returns the whole result dataset.
-  ##
-  ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##
-  ##    let db = open("mytest.db", "", "", "")
-  ##
-  ##    # Records of my_table:
-  ##    # | id | name     |
-  ##    # |----|----------|
-  ##    # |  1 | item#1   |
-  ##    # |  2 | item#2   |
-  ##
-  ##    doAssert db.getAllRows(sql"SELECT id, name FROM my_table") == @[Row(@["1", "item#1"]), Row(@["2", "item#2"])]
-  ##    db.close()
-  result = @[]
-  for r in fastRows(db, query, args):
-    result.add(r)
-
-proc getAllRows*(db: DbConn, stmtName: SqlPrepared): seq[Row]
-                {.tags: [ReadDbEffect,WriteDbEffect], since: (1, 3).} =
-  result = @[]
-  for r in fastRows(db, stmtName):
-    result.add(r)
-
-iterator rows*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-               args: varargs[string, `$`]): Row {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## Similar to `fastRows iterator <#fastRows.i,DbConn,SqlQuery,varargs[string,]>`_,
-  ## but slower and safe.
-  ##
-  ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##
-  ##    let db = open("mytest.db", "", "", "")
-  ##
-  ##    # Records of my_table:
-  ##    # | id | name     |
-  ##    # |----|----------|
-  ##    # |  1 | item#1   |
-  ##    # |  2 | item#2   |
-  ##
-  ##    for row in db.rows(sql"SELECT id, name FROM my_table"):
-  ##      echo row
-  ##
-  ##    ## Output:
-  ##    ## @["1", "item#1"]
-  ##    ## @["2", "item#2"]
-  ##
-  ##    db.close()
-  for r in fastRows(db, query, args): yield r
-
-iterator rows*(db: DbConn, stmtName: SqlPrepared): Row
-              {.tags: [ReadDbEffect,WriteDbEffect], since: (1, 3).} =
-  for r in fastRows(db, stmtName): yield r
-
-proc getValue*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-               args: varargs[string, `$`]): string {.tags: [ReadDbEffect].} =
-  ## Executes the query and returns the first column of the first row of the
-  ## result dataset. Returns `""` if the dataset contains no rows or the database
-  ## value is `NULL`.
-  ##
-  ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##
-  ##    let db = open("mytest.db", "", "", "")
-  ##
-  ##    # Records of my_table:
-  ##    # | id | name     |
-  ##    # |----|----------|
-  ##    # |  1 | item#1   |
-  ##    # |  2 | item#2   |
-  ##
-  ##    doAssert db.getValue(sql"SELECT name FROM my_table WHERE id = ?",
-  ##                         2) == "item#2"
-  ##    doAssert db.getValue(sql"SELECT id, name FROM my_table") == "1"
-  ##    doAssert db.getValue(sql"SELECT name, id FROM my_table") == "item#1"
-  ##
-  ##    db.close()
-  var stmt = setupQuery(db, query, args)
-  if step(stmt) == SQLITE_ROW:
-    let cb = column_bytes(stmt, 0)
-    if cb == 0:
-      result = ""
-    else:
-      if column_type(stmt, 0) == SQLITE_BLOB:
-        result.setLen(cb)
-        copyMem(addr(result[0]), column_blob(stmt, 0), cb)
-      else:
-        result = newStringOfCap(cb)
-        add(result, column_text(stmt, 0))
-  else:
-    result = ""
-  if finalize(stmt) != SQLITE_OK: dbError(db)
-
-proc getValue*(db: DbConn,  stmtName: SqlPrepared): string
-              {.tags: [ReadDbEffect,WriteDbEffect], since: (1, 3).} =
-  var stmt = setupQuery(db, stmtName).PStmt
-  if step(stmt) == SQLITE_ROW:
-    let cb = column_bytes(stmt, 0)
-    if cb == 0:
-      result = ""
-    else:
-      if column_type(stmt, 0) == SQLITE_BLOB:
-        result.setLen(cb)
-        copyMem(addr(result[0]), column_blob(stmt, 0), cb)
-      else:
-        result = newStringOfCap(cb)
-        add(result, column_text(stmt, 0))
-  else:
-    result = ""
-
-proc tryInsertID*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                  args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64
-                  {.tags: [WriteDbEffect], raises: [].} =
-  ## Executes the query (typically "INSERT") and returns the
-  ## generated ID for the row or -1 in case of an error.
-  ##
-  ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##
-  ##    let db = open("mytest.db", "", "", "")
-  ##    db.exec(sql"CREATE TABLE my_table (id INTEGER, name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL)")
-  ##
-  ##    doAssert db.tryInsertID(sql"INSERT INTO not_exist_table (id, name) VALUES (?, ?)",
-  ##                            1, "item#1") == -1
-  ##    db.close()
-  assert(not db.isNil, "Database not connected.")
-  var q = dbFormat(query, args)
-  var stmt: sqlite3.PStmt
-  result = -1
-  if prepare_v2(db, q, q.len.cint, stmt, nil) == SQLITE_OK:
-    if step(stmt) == SQLITE_DONE:
-      result = last_insert_rowid(db)
-    if finalize(stmt) != SQLITE_OK:
-      result = -1
-  else:
-    discard finalize(stmt)
-
-proc insertID*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-               args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64 {.tags: [WriteDbEffect].} =
-  ## Executes the query (typically "INSERT") and returns the
-  ## generated ID for the row.
-  ##
-  ## Raises a `DbError` exception when failed to insert row.
-  ## For Postgre this adds `RETURNING id` to the query, so it only works
-  ## if your primary key is named `id`.
-  ##
-  ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##
-  ##    let db = open("mytest.db", "", "", "")
-  ##    db.exec(sql"CREATE TABLE my_table (id INTEGER, name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL)")
-  ##
-  ##    for i in 0..2:
-  ##      let id = db.insertID(sql"INSERT INTO my_table (id, name) VALUES (?, ?)", i, "item#" & $i)
-  ##      echo "LoopIndex = ", i, ", InsertID = ", id
-  ##
-  ##    # Output:
-  ##    # LoopIndex = 0, InsertID = 1
-  ##    # LoopIndex = 1, InsertID = 2
-  ##    # LoopIndex = 2, InsertID = 3
-  ##
-  ##    db.close()
-  result = tryInsertID(db, query, args)
-  if result < 0: dbError(db)
-
-proc tryInsert*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery, pkName: string,
-                args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64
-               {.tags: [WriteDbEffect], raises: [], since: (1, 3).} =
-  ## same as tryInsertID
-  tryInsertID(db, query, args)
-
-proc insert*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery, pkName: string,
-             args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64
-            {.tags: [WriteDbEffect], since: (1, 3).} =
-  ## same as insertId
-  result = tryInsert(db, query,pkName, args)
-  if result < 0: dbError(db)
-
-proc execAffectedRows*(db: DbConn, query: SqlQuery,
-                       args: varargs[string, `$`]): int64 {.
-                       tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect].} =
-  ## Executes the query (typically "UPDATE") and returns the
-  ## number of affected rows.
-  ##
-  ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##
-  ##    let db = open("mytest.db", "", "", "")
-  ##
-  ##    # Records of my_table:
-  ##    # | id | name     |
-  ##    # |----|----------|
-  ##    # |  1 | item#1   |
-  ##    # |  2 | item#2   |
-  ##
-  ##    doAssert db.execAffectedRows(sql"UPDATE my_table SET name = 'TEST'") == 2
-  ##
-  ##    db.close()
-  exec(db, query, args)
-  result = changes(db)
-
-proc execAffectedRows*(db: DbConn, stmtName: SqlPrepared): int64
-                      {.tags: [ReadDbEffect, WriteDbEffect],since: (1, 3).} =
-  exec(db, stmtName)
-  result = changes(db)
-
-proc close*(db: DbConn) {.tags: [DbEffect].} =
-  ## Closes the database connection.
-  ##
-  ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##
-  ##    let db = open("mytest.db", "", "", "")
-  ##    db.close()
-  if sqlite3.close(db) != SQLITE_OK: dbError(db)
-
-proc open*(connection, user, password, database: string): DbConn {.
-  tags: [DbEffect].} =
-  ## Opens a database connection. Raises a `DbError` exception if the connection
-  ## could not be established.
-  ##
-  ## **Note:** Only the `connection` parameter is used for `sqlite`.
-  ##
-  ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##
-  ##    try:
-  ##      let db = open("mytest.db", "", "", "")
-  ##      ## do something...
-  ##      ## db.getAllRows(sql"SELECT * FROM my_table")
-  ##      db.close()
-  ##    except:
-  ##      stderr.writeLine(getCurrentExceptionMsg())
-  var db: DbConn
-  if sqlite3.open(connection, db) == SQLITE_OK:
-    result = db
-  else:
-    dbError(db)
-
-proc setEncoding*(connection: DbConn, encoding: string): bool {.
-  tags: [DbEffect].} =
-  ## Sets the encoding of a database connection, returns `true` for
-  ## success, `false` for failure.
-  ##
-  ## **Note:** The encoding cannot be changed once it's been set.
-  ## According to SQLite3 documentation, any attempt to change
-  ## the encoding after the database is created will be silently
-  ## ignored.
-  exec(connection, sql"PRAGMA encoding = ?", [encoding])
-  result = connection.getValue(sql"PRAGMA encoding") == encoding
-
-proc finalize*(sqlPrepared:SqlPrepared) {.discardable, since: (1, 3).} =
-  discard finalize(sqlPrepared.PStmt)
-
-template dbBindParamError*(paramIdx: int, val: varargs[untyped]) =
-  ## Raises a `DbError` exception.
-  var e: ref DbError
-  new(e)
-  e.msg = "error binding param in position " & $paramIdx
-  raise e
-
-proc bindParam*(ps: SqlPrepared, paramIdx: int, val: int32) {.since: (1, 3).} =
-  ## Binds a int32  to the specified paramIndex.
-  if bind_int(ps.PStmt, paramIdx.int32, val) != SQLITE_OK:
-    dbBindParamError(paramIdx, val)
-
-proc bindParam*(ps: SqlPrepared, paramIdx: int, val: int64) {.since: (1, 3).} =
-  ## Binds a int64  to the specified paramIndex.
-  if bind_int64(ps.PStmt, paramIdx.int32, val) != SQLITE_OK:
-    dbBindParamError(paramIdx, val)
-
-proc bindParam*(ps: SqlPrepared, paramIdx: int, val: int) {.since: (1, 3).} =
-  ## Binds a int  to the specified paramIndex.
-  when sizeof(int) == 8:
-    bindParam(ps, paramIdx, val.int64)
-  else:
-    bindParam(ps, paramIdx, val.int32)
-
-proc bindParam*(ps: SqlPrepared, paramIdx: int, val: float64) {.since: (1, 3).} =
-  ## Binds a 64bit float to the specified paramIndex.
-  if bind_double(ps.PStmt, paramIdx.int32, val) != SQLITE_OK:
-    dbBindParamError(paramIdx, val)
-
-proc bindNull*(ps: SqlPrepared, paramIdx: int) {.since: (1, 3).} =
-  ## Sets the bindparam at the specified paramIndex to null
-  ## (default behaviour by sqlite).
-  if bind_null(ps.PStmt, paramIdx.int32) != SQLITE_OK:
-    dbBindParamError(paramIdx)
-
-proc bindParam*(ps: SqlPrepared, paramIdx: int, val: string, copy = true) {.since: (1, 3).} =
-  ## Binds a string to the specified paramIndex.
-  ## if copy is true then SQLite makes its own private copy of the data immediately
-  if bind_text(ps.PStmt, paramIdx.int32, val.cstring, val.len.int32, if copy: SQLITE_TRANSIENT else: SQLITE_STATIC) != SQLITE_OK:
-    dbBindParamError(paramIdx, val)
-
-proc bindParam*(ps: SqlPrepared, paramIdx: int,val: openArray[byte], copy = true) {.since: (1, 3).} =
-  ## binds a blob to the specified paramIndex.
-  ## if copy is true then SQLite makes its own private copy of the data immediately
-  let len = val.len
-  if bind_blob(ps.PStmt, paramIdx.int32, val[0].unsafeAddr, len.int32, if copy: SQLITE_TRANSIENT else: SQLITE_STATIC) != SQLITE_OK:
-    dbBindParamError(paramIdx, val)
-
-macro bindParams*(ps: SqlPrepared, params: varargs[untyped]): untyped {.since: (1, 3).} =
-  let bindParam = bindSym("bindParam", brOpen)
-  let bindNull = bindSym("bindNull")
-  let preparedStatement = genSym()
-  result = newStmtList()
-  # Store `ps` in a temporary variable. This prevents `ps` from being evaluated every call.
-  result.add newNimNode(nnkLetSection).add(newIdentDefs(preparedStatement, newEmptyNode(), ps))
-  for idx, param in params:
-    if param.kind != nnkNilLit:
-      result.add newCall(bindParam, preparedStatement, newIntLitNode idx + 1, param)
-    else:
-      result.add newCall(bindNull, preparedStatement, newIntLitNode idx + 1)
-
-macro untypedLen(args: varargs[untyped]): int =
-  newLit(args.len)
-
-template exec*(db: DbConn, stmtName: SqlPrepared,
-          args: varargs[typed]): untyped =
-  when untypedLen(args) > 0:
-    if reset(stmtName.PStmt) != SQLITE_OK:
-      dbError(db)
-    if clear_bindings(stmtName.PStmt) != SQLITE_OK:
-      dbError(db)
-    stmtName.bindParams(args)
-  if not tryExec(db, stmtName): dbError(db)
-
-when not defined(testing) and isMainModule:
-  var db = open(":memory:", "", "", "")
-  exec(db, sql"create table tbl1(one varchar(10), two smallint)", [])
-  exec(db, sql"insert into tbl1 values('hello!',10)", [])
-  exec(db, sql"insert into tbl1 values('goodbye', 20)", [])
-  var p1 = db.prepare "create table tbl2(one varchar(10), two smallint)"
-  exec(db, p1)
-  finalize(p1)
-  var p2 = db.prepare "insert into tbl2 values('hello!',10)"
-  exec(db, p2)
-  finalize(p2)
-  var p3 = db.prepare "insert into tbl2 values('goodbye', 20)"
-  exec(db, p3)
-  finalize(p3)
-  #db.query("create table tbl1(one varchar(10), two smallint)")
-  #db.query("insert into tbl1 values('hello!',10)")
-  #db.query("insert into tbl1 values('goodbye', 20)")
-  for r in db.rows(sql"select * from tbl1", []):
-    echo(r[0], r[1])
-  for r in db.instantRows(sql"select * from tbl1", []):
-    echo(r[0], r[1])
-  var p4 =  db.prepare "select * from tbl2"
-  for r in db.rows(p4):
-    echo(r[0], r[1])
-  finalize(p4)
-  var i5 = 0
-  var p5 =  db.prepare "select * from tbl2"
-  for r in db.instantRows(p5):
-    inc i5
-    echo(r[0], r[1])
-  assert i5 == 2
-  finalize(p5)
-
-  for r in db.rows(sql"select * from tbl2", []):
-    echo(r[0], r[1])
-  for r in db.instantRows(sql"select * from tbl2", []):
-    echo(r[0], r[1])
-  var p6 = db.prepare "select * from tbl2 where one = ? "
-  p6.bindParams("goodbye")
-  var rowsP3 = 0
-  for r in db.rows(p6):
-    rowsP3 = 1
-    echo(r[0], r[1])
-  assert rowsP3 == 1
-  finalize(p6)
-
-  var p7 = db.prepare "select * from tbl2 where two=?"
-  p7.bindParams(20'i32)
-  when sizeof(int) == 4:
-    p7.bindParams(20)
-  var rowsP = 0
-  for r in db.rows(p7):
-    rowsP = 1
-    echo(r[0], r[1])
-  assert rowsP == 1
-  finalize(p7)
-
-  exec(db, sql"CREATE TABLE photos(ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, photo BLOB)")
-  var p8 = db.prepare "INSERT INTO photos (ID,PHOTO) VALUES (?,?)"
-  var d = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
-  p8.bindParams(1'i32, "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz")
-  exec(db, p8)
-  finalize(p8)
-  var p10 = db.prepare "INSERT INTO photos (ID,PHOTO) VALUES (?,?)"
-  p10.bindParams(2'i32,nil)
-  exec(db, p10)
-  exec( db, p10, 3, nil)
-  finalize(p10)
-  for r in db.rows(sql"select * from photos where ID = 1", []):
-    assert r[1].len == d.len
-    assert r[1] == d
-  var i6 = 0
-  for r in db.rows(sql"select * from photos where ID = 3", []):
-    i6 = 1
-  assert i6 == 1
-  var p9 = db.prepare("select * from photos where PHOTO is ?")
-  p9.bindParams(nil)
-  var rowsP2 = 0
-  for r in db.rows(p9):
-    rowsP2 = 1
-    echo(r[0], repr r[1])
-  assert rowsP2 == 1
-  finalize(p9)
-
-  db_sqlite.close(db)
diff --git a/lib/impure/nre.nim b/lib/impure/nre.nim
index 7b2d7d3ee..39d238055 100644
--- a/lib/impure/nre.nim
+++ b/lib/impure/nre.nim
@@ -20,15 +20,17 @@ when defined(js):
 ## search the internet for a wide variety of third-party documentation and
 ## tools.
 ##
-## **Note**: If you love `sequtils.toSeq` we have bad news for you. This
-## library doesn't work with it due to documented compiler limitations. As
-## a workaround, use this:
-##
-## .. code-block:: nim
-##
-##    import std/nre except toSeq
-##
-##
+## .. warning:: If you love `sequtils.toSeq` we have bad news for you. This
+##   library doesn't work with it due to documented compiler limitations. As
+##   a workaround, use this:
+runnableExamples:
+  # either `import std/nre except toSeq` or fully qualify `sequtils.toSeq`:
+  import std/sequtils
+  iterator iota(n: int): int =
+    for i in 0..<n: yield i
+  assert sequtils.toSeq(iota(3)) == @[0, 1, 2]
+## .. note:: There are also alternative nimble packages such as [tinyre](https://github.com/khchen/tinyre)
+##   and [regex](https://github.com/nitely/nim-regex).
 ## Licencing
 ## ---------
 ##
@@ -36,40 +38,38 @@ when defined(js):
 ## this module.
 ##
 ## .. _`some additional terms`: http://pcre.sourceforge.net/license.txt
-##
 runnableExamples:
+  import std/sugar
   let vowels = re"[aeoui]"
-
-  let expectedResults = [
-    1 .. 1,
-    2 .. 2,
-    4 .. 4,
-    6 .. 6,
-    7 .. 7,
-  ]
-  var i = 0
-  for match in "moigagoo".findIter(vowels):
-    doAssert match.matchBounds == expectedResults[i]
-    inc i
+  let bounds = collect:
+    for match in "moiga".findIter(vowels): match.matchBounds
+  assert bounds == @[1 .. 1, 2 .. 2, 4 .. 4]
+  from std/sequtils import toSeq
+  let s = sequtils.toSeq("moiga".findIter(vowels))
+    # fully qualified to avoid confusion with nre.toSeq
+  assert s.len == 3
 
   let firstVowel = "foo".find(vowels)
   let hasVowel = firstVowel.isSome()
-  if hasVowel:
-    let matchBounds = firstVowel.get().captureBounds[-1]
-    doAssert matchBounds.a == 1
+  assert hasVowel
+  let matchBounds = firstVowel.get().captureBounds[-1]
+  assert matchBounds.a == 1
 
-  ## as with module `re`, unless specified otherwise, `start` parameter in each
-  ## proc indicates where the scan starts, but outputs are relative to the start
-  ## of the input string, not to `start`:
-  doAssert find("uxabc", re"(?<=x|y)ab", start = 1).get.captures[-1] == "ab"
-  doAssert find("uxabc", re"ab", start = 3).isNone
+  # as with module `re`, unless specified otherwise, `start` parameter in each
+  # proc indicates where the scan starts, but outputs are relative to the start
+  # of the input string, not to `start`:
+  assert find("uxabc", re"(?<=x|y)ab", start = 1).get.captures[-1] == "ab"
+  assert find("uxabc", re"ab", start = 3).isNone
 
-from pcre import nil
+from std/pcre import nil
 import nre/private/util
-import tables
-from strutils import `%`
-import options
-from unicode import runeLenAt
+import std/tables
+from std/strutils import `%`
+import std/options
+from std/unicode import runeLenAt
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 export options
 
@@ -80,16 +80,16 @@ type
     ## comment".`
     ##
     ## `pattern: string`
-    ##     the string that was used to create the pattern. For details on how
+    ## :   the string that was used to create the pattern. For details on how
     ##     to write a pattern, please see `the official PCRE pattern
     ##     documentation.
     ##     <https://www.pcre.org/original/doc/html/pcrepattern.html>`_
     ##
     ## `captureCount: int`
-    ##     the number of captures that the pattern has.
+    ## :   the number of captures that the pattern has.
     ##
     ## `captureNameId: Table[string, int]`
-    ##     a table from the capture names to their numeric id.
+    ## :   a table from the capture names to their numeric id.
     ##
     ##
     ## Options
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ type
     ## `DOLLAR_ENDONLY`, `FIRSTLINE`, `NO_AUTO_CAPTURE`,
     ## `JAVASCRIPT_COMPAT`, `U`, `NO_STUDY`. In other PCRE wrappers, you
     ## will need to pass these as separate flags to PCRE.
-    pattern*: string  ## not nil
+    pattern*: string
     pcreObj: ptr pcre.Pcre  ## not nil
     pcreExtra: ptr pcre.ExtraData  ## nil
 
@@ -156,49 +156,39 @@ type
     ## execution. On failure, it is none, on success, it is some.
     ##
     ## `pattern: Regex`
-    ##     the pattern that is being matched
+    ## :   the pattern that is being matched
     ##
     ## `str: string`
-    ##     the string that was matched against
+    ## :   the string that was matched against
     ##
     ## `captures[]: string`
-    ##     the string value of whatever was captured at that id. If the value
+    ## :   the string value of whatever was captured at that id. If the value
     ##     is invalid, then behavior is undefined. If the id is `-1`, then
     ##     the whole match is returned. If the given capture was not matched,
-    ##     `nil` is returned.
-    ##
-    ##     -  `"abc".match(re"(\w)").get.captures[0] == "a"`
-    ##     -  `"abc".match(re"(?<letter>\w)").get.captures["letter"] == "a"`
-    ##     -  `"abc".match(re"(\w)\w").get.captures[-1] == "ab"`
+    ##     `nil` is returned. See examples for `match`.
     ##
     ## `captureBounds[]: HSlice[int, int]`
-    ##     gets the bounds of the given capture according to the same rules as
+    ## :   gets the bounds of the given capture according to the same rules as
     ##     the above. If the capture is not filled, then `None` is returned.
-    ##     The bounds are both inclusive.
-    ##
-    ##     -  `"abc".match(re"(\w)").get.captureBounds[0] == 0 .. 0`
-    ##     -  `0 in "abc".match(re"(\w)").get.captureBounds == true`
-    ##     -  `"abc".match(re"").get.captureBounds[-1] == 0 .. -1`
-    ##     -  `"abc".match(re"abc").get.captureBounds[-1] == 0 .. 2`
+    ##     The bounds are both inclusive.  See examples for `match`.
     ##
     ## `match: string`
-    ##     the full text of the match.
+    ## :   the full text of the match.
     ##
     ## `matchBounds: HSlice[int, int]`
-    ##     the bounds of the match, as in `captureBounds[]`
+    ## :   the bounds of the match, as in `captureBounds[]`
     ##
     ## `(captureBounds|captures).toTable`
-    ##     returns a table with each named capture as a key.
+    ## :   returns a table with each named capture as a key.
     ##
     ## `(captureBounds|captures).toSeq`
-    ##     returns all the captures by their number.
+    ## :   returns all the captures by their number.
     ##
     ## `$: string`
-    ##     same as `match`
+    ## :   same as `match`
     pattern*: Regex  ## The regex doing the matching.
                      ## Not nil.
     str*: string  ## The string that was matched against.
-                  ## Not nil.
     pcreMatchBounds: seq[HSlice[cint, cint]] ## First item is the bounds of the match
                                             ## Other items are the captures
                                             ## `a` is inclusive start, `b` is exclusive end
@@ -226,22 +216,12 @@ type
     ## for whatever reason. The message contains the error
     ## code.
 
-runnableExamples:
-  # This MUST be kept in sync with the examples in RegexMatch
-  doAssert "abc".match(re"(\w)").get.captures[0] == "a"
-  doAssert "abc".match(re"(?<letter>\w)").get.captures["letter"] == "a"
-  doAssert "abc".match(re"(\w)\w").get.captures[-1] == "ab"
-
-  doAssert "abc".match(re"(\w)").get.captureBounds[0] == 0 .. 0
-  doAssert 0 in "abc".match(re"(\w)").get.captureBounds == true
-  doAssert "abc".match(re"").get.captureBounds[-1] == 0 .. -1
-  doAssert "abc".match(re"abc").get.captureBounds[-1] == 0 .. 2
-
-
 proc destroyRegex(pattern: Regex) =
+  `=destroy`(pattern.pattern)
   pcre.free_substring(cast[cstring](pattern.pcreObj))
   if pattern.pcreExtra != nil:
     pcre.free_study(pattern.pcreExtra)
+  `=destroy`(pattern.captureNameToId)
 
 proc getinfo[T](pattern: Regex, opt: cint): T =
   let retcode = pcre.fullinfo(pattern.pcreObj, pattern.pcreExtra, opt, addr result)
@@ -308,7 +288,7 @@ proc matchesCrLf(pattern: Regex): bool =
   let newlineFlags = flags and (pcre.NEWLINE_CRLF or
                                 pcre.NEWLINE_ANY or
                                 pcre.NEWLINE_ANYCRLF)
-  if newLineFlags > 0u32:
+  if newlineFlags > 0u32:
     return true
 
   # get flags from build config
@@ -540,24 +520,33 @@ proc matchImpl(str: string, pattern: Regex, start, endpos: int, flags: int): Opt
 proc match*(str: string, pattern: Regex, start = 0, endpos = int.high): Option[RegexMatch] =
   ## Like `find(...)<#find,string,Regex,int>`_, but anchored to the start of the
   ## string.
-  ##
   runnableExamples:
-    doAssert "foo".match(re"f").isSome
-    doAssert "foo".match(re"o").isNone
+    assert "foo".match(re"f").isSome
+    assert "foo".match(re"o").isNone
 
+    assert "abc".match(re"(\w)").get.captures[0] == "a"
+    assert "abc".match(re"(?<letter>\w)").get.captures["letter"] == "a"
+    assert "abc".match(re"(\w)\w").get.captures[-1] == "ab"
+
+    assert "abc".match(re"(\w)").get.captureBounds[0] == 0 .. 0
+    assert 0 in "abc".match(re"(\w)").get.captureBounds
+    assert "abc".match(re"").get.captureBounds[-1] == 0 .. -1
+    assert "abc".match(re"abc").get.captureBounds[-1] == 0 .. 2
   return str.matchImpl(pattern, start, endpos, pcre.ANCHORED)
 
 iterator findIter*(str: string, pattern: Regex, start = 0, endpos = int.high): RegexMatch =
   ## Works the same as `find(...)<#find,string,Regex,int>`_, but finds every
-  ## non-overlapping match. `"2222".find(re"22")` is `"22", "22"`, not
-  ## `"22", "22", "22"`.
-  ##
+  ## non-overlapping match:
+  runnableExamples:
+    import std/sugar
+    assert collect(for a in "2222".findIter(re"22"): a.match) == @["22", "22"]
+     # not @["22", "22", "22"]
   ## Arguments are the same as `find(...)<#find,string,Regex,int>`_
   ##
   ## Variants:
   ##
   ## -  `proc findAll(...)` returns a `seq[string]`
-  # see pcredemo for explanation
+  # see pcredemo for explanation => https://www.pcre.org/original/doc/html/pcredemo.html
   let matchesCrLf = pattern.matchesCrLf()
   let unicode = uint32(getinfo[culong](pattern, pcre.INFO_OPTIONS) and
     pcre.UTF8) > 0u32
@@ -578,7 +567,7 @@ iterator findIter*(str: string, pattern: Regex, start = 0, endpos = int.high): R
       # either the end of the input or the string
       # cannot be split here - we also need to bail
       # if we've never matched and we've already tried to...
-      if offset >= strlen or neverMatched:
+      if flags == 0 or offset >= strlen or neverMatched: # All matches found
         break
 
       if matchesCrLf and offset < (str.len - 1) and
@@ -594,7 +583,6 @@ iterator findIter*(str: string, pattern: Regex, start = 0, endpos = int.high): R
     else:
       neverMatched = false
       offset = match.get.matchBounds.b + 1
-
       yield match.get
 
 proc find*(str: string, pattern: Regex, start = 0, endpos = int.high): Option[RegexMatch] =
@@ -602,11 +590,11 @@ proc find*(str: string, pattern: Regex, start = 0, endpos = int.high): Option[Re
   ## positions.
   ##
   ## `start`
-  ##     The start point at which to start matching. `|abc` is `0`;
+  ## :   The start point at which to start matching. `|abc` is `0`;
   ##     `a|bc` is `1`
   ##
   ## `endpos`
-  ##     The maximum index for a match; `int.high` means the end of the
+  ## :   The maximum index for a match; `int.high` means the end of the
   ##     string, otherwise it’s an inclusive upper bound.
   return str.matchImpl(pattern, start, endpos, 0)
 
@@ -619,11 +607,10 @@ proc contains*(str: string, pattern: Regex, start = 0, endpos = int.high): bool
   ## Determine if the string contains the given pattern between the end and
   ## start positions:
   ## This function is equivalent to `isSome(str.find(pattern, start, endpos))`.
-  ##
   runnableExamples:
-    doAssert "abc".contains(re"bc")
-    doAssert not "abc".contains(re"cd")
-    doAssert not "abc".contains(re"a", start = 1)
+    assert "abc".contains(re"bc")
+    assert not "abc".contains(re"cd")
+    assert not "abc".contains(re"a", start = 1)
 
   return isSome(str.find(pattern, start, endpos))
 
@@ -635,16 +622,16 @@ proc split*(str: string, pattern: Regex, maxSplit = -1, start = 0): seq[string]
   ##
   runnableExamples:
     # -  If the match is zero-width, then the string is still split:
-    doAssert "123".split(re"") == @["1", "2", "3"]
+    assert "123".split(re"") == @["1", "2", "3"]
 
     # -  If the pattern has a capture in it, it is added after the string
     #    split:
-    doAssert "12".split(re"(\d)") == @["", "1", "", "2", ""]
+    assert "12".split(re"(\d)") == @["", "1", "", "2", ""]
 
     # -  If `maxsplit != -1`, then the string will only be split
     #    `maxsplit - 1` times. This means that there will be `maxsplit`
     #    strings in the output seq.
-    doAssert "1.2.3".split(re"\.", maxsplit = 2) == @["1", "2.3"]
+    assert "1.2.3".split(re"\.", maxsplit = 2) == @["1", "2.3"]
 
   result = @[]
   var lastIdx = start
@@ -715,8 +702,7 @@ proc replace*(str: string, pattern: Regex,
   ## each match and the return value is the replacement value.
   ##
   ## If `subproc` is a `proc (string): string`, then it is executed with the
-  ## full text of the match and and the return value is the replacement
-  ## value.
+  ## full text of the match and the return value is the replacement value.
   ##
   ## If `subproc` is a string, the syntax is as follows:
   ##
@@ -747,9 +733,9 @@ proc escapeRe*(str: string): string {.gcsafe.} =
   ##
   ## Escaped char: `\ + * ? [ ^ ] $ ( ) { } = ! < > | : -`
   runnableExamples:
-    doAssert escapeRe("fly+wind") == "fly\\+wind"
-    doAssert escapeRe("!") == "\\!"
-    doAssert escapeRe("nim*") == "nim\\*"
+    assert escapeRe("fly+wind") == "fly\\+wind"
+    assert escapeRe("!") == "\\!"
+    assert escapeRe("nim*") == "nim\\*"
 
   #([\\+*?[^\]$(){}=!<>|:-])
   const SpecialCharMatcher = {'\\', '+', '*', '?', '[', '^', ']', '$', '(',
diff --git a/lib/impure/nre/private/util.nim b/lib/impure/nre/private/util.nim
index d227dcba3..ed8420776 100644
--- a/lib/impure/nre/private/util.nim
+++ b/lib/impure/nre/private/util.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ## INTERNAL FILE FOR USE ONLY BY nre.nim.
-import tables
+import std/tables
 
 const Ident = {'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', '0'..'9', '_', '\128'..'\255'}
 const StartIdent = Ident - {'0'..'9'}
diff --git a/lib/impure/rdstdin.nim b/lib/impure/rdstdin.nim
index c580b89d1..f4fc26380 100644
--- a/lib/impure/rdstdin.nim
+++ b/lib/impure/rdstdin.nim
@@ -22,11 +22,16 @@ runnableExamples("-r:off"):
     if line.len > 0: echo line
   echo "exiting"
 
+
 when defined(windows):
+  when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+    import std/syncio
+
   proc readLineFromStdin*(prompt: string): string {.
                           tags: [ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect].} =
     ## Reads a line from stdin.
     stdout.write(prompt)
+    stdout.flushFile()
     result = readLine(stdin)
 
   proc readLineFromStdin*(prompt: string, line: var string): bool {.
@@ -50,17 +55,7 @@ elif defined(genode):
     stdin.readLine(line)
 
 else:
-  import linenoise
-
-  proc readLineFromStdin*(prompt: string): string {.
-                          tags: [ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect].} =
-    var buffer = linenoise.readLine(prompt)
-    if isNil(buffer):
-      raise newException(IOError, "Linenoise returned nil")
-    result = $buffer
-    if result.len > 0:
-      historyAdd(buffer)
-    linenoise.free(buffer)
+  import std/linenoise
 
   proc readLineFromStdin*(prompt: string, line: var string): bool {.
                           tags: [ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect].} =
@@ -73,3 +68,7 @@ else:
       historyAdd(buffer)
     linenoise.free(buffer)
     result = true
+
+  proc readLineFromStdin*(prompt: string): string {.inline.} =
+    if not readLineFromStdin(prompt, result):
+      raise newException(IOError, "Linenoise returned nil")
diff --git a/lib/impure/re.nim b/lib/impure/re.nim
index 0c96876b9..053c6ab55 100644
--- a/lib/impure/re.nim
+++ b/lib/impure/re.nim
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ when defined(js):
 ## C library. This means that your application will depend on the PCRE
 ## library's licence when using this module, which should not be a problem
 ## though.
+##
+## .. note:: There are also alternative nimble packages such as [tinyre](https://github.com/khchen/tinyre)
+##   and [regex](https://github.com/nitely/nim-regex).
+##
 ## PCRE's licence follows:
 ##
 ## .. include:: ../../doc/regexprs.txt
@@ -32,7 +36,10 @@ runnableExamples:
     # can't match start of string since we're starting at 1
 
 import
-  pcre, strutils, rtarrays
+  std/[pcre, strutils, rtarrays]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
 
 const
   MaxSubpatterns* = 20
@@ -41,12 +48,12 @@ const
 
 type
   RegexFlag* = enum     ## options for regular expressions
-    reIgnoreCase = 0,    ## do caseless matching
-    reMultiLine = 1,     ## `^` and `$` match newlines within data
-    reDotAll = 2,        ## `.` matches anything including NL
-    reExtended = 3,      ## ignore whitespace and `#` comments
-    reStudy = 4          ## study the expression (may be omitted if the
-                         ## expression will be used only once)
+    reIgnoreCase = 0,   ## do caseless matching
+    reMultiLine = 1,    ## `^` and `$` match newlines within data
+    reDotAll = 2,       ## `.` matches anything including NL
+    reExtended = 3,     ## ignore whitespace and `#` comments
+    reStudy = 4         ## study the expression (may be omitted if the
+                        ## expression will be used only once)
 
   RegexDesc = object
     h: ptr Pcre
@@ -58,10 +65,16 @@ type
     ## is raised if the pattern is no valid regular expression.
 
 when defined(gcDestructors):
-  proc `=destroy`(x: var RegexDesc) =
-    pcre.free_substring(cast[cstring](x.h))
-    if not isNil(x.e):
-      pcre.free_study(x.e)
+  when defined(nimAllowNonVarDestructor):
+    proc `=destroy`(x: RegexDesc) =
+      pcre.free_substring(cast[cstring](x.h))
+      if not isNil(x.e):
+        pcre.free_study(x.e)
+  else:
+    proc `=destroy`(x: var RegexDesc) =
+      pcre.free_substring(cast[cstring](x.h))
+      if not isNil(x.e):
+        pcre.free_study(x.e)
 
 proc raiseInvalidRegex(msg: string) {.noinline, noreturn.} =
   var e: ref RegexError
@@ -141,6 +154,10 @@ proc matchOrFind(buf: cstring, pattern: Regex, matches: var openArray[string],
     else: matches[i-1] = ""
   return rawMatches[1] - rawMatches[0]
 
+const MaxReBufSize* = high(cint)
+  ## Maximum PCRE (API 1) buffer start/size equal to `high(cint)`, which even
+  ## for 64-bit systems can be either 2`31`:sup:-1 or 2`63`:sup:-1.
+
 proc findBounds*(buf: cstring, pattern: Regex, matches: var openArray[string],
                  start = 0, bufSize: int): tuple[first, last: int] =
   ## returns the starting position and end position of `pattern` in `buf`
@@ -148,6 +165,9 @@ proc findBounds*(buf: cstring, pattern: Regex, matches: var openArray[string],
   ## and the captured
   ## substrings in the array `matches`. If it does not match, nothing
   ## is written into `matches` and `(-1,0)` is returned.
+  ##
+  ## Note: The memory for `matches` needs to be allocated before this function is
+  ## called, otherwise it will just remain empty.
   var
     rtarray = initRtArray[cint]((matches.len+1)*3)
     rawMatches = rtarray.getRawData
@@ -167,16 +187,27 @@ proc findBounds*(s: string, pattern: Regex, matches: var openArray[string],
   ## and the captured substrings in the array `matches`.
   ## If it does not match, nothing
   ## is written into `matches` and `(-1,0)` is returned.
-  result = findBounds(cstring(s), pattern, matches, start, s.len)
+  ##
+  ## .. note:: The memory for `matches` needs to be allocated before this function is called, otherwise it will just remain empty.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var matches = newSeq[string](1)
+    let (first, last) = findBounds("Hello World", re"(W\w+)", matches)
+    doAssert first == 6
+    doAssert last == 10
+    doAssert matches[0] == "World"
+  result = findBounds(cstring(s), pattern, matches,
+      min(start, MaxReBufSize), min(s.len, MaxReBufSize))
 
 proc findBounds*(buf: cstring, pattern: Regex,
                  matches: var openArray[tuple[first, last: int]],
-                 start = 0, bufSize = 0): tuple[first, last: int] =
+                 start = 0, bufSize: int): tuple[first, last: int] =
   ## returns the starting position and end position of `pattern` in `buf`
   ## (where `buf` has length `bufSize` and is not necessarily `'\0'` terminated),
   ## and the captured substrings in the array `matches`.
   ## If it does not match, nothing is written into `matches` and
   ## `(-1,0)` is returned.
+  ##
+  ## .. note:: The memory for `matches` needs to be allocated before this function is called, otherwise it will just remain empty.
   var
     rtarray = initRtArray[cint]((matches.len+1)*3)
     rawMatches = rtarray.getRawData
@@ -197,7 +228,28 @@ proc findBounds*(s: string, pattern: Regex,
   ## and the captured substrings in the array `matches`.
   ## If it does not match, nothing is written into `matches` and
   ## `(-1,0)` is returned.
-  result = findBounds(cstring(s), pattern, matches, start, s.len)
+  ##
+  ## .. note:: The memory for `matches` needs to be allocated before this function is called, otherwise it will just remain empty.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var matches = newSeq[tuple[first, last: int]](1)
+    let (first, last) = findBounds("Hello World", re"(\w+)", matches)
+    doAssert first == 0
+    doAssert last == 4
+    doAssert matches[0] == (0, 4)
+  result = findBounds(cstring(s), pattern, matches,
+      min(start, MaxReBufSize), min(s.len, MaxReBufSize))
+
+proc findBoundsImpl(buf: cstring, pattern: Regex,
+                    start = 0, bufSize = 0, flags = 0): tuple[first, last: int] =
+  var rtarray = initRtArray[cint](3)
+  let rawMatches = rtarray.getRawData
+  let res = pcre.exec(pattern.h, pattern.e, buf, bufSize.cint, start.cint, flags.int32,
+                cast[ptr cint](rawMatches), 3)
+
+  if res < 0'i32:
+    result = (-1, 0)
+  else:
+    result = (int(rawMatches[0]), int(rawMatches[1]-1))
 
 proc findBounds*(buf: cstring, pattern: Regex,
                  start = 0, bufSize: int): tuple[first, last: int] =
@@ -220,7 +272,8 @@ proc findBounds*(s: string, pattern: Regex,
   ## Note: there is a speed improvement if the matches do not need to be captured.
   runnableExamples:
     assert findBounds("01234abc89", re"abc") == (5,7)
-  result = findBounds(cstring(s), pattern, start, s.len)
+  result = findBounds(cstring(s), pattern,
+      min(start, MaxReBufSize), min(s.len, MaxReBufSize))
 
 proc matchOrFind(buf: cstring, pattern: Regex, start, bufSize: int, flags: cint): cint =
   var
@@ -236,6 +289,8 @@ proc matchLen*(s: string, pattern: Regex, matches: var openArray[string],
   ## the same as `match`, but it returns the length of the match,
   ## if there is no match, `-1` is returned. Note that a match length
   ## of zero can happen.
+  ##
+  ## .. note:: The memory for `matches` needs to be allocated before this function is called, otherwise it will just remain empty.
   result = matchOrFind(cstring(s), pattern, matches, start.cint, s.len.cint, pcre.ANCHORED)
 
 proc matchLen*(buf: cstring, pattern: Regex, matches: var openArray[string],
@@ -243,6 +298,8 @@ proc matchLen*(buf: cstring, pattern: Regex, matches: var openArray[string],
   ## the same as `match`, but it returns the length of the match,
   ## if there is no match, `-1` is returned. Note that a match length
   ## of zero can happen.
+  ##
+  ## .. note:: The memory for `matches` needs to be allocated before this function is called, otherwise it will just remain empty.
   return matchOrFind(buf, pattern, matches, start.cint, bufSize.cint, pcre.ANCHORED)
 
 proc matchLen*(s: string, pattern: Regex, start = 0): int {.inline.} =
@@ -273,6 +330,7 @@ proc match*(s: string, pattern: Regex, matches: var openArray[string],
   ## match, nothing is written into `matches` and `false` is
   ## returned.
   ##
+  ## .. note:: The memory for `matches` needs to be allocated before this function is called, otherwise it will just remain empty.
   runnableExamples:
     import std/sequtils
     var matches: array[2, string]
@@ -287,14 +345,18 @@ proc match*(buf: cstring, pattern: Regex, matches: var openArray[string],
   ## match, nothing is written into `matches` and `false` is
   ## returned.
   ## `buf` has length `bufSize` (not necessarily `'\0'` terminated).
+  ##
+  ## .. note:: The memory for `matches` needs to be allocated before this function is called, otherwise it will just remain empty.
   result = matchLen(buf, pattern, matches, start, bufSize) != -1
 
 proc find*(buf: cstring, pattern: Regex, matches: var openArray[string],
-           start = 0, bufSize = 0): int =
+           start = 0, bufSize: int): int =
   ## returns the starting position of `pattern` in `buf` and the captured
   ## substrings in the array `matches`. If it does not match, nothing
   ## is written into `matches` and `-1` is returned.
   ## `buf` has length `bufSize` (not necessarily `'\0'` terminated).
+  ##
+  ## .. note:: The memory for `matches` needs to be allocated before this function is called, otherwise it will just remain empty.
   var
     rtarray = initRtArray[cint]((matches.len+1)*3)
     rawMatches = rtarray.getRawData
@@ -313,6 +375,8 @@ proc find*(s: string, pattern: Regex, matches: var openArray[string],
   ## returns the starting position of `pattern` in `s` and the captured
   ## substrings in the array `matches`. If it does not match, nothing
   ## is written into `matches` and `-1` is returned.
+  ##
+  ## .. note:: The memory for `matches` needs to be allocated before this function is called, otherwise it will just remain empty.
   result = find(cstring(s), pattern, matches, start, s.len)
 
 proc find*(buf: cstring, pattern: Regex, start = 0, bufSize: int): int =
@@ -382,7 +446,7 @@ iterator findAll*(buf: cstring, pattern: Regex, start = 0, bufSize: int): string
 
 proc findAll*(s: string, pattern: Regex, start = 0): seq[string] {.inline.} =
   ## returns all matching `substrings` of `s` that match `pattern`.
-  ## If it does not match, @[] is returned.
+  ## If it does not match, `@[]` is returned.
   result = @[]
   for x in findAll(s, pattern, start): result.add x
 
@@ -396,7 +460,7 @@ template `=~` *(s: string, pattern: Regex): untyped =
       elif line =~ re"\s*(\#.*)": # matches a comment
         # note that the implicit `matches` array is different from 1st branch
         result = $(matches[0],)
-      else: doAssert false
+      else: raiseAssert "unreachable"
       doAssert not declared(matches)
     doAssert parse("NAME = LENA") == """("NAME", "LENA")"""
     doAssert parse("   # comment ... ") == """("# comment ... ",)"""
@@ -414,6 +478,8 @@ proc contains*(s: string, pattern: Regex, start = 0): bool {.inline.} =
 proc contains*(s: string, pattern: Regex, matches: var openArray[string],
               start = 0): bool {.inline.} =
   ## same as `find(s, pattern, matches, start) >= 0`
+  ##
+  ## .. note:: The memory for `matches` needs to be allocated before this function is called, otherwise it will just remain empty.
   return find(s, pattern, matches, start) >= 0
 
 proc startsWith*(s: string, prefix: Regex): bool {.inline.} =
@@ -433,12 +499,16 @@ proc replace*(s: string, sub: Regex, by = ""): string =
     doAssert "var1=key; var2=key2".replace(re"(\w+)=(\w+)", "?") == "?; ?"
   result = ""
   var prev = 0
+  var flags = int32(0)
   while prev < s.len:
-    var match = findBounds(s, sub, prev)
+    var match = findBoundsImpl(s.cstring, sub, prev, s.len, flags)
+    flags = 0
     if match.first < 0: break
     add(result, substr(s, prev, match.first-1))
     add(result, by)
-    if match.last + 1 == prev: break
+    if match.first > match.last:
+      # 0-len match
+      flags = pcre.NOTEMPTY_ATSTART
     prev = match.last + 1
   add(result, substr(s, prev))
 
@@ -499,19 +569,22 @@ iterator split*(s: string, sep: Regex; maxsplit = -1): string =
       @["", "this", "is", "an", "example", ""]
   var last = 0
   var splits = maxsplit
-  var x: int
+  var x = -1
+  if len(s) == 0:
+    last = 1
+  if matchLen(s, sep, 0) == 0:
+    x = 0
   while last <= len(s):
     var first = last
     var sepLen = 1
+    if x == 0:
+      inc(last)
     while last < len(s):
       x = matchLen(s, sep, last)
       if x >= 0:
         sepLen = x
         break
       inc(last)
-    if x == 0:
-      if last >= len(s): break
-      inc last
     if splits == 0: last = len(s)
     yield substr(s, first, last-1)
     if splits == 0: break
diff --git a/lib/js/asyncjs.nim b/lib/js/asyncjs.nim
index c62ac633f..9b043f3e5 100644
--- a/lib/js/asyncjs.nim
+++ b/lib/js/asyncjs.nim
@@ -17,37 +17,42 @@
 ##
 ## This is roughly equivalent to the `async` keyword in JavaScript code.
 ##
-## .. code-block:: nim
-##  proc loadGame(name: string): Future[Game] {.async.} =
-##    # code
+##   ```nim
+##   proc loadGame(name: string): Future[Game] {.async.} =
+##     # code
+##   ```
 ##
 ## should be equivalent to
 ##
-## .. code-block:: javascript
+##   ```javascript
 ##   async function loadGame(name) {
 ##     // code
 ##   }
+##   ```
 ##
 ## A call to an asynchronous procedure usually needs `await` to wait for
 ## the completion of the `Future`.
 ##
-## .. code-block:: nim
+##   ```nim
 ##   var game = await loadGame(name)
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Often, you might work with callback-based API-s. You can wrap them with
 ## asynchronous procedures using promises and `newPromise`:
 ##
-## .. code-block:: nim
+##   ```nim
 ##   proc loadGame(name: string): Future[Game] =
 ##     var promise = newPromise() do (resolve: proc(response: Game)):
 ##       cbBasedLoadGame(name) do (game: Game):
 ##         resolve(game)
 ##     return promise
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Forward definitions work properly, you just need to always add the `{.async.}` pragma:
 ##
-## .. code-block:: nim
+##   ```nim
 ##   proc loadGame(name: string): Future[Game] {.async.}
+##   ```
 ##
 ## JavaScript compatibility
 ## ========================
@@ -57,13 +62,14 @@
 ## If you need to use this module with older versions of JavaScript, you can
 ## use a tool that backports the resulting JavaScript code, as babel.
 
-# xxx code-block:: javascript above gives `LanguageXNotSupported` warning.
+# xxx code: javascript above gives `LanguageXNotSupported` warning.
 
 when not defined(js) and not defined(nimsuggest):
   {.fatal: "Module asyncjs is designed to be used with the JavaScript backend.".}
 
 import std/jsffi
 import std/macros
+import std/private/since
 
 type
   Future*[T] = ref object
@@ -84,6 +90,8 @@ proc replaceReturn(node: var NimNode) =
       node[z] = nnkReturnStmt.newTree(value)
     elif son.kind == nnkAsgn and son[0].kind == nnkIdent and $son[0] == "result":
       node[z] = nnkAsgn.newTree(son[0], nnkCall.newTree(jsResolve, son[1]))
+    elif son.kind in RoutineNodes:
+      discard
     else:
       replaceReturn(son)
     inc z
@@ -94,10 +102,18 @@ proc isFutureVoid(node: NimNode): bool =
            node[1].kind == nnkIdent and $node[1] == "void"
 
 proc generateJsasync(arg: NimNode): NimNode =
-  if arg.kind notin {nnkProcDef, nnkLambda, nnkMethodDef, nnkDo}:
+  if arg.kind notin {nnkProcDef, nnkLambda, nnkMethodDef, nnkDo, nnkProcTy}:
       error("Cannot transform this node kind into an async proc." &
             " proc/method definition or lambda node expected.")
 
+  # Transform type X = proc (): something {.async.}
+  # into      type X = proc (): Future[something]
+  if arg.kind == nnkProcTy:
+    result = arg
+    if arg[0][0].kind == nnkEmpty:
+      result[0][0] = quote do: Future[void]
+    return result
+
   result = arg
   var isVoid = false
   let jsResolve = ident("jsResolve")
@@ -158,100 +174,96 @@ proc newPromise*(handler: proc(resolve: proc())): Future[void] {.importjs: "(new
   ## A helper for wrapping callback-based functions
   ## into promises and async procedures.
 
-template typeOrVoid[T](a: T): type =
-  # xxx this is useful, make it public in std/typetraits in future work
-  T
-
 template maybeFuture(T): untyped =
   # avoids `Future[Future[T]]`
   when T is Future: T
   else: Future[T]
 
-when defined(nimExperimentalAsyncjsThen):
-  import std/private/since
-  since (1, 5, 1):
-    #[
-    TODO:
-    * map `Promise.all()`
-    * proc toString*(a: Error): cstring {.importjs: "#.toString()".}
-
-    Note:
-    We probably can't have a `waitFor` in js in browser (single threaded), but maybe it would be possible
-    in in nodejs, see https://nodejs.org/api/child_process.html#child_process_child_process_execsync_command_options
-    and https://stackoverflow.com/questions/61377358/javascript-wait-for-async-call-to-finish-before-returning-from-function-witho
-    ]#
-
-    type Error*  {.importjs: "Error".} = ref object of JsRoot
-      ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error
-      message*: cstring
-      name*: cstring
-
-    type OnReject* = proc(reason: Error)
-
-    proc then*[T](future: Future[T], onSuccess: proc, onReject: OnReject = nil): auto =
-      ## See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise/then
-      ## Returns a `Future` from the return type of `onSuccess(T.default)`.
-      runnableExamples("-d:nimExperimentalAsyncjsThen"):
-        from std/sugar import `=>`
-
-        proc fn(n: int): Future[int] {.async.} =
-          if n >= 7: raise newException(ValueError, "foobar: " & $n)
-          else: result = n * 2
-
-        proc asyncFact(n: int): Future[int] {.async.} =
-          if n > 0: result = n * await asyncFact(n-1)
-          else: result = 1
-
-        proc main() {.async.} =
-          block: # then
-            assert asyncFact(3).await == 3*2
-            assert asyncFact(3).then(asyncFact).await == 6*5*4*3*2
-            let x1 = await fn(3)
-            assert x1 == 3 * 2
-            let x2 = await fn(4)
-              .then((a: int) => a.float)
-              .then((a: float) => $a)
-            assert x2 == "8.0"
-
-          block: # then with `onReject` callback
-            var witness = 1
-            await fn(6).then((a: int) => (witness = 2), (r: Error) => (witness = 3))
-            assert witness == 2
-            await fn(7).then((a: int) => (witness = 2), (r: Error) => (witness = 3))
-            assert witness == 3
-
-      template impl(call): untyped =
-        when typeOrVoid(call) is void:
-          var ret: Future[void]
-        else:
-          var ret = default(maybeFuture(typeof(call)))
-        typeof(ret)
-      when T is void:
-        type A = impl(onSuccess())
+
+since (1, 5, 1):
+  #[
+  TODO:
+  * map `Promise.all()`
+  * proc toString*(a: Error): cstring {.importjs: "#.toString()".}
+
+  Note:
+  We probably can't have a `waitFor` in js in browser (single threaded), but maybe it would be possible
+  in in nodejs, see https://nodejs.org/api/child_process.html#child_process_child_process_execsync_command_options
+  and https://stackoverflow.com/questions/61377358/javascript-wait-for-async-call-to-finish-before-returning-from-function-witho
+  ]#
+
+  type Error*  {.importjs: "Error".} = ref object of JsRoot
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error
+    message*: cstring
+    name*: cstring
+
+  type OnReject* = proc(reason: Error)
+
+  proc then*[T](future: Future[T], onSuccess: proc, onReject: OnReject = nil): auto =
+    ## See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise/then
+    ## Returns a `Future` from the return type of `onSuccess(T.default)`.
+    runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+      from std/sugar import `=>`
+
+      proc fn(n: int): Future[int] {.async.} =
+        if n >= 7: raise newException(ValueError, "foobar: " & $n)
+        else: result = n * 2
+
+      proc asyncFact(n: int): Future[int] {.async.} =
+        if n > 0: result = n * await asyncFact(n-1)
+        else: result = 1
+
+      proc main() {.async.} =
+        block: # then
+          assert asyncFact(3).await == 3*2
+          assert asyncFact(3).then(asyncFact).await == 6*5*4*3*2
+          let x1 = await fn(3)
+          assert x1 == 3 * 2
+          let x2 = await fn(4)
+            .then((a: int) => a.float)
+            .then((a: float) => $a)
+          assert x2 == "8.0"
+
+        block: # then with `onReject` callback
+          var witness = 1
+          await fn(6).then((a: int) => (witness = 2), (r: Error) => (witness = 3))
+          assert witness == 2
+          await fn(7).then((a: int) => (witness = 2), (r: Error) => (witness = 3))
+          assert witness == 3
+
+    template impl(call): untyped =
+      # see D20210421T014713
+      when typeof(block: call) is void:
+        var ret: Future[void]
       else:
-        type A = impl(onSuccess(default(T)))
-      var ret: A
-      asm "`ret` = `future`.then(`onSuccess`, `onReject`)"
-      return ret
-
-    proc catch*[T](future: Future[T], onReject: OnReject): Future[void] =
-      ## See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise/catch
-      runnableExamples("-d:nimExperimentalAsyncjsThen"):
-        from std/sugar import `=>`
-        from std/strutils import contains
-
-        proc fn(n: int): Future[int] {.async.} =
-          if n >= 7: raise newException(ValueError, "foobar: " & $n)
-          else: result = n * 2
-
-        proc main() {.async.} =
-          var reason: Error
-          await fn(6).catch((r: Error) => (reason = r)) # note: `()` are needed, `=> reason = r` would not work
-          assert reason == nil
-          await fn(7).catch((r: Error) => (reason = r))
-          assert reason != nil
-          assert  "foobar: 7" in $reason.message
-
-        discard main()
-
-      asm "`result` = `future`.catch(`onReject`)"
+        var ret = default(maybeFuture(typeof(call)))
+      typeof(ret)
+    when T is void:
+      type A = impl(onSuccess())
+    else:
+      type A = impl(onSuccess(default(T)))
+    var ret: A
+    {.emit: "`ret` = `future`.then(`onSuccess`, `onReject`);".}
+    return ret
+
+  proc catch*[T](future: Future[T], onReject: OnReject): Future[void] =
+    ## See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise/catch
+    runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+      from std/sugar import `=>`
+      from std/strutils import contains
+
+      proc fn(n: int): Future[int] {.async.} =
+        if n >= 7: raise newException(ValueError, "foobar: " & $n)
+        else: result = n * 2
+
+      proc main() {.async.} =
+        var reason: Error
+        await fn(6).catch((r: Error) => (reason = r)) # note: `()` are needed, `=> reason = r` would not work
+        assert reason == nil
+        await fn(7).catch((r: Error) => (reason = r))
+        assert reason != nil
+        assert  "foobar: 7" in $reason.message
+
+      discard main()
+
+    {.emit: "`result` = `future`.catch(`onReject`);".}
diff --git a/lib/js/dom.nim b/lib/js/dom.nim
index a133f1f69..be2a34db1 100644
--- a/lib/js/dom.nim
+++ b/lib/js/dom.nim
@@ -9,6 +9,37 @@
 
 ## Declaration of the Document Object Model for the `JavaScript backend
 ## <backends.html#backends-the-javascript-target>`_.
+##
+##
+## Document Ready
+## --------------
+##
+## * Basic example of a document ready:
+runnableExamples"-b:js -r:off":
+  proc example(e: Event) = echo "Document is ready"
+  document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", example)  # You can also use "load" event.
+## * This example runs 5 seconds after the document ready:
+runnableExamples"-b:js -r:off":
+  proc example() = echo "5 seconds after document ready"
+  proc domReady(e: Event) = discard setTimeout(example, 5_000) # Document is ready.
+  document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", domReady)
+## Document onUnload
+## -----------------
+##
+## * Simple example of how to implement code that runs when the page unloads:
+runnableExamples"-b:js -r:off":
+  proc example(e: Event) = echo "Document is unloaded"
+  document.addEventListener("unload", example)  # You can also use "beforeunload".
+## Document Autorefresh
+## --------------------
+##
+## * Minimal example of a document autorefresh:
+runnableExamples"-b:js -r:off":
+  proc example() = window.location.reload()
+  discard setTimeout(example, 5_000)
+## - For more examples, see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/EventTarget/addEventListener
+
+
 import std/private/since
 when not defined(js):
   {.error: "This module only works on the JavaScript platform".}
@@ -17,8 +48,7 @@ const
   DomApiVersion* = 3 ## the version of DOM API we try to follow. No guarantees though.
 
 type
-  EventTarget* = ref EventTargetObj
-  EventTargetObj {.importc.} = object of RootObj
+  EventTarget* {.importc.} = ref object of RootObj
     onabort*: proc (event: Event) {.closure.}
     onblur*: proc (event: Event) {.closure.}
     onchange*: proc (event: Event) {.closure.}
@@ -129,8 +159,7 @@ type
 
   Storage* {.importc.} = ref object
 
-  Window* = ref WindowObj
-  WindowObj {.importc.} = object of EventTargetObj
+  Window* {.importc.} = ref object of EventTarget
     document*: Document
     event*: Event
     history*: History
@@ -159,11 +188,9 @@ type
     sessionStorage*: Storage
     parent*: Window
 
-  Frame* = ref FrameObj
-  FrameObj {.importc.} = object of WindowObj
+  Frame* {.importc.} = ref object of Window
 
-  ClassList* = ref ClassListObj
-  ClassListObj {.importc.} = object of RootObj
+  ClassList* {.importc.} = ref object of RootObj
 
   NodeType* = enum
     ElementNode = 1,
@@ -179,8 +206,7 @@ type
     DocumentFragmentNode,
     NotationNode
 
-  Node* = ref NodeObj
-  NodeObj {.importc.} = object of EventTargetObj
+  Node* {.importc.} = ref object of EventTarget
     attributes*: seq[Node]
     childNodes*: seq[Node]
     children*: seq[Node]
@@ -204,8 +230,7 @@ type
     parentElement*: Element
     isConnected*: bool
 
-  Document* = ref DocumentObj
-  DocumentObj {.importc.} = object of NodeObj
+  Document* {.importc.} = ref object of Node
     activeElement*: Element
     documentElement*: Element
     alinkColor*: cstring
@@ -216,11 +241,13 @@ type
     defaultCharset*: cstring
     fgColor*: cstring
     head*: Element
+    hidden*: bool
     lastModified*: cstring
     linkColor*: cstring
     referrer*: cstring
     title*: cstring
     URL*: cstring
+    visibilityState*: cstring
     vlinkColor*: cstring
     anchors*: seq[AnchorElement]
     forms*: seq[FormElement]
@@ -230,8 +257,7 @@ type
     links*: seq[LinkElement]
     fonts*: FontFaceSet
 
-  Element* = ref ElementObj
-  ElementObj {.importc.} = object of NodeObj
+  Element* {.importc.} = ref object of Node
     className*: cstring
     classList*: ClassList
     checked*: bool
@@ -252,8 +278,7 @@ type
     offsetLeft*: int
     offsetTop*: int
 
-  ValidityState* = ref ValidityStateObj ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ValidityState>`_
-  ValidityStateObj {.importc.} = object
+  ValidityState* {.importc.} = ref object ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ValidityState>`_
     badInput*: bool
     customError*: bool
     patternMismatch*: bool
@@ -266,25 +291,21 @@ type
     valid*: bool
     valueMissing*: bool
 
-  Blob* = ref BlobObj ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Blob>`_
-  BlobObj {.importc.} = object of RootObj
+  Blob* {.importc.} = ref object of RootObj ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Blob>`_
     size*: int
     `type`*: cstring
 
-  File* = ref FileObj ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/File>`_
-  FileObj {.importc.} = object of Blob
+  File* {.importc.} = ref object of Blob ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/File>`_
     lastModified*: int
     name*: cstring
 
-  TextAreaElement* = ref TextAreaElementObj ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTMLTextAreaElement>`_
-  TextAreaElementObj {.importc.} = object of Element
+  TextAreaElement* {.importc.} = ref object of Element ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTMLTextAreaElement>`_
     value*: cstring
     selectionStart*, selectionEnd*: int
     selectionDirection*: cstring
     rows*, cols*: int
 
-  InputElement* = ref InputElementObj ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTMLInputElement>`_
-  InputElementObj {.importc.} = object of Element
+  InputElement* {.importc.} = ref object of Element ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTMLInputElement>`_
     # Properties related to the parent form
     formAction*: cstring
     formEncType*: cstring
@@ -336,15 +357,13 @@ type
     valueAsDate*: cstring
     valueAsNumber*: float
 
-  LinkElement* = ref LinkObj
-  LinkObj {.importc.} = object of ElementObj
+  LinkElement* {.importc.} = ref object of Element
     target*: cstring
     text*: cstring
     x*: int
     y*: int
 
-  EmbedElement* = ref EmbedObj
-  EmbedObj {.importc.} = object of ElementObj
+  EmbedElement* {.importc.} = ref object of Element
     height*: int
     hspace*: int
     src*: cstring
@@ -352,21 +371,18 @@ type
     `type`*: cstring
     vspace*: int
 
-  AnchorElement* = ref AnchorObj
-  AnchorObj {.importc.} = object of ElementObj
+  AnchorElement* {.importc.} = ref object of Element
     text*: cstring
     x*, y*: int
 
-  OptionElement* = ref OptionObj
-  OptionObj {.importc.} = object of ElementObj
+  OptionElement* {.importc.} = ref object of Element
     defaultSelected*: bool
     selected*: bool
     selectedIndex*: int
     text*: cstring
     value*: cstring
 
-  FormElement* = ref FormObj ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTMLFormElement>`_
-  FormObj {.importc.} = object of ElementObj
+  FormElement* {.importc.} = ref object of Element ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTMLFormElement>`_
     acceptCharset*: cstring
     action*: cstring
     autocomplete*: cstring
@@ -378,8 +394,7 @@ type
     noValidate*: bool
     target*: cstring
 
-  ImageElement* = ref ImageObj
-  ImageObj {.importc.} = object of ElementObj
+  ImageElement* {.importc.} = ref object of Element
     border*: int
     complete*: bool
     height*: int
@@ -389,8 +404,7 @@ type
     vspace*: int
     width*: int
 
-  Style* = ref StyleObj
-  StyleObj {.importc.} = object of RootObj
+  Style* {.importc.} = ref object of RootObj
     alignContent*: cstring
     alignItems*: cstring
     alignSelf*: cstring
@@ -766,8 +780,7 @@ type
     AtTarget,
     BubblingPhase
 
-  Event* = ref EventObj ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Event>`_
-  EventObj {.importc.} = object of RootObj
+  Event* {.importc.} = ref object of RootObj ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Event>`_
     bubbles*: bool
     cancelBubble*: bool
     cancelable*: bool
@@ -779,13 +792,11 @@ type
     `type`*: cstring
     isTrusted*: bool
 
-  UIEvent* = ref UIEventObj ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/UIEvent>`_
-  UIEventObj {.importc.} = object of Event
+  UIEvent* {.importc.} = ref object of Event ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/UIEvent>`_
     detail*: int64
     view*: Window
 
-  KeyboardEvent* = ref KeyboardEventObj ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/KeyboardEvent>`_
-  KeyboardEventObj {.importc.} = object of UIEvent
+  KeyboardEvent* {.importc.} = ref object of UIEvent ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/KeyboardEvent>`_
     altKey*, ctrlKey*, metaKey*, shiftKey*: bool
     code*: cstring
     isComposing*: bool
@@ -1147,8 +1158,7 @@ type
     FourthButton = 8,
     FifthButton = 16
 
-  MouseEvent* = ref MouseEventObj ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/MouseEvent>`_
-  MouseEventObj {.importc.} = object of UIEvent
+  MouseEvent* {.importc.} = ref object of UIEvent ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/MouseEvent>`_
     altKey*, ctrlKey*, metaKey*, shiftKey*: bool
     button*: int
     buttons*: int
@@ -1165,13 +1175,11 @@ type
     File = "file",
     String = "string"
 
-  DataTransferItem* = ref DataTransferItemObj ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/DataTransferItem>`_
-  DataTransferItemObj {.importc.} = object of RootObj
+  DataTransferItem* {.importc.} = ref object of RootObj ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/DataTransferItem>`_
     kind*: cstring
     `type`*: cstring
 
-  DataTransfer* = ref DataTransferObj ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/DataTransfer>`_
-  DataTransferObj {.importc.} = object of RootObj
+  DataTransfer* {.importc.} = ref object of RootObj ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/DataTransfer>`_
     dropEffect*: cstring
     effectAllowed*: cstring
     files*: seq[Element]
@@ -1213,8 +1221,7 @@ type
     ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ClipboardEvent>`_
     clipboardData*: DataTransfer
 
-  StorageEvent* = ref StorageEventObj ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/StorageEvent>`_
-  StorageEventObj {.importc.} = object of Event
+  StorageEvent* {.importc.} = ref object of Event ## see `docs<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/StorageEvent>`_
     key*: cstring
     newValue*, oldValue*: cstring
     storageArea*: Storage
@@ -1223,8 +1230,7 @@ type
   TouchList* {.importc.} = ref object of RootObj
     length*: int
 
-  Touch* = ref TouchObj
-  TouchObj {.importc.} = object of RootObj
+  Touch* {.importc.} = ref object of RootObj
     identifier*: int
     screenX*, screenY*, clientX*, clientY*, pageX*, pageY*: int
     target*: Element
@@ -1232,12 +1238,10 @@ type
     rotationAngle*: int
     force*: float
 
-  TouchEvent* = ref TouchEventObj
-  TouchEventObj {.importc.} = object of UIEvent
+  TouchEvent* {.importc.} = ref object of UIEvent
     changedTouches*, targetTouches*, touches*: seq[Touch]
 
-  Location* = ref LocationObj
-  LocationObj {.importc.} = object of RootObj
+  Location* {.importc.} = ref object of RootObj
     hash*: cstring
     host*: cstring
     hostname*: cstring
@@ -1248,12 +1252,10 @@ type
     search*: cstring
     origin*: cstring
 
-  History* = ref HistoryObj
-  HistoryObj {.importc.} = object of RootObj
+  History* {.importc.} = ref object of RootObj
     length*: int
 
-  Navigator* = ref NavigatorObj
-  NavigatorObj {.importc.} = object of RootObj
+  Navigator* {.importc.} = ref object of RootObj
     appCodeName*: cstring
     appName*: cstring
     appVersion*: cstring
@@ -1291,8 +1293,7 @@ type
   ToolBar* = LocationBar
   StatusBar* = LocationBar
 
-  Screen = ref ScreenObj
-  ScreenObj {.importc.} = object of RootObj
+  Screen* {.importc.} = ref object of RootObj
     availHeight*: int
     availWidth*: int
     colorDepth*: int
@@ -1301,7 +1302,7 @@ type
     width*: int
 
   TimeOut* {.importc.} = ref object of RootObj
-  Interval* {.importc.} = object of RootObj
+  Interval* {.importc.} = ref object of RootObj
 
   AddEventListenerOptions* = object
     capture*: bool
@@ -1317,41 +1318,46 @@ type
     ready*: FontFaceSetReady
     onloadingdone*: proc(event: Event)
 
+  ScrollIntoViewOptions* = object
+    behavior*: cstring
+    `block`*: cstring
+    inline*: cstring
+
+  MediaQueryList* {.importc.} = ref object of EventTarget
+    matches*: bool
+    media*: cstring
+
 since (1, 3):
   type
     DomParser* = ref object
       ## DOM Parser object (defined on browser only, may not be on NodeJS).
       ## * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/DOMParser
       ##
-      ## .. code-block:: nim
+      ##   ```nim
       ##   let prsr = newDomParser()
       ##   discard prsr.parseFromString("<html><marquee>Hello World</marquee></html>".cstring, "text/html".cstring)
+      ##   ```
 
-    DomException* = ref DOMExceptionObj
+    DomException* {.importc.} = ref object
       ## The DOMException interface represents an abnormal event (called an exception)
       ## which occurs as a result of calling a method or accessing a property of a web API.
       ## Each exception has a name, which is a short "CamelCase" style string identifying
       ## the error or abnormal condition.
       ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/DOMException
 
-    DOMExceptionObj {.importc.} = object
-
-    FileReader* = ref FileReaderObj
+    FileReader* {.importc.} = ref object of EventTarget
       ## The FileReader object lets web applications asynchronously read the contents of files
       ## (or raw data buffers) stored on the user's computer, using File or Blob objects to specify
       ## the file or data to read.
       ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FileReader
 
-    FileReaderObj {.importc.} = object of EventTargetObj
-
     FileReaderState* = distinct range[0'u16..2'u16]
     RootNodeOptions* = object of RootObj
       composed*: bool
     DocumentOrShadowRoot* {.importc.} = object of RootObj
       activeElement*: Element
       # styleSheets*: StyleSheetList
-    ShadowRoot* = ref ShadowRootObj
-    ShadowRootObj {.importc.} = object of DocumentOrShadowRoot
+    ShadowRoot* {.importc.} = ref object of DocumentOrShadowRoot
       delegatesFocus*: bool
       host*: Element
       innerHTML*: cstring
@@ -1360,8 +1366,7 @@ since (1, 3):
       mode*: cstring
       delegatesFocus*: bool
 
-    HTMLSlotElement* = ref HTMLSlotElementObj
-    HTMLSlotElementObj {.importc.} = object of RootObj
+    HTMLSlotElement* {.importc.} = ref object of RootObj
       name*: cstring
     SlotOptions* = object of RootObj
       flatten*: bool
@@ -1379,6 +1384,9 @@ proc `class=`*(n: Node; v: cstring) {.importcpp: "#.className = #", nodecl.}
 proc value*(n: Node): cstring {.importcpp: "#.value", nodecl.}
 proc `value=`*(n: Node; v: cstring) {.importcpp: "#.value = #", nodecl.}
 
+proc checked*(n: Node): bool {.importcpp: "#.checked", nodecl.}
+proc `checked=`*(n: Node; v: bool) {.importcpp: "#.checked = #", nodecl.}
+
 proc `disabled=`*(n: Node; v: bool) {.importcpp: "#.disabled = #", nodecl.}
 
 when defined(nodejs):
@@ -1415,7 +1423,7 @@ when defined(nodejs):
         parent.childNodes[i] = newNode
         return
       inc i
-    doAssert false, "old node not in node list"
+    raiseAssert "old node not in node list"
 
   proc removeChild*(parent, child: Node) =
     child.parentNode = nil
@@ -1425,7 +1433,7 @@ when defined(nodejs):
         parent.childNodes.delete(i)
         return
       inc i
-    doAssert false, "old node not in node list"
+    raiseAssert "old node not in node list"
 
   proc insertBefore*(parent, newNode, before: Node) =
     appendChild(parent, newNode)
@@ -1437,7 +1445,7 @@ when defined(nodejs):
         parent.childNodes[i-1] = newNode
         return
       inc i
-    #doAssert false, "before not in node list"
+    #raiseAssert "before not in node list"
 
   proc createElement*(d: Document, identifier: cstring): Element =
     new(result)
@@ -1473,6 +1481,8 @@ else:
 
 proc setTimeout*(action: proc(); ms: int): TimeOut {.importc, nodecl.}
 proc clearTimeout*(t: TimeOut) {.importc, nodecl.}
+proc setInterval*(action: proc(); ms: int): Interval {.importc, nodecl.}
+proc clearInterval*(i: Interval) {.importc, nodecl.}
 
 {.push importcpp.}
 
@@ -1486,17 +1496,19 @@ proc removeEventListener*(et: EventTarget; ev: cstring; cb: proc(ev: Event))
 proc alert*(w: Window, msg: cstring)
 proc back*(w: Window)
 proc blur*(w: Window)
-proc clearInterval*(w: Window, interval: ref Interval)
-proc clearTimeout*(w: Window, timeout: ref TimeOut)
+proc clearInterval*(w: Window, interval: Interval)
+proc clearTimeout*(w: Window, timeout: TimeOut)
 proc close*(w: Window)
 proc confirm*(w: Window, msg: cstring): bool
 proc disableExternalCapture*(w: Window)
 proc enableExternalCapture*(w: Window)
 proc find*(w: Window, text: cstring, caseSensitive = false,
-           backwards = false)
+           backwards = false): bool
 proc focus*(w: Window)
 proc forward*(w: Window)
-proc getComputedStyle*(w: Window, e: Node, pe:Node = nil): Style
+proc getComputedStyle*(w: Window, e: Node, pe: Node = nil): Style
+  ## .. warning:: The returned Style may or may not be read-only at run-time in the browser. getComputedStyle is performance costly.
+
 proc handleEvent*(w: Window, e: Event)
 proc home*(w: Window)
 proc moveBy*(w: Window, x, y: int)
@@ -1510,13 +1522,14 @@ proc resizeTo*(w: Window, x, y: int)
 proc routeEvent*(w: Window, event: Event)
 proc scrollBy*(w: Window, x, y: int)
 proc scrollTo*(w: Window, x, y: int)
-proc setInterval*(w: Window, code: cstring, pause: int): ref Interval
-proc setInterval*(w: Window, function: proc (), pause: int): ref Interval
-proc setTimeout*(w: Window, code: cstring, pause: int): ref TimeOut
-proc setTimeout*(w: Window, function: proc (), pause: int): ref Interval
+proc setInterval*(w: Window, code: cstring, pause: int): Interval
+proc setInterval*(w: Window, function: proc (), pause: int): Interval
+proc setTimeout*(w: Window, code: cstring, pause: int): TimeOut
+proc setTimeout*(w: Window, function: proc (), pause: int): Interval
 proc stop*(w: Window)
 proc requestAnimationFrame*(w: Window, function: proc (time: float)): int
 proc cancelAnimationFrame*(w: Window, id: int)
+proc matchMedia*(w: Window, mediaQueryString: cstring): MediaQueryList
 
 # Node "methods"
 proc appendData*(n: Node, data: cstring)
@@ -1533,6 +1546,7 @@ proc removeAttribute*(n: Node, attr: cstring)
 proc removeAttributeNode*(n, attr: Node)
 proc replaceData*(n: Node, start, len: int, text: cstring)
 proc scrollIntoView*(n: Node)
+proc scrollIntoView*(n: Node, options: ScrollIntoViewOptions)
 proc setAttribute*(n: Node, name, value: cstring)
 proc setAttributeNode*(n: Node, attr: Node)
 proc querySelector*(n: Node, selectors: cstring): Element
@@ -1641,7 +1655,7 @@ proc item*(list: TouchList, i: int): Touch
 proc clearData*(dt: DataTransfer, format: cstring)
 proc getData*(dt: DataTransfer, format: cstring): cstring
 proc setData*(dt: DataTransfer, format: cstring, data: cstring)
-proc setDragImage*(dt: DataTransfer, img: Element, xOffset: int64, yOffset: int64)
+proc setDragImage*(dt: DataTransfer, img: Element, xOffset: int, yOffset: int)
 
 # DataTransferItem "methods"
 proc getAsFile*(dti: DataTransferItem): File
@@ -1668,7 +1682,6 @@ proc `$`*(s: Selection): string = $(s.toString())
 # Storage "methods"
 proc getItem*(s: Storage, key: cstring): cstring
 proc setItem*(s: Storage, key, value: cstring)
-proc hasItem*(s: Storage, key: cstring): bool
 proc clear*(s: Storage)
 proc removeItem*(s: Storage, key: cstring)
 
@@ -1756,5 +1769,73 @@ since (1, 3):
     ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FileReader/readAsBinaryString
   proc readAsDataURL*(f: FileReader, b: Blob) {.importcpp: "#.readAsDataURL(#)".}
     ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FileReader/readAsDataURL
-  proc readAsText*(f: FileReader, b: Blob, encoding = cstring"UTF-8") {.importcpp: "#.readAsText(#, #)".}
+  proc readAsText*(f: FileReader, b: Blob|File, encoding = cstring"UTF-8") {.importcpp: "#.readAsText(#, #)".}
     ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FileReader/readAsText
+
+since (1, 5):
+  proc elementsFromPoint*(n: DocumentOrShadowRoot; x, y: float): seq[Element] {.importcpp.}
+
+
+since (1, 7):
+
+  proc insertAdjacentText*(self: Node; position, data: cstring) {.importjs: "#.$1(#, #)".}
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/insertAdjacentText
+
+  proc insertAdjacentElement*(self: Node; position: cstring; element: Node) {.importjs: "#.$1(#, #)".}
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/insertAdjacentElement
+
+  proc insertAdjacentHTML*(self: Node; position, html: cstring) {.importjs: "#.$1(#, #)".}
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/insertAdjacentHTML
+
+  proc after*(self: Node; element: Node): Node {.importjs: "#.$1(@)", varargs.}
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/after
+
+  proc before*(self: Node; element: Node): Node {.importjs: "#.$1(@)", varargs.}
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/before
+
+  proc append*(self: Node; element: Node): Node {.importjs: "#.$1(@)", varargs.}
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/append
+
+  proc closest*(self: Node; cssSelector: cstring): Node {.importjs: "#.$1(#)".}
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/closest
+
+  proc hasAttributeNS*(self: Node; namespace, localName: cstring): bool {.importjs: "(#.$1(#, #) || false)".}
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/hasAttributeNS
+
+  proc removeAttributeNS*(self: Node; namespace, attributeName: cstring) {.importjs: "#.$1(#, #)".}
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/removeAttributeNS
+
+  proc hasPointerCapture*(self: Node; pointerId: SomeNumber): bool {.importjs: "(#.$1(#) || false)".}
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/hasPointerCapture
+
+  proc releasePointerCapture*(self: Node; pointerId: SomeNumber) {.importjs: "#.$1(#)".}
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/releasePointerCapture
+
+  proc requestPointerLock*(self: Node) {.importjs: "#.$1()".}
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/requestPointerLock
+
+  proc replaceChildren*(self: Node; replacements: Node) {.importjs: "#.$1(@)", varargs.}
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/replaceChildren
+
+  proc replaceWith*(self: Node; replacements: Node) {.importjs: "#.$1(@)", varargs.}
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/replaceWith
+
+  proc scrollIntoViewIfNeeded*(self: Node; centerIfNeeded: bool) {.importjs: "#.$1(#)".}
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/scrollIntoViewIfNeeded
+
+  proc setHTML*(self: Node; html: cstring) {.importjs: "#.$1(#)".}
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/setHTML
+
+  proc toggleAttribute*(self: Node; name: cstring; force = false): bool {.importjs: "(#.$1(#, #) || false)".}
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/toggleAttribute
+
+  proc matches*(self: Node; cssSelector: cstring): bool {.importjs: "(#.$1(#) || false)".}
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/matches
+
+
+since (2, 1):
+  type VisualViewport* {.importc.} = ref object of EventTarget
+    offsetLeft*, offsetTop*, pageLeft*, pageTop*, width*, height*, scale*: float
+    onResize*, onScroll*: proc (event: Event) {.closure.}
+
+  func visualViewport*(self: Window): VisualViewport {.importjs: "#.$1", nodecl.}
diff --git a/lib/js/dom_extensions.nim b/lib/js/dom_extensions.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index a1ceff5b4..000000000
--- a/lib/js/dom_extensions.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-import std/dom
-
-{.push importcpp.}
-proc elementsFromPoint*(n: DocumentOrShadowRoot; x, y: float): seq[Element]
-{.pop.}
diff --git a/lib/js/jsconsole.nim b/lib/js/jsconsole.nim
index bf43adddd..e74127334 100644
--- a/lib/js/jsconsole.nim
+++ b/lib/js/jsconsole.nim
@@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ since (1, 5):
 
   func timeStamp*(console: Console; label: cstring) {.importcpp.}
     ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Console/timeStamp
+    ##
     ## ..warning:: non-standard
 
 
diff --git a/lib/js/jscore.nim b/lib/js/jscore.nim
index 693e50799..be353875c 100644
--- a/lib/js/jscore.nim
+++ b/lib/js/jscore.nim
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 ## specific requirements and solely targets JavaScript, you should be using
 ## the relevant functions in the `math`, `json`, and `times` stdlib
 ## modules instead.
-import std/private/since
+import std/private/[since, jsutils]
 
 when not defined(js):
   {.error: "This module only works on the JavaScript platform".}
@@ -74,9 +74,16 @@ proc parse*(d: DateLib, s: cstring): int {.importcpp.}
 proc newDate*(): DateTime {.
   importcpp: "new Date()".}
 
-proc newDate*(date: int|int64|string): DateTime {.
+proc newDate*(date: int|string): DateTime {.
   importcpp: "new Date(#)".}
 
+whenJsNoBigInt64:
+  proc newDate*(date: int64): DateTime {.
+    importcpp: "new Date(#)".}
+do:
+  proc newDate*(date: int64): DateTime {.
+    importcpp: "new Date(Number(#))".}
+
 proc newDate*(year, month, day, hours, minutes,
              seconds, milliseconds: int): DateTime {.
   importcpp: "new Date(#,#,#,#,#,#,#)".}
@@ -88,20 +95,27 @@ proc getMilliseconds*(d: DateTime): int {.importcpp.}
 proc getMinutes*(d: DateTime): int {.importcpp.}
 proc getMonth*(d: DateTime): int {.importcpp.}
 proc getSeconds*(d: DateTime): int {.importcpp.}
-proc getYear*(d: DateTime): int {.importcpp.}
 proc getTime*(d: DateTime): int {.importcpp.}
-proc toString*(d: DateTime): cstring {.importcpp.}
+proc getTimezoneOffset*(d: DateTime): int {.importcpp.}
 proc getUTCDate*(d: DateTime): int {.importcpp.}
+proc getUTCDay*(d: DateTime): int {.importcpp.}
 proc getUTCFullYear*(d: DateTime): int {.importcpp.}
 proc getUTCHours*(d: DateTime): int {.importcpp.}
 proc getUTCMilliseconds*(d: DateTime): int {.importcpp.}
 proc getUTCMinutes*(d: DateTime): int {.importcpp.}
 proc getUTCMonth*(d: DateTime): int {.importcpp.}
 proc getUTCSeconds*(d: DateTime): int {.importcpp.}
-proc getUTCDay*(d: DateTime): int {.importcpp.}
-proc getTimezoneOffset*(d: DateTime): int {.importcpp.}
+proc getYear*(d: DateTime): int {.importcpp.}
+
 proc setFullYear*(d: DateTime, year: int) {.importcpp.}
 
+func toDateString*(d: DateTime): cstring {.importcpp.}
+func toISOString*(d: DateTime): cstring {.importcpp.}
+func toJSON*(d: DateTime): cstring {.importcpp.}
+proc toString*(d: DateTime): cstring {.importcpp.}
+func toTimeString*(d: DateTime): cstring {.importcpp.}
+func toUTCString*(d: DateTime): cstring {.importcpp.}
+
 #JSON library
 proc stringify*(l: JsonLib, s: JsRoot): cstring {.importcpp.}
 proc parse*(l: JsonLib, s: cstring): JsRoot {.importcpp.}
@@ -110,3 +124,30 @@ proc parse*(l: JsonLib, s: cstring): JsRoot {.importcpp.}
 since (1, 5):
   func debugger*() {.importjs: "debugger@".}
     ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/debugger
+
+  func copyWithin*[T](self: openArray[T]; target: int): seq[T] {.importjs: "#.copyWithin(#)".}
+  func copyWithin*[T](self: openArray[T]; target, start: int): seq[T] {.importjs: "#.copyWithin(#, #)".}
+  func copyWithin*[T](self: openArray[T]; target, start, ends: int): seq[T] {.importjs: "#.copyWithin(#, #, #)".} =
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/copyWithin
+    ## `copyWithin` uses shallow copy.
+    runnableExamples:
+      assert ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'].copyWithin(0, 3, 4) == @['d', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
+      assert ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'].copyWithin(1, 3) == @['a', 'd', 'e', 'd', 'e']
+      assert [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].copyWithin(-2) == @[1, 2, 3, 1, 2]
+      assert [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].copyWithin(0, 3) == @[4, 5, 3, 4, 5]
+      assert [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].copyWithin(0, 3, 4) == @[4, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+      assert [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].copyWithin(-2, -3, -1) == @[1, 2, 3, 3, 4]
+
+
+since (1, 7):
+  func shift*[T](self: seq[T]): T {.importjs: "#.$1()".} =
+    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/shift
+    runnableExamples:
+      var arrai = @[1, 2, 3]
+      assert arrai.shift() == 1
+      assert arrai == @[2, 3]
+
+  func queueMicrotask*(function: proc) {.importjs: "$1(#)".} =
+    ## * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/queueMicrotask
+    ## * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTML_DOM_API/Microtask_guide
+    runnableExamples"-r:off": queueMicrotask(proc() = echo "Microtask")
diff --git a/lib/js/jsffi.nim b/lib/js/jsffi.nim
index 937e3727b..d50d58ae5 100644
--- a/lib/js/jsffi.nim
+++ b/lib/js/jsffi.nim
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ proc validJsName(name: string): bool =
     if chr notin {'A'..'Z','a'..'z','_','$','0'..'9'}:
       return false
 
-template mangleJsName(name: cstring): cstring =
+template mangleJsName(name: string): string =
   inc nameCounter
   "mangledName" & $nameCounter
 
@@ -163,28 +163,28 @@ macro jsFromAst*(n: untyped): untyped =
 proc `&`*(a, b: cstring): cstring {.importjs: "(# + #)".}
   ## Concatenation operator for JavaScript strings.
 
-proc `+`  *(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# + #)".}
-proc `-`  *(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# - #)".}
-proc `*`  *(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# * #)".}
-proc `/`  *(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# / #)".}
-proc `%`  *(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# % #)".}
-proc `+=` *(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# += #)", discardable.}
-proc `-=` *(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# -= #)", discardable.}
-proc `*=` *(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# *= #)", discardable.}
-proc `/=` *(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# /= #)", discardable.}
-proc `%=` *(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# %= #)", discardable.}
-proc `++` *(x:    JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(++#)".}
-proc `--` *(x:    JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(--#)".}
-proc `>`  *(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# > #)".}
-proc `<`  *(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# < #)".}
-proc `>=` *(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# >= #)".}
-proc `<=` *(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# <= #)".}
-proc `**` *(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "((#) ** #)".}
+proc `+`*(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# + #)".}
+proc `-`*(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# - #)".}
+proc `*`*(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# * #)".}
+proc `/`*(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# / #)".}
+proc `%`*(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# % #)".}
+proc `+=`*(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# += #)", discardable.}
+proc `-=`*(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# -= #)", discardable.}
+proc `*=`*(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# *= #)", discardable.}
+proc `/=`*(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# /= #)", discardable.}
+proc `%=`*(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# %= #)", discardable.}
+proc `++`*(x:    JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(++#)".}
+proc `--`*(x:    JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(--#)".}
+proc `>`*(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# > #)".}
+proc `<`*(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# < #)".}
+proc `>=`*(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# >= #)".}
+proc `<=`*(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# <= #)".}
+proc `**`*(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "((#) ** #)".}
   # (#) needed, refs https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/16409#issuecomment-760550812
 proc `and`*(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# && #)".}
-proc `or` *(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# || #)".}
+proc `or`*(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# || #)".}
 proc `not`*(x:    JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(!#)".}
-proc `in` *(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# in #)".}
+proc `in`*(x, y: JsObject): JsObject {.importjs: "(# in #)".}
 
 proc `[]`*(obj: JsObject, field: cstring): JsObject {.importjs: getImpl.}
   ## Returns the value of a property of name `field` from a JsObject `obj`.
@@ -227,36 +227,40 @@ macro `.`*(obj: JsObject, field: untyped): JsObject =
     assert obj.a.to(int) == 20
   if validJsName($field):
     let importString = "#." & $field
+    let helperName = genSym(nskProc, "helper")
     result = quote do:
-      proc helper(o: JsObject): JsObject
-        {.importjs: `importString`, gensym.}
-      helper(`obj`)
+      proc `helperName`(o: JsObject): JsObject
+        {.importjs: `importString`.}
+      `helperName`(`obj`)
   else:
     if not mangledNames.hasKey($field):
-      mangledNames[$field] = $mangleJsName($field)
+      mangledNames[$field] = mangleJsName($field)
     let importString = "#." & mangledNames[$field]
+    let helperName = genSym(nskProc, "helper")
     result = quote do:
-      proc helper(o: JsObject): JsObject
-        {.importjs: `importString`, gensym.}
-      helper(`obj`)
+      proc `helperName`(o: JsObject): JsObject
+        {.importjs: `importString`.}
+      `helperName`(`obj`)
 
 macro `.=`*(obj: JsObject, field, value: untyped): untyped =
   ## Experimental dot accessor (set) for type JsObject.
   ## Sets the value of a property of name `field` in a JsObject `x` to `value`.
   if validJsName($field):
     let importString = "#." & $field & " = #"
+    let helperName = genSym(nskProc, "helper")
     result = quote do:
-      proc helper(o: JsObject, v: auto)
-        {.importjs: `importString`, gensym.}
-      helper(`obj`, `value`)
+      proc `helperName`(o: JsObject, v: auto)
+        {.importjs: `importString`.}
+      `helperName`(`obj`, `value`)
   else:
     if not mangledNames.hasKey($field):
-      mangledNames[$field] = $mangleJsName($field)
+      mangledNames[$field] = mangleJsName($field)
     let importString = "#." & mangledNames[$field] & " = #"
+    let helperName = genSym(nskProc, "helper")
     result = quote do:
-      proc helper(o: JsObject, v: auto)
-        {.importjs: `importString`, gensym.}
-      helper(`obj`, `value`)
+      proc `helperName`(o: JsObject, v: auto)
+        {.importjs: `importString`.}
+      `helperName`(`obj`, `value`)
 
 macro `.()`*(obj: JsObject,
              field: untyped,
@@ -268,26 +272,26 @@ macro `.()`*(obj: JsObject,
   ## so be careful when using this.)
   ##
   ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
-  ##  # Let's get back to the console example:
-  ##  var console {.importc, nodecl.}: JsObject
-  ##  let res = console.log("I return undefined!")
-  ##  console.log(res) # This prints undefined, as console.log always returns
-  ##                   # undefined. Thus one has to be careful, when using
-  ##                   # JsObject calls.
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   # Let's get back to the console example:
+  ##   var console {.importc, nodecl.}: JsObject
+  ##   let res = console.log("I return undefined!")
+  ##   console.log(res) # This prints undefined, as console.log always returns
+  ##                    # undefined. Thus one has to be careful, when using
+  ##                    # JsObject calls.
+  ##   ```
   var importString: string
   if validJsName($field):
     importString = "#." & $field & "(@)"
   else:
     if not mangledNames.hasKey($field):
-      mangledNames[$field] = $mangleJsName($field)
+      mangledNames[$field] = mangleJsName($field)
     importString = "#." & mangledNames[$field] & "(@)"
-  result = quote:
-    proc helper(o: JsObject): JsObject
-      {.importjs: `importString`, gensym, discardable.}
-    helper(`obj`)
+  let helperName = genSym(nskProc, "helper")
+  result = quote do:
+    proc `helperName`(o: JsObject): JsObject
+      {.importjs: `importString`, discardable.}
+    `helperName`(`obj`)
   for idx in 0 ..< args.len:
     let paramName = newIdentNode("param" & $idx)
     result[0][3].add newIdentDefs(paramName, newIdentNode("JsObject"))
@@ -302,12 +306,13 @@ macro `.`*[K: cstring, V](obj: JsAssoc[K, V],
     importString = "#." & $field
   else:
     if not mangledNames.hasKey($field):
-      mangledNames[$field] = $mangleJsName($field)
+      mangledNames[$field] = mangleJsName($field)
     importString = "#." & mangledNames[$field]
+  let helperName = genSym(nskProc, "helper")
   result = quote do:
-    proc helper(o: type(`obj`)): `obj`.V
-      {.importjs: `importString`, gensym.}
-    helper(`obj`)
+    proc `helperName`(o: type(`obj`)): `obj`.V
+      {.importjs: `importString`.}
+    `helperName`(`obj`)
 
 macro `.=`*[K: cstring, V](obj: JsAssoc[K, V],
                                     field: untyped,
@@ -319,12 +324,13 @@ macro `.=`*[K: cstring, V](obj: JsAssoc[K, V],
     importString = "#." & $field & " = #"
   else:
     if not mangledNames.hasKey($field):
-      mangledNames[$field] = $mangleJsName($field)
+      mangledNames[$field] = mangleJsName($field)
     importString = "#." & mangledNames[$field] & " = #"
+  let helperName = genSym(nskProc, "helper")
   result = quote do:
-    proc helper(o: type(`obj`), v: `obj`.V)
-      {.importjs: `importString`, gensym.}
-    helper(`obj`, `value`)
+    proc `helperName`(o: type(`obj`), v: `obj`.V)
+      {.importjs: `importString`.}
+    `helperName`(`obj`, `value`)
 
 macro `.()`*[K: cstring, V: proc](obj: JsAssoc[K, V],
                                            field: untyped,
@@ -348,8 +354,8 @@ iterator pairs*(obj: JsObject): (cstring, JsObject) =
   var k: cstring
   var v: JsObject
   {.emit: "for (var `k` in `obj`) {".}
-  {.emit: "  if (!`obj`.hasOwnProperty(`k`)) continue;".}
-  {.emit: "  `v`=`obj`[`k`];".}
+  {.emit: "  if (!`obj`.hasOwnProperty(`k`)) { continue; }".}
+  {.emit: "  `v` = `obj`[`k`];".}
   yield (k, v)
   {.emit: "}".}
 
@@ -357,8 +363,8 @@ iterator items*(obj: JsObject): JsObject =
   ## Yields the `values` of each field in a JsObject, wrapped into a JsObject.
   var v: JsObject
   {.emit: "for (var k in `obj`) {".}
-  {.emit: "  if (!`obj`.hasOwnProperty(k)) continue;".}
-  {.emit: "  `v`=`obj`[k];".}
+  {.emit: "  if (!`obj`.hasOwnProperty(k)) { continue; }".}
+  {.emit: "  `v` = `obj`[k];".}
   yield v
   {.emit: "}".}
 
@@ -366,7 +372,7 @@ iterator keys*(obj: JsObject): cstring =
   ## Yields the `names` of each field in a JsObject.
   var k: cstring
   {.emit: "for (var `k` in `obj`) {".}
-  {.emit: "  if (!`obj`.hasOwnProperty(`k`)) continue;".}
+  {.emit: "  if (!`obj`.hasOwnProperty(`k`)) { continue; }".}
   yield k
   {.emit: "}".}
 
@@ -376,8 +382,8 @@ iterator pairs*[K: JsKey, V](assoc: JsAssoc[K, V]): (K,V) =
   var k: cstring
   var v: V
   {.emit: "for (var `k` in `assoc`) {".}
-  {.emit: "  if (!`assoc`.hasOwnProperty(`k`)) continue;".}
-  {.emit: "  `v`=`assoc`[`k`];".}
+  {.emit: "  if (!`assoc`.hasOwnProperty(`k`)) { continue; }".}
+  {.emit: "  `v` = `assoc`[`k`];".}
   yield (k.toJsKey(K), v)
   {.emit: "}".}
 
@@ -385,8 +391,8 @@ iterator items*[K, V](assoc: JsAssoc[K, V]): V =
   ## Yields the `values` in a JsAssoc.
   var v: V
   {.emit: "for (var k in `assoc`) {".}
-  {.emit: "  if (!`assoc`.hasOwnProperty(k)) continue;".}
-  {.emit: "  `v`=`assoc`[k];".}
+  {.emit: "  if (!`assoc`.hasOwnProperty(k)) { continue; }".}
+  {.emit: "  `v` = `assoc`[k];".}
   yield v
   {.emit: "}".}
 
@@ -394,7 +400,7 @@ iterator keys*[K: JsKey, V](assoc: JsAssoc[K, V]): K =
   ## Yields the `keys` in a JsAssoc.
   var k: cstring
   {.emit: "for (var `k` in `assoc`) {".}
-  {.emit: "  if (!`assoc`.hasOwnProperty(`k`)) continue;".}
+  {.emit: "  if (!`assoc`.hasOwnProperty(`k`)) { continue; }".}
   yield k.toJsKey(K)
   {.emit: "}".}
 
@@ -407,21 +413,20 @@ macro `{}`*(typ: typedesc, xs: varargs[untyped]): auto =
   ##
   ## Example:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   # Let's say we have a type with a ton of fields, where some fields do not
+  ##   # need to be set, and we do not want those fields to be set to `nil`:
+  ##   type
+  ##     ExtremelyHugeType = ref object
+  ##       a, b, c, d, e, f, g: int
+  ##       h, i, j, k, l: cstring
+  ##       # And even more fields ...
   ##
-  ##  # Let's say we have a type with a ton of fields, where some fields do not
-  ##  # need to be set, and we do not want those fields to be set to `nil`:
-  ##  type
-  ##    ExtremelyHugeType = ref object
-  ##      a, b, c, d, e, f, g: int
-  ##      h, i, j, k, l: cstring
-  ##      # And even more fields ...
-  ##
-  ##  let obj = ExtremelyHugeType{ a: 1, k: "foo".cstring, d: 42 }
-  ##
-  ##  # This generates roughly the same JavaScript as:
-  ##  {.emit: "var obj = {a: 1, k: "foo", d: 42};".}
+  ##   let obj = ExtremelyHugeType{ a: 1, k: "foo".cstring, d: 42 }
   ##
+  ##   # This generates roughly the same JavaScript as:
+  ##   {.emit: "var obj = {a: 1, k: "foo", d: 42};".}
+  ##   ```
   let a = ident"a"
   var body = quote do:
     var `a` {.noinit.}: `typ`
@@ -463,7 +468,7 @@ proc replaceSyms(n: NimNode): NimNode =
     for i in 0..<n.len:
       result[i] = replaceSyms(n[i])
 
-macro bindMethod*(procedure: typed): auto =
+macro bindMethod*(procedure: typed): auto {.deprecated: "Don't use it with closures".} =
   ## Takes the name of a procedure and wraps it into a lambda missing the first
   ## argument, which passes the JavaScript builtin `this` as the first
   ## argument to the procedure. Returns the resulting lambda.
@@ -471,24 +476,25 @@ macro bindMethod*(procedure: typed): auto =
   ## Example:
   ##
   ## We want to generate roughly this JavaScript:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: js
-  ##  var obj = {a: 10};
-  ##  obj.someMethod = function() {
-  ##    return this.a + 42;
-  ##  };
+  ##   ```js
+  ##   var obj = {a: 10};
+  ##   obj.someMethod = function() {
+  ##     return this.a + 42;
+  ##   };
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## We can achieve this using the `bindMethod` macro:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##  let obj = JsObject{ a: 10 }
-  ##  proc someMethodImpl(that: JsObject): int =
-  ##    that.a.to(int) + 42
-  ##  obj.someMethod = bindMethod someMethodImpl
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   let obj = JsObject{ a: 10 }
+  ##   proc someMethodImpl(that: JsObject): int =
+  ##     that.a.to(int) + 42
+  ##   obj.someMethod = bindMethod someMethodImpl
   ##
-  ##  # Alternatively:
-  ##  obj.someMethod = bindMethod
-  ##    proc(that: JsObject): int = that.a.to(int) + 42
+  ##   # Alternatively:
+  ##   obj.someMethod = bindMethod
+  ##     proc(that: JsObject): int = that.a.to(int) + 42
+  ##   ```
   if not (procedure.kind == nnkSym or procedure.kind == nnkLambda):
     error("Argument has to be a proc or a symbol corresponding to a proc.")
   var
diff --git a/lib/js/jsre.nim b/lib/js/jsre.nim
index 7d51db646..2d931eb20 100644
--- a/lib/js/jsre.nim
+++ b/lib/js/jsre.nim
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ type RegExp* = ref object of JsRoot
   lastParen*: cstring    ## Ditto.
   leftContext*: cstring  ## Ditto.
   rightContext*: cstring ## Ditto.
+  hasIndices*: bool      ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/RegExp/hasIndices
 
 
 func newRegExp*(pattern: cstring; flags: cstring): RegExp {.importjs: "new RegExp(@)".}
@@ -30,7 +31,19 @@ func newRegExp*(pattern: cstring): RegExp {.importjs: "new RegExp(@)".}
 func compile*(self: RegExp; pattern: cstring; flags: cstring) {.importjs: "#.compile(@)".}
   ## Recompiles a regular expression during execution of a script.
 
-func exec*(self: RegExp; pattern: cstring): seq[cstring] {.importjs: "#.exec(#)".}
+func replace*(pattern: cstring; self: RegExp; replacement: cstring): cstring {.importjs: "#.replace(#, #)".}
+  ## Returns a new string with some or all matches of a pattern replaced by given replacement
+
+func replace*(pattern: cstring, self: RegExp, cb: proc (args: varargs[cstring]): cstring): cstring {.importcpp.}
+  ## Returns a new string with some or all matches of a pattern replaced by given callback function
+
+func split*(pattern: cstring; self: RegExp): seq[cstring] {.importjs: "(#.split(#) || [])".}
+  ## Divides a string into an ordered list of substrings and returns the array
+
+func match*(pattern: cstring; self: RegExp): seq[cstring] {.importjs: "(#.match(#) || [])".}
+  ## Returns an array of matches of a RegExp against given string
+
+func exec*(self: RegExp; pattern: cstring): seq[cstring] {.importjs: "(#.exec(#) || [])".}
   ## Executes a search for a match in its string parameter.
 
 func toCstring*(self: RegExp): cstring {.importjs: "#.toString()".}
@@ -38,10 +51,6 @@ func toCstring*(self: RegExp): cstring {.importjs: "#.toString()".}
 
 func `$`*(self: RegExp): string = $toCstring(self)
 
-func test*(self: RegExp; pattern: cstring): bool {.importjs: "#.test(#)", deprecated: "Use contains instead".}
-
-func toString*(self: RegExp): cstring {.importjs: "#.toString()", deprecated: "Use toCstring instead".}
-
 func contains*(pattern: cstring; self: RegExp): bool =
   ## Tests for a substring match in its string parameter.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -49,7 +58,21 @@ func contains*(pattern: cstring; self: RegExp): bool =
     assert jsregex in r"abc"
     assert jsregex notin r"abcd"
     assert "xabc".contains jsregex
-  asm "`result` = `self`.test(`pattern`);"
+  {.emit: "`result` = `self`.test(`pattern`);".}
+
+func startsWith*(pattern: cstring; self: RegExp): bool =
+  ## Tests if string starts with given RegExp
+  runnableExamples:
+    let jsregex: RegExp = newRegExp(r"abc", r"i")
+    assert "abcd".startsWith jsregex
+  pattern.contains(newRegExp(("^" & $(self.source)).cstring, self.flags))
+
+func endsWith*(pattern: cstring; self: RegExp): bool =
+  ## Tests if string ends with given RegExp
+  runnableExamples:
+    let jsregex: RegExp = newRegExp(r"bcd", r"i")
+    assert "abcd".endsWith jsregex
+  pattern.contains(newRegExp(($(self.source) & "$").cstring, self.flags))
 
 
 runnableExamples:
@@ -61,3 +84,14 @@ runnableExamples:
   jsregex.compile(r"[0-9]", r"i")
   assert "0123456789abcd".contains jsregex
   assert $jsregex == "/[0-9]/i"
+  jsregex.compile(r"abc", r"i")
+  assert "abcd".startsWith jsregex
+  assert "dabc".endsWith jsregex
+  jsregex.compile(r"\d", r"i")
+  assert "do1ne".split(jsregex) == @["do".cstring, "ne".cstring]
+  jsregex.compile(r"[lw]", r"i")
+  assert "hello world".replace(jsregex,"X") == "heXlo world"
+  jsregex.compile(r"([a-z])\1*", r"g")
+  assert "abbcccdddd".replace(jsregex, proc (m: varargs[cstring]): cstring = ($m[0] & $(m.len)).cstring) == "a1b2c3d4"
+  let digitsRegex: RegExp = newRegExp(r"\d")
+  assert "foo".match(digitsRegex) == @[]
diff --git a/lib/nimbase.h b/lib/nimbase.h
index cbd35605b..cf0c8002b 100644
--- a/lib/nimbase.h
+++ b/lib/nimbase.h
@@ -10,14 +10,12 @@
 /* compiler symbols:
 __BORLANDC__
 _MSC_VER
-__WATCOMC__
-__LCC__
 __GNUC__
-__DMC__
-__POCC__
 __TINYC__
 __clang__
 __AVR__
+__arm__
+__EMSCRIPTEN__
 */
 
 
@@ -75,7 +73,8 @@ __AVR__
 #endif
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-#if defined(__GNUC__)
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__ZEPHYR__)
+/* Zephyr does some magic in it's headers that override the GCC stdlib. This breaks that. */
 #  define _GNU_SOURCE 1
 #endif
 
@@ -88,11 +87,8 @@ __AVR__
 #endif
 
 /* calling convention mess ----------------------------------------------- */
-#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__LCC__) || defined(__POCC__) \
-                      || defined(__TINYC__)
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__TINYC__)
   /* these should support C99's inline */
-  /* the test for __POCC__ has to come before the test for _MSC_VER,
-     because PellesC defines _MSC_VER too. This is brain-dead. */
 #  define N_INLINE(rettype, name) inline rettype name
 #elif defined(__BORLANDC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)
 /* Borland's compiler is really STRANGE here; note that the __fastcall
@@ -100,21 +96,13 @@ __AVR__
    the return type, so we do not handle this mess in the code generator
    but rather here. */
 #  define N_INLINE(rettype, name) __inline rettype name
-#elif defined(__DMC__)
-#  define N_INLINE(rettype, name) inline rettype name
-#elif defined(__WATCOMC__)
-#  define N_INLINE(rettype, name) __inline rettype name
 #else /* others are less picky: */
 #  define N_INLINE(rettype, name) rettype __inline name
 #endif
 
 #define N_INLINE_PTR(rettype, name) rettype (*name)
 
-#if defined(__POCC__)
-#  define NIM_CONST /* PCC is really picky with const modifiers */
-#  undef _MSC_VER /* Yeah, right PCC defines _MSC_VER even if it is
-                     not that compatible. Well done. */
-#elif defined(__cplusplus)
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
 #  define NIM_CONST /* C++ is picky with const modifiers */
 #else
 #  define NIM_CONST  const
@@ -124,12 +112,17 @@ __AVR__
   NIM_THREADVAR declaration based on
   http://stackoverflow.com/questions/18298280/how-to-declare-a-variable-as-thread-local-portably
 */
-#if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112 && !defined __STDC_NO_THREADS__
+#if defined _WIN32
+#  if defined _MSC_VER || defined __BORLANDC__
+#    define NIM_THREADVAR __declspec(thread)
+#  else
+#    define NIM_THREADVAR __thread
+#  endif
+#elif defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112 && !defined __STDC_NO_THREADS__
 #  define NIM_THREADVAR _Thread_local
 #elif defined _WIN32 && ( \
        defined _MSC_VER || \
        defined __ICL || \
-       defined __DMC__ || \
        defined __BORLANDC__ )
 #  define NIM_THREADVAR __declspec(thread)
 #elif defined(__TINYC__) || defined(__GENODE__)
@@ -148,8 +141,7 @@ __AVR__
 #endif
 
 /* --------------- how int64 constants should be declared: ----------- */
-#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__LCC__) || \
-    defined(__POCC__) || defined(__DMC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)
 #  define IL64(x) x##LL
 #else /* works only without LL */
 #  define IL64(x) ((NI64)x)
@@ -187,12 +179,13 @@ __AVR__
 #  define N_THISCALL_PTR(rettype, name) rettype (__thiscall *name)
 #  define N_SAFECALL_PTR(rettype, name) rettype (__stdcall *name)
 
-#  ifdef __cplusplus
-#    define N_LIB_EXPORT  NIM_EXTERNC __declspec(dllexport)
+#  ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+#    define N_LIB_EXPORT  NIM_EXTERNC __declspec(dllexport) __attribute__((used))
+#    define N_LIB_EXPORT_VAR  __declspec(dllexport) __attribute__((used))
 #  else
 #    define N_LIB_EXPORT  NIM_EXTERNC __declspec(dllexport)
+#    define N_LIB_EXPORT_VAR  __declspec(dllexport)
 #  endif
-#  define N_LIB_EXPORT_VAR  __declspec(dllexport)
 #  define N_LIB_IMPORT  extern __declspec(dllimport)
 #else
 #  define N_LIB_PRIVATE __attribute__((visibility("hidden")))
@@ -221,8 +214,13 @@ __AVR__
 #    define N_FASTCALL_PTR(rettype, name) rettype (*name)
 #    define N_SAFECALL_PTR(rettype, name) rettype (*name)
 #  endif
-#  define N_LIB_EXPORT NIM_EXTERNC __attribute__((visibility("default")))
-#  define N_LIB_EXPORT_VAR  __attribute__((visibility("default")))
+#  ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+#    define N_LIB_EXPORT NIM_EXTERNC __attribute__((visibility("default"), used))
+#    define N_LIB_EXPORT_VAR  __attribute__((visibility("default"), used))
+#  else
+#    define N_LIB_EXPORT NIM_EXTERNC __attribute__((visibility("default")))
+#    define N_LIB_EXPORT_VAR  __attribute__((visibility("default")))
+#  endif
 #  define N_LIB_IMPORT  extern
 #endif
 
@@ -240,8 +238,7 @@ __AVR__
 
 #define N_NOINLINE_PTR(rettype, name) rettype (*name)
 
-#if defined(__BORLANDC__) || defined(__WATCOMC__) || \
-    defined(__POCC__) || defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(WIN32) || defined(_WIN32)
+#if defined(__BORLANDC__) || defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(WIN32) || defined(_WIN32)
 /* these compilers have a fastcall so use it: */
 #  ifdef __TINYC__
 #    define N_NIMCALL(rettype, name) rettype __attribute((__fastcall)) name
@@ -276,11 +273,15 @@ __AVR__
 #elif defined(__cplusplus)
 #define NIM_STATIC_ASSERT(x, msg) static_assert((x), msg)
 #else
-#define NIM_STATIC_ASSERT(x, msg) typedef int NIM_STATIC_ASSERT_AUX[(x) ? 1 : -1];
+#define _NIM_STATIC_ASSERT_FINAL(x, append_name) typedef int NIM_STATIC_ASSERT_AUX ## append_name[(x) ? 1 : -1];
+#define _NIM_STATIC_ASSERT_STAGE_3(x, line)      _NIM_STATIC_ASSERT_FINAL(x, _AT_LINE_##line)
+#define _NIM_STATIC_ASSERT_STAGE_2(x, line)      _NIM_STATIC_ASSERT_STAGE_3(x, line)
+#define NIM_STATIC_ASSERT(x, msg)                _NIM_STATIC_ASSERT_STAGE_2(x,__LINE__)
 // On failure, your C compiler will say something like:
-//   "error: 'NIM_STATIC_ASSERT_AUX' declared as an array with a negative size"
-// we could use a better fallback to also show line number, using:
-// http://www.pixelbeat.org/programming/gcc/static_assert.html
+//   "error: 'NIM_STATIC_ASSERT_AUX_AT_LINE_XXX' declared as an array with a negative size"
+// Adding the line number helps to avoid redefinitions which are not allowed in
+// old GCC versions, however the order of evaluation for __LINE__ is a little tricky,
+// hence all the helper macros. See https://stackoverflow.com/a/3385694 for more info.
 #endif
 
 /* C99 compiler? */
@@ -289,8 +290,7 @@ __AVR__
 #endif
 
 /* Known compiler with stdint.h that doesn't fit the general pattern? */
-#if defined(__LCC__) || defined(__DMC__) || defined(__POCC__) || \
-  defined(__AVR__) || (defined(__cplusplus) && (__cplusplus < 201103))
+#if defined(__AVR__) || (defined(__cplusplus) && (__cplusplus < 201103))
 #  define HAVE_STDINT_H
 #endif
 
@@ -325,6 +325,9 @@ typedef unsigned char NIM_BOOL; // best effort
 #endif
 
 NIM_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(NIM_BOOL) == 1, ""); // check whether really needed
+NIM_STATIC_ASSERT(CHAR_BIT == 8, "");
+  // fail fast for (rare) environments where this doesn't hold, as some implicit
+  // assumptions would need revisiting (e.g. `uint8` or https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/18505)
 
 #define NIM_TRUE true
 #define NIM_FALSE false
@@ -347,8 +350,7 @@ NIM_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(NIM_BOOL) == 1, ""); // check whether really needed
                               the generated code does not rely on it anymore */
 #endif
 
-#if defined(__BORLANDC__) || defined(__DMC__) \
-   || defined(__WATCOMC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)
+#if defined(__BORLANDC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)
 typedef signed char NI8;
 typedef signed short int NI16;
 typedef signed int NI32;
@@ -474,7 +476,9 @@ typedef char* NCSTRING;
   } name = {{length, (NI) ((NU)length | NIM_STRLIT_FLAG)}, str}
 
 /* declared size of a sequence/variable length array: */
-#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__) || defined(_MSC_VER)
+#if defined(__cplusplus) && defined(__clang__)
+#  define SEQ_DECL_SIZE 1
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)
 #  define SEQ_DECL_SIZE /* empty is correct! */
 #else
 #  define SEQ_DECL_SIZE 1000000
@@ -543,7 +547,7 @@ static inline void GCGuard (void *ptr) { asm volatile ("" :: "X" (ptr)); }
 #endif
 
 // Test to see if Nim and the C compiler agree on the size of a pointer.
-NIM_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(NI) == sizeof(void*) && NIM_INTBITS == sizeof(NI)*8, "");
+NIM_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(NI) == sizeof(void*) && NIM_INTBITS == sizeof(NI)*8, "Pointer size mismatch between Nim and C/C++ backend. You probably need to setup the backend compiler for target CPU.");
 
 #ifdef USE_NIM_NAMESPACE
 }
@@ -581,9 +585,16 @@ NIM_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(NI) == sizeof(void*) && NIM_INTBITS == sizeof(NI)*8, ""
   #define nimMulInt64(a, b, res) __builtin_smulll_overflow(a, b, (long long int*)res)
 
   #if NIM_INTBITS == 32
-    #define nimAddInt(a, b, res) __builtin_sadd_overflow(a, b, res)
-    #define nimSubInt(a, b, res) __builtin_ssub_overflow(a, b, res)
-    #define nimMulInt(a, b, res) __builtin_smul_overflow(a, b, res)
+    #if defined(__arm__) && defined(__GNUC__)
+      /* arm-none-eabi-gcc targets defines int32_t as long int */
+      #define nimAddInt(a, b, res) __builtin_saddl_overflow(a, b, res)
+      #define nimSubInt(a, b, res) __builtin_ssubl_overflow(a, b, res)
+      #define nimMulInt(a, b, res) __builtin_smull_overflow(a, b, res)
+    #else
+      #define nimAddInt(a, b, res) __builtin_sadd_overflow(a, b, res)
+      #define nimSubInt(a, b, res) __builtin_ssub_overflow(a, b, res)
+      #define nimMulInt(a, b, res) __builtin_smul_overflow(a, b, res)
+    #endif
   #else
     /* map it to the 'long long' variant */
     #define nimAddInt(a, b, res) __builtin_saddll_overflow(a, b, (long long int*)res)
diff --git a/lib/nimhcr.nim b/lib/nimhcr.nim
index 42e3266ae..e87bb2413 100644
--- a/lib/nimhcr.nim
+++ b/lib/nimhcr.nim
@@ -200,6 +200,9 @@ batchable: false
 #     block. Perhaps something can be done about this - some way of re-allocating
 #     the state and transferring the old...
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 when not defined(js) and (defined(hotcodereloading) or
                           defined(createNimHcr) or
                           defined(testNimHcr)):
@@ -209,14 +212,14 @@ when not defined(js) and (defined(hotcodereloading) or
              else: "so"
   type
     HcrProcGetter* = proc (libHandle: pointer, procName: cstring): pointer {.nimcall.}
-    HcrGcMarkerProc = proc () {.nimcall.}
+    HcrGcMarkerProc = proc () {.nimcall, raises: [].}
     HcrModuleInitializer* = proc () {.nimcall.}
 
 when defined(createNimHcr):
   when system.appType != "lib":
     {.error: "This file has to be compiled as a library!".}
 
-  import os, tables, sets, times, strutils, reservedmem, dynlib
+  import std/[os, tables, sets, times, strutils, reservedmem, dynlib]
 
   template trace(args: varargs[untyped]) =
     when defined(testNimHcr) or defined(traceHcr):
@@ -302,7 +305,7 @@ when defined(createNimHcr):
       hash: string
       gen: int
       lastModification: Time
-      handlers: seq[tuple[isBefore: bool, cb: proc ()]]
+      handlers: seq[tuple[isBefore: bool, cb: proc () {.nimcall.}]]
 
   proc newModuleDesc(): ModuleDesc =
     result.procs = initTable[string, ProcSym]()
@@ -487,7 +490,7 @@ when defined(createNimHcr):
           recursiveDiscovery(modules[curr].imports)
           allModulesOrderedByDFS.add(curr)
           continue
-      loadDll(curr)
+      loadDll(curr.cstring)
       # first load all dependencies of the current module and init it after that
       recursiveDiscovery(modules[curr].imports)
 
@@ -497,20 +500,20 @@ when defined(createNimHcr):
   proc initModules() =
     # first init the pointers to hcr functions and also do the registering of typeinfo globals
     for curr in modulesToInit:
-      initHcrData(curr)
-      initTypeInfoGlobals(curr)
+      initHcrData(curr.cstring)
+      initTypeInfoGlobals(curr.cstring)
     # for now system always gets fully inited before any other module (including when reloading)
-    initPointerData(system)
-    initGlobalScope(system)
+    initPointerData(system.cstring)
+    initGlobalScope(system.cstring)
     # proceed with the DatInit calls - for all modules - including the main one!
     for curr in allModulesOrderedByDFS:
       if curr != system:
-        initPointerData(curr)
+        initPointerData(curr.cstring)
     mainDatInit()
     # execute top-level code (in global scope)
     for curr in modulesToInit:
       if curr != system:
-        initGlobalScope(curr)
+        initGlobalScope(curr.cstring)
     # cleanup old symbols which are gone now
     for curr in modulesToInit:
       cleanupSymbols(curr)
@@ -554,8 +557,12 @@ when defined(createNimHcr):
     # Future versions of NIMHCR won't use the GC, because all globals and the
     # metadata needed to access them will be placed in shared memory, so they
     # can be manipulated from external programs without reloading.
-    GC_disable()
-    defer: GC_enable()
+    when declared(GC_disable):
+      GC_disable()
+      defer: GC_enable()
+    elif declared(GC_disableOrc):
+      GC_disableOrc()
+      defer: GC_enableOrc()
 
     inc(generation)
     trace "HCR RELOADING: ", generation
@@ -595,7 +602,7 @@ when defined(createNimHcr):
       hashToModuleMap.del(modules[name].hash)
       modules.del(name)
 
-  proc hcrAddEventHandler*(isBefore: bool, cb: proc ()) {.nimhcr.} =
+  proc hcrAddEventHandler*(isBefore: bool, cb: proc () {.nimcall.}) {.nimhcr.} =
     modules[currentModule].handlers.add(
       (isBefore: isBefore, cb: cb))
 
@@ -606,7 +613,7 @@ when defined(createNimHcr):
   proc hcrGeneration*(): int {.nimhcr.} =
     generation
 
-  proc hcrMarkGlobals*() {.nimhcr, nimcall, gcsafe.} =
+  proc hcrMarkGlobals*() {.compilerproc, exportc, dynlib, nimcall, gcsafe.} =
     # This is gcsafe, because it will be registered
     # only in the GC of the main thread.
     {.gcsafe.}:
@@ -646,19 +653,19 @@ elif defined(hotcodereloading) or defined(testNimHcr):
 
     proc hcrPerformCodeReload*() {.nimhcr.}
 
-    proc hcrAddEventHandler*(isBefore: bool, cb: proc ()) {.nimhcr.}
+    proc hcrAddEventHandler*(isBefore: bool, cb: proc () {.nimcall.}) {.nimhcr.}
 
-    proc hcrMarkGlobals*() {.nimhcr, nimcall, gcsafe.}
+    proc hcrMarkGlobals*() {.raises: [], nimhcr, nimcall, gcsafe.}
 
     when declared(nimRegisterGlobalMarker):
-      nimRegisterGlobalMarker(hcrMarkGlobals)
+      nimRegisterGlobalMarker(cast[GlobalMarkerProc](hcrMarkGlobals))
 
   else:
     proc hcrHasModuleChanged*(moduleHash: string): bool =
       # TODO
       false
 
-    proc hcrAddEventHandler*(isBefore: bool, cb: proc ()) =
+    proc hcrAddEventHandler*(isBefore: bool, cb: proc () {.nimcall.}) =
       # TODO
       discard
 
diff --git a/lib/nimrtl.nim b/lib/nimrtl.nim
index 301ffb43b..a2fb6ce60 100644
--- a/lib/nimrtl.nim
+++ b/lib/nimrtl.nim
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ batchable: false
 ## * unicode
 ## * pegs
 ## * ropes
+## * cstrutils
 ##
 
 when system.appType != "lib":
@@ -35,5 +36,5 @@ when not defined(createNimRtl):
   {.error: "This file has to be compiled with '-d:createNimRtl'".}
 
 import
-  parseutils, strutils, parseopt, parsecfg, strtabs, unicode, pegs, ropes,
-  os, osproc, times, cstrutils
+  std/[parseutils, strutils, parseopt, parsecfg, strtabs, unicode, pegs, ropes,
+  os, osproc, times, cstrutils]
diff --git a/lib/nintendoswitch/switch_memory.nim b/lib/nintendoswitch/switch_memory.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index f34bd363a..000000000
--- a/lib/nintendoswitch/switch_memory.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-## All of these library headers and source can be found in the github repo
-## https://github.com/switchbrew/libnx.
-
-const virtMemHeader = "<switch/kernel/virtmem.h>"
-const svcHeader = "<switch/kernel/svc.h>"
-const mallocHeader = "<malloc.h>"
-
-## Aligns a block of memory with request `size` to `bytes` size. For
-## example, a request of memalign(0x1000, 0x1001) == 0x2000 bytes allocated
-proc memalign*(bytes: csize, size: csize): pointer {.importc: "memalign",
-    header: mallocHeader.}
-
-# Should be required, but not needed now because of how
-# svcUnmapMemory frees all memory
-#proc free*(address: pointer) {.importc: "free",
-#    header: mallocHeader.}
-
-## Maps a memaligned block of memory from `src_addr` to `dst_addr`. The
-## Nintendo Switch requires this call in order to make use of memory, otherwise
-## an invalid memory access occurs.
-proc svcMapMemory*(dst_addr: pointer; src_addr: pointer; size: uint64): uint32 {.
-    importc: "svcMapMemory", header: svcHeader.}
-
-## Unmaps (frees) all memory from both `dst_addr` and `src_addr`. **Must** be called
-## whenever svcMapMemory is used. The Switch will expect all memory to be allocated
-## before gfxExit() calls (<switch/gfx/gfx.h>)
-proc svcUnmapMemory*(dst_addr: pointer; src_addr: pointer; size: uint64): uint32 {.
-    importc: "svcUnmapMemory", header: svcHeader.}
-
-proc virtmemReserveMap*(size: csize): pointer {.importc: "virtmemReserveMap",
-    header: virtMemHeader.}
-
-# Should be required, but not needed now because of how
-# svcUnmapMemory frees all memory
-#proc virtmemFreeMap*(address: pointer; size: csize) {.importc: "virtmemFreeMap",
-#    header: virtMemHeader.}
diff --git a/lib/packages/docutils/dochelpers.nim b/lib/packages/docutils/dochelpers.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a41d85b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/packages/docutils/dochelpers.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+#
+#
+#            Nim's Runtime Library
+#        (c) Copyright 2021 Nim contributors
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+## Integration helpers between ``docgen.nim`` and ``rst.nim``.
+##
+## Function `toLangSymbol(linkText)`_ produces a signature `docLink` of
+## `type LangSymbol`_ in ``rst.nim``, while `match(generated, docLink)`_
+## matches it with `generated`, produced from `PNode` by ``docgen.rst``.
+
+import rstast
+import std/strutils
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, syncio]
+
+
+type
+  LangSymbol* = object       ## symbol signature in Nim
+    symKind*: string           ## "proc", "const", "type", etc
+    symTypeKind*: string       ## ""|enum|object|tuple -
+                               ## valid only when `symKind == "type"`
+    name*: string              ## plain symbol name without any parameters
+    generics*: string          ## generic parameters (without brackets)
+    isGroup*: bool             ## is LangSymbol a group with overloads?
+    # the following fields are valid iff `isGroup` == false
+    # (always false when parsed by `toLangSymbol` because link like foo_
+    # can point to just a single symbol foo, e.g. proc).
+    parametersProvided*: bool  ## to disambiguate `proc f`_ and `proc f()`_
+    parameters*: seq[tuple[name: string, `type`: string]]
+                               ## name-type seq, e.g. for proc
+    outType*: string           ## result type, e.g. for proc
+
+proc `$`*(s: LangSymbol): string =  # for debug
+  ("(symkind=$1, symTypeKind=$2, name=$3, generics=$4, isGroup=$5, " &
+   "parametersProvided=$6, parameters=$7, outType=$8)") % [
+      s.symKind, s.symTypeKind , s.name, s.generics, $s.isGroup,
+      $s.parametersProvided, $s.parameters, s.outType]
+
+func nimIdentBackticksNormalize*(s: string): string =
+  ## Normalizes the string `s` as a Nim identifier.
+  ##
+  ## Unlike `nimIdentNormalize` removes spaces and backticks.
+  ##
+  ## .. Warning:: No checking (e.g. that identifiers cannot start from
+  ##    digits or '_', or that number of backticks is even) is performed.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert nimIdentBackticksNormalize("Foo_bar") == "Foobar"
+    doAssert nimIdentBackticksNormalize("FoO BAr") == "Foobar"
+    doAssert nimIdentBackticksNormalize("`Foo BAR`") == "Foobar"
+    doAssert nimIdentBackticksNormalize("` Foo BAR `") == "Foobar"
+    # not a valid identifier:
+    doAssert nimIdentBackticksNormalize("`_x_y`") == "_xy"
+  result = newString(s.len)
+  var firstChar = true
+  var j = 0
+  for i in 0..len(s) - 1:
+    if s[i] in {'A'..'Z'}:
+      if not firstChar:  # to lowercase
+        result[j] = chr(ord(s[i]) + (ord('a') - ord('A')))
+      else:
+        result[j] = s[i]
+        firstChar = false
+      inc j
+    elif s[i] notin {'_', ' ', '`'}:
+      result[j] = s[i]
+      inc j
+      firstChar = false
+    elif s[i] == '_' and firstChar:
+      result[j] = '_'
+      inc j
+      firstChar = false
+    else: discard  # just omit '`' or ' '
+  if j != s.len: setLen(result, j)
+
+proc langSymbolGroup*(kind: string, name: string): LangSymbol =
+  if kind notin ["proc", "func", "macro", "method", "iterator",
+                 "template", "converter"]:
+    raise newException(ValueError, "unknown symbol kind $1" % [kind])
+  result = LangSymbol(symKind: kind, name: name, isGroup: true)
+
+proc toLangSymbol*(linkText: PRstNode): LangSymbol =
+  ## Parses `linkText` into a more structured form using a state machine.
+  ##
+  ## This proc is designed to allow link syntax with operators even
+  ## without escaped backticks inside:
+  ##   
+  ##     `proc *`_
+  ##     `proc []`_
+  ##
+  ## This proc should be kept in sync with the `renderTypes` proc from
+  ## ``compiler/typesrenderer.nim``.
+  template fail(msg: string) =
+    raise newException(ValueError, msg)
+  if linkText.kind notin {rnRstRef, rnInner}:
+    fail("toLangSymbol: wrong input kind " & $linkText.kind)
+
+  const NimDefs = ["proc", "func", "macro", "method", "iterator",
+                   "template", "converter", "const", "type", "var",
+                   "enum", "object", "tuple", "module"]
+  template resolveSymKind(x: string) =
+    if x in ["enum", "object", "tuple"]:
+      result.symKind = "type"
+      result.symTypeKind = x
+    else:
+      result.symKind = x
+  type
+    State = enum
+      inBeginning
+      afterSymKind
+      beforeSymbolName  # auxiliary state to catch situations like `proc []`_ after space
+      atSymbolName
+      afterSymbolName
+      genericsPar
+      parameterName
+      parameterType
+      outType
+  var state = inBeginning
+  var curIdent = ""
+  template flushIdent() =
+    if curIdent != "":
+      case state
+      of inBeginning:  fail("incorrect state inBeginning")
+      of afterSymKind:  resolveSymKind curIdent
+      of beforeSymbolName:  fail("incorrect state beforeSymbolName")
+      of atSymbolName: result.name = curIdent.nimIdentBackticksNormalize
+      of afterSymbolName: fail("incorrect state afterSymbolName")
+      of genericsPar: result.generics = curIdent
+      of parameterName: result.parameters.add (curIdent, "")
+      of parameterType:
+        for a in countdown(result.parameters.len - 1, 0):
+          if result.parameters[a].`type` == "":
+            result.parameters[a].`type` = curIdent
+      of outType: result.outType = curIdent
+      curIdent = ""
+  var parens = 0
+  let L = linkText.sons.len
+  template s(i: int): string = linkText.sons[i].text
+  var i = 0
+  template nextState =
+    case s(i)
+    of " ":
+      if state == afterSymKind:
+        flushIdent
+        state = beforeSymbolName
+    of "`":
+      curIdent.add "`"
+      inc i
+      while i < L:  # add contents between ` ` as a whole
+        curIdent.add s(i)
+        if s(i) == "`":
+          break
+        inc i
+      curIdent = curIdent.nimIdentBackticksNormalize
+      if state in {inBeginning, afterSymKind, beforeSymbolName}:
+        state = atSymbolName
+        flushIdent
+        state = afterSymbolName
+    of "[":
+      if state notin {inBeginning, afterSymKind, beforeSymbolName}:
+        inc parens
+      if state in {inBeginning, afterSymKind, beforeSymbolName}:
+        state = atSymbolName
+        curIdent.add s(i)
+      elif state in {atSymbolName, afterSymbolName} and parens == 1:
+        flushIdent
+        state = genericsPar
+        curIdent.add s(i)
+      else: curIdent.add s(i)
+    of "]":
+      if state notin {inBeginning, afterSymKind, beforeSymbolName, atSymbolName}:
+        dec parens
+      if state == genericsPar and parens == 0:
+        curIdent.add s(i)
+        flushIdent
+      else: curIdent.add s(i)
+    of "(":
+      inc parens
+      if state in {inBeginning, afterSymKind, beforeSymbolName}:
+        result.parametersProvided = true
+        state = atSymbolName
+        flushIdent
+        state = parameterName
+      elif state in {atSymbolName, afterSymbolName, genericsPar} and parens == 1:
+        result.parametersProvided = true
+        flushIdent
+        state = parameterName
+      else: curIdent.add s(i)
+    of ")":
+      dec parens
+      if state in {parameterName, parameterType} and parens == 0:
+        flushIdent
+        state = outType
+      else: curIdent.add s(i)
+    of "{":  # remove pragmas
+      while i < L:
+        if s(i) == "}":
+          break
+        inc i
+    of ",", ";":
+      if state in {parameterName, parameterType} and parens == 1:
+        flushIdent
+        state = parameterName
+      else: curIdent.add s(i)
+    of "*":  # skip export symbol
+      if state == atSymbolName:
+        flushIdent
+        state = afterSymbolName
+      elif state == afterSymbolName:
+        discard
+      else: curIdent.add "*"
+    of ":":
+      if state == outType: discard
+      elif state == parameterName:
+        flushIdent
+        state = parameterType
+      else: curIdent.add ":"
+    else:
+      let isPostfixSymKind = i > 0 and i == L - 1 and
+          result.symKind == "" and s(i) in NimDefs
+      if isPostfixSymKind:  # for links like `foo proc`_
+        resolveSymKind s(i)
+      else:
+        case state
+        of inBeginning:
+          if s(i) in NimDefs:
+            state = afterSymKind
+          else:
+            state = atSymbolName
+          curIdent.add s(i)
+        of afterSymKind, beforeSymbolName:
+          state = atSymbolName
+          curIdent.add s(i)
+        of parameterType:
+          case s(i)
+          of "ref": curIdent.add "ref."
+          of "ptr": curIdent.add "ptr."
+          of "var": discard
+          else: curIdent.add s(i).nimIdentBackticksNormalize
+        of atSymbolName:
+          curIdent.add s(i)
+        else:
+          curIdent.add s(i).nimIdentBackticksNormalize
+  while i < L:
+    nextState
+    inc i
+  if state == afterSymKind:  # treat `type`_ as link to symbol `type`
+    state = atSymbolName
+  flushIdent
+  result.isGroup = false
+
+proc match*(generated: LangSymbol, docLink: LangSymbol): bool =
+  ## Returns true if `generated` can be a target for `docLink`.
+  ## If `generated` is an overload group then only `symKind` and `name`
+  ## are compared for success.
+  result = true
+  if docLink.symKind != "":
+    if generated.symKind == "proc":
+      result = docLink.symKind in ["proc", "func"]
+    else:
+      result = generated.symKind == docLink.symKind
+      if result and docLink.symKind == "type" and docLink.symTypeKind != "":
+        result = generated.symTypeKind == docLink.symTypeKind
+    if not result: return
+  result = generated.name == docLink.name
+  if not result: return
+  if generated.isGroup:
+    # if `()` were added then it's not a reference to the whole group:
+    return not docLink.parametersProvided
+  if docLink.generics != "":
+    result = generated.generics == docLink.generics
+    if not result: return
+  if docLink.outType != "":
+    result = generated.outType == docLink.outType
+    if not result: return
+  if docLink.parametersProvided:
+    result = generated.parameters.len == docLink.parameters.len
+    if not result: return
+    var onlyType = false
+    for i in 0 ..< generated.parameters.len:
+      let g = generated.parameters[i]
+      let d = docLink.parameters[i]
+      if i == 0:
+        if g.`type` == d.name:
+          onlyType = true  # only types, not names, are provided in `docLink`
+      if onlyType:
+        result = g.`type` == d.name
+      else:
+        if d.`type` != "":
+          result = g.`type` == d.`type`
+          if not result: return
+        result = g.name == d.name
+      if not result: return
diff --git a/lib/packages/docutils/docutils.nimble b/lib/packages/docutils/docutils.nimble
deleted file mode 100644
index f1683c515..000000000
--- a/lib/packages/docutils/docutils.nimble
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-version       = "0.10.0"
-author        = "Andreas Rumpf"
-description   = "Nim's reStructuredText processor."
-license       = "MIT"
diff --git a/lib/packages/docutils/docutils.nimble.old b/lib/packages/docutils/docutils.nimble.old
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f97c3bdde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/packages/docutils/docutils.nimble.old
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# xxx disabled this as this isn't really a nimble package and it affects logic
+# used to compute canonical imports, refs https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/16999#issuecomment-805442914
+
+version       = "0.10.0"
+author        = "Andreas Rumpf"
+description   = "Nim's reStructuredText processor."
+license       = "MIT"
diff --git a/lib/packages/docutils/highlite.nim b/lib/packages/docutils/highlite.nim
index 8c91e0a8e..f8376f46c 100644
--- a/lib/packages/docutils/highlite.nim
+++ b/lib/packages/docutils/highlite.nim
@@ -11,11 +11,9 @@
 ## Currently only few languages are supported, other languages may be added.
 ## The interface supports one language nested in another.
 ##
-## **Note:** Import `packages/docutils/highlite` to use this module
-##
 ## You can use this to build your own syntax highlighting, check this example:
 ##
-## .. code::nim
+##   ```Nim
 ##   let code = """for x in $int.high: echo x.ord mod 2 == 0"""
 ##   var toknizr: GeneralTokenizer
 ##   initGeneralTokenizer(toknizr, code)
@@ -33,21 +31,43 @@
 ##     else:
 ##       echo toknizr.kind # All the kinds of tokens can be processed here.
 ##       echo substr(code, toknizr.start, toknizr.length + toknizr.start - 1)
+##   ```
 ##
 ## The proc `getSourceLanguage` can get the language `enum` from a string:
-##
-## .. code::nim
+##   ```Nim
 ##   for l in ["C", "c++", "jAvA", "Nim", "c#"]: echo getSourceLanguage(l)
+##   ```
+##
+## There is also a `Cmd` pseudo-language supported, which is a simple generic
+## shell/cmdline tokenizer (UNIX shell/Powershell/Windows Command):
+## no escaping, no programming language constructs besides variable definition
+## at the beginning of line. It supports these operators:
+##   ```Cmd
+##   &  &&  |  ||  (  )  ''  ""  ;  # for comments
+##   ```
 ##
+## Instead of escaping always use quotes like here
+## `nimgrep --ext:'nim|nims' file.name`:cmd: shows how to input ``|``.
+## Any argument that contains ``.`` or ``/`` or ``\`` will be treated
+## as a file or directory.
+##
+## In addition to `Cmd` there is also `Console` language for
+## displaying interactive sessions.
+## Lines with a command should start with ``$``, other lines are considered
+## as program output.
 
 import
-  strutils
-from algorithm import binarySearch
+  std/strutils
+from std/algorithm import binarySearch
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, syncio]
+
 
 type
   SourceLanguage* = enum
     langNone, langNim, langCpp, langCsharp, langC, langJava,
-    langYaml, langPython
+    langYaml, langPython, langCmd, langConsole
   TokenClass* = enum
     gtEof, gtNone, gtWhitespace, gtDecNumber, gtBinNumber, gtHexNumber,
     gtOctNumber, gtFloatNumber, gtIdentifier, gtKeyword, gtStringLit,
@@ -55,7 +75,7 @@ type
     gtOperator, gtPunctuation, gtComment, gtLongComment, gtRegularExpression,
     gtTagStart, gtTagEnd, gtKey, gtValue, gtRawData, gtAssembler,
     gtPreprocessor, gtDirective, gtCommand, gtRule, gtHyperlink, gtLabel,
-    gtReference, gtOther
+    gtReference, gtPrompt, gtProgramOutput, gtProgram, gtOption, gtOther
   GeneralTokenizer* = object of RootObj
     kind*: TokenClass
     start*, length*: int
@@ -66,14 +86,20 @@ type
 
 const
   sourceLanguageToStr*: array[SourceLanguage, string] = ["none",
-    "Nim", "C++", "C#", "C", "Java", "Yaml", "Python"]
+    "Nim", "C++", "C#", "C", "Java", "Yaml", "Python", "Cmd", "Console"]
+  sourceLanguageToAlpha*: array[SourceLanguage, string] = ["none",
+    "Nim", "cpp", "csharp", "C", "Java", "Yaml", "Python", "Cmd", "Console"]
+    ## list of languages spelled with alpabetic characters
   tokenClassToStr*: array[TokenClass, string] = ["Eof", "None", "Whitespace",
     "DecNumber", "BinNumber", "HexNumber", "OctNumber", "FloatNumber",
     "Identifier", "Keyword", "StringLit", "LongStringLit", "CharLit",
     "EscapeSequence", "Operator", "Punctuation", "Comment", "LongComment",
     "RegularExpression", "TagStart", "TagEnd", "Key", "Value", "RawData",
     "Assembler", "Preprocessor", "Directive", "Command", "Rule", "Hyperlink",
-    "Label", "Reference", "Other"]
+    "Label", "Reference", "Prompt", "ProgramOutput",
+    # start from lower-case if there is a corresponding RST role (see rst.nim)
+    "program", "option",
+    "Other"]
 
   # The following list comes from doc/keywords.txt, make sure it is
   # synchronized with this array by running the module itself as a test case.
@@ -90,9 +116,11 @@ const
     "xor", "yield"]
 
 proc getSourceLanguage*(name: string): SourceLanguage =
-  for i in countup(succ(low(SourceLanguage)), high(SourceLanguage)):
+  for i in succ(low(SourceLanguage)) .. high(SourceLanguage):
     if cmpIgnoreStyle(name, sourceLanguageToStr[i]) == 0:
       return i
+    if cmpIgnoreStyle(name, sourceLanguageToAlpha[i]) == 0:
+      return i
   result = langNone
 
 proc initGeneralTokenizer*(g: var GeneralTokenizer, buf: cstring) =
@@ -102,9 +130,7 @@ proc initGeneralTokenizer*(g: var GeneralTokenizer, buf: cstring) =
   g.length = 0
   g.state = low(TokenClass)
   g.lang = low(SourceLanguage)
-  var pos = 0                     # skip initial whitespace:
-  while g.buf[pos] in {' ', '\t'..'\r'}: inc(pos)
-  g.pos = pos
+  g.pos = 0
 
 proc initGeneralTokenizer*(g: var GeneralTokenizer, buf: string) =
   initGeneralTokenizer(g, cstring(buf))
@@ -165,9 +191,6 @@ const
 proc isKeyword(x: openArray[string], y: string): int =
   binarySearch(x, y)
 
-proc isKeywordIgnoreCase(x: openArray[string], y: string): int =
-  binarySearch(x, y, cmpIgnoreCase)
-
 proc nimNextToken(g: var GeneralTokenizer, keywords: openArray[string] = @[]) =
   const
     hexChars = {'0'..'9', 'A'..'F', 'a'..'f', '_'}
@@ -177,31 +200,33 @@ proc nimNextToken(g: var GeneralTokenizer, keywords: openArray[string] = @[]) =
   var pos = g.pos
   g.start = g.pos
   if g.state == gtStringLit:
-    g.kind = gtStringLit
-    while true:
+    if g.buf[pos] == '\\':
+      g.kind = gtEscapeSequence
+      inc(pos)
       case g.buf[pos]
-      of '\\':
-        g.kind = gtEscapeSequence
+      of 'x', 'X':
         inc(pos)
+        if g.buf[pos] in hexChars: inc(pos)
+        if g.buf[pos] in hexChars: inc(pos)
+      of '0'..'9':
+        while g.buf[pos] in {'0'..'9'}: inc(pos)
+      of '\0':
+        g.state = gtNone
+      else: inc(pos)
+    else:
+      g.kind = gtStringLit
+      while true:
         case g.buf[pos]
-        of 'x', 'X':
+        of '\\':
+          break
+        of '\0', '\r', '\n':
+          g.state = gtNone
+          break
+        of '\"':
           inc(pos)
-          if g.buf[pos] in hexChars: inc(pos)
-          if g.buf[pos] in hexChars: inc(pos)
-        of '0'..'9':
-          while g.buf[pos] in {'0'..'9'}: inc(pos)
-        of '\0':
           g.state = gtNone
+          break
         else: inc(pos)
-        break
-      of '\0', '\r', '\n':
-        g.state = gtNone
-        break
-      of '\"':
-        inc(pos)
-        g.state = gtNone
-        break
-      else: inc(pos)
   else:
     case g.buf[pos]
     of ' ', '\t'..'\r':
@@ -299,17 +324,18 @@ proc nimNextToken(g: var GeneralTokenizer, keywords: openArray[string] = @[]) =
       pos = nimNumber(g, pos)
     of '\'':
       inc(pos)
-      g.kind = gtCharLit
-      while true:
-        case g.buf[pos]
-        of '\0', '\r', '\n':
-          break
-        of '\'':
-          inc(pos)
-          break
-        of '\\':
-          inc(pos, 2)
-        else: inc(pos)
+      if g.kind != gtPunctuation:
+        g.kind = gtCharLit
+        while true:
+          case g.buf[pos]
+          of '\0', '\r', '\n':
+            break
+          of '\'':
+            inc(pos)
+            break
+          of '\\':
+            inc(pos, 2)
+          else: inc(pos)
     of '\"':
       inc(pos)
       if (g.buf[pos] == '\"') and (g.buf[pos + 1] == '\"'):
@@ -473,6 +499,9 @@ proc clikeNextToken(g: var GeneralTokenizer, keywords: openArray[string],
           of '\0':
             break
           else: inc(pos)
+      else:
+        g.kind = gtOperator
+        while g.buf[pos] in OpChars: inc(pos)
     of '#':
       inc(pos)
       if hasPreprocessor in flags:
@@ -900,6 +929,74 @@ proc pythonNextToken(g: var GeneralTokenizer) =
       "with", "yield"]
   nimNextToken(g, keywords)
 
+proc cmdNextToken(g: var GeneralTokenizer, dollarPrompt = false) =
+  var pos = g.pos
+  g.start = g.pos
+  if g.state == low(TokenClass):
+    g.state = if dollarPrompt: gtPrompt else: gtProgram
+  case g.buf[pos]
+  of ' ', '\t'..'\r':
+    g.kind = gtWhitespace
+    while g.buf[pos] in {' ', '\t'..'\r'}:
+      if g.buf[pos] == '\n':
+        g.state = if dollarPrompt: gtPrompt else: gtProgram
+      inc(pos)
+  of '\'', '"':
+    g.kind = gtOption
+    let q = g.buf[pos]
+    inc(pos)
+    while g.buf[pos] notin {q, '\0'}:
+      inc(pos)
+    if g.buf[pos] == q: inc(pos)
+  of '#':
+    g.kind = gtComment
+    while g.buf[pos] notin {'\n', '\0'}:
+      inc(pos)
+  of '&', '|':
+    g.kind = gtOperator
+    inc(pos)
+    if g.buf[pos] == g.buf[pos-1]: inc(pos)
+    g.state = gtProgram
+  of '(':
+    g.kind = gtOperator
+    g.state = gtProgram
+    inc(pos)
+  of ')':
+    g.kind = gtOperator
+    inc(pos)
+  of ';':
+    g.state = gtProgram
+    g.kind = gtOperator
+    inc(pos)
+  of '\0': g.kind = gtEof
+  elif dollarPrompt and g.state == gtPrompt:
+    if g.buf[pos] == '$' and g.buf[pos+1] in {' ', '\t'}:
+      g.kind = gtPrompt
+      inc pos, 2
+      g.state = gtProgram
+    else:
+      g.kind = gtProgramOutput
+      while g.buf[pos] notin {'\n', '\0'}:
+        inc(pos)
+  else:
+    if g.state == gtProgram:
+      g.kind = gtProgram
+      g.state = gtOption
+    else:
+      g.kind = gtOption
+    while g.buf[pos] notin {' ', '\t'..'\r', '&', '|', '(', ')', '\'', '"', '\0'}:
+      if g.buf[pos] == ';' and g.buf[pos+1] == ' ':
+        # (check space because ';' can be used inside arguments in Win bat)
+        break
+      if g.kind == gtOption and g.buf[pos] in {'/', '\\', '.'}:
+        g.kind = gtIdentifier  # for file/dir name
+      elif g.kind == gtProgram and g.buf[pos] == '=':
+        g.kind = gtIdentifier  # for env variable setting at beginning of line
+        g.state = gtProgram
+      inc(pos)
+  g.length = pos - g.pos
+  g.pos = pos
+
 proc getNextToken*(g: var GeneralTokenizer, lang: SourceLanguage) =
   g.lang = lang
   case lang
@@ -911,6 +1008,20 @@ proc getNextToken*(g: var GeneralTokenizer, lang: SourceLanguage) =
   of langJava: javaNextToken(g)
   of langYaml: yamlNextToken(g)
   of langPython: pythonNextToken(g)
+  of langCmd: cmdNextToken(g)
+  of langConsole: cmdNextToken(g, dollarPrompt=true)
+
+proc tokenize*(text: string, lang: SourceLanguage): seq[(string, TokenClass)] =
+  var g: GeneralTokenizer
+  initGeneralTokenizer(g, text)
+  var prevPos = 0
+  while true:
+    getNextToken(g, lang)
+    if g.kind == gtEof:
+      break
+    var s = text[prevPos ..< g.pos]
+    result.add (s, g.kind)
+    prevPos = g.pos
 
 when isMainModule:
   var keywords: seq[string]
diff --git a/lib/packages/docutils/rst.nim b/lib/packages/docutils/rst.nim
index b5eef7610..706c50689 100644
--- a/lib/packages/docutils/rst.nim
+++ b/lib/packages/docutils/rst.nim
@@ -7,156 +7,46 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-## ==================================
-##                rst
-## ==================================
+## This module implements a `reStructuredText`:idx: (RST) and
+## `Markdown`:idx: parser.
+## User's manual on supported markup syntax and command line usage can be
+## found in [Nim-flavored Markdown and reStructuredText](markdown_rst.html).
 ##
-## ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-## Nim-flavored reStructuredText
-## ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+## * See also [Nim DocGen Tools Guide](docgen.html) for handling of
+##   ``.nim`` files.
+## * See also [packages/docutils/rstgen module](rstgen.html) to know how to
+##   generate HTML or Latex strings (for embedding them into custom documents).
 ##
-## This module implements a `reStructuredText`:idx: (RST) parser.
-## A large subset is implemented with some limitations_ and
-## `Nim-specific features`_.
-## A few `extra features`_ of the `Markdown`:idx: syntax are
-## also supported.
-##
-## Nim can output the result to HTML [#html]_ or Latex [#latex]_.
-##
-## .. [#html] commands ``nim doc`` for ``*.nim`` files and
-##    ``nim rst2html`` for ``*.rst`` files
-##
-## .. [#latex] command ``nim rst2tex`` for ``*.rst``.
-##
-## If you are new to RST please consider reading the following:
-##
-## 1) a short `quick introduction`_
-## 2) an `RST reference`_: a comprehensive cheatsheet for RST
-## 3) a more formal 50-page `RST specification`_.
-##
-## Features
-## --------
-##
-## Supported standard RST features:
-##
-## * body elements
-##   + sections
-##   + transitions
-##   + paragraphs
-##   + bullet lists using \+, \*, \-
-##   + enumerated lists using arabic numerals or alphabet
-##     characters:  1. ... 2. ... *or* a. ... b. ... *or* A. ... B. ...
-##   + footnotes (including manually numbered, auto-numbered, auto-numbered
-##     with label, and auto-symbol footnotes) and citations
-##   + definition lists
-##   + field lists
-##   + option lists
-##   + indented literal blocks
-##   + simple tables
-##   + directives (see official documentation in `RST directives list`_):
-##     - ``image``, ``figure`` for including images and videos
-##     - ``code``
-##     - ``contents`` (table of contents), ``container``, ``raw``
-##     - ``include``
-##     - admonitions: "attention", "caution", "danger", "error", "hint",
-##       "important", "note", "tip", "warning", "admonition"
-##     - substitution definitions: `replace` and `image`
-##   + comments
-## * inline markup
-##   + *emphasis*, **strong emphasis**,
-##     ``inline literals``, hyperlink references (including embedded URI),
-##     substitution references, standalone hyperlinks,
-##     internal links (inline and outline)
-##   + \`interpreted text\` with roles ``:literal:``, ``:strong:``,
-##     ``emphasis``, ``:sub:``/``:subscript:``, ``:sup:``/``:supscript:``
-##     (see `RST roles list`_ for description).
-##   + inline internal targets
-##
-## .. _`Nim-specific features`:
-##
-## Additional Nim-specific features:
-##
-## * directives: ``code-block`` [cmp:Sphinx]_, ``title``,
-##   ``index`` [cmp:Sphinx]_
-##
-## * ***triple emphasis*** (bold and italic) using \*\*\*
-## * ``:idx:`` role for \`interpreted text\` to include the link to this
-##   text into an index (example: `Nim index`_).
-##
-## .. [cmp:Sphinx] similar but different from the directives of
-##    Python `Sphinx directives`_ extensions
-##
-## .. _`extra features`:
-##
-## Optional additional features, turned on by ``options: RstParseOption`` in
-## `rstParse proc <#rstParse,string,string,int,int,bool,RstParseOptions,FindFileHandler,MsgHandler>`_:
-##
-## * emoji / smiley symbols
-## * Markdown tables
-## * Markdown code blocks
-## * Markdown links
-## * Markdown headlines
-## * using ``1`` as auto-enumerator in enumerated lists like RST ``#``
-##   (auto-enumerator ``1`` can not be used with ``#`` in the same list)
-##
-## .. Note:: By default Nim has ``roSupportMarkdown`` and
-##    ``roSupportRawDirective`` turned **on**.
-##
-## .. warning:: Using Nim-specific features can cause other RST implementations
-##   to fail on your document.
-##
-## Limitations
-## -----------
-##
-## * no Unicode support in character width calculations
-## * body elements
-##   - no roman numerals in enumerated lists
-##   - no quoted literal blocks
-##   - no doctest blocks
-##   - no grid tables
-##   - some directives are missing (check official `RST directives list`_):
-##     ``parsed-literal``, ``sidebar``, ``topic``, ``math``, ``rubric``,
-##     ``epigraph``, ``highlights``, ``pull-quote``, ``compound``,
-##     ``table``, ``csv-table``, ``list-table``, ``section-numbering``,
-##     ``header``, ``footer``, ``meta``, ``class``
-##     - no ``role`` directives and no custom interpreted text roles
-##     - some standard roles are not supported (check `RST roles list`_)
-## * inline markup
-##   - no simple-inline-markup
-##   - no embedded aliases
-##
-## Usage
-## -----
-##
-## See `Nim DocGen Tools Guide <docgen.html>`_ for the details about
-## ``nim doc``, ``nim rst2html`` and ``nim rst2tex`` commands.
-##
-## See `packages/docutils/rstgen module <rstgen.html>`_ to know how to
-## generate HTML or Latex strings to embed them into your documents.
-##
-## .. Tip:: Import ``packages/docutils/rst`` to use this module
-##    programmatically.
-##
-## .. _quick introduction: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/user/rst/quickstart.html
-## .. _RST reference: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/user/rst/quickref.html
-## .. _RST specification: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html
-## .. _RST directives list: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/rst/directives.html
-## .. _RST roles list: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/rst/roles.html
-## .. _Nim index: https://nim-lang.org/docs/theindex.html
-## .. _Sphinx directives: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/restructuredtext/directives.html
+## Choice between Markdown and RST as well as optional additional features are
+## turned on by passing ``options:`` [RstParseOptions] to [proc rstParse].
 
 import
-  os, strutils, rstast, std/enumutils, algorithm, lists, sequtils,
-  std/private/miscdollars
+  std/[os, strutils, enumutils, algorithm, lists, sequtils,
+  tables, strscans]
+import dochelpers, rstidx, rstast
+import std/private/miscdollars
+from highlite import SourceLanguage, getSourceLanguage
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, syncio]
+
 
 type
   RstParseOption* = enum     ## options for the RST parser
-    roSkipPounds,             ## skip ``#`` at line beginning (documentation
-                              ## embedded in Nim comments)
     roSupportSmilies,         ## make the RST parser support smilies like ``:)``
     roSupportRawDirective,    ## support the ``raw`` directive (don't support
                               ## it for sandboxing)
-    roSupportMarkdown         ## support additional features of Markdown
+    roSupportMarkdown,        ## support additional features of Markdown
+    roPreferMarkdown,         ## parse as Markdown (keeping RST as "extension"
+                              ## to Markdown) -- implies `roSupportMarkdown`
+    roNimFile                 ## set for Nim files where default interpreted
+                              ## text role should be :nim:
+    roSandboxDisabled         ## this option enables certain options
+                              ## (e.g. raw, include, importdoc)
+                              ## which are disabled by default as they can
+                              ## enable users to read arbitrary data and
+                              ## perform XSS if the parser is used in a web
+                              ## app.
 
   RstParseOptions* = set[RstParseOption]
 
@@ -165,28 +55,41 @@ type
     mcWarning = "Warning",
     mcError = "Error"
 
+  # keep the order in sync with compiler/docgen.nim and compiler/lineinfos.nim:
   MsgKind* = enum          ## the possible messages
     meCannotOpenFile = "cannot open '$1'",
     meExpected = "'$1' expected",
+    meMissingClosing = "$1",
     meGridTableNotImplemented = "grid table is not implemented",
     meMarkdownIllformedTable = "illformed delimiter row of a Markdown table",
+    meIllformedTable = "Illformed table: $1",
     meNewSectionExpected = "new section expected $1",
     meGeneralParseError = "general parse error",
     meInvalidDirective = "invalid directive: '$1'",
+    meInvalidField = "invalid field: $1",
     meFootnoteMismatch = "mismatch in number of footnotes and their refs: $1",
     mwRedefinitionOfLabel = "redefinition of label '$1'",
     mwUnknownSubstitution = "unknown substitution '$1'",
+    mwAmbiguousLink = "ambiguous doc link $1",
+    mwBrokenLink = "broken link '$1'",
     mwUnsupportedLanguage = "language '$1' not supported",
     mwUnsupportedField = "field '$1' not supported",
-    mwRstStyle = "RST style: $1"
+    mwRstStyle = "RST style: $1",
+    mwUnusedImportdoc = "importdoc for '$1' is not used",
+    meSandboxedDirective = "disabled directive: '$1'",
 
   MsgHandler* = proc (filename: string, line, col: int, msgKind: MsgKind,
                        arg: string) {.closure, gcsafe.} ## what to do in case of an error
   FindFileHandler* = proc (filename: string): string {.closure, gcsafe.}
+  FindRefFileHandler* =
+    proc (targetRelPath: string):
+         tuple[targetPath: string, linkRelPath: string] {.closure, gcsafe.}
+    ## returns where .html or .idx file should be found by its relative path;
+    ## `linkRelPath` is a prefix to be added before a link anchor from such file
 
 proc rstnodeToRefname*(n: PRstNode): string
 proc addNodes*(n: PRstNode): string
-proc getFieldValue*(n: PRstNode, fieldname: string): string
+proc getFieldValue*(n: PRstNode, fieldname: string): string {.gcsafe.}
 proc getArgument*(n: PRstNode): string
 
 # ----------------------------- scanner part --------------------------------
@@ -233,6 +136,10 @@ const
     ":geek:": "icon_e_geek",
     ":ugeek:": "icon_e_ugeek"
   }
+  SandboxDirAllowlist = [
+    "image", "code", "code-block", "admonition", "attention", "caution",
+    "container", "contents", "danger", "default-role", "error", "figure",
+    "hint", "important", "index", "note", "role", "tip", "title", "warning"]
 
 type
   TokType = enum
@@ -253,8 +160,8 @@ type
     buf*: cstring
     bufpos*: int
     line*, col*, baseIndent*: int
-    skipPounds*: bool
     adornmentLine*: bool
+    escapeNext*: bool
 
 proc getThing(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token, s: set[char]) =
   tok.kind = tkWord
@@ -292,10 +199,18 @@ proc getPunctAdornment(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
   tok.col = L.col
   var pos = L.bufpos
   let c = L.buf[pos]
-  while true:
+  if not L.escapeNext and (c != '\\' or L.adornmentLine):
+    while true:
+      tok.symbol.add(L.buf[pos])
+      inc pos
+      if L.buf[pos] != c: break
+  elif L.escapeNext:
     tok.symbol.add(L.buf[pos])
     inc pos
-    if L.buf[pos] != c: break
+  else:  # not L.escapeNext and c == '\\' and not L.adornmentLine
+    tok.symbol.add '\\'
+    inc pos
+    L.escapeNext = true
   inc L.col, pos - L.bufpos
   L.bufpos = pos
   if tok.symbol == "\\": tok.kind = tkPunct
@@ -317,9 +232,6 @@ proc getIndentAux(L: var Lexer, start: int): int =
     else: inc pos
   elif L.buf[pos] == '\n':
     inc pos
-  if L.skipPounds:
-    if L.buf[pos] == '#': inc pos
-    if L.buf[pos] == '#': inc pos
   while true:
     case L.buf[pos]
     of ' ', '\v', '\f':
@@ -384,30 +296,19 @@ proc rawGetTok(L: var Lexer, tok: var Token) =
       inc L.col
   tok.col = max(tok.col - L.baseIndent, 0)
 
-proc getTokens(buffer: string, skipPounds: bool, tokens: var TokenSeq): int =
+proc getTokens(buffer: string, tokens: var TokenSeq) =
   var L: Lexer
   var length = tokens.len
   L.buf = cstring(buffer)
   L.line = 0                  # skip UTF-8 BOM
   if L.buf[0] == '\xEF' and L.buf[1] == '\xBB' and L.buf[2] == '\xBF':
     inc L.bufpos, 3
-  L.skipPounds = skipPounds
-  if skipPounds:
-    if L.buf[L.bufpos] == '#':
-      inc L.bufpos
-      inc result
-    if L.buf[L.bufpos] == '#':
-      inc L.bufpos
-      inc result
-    L.baseIndent = 0
-    while L.buf[L.bufpos] == ' ':
-      inc L.bufpos
-      inc L.baseIndent
-      inc result
   while true:
     inc length
     setLen(tokens, length)
+    let toEscape = L.escapeNext
     rawGetTok(L, tokens[length - 1])
+    if toEscape: L.escapeNext = false
     if tokens[length - 1].kind == tkEof: break
   if tokens[0].kind == tkWhite:
     # BUGFIX
@@ -421,14 +322,54 @@ type
     line: int            # the last line of this style occurrence
                          # (for error message)
     hasPeers: bool       # has headings on the same level of hierarchy?
+  LiteralBlockKind = enum  # RST-style literal blocks after `::`
+    lbNone,
+    lbIndentedLiteralBlock,
+    lbQuotedLiteralBlock
   LevelMap = seq[LevelInfo]   # Saves for each possible title adornment
                               # style its level in the current document.
+  SubstitutionKind = enum
+    rstSubstitution = "substitution",
+    hyperlinkAlias = "hyperlink alias",
+    implicitHyperlinkAlias = "implicitly-generated hyperlink alias"
   Substitution = object
+    kind*: SubstitutionKind
     key*: string
     value*: PRstNode
-  AnchorSubst = tuple
-    mainAnchor: string
-    aliases: seq[string]
+    info*: TLineInfo   # place where the substitution was defined
+  AnchorRule = enum
+    arInternalRst,  ## For automatically generated RST anchors (from
+                    ## headings, footnotes, inline internal targets):
+                    ## case-insensitive, 1-space-significant (by RST spec)
+    arExternalRst,  ## For external .nim doc comments or .rst/.md
+    arNim   ## For anchors generated by ``docgen.nim``: Nim-style case
+            ## sensitivity, etc. (see `proc normalizeNimName`_ for details)
+    arHyperlink,  ## For links with manually set anchors in
+                  ## form `text <pagename.html#anchor>`_
+  RstAnchorKind = enum
+    manualDirectiveAnchor = "manual directive anchor",
+    manualInlineAnchor = "manual inline anchor",
+    footnoteAnchor = "footnote anchor",
+    headlineAnchor = "implicitly-generated headline anchor"
+  AnchorSubst = object
+    info: TLineInfo         # the file where the anchor was defined
+    priority: int
+    case kind: range[arInternalRst .. arNim]
+    of arInternalRst:
+      anchorType: RstAnchorKind
+      target: PRstNode
+    of arExternalRst:
+      anchorTypeExt: RstAnchorKind
+      refnameExt: string
+    of arNim:
+      module: FileIndex     # anchor's module (generally not the same as file)
+      tooltip: string       # displayed tooltip for Nim-generated anchors
+      langSym: LangSymbol
+      refname: string     # A reference name that will be inserted directly
+                          # into HTML/Latex.
+      external: bool
+  AnchorSubstTable = Table[string, seq[AnchorSubst]]
+                         # use `seq` to account for duplicate anchors
   FootnoteType = enum
     fnManualNumber,     # manually numbered footnote like [3]
     fnAutoNumber,       # auto-numbered footnote [#]
@@ -439,43 +380,71 @@ type
     kind: FootnoteType  # discriminator
     number: int         # valid for fnManualNumber (always) and fnAutoNumber,
                         # fnAutoNumberLabel after resolveSubs is called
-    autoNumIdx: int     # order of occurence: fnAutoNumber, fnAutoNumberLabel
-    autoSymIdx: int     # order of occurence: fnAutoSymbol
+    autoNumIdx: int     # order of occurrence: fnAutoNumber, fnAutoNumberLabel
+    autoSymIdx: int     # order of occurrence: fnAutoSymbol
     label: string       # valid for fnAutoNumberLabel
-
-  SharedState = object
-    options: RstParseOptions    # parsing options
+  RstFileTable* = object
+    filenameToIdx*: Table[string, FileIndex]
+    idxToFilename*: seq[string]
+  ImportdocInfo = object
+    used: bool             # was this import used?
+    fromInfo: TLineInfo    # place of `.. importdoc::` directive
+    idxPath: string        # full path to ``.idx`` file
+    linkRelPath: string    # prefix before target anchor
+    title: string          # document title obtained from ``.idx``
+  RstSharedState = object
+    options*: RstParseOptions   # parsing options
     hLevels: LevelMap           # hierarchy of heading styles
     hTitleCnt: int              # =0 if no title, =1 if only main title,
                                 # =2 if both title and subtitle are present
     hCurLevel: int              # current section level
+    currRole: string            # current interpreted text role
+    currRoleKind: RstNodeKind   # ... and its node kind
     subs: seq[Substitution]     # substitutions
-    refs: seq[Substitution]     # references
-    anchors: seq[AnchorSubst]   # internal target substitutions
-    lineFootnoteNum: seq[int]     # footnote line, auto numbers .. [#]
-    lineFootnoteNumRef: seq[int]  # footnote line, their reference [#]_
-    lineFootnoteSym: seq[int]     # footnote line, auto symbols .. [*]
-    lineFootnoteSymRef: seq[int]  # footnote line, their reference [*]_
+    refs*: seq[Substitution]    # references
+    anchors*: AnchorSubstTable
+                                # internal target substitutions
+    lineFootnoteNum: seq[TLineInfo]     # footnote line, auto numbers .. [#]
+    lineFootnoteNumRef: seq[TLineInfo]  # footnote line, their reference [#]_
+    currFootnoteNumRef: int             # ... their counter for `resolveSubs`
+    lineFootnoteSym: seq[TLineInfo]     # footnote line, auto symbols .. [*]
+    lineFootnoteSymRef: seq[TLineInfo]  # footnote line, their reference [*]_
+    currFootnoteSymRef: int             # ... their counter for `resolveSubs`
     footnotes: seq[FootnoteSubst] # correspondence b/w footnote label,
                                   # number, order of occurrence
     msgHandler: MsgHandler      # How to handle errors.
-    findFile: FindFileHandler   # How to find files.
-
-  PSharedState = ref SharedState
+    findFile: FindFileHandler   # How to find files for include.
+    findRefFile: FindRefFileHandler
+                                # How to find files imported by importdoc.
+    filenames*: RstFileTable    # map file name <-> FileIndex (for storing
+                                # file names for warnings after 1st stage)
+    currFileIdx*: FileIndex     # current index in `filenames`
+    tocPart*: seq[PRstNode]     # all the headings of a document
+    hasToc*: bool
+    idxImports*: Table[string, ImportdocInfo]
+                                # map `importdoc`ed filename -> it's info
+    nimFileImported*: bool      # Was any ``.nim`` module `importdoc`ed ?
+
+  PRstSharedState* = ref RstSharedState
+  ManualAnchor = object
+    alias: string     # a (short) name that can substitute the `anchor`
+    anchor: string    # anchor = id = refname
+    info: TLineInfo
   RstParser = object of RootObj
     idx*: int
     tok*: TokenSeq
-    s*: PSharedState
+    s*: PRstSharedState
     indentStack*: seq[int]
-    filename*: string
     line*, col*: int            ## initial line/column of whole text or
                                 ## documenation fragment that will be added
                                 ## in case of error/warning reporting to
                                 ## (relative) line/column of the token.
-    hasToc*: bool
-    curAnchor*: string          # variable to track latest anchor in s.anchors
+    curAnchors*: seq[ManualAnchor]
+                                ## seq to accumulate aliases for anchors:
+                                ## because RST can have >1 alias per 1 anchor
 
   EParseError* = object of ValueError
+  SectionParser = proc (p: var RstParser): PRstNode {.nimcall, gcsafe.}
 
 const
   LineRstInit* = 1  ## Initial line number for standalone RST text
@@ -509,36 +478,141 @@ proc defaultFindFile*(filename: string): string =
   if fileExists(filename): result = filename
   else: result = ""
 
-proc newSharedState(options: RstParseOptions,
-                    findFile: FindFileHandler,
-                    msgHandler: MsgHandler): PSharedState =
-  new(result)
-  result.subs = @[]
-  result.refs = @[]
-  result.options = options
-  result.msgHandler = if not isNil(msgHandler): msgHandler else: defaultMsgHandler
-  result.findFile = if not isNil(findFile): findFile else: defaultFindFile
+proc defaultFindRefFile*(filename: string): (string, string) =
+  (filename, "")
+
+proc defaultRole(options: RstParseOptions): string =
+  if roNimFile in options: "nim" else: "literal"
+
+proc whichRoleAux(sym: string): RstNodeKind =
+  let r = sym.toLowerAscii
+  case r
+  of "idx": result = rnIdx
+  of "literal": result = rnInlineLiteral
+  of "strong": result = rnStrongEmphasis
+  of "emphasis": result = rnEmphasis
+  of "sub", "subscript": result = rnSub
+  of "sup", "superscript": result = rnSup
+  # literal and code are the same in our implementation
+  of "code": result = rnInlineLiteral
+  of "program", "option", "tok": result = rnCodeFragment
+  # c++ currently can be spelled only as cpp, c# only as csharp
+  elif getSourceLanguage(r) != langNone:
+    result = rnInlineCode
+  else:  # unknown role
+    result = rnUnknownRole
+
+proc len(filenames: RstFileTable): int = filenames.idxToFilename.len
+
+proc addFilename*(s: PRstSharedState, file1: string): FileIndex =
+  ## Returns index of filename, adding it if it has not been used before
+  let nextIdx = s.filenames.len.FileIndex
+  result = getOrDefault(s.filenames.filenameToIdx, file1, default = nextIdx)
+  if result == nextIdx:
+    s.filenames.filenameToIdx[file1] = result
+    s.filenames.idxToFilename.add file1
+
+proc setCurrFilename*(s: PRstSharedState, file1: string) =
+  s.currFileIdx = addFilename(s, file1)
+
+proc getFilename(filenames: RstFileTable, fid: FileIndex): string =
+  doAssert(0 <= fid.int and fid.int < filenames.len,
+      "incorrect FileIndex $1 (range 0..$2)" % [
+        $fid.int, $(filenames.len - 1)])
+  result = filenames.idxToFilename[fid.int]
+
+proc getFilename(s: PRstSharedState, subst: AnchorSubst): string =
+  getFilename(s.filenames, subst.info.fileIndex)
+
+proc getModule(s: PRstSharedState, subst: AnchorSubst): string =
+  result = getFilename(s.filenames, subst.module)
+
+proc currFilename(s: PRstSharedState): string =
+  getFilename(s.filenames, s.currFileIdx)
+
+proc newRstSharedState*(options: RstParseOptions,
+                        filename: string,
+                        findFile: FindFileHandler,
+                        findRefFile: FindRefFileHandler,
+                        msgHandler: MsgHandler,
+                        hasToc: bool): PRstSharedState =
+  let r = defaultRole(options)
+  result = PRstSharedState(
+      currRole: r,
+      currRoleKind: whichRoleAux(r),
+      options: options,
+      msgHandler: if not isNil(msgHandler): msgHandler else: defaultMsgHandler,
+      findFile: if not isNil(findFile): findFile else: defaultFindFile,
+      findRefFile:
+        if not isNil(findRefFile): findRefFile
+        else: defaultFindRefFile,
+      hasToc: hasToc
+  )
+  setCurrFilename(result, filename)
 
 proc curLine(p: RstParser): int = p.line + currentTok(p).line
 
 proc findRelativeFile(p: RstParser; filename: string): string =
-  result = p.filename.splitFile.dir / filename
+  result = p.s.currFilename.splitFile.dir / filename
   if not fileExists(result):
     result = p.s.findFile(filename)
 
 proc rstMessage(p: RstParser, msgKind: MsgKind, arg: string) =
-  p.s.msgHandler(p.filename, curLine(p),
+  p.s.msgHandler(p.s.currFilename, curLine(p),
                              p.col + currentTok(p).col, msgKind, arg)
 
+proc rstMessage(s: PRstSharedState, msgKind: MsgKind, arg: string) =
+  s.msgHandler(s.currFilename, LineRstInit, ColRstInit, msgKind, arg)
+
+proc rstMessage(s: PRstSharedState, msgKind: MsgKind, arg: string;
+                line, col: int) =
+  s.msgHandler(s.currFilename, line, col, msgKind, arg)
+
+proc rstMessage(s: PRstSharedState, filename: string, msgKind: MsgKind,
+                arg: string) =
+  s.msgHandler(filename, LineRstInit, ColRstInit, msgKind, arg)
+
+proc rstMessage*(filenames: RstFileTable, f: MsgHandler,
+                 info: TLineInfo, msgKind: MsgKind, arg: string) =
+  ## Print warnings using `info`, i.e. in 2nd-pass warnings for
+  ## footnotes/substitutions/references or from ``rstgen.nim``.
+  let file = getFilename(filenames, info.fileIndex)
+  f(file, info.line.int, info.col.int, msgKind, arg)
+
 proc rstMessage(p: RstParser, msgKind: MsgKind, arg: string, line, col: int) =
-  p.s.msgHandler(p.filename, p.line + line,
+  p.s.msgHandler(p.s.currFilename, p.line + line,
                              p.col + col, msgKind, arg)
 
 proc rstMessage(p: RstParser, msgKind: MsgKind) =
-  p.s.msgHandler(p.filename, curLine(p),
+  p.s.msgHandler(p.s.currFilename, curLine(p),
                              p.col + currentTok(p).col, msgKind,
                              currentTok(p).symbol)
 
+# Functions `isPureRst` & `stopOrWarn` address differences between
+# Markdown and RST:
+# * Markdown always tries to continue working. If it is really impossible
+#   to parse a markup element, its proc just returns `nil` and parsing
+#   continues for it as for normal text paragraph.
+#   The downside is that real mistakes/typos are often silently ignored.
+#   The same applies to legacy `RstMarkdown` mode for nimforum.
+# * RST really signals errors. The downside is that it's more intrusive -
+#   the user must escape special syntax with \ explicitly.
+#
+# TODO: we need to apply this strategy to all markup elements eventually.
+
+func isPureRst(p: RstParser): bool = roSupportMarkdown notin p.s.options
+func isRst(p: RstParser): bool = roPreferMarkdown notin p.s.options
+func isMd(p: RstParser): bool = roPreferMarkdown in p.s.options
+func isMd(s: PRstSharedState): bool = roPreferMarkdown in s.options
+
+proc stopOrWarn(p: RstParser, errorType: MsgKind, arg: string) =
+  let realMsgKind = if isPureRst(p): errorType else: mwRstStyle
+  rstMessage(p, realMsgKind, arg)
+
+proc stopOrWarn(p: RstParser, errorType: MsgKind, arg: string, line, col: int) =
+  let realMsgKind = if isPureRst(p): errorType else: mwRstStyle
+  rstMessage(p, realMsgKind, arg, line, col)
+
 proc currInd(p: RstParser): int =
   result = p.indentStack[high(p.indentStack)]
 
@@ -548,17 +622,78 @@ proc pushInd(p: var RstParser, ind: int) =
 proc popInd(p: var RstParser) =
   if p.indentStack.len > 1: setLen(p.indentStack, p.indentStack.len - 1)
 
-proc initParser(p: var RstParser, sharedState: PSharedState) =
+# Working with indentation in rst.nim
+# -----------------------------------
+#
+# Every line break has an associated tkIndent.
+# The tokenizer writes back the first column of next non-blank line
+# in all preceeding tkIndent tokens to the `ival` field of tkIndent.
+#
+# RST document is separated into body elements (B.E.), every of which
+# has a dedicated handler proc (or block of logic when B.E. is a block quote)
+# that should follow the next rule:
+#   Every B.E. handler proc should finish at tkIndent (newline)
+#   after its B.E. finishes.
+#   Then its callers (which is `parseSection` or another B.E. handler)
+#   check for tkIndent ival (without necessity to advance `p.idx`)
+#   and decide themselves whether they continue processing or also stop.
+#
+# An example::
+#
+#   L    RST text fragment                  indentation
+#     +--------------------+
+#   1 |                    | <- (empty line at the start of file) no tokens
+#   2 |First paragraph.    | <- tkIndent has ival=0, and next tkWord has col=0
+#   3 |                    | <- tkIndent has ival=0
+#   4 |* bullet item and   | <- tkIndent has ival=0, and next tkPunct has col=0
+#   5 |  its continuation  | <- tkIndent has ival=2, and next tkWord has col=2
+#   6 |                    | <- tkIndent has ival=4
+#   7 |    Block quote     | <- tkIndent has ival=4, and next tkWord has col=4
+#   8 |                    | <- tkIndent has ival=0
+#   9 |                    | <- tkIndent has ival=0
+#   10|Final paragraph     | <- tkIndent has ival=0, and tkWord has col=0
+#     +--------------------+
+#    C:01234
+#
+# Here parser starts with initial `indentStack=[0]` and then calls the
+# 1st `parseSection`:
+#
+#   - `parseSection` calls `parseParagraph` and "First paragraph" is parsed
+#   - bullet list handler is started at reaching ``*`` (L4 C0), it
+#     starts bullet item logic (L4 C2), which calls `pushInd(p, ind=2)`,
+#     then calls `parseSection` (2nd call, nested) which parses
+#     paragraph "bullet list and its continuation" and then starts
+#     a block quote logic (L7 C4).
+#     The block quote logic calls calls `pushInd(p, ind=4)` and
+#     calls `parseSection` again, so a (simplified) sequence of calls now is::
+#
+#       parseSection -> parseBulletList ->
+#         parseSection (+block quote logic) -> parseSection
+#
+#     3rd `parseSection` finishes, block quote logic calls `popInd(p)`,
+#     it returns to bullet item logic, which sees that next tkIndent has
+#     ival=0 and stops there since the required indentation for a bullet item
+#     is 2 and 0<2; the bullet item logic calls `popInd(p)`.
+#     Then bullet list handler checks that next tkWord (L10 C0) has the
+#     right indentation but does not have ``*`` so stops at tkIndent (L10).
+#   - 1st `parseSection` invocation calls `parseParagraph` and the
+#     "Final paragraph" is parsed.
+#
+# If a B.E. handler has advanced `p.idx` past tkIndent to check
+# whether it should continue its processing or not, and decided not to,
+# then this B.E. handler should step back (e.g. do `dec p.idx`).
+
+proc initParser(p: var RstParser, sharedState: PRstSharedState) =
   p.indentStack = @[0]
   p.tok = @[]
   p.idx = 0
-  p.filename = ""
-  p.hasToc = false
   p.col = ColRstInit
   p.line = LineRstInit
   p.s = sharedState
 
 proc addNodesAux(n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
+  if n == nil:
+    return
   if n.kind == rnLeaf:
     result.add(n.text)
   else:
@@ -567,6 +702,11 @@ proc addNodesAux(n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
 proc addNodes(n: PRstNode): string =
   n.addNodesAux(result)
 
+proc linkName(n: PRstNode): string =
+  ## Returns a normalized reference name, see:
+  ## https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html#reference-names
+  n.addNodes.toLowerAscii
+
 proc rstnodeToRefnameAux(n: PRstNode, r: var string, b: var bool) =
   template special(s) =
     if b:
@@ -622,26 +762,37 @@ proc rstnodeToRefname(n: PRstNode): string =
   var b = false
   rstnodeToRefnameAux(n, result, b)
 
-proc findSub(p: var RstParser, n: PRstNode): int =
+proc findSub(s: PRstSharedState, n: PRstNode): int =
   var key = addNodes(n)
   # the spec says: if no exact match, try one without case distinction:
-  for i in countup(0, high(p.s.subs)):
-    if key == p.s.subs[i].key:
+  for i in countup(0, high(s.subs)):
+    if key == s.subs[i].key:
       return i
-  for i in countup(0, high(p.s.subs)):
-    if cmpIgnoreStyle(key, p.s.subs[i].key) == 0:
+  for i in countup(0, high(s.subs)):
+    if cmpIgnoreStyle(key, s.subs[i].key) == 0:
       return i
   result = -1
 
+proc lineInfo(p: RstParser, iTok: int): TLineInfo =
+  result.col = int16(p.col + p.tok[iTok].col)
+  result.line = uint16(p.line + p.tok[iTok].line)
+  result.fileIndex = p.s.currFileIdx
+
+proc lineInfo(p: RstParser): TLineInfo = lineInfo(p, p.idx)
+# TODO: we need this simplification because we don't preserve exact starting
+# token of currently parsed element:
+proc prevLineInfo(p: RstParser): TLineInfo = lineInfo(p, p.idx-1)
+
 proc setSub(p: var RstParser, key: string, value: PRstNode) =
   var length = p.s.subs.len
   for i in 0 ..< length:
     if key == p.s.subs[i].key:
       p.s.subs[i].value = value
       return
-  p.s.subs.add(Substitution(key: key, value: value))
+  p.s.subs.add(Substitution(key: key, value: value, info: prevLineInfo(p)))
 
-proc setRef(p: var RstParser, key: string, value: PRstNode) =
+proc setRef(p: var RstParser, key: string, value: PRstNode,
+            refType: SubstitutionKind) =
   var length = p.s.refs.len
   for i in 0 ..< length:
     if key == p.s.refs[i].key:
@@ -649,37 +800,127 @@ proc setRef(p: var RstParser, key: string, value: PRstNode) =
         rstMessage(p, mwRedefinitionOfLabel, key)
       p.s.refs[i].value = value
       return
-  p.s.refs.add(Substitution(key: key, value: value))
-
-proc findRef(p: var RstParser, key: string): PRstNode =
-  for i in countup(0, high(p.s.refs)):
-    if key == p.s.refs[i].key:
-      return p.s.refs[i].value
-
-proc addAnchor(p: var RstParser, refn: string, reset: bool) =
-  ## add anchor `refn` to anchor aliases and update last anchor ``curAnchor``
-  if p.curAnchor == "":
-    p.s.anchors.add (refn, @[refn])
-  else:
-    p.s.anchors[^1].mainAnchor = refn
-    p.s.anchors[^1].aliases.add refn
-  if reset:
-    p.curAnchor = ""
-  else:
-    p.curAnchor = refn
-
-proc findMainAnchor(p: RstParser, refn: string): string =
-  for subst in p.s.anchors:
-    if subst.mainAnchor == refn:  # no need to rename
-      result = subst.mainAnchor
-      break
-    var toLeave = false
-    for anchor in subst.aliases:
-      if anchor == refn:  # this anchor will be named as mainAnchor
-        result = subst.mainAnchor
-        toLeave = true
-    if toLeave:
-      break
+  p.s.refs.add(Substitution(kind: refType, key: key, value: value,
+                            info: prevLineInfo(p)))
+
+proc findRef(s: PRstSharedState, key: string): seq[Substitution] =
+  for i in countup(0, high(s.refs)):
+    if key == s.refs[i].key:
+      result.add s.refs[i]
+
+# Ambiguity in links: we don't follow procedure of removing implicit targets
+# defined in https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html#implicit-hyperlink-targets
+# Instead we just give explicit links a higher priority than to implicit ones
+# and report ambiguities as warnings. Hopefully it is easy to remove
+# ambiguities manually. Nim auto-generated links from ``docgen.nim``
+# have lowest priority: 1 (for procs) and below for other symbol types.
+
+proc refPriority(k: SubstitutionKind): int =
+  case k
+  of rstSubstitution: result = 8
+  of hyperlinkAlias: result = 7
+  of implicitHyperlinkAlias: result = 2
+
+proc internalRefPriority(k: RstAnchorKind): int =
+  case k
+  of manualDirectiveAnchor: result = 6
+  of manualInlineAnchor: result = 5
+  of footnoteAnchor: result = 4
+  of headlineAnchor: result = 3
+
+proc `$`(subst: AnchorSubst): string =  # for debug
+  let s =
+    case subst.kind
+    of arInternalRst: "type=" & $subst.anchorType
+    of arExternalRst: "type=" & $subst.anchorTypeExt
+    of arNim: "langsym=" & $subst.langSym
+  result = "(kind=$1, priority=$2, $3)" % [$subst.kind, $subst.priority, s]
+
+proc addAnchorRst(p: var RstParser, name: string, target: PRstNode,
+                  anchorType: RstAnchorKind) =
+  ## Associates node `target` (which has field `anchor`) with an
+  ## alias `name` and updates the corresponding aliases in `p.curAnchors`.
+  let prio = internalRefPriority(anchorType)
+  for a in p.curAnchors:
+    p.s.anchors.mgetOrPut(a.alias, newSeq[AnchorSubst]()).add(
+        AnchorSubst(kind: arInternalRst, target: target, priority: prio,
+                    info: a.info, anchorType: manualDirectiveAnchor))
+  if name != "":
+    p.s.anchors.mgetOrPut(name, newSeq[AnchorSubst]()).add(
+        AnchorSubst(kind: arInternalRst, target: target, priority: prio,
+                    info: prevLineInfo(p), anchorType: anchorType))
+  p.curAnchors.setLen 0
+
+proc addAnchorExtRst(s: var PRstSharedState, key: string, refn: string,
+                  anchorType: RstAnchorKind, info: TLineInfo) =
+  let name = key.toLowerAscii
+  let prio = internalRefPriority(anchorType)
+  s.anchors.mgetOrPut(name, newSeq[AnchorSubst]()).add(
+      AnchorSubst(kind: arExternalRst, refnameExt: refn, priority: prio,
+                  info: info,
+                  anchorTypeExt: anchorType))
+
+proc addAnchorNim*(s: var PRstSharedState, external: bool, refn: string, tooltip: string,
+                   langSym: LangSymbol, priority: int,
+                   info: TLineInfo, module: FileIndex) =
+  ## Adds an anchor `refn`, which follows
+  ## the rule `arNim` (i.e. a symbol in ``*.nim`` file)
+  s.anchors.mgetOrPut(langSym.name, newSeq[AnchorSubst]()).add(
+      AnchorSubst(kind: arNim, external: external, refname: refn, langSym: langSym,
+                  tooltip: tooltip, priority: priority,
+                  info: info))
+
+proc findMainAnchorNim(s: PRstSharedState, signature: PRstNode,
+                       info: TLineInfo):
+                      seq[AnchorSubst] =
+  var langSym: LangSymbol
+  try:
+    langSym = toLangSymbol(signature)
+  except ValueError:  # parsing failed, not a Nim symbol
+    return
+  let substitutions = s.anchors.getOrDefault(langSym.name,
+                                             newSeq[AnchorSubst]())
+  if substitutions.len == 0:
+    return
+  # logic to select only groups instead of concrete symbols
+  # with overloads, note that the same symbol can be defined
+  # in multiple modules and `importdoc`ed:
+  type GroupKey = tuple[symKind: string, origModule: string]
+  # map (symKind, file) (like "proc", "os.nim") -> found symbols/groups:
+  var found: Table[GroupKey, seq[AnchorSubst]]
+  for subst in substitutions:
+    if subst.kind == arNim:
+      if match(subst.langSym, langSym):
+        let key: GroupKey = (subst.langSym.symKind, getModule(s, subst))
+        found.mgetOrPut(key, newSeq[AnchorSubst]()).add subst
+  for key, sList in found:
+    if sList.len == 1:
+      result.add sList[0]
+    else:  # > 1, there are overloads, potential ambiguity in this `symKind`
+      if langSym.parametersProvided:
+        # there are non-group signatures, select only them
+        for s in sList:
+          if not s.langSym.isGroup:
+            result.add s
+      else:  # when there are many overloads a link like foo_ points to all
+             # of them, so selecting the group
+        var foundGroup = false
+        for s in sList:
+          if s.langSym.isGroup:
+            result.add s
+            foundGroup = true
+            break
+        doAssert(foundGroup,
+                 "docgen has not generated the group for $1 (file $2)" % [
+                 langSym.name, getModule(s, sList[0]) ])
+
+proc findMainAnchorRst(s: PRstSharedState, linkText: string, info: TLineInfo):
+                      seq[AnchorSubst] =
+  let name = linkText.toLowerAscii
+  let substitutions = s.anchors.getOrDefault(name, newSeq[AnchorSubst]())
+  for s in substitutions:
+    if s.kind in {arInternalRst, arExternalRst}:
+      result.add s
 
 proc addFootnoteNumManual(p: var RstParser, num: int) =
   ## add manually-numbered footnote
@@ -693,7 +934,7 @@ proc addFootnoteNumAuto(p: var RstParser, label: string) =
   ## add auto-numbered footnote.
   ## Empty label [#] means it'll be resolved by the occurrence.
   if label == "":  # simple auto-numbered [#]
-    p.s.lineFootnoteNum.add curLine(p)
+    p.s.lineFootnoteNum.add lineInfo(p)
     p.s.footnotes.add((fnAutoNumber, -1, p.s.lineFootnoteNum.len, -1, label))
   else:           # auto-numbered with label [#label]
     for fnote in p.s.footnotes:
@@ -703,31 +944,39 @@ proc addFootnoteNumAuto(p: var RstParser, label: string) =
     p.s.footnotes.add((fnAutoNumberLabel, -1, -1, -1, label))
 
 proc addFootnoteSymAuto(p: var RstParser) =
-  p.s.lineFootnoteSym.add curLine(p)
+  p.s.lineFootnoteSym.add lineInfo(p)
   p.s.footnotes.add((fnAutoSymbol, -1, -1, p.s.lineFootnoteSym.len, ""))
 
-proc orderFootnotes(p: var RstParser) =
+proc orderFootnotes(s: PRstSharedState) =
   ## numerate auto-numbered footnotes taking into account that all
   ## manually numbered ones always have preference.
-  ## Save the result back to p.s.footnotes.
+  ## Save the result back to `s.footnotes`.
 
   # Report an error if found any mismatch in number of automatic footnotes
-  proc listFootnotes(lines: seq[int]): string =
+  proc listFootnotes(locations: seq[TLineInfo]): string =
+    var lines: seq[string]
+    for info in locations:
+      if s.filenames.len > 1:
+        let file = getFilename(s.filenames, info.fileIndex)
+        lines.add file & ":"
+      else:  # no need to add file name here if there is only 1
+        lines.add ""
+      lines[^1].add $info.line
     result.add $lines.len & " (lines " & join(lines, ", ") & ")"
-  if p.s.lineFootnoteNum.len != p.s.lineFootnoteNumRef.len:
-    rstMessage(p, meFootnoteMismatch,
-      "$1 != $2" % [listFootnotes(p.s.lineFootnoteNum),
-                    listFootnotes(p.s.lineFootnoteNumRef)] &
+  if s.lineFootnoteNum.len != s.lineFootnoteNumRef.len:
+    rstMessage(s, meFootnoteMismatch,
+      "$1 != $2" % [listFootnotes(s.lineFootnoteNum),
+                    listFootnotes(s.lineFootnoteNumRef)] &
         " for auto-numbered footnotes")
-  if p.s.lineFootnoteSym.len != p.s.lineFootnoteSymRef.len:
-    rstMessage(p, meFootnoteMismatch,
-      "$1 != $2" % [listFootnotes(p.s.lineFootnoteSym),
-                    listFootnotes(p.s.lineFootnoteSymRef)] &
+  if s.lineFootnoteSym.len != s.lineFootnoteSymRef.len:
+    rstMessage(s, meFootnoteMismatch,
+      "$1 != $2" % [listFootnotes(s.lineFootnoteSym),
+                    listFootnotes(s.lineFootnoteSymRef)] &
         " for auto-symbol footnotes")
 
   var result: seq[FootnoteSubst]
   var manuallyN, autoN, autoSymbol: seq[FootnoteSubst]
-  for fs in p.s.footnotes:
+  for fs in s.footnotes:
     if fs.kind == fnManualNumber: manuallyN.add fs
     elif fs.kind in {fnAutoNumber, fnAutoNumberLabel}: autoN.add fs
     else: autoSymbol.add fs
@@ -774,41 +1023,73 @@ proc orderFootnotes(p: var RstParser) =
     let label = footnoteAutoSymbols[symbolNum].repeat(nSymbols)
     result.add((fs.kind, -1, -1, fs.autoSymIdx, label))
 
-  p.s.footnotes = result
+  s.footnotes = result
 
-proc getFootnoteNum(p: var RstParser, label: string): int =
+proc getFootnoteNum(s: PRstSharedState, label: string): int =
   ## get number from label. Must be called after `orderFootnotes`.
   result = -1
-  for fnote in p.s.footnotes:
+  for fnote in s.footnotes:
     if fnote.label == label:
       return fnote.number
 
-proc getFootnoteNum(p: var RstParser, order: int): int =
+proc getFootnoteNum(s: PRstSharedState, order: int): int =
   ## get number from occurrence. Must be called after `orderFootnotes`.
   result = -1
-  for fnote in p.s.footnotes:
+  for fnote in s.footnotes:
     if fnote.autoNumIdx == order:
       return fnote.number
 
-proc getAutoSymbol(p: var RstParser, order: int): string =
+proc getAutoSymbol(s: PRstSharedState, order: int): string =
   ## get symbol from occurrence of auto-symbol footnote.
   result = "???"
-  for fnote in p.s.footnotes:
+  for fnote in s.footnotes:
     if fnote.autoSymIdx == order:
       return fnote.label
 
 proc newRstNodeA(p: var RstParser, kind: RstNodeKind): PRstNode =
   ## create node and consume the current anchor
   result = newRstNode(kind)
-  if p.curAnchor != "":
-    result.anchor = p.curAnchor
-    p.curAnchor = ""
+  if p.curAnchors.len > 0:
+    result.anchor = p.curAnchors[0].anchor
+    addAnchorRst(p, "", result, manualDirectiveAnchor)
 
 template newLeaf(s: string): PRstNode = newRstLeaf(s)
 
 proc newLeaf(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
   result = newLeaf(currentTok(p).symbol)
 
+proc validRefnamePunct(x: string): bool =
+  ## https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html#reference-names
+  x.len == 1 and x[0] in {'-', '_', '.', ':', '+'}
+
+func getRefnameIdx(p: RstParser, startIdx: int): int =
+  ## Gets last token index of a refname ("word" in RST terminology):
+  ##
+  ##   reference names are single words consisting of alphanumerics plus
+  ##   isolated (no two adjacent) internal hyphens, underscores, periods,
+  ##   colons and plus signs; no whitespace or other characters are allowed.
+  ##
+  ## Refnames are used for:
+  ## - reference names
+  ## - role names
+  ## - directive names
+  ## - footnote labels
+  ##
+  # TODO: use this func in all other relevant places
+  var j = startIdx
+  if p.tok[j].kind == tkWord:
+    inc j
+    while p.tok[j].kind == tkPunct and validRefnamePunct(p.tok[j].symbol) and
+        p.tok[j+1].kind == tkWord:
+      inc j, 2
+  result = j - 1
+
+func getRefname(p: RstParser, startIdx: int): (string, int) =
+  let lastIdx = getRefnameIdx(p, startIdx)
+  result[1] = lastIdx
+  for j in startIdx..lastIdx:
+    result[0].add p.tok[j].symbol
+
 proc getReferenceName(p: var RstParser, endStr: string): PRstNode =
   var res = newRstNode(rnInner)
   while true:
@@ -837,54 +1118,82 @@ proc expect(p: var RstParser, tok: string) =
   if currentTok(p).symbol == tok: inc p.idx
   else: rstMessage(p, meExpected, tok)
 
-proc isInlineMarkupEnd(p: RstParser, markup: string): bool =
+proc inlineMarkdownEnd(p: RstParser): bool =
+  result = prevTok(p).kind notin {tkIndent, tkWhite}
+  ## (For a special case of ` we don't allow spaces surrounding it
+  ## unlike original Markdown because this behavior confusing/useless)
+
+proc inlineRstEnd(p: RstParser): bool =
   # rst rules: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html#inline-markup-recognition-rules
-  result = currentTok(p).symbol == markup
-  if not result: return
   # Rule 2:
   result = prevTok(p).kind notin {tkIndent, tkWhite}
   if not result: return
   # Rule 7:
   result = nextTok(p).kind in {tkIndent, tkWhite, tkEof} or
-      markup in ["``", "`"] and nextTok(p).kind in {tkIndent, tkWhite, tkWord, tkEof} or
       nextTok(p).symbol[0] in
       {'\'', '\"', ')', ']', '}', '>', '-', '/', '\\', ':', '.', ',', ';', '!', '?', '_'}
-  if not result: return
-  # Rule 4:
-  if p.idx > 0:
-    if markup != "``" and prevTok(p).symbol == "\\":
-      result = false
 
-proc isInlineMarkupStart(p: RstParser, markup: string): bool =
-  # rst rules: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html#inline-markup-recognition-rules
-  var d: char
-  if markup != "_`":
+proc isInlineMarkupEnd(p: RstParser, markup: string, exact: bool): bool =
+  if exact:
     result = currentTok(p).symbol == markup
-  else:  # _` is a 2 token case
-    result = currentTok(p).symbol == "_" and nextTok(p).symbol == "`"
+  else:
+    result = currentTok(p).symbol.endsWith markup
+    if (not result) and markup == "``":
+      # check that escaping may have splitted `` to 2 tokens ` and `
+      result = currentTok(p).symbol == "`" and prevTok(p).symbol == "`"
   if not result: return
-  # Rule 6:
+  # surroundings check
+  if markup in ["_", "__"]:
+    result = inlineRstEnd(p)
+  else:
+    if roPreferMarkdown in p.s.options: result = inlineMarkdownEnd(p)
+    else: result = inlineRstEnd(p)
+
+proc rstRuleSurround(p: RstParser): bool =
+  result = true
+  # Rules 4 & 5:
+  if p.idx > 0:
+    var d: char
+    var c = prevTok(p).symbol[0]
+    case c
+    of '\'', '\"': d = c
+    of '(': d = ')'
+    of '[': d = ']'
+    of '{': d = '}'
+    of '<': d = '>'
+    else: d = '\0'
+    if d != '\0': result = nextTok(p).symbol[0] != d
+
+proc inlineMarkdownStart(p: RstParser): bool =
+  result = nextTok(p).kind notin {tkIndent, tkWhite, tkEof}
+  if not result: return
+  # this rst rule is really nice, let us use it in Markdown mode too.
+  result = rstRuleSurround(p)
+
+proc inlineRstStart(p: RstParser): bool =
+  ## rst rules: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html#inline-markup-recognition-rules
+  # Rule 6
   result = p.idx == 0 or prevTok(p).kind in {tkIndent, tkWhite} or
-      (markup in ["``", "`"] and prevTok(p).kind in {tkIndent, tkWhite, tkWord}) or
       prevTok(p).symbol[0] in {'\'', '\"', '(', '[', '{', '<', '-', '/', ':', '_'}
   if not result: return
   # Rule 1:
   result = nextTok(p).kind notin {tkIndent, tkWhite, tkEof}
   if not result: return
-  # Rules 4 & 5:
-  if p.idx > 0:
-    if prevTok(p).symbol == "\\":
-      result = false
-    else:
-      var c = prevTok(p).symbol[0]
-      case c
-      of '\'', '\"': d = c
-      of '(': d = ')'
-      of '[': d = ']'
-      of '{': d = '}'
-      of '<': d = '>'
-      else: d = '\0'
-      if d != '\0': result = nextTok(p).symbol[0] != d
+  result = rstRuleSurround(p)
+
+proc isInlineMarkupStart(p: RstParser, markup: string): bool =
+  if markup != "_`":
+    result = currentTok(p).symbol == markup
+  else:  # _` is a 2 token case
+    result = currentTok(p).symbol == "_" and nextTok(p).symbol == "`"
+  if not result: return
+  # surroundings check
+  if markup in ["_", "__", "[", "|"]:
+    # Note: we require space/punctuation even before [markdown link](...)
+    result = inlineRstStart(p)
+  else:
+    if roPreferMarkdown in p.s.options: result = inlineMarkdownStart(p)
+    else: result = inlineRstStart(p)
 
 proc match(p: RstParser, start: int, expr: string): bool =
   # regular expressions are:
@@ -905,7 +1214,10 @@ proc match(p: RstParser, start: int, expr: string): bool =
   var last = expr.len - 1
   while i <= last:
     case expr[i]
-    of 'w': result = p.tok[j].kind == tkWord
+    of 'w':
+      let lastIdx = getRefnameIdx(p, j)
+      result = lastIdx >= j
+      if result: j = lastIdx
     of ' ': result = p.tok[j].kind == tkWhite
     of 'i': result = p.tok[j].kind == tkIndent
     of 'I': result = p.tok[j].kind in {tkIndent, tkEof}
@@ -939,7 +1251,20 @@ proc match(p: RstParser, start: int, expr: string): bool =
     inc i
   result = true
 
-proc fixupEmbeddedRef(n, a, b: PRstNode) =
+proc safeProtocol*(linkStr: var string): string =
+  # Returns link's protocol and, if it's not safe, clears `linkStr`
+  result = ""
+  if scanf(linkStr, "$w:", result):
+    # if it has a protocol at all, ensure that it's not 'javascript:' or worse:
+    if cmpIgnoreCase(result, "http") == 0 or
+        cmpIgnoreCase(result, "https") == 0 or
+        cmpIgnoreCase(result, "ftp") == 0:
+      discard "it's fine"
+    else:
+      linkStr = ""
+
+proc fixupEmbeddedRef(p: var RstParser, n, a, b: PRstNode): bool =
+  # Returns `true` if the link belongs to an allowed protocol
   var sep = - 1
   for i in countdown(n.len - 2, 0):
     if n.sons[i].text == "<":
@@ -947,54 +1272,89 @@ proc fixupEmbeddedRef(n, a, b: PRstNode) =
       break
   var incr = if sep > 0 and n.sons[sep - 1].text[0] == ' ': 2 else: 1
   for i in countup(0, sep - incr): a.add(n.sons[i])
-  for i in countup(sep + 1, n.len - 2): b.add(n.sons[i])
+  var linkStr = ""
+  for i in countup(sep + 1, n.len - 2): linkStr.add(n.sons[i].addNodes)
+  if linkStr != "":
+    let protocol = safeProtocol(linkStr)
+    result = linkStr != ""
+    if not result:
+      rstMessage(p, mwBrokenLink, protocol,
+                 p.tok[p.idx-3].line, p.tok[p.idx-3].col)
+  b.add newLeaf(linkStr)
+
+proc whichRole(p: RstParser, sym: string): RstNodeKind =
+  result = whichRoleAux(sym)
+  if result == rnUnknownRole:
+    rstMessage(p, mwUnsupportedLanguage, sym)
+
+proc toInlineCode(n: PRstNode, language: string): PRstNode =
+  ## Creates rnInlineCode and attaches `n` contents as code (in 3rd son).
+  result = newRstNode(rnInlineCode, info=n.info)
+  let args = newRstNode(rnDirArg)
+  var lang = language
+  if language == "cpp": lang = "c++"
+  elif language == "csharp": lang = "c#"
+  args.add newLeaf(lang)
+  result.add args
+  result.add PRstNode(nil)
+  var lb = newRstNode(rnLiteralBlock)
+  var s: string
+  for i in n.sons:
+    assert i.kind == rnLeaf
+    s.add i.text
+  lb.add newLeaf(s)
+  result.add lb
+
+proc toOtherRole(n: PRstNode, kind: RstNodeKind, roleName: string): PRstNode =
+  let newN = newRstNode(rnInner, n.sons)
+  let newSons = @[newN, newLeaf(roleName)]
+  result = newRstNode(kind, newSons)
 
 proc parsePostfix(p: var RstParser, n: PRstNode): PRstNode =
+  ## Finalizes node `n` that was tentatively determined as interpreted text.
   var newKind = n.kind
   var newSons = n.sons
-  if isInlineMarkupEnd(p, "_") or isInlineMarkupEnd(p, "__"):
+
+  proc finalizeInterpreted(node: PRstNode, newKind: RstNodeKind,
+                           newSons: seq[PRstNode], roleName: string):
+                          PRstNode {.nimcall.} =
+    # fixes interpreted text (`x` or `y`:role:) to proper internal AST format
+    if newKind in {rnUnknownRole, rnCodeFragment}:
+      result = node.toOtherRole(newKind, roleName)
+    elif newKind == rnInlineCode:
+      result = node.toInlineCode(language=roleName)
+    else:
+      result = newRstNode(newKind, newSons)
+
+  if isInlineMarkupEnd(p, "_", exact=true) or
+      isInlineMarkupEnd(p, "__", exact=true):
     inc p.idx
     if p.tok[p.idx-2].symbol == "`" and p.tok[p.idx-3].symbol == ">":
       var a = newRstNode(rnInner)
       var b = newRstNode(rnInner)
-      fixupEmbeddedRef(n, a, b)
-      if a.len == 0:
-        newKind = rnStandaloneHyperlink
-        newSons = @[b]
-      else:
-        newKind = rnHyperlink
-        newSons = @[a, b]
-        setRef(p, rstnodeToRefname(a), b)
-    elif n.kind == rnInterpretedText:
-      newKind = rnRef
-    else:
-      newKind = rnRef
-      newSons = @[n]
-    result = newRstNode(newKind, newSons)
+      if fixupEmbeddedRef(p, n, a, b):
+        if a.len == 0:  # e.g. `<a_named_relative_link>`_
+          newKind = rnStandaloneHyperlink
+          newSons = @[b]
+        else:  # e.g. `link title <http://site>`_
+          newKind = rnHyperlink
+          newSons = @[a, b]
+          setRef(p, rstnodeToRefname(a), b, implicitHyperlinkAlias)
+      else:  # include as plain text, not a link
+        newKind = rnInner
+        newSons = n.sons
+      result = newRstNode(newKind, newSons)
+    else:  # some link that will be resolved in `resolveSubs`
+      newKind = rnRstRef
+      result = newRstNode(newKind, sons=newSons, info=n.info)
   elif match(p, p.idx, ":w:"):
     # a role:
-    if nextTok(p).symbol == "idx":
-      newKind = rnIdx
-    elif nextTok(p).symbol == "literal":
-      newKind = rnInlineLiteral
-    elif nextTok(p).symbol == "strong":
-      newKind = rnStrongEmphasis
-    elif nextTok(p).symbol == "emphasis":
-      newKind = rnEmphasis
-    elif nextTok(p).symbol == "sub" or
-        nextTok(p).symbol == "subscript":
-      newKind = rnSub
-    elif nextTok(p).symbol == "sup" or
-        nextTok(p).symbol == "supscript":
-      newKind = rnSup
-    else:
-      newKind = rnGeneralRole
-      let newN = newRstNode(rnInner, n.sons)
-      newSons = @[newN, newLeaf(nextTok(p).symbol)]
-    inc p.idx, 3
-    result = newRstNode(newKind, newSons)
-  else:  # no change
-    result = n
+    let (roleName, lastIdx) = getRefname(p, p.idx+1)
+    newKind = whichRole(p, roleName)
+    result = n.finalizeInterpreted(newKind, newSons, roleName)
+    p.idx = lastIdx + 2
+  else:
+    result = n.finalizeInterpreted(p.s.currRoleKind, newSons, p.s.currRole)
 
 proc matchVerbatim(p: RstParser, start: int, expr: string): int =
   result = start
@@ -1015,49 +1375,78 @@ proc parseSmiley(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
       result.text = val
       return
 
-proc validRefnamePunct(x: string): bool =
-  ## https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html#reference-names
-  x.len == 1 and x[0] in {'-', '_', '.', ':', '+'}
-
 proc isUrl(p: RstParser, i: int): bool =
   result = p.tok[i+1].symbol == ":" and p.tok[i+2].symbol == "//" and
     p.tok[i+3].kind == tkWord and
     p.tok[i].symbol in ["http", "https", "ftp", "telnet", "file"]
 
+proc checkParen(token: Token, parensStack: var seq[char]): bool {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns `true` iff `token` is a closing parenthesis for some
+  ## previous opening parenthesis saved in `parensStack`.
+  ## This is according Markdown balanced parentheses rule
+  ## (https://spec.commonmark.org/0.29/#link-destination)
+  ## to allow links like
+  ## https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programming_language),
+  ## we use it for RST also.
+  result = false
+  if token.kind == tkPunct:
+    let c = token.symbol[0]
+    if c in {'(', '[', '{'}:  # push
+      parensStack.add c
+    elif c in {')', ']', '}'}:  # try pop
+      # a case like ([) inside a link is allowed and [ is also `pop`ed:
+      for i in countdown(parensStack.len - 1, 0):
+        if (parensStack[i] == '(' and c == ')' or
+            parensStack[i] == '[' and c == ']' or
+            parensStack[i] == '{' and c == '}'):
+          parensStack.setLen i
+          result = true
+          break
+
+proc parseUrl(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
+  ## https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html#standalone-hyperlinks
+  result = newRstNode(rnStandaloneHyperlink)
+  var lastIdx = p.idx
+  var closedParenIdx = p.idx - 1  # for balanced parens rule
+  var parensStack: seq[char]
+  while p.tok[lastIdx].kind in {tkWord, tkPunct, tkOther}:
+    let isClosing = checkParen(p.tok[lastIdx], parensStack)
+    if isClosing:
+      closedParenIdx = lastIdx
+    inc lastIdx
+  dec lastIdx
+  # standalone URL can not end with punctuation in RST
+  while lastIdx > closedParenIdx and p.tok[lastIdx].kind == tkPunct and
+      p.tok[lastIdx].symbol != "/":
+    dec lastIdx
+  var s = ""
+  for i in p.idx .. lastIdx: s.add p.tok[i].symbol
+  result.add s
+  p.idx = lastIdx + 1
+
 proc parseWordOrRef(p: var RstParser, father: PRstNode) =
   ## Parses a normal word or may be a reference or URL.
   if nextTok(p).kind != tkPunct:  # <- main path, a normal word
     father.add newLeaf(p)
     inc p.idx
   elif isUrl(p, p.idx):           # URL http://something
-    var n = newRstNode(rnStandaloneHyperlink)
-    while true:
-      case currentTok(p).kind
-      of tkWord, tkAdornment, tkOther: discard
-      of tkPunct:
-        if nextTok(p).kind notin {tkWord, tkAdornment, tkOther, tkPunct}:
-          break
-      else: break
-      n.add(newLeaf(p))
-      inc p.idx
-    father.add(n)
+    father.add parseUrl(p)
   else:
     # check for reference (probably, long one like some.ref.with.dots_ )
     var saveIdx = p.idx
-    var isRef = false
+    var reference: PRstNode = nil
     inc p.idx
     while currentTok(p).kind in {tkWord, tkPunct}:
       if currentTok(p).kind == tkPunct:
-        if isInlineMarkupEnd(p, "_"):
-          isRef = true
+        if isInlineMarkupEnd(p, "_", exact=true):
+          reference = newRstNode(rnRstRef, info=lineInfo(p, saveIdx))
           break
         if not validRefnamePunct(currentTok(p).symbol):
           break
       inc p.idx
-    if isRef:
-      let r = newRstNode(rnRef)
-      for i in saveIdx..p.idx-1: r.add newLeaf(p.tok[i].symbol)
-      father.add r
+    if reference != nil:
+      for i in saveIdx..p.idx-1: reference.add newLeaf(p.tok[i].symbol)
+      father.add reference
       inc p.idx  # skip final _
     else:  # 1 normal word
       father.add newLeaf(p.tok[saveIdx].symbol)
@@ -1065,10 +1454,7 @@ proc parseWordOrRef(p: var RstParser, father: PRstNode) =
 
 proc parseBackslash(p: var RstParser, father: PRstNode) =
   assert(currentTok(p).kind == tkPunct)
-  if currentTok(p).symbol == "\\\\":
-    father.add newLeaf("\\")
-    inc p.idx
-  elif currentTok(p).symbol == "\\":
+  if currentTok(p).symbol == "\\":
     # XXX: Unicode?
     inc p.idx
     if currentTok(p).kind != tkWhite: father.add(newLeaf(p))
@@ -1086,14 +1472,39 @@ proc parseUntil(p: var RstParser, father: PRstNode, postfix: string,
   while true:
     case currentTok(p).kind
     of tkPunct:
-      if isInlineMarkupEnd(p, postfix):
+      if isInlineMarkupEnd(p, postfix, exact=false):
+        let l = currentTok(p).symbol.len
+        if l > postfix.len:
+          # handle cases like *emphasis with stars****. (It's valid RST!)
+          father.add newLeaf(currentTok(p).symbol[0 ..< l - postfix.len])
+        elif postfix == "``" and currentTok(p).symbol == "`" and
+            prevTok(p).symbol == "`":
+          # handle cases like ``literal\`` - delete ` already added after \
+          father.sons.setLen(father.sons.len - 1)
         inc p.idx
         break
-      elif interpretBackslash:
-        parseBackslash(p, father)
       else:
-        father.add(newLeaf(p))
-        inc p.idx
+        if postfix == "`":
+          if currentTok(p).symbol == "\\":
+            if nextTok(p).symbol == "\\":
+              father.add newLeaf("\\")
+              father.add newLeaf("\\")
+              inc p.idx, 2
+            elif nextTok(p).symbol == "`":  # escape `
+              father.add newLeaf("`")
+              inc p.idx, 2
+            else:
+              father.add newLeaf("\\")
+              inc p.idx
+          else:
+            father.add(newLeaf(p))
+            inc p.idx
+        else:
+          if interpretBackslash:
+            parseBackslash(p, father)
+          else:
+            father.add(newLeaf(p))
+            inc p.idx
     of tkAdornment, tkWord, tkOther:
       father.add(newLeaf(p))
       inc p.idx
@@ -1108,62 +1519,188 @@ proc parseUntil(p: var RstParser, father: PRstNode, postfix: string,
       inc p.idx
     else: rstMessage(p, meExpected, postfix, line, col)
 
+proc parseMarkdownCodeblockFields(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
+  ## Parses additional (after language string) code block parameters
+  ## in a format *suggested* in the `CommonMark Spec`_ with handling of `"`.
+  if currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent:
+    result = nil
+  else:
+    result = newRstNode(rnFieldList)
+  while currentTok(p).kind notin {tkIndent, tkEof}:
+    if currentTok(p).kind == tkWhite:
+      inc p.idx
+    else:
+      let field = newRstNode(rnField)
+      var fieldName = ""
+      while currentTok(p).kind notin {tkWhite, tkIndent, tkEof} and
+            currentTok(p).symbol != "=":
+        fieldName.add currentTok(p).symbol
+        inc p.idx
+      field.add(newRstNode(rnFieldName, @[newLeaf(fieldName)]))
+      if currentTok(p).kind == tkWhite: inc p.idx
+      let fieldBody = newRstNode(rnFieldBody)
+      if currentTok(p).symbol == "=":
+        inc p.idx
+        if currentTok(p).kind == tkWhite: inc p.idx
+        var fieldValue = ""
+        if currentTok(p).symbol == "\"":
+          while true:
+            fieldValue.add currentTok(p).symbol
+            inc p.idx
+            if currentTok(p).kind == tkEof:
+              rstMessage(p, meExpected, "\"")
+            elif currentTok(p).symbol == "\"":
+              fieldValue.add "\""
+              inc p.idx
+              break
+        else:
+          while currentTok(p).kind notin {tkWhite, tkIndent, tkEof}:
+            fieldValue.add currentTok(p).symbol
+            inc p.idx
+        fieldBody.add newLeaf(fieldValue)
+      field.add(fieldBody)
+      result.add(field)
+
+proc mayLoadFile(p: RstParser, result: var PRstNode) =
+  var filename = strip(getFieldValue(result, "file"),
+                       chars = Whitespace + {'"'})
+  if filename != "":
+    if roSandboxDisabled notin p.s.options:
+      let tok = p.tok[p.idx-2]
+      rstMessage(p, meSandboxedDirective, "file", tok.line, tok.col)
+    var path = p.findRelativeFile(filename)
+    if path == "": rstMessage(p, meCannotOpenFile, filename)
+    var n = newRstNode(rnLiteralBlock)
+    n.add newLeaf(readFile(path))
+    result.sons[2] = n
+
+proc defaultCodeLangNim(p: RstParser, result: var PRstNode) =
+  # Create a field block if the input block didn't have any.
+  if result.sons[1].isNil: result.sons[1] = newRstNode(rnFieldList)
+  assert result.sons[1].kind == rnFieldList
+  # Hook the extra field and specify the Nim language as value.
+  var extraNode = newRstNode(rnField, info=lineInfo(p))
+  extraNode.add(newRstNode(rnFieldName))
+  extraNode.add(newRstNode(rnFieldBody))
+  extraNode.sons[0].add newLeaf("default-language")
+  extraNode.sons[1].add newLeaf("Nim")
+  result.sons[1].add(extraNode)
+
 proc parseMarkdownCodeblock(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
+  result = newRstNodeA(p, rnCodeBlock)
+  result.sons.setLen(3)
+  let line = curLine(p)
+  let baseCol = currentTok(p).col
+  let baseSym = currentTok(p).symbol  # usually just ```
+  inc p.idx
+  result.info = lineInfo(p)
   var args = newRstNode(rnDirArg)
   if currentTok(p).kind == tkWord:
     args.add(newLeaf(p))
     inc p.idx
+    result.sons[1] = parseMarkdownCodeblockFields(p)
+    mayLoadFile(p, result)
   else:
     args = nil
   var n = newLeaf("")
+  var isFirstLine = true
   while true:
-    case currentTok(p).kind
-    of tkEof:
-      rstMessage(p, meExpected, "```")
+    if currentTok(p).kind == tkEof:
+      rstMessage(p, meMissingClosing,
+                 "$1 (started at line $2)" % [baseSym, $line])
       break
-    of tkPunct, tkAdornment:
-      if currentTok(p).symbol == "```":
-        inc p.idx
-        break
-      else:
-        n.text.add(currentTok(p).symbol)
-        inc p.idx
+    elif nextTok(p).kind in {tkPunct, tkAdornment} and
+         nextTok(p).symbol[0] == baseSym[0] and
+         nextTok(p).symbol.len >= baseSym.len:
+      inc p.idx, 2
+      break
+    elif currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent:
+      if not isFirstLine:
+        n.text.add "\n"
+      if currentTok(p).ival > baseCol:
+        n.text.add " ".repeat(currentTok(p).ival - baseCol)
+      elif currentTok(p).ival < baseCol:
+        rstMessage(p, mwRstStyle,
+                   "unexpected de-indentation in Markdown code block")
+      inc p.idx
     else:
       n.text.add(currentTok(p).symbol)
       inc p.idx
-  var lb = newRstNode(rnLiteralBlock)
-  lb.add(n)
-  result = newRstNodeA(p, rnCodeBlock)
-  result.add(args)
-  result.add(PRstNode(nil))
-  result.add(lb)
+    isFirstLine = false
+  result.sons[0] = args
+  if result.sons[2] == nil:
+    var lb = newRstNode(rnLiteralBlock)
+    lb.add(n)
+    result.sons[2] = lb
+  if result.sons[0].isNil and roNimFile in p.s.options:
+    defaultCodeLangNim(p, result)
 
 proc parseMarkdownLink(p: var RstParser; father: PRstNode): bool =
-  result = true
-  var desc, link = ""
+  # Parses Markdown link. If it's Pandoc auto-link then its second
+  # son (target) will be in tokenized format (rnInner with leafs).
+  var desc = newRstNode(rnInner)
   var i = p.idx
 
+  var parensStack: seq[char]
   template parse(endToken, dest) =
+    parensStack.setLen 0
     inc i # skip begin token
     while true:
-      if p.tok[i].kind in {tkEof, tkIndent}: return false
-      if p.tok[i].symbol == endToken: break
-      dest.add p.tok[i].symbol
+      if p.tok[i].kind == tkEof: return false
+      if p.tok[i].kind == tkIndent and p.tok[i+1].kind == tkIndent:
+        return false
+      let isClosing = checkParen(p.tok[i], parensStack)
+      if p.tok[i].symbol == endToken and not isClosing:
+        break
+      let symbol = if p.tok[i].kind == tkIndent: " " else: p.tok[i].symbol
+      when dest is string: dest.add symbol
+      else: dest.add newLeaf(symbol)
       inc i
     inc i # skip end token
 
   parse("]", desc)
-  if p.tok[i].symbol != "(": return false
-  parse(")", link)
-  let child = newRstNode(rnHyperlink)
-  child.add desc
-  child.add link
-  # only commit if we detected no syntax error:
-  father.add child
-  p.idx = i
-  result = true
+  if p.tok[i].symbol == "(":
+    var link = ""
+    let linkIdx = i + 1
+    parse(")", link)
+    # only commit if we detected no syntax error:
+    let protocol = safeProtocol(link)
+    if link == "":
+      result = false
+      rstMessage(p, mwBrokenLink, protocol,
+                 p.tok[linkIdx].line, p.tok[linkIdx].col)
+    else:
+      let child = newRstNode(rnHyperlink)
+      child.add newLeaf(desc.addNodes)
+      child.add link
+      father.add child
+      p.idx = i
+      result = true
+  elif roPreferMarkdown in p.s.options:
+    # Use Pandoc's implicit_header_references extension
+    var n = newRstNode(rnPandocRef)
+    if p.tok[i].symbol == "[":
+      var link = newRstNode(rnInner)
+      let targetIdx = i + 1
+      parse("]", link)
+      n.add desc
+      if link.len != 0:  # [description][target]
+        n.add link
+        n.info = lineInfo(p, targetIdx)
+      else:              # [description=target][]
+        n.add desc
+        n.info = lineInfo(p, p.idx + 1)
+    else:                # [description=target]
+      n.add desc
+      n.add desc  # target is the same as description
+      n.info = lineInfo(p, p.idx + 1)
+    father.add n
+    p.idx = i
+    result = true
+  else:
+    result = false
 
-proc getFootnoteType(label: PRstNode): (FootnoteType, int) =
+proc getRstFootnoteType(label: PRstNode): (FootnoteType, int) =
   if label.sons.len >= 1 and label.sons[0].kind == rnLeaf and
       label.sons[0].text == "#":
     if label.sons.len == 1:
@@ -1176,12 +1713,23 @@ proc getFootnoteType(label: PRstNode): (FootnoteType, int) =
   elif label.len == 1 and label.sons[0].kind == rnLeaf:
     try:
       result = (fnManualNumber, parseInt(label.sons[0].text))
-    except:
+    except ValueError:
       result = (fnCitation, -1)
   else:
     result = (fnCitation, -1)
 
-proc parseFootnoteName(p: var RstParser, reference: bool): PRstNode =
+proc getMdFootnoteType(label: PRstNode): (FootnoteType, int) =
+  try:
+    result = (fnManualNumber, parseInt(label.sons[0].text))
+  except ValueError:
+    result = (fnAutoNumberLabel, -1)
+
+proc getFootnoteType(s: PRstSharedState, label: PRstNode): (FootnoteType, int) =
+  ## Returns footnote/citation type and manual number (if present).
+  if isMd(s): getMdFootnoteType(label)
+  else: getRstFootnoteType(label)
+
+proc parseRstFootnoteName(p: var RstParser, reference: bool): PRstNode =
   ## parse footnote/citation label. Precondition: start at `[`.
   ## Label text should be valid ref. name symbol, otherwise nil is returned.
   var i = p.idx + 1
@@ -1211,8 +1759,57 @@ proc parseFootnoteName(p: var RstParser, reference: bool): PRstNode =
     inc i
   p.idx = i
 
+proc isMdFootnoteName(p: RstParser, reference: bool): bool =
+  ## Pandoc Markdown footnote extension.
+  let j = p.idx
+  result = p.tok[j].symbol == "[" and p.tok[j+1].symbol == "^" and
+           p.tok[j+2].kind == tkWord
+
+proc parseMdFootnoteName(p: var RstParser, reference: bool): PRstNode =
+  if isMdFootnoteName(p, reference):
+    result = newRstNode(rnInner)
+    var j = p.idx + 2
+    while p.tok[j].kind in {tkWord, tkOther} or
+        validRefnamePunct(p.tok[j].symbol):
+      result.add newLeaf(p.tok[j].symbol)
+      inc j
+    if j == p.idx + 2:
+      return nil
+    if p.tok[j].symbol == "]":
+      if reference:
+        p.idx = j + 1  # skip ]
+      else:
+        if p.tok[j+1].symbol == ":":
+          p.idx = j + 2  # skip ]:
+        else:
+          result = nil
+    else:
+      result = nil
+  else:
+    result = nil
+
+proc parseFootnoteName(p: var RstParser, reference: bool): PRstNode =
+  if isMd(p): parseMdFootnoteName(p, reference)
+  else:
+    if isInlineMarkupStart(p, "["): parseRstFootnoteName(p, reference)
+    else: nil
+
+proc isMarkdownCodeBlock(p: RstParser, idx: int): bool =
+  let tok = p.tok[idx]
+  template allowedSymbol: bool =
+    (tok.symbol[0] == '`' or
+      roPreferMarkdown in p.s.options and tok.symbol[0] == '~')
+  result = (roSupportMarkdown in p.s.options and
+            tok.kind in {tkPunct, tkAdornment} and
+            allowedSymbol and
+            tok.symbol.len >= 3)
+
+proc isMarkdownCodeBlock(p: RstParser): bool =
+  isMarkdownCodeBlock(p, p.idx)
+
 proc parseInline(p: var RstParser, father: PRstNode) =
   var n: PRstNode  # to be used in `if` condition
+  let saveIdx = p.idx
   case currentTok(p).kind
   of tkPunct:
     if isInlineMarkupStart(p, "***"):
@@ -1231,43 +1828,55 @@ proc parseInline(p: var RstParser, father: PRstNode) =
       var n = newRstNode(rnInlineTarget)
       inc p.idx
       parseUntil(p, n, "`", false)
-      let refn = rstnodeToRefname(n)
-      p.s.anchors.add (refn, @[refn])
+      n.anchor = rstnodeToRefname(n)
+      addAnchorRst(p, name = linkName(n), target = n,
+                   anchorType=manualInlineAnchor)
       father.add(n)
-    elif roSupportMarkdown in p.s.options and currentTok(p).symbol == "```":
-      inc p.idx
+    elif isMarkdownCodeBlock(p):
       father.add(parseMarkdownCodeblock(p))
     elif isInlineMarkupStart(p, "``"):
       var n = newRstNode(rnInlineLiteral)
       parseUntil(p, n, "``", false)
       father.add(n)
+    elif match(p, p.idx, ":w:") and
+        (var lastIdx = getRefnameIdx(p, p.idx + 1);
+         p.tok[lastIdx+2].symbol == "`"):
+      let (roleName, _) = getRefname(p, p.idx+1)
+      let k = whichRole(p, roleName)
+      var n = newRstNode(k)
+      p.idx = lastIdx + 2
+      if k == rnInlineCode:
+        n = n.toInlineCode(language=roleName)
+      parseUntil(p, n, "`", false) # bug #17260
+      if k in {rnUnknownRole, rnCodeFragment}:
+        n = n.toOtherRole(k, roleName)
+      father.add(n)
     elif isInlineMarkupStart(p, "`"):
-      var n = newRstNode(rnInterpretedText)
-      parseUntil(p, n, "`", true)
+      var n = newRstNode(rnInterpretedText, info=lineInfo(p, p.idx+1))
+      parseUntil(p, n, "`", false) # bug #17260
       n = parsePostfix(p, n)
       father.add(n)
     elif isInlineMarkupStart(p, "|"):
-      var n = newRstNode(rnSubstitutionReferences)
+      var n = newRstNode(rnSubstitutionReferences, info=lineInfo(p, p.idx+1))
       parseUntil(p, n, "|", false)
       father.add(n)
-    elif roSupportMarkdown in p.s.options and
-        currentTok(p).symbol == "[" and nextTok(p).symbol != "[" and
-        parseMarkdownLink(p, father):
-      discard "parseMarkdownLink already processed it"
-    elif isInlineMarkupStart(p, "[") and nextTok(p).symbol != "[" and
+    elif currentTok(p).symbol == "[" and nextTok(p).symbol != "[" and
          (n = parseFootnoteName(p, reference=true); n != nil):
       var nn = newRstNode(rnFootnoteRef)
+      nn.info = lineInfo(p, saveIdx+1)
       nn.add n
-      let (fnType, _) = getFootnoteType(n)
+      let (fnType, _) = getFootnoteType(p.s, n)
       case fnType
       of fnAutoSymbol:
-        p.s.lineFootnoteSymRef.add curLine(p)
-        nn.order = p.s.lineFootnoteSymRef.len
+        p.s.lineFootnoteSymRef.add lineInfo(p)
       of fnAutoNumber:
-        p.s.lineFootnoteNumRef.add curLine(p)
-        nn.order = p.s.lineFootnoteNumRef.len
+        p.s.lineFootnoteNumRef.add lineInfo(p)
       else: discard
       father.add(nn)
+    elif roSupportMarkdown in p.s.options and
+        currentTok(p).symbol == "[" and nextTok(p).symbol != "[" and
+        parseMarkdownLink(p, father):
+      discard "parseMarkdownLink already processed it"
     else:
       if roSupportSmilies in p.s.options:
         let n = parseSmiley(p)
@@ -1283,8 +1892,7 @@ proc parseInline(p: var RstParser, father: PRstNode) =
         return
     parseWordOrRef(p, father)
   of tkAdornment, tkOther, tkWhite:
-    if roSupportMarkdown in p.s.options and currentTok(p).symbol == "```":
-      inc p.idx
+    if isMarkdownCodeBlock(p):
       father.add(parseMarkdownCodeblock(p))
       return
     if roSupportSmilies in p.s.options:
@@ -1297,44 +1905,39 @@ proc parseInline(p: var RstParser, father: PRstNode) =
   else: discard
 
 proc getDirective(p: var RstParser): string =
-  if currentTok(p).kind == tkWhite and nextTok(p).kind == tkWord:
-    var j = p.idx
-    inc p.idx
-    result = currentTok(p).symbol
-    inc p.idx
-    while currentTok(p).kind in {tkWord, tkPunct, tkAdornment, tkOther}:
-      if currentTok(p).symbol == "::": break
-      result.add(currentTok(p).symbol)
-      inc p.idx
-    if currentTok(p).kind == tkWhite: inc p.idx
-    if currentTok(p).symbol == "::":
-      inc p.idx
-      if currentTok(p).kind == tkWhite: inc p.idx
-    else:
-      p.idx = j               # set back
-      result = ""             # error
+  result = ""
+  if currentTok(p).kind == tkWhite:
+    let (name, lastIdx) = getRefname(p, p.idx + 1)
+    let afterIdx = lastIdx + 1
+    if name.len > 0:
+      if p.tok[afterIdx].symbol == "::":
+        result = name
+        p.idx = afterIdx + 1
+        if currentTok(p).kind == tkWhite:
+          inc p.idx
+        elif currentTok(p).kind != tkIndent:
+          rstMessage(p, mwRstStyle,
+              "whitespace or newline expected after directive " & name)
+        result = result.toLowerAscii()
+      elif p.tok[afterIdx].symbol == ":":
+        rstMessage(p, mwRstStyle,
+            "double colon :: may be missing at end of '" & name & "'",
+            p.tok[afterIdx].line, p.tok[afterIdx].col)
+      elif p.tok[afterIdx].kind == tkPunct and p.tok[afterIdx].symbol[0] == ':':
+        rstMessage(p, mwRstStyle,
+            "too many colons for a directive (should be ::)",
+            p.tok[afterIdx].line, p.tok[afterIdx].col)
+
+proc parseComment(p: var RstParser, col: int): PRstNode =
+  if currentTok(p).kind != tkEof and nextTok(p).kind == tkIndent:
+    inc p.idx              # empty comment
   else:
-    result = ""
-  result = result.toLowerAscii()
-
-proc parseComment(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
-  case currentTok(p).kind
-  of tkIndent, tkEof:
-    if currentTok(p).kind != tkEof and nextTok(p).kind == tkIndent:
-      inc p.idx              # empty comment
-    else:
-      var indent = currentTok(p).ival
-      while true:
-        case currentTok(p).kind
-        of tkEof:
-          break
-        of tkIndent:
-          if currentTok(p).ival < indent: break
-        else:
-          discard
+    while currentTok(p).kind != tkEof:
+      if currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent and currentTok(p).ival > col or
+         currentTok(p).kind != tkIndent and currentTok(p).col > col:
         inc p.idx
-  else:
-    while currentTok(p).kind notin {tkIndent, tkEof}: inc p.idx
+      else:
+        break
   result = nil
 
 proc parseLine(p: var RstParser, father: PRstNode) =
@@ -1350,22 +1953,103 @@ proc parseUntilNewline(p: var RstParser, father: PRstNode) =
     of tkEof, tkIndent: break
 
 proc parseSection(p: var RstParser, result: PRstNode) {.gcsafe.}
+
+proc tokenAfterNewline(p: RstParser, start: int): int =
+  result = start
+  while true:
+    case p.tok[result].kind
+    of tkEof:
+      break
+    of tkIndent:
+      inc result
+      break
+    else: inc result
+
+proc tokenAfterNewline(p: RstParser): int {.inline.} =
+  result = tokenAfterNewline(p, p.idx)
+
+proc getWrappableIndent(p: RstParser): int =
+  ## Gets baseline indentation for bodies of field lists and directives.
+  ## Handles situations like this (with possible de-indent in [case.3])::
+  ##
+  ##   :field:   definition                                          [case.1]
+  ##
+  ##   currInd   currentTok(p).col
+  ##   |         |
+  ##   v         v
+  ##
+  ##   .. Note:: defItem:                                            [case.2]
+  ##                 definition
+  ##
+  ##                 ^
+  ##                 |
+  ##                 nextIndent
+  ##
+  ##   .. Note:: - point1                                            [case.3]
+  ##       - point 2
+  ##
+  ##       ^
+  ##       |
+  ##       nextIndent
+  if currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent:
+    result = currentTok(p).ival
+  else:
+    var nextIndent = p.tok[tokenAfterNewline(p)-1].ival
+    if nextIndent <= currInd(p):          # parse only this line     [case.1]
+      result = currentTok(p).col
+    elif nextIndent >= currentTok(p).col: # may be a definition list [case.2]
+      result = currentTok(p).col
+    else:
+      result = nextIndent                 # allow parsing next lines [case.3]
+
+proc getMdBlockIndent(p: RstParser): int =
+  ## Markdown version of `getWrappableIndent`.
+  if currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent:
+    result = currentTok(p).ival
+  else:
+    var nextIndent = p.tok[tokenAfterNewline(p)-1].ival
+    # TODO: Markdown-compliant definition should allow nextIndent == currInd(p):
+    if nextIndent <= currInd(p):           # parse only this line
+      result = currentTok(p).col
+    else:
+      result = nextIndent                 # allow parsing next lines [case.3]
+
+proc indFollows(p: RstParser): bool =
+  result = currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent and currentTok(p).ival > currInd(p)
+
+proc parseBlockContent(p: var RstParser, father: var PRstNode,
+                       contentParser: SectionParser): bool {.gcsafe.} =
+  ## parse the final content part of explicit markup blocks (directives,
+  ## footnotes, etc). Returns true if succeeded.
+  if currentTok(p).kind != tkIndent or indFollows(p):
+    let blockIndent = getWrappableIndent(p)
+    pushInd(p, blockIndent)
+    let content = contentParser(p)
+    popInd(p)
+    father.add content
+    result = true
+
+proc parseSectionWrapper(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
+  result = newRstNode(rnInner)
+  parseSection(p, result)
+  while result.kind == rnInner and result.len == 1:
+    result = result.sons[0]
+
 proc parseField(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
   ## Returns a parsed rnField node.
   ##
   ## rnField nodes have two children nodes, a rnFieldName and a rnFieldBody.
-  result = newRstNode(rnField)
+  result = newRstNode(rnField, info=lineInfo(p))
   var col = currentTok(p).col
   var fieldname = newRstNode(rnFieldName)
   parseUntil(p, fieldname, ":", false)
   var fieldbody = newRstNode(rnFieldBody)
-  if currentTok(p).kind != tkIndent: parseLine(p, fieldbody)
-  if currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent:
-    var indent = currentTok(p).ival
-    if indent > col:
-      pushInd(p, indent)
-      parseSection(p, fieldbody)
-      popInd(p)
+  if currentTok(p).kind == tkWhite: inc p.idx
+  let indent = getWrappableIndent(p)
+  if indent > col:
+    pushInd(p, indent)
+    parseSection(p, fieldbody)
+    popInd(p)
   result.add(fieldname)
   result.add(fieldbody)
 
@@ -1424,7 +2108,7 @@ proc parseLiteralBlock(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
   var n = newLeaf("")
   if currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent:
     var indent = currentTok(p).ival
-    inc p.idx
+    while currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent: inc p.idx  # skip blank lines
     while true:
       case currentTok(p).kind
       of tkEof:
@@ -1445,6 +2129,44 @@ proc parseLiteralBlock(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
       inc p.idx
   result.add(n)
 
+proc parseQuotedLiteralBlock(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
+  result = newRstNodeA(p, rnLiteralBlock)
+  var n = newLeaf("")
+  if currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent:
+    var indent = currInd(p)
+    while currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent: inc p.idx  # skip blank lines
+    var quoteSym = currentTok(p).symbol[0]
+    while true:
+      case currentTok(p).kind
+      of tkEof:
+        break
+      of tkIndent:
+        if currentTok(p).ival < indent:
+          break
+        elif currentTok(p).ival == indent:
+          if nextTok(p).kind == tkPunct and nextTok(p).symbol[0] == quoteSym:
+            n.text.add("\n")
+            inc p.idx
+          elif nextTok(p).kind == tkIndent:
+            break
+          else:
+            rstMessage(p, mwRstStyle, "no newline after quoted literal block")
+            break
+        else:
+          rstMessage(p, mwRstStyle,
+                     "unexpected indentation in quoted literal block")
+          break
+      else:
+        n.text.add(currentTok(p).symbol)
+        inc p.idx
+  result.add(n)
+
+proc parseRstLiteralBlock(p: var RstParser, kind: LiteralBlockKind): PRstNode =
+  if kind == lbIndentedLiteralBlock:
+    result = parseLiteralBlock(p)
+  else:
+    result = parseQuotedLiteralBlock(p)
+
 proc getLevel(p: var RstParser, c: char, hasOverline: bool): int =
   ## Returns (preliminary) heading level corresponding to `c` and
   ## `hasOverline`. If level does not exist, add it first.
@@ -1457,38 +2179,27 @@ proc getLevel(p: var RstParser, c: char, hasOverline: bool): int =
                             line: curLine(p), hasPeers: false)
   result = p.s.hLevels.len - 1
 
-proc countTitles(p: var RstParser, n: PRstNode) =
-  ## Fill `p.s.hTitleCnt`
+proc countTitles(s: PRstSharedState, n: PRstNode) =
+  ## Fill `s.hTitleCnt`
+  if n == nil: return
   for node in n.sons:
     if node != nil:
       if node.kind notin {rnOverline, rnSubstitutionDef, rnDefaultRole}:
         break
       if node.kind == rnOverline:
-        if p.s.hLevels[p.s.hTitleCnt].hasPeers:
+        if s.hLevels[s.hTitleCnt].hasPeers:
           break
-        inc p.s.hTitleCnt
-        if p.s.hTitleCnt >= 2:
+        inc s.hTitleCnt
+        if s.hTitleCnt >= 2:
           break
 
-proc tokenAfterNewline(p: RstParser, start: int): int =
-  result = start
-  while true:
-    case p.tok[result].kind
-    of tkEof:
-      break
-    of tkIndent:
-      inc result
-      break
-    else: inc result
-
-proc tokenAfterNewline(p: RstParser): int {.inline.} =
-  result = tokenAfterNewline(p, p.idx)
-
 proc isAdornmentHeadline(p: RstParser, adornmentIdx: int): bool =
   ## check that underline/overline length is enough for the heading.
   ## No support for Unicode.
   if p.tok[adornmentIdx].symbol in ["::", "..", "|"]:
     return false
+  if isMarkdownCodeBlock(p, adornmentIdx):
+    return false
   var headlineLen = 0
   var failure = ""
   if p.idx < adornmentIdx:  # check for underline
@@ -1508,17 +2219,20 @@ proc isAdornmentHeadline(p: RstParser, adornmentIdx: int): bool =
     while p.tok[i].kind notin {tkEof, tkIndent}:
       headlineLen += p.tok[i].symbol.len
       inc i
-    result = p.tok[adornmentIdx].symbol.len >= headlineLen and
-         headlineLen != 0
-    if result:
-      result = result and p.tok[i].kind == tkIndent and
-         p.tok[i+1].kind == tkAdornment and
-         p.tok[i+1].symbol == p.tok[adornmentIdx].symbol
-      if not result:
-        failure = "(underline '" & p.tok[i+1].symbol & "' does not match " &
-            "overline '" & p.tok[adornmentIdx].symbol & "')"
-    else:
-      failure = "(overline '" & p.tok[adornmentIdx].symbol & "' is too short)"
+    if p.tok[i].kind == tkIndent and
+       p.tok[i+1].kind == tkAdornment and
+       p.tok[i+1].symbol[0] == p.tok[adornmentIdx].symbol[0]:
+      result = p.tok[adornmentIdx].symbol.len >= headlineLen and
+           headlineLen != 0
+      if result:
+        result = p.tok[i+1].symbol == p.tok[adornmentIdx].symbol
+        if not result:
+          failure = "(underline '" & p.tok[i+1].symbol & "' does not match " &
+              "overline '" & p.tok[adornmentIdx].symbol & "')"
+      else:
+        failure = "(overline '" & p.tok[adornmentIdx].symbol & "' is too short)"
+    else:  # it's not overline/underline section, not reporting error
+      return false
   if not result:
     rstMessage(p, meNewSectionExpected, failure)
 
@@ -1528,6 +2242,33 @@ proc isLineBlock(p: RstParser): bool =
       p.tok[j].col > currentTok(p).col or
       p.tok[j].symbol == "\n"
 
+proc isMarkdownBlockQuote(p: RstParser): bool =
+  result = currentTok(p).symbol[0] == '>'
+
+proc whichRstLiteralBlock(p: RstParser): LiteralBlockKind =
+  ## Checks that the following tokens are either Indented Literal Block or
+  ## Quoted Literal Block (which is not quite the same as Markdown quote block).
+  ## https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html#quoted-literal-blocks
+  if currentTok(p).symbol == "::" and nextTok(p).kind == tkIndent:
+    if currInd(p) > nextTok(p).ival:
+      result = lbNone
+    if currInd(p) < nextTok(p).ival:
+      result = lbIndentedLiteralBlock
+    elif currInd(p) == nextTok(p).ival:
+      var i = p.idx + 1
+      while p.tok[i].kind == tkIndent: inc i
+      const validQuotingCharacters = {
+          '!', '"', '#', '$', '%', '&', '\'', '(', ')', '*', '+', ',', '-',
+          '.', '/', ':', ';', '<', '=', '>', '?', '@', '[', '\\', ']', '^',
+          '_', '`', '{', '|', '}', '~'}
+      if p.tok[i].kind in {tkPunct, tkAdornment} and
+          p.tok[i].symbol[0] in validQuotingCharacters:
+        result = lbQuotedLiteralBlock
+      else:
+        result = lbNone
+  else:
+    result = lbNone
+
 proc predNL(p: RstParser): bool =
   result = true
   if p.idx > 0:
@@ -1540,6 +2281,39 @@ proc isDefList(p: RstParser): bool =
       p.tok[j].kind in {tkWord, tkOther, tkPunct} and
       p.tok[j - 2].symbol != "::"
 
+proc `$`(t: Token): string =  # for debugging only
+  result = "(" & $t.kind & " line=" & $t.line & " col=" & $t.col
+  if t.kind == tkIndent: result = result & " ival=" & $t.ival & ")"
+  else: result = result & " symbol=" & t.symbol & ")"
+
+proc skipNewlines(p: RstParser, j: int): int =
+  result = j
+  while p.tok[result].kind != tkEof and p.tok[result].kind == tkIndent:
+    inc result  # skip blank lines
+
+proc skipNewlines(p: var RstParser) =
+  p.idx = skipNewlines(p, p.idx)
+
+const maxMdRelInd = 3  ## In Markdown: maximum indentation that does not yet
+                       ## make the indented block a code
+
+proc isMdRelInd(outerInd, nestedInd: int): bool =
+  result = outerInd <= nestedInd and nestedInd <= outerInd + maxMdRelInd
+
+proc isMdDefBody(p: RstParser, j: int, termCol: int): bool =
+  let defCol = p.tok[j].col
+  result = p.tok[j].symbol == ":" and
+    isMdRelInd(termCol, defCol) and
+    p.tok[j+1].kind == tkWhite and
+    p.tok[j+2].kind in {tkWord, tkOther, tkPunct}
+
+proc isMdDefListItem(p: RstParser, idx: int): bool =
+  var j = tokenAfterNewline(p, idx)
+  j = skipNewlines(p, j)
+  let termCol = p.tok[j].col
+  result = isMdRelInd(currInd(p), termCol) and
+      isMdDefBody(p, j, termCol)
+
 proc isOptionList(p: RstParser): bool =
   result = match(p, p.idx, "-w") or match(p, p.idx, "--w") or
            match(p, p.idx, "/w") or match(p, p.idx, "//w")
@@ -1566,11 +2340,12 @@ proc findPipe(p: RstParser, start: int): bool =
 proc whichSection(p: RstParser): RstNodeKind =
   if currentTok(p).kind in {tkAdornment, tkPunct}:
     # for punctuation sequences that can be both tkAdornment and tkPunct
-    if roSupportMarkdown in p.s.options and currentTok(p).symbol == "```":
+    if isMarkdownCodeBlock(p):
       return rnCodeBlock
-    elif currentTok(p).symbol == "::":
+    elif isRst(p) and currentTok(p).symbol == "::":
       return rnLiteralBlock
-    elif currentTok(p).symbol == ".." and predNL(p):
+    elif currentTok(p).symbol == ".."  and
+       nextTok(p).kind in {tkWhite, tkIndent}:
      return rnDirective
   case currentTok(p).kind
   of tkAdornment:
@@ -1582,34 +2357,42 @@ proc whichSection(p: RstParser): RstNodeKind =
     elif match(p, p.idx + 1, " a"): result = rnTable
     elif currentTok(p).symbol == "|" and isLineBlock(p):
       result = rnLineBlock
-    elif match(p, p.idx + 1, "i") and isAdornmentHeadline(p, p.idx):
+    elif roSupportMarkdown in p.s.options and isMarkdownBlockQuote(p):
+      result = rnMarkdownBlockQuote
+    elif (match(p, p.idx + 1, "i") and not match(p, p.idx + 2, "I")) and
+         isAdornmentHeadline(p, p.idx):
       result = rnOverline
     else:
-      result = rnLeaf
+      result = rnParagraph
   of tkPunct:
     if isMarkdownHeadline(p):
       result = rnMarkdownHeadline
     elif roSupportMarkdown in p.s.options and predNL(p) and
         match(p, p.idx, "| w") and findPipe(p, p.idx+3):
       result = rnMarkdownTable
+    elif isMd(p) and isMdFootnoteName(p, reference=false):
+      result = rnFootnote
     elif currentTok(p).symbol == "|" and isLineBlock(p):
       result = rnLineBlock
+    elif roSupportMarkdown in p.s.options and isMarkdownBlockQuote(p):
+      result = rnMarkdownBlockQuote
     elif match(p, tokenAfterNewline(p), "aI") and
         isAdornmentHeadline(p, tokenAfterNewline(p)):
       result = rnHeadline
-    elif predNL(p) and
-        currentTok(p).symbol in ["+", "*", "-"] and nextTok(p).kind == tkWhite:
+    elif currentTok(p).symbol in ["+", "*", "-"] and nextTok(p).kind == tkWhite:
       result = rnBulletList
-    elif match(p, p.idx, ":w:") and predNL(p):
+    elif match(p, p.idx, ":w:E"):
       # (currentTok(p).symbol == ":")
       result = rnFieldList
     elif match(p, p.idx, "(e) ") or match(p, p.idx, "e) ") or
          match(p, p.idx, "e. "):
       result = rnEnumList
-    elif isDefList(p):
-      result = rnDefList
     elif isOptionList(p):
       result = rnOptionList
+    elif isRst(p) and isDefList(p):
+      result = rnDefList
+    elif isMd(p) and isMdDefListItem(p, p.idx):
+      result = rnMdDefList
     else:
       result = rnParagraph
   of tkWord, tkOther, tkWhite:
@@ -1618,7 +2401,9 @@ proc whichSection(p: RstParser): RstNodeKind =
       if isAdornmentHeadline(p, tokIdx): result = rnHeadline
       else: result = rnParagraph
     elif match(p, p.idx, "e) ") or match(p, p.idx, "e. "): result = rnEnumList
-    elif isDefList(p): result = rnDefList
+    elif isRst(p) and isDefList(p): result = rnDefList
+    elif isMd(p) and isMdDefListItem(p, p.idx):
+      result = rnMdDefList
     else: result = rnParagraph
   else: result = rnLeaf
 
@@ -1648,14 +2433,112 @@ proc parseLineBlock(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
       else:
         break
 
+proc parseDoc(p: var RstParser): PRstNode {.gcsafe.}
+
+proc getQuoteSymbol(p: RstParser, idx: int): tuple[sym: string, depth: int, tokens: int] =
+  result = ("", 0, 0)
+  var i = idx
+  result.sym &= p.tok[i].symbol
+  result.depth += p.tok[i].symbol.len
+  inc result.tokens
+  inc i
+  while p.tok[i].kind == tkWhite and i+1 < p.tok.len and
+        p.tok[i+1].kind == tkPunct and p.tok[i+1].symbol[0] == '>':
+    result.sym &= p.tok[i].symbol
+    result.sym &= p.tok[i+1].symbol
+    result.depth += p.tok[i+1].symbol.len
+    inc result.tokens, 2
+    inc i, 2
+
+proc parseMarkdownQuoteSegment(p: var RstParser, curSym: string, col: int):
+                              PRstNode =
+  ## We define *segment* as a group of lines that starts with exactly the
+  ## same quote symbol. If the following lines don't contain any `>` (*lazy*
+  ## continuation) they considered as continuation of the current segment.
+  var q: RstParser  # to delete `>` at a start of line and then parse normally
+  initParser(q, p.s)
+  q.col = p.col
+  q.line = p.line
+  var minCol = int.high  # minimum colum num in the segment
+  while true:  # move tokens of segment from `p` to `q` skipping `curSym`
+    case currentTok(p).kind
+    of tkEof:
+      break
+    of tkIndent:
+      if nextTok(p).kind in {tkIndent, tkEof}:
+        break
+      else:
+        if nextTok(p).symbol[0] == '>':
+          var (quoteSym, _, quoteTokens) = getQuoteSymbol(p, p.idx + 1)
+          if quoteSym == curSym:  # the segment continues
+            var iTok = tokenAfterNewline(p, p.idx+1)
+            if p.tok[iTok].kind notin {tkEof, tkIndent} and
+                p.tok[iTok].symbol[0] != '>':
+              rstMessage(p, mwRstStyle,
+                  "two or more quoted lines are followed by unquoted line " &
+                  $(curLine(p) + 1))
+              break
+            q.tok.add currentTok(p)
+            var ival = currentTok(p).ival + quoteSym.len
+            inc p.idx, (1 + quoteTokens)  # skip newline and > > >
+            if currentTok(p).kind == tkWhite:
+              ival += currentTok(p).symbol.len
+              inc p.idx
+            # fix up previous `tkIndent`s to ival (as if >>> were not there)
+            var j = q.tok.len - 1
+            while j >= 0 and q.tok[j].kind == tkIndent:
+              q.tok[j].ival = ival
+              dec j
+          else:  # next segment started
+            break
+        elif currentTok(p).ival < col:
+          break
+        else:  # the segment continues, a case like:
+               # > beginning
+               # continuation
+          q.tok.add currentTok(p)
+          inc p.idx
+    else:
+      if currentTok(p).col < minCol: minCol = currentTok(p).col
+      q.tok.add currentTok(p)
+      inc p.idx
+  q.indentStack = @[minCol]
+  # if initial indentation `minCol` is > 0 then final newlines
+  # should be omitted so that parseDoc could advance to the end of tokens:
+  var j = q.tok.len - 1
+  while q.tok[j].kind == tkIndent: dec j
+  q.tok.setLen (j+1)
+  q.tok.add Token(kind: tkEof, line: currentTok(p).line)
+  result = parseDoc(q)
+
+proc parseMarkdownBlockQuote(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
+  var (curSym, quotationDepth, quoteTokens) = getQuoteSymbol(p, p.idx)
+  let col = currentTok(p).col
+  result = newRstNodeA(p, rnMarkdownBlockQuote)
+  inc p.idx, quoteTokens  # skip first >
+  while true:
+    var item = newRstNode(rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem)
+    item.quotationDepth = quotationDepth
+    if currentTok(p).kind == tkWhite: inc p.idx
+    item.add parseMarkdownQuoteSegment(p, curSym, col)
+    result.add(item)
+    if currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent and currentTok(p).ival == col and
+        nextTok(p).kind != tkEof and nextTok(p).symbol[0] == '>':
+      (curSym, quotationDepth, quoteTokens) = getQuoteSymbol(p, p.idx + 1)
+      inc p.idx, (1 + quoteTokens)  # skip newline and > > >
+    else:
+      break
+
 proc parseParagraph(p: var RstParser, result: PRstNode) =
   while true:
     case currentTok(p).kind
     of tkIndent:
       if nextTok(p).kind == tkIndent:
         inc p.idx
-        break
-      elif currentTok(p).ival == currInd(p):
+        break  # blank line breaks paragraph for both Md & Rst
+      elif currentTok(p).ival == currInd(p) or (
+          isMd(p) and currentTok(p).ival > currInd(p)):
+          # (Md allows adding additional indentation inside paragraphs)
         inc p.idx
         case whichSection(p)
         of rnParagraph, rnLeaf, rnHeadline, rnMarkdownHeadline,
@@ -1663,16 +2546,20 @@ proc parseParagraph(p: var RstParser, result: PRstNode) =
           result.add newLeaf(" ")
         of rnLineBlock:
           result.addIfNotNil(parseLineBlock(p))
-        else: break
+        of rnMarkdownBlockQuote:
+          result.addIfNotNil(parseMarkdownBlockQuote(p))
+        else:
+          dec p.idx  # allow subsequent block to be parsed as another section
+          break
       else:
         break
     of tkPunct:
-      if currentTok(p).symbol == "::" and
-          nextTok(p).kind == tkIndent and
-          currInd(p) < nextTok(p).ival:
+      if isRst(p) and (
+          let literalBlockKind = whichRstLiteralBlock(p);
+          literalBlockKind != lbNone):
         result.add newLeaf(":")
         inc p.idx            # skip '::'
-        result.add(parseLiteralBlock(p))
+        result.add(parseRstLiteralBlock(p, literalBlockKind))
         break
       else:
         parseInline(p, result)
@@ -1712,7 +2599,8 @@ proc parseHeadline(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
     result.level = getLevel(p, c, hasOverline=false)
     checkHeadingHierarchy(p, result.level)
     p.s.hCurLevel = result.level
-  addAnchor(p, rstnodeToRefname(result), reset=true)
+  addAnchorRst(p, linkName(result), result, anchorType=headlineAnchor)
+  p.s.tocPart.add result
 
 proc parseOverline(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
   var c = currentTok(p).symbol[0]
@@ -1734,87 +2622,208 @@ proc parseOverline(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
   if currentTok(p).kind == tkAdornment:
     inc p.idx
     if currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent: inc p.idx
-  addAnchor(p, rstnodeToRefname(result), reset=true)
+  addAnchorRst(p, linkName(result), result, anchorType=headlineAnchor)
+  p.s.tocPart.add result
+
+proc fixHeadlines(s: PRstSharedState) =
+  # Fix up section levels depending on presence of a title and subtitle:
+  for n in s.tocPart:
+    if n.kind in {rnHeadline, rnOverline}:
+      if s.hTitleCnt == 2:
+        if n.level == 1:    # it's the subtitle
+          n.level = 0
+        elif n.level >= 2:  # normal sections, start numbering from 1
+          n.level -= 1
+      elif s.hTitleCnt == 0:
+        n.level += 1
+  # Set headline anchors:
+  for iHeading in 0 .. s.tocPart.high:
+    let n: PRstNode = s.tocPart[iHeading]
+    if n.level >= 1:
+      n.anchor = rstnodeToRefname(n)
+      # Fix anchors for uniqueness if `.. contents::` is present
+      if s.hasToc:
+        # Find the last higher level section for unique reference name
+        var sectionPrefix = ""
+        for i in countdown(iHeading - 1, 0):
+          if s.tocPart[i].level >= 1 and s.tocPart[i].level < n.level:
+            sectionPrefix = rstnodeToRefname(s.tocPart[i]) & "-"
+            break
+        if sectionPrefix != "":
+          n.anchor = sectionPrefix & n.anchor
+  s.tocPart.setLen 0
 
 type
-  IntSeq = seq[int]
-  ColumnLimits = tuple
+  ColSpec = object
+    start, stop: int
+  RstCols = seq[ColSpec]
+  ColumnLimits = tuple  # for Markdown
     first, last: int
   ColSeq = seq[ColumnLimits]
 
+proc tokStart(p: RstParser, idx: int): int =
+  result = p.tok[idx].col
+
+proc tokStart(p: RstParser): int =
+  result = tokStart(p, p.idx)
+
+proc tokEnd(p: RstParser, idx: int): int =
+  result = p.tok[idx].col + p.tok[idx].symbol.len - 1
+
 proc tokEnd(p: RstParser): int =
-  result = currentTok(p).col + currentTok(p).symbol.len - 1
+  result = tokEnd(p, p.idx)
 
-proc getColumns(p: var RstParser, cols: var IntSeq) =
+proc getColumns(p: RstParser, cols: var RstCols, startIdx: int): int =
+  # Fills table column specification (or separator) `cols` and returns
+  # the next parser index after it.
   var L = 0
+  result = startIdx
   while true:
     inc L
     setLen(cols, L)
-    cols[L - 1] = tokEnd(p)
-    assert(currentTok(p).kind == tkAdornment)
-    inc p.idx
-    if currentTok(p).kind != tkWhite: break
-    inc p.idx
-    if currentTok(p).kind != tkAdornment: break
-  if currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent: inc p.idx
-  # last column has no limit:
-  cols[L - 1] = 32000
+    cols[L - 1].start = tokStart(p, result)
+    cols[L - 1].stop = tokEnd(p, result)
+    assert(p.tok[result].kind == tkAdornment)
+    inc result
+    if p.tok[result].kind != tkWhite: break
+    inc result
+    if p.tok[result].kind != tkAdornment: break
+  if p.tok[result].kind == tkIndent: inc result
 
-proc parseDoc(p: var RstParser): PRstNode {.gcsafe.}
+proc checkColumns(p: RstParser, cols: RstCols) =
+  var i = p.idx
+  if p.tok[i].symbol[0] != '=':
+    stopOrWarn(p, meIllformedTable,
+               "only tables with `=` columns specification are allowed")
+  for col in 0 ..< cols.len:
+    if tokEnd(p, i) != cols[col].stop:
+      stopOrWarn(p, meIllformedTable,
+                 "end of table column #$1 should end at position $2" % [
+                   $(col+1), $(cols[col].stop+ColRstOffset)],
+                 p.tok[i].line, tokEnd(p, i))
+    inc i
+    if col == cols.len - 1:
+      if p.tok[i].kind == tkWhite:
+        inc i
+      if p.tok[i].kind notin {tkIndent, tkEof}:
+        stopOrWarn(p, meIllformedTable, "extraneous column specification")
+    elif p.tok[i].kind == tkWhite:
+      inc i
+    else:
+      stopOrWarn(p, meIllformedTable,
+                 "no enough table columns", p.tok[i].line, p.tok[i].col)
+
+proc getSpans(p: RstParser, nextLine: int,
+              cols: RstCols, unitedCols: RstCols): seq[int] =
+  ## Calculates how many columns a joined cell occupies.
+  if unitedCols.len > 0:
+    result = newSeq[int](unitedCols.len)
+    var
+      iCell = 0
+      jCell = 0
+      uCell = 0
+    while jCell < cols.len:
+      if cols[jCell].stop < unitedCols[uCell].stop:
+        inc jCell
+      elif cols[jCell].stop == unitedCols[uCell].stop:
+        result[uCell] = jCell - iCell + 1
+        iCell = jCell + 1
+        jCell = jCell + 1
+        inc uCell
+      else:
+        rstMessage(p, meIllformedTable,
+                   "spanning underline does not match main table columns",
+                   p.tok[nextLine].line, p.tok[nextLine].col)
+
+proc parseSimpleTableRow(p: var RstParser, cols: RstCols, colChar: char): PRstNode =
+  ## Parses 1 row in RST simple table.
+  # Consider that columns may be spanning (united by using underline like ----):
+  let nextLine = tokenAfterNewline(p)
+  var unitedCols: RstCols
+  var afterSpan: int
+  if p.tok[nextLine].kind == tkAdornment and p.tok[nextLine].symbol[0] == '-':
+    afterSpan = getColumns(p, unitedCols, nextLine)
+    if unitedCols == cols and p.tok[nextLine].symbol[0] == colChar:
+      # legacy rst.nim compat.: allow punctuation like `----` in main boundaries
+      afterSpan = nextLine
+      unitedCols.setLen 0
+  else:
+    afterSpan = nextLine
+  template colEnd(i): int =
+    if i == cols.len - 1: high(int)  # last column has no limit
+    elif unitedCols.len > 0: unitedCols[i].stop else: cols[i].stop
+  template colStart(i): int =
+    if unitedCols.len > 0: unitedCols[i].start else: cols[i].start
+  var row = newSeq[string](if unitedCols.len > 0: unitedCols.len else: cols.len)
+  var spans: seq[int] = getSpans(p, nextLine, cols, unitedCols)
+
+  let line = currentTok(p).line
+  # Iterate over the lines a single cell may span:
+  while true:
+    var nCell = 0
+    # distribute tokens between cells in the current line:
+    while currentTok(p).kind notin {tkIndent, tkEof}:
+      if tokEnd(p) <= colEnd(nCell):
+        if tokStart(p) < colStart(nCell):
+          if currentTok(p).kind != tkWhite:
+            stopOrWarn(p, meIllformedTable,
+                       "this word crosses table column from the left")
+            row[nCell].add(currentTok(p).symbol)
+        else:
+          row[nCell].add(currentTok(p).symbol)
+        inc p.idx
+      else:
+        if tokStart(p) < colEnd(nCell) and currentTok(p).kind != tkWhite:
+          stopOrWarn(p, meIllformedTable,
+                     "this word crosses table column from the right")
+          row[nCell].add(currentTok(p).symbol)
+          inc p.idx
+        inc nCell
+    if currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent: inc p.idx
+    if tokEnd(p) <= colEnd(0): break
+    # Continued current cells because the 1st column is empty.
+    if currentTok(p).kind in {tkEof, tkAdornment}:
+      break
+    for nCell in countup(1, high(row)): row[nCell].add('\n')
+  result = newRstNode(rnTableRow)
+  var q: RstParser
+  for uCell in 0 ..< row.len:
+    initParser(q, p.s)
+    q.col = colStart(uCell)
+    q.line = line - 1
+    getTokens(row[uCell], q.tok)
+    let cell = newRstNode(rnTableDataCell)
+    cell.span = if spans.len == 0: 0 else: spans[uCell]
+    cell.add(parseDoc(q))
+    result.add(cell)
+  if afterSpan > p.idx:
+    p.idx = afterSpan
 
 proc parseSimpleTable(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
-  var
-    cols: IntSeq
-    row: seq[string]
-    i, last, line: int
-    c: char
-    q: RstParser
-    a, b: PRstNode
+  var cols: RstCols
   result = newRstNodeA(p, rnTable)
-  cols = @[]
-  row = @[]
-  a = nil
-  c = currentTok(p).symbol[0]
+  let startIdx = getColumns(p, cols, p.idx)
+  let colChar = currentTok(p).symbol[0]
+  checkColumns(p, cols)
+  p.idx = startIdx
+  result.colCount = cols.len
   while true:
     if currentTok(p).kind == tkAdornment:
-      last = tokenAfterNewline(p)
-      if p.tok[last].kind in {tkEof, tkIndent}:
+      checkColumns(p, cols)
+      p.idx = tokenAfterNewline(p)
+      if currentTok(p).kind in {tkEof, tkIndent}:
         # skip last adornment line:
-        p.idx = last
         break
-      getColumns(p, cols)
-      setLen(row, cols.len)
-      if a != nil:
-        for j in 0 ..< a.len:  # fix rnTableDataCell -> rnTableHeaderCell
-          a.sons[j] = newRstNode(rnTableHeaderCell, a.sons[j].sons)
+      if result.sons.len > 0: result.sons[^1].endsHeader = true
+      # fix rnTableDataCell -> rnTableHeaderCell for previous table rows:
+      for nRow in 0 ..< result.sons.len:
+        for nCell in 0 ..< result.sons[nRow].len:
+          template cell: PRstNode = result.sons[nRow].sons[nCell]
+          cell = PRstNode(kind: rnTableHeaderCell, sons: cell.sons,
+                          span: cell.span, anchor: cell.anchor)
     if currentTok(p).kind == tkEof: break
-    for j in countup(0, high(row)): row[j] = ""
-    # the following while loop iterates over the lines a single cell may span:
-    line = currentTok(p).line
-    while true:
-      i = 0
-      while currentTok(p).kind notin {tkIndent, tkEof}:
-        if tokEnd(p) <= cols[i]:
-          row[i].add(currentTok(p).symbol)
-          inc p.idx
-        else:
-          if currentTok(p).kind == tkWhite: inc p.idx
-          inc i
-      if currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent: inc p.idx
-      if tokEnd(p) <= cols[0]: break
-      if currentTok(p).kind in {tkEof, tkAdornment}: break
-      for j in countup(1, high(row)): row[j].add('\n')
-    a = newRstNode(rnTableRow)
-    for j in countup(0, high(row)):
-      initParser(q, p.s)
-      q.col = cols[j]
-      q.line = line - 1
-      q.filename = p.filename
-      q.col += getTokens(row[j], false, q.tok)
-      b = newRstNode(rnTableDataCell)
-      b.add(parseDoc(q))
-      a.add(b)
-    result.add(a)
+    let tabRow = parseSimpleTableRow(p, cols, colChar)
+    result.add tabRow
 
 proc readTableRow(p: var RstParser): ColSeq =
   if currentTok(p).symbol == "|": inc p.idx
@@ -1847,29 +2856,28 @@ proc isValidDelimiterRow(p: var RstParser, colNum: int): bool =
 proc parseMarkdownTable(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
   var
     row: ColSeq
-    colNum: int
     a, b: PRstNode
     q: RstParser
   result = newRstNodeA(p, rnMarkdownTable)
 
   proc parseRow(p: var RstParser, cellKind: RstNodeKind, result: PRstNode) =
     row = readTableRow(p)
-    if colNum == 0: colNum = row.len # table header
-    elif row.len < colNum: row.setLen(colNum)
+    if result.colCount == 0: result.colCount = row.len # table header
+    elif row.len < result.colCount: row.setLen(result.colCount)
     a = newRstNode(rnTableRow)
-    for j in 0 ..< colNum:
+    for j in 0 ..< result.colCount:
       b = newRstNode(cellKind)
       initParser(q, p.s)
       q.col = p.col
       q.line = currentTok(p).line - 1
-      q.filename = p.filename
-      q.col += getTokens(getColContents(p, row[j]), false, q.tok)
+      getTokens(getColContents(p, row[j]), q.tok)
       b.add(parseDoc(q))
       a.add(b)
     result.add(a)
 
   parseRow(p, rnTableHeaderCell, result)
-  if not isValidDelimiterRow(p, colNum): rstMessage(p, meMarkdownIllformedTable)
+  if not isValidDelimiterRow(p, result.colCount):
+    rstMessage(p, meMarkdownIllformedTable)
   while predNL(p) and currentTok(p).symbol == "|":
     parseRow(p, rnTableDataCell, result)
 
@@ -1901,8 +2909,10 @@ proc parseBulletList(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
 
 proc parseOptionList(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
   result = newRstNodeA(p, rnOptionList)
+  let col = currentTok(p).col
+  var order = 1
   while true:
-    if isOptionList(p):
+    if currentTok(p).col == col and isOptionList(p):
       var a = newRstNode(rnOptionGroup)
       var b = newRstNode(rnDescription)
       var c = newRstNode(rnOptionListItem)
@@ -1920,11 +2930,43 @@ proc parseOptionList(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
         popInd(p)
       else:
         parseLine(p, b)
-      if currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent: inc p.idx
+      while currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent: inc p.idx
       c.add(a)
       c.add(b)
+      c.order = order; inc order
       result.add(c)
     else:
+      if currentTok(p).kind != tkEof: dec p.idx  # back to tkIndent
+      break
+
+proc parseMdDefinitionList(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
+  ## Parses (Pandoc/kramdown/PHPextra) Markdown definition lists.
+  result = newRstNodeA(p, rnMdDefList)
+  let termCol = currentTok(p).col
+  while true:
+    var item = newRstNode(rnDefItem)
+    var term = newRstNode(rnDefName)
+    parseLine(p, term)
+    skipNewlines(p)
+    inc p.idx, 2  # skip ":" and space
+    item.add(term)
+    while true:
+      var def = newRstNode(rnDefBody)
+      let indent = getMdBlockIndent(p)
+      pushInd(p, indent)
+      parseSection(p, def)
+      popInd(p)
+      item.add(def)
+      let j = skipNewlines(p, p.idx)
+      if isMdDefBody(p, j, termCol):  # parse next definition body
+        p.idx = j + 2  # skip ":" and space
+      else:
+        break
+    result.add(item)
+    let j = skipNewlines(p, p.idx)
+    if p.tok[j].col == termCol and isMdDefListItem(p, j):
+      p.idx = j  # parse next item
+    else:
       break
 
 proc parseDefinitionList(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
@@ -1935,6 +2977,8 @@ proc parseDefinitionList(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
     var col = currentTok(p).col
     result = newRstNodeA(p, rnDefList)
     while true:
+      if isOptionList(p):
+        break  # option list has priority over def.list
       j = p.idx
       var a = newRstNode(rnDefName)
       parseLine(p, a)
@@ -1991,11 +3035,10 @@ proc parseEnumList(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
         let n = p.line + p.tok[j].line
         let msg = "\n" & """
           not enough indentation on line $2
-              (should be at column $3 if it's a continuation of enum. list),
+            (should be at column $3 if it's a continuation of enum. list),
           or no blank line after line $1 (if it should be the next paragraph),
           or no escaping \ at the beginning of line $1
-              (if lines $1..$2 are a normal paragraph, not enum. list)""".
-          unindent(8)
+            (if lines $1..$2 are a normal paragraph, not enum. list)""".dedent
         let c = p.col + requiredIndent + ColRstOffset
         rstMessage(p, mwRstStyle, msg % [$(n-1), $n, $c],
                    p.tok[j].line, p.tok[j].col)
@@ -2032,13 +3075,13 @@ proc parseEnumList(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
       let enumerator = p.tok[p.idx + 1 + wildIndex[w]].symbol
       # check that it's in sequence: enumerator == next(prevEnum)
       if "n" in wildcards[w]:  # arabic numeral
-        let prevEnumI = try: parseInt(prevEnum) except: 1
+        let prevEnumI = try: parseInt(prevEnum) except ValueError: 1
         if enumerator in autoEnums:
           if prevAE != "" and enumerator != prevAE:
             break
           prevAE = enumerator
           curEnum = prevEnumI + 1
-        else: curEnum = (try: parseInt(enumerator) except: 1)
+        else: curEnum = (try: parseInt(enumerator) except ValueError: 1)
         if curEnum - prevEnumI != 1:
           break
         prevEnum = enumerator
@@ -2053,6 +3096,57 @@ proc parseEnumList(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
     else:
       break
 
+proc prefix(ftnType: FootnoteType): string =
+  case ftnType
+  of fnManualNumber: result = "footnote-"
+  of fnAutoNumber: result = "footnoteauto-"
+  of fnAutoNumberLabel: result = "footnote-"
+  of fnAutoSymbol: result = "footnotesym-"
+  of fnCitation: result = "citation-"
+
+proc parseFootnote(p: var RstParser): PRstNode {.gcsafe.} =
+  ## Parses footnotes and citations, always returns 2 sons:
+  ##
+  ## 1) footnote label, always containing rnInner with 1 or more sons
+  ## 2) footnote body, which may be nil
+  var label: PRstNode
+  if isRst(p):
+    inc p.idx  # skip space after `..`
+  label = parseFootnoteName(p, reference=false)
+  if label == nil:
+    if isRst(p):
+      dec p.idx
+    return nil
+  result = newRstNode(rnFootnote)
+  result.add label
+  let (fnType, i) = getFootnoteType(p.s, label)
+  var name = ""
+  var anchor = fnType.prefix
+  case fnType
+  of fnManualNumber:
+    addFootnoteNumManual(p, i)
+    anchor.add $i
+  of fnAutoNumber, fnAutoNumberLabel:
+    name = rstnodeToRefname(label)
+    addFootnoteNumAuto(p, name)
+    if fnType == fnAutoNumberLabel:
+      anchor.add name
+    else:  # fnAutoNumber
+      result.order = p.s.lineFootnoteNum.len
+      anchor.add $result.order
+  of fnAutoSymbol:
+    addFootnoteSymAuto(p)
+    result.order = p.s.lineFootnoteSym.len
+    anchor.add $p.s.lineFootnoteSym.len
+  of fnCitation:
+    anchor.add rstnodeToRefname(label)
+  addAnchorRst(p, anchor, target = result, anchorType = footnoteAnchor)
+  result.anchor = anchor
+  if currentTok(p).kind == tkWhite: inc p.idx
+  discard parseBlockContent(p, result, parseSectionWrapper)
+  if result.len < 2:
+    result.add nil
+
 proc sonKind(father: PRstNode, i: int): RstNodeKind =
   result = rnLeaf
   if i < father.len: result = father.sons[i].kind
@@ -2066,11 +3160,19 @@ proc parseSection(p: var RstParser, result: PRstNode) =
       if currInd(p) == currentTok(p).ival:
         inc p.idx
       elif currentTok(p).ival > currInd(p):
-        pushInd(p, currentTok(p).ival)
-        var a = newRstNodeA(p, rnBlockQuote)
-        parseSection(p, a)
-        result.add(a)
-        popInd(p)
+        if roPreferMarkdown in p.s.options:  # Markdown => normal paragraphs
+          if currentTok(p).ival - currInd(p) >= 4:
+            result.add parseLiteralBlock(p)
+          else:
+            pushInd(p, currentTok(p).ival)
+            parseSection(p, result)
+            popInd(p)
+        else:  # RST mode => block quotes
+          pushInd(p, currentTok(p).ival)
+          var a = newRstNodeA(p, rnBlockQuote)
+          parseSection(p, a)
+          result.add(a)
+          popInd(p)
       else:
         while currentTok(p).kind != tkEof and nextTok(p).kind == tkIndent:
           inc p.idx  # skip blank lines
@@ -2085,11 +3187,14 @@ proc parseSection(p: var RstParser, result: PRstNode) =
       a = parseLiteralBlock(p)
     of rnBulletList: a = parseBulletList(p)
     of rnLineBlock: a = parseLineBlock(p)
+    of rnMarkdownBlockQuote: a = parseMarkdownBlockQuote(p)
     of rnDirective: a = parseDotDot(p)
+    of rnFootnote: a = parseFootnote(p)
     of rnEnumList: a = parseEnumList(p)
     of rnLeaf: rstMessage(p, meNewSectionExpected, "(syntax error)")
     of rnParagraph: discard
     of rnDefList: a = parseDefinitionList(p)
+    of rnMdDefList: a = parseMdDefinitionList(p)
     of rnFieldList:
       if p.idx > 0: dec p.idx
       a = parseFields(p)
@@ -2110,15 +3215,6 @@ proc parseSection(p: var RstParser, result: PRstNode) =
     result.sons[0] = newRstNode(rnInner, result.sons[0].sons,
                                 anchor=result.sons[0].anchor)
 
-proc parseSectionWrapper(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
-  result = newRstNode(rnInner)
-  parseSection(p, result)
-  while result.kind == rnInner and result.len == 1:
-    result = result.sons[0]
-
-proc `$`(t: Token): string =
-  result = $t.kind & ' ' & t.symbol
-
 proc parseDoc(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
   result = parseSectionWrapper(p)
   if currentTok(p).kind != tkEof:
@@ -2128,7 +3224,6 @@ type
   DirFlag = enum
     hasArg, hasOptions, argIsFile, argIsWord
   DirFlags = set[DirFlag]
-  SectionParser = proc (p: var RstParser): PRstNode {.nimcall.}
 
 proc parseDirective(p: var RstParser, k: RstNodeKind, flags: DirFlags): PRstNode =
   ## Parses arguments and options for a directive block.
@@ -2141,6 +3236,7 @@ proc parseDirective(p: var RstParser, k: RstNodeKind, flags: DirFlags): PRstNode
   ## Both rnDirArg and rnFieldList children nodes might be nil, so you need to
   ## check them before accessing.
   result = newRstNodeA(p, k)
+  if k == rnCodeBlock: result.info = lineInfo(p)
   var args: PRstNode = nil
   var options: PRstNode = nil
   if hasArg in flags:
@@ -2163,28 +3259,13 @@ proc parseDirective(p: var RstParser, k: RstNodeKind, flags: DirFlags): PRstNode
       parseLine(p, args)
   result.add(args)
   if hasOptions in flags:
-    if currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent and currentTok(p).ival >= 3 and
+    if currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent and currentTok(p).ival > currInd(p) and
         nextTok(p).symbol == ":":
+      pushInd(p, currentTok(p).ival)
       options = parseFields(p)
+      popInd(p)
   result.add(options)
 
-proc indFollows(p: RstParser): bool =
-  result = currentTok(p).kind == tkIndent and currentTok(p).ival > currInd(p)
-
-proc parseBlockContent(p: var RstParser, father: var PRstNode,
-                       contentParser: SectionParser): bool =
-  ## parse the final content part of explicit markup blocks (directives,
-  ## footnotes, etc). Returns true if succeeded.
-  if currentTok(p).kind != tkIndent or indFollows(p):
-    var nextIndent = p.tok[tokenAfterNewline(p)-1].ival
-    if nextIndent <= currInd(p):  # parse only this line
-      nextIndent = currentTok(p).col
-    pushInd(p, nextIndent)
-    var content = contentParser(p)
-    popInd(p)
-    father.add content
-    result = true
-
 proc parseDirective(p: var RstParser, k: RstNodeKind, flags: DirFlags,
                     contentParser: SectionParser): PRstNode =
   ## A helper proc that does main work for specific directive procs.
@@ -2265,15 +3346,16 @@ proc dirInclude(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
 
       var q: RstParser
       initParser(q, p.s)
-      q.filename = path
-      q.col += getTokens(
-        inputString[startPosition..endPosition].strip(),
-        false,
+      let saveFileIdx = p.s.currFileIdx
+      setCurrFilename(p.s, path)
+      getTokens(
+        inputString[startPosition..endPosition],
         q.tok)
       # workaround a GCC bug; more like the interior pointer bug?
       #if find(q.tok[high(q.tok)].symbol, "\0\x01\x02") > 0:
       #  InternalError("Too many binary zeros in include file")
       result = parseDoc(q)
+      p.s.currFileIdx = saveFileIdx
 
 proc dirCodeBlock(p: var RstParser, nimExtension = false): PRstNode =
   ## Parses a code block.
@@ -2291,28 +3373,14 @@ proc dirCodeBlock(p: var RstParser, nimExtension = false): PRstNode =
   ##
   ## As an extension this proc will process the ``file`` extension field and if
   ## present will replace the code block with the contents of the referenced
-  ## file.
+  ## file. This behaviour is disabled in sandboxed mode and can be re-enabled
+  ## with the `roSandboxDisabled` flag.
   result = parseDirective(p, rnCodeBlock, {hasArg, hasOptions}, parseLiteralBlock)
-  var filename = strip(getFieldValue(result, "file"))
-  if filename != "":
-    var path = p.findRelativeFile(filename)
-    if path == "": rstMessage(p, meCannotOpenFile, filename)
-    var n = newRstNode(rnLiteralBlock)
-    n.add newLeaf(readFile(path))
-    result.sons[2] = n
+  mayLoadFile(p, result)
 
   # Extend the field block if we are using our custom Nim extension.
   if nimExtension:
-    # Create a field block if the input block didn't have any.
-    if result.sons[1].isNil: result.sons[1] = newRstNode(rnFieldList)
-    assert result.sons[1].kind == rnFieldList
-    # Hook the extra field and specify the Nim language as value.
-    var extraNode = newRstNode(rnField)
-    extraNode.add(newRstNode(rnFieldName))
-    extraNode.add(newRstNode(rnFieldBody))
-    extraNode.sons[0].add newLeaf("default-language")
-    extraNode.sons[1].add newLeaf("Nim")
-    result.sons[1].add(extraNode)
+    defaultCodeLangNim(p, result)
 
 proc dirContainer(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
   result = parseDirective(p, rnContainer, {hasArg}, parseSectionWrapper)
@@ -2330,6 +3398,7 @@ proc dirTitle(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
 
 proc dirContents(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
   result = parseDirective(p, rnContents, {hasArg}, nil)
+  p.s.hasToc = true
 
 proc dirIndex(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
   result = parseDirective(p, rnIndex, {}, parseSectionWrapper)
@@ -2340,6 +3409,18 @@ proc dirAdmonition(p: var RstParser, d: string): PRstNode =
 
 proc dirDefaultRole(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
   result = parseDirective(p, rnDefaultRole, {hasArg}, nil)
+  if result.sons[0].len == 0: p.s.currRole = defaultRole(p.s.options)
+  else:
+    assert result.sons[0].sons[0].kind == rnLeaf
+    p.s.currRole = result.sons[0].sons[0].text
+  p.s.currRoleKind = whichRole(p, p.s.currRole)
+
+proc dirRole(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
+  result = parseDirective(p, rnDirective, {hasArg, hasOptions}, nil)
+  # just check that language is supported, TODO: real role association
+  let lang = getFieldValue(result, "language").strip
+  if lang != "" and getSourceLanguage(lang) == langNone:
+    rstMessage(p, mwUnsupportedLanguage, lang)
 
 proc dirRawAux(p: var RstParser, result: var PRstNode, kind: RstNodeKind,
                contentParser: SectionParser) =
@@ -2376,19 +3457,36 @@ proc dirRaw(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
   else:
     dirRawAux(p, result, rnRaw, parseSectionWrapper)
 
+proc dirImportdoc(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
+  result = parseDirective(p, rnDirective, {}, parseLiteralBlock)
+  assert result.sons[2].kind == rnLiteralBlock
+  assert result.sons[2].sons[0].kind == rnLeaf
+  let filenames: seq[string] = split(result.sons[2].sons[0].text, seps = {','})
+  proc rmSpaces(s: string): string = s.split.join("")
+  for origFilename in filenames:
+    p.s.idxImports[origFilename.rmSpaces] = ImportdocInfo(fromInfo: lineInfo(p))
+
 proc selectDir(p: var RstParser, d: string): PRstNode =
   result = nil
+  let tok = p.tok[p.idx-2] # report on directive in ".. directive::"
+  if roSandboxDisabled notin p.s.options:
+    if d notin SandboxDirAllowlist:
+      rstMessage(p, meSandboxedDirective, d, tok.line, tok.col)
+
   case d
   of "admonition", "attention", "caution": result = dirAdmonition(p, d)
   of "code": result = dirCodeBlock(p)
   of "code-block": result = dirCodeBlock(p, nimExtension = true)
   of "container": result = dirContainer(p)
   of "contents": result = dirContents(p)
-  of "danger", "error": result = dirAdmonition(p, d)
+  of "danger": result = dirAdmonition(p, d)
+  of "default-role": result = dirDefaultRole(p)
+  of "error": result = dirAdmonition(p, d)
   of "figure": result = dirFigure(p)
   of "hint": result = dirAdmonition(p, d)
   of "image": result = dirImage(p)
   of "important": result = dirAdmonition(p, d)
+  of "importdoc": result = dirImportdoc(p)
   of "include": result = dirInclude(p)
   of "index": result = dirIndex(p)
   of "note": result = dirAdmonition(p, d)
@@ -2397,62 +3495,13 @@ proc selectDir(p: var RstParser, d: string): PRstNode =
       result = dirRaw(p)
     else:
       rstMessage(p, meInvalidDirective, d)
+  of "role": result = dirRole(p)
   of "tip": result = dirAdmonition(p, d)
   of "title": result = dirTitle(p)
   of "warning": result = dirAdmonition(p, d)
-  of "default-role": result = dirDefaultRole(p)
   else:
-    let tok = p.tok[p.idx-2]  # report on directive in ".. directive::"
     rstMessage(p, meInvalidDirective, d, tok.line, tok.col)
 
-proc prefix(ftnType: FootnoteType): string =
-  case ftnType
-  of fnManualNumber: result = "footnote-"
-  of fnAutoNumber: result = "footnoteauto-"
-  of fnAutoNumberLabel: result = "footnote-"
-  of fnAutoSymbol: result = "footnotesym-"
-  of fnCitation: result = "citation-"
-
-proc parseFootnote(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
-  ## Parses footnotes and citations, always returns 2 sons:
-  ##
-  ## 1) footnote label, always containing rnInner with 1 or more sons
-  ## 2) footnote body, which may be nil
-  inc p.idx
-  let label = parseFootnoteName(p, reference=false)
-  if label == nil:
-    dec p.idx
-    return nil
-  result = newRstNode(rnFootnote)
-  result.add label
-  let (fnType, i) = getFootnoteType(label)
-  var name = ""
-  var anchor = fnType.prefix
-  case fnType
-  of fnManualNumber:
-    addFootnoteNumManual(p, i)
-    anchor.add $i
-  of fnAutoNumber, fnAutoNumberLabel:
-    name = rstnodeToRefname(label)
-    addFootnoteNumAuto(p, name)
-    if fnType == fnAutoNumberLabel:
-      anchor.add name
-    else:  # fnAutoNumber
-      result.order = p.s.lineFootnoteNum.len
-      anchor.add $result.order
-  of fnAutoSymbol:
-    addFootnoteSymAuto(p)
-    result.order = p.s.lineFootnoteSym.len
-    anchor.add $p.s.lineFootnoteSym.len
-  of fnCitation:
-    anchor.add rstnodeToRefname(label)
-  addAnchor(p, anchor, reset=true)
-  result.anchor = anchor
-  if currentTok(p).kind == tkWhite: inc p.idx
-  discard parseBlockContent(p, result, parseSectionWrapper)
-  if result.len < 2:
-    result.add nil
-
 proc parseDotDot(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
   # parse "explicit markup blocks"
   result = nil
@@ -2467,13 +3516,24 @@ proc parseDotDot(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
   elif match(p, p.idx, " _"):
     # hyperlink target:
     inc p.idx, 2
-    var a = getReferenceName(p, ":")
+    var ending = ":"
+    if currentTok(p).symbol == "`":
+      inc p.idx
+      ending = "`"
+    var a = getReferenceName(p, ending)
+    if ending == "`":
+      if currentTok(p).symbol == ":":
+        inc p.idx
+      else:
+        rstMessage(p, meExpected, ":")
     if currentTok(p).kind == tkWhite: inc p.idx
     var b = untilEol(p)
     if len(b) == 0:  # set internal anchor
-      addAnchor(p, rstnodeToRefname(a), reset=false)
+      p.curAnchors.add ManualAnchor(
+        alias: linkName(a), anchor: rstnodeToRefname(a), info: prevLineInfo(p)
+      )
     else:  # external hyperlink
-      setRef(p, rstnodeToRefname(a), b)
+      setRef(p, rstnodeToRefname(a), b, refType=hyperlinkAlias)
   elif match(p, p.idx, " |"):
     # substitution definitions:
     inc p.idx, 2
@@ -2494,9 +3554,218 @@ proc parseDotDot(p: var RstParser): PRstNode =
       (n = parseFootnote(p); n != nil):
     result = n
   else:
-    result = parseComment(p)
+    result = parseComment(p, col)
+
+proc rstParsePass1*(fragment: string,
+                    line, column: int,
+                    sharedState: PRstSharedState): PRstNode =
+  ## Parses an RST `fragment`.
+  ## The result should be further processed by
+  ## preparePass2_ and resolveSubs_ (which is pass 2).
+  var p: RstParser
+  initParser(p, sharedState)
+  p.line = line
+  p.col = column
+  getTokens(fragment, p.tok)
+  result = parseDoc(p)
+
+proc extractLinkEnd(x: string): string =
+  ## From links like `path/to/file.html#/%` extract `file.html#/%`.
+  let i = find(x, '#')
+  let last =
+    if i >= 0: i
+    else: x.len - 1
+  let j = rfind(x, '/', start=0, last=last)
+  if j >= 0:
+    result = x[j+1 .. ^1]
+  else:
+    result = x
+
+proc loadIdxFile(s: var PRstSharedState, origFilename: string) =
+  doAssert roSandboxDisabled in s.options
+  var info: TLineInfo
+  info.fileIndex = addFilename(s, origFilename)
+  var (dir, basename, ext) = origFilename.splitFile
+  if ext notin [".md", ".rst", ".nim", ""]:
+    rstMessage(s.filenames, s.msgHandler, s.idxImports[origFilename].fromInfo,
+               meCannotOpenFile, origFilename & ": unknown extension")
+  let idxFilename = dir / basename & ".idx"
+  let (idxPath, linkRelPath) = s.findRefFile(idxFilename)
+  s.idxImports[origFilename].linkRelPath = linkRelPath
+  var
+    fileEntries: seq[IndexEntry]
+    title: IndexEntry
+  try:
+    (fileEntries, title) = parseIdxFile(idxPath)
+  except IOError:
+    rstMessage(s.filenames, s.msgHandler, s.idxImports[origFilename].fromInfo,
+               meCannotOpenFile, idxPath)
+  except ValueError as e:
+    s.msgHandler(idxPath, LineRstInit, ColRstInit, meInvalidField, e.msg)
+
+  var isMarkup = false  # for sanity check to avoid mixing .md <-> .nim
+  for entry in fileEntries:
+    # Though target .idx already has inside it the path to HTML relative
+    # project's root, we won't rely on it and use `linkRelPath` instead.
+    let refn = extractLinkEnd(entry.link)
+    # select either markup (rst/md) or Nim cases:
+    if entry.kind in {ieMarkupTitle, ieNimTitle}:
+      s.idxImports[origFilename].title = entry.keyword
+    case entry.kind
+    of ieIdxRole, ieHeading, ieMarkupTitle:
+      if ext == ".nim" and entry.kind == ieMarkupTitle:
+        rstMessage(s, idxPath, meInvalidField,
+                   $ieMarkupTitle & " in supposedly .nim-derived file")
+      if entry.kind == ieMarkupTitle:
+        isMarkup = true
+      info.line = entry.line.uint16
+      addAnchorExtRst(s, key = entry.keyword, refn = refn,
+                      anchorType = headlineAnchor, info=info)
+    of ieNim, ieNimGroup, ieNimTitle:
+      if ext in [".md", ".rst"] or isMarkup:
+        rstMessage(s, idxPath, meInvalidField,
+                   $entry.kind & " in supposedly markup-derived file")
+      s.nimFileImported = true
+      var langSym: LangSymbol
+      if entry.kind in {ieNim, ieNimTitle}:
+        var q: RstParser
+        initParser(q, s)
+        info.line = entry.line.uint16
+        setLen(q.tok, 0)
+        q.idx = 0
+        getTokens(entry.linkTitle, q.tok)
+        var sons = newSeq[PRstNode](q.tok.len)
+        for i in 0 ..< q.tok.len: sons[i] = newLeaf(q.tok[i].symbol)
+        let linkTitle = newRstNode(rnInner, sons)
+        langSym = linkTitle.toLangSymbol
+      else:  # entry.kind == ieNimGroup
+        langSym = langSymbolGroup(kind=entry.linkTitle, name=entry.keyword)
+      addAnchorNim(s, external = true, refn = refn, tooltip = entry.linkDesc,
+                   langSym = langSym, priority = -4, # lowest
+                   info = info, module = info.fileIndex)
+  doAssert s.idxImports[origFilename].title != ""
+
+proc preparePass2*(s: var PRstSharedState, mainNode: PRstNode, importdoc = true) =
+  ## Records titles in node `mainNode` and orders footnotes.
+  countTitles(s, mainNode)
+  fixHeadlines(s)
+  orderFootnotes(s)
+  if importdoc:
+    for origFilename in s.idxImports.keys:
+      loadIdxFile(s, origFilename)
+
+proc resolveLink(s: PRstSharedState, n: PRstNode) : PRstNode =
+  # Associate this link alias with its target and change node kind to
+  # rnHyperlink or rnInternalRef appropriately.
+  var desc, alias: PRstNode
+  if n.kind == rnPandocRef:  # link like [desc][alias]
+    desc = n.sons[0]
+    alias = n.sons[1]
+  else:  # n.kind == rnRstRef, link like `desc=alias`_
+    desc = n
+    alias = n
+  type LinkDef = object
+    ar: AnchorRule
+    priority: int
+    tooltip: string
+    target: PRstNode
+    info: TLineInfo
+    externFilename: string
+      # when external anchor: origin filename where anchor was defined
+    isTitle: bool
+  proc cmp(x, y: LinkDef): int =
+    result = cmp(x.priority, y.priority)
+    if result == 0:
+      result = cmp(x.target, y.target)
+  var foundLinks: seq[LinkDef]
+  let refn = rstnodeToRefname(alias)
+  var hyperlinks = findRef(s, refn)
+  for y in hyperlinks:
+    foundLinks.add LinkDef(ar: arHyperlink, priority: refPriority(y.kind),
+                           target: y.value, info: y.info,
+                           tooltip: "(" & $y.kind & ")")
+  let substRst = findMainAnchorRst(s, alias.addNodes, n.info)
+  template getExternFilename(subst: AnchorSubst): string =
+    if subst.kind == arExternalRst or
+        (subst.kind == arNim and subst.external):
+      getFilename(s, subst)
+    else: ""
+  for subst in substRst:
+    var refname, fullRefname: string
+    if subst.kind == arInternalRst:
+      refname = subst.target.anchor
+      fullRefname = refname
+    else:  # arExternalRst
+      refname = subst.refnameExt
+      fullRefname = s.idxImports[getFilename(s, subst)].linkRelPath &
+                      "/" & refname
+    let anchorType =
+      if subst.kind == arInternalRst: subst.anchorType
+      else: subst.anchorTypeExt  # arExternalRst
+    foundLinks.add LinkDef(ar: subst.kind, priority: subst.priority,
+                           target: newLeaf(fullRefname),
+                           info: subst.info,
+                           externFilename: getExternFilename(subst),
+                           isTitle: isDocumentationTitle(refname),
+                           tooltip: "(" & $anchorType & ")")
+  # find anchors automatically generated from Nim symbols
+  if roNimFile in s.options or s.nimFileImported:
+    let substNim = findMainAnchorNim(s, signature=alias, n.info)
+    for subst in substNim:
+      let fullRefname =
+        if subst.external:
+          s.idxImports[getFilename(s, subst)].linkRelPath &
+              "/" & subst.refname
+        else: subst.refname
+      foundLinks.add LinkDef(ar: subst.kind, priority: subst.priority,
+                             target: newLeaf(fullRefname),
+                             externFilename: getExternFilename(subst),
+                             isTitle: isDocumentationTitle(subst.refname),
+                             info: subst.info, tooltip: subst.tooltip)
+  foundLinks.sort(cmp = cmp, order = Descending)
+  let aliasStr = addNodes(alias)
+  if foundLinks.len >= 1:
+    if foundLinks[0].externFilename != "":
+      s.idxImports[foundLinks[0].externFilename].used = true
+    let kind = if foundLinks[0].ar in {arHyperlink, arExternalRst}: rnHyperlink
+               elif foundLinks[0].ar == arNim:
+                 if foundLinks[0].externFilename == "": rnNimdocRef
+                 else: rnHyperlink
+               else: rnInternalRef
+    result = newRstNode(kind)
+    let documentName =  # filename without ext for `.nim`, title for `.md`
+      if foundLinks[0].ar == arNim:
+        changeFileExt(foundLinks[0].externFilename.extractFilename, "")
+      elif foundLinks[0].externFilename != "":
+        s.idxImports[foundLinks[0].externFilename].title
+      else: foundLinks[0].externFilename.extractFilename
+    let linkText =
+      if foundLinks[0].externFilename != "":
+        if foundLinks[0].isTitle: newLeaf(addNodes(desc))
+        else: newLeaf(documentName & ": " & addNodes(desc))
+      else:
+        newRstNode(rnInner, desc.sons)
+    result.sons = @[linkText, foundLinks[0].target]
+    if kind == rnNimdocRef: result.tooltip = foundLinks[0].tooltip
+    if foundLinks.len > 1:  # report ambiguous link
+      var targets = newSeq[string]()
+      for l in foundLinks:
+        var t = "    "
+        if s.filenames.len > 1:
+          t.add getFilename(s.filenames, l.info.fileIndex)
+        let n = l.info.line
+        let c = l.info.col + ColRstOffset
+        t.add "($1, $2): $3" % [$n, $c, l.tooltip]
+        targets.add t
+      rstMessage(s.filenames, s.msgHandler, n.info, mwAmbiguousLink,
+                 "`$1`\n  clash:\n$2" % [
+                   aliasStr, targets.join("\n")])
+  else:  # nothing found
+    result = n
+    rstMessage(s.filenames, s.msgHandler, n.info, mwBrokenLink, aliasStr)
 
-proc resolveSubs(p: var RstParser, n: PRstNode): PRstNode =
+proc resolveSubs*(s: PRstSharedState, n: PRstNode): PRstNode =
+  ## Makes pass 2 of RST parsing.
   ## Resolves substitutions and anchor aliases, groups footnotes.
   ## Takes input node `n` and returns the same node with recursive
   ## substitutions in `n.sons` to `result`.
@@ -2504,94 +3773,75 @@ proc resolveSubs(p: var RstParser, n: PRstNode): PRstNode =
   if n == nil: return
   case n.kind
   of rnSubstitutionReferences:
-    var x = findSub(p, n)
+    var x = findSub(s, n)
     if x >= 0:
-      result = p.s.subs[x].value
+      result = s.subs[x].value
     else:
       var key = addNodes(n)
       var e = getEnv(key)
       if e != "": result = newLeaf(e)
-      else: rstMessage(p, mwUnknownSubstitution, key)
-  of rnHeadline, rnOverline:
-    # fix up section levels depending on presence of a title and subtitle
-    if p.s.hTitleCnt == 2:
-      if n.level == 1:    # it's the subtitle
-        n.level = 0
-      elif n.level >= 2:  # normal sections
-        n.level -= 1
-    elif p.s.hTitleCnt == 0:
-      n.level += 1
-  of rnRef:
-    let refn = rstnodeToRefname(n)
-    var y = findRef(p, refn)
-    if y != nil:
-      result = newRstNode(rnHyperlink)
-      let text = newRstNode(rnInner, n.sons)
-      result.sons = @[text, y]
-    else:
-      let s = findMainAnchor(p, refn)
-      if s != "":
-        result = newRstNode(rnInternalRef)
-        let text = newRstNode(rnInner, n.sons)
-        result.sons = @[text,        # visible text of reference
-                        newLeaf(s)]  # link itself
+      else: rstMessage(s.filenames, s.msgHandler, n.info,
+                       mwUnknownSubstitution, key)
+  of rnRstRef, rnPandocRef:
+    result = resolveLink(s, n)
   of rnFootnote:
-    var (fnType, num) = getFootnoteType(n.sons[0])
+    var (fnType, num) = getFootnoteType(s, n.sons[0])
     case fnType
     of fnManualNumber, fnCitation:
       discard "no need to alter fixed text"
     of fnAutoNumberLabel, fnAutoNumber:
       if fnType == fnAutoNumberLabel:
         let labelR = rstnodeToRefname(n.sons[0])
-        num = getFootnoteNum(p, labelR)
+        num = getFootnoteNum(s, labelR)
       else:
-        num = getFootnoteNum(p, n.order)
+        num = getFootnoteNum(s, n.order)
       var nn = newRstNode(rnInner)
       nn.add newLeaf($num)
       result.sons[0] = nn
     of fnAutoSymbol:
-      let sym = getAutoSymbol(p, n.order)
+      let sym = getAutoSymbol(s, n.order)
       n.sons[0].sons[0].text = sym
-    n.sons[1] = resolveSubs(p, n.sons[1])
+    n.sons[1] = resolveSubs(s, n.sons[1])
   of rnFootnoteRef:
-    var (fnType, num) = getFootnoteType(n.sons[0])
+    var (fnType, num) = getFootnoteType(s, n.sons[0])
     template addLabel(number: int | string) =
       var nn = newRstNode(rnInner)
       nn.add newLeaf($number)
       result.add(nn)
     var refn = fnType.prefix
     # create new rnFootnoteRef, add final label, and finalize target refn:
-    result = newRstNode(rnFootnoteRef)
+    result = newRstNode(rnFootnoteRef, info = n.info)
     case fnType
     of fnManualNumber:
       addLabel num
       refn.add $num
     of fnAutoNumber:
-      addLabel getFootnoteNum(p, n.order)
-      refn.add $n.order
+      inc s.currFootnoteNumRef
+      addLabel getFootnoteNum(s, s.currFootnoteNumRef)
+      refn.add $s.currFootnoteNumRef
     of fnAutoNumberLabel:
-      addLabel getFootnoteNum(p, rstnodeToRefname(n))
+      addLabel getFootnoteNum(s, rstnodeToRefname(n))
       refn.add rstnodeToRefname(n)
     of fnAutoSymbol:
-      addLabel getAutoSymbol(p, n.order)
-      refn.add $n.order
+      inc s.currFootnoteSymRef
+      addLabel getAutoSymbol(s, s.currFootnoteSymRef)
+      refn.add $s.currFootnoteSymRef
     of fnCitation:
       result.add n.sons[0]
       refn.add rstnodeToRefname(n)
-    let s = findMainAnchor(p, refn)
-    if s != "":
-      result.add newLeaf(s)     # add link
+    # TODO: correctly report ambiguities
+    let anchorInfo = findMainAnchorRst(s, refn, n.info)
+    if anchorInfo.len != 0:
+      result.add newLeaf(anchorInfo[0].target.anchor)  # add link
     else:
-      rstMessage(p, mwUnknownSubstitution, refn)
+      rstMessage(s.filenames, s.msgHandler, n.info, mwBrokenLink, refn)
       result.add newLeaf(refn)  # add link
   of rnLeaf:
     discard
-  of rnContents:
-    p.hasToc = true
   else:
     var regroup = false
     for i in 0 ..< n.len:
-      n.sons[i] = resolveSubs(p, n.sons[i])
+      n.sons[i] = resolveSubs(s, n.sons[i])
       if n.sons[i] != nil and n.sons[i].kind == rnFootnote:
         regroup = true
     if regroup:  # group footnotes together into rnFootnoteGroup
@@ -2609,18 +3859,28 @@ proc resolveSubs(p: var RstParser, n: PRstNode): PRstNode =
           inc i
       result.sons = newSons
 
+proc completePass2*(s: PRstSharedState) =
+  for (filename, importdocInfo) in s.idxImports.pairs:
+    if not importdocInfo.used:
+      rstMessage(s.filenames, s.msgHandler, importdocInfo.fromInfo,
+                 mwUnusedImportdoc, filename)
+
 proc rstParse*(text, filename: string,
-               line, column: int, hasToc: var bool,
+               line, column: int,
                options: RstParseOptions,
                findFile: FindFileHandler = nil,
-               msgHandler: MsgHandler = nil): PRstNode =
-  var p: RstParser
-  initParser(p, newSharedState(options, findFile, msgHandler))
-  p.filename = filename
-  p.line = line
-  p.col = column + getTokens(text, roSkipPounds in options, p.tok)
-  let unresolved = parseDoc(p)
-  countTitles(p, unresolved)
-  orderFootnotes(p)
-  result = resolveSubs(p, unresolved)
-  hasToc = p.hasToc
+               findRefFile: FindRefFileHandler = nil,
+               msgHandler: MsgHandler = nil):
+              tuple[node: PRstNode, filenames: RstFileTable, hasToc: bool] =
+  ## Parses the whole `text`. The result is ready for `rstgen.renderRstToOut`,
+  ## note that 2nd tuple element should be fed to `initRstGenerator`
+  ## argument `filenames` (it is being filled here at least with `filename`
+  ## and possibly with other files from RST ``.. include::`` statement).
+  var sharedState = newRstSharedState(options, filename, findFile, findRefFile,
+                                      msgHandler, hasToc=false)
+  let unresolved = rstParsePass1(text, line, column, sharedState)
+  preparePass2(sharedState, unresolved)
+  result.node = resolveSubs(sharedState, unresolved)
+  completePass2(sharedState)
+  result.filenames = sharedState.filenames
+  result.hasToc = sharedState.hasToc
diff --git a/lib/packages/docutils/rstast.nim b/lib/packages/docutils/rstast.nim
index c68df7daa..2bbb0d0b8 100644
--- a/lib/packages/docutils/rstast.nim
+++ b/lib/packages/docutils/rstast.nim
@@ -8,10 +8,12 @@
 #
 
 ## This module implements an AST for the `reStructuredText`:idx: parser.
-##
-## **Note:** Import ``packages/docutils/rstast`` to use this module
 
-import strutils, json
+import std/[strutils, json]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 
 type
   RstNodeKind* = enum        ## the possible node kinds of an PRstNode
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ type
     rnBulletItem,             # a bullet item
     rnEnumList,               # an enumerated list
     rnEnumItem,               # an enumerated item
-    rnDefList,                # a definition list
+    rnDefList, rnMdDefList,   # a definition list (RST/Markdown)
     rnDefItem,                # an item of a definition list consisting of ...
     rnDefName,                # ... a name part ...
     rnDefBody,                # ... and a body part ...
@@ -34,7 +36,10 @@ type
     rnFieldName,              # consisting of a field name ...
     rnFieldBody,              # ... and a field body
     rnOptionList, rnOptionListItem, rnOptionGroup, rnOption, rnOptionString,
-    rnOptionArgument, rnDescription, rnLiteralBlock, rnQuotedLiteralBlock,
+    rnOptionArgument, rnDescription, rnLiteralBlock,
+    rnMarkdownBlockQuote,     # a quote starting from punctuation like >>>
+    rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem, # a quotation block, quote lines starting with
+                              # the same number of chars
     rnLineBlock,              # the | thingie
     rnLineBlockItem,          # a son of rnLineBlock - one line inside it.
                               # When `RstNode` lineIndent="\n" the line's empty
@@ -44,7 +49,11 @@ type
     rnCitation,               # similar to footnote, so use rnFootnote instead
     rnFootnoteGroup,          # footnote group - exists for a purely stylistic
                               # reason: to display a few footnotes as 1 block
-    rnStandaloneHyperlink, rnHyperlink, rnRef, rnInternalRef, rnFootnoteRef,
+    rnStandaloneHyperlink, rnHyperlink,
+    rnRstRef,                 # RST reference like `section name`_
+    rnPandocRef,              # Pandoc Markdown reference like [section name]
+    rnInternalRef, rnFootnoteRef,
+    rnNimdocRef,              # reference to automatically generated Nim symbol
     rnDirective,              # a general directive
     rnDirArg,                 # a directive argument (for some directives).
                               # here are directives that are not rnDirective:
@@ -57,12 +66,17 @@ type
                               #     * `file#id <file#id>`_
                               #     * `file#id <file#id>'_
     rnSubstitutionDef,        # a definition of a substitution
-    rnGeneralRole,            # Inline markup:
+    # Inline markup:
+    rnInlineCode,             # interpreted text with code in a known language
+    rnCodeFragment,           # inline code for highlighting with the specified
+                              # class (which cannot be inferred from context)
+    rnUnknownRole,            # interpreted text with an unknown role
     rnSub, rnSup, rnIdx,
     rnEmphasis,               # "*"
     rnStrongEmphasis,         # "**"
     rnTripleEmphasis,         # "***"
-    rnInterpretedText,        # "`"
+    rnInterpretedText,        # "`" an auxiliary role for parsing that will
+                              # be converted into other kinds like rnInlineCode
     rnInlineLiteral,          # "``"
     rnInlineTarget,           # "_`target`"
     rnSubstitutionReferences, # "|"
@@ -71,6 +85,11 @@ type
     rnLeaf                    # a leaf; the node's text field contains the
                               # leaf val
 
+  FileIndex* = distinct int32
+  TLineInfo* = object
+    line*: uint16
+    col*: int16
+    fileIndex*: FileIndex
 
   PRstNode* = ref RstNode    ## an RST node
   RstNodeSeq* = seq[PRstNode]
@@ -89,21 +108,42 @@ type
       level*: int             ## level of headings starting from 1 (main
                               ## chapter) to larger ones (minor sub-sections)
                               ## level=0 means it's document title or subtitle
-    of rnFootnote, rnCitation, rnFootnoteRef:
+    of rnFootnote, rnCitation, rnOptionListItem:
       order*: int             ## footnote order (for auto-symbol footnotes and
                               ## auto-numbered ones without a label)
+    of rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem:
+      quotationDepth*: int    ## number of characters in line prefix
+    of rnRstRef, rnPandocRef, rnSubstitutionReferences,
+        rnInterpretedText, rnField, rnInlineCode, rnCodeBlock, rnFootnoteRef:
+      info*: TLineInfo        ## To have line/column info for warnings at
+                              ## nodes that are post-processed after parsing
+    of rnNimdocRef:
+      tooltip*: string
+    of rnTable, rnGridTable, rnMarkdownTable:
+      colCount*: int          ## Number of (not-united) cells in the table
+    of rnTableRow:
+      endsHeader*: bool       ## Is last row in the header of table?
+    of rnTableHeaderCell, rnTableDataCell:
+      span*: int              ## Number of table columns that the cell occupies
     else:
       discard
     anchor*: string           ## anchor, internal link target
                               ## (aka HTML id tag, aka Latex label/hypertarget)
     sons*: RstNodeSeq        ## the node's sons
 
+proc `==`*(a, b: FileIndex): bool {.borrow.}
+
 proc len*(n: PRstNode): int =
   result = len(n.sons)
 
 proc newRstNode*(kind: RstNodeKind, sons: seq[PRstNode] = @[],
                  anchor = ""): PRstNode =
+  result = PRstNode(kind: kind, sons: sons, anchor: anchor)
+
+proc newRstNode*(kind: RstNodeKind, info: TLineInfo,
+                 sons: seq[PRstNode] = @[]): PRstNode =
   result = PRstNode(kind: kind, sons: sons)
+  result.info = info
 
 proc newRstNode*(kind: RstNodeKind, s: string): PRstNode {.deprecated.} =
   assert kind in {rnLeaf, rnSmiley}
@@ -244,7 +284,7 @@ proc renderRstToRst(d: var RenderContext, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
     inc(d.indent, 2)
     renderRstSons(d, n, result)
     dec(d.indent, 2)
-  of rnRef:
+  of rnRstRef:
     result.add("`")
     renderRstSons(d, n, result)
     result.add("`_")
@@ -254,7 +294,7 @@ proc renderRstToRst(d: var RenderContext, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
     result.add(" <")
     renderRstToRst(d, n.sons[1], result)
     result.add(">`_")
-  of rnGeneralRole:
+  of rnUnknownRole:
     result.add('`')
     renderRstToRst(d, n.sons[0],result)
     result.add("`:")
@@ -337,19 +377,35 @@ proc renderRstToJsonNode(node: PRstNode): JsonNode =
 
 proc renderRstToJson*(node: PRstNode): string =
   ## Writes the given RST node as JSON that is in the form
-  ## ::
-  ##   {
-  ##     "kind":string node.kind,
-  ##     "text":optional string node.text,
-  ##     "level":optional int node.level,
-  ##     "sons":optional node array
-  ##   }
+  ##
+  ##     {
+  ##       "kind":string node.kind,
+  ##       "text":optional string node.text,
+  ##       "level":optional int node.level,
+  ##       "sons":optional node array
+  ##     }
   renderRstToJsonNode(node).pretty
 
-proc renderRstToStr*(node: PRstNode, indent=0): string =
-  ## Writes the parsed RST `node` into a compact string
+proc renderRstToText*(node: PRstNode): string =
+  ## minimal text representation of markup node
+  const code = {rnCodeFragment, rnInterpretedText, rnInlineLiteral, rnInlineCode}
+  if node == nil:
+    return ""
+  case node.kind
+  of rnLeaf, rnSmiley:
+    result.add node.text
+  else:
+    if node.kind in code: result.add "`"
+    for i in 0 ..< node.sons.len:
+      if node.kind in {rnInlineCode, rnCodeBlock} and i == 0:
+        continue  # omit language specifier
+      result.add renderRstToText(node.sons[i])
+    if node.kind in code: result.add "`"
+
+proc treeRepr*(node: PRstNode, indent=0): string =
+  ## Writes the parsed RST `node` into an AST tree with compact string
   ## representation in the format (one line per every sub-node):
-  ## ``indent - kind - text - level - order - anchor (if non-zero)``
+  ## ``indent - kind - [text|level|order|adType] - anchor (if non-zero)``
   ## (suitable for debugging of RST parsing).
   if node == nil:
     result.add " ".repeat(indent) & "[nil]\n"
@@ -357,21 +413,32 @@ proc renderRstToStr*(node: PRstNode, indent=0): string =
   result.add " ".repeat(indent) & $node.kind
   case node.kind
   of rnLeaf, rnSmiley:
-    result.add (if node.text == "": "" else: "\t'" & node.text & "'")
+    result.add (if node.text == "": "" else: "  '" & node.text & "'")
   of rnEnumList:
-    result.add "\tlabelFmt=" & node.labelFmt
+    result.add "  labelFmt=" & node.labelFmt
   of rnLineBlockItem:
     var txt: string
-    if node.lineIndent == "\n": txt = "\t(blank line)"
-    else: txt = "\tlineIndent=" & $node.lineIndent.len
+    if node.lineIndent == "\n": txt = "  (blank line)"
+    else: txt = "  lineIndent=" & $node.lineIndent.len
     result.add txt
+  of rnAdmonition:
+    result.add "  adType=" & node.adType
   of rnHeadline, rnOverline, rnMarkdownHeadline:
-    result.add "\tlevel=" & $node.level
-  of rnFootnote, rnCitation, rnFootnoteRef:
-    result.add (if node.order == 0:   "" else: "\torder=" & $node.order)
+    result.add "  level=" & $node.level
+  of rnFootnote, rnCitation, rnOptionListItem:
+    result.add (if node.order == 0:   "" else: "  order=" & $node.order)
+  of rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem:
+    result.add "  quotationDepth=" & $node.quotationDepth
+  of rnTable, rnGridTable, rnMarkdownTable:
+    result.add "  colCount=" & $node.colCount
+  of rnTableHeaderCell, rnTableDataCell:
+    if node.span > 0:
+      result.add "  span=" & $node.span
+  of rnTableRow:
+    if node.endsHeader: result.add "  endsHeader"
   else:
     discard
-  result.add (if node.anchor == "": "" else: "\tanchor='" & node.anchor & "'")
+  result.add (if node.anchor == "": "" else: "  anchor='" & node.anchor & "'")
   result.add "\n"
   for son in node.sons:
-    result.add renderRstToStr(son, indent=indent+2)
+    result.add treeRepr(son, indent=indent+2)
diff --git a/lib/packages/docutils/rstgen.nim b/lib/packages/docutils/rstgen.nim
index c52a0fdcc..7fc0ac03a 100644
--- a/lib/packages/docutils/rstgen.nim
+++ b/lib/packages/docutils/rstgen.nim
@@ -37,12 +37,16 @@
 ##
 ## * The same goes for footnotes/citations links: they point to themselves.
 ##   No backreferences are generated since finding all references of a footnote
-##   can be done by simply searching for [footnoteName].
-##
-## .. Tip: Import ``packages/docutils/rstgen`` to use this module
+##   can be done by simply searching for ``[footnoteName]``.
+
+import std/[strutils, os, hashes, strtabs, tables, sequtils,
+  algorithm, parseutils, strbasics]
+
+import rstast, rst, rstidx, highlite
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, syncio, formatfloat]
 
-import strutils, os, hashes, strtabs, rstast, rst, highlite, tables, sequtils,
-  algorithm, parseutils
 
 import ../../std/private/since
 
@@ -55,26 +59,26 @@ type
     outHtml,            # output is HTML
     outLatex            # output is Latex
 
-  TocEntry = object
-    n*: PRstNode
-    refname*, header*: string
-
   MetaEnum* = enum
-    metaNone, metaTitle, metaSubtitle, metaAuthor, metaVersion
+    metaNone, metaTitleRaw, metaTitle, metaSubtitle, metaAuthor, metaVersion
+
+  EscapeMode* = enum  # in Latex text inside options [] and URLs is
+                      # escaped slightly differently than in normal text
+    emText, emOption, emUrl  # emText is currently used for code also
 
   RstGenerator* = object of RootObj
     target*: OutputTarget
     config*: StringTableRef
     splitAfter*: int          # split too long entries in the TOC
     listingCounter*: int
-    tocPart*: seq[TocEntry]
+    tocPart*: seq[PRstNode]   # headings for Table of Contents
     hasToc*: bool
     theIndex: string # Contents of the index file to be dumped at the end.
-    options*: RstParseOptions
     findFile*: FindFileHandler
     msgHandler*: MsgHandler
     outDir*: string      ## output directory, initialized by docgen.nim
     destFile*: string    ## output (HTML) file, initialized by docgen.nim
+    filenames*: RstFileTable
     filename*: string         ## source Nim or Rst file
     meta*: array[MetaEnum, string]
     currentSection: string ## \
@@ -85,7 +89,9 @@ type
     ## for hyperlinks. See renderIndexTerm proc for details.
     id*: int               ## A counter useful for generating IDs.
     onTestSnippet*: proc (d: var RstGenerator; filename, cmd: string; status: int;
-                          content: string)
+                          content: string) {.gcsafe.}
+    escMode*: EscapeMode
+    curQuotationDepth: int
 
   PDoc = var RstGenerator ## Alias to type less.
 
@@ -109,9 +115,10 @@ proc init(p: var CodeBlockParams) =
 
 proc initRstGenerator*(g: var RstGenerator, target: OutputTarget,
                        config: StringTableRef, filename: string,
-                       options: RstParseOptions,
                        findFile: FindFileHandler = nil,
-                       msgHandler: MsgHandler = nil) =
+                       msgHandler: MsgHandler = nil,
+                       filenames = default(RstFileTable),
+                       hasToc = false) =
   ## Initializes a ``RstGenerator``.
   ##
   ## You need to call this before using a ``RstGenerator`` with any other
@@ -147,22 +154,25 @@ proc initRstGenerator*(g: var RstGenerator, target: OutputTarget,
   ##
   ## Example:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   import packages/docutils/rstgen
   ##
   ##   var gen: RstGenerator
   ##   gen.initRstGenerator(outHtml, defaultConfig(), "filename", {})
+  ##   ```
   g.config = config
   g.target = target
   g.tocPart = @[]
+  g.hasToc = hasToc
   g.filename = filename
+  g.filenames = filenames
   g.splitAfter = 20
   g.theIndex = ""
-  g.options = options
   g.findFile = findFile
   g.currentSection = ""
   g.id = 0
+  g.escMode = emText
+  g.curQuotationDepth = 0
   let fileParts = filename.splitFile
   if fileParts.ext == ".nim":
     g.currentSection = "Module " & fileParts.name
@@ -181,7 +191,9 @@ proc writeIndexFile*(g: var RstGenerator, outfile: string) =
   ## If the index is empty the file won't be created.
   if g.theIndex.len > 0: writeFile(outfile, g.theIndex)
 
-proc addXmlChar(dest: var string, c: char) =
+proc addHtmlChar(dest: var string, c: char) =
+  # Escapes HTML characters. Note that single quote ' is not escaped as
+  # &apos; -- unlike XML (for standards pre HTML5 it was even forbidden).
   case c
   of '&': add(dest, "&amp;")
   of '<': add(dest, "&lt;")
@@ -189,35 +201,36 @@ proc addXmlChar(dest: var string, c: char) =
   of '\"': add(dest, "&quot;")
   else: add(dest, c)
 
-proc addRtfChar(dest: var string, c: char) =
+proc addTexChar(dest: var string, c: char, escMode: EscapeMode) =
+  ## Escapes 10 special Latex characters and sometimes ` and [, ].
+  ## TODO: @ is always a normal symbol (besides the header), am I wrong?
+  ## All escapes that need to work in text and code blocks (`emText` mode)
+  ## should start from \ (to be compatible with fancyvrb/fvextra).
   case c
-  of '{': add(dest, "\\{")
-  of '}': add(dest, "\\}")
-  of '\\': add(dest, "\\\\")
+  of '_', '&', '#', '%': add(dest, "\\" & c)
+  # commands \label and \pageref don't accept \$ by some reason but OK with $:
+  of '$': (if escMode == emUrl: add(dest, c) else: add(dest, "\\" & c))
+  # \~ and \^ have a special meaning unless they are followed by {}
+  of '~', '^': add(dest, "\\" & c & "{}")
+  # Latex loves to substitute ` to opening quote, even in texttt mode!
+  of '`': add(dest, "\\textasciigrave{}")
+  # add {} to avoid gobbling up space by \textbackslash
+  of '\\': add(dest, "\\textbackslash{}")
+  # Using { and } in URL in Latex: https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/469175
+  of '{':
+    add(dest, if escMode == emUrl: "\\%7B" else: "\\{")
+  of '}':
+    add(dest, if escMode == emUrl: "\\%7D" else: "\\}")
+  of ']':
+    # escape ] inside an optional argument in e.g. \section[static[T]]{..
+    add(dest, if escMode == emOption: "\\text{]}" else: "]")
   else: add(dest, c)
 
-proc addTexChar(dest: var string, c: char) =
-  case c
-  of '_': add(dest, "\\_")
-  of '{': add(dest, "\\symbol{123}")
-  of '}': add(dest, "\\symbol{125}")
-  of '[': add(dest, "\\symbol{91}")
-  of ']': add(dest, "\\symbol{93}")
-  of '\\': add(dest, "\\symbol{92}")
-  of '$': add(dest, "\\$")
-  of '&': add(dest, "\\&")
-  of '#': add(dest, "\\#")
-  of '%': add(dest, "\\%")
-  of '~': add(dest, "\\symbol{126}")
-  of '@': add(dest, "\\symbol{64}")
-  of '^': add(dest, "\\symbol{94}")
-  of '`': add(dest, "\\symbol{96}")
-  else: add(dest, c)
-
-proc escChar*(target: OutputTarget, dest: var string, c: char) {.inline.} =
+proc escChar*(target: OutputTarget, dest: var string,
+              c: char, escMode: EscapeMode) {.inline.} =
   case target
-  of outHtml:  addXmlChar(dest, c)
-  of outLatex: addTexChar(dest, c)
+  of outHtml:  addHtmlChar(dest, c)
+  of outLatex: addTexChar(dest, c, escMode)
 
 proc addSplitter(target: OutputTarget; dest: var string) {.inline.} =
   case target
@@ -236,7 +249,7 @@ proc nextSplitPoint*(s: string, start: int): int =
     inc(result)
   dec(result)                 # last valid index
 
-proc esc*(target: OutputTarget, s: string, splitAfter = -1): string =
+proc esc*(target: OutputTarget, s: string, splitAfter = -1, escMode = emText): string =
   ## Escapes the HTML.
   result = ""
   if splitAfter >= 0:
@@ -247,11 +260,11 @@ proc esc*(target: OutputTarget, s: string, splitAfter = -1): string =
       #if (splitter != " ") or (partLen + k - j + 1 > splitAfter):
       partLen = 0
       addSplitter(target, result)
-      for i in countup(j, k): escChar(target, result, s[i])
+      for i in countup(j, k): escChar(target, result, s[i], escMode)
       inc(partLen, k - j + 1)
       j = k + 1
   else:
-    for i in countup(0, len(s) - 1): escChar(target, result, s[i])
+    for i in countup(0, len(s) - 1): escChar(target, result, s[i], escMode)
 
 
 proc disp(target: OutputTarget, xml, tex: string): string =
@@ -271,19 +284,18 @@ proc dispA(target: OutputTarget, dest: var string,
 proc `or`(x, y: string): string {.inline.} =
   result = if x.len == 0: y else: x
 
-proc renderRstToOut*(d: var RstGenerator, n: PRstNode, result: var string)
+proc renderRstToOut*(d: var RstGenerator, n: PRstNode, result: var string) {.gcsafe.}
   ## Writes into ``result`` the rst ast ``n`` using the ``d`` configuration.
   ##
   ## Before using this proc you need to initialise a ``RstGenerator`` with
   ## ``initRstGenerator`` and parse a rst file with ``rstParse`` from the
   ## `packages/docutils/rst module <rst.html>`_. Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   # ...configure gen and rst vars...
   ##   var generatedHtml = ""
   ##   renderRstToOut(gen, rst, generatedHtml)
   ##   echo generatedHtml
+  ##   ```
 
 proc renderAux(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
   for i in countup(0, len(n)-1): renderRstToOut(d, n.sons[i], result)
@@ -310,31 +322,8 @@ proc renderAux(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, html, tex: string, result: var string) =
 
 # ---------------- index handling --------------------------------------------
 
-proc quoteIndexColumn(text: string): string =
-  ## Returns a safe version of `text` for serialization to the ``.idx`` file.
-  ##
-  ## The returned version can be put without worries in a line based tab
-  ## separated column text file. The following character sequence replacements
-  ## will be performed for that goal:
-  ##
-  ## * ``"\\"`` => ``"\\\\"``
-  ## * ``"\n"`` => ``"\\n"``
-  ## * ``"\t"`` => ``"\\t"``
-  result = newStringOfCap(text.len + 3)
-  for c in text:
-    case c
-    of '\\': result.add "\\"
-    of '\L': result.add "\\n"
-    of '\C': discard
-    of '\t': result.add "\\t"
-    else: result.add c
-
-proc unquoteIndexColumn(text: string): string =
-  ## Returns the unquoted version generated by ``quoteIndexColumn``.
-  result = text.multiReplace(("\\t", "\t"), ("\\n", "\n"), ("\\\\", "\\"))
-
-proc setIndexTerm*(d: var RstGenerator, htmlFile, id, term: string,
-                   linkTitle, linkDesc = "") =
+proc setIndexTerm*(d: var RstGenerator; k: IndexEntryKind, htmlFile, id, term: string,
+                   linkTitle, linkDesc = "", line = 0) =
   ## Adds a `term` to the index using the specified hyperlink identifier.
   ##
   ## A new entry will be added to the index using the format
@@ -357,21 +346,8 @@ proc setIndexTerm*(d: var RstGenerator, htmlFile, id, term: string,
   ## <#writeIndexFile,RstGenerator,string>`_. The purpose of the index is
   ## documented in the `docgen tools guide
   ## <docgen.html#related-options-index-switch>`_.
-  var
-    entry = term
-    isTitle = false
-  entry.add('\t')
-  entry.add(htmlFile)
-  if id.len > 0:
-    entry.add('#')
-    entry.add(id)
-  else:
-    isTitle = true
-  if linkTitle.len > 0 or linkDesc.len > 0:
-    entry.add('\t' & linkTitle.quoteIndexColumn)
-    entry.add('\t' & linkDesc.quoteIndexColumn)
-  entry.add("\n")
-
+  let (entry, isTitle) = formatIndexEntry(k, htmlFile, id, term,
+                                          linkTitle, linkDesc, line)
   if isTitle: d.theIndex.insert(entry)
   else: d.theIndex.add(entry)
 
@@ -384,6 +360,15 @@ proc hash(n: PRstNode): int =
       result = result !& hash(n.sons[i])
     result = !$result
 
+proc htmlFileRelPath(d: PDoc): string =
+  if d.outDir.len == 0:
+    # /foo/bar/zoo.nim -> zoo.html
+    changeFileExt(extractFilename(d.filename), HtmlExt)
+  else: # d is initialized in docgen.nim
+    # outDir   = /foo              -\
+    # destFile = /foo/bar/zoo.html -|-> bar/zoo.html
+    d.destFile.relativePath(d.outDir, '/')
+
 proc renderIndexTerm*(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
   ## Renders the string decorated within \`foobar\`\:idx\: markers.
   ##
@@ -400,18 +385,13 @@ proc renderIndexTerm*(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
 
   var term = ""
   renderAux(d, n, term)
-  setIndexTerm(d, changeFileExt(extractFilename(d.filename), HtmlExt), id, term, d.currentSection)
-  dispA(d.target, result, "<span id=\"$1\">$2</span>", "$2\\label{$1}",
+  setIndexTerm(d, ieIdxRole,
+  htmlFileRelPath(d), id, term, d.currentSection)
+  dispA(d.target, result, "<span id=\"$1\">$2</span>", "\\nimindexterm{$1}{$2}",
         [id, term])
 
 type
-  IndexEntry = object
-    keyword: string
-    link: string
-    linkTitle: string ## contains a prettier text for the href
-    linkDesc: string ## the title attribute of the final href
-
-  IndexedDocs = Table[IndexEntry, seq[IndexEntry]] ## \
+  IndexedDocs* = Table[IndexEntry, seq[IndexEntry]] ## \
     ## Contains the index sequences for doc types.
     ##
     ## The key is a *fake* IndexEntry which will contain the title of the
@@ -421,21 +401,6 @@ type
     ## The value indexed by this IndexEntry is a sequence with the real index
     ## entries found in the ``.idx`` file.
 
-proc cmp(a, b: IndexEntry): int =
-  ## Sorts two ``IndexEntry`` first by `keyword` field, then by `link`.
-  result = cmpIgnoreStyle(a.keyword, b.keyword)
-  if result == 0:
-    result = cmpIgnoreStyle(a.link, b.link)
-
-proc hash(x: IndexEntry): Hash =
-  ## Returns the hash for the combined fields of the type.
-  ##
-  ## The hash is computed as the chained hash of the individual string hashes.
-  result = x.keyword.hash !& x.link.hash
-  result = result !& x.linkTitle.hash
-  result = result !& x.linkDesc.hash
-  result = !$result
-
 when defined(gcDestructors):
   template `<-`(a, b: var IndexEntry) = a = move(b)
 else:
@@ -444,6 +409,7 @@ else:
     shallowCopy a.link, b.link
     shallowCopy a.linkTitle, b.linkTitle
     shallowCopy a.linkDesc, b.linkDesc
+    shallowCopy a.module, b.module
 
 proc sortIndex(a: var openArray[IndexEntry]) =
   # we use shellsort here; fast and simple
@@ -483,16 +449,20 @@ proc generateSymbolIndex(symbols: seq[IndexEntry]): string =
   result = "<dl>"
   var i = 0
   while i < symbols.len:
-    let keyword = symbols[i].keyword
+    let keyword = esc(outHtml, symbols[i].keyword)
     let cleanedKeyword = keyword.escapeLink
     result.addf("<dt><a name=\"$2\" href=\"#$2\"><span>$1:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class=\"simple\">\n",
                 [keyword, cleanedKeyword])
     var j = i
-    while j < symbols.len and keyword == symbols[j].keyword:
+    while j < symbols.len and symbols[i].keyword == symbols[j].keyword:
       let
         url = symbols[j].link.escapeLink
-        text = if symbols[j].linkTitle.len > 0: symbols[j].linkTitle else: url
-        desc = if symbols[j].linkDesc.len > 0: symbols[j].linkDesc else: ""
+        module = symbols[j].module
+        text =
+          if symbols[j].linkTitle.len > 0:
+            esc(outHtml, module & ": " & symbols[j].linkTitle)
+          else: url
+        desc = symbols[j].linkDesc
       if desc.len > 0:
         result.addf("""<li><a class="reference external"
           title="$3" data-doc-search-tag="$2" href="$1">$2</a></li>
@@ -506,13 +476,6 @@ proc generateSymbolIndex(symbols: seq[IndexEntry]): string =
     i = j
   result.add("</dl>")
 
-proc isDocumentationTitle(hyperlink: string): bool =
-  ## Returns true if the hyperlink is actually a documentation title.
-  ##
-  ## Documentation titles lack the hash. See `mergeIndexes()
-  ## <#mergeIndexes,string>`_ for a more detailed explanation.
-  result = hyperlink.find('#') < 0
-
 proc stripTocLevel(s: string): tuple[level: int, text: string] =
   ## Returns the *level* of the toc along with the text without it.
   for c in 0 ..< s.len:
@@ -546,17 +509,15 @@ proc generateDocumentationToc(entries: seq[IndexEntry]): string =
     level = 1
   levels.newSeq(entries.len)
   for entry in entries:
-    let (rawLevel, rawText) = stripTocLevel(entry.linkTitle or entry.keyword)
+    let (rawLevel, rawText) = stripTocLevel(entry.linkTitle)
     if rawLevel < 1:
       # This is a normal symbol, push it *inside* one level from the last one.
       levels[L].level = level + 1
-      # Also, ignore the linkTitle and use directly the keyword.
-      levels[L].text = entry.keyword
     else:
       # The level did change, update the level indicator.
       level = rawLevel
       levels[L].level = rawLevel
-      levels[L].text = rawText
+    levels[L].text = rawText
     inc L
 
   # Now generate hierarchical lists based on the precalculated levels.
@@ -587,7 +548,7 @@ proc generateDocumentationIndex(docs: IndexedDocs): string =
   for title in titles:
     let tocList = generateDocumentationToc(docs.getOrDefault(title))
     result.add("<ul><li><a href=\"" &
-      title.link & "\">" & title.keyword & "</a>\n" & tocList & "</li></ul>\n")
+      title.link & "\">" & title.linkTitle & "</a>\n" & tocList & "</li></ul>\n")
 
 proc generateDocumentationJumps(docs: IndexedDocs): string =
   ## Returns a plain list of hyperlinks to documentation TOCs in HTML.
@@ -599,7 +560,7 @@ proc generateDocumentationJumps(docs: IndexedDocs): string =
 
   var chunks: seq[string] = @[]
   for title in titles:
-    chunks.add("<a href=\"" & title.link & "\">" & title.keyword & "</a>")
+    chunks.add("<a href=\"" & title.link & "\">" & title.linkTitle & "</a>")
 
   result.add(chunks.join(", ") & ".<br/>")
 
@@ -613,7 +574,7 @@ proc generateModuleJumps(modules: seq[string]): string =
 
   result.add(chunks.join(", ") & ".<br/>")
 
-proc readIndexDir(dir: string):
+proc readIndexDir*(dir: string):
     tuple[modules: seq[string], symbols: seq[IndexEntry], docs: IndexedDocs] =
   ## Walks `dir` reading ``.idx`` files converting them in IndexEntry items.
   ##
@@ -628,39 +589,12 @@ proc readIndexDir(dir: string):
   # Scan index files and build the list of symbols.
   for path in walkDirRec(dir):
     if path.endsWith(IndexExt):
-      var
-        fileEntries: seq[IndexEntry]
-        title: IndexEntry
-        f = 0
-      newSeq(fileEntries, 500)
-      setLen(fileEntries, 0)
-      for line in lines(path):
-        let s = line.find('\t')
-        if s < 0: continue
-        setLen(fileEntries, f+1)
-        fileEntries[f].keyword = line.substr(0, s-1)
-        fileEntries[f].link = line.substr(s+1)
-        # See if we detect a title, a link without a `#foobar` trailing part.
-        if title.keyword.len == 0 and fileEntries[f].link.isDocumentationTitle:
-          title.keyword = fileEntries[f].keyword
-          title.link = fileEntries[f].link
-
-        if fileEntries[f].link.find('\t') > 0:
-          let extraCols = fileEntries[f].link.split('\t')
-          fileEntries[f].link = extraCols[0]
-          assert extraCols.len == 3
-          fileEntries[f].linkTitle = extraCols[1].unquoteIndexColumn
-          fileEntries[f].linkDesc = extraCols[2].unquoteIndexColumn
-        else:
-          fileEntries[f].linkTitle = ""
-          fileEntries[f].linkDesc = ""
-        inc f
+      var (fileEntries, title) = parseIdxFile(path)
       # Depending on type add this to the list of symbols or table of APIs.
-      if title.keyword.len == 0:
-        for i in 0 ..< f:
-          # Don't add to symbols TOC entries (they start with a whitespace).
-          let toc = fileEntries[i].linkTitle
-          if toc.len > 0 and toc[0] == ' ':
+
+      if title.kind == ieNimTitle:
+        for i in 0 ..< fileEntries.len:
+          if fileEntries[i].kind != ieNim:
             continue
           # Ok, non TOC entry, add it.
           setLen(result.symbols, L + 1)
@@ -670,16 +604,22 @@ proc readIndexDir(dir: string):
           var x = fileEntries[0].link
           let i = find(x, '#')
           if i > 0:
-            x = x.substr(0, i-1)
+            x.setLen(i)
           if i != 0:
             # don't add entries starting with '#'
             result.modules.add(x.changeFileExt(""))
       else:
         # Generate the symbolic anchor for index quickjumps.
-        title.linkTitle = "doc_toc_" & $result.docs.len
+        title.aux = "doc_toc_" & $result.docs.len
         result.docs[title] = fileEntries
 
-  sort(result.modules, system.cmp)
+      for i in 0 ..< fileEntries.len:
+        if fileEntries[i].kind != ieIdxRole:
+          continue
+
+        setLen(result.symbols, L + 1)
+        result.symbols[L] = fileEntries[i]
+        inc L
 
 proc mergeIndexes*(dir: string): string =
   ## Merges all index files in `dir` and returns the generated index as HTML.
@@ -710,6 +650,7 @@ proc mergeIndexes*(dir: string): string =
   ## Returns the merged and sorted indices into a single HTML block which can
   ## be further embedded into nimdoc templates.
   var (modules, symbols, docs) = readIndexDir(dir)
+  sort(modules, system.cmp)
 
   result = ""
   # Generate a quick jump list of documents.
@@ -737,67 +678,32 @@ proc mergeIndexes*(dir: string): string =
 
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-proc stripTocHtml(s: string): string =
-  ## Ugly quick hack to remove HTML tags from TOC titles.
-  ##
-  ## A TocEntry.header field already contains rendered HTML tags. Instead of
-  ## implementing a proper version of renderRstToOut() which recursively
-  ## renders an rst tree to plain text, we simply remove text found between
-  ## angled brackets. Given the limited possibilities of rst inside TOC titles
-  ## this should be enough.
-  result = s
-  var first = result.find('<')
-  while first >= 0:
-    let last = result.find('>', first)
-    if last < 0:
-      # Abort, since we didn't found a closing angled bracket.
-      return
-    result.delete(first, last)
-    first = result.find('<', first)
-
 proc renderHeadline(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
   var tmp = ""
   for i in countup(0, len(n) - 1): renderRstToOut(d, n.sons[i], tmp)
   d.currentSection = tmp
-  # Find the last higher level section for unique reference name
-  var sectionPrefix = ""
-  for i in countdown(d.tocPart.high, 0):
-    let n2 = d.tocPart[i].n
-    if n2.level < n.level:
-      sectionPrefix = rstnodeToRefname(n2) & "-"
-      break
-  var refname = sectionPrefix & rstnodeToRefname(n)
+  var tocName = esc(d.target, renderRstToText(n), escMode = emOption)
+    # for Latex: simple text without commands that may break TOC/hyperref
   if d.hasToc:
-    var length = len(d.tocPart)
-    setLen(d.tocPart, length + 1)
-    d.tocPart[length].refname = refname
-    d.tocPart[length].n = n
-    d.tocPart[length].header = tmp
-
+    d.tocPart.add n
     dispA(d.target, result, "\n<h$1><a class=\"toc-backref\"" &
-      "$2 href=\"#$5\">$3</a></h$1>", "\\rsth$4{$3}$2\n",
-      [$n.level, refname.idS, tmp, $chr(n.level - 1 + ord('A')), refname])
+      "$2 href=\"#$5\">$3</a></h$1>", "\\rsth$4[$6]{$3}$2\n",
+      [$n.level, n.anchor.idS, tmp,
+       $chr(n.level - 1 + ord('A')), n.anchor, tocName])
   else:
     dispA(d.target, result, "\n<h$1$2>$3</h$1>",
-                            "\\rsth$4{$3}$2\n", [
-        $n.level, refname.idS, tmp,
-        $chr(n.level - 1 + ord('A'))])
+                            "\\rsth$4[$5]{$3}$2\n", [
+        $n.level, n.anchor.idS, tmp,
+        $chr(n.level - 1 + ord('A')), tocName])
 
   # Generate index entry using spaces to indicate TOC level for the output HTML.
   assert n.level >= 0
-  let
-    htmlFileRelPath = if d.outDir.len == 0:
-                        # /foo/bar/zoo.nim -> zoo.html
-                        changeFileExt(extractFilename(d.filename), HtmlExt)
-                      else: # d is initialized in docgen.nim
-                        # outDir   = /foo              -\
-                        # destFile = /foo/bar/zoo.html -|-> bar/zoo.html
-                        d.destFile.relativePath(d.outDir, '/')
-  setIndexTerm(d, htmlFileRelPath, refname, tmp.stripTocHtml,
-    spaces(max(0, n.level)) & tmp)
+  setIndexTerm(d, ieHeading, htmlFile = d.htmlFileRelPath, id = n.anchor,
+               term = n.addNodes, linkTitle = spaces(max(0, n.level)) & tmp)
 
 proc renderOverline(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
   if n.level == 0 and d.meta[metaTitle].len == 0:
+    d.meta[metaTitleRaw] = n.addNodes
     for i in countup(0, len(n)-1):
       renderRstToOut(d, n.sons[i], d.meta[metaTitle])
     d.currentSection = d.meta[metaTitle]
@@ -809,21 +715,25 @@ proc renderOverline(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
     var tmp = ""
     for i in countup(0, len(n) - 1): renderRstToOut(d, n.sons[i], tmp)
     d.currentSection = tmp
+    var tocName = esc(d.target, renderRstToText(n), escMode=emOption)
     dispA(d.target, result, "<h$1$2><center>$3</center></h$1>",
-                   "\\rstov$4{$3}$2\n", [$n.level,
-        rstnodeToRefname(n).idS, tmp, $chr(n.level - 1 + ord('A'))])
-
-
-proc renderTocEntry(d: PDoc, e: TocEntry, result: var string) =
+                   "\\rstov$4[$5]{$3}$2\n", [$n.level,
+                   n.anchor.idS, tmp, $chr(n.level - 1 + ord('A')), tocName])
+    setIndexTerm(d, ieHeading, htmlFile = d.htmlFileRelPath, id = n.anchor,
+                 term = n.addNodes, linkTitle = spaces(max(0, n.level)) & tmp)
+
+proc renderTocEntry(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
+  var header = ""
+  for i in countup(0, len(n) - 1): renderRstToOut(d, n.sons[i], header)
   dispA(d.target, result,
     "<li><a class=\"reference\" id=\"$1_toc\" href=\"#$1\">$2</a></li>\n",
-    "\\item\\label{$1_toc} $2\\ref{$1}\n", [e.refname, e.header])
+    "\\item\\label{$1_toc} $2\\ref{$1}\n", [n.anchor, header])
 
 proc renderTocEntries*(d: var RstGenerator, j: var int, lvl: int,
                        result: var string) =
   var tmp = ""
   while j <= high(d.tocPart):
-    var a = abs(d.tocPart[j].n.level)
+    var a = abs(d.tocPart[j].level)
     if a == lvl:
       renderTocEntry(d, d.tocPart[j], tmp)
       inc(j)
@@ -877,7 +787,9 @@ proc renderImage(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
     htmlOut = "<img$3 src=\"$1\"$2/>"
 
   # support for `:target:` links for images:
-  var target = esc(d.target, getFieldValue(n, "target").strip())
+  var target = esc(d.target, getFieldValue(n, "target").strip(), escMode=emUrl)
+  discard safeProtocol(target)
+
   if target.len > 0:
     # `htmlOut` needs to be of the following format for link to work for images:
     # <a class="reference external" href="target"><img src=\"$1\"$2/></a>
@@ -898,6 +810,25 @@ proc renderSmiley(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
     "\\includegraphics{$1}",
     [d.config.getOrDefault"doc.smiley_format" % n.text])
 
+proc getField1Int(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, fieldName: string): int =
+  template err(msg: string) =
+    rstMessage(d.filenames, d.msgHandler, n.info, meInvalidField, msg)
+  let value = n.getFieldValue
+  var number: int
+  let nChars = parseInt(value, number)
+  if nChars == 0:
+    if value.len == 0:
+      # use a good default value:
+      result = 1
+    else:
+      err("field $1 requires an integer, but '$2' was given" %
+          [fieldName, value])
+  elif nChars < value.len:
+    err("extra arguments were given to $1: '$2'" %
+        [fieldName, value[nChars..^1]])
+  else:
+    result = number
+
 proc parseCodeBlockField(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, params: var CodeBlockParams) =
   ## Parses useful fields which can appear before a code block.
   ##
@@ -907,9 +838,7 @@ proc parseCodeBlockField(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, params: var CodeBlockParams) =
   of "number-lines":
     params.numberLines = true
     # See if the field has a parameter specifying a different line than 1.
-    var number: int
-    if parseInt(n.getFieldValue, number) > 0:
-      params.startLine = number
+    params.startLine = getField1Int(d, n, "number-lines")
   of "file", "filename":
     # The ``file`` option is a Nim extension to the official spec, it acts
     # like it would for other directives like ``raw`` or ``cvs-table``. This
@@ -927,14 +856,13 @@ proc parseCodeBlockField(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, params: var CodeBlockParams) =
       # consider whether `$docCmd` should be appended here too
       params.testCmd = unescape(params.testCmd)
   of "status", "exitcode":
-    var status: int
-    if parseInt(n.getFieldValue, status) > 0:
-      params.status = status
+    params.status = getField1Int(d, n, n.getArgument)
   of "default-language":
     params.langStr = n.getFieldValue.strip
     params.lang = params.langStr.getSourceLanguage
   else:
-    d.msgHandler(d.filename, 1, 0, mwUnsupportedField, n.getArgument)
+    rstMessage(d.filenames, d.msgHandler, n.info, mwUnsupportedField,
+               n.getArgument)
 
 proc parseCodeBlockParams(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode): CodeBlockParams =
   ## Iterates over all code block fields and returns processed params.
@@ -944,8 +872,7 @@ proc parseCodeBlockParams(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode): CodeBlockParams =
   result.init
   if n.isNil:
     return
-  assert n.kind == rnCodeBlock
-  assert(not n.sons[2].isNil)
+  assert n.kind in {rnCodeBlock, rnInlineCode}
 
   # Parse the field list for rendering parameters if there are any.
   if not n.sons[1].isNil:
@@ -982,15 +909,34 @@ proc buildLinesHtmlTable(d: PDoc; params: CodeBlockParams, code: string,
     result.beginTable.add($line & "\n")
     line.inc
     codeLines.dec
-  result.beginTable.add("</pre$3></td><td>" & (
+  result.beginTable.add("</pre></td><td>" & (
       d.config.getOrDefault"doc.listing_start" %
         [id, sourceLanguageToStr[params.lang], idStr]))
   result.endTable = (d.config.getOrDefault"doc.listing_end" % id) &
       "</td></tr></tbody></table>" & (
       d.config.getOrDefault"doc.listing_button" % id)
 
-proc renderCodeBlock(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
-  ## Renders a code block, appending it to `result`.
+proc renderCodeLang*(result: var string, lang: SourceLanguage, code: string,
+                     target: OutputTarget) =
+  var g: GeneralTokenizer
+  initGeneralTokenizer(g, code)
+  while true:
+    getNextToken(g, lang)
+    case g.kind
+    of gtEof: break
+    of gtNone, gtWhitespace:
+      add(result, substr(code, g.start, g.length + g.start - 1))
+    else:
+      dispA(target, result, "<span class=\"$2\">$1</span>", "\\span$2{$1}", [
+        esc(target, substr(code, g.start, g.length+g.start-1)),
+        tokenClassToStr[g.kind]])
+  deinitGeneralTokenizer(g)
+
+proc renderNimCode*(result: var string, code: string, target: OutputTarget) =
+  renderCodeLang(result, langNim, code, target)
+
+proc renderCode(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) {.gcsafe.} =
+  ## Renders a code (code block or inline code), appending it to `result`.
   ##
   ## If the code block uses the ``number-lines`` option, a table will be
   ## generated with two columns, the first being a list of numbers and the
@@ -999,38 +945,40 @@ proc renderCodeBlock(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
   ## may also come from the parser through the internal ``default-language``
   ## option to differentiate between a plain code block and Nim's code block
   ## extension.
-  assert n.kind == rnCodeBlock
-  if n.sons[2] == nil: return
+  assert n.kind in {rnCodeBlock, rnInlineCode}
   var params = d.parseCodeBlockParams(n)
+  if n.sons[2] == nil: return
   var m = n.sons[2].sons[0]
   assert m.kind == rnLeaf
 
   if params.testCmd.len > 0 and d.onTestSnippet != nil:
     d.onTestSnippet(d, params.filename, params.testCmd, params.status, m.text)
 
-  let (blockStart, blockEnd) = buildLinesHtmlTable(d, params, m.text,
+  var blockStart, blockEnd: string
+  case d.target
+  of outHtml:
+    if n.kind == rnCodeBlock:
+      (blockStart, blockEnd) = buildLinesHtmlTable(d, params, m.text,
                                                    n.anchor.idS)
-  dispA(d.target, result, blockStart,
-        "\\begin{rstpre}\n" & n.anchor.idS & "\n", [])
+    else:  # rnInlineCode
+      blockStart = "<tt class=\"docutils literal\"><span class=\"pre\">"
+      blockEnd = "</span></tt>"
+  of outLatex:
+    if n.kind == rnCodeBlock:
+      blockStart = "\n\n" & n.anchor.idS & "\\begin{rstpre}\n"
+      blockEnd = "\n\\end{rstpre}\n\n"
+    else:  # rnInlineCode
+      blockStart = "\\rstcode{"
+      blockEnd = "}"
+  dispA(d.target, result, blockStart, blockStart, [])
   if params.lang == langNone:
-    if len(params.langStr) > 0:
-      d.msgHandler(d.filename, 1, 0, mwUnsupportedLanguage, params.langStr)
-    for letter in m.text: escChar(d.target, result, letter)
+    if len(params.langStr) > 0 and params.langStr.toLowerAscii != "none":
+      rstMessage(d.filenames, d.msgHandler, n.info, mwUnsupportedLanguage,
+                 params.langStr)
+    for letter in m.text: escChar(d.target, result, letter, emText)
   else:
-    var g: GeneralTokenizer
-    initGeneralTokenizer(g, m.text)
-    while true:
-      getNextToken(g, params.lang)
-      case g.kind
-      of gtEof: break
-      of gtNone, gtWhitespace:
-        add(result, substr(m.text, g.start, g.length + g.start - 1))
-      else:
-        dispA(d.target, result, "<span class=\"$2\">$1</span>", "\\span$2{$1}", [
-          esc(d.target, substr(m.text, g.start, g.length+g.start-1)),
-          tokenClassToStr[g.kind]])
-    deinitGeneralTokenizer(g)
-  dispA(d.target, result, blockEnd, "\n\\end{rstpre}\n")
+    renderCodeLang(result, params.lang, m.text, d.target)
+  dispA(d.target, result, blockEnd, blockEnd)
 
 proc renderContainer(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
   var tmp = ""
@@ -1041,11 +989,6 @@ proc renderContainer(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
   else:
     dispA(d.target, result, "<div class=\"$1\">$2</div>", "$2", [arg, tmp])
 
-proc texColumns(n: PRstNode): string =
-  result = ""
-  let nColumns = if n.sons.len > 0: len(n.sons[0]) else: 1
-  for i in countup(1, nColumns): add(result, "|X")
-
 proc renderField(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
   var b = false
   if d.target == outLatex:
@@ -1121,7 +1064,7 @@ proc renderAdmonition(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
   case n.adType
   of "hint", "note", "tip":
     htmlCls = "admonition-info"; texSz = "\\normalsize"; texColor = "green"
-  of "attention", "admonition", "important", "warning":
+  of "attention", "admonition", "important", "warning", "caution":
     htmlCls = "admonition-warning"; texSz = "\\large"; texColor = "orange"
   of "danger", "error":
     htmlCls = "admonition-error"; texSz = "\\Large"; texColor = "red"
@@ -1131,30 +1074,68 @@ proc renderAdmonition(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
   renderAux(d, n,
       htmlHead & "<span$2 class=\"" & htmlCls & "-text\"><b>" & txt &
         ":</b></span>\n" & "$1</div>\n",
-      "\n\n\\begin{mdframed}[linecolor=" & texColor & "]$2\n" &
+      "\n\n\\begin{rstadmonition}[borderline west={0.2em}{0pt}{" &
+        texColor & "}]$2\n" &
         "{" & texSz & "\\color{" & texColor & "}{\\textbf{" & txt & ":}}} " &
-        "$1\n\\end{mdframed}\n",
+        "$1\n\\end{rstadmonition}\n",
       result)
 
+proc renderHyperlink(d: PDoc, text, link: PRstNode, result: var string,
+                     external: bool, nimdoc = false, tooltip="") =
+  var linkStr = ""
+  block:
+    let mode = d.escMode
+    d.escMode = emUrl
+    renderRstToOut(d, link, linkStr)
+    d.escMode = mode
+  discard safeProtocol(linkStr)
+  var textStr = ""
+  renderRstToOut(d, text, textStr)
+  let nimDocStr = if nimdoc: " nimdoc" else: ""
+  var tooltipStr = ""
+  if tooltip != "":
+    tooltipStr = """ title="$1"""" % [ esc(d.target, tooltip) ]
+  if external:
+    dispA(d.target, result,
+      "<a class=\"reference external$3\"$4 href=\"$2\">$1</a>",
+      "\\href{$2}{$1}", [textStr, linkStr, nimDocStr, tooltipStr])
+  else:
+    dispA(d.target, result,
+      "<a class=\"reference internal$3\"$4 href=\"#$2\">$1</a>",
+      "\\hyperlink{$2}{$1} (p.~\\pageref{$2})",
+      [textStr, linkStr, nimDocStr, tooltipStr])
+
+proc traverseForIndex*(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode) =
+  ## A version of [renderRstToOut] that only fills entries for ``.idx`` files.
+  var discarded: string
+  if n == nil: return
+  case n.kind
+  of rnIdx: renderIndexTerm(d, n, discarded)
+  of rnHeadline, rnMarkdownHeadline: renderHeadline(d, n, discarded)
+  of rnOverline: renderOverline(d, n, discarded)
+  else:
+    for i in 0 ..< len(n):
+      traverseForIndex(d, n.sons[i])
+
 proc renderRstToOut(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
   if n == nil: return
   case n.kind
   of rnInner: renderAux(d, n, result)
   of rnHeadline, rnMarkdownHeadline: renderHeadline(d, n, result)
   of rnOverline: renderOverline(d, n, result)
-  of rnTransition: renderAux(d, n, "<hr$2 />\n", "\\hrule$2\n", result)
-  of rnParagraph: renderAux(d, n, "<p$2>$1</p>\n", "$2\n$1\n\n", result)
+  of rnTransition: renderAux(d, n, "<hr$2 />\n", "\n\n\\vspace{0.6em}\\hrule$2\n", result)
+  of rnParagraph: renderAux(d, n, "<p$2>$1</p>\n", "\n\n$2\n$1\n\n", result)
   of rnBulletList:
     renderAux(d, n, "<ul$2 class=\"simple\">$1</ul>\n",
                     "\\begin{itemize}\n$2\n$1\\end{itemize}\n", result)
   of rnBulletItem, rnEnumItem:
     renderAux(d, n, "<li$2>$1</li>\n", "\\item $2$1\n", result)
   of rnEnumList: renderEnumList(d, n, result)
-  of rnDefList:
+  of rnDefList, rnMdDefList:
     renderAux(d, n, "<dl$2 class=\"docutils\">$1</dl>\n",
                     "\\begin{description}\n$2\n$1\\end{description}\n", result)
   of rnDefItem: renderAux(d, n, result)
-  of rnDefName: renderAux(d, n, "<dt$2>$1</dt>\n", "$2\\item[$1] ", result)
+  of rnDefName: renderAux(d, n, "<dt$2>$1</dt>\n", "$2\\item[$1]\\  ", result)
   of rnDefBody: renderAux(d, n, "<dd$2>$1</dd>\n", "$2\n$1\n", result)
   of rnFieldList:
     var tmp = ""
@@ -1178,21 +1159,51 @@ proc renderRstToOut(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
   of rnIndex:
     renderRstToOut(d, n.sons[2], result)
   of rnOptionList:
-    renderAux(d, n, "<table$2 frame=\"void\">$1</table>",
-      "\\begin{description}\n$2\n$1\\end{description}\n", result)
+    renderAux(d, n, "<div$2 class=\"option-list\">$1</div>",
+        "\\begin{rstoptlist}$2\n$1\\end{rstoptlist}", result)
   of rnOptionListItem:
-    renderAux(d, n, "<tr>$1</tr>\n", "$1", result)
+    var addclass = if n.order mod 2 == 1: " odd" else: ""
+    renderAux(d, n,
+        "<div class=\"option-list-item" & addclass & "\">$1</div>\n",
+        "$1", result)
   of rnOptionGroup:
-    renderAux(d, n, "<th align=\"left\">$1</th>", "\\item[$1]", result)
+    renderAux(d, n,
+        "<div class=\"option-list-label\"><tt><span class=\"option\">" &
+        "$1</span></tt></div>",
+        "\\item[\\rstcodeitem{\\spanoption{$1}}]", result)
   of rnDescription:
-    renderAux(d, n, "<td align=\"left\">$1</td>\n", " $1\n", result)
+    renderAux(d, n, "<div class=\"option-list-description\">$1</div>",
+        " $1\n", result)
   of rnOption, rnOptionString, rnOptionArgument:
-    doAssert false, "renderRstToOut"
+    raiseAssert "renderRstToOut"
   of rnLiteralBlock:
     renderAux(d, n, "<pre$2>$1</pre>\n",
-                    "\\begin{rstpre}\n$2\n$1\n\\end{rstpre}\n", result)
-  of rnQuotedLiteralBlock:
-    doAssert false, "renderRstToOut"
+                    "\n\n$2\\begin{rstpre}\n$1\n\\end{rstpre}\n\n", result)
+  of rnMarkdownBlockQuote:
+    d.curQuotationDepth = 1
+    var tmp = ""
+    renderAux(d, n, "$1", "$1", tmp)
+    let itemEnding =
+      if d.target == outHtml: "</blockquote>" else: "\\end{rstquote}"
+    tmp.add itemEnding.repeat(d.curQuotationDepth - 1)
+    dispA(d.target, result,
+        "<blockquote$2 class=\"markdown-quote\">$1</blockquote>\n",
+        "\n\\begin{rstquote}\n$2\n$1\\end{rstquote}\n", [tmp, n.anchor.idS])
+  of rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem:
+    let addQuotationDepth = n.quotationDepth - d.curQuotationDepth
+    var itemPrefix: string  # start or ending (quotation grey bar on the left)
+    if addQuotationDepth >= 0:
+      let s =
+        if d.target == outHtml: "<blockquote class=\"markdown-quote\">"
+        else: "\\begin{rstquote}"
+      itemPrefix = s.repeat(addQuotationDepth)
+    else:
+      let s =
+        if d.target == outHtml: "</blockquote>"
+        else: "\\end{rstquote}"
+      itemPrefix = s.repeat(-addQuotationDepth)
+    renderAux(d, n, itemPrefix & "<p>$1</p>", itemPrefix & "\n$1", result)
+    d.curQuotationDepth = n.quotationDepth
   of rnLineBlock:
     if n.sons.len == 1 and n.sons[0].lineIndent == "\n":
       # whole line block is one empty line, no need to add extra spacing
@@ -1217,25 +1228,50 @@ proc renderRstToOut(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
   of rnTable, rnGridTable, rnMarkdownTable:
     renderAux(d, n,
       "<table$2 border=\"1\" class=\"docutils\">$1</table>",
-      "\\begin{table}\n$2\n\\begin{rsttab}{" &
-        texColumns(n) & "|}\n\\hline\n$1\\end{rsttab}\\end{table}", result)
+      "\n$2\n\\begin{rsttab}{" &
+        "L".repeat(n.colCount) & "}\n\\toprule\n$1" &
+        "\\addlinespace[0.1em]\\bottomrule\n\\end{rsttab}", result)
   of rnTableRow:
     if len(n) >= 1:
-      if d.target == outLatex:
-        #var tmp = ""
-        renderRstToOut(d, n.sons[0], result)
-        for i in countup(1, len(n) - 1):
-          result.add(" & ")
-          renderRstToOut(d, n.sons[i], result)
-        result.add("\\\\\n\\hline\n")
-      else:
+      case d.target
+      of outHtml:
         result.add("<tr>")
         renderAux(d, n, result)
         result.add("</tr>\n")
-  of rnTableDataCell:
-    renderAux(d, n, "<td>$1</td>", "$1", result)
-  of rnTableHeaderCell:
-    renderAux(d, n, "<th>$1</th>", "\\textbf{$1}", result)
+      of outLatex:
+        if n.sons[0].kind == rnTableHeaderCell:
+          result.add "\\rowcolor{gray!15} "
+        var spanLines: seq[(int, int)]
+        var nCell = 0
+        for uCell in 0 .. n.len - 1:
+          renderRstToOut(d, n.sons[uCell], result)
+          if n.sons[uCell].span > 0:
+            spanLines.add (nCell + 1, nCell + n.sons[uCell].span)
+            nCell += n.sons[uCell].span
+          else:
+            nCell += 1
+          if uCell != n.len - 1:
+            result.add(" & ")
+        result.add("\\\\")
+        if n.endsHeader: result.add("\\midrule\n")
+        for (start, stop) in spanLines:
+          result.add("\\cmidrule(lr){$1-$2}" % [$start, $stop])
+        result.add("\n")
+  of rnTableHeaderCell, rnTableDataCell:
+    case d.target
+    of outHtml:
+      let tag = if n.kind == rnTableHeaderCell: "th" else: "td"
+      var spanSpec: string
+      if n.span <= 1: spanSpec = ""
+      else:
+        spanSpec = " colspan=\"" & $n.span & "\" style=\"text-align: center\""
+      renderAux(d, n, "<$1$2>$$1</$1>" % [tag, spanSpec], "", result)
+    of outLatex:
+      let text = if n.kind == rnTableHeaderCell: "\\textbf{$1}" else: "$1"
+      var latexStr: string
+      if n.span <= 1: latexStr = text
+      else: latexStr = "\\multicolumn{" & $n.span & "}{c}{" & text & "}"
+      renderAux(d, n, "", latexStr, result)
   of rnFootnoteGroup:
     renderAux(d, n,
       "<hr class=\"footnote\">" &
@@ -1254,22 +1290,19 @@ proc renderRstToOut(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
           "</div> &ensp; $1\n</div>\n",
       "\\item[\\textsuperscript{[$3]}]$2 $1\n",
       [body, n.anchor.idS, mark, n.anchor])
-  of rnRef:
-    var tmp = ""
-    renderAux(d, n, tmp)
-    dispA(d.target, result,
-      "<a class=\"reference external\" href=\"#$2\">$1</a>",
-      "$1\\ref{$2}", [tmp, rstnodeToRefname(n)])
+  of rnPandocRef:
+    renderHyperlink(d, text=n.sons[0], link=n.sons[1], result, external=false)
+  of rnRstRef:
+    renderHyperlink(d, text=n.sons[0], link=n.sons[0], result, external=false)
   of rnStandaloneHyperlink:
-    renderAux(d, n,
-      "<a class=\"reference external\" href=\"$1\">$1</a>",
-      "\\href{$1}{$1}", result)
+    renderHyperlink(d, text=n.sons[0], link=n.sons[0], result, external=true)
   of rnInternalRef:
-    var tmp = ""
-    renderAux(d, n.sons[0], tmp)
-    dispA(d.target, result,
-      "<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#$2\">$1</a>",
-      "\\hyperlink{$2}{$1} (p.~\\pageref{$2})", [tmp, n.sons[1].text])
+    renderHyperlink(d, text=n.sons[0], link=n.sons[1], result, external=false)
+  of rnNimdocRef:
+    renderHyperlink(d, text=n.sons[0], link=n.sons[1], result, external=false,
+                    nimdoc=true, tooltip=n.tooltip)
+  of rnHyperlink:
+    renderHyperlink(d, text=n.sons[0], link=n.sons[1], result, external=true)
   of rnFootnoteRef:
     var tmp = "["
     renderAux(d, n.sons[0], tmp)
@@ -1279,14 +1312,6 @@ proc renderRstToOut(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
           "$1</a></strong></sup>",
       "\\textsuperscript{\\hyperlink{$2}{\\textbf{$1}}}",
       [tmp, n.sons[1].text])
-  of rnHyperlink:
-    var tmp0 = ""
-    var tmp1 = ""
-    renderRstToOut(d, n.sons[0], tmp0)
-    renderRstToOut(d, n.sons[1], tmp1)
-    dispA(d.target, result,
-      "<a class=\"reference external\" href=\"$2\">$1</a>",
-      "\\href{$2}{$1}", [tmp0, tmp1])
   of rnDirArg, rnRaw: renderAux(d, n, result)
   of rnRawHtml:
     if d.target != outLatex and not lastSon(n).isNil:
@@ -1296,19 +1321,28 @@ proc renderRstToOut(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
       result.add addNodes(lastSon(n))
 
   of rnImage, rnFigure: renderImage(d, n, result)
-  of rnCodeBlock: renderCodeBlock(d, n, result)
+  of rnCodeBlock, rnInlineCode: renderCode(d, n, result)
   of rnContainer: renderContainer(d, n, result)
   of rnSubstitutionReferences, rnSubstitutionDef:
     renderAux(d, n, "|$1|", "|$1|", result)
   of rnDirective:
     renderAux(d, n, "", "", result)
-  of rnGeneralRole:
+  of rnUnknownRole, rnCodeFragment:
     var tmp0 = ""
     var tmp1 = ""
     renderRstToOut(d, n.sons[0], tmp0)
     renderRstToOut(d, n.sons[1], tmp1)
-    dispA(d.target, result, "<span class=\"$2\">$1</span>", "\\span$2{$1}",
-          [tmp0, tmp1])
+    var class = tmp1
+    # don't allow missing role break latex compilation:
+    if d.target == outLatex and n.kind == rnUnknownRole: class = "Other"
+    if n.kind == rnCodeFragment:
+      dispA(d.target, result,
+            "<tt class=\"docutils literal\"><span class=\"pre $2\">" &
+              "$1</span></tt>",
+            "\\rstcode{\\span$2{$1}}", [tmp0, class])
+    else:  # rnUnknownRole, not necessarily code/monospace font
+      dispA(d.target, result, "<span class=\"$2\">$1</span>", "\\span$2{$1}",
+            [tmp0, class])
   of rnSub: renderAux(d, n, "<sub>$1</sub>", "\\rstsub{$1}", result)
   of rnSup: renderAux(d, n, "<sup>$1</sup>", "\\rstsup{$1}", result)
   of rnEmphasis: renderAux(d, n, "<em>$1</em>", "\\emph{$1}", result)
@@ -1322,7 +1356,7 @@ proc renderRstToOut(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
   of rnInlineLiteral, rnInterpretedText:
     renderAux(d, n,
       "<tt class=\"docutils literal\"><span class=\"pre\">$1</span></tt>",
-      "\\texttt{$1}", result)
+      "\\rstcode{$1}", result)
   of rnInlineTarget:
     var tmp = ""
     renderAux(d, n, tmp)
@@ -1331,12 +1365,13 @@ proc renderRstToOut(d: PDoc, n: PRstNode, result: var string) =
       "\\label{$2}\\hypertarget{$2}{$1}",
       [tmp, rstnodeToRefname(n)])
   of rnSmiley: renderSmiley(d, n, result)
-  of rnLeaf: result.add(esc(d.target, n.text))
+  of rnLeaf: result.add(esc(d.target, n.text, escMode=d.escMode))
   of rnContents: d.hasToc = true
   of rnDefaultRole: discard
   of rnTitle:
     d.meta[metaTitle] = ""
     renderRstToOut(d, n.sons[0], d.meta[metaTitle])
+    d.meta[metaTitleRaw] = n.sons[0].addNodes
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -1477,7 +1512,7 @@ $content
 
 proc rstToHtml*(s: string, options: RstParseOptions,
                 config: StringTableRef,
-                msgHandler: MsgHandler = rst.defaultMsgHandler): string =
+                msgHandler: MsgHandler = rst.defaultMsgHandler): string {.gcsafe.} =
   ## Converts an input rst string into embeddable HTML.
   ##
   ## This convenience proc parses any input string using rst markup (it doesn't
@@ -1487,12 +1522,13 @@ proc rstToHtml*(s: string, options: RstParseOptions,
   ## work. For an explanation of the ``config`` parameter see the
   ## ``initRstGenerator`` proc. Example:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   import packages/docutils/rstgen, strtabs
   ##
   ##   echo rstToHtml("*Hello* **world**!", {},
   ##     newStringTable(modeStyleInsensitive))
   ##   # --> <em>Hello</em> <strong>world</strong>!
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## If you need to allow the rst ``include`` directive or tweak the generated
   ## output you have to create your own ``RstGenerator`` with
@@ -1501,25 +1537,30 @@ proc rstToHtml*(s: string, options: RstParseOptions,
   proc myFindFile(filename: string): string =
     # we don't find any files in online mode:
     result = ""
+  proc myFindRefFile(filename: string): (string, string) =
+    result = ("", "")
 
   const filen = "input"
+  let (rst, filenames, t) = rstParse(s, filen,
+                                     line=LineRstInit, column=ColRstInit,
+                                     options, myFindFile, myFindRefFile, msgHandler)
   var d: RstGenerator
-  initRstGenerator(d, outHtml, config, filen, options, myFindFile, msgHandler)
-  var dummyHasToc = false
-  var rst = rstParse(s, filen, line=LineRstInit, column=ColRstInit,
-                     dummyHasToc, options, myFindFile, msgHandler)
+  initRstGenerator(d, outHtml, config, filen, myFindFile, msgHandler,
+                   filenames, hasToc = t)
   result = ""
   renderRstToOut(d, rst, result)
+  strbasics.strip(result)
 
 
 proc rstToLatex*(rstSource: string; options: RstParseOptions): string {.inline, since: (1, 3).} =
   ## Convenience proc for `renderRstToOut` and `initRstGenerator`.
   runnableExamples: doAssert rstToLatex("*Hello* **world**", {}) == """\emph{Hello} \textbf{world}"""
   if rstSource.len == 0: return
-  var option: bool
+  let (rst, filenames, t) = rstParse(rstSource, "",
+                                     line=LineRstInit, column=ColRstInit,
+                                     options)
   var rstGenera: RstGenerator
-  rstGenera.initRstGenerator(outLatex, defaultConfig(), "input", options)
-  rstGenera.renderRstToOut(
-      rstParse(rstSource, "", line=LineRstInit, column=ColRstInit,
-               option, options),
-      result)
+  rstGenera.initRstGenerator(outLatex, defaultConfig(), "input",
+                             filenames=filenames, hasToc = t)
+  rstGenera.renderRstToOut(rst, result)
+  strbasics.strip(result)
diff --git a/lib/packages/docutils/rstidx.nim b/lib/packages/docutils/rstidx.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1472d28fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/packages/docutils/rstidx.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+#
+#            Nim's Runtime Library
+#        (c) Copyright 2022 Andreas Rumpf
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+
+## Nim `idx`:idx: file format related definitions.
+
+import std/[strutils, syncio, hashes]
+from std/os import splitFile
+
+type
+  IndexEntryKind* = enum ## discriminator tag
+    ieMarkupTitle = "markupTitle"
+                           ## RST/Markdown title, text in `keyword` +
+                           ## HTML text in `linkTitle`
+    ieNimTitle = "nimTitle"
+                           ## Nim title
+    ieHeading = "heading"  ## RST/Markdown markup heading, escaped
+    ieIdxRole = "idx"      ## RST :idx: definition, escaped
+    ieNim = "nim"          ## Nim symbol, unescaped
+    ieNimGroup = "nimgrp"  ## Nim overload group, unescaped
+  IndexEntry* = object
+    kind*: IndexEntryKind  ## 0.
+    keyword*: string       ## 1.
+    link*: string          ## 2.
+    linkTitle*: string     ## 3. contains a prettier text for the href
+    linkDesc*: string      ## 4. the title attribute of the final href
+    line*: int             ## 5.
+    module*: string        ## origin file, NOT a field in ``.idx`` file
+    aux*: string           ## auxuliary field, NOT a field in ``.idx`` file
+
+proc isDocumentationTitle*(hyperlink: string): bool =
+  ## Returns true if the hyperlink is actually a documentation title.
+  ##
+  ## Documentation titles lack the hash. See `mergeIndexes()
+  ## <#mergeIndexes,string>`_ for a more detailed explanation.
+  result = hyperlink.find('#') < 0
+
+proc `$`*(e: IndexEntry): string =
+  """("$1", "$2", "$3", "$4", $5)""" % [
+      e.keyword, e.link, e.linkTitle, e.linkDesc, $e.line]
+
+proc quoteIndexColumn(text: string): string =
+  ## Returns a safe version of `text` for serialization to the ``.idx`` file.
+  ##
+  ## The returned version can be put without worries in a line based tab
+  ## separated column text file. The following character sequence replacements
+  ## will be performed for that goal:
+  ##
+  ## * ``"\\"`` => ``"\\\\"``
+  ## * ``"\n"`` => ``"\\n"``
+  ## * ``"\t"`` => ``"\\t"``
+  result = newStringOfCap(text.len + 3)
+  for c in text:
+    case c
+    of '\\': result.add "\\"
+    of '\L': result.add "\\n"
+    of '\C': discard
+    of '\t': result.add "\\t"
+    else: result.add c
+
+proc unquoteIndexColumn*(text: string): string =
+  ## Returns the unquoted version generated by ``quoteIndexColumn``.
+  result = text.multiReplace(("\\t", "\t"), ("\\n", "\n"), ("\\\\", "\\"))
+
+proc formatIndexEntry*(kind: IndexEntryKind; htmlFile, id, term, linkTitle,
+                       linkDesc: string, line: int):
+                      tuple[entry: string, isTitle: bool] =
+  result.entry = $kind
+  result.entry.add('\t')
+  result.entry.add term
+  result.entry.add('\t')
+  result.entry.add(htmlFile)
+  if id.len > 0:
+    result.entry.add('#')
+    result.entry.add(id)
+    result.isTitle = false
+  else:
+    result.isTitle = true
+  result.entry.add('\t' & linkTitle.quoteIndexColumn)
+  result.entry.add('\t' & linkDesc.quoteIndexColumn)
+  result.entry.add('\t' & $line)
+  result.entry.add("\n")
+
+proc parseIndexEntryKind(s: string): IndexEntryKind =
+  result = case s:
+    of "nim": ieNim
+    of "nimgrp": ieNimGroup
+    of "heading": ieHeading
+    of "idx": ieIdxRole
+    of "nimTitle": ieNimTitle
+    of "markupTitle": ieMarkupTitle
+    else: raise newException(ValueError, "unknown index entry value $1" % [s])
+
+proc parseIdxFile*(path: string):
+    tuple[fileEntries: seq[IndexEntry], title: IndexEntry] =
+  var
+    f = 0
+  newSeq(result.fileEntries, 500)
+  setLen(result.fileEntries, 0)
+  let (_, base, _) = path.splitFile
+  for line in lines(path):
+    let s = line.find('\t')
+    if s < 0: continue
+    setLen(result.fileEntries, f+1)
+    let cols = line.split('\t')
+    result.fileEntries[f].kind = parseIndexEntryKind(cols[0])
+    result.fileEntries[f].keyword = cols[1]
+    result.fileEntries[f].link = cols[2]
+    if result.fileEntries[f].kind == ieIdxRole:
+      result.fileEntries[f].module = base
+    else:
+      if result.title.keyword.len == 0:
+        result.fileEntries[f].module = base
+      else:
+        result.fileEntries[f].module = result.title.keyword
+
+    result.fileEntries[f].linkTitle = cols[3].unquoteIndexColumn
+    result.fileEntries[f].linkDesc = cols[4].unquoteIndexColumn
+    result.fileEntries[f].line = parseInt(cols[5])
+
+    if result.fileEntries[f].kind in {ieNimTitle, ieMarkupTitle}:
+      result.title = result.fileEntries[f]
+    inc f
+
+proc cmp*(a, b: IndexEntry): int =
+  ## Sorts two ``IndexEntry`` first by `keyword` field, then by `link`.
+  result = cmpIgnoreStyle(a.keyword, b.keyword)
+  if result == 0:
+    result = cmpIgnoreStyle(a.link, b.link)
+
+proc hash*(x: IndexEntry): Hash =
+  ## Returns the hash for the combined fields of the type.
+  ##
+  ## The hash is computed as the chained hash of the individual string hashes.
+  result = x.keyword.hash !& x.link.hash
+  result = result !& x.linkTitle.hash
+  result = result !& x.linkDesc.hash
+  result = !$result
diff --git a/lib/posix/epoll.nim b/lib/posix/epoll.nim
index 1f105ecac..007488354 100644
--- a/lib/posix/epoll.nim
+++ b/lib/posix/epoll.nim
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-from posix import SocketHandle
+from std/posix import SocketHandle
 
 const
   EPOLLIN* = 0x00000001
@@ -33,19 +33,28 @@ const
   EPOLL_CTL_DEL* = 2          # Remove a file descriptor from the interface.
   EPOLL_CTL_MOD* = 3          # Change file descriptor epoll_event structure.
 
+# https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/ff6992735ade75aae3e35d16b17da1008d753d28/include/uapi/linux/eventpoll.h#L77
+when defined(linux) and defined(amd64):
+  {.pragma: epollPacked, packed.}
+else:
+  {.pragma: epollPacked.}
+
 type
-  EpollData* {.importc: "union epoll_data",
-      header: "<sys/epoll.h>", pure, final.} = object # TODO: This is actually a union.
+  EpollData* {.importc: "epoll_data_t",
+      header: "<sys/epoll.h>", pure, final, union.} = object
+    `ptr`* {.importc: "ptr".}: pointer
+    fd* {.importc: "fd".}: cint
+    u32* {.importc: "u32".}: uint32
     u64* {.importc: "u64".}: uint64
 
-  EpollEvent* {.importc: "struct epoll_event", header: "<sys/epoll.h>", pure, final.} = object
+  EpollEvent* {.importc: "struct epoll_event", header: "<sys/epoll.h>", pure, final, epollPacked.} = object
     events*: uint32 # Epoll events
     data*: EpollData # User data variable
 
 proc epoll_create*(size: cint): cint {.importc: "epoll_create",
     header: "<sys/epoll.h>".}
   ## Creates an epoll instance.  Returns an fd for the new instance.
-  ## 
+  ##
   ## The "size" parameter is a hint specifying the number of file
   ## descriptors to be associated with the new instance.  The fd
   ## returned by epoll_create() should be closed with close().
@@ -59,7 +68,7 @@ proc epoll_ctl*(epfd: cint; op: cint; fd: cint | SocketHandle; event: ptr EpollE
     importc: "epoll_ctl", header: "<sys/epoll.h>".}
   ## Manipulate an epoll instance "epfd". Returns `0` in case of success,
   ## `-1` in case of error (the "errno" variable will contain the specific error code).
-  ## 
+  ##
   ## The "op" parameter is one of the `EPOLL_CTL_*`
   ## constants defined above. The "fd" parameter is the target of the
   ## operation. The "event" parameter describes which events the caller
diff --git a/lib/posix/inotify.nim b/lib/posix/inotify.nim
index db698c59c..575accc18 100644
--- a/lib/posix/inotify.nim
+++ b/lib/posix/inotify.nim
@@ -7,16 +7,20 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
+
 # Get the platform-dependent flags.
 # Structure describing an inotify event.
 type
   InotifyEvent* {.pure, final, importc: "struct inotify_event",
-                  header: "<sys/inotify.h>".} = object ## An Inotify event.
+                  header: "<sys/inotify.h>",
+                  completeStruct.} = object            ## An Inotify event.
     wd* {.importc: "wd".}: FileHandle                  ## Watch descriptor.
     mask* {.importc: "mask".}: uint32                  ## Watch mask.
     cookie* {.importc: "cookie".}: uint32              ## Cookie to synchronize two events.
     len* {.importc: "len".}: uint32                    ## Length (including NULs) of name.
-    name* {.importc: "name".}: char                    ## Name.
+    name* {.importc: "name".}: UncheckedArray[char]    ## Name.
 
 # Supported events suitable for MASK parameter of INOTIFY_ADD_WATCH.
 const
@@ -63,7 +67,8 @@ proc inotify_init*(): FileHandle {.cdecl, importc: "inotify_init",
 
 proc inotify_init1*(flags: cint): FileHandle {.cdecl, importc: "inotify_init1",
     header: "<sys/inotify.h>".}
-  ## Create and initialize inotify instance.
+  ## Like `inotify_init<#inotify_init>`_ ,
+  ## but has a flags argument that provides access to some extra functionality.
 
 proc inotify_add_watch*(fd: cint; name: cstring; mask: uint32): cint {.cdecl,
     importc: "inotify_add_watch", header: "<sys/inotify.h>".}
@@ -75,11 +80,18 @@ proc inotify_rm_watch*(fd: cint; wd: cint): cint {.cdecl,
 
 iterator inotify_events*(evs: pointer, n: int): ptr InotifyEvent =
   ## Abstract the packed buffer interface to yield event object pointers.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##   var evs = newSeq[byte](8192)        # Already did inotify_init+add_watch
-  ##   while (let n = read(fd, evs[0].addr, 8192); n) > 0:     # read forever
-  ##     for e in inotify_events(evs[0].addr, n): echo e[].len # echo name lens
+  runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+    when defined(linux):
+       import std/posix  # needed for FileHandle read procedure
+       const MaxWatches = 8192
+
+       let inotifyFd = inotify_init()  # create new inotify instance and get it's FileHandle
+       let wd = inotifyFd.inotify_add_watch("/tmp", IN_CREATE or IN_DELETE)  # Add new watch
+
+       var events: array[MaxWatches, byte]  # event buffer
+       while (let n = read(inotifyFd, addr events, MaxWatches); n) > 0:  # blocks until any events have been read
+         for e in inotify_events(addr events, n):
+           echo (e[].wd, e[].mask, cast[cstring](addr e[].name))    # echo watch id, mask, and name value of each event
   var ev: ptr InotifyEvent = cast[ptr InotifyEvent](evs)
   var n = n
   while n > 0:
@@ -90,8 +102,10 @@ iterator inotify_events*(evs: pointer, n: int): ptr InotifyEvent =
 
 runnableExamples:
   when defined(linux):
-    let inoty: FileHandle = inotify_init()           ## Create 1 Inotify.
-    doAssert inoty >= 0                              ## Check for errors (FileHandle is alias to cint).
-    let watchdoge: cint = inotify_add_watch(inoty, ".", IN_ALL_EVENTS) ## Add directory to watchdog.
-    doAssert watchdoge >= 0                          ## Check for errors.
-    doAssert inotify_rm_watch(inoty, watchdoge) >= 0 ## Remove directory from the watchdog
+    let inotifyFd = inotify_init()  # create and get new inotify FileHandle
+    doAssert inotifyFd >= 0         # check for errors
+
+    let wd = inotifyFd.inotify_add_watch("/tmp", IN_CREATE or IN_DELETE)  # Add new watch
+    doAssert wd >= 0                 # check for errors
+
+    discard inotifyFd.inotify_rm_watch(wd) # remove watch
diff --git a/lib/posix/kqueue.nim b/lib/posix/kqueue.nim
index c83ae33ea..2450cdb42 100644
--- a/lib/posix/kqueue.nim
+++ b/lib/posix/kqueue.nim
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-from posix import Timespec
+from std/posix import Timespec
 
 when defined(macosx) or defined(freebsd) or defined(openbsd) or
      defined(dragonfly):
diff --git a/lib/posix/linux.nim b/lib/posix/linux.nim
index 2d6702e87..29fd4288d 100644
--- a/lib/posix/linux.nim
+++ b/lib/posix/linux.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import posix
+import std/posix
 
 ## Flags of `clone` syscall.
 ## See `clone syscall manual
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ const
   CLONE_NEWPID* = 0x20000000'i32
   CLONE_NEWNET* = 0x40000000'i32
   CLONE_IO* = 0x80000000'i32
-  CLONE_STOPPED* {.deprecated.} = 0x02000000'i32
+
 
 # fn should be of type proc (a2: pointer) {.cdecl.}
 proc clone*(fn: pointer; child_stack: pointer; flags: cint;
diff --git a/lib/posix/posix.nim b/lib/posix/posix.nim
index 035b4e8fb..fbe945df3 100644
--- a/lib/posix/posix.nim
+++ b/lib/posix/posix.nim
@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@
 when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
   {.push styleChecks: off.}
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
+
 # TODO these constants don't seem to be fetched from a header file for unknown
 #      platforms - where do they come from and why are they here?
 when false:
@@ -151,11 +154,13 @@ proc htons*(a1: uint16): uint16 {.importc, header: "<arpa/inet.h>".}
 proc ntohl*(a1: uint32): uint32 {.importc, header: "<arpa/inet.h>".}
 proc ntohs*(a1: uint16): uint16 {.importc, header: "<arpa/inet.h>".}
 
-proc inet_addr*(a1: cstring): InAddrT {.importc, header: "<arpa/inet.h>".}
-proc inet_ntoa*(a1: InAddr): cstring {.importc, header: "<arpa/inet.h>".}
-proc inet_ntop*(a1: cint, a2: pointer, a3: cstring, a4: int32): cstring {.
+when not defined(zephyr):
+  proc inet_addr*(a1: cstring): InAddrT {.importc, header: "<arpa/inet.h>".}
+  proc inet_ntoa*(a1: InAddr): cstring {.importc, header: "<arpa/inet.h>".}
+
+proc inet_ntop*(a1: cint, a2: pointer | ptr InAddr | ptr In6Addr, a3: cstring, a4: int32): cstring {.
   importc:"(char *)$1", header: "<arpa/inet.h>".}
-proc inet_pton*(a1: cint, a2: cstring, a3: pointer): cint {.
+proc inet_pton*(a1: cint, a2: cstring, a3: pointer | ptr InAddr | ptr In6Addr): cint {.
   importc, header: "<arpa/inet.h>".}
 
 var
@@ -183,11 +188,36 @@ proc dlsym*(a1: pointer, a2: cstring): pointer {.importc, header: "<dlfcn.h>", s
 
 proc creat*(a1: cstring, a2: Mode): cint {.importc, header: "<fcntl.h>", sideEffect.}
 proc fcntl*(a1: cint | SocketHandle, a2: cint): cint {.varargs, importc, header: "<fcntl.h>", sideEffect.}
-proc open*(a1: cstring, a2: cint): cint {.varargs, importc, header: "<fcntl.h>", sideEffect.}
+proc openImpl(a1: cstring, a2: cint): cint {.varargs, importc: "open", header: "<fcntl.h>", sideEffect.}
+proc open*(a1: cstring, a2: cint, mode: Mode | cint = 0.Mode): cint {.inline.} =
+  # prevents bug #17888
+  openImpl(a1, a2, mode)
+
 proc posix_fadvise*(a1: cint, a2, a3: Off, a4: cint): cint {.
   importc, header: "<fcntl.h>".}
-proc posix_fallocate*(a1: cint, a2, a3: Off): cint {.
-  importc, header: "<fcntl.h>".}
+
+proc ftruncate*(a1: cint, a2: Off): cint {.importc, header: "<unistd.h>".}
+when defined(osx):              # 2001 POSIX evidently does not concern Apple
+  type FStore {.importc: "fstore_t", header: "<fcntl.h>", bycopy.} = object
+    fst_flags: uint32           ## IN: flags word
+    fst_posmode: cint           ## IN: indicates offset field
+    fst_offset,                 ## IN: start of the region
+      fst_length,               ## IN: size of the region
+      fst_bytesalloc: Off       ## OUT: number of bytes allocated
+  var F_PEOFPOSMODE {.importc, header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
+  var F_ALLOCATEALL {.importc, header: "<fcntl.h>".}: uint32
+  var F_PREALLOCATE {.importc, header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
+  proc posix_fallocate*(a1: cint, a2, a3: Off): cint =
+    var fst = FStore(fst_flags: F_ALLOCATEALL, fst_posmode: F_PEOFPOSMODE,
+                     fst_offset: a2, fst_length: a3)
+    # Must also call ftruncate to match what POSIX does. Unlike posix_fallocate,
+    # this can shrink files.  Could guard w/getFileSize, but caller likely knows
+    # present size & has no good reason to call this unless it is growing.
+    if fcntl(a1, F_PREALLOCATE, fst.addr) != cint(-1): ftruncate(a1, a2 + a3)
+    else: cint(-1)
+else:
+  proc posix_fallocate*(a1: cint, a2, a3: Off): cint {.
+    importc, header: "<fcntl.h>".}
 
 when not defined(haiku) and not defined(openbsd):
   proc fmtmsg*(a1: int, a2: cstring, a3: cint,
@@ -240,26 +270,52 @@ proc setlocale*(a1: cint, a2: cstring): cstring {.
 proc strfmon*(a1: cstring, a2: int, a3: cstring): int {.varargs,
    importc, header: "<monetary.h>".}
 
-when not defined(nintendoswitch):
-  proc mq_close*(a1: Mqd): cint {.importc, header: "<mqueue.h>".}
-  proc mq_getattr*(a1: Mqd, a2: ptr MqAttr): cint {.
-    importc, header: "<mqueue.h>".}
-  proc mq_notify*(a1: Mqd, a2: ptr SigEvent): cint {.
+when not (defined(nintendoswitch) or defined(macos) or defined(macosx)):
+  proc mq_notify*(mqdes: Mqd, event: ptr SigEvent): cint {.
     importc, header: "<mqueue.h>".}
-  proc mq_open*(a1: cstring, a2: cint): Mqd {.
+
+  proc mq_open*(name: cstring, flags: cint): Mqd {.
     varargs, importc, header: "<mqueue.h>".}
-  proc mq_receive*(a1: Mqd, a2: cstring, a3: int, a4: var int): int {.
-    importc, header: "<mqueue.h>".}
-  proc mq_send*(a1: Mqd, a2: cstring, a3: int, a4: int): cint {.
+
+  proc mq_close*(mqdes: Mqd): cint {.importc, header: "<mqueue.h>".}
+
+  proc mq_receive*(
+    mqdes: Mqd,
+    buffer: cstring,
+    length: csize_t,
+    priority: var cuint
+  ): int {.importc, header: "<mqueue.h>".}
+
+  proc mq_timedreceive*(
+    mqdes: Mqd,
+    buffer: cstring,
+    length: csize_t,
+    priority: cuint,
+    timeout: ptr Timespec
+  ): int {.importc, header: "<mqueue.h>".}
+
+  proc mq_send*(
+    mqdes: Mqd,
+    buffer: cstring,
+    length: csize_t,
+    priority: cuint
+  ): cint {.importc, header: "<mqueue.h>".}
+
+  proc mq_timedsend*(
+    mqdes: Mqd,
+    buffer: cstring,
+    length: csize_t,
+    priority: cuint,
+    timeout: ptr Timespec
+  ): cint {.importc, header: "<mqueue.h>".}
+
+  proc mq_getattr*(mqdes: Mqd, attribute: ptr MqAttr): cint {.
     importc, header: "<mqueue.h>".}
-  proc mq_setattr*(a1: Mqd, a2, a3: ptr MqAttr): cint {.
+
+  proc mq_setattr*(mqdes: Mqd, newAttribute, oldAttribute: ptr MqAttr): cint {.
     importc, header: "<mqueue.h>".}
 
-  proc mq_timedreceive*(a1: Mqd, a2: cstring, a3: int, a4: int,
-                        a5: ptr Timespec): int {.importc, header: "<mqueue.h>".}
-  proc mq_timedsend*(a1: Mqd, a2: cstring, a3: int, a4: int,
-                     a5: ptr Timespec): cint {.importc, header: "<mqueue.h>".}
-  proc mq_unlink*(a1: cstring): cint {.importc, header: "<mqueue.h>".}
+  proc mq_unlink*(mqdes: cstring): cint {.importc, header: "<mqueue.h>".}
 
 
 proc getpwnam*(a1: cstring): ptr Passwd {.importc, header: "<pwd.h>".}
@@ -476,7 +532,6 @@ proc fpathconf*(a1, a2: cint): int {.importc, header: "<unistd.h>".}
 proc fsync*(a1: cint): cint {.importc, header: "<unistd.h>".}
  ## synchronize a file's buffer cache to the storage device
 
-proc ftruncate*(a1: cint, a2: Off): cint {.importc, header: "<unistd.h>".}
 proc getcwd*(a1: cstring, a2: int): cstring {.importc, header: "<unistd.h>", sideEffect.}
 proc getuid*(): Uid {.importc, header: "<unistd.h>", sideEffect.}
  ## returns the real user ID of the calling process
@@ -529,7 +584,8 @@ proc pread*(a1: cint, a2: pointer, a3: int, a4: Off): int {.
 proc pwrite*(a1: cint, a2: pointer, a3: int, a4: Off): int {.
   importc, header: "<unistd.h>".}
 proc read*(a1: cint, a2: pointer, a3: int): int {.importc, header: "<unistd.h>".}
-proc readlink*(a1, a2: cstring, a3: int): int {.importc, header: "<unistd.h>".}
+when not defined(nintendoswitch):
+  proc readlink*(a1, a2: cstring, a3: int): int {.importc, header: "<unistd.h>".}
 proc ioctl*(f: FileHandle, device: uint): int {.importc: "ioctl",
       header: "<sys/ioctl.h>", varargs, tags: [WriteIOEffect].}
   ## A system call for device-specific input/output operations and other
@@ -548,7 +604,10 @@ proc setsid*(): Pid {.importc, header: "<unistd.h>".}
 proc setuid*(a1: Uid): cint {.importc, header: "<unistd.h>".}
 proc sleep*(a1: cint): cint {.importc, header: "<unistd.h>".}
 proc swab*(a1, a2: pointer, a3: int) {.importc, header: "<unistd.h>".}
-proc symlink*(a1, a2: cstring): cint {.importc, header: "<unistd.h>".}
+when not defined(nintendoswitch):
+  proc symlink*(a1, a2: cstring): cint {.importc, header: "<unistd.h>".}
+else:
+  proc symlink*(a1, a2: cstring): cint = -1
 proc sync*() {.importc, header: "<unistd.h>".}
 proc sysconf*(a1: cint): int {.importc, header: "<unistd.h>".}
 proc tcgetpgrp*(a1: cint): Pid {.importc, header: "<unistd.h>".}
@@ -766,6 +825,13 @@ else:
   proc sigtimedwait*(a1: var Sigset, a2: var SigInfo,
                      a3: var Timespec): cint {.importc, header: "<signal.h>".}
 
+when defined(sunos) or defined(solaris):
+  # The following compile time flag is needed on Illumos/Solaris to use the POSIX
+  # `sigwait` implementation. See the documentation here:
+  # https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19455-01/806-5257/6je9h033k/index.html
+  # https://www.illumos.org/man/2/sigwait
+  {.passc: "-D_POSIX_PTHREAD_SEMANTICS".}
+
 proc sigwait*(a1: var Sigset, a2: var cint): cint {.
   importc, header: "<signal.h>".}
 proc sigwaitinfo*(a1: var Sigset, a2: var SigInfo): cint {.
@@ -878,19 +944,9 @@ proc CMSG_NXTHDR*(mhdr: ptr Tmsghdr, cmsg: ptr Tcmsghdr): ptr Tcmsghdr {.
 proc CMSG_FIRSTHDR*(mhdr: ptr Tmsghdr): ptr Tcmsghdr {.
   importc, header: "<sys/socket.h>".}
 
-{.push warning[deprecated]: off.}
-proc CMSG_SPACE*(len: csize): csize {.
-  importc, header: "<sys/socket.h>", deprecated: "argument `len` should be of type `csize_t`".}
-{.pop.}
-
 proc CMSG_SPACE*(len: csize_t): csize_t {.
   importc, header: "<sys/socket.h>".}
 
-{.push warning[deprecated]: off.}
-proc CMSG_LEN*(len: csize): csize {.
-  importc, header: "<sys/socket.h>", deprecated: "argument `len` should be of type `csize_t`".}
-{.pop.}
-
 proc CMSG_LEN*(len: csize_t): csize_t {.
   importc, header: "<sys/socket.h>".}
 
@@ -902,7 +958,7 @@ proc `==`*(x, y: SocketHandle): bool {.borrow.}
 proc accept*(a1: SocketHandle, a2: ptr SockAddr, a3: ptr SockLen): SocketHandle {.
   importc, header: "<sys/socket.h>", sideEffect.}
 
-when defined(linux) or defined(bsd):
+when defined(linux) or defined(bsd) or defined(nuttx):
   proc accept4*(a1: SocketHandle, a2: ptr SockAddr, a3: ptr SockLen,
                 flags: cint): SocketHandle {.importc, header: "<sys/socket.h>".}
 
@@ -1000,7 +1056,7 @@ proc endhostent*() {.importc, header: "<netdb.h>".}
 proc endnetent*() {.importc, header: "<netdb.h>".}
 proc endprotoent*() {.importc, header: "<netdb.h>".}
 proc endservent*() {.importc, header: "<netdb.h>".}
-proc freeaddrinfo*(a1: ptr AddrInfo) {.importc, header: "<netdb.h>".}
+proc freeAddrInfo*(a1: ptr AddrInfo) {.importc: "freeaddrinfo", header: "<netdb.h>".}
 
 proc gai_strerror*(a1: cint): cstring {.importc:"(char *)$1", header: "<netdb.h>".}
 
@@ -1087,11 +1143,11 @@ template onSignal*(signals: varargs[cint], body: untyped) =
   ## scope.
   ##
   ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   from std/posix import SIGINT, SIGTERM, onSignal
   ##   onSignal(SIGINT, SIGTERM):
   ##     echo "bye from signal ", sig
+  ##   ```
 
   for s in signals:
     handle_signal(s,
@@ -1108,12 +1164,12 @@ type
   ## The getrlimit() and setrlimit() system calls get and set resource limits respectively.
   ## Each resource has an associated soft and hard limit, as defined by the RLimit structure
 
-proc setrlimit*(resource: cint, rlp: var RLimit): cint
-      {.importc: "setrlimit",header: "<sys/resource.h>".}
+proc setrlimit*(resource: cint, rlp: var RLimit): cint {.
+  importc: "setrlimit", header: "<sys/resource.h>".}
   ## The setrlimit() system calls sets resource limits.
 
-proc getrlimit*(resource: cint, rlp: var RLimit): cint
-      {.importc: "getrlimit",header: "<sys/resource.h>".}
+proc getrlimit*(resource: cint, rlp: var RLimit): cint {.
+  importc: "getrlimit", header: "<sys/resource.h>".}
   ## The getrlimit() system call gets resource limits.
 
 when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
diff --git a/lib/posix/posix_freertos_consts.nim b/lib/posix/posix_freertos_consts.nim
index efe87aacf..0f0fc0aae 100644
--- a/lib/posix/posix_freertos_consts.nim
+++ b/lib/posix/posix_freertos_consts.nim
@@ -363,6 +363,8 @@ var SEM_FAILED* {.importc: "SEM_FAILED", header: "<semaphore.h>".}: pointer
 # <sys/resource.h>
 # var RLIMIT_NOFILE* {.importc: "RLIMIT_NOFILE", header: "<sys/resource.h>".}: cint
 
+var FD_MAX* {.importc: "CONFIG_LWIP_MAX_SOCKETS", header: "<lwipopts.h>".}: cint
+
 # <sys/select.h>
 var FD_SETSIZE* {.importc: "FD_SETSIZE", header: "<sys/select.h>".}: cint
 
@@ -498,3 +500,7 @@ const F_TEST* = cint(3)
 const F_TLOCK* = cint(2)
 const F_ULOCK* = cint(0)
 
+# <stdio.h>
+const SEEK_SET* = cint(0)
+const SEEK_CUR* = cint(1)
+const SEEK_END* = cint(2)
diff --git a/lib/posix/posix_haiku.nim b/lib/posix/posix_haiku.nim
index d626b2106..32a6d24e2 100644
--- a/lib/posix/posix_haiku.nim
+++ b/lib/posix/posix_haiku.nim
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ type
   Stack* {.importc: "stack_t",
             header: "<signal.h>", final, pure.} = object ## stack_t
     ss_sp*: pointer  ## Stack base or pointer.
-    ss_size*: csize  ## Stack size.
+    ss_size*: csize_t ## Stack size.
     ss_flags*: cint  ## Flags.
 
   SigInfo* {.importc: "siginfo_t",
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ type
   IOVec* {.importc: "struct iovec", pure, final,
             header: "<sys/uio.h>".} = object ## struct iovec
     iov_base*: pointer ## Base address of a memory region for input or output.
-    iov_len*: csize    ## The size of the memory pointed to by iov_base.
+    iov_len*: csize_t  ## The size of the memory pointed to by iov_base.
 
   Tmsghdr* {.importc: "struct msghdr", pure, final,
              header: "<sys/socket.h>".} = object  ## struct msghdr
diff --git a/lib/posix/posix_linux_amd64.nim b/lib/posix/posix_linux_amd64.nim
index 7f6a589f0..8d11c507d 100644
--- a/lib/posix/posix_linux_amd64.nim
+++ b/lib/posix/posix_linux_amd64.nim
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ type
     d_ino*: Ino
     d_off*: Off
     d_reclen*: cushort
-    d_type*: int8  # cuchar really!
+    d_type*: int8  # uint8 really!
     d_name*: array[256, cchar]
 
   Tflock* {.importc: "struct flock", final, pure,
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ type
   Pthread_key* {.importc: "pthread_key_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = cuint
   Pthread_mutex* {.importc: "pthread_mutex_t", header: "<sys/types.h>",
                    pure, final.} = object
-    abi: array[48 div sizeof(clong), clong]
+    abi: array[40 div sizeof(clong), clong]
   Pthread_mutexattr* {.importc: "pthread_mutexattr_t",
                         header: "<sys/types.h>", pure, final.} = object
     abi: array[4 div sizeof(cint), cint]
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ type
     sa_mask*: Sigset ## Set of signals to be blocked during execution of
                       ## the signal handling function.
     sa_flags*: cint   ## Special flags.
-    sa_sigaction*: proc (x: cint, y: ptr SigInfo, z: pointer) {.noconv.}
+    sa_restorer: proc() {.noconv.}   ## not intended for application use.
 
   Stack* {.importc: "stack_t",
             header: "<signal.h>", final, pure.} = object ## stack_t
@@ -325,17 +325,23 @@ type
   SigInfo* {.importc: "siginfo_t",
               header: "<signal.h>", final, pure.} = object ## siginfo_t
     si_signo*: cint    ## Signal number.
-    si_code*: cint     ## Signal code.
     si_errno*: cint    ## If non-zero, an errno value associated with
                        ## this signal, as defined in <errno.h>.
+    si_code*: cint     ## Signal code.
     si_pid*: Pid       ## Sending process ID.
     si_uid*: Uid       ## Real user ID of sending process.
     si_addr*: pointer  ## Address of faulting instruction.
     si_status*: cint   ## Exit value or signal.
     si_band*: int      ## Band event for SIGPOLL.
     si_value*: SigVal  ## Signal value.
-    pad {.importc: "_pad"}: array[128 - 56, uint8]
+    pad {.importc: "_pad".}: array[128 - 56, uint8]
 
+template sa_sigaction*(v: Sigaction): proc (x: cint, y: ptr SigInfo, z: pointer) {.noconv.} =
+  cast[proc (x: cint, y: ptr SigInfo, z: pointer) {.noconv.}](v.sa_handler)
+proc `sa_sigaction=`*(v: var Sigaction, x: proc (x: cint, y: ptr SigInfo, z: pointer) {.noconv.}) =
+  v.sa_handler = cast[proc (x: cint) {.noconv.}](x)
+
+type
   Nl_item* {.importc: "nl_item", header: "<nl_types.h>".} = cint
   Nl_catd* {.importc: "nl_catd", header: "<nl_types.h>".} = pointer
 
@@ -428,8 +434,8 @@ type
                        header: "<sys/socket.h>",
                        pure, final.} = object ## struct sockaddr_storage
     ss_family*: TSa_Family ## Address family.
-    ss_padding: array[128 - sizeof(cshort) - sizeof(culong), char]
-    ss_align: clong
+    ss_padding {.importc: "__ss_padding".}: array[128 - sizeof(cshort) - sizeof(culong), char]
+    ss_align {.importc: "__ss_align".}: clong
 
   Tif_nameindex* {.importc: "struct if_nameindex", final,
                    pure, header: "<net/if.h>".} = object ## struct if_nameindex
diff --git a/lib/posix/posix_linux_amd64_consts.nim b/lib/posix/posix_linux_amd64_consts.nim
index f3230f71d..fbe8d0666 100644
--- a/lib/posix/posix_linux_amd64_consts.nim
+++ b/lib/posix/posix_linux_amd64_consts.nim
@@ -453,6 +453,7 @@ const MAP_POPULATE* = cint(32768)
 
 # <sys/resource.h>
 const RLIMIT_NOFILE* = cint(7)
+const RLIMIT_STACK* = cint(3)
 
 # <sys/select.h>
 const FD_SETSIZE* = cint(1024)
@@ -464,6 +465,7 @@ const MSG_EOR* = cint(128)
 const MSG_OOB* = cint(1)
 const SCM_RIGHTS* = cint(1)
 const SO_ACCEPTCONN* = cint(30)
+const SO_BINDTODEVICE* = cint(25)
 const SO_BROADCAST* = cint(6)
 const SO_DEBUG* = cint(1)
 const SO_DONTROUTE* = cint(5)
diff --git a/lib/posix/posix_macos_amd64.nim b/lib/posix/posix_macos_amd64.nim
index 2e68af330..a4b64ed62 100644
--- a/lib/posix/posix_macos_amd64.nim
+++ b/lib/posix/posix_macos_amd64.nim
@@ -108,15 +108,6 @@ type
     p_sign_posn*: char
     thousands_sep*: cstring
 
-  Mqd* {.importc: "mqd_t", header: "<mqueue.h>", final, pure.} = object
-  MqAttr* {.importc: "struct mq_attr",
-             header: "<mqueue.h>",
-             final, pure.} = object ## message queue attribute
-    mq_flags*: int   ## Message queue flags.
-    mq_maxmsg*: int  ## Maximum number of messages.
-    mq_msgsize*: int ## Maximum message size.
-    mq_curmsgs*: int ## Number of messages currently queued.
-
   Passwd* {.importc: "struct passwd", header: "<pwd.h>",
              final, pure.} = object ## struct passwd
     pw_name*: cstring   ## User's login name.
@@ -131,10 +122,14 @@ type
     ## used for block sizes
   Clock* {.importc: "clock_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
   ClockId* {.importc: "clockid_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
-  Dev* {.importc: "dev_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int32
+  Dev* {.importc: "dev_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = (
+    when defined(freebsd):
+      uint32
+    else:
+      int32)
   Fsblkcnt* {.importc: "fsblkcnt_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
   Fsfilcnt* {.importc: "fsfilcnt_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
-  Gid* {.importc: "gid_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int32
+  Gid* {.importc: "gid_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = uint32
   Id* {.importc: "id_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
   Ino* {.importc: "ino_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
   Key* {.importc: "key_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
@@ -144,7 +139,7 @@ type
     else:
       uint16
   )
-  Nlink* {.importc: "nlink_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int16
+  Nlink* {.importc: "nlink_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = uint16
   Off* {.importc: "off_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int64
   Pid* {.importc: "pid_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int32
   Pthread_attr* {.importc: "pthread_attr_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
@@ -176,7 +171,7 @@ type
   Trace_event_set* {.importc: "trace_event_set_t",
                       header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
   Trace_id* {.importc: "trace_id_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
-  Uid* {.importc: "uid_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int32
+  Uid* {.importc: "uid_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = uint32
   Useconds* {.importc: "useconds_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
 
   Utsname* {.importc: "struct utsname",
@@ -375,6 +370,18 @@ when hasSpawnH:
     Tposix_spawn_file_actions* {.importc: "posix_spawn_file_actions_t",
                                  header: "<spawn.h>", final, pure.} = object
 
+
+when not defined(macos) and not defined(macosx): # freebsd
+  type
+    Mqd* {.importc: "mqd_t", header: "<mqueue.h>", final, pure.} = object
+    MqAttr* {.importc: "struct mq_attr",
+              header: "<mqueue.h>",
+              final, pure.} = object ## message queue attribute
+      mq_flags*: int   ## Message queue flags.
+      mq_maxmsg*: int  ## Maximum number of messages.
+      mq_msgsize*: int ## Maximum message size.
+      mq_curmsgs*: int ## Number of messages currently queued.
+
 when defined(linux):
   # from sys/un.h
   const Sockaddr_un_path_length* = 108
@@ -459,9 +466,9 @@ type
                    header: "<netinet/in.h>".} = object ## struct sockaddr_in6
     sin6_family*: TSa_Family ## AF_INET6.
     sin6_port*: InPort      ## Port number.
-    sin6_flowinfo*: int32    ## IPv6 traffic class and flow information.
+    sin6_flowinfo*: uint32    ## IPv6 traffic class and flow information.
     sin6_addr*: In6Addr     ## IPv6 address.
-    sin6_scope_id*: int32    ## Set of interfaces for a scope.
+    sin6_scope_id*: uint32    ## Set of interfaces for a scope.
 
   Tipv6_mreq* {.importc: "struct ipv6_mreq", pure, final,
                 header: "<netinet/in.h>".} = object ## struct ipv6_mreq
@@ -488,7 +495,7 @@ type
                              ## alternative network names, terminated by a
                              ## null pointer.
     n_addrtype*: cint        ## The address type of the network.
-    n_net*: int32            ## The network number, in host byte order.
+    n_net*: uint32            ## The network number, in host byte order.
 
   Protoent* {.importc: "struct protoent", pure, final,
               header: "<netdb.h>".} = object ## struct protoent
diff --git a/lib/posix/posix_nintendoswitch.nim b/lib/posix/posix_nintendoswitch.nim
index 44e431437..b66563695 100644
--- a/lib/posix/posix_nintendoswitch.nim
+++ b/lib/posix/posix_nintendoswitch.nim
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ type
   Dirent* {.importc: "struct dirent",
             header: "<dirent.h>", final, pure.} = object ## dirent_t struct
     d_ino*: Ino
-    d_type*: int8  # cuchar really!
+    d_type*: int8  # uint8 really!
     d_name*: array[256, cchar]
 
   Tflock* {.importc: "struct flock", final, pure,
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ type
             header: "<signal.h>", final, pure.} = object ## stack_t
     ss_sp*: pointer  ## Stack base or pointer.
     ss_flags*: cint  ## Flags.
-    ss_size*: csize  ## Stack size.
+    ss_size*: csize_t ## Stack size.
 
   SigInfo* {.importc: "siginfo_t",
               header: "<signal.h>", final, pure.} = object ## siginfo_t
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ type
     aio_lio_opcode*: cint     ## Operation to be performed.
     aio_reqprio*: cint        ## Request priority offset.
     aio_buf*: pointer         ## Location of buffer.
-    aio_nbytes*: csize        ## Length of transfer.
+    aio_nbytes*: csize_t      ## Length of transfer.
     aio_sigevent*: SigEvent   ## Signal number and value.
     next_prio: pointer
     abs_prio: cint
@@ -347,20 +347,20 @@ type
 
   SockAddr* {.importc: "struct sockaddr", header: "<sys/socket.h>",
               pure, final.} = object ## struct sockaddr
-    sa_len: cuchar
+    sa_len: uint8
     sa_family*: TSa_Family         ## Address family.
     sa_data*: array[14, char] ## Socket address (variable-length data).
 
   Sockaddr_storage* {.importc: "struct sockaddr_storage",
                        header: "<sys/socket.h>",
                        pure, final.} = object ## struct sockaddr_storage
-    ss_len: cuchar
+    ss_len: uint8
     ss_family*: TSa_Family ## Address family.
-    ss_padding1: array[64 - sizeof(cuchar) - sizeof(cshort), char]
+    ss_padding1: array[64 - sizeof(uint8) - sizeof(cshort), char]
     ss_align: clonglong
     ss_padding2: array[
-      128 - sizeof(cuchar) - sizeof(cshort) -
-      (64 - sizeof(cuchar) - sizeof(cshort)) - 64, char]
+      128 - sizeof(uint8) - sizeof(cshort) -
+      (64 - sizeof(uint8) - sizeof(cshort)) - 64, char]
 
   Tif_nameindex* {.importc: "struct if_nameindex", final,
                    pure, header: "<net/if.h>".} = object ## struct if_nameindex
@@ -378,15 +378,15 @@ type
     msg_name*: pointer  ## Optional address.
     msg_namelen*: SockLen  ## Size of address.
     msg_iov*: ptr IOVec    ## Scatter/gather array.
-    msg_iovlen*: csize   ## Members in msg_iov.
+    msg_iovlen*: csize_t   ## Members in msg_iov.
     msg_control*: pointer  ## Ancillary data; see below.
-    msg_controllen*: csize ## Ancillary data buffer len.
+    msg_controllen*: csize_t ## Ancillary data buffer len.
     msg_flags*: cint ## Flags on received message.
 
 
   Tcmsghdr* {.importc: "struct cmsghdr", pure, final,
               header: "<sys/socket.h>".} = object ## struct cmsghdr
-    cmsg_len*: csize ## Data byte count, including the cmsghdr.
+    cmsg_len*: csize_t ## Data byte count, including the cmsghdr.
     cmsg_level*: cint   ## Originating protocol.
     cmsg_type*: cint    ## Protocol-specific type.
 
diff --git a/lib/posix/posix_openbsd_amd64.nim b/lib/posix/posix_openbsd_amd64.nim
index 1ef4a4182..184cd89c0 100644
--- a/lib/posix/posix_openbsd_amd64.nim
+++ b/lib/posix/posix_openbsd_amd64.nim
@@ -131,15 +131,19 @@ type
     ## used for block sizes
   Clock* {.importc: "clock_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
   ClockId* {.importc: "clockid_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
-  Dev* {.importc: "dev_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int32
+  Dev* {.importc: "dev_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = (
+    when defined(freebsd):
+      uint32
+    else:
+      int32)
   Fsblkcnt* {.importc: "fsblkcnt_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
   Fsfilcnt* {.importc: "fsfilcnt_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
-  Gid* {.importc: "gid_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int32
+  Gid* {.importc: "gid_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = uint32
   Id* {.importc: "id_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
   Ino* {.importc: "ino_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
   Key* {.importc: "key_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
   Mode* {.importc: "mode_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = uint32
-  Nlink* {.importc: "nlink_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int16
+  Nlink* {.importc: "nlink_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = uint32
   Off* {.importc: "off_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int64
   Pid* {.importc: "pid_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int32
   Pthread_attr* {.importc: "pthread_attr_t", header: "<pthread.h>".} = int
@@ -171,7 +175,7 @@ type
   Trace_event_set* {.importc: "trace_event_set_t",
                       header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
   Trace_id* {.importc: "trace_id_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
-  Uid* {.importc: "uid_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int32
+  Uid* {.importc: "uid_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = uint32
   Useconds* {.importc: "useconds_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
 
   Utsname* {.importc: "struct utsname",
@@ -446,9 +450,9 @@ type
                    header: "<netinet/in.h>".} = object ## struct sockaddr_in6
     sin6_family*: TSa_Family ## AF_INET6.
     sin6_port*: InPort      ## Port number.
-    sin6_flowinfo*: int32    ## IPv6 traffic class and flow information.
+    sin6_flowinfo*: uint32    ## IPv6 traffic class and flow information.
     sin6_addr*: In6Addr     ## IPv6 address.
-    sin6_scope_id*: int32    ## Set of interfaces for a scope.
+    sin6_scope_id*: uint32    ## Set of interfaces for a scope.
 
   Tipv6_mreq* {.importc: "struct ipv6_mreq", pure, final,
                 header: "<netinet/in.h>".} = object ## struct ipv6_mreq
@@ -475,7 +479,7 @@ type
                              ## alternative network names, terminated by a
                              ## null pointer.
     n_addrtype*: cint        ## The address type of the network.
-    n_net*: int32            ## The network number, in host byte order.
+    n_net*: uint32            ## The network number, in host byte order.
 
   Protoent* {.importc: "struct protoent", pure, final,
               header: "<netdb.h>".} = object ## struct protoent
diff --git a/lib/posix/posix_other.nim b/lib/posix/posix_other.nim
index 6584bfab2..ea8731405 100644
--- a/lib/posix/posix_other.nim
+++ b/lib/posix/posix_other.nim
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
   {.push styleChecks: off.}
 
-when defined(freertos):
+when defined(freertos) or defined(zephyr):
   const
     hasSpawnH = false # should exist for every Posix system nowadays
     hasAioH = false
@@ -391,9 +391,33 @@ when hasSpawnH:
                                  header: "<spawn.h>", final, pure.} = object
 
 when defined(linux):
+  const Sockaddr_max_length* = 255
   # from sys/un.h
   const Sockaddr_un_path_length* = 108
+elif defined(zephyr):
+  when defined(net_ipv6):
+    const Sockaddr_max_length* = 24
+  elif defined(net_raw):
+    const Sockaddr_max_length* = 20
+  elif defined(net_ipv4):
+    const Sockaddr_max_length* = 8
+  else:
+    const Sockaddr_max_length* = 255 # just for compilation purposes
+
+  const Sockaddr_un_path_length* = Sockaddr_max_length
+  # Zephyr is heavily customizable so it's easy to get to a state  
+  # where Nim & Zephyr IPv6 settings are out of sync, causing painful runtime failures. 
+  when defined(net_ipv4) or defined(net_ipv6) or defined(net_raw):
+    {.emit: ["NIM_STATIC_ASSERT(NET_SOCKADDR_MAX_SIZE == ",
+        Sockaddr_max_length,
+        ",\"NET_SOCKADDR_MAX_SIZE and Sockaddr_max_length size mismatch!",
+        " Check that Nim and Zephyr IPv4/IPv6 settings match.",
+        " Try adding -d:net_ipv6 to enable IPv6 for Nim on Zephyr.\" );"].}
+elif defined(freertos) or defined(lwip):
+  const Sockaddr_max_length* = 14
+  const Sockaddr_un_path_length* = 108
 else:
+  const Sockaddr_max_length* = 255
   # according to http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009604499/basedefs/sys/un.h.html
   # this is >=92
   const Sockaddr_un_path_length* = 92
@@ -408,49 +432,51 @@ when defined(lwip):
                 pure, final.} = object ## struct sockaddr
       sa_len*: uint8         ## Address family.
       sa_family*: TSa_Family         ## Address family.
-      sa_data*: array[0..255, char] ## Socket address (variable-length data).
-else:
+      sa_data*: array[0..Sockaddr_max_length-sizeof(uint8)-sizeof(TSa_Family), char] ## Socket address (variable-length data).
+
+    Sockaddr_storage* {.importc: "struct sockaddr_storage",
+                        header: "<sys/socket.h>",
+                        pure, final.} = object ## struct sockaddr_storage
+      s2_len*: uint8 ## Address family.
+      ss_family*: TSa_Family ## Address family.
+      s2_data1*: array[2, char] ## Address family.
+      s2_data2*: array[3, uint32] ## Address family.
+      when defined(lwip6) or defined(net_ipv6):
+        s2_data3*: array[3, uint32] ## Address family.
+elif defined(zephyr):
   type
     SockAddr* {.importc: "struct sockaddr", header: "<sys/socket.h>",
                 pure, final.} = object ## struct sockaddr
       sa_family*: TSa_Family         ## Address family.
-      sa_data*: array[0..255, char] ## Socket address (variable-length data).
+      data*: array[0..Sockaddr_max_length-sizeof(TSa_Family), char] ## Socket address (variable-length data).
 
-type
-  Sockaddr_un* {.importc: "struct sockaddr_un", header: "<sys/un.h>",
-              pure, final.} = object ## struct sockaddr_un
-    sun_family*: TSa_Family         ## Address family.
-    sun_path*: array[0..Sockaddr_un_path_length-1, char] ## Socket path
-
-
-when defined(lwip):
-  when not defined(lwip6):
-    type
-      Sockaddr_storage* {.importc: "struct sockaddr_storage",
-                          header: "<sys/socket.h>",
-                          pure, final.} = object ## struct sockaddr_storage
-        s2_len*: uint8 ## Address family.
-        ss_family*: TSa_Family ## Address family.
-        s2_data1*: array[2, char] ## Address family.
-        s2_data2*: array[3, uint32] ## Address family.
-  else:
-    type
-      Sockaddr_storage* {.importc: "struct sockaddr_storage",
-                          header: "<sys/socket.h>",
-                          pure, final.} = object ## struct sockaddr_storage
-        s2_len*: uint8 ## Address family.
-        ss_family*: TSa_Family ## Address family.
-        s2_data1*: array[2, char] ## Address family.
-        s2_data2*: array[3, uint32] ## Address family.
-        s2_data3*: array[3, uint32] ## Address family.
+    Sockaddr_storage* {.importc: "struct sockaddr_storage",
+                        header: "<sys/socket.h>",
+                        pure, final.} = object ## struct sockaddr_storage
+      ss_family*: TSa_Family ## Address family.
+      data*: array[0..Sockaddr_max_length-sizeof(TSa_Family), char] ## Socket address (variable-length data).
+  {.emit: ["NIM_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(struct sockaddr) == ", sizeof(Sockaddr), ",\"struct size mismatch\" );"].}
+  {.emit: ["NIM_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(struct sockaddr_storage) == ", sizeof(Sockaddr_storage), ",\"struct size mismatch\" );"].}
 else:
   type
+    SockAddr* {.importc: "struct sockaddr", header: "<sys/socket.h>",
+                pure, final.} = object ## struct sockaddr
+      sa_family*: TSa_Family         ## Address family.
+      sa_data*: array[0..Sockaddr_max_length-sizeof(TSa_Family), char] ## Socket address (variable-length data).
+
     Sockaddr_storage* {.importc: "struct sockaddr_storage",
                         header: "<sys/socket.h>",
                         pure, final.} = object ## struct sockaddr_storage
       ss_family*: TSa_Family ## Address family.
 
 type
+  Sockaddr_un* {.importc: "struct sockaddr_un", header: "<sys/un.h>",
+              pure, final.} = object ## struct sockaddr_un
+    sun_family*: TSa_Family         ## Address family.
+    sun_path*: array[0..Sockaddr_un_path_length-sizeof(TSa_Family), char] ## Socket path
+
+
+type
   Tif_nameindex* {.importc: "struct if_nameindex", final,
                    pure, header: "<net/if.h>".} = object ## struct if_nameindex
     if_index*: cint   ## Numeric index of the interface.
@@ -494,6 +520,7 @@ type
              header: "<netinet/in.h>".} = object ## struct in_addr
     s_addr*: InAddrScalar
 
+  # TODO: Fixme for FreeRTOS/LwIP, these are incorrect
   Sockaddr_in* {.importc: "struct sockaddr_in", pure, final,
                   header: "<netinet/in.h>".} = object ## struct sockaddr_in
     sin_family*: TSa_Family ## AF_INET.
@@ -577,7 +604,12 @@ when not defined(lwip):
       events*: cshort  ## The input event flags (see below).
       revents*: cshort ## The output event flags (see below).
 
-    Tnfds* {.importc: "nfds_t", header: "<poll.h>".} = cint
+  when defined(zephyr):
+    type
+      Tnfds* = distinct cint
+  else:
+    type
+      Tnfds* {.importc: "nfds_t", header: "<poll.h>".} = cint
 
 var
   errno* {.importc, header: "<errno.h>".}: cint ## error variable
@@ -608,10 +640,13 @@ when defined(linux) or defined(nimdoc):
       ## or UDP packets. (Requires Linux kernel > 3.9)
   else:
     const SO_REUSEPORT* = cint(15)
+elif defined(nuttx):
+  # Not supported, use SO_REUSEADDR to avoid compilation errors.
+  var SO_REUSEPORT* {.importc: "SO_REUSEADDR", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
 else:
   var SO_REUSEPORT* {.importc, header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
 
-when defined(linux) or defined(bsd):
+when defined(linux) or defined(bsd) or defined(nuttx):
   var SOCK_CLOEXEC* {.importc, header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
 
 when defined(macosx):
@@ -625,7 +660,7 @@ elif defined(solaris):
   # Solaris doesn't have MSG_NOSIGNAL
   const
     MSG_NOSIGNAL* = 0'i32
-elif defined(freertos) or defined(lwip):
+elif defined(zephyr) or defined(freertos) or defined(lwip):
   # LwIP/FreeRTOS doesn't have MSG_NOSIGNAL
   const
     MSG_NOSIGNAL* = 0x20'i32
@@ -640,14 +675,14 @@ when defined(haiku):
 
 when hasSpawnH:
   when defined(linux):
-    # better be safe than sorry; Linux has this flag, macosx doesn't, don't
-    # know about the other OSes
+    # better be safe than sorry; Linux has this flag, macosx and NuttX don't,
+    # don't know about the other OSes
 
-    # Non-GNU systems like TCC and musl-libc  don't define __USE_GNU, so we
+    # Non-GNU systems like TCC and musl-libc don't define __USE_GNU, so we
     # can't get the magic number from spawn.h
     const POSIX_SPAWN_USEVFORK* = cint(0x40)
   else:
-    # macosx lacks this, so we define the constant to be 0 to not affect
+    # macosx and NuttX lack this, so we define the constant to be 0 to not affect
     # OR'ing of flags:
     const POSIX_SPAWN_USEVFORK* = cint(0)
 
diff --git a/lib/posix/posix_other_consts.nim b/lib/posix/posix_other_consts.nim
index f43407b40..d346b4150 100644
--- a/lib/posix/posix_other_consts.nim
+++ b/lib/posix/posix_other_consts.nim
@@ -99,7 +99,10 @@ var EXDEV* {.importc: "EXDEV", header: "<errno.h>".}: cint
 
 # <fcntl.h>
 var F_DUPFD* {.importc: "F_DUPFD", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
-var F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC* {.importc: "F_DUPFD", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
+when defined(nuttx):
+  var F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC* {.importc: "F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
+else:
+  var F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC* {.importc: "F_DUPFD", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
 var F_GETFD* {.importc: "F_GETFD", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
 var F_SETFD* {.importc: "F_SETFD", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
 var F_GETFL* {.importc: "F_GETFL", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
@@ -127,6 +130,11 @@ var O_RDONLY* {.importc: "O_RDONLY", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
 var O_RDWR* {.importc: "O_RDWR", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
 var O_WRONLY* {.importc: "O_WRONLY", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
 var O_CLOEXEC* {.importc: "O_CLOEXEC", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
+when defined(nuttx):
+  var O_DIRECT* {.importc: "O_DIRECT", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
+  var O_PATH* {.importc: "O_PATH", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
+  var O_NOATIME* {.importc: "O_NOATIME", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
+  var O_TMPFILE* {.importc: "O_TMPFILE", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
 var POSIX_FADV_NORMAL* {.importc: "POSIX_FADV_NORMAL", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
 var POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL* {.importc: "POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
 var POSIX_FADV_RANDOM* {.importc: "POSIX_FADV_RANDOM", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
@@ -459,9 +467,13 @@ var POSIX_TYPED_MEM_MAP_ALLOCATABLE* {.importc: "POSIX_TYPED_MEM_MAP_ALLOCATABLE
 
 # <sys/resource.h>
 var RLIMIT_NOFILE* {.importc: "RLIMIT_NOFILE", header: "<sys/resource.h>".}: cint
+var RLIMIT_STACK* {.importc: "RLIMIT_STACK", header: "<sys/resource.h>".}: cint
 
 # <sys/select.h>
 var FD_SETSIZE* {.importc: "FD_SETSIZE", header: "<sys/select.h>".}: cint
+when defined(zephyr):
+  # Zephyr specific hardcoded value
+  var FD_MAX* {.importc: "CONFIG_POSIX_MAX_FDS ", header: "<sys/select.h>".}: cint
 
 # <sys/socket.h>
 var MSG_CTRUNC* {.importc: "MSG_CTRUNC", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
@@ -470,6 +482,7 @@ var MSG_EOR* {.importc: "MSG_EOR", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
 var MSG_OOB* {.importc: "MSG_OOB", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
 var SCM_RIGHTS* {.importc: "SCM_RIGHTS", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
 var SO_ACCEPTCONN* {.importc: "SO_ACCEPTCONN", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
+var SO_BINDTODEVICE* {.importc: "SO_BINDTODEVICE", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
 var SO_BROADCAST* {.importc: "SO_BROADCAST", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
 var SO_DEBUG* {.importc: "SO_DEBUG", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
 var SO_DONTROUTE* {.importc: "SO_DONTROUTE", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
@@ -487,10 +500,15 @@ var SO_SNDTIMEO* {.importc: "SO_SNDTIMEO", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
 var SO_TYPE* {.importc: "SO_TYPE", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
 var SOCK_DGRAM* {.importc: "SOCK_DGRAM", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
 var SOCK_RAW* {.importc: "SOCK_RAW", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
-var SOCK_SEQPACKET* {.importc: "SOCK_SEQPACKET", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
+when defined(zephyr):
+  const SOCK_SEQPACKET* = cint(5)
+  var SOMAXCONN* {.importc: "CONFIG_NET_SOCKETS_POLL_MAX", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
+else:
+  var SOCK_SEQPACKET* {.importc: "SOCK_SEQPACKET", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
+  var SOMAXCONN* {.importc: "SOMAXCONN", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
+
 var SOCK_STREAM* {.importc: "SOCK_STREAM", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
 var SOL_SOCKET* {.importc: "SOL_SOCKET", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
-var SOMAXCONN* {.importc: "SOMAXCONN", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
 var MSG_PEEK* {.importc: "MSG_PEEK", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
 var MSG_TRUNC* {.importc: "MSG_TRUNC", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
 var MSG_WAITALL* {.importc: "MSG_WAITALL", header: "<sys/socket.h>".}: cint
@@ -734,3 +752,6 @@ var SEEK_SET* {.importc: "SEEK_SET", header: "<unistd.h>".}: cint
 var SEEK_CUR* {.importc: "SEEK_CUR", header: "<unistd.h>".}: cint
 var SEEK_END* {.importc: "SEEK_END", header: "<unistd.h>".}: cint
 
+# <nuttx/config.h>
+when defined(nuttx):
+  var NEPOLL_MAX* {.importc: "CONFIG_FS_NEPOLL_DESCRIPTORS", header: "<nuttx/config.h>".}: cint
diff --git a/lib/posix/posix_utils.nim b/lib/posix/posix_utils.nim
index aeec73a45..0c668246f 100644
--- a/lib/posix/posix_utils.nim
+++ b/lib/posix/posix_utils.nim
@@ -7,18 +7,21 @@
 #
 
 ## A set of helpers for the POSIX module.
-## Raw interfaces are in the other posix*.nim files.
+## Raw interfaces are in the other ``posix*.nim`` files.
 
 # Where possible, contribute OS-independent procs in `os <os.html>`_ instead.
 
-import posix, parsecfg, os
+import std/[posix, parsecfg, os]
 import std/private/since
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
+
 type Uname* = object
   sysname*, nodename*, release*, version*, machine*: string
 
 template charArrayToString(input: typed): string =
-  $cstring(addr input)
+  $cast[cstring](addr input)
 
 proc uname*(): Uname =
   ## Provides system information in a `Uname` struct with sysname, nodename,
@@ -31,7 +34,7 @@ proc uname*(): Uname =
 
   var u: Utsname
   if uname(u) != 0:
-    raise newException(OSError, $strerror(errno))
+    raiseOSError(OSErrorCode(errno))
 
   result.sysname = charArrayToString u.sysname
   result.nodename = charArrayToString u.nodename
@@ -40,44 +43,45 @@ proc uname*(): Uname =
   result.machine = charArrayToString u.machine
 
 proc fsync*(fd: int) =
- ## synchronize a file's buffer cache to the storage device
- if fsync(fd.cint) != 0:
-    raise newException(OSError, $strerror(errno))
+  ## synchronize a file's buffer cache to the storage device
+  if fsync(fd.cint) != 0:
+    raiseOSError(OSErrorCode(errno))
 
 proc stat*(path: string): Stat =
   ## Returns file status in a `Stat` structure
   if stat(path.cstring, result) != 0:
-    raise newException(OSError, $strerror(errno))
+    raiseOSError(OSErrorCode(errno))
 
 proc memoryLock*(a1: pointer, a2: int) =
   ## Locks pages starting from a1 for a1 bytes and prevent them from being swapped.
   if mlock(a1, a2) != 0:
-    raise newException(OSError, $strerror(errno))
+    raiseOSError(OSErrorCode(errno))
 
 proc memoryLockAll*(flags: int) =
   ## Locks all memory for the running process to prevent swapping.
   ##
-  ## example::
-  ##
+  ## example:
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   memoryLockAll(MCL_CURRENT or MCL_FUTURE)
+  ##   ```
   if mlockall(flags.cint) != 0:
-    raise newException(OSError, $strerror(errno))
+    raiseOSError(OSErrorCode(errno))
 
 proc memoryUnlock*(a1: pointer, a2: int) =
   ## Unlock pages starting from a1 for a1 bytes and allow them to be swapped.
   if munlock(a1, a2) != 0:
-    raise newException(OSError, $strerror(errno))
+    raiseOSError(OSErrorCode(errno))
 
 proc memoryUnlockAll*() =
   ## Unlocks all memory for the running process to allow swapping.
   if munlockall() != 0:
-    raise newException(OSError, $strerror(errno))
+    raiseOSError(OSErrorCode(errno))
 
 proc sendSignal*(pid: Pid, signal: int) =
   ## Sends a signal to a running process by calling `kill`.
   ## Raise exception in case of failure e.g. process not running.
   if kill(pid, signal.cint) != 0:
-    raise newException(OSError, $strerror(errno))
+    raiseOSError(OSErrorCode(errno))
 
 proc mkstemp*(prefix: string, suffix=""): (string, File) =
   ## Creates a unique temporary file from a prefix string. A six-character string
@@ -86,7 +90,7 @@ proc mkstemp*(prefix: string, suffix=""): (string, File) =
   ## Returns the filename and a file opened in r/w mode.
   var tmpl = cstring(prefix & "XXXXXX" & suffix)
   let fd =
-    if len(suffix)==0:
+    if len(suffix) == 0:
       when declared(mkostemp):
         mkostemp(tmpl, O_CLOEXEC)
       else:
@@ -99,14 +103,14 @@ proc mkstemp*(prefix: string, suffix=""): (string, File) =
   var f: File
   if open(f, fd, fmReadWrite):
     return ($tmpl, f)
-  raise newException(OSError, $strerror(errno))
+  raiseOSError(OSErrorCode(errno))
 
 proc mkdtemp*(prefix: string): string =
   ## Creates a unique temporary directory from a prefix string. Adds a six chars suffix.
   ## The directory is created with permissions 0700. Returns the directory name.
   var tmpl = cstring(prefix & "XXXXXX")
   if mkdtemp(tmpl) == nil:
-    raise newException(OSError, $strerror(errno))
+    raiseOSError(OSErrorCode(errno))
   return $tmpl
 
 proc osReleaseFile*(): Config {.since: (1, 5).} =
diff --git a/lib/posix/termios.nim b/lib/posix/termios.nim
index b03ce74f3..7fb6bb81c 100644
--- a/lib/posix/termios.nim
+++ b/lib/posix/termios.nim
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-import posix
+import std/posix
 
 type
   Speed* = cuint
@@ -237,8 +237,11 @@ proc tcFlow*(fd: cint; action: cint): cint {.importc: "tcflow",
     header: "<termios.h>".}
 # Get process group ID for session leader for controlling terminal FD.
 
-# Window size ioctl.  Should work on on any Unix that xterm has been ported to.
-var TIOCGWINSZ*{.importc, header: "<sys/ioctl.h>".}: culong
+# Window size ioctl.  Solaris based systems have an uncommen place for this.
+when defined(solaris) or defined(sunos):
+  var TIOCGWINSZ*{.importc, header: "<sys/termios.h>".}: culong
+else:
+  var TIOCGWINSZ*{.importc, header: "<sys/ioctl.h>".}: culong
 
 when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
   {.push styleChecks: off.}
diff --git a/lib/pure/algorithm.nim b/lib/pure/algorithm.nim
index 0410d65ee..b12ed7cdd 100644
--- a/lib/pure/algorithm.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/algorithm.nim
@@ -44,6 +44,10 @@ runnableExamples:
 
 import std/private/since
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+
 type
   SortOrder* = enum
     Descending, Ascending
@@ -131,43 +135,29 @@ proc reverse*[T](a: var openArray[T]) =
   # the max is needed, since a.high is -1 if a is empty
   reverse(a, 0, max(0, a.high))
 
-proc reversed*[T](a: openArray[T], first: Natural, last: int): seq[T] =
-  ## Returns the reverse of the slice `a[first..last]`.
-  ##
-  ## If an invalid range is passed, it raises `IndexDefect`.
+proc reversed*[T](a: openArray[T]): seq[T] {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the elements of `a` in reverse order.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
-  ## * `reverse proc<#reverse,openArray[T],Natural,Natural>`_ reverse a slice
   ## * `reverse proc<#reverse,openArray[T]>`_
   runnableExamples:
-    let
-      a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
-      b = a.reversed(1, 3)
-    assert b == @[4, 3, 2]
-  assert last >= first - 1
-  var i = last - first
-  var x = first.int
-  result = newSeq[T](i + 1)
-  while i >= 0:
-    result[i] = a[x]
-    dec(i)
-    inc(x)
+    assert [10, 11, 12].reversed == @[12, 11, 10]
+    assert seq[string].default.reversed == @[]
+  let n = a.len
+  result.setLen(n)
+  for i in 0..<n: result[i] = a[n - (i + 1)]
 
-proc reversed*[T](a: openArray[T]): seq[T] =
-  ## Returns the reverse of the container `a`.
-  ##
-  ## **See also:**
-  ## * `reverse proc<#reverse,openArray[T],Natural,Natural>`_ reverse a slice
-  ## * `reverse proc<#reverse,openArray[T]>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    let
-      a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
-      b = reversed(a)
-    assert b == @[6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
-  reversed(a, 0, a.high)
+proc reversed*[T](a: openArray[T], first: Natural, last: int): seq[T]
+  {.inline, deprecated: "use: `reversed(toOpenArray(a, first, last))`".} =
+  reversed(toOpenArray(a, first, last))
+
+when defined(nimHasEffectsOf):
+  {.experimental: "strictEffects".}
+else:
+  {.pragma: effectsOf.}
 
 proc binarySearch*[T, K](a: openArray[T], key: K,
-                         cmp: proc (x: T, y: K): int {.closure.}): int =
+                         cmp: proc (x: T, y: K): int {.closure.}): int {.effectsOf: cmp.} =
   ## Binary search for `key` in `a`. Return the index of `key` or -1 if not found.
   ## Assumes that `a` is sorted according to `cmp`.
   ##
@@ -229,7 +219,7 @@ const
   onlySafeCode = true
 
 proc lowerBound*[T, K](a: openArray[T], key: K,
-                       cmp: proc(x: T, k: K): int {.closure.}): int =
+                       cmp: proc(x: T, k: K): int {.closure.}): int {.effectsOf: cmp.} =
   ## Returns the index of the first element in `a` that is not less than
   ## (i.e. greater or equal to) `key`, or last if no such element is found.
   ## In other words if you have a sorted sequence and you call
@@ -279,7 +269,7 @@ proc lowerBound*[T](a: openArray[T], key: T): int = lowerBound(a, key, cmp[T])
   ## * `upperBound proc<#upperBound,openArray[T],T>`_
 
 proc upperBound*[T, K](a: openArray[T], key: K,
-                       cmp: proc(x: T, k: K): int {.closure.}): int =
+                       cmp: proc(x: T, k: K): int {.closure.}): int {.effectsOf: cmp.} =
   ## Returns the index of the first element in `a` that is greater than
   ## `key`, or last if no such element is found.
   ## In other words if you have a sorted sequence and you call
@@ -336,12 +326,12 @@ template `<-`(a, b) =
   else:
     copyMem(addr(a), addr(b), sizeof(T))
 
-proc merge[T](a, b: var openArray[T], lo, m, hi: int,
-              cmp: proc (x, y: T): int {.closure.}, order: SortOrder) =
+proc mergeAlt[T](a, b: var openArray[T], lo, m, hi: int,
+              cmp: proc (x, y: T): int {.closure.}, order: SortOrder) {.effectsOf: cmp.} =
   # Optimization: If max(left) <= min(right) there is nothing to do!
   # 1 2 3 4 ## 5 6 7 8
   # -> O(n) for sorted arrays.
-  # On random data this saves up to 40% of merge calls.
+  # On random data this saves up to 40% of mergeAlt calls.
   if cmp(a[m], a[m+1]) * order <= 0: return
   var j = lo
   # copy a[j..m] into b:
@@ -377,7 +367,7 @@ proc merge[T](a, b: var openArray[T], lo, m, hi: int,
 
 func sort*[T](a: var openArray[T],
               cmp: proc (x, y: T): int {.closure.},
-              order = SortOrder.Ascending) =
+              order = SortOrder.Ascending) {.effectsOf: cmp.} =
   ## Default Nim sort (an implementation of merge sort). The sorting
   ## is guaranteed to be stable (that is, equal elements stay in the same order)
   ## and the worst case is guaranteed to be O(n log n).
@@ -389,22 +379,22 @@ func sort*[T](a: var openArray[T],
   ## `cmp`, you may use `system.cmp` or instead call the overloaded
   ## version of `sort`, which uses `system.cmp`.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
-  ##    sort(myIntArray, system.cmp[int])
-  ##    # do not use cmp[string] here as we want to use the specialized
-  ##    # overload:
-  ##    sort(myStrArray, system.cmp)
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   sort(myIntArray, system.cmp[int])
+  ##   # do not use cmp[string] here as we want to use the specialized
+  ##   # overload:
+  ##   sort(myStrArray, system.cmp)
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## You can inline adhoc comparison procs with the `do notation
-  ## <manual_experimental.html#do-notation>`_. Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ## <manual.html#procedures-do-notation>`_. Example:
   ##
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   people.sort do (x, y: Person) -> int:
   ##     result = cmp(x.surname, y.surname)
   ##     if result == 0:
   ##       result = cmp(x.name, y.name)
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `sort proc<#sort,openArray[T]>`_
@@ -424,7 +414,7 @@ func sort*[T](a: var openArray[T],
   while s < n:
     var m = n-1-s
     while m >= 0:
-      merge(a, b, max(m-s+1, 0), m, m+s, cmp, order)
+      mergeAlt(a, b, max(m-s+1, 0), m, m+s, cmp, order)
       dec(m, s*2)
     s = s*2
 
@@ -439,7 +429,7 @@ proc sort*[T](a: var openArray[T], order = SortOrder.Ascending) = sort[T](a,
   ## * `sortedByIt template<#sortedByIt.t,untyped,untyped>`_
 
 proc sorted*[T](a: openArray[T], cmp: proc(x, y: T): int {.closure.},
-                order = SortOrder.Ascending): seq[T] =
+                order = SortOrder.Ascending): seq[T] {.effectsOf: cmp.} =
   ## Returns `a` sorted by `cmp` in the specified `order`.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
@@ -516,7 +506,7 @@ template sortedByIt*(seq1, op: untyped): untyped =
 
 func isSorted*[T](a: openArray[T],
                  cmp: proc(x, y: T): int {.closure.},
-                 order = SortOrder.Ascending): bool =
+                 order = SortOrder.Ascending): bool {.effectsOf: cmp.} =
   ## Checks to see whether `a` is already sorted in `order`
   ## using `cmp` for the comparison. The parameters are identical
   ## to `sort`. Requires O(n) time.
@@ -564,7 +554,7 @@ proc isSorted*[T](a: openArray[T], order = SortOrder.Ascending): bool =
 proc merge*[T](
   result: var seq[T],
   x, y: openArray[T], cmp: proc(x, y: T): int {.closure.}
-) {.since: (1, 5, 1).} =
+) {.since: (1, 5, 1), effectsOf: cmp.} =
   ## Merges two sorted `openArray`. `x` and `y` are assumed to be sorted.
   ## If you do not wish to provide your own `cmp`,
   ## you may use `system.cmp` or instead call the overloaded
@@ -657,7 +647,7 @@ proc product*[T](x: openArray[seq[T]]): seq[seq[T]] =
   ## Produces the Cartesian product of the array.
   ## Every element of the result is a combination of one element from each seq in `x`,
   ## with the ith element coming from `x[i]`.
-  ## 
+  ##
   ## .. warning:: complexity may explode.
   runnableExamples:
     assert product(@[@[1], @[2]]) == @[@[1, 2]]
@@ -835,10 +825,10 @@ proc rotateLeft*[T](arg: var openArray[T]; slice: HSlice[int, int];
   ## If an invalid range (`HSlice`) is passed, it raises `IndexDefect`.
   ##
   ## `slice`
-  ##   The indices of the element range that should be rotated.
+  ## : The indices of the element range that should be rotated.
   ##
   ## `dist`
-  ##   The distance in amount of elements that the data should be rotated.
+  ## : The distance in amount of elements that the data should be rotated.
   ##   Can be negative, can be any number.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
@@ -886,10 +876,10 @@ proc rotatedLeft*[T](arg: openArray[T]; slice: HSlice[int, int],
   ## If an invalid range (`HSlice`) is passed, it raises `IndexDefect`.
   ##
   ## `slice`
-  ##   The indices of the element range that should be rotated.
+  ## : The indices of the element range that should be rotated.
   ##
   ## `dist`
-  ##   The distance in amount of elements that the data should be rotated.
+  ## : The distance in amount of elements that the data should be rotated.
   ##   Can be negative, can be any number.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
diff --git a/lib/pure/async.nim b/lib/pure/async.nim
index 97b29f81d..e4d8d41c3 100644
--- a/lib/pure/async.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/async.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
+## Exports [asyncmacro](asyncmacro.html) and [asyncfutures](asyncfutures.html) for native backends,
+## and [asyncjs](asyncjs.html) on the JS backend. 
+
 when defined(js):
-    import asyncjs
-    export asyncjs
+  import std/asyncjs
+  export asyncjs
 else:
-    import asyncmacro, asyncfutures
-    export asyncmacro, asyncfutures
+  import std/[asyncmacro, asyncfutures]
+  export asyncmacro, asyncfutures
diff --git a/lib/pure/asyncdispatch.nim b/lib/pure/asyncdispatch.nim
index 55a20270d..126db7a7f 100644
--- a/lib/pure/asyncdispatch.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/asyncdispatch.nim
@@ -41,13 +41,13 @@
 ## requested amount of data is read **or** an exception occurs.
 ##
 ## Code to read some data from a socket may look something like this:
-##
-##   .. code-block::nim
-##      var future = socket.recv(100)
-##      future.addCallback(
-##        proc () =
-##          echo(future.read)
-##      )
+##   ```Nim
+##   var future = socket.recv(100)
+##   future.addCallback(
+##     proc () =
+##       echo(future.read)
+##   )
+##   ```
 ##
 ## All asynchronous functions returning a `Future` will not block. They
 ## will not however return immediately. An asynchronous function will have
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@
 ## callback on this future which will be called once the future completes.
 ## All the callback does is write the data stored in the future to `stdout`.
 ## The `read` function is used for this and it checks whether the future
-## completes with an error for you (if it did it will simply raise the
-## error), if there is no error however it returns the value of the future.
+## completes with an error for you (if it did, it will simply raise the
+## error), if there is no error, however, it returns the value of the future.
 ##
 ## Asynchronous procedures
 ## =======================
@@ -98,40 +98,71 @@
 ## `await`. The following section shows different ways that you can handle
 ## exceptions in async procs.
 ##
+## .. caution::
+##     Procedures marked {.async.} do not support mutable parameters such
+##     as `var int`. References such as `ref int` should be used instead.
+##
 ## Handling Exceptions
 ## -------------------
 ##
-## The most reliable way to handle exceptions is to use `yield` on a future
-## then check the future's `failed` property. For example:
+## You can handle exceptions in the same way as in ordinary Nim code;
+## by using the try statement:
 ##
-##   .. code-block:: Nim
-##     var future = sock.recv(100)
-##     yield future
-##     if future.failed:
-##       # Handle exception
+##   ```Nim
+##   try:
+##     let data = await sock.recv(100)
+##     echo("Received ", data)
+##   except:
+##     # Handle exception
+##   ```
 ##
-## The `async` procedures also offer limited support for the try statement.
-##
-##    .. code-block:: Nim
-##      try:
-##        let data = await sock.recv(100)
-##        echo("Received ", data)
-##      except:
-##        # Handle exception
+## An alternative approach to handling exceptions is to use `yield` on a future
+## then check the future's `failed` property. For example:
 ##
-## Unfortunately the semantics of the try statement may not always be correct,
-## and occasionally the compilation may fail altogether.
-## As such it is better to use the former style when possible.
+##   ```Nim
+##   var future = sock.recv(100)
+##   yield future
+##   if future.failed:
+##     # Handle exception
+##   ```
 ##
 ##
 ## Discarding futures
 ## ==================
 ##
-## Futures should **never** be discarded. This is because they may contain
-## errors. If you do not care for the result of a Future then you should
-## use the `asyncCheck` procedure instead of the `discard` keyword. Note
-## however that this does not wait for completion, and you should use
-## `waitFor` for that purpose.
+## Futures should **never** be discarded directly because they may contain
+## errors. If you do not care for the result of a Future then you should use
+## the `asyncCheck` procedure instead of the `discard` keyword. Note that this
+## does not wait for completion, and you should use `waitFor` or `await` for that purpose.
+##
+## .. note:: `await` also checks if the future fails, so you can safely discard
+##   its result.
+##
+## Handling futures
+## ================
+##
+## There are many different operations that apply to a future.
+## The three primary high-level operations are `asyncCheck`,
+## `waitFor`, and `await`.
+##
+## * `asyncCheck`: Raises an exception if the future fails. It neither waits
+##   for the future to finish nor returns the result of the future.
+## * `waitFor`: Polls the event loop and blocks the current thread until the
+##   future finishes. This is often used to call an async procedure from a
+##   synchronous context and should never be used in an `async` proc.
+## * `await`: Pauses execution in the current async procedure until the future
+##   finishes. While the current procedure is paused, other async procedures will
+##   continue running. Should be used instead of `waitFor` in an async
+##   procedure.
+##
+## Here is a handy quick reference chart showing their high-level differences:
+## ==============  =====================   =======================
+## Procedure       Context                 Blocking
+## ==============  =====================   =======================
+## `asyncCheck`    non-async and async     non-blocking
+## `waitFor`       non-async               blocks current thread
+## `await`         async                   suspends current proc
+## ==============  =====================   =======================
 ##
 ## Examples
 ## ========
@@ -165,19 +196,49 @@
 ## ================
 ##
 ## * The effect system (`raises: []`) does not work with async procedures.
+## * Mutable parameters are not supported by async procedures.
+##
+##
+## Multiple async backend support
+## ==============================
+##
+## Thanks to its powerful macro support, Nim allows ``async``/``await`` to be
+## implemented in libraries with only minimal support from the language - as
+## such, multiple ``async`` libraries exist, including ``asyncdispatch`` and
+## ``chronos``, and more may come to be developed in the future.
+##
+## Libraries built on top of async/await may wish to support multiple async
+## backends - the best way to do so is to create separate modules for each backend
+## that may be imported side-by-side.
+##
+## An alternative way is to select backend using a global compile flag - this
+## method makes it difficult to compose applications that use both backends as may
+## happen with transitive dependencies, but may be appropriate in some cases -
+## libraries choosing this path should call the flag `asyncBackend`, allowing
+## applications to choose the backend with `-d:asyncBackend=<backend_name>`.
+##
+## Known `async` backends include:
+##
+## * `-d:asyncBackend=none`: disable `async` support completely
+## * `-d:asyncBackend=asyncdispatch`: https://nim-lang.org/docs/asyncdispatch.html
+## * `-d:asyncBackend=chronos`: https://github.com/status-im/nim-chronos/
+##
+## ``none`` can be used when a library supports both a synchronous and
+## asynchronous API, to disable the latter.
+
+import std/[os, tables, strutils, times, heapqueue, options, asyncstreams]
+import std/[math, monotimes]
+import std/asyncfutures except callSoon
 
-import os, tables, strutils, times, heapqueue, options, asyncstreams
-import options, math, std/monotimes
-import asyncfutures except callSoon
+import std/[nativesockets, net, deques]
 
-import nativesockets, net, deques
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, syncio]
 
 export Port, SocketFlag
 export asyncfutures except callSoon
 export asyncstreams
 
-#{.injectStmt: newGcInvariant().}
-
 # TODO: Check if yielded future is nil and throw a more meaningful exception
 
 type
@@ -220,6 +281,8 @@ proc adjustTimeout(
   result = max(nextTimer.get(), 0)
   result = min(pollTimeout, result)
 
+proc runOnce(timeout: int): bool {.gcsafe.}
+
 proc callSoon*(cbproc: proc () {.gcsafe.}) {.gcsafe.}
   ## Schedule `cbproc` to be called as soon as possible.
   ## The callback is called when control returns to the event loop.
@@ -239,7 +302,7 @@ template implementSetInheritable() {.dirty.} =
       fd.FileHandle.setInheritable(inheritable)
 
 when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
-  import winlean, sets, hashes
+  import std/[winlean, sets, hashes]
   type
     CompletionKey = ULONG_PTR
 
@@ -329,7 +392,7 @@ when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
     let p = getGlobalDispatcher()
     p.handles.len != 0 or p.timers.len != 0 or p.callbacks.len != 0
 
-  proc runOnce(timeout = 500): bool =
+  proc runOnce(timeout: int): bool =
     let p = getGlobalDispatcher()
     if p.handles.len == 0 and p.timers.len == 0 and p.callbacks.len == 0:
       raise newException(ValueError,
@@ -470,7 +533,7 @@ when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
             if flags.isDisconnectionError(errcode):
               retFuture.complete("")
             else:
-              retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(errcode)))
+              retFuture.fail(newOSError(errcode))
         if dataBuf.buf != nil:
           dealloc dataBuf.buf
           dataBuf.buf = nil
@@ -488,7 +551,7 @@ when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
         if flags.isDisconnectionError(err):
           retFuture.complete("")
         else:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(err)))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(err))
     elif ret == 0:
       # Request completed immediately.
       if bytesReceived != 0:
@@ -540,7 +603,7 @@ when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
             if flags.isDisconnectionError(errcode):
               retFuture.complete(0)
             else:
-              retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(errcode)))
+              retFuture.fail(newOSError(errcode))
         if dataBuf.buf != nil:
           dataBuf.buf = nil
     )
@@ -556,7 +619,7 @@ when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
         if flags.isDisconnectionError(err):
           retFuture.complete(0)
         else:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(err)))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(err))
     elif ret == 0:
       # Request completed immediately.
       if bytesReceived != 0:
@@ -604,7 +667,7 @@ when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
         if flags.isDisconnectionError(err):
           retFuture.complete()
         else:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(err)))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(err))
     else:
       retFuture.complete()
       # We don't deallocate `ol` here because even though this completed
@@ -639,7 +702,7 @@ when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
           if errcode == OSErrorCode(-1):
             retFuture.complete()
           else:
-            retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(errcode)))
+            retFuture.fail(newOSError(errcode))
     )
 
     let ret = WSASendTo(socket.SocketHandle, addr dataBuf, 1, addr bytesSent,
@@ -649,7 +712,7 @@ when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
       let err = osLastError()
       if err.int32 != ERROR_IO_PENDING:
         GC_unref(ol)
-        retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(err)))
+        retFuture.fail(newOSError(err))
     else:
       retFuture.complete()
       # We don't deallocate `ol` here because even though this completed
@@ -683,7 +746,7 @@ when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
           else:
             # datagram sockets don't have disconnection,
             # so we can just raise an exception
-            retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(errcode)))
+            retFuture.fail(newOSError(errcode))
     )
 
     let res = WSARecvFrom(socket.SocketHandle, addr dataBuf, 1,
@@ -694,7 +757,7 @@ when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
       let err = osLastError()
       if err.int32 != ERROR_IO_PENDING:
         GC_unref(ol)
-        retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(err)))
+        retFuture.fail(newOSError(err))
     else:
       # Request completed immediately.
       if bytesReceived != 0:
@@ -707,7 +770,7 @@ when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
 
   proc acceptAddr*(socket: AsyncFD, flags = {SocketFlag.SafeDisconn},
                    inheritable = defined(nimInheritHandles)):
-      owned(Future[tuple[address: string, client: AsyncFD]]) =
+      owned(Future[tuple[address: string, client: AsyncFD]]) {.gcsafe.} =
     ## Accepts a new connection. Returns a future containing the client socket
     ## corresponding to that connection and the remote address of the client.
     ## The future will complete when the connection is successfully accepted.
@@ -745,7 +808,7 @@ when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
             else:
               retFuture.complete(newAcceptFut.read)
       else:
-        retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(errcode)))
+        retFuture.fail(newOSError(errcode))
 
     template completeAccept() {.dirty.} =
       var listenSock = socket
@@ -774,7 +837,7 @@ when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
 
     var ol = newCustom()
     ol.data = CompletionData(fd: socket, cb:
-      proc (fd: AsyncFD, bytesCount: DWORD, errcode: OSErrorCode) =
+      proc (fd: AsyncFD, bytesCount: DWORD, errcode: OSErrorCode) {.gcsafe.} =
         if not retFuture.finished:
           if errcode == OSErrorCode(-1):
             completeAccept()
@@ -1024,7 +1087,7 @@ when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
       raiseOSError(osLastError())
 
     var pcd = cast[PostCallbackDataPtr](allocShared0(sizeof(PostCallbackData)))
-    var flags = WT_EXECUTEINWAITTHREAD.DWORD
+    var flags = WT_EXECUTEINWAITTHREAD.DWORD or WT_EXECUTEONLYONCE.DWORD
 
     proc proccb(fd: AsyncFD, bytesCount: DWORD, errcode: OSErrorCode) =
       closeWaitable(hProcess)
@@ -1103,11 +1166,14 @@ when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
 
   initAll()
 else:
-  import selectors
-  from posix import EINTR, EAGAIN, EINPROGRESS, EWOULDBLOCK, MSG_PEEK,
+  import std/selectors
+  from std/posix import EINTR, EAGAIN, EINPROGRESS, EWOULDBLOCK, MSG_PEEK,
                     MSG_NOSIGNAL
   when declared(posix.accept4):
-    from posix import accept4, SOCK_CLOEXEC
+    from std/posix import accept4, SOCK_CLOEXEC
+  when defined(genode):
+    import genode/env # get the implicit Genode env
+    import genode/signals
 
   const
     InitCallbackListSize = 4         # initial size of callbacks sequence,
@@ -1126,6 +1192,8 @@ else:
 
     PDispatcher* = ref object of PDispatcherBase
       selector: Selector[AsyncData]
+      when defined(genode):
+        signalHandler: SignalHandler
 
   proc `==`*(x, y: AsyncFD): bool {.borrow.}
   proc `==`*(x, y: AsyncEvent): bool {.borrow.}
@@ -1141,9 +1209,22 @@ else:
     result.selector = newSelector[AsyncData]()
     result.timers.clear()
     result.callbacks = initDeque[proc () {.closure, gcsafe.}](InitDelayedCallbackListSize)
+    when defined(genode):
+      let entrypoint = ep(cast[GenodeEnv](runtimeEnv))
+      result.signalHandler = newSignalHandler(entrypoint):
+        discard runOnce(0)
 
   var gDisp{.threadvar.}: owned PDispatcher ## Global dispatcher
 
+  when defined(nuttx):
+    import std/exitprocs
+
+    proc cleanDispatcher() {.noconv.} =
+      gDisp = nil
+
+    proc addFinalyzer() =
+      addExitProc(cleanDispatcher)
+
   proc setGlobalDispatcher*(disp: owned PDispatcher) =
     if not gDisp.isNil:
       assert gDisp.callbacks.len == 0
@@ -1153,6 +1234,8 @@ else:
   proc getGlobalDispatcher*(): PDispatcher =
     if gDisp.isNil:
       setGlobalDispatcher(newDispatcher())
+      when defined(nuttx):
+        addFinalyzer()
     result = gDisp
 
   proc getIoHandler*(disp: PDispatcher): Selector[AsyncData] =
@@ -1310,10 +1393,11 @@ else:
           ValueError, "Expecting async operations to stop when fd has closed."
         )
 
-
-  proc runOnce(timeout = 500): bool =
+  proc runOnce(timeout: int): bool =
     let p = getGlobalDispatcher()
     if p.selector.isEmpty() and p.timers.len == 0 and p.callbacks.len == 0:
+      when defined(genode):
+        if timeout == 0: return
       raise newException(ValueError,
         "No handles or timers registered in dispatcher.")
 
@@ -1384,7 +1468,7 @@ else:
           if flags.isDisconnectionError(lastError):
             retFuture.complete("")
           else:
-            retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(lastError)))
+            retFuture.fail(newOSError(lastError))
         else:
           result = false # We still want this callback to be called.
       elif res == 0:
@@ -1413,7 +1497,7 @@ else:
           if flags.isDisconnectionError(lastError):
             retFuture.complete(0)
           else:
-            retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(lastError)))
+            retFuture.fail(newOSError(lastError))
         else:
           result = false # We still want this callback to be called.
       else:
@@ -1479,7 +1563,7 @@ else:
         let lastError = osLastError()
         if lastError.int32 != EINTR and lastError.int32 != EWOULDBLOCK and
            lastError.int32 != EAGAIN:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(lastError)))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(lastError))
         else:
           result = false # We still want this callback to be called.
       else:
@@ -1505,7 +1589,7 @@ else:
         let lastError = osLastError()
         if lastError.int32 != EINTR and lastError.int32 != EWOULDBLOCK and
            lastError.int32 != EAGAIN:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(lastError)))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(lastError))
         else:
           result = false
       else:
@@ -1518,7 +1602,7 @@ else:
       owned(Future[tuple[address: string, client: AsyncFD]]) =
     var retFuture = newFuture[tuple[address: string,
         client: AsyncFD]]("acceptAddr")
-    proc cb(sock: AsyncFD): bool =
+    proc cb(sock: AsyncFD): bool {.gcsafe.} =
       result = true
       var sockAddress: Sockaddr_storage
       var addrLen = sizeof(sockAddress).SockLen
@@ -1546,7 +1630,7 @@ else:
           if flags.isDisconnectionError(lastError):
             return false
           else:
-            retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(lastError)))
+            retFuture.fail(newOSError(lastError))
       else:
         try:
           let address = getAddrString(cast[ptr SockAddr](addr sockAddress))
@@ -1675,9 +1759,11 @@ when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
       proc (fd: AsyncFD, bytesCount: DWORD, errcode: OSErrorCode) =
         if not retFuture.finished:
           if errcode == OSErrorCode(-1):
+            const SO_UPDATE_CONNECT_CONTEXT = 0x7010
+            socket.SocketHandle.setSockOptInt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_UPDATE_CONNECT_CONTEXT, 1) # 15022
             retFuture.complete()
           else:
-            retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(errcode)))
+            retFuture.fail(newOSError(errcode))
     )
 
     let ret = connectEx(socket.SocketHandle, addrInfo.ai_addr,
@@ -1695,7 +1781,7 @@ when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
         # With ERROR_IO_PENDING `ol` will be deallocated in `poll`,
         # and the future will be completed/failed there, too.
         GC_unref(ol)
-        retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(lastError)))
+        retFuture.fail(newOSError(lastError))
 else:
   proc doConnect(socket: AsyncFD, addrInfo: ptr AddrInfo): owned(Future[void]) =
     let retFuture = newFuture[void]("doConnect")
@@ -1712,7 +1798,7 @@ else:
         # interrupted, keep waiting
         return false
       else:
-        retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(OSErrorCode(ret))))
+        retFuture.fail(newOSError(OSErrorCode(ret)))
         return true
 
     let ret = connect(socket.SocketHandle,
@@ -1726,7 +1812,7 @@ else:
       if lastError.int32 == EINTR or lastError.int32 == EINPROGRESS:
         addWrite(socket, cb)
       else:
-        retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(lastError)))
+        retFuture.fail(newOSError(lastError))
 
 template asyncAddrInfoLoop(addrInfo: ptr AddrInfo, fd: untyped,
                            protocol: Protocol = IPPROTO_RAW) =
@@ -1765,7 +1851,7 @@ template asyncAddrInfoLoop(addrInfo: ptr AddrInfo, fd: untyped,
         curAddrInfo = curAddrInfo.ai_next
 
       if curAddrInfo == nil:
-        freeaddrinfo(addrInfo)
+        freeAddrInfo(addrInfo)
         when shouldCreateFd:
           closeUnusedFds()
         if lastException != nil:
@@ -1781,7 +1867,7 @@ template asyncAddrInfoLoop(addrInfo: ptr AddrInfo, fd: untyped,
           try:
             curFd = createAsyncNativeSocket(domain, sockType, protocol)
           except:
-            freeaddrinfo(addrInfo)
+            freeAddrInfo(addrInfo)
             closeUnusedFds()
             raise getCurrentException()
           when defined(windows):
@@ -1791,7 +1877,7 @@ template asyncAddrInfoLoop(addrInfo: ptr AddrInfo, fd: untyped,
       doConnect(curFd, curAddrInfo).callback = tryNextAddrInfo
       curAddrInfo = curAddrInfo.ai_next
     else:
-      freeaddrinfo(addrInfo)
+      freeAddrInfo(addrInfo)
       when shouldCreateFd:
         closeUnusedFds(ord(domain))
         retFuture.complete(curFd)
@@ -1908,7 +1994,8 @@ proc send*(socket: AsyncFD, data: string,
   return retFuture
 
 # -- Await Macro
-include asyncmacro
+import std/asyncmacro
+export asyncmacro
 
 proc readAll*(future: FutureStream[string]): owned(Future[string]) {.async.} =
   ## Returns a future that will complete when all the string data from the
@@ -1945,17 +2032,34 @@ proc activeDescriptors*(): int {.inline.} =
     result = getGlobalDispatcher().selector.count
 
 when defined(posix):
-  import posix
+  import std/posix
 
-when defined(linux) or defined(windows) or defined(macosx) or defined(bsd):
+when defined(linux) or defined(windows) or defined(macosx) or defined(bsd) or
+       defined(solaris) or defined(zephyr) or defined(freertos) or defined(nuttx) or defined(haiku):
   proc maxDescriptors*(): int {.raises: OSError.} =
     ## Returns the maximum number of active file descriptors for the current
     ## process. This involves a system call. For now `maxDescriptors` is
-    ## supported on the following OSes: Windows, Linux, OSX, BSD.
+    ## supported on the following OSes: Windows, Linux, OSX, BSD, Solaris.
     when defined(windows):
       result = 16_700_000
+    elif defined(zephyr) or defined(freertos):
+      result = FD_MAX
     else:
       var fdLim: RLimit
       if getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, fdLim) < 0:
         raiseOSError(osLastError())
       result = int(fdLim.rlim_cur) - 1
+
+when defined(genode):
+  proc scheduleCallbacks*(): bool {.discardable.} =
+    ## *Genode only.*
+    ## Schedule callback processing and return immediately.
+    ## Returns `false` if there is nothing to schedule.
+    ## RPC servers should call this to dispatch `callSoon`
+    ## bodies after retiring an RPC to its client.
+    ## This is effectively a non-blocking `poll(…)` and is
+    ## equivalent to scheduling a momentary no-op timeout
+    ## but faster and with less overhead.
+    let dis = getGlobalDispatcher()
+    result = dis.callbacks.len > 0
+    if result: submit(dis.signalHandler.cap)
diff --git a/lib/pure/asyncfile.nim b/lib/pure/asyncfile.nim
index c51b338e3..0f6504342 100644
--- a/lib/pure/asyncfile.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/asyncfile.nim
@@ -9,27 +9,33 @@
 
 ## This module implements asynchronous file reading and writing.
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##    import std/[asyncfile, asyncdispatch, os]
+##   ```Nim
+##   import std/[asyncfile, asyncdispatch, os]
 ##
-##    proc main() {.async.} =
-##      var file = openAsync(getTempDir() / "foobar.txt", fmReadWrite)
-##      await file.write("test")
-##      file.setFilePos(0)
-##      let data = await file.readAll()
-##      doAssert data == "test"
-##      file.close()
+##   proc main() {.async.} =
+##     var file = openAsync(getTempDir() / "foobar.txt", fmReadWrite)
+##     await file.write("test")
+##     file.setFilePos(0)
+##     let data = await file.readAll()
+##     doAssert data == "test"
+##     file.close()
 ##
-##    waitFor main()
+##   waitFor main()
+##   ```
 
-import asyncdispatch, os
+import std/[asyncdispatch, os]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, syncio]
+  when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
+    import std/widestrs
 
 # TODO: Fix duplication introduced by PR #4683.
 
 when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
-  import winlean
+  import std/winlean
 else:
-  import posix
+  import std/posix
 
 type
   AsyncFile* = ref object
@@ -96,14 +102,9 @@ proc openAsync*(filename: string, mode = fmRead): AsyncFile =
     let flags = FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED or FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL
     let desiredAccess = getDesiredAccess(mode)
     let creationDisposition = getCreationDisposition(mode, filename)
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      let fd = createFileW(newWideCString(filename), desiredAccess,
-          FILE_SHARE_READ,
-          nil, creationDisposition, flags, 0)
-    else:
-      let fd = createFileA(filename, desiredAccess,
-          FILE_SHARE_READ,
-          nil, creationDisposition, flags, 0)
+    let fd = createFileW(newWideCString(filename), desiredAccess,
+        FILE_SHARE_READ,
+        nil, creationDisposition, flags, 0)
 
     if fd == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE:
       raiseOSError(osLastError())
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ proc readBuffer*(f: AsyncFile, buf: pointer, size: int): Future[int] =
             if errcode.int32 == ERROR_HANDLE_EOF:
               retFuture.complete(0)
             else:
-              retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(errcode)))
+              retFuture.fail(newOSError(errcode))
     )
     ol.offset = DWORD(f.offset and 0xffffffff)
     ol.offsetHigh = DWORD(f.offset shr 32)
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ proc readBuffer*(f: AsyncFile, buf: pointer, size: int): Future[int] =
           # This happens in Windows Server 2003
           retFuture.complete(0)
         else:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(err)))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(err))
     else:
       # Request completed immediately.
       var bytesRead: DWORD
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ proc readBuffer*(f: AsyncFile, buf: pointer, size: int): Future[int] =
         if err.int32 == ERROR_HANDLE_EOF:
           retFuture.complete(0)
         else:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(osLastError())))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(osLastError()))
       else:
         assert bytesRead > 0
         assert bytesRead <= size
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ proc readBuffer*(f: AsyncFile, buf: pointer, size: int): Future[int] =
       if res < 0:
         let lastError = osLastError()
         if lastError.int32 != EAGAIN:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(lastError)))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(lastError))
         else:
           result = false # We still want this callback to be called.
       elif res == 0:
@@ -202,10 +203,11 @@ proc readBuffer*(f: AsyncFile, buf: pointer, size: int): Future[int] =
 
 proc read*(f: AsyncFile, size: int): Future[string] =
   ## Read `size` bytes from the specified file asynchronously starting at
-  ## the current position of the file pointer.
+  ## the current position of the file pointer. `size` should be greater than zero.
   ##
   ## If the file pointer is past the end of the file then an empty string is
   ## returned.
+  assert size > 0
   var retFuture = newFuture[string]("asyncfile.read")
 
   when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
@@ -226,7 +228,7 @@ proc read*(f: AsyncFile, size: int): Future[string] =
             if errcode.int32 == ERROR_HANDLE_EOF:
               retFuture.complete("")
             else:
-              retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(errcode)))
+              retFuture.fail(newOSError(errcode))
         if buffer != nil:
           dealloc buffer
           buffer = nil
@@ -249,7 +251,7 @@ proc read*(f: AsyncFile, size: int): Future[string] =
           # This happens in Windows Server 2003
           retFuture.complete("")
         else:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(err)))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(err))
     else:
       # Request completed immediately.
       var bytesRead: DWORD
@@ -260,7 +262,7 @@ proc read*(f: AsyncFile, size: int): Future[string] =
         if err.int32 == ERROR_HANDLE_EOF:
           retFuture.complete("")
         else:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(osLastError())))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(osLastError()))
       else:
         assert bytesRead > 0
         assert bytesRead <= size
@@ -277,7 +279,7 @@ proc read*(f: AsyncFile, size: int): Future[string] =
       if res < 0:
         let lastError = osLastError()
         if lastError.int32 != EAGAIN:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(lastError)))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(lastError))
         else:
           result = false # We still want this callback to be called.
       elif res == 0:
@@ -299,6 +301,8 @@ proc readLine*(f: AsyncFile): Future[string] {.async.} =
   result = ""
   while true:
     var c = await read(f, 1)
+    if c.len == 0:
+      break
     if c[0] == '\c':
       c = await read(f, 1)
       break
@@ -346,7 +350,7 @@ proc writeBuffer*(f: AsyncFile, buf: pointer, size: int): Future[void] =
             assert bytesCount == size.int32
             retFuture.complete()
           else:
-            retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(errcode)))
+            retFuture.fail(newOSError(errcode))
     )
     # passing -1 here should work according to MSDN, but doesn't. For more
     # information see
@@ -363,14 +367,14 @@ proc writeBuffer*(f: AsyncFile, buf: pointer, size: int): Future[void] =
       let err = osLastError()
       if err.int32 != ERROR_IO_PENDING:
         GC_unref(ol)
-        retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(err)))
+        retFuture.fail(newOSError(err))
     else:
       # Request completed immediately.
       var bytesWritten: DWORD
       let overlappedRes = getOverlappedResult(f.fd.Handle,
           cast[POVERLAPPED](ol), bytesWritten, false.WINBOOL)
       if not overlappedRes.bool:
-        retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(osLastError())))
+        retFuture.fail(newOSError(osLastError()))
       else:
         assert bytesWritten == size.int32
         retFuture.complete()
@@ -385,7 +389,7 @@ proc writeBuffer*(f: AsyncFile, buf: pointer, size: int): Future[void] =
       if res < 0:
         let lastError = osLastError()
         if lastError.int32 != EAGAIN:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(lastError)))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(lastError))
         else:
           result = false # We still want this callback to be called.
       else:
@@ -419,7 +423,7 @@ proc write*(f: AsyncFile, data: string): Future[void] =
             assert bytesCount == data.len.int32
             retFuture.complete()
           else:
-            retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(errcode)))
+            retFuture.fail(newOSError(errcode))
         if buffer != nil:
           dealloc buffer
           buffer = nil
@@ -438,14 +442,14 @@ proc write*(f: AsyncFile, data: string): Future[void] =
           dealloc buffer
           buffer = nil
         GC_unref(ol)
-        retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(err)))
+        retFuture.fail(newOSError(err))
     else:
       # Request completed immediately.
       var bytesWritten: DWORD
       let overlappedRes = getOverlappedResult(f.fd.Handle,
           cast[POVERLAPPED](ol), bytesWritten, false.WINBOOL)
       if not overlappedRes.bool:
-        retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(osLastError())))
+        retFuture.fail(newOSError(osLastError()))
       else:
         assert bytesWritten == data.len.int32
         retFuture.complete()
@@ -466,7 +470,7 @@ proc write*(f: AsyncFile, data: string): Future[void] =
       if res < 0:
         let lastError = osLastError()
         if lastError.int32 != EAGAIN:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(lastError)))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(lastError))
         else:
           result = false # We still want this callback to be called.
       else:
diff --git a/lib/pure/asyncftpclient.nim b/lib/pure/asyncftpclient.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 0ee45785d..000000000
--- a/lib/pure/asyncftpclient.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,448 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2015 Dominik Picheta
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-## This module implements an asynchronous FTP client. It allows you to connect
-## to an FTP server and perform operations on it such as for example:
-##
-## * The upload of new files.
-## * The removal of existing files.
-## * Download of files.
-## * Changing of files' permissions.
-## * Navigation through the FTP server's directories.
-##
-## Connecting to an FTP server
-## ===========================
-##
-## In order to begin any sort of transfer of files you must first
-## connect to an FTP server. You can do so with the `connect` procedure.
-##
-## .. code-block::nim
-##    import std/[asyncdispatch, asyncftpclient]
-##    proc main() {.async.} =
-##      var ftp = newAsyncFtpClient("example.com", user = "test", pass = "test")
-##      await ftp.connect()
-##      echo("Connected")
-##    waitFor(main())
-##
-## A new `main` async procedure must be declared to allow the use of the
-## `await` keyword. The connection will complete asynchronously and the
-## client will be connected after the `await ftp.connect()` call.
-##
-## Uploading a new file
-## ====================
-##
-## After a connection is made you can use the `store` procedure to upload
-## a new file to the FTP server. Make sure to check you are in the correct
-## working directory before you do so with the `pwd` procedure, you can also
-## instead specify an absolute path.
-##
-## .. code-block::nim
-##    import std/[asyncdispatch, asyncftpclient]
-##    proc main() {.async.} =
-##      var ftp = newAsyncFtpClient("example.com", user = "test", pass = "test")
-##      await ftp.connect()
-##      let currentDir = await ftp.pwd()
-##      assert currentDir == "/home/user/"
-##      await ftp.store("file.txt", "file.txt")
-##      echo("File finished uploading")
-##    waitFor(main())
-##
-## Checking the progress of a file transfer
-## ========================================
-##
-## The progress of either a file upload or a file download can be checked
-## by specifying a `onProgressChanged` procedure to the `store` or
-## `retrFile` procedures.
-##
-## Procs that take an `onProgressChanged` callback will call this every
-## `progressInterval` milliseconds.
-##
-## .. code-block::nim
-##    import std/[asyncdispatch, asyncftpclient]
-##
-##    proc onProgressChanged(total, progress: BiggestInt,
-##                            speed: float) {.async.} =
-##      echo("Uploaded ", progress, " of ", total, " bytes")
-##      echo("Current speed: ", speed, " kb/s")
-##
-##    proc main() {.async.} =
-##      var ftp = newAsyncFtpClient("example.com", user = "test", pass = "test", progressInterval = 500)
-##      await ftp.connect()
-##      await ftp.store("file.txt", "/home/user/file.txt", onProgressChanged)
-##      echo("File finished uploading")
-##    waitFor(main())
-
-
-import asyncdispatch, asyncnet, nativesockets, strutils, parseutils, os, times
-from net import BufferSize
-
-type
-  AsyncFtpClient* = ref object
-    csock*: AsyncSocket
-    dsock*: AsyncSocket
-    user*, pass*: string
-    address*: string
-    port*: Port
-    progressInterval: int
-    jobInProgress*: bool
-    job*: FtpJob
-    dsockConnected*: bool
-
-  FtpJobType* = enum
-    JRetrText, JRetr, JStore
-
-  FtpJob = ref object
-    prc: proc (ftp: AsyncFtpClient, async: bool): bool {.nimcall, gcsafe.}
-    case typ*: FtpJobType
-    of JRetrText:
-      lines: string
-    of JRetr, JStore:
-      file: File
-      filename: string
-      total: BiggestInt         # In bytes.
-      progress: BiggestInt      # In bytes.
-      oneSecond: BiggestInt     # Bytes transferred in one second.
-      lastProgressReport: float # Time
-      toStore: string           # Data left to upload (Only used with async)
-
-  FtpEventType* = enum
-    EvTransferProgress, EvLines, EvRetr, EvStore
-
-  FtpEvent* = object             ## Event
-    filename*: string
-    case typ*: FtpEventType
-    of EvLines:
-      lines*: string             ## Lines that have been transferred.
-    of EvRetr, EvStore:          ## Retr/Store operation finished.
-      nil
-    of EvTransferProgress:
-      bytesTotal*: BiggestInt    ## Bytes total.
-      bytesFinished*: BiggestInt ## Bytes transferred.
-      speed*: BiggestInt         ## Speed in bytes/s
-      currentJob*: FtpJobType    ## The current job being performed.
-
-  ReplyError* = object of IOError
-
-  ProgressChangedProc* =
-    proc (total, progress: BiggestInt, speed: float):
-      Future[void] {.closure, gcsafe.}
-
-const multiLineLimit = 10000
-
-proc expectReply(ftp: AsyncFtpClient): Future[string] {.async.} =
-  var line = await ftp.csock.recvLine()
-  result = line
-  var count = 0
-  while line.len > 3 and line[3] == '-':
-    ## Multi-line reply.
-    line = await ftp.csock.recvLine()
-    result.add("\n" & line)
-    count.inc()
-    if count >= multiLineLimit:
-      raise newException(ReplyError, "Reached maximum multi-line reply count.")
-
-proc send*(ftp: AsyncFtpClient, m: string): Future[string] {.async.} =
-  ## Send a message to the server, and wait for a primary reply.
-  ## `\c\L` is added for you.
-  ##
-  ## You need to make sure that the message `m` doesn't contain any newline
-  ## characters. Failing to do so will raise `AssertionDefect`.
-  ##
-  ## **Note:** The server may return multiple lines of coded replies.
-  doAssert(not m.contains({'\c', '\L'}), "message shouldn't contain any newline characters")
-  await ftp.csock.send(m & "\c\L")
-  return await ftp.expectReply()
-
-proc assertReply(received: string, expected: varargs[string]) =
-  for i in items(expected):
-    if received.startsWith(i): return
-  raise newException(ReplyError,
-                     "Expected reply '$1' got: $2" %
-                      [expected.join("' or '"), received])
-
-proc pasv(ftp: AsyncFtpClient) {.async.} =
-  ## Negotiate a data connection.
-  ftp.dsock = newAsyncSocket()
-
-  var pasvMsg = (await ftp.send("PASV")).strip
-  assertReply(pasvMsg, "227")
-  var betweenParens = captureBetween(pasvMsg, '(', ')')
-  var nums = betweenParens.split(',')
-  var ip = nums[0 .. ^3]
-  var port = nums[^2 .. ^1]
-  var properPort = port[0].parseInt()*256+port[1].parseInt()
-  await ftp.dsock.connect(ip.join("."), Port(properPort))
-  ftp.dsockConnected = true
-
-proc normalizePathSep(path: string): string =
-  return replace(path, '\\', '/')
-
-proc connect*(ftp: AsyncFtpClient) {.async.} =
-  ## Connect to the FTP server specified by `ftp`.
-  await ftp.csock.connect(ftp.address, ftp.port)
-
-  var reply = await ftp.expectReply()
-  if reply.startsWith("120"):
-    # 120 Service ready in nnn minutes.
-    # We wait until we receive 220.
-    reply = await ftp.expectReply()
-
-  # Handle 220 messages from the server
-  assertReply(reply, "220")
-
-  if ftp.user != "":
-    assertReply(await(ftp.send("USER " & ftp.user)), "230", "331")
-
-  if ftp.pass != "":
-    assertReply(await(ftp.send("PASS " & ftp.pass)), "230")
-
-proc pwd*(ftp: AsyncFtpClient): Future[string] {.async.} =
-  ## Returns the current working directory.
-  let wd = await ftp.send("PWD")
-  assertReply wd, "257"
-  return wd.captureBetween('"') # "
-
-proc cd*(ftp: AsyncFtpClient, dir: string) {.async.} =
-  ## Changes the current directory on the remote FTP server to `dir`.
-  assertReply(await(ftp.send("CWD " & dir.normalizePathSep)), "250")
-
-proc cdup*(ftp: AsyncFtpClient) {.async.} =
-  ## Changes the current directory to the parent of the current directory.
-  assertReply(await(ftp.send("CDUP")), "200")
-
-proc getLines(ftp: AsyncFtpClient): Future[string] {.async.} =
-  ## Downloads text data in ASCII mode
-  result = ""
-  assert ftp.dsockConnected
-  while ftp.dsockConnected:
-    let r = await ftp.dsock.recvLine()
-    if r == "":
-      ftp.dsockConnected = false
-    else:
-      result.add(r & "\n")
-
-  assertReply(await(ftp.expectReply()), "226")
-
-proc listDirs*(ftp: AsyncFtpClient, dir = ""): Future[seq[string]] {.async.} =
-  ## Returns a list of filenames in the given directory. If `dir` is "",
-  ## the current directory is used. If `async` is true, this
-  ## function will return immediately and it will be your job to
-  ## use asyncdispatch's `poll` to progress this operation.
-  await ftp.pasv()
-
-  assertReply(await(ftp.send("NLST " & dir.normalizePathSep)), ["125", "150"])
-
-  result = splitLines(await ftp.getLines())
-
-proc fileExists*(ftp: AsyncFtpClient, file: string): Future[bool] {.async.} =
-  ## Determines whether `file` exists.
-  var files = await ftp.listDirs()
-  for f in items(files):
-    if f.normalizePathSep == file.normalizePathSep: return true
-
-proc createDir*(ftp: AsyncFtpClient, dir: string, recursive = false){.async.} =
-  ## Creates a directory `dir`. If `recursive` is true, the topmost
-  ## subdirectory of `dir` will be created first, following the secondmost...
-  ## etc. this allows you to give a full path as the `dir` without worrying
-  ## about subdirectories not existing.
-  if not recursive:
-    assertReply(await(ftp.send("MKD " & dir.normalizePathSep)), "257")
-  else:
-    var reply = ""
-    var previousDirs = ""
-    for p in split(dir, {os.DirSep, os.AltSep}):
-      if p != "":
-        previousDirs.add(p)
-        reply = await ftp.send("MKD " & previousDirs)
-        previousDirs.add('/')
-    assertReply reply, "257"
-
-proc chmod*(ftp: AsyncFtpClient, path: string,
-            permissions: set[FilePermission]) {.async.} =
-  ## Changes permission of `path` to `permissions`.
-  var userOctal = 0
-  var groupOctal = 0
-  var otherOctal = 0
-  for i in items(permissions):
-    case i
-    of fpUserExec: userOctal.inc(1)
-    of fpUserWrite: userOctal.inc(2)
-    of fpUserRead: userOctal.inc(4)
-    of fpGroupExec: groupOctal.inc(1)
-    of fpGroupWrite: groupOctal.inc(2)
-    of fpGroupRead: groupOctal.inc(4)
-    of fpOthersExec: otherOctal.inc(1)
-    of fpOthersWrite: otherOctal.inc(2)
-    of fpOthersRead: otherOctal.inc(4)
-
-  var perm = $userOctal & $groupOctal & $otherOctal
-  assertReply(await(ftp.send("SITE CHMOD " & perm &
-                    " " & path.normalizePathSep)), "200")
-
-proc list*(ftp: AsyncFtpClient, dir = ""): Future[string] {.async.} =
-  ## Lists all files in `dir`. If `dir` is `""`, uses the current
-  ## working directory.
-  await ftp.pasv()
-
-  let reply = await ftp.send("LIST" & " " & dir.normalizePathSep)
-  assertReply(reply, ["125", "150"])
-
-  result = await ftp.getLines()
-
-proc retrText*(ftp: AsyncFtpClient, file: string): Future[string] {.async.} =
-  ## Retrieves `file`. File must be ASCII text.
-  await ftp.pasv()
-  let reply = await ftp.send("RETR " & file.normalizePathSep)
-  assertReply(reply, ["125", "150"])
-
-  result = await ftp.getLines()
-
-proc getFile(ftp: AsyncFtpClient, file: File, total: BiggestInt,
-             onProgressChanged: ProgressChangedProc) {.async.} =
-  assert ftp.dsockConnected
-  var progress = 0
-  var progressInSecond = 0
-  var countdownFut = sleepAsync(ftp.progressInterval)
-  var dataFut = ftp.dsock.recv(BufferSize)
-  while ftp.dsockConnected:
-    await dataFut or countdownFut
-    if countdownFut.finished:
-      asyncCheck onProgressChanged(total, progress,
-          progressInSecond.float)
-      progressInSecond = 0
-      countdownFut = sleepAsync(ftp.progressInterval)
-
-    if dataFut.finished:
-      let data = dataFut.read
-      if data != "":
-        progress.inc(data.len)
-        progressInSecond.inc(data.len)
-        file.write(data)
-        dataFut = ftp.dsock.recv(BufferSize)
-      else:
-        ftp.dsockConnected = false
-
-  assertReply(await(ftp.expectReply()), "226")
-
-proc defaultOnProgressChanged*(total, progress: BiggestInt,
-    speed: float): Future[void] {.nimcall, gcsafe.} =
-  ## Default FTP `onProgressChanged` handler. Does nothing.
-  result = newFuture[void]()
-  #echo(total, " ", progress, " ", speed)
-  result.complete()
-
-proc retrFile*(ftp: AsyncFtpClient, file, dest: string,
-               onProgressChanged: ProgressChangedProc = defaultOnProgressChanged) {.async.} =
-  ## Downloads `file` and saves it to `dest`.
-  ## The `EvRetr` event is passed to the specified `handleEvent` function
-  ## when the download is finished. The event's `filename` field will be equal
-  ## to `file`.
-  var destFile = open(dest, mode = fmWrite)
-  await ftp.pasv()
-  var reply = await ftp.send("RETR " & file.normalizePathSep)
-  assertReply reply, ["125", "150"]
-  if {'(', ')'} notin reply:
-    raise newException(ReplyError, "Reply has no file size.")
-  var fileSize: BiggestInt
-  if reply.captureBetween('(', ')').parseBiggestInt(fileSize) == 0:
-    raise newException(ReplyError, "Reply has no file size.")
-
-  await getFile(ftp, destFile, fileSize, onProgressChanged)
-  destFile.close()
-
-proc doUpload(ftp: AsyncFtpClient, file: File,
-              onProgressChanged: ProgressChangedProc) {.async.} =
-  assert ftp.dsockConnected
-
-  let total = file.getFileSize()
-  var data = newString(4000)
-  var progress = 0
-  var progressInSecond = 0
-  var countdownFut = sleepAsync(ftp.progressInterval)
-  var sendFut: Future[void] = nil
-  while ftp.dsockConnected:
-    if sendFut == nil or sendFut.finished:
-      # TODO: Async file reading.
-      let len = file.readBuffer(addr(data[0]), 4000)
-      setLen(data, len)
-      if len == 0:
-        # File finished uploading.
-        ftp.dsock.close()
-        ftp.dsockConnected = false
-
-        assertReply(await(ftp.expectReply()), "226")
-      else:
-        progress.inc(len)
-        progressInSecond.inc(len)
-        sendFut = ftp.dsock.send(data)
-
-    if countdownFut.finished:
-      asyncCheck onProgressChanged(total, progress, progressInSecond.float)
-      progressInSecond = 0
-      countdownFut = sleepAsync(ftp.progressInterval)
-
-    await countdownFut or sendFut
-
-proc store*(ftp: AsyncFtpClient, file, dest: string,
-            onProgressChanged: ProgressChangedProc = defaultOnProgressChanged) {.async.} =
-  ## Uploads `file` to `dest` on the remote FTP server. Usage of this
-  ## function asynchronously is recommended to view the progress of
-  ## the download.
-  ## The `EvStore` event is passed to the specified `handleEvent` function
-  ## when the upload is finished, and the `filename` field will be
-  ## equal to `file`.
-  var destFile = open(file)
-  await ftp.pasv()
-
-  let reply = await ftp.send("STOR " & dest.normalizePathSep)
-  assertReply reply, ["125", "150"]
-
-  await doUpload(ftp, destFile, onProgressChanged)
-
-proc rename*(ftp: AsyncFtpClient, nameFrom: string, nameTo: string) {.async.} =
-  ## Rename a file or directory on the remote FTP Server from current name
-  ## `name_from` to new name `name_to`
-  assertReply(await ftp.send("RNFR " & nameFrom), "350")
-  assertReply(await ftp.send("RNTO " & nameTo), "250")
-
-proc removeFile*(ftp: AsyncFtpClient, filename: string) {.async.} =
-  ## Delete a file `filename` on the remote FTP server
-  assertReply(await ftp.send("DELE " & filename), "250")
-
-proc removeDir*(ftp: AsyncFtpClient, dir: string) {.async.} =
-  ## Delete a directory `dir` on the remote FTP server
-  assertReply(await ftp.send("RMD " & dir), "250")
-
-proc newAsyncFtpClient*(address: string, port = Port(21),
-    user, pass = "", progressInterval: int = 1000): AsyncFtpClient =
-  ## Creates a new `AsyncFtpClient` object.
-  new result
-  result.user = user
-  result.pass = pass
-  result.address = address
-  result.port = port
-  result.progressInterval = progressInterval
-  result.dsockConnected = false
-  result.csock = newAsyncSocket()
-
-when not defined(testing) and isMainModule:
-  var ftp = newAsyncFtpClient("example.com", user = "test", pass = "test")
-  proc main(ftp: AsyncFtpClient) {.async.} =
-    await ftp.connect()
-    echo await ftp.pwd()
-    echo await ftp.listDirs()
-    await ftp.store("payload.jpg", "payload.jpg")
-    await ftp.retrFile("payload.jpg", "payload2.jpg")
-    await ftp.rename("payload.jpg", "payload_renamed.jpg")
-    await ftp.store("payload.jpg", "payload_remove.jpg")
-    await ftp.removeFile("payload_remove.jpg")
-    await ftp.createDir("deleteme")
-    await ftp.removeDir("deleteme")
-    echo("Finished")
-
-  waitFor main(ftp)
diff --git a/lib/pure/asyncfutures.nim b/lib/pure/asyncfutures.nim
index c0c5c3f07..29ebf8f89 100644
--- a/lib/pure/asyncfutures.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/asyncfutures.nim
@@ -7,10 +7,14 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-import os, tables, strutils, times, heapqueue, options, deques, cstrutils
+import std/[os, tables, strutils, times, heapqueue, options, deques, cstrutils, typetraits]
 
 import system/stacktraces
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/objectdollar # for StackTraceEntry
+  import std/assertions
+
 # TODO: This shouldn't need to be included, but should ideally be exported.
 type
   CallbackFunc = proc () {.closure, gcsafe.}
@@ -25,7 +29,7 @@ type
     finished: bool
     error*: ref Exception              ## Stored exception
     errorStackTrace*: string
-    when not defined(release):
+    when not defined(release) or defined(futureLogging):
       stackTrace: seq[StackTraceEntry] ## For debugging purposes only.
       id: int
       fromProc: string
@@ -47,7 +51,7 @@ const
   NimAsyncContinueSuffix* = "NimAsyncContinue" ## For internal usage. Do not use.
 
 when isFutureLoggingEnabled:
-  import hashes
+  import std/hashes
   type
     FutureInfo* = object
       stackTrace*: seq[StackTraceEntry]
@@ -93,7 +97,7 @@ proc setCallSoonProc*(p: (proc(cbproc: proc ()) {.gcsafe.})) =
   ## Change current implementation of `callSoon`. This is normally called when dispatcher from `asyncdispatcher` is initialized.
   callSoonProc = p
 
-proc callSoon*(cbproc: proc ()) =
+proc callSoon*(cbproc: proc () {.gcsafe.}) =
   ## Call `cbproc` "soon".
   ##
   ## If async dispatcher is running, `cbproc` will be executed during next dispatcher tick.
@@ -189,24 +193,22 @@ proc add(callbacks: var CallbackList, function: CallbackFunc) =
         last = last.next
       last.next = newCallback
 
-proc complete*[T](future: Future[T], val: T) =
-  ## Completes `future` with value `val`.
+proc completeImpl[T, U](future: Future[T], val: sink U, isVoid: static bool) =
   #assert(not future.finished, "Future already finished, cannot finish twice.")
   checkFinished(future)
   assert(future.error == nil)
-  future.value = val
+  when not isVoid:
+    future.value = val
   future.finished = true
   future.callbacks.call()
   when isFutureLoggingEnabled: logFutureFinish(future)
 
-proc complete*(future: Future[void]) =
-  ## Completes a void `future`.
-  #assert(not future.finished, "Future already finished, cannot finish twice.")
-  checkFinished(future)
-  assert(future.error == nil)
-  future.finished = true
-  future.callbacks.call()
-  when isFutureLoggingEnabled: logFutureFinish(future)
+proc complete*[T](future: Future[T], val: sink T) =
+  ## Completes `future` with value `val`.
+  completeImpl(future, val, false)
+
+proc complete*(future: Future[void], val = Future[void].default) =
+  completeImpl(future, (), true)
 
 proc complete*[T](future: FutureVar[T]) =
   ## Completes a `FutureVar`.
@@ -217,7 +219,7 @@ proc complete*[T](future: FutureVar[T]) =
   fut.callbacks.call()
   when isFutureLoggingEnabled: logFutureFinish(Future[T](future))
 
-proc complete*[T](future: FutureVar[T], val: T) =
+proc complete*[T](future: FutureVar[T], val: sink T) =
   ## Completes a `FutureVar` with value `val`.
   ##
   ## Any previously stored value will be overwritten.
@@ -227,7 +229,7 @@ proc complete*[T](future: FutureVar[T], val: T) =
   fut.finished = true
   fut.value = val
   fut.callbacks.call()
-  when isFutureLoggingEnabled: logFutureFinish(future)
+  when isFutureLoggingEnabled: logFutureFinish(fut)
 
 proc fail*[T](future: Future[T], error: ref Exception) =
   ## Completes `future` with `error`.
@@ -280,19 +282,33 @@ proc `callback=`*[T](future: Future[T],
   ## If future has already completed then `cb` will be called immediately.
   future.callback = proc () = cb(future)
 
+template getFilenameProcname(entry: StackTraceEntry): (string, string) =
+  when compiles(entry.filenameStr) and compiles(entry.procnameStr):
+    # We can't rely on "entry.filename" and "entry.procname" still being valid
+    # cstring pointers, because the "string.data" buffers they pointed to might
+    # be already garbage collected (this entry being a non-shallow copy,
+    # "entry.filename" no longer points to "entry.filenameStr.data", but to the
+    # buffer of the original object).
+    (entry.filenameStr, entry.procnameStr)
+  else:
+    ($entry.filename, $entry.procname)
+
 proc getHint(entry: StackTraceEntry): string =
   ## We try to provide some hints about stack trace entries that the user
   ## may not be familiar with, in particular calls inside the stdlib.
+
+  let (filename, procname) = getFilenameProcname(entry)
+
   result = ""
-  if entry.procname == cstring"processPendingCallbacks":
-    if cmpIgnoreStyle(entry.filename, "asyncdispatch.nim") == 0:
+  if procname == "processPendingCallbacks":
+    if cmpIgnoreStyle(filename, "asyncdispatch.nim") == 0:
       return "Executes pending callbacks"
-  elif entry.procname == cstring"poll":
-    if cmpIgnoreStyle(entry.filename, "asyncdispatch.nim") == 0:
+  elif procname == "poll":
+    if cmpIgnoreStyle(filename, "asyncdispatch.nim") == 0:
       return "Processes asynchronous completion events"
 
-  if entry.procname.endsWith(NimAsyncContinueSuffix):
-    if cmpIgnoreStyle(entry.filename, "asyncmacro.nim") == 0:
+  if procname.endsWith(NimAsyncContinueSuffix):
+    if cmpIgnoreStyle(filename, "asyncmacro.nim") == 0:
       return "Resumes an async procedure"
 
 proc `$`*(stackTraceEntries: seq[StackTraceEntry]): string =
@@ -305,33 +321,29 @@ proc `$`*(stackTraceEntries: seq[StackTraceEntry]): string =
   # Find longest filename & line number combo for alignment purposes.
   var longestLeft = 0
   for entry in entries:
-    if entry.procname.isNil: continue
+    let (filename, procname) = getFilenameProcname(entry)
 
-    let left = $entry.filename & $entry.line
-    if left.len > longestLeft:
-      longestLeft = left.len
+    if procname == "": continue
+
+    let leftLen = filename.len + len($entry.line)
+    if leftLen > longestLeft:
+      longestLeft = leftLen
 
-  var indent = 2
   # Format the entries.
   for entry in entries:
-    if entry.procname.isNil:
-      if entry.line == reraisedFromBegin:
-        result.add(spaces(indent) & "#[\n")
-        indent.inc(2)
-      elif entry.line == reraisedFromEnd:
-        indent.dec(2)
-        result.add(spaces(indent) & "]#\n")
-      continue
-
-    let left = "$#($#)" % [$entry.filename, $entry.line]
-    result.add((spaces(indent) & "$#$# $#\n") % [
+    let (filename, procname) = getFilenameProcname(entry)
+
+    if procname == "" and entry.line == reraisedFromBegin:
+      break
+
+    let left = "$#($#)" % [filename, $entry.line]
+    result.add((spaces(2) & "$# $#\n") % [
       left,
-      spaces(longestLeft - left.len + 2),
-      $entry.procname
+      procname
     ])
     let hint = getHint(entry)
     if hint.len > 0:
-      result.add(spaces(indent+2) & "## " & hint & "\n")
+      result.add(spaces(4) & "## " & hint & "\n")
 
 proc injectStacktrace[T](future: Future[T]) =
   when not defined(release):
@@ -351,34 +363,38 @@ proc injectStacktrace[T](future: Future[T]) =
     newMsg.add($entries)
 
     newMsg.add("Exception message: " & exceptionMsg & "\n")
-    newMsg.add("Exception type:")
 
     # # For debugging purposes
+    # newMsg.add("Exception type:")
     # for entry in getStackTraceEntries(future.error):
     #   newMsg.add "\n" & $entry
     future.error.msg = newMsg
 
-proc read*[T](future: Future[T] | FutureVar[T]): T =
-  ## Retrieves the value of `future`. Future must be finished otherwise
-  ## this function will fail with a `ValueError` exception.
-  ##
-  ## If the result of the future is an error then that error will be raised.
-  {.push hint[ConvFromXtoItselfNotNeeded]: off.}
+template readImpl(future, T) =
   when future is Future[T]:
-    let fut = future
+    let fut {.cursor.} = future
   else:
-    let fut = Future[T](future)
-  {.pop.}
+    let fut {.cursor.} = Future[T](future)
   if fut.finished:
     if fut.error != nil:
       injectStacktrace(fut)
       raise fut.error
     when T isnot void:
-      result = fut.value
+      result = distinctBase(future).value
   else:
     # TODO: Make a custom exception type for this?
     raise newException(ValueError, "Future still in progress.")
 
+proc read*[T](future: Future[T] | FutureVar[T]): lent T =
+  ## Retrieves the value of `future`. Future must be finished otherwise
+  ## this function will fail with a `ValueError` exception.
+  ##
+  ## If the result of the future is an error then that error will be raised.
+  readImpl(future, T)
+
+proc read*(future: Future[void] | FutureVar[void]) =
+  readImpl(future, void)
+
 proc readError*[T](future: Future[T]): ref Exception =
   ## Retrieves the exception stored in `future`.
   ##
diff --git a/lib/pure/asynchttpserver.nim b/lib/pure/asynchttpserver.nim
index 38be4ceac..39e945d5e 100644
--- a/lib/pure/asynchttpserver.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/asynchttpserver.nim
@@ -15,20 +15,20 @@
 ## instead of allowing users to connect directly to this server.
 
 runnableExamples("-r:off"):
-  # This example will create an HTTP server on port 8080. The server will
-  # respond to all requests with a `200 OK` response code and "Hello World"
+  # This example will create an HTTP server on an automatically chosen port.
+  # It will respond to all requests with a `200 OK` response code and "Hello World"
   # as the response body.
   import std/asyncdispatch
   proc main {.async.} =
-    const port = 8080
     var server = newAsyncHttpServer()
     proc cb(req: Request) {.async.} =
       echo (req.reqMethod, req.url, req.headers)
       let headers = {"Content-type": "text/plain; charset=utf-8"}
       await req.respond(Http200, "Hello World", headers.newHttpHeaders())
 
-    echo "test this with: curl localhost:" & $port & "/"
-    server.listen(Port(port))
+    server.listen(Port(0)) # or Port(8080) to hardcode the standard HTTP port.
+    let port = server.getPort
+    echo "test this with: curl localhost:" & $port.uint16 & "/"
     while true:
       if server.shouldAcceptRequest():
         await server.acceptRequest(cb)
@@ -39,10 +39,14 @@ runnableExamples("-r:off"):
 
   waitFor main()
 
-import asyncnet, asyncdispatch, parseutils, uri, strutils
-import httpcore
+import std/[asyncnet, asyncdispatch, parseutils, uri, strutils]
+import std/httpcore
+from std/nativesockets import getLocalAddr, Domain, AF_INET, AF_INET6
 import std/private/since
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 export httpcore except parseHeader
 
 const
@@ -70,21 +74,18 @@ type
     maxBody: int ## The maximum content-length that will be read for the body.
     maxFDs: int
 
-func getSocket*(a: AsyncHttpServer): AsyncSocket {.since: (1, 5, 1).} =
-  ## Returns the `AsyncHttpServer`s internal `AsyncSocket` instance.
-  ## 
-  ## Useful for identifying what port the AsyncHttpServer is bound to, if it
-  ## was chosen automatically.
+proc getPort*(self: AsyncHttpServer): Port {.since: (1, 5, 1).} =
+  ## Returns the port `self` was bound to.
+  ##
+  ## Useful for identifying what port `self` is bound to, if it
+  ## was chosen automatically, for example via `listen(Port(0))`.
   runnableExamples:
-    from std/asyncdispatch import Port
-    from std/asyncnet import getFd
-    from std/nativesockets import getLocalAddr, AF_INET
+    from std/nativesockets import Port
     let server = newAsyncHttpServer()
-    server.listen(Port(0)) # Socket is not bound until this point
-    let port = getLocalAddr(server.getSocket.getFd, AF_INET)[1]
-    doAssert uint16(port) > 0
+    server.listen(Port(0))
+    assert server.getPort.uint16 > 0
     server.close()
-  a.socket
+  result = getLocalAddr(self.socket)[1]
 
 proc newAsyncHttpServer*(reuseAddr = true, reusePort = false,
                          maxBody = 8388608): AsyncHttpServer =
@@ -109,16 +110,16 @@ proc respond*(req: Request, code: HttpCode, content: string,
   ## This procedure will **not** close the client socket.
   ##
   ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block::nim
-  ##    import std/json
-  ##    proc handler(req: Request) {.async.} =
-  ##      if req.url.path == "/hello-world":
-  ##        let msg = %* {"message": "Hello World"}
-  ##        let headers = newHttpHeaders([("Content-Type","application/json")])
-  ##        await req.respond(Http200, $msg, headers)
-  ##      else:
-  ##        await req.respond(Http404, "Not Found")
+  ##   ```Nim
+  ##   import std/json
+  ##   proc handler(req: Request) {.async.} =
+  ##     if req.url.path == "/hello-world":
+  ##       let msg = %* {"message": "Hello World"}
+  ##       let headers = newHttpHeaders([("Content-Type","application/json")])
+  ##       await req.respond(Http200, $msg, headers)
+  ##     else:
+  ##       await req.respond(Http404, "Not Found")
+  ##   ```
   var msg = "HTTP/1.1 " & $code & "\c\L"
 
   if headers != nil:
@@ -157,7 +158,7 @@ proc parseProtocol(protocol: string): tuple[orig: string, major, minor: int] =
 proc sendStatus(client: AsyncSocket, status: string): Future[void] =
   client.send("HTTP/1.1 " & status & "\c\L\c\L")
 
-func hasChunkedEncoding(request: Request): bool = 
+func hasChunkedEncoding(request: Request): bool =
   ## Searches for a chunked transfer encoding
   const transferEncoding = "Transfer-Encoding"
 
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ proc processRequest(
   server: AsyncHttpServer,
   req: FutureVar[Request],
   client: AsyncSocket,
-  address: string,
+  address: sink string,
   lineFut: FutureVar[string],
   callback: proc (request: Request): Future[void] {.closure, gcsafe.},
 ): Future[bool] {.async.} =
@@ -186,7 +187,10 @@ proc processRequest(
   # \n
   request.headers.clear()
   request.body = ""
-  request.hostname.shallowCopy(address)
+  when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc) or defined(gcAtomicArc):
+    request.hostname = address
+  else:
+    request.hostname.shallowCopy(address)
   assert client != nil
   request.client = client
 
@@ -296,7 +300,7 @@ proc processRequest(
     while true:
       lineFut.mget.setLen(0)
       lineFut.clean()
-      
+
       # The encoding format alternates between specifying a number of bytes to read
       # and the data to be read, of the previously specified size
       if sizeOrData mod 2 == 0:
@@ -364,7 +368,9 @@ proc processClient(server: AsyncHttpServer, client: AsyncSocket, address: string
     let retry = await processRequest(
       server, request, client, address, lineFut, callback
     )
-    if not retry: break
+    if not retry:
+      client.close()
+      break
 
 const
   nimMaxDescriptorsFallback* {.intdefine.} = 16_000 ## fallback value for \
@@ -372,17 +378,18 @@ const
     ## This can be set on the command line during compilation
     ## via `-d:nimMaxDescriptorsFallback=N`
 
-proc listen*(server: AsyncHttpServer; port: Port; address = "") =
+proc listen*(server: AsyncHttpServer; port: Port; address = ""; domain = AF_INET) =
   ## Listen to the given port and address.
   when declared(maxDescriptors):
     server.maxFDs = try: maxDescriptors() except: nimMaxDescriptorsFallback
   else:
     server.maxFDs = nimMaxDescriptorsFallback
-  server.socket = newAsyncSocket()
+  server.socket = newAsyncSocket(domain)
   if server.reuseAddr:
     server.socket.setSockOpt(OptReuseAddr, true)
-  if server.reusePort:
-    server.socket.setSockOpt(OptReusePort, true)
+  when not defined(nuttx):
+    if server.reusePort:
+      server.socket.setSockOpt(OptReusePort, true)
   server.socket.bindAddr(port, address)
   server.socket.listen()
 
@@ -404,7 +411,8 @@ proc acceptRequest*(server: AsyncHttpServer,
 proc serve*(server: AsyncHttpServer, port: Port,
             callback: proc (request: Request): Future[void] {.closure, gcsafe.},
             address = "";
-            assumedDescriptorsPerRequest = -1) {.async.} =
+            assumedDescriptorsPerRequest = -1;
+            domain = AF_INET) {.async.} =
   ## Starts the process of listening for incoming HTTP connections on the
   ## specified address and port.
   ##
@@ -417,7 +425,7 @@ proc serve*(server: AsyncHttpServer, port: Port,
   ##
   ## You should prefer to call `acceptRequest` instead with a custom server
   ## loop so that you're in control over the error handling and logging.
-  listen server, port, address
+  listen server, port, address, domain
   while true:
     if shouldAcceptRequest(server, assumedDescriptorsPerRequest):
       var (address, client) = await server.socket.acceptAddr()
diff --git a/lib/pure/asyncmacro.nim b/lib/pure/asyncmacro.nim
index eecec4278..d4e72c28a 100644
--- a/lib/pure/asyncmacro.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/asyncmacro.nim
@@ -7,10 +7,14 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-## `asyncdispatch` module depends on the `asyncmacro` module to work properly.
+## Implements the `async` and `multisync` macros for `asyncdispatch`.
 
-import macros, strutils, asyncfutures
+import std/[macros, strutils, asyncfutures]
 
+type
+  Context = ref object
+    inTry: int
+    hasRet: bool
 
 # TODO: Ref https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/5617
 # TODO: Add more line infos
@@ -21,9 +25,8 @@ proc newCallWithLineInfo(fromNode: NimNode; theProc: NimNode, args: varargs[NimN
 template createCb(retFutureSym, iteratorNameSym,
                   strName, identName, futureVarCompletions: untyped) =
   bind finished
-
   var nameIterVar = iteratorNameSym
-  proc identName {.closure.} =
+  proc identName {.closure, stackTrace: off.} =
     try:
       if not nameIterVar.finished:
         var next = nameIterVar()
@@ -35,14 +38,11 @@ template createCb(retFutureSym, iteratorNameSym,
 
         if next == nil:
           if not retFutureSym.finished:
-            let msg = "Async procedure ($1) yielded `nil`, are you await'ing a " &
-                    "`nil` Future?"
+            let msg = "Async procedure ($1) yielded `nil`, are you await'ing a `nil` Future?"
             raise newException(AssertionDefect, msg % strName)
         else:
           {.gcsafe.}:
-            {.push hint[ConvFromXtoItselfNotNeeded]: off.}
             next.addCallback cast[proc() {.closure, gcsafe.}](identName)
-            {.pop.}
     except:
       futureVarCompletions
       if retFutureSym.finished:
@@ -68,10 +68,7 @@ proc createFutureVarCompletions(futureVarIdents: seq[NimNode], fromNode: NimNode
       )
     )
 
-proc processBody(node, retFutureSym: NimNode,
-                 subTypeIsVoid: bool,
-                 futureVarIdents: seq[NimNode]): NimNode =
-  #echo(node.treeRepr)
+proc processBody(ctx: Context; node, needsCompletionSym, retFutureSym: NimNode, futureVarIdents: seq[NimNode]): NimNode =
   result = node
   case node.kind
   of nnkReturnStmt:
@@ -80,29 +77,53 @@ proc processBody(node, retFutureSym: NimNode,
     # As I've painfully found out, the order here really DOES matter.
     result.add createFutureVarCompletions(futureVarIdents, node)
 
+    ctx.hasRet = true
     if node[0].kind == nnkEmpty:
-      if not subTypeIsVoid:
-        result.add newCall(newIdentNode("complete"), retFutureSym,
-            newIdentNode("result"))
+      if ctx.inTry == 0:
+        result.add newCallWithLineInfo(node, newIdentNode("complete"), retFutureSym, newIdentNode("result"))
       else:
-        result.add newCall(newIdentNode("complete"), retFutureSym)
+        result.add newAssignment(needsCompletionSym, newLit(true))
     else:
-      let x = node[0].processBody(retFutureSym, subTypeIsVoid,
-                                  futureVarIdents)
+      let x = processBody(ctx, node[0], needsCompletionSym, retFutureSym, futureVarIdents)
       if x.kind == nnkYieldStmt: result.add x
+      elif ctx.inTry == 0:
+        result.add newCallWithLineInfo(node, newIdentNode("complete"), retFutureSym, x)
       else:
-        result.add newCall(newIdentNode("complete"), retFutureSym, x)
+        result.add newAssignment(newIdentNode("result"), x)
+        result.add newAssignment(needsCompletionSym, newLit(true))
 
     result.add newNimNode(nnkReturnStmt, node).add(newNilLit())
     return # Don't process the children of this return stmt
   of RoutineNodes-{nnkTemplateDef}:
     # skip all the nested procedure definitions
     return
-  else: discard
-
-  for i in 0 ..< result.len:
-    result[i] = processBody(result[i], retFutureSym, subTypeIsVoid,
-                            futureVarIdents)
+  of nnkTryStmt:
+    if result[^1].kind == nnkFinally:
+      inc ctx.inTry
+      result[0] = processBody(ctx, result[0], needsCompletionSym, retFutureSym, futureVarIdents)
+      dec ctx.inTry
+      for i in 1 ..< result.len:
+        result[i] = processBody(ctx, result[i], needsCompletionSym, retFutureSym, futureVarIdents)
+      if ctx.inTry == 0 and ctx.hasRet:
+        let finallyNode = copyNimNode(result[^1])
+        let stmtNode = newNimNode(nnkStmtList)
+        for child in result[^1]:
+          stmtNode.add child
+        stmtNode.add newIfStmt(
+          ( needsCompletionSym,
+            newCallWithLineInfo(node, newIdentNode("complete"), retFutureSym,
+            newIdentNode("result")
+            )
+          )
+        )
+        finallyNode.add stmtNode
+        result[^1] = finallyNode
+    else:
+      for i in 0 ..< result.len:
+        result[i] = processBody(ctx, result[i], needsCompletionSym, retFutureSym, futureVarIdents)
+  else:
+    for i in 0 ..< result.len:
+      result[i] = processBody(ctx, result[i], needsCompletionSym, retFutureSym, futureVarIdents)
 
   # echo result.repr
 
@@ -139,9 +160,21 @@ template await*(f: typed): untyped {.used.} =
     error "await expects Future[T], got " & $typeof(f)
 
 template await*[T](f: Future[T]): auto {.used.} =
-  var internalTmpFuture: FutureBase = f
-  yield internalTmpFuture
-  (cast[typeof(f)](internalTmpFuture)).read()
+  when not defined(nimHasTemplateRedefinitionPragma):
+    {.pragma: redefine.}
+  template yieldFuture {.redefine.} = yield FutureBase()
+
+  when compiles(yieldFuture):
+    var internalTmpFuture: FutureBase = f
+    yield internalTmpFuture
+    (cast[typeof(f)](internalTmpFuture)).read()
+  else:
+    macro errorAsync(futureError: Future[T]) =
+      error(
+        "Can only 'await' inside a proc marked as 'async'. Use " &
+        "'waitFor' when calling an 'async' proc in a non-async scope instead",
+        futureError)
+    errorAsync(f)
 
 proc asyncSingleProc(prc: NimNode): NimNode =
   ## This macro transforms a single procedure into a closure iterator.
@@ -149,9 +182,13 @@ proc asyncSingleProc(prc: NimNode): NimNode =
   if prc.kind == nnkProcTy:
     result = prc
     if prc[0][0].kind == nnkEmpty:
-      result[0][0] = parseExpr("Future[void]")
+      result[0][0] = quote do: Future[void]
     return result
 
+  if prc.kind in RoutineNodes and prc.name.kind != nnkEmpty:
+    # Only non anonymous functions need/can have stack trace disabled
+    prc.addPragma(nnkExprColonExpr.newTree(ident"stackTrace", ident"off"))
+
   if prc.kind notin {nnkProcDef, nnkLambda, nnkMethodDef, nnkDo}:
     error("Cannot transform this node kind into an async proc." &
           " proc/method definition or lambda node expected.", prc)
@@ -183,11 +220,7 @@ proc asyncSingleProc(prc: NimNode): NimNode =
   else:
     verifyReturnType(repr(returnType), returnType)
 
-  let subtypeIsVoid = returnType.kind == nnkEmpty or
-        (baseType.kind == nnkIdent and returnType[1].eqIdent("void"))
-
   let futureVarIdents = getFutureVarIdents(prc.params)
-
   var outerProcBody = newNimNode(nnkStmtList, prc.body)
 
   # Extract the documentation comment from the original procedure declaration.
@@ -214,43 +247,42 @@ proc asyncSingleProc(prc: NimNode): NimNode =
   # ->   {.pop.}
   # ->   <proc_body>
   # ->   complete(retFuture, result)
-  var iteratorNameSym = genSym(nskIterator, $prcName & "Iter")
-  var procBody = prc.body.processBody(retFutureSym, subtypeIsVoid,
-                                    futureVarIdents)
+  var iteratorNameSym = genSym(nskIterator, $prcName & " (Async)")
+  var needsCompletionSym = genSym(nskVar, "needsCompletion")
+  var ctx = Context()
+  var procBody = processBody(ctx, prc.body, needsCompletionSym, retFutureSym, futureVarIdents)
   # don't do anything with forward bodies (empty)
   if procBody.kind != nnkEmpty:
     # fix #13899, defer should not escape its original scope
-    procBody = newStmtList(newTree(nnkBlockStmt, newEmptyNode(), procBody))
-
+    let blockStmt = newStmtList(newTree(nnkBlockStmt, newEmptyNode(), procBody))
+    procBody = newStmtList()
+    let resultIdent = ident"result"
+    procBody.add quote do:
+      # Check whether there is an implicit return
+      when typeof(`blockStmt`) is void:
+        `blockStmt`
+      else:
+        `resultIdent` = `blockStmt`
     procBody.add(createFutureVarCompletions(futureVarIdents, nil))
+    procBody.insert(0): quote do:
+      {.push warning[resultshadowed]: off.}
+      when `subRetType` isnot void:
+        var `resultIdent`: `subRetType`
+      else:
+        var `resultIdent`: Future[void]
+      {.pop.}
 
-    if not subtypeIsVoid:
-      procBody.insert(0, newNimNode(nnkPragma).add(newIdentNode("push"),
-        newNimNode(nnkExprColonExpr).add(newNimNode(nnkBracketExpr).add(
-          newIdentNode("warning"), newIdentNode("resultshadowed")),
-        newIdentNode("off")))) # -> {.push warning[resultshadowed]: off.}
-
-      procBody.insert(1, newNimNode(nnkVarSection, prc.body).add(
-        newIdentDefs(newIdentNode("result"), baseType))) # -> var result: T
-
-      procBody.insert(2, newNimNode(nnkPragma).add(
-        newIdentNode("pop"))) # -> {.pop.})
-
-      procBody.add(
-        newCall(newIdentNode("complete"),
-          retFutureSym, newIdentNode("result"))) # -> complete(retFuture, result)
-    else:
-      # -> complete(retFuture)
-      procBody.add(newCall(newIdentNode("complete"), retFutureSym))
+      var `needsCompletionSym` = false
+    procBody.add quote do:
+      complete(`retFutureSym`, `resultIdent`)
 
-    var closureIterator = newProc(iteratorNameSym, [parseExpr("owned(FutureBase)")],
+    var closureIterator = newProc(iteratorNameSym, [quote do: owned(FutureBase)],
                                   procBody, nnkIteratorDef)
     closureIterator.pragma = newNimNode(nnkPragma, lineInfoFrom = prc.body)
     closureIterator.addPragma(newIdentNode("closure"))
 
     # If proc has an explicit gcsafe pragma, we add it to iterator as well.
-    if prc.pragma.findChild(it.kind in {nnkSym, nnkIdent} and $it ==
-        "gcsafe") != nil:
+    if prc.pragma.findChild(it.kind in {nnkSym, nnkIdent} and $it == "gcsafe") != nil:
       closureIterator.addPragma(newIdentNode("gcsafe"))
     outerProcBody.add(closureIterator)
 
@@ -259,21 +291,20 @@ proc asyncSingleProc(prc: NimNode): NimNode =
     # friendlier stack traces:
     var cbName = genSym(nskProc, prcName & NimAsyncContinueSuffix)
     var procCb = getAst createCb(retFutureSym, iteratorNameSym,
-                         newStrLitNode(prcName),
-                         cbName,
-                         createFutureVarCompletions(futureVarIdents, nil))
+                          newStrLitNode(prcName),
+                          cbName,
+                          createFutureVarCompletions(futureVarIdents, nil)
+                        )
     outerProcBody.add procCb
 
     # -> return retFuture
     outerProcBody.add newNimNode(nnkReturnStmt, prc.body[^1]).add(retFutureSym)
 
   result = prc
-
-  if subtypeIsVoid:
-    # Add discardable pragma.
-    if returnType.kind == nnkEmpty:
-      # Add Future[void]
-      result.params[0] = parseExpr("owned(Future[void])")
+  # Add discardable pragma.
+  if returnType.kind == nnkEmpty:
+    # xxx consider removing `owned`? it's inconsistent with non-void case
+    result.params[0] = quote do: owned(Future[void])
 
   # based on the yglukhov's patch to chronos: https://github.com/status-im/nim-chronos/pull/47
   if procBody.kind != nnkEmpty:
@@ -281,10 +312,6 @@ proc asyncSingleProc(prc: NimNode): NimNode =
       `outerProcBody`
     result.body = body2
 
-  #echo(treeRepr(result))
-  #if prcName == "recvLineInto":
-  #  echo(toStrLit(result))
-
 macro async*(prc: untyped): untyped =
   ## Macro which processes async procedures into the appropriate
   ## iterators and yield statements.
@@ -300,8 +327,8 @@ macro async*(prc: untyped): untyped =
 proc splitParamType(paramType: NimNode, async: bool): NimNode =
   result = paramType
   if paramType.kind == nnkInfix and paramType[0].strVal in ["|", "or"]:
-    let firstAsync = "async" in paramType[1].strVal.normalize
-    let secondAsync = "async" in paramType[2].strVal.normalize
+    let firstAsync = "async" in paramType[1].toStrLit().strVal.normalize
+    let secondAsync = "async" in paramType[2].toStrLit().strVal.normalize
 
     if firstAsync:
       result = paramType[if async: 1 else: 2]
@@ -354,9 +381,3 @@ macro multisync*(prc: untyped): untyped =
   result = newStmtList()
   result.add(asyncSingleProc(asyncPrc))
   result.add(sync)
-  # echo result.repr
-
-# overload for await as a fallback handler, based on the yglukhov's patch to chronos: https://github.com/status-im/nim-chronos/pull/47
-# template await*(f: typed): untyped =
-  # static:
-    # error "await only available within {.async.}"
diff --git a/lib/pure/asyncnet.nim b/lib/pure/asyncnet.nim
index f36c427de..ee07e599e 100644
--- a/lib/pure/asyncnet.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/asyncnet.nim
@@ -65,8 +65,7 @@
 ##
 ## The following example demonstrates a simple chat server.
 ##
-## .. code-block::nim
-##
+##   ```Nim
 ##   import std/[asyncnet, asyncdispatch]
 ##
 ##   var clients {.threadvar.}: seq[AsyncSocket]
@@ -93,19 +92,25 @@
 ##
 ##   asyncCheck serve()
 ##   runForever()
-##
+##   ```
 
 import std/private/since
-import asyncdispatch, nativesockets, net, os
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, syncio]
+
+import std/[asyncdispatch, nativesockets, net, os]
 
 export SOBool
 
 # TODO: Remove duplication introduced by PR #4683.
 
 const defineSsl = defined(ssl) or defined(nimdoc)
+const useNimNetLite = defined(nimNetLite) or defined(freertos) or defined(zephyr) or
+    defined(nuttx)
 
 when defineSsl:
-  import openssl
+  import std/openssl
 
 type
   # TODO: I would prefer to just do:
@@ -178,11 +183,12 @@ proc getLocalAddr*(socket: AsyncSocket): (string, Port) =
   ## This is high-level interface for `getsockname`:idx:.
   getLocalAddr(socket.fd, socket.domain)
 
-proc getPeerAddr*(socket: AsyncSocket): (string, Port) =
-  ## Get the socket's peer address and port number.
-  ##
-  ## This is high-level interface for `getpeername`:idx:.
-  getPeerAddr(socket.fd, socket.domain)
+when not useNimNetLite:
+  proc getPeerAddr*(socket: AsyncSocket): (string, Port) =
+    ## Get the socket's peer address and port number.
+    ##
+    ## This is high-level interface for `getpeername`:idx:.
+    getPeerAddr(socket.fd, socket.domain)
 
 proc newAsyncSocket*(domain, sockType, protocol: cint,
                      buffered = true,
@@ -224,7 +230,7 @@ when defineSsl:
     let len = bioCtrlPending(socket.bioOut)
     if len > 0:
       var data = newString(len)
-      let read = bioRead(socket.bioOut, addr data[0], len)
+      let read = bioRead(socket.bioOut, cast[cstring](addr data[0]), len)
       assert read != 0
       if read < 0:
         raiseSSLError()
@@ -242,7 +248,7 @@ when defineSsl:
       var data = await recv(socket.fd.AsyncFD, BufferSize, flags)
       let length = len(data)
       if length > 0:
-        let ret = bioWrite(socket.bioIn, addr data[0], length.cint)
+        let ret = bioWrite(socket.bioIn, cast[cstring](addr data[0]), length.cint)
         if ret < 0:
           raiseSSLError()
       elif length == 0:
@@ -259,14 +265,17 @@ when defineSsl:
       ErrClearError()
       # Call the desired operation.
       opResult = op
-
+      let err =
+        if opResult < 0:
+          getSslError(socket, opResult.cint)
+        else:
+          SSL_ERROR_NONE
       # Send any remaining pending SSL data.
       await sendPendingSslData(socket, flags)
 
       # If the operation failed, try to see if SSL has some data to read
       # or write.
       if opResult < 0:
-        let err = getSslError(socket, opResult.cint)
         let fut = appeaseSsl(socket, flags, err.cint)
         yield fut
         if not fut.read():
@@ -397,7 +406,8 @@ proc recv*(socket: AsyncSocket, size: int,
   ## to be read then the future will complete with a value of `""`.
   if socket.isBuffered:
     result = newString(size)
-    shallow(result)
+    when not defined(nimSeqsV2):
+      shallow(result)
     let originalBufPos = socket.currPos
 
     if socket.bufLen == 0:
@@ -453,7 +463,7 @@ proc send*(socket: AsyncSocket, data: string,
     when defineSsl:
       var copy = data
       sslLoop(socket, flags,
-        sslWrite(socket.sslHandle, addr copy[0], copy.len.cint))
+        sslWrite(socket.sslHandle, cast[cstring](addr copy[0]), copy.len.cint))
       await sendPendingSslData(socket, flags)
   else:
     await send(socket.fd.AsyncFD, data, flags)
@@ -646,11 +656,16 @@ proc bindAddr*(socket: AsyncSocket, port = Port(0), address = "") {.
 
   var aiList = getAddrInfo(realaddr, port, socket.domain)
   if bindAddr(socket.fd, aiList.ai_addr, aiList.ai_addrlen.SockLen) < 0'i32:
-    freeaddrinfo(aiList)
+    freeAddrInfo(aiList)
     raiseOSError(osLastError())
-  freeaddrinfo(aiList)
+  freeAddrInfo(aiList)
+
+proc hasDataBuffered*(s: AsyncSocket): bool {.since: (1, 5).} =
+  ## Determines whether an AsyncSocket has data buffered.
+  # xxx dedup with std/net
+  s.isBuffered and s.bufLen > 0 and s.currPos != s.bufLen
 
-when defined(posix):
+when defined(posix) and not useNimNetLite:
 
   proc connectUnix*(socket: AsyncSocket, path: string): owned(Future[void]) =
     ## Binds Unix socket to `path`.
@@ -667,12 +682,12 @@ when defined(posix):
         elif ret == EINTR:
           return false
         else:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(OSErrorCode(ret))))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(OSErrorCode(ret)))
           return true
 
       var socketAddr = makeUnixAddr(path)
       let ret = socket.fd.connect(cast[ptr SockAddr](addr socketAddr),
-                        (sizeof(socketAddr.sun_family) + path.len).SockLen)
+                        (offsetOf(socketAddr, sun_path) + path.len + 1).SockLen)
       if ret == 0:
         # Request to connect completed immediately.
         retFuture.complete()
@@ -681,7 +696,7 @@ when defined(posix):
         if lastError.int32 == EINTR or lastError.int32 == EINPROGRESS:
           addWrite(AsyncFD(socket.fd), cb)
         else:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(lastError)))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(lastError))
 
   proc bindUnix*(socket: AsyncSocket, path: string) {.
     tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
@@ -690,7 +705,7 @@ when defined(posix):
     when not defined(nimdoc):
       var socketAddr = makeUnixAddr(path)
       if socket.fd.bindAddr(cast[ptr SockAddr](addr socketAddr),
-          (sizeof(socketAddr.sun_family) + path.len).SockLen) != 0'i32:
+          (offsetOf(socketAddr, sun_path) + path.len + 1).SockLen) != 0'i32:
         raiseOSError(osLastError())
 
 elif defined(nimdoc):
@@ -731,6 +746,11 @@ proc close*(socket: AsyncSocket) =
         raiseSSLError()
 
 when defineSsl:
+  proc sslHandle*(self: AsyncSocket): SslPtr =
+    ## Retrieve the ssl pointer of `socket`.
+    ## Useful for interfacing with `openssl`.
+    self.sslHandle
+  
   proc wrapSocket*(ctx: SslContext, socket: AsyncSocket) =
     ## Wraps a socket in an SSL context. This function effectively turns
     ## `socket` into an SSL socket.
@@ -847,7 +867,7 @@ proc sendTo*(socket: AsyncSocket, address: string, port: Port, data: string,
 
     it = it.ai_next
 
-  freeaddrinfo(aiList)
+  freeAddrInfo(aiList)
 
   if not success:
     if lastException != nil:
diff --git a/lib/pure/asyncstreams.nim b/lib/pure/asyncstreams.nim
index 083c6f0ea..c97b98d55 100644
--- a/lib/pure/asyncstreams.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/asyncstreams.nim
@@ -9,9 +9,12 @@
 
 ## Unstable API.
 
-import asyncfutures
+import std/asyncfutures
 
-import deques
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+import std/deques
 
 type
   FutureStream*[T] = ref object ## Special future that acts as
diff --git a/lib/pure/base64.nim b/lib/pure/base64.nim
index bf196b54d..591d22cc0 100644
--- a/lib/pure/base64.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/base64.nim
@@ -16,50 +16,48 @@
 ## Each Base64 digit represents exactly 6 bits of data. Three 8-bit
 ## bytes (i.e., a total of 24 bits) can therefore be represented by
 ## four 6-bit Base64 digits.
-##
-## Basic usage
-## ===========
-##
+
+##[
+# Basic usage
 ## Encoding data
-## -------------
-##
-## .. code-block::nim
-##    import std/base64
-##    let encoded = encode("Hello World")
-##    assert encoded == "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ="
+]##
+
+runnableExamples:
+  let encoded = encode("Hello World")
+  assert encoded == "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ="
+
 ##
 ## Apart from strings you can also encode lists of integers or characters:
 ##
-## .. code-block::nim
-##    import std/base64
-##    let encodedInts = encode([1,2,3])
-##    assert encodedInts == "AQID"
-##    let encodedChars = encode(['h','e','y'])
-##    assert encodedChars == "aGV5"
-##
-##
+
+runnableExamples:
+  let encodedInts = encode([1'u8,2,3])
+  assert encodedInts == "AQID"
+  let encodedChars = encode(['h','e','y'])
+  assert encodedChars == "aGV5"
+
+##[
 ## Decoding data
-## -------------
-##
-## .. code-block::nim
-##    import std/base64
-##    let decoded = decode("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=")
-##    assert decoded == "Hello World"
-##
+]##
+
+runnableExamples:
+  let decoded = decode("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=")
+  assert decoded == "Hello World"
+
+##[
 ## URL Safe Base64
-## ---------------
-##
-## .. code-block::nim
-##    import std/base64
-##    doAssert encode("c\xf7>", safe = true) == "Y_c-"
-##    doAssert encode("c\xf7>", safe = false) == "Y/c+"
-##
+]##
+
+runnableExamples:
+  assert encode("c\xf7>", safe = true) == "Y_c-"
+  assert encode("c\xf7>", safe = false) == "Y/c+"
+
 ## See also
 ## ========
 ##
 ## * `hashes module<hashes.html>`_ for efficient computations of hash values for diverse Nim types
-## * `md5 module<md5.html>`_ implements the MD5 checksum algorithm
-## * `sha1 module<sha1.html>`_ implements a sha1 encoder and decoder
+## * `md5 module<md5.html>`_ for the MD5 checksum algorithm
+## * `sha1 module<sha1.html>`_ for the SHA-1 checksum algorithm
 
 template cbBase(a, b): untyped = [
   'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M',
@@ -68,15 +66,11 @@ template cbBase(a, b): untyped = [
   'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z',
   '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', a, b]
 
-let
+const
   cb64 = cbBase('+', '/')
   cb64safe = cbBase('-', '_')
 
 const
-  cb64VM = cbBase('+', '/')
-  cb64safeVM = cbBase('-', '_')
-
-const
   invalidChar = 255
 
 template encodeSize(size: int): int = (size * 4 div 3) + 6
@@ -86,10 +80,13 @@ template encodeInternal(s, alphabet: typed): untyped =
 
   result.setLen(encodeSize(s.len))
 
+  let
+    padding = s.len mod 3
+    inputEnds = s.len - padding
+
   var
     inputIndex = 0
     outputIndex = 0
-    inputEnds = s.len - s.len mod 3
     n: uint32
     b: uint32
 
@@ -115,7 +112,6 @@ template encodeInternal(s, alphabet: typed): untyped =
     outputChar(n shr 6)
     outputChar(n shr 0)
 
-  var padding = s.len mod 3
   if padding == 1:
     inputByte(b shl 16)
     outputChar(n shr 18)
@@ -134,21 +130,14 @@ template encodeInternal(s, alphabet: typed): untyped =
   result.setLen(outputIndex)
 
 template encodeImpl() {.dirty.} =
-  when nimVM:
-    block:
-      let lookupTableVM = if safe: cb64safeVM else: cb64VM
-      encodeInternal(s, lookupTableVM)
+  if safe:
+    encodeInternal(s, cb64safe)
   else:
-    block:
-      let lookupTable = if safe: unsafeAddr(cb64safe) else: unsafeAddr(cb64)
-      encodeInternal(s, lookupTable)
+    encodeInternal(s, cb64)
 
-proc encode*[T: SomeInteger|char](s: openArray[T], safe = false): string =
+proc encode*[T: byte|char](s: openArray[T], safe = false): string =
   ## Encodes `s` into base64 representation.
   ##
-  ## This procedure encodes an openarray (array or sequence) of either integers
-  ## or characters.
-  ##
   ## If `safe` is `true` then it will encode using the
   ## URL-Safe and Filesystem-safe standard alphabet characters,
   ## which substitutes `-` instead of `+` and `_` instead of `/`.
@@ -156,18 +145,24 @@ proc encode*[T: SomeInteger|char](s: openArray[T], safe = false): string =
   ## * https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648#page-7
   ##
   ## **See also:**
-  ## * `encode proc<#encode,string>`_ for encoding a string
   ## * `decode proc<#decode,string>`_ for decoding a string
   runnableExamples:
+    assert encode("Hello World") == "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ="
     assert encode(['n', 'i', 'm']) == "bmlt"
     assert encode(@['n', 'i', 'm']) == "bmlt"
-    assert encode([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) == "AQIDBAU="
+    assert encode([1'u8, 2, 3, 4, 5]) == "AQIDBAU="
   encodeImpl()
 
-proc encode*(s: string, safe = false): string =
-  ## Encodes `s` into base64 representation.
+proc encode*[T: SomeInteger and not byte](s: openArray[T], safe = false): string
+  {.deprecated: "use `byte` or `char` instead".} =
+  encodeImpl()
+
+proc encodeMime*(s: string, lineLen = 75.Positive, newLine = "\r\n",
+                 safe = false): string =
+  ## Encodes `s` into base64 representation as lines.
+  ## Used in email MIME format, use `lineLen` and `newline`.
   ##
-  ## This procedure encodes a string.
+  ## This procedure encodes a string according to MIME spec.
   ##
   ## If `safe` is `true` then it will encode using the
   ## URL-Safe and Filesystem-safe standard alphabet characters,
@@ -176,28 +171,29 @@ proc encode*(s: string, safe = false): string =
   ## * https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648#page-7
   ##
   ## **See also:**
-  ## * `encode proc<#encode,openArray[T]>`_ for encoding an openarray
-  ## * `decode proc<#decode,string>`_ for decoding a string
-  runnableExamples:
-    assert encode("Hello World") == "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ="
-  encodeImpl()
-
-proc encodeMime*(s: string, lineLen = 75, newLine = "\r\n"): string =
-  ## Encodes `s` into base64 representation as lines.
-  ## Used in email MIME format, use `lineLen` and `newline`.
-  ##
-  ## This procedure encodes a string according to MIME spec.
-  ##
-  ## **See also:**
-  ## * `encode proc<#encode,string>`_ for encoding a string
+  ## * `encode proc<#encode,openArray[T]>`_ for encoding an openArray
   ## * `decode proc<#decode,string>`_ for decoding a string
   runnableExamples:
     assert encodeMime("Hello World", 4, "\n") == "SGVs\nbG8g\nV29y\nbGQ="
-  result = newStringOfCap(encodeSize(s.len))
-  for i, c in encode(s):
-    if i != 0 and (i mod lineLen == 0):
-      result.add(newLine)
-    result.add(c)
+  template cpy(l, src, idx) =
+    b = l
+    while i < b:
+      result[i] = src[idx]
+      inc i
+      inc idx
+
+  if s.len == 0: return
+  let e = encode(s, safe)
+  if e.len <= lineLen or newLine.len == 0:
+    return e
+  result = newString(e.len + newLine.len * ((e.len div lineLen) - int(e.len mod lineLen == 0)))
+  var i, j, k, b: int
+  let nd = e.len - lineLen
+  while j < nd:
+    cpy(i + lineLen, e, j)
+    cpy(i + newLine.len, newLine, k)
+    k = 0
+  cpy(result.len, e, j)
 
 proc initDecodeTable*(): array[256, char] =
   # computes a decode table at compile time
@@ -220,7 +216,6 @@ proc decode*(s: string): string =
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `encode proc<#encode,openArray[T]>`_ for encoding an openarray
-  ## * `encode proc<#encode,string>`_ for encoding a string
   runnableExamples:
     assert decode("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=") == "Hello World"
     assert decode("  SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=") == "Hello World"
@@ -249,7 +244,7 @@ proc decode*(s: string): string =
     inputLen = s.len
     inputEnds = 0
   # strip trailing characters
-  while s[inputLen - 1] in {'\n', '\r', ' ', '='}:
+  while inputLen > 0 and s[inputLen - 1] in {'\n', '\r', ' ', '='}:
     dec inputLen
   # hot loop: read 4 characters at at time
   inputEnds = inputLen - 4
diff --git a/lib/pure/bitops.nim b/lib/pure/bitops.nim
index 377602e75..0d3351ee5 100644
--- a/lib/pure/bitops.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/bitops.nim
@@ -25,11 +25,9 @@
 ## At this time only `fastLog2`, `firstSetBit`, `countLeadingZeroBits` and `countTrailingZeroBits`
 ## may return undefined and/or platform dependent values if given invalid input.
 
-import macros
+import std/macros
 import std/private/since
-from std/private/vmutils import forwardImpl, toUnsigned
-
-
+from std/private/bitops_utils import forwardImpl, castToUnsigned
 
 func bitnot*[T: SomeInteger](x: T): T {.magic: "BitnotI".}
   ## Computes the `bitwise complement` of the integer `x`.
@@ -65,6 +63,12 @@ macro bitxor*[T: SomeInteger](x, y: T; z: varargs[T]): T =
 type BitsRange*[T] = range[0..sizeof(T)*8-1]
   ## A range with all bit positions for type `T`.
 
+template typeMasked[T: SomeInteger](x: T): T =
+  when defined(js):
+    T(x and ((0xffffffff_ffffffff'u shr (64 - sizeof(T) * 8))))
+  else:
+    x
+
 func bitsliced*[T: SomeInteger](v: T; slice: Slice[int]): T {.inline, since: (1, 3).} =
   ## Returns an extracted (and shifted) slice of bits from `v`.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -74,8 +78,8 @@ func bitsliced*[T: SomeInteger](v: T; slice: Slice[int]): T {.inline, since: (1,
 
   let
     upmost = sizeof(T) * 8 - 1
-    uv     = when v is SomeUnsignedInt: v else: v.toUnsigned
-  (uv shl (upmost - slice.b) shr (upmost - slice.b + slice.a)).T
+    uv     = v.castToUnsigned
+  ((uv shl (upmost - slice.b)).typeMasked shr (upmost - slice.b + slice.a)).T
 
 proc bitslice*[T: SomeInteger](v: var T; slice: Slice[int]) {.inline, since: (1, 3).} =
   ## Mutates `v` into an extracted (and shifted) slice of bits from `v`.
@@ -86,8 +90,8 @@ proc bitslice*[T: SomeInteger](v: var T; slice: Slice[int]) {.inline, since: (1,
 
   let
     upmost = sizeof(T) * 8 - 1
-    uv     = when v is SomeUnsignedInt: v else: v.toUnsigned
-  v = (uv shl (upmost - slice.b) shr (upmost - slice.b + slice.a)).T
+    uv     = v.castToUnsigned
+  v = ((uv shl (upmost - slice.b)).typeMasked shr (upmost - slice.b + slice.a)).T
 
 func toMask*[T: SomeInteger](slice: Slice[int]): T {.inline, since: (1, 3).} =
   ## Creates a bitmask based on a slice of bits.
@@ -97,11 +101,8 @@ func toMask*[T: SomeInteger](slice: Slice[int]): T {.inline, since: (1, 3).} =
 
   let
     upmost = sizeof(T) * 8 - 1
-    bitmask = when T is SomeUnsignedInt:
-                bitnot(0.T)
-              else:
-                bitnot(0.T).toUnsigned
-  (bitmask shl (upmost - slice.b + slice.a) shr (upmost - slice.b)).T
+    bitmask = bitnot(0.T).castToUnsigned
+  ((bitmask shl (upmost - slice.b + slice.a)).typeMasked shr (upmost - slice.b)).T
 
 proc masked*[T: SomeInteger](v, mask :T): T {.inline, since: (1, 3).} =
   ## Returns `v`, with only the `1` bits from `mask` matching those of
@@ -413,7 +414,6 @@ func fastlog2Nim(x: uint64): int {.inline.} =
 
 import system/countbits_impl
 
-const arch64 = sizeof(int) == 8
 const useBuiltinsRotate = (defined(amd64) or defined(i386)) and
                           (defined(gcc) or defined(clang) or defined(vcc) or
                            (defined(icl) and not defined(cpp))) and useBuiltins
@@ -451,33 +451,33 @@ when useGCC_builtins:
 
 elif useVCC_builtins:
   # Search the mask data from most significant bit (MSB) to least significant bit (LSB) for a set bit (1).
-  func bitScanReverse(index: ptr culong, mask: culong): cuchar {.
+  func bitScanReverse(index: ptr culong, mask: culong): uint8 {.
       importc: "_BitScanReverse", header: "<intrin.h>".}
-  func bitScanReverse64(index: ptr culong, mask: uint64): cuchar {.
+  func bitScanReverse64(index: ptr culong, mask: uint64): uint8 {.
       importc: "_BitScanReverse64", header: "<intrin.h>".}
 
   # Search the mask data from least significant bit (LSB) to the most significant bit (MSB) for a set bit (1).
-  func bitScanForward(index: ptr culong, mask: culong): cuchar {.
+  func bitScanForward(index: ptr culong, mask: culong): uint8 {.
       importc: "_BitScanForward", header: "<intrin.h>".}
-  func bitScanForward64(index: ptr culong, mask: uint64): cuchar {.
+  func bitScanForward64(index: ptr culong, mask: uint64): uint8 {.
       importc: "_BitScanForward64", header: "<intrin.h>".}
 
   template vcc_scan_impl(fnc: untyped; v: untyped): int =
-    var index: culong
+    var index {.inject.}: culong = 0
     discard fnc(index.addr, v)
     index.int
 
 elif useICC_builtins:
   # Returns the number of trailing 0-bits in x, starting at the least significant bit position. If x is 0, the result is undefined.
-  func bitScanForward(p: ptr uint32, b: uint32): cuchar {.
+  func bitScanForward(p: ptr uint32, b: uint32): uint8 {.
       importc: "_BitScanForward", header: "<immintrin.h>".}
-  func bitScanForward64(p: ptr uint32, b: uint64): cuchar {.
+  func bitScanForward64(p: ptr uint32, b: uint64): uint8 {.
       importc: "_BitScanForward64", header: "<immintrin.h>".}
 
   # Returns the number of leading 0-bits in x, starting at the most significant bit position. If x is 0, the result is undefined.
-  func bitScanReverse(p: ptr uint32, b: uint32): cuchar {.
+  func bitScanReverse(p: ptr uint32, b: uint32): uint8 {.
       importc: "_BitScanReverse", header: "<immintrin.h>".}
-  func bitScanReverse64(p: ptr uint32, b: uint64): cuchar {.
+  func bitScanReverse64(p: ptr uint32, b: uint64): uint8 {.
       importc: "_BitScanReverse64", header: "<immintrin.h>".}
 
   template icc_scan_impl(fnc: untyped; v: untyped): int =
@@ -508,8 +508,7 @@ func parityBits*(x: SomeInteger): int {.inline.} =
 
   # Can be used a base if creating ASM version.
   # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21617970/how-to-check-if-value-has-even-parity-of-bits-or-odd
-  when x is SomeSignedInt:
-    let x = x.toUnsigned
+  let x = x.castToUnsigned
   when nimvm:
     result = forwardImpl(parityImpl, x)
   else:
@@ -532,8 +531,7 @@ func firstSetBit*(x: SomeInteger): int {.inline.} =
     doAssert firstSetBit(0b0000_1111'u8) == 1
 
   # GCC builtin 'builtin_ffs' already handle zero input.
-  when x is SomeSignedInt:
-    let x = x.toUnsigned
+  let x = x.castToUnsigned
   when nimvm:
     when noUndefined:
       if x == 0:
@@ -575,8 +573,7 @@ func fastLog2*(x: SomeInteger): int {.inline.} =
     doAssert fastLog2(0b0000_1000'u8) == 3
     doAssert fastLog2(0b0000_1111'u8) == 3
 
-  when x is SomeSignedInt:
-    let x = x.toUnsigned
+  let x = x.castToUnsigned
   when noUndefined:
     if x == 0:
       return -1
@@ -618,8 +615,7 @@ func countLeadingZeroBits*(x: SomeInteger): int {.inline.} =
     doAssert countLeadingZeroBits(0b0000_1000'u8) == 4
     doAssert countLeadingZeroBits(0b0000_1111'u8) == 4
 
-  when x is SomeSignedInt:
-    let x = x.toUnsigned
+  let x = x.castToUnsigned
   when noUndefined:
     if x == 0:
       return 0
@@ -647,8 +643,7 @@ func countTrailingZeroBits*(x: SomeInteger): int {.inline.} =
     doAssert countTrailingZeroBits(0b0000_1000'u8) == 3
     doAssert countTrailingZeroBits(0b0000_1111'u8) == 0
 
-  when x is SomeSignedInt:
-    let x = x.toUnsigned
+  let x = x.castToUnsigned
   when noUndefined:
     if x == 0:
       return 0
@@ -665,7 +660,7 @@ when useBuiltinsRotate:
   when defined(gcc):
     # GCC was tested until version 4.8.1 and intrinsics were present. Not tested
     # in previous versions.
-    func builtin_rotl8(value: cuchar, shift: cint): cuchar
+    func builtin_rotl8(value: uint8, shift: cint): uint8
                       {.importc: "__rolb", header: "<x86intrin.h>".}
     func builtin_rotl16(value: cushort, shift: cint): cushort
                        {.importc: "__rolw", header: "<x86intrin.h>".}
@@ -675,7 +670,7 @@ when useBuiltinsRotate:
       func builtin_rotl64(value: culonglong, shift: cint): culonglong
                          {.importc: "__rolq", header: "<x86intrin.h>".}
 
-    func builtin_rotr8(value: cuchar, shift: cint): cuchar
+    func builtin_rotr8(value: uint8, shift: cint): uint8
                       {.importc: "__rorb", header: "<x86intrin.h>".}
     func builtin_rotr16(value: cushort, shift: cint): cushort
                        {.importc: "__rorw", header: "<x86intrin.h>".}
@@ -691,7 +686,7 @@ when useBuiltinsRotate:
     # https://releases.llvm.org/8.0.0/tools/clang/docs/ReleaseNotes.html#non-comprehensive-list-of-changes-in-this-release
     # https://releases.llvm.org/8.0.0/tools/clang/docs/LanguageExtensions.html#builtin-rotateleft
     # source for correct declarations: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/main/clang/include/clang/Basic/Builtins.def
-    func builtin_rotl8(value: cuchar, shift: cuchar): cuchar
+    func builtin_rotl8(value: uint8, shift: uint8): uint8
                       {.importc: "__builtin_rotateleft8", nodecl.}
     func builtin_rotl16(value: cushort, shift: cushort): cushort
                        {.importc: "__builtin_rotateleft16", nodecl.}
@@ -701,7 +696,7 @@ when useBuiltinsRotate:
       func builtin_rotl64(value: culonglong, shift: culonglong): culonglong
                          {.importc: "__builtin_rotateleft64", nodecl.}
 
-    func builtin_rotr8(value: cuchar, shift: cuchar): cuchar
+    func builtin_rotr8(value: uint8, shift: uint8): uint8
                       {.importc: "__builtin_rotateright8", nodecl.}
     func builtin_rotr16(value: cushort, shift: cushort): cushort
                        {.importc: "__builtin_rotateright16", nodecl.}
@@ -717,9 +712,9 @@ when useBuiltinsRotate:
     # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/intrinsics/rotl8-rotl16?view=msvc-160
     # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/intrinsics/rotr8-rotr16?view=msvc-160
     # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/c-runtime-library/reference/rotl-rotl64-rotr-rotr64?view=msvc-160
-    func builtin_rotl8(value: cuchar, shift: cuchar): cuchar
+    func builtin_rotl8(value: uint8, shift: uint8): uint8
                       {.importc: "_rotl8", header: "<intrin.h>".}
-    func builtin_rotl16(value: cushort, shift: cuchar): cushort
+    func builtin_rotl16(value: cushort, shift: uint8): cushort
                        {.importc: "_rotl16", header: "<intrin.h>".}
     func builtin_rotl32(value: cuint, shift: cint): cuint
                        {.importc: "_rotl", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
@@ -727,9 +722,9 @@ when useBuiltinsRotate:
       func builtin_rotl64(value: culonglong, shift: cint): culonglong
                          {.importc: "_rotl64", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
 
-    func builtin_rotr8(value: cuchar, shift: cuchar): cuchar
+    func builtin_rotr8(value: uint8, shift: uint8): uint8
                       {.importc: "_rotr8", header: "<intrin.h>".}
-    func builtin_rotr16(value: cushort, shift: cuchar): cushort
+    func builtin_rotr16(value: cushort, shift: uint8): cushort
                        {.importc: "_rotr16", header: "<intrin.h>".}
     func builtin_rotr32(value: cuint, shift: cint): cuint
                        {.importc: "_rotr", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
@@ -739,7 +734,7 @@ when useBuiltinsRotate:
   elif defined(icl):
     # Tested on Intel(R) C++ Intel(R) 64 Compiler Classic Version 2021.1.2 Build
     # 20201208_000000 x64 and x86. Not tested in previous versions.
-    func builtin_rotl8(value: cuchar, shift: cint): cuchar
+    func builtin_rotl8(value: uint8, shift: cint): uint8
                       {.importc: "__rolb", header: "<immintrin.h>".}
     func builtin_rotl16(value: cushort, shift: cint): cushort
                        {.importc: "__rolw", header: "<immintrin.h>".}
@@ -749,7 +744,7 @@ when useBuiltinsRotate:
       func builtin_rotl64(value: culonglong, shift: cint): culonglong
                          {.importc: "__rolq", header: "<immintrin.h>".}
 
-    func builtin_rotr8(value: cuchar, shift: cint): cuchar
+    func builtin_rotr8(value: uint8, shift: cint): uint8
                       {.importc: "__rorb", header: "<immintrin.h>".}
     func builtin_rotr16(value: cushort, shift: cint): cushort
                        {.importc: "__rorw", header: "<immintrin.h>".}
@@ -772,11 +767,13 @@ func rotr[T: SomeUnsignedInt](value: T, rot: int32): T {.inline.} =
   let rot = rot and mask
   (value shr rot) or (value shl ((-rot) and mask))
 
-func shiftTypeToImpl(size: static int, shift: int): auto {.inline.} =
+func shiftTypeTo(size: static int, shift: int): auto {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the `shift` for the rotation according to the compiler and the
+  ## `size`.
   when (defined(vcc) and (size in [4, 8])) or defined(gcc) or defined(icl):
     cint(shift)
   elif (defined(vcc) and (size in [1, 2])) or (defined(clang) and size == 1):
-    cuchar(shift)
+    uint8(shift)
   elif defined(clang):
     when size == 2:
       cushort(shift)
@@ -785,118 +782,59 @@ func shiftTypeToImpl(size: static int, shift: int): auto {.inline.} =
     elif size == 8:
       culonglong(shift)
 
-template shiftTypeTo[T](value: T, shift: int): auto =
-  ## Returns the `shift` for the rotation according to the compiler and the size
-  ## of the` value`.
-  shiftTypeToImpl(sizeof(value), shift)
-
-func rotateLeftBits*(value: uint8, shift: range[0..8]): uint8 {.inline.} =
-  ## Left-rotate bits in a 8-bits value.
+func rotateLeftBits*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](value: T, shift: range[0..(sizeof(T) * 8)]): T {.inline.} =
+  ## Left-rotate bits in a `value`.
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert rotateLeftBits(0b0110_1001'u8, 4) == 0b1001_0110'u8
-
-  when nimvm:
-    rotl(value, shift.int32)
-  else:
-    when useBuiltinsRotate:
-      builtin_rotl8(value.cuchar, shiftTypeTo(value, shift)).uint8
-    else:
-      rotl(value, shift.int32)
-
-func rotateLeftBits*(value: uint16, shift: range[0..16]): uint16 {.inline.} =
-  ## Left-rotate bits in a 16-bits value.
-  runnableExamples:
     doAssert rotateLeftBits(0b00111100_11000011'u16, 8) ==
       0b11000011_00111100'u16
-
-  when nimvm:
-    rotl(value, shift.int32)
-  else:
-    when useBuiltinsRotate:
-      builtin_rotl16(value.cushort, shiftTypeTo(value, shift)).uint16
-    else:
-      rotl(value, shift.int32)
-
-func rotateLeftBits*(value: uint32, shift: range[0..32]): uint32 {.inline.} =
-  ## Left-rotate bits in a 32-bits value.
-  runnableExamples:
     doAssert rotateLeftBits(0b0000111111110000_1111000000001111'u32, 16) ==
       0b1111000000001111_0000111111110000'u32
-
-  when nimvm:
-    rotl(value, shift.int32)
-  else:
-    when useBuiltinsRotate:
-      builtin_rotl32(value.cuint, shiftTypeTo(value, shift)).uint32
-    else:
-      rotl(value, shift.int32)
-
-func rotateLeftBits*(value: uint64, shift: range[0..64]): uint64 {.inline.} =
-  ## Left-rotate bits in a 64-bits value.
-  runnableExamples:
     doAssert rotateLeftBits(0b00000000111111111111111100000000_11111111000000000000000011111111'u64, 32) ==
       0b11111111000000000000000011111111_00000000111111111111111100000000'u64
-
   when nimvm:
     rotl(value, shift.int32)
   else:
-    when useBuiltinsRotate and defined(amd64):
-      builtin_rotl64(value.culonglong, shiftTypeTo(value, shift)).uint64
+    when useBuiltinsRotate:
+      const size = sizeof(T)
+      when size == 1:
+        builtin_rotl8(value.uint8, shiftTypeTo(size, shift)).T
+      elif size == 2:
+        builtin_rotl16(value.cushort, shiftTypeTo(size, shift)).T
+      elif size == 4:
+        builtin_rotl32(value.cuint, shiftTypeTo(size, shift)).T
+      elif size == 8 and arch64:
+        builtin_rotl64(value.culonglong, shiftTypeTo(size, shift)).T
+      else:
+        rotl(value, shift.int32)
     else:
       rotl(value, shift.int32)
 
-func rotateRightBits*(value: uint8, shift: range[0..8]): uint8 {.inline.} =
-  ## Right-rotate bits in a 8-bits value.
+func rotateRightBits*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](value: T, shift: range[0..(sizeof(T) * 8)]): T {.inline.} =
+  ## Right-rotate bits in a `value`.
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert rotateRightBits(0b0110_1001'u8, 4) == 0b1001_0110'u8
-
-  when nimvm:
-    rotr(value, shift.int32)
-  else:
-    when useBuiltinsRotate:
-      builtin_rotr8(value.cuchar, shiftTypeTo(value, shift)).uint8
-    else:
-      rotr(value, shift.int32)
-
-func rotateRightBits*(value: uint16, shift: range[0..16]): uint16 {.inline.} =
-  ## Right-rotate bits in a 16-bits value.
-  runnableExamples:
     doAssert rotateRightBits(0b00111100_11000011'u16, 8) ==
       0b11000011_00111100'u16
-
-  when nimvm:
-    rotr(value, shift.int32)
-  else:
-    when useBuiltinsRotate:
-      builtin_rotr16(value.cushort, shiftTypeTo(value, shift)).uint16
-    else:
-      rotr(value, shift.int32)
-
-func rotateRightBits*(value: uint32, shift: range[0..32]): uint32 {.inline.} =
-  ## Right-rotate bits in a 32-bits value.
-  runnableExamples:
     doAssert rotateRightBits(0b0000111111110000_1111000000001111'u32, 16) ==
       0b1111000000001111_0000111111110000'u32
-
-  when nimvm:
-    rotr(value, shift.int32)
-  else:
-    when useBuiltinsRotate:
-      builtin_rotr32(value.cuint, shiftTypeTo(value, shift)).uint32
-    else:
-      rotr(value, shift.int32)
-
-func rotateRightBits*(value: uint64, shift: range[0..64]): uint64 {.inline.} =
-  ## Right-rotate bits in a 64-bits value.
-  runnableExamples:
     doAssert rotateRightBits(0b00000000111111111111111100000000_11111111000000000000000011111111'u64, 32) ==
       0b11111111000000000000000011111111_00000000111111111111111100000000'u64
-
   when nimvm:
     rotr(value, shift.int32)
   else:
-    when useBuiltinsRotate and defined(amd64):
-      builtin_rotr64(value.culonglong, shiftTypeTo(value, shift)).uint64
+    when useBuiltinsRotate:
+      const size = sizeof(T)
+      when size == 1:
+        builtin_rotr8(value.uint8, shiftTypeTo(size, shift)).T
+      elif size == 2:
+        builtin_rotr16(value.cushort, shiftTypeTo(size, shift)).T
+      elif size == 4:
+        builtin_rotr32(value.cuint, shiftTypeTo(size, shift)).T
+      elif size == 8 and arch64:
+        builtin_rotr64(value.culonglong, shiftTypeTo(size, shift)).T
+      else:
+        rotr(value, shift.int32)
     else:
       rotr(value, shift.int32)
 
diff --git a/lib/pure/browsers.nim b/lib/pure/browsers.nim
index 08f5208d2..59e2078df 100644
--- a/lib/pure/browsers.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/browsers.nim
@@ -12,17 +12,22 @@
 ##
 ## Unstable API.
 
-import std/private/since
+import std/private/since # used by the deprecated `openDefaultBrowser()`
 
-import strutils
+import std/strutils
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 when defined(windows):
-  import winlean
-  from os import absolutePath
+  import std/winlean
+  when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+    import std/widestrs
+  from std/os import absolutePath
 else:
-  import os
+  import std/os
   when not defined(osx):
-    import osproc
+    import std/osproc
 
 const osOpenCmd* =
   when defined(macos) or defined(macosx) or defined(windows): "open" else: "xdg-open" ## \
@@ -35,15 +40,17 @@ proc prepare(s: string): string =
   else:
     result = "file://" & absolutePath(s)
 
-proc openDefaultBrowserImpl(url: string) =
+proc openDefaultBrowserRaw(url: string) =
+  ## note the url argument should be alreadly prepared, i.e. the url is passed "AS IS"
+
   when defined(windows):
     var o = newWideCString(osOpenCmd)
-    var u = newWideCString(prepare url)
+    var u = newWideCString(url)
     discard shellExecuteW(0'i32, o, u, nil, nil, SW_SHOWNORMAL)
   elif defined(macosx):
-    discard execShellCmd(osOpenCmd & " " & quoteShell(prepare url))
+    discard execShellCmd(osOpenCmd & " " & quoteShell(url))
   else:
-    var u = quoteShell(prepare url)
+    var u = quoteShell(url)
     if execShellCmd(osOpenCmd & " " & u) == 0: return
     for b in getEnv("BROWSER").split(PathSep):
       try:
@@ -64,26 +71,42 @@ proc openDefaultBrowser*(url: string) =
   ##
   ## This proc doesn't raise an exception on error, beware.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   block: openDefaultBrowser("https://nim-lang.org")
+  ##   ```
   doAssert url.len > 0, "URL must not be empty string"
-  openDefaultBrowserImpl(url)
+  openDefaultBrowserRaw(url)
 
-proc openDefaultBrowser*() {.since: (1, 1).} =
-  ## Opens the user's default browser without any `url` (blank page). This does not block.
-  ## Implements IETF RFC-6694 Section 3, "about:blank" must be reserved for a blank page.
+proc openDefaultBrowser*() {.since: (1, 1), deprecated: 
+  "not implemented, please open with a specific url instead".} =
+  ## Intends to open the user's default browser without any `url` (blank page).
+  ## This does not block.
+  ## Intends to implement IETF RFC-6694 Section 3,
+  ## ("about:blank" is reserved for a blank page).
   ##
-  ## Under Windows, `ShellExecute` is used. Under Mac OS X the `open`
-  ## command is used. Under Unix, it is checked if `xdg-open` exists and
-  ## used if it does. Otherwise the environment variable `BROWSER` is
-  ## used to determine the default browser to use.
+  ## Beware that this intended behavior is **not** implemented and 
+  ## considered not worthy to implement here.
+  ##
+  ## The following describes the behavior of current implementation:
+  ## 
+  ##  - Under Windows, this will only cause a pop-up dialog \
+  ## asking the assocated application with `about` \
+  ## (as Windows simply treats `about:` as a protocol like `http`).
+  ##  - Under Mac OS X the `open "about:blank"` command is used.
+  ##  - Under Unix, it is checked if `xdg-open` exists and used \
+  ## if it does and open the application assocated with `text/html` mime \
+  ## (not `x-scheme-handler/http`, so maybe html-viewer \
+  ## other than your default browser is opened). \
+  ## Otherwise the environment variable `BROWSER` is used \
+  ## to determine the default browser to use.
   ##
   ## This proc doesn't raise an exception on error, beware.
   ##
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   block: openDefaultBrowser()
+  ##   ```
+  ##
   ## **See also:**
   ##
   ## * https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6694#section-3
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##   block: openDefaultBrowser()
-  openDefaultBrowserImpl("http:about:blank")  # See IETF RFC-6694 Section 3.
+  openDefaultBrowserRaw("about:blank")  # See IETF RFC-6694 Section 3.
diff --git a/lib/pure/cgi.nim b/lib/pure/cgi.nim
index fd5089dbb..034f224ac 100644
--- a/lib/pure/cgi.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/cgi.nim
@@ -9,29 +9,32 @@
 
 ## This module implements helper procs for CGI applications. Example:
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
+##   ```Nim
+##   import std/[strtabs, cgi]
 ##
-##    import std/[strtabs, cgi]
-##
-##    # Fill the values when debugging:
-##    when debug:
-##      setTestData("name", "Klaus", "password", "123456")
-##    # read the data into `myData`
-##    var myData = readData()
-##    # check that the data's variable names are "name" or "password"
-##    validateData(myData, "name", "password")
-##    # start generating content:
-##    writeContentType()
-##    # generate content:
-##    write(stdout, "<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN\">\n")
-##    write(stdout, "<html><head><title>Test</title></head><body>\n")
-##    writeLine(stdout, "your name: " & myData["name"])
-##    writeLine(stdout, "your password: " & myData["password"])
-##    writeLine(stdout, "</body></html>")
+##   # Fill the values when debugging:
+##   when debug:
+##     setTestData("name", "Klaus", "password", "123456")
+##   # read the data into `myData`
+##   var myData = readData()
+##   # check that the data's variable names are "name" or "password"
+##   validateData(myData, "name", "password")
+##   # start generating content:
+##   writeContentType()
+##   # generate content:
+##   write(stdout, "<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN\">\n")
+##   write(stdout, "<html><head><title>Test</title></head><body>\n")
+##   writeLine(stdout, "your name: " & myData["name"])
+##   writeLine(stdout, "your password: " & myData["password"])
+##   writeLine(stdout, "</body></html>")
+##   ```
 
 import std/[strutils, os, strtabs, cookies, uri]
 export uri.encodeUrl, uri.decodeUrl
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
+
 
 proc addXmlChar(dest: var string, c: char) {.inline.} =
   case c
@@ -249,9 +252,9 @@ proc setTestData*(keysvalues: varargs[string]) =
   ## Fills the appropriate environment variables to test your CGI application.
   ## This can only simulate the 'GET' request method. `keysvalues` should
   ## provide embedded (name, value)-pairs. Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##    setTestData("name", "Hanz", "password", "12345")
+  ##   ```Nim
+  ##   setTestData("name", "Hanz", "password", "12345")
+  ##   ```
   putEnv("REQUEST_METHOD", "GET")
   var i = 0
   var query = ""
@@ -266,9 +269,9 @@ proc setTestData*(keysvalues: varargs[string]) =
 proc writeContentType*() =
   ## Calls this before starting to send your HTML data to `stdout`. This
   ## implements this part of the CGI protocol:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##     write(stdout, "Content-type: text/html\n\n")
+  ##   ```Nim
+  ##   write(stdout, "Content-type: text/html\n\n")
+  ##   ```
   write(stdout, "Content-type: text/html\n\n")
 
 proc resetForStacktrace() =
diff --git a/lib/pure/collections/critbits.nim b/lib/pure/collections/critbits.nim
index e12984995..24257dacb 100644
--- a/lib/pure/collections/critbits.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/collections/critbits.nim
@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ runnableExamples:
 
 import std/private/since
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 type
   NodeObj[T] {.acyclic.} = object
     byte: int ## byte index of the difference
@@ -197,7 +200,7 @@ proc missingOrExcl*[T](c: var CritBitTree[T], key: string): bool =
   discard exclImpl(c, key)
   result = c.count == oldCount
 
-proc containsOrIncl*[T](c: var CritBitTree[T], key: string, val: T): bool =
+proc containsOrIncl*[T](c: var CritBitTree[T], key: string, val: sink T): bool =
   ## Returns true if `c` contains the given `key`. If the key does not exist,
   ## `c[key] = val` is performed.
   ##
@@ -270,7 +273,7 @@ proc incl*(c: var CritBitTree[void], key: string) =
 
   discard rawInsert(c, key)
 
-proc incl*[T](c: var CritBitTree[T], key: string, val: T) =
+proc incl*[T](c: var CritBitTree[T], key: string, val: sink T) =
   ## Inserts `key` with value `val` into `c`.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
@@ -284,7 +287,7 @@ proc incl*[T](c: var CritBitTree[T], key: string, val: T) =
   var n = rawInsert(c, key)
   n.val = val
 
-proc `[]=`*[T](c: var CritBitTree[T], key: string, val: T) =
+proc `[]=`*[T](c: var CritBitTree[T], key: string, val: sink T) =
   ## Alias for `incl <#incl,CritBitTree[T],string,T>`_.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
@@ -300,7 +303,7 @@ template get[T](c: CritBitTree[T], key: string): T =
 
   n.val
 
-func `[]`*[T](c: CritBitTree[T], key: string): T {.inline.} =
+func `[]`*[T](c: CritBitTree[T], key: string): lent T {.inline.} =
   ## Retrieves the value at `c[key]`. If `key` is not in `t`, the
   ## `KeyError` exception is raised. One can check with `hasKey` whether
   ## the key exists.
@@ -342,7 +345,7 @@ iterator keys*[T](c: CritBitTree[T]): string =
 
   for x in leaves(c.root): yield x.key
 
-iterator values*[T](c: CritBitTree[T]): T =
+iterator values*[T](c: CritBitTree[T]): lent T =
   ## Yields all values of `c` in the lexicographical order of the
   ## corresponding keys.
   ##
@@ -415,7 +418,7 @@ iterator keysWithPrefix*[T](c: CritBitTree[T], prefix: string): string =
   let top = allprefixedAux(c, prefix)
   for x in leaves(top): yield x.key
 
-iterator valuesWithPrefix*[T](c: CritBitTree[T], prefix: string): T =
+iterator valuesWithPrefix*[T](c: CritBitTree[T], prefix: string): lent T =
   ## Yields all values of `c` starting with `prefix` of the
   ## corresponding keys.
   ##
@@ -518,7 +521,7 @@ func commonPrefixLen*[T](c: CritBitTree[T]): int {.inline, since((1, 3)).} =
     else: c.root.byte
   else: 0
 
-proc toCritBitTree*[T](pairs: openArray[(string, T)]): CritBitTree[T] {.since: (1, 3).} =
+proc toCritBitTree*[T](pairs: sink openArray[(string, T)]): CritBitTree[T] {.since: (1, 3).} =
   ## Creates a new `CritBitTree` that contains the given `pairs`.
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert {"a": "0", "b": "1", "c": "2"}.toCritBitTree is CritBitTree[string]
@@ -526,7 +529,7 @@ proc toCritBitTree*[T](pairs: openArray[(string, T)]): CritBitTree[T] {.since: (
 
   for item in pairs: result.incl item[0], item[1]
 
-proc toCritBitTree*(items: openArray[string]): CritBitTree[void] {.since: (1, 3).} =
+proc toCritBitTree*(items: sink openArray[string]): CritBitTree[void] {.since: (1, 3).} =
   ## Creates a new `CritBitTree` that contains the given `items`.
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert ["a", "b", "c"].toCritBitTree is CritBitTree[void]
diff --git a/lib/pure/collections/deques.nim b/lib/pure/collections/deques.nim
index c8bbb1cc6..d2b0099f2 100644
--- a/lib/pure/collections/deques.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/collections/deques.nim
@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@
 ## An implementation of a `deque`:idx: (double-ended queue).
 ## The underlying implementation uses a `seq`.
 ##
-## Note that none of the procs that get an individual value from the deque should be used
-## on an empty deque.
+## .. note:: None of the procs that get an individual value from the deque should be used
+##   on an empty deque.
+##
 ## If compiled with the `boundChecks` option, those procs will raise an `IndexDefect`
 ## on such access. This should not be relied upon, as `-d:danger` or `--checks:off` will
 ## disable those checks and then the procs may return garbage or crash the program.
@@ -46,11 +47,10 @@ runnableExamples:
 ## See also
 ## ========
 ## * `lists module <lists.html>`_ for singly and doubly linked lists and rings
-## * `channels module <channels_builtin.html>`_ for inter-thread communication
 
 import std/private/since
 
-import math
+import std/[assertions, hashes, math]
 
 type
   Deque*[T] = object
@@ -59,20 +59,28 @@ type
     ## To initialize an empty deque,
     ## use the `initDeque proc <#initDeque,int>`_.
     data: seq[T]
-    head, tail, count, mask: int
+
+    # `head` and `tail` are masked only when accessing an element of `data`
+    # so that `tail - head == data.len` when the deque is full.
+    # They are uint so that incrementing/decrementing them doesn't cause
+    # over/underflow. You can get a number of items with `tail - head`
+    # even if `tail` or `head` is wraps around and `tail < head`, because
+    # `tail - head == (uint.high + 1 + tail) - head` when `tail < head`.
+    head, tail: uint
 
 const
   defaultInitialSize* = 4
 
 template initImpl(result: typed, initialSize: int) =
   let correctSize = nextPowerOfTwo(initialSize)
-  result.mask = correctSize - 1
   newSeq(result.data, correctSize)
 
 template checkIfInitialized(deq: typed) =
-  when compiles(defaultInitialSize):
-    if deq.mask == 0:
-      initImpl(deq, defaultInitialSize)
+  if deq.data.len == 0:
+    initImpl(deq, defaultInitialSize)
+
+func mask[T](deq: Deque[T]): uint {.inline.} =
+  uint(deq.data.len) - 1
 
 proc initDeque*[T](initialSize: int = defaultInitialSize): Deque[T] =
   ## Creates a new empty deque.
@@ -86,41 +94,27 @@ proc initDeque*[T](initialSize: int = defaultInitialSize): Deque[T] =
   ## * `toDeque proc <#toDeque,openArray[T]>`_
   result.initImpl(initialSize)
 
-proc toDeque*[T](x: openArray[T]): Deque[T] {.since: (1, 3).} =
-  ## Creates a new deque that contains the elements of `x` (in the same order).
-  ##
-  ## **See also:**
-  ## * `initDeque proc <#initDeque,int>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    let a = toDeque([7, 8, 9])
-    assert len(a) == 3
-    assert $a == "[7, 8, 9]"
-
-  result.initImpl(x.len)
-  for item in items(x):
-    result.addLast(item)
-
-proc len*[T](deq: Deque[T]): int {.inline.} =
+func len*[T](deq: Deque[T]): int {.inline.} =
   ## Returns the number of elements of `deq`.
-  result = deq.count
+  int(deq.tail - deq.head)
 
 template emptyCheck(deq) =
   # Bounds check for the regular deque access.
   when compileOption("boundChecks"):
-    if unlikely(deq.count < 1):
+    if unlikely(deq.len < 1):
       raise newException(IndexDefect, "Empty deque.")
 
 template xBoundsCheck(deq, i) =
   # Bounds check for the array like accesses.
   when compileOption("boundChecks"): # `-d:danger` or `--checks:off` should disable this.
-    if unlikely(i >= deq.count): # x < deq.low is taken care by the Natural parameter
+    if unlikely(i >= deq.len): # x < deq.low is taken care by the Natural parameter
       raise newException(IndexDefect,
-                         "Out of bounds: " & $i & " > " & $(deq.count - 1))
+                         "Out of bounds: " & $i & " > " & $(deq.len - 1))
     if unlikely(i < 0): # when used with BackwardsIndex
       raise newException(IndexDefect,
                          "Out of bounds: " & $i & " < 0")
 
-proc `[]`*[T](deq: Deque[T], i: Natural): T {.inline.} =
+proc `[]`*[T](deq: Deque[T], i: Natural): lent T {.inline.} =
   ## Accesses the `i`-th element of `deq`.
   runnableExamples:
     let a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque
@@ -129,7 +123,7 @@ proc `[]`*[T](deq: Deque[T], i: Natural): T {.inline.} =
     doAssertRaises(IndexDefect, echo a[8])
 
   xBoundsCheck(deq, i)
-  return deq.data[(deq.head + i) and deq.mask]
+  return deq.data[(deq.head + i.uint) and deq.mask]
 
 proc `[]`*[T](deq: var Deque[T], i: Natural): var T {.inline.} =
   ## Accesses the `i`-th element of `deq` and returns a mutable
@@ -140,9 +134,9 @@ proc `[]`*[T](deq: var Deque[T], i: Natural): var T {.inline.} =
     assert a[0] == 11
 
   xBoundsCheck(deq, i)
-  return deq.data[(deq.head + i) and deq.mask]
+  return deq.data[(deq.head + i.uint) and deq.mask]
 
-proc `[]=`*[T](deq: var Deque[T], i: Natural, val: T) {.inline.} =
+proc `[]=`*[T](deq: var Deque[T], i: Natural, val: sink T) {.inline.} =
   ## Sets the `i`-th element of `deq` to `val`.
   runnableExamples:
     var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque
@@ -152,9 +146,9 @@ proc `[]=`*[T](deq: var Deque[T], i: Natural, val: T) {.inline.} =
 
   checkIfInitialized(deq)
   xBoundsCheck(deq, i)
-  deq.data[(deq.head + i) and deq.mask] = val
+  deq.data[(deq.head + i.uint) and deq.mask] = val
 
-proc `[]`*[T](deq: Deque[T], i: BackwardsIndex): T {.inline.} =
+proc `[]`*[T](deq: Deque[T], i: BackwardsIndex): lent T {.inline.} =
   ## Accesses the backwards indexed `i`-th element.
   ##
   ## `deq[^1]` is the last element.
@@ -180,7 +174,7 @@ proc `[]`*[T](deq: var Deque[T], i: BackwardsIndex): var T {.inline.} =
   xBoundsCheck(deq, deq.len - int(i))
   return deq[deq.len - int(i)]
 
-proc `[]=`*[T](deq: var Deque[T], i: BackwardsIndex, x: T) {.inline.} =
+proc `[]=`*[T](deq: var Deque[T], i: BackwardsIndex, x: sink T) {.inline.} =
   ## Sets the backwards indexed `i`-th element of `deq` to `x`.
   ##
   ## `deq[^1]` is the last element.
@@ -194,27 +188,25 @@ proc `[]=`*[T](deq: var Deque[T], i: BackwardsIndex, x: T) {.inline.} =
   xBoundsCheck(deq, deq.len - int(i))
   deq[deq.len - int(i)] = x
 
-iterator items*[T](deq: Deque[T]): T =
+iterator items*[T](deq: Deque[T]): lent T =
   ## Yields every element of `deq`.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
-  ## * `mitems iterator <#mitems,Deque[T]>`_
+  ## * `mitems iterator <#mitems.i,Deque[T]>`_
   runnableExamples:
     from std/sequtils import toSeq
 
     let a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque
     assert toSeq(a.items) == @[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
 
-  var i = deq.head
-  for c in 0 ..< deq.count:
-    yield deq.data[i]
-    i = (i + 1) and deq.mask
+  for c in 0 ..< deq.len:
+    yield deq.data[(deq.head + c.uint) and deq.mask]
 
 iterator mitems*[T](deq: var Deque[T]): var T =
   ## Yields every element of `deq`, which can be modified.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
-  ## * `items iterator <#items,Deque[T]>`_
+  ## * `items iterator <#items.i,Deque[T]>`_
   runnableExamples:
     var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque
     assert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]"
@@ -222,10 +214,8 @@ iterator mitems*[T](deq: var Deque[T]): var T =
       x = 5 * x - 1
     assert $a == "[49, 99, 149, 199, 249]"
 
-  var i = deq.head
-  for c in 0 ..< deq.count:
-    yield deq.data[i]
-    i = (i + 1) and deq.mask
+  for c in 0 ..< deq.len:
+    yield deq.data[(deq.head + c.uint) and deq.mask]
 
 iterator pairs*[T](deq: Deque[T]): tuple[key: int, val: T] =
   ## Yields every `(position, value)`-pair of `deq`.
@@ -235,10 +225,8 @@ iterator pairs*[T](deq: Deque[T]): tuple[key: int, val: T] =
     let a = [10, 20, 30].toDeque
     assert toSeq(a.pairs) == @[(0, 10), (1, 20), (2, 30)]
 
-  var i = deq.head
-  for c in 0 ..< deq.count:
-    yield (c, deq.data[i])
-    i = (i + 1) and deq.mask
+  for c in 0 ..< deq.len:
+    yield (c, deq.data[(deq.head + c.uint) and deq.mask])
 
 proc contains*[T](deq: Deque[T], item: T): bool {.inline.} =
   ## Returns true if `item` is in `deq` or false if not found.
@@ -257,24 +245,24 @@ proc contains*[T](deq: Deque[T], item: T): bool {.inline.} =
 
 proc expandIfNeeded[T](deq: var Deque[T]) =
   checkIfInitialized(deq)
-  var cap = deq.mask + 1
-  if unlikely(deq.count >= cap):
+  let cap = deq.data.len
+  assert deq.len <= cap
+  if unlikely(deq.len == cap):
     var n = newSeq[T](cap * 2)
     var i = 0
     for x in mitems(deq):
-      when nimVM: n[i] = x # workaround for VM bug
+      when nimvm: n[i] = x # workaround for VM bug
       else: n[i] = move(x)
       inc i
     deq.data = move(n)
-    deq.mask = cap * 2 - 1
-    deq.tail = deq.count
+    deq.tail = cap.uint
     deq.head = 0
 
-proc addFirst*[T](deq: var Deque[T], item: T) =
+proc addFirst*[T](deq: var Deque[T], item: sink T) =
   ## Adds an `item` to the beginning of `deq`.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
-  ## * `addLast proc <#addLast,Deque[T],T>`_
+  ## * `addLast proc <#addLast,Deque[T],sinkT>`_
   runnableExamples:
     var a = initDeque[int]()
     for i in 1 .. 5:
@@ -282,15 +270,14 @@ proc addFirst*[T](deq: var Deque[T], item: T) =
     assert $a == "[50, 40, 30, 20, 10]"
 
   expandIfNeeded(deq)
-  inc deq.count
-  deq.head = (deq.head - 1) and deq.mask
-  deq.data[deq.head] = item
+  dec deq.head
+  deq.data[deq.head and deq.mask] = item
 
-proc addLast*[T](deq: var Deque[T], item: T) =
+proc addLast*[T](deq: var Deque[T], item: sink T) =
   ## Adds an `item` to the end of `deq`.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
-  ## * `addFirst proc <#addFirst,Deque[T],T>`_
+  ## * `addFirst proc <#addFirst,Deque[T],sinkT>`_
   runnableExamples:
     var a = initDeque[int]()
     for i in 1 .. 5:
@@ -298,11 +285,24 @@ proc addLast*[T](deq: var Deque[T], item: T) =
     assert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]"
 
   expandIfNeeded(deq)
-  inc deq.count
-  deq.data[deq.tail] = item
-  deq.tail = (deq.tail + 1) and deq.mask
+  deq.data[deq.tail and deq.mask] = item
+  inc deq.tail
 
-proc peekFirst*[T](deq: Deque[T]): T {.inline.} =
+proc toDeque*[T](x: openArray[T]): Deque[T] {.since: (1, 3).} =
+  ## Creates a new deque that contains the elements of `x` (in the same order).
+  ##
+  ## **See also:**
+  ## * `initDeque proc <#initDeque,int>`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    let a = toDeque([7, 8, 9])
+    assert len(a) == 3
+    assert $a == "[7, 8, 9]"
+
+  result.initImpl(x.len)
+  for item in items(x):
+    result.addLast(item)
+
+proc peekFirst*[T](deq: Deque[T]): lent T {.inline.} =
   ## Returns the first element of `deq`, but does not remove it from the deque.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
@@ -315,9 +315,9 @@ proc peekFirst*[T](deq: Deque[T]): T {.inline.} =
     assert len(a) == 5
 
   emptyCheck(deq)
-  result = deq.data[deq.head]
+  result = deq.data[deq.head and deq.mask]
 
-proc peekLast*[T](deq: Deque[T]): T {.inline.} =
+proc peekLast*[T](deq: Deque[T]): lent T {.inline.} =
   ## Returns the last element of `deq`, but does not remove it from the deque.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ proc peekFirst*[T](deq: var Deque[T]): var T {.inline, since: (1, 3).} =
     assert $a == "[99, 20, 30, 40, 50]"
 
   emptyCheck(deq)
-  result = deq.data[deq.head]
+  result = deq.data[deq.head and deq.mask]
 
 proc peekLast*[T](deq: var Deque[T]): var T {.inline, since: (1, 3).} =
   ## Returns a mutable reference to the last element of `deq`,
@@ -378,10 +378,8 @@ proc popFirst*[T](deq: var Deque[T]): T {.inline, discardable.} =
     assert $a == "[20, 30, 40, 50]"
 
   emptyCheck(deq)
-  dec deq.count
-  result = deq.data[deq.head]
-  destroy(deq.data[deq.head])
-  deq.head = (deq.head + 1) and deq.mask
+  result = move deq.data[deq.head and deq.mask]
+  inc deq.head
 
 proc popLast*[T](deq: var Deque[T]): T {.inline, discardable.} =
   ## Removes and returns the last element of the `deq`.
@@ -396,10 +394,8 @@ proc popLast*[T](deq: var Deque[T]): T {.inline, discardable.} =
     assert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40]"
 
   emptyCheck(deq)
-  dec deq.count
-  deq.tail = (deq.tail - 1) and deq.mask
-  result = deq.data[deq.tail]
-  destroy(deq.data[deq.tail])
+  dec deq.tail
+  result = move deq.data[deq.tail and deq.mask]
 
 proc clear*[T](deq: var Deque[T]) {.inline.} =
   ## Resets the deque so that it is empty.
@@ -413,7 +409,6 @@ proc clear*[T](deq: var Deque[T]) {.inline.} =
     assert len(a) == 0
 
   for el in mitems(deq): destroy(el)
-  deq.count = 0
   deq.tail = deq.head
 
 proc shrink*[T](deq: var Deque[T], fromFirst = 0, fromLast = 0) =
@@ -433,19 +428,17 @@ proc shrink*[T](deq: var Deque[T], fromFirst = 0, fromLast = 0) =
     a.shrink(fromFirst = 2, fromLast = 1)
     assert $a == "[30, 40]"
 
-  if fromFirst + fromLast > deq.count:
+  if fromFirst + fromLast > deq.len:
     clear(deq)
     return
 
   for i in 0 ..< fromFirst:
-    destroy(deq.data[deq.head])
-    deq.head = (deq.head + 1) and deq.mask
+    destroy(deq.data[deq.head and deq.mask])
+    inc deq.head
 
   for i in 0 ..< fromLast:
-    destroy(deq.data[deq.tail])
-    deq.tail = (deq.tail - 1) and deq.mask
-
-  dec deq.count, fromFirst + fromLast
+    destroy(deq.data[(deq.tail - 1) and deq.mask])
+    dec deq.tail
 
 proc `$`*[T](deq: Deque[T]): string =
   ## Turns a deque into its string representation.
@@ -458,3 +451,30 @@ proc `$`*[T](deq: Deque[T]): string =
     if result.len > 1: result.add(", ")
     result.addQuoted(x)
   result.add("]")
+
+func `==`*[T](deq1, deq2: Deque[T]): bool =
+  ## The `==` operator for Deque.
+  ## Returns `true` if both deques contains the same values in the same order.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var a, b = initDeque[int]()
+    a.addFirst(2)
+    a.addFirst(1)
+    b.addLast(1)
+    b.addLast(2)
+    doAssert a == b
+
+  if deq1.len != deq2.len:
+    return false
+
+  for i in 0 ..< deq1.len:
+    if deq1.data[(deq1.head + i.uint) and deq1.mask] != deq2.data[(deq2.head + i.uint) and deq2.mask]:
+      return false
+
+  true
+
+func hash*[T](deq: Deque[T]): Hash =
+  ## Hashing of Deque.
+  var h: Hash = 0
+  for x in deq:
+    h = h !& hash(x)
+  !$h
diff --git a/lib/pure/collections/hashcommon.nim b/lib/pure/collections/hashcommon.nim
index 030446176..17785c8c7 100644
--- a/lib/pure/collections/hashcommon.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/collections/hashcommon.nim
@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@
 # An `include` file which contains common code for
 # hash sets and tables.
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+import std / outparams
+
 const
   growthFactor = 2
 
@@ -33,16 +38,6 @@ proc slotsNeeded(count: Natural): int {.inline.} =
   # Make sure to synchronize with `mustRehash` above
   result = nextPowerOfTwo(count * 3 div 2 + 4)
 
-proc rightSize*(count: Natural): int {.inline, deprecated: "Deprecated since 1.4.0".} =
-  ## **Deprecated since Nim v1.4.0**, it is not needed anymore
-  ## because picking the correct size is done internally.
-  ##
-  ## Return the value of `initialSize` to support `count` items.
-  ##
-  ## If more items are expected to be added, simply add that
-  ## expected extra amount to the parameter before calling this.
-  result = count
-
 template rawGetKnownHCImpl() {.dirty.} =
   if t.dataLen == 0:
     return -1
@@ -63,7 +58,10 @@ proc rawGetKnownHC[X, A](t: X, key: A, hc: Hash): int {.inline.} =
 template genHashImpl(key, hc: typed) =
   hc = hash(key)
   if hc == 0: # This almost never taken branch should be very predictable.
-    hc = 314159265 # Value doesn't matter; Any non-zero favorite is fine.
+    when sizeof(int) < 4:
+      hc = 31415 # Value doesn't matter; Any non-zero favorite is fine <= 16-bit.
+    else:
+      hc = 314159265 # Value doesn't matter; Any non-zero favorite is fine.
 
 template genHash(key: typed): Hash =
   var res: Hash
@@ -74,5 +72,5 @@ template rawGetImpl() {.dirty.} =
   genHashImpl(key, hc)
   rawGetKnownHCImpl()
 
-proc rawGet[X, A](t: X, key: A, hc: var Hash): int {.inline.} =
+proc rawGet[X, A](t: X, key: A, hc: var Hash): int {.inline, outParamsAt: [3].} =
   rawGetImpl()
diff --git a/lib/pure/collections/heapqueue.nim b/lib/pure/collections/heapqueue.nim
index 89e532951..96f9b4430 100644
--- a/lib/pure/collections/heapqueue.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/collections/heapqueue.nim
@@ -47,6 +47,9 @@ runnableExamples:
 
 import std/private/since
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 type HeapQueue*[T] = object
   ## A heap queue, commonly known as a priority queue.
   data: seq[T]
@@ -59,7 +62,7 @@ proc initHeapQueue*[T](): HeapQueue[T] =
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `toHeapQueue proc <#toHeapQueue,openArray[T]>`_
-  discard
+  result = default(HeapQueue[T])
 
 proc len*[T](heap: HeapQueue[T]): int {.inline.} =
   ## Returns the number of elements of `heap`.
@@ -73,6 +76,13 @@ proc `[]`*[T](heap: HeapQueue[T], i: Natural): lent T {.inline.} =
   ## Accesses the i-th element of `heap`.
   heap.data[i]
 
+iterator items*[T](heap: HeapQueue[T]): lent T {.inline, since: (2, 1, 1).} =
+  ## Iterates over each item of `heap`.
+  let L = len(heap)
+  for i in 0 .. high(heap.data):
+    yield heap.data[i]
+    assert(len(heap) == L, "the length of the HeapQueue changed while iterating over it")
+
 proc heapCmp[T](x, y: T): bool {.inline.} = x < y
 
 proc siftup[T](heap: var HeapQueue[T], startpos, p: int) =
@@ -178,6 +188,11 @@ proc find*[T](heap: HeapQueue[T], x: T): int {.since: (1, 3).} =
   for i in 0 ..< heap.len:
     if heap[i] == x: return i
 
+proc contains*[T](heap: HeapQueue[T], x: T): bool {.since: (2, 1, 1).} =
+  ## Returns true if `x` is in `heap` or false if not found. This is a shortcut
+  ## for `find(heap, x) >= 0`.
+  result = find(heap, x) >= 0
+
 proc del*[T](heap: var HeapQueue[T], index: Natural) =
   ## Removes the element at `index` from `heap`, maintaining the heap invariant.
   runnableExamples:
diff --git a/lib/pure/collections/intsets.nim b/lib/pure/collections/intsets.nim
index 05e5addcc..765a23e97 100644
--- a/lib/pure/collections/intsets.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/collections/intsets.nim
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 #
 
 ## Specialization of the generic `packedsets module <packedsets.html>`_
-## for ordinal sparse sets.
+## (see its documentation for more examples) for ordinal sparse sets.
 
 import std/private/since
 import std/packedsets
diff --git a/lib/pure/collections/lists.nim b/lib/pure/collections/lists.nim
index c1fcb0743..6b88747ef 100644
--- a/lib/pure/collections/lists.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/collections/lists.nim
@@ -19,15 +19,15 @@
 ##
 ## ## Lists
 runnableExamples:
-  var l = initDoublyLinkedList[int]()
+  var list = initDoublyLinkedList[int]()
   let
     a = newDoublyLinkedNode[int](3)
     b = newDoublyLinkedNode[int](7)
     c = newDoublyLinkedNode[int](9)
 
-  l.add(a)
-  l.add(b)
-  l.prepend(c)
+  list.add(a)
+  list.add(b)
+  list.prepend(c)
 
   assert a.next == b
   assert a.prev == c
@@ -38,15 +38,15 @@ runnableExamples:
 
 ## ## Rings
 runnableExamples:
-  var l = initSinglyLinkedRing[int]()
+  var ring = initSinglyLinkedRing[int]()
   let
     a = newSinglyLinkedNode[int](3)
     b = newSinglyLinkedNode[int](7)
     c = newSinglyLinkedNode[int](9)
 
-  l.add(a)
-  l.add(b)
-  l.prepend(c)
+  ring.add(a)
+  ring.add(b)
+  ring.prepend(c)
 
   assert c.next == a
   assert a.next == b
@@ -56,19 +56,18 @@ runnableExamples:
 
 ## # See also
 ## * `deques module <deques.html>`_ for double-ended queues
-## * `sharedlist module <sharedlist.html>`_ for shared singly-linked lists
 
 import std/private/since
 
-when not defined(nimHasCursor):
-  {.pragma: cursor.}
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 type
   DoublyLinkedNodeObj*[T] = object
     ## A node of a doubly linked list.
     ##
     ## It consists of a `value` field, and pointers to `next` and `prev`.
-    next*: <//>(DoublyLinkedNode[T])
+    next*: DoublyLinkedNode[T]
     prev* {.cursor.}: DoublyLinkedNode[T]
     value*: T
   DoublyLinkedNode*[T] = ref DoublyLinkedNodeObj[T]
@@ -77,23 +76,23 @@ type
     ## A node of a singly linked list.
     ##
     ## It consists of a `value` field, and a pointer to `next`.
-    next*: <//>(SinglyLinkedNode[T])
+    next*: SinglyLinkedNode[T]
     value*: T
   SinglyLinkedNode*[T] = ref SinglyLinkedNodeObj[T]
 
   SinglyLinkedList*[T] = object
     ## A singly linked list.
-    head*: <//>(SinglyLinkedNode[T])
+    head*: SinglyLinkedNode[T]
     tail* {.cursor.}: SinglyLinkedNode[T]
 
   DoublyLinkedList*[T] = object
     ## A doubly linked list.
-    head*: <//>(DoublyLinkedNode[T])
+    head*: DoublyLinkedNode[T]
     tail* {.cursor.}: DoublyLinkedNode[T]
 
   SinglyLinkedRing*[T] = object
     ## A singly linked ring.
-    head*: <//>(SinglyLinkedNode[T])
+    head*: SinglyLinkedNode[T]
     tail* {.cursor.}: SinglyLinkedNode[T]
 
   DoublyLinkedRing*[T] = object
@@ -148,7 +147,7 @@ proc initDoublyLinkedRing*[T](): DoublyLinkedRing[T] =
 
   discard
 
-proc newDoublyLinkedNode*[T](value: T): <//>(DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
+proc newDoublyLinkedNode*[T](value: T): DoublyLinkedNode[T] =
   ## Creates a new doubly linked node with the given `value`.
   runnableExamples:
     let n = newDoublyLinkedNode[int](5)
@@ -157,7 +156,7 @@ proc newDoublyLinkedNode*[T](value: T): <//>(DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
   new(result)
   result.value = value
 
-proc newSinglyLinkedNode*[T](value: T): <//>(SinglyLinkedNode[T]) =
+proc newSinglyLinkedNode*[T](value: T): SinglyLinkedNode[T] =
   ## Creates a new singly linked node with the given `value`.
   runnableExamples:
     let n = newSinglyLinkedNode[int](5)
@@ -166,44 +165,22 @@ proc newSinglyLinkedNode*[T](value: T): <//>(SinglyLinkedNode[T]) =
   new(result)
   result.value = value
 
-func toSinglyLinkedList*[T](elems: openArray[T]): SinglyLinkedList[T] {.since: (1, 5, 1).} =
-  ## Creates a new `SinglyLinkedList` from the members of `elems`.
-  runnableExamples:
-    from std/sequtils import toSeq
-    let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].toSinglyLinkedList
-    assert a.toSeq == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-
-  result = initSinglyLinkedList[T]()
-  for elem in elems.items:
-    result.add(elem)
-
-func toDoublyLinkedList*[T](elems: openArray[T]): DoublyLinkedList[T] {.since: (1, 5, 1).} =
-  ## Creates a new `DoublyLinkedList` from the members of `elems`.
-  runnableExamples:
-    from std/sequtils import toSeq
-    let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].toDoublyLinkedList
-    assert a.toSeq == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-
-  result = initDoublyLinkedList[T]()
-  for elem in elems.items:
-    result.add(elem)
-
 template itemsListImpl() {.dirty.} =
-  var it = list.head
+  var it {.cursor.} = L.head
   while it != nil:
     yield it.value
     it = it.next
 
 template itemsRingImpl() {.dirty.} =
-  var it = ring.head
+  var it {.cursor.} = L.head
   if it != nil:
     while true:
       yield it.value
       it = it.next
-      if it == ring.head: break
+      if it == L.head: break
 
-iterator items*[T](list: SomeLinkedList[T]): T =
-  ## Yields every value of `list`.
+iterator items*[T](L: SomeLinkedList[T]): T =
+  ## Yields every value of `L`.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `mitems iterator <#mitems.i,SomeLinkedList[T]>`_
@@ -218,8 +195,8 @@ iterator items*[T](list: SomeLinkedList[T]): T =
 
   itemsListImpl()
 
-iterator items*[T](ring: SomeLinkedRing[T]): T =
-  ## Yields every value of `ring`.
+iterator items*[T](L: SomeLinkedRing[T]): T =
+  ## Yields every value of `L`.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `mitems iterator <#mitems.i,SomeLinkedRing[T]>`_
@@ -234,8 +211,8 @@ iterator items*[T](ring: SomeLinkedRing[T]): T =
 
   itemsRingImpl()
 
-iterator mitems*[T](list: var SomeLinkedList[T]): var T =
-  ## Yields every value of `list` so that you can modify it.
+iterator mitems*[T](L: var SomeLinkedList[T]): var T =
+  ## Yields every value of `L` so that you can modify it.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `items iterator <#items.i,SomeLinkedList[T]>`_
@@ -251,8 +228,8 @@ iterator mitems*[T](list: var SomeLinkedList[T]): var T =
 
   itemsListImpl()
 
-iterator mitems*[T](ring: var SomeLinkedRing[T]): var T =
-  ## Yields every value of `ring` so that you can modify it.
+iterator mitems*[T](L: var SomeLinkedRing[T]): var T =
+  ## Yields every value of `L` so that you can modify it.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `items iterator <#items.i,SomeLinkedRing[T]>`_
@@ -268,7 +245,7 @@ iterator mitems*[T](ring: var SomeLinkedRing[T]): var T =
 
   itemsRingImpl()
 
-iterator nodes*[T](list: SomeLinkedList[T]): SomeLinkedNode[T] =
+iterator nodes*[T](L: SomeLinkedList[T]): SomeLinkedNode[T] =
   ## Iterates over every node of `x`. Removing the current node from the
   ## list during traversal is supported.
   ##
@@ -287,13 +264,13 @@ iterator nodes*[T](list: SomeLinkedList[T]): SomeLinkedNode[T] =
         x.value = 5 * x.value - 1
     assert $a == "[49, 99, 199, 249]"
 
-  var it = list.head
+  var it {.cursor.} = L.head
   while it != nil:
     let nxt = it.next
     yield it
     it = nxt
 
-iterator nodes*[T](ring: SomeLinkedRing[T]): SomeLinkedNode[T] =
+iterator nodes*[T](L: SomeLinkedRing[T]): SomeLinkedNode[T] =
   ## Iterates over every node of `x`. Removing the current node from the
   ## list during traversal is supported.
   ##
@@ -312,27 +289,27 @@ iterator nodes*[T](ring: SomeLinkedRing[T]): SomeLinkedNode[T] =
         x.value = 5 * x.value - 1
     assert $a == "[49, 99, 199, 249]"
 
-  var it = ring.head
+  var it {.cursor.} = L.head
   if it != nil:
     while true:
       let nxt = it.next
       yield it
       it = nxt
-      if it == ring.head: break
+      if it == L.head: break
 
-proc `$`*[T](l: SomeLinkedCollection[T]): string =
+proc `$`*[T](L: SomeLinkedCollection[T]): string =
   ## Turns a list into its string representation for logging and printing.
   runnableExamples:
     let a = [1, 2, 3, 4].toSinglyLinkedList
     assert $a == "[1, 2, 3, 4]"
 
   result = "["
-  for x in nodes(l):
+  for x in nodes(L):
     if result.len > 1: result.add(", ")
     result.addQuoted(x.value)
   result.add("]")
 
-proc find*[T](l: SomeLinkedCollection[T], value: T): SomeLinkedNode[T] =
+proc find*[T](L: SomeLinkedCollection[T], value: T): SomeLinkedNode[T] =
   ## Searches in the list for a value. Returns `nil` if the value does not
   ## exist.
   ##
@@ -343,10 +320,10 @@ proc find*[T](l: SomeLinkedCollection[T], value: T): SomeLinkedNode[T] =
     assert a.find(9).value == 9
     assert a.find(1) == nil
 
-  for x in nodes(l):
+  for x in nodes(L):
     if x.value == value: return x
 
-proc contains*[T](l: SomeLinkedCollection[T], value: T): bool {.inline.} =
+proc contains*[T](L: SomeLinkedCollection[T], value: T): bool {.inline.} =
   ## Searches in the list for a value. Returns `false` if the value does not
   ## exist, `true` otherwise. This allows the usage of the `in` and `notin`
   ## operators.
@@ -360,7 +337,7 @@ proc contains*[T](l: SomeLinkedCollection[T], value: T): bool {.inline.} =
     assert(not a.contains(1))
     assert 2 notin a
 
-  result = find(l, value) != nil
+  result = find(L, value) != nil
 
 proc prepend*[T: SomeLinkedList](a: var T, b: T) {.since: (1, 5, 1).} =
   ## Prepends a shallow copy of `b` to the beginning of `a`.
@@ -407,12 +384,10 @@ proc prependMoved*[T: SomeLinkedList](a, b: var T) {.since: (1, 5, 1).} =
     assert s == [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]
 
   b.addMoved(a)
-  when defined(js): # XXX: swap broken in js; bug #16771
-    (b, a) = (a, b)
-  else: swap a, b
+  swap a, b
 
-proc add*[T](list: var SinglyLinkedList[T], n: SinglyLinkedNode[T]) {.inline.} =
-  ## Appends (adds to the end) a node `n` to `list`. Efficiency: O(1).
+proc add*[T](L: var SinglyLinkedList[T], n: SinglyLinkedNode[T]) {.inline.} =
+  ## Appends (adds to the end) a node `n` to `L`. Efficiency: O(1).
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `add proc <#add,SinglyLinkedList[T],T>`_ for appending a value
@@ -426,14 +401,14 @@ proc add*[T](list: var SinglyLinkedList[T], n: SinglyLinkedNode[T]) {.inline.} =
     assert a.contains(9)
 
   n.next = nil
-  if list.tail != nil:
-    assert(list.tail.next == nil)
-    list.tail.next = n
-  list.tail = n
-  if list.head == nil: list.head = n
+  if L.tail != nil:
+    assert(L.tail.next == nil)
+    L.tail.next = n
+  L.tail = n
+  if L.head == nil: L.head = n
 
-proc add*[T](list: var SinglyLinkedList[T], value: T) {.inline.} =
-  ## Appends (adds to the end) a value to `list`. Efficiency: O(1).
+proc add*[T](L: var SinglyLinkedList[T], value: T) {.inline.} =
+  ## Appends (adds to the end) a value to `L`. Efficiency: O(1).
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `add proc <#add,SinglyLinkedList[T],T>`_ for appending a value
@@ -446,11 +421,11 @@ proc add*[T](list: var SinglyLinkedList[T], value: T) {.inline.} =
     a.add(8)
     assert a.contains(9)
 
-  add(list, newSinglyLinkedNode(value))
+  add(L, newSinglyLinkedNode(value))
 
-proc prepend*[T](list: var SinglyLinkedList[T],
+proc prepend*[T](L: var SinglyLinkedList[T],
                  n: SinglyLinkedNode[T]) {.inline.} =
-  ## Prepends (adds to the beginning) a node to `list`. Efficiency: O(1).
+  ## Prepends (adds to the beginning) a node to `L`. Efficiency: O(1).
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `add proc <#add,SinglyLinkedList[T],SinglyLinkedNode[T]>`_
@@ -463,12 +438,12 @@ proc prepend*[T](list: var SinglyLinkedList[T],
     a.prepend(n)
     assert a.contains(9)
 
-  n.next = list.head
-  list.head = n
-  if list.tail == nil: list.tail = n
+  n.next = L.head
+  L.head = n
+  if L.tail == nil: L.tail = n
 
-proc prepend*[T](list: var SinglyLinkedList[T], value: T) {.inline.} =
-  ## Prepends (adds to the beginning) a node to `list`. Efficiency: O(1).
+proc prepend*[T](L: var SinglyLinkedList[T], value: T) {.inline.} =
+  ## Prepends (adds to the beginning) a node to `L`. Efficiency: O(1).
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `add proc <#add,SinglyLinkedList[T],SinglyLinkedNode[T]>`_
@@ -482,7 +457,7 @@ proc prepend*[T](list: var SinglyLinkedList[T], value: T) {.inline.} =
     a.prepend(8)
     assert a.contains(9)
 
-  prepend(list, newSinglyLinkedNode(value))
+  prepend(L, newSinglyLinkedNode(value))
 
 func copy*[T](a: SinglyLinkedList[T]): SinglyLinkedList[T] {.since: (1, 5, 1).} =
   ## Creates a shallow copy of `a`.
@@ -531,17 +506,18 @@ proc addMoved*[T](a, b: var SinglyLinkedList[T]) {.since: (1, 5, 1).} =
         ci
     assert s == [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]
 
-  if a.tail != nil:
-    a.tail.next = b.head
-  a.tail = b.tail
-  if a.head == nil:
-    a.head = b.head
+  if b.head != nil:
+    if a.head == nil:
+      a.head = b.head
+    else:
+      a.tail.next = b.head
+    a.tail = b.tail
   if a.addr != b.addr:
     b.head = nil
     b.tail = nil
 
-proc add*[T](list: var DoublyLinkedList[T], n: DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
-  ## Appends (adds to the end) a node `n` to `list`. Efficiency: O(1).
+proc add*[T](L: var DoublyLinkedList[T], n: DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
+  ## Appends (adds to the end) a node `n` to `L`. Efficiency: O(1).
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `add proc <#add,DoublyLinkedList[T],T>`_ for appending a value
@@ -557,15 +533,15 @@ proc add*[T](list: var DoublyLinkedList[T], n: DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
     assert a.contains(9)
 
   n.next = nil
-  n.prev = list.tail
-  if list.tail != nil:
-    assert(list.tail.next == nil)
-    list.tail.next = n
-  list.tail = n
-  if list.head == nil: list.head = n
+  n.prev = L.tail
+  if L.tail != nil:
+    assert(L.tail.next == nil)
+    L.tail.next = n
+  L.tail = n
+  if L.head == nil: L.head = n
 
-proc add*[T](list: var DoublyLinkedList[T], value: T) =
-  ## Appends (adds to the end) a value to `list`. Efficiency: O(1).
+proc add*[T](L: var DoublyLinkedList[T], value: T) =
+  ## Appends (adds to the end) a value to `L`. Efficiency: O(1).
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `add proc <#add,DoublyLinkedList[T],DoublyLinkedNode[T]>`_
@@ -581,10 +557,10 @@ proc add*[T](list: var DoublyLinkedList[T], value: T) =
     a.add(8)
     assert a.contains(9)
 
-  add(list, newDoublyLinkedNode(value))
+  add(L, newDoublyLinkedNode(value))
 
-proc prepend*[T](list: var DoublyLinkedList[T], n: DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
-  ## Prepends (adds to the beginning) a node `n` to `list`. Efficiency: O(1).
+proc prepend*[T](L: var DoublyLinkedList[T], n: DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
+  ## Prepends (adds to the beginning) a node `n` to `L`. Efficiency: O(1).
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `add proc <#add,DoublyLinkedList[T],DoublyLinkedNode[T]>`_
@@ -600,15 +576,15 @@ proc prepend*[T](list: var DoublyLinkedList[T], n: DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
     assert a.contains(9)
 
   n.prev = nil
-  n.next = list.head
-  if list.head != nil:
-    assert(list.head.prev == nil)
-    list.head.prev = n
-  list.head = n
-  if list.tail == nil: list.tail = n
+  n.next = L.head
+  if L.head != nil:
+    assert(L.head.prev == nil)
+    L.head.prev = n
+  L.head = n
+  if L.tail == nil: L.tail = n
 
-proc prepend*[T](list: var DoublyLinkedList[T], value: T) =
-  ## Prepends (adds to the beginning) a value to `list`. Efficiency: O(1).
+proc prepend*[T](L: var DoublyLinkedList[T], value: T) =
+  ## Prepends (adds to the beginning) a value to `L`. Efficiency: O(1).
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `add proc <#add,DoublyLinkedList[T],DoublyLinkedNode[T]>`_
@@ -624,7 +600,7 @@ proc prepend*[T](list: var DoublyLinkedList[T], value: T) =
     a.prepend(8)
     assert a.contains(9)
 
-  prepend(list, newDoublyLinkedNode(value))
+  prepend(L, newDoublyLinkedNode(value))
 
 func copy*[T](a: DoublyLinkedList[T]): DoublyLinkedList[T] {.since: (1, 5, 1).} =
   ## Creates a shallow copy of `a`.
@@ -675,12 +651,12 @@ proc addMoved*[T](a, b: var DoublyLinkedList[T]) {.since: (1, 5, 1).} =
     assert s == [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]
 
   if b.head != nil:
-    b.head.prev = a.tail
-  if a.tail != nil:
-    a.tail.next = b.head
-  a.tail = b.tail
-  if a.head == nil:
-    a.head = b.head
+    if a.head == nil:
+      a.head = b.head
+    else:
+      b.head.prev = a.tail
+      a.tail.next = b.head
+    a.tail = b.tail
   if a.addr != b.addr:
     b.head = nil
     b.tail = nil
@@ -705,9 +681,9 @@ proc add*[T: SomeLinkedList](a: var T, b: T) {.since: (1, 5, 1).} =
   var tmp = b.copy
   a.addMoved(tmp)
 
-proc remove*[T](list: var SinglyLinkedList[T], n: SinglyLinkedNode[T]): bool {.discardable.} =
-  ## Removes a node `n` from `list`.
-  ## Returns `true` if `n` was found in `list`.
+proc remove*[T](L: var SinglyLinkedList[T], n: SinglyLinkedNode[T]): bool {.discardable.} =
+  ## Removes a node `n` from `L`.
+  ## Returns `true` if `n` was found in `L`.
   ## Efficiency: O(n); the list is traversed until `n` is found.
   ## Attempting to remove an element not contained in the list is a no-op.
   ## When the list is cyclic, the cycle is preserved after removal.
@@ -728,22 +704,24 @@ proc remove*[T](list: var SinglyLinkedList[T], n: SinglyLinkedNode[T]): bool {.d
         ai
     assert s == [2, 2, 2, 2]
 
-  if n == list.head:
-    list.head = n.next
-    if list.tail.next == n:
-      list.tail.next = list.head # restore cycle
+  if n == L.head:
+    L.head = n.next
+    if L.tail.next == n:
+      L.tail.next = L.head # restore cycle
   else:
-    var prev = list.head
+    var prev {.cursor.} = L.head
     while prev.next != n and prev.next != nil:
       prev = prev.next
     if prev.next == nil:
       return false
     prev.next = n.next
+    if L.tail == n:
+      L.tail = prev # update tail if we removed the last node
   true
 
-proc remove*[T](list: var DoublyLinkedList[T], n: DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
-  ## Removes a node `n` from `list`. Efficiency: O(1).
-  ## This function assumes, for the sake of efficiency, that `n` is contained in `list`,
+proc remove*[T](L: var DoublyLinkedList[T], n: DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
+  ## Removes a node `n` from `L`. Efficiency: O(1).
+  ## This function assumes, for the sake of efficiency, that `n` is contained in `L`,
   ## otherwise the effects are undefined.
   ## When the list is cyclic, the cycle is preserved after removal.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -763,15 +741,15 @@ proc remove*[T](list: var DoublyLinkedList[T], n: DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
         ai
     assert s == [2, 2, 2, 2]
 
-  if n == list.tail: list.tail = n.prev
-  if n == list.head: list.head = n.next
+  if n == L.tail: L.tail = n.prev
+  if n == L.head: L.head = n.next
   if n.next != nil: n.next.prev = n.prev
   if n.prev != nil: n.prev.next = n.next
 
 
 
-proc add*[T](ring: var SinglyLinkedRing[T], n: SinglyLinkedNode[T]) =
-  ## Appends (adds to the end) a node `n` to `ring`. Efficiency: O(1).
+proc add*[T](L: var SinglyLinkedRing[T], n: SinglyLinkedNode[T]) =
+  ## Appends (adds to the end) a node `n` to `L`. Efficiency: O(1).
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `add proc <#add,SinglyLinkedRing[T],T>`_ for appending a value
@@ -784,17 +762,17 @@ proc add*[T](ring: var SinglyLinkedRing[T], n: SinglyLinkedNode[T]) =
     a.add(n)
     assert a.contains(9)
 
-  if ring.head != nil:
-    n.next = ring.head
-    assert(ring.tail != nil)
-    ring.tail.next = n
+  if L.head != nil:
+    n.next = L.head
+    assert(L.tail != nil)
+    L.tail.next = n
   else:
     n.next = n
-    ring.head = n
-  ring.tail = n
+    L.head = n
+  L.tail = n
 
-proc add*[T](ring: var SinglyLinkedRing[T], value: T) =
-  ## Appends (adds to the end) a value to `ring`. Efficiency: O(1).
+proc add*[T](L: var SinglyLinkedRing[T], value: T) =
+  ## Appends (adds to the end) a value to `L`. Efficiency: O(1).
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `add proc <#add,SinglyLinkedRing[T],SinglyLinkedNode[T]>`_
@@ -808,10 +786,10 @@ proc add*[T](ring: var SinglyLinkedRing[T], value: T) =
     a.add(8)
     assert a.contains(9)
 
-  add(ring, newSinglyLinkedNode(value))
+  add(L, newSinglyLinkedNode(value))
 
-proc prepend*[T](ring: var SinglyLinkedRing[T], n: SinglyLinkedNode[T]) =
-  ## Prepends (adds to the beginning) a node `n` to `ring`. Efficiency: O(1).
+proc prepend*[T](L: var SinglyLinkedRing[T], n: SinglyLinkedNode[T]) =
+  ## Prepends (adds to the beginning) a node `n` to `L`. Efficiency: O(1).
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `add proc <#add,SinglyLinkedRing[T],SinglyLinkedNode[T]>`_
@@ -824,17 +802,17 @@ proc prepend*[T](ring: var SinglyLinkedRing[T], n: SinglyLinkedNode[T]) =
     a.prepend(n)
     assert a.contains(9)
 
-  if ring.head != nil:
-    n.next = ring.head
-    assert(ring.tail != nil)
-    ring.tail.next = n
+  if L.head != nil:
+    n.next = L.head
+    assert(L.tail != nil)
+    L.tail.next = n
   else:
     n.next = n
-    ring.tail = n
-  ring.head = n
+    L.tail = n
+  L.head = n
 
-proc prepend*[T](ring: var SinglyLinkedRing[T], value: T) =
-  ## Prepends (adds to the beginning) a value to `ring`. Efficiency: O(1).
+proc prepend*[T](L: var SinglyLinkedRing[T], value: T) =
+  ## Prepends (adds to the beginning) a value to `L`. Efficiency: O(1).
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `add proc <#add,SinglyLinkedRing[T],SinglyLinkedNode[T]>`_
@@ -848,12 +826,12 @@ proc prepend*[T](ring: var SinglyLinkedRing[T], value: T) =
     a.prepend(8)
     assert a.contains(9)
 
-  prepend(ring, newSinglyLinkedNode(value))
+  prepend(L, newSinglyLinkedNode(value))
 
 
 
-proc add*[T](ring: var DoublyLinkedRing[T], n: DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
-  ## Appends (adds to the end) a node `n` to `ring`. Efficiency: O(1).
+proc add*[T](L: var DoublyLinkedRing[T], n: DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
+  ## Appends (adds to the end) a node `n` to `L`. Efficiency: O(1).
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `add proc <#add,DoublyLinkedRing[T],T>`_ for appending a value
@@ -868,18 +846,18 @@ proc add*[T](ring: var DoublyLinkedRing[T], n: DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
     a.add(n)
     assert a.contains(9)
 
-  if ring.head != nil:
-    n.next = ring.head
-    n.prev = ring.head.prev
-    ring.head.prev.next = n
-    ring.head.prev = n
+  if L.head != nil:
+    n.next = L.head
+    n.prev = L.head.prev
+    L.head.prev.next = n
+    L.head.prev = n
   else:
     n.prev = n
     n.next = n
-    ring.head = n
+    L.head = n
 
-proc add*[T](ring: var DoublyLinkedRing[T], value: T) =
-  ## Appends (adds to the end) a value to `ring`. Efficiency: O(1).
+proc add*[T](L: var DoublyLinkedRing[T], value: T) =
+  ## Appends (adds to the end) a value to `L`. Efficiency: O(1).
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `add proc <#add,DoublyLinkedRing[T],DoublyLinkedNode[T]>`_
@@ -895,10 +873,10 @@ proc add*[T](ring: var DoublyLinkedRing[T], value: T) =
     a.add(8)
     assert a.contains(9)
 
-  add(ring, newDoublyLinkedNode(value))
+  add(L, newDoublyLinkedNode(value))
 
-proc prepend*[T](ring: var DoublyLinkedRing[T], n: DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
-  ## Prepends (adds to the beginning) a node `n` to `ring`. Efficiency: O(1).
+proc prepend*[T](L: var DoublyLinkedRing[T], n: DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
+  ## Prepends (adds to the beginning) a node `n` to `L`. Efficiency: O(1).
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `add proc <#add,DoublyLinkedRing[T],DoublyLinkedNode[T]>`_
@@ -913,18 +891,18 @@ proc prepend*[T](ring: var DoublyLinkedRing[T], n: DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
     a.prepend(n)
     assert a.contains(9)
 
-  if ring.head != nil:
-    n.next = ring.head
-    n.prev = ring.head.prev
-    ring.head.prev.next = n
-    ring.head.prev = n
+  if L.head != nil:
+    n.next = L.head
+    n.prev = L.head.prev
+    L.head.prev.next = n
+    L.head.prev = n
   else:
     n.prev = n
     n.next = n
-  ring.head = n
+  L.head = n
 
-proc prepend*[T](ring: var DoublyLinkedRing[T], value: T) =
-  ## Prepends (adds to the beginning) a value to `ring`. Efficiency: O(1).
+proc prepend*[T](L: var DoublyLinkedRing[T], value: T) =
+  ## Prepends (adds to the beginning) a value to `L`. Efficiency: O(1).
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `add proc <#add,DoublyLinkedRing[T],DoublyLinkedNode[T]>`_
@@ -940,11 +918,11 @@ proc prepend*[T](ring: var DoublyLinkedRing[T], value: T) =
     a.prepend(8)
     assert a.contains(9)
 
-  prepend(ring, newDoublyLinkedNode(value))
+  prepend(L, newDoublyLinkedNode(value))
 
-proc remove*[T](ring: var DoublyLinkedRing[T], n: DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
-  ## Removes `n` from `ring`. Efficiency: O(1).
-  ## This function assumes, for the sake of efficiency, that `n` is contained in `ring`,
+proc remove*[T](L: var DoublyLinkedRing[T], n: DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
+  ## Removes `n` from `L`. Efficiency: O(1).
+  ## This function assumes, for the sake of efficiency, that `n` is contained in `L`,
   ## otherwise the effects are undefined.
   runnableExamples:
     var a = initDoublyLinkedRing[int]()
@@ -956,13 +934,13 @@ proc remove*[T](ring: var DoublyLinkedRing[T], n: DoublyLinkedNode[T]) =
 
   n.next.prev = n.prev
   n.prev.next = n.next
-  if n == ring.head:
-    let p = ring.head.prev
-    if p == ring.head:
+  if n == L.head:
+    let p = L.head.prev
+    if p == L.head:
       # only one element left:
-      ring.head = nil
+      L.head = nil
     else:
-      ring.head = p
+      L.head = p
 
 proc append*[T](a: var (SinglyLinkedList[T] | SinglyLinkedRing[T]),
                 b: SinglyLinkedList[T] | SinglyLinkedNode[T] | T) =
@@ -991,3 +969,47 @@ proc appendMoved*[T: SomeLinkedList](a, b: var T) {.since: (1, 5, 1).} =
   ## * `addMoved proc <#addMoved,SinglyLinkedList[T],SinglyLinkedList[T]>`_
   ## * `addMoved proc <#addMoved,DoublyLinkedList[T],DoublyLinkedList[T]>`_
   a.addMoved(b)
+
+func toSinglyLinkedList*[T](elems: openArray[T]): SinglyLinkedList[T] {.since: (1, 5, 1).} =
+  ## Creates a new `SinglyLinkedList` from the members of `elems`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    from std/sequtils import toSeq
+    let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].toSinglyLinkedList
+    assert a.toSeq == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+  result = initSinglyLinkedList[T]()
+  for elem in elems.items:
+    result.add(elem)
+
+func toSinglyLinkedRing*[T](elems: openArray[T]): SinglyLinkedRing[T] =
+  ## Creates a new `SinglyLinkedRing` from the members of `elems`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    from std/sequtils import toSeq
+    let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].toSinglyLinkedRing
+    assert a.toSeq == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+  result = initSinglyLinkedRing[T]()
+  for elem in elems.items:
+    result.add(elem)
+
+func toDoublyLinkedList*[T](elems: openArray[T]): DoublyLinkedList[T] {.since: (1, 5, 1).} =
+  ## Creates a new `DoublyLinkedList` from the members of `elems`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    from std/sequtils import toSeq
+    let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].toDoublyLinkedList
+    assert a.toSeq == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+  result = initDoublyLinkedList[T]()
+  for elem in elems.items:
+    result.add(elem)
+
+func toDoublyLinkedRing*[T](elems: openArray[T]): DoublyLinkedRing[T] =
+  ## Creates a new `DoublyLinkedRing` from the members of `elems`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    from std/sequtils import toSeq
+    let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].toDoublyLinkedRing
+    assert a.toSeq == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+  result = initDoublyLinkedRing[T]()
+  for elem in elems.items:
+    result.add(elem)
diff --git a/lib/pure/collections/sequtils.nim b/lib/pure/collections/sequtils.nim
index e937b8394..3c0d8dc0e 100644
--- a/lib/pure/collections/sequtils.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/collections/sequtils.nim
@@ -82,7 +82,17 @@ runnableExamples:
 
 import std/private/since
 
-import macros
+import std/macros
+from std/typetraits import supportsCopyMem
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+
+when defined(nimHasEffectsOf):
+  {.experimental: "strictEffects".}
+else:
+  {.pragma: effectsOf.}
 
 macro evalOnceAs(expAlias, exp: untyped,
                  letAssigneable: static[bool]): untyped =
@@ -131,6 +141,22 @@ func concat*[T](seqs: varargs[seq[T]]): seq[T] =
       result[i] = itm
       inc(i)
 
+func addUnique*[T](s: var seq[T], x: sink T) =
+  ## Adds `x` to the container `s` if it is not already present. 
+  ## Uses `==` to check if the item is already present.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var a = @[1, 2, 3]
+    a.addUnique(4)
+    a.addUnique(4)
+    assert a == @[1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+  for i in 0..high(s):
+    if s[i] == x: return
+  when declared(ensureMove):
+    s.add ensureMove(x)
+  else:
+    s.add x
+
 func count*[T](s: openArray[T], x: T): int =
   ## Returns the number of occurrences of the item `x` in the container `s`.
   ##
@@ -164,7 +190,7 @@ func cycle*[T](s: openArray[T], n: Natural): seq[T] =
       result[o] = e
       inc o
 
-func repeat*[T](x: T, n: Natural): seq[T] =
+proc repeat*[T](x: T, n: Natural): seq[T] =
   ## Returns a new sequence with the item `x` repeated `n` times.
   ## `n` must be a non-negative number (zero or more).
   ##
@@ -239,9 +265,18 @@ func maxIndex*[T](s: openArray[T]): int {.since: (1, 1).} =
   for i in 1..high(s):
     if s[i] > s[result]: result = i
 
+func minmax*[T](x: openArray[T]): (T, T) =
+  ## The minimum and maximum values of `x`. `T` needs to have a `<` operator.
+  var l = x[0]
+  var h = x[0]
+  for i in 1..high(x):
+    if x[i] < l: l = x[i]
+    if h < x[i]: h = x[i]
+  result = (l, h)
+
 
 template zipImpl(s1, s2, retType: untyped): untyped =
-  func zip*[S, T](s1: openArray[S], s2: openArray[T]): retType =
+  proc zip*[S, T](s1: openArray[S], s2: openArray[T]): retType =
     ## Returns a new sequence with a combination of the two input containers.
     ##
     ## The input containers can be of different types.
@@ -284,7 +319,7 @@ when (NimMajor, NimMinor) <= (1, 0):
 else:
   zipImpl(s1, s2, seq[(S, T)])
 
-func unzip*[S, T](s: openArray[(S, T)]): (seq[S], seq[T]) {.since: (1, 1).} =
+proc unzip*[S, T](s: openArray[(S, T)]): (seq[S], seq[T]) {.since: (1, 1).} =
   ## Returns a tuple of two sequences split out from a sequence of 2-field tuples.
   runnableExamples:
     let
@@ -293,8 +328,7 @@ func unzip*[S, T](s: openArray[(S, T)]): (seq[S], seq[T]) {.since: (1, 1).} =
       unzipped2 = @['a', 'b', 'c']
     assert zipped.unzip() == (unzipped1, unzipped2)
     assert zip(unzipped1, unzipped2).unzip() == (unzipped1, unzipped2)
-  result[0] = newSeq[S](s.len)
-  result[1] = newSeq[T](s.len)
+  result = (newSeq[S](s.len), newSeq[T](s.len))
   for i in 0..<s.len:
     result[0][i] = s[i][0]
     result[1][i] = s[i][1]
@@ -356,7 +390,7 @@ func distribute*[T](s: seq[T], num: Positive, spread = true): seq[seq[T]] =
       first = last
 
 proc map*[T, S](s: openArray[T], op: proc (x: T): S {.closure.}):
-                                                            seq[S]{.inline.} =
+                                                            seq[S] {.inline, effectsOf: op.} =
   ## Returns a new sequence with the results of the `op` proc applied to every
   ## item in the container `s`.
   ##
@@ -382,7 +416,7 @@ proc map*[T, S](s: openArray[T], op: proc (x: T): S {.closure.}):
     result[i] = op(s[i])
 
 proc apply*[T](s: var openArray[T], op: proc (x: var T) {.closure.})
-                                                              {.inline.} =
+                                                              {.inline, effectsOf: op.} =
   ## Applies `op` to every item in `s`, modifying it directly.
   ##
   ## Note that the container `s` must be declared as a `var`,
@@ -401,7 +435,7 @@ proc apply*[T](s: var openArray[T], op: proc (x: var T) {.closure.})
   for i in 0 ..< s.len: op(s[i])
 
 proc apply*[T](s: var openArray[T], op: proc (x: T): T {.closure.})
-                                                              {.inline.} =
+                                                              {.inline, effectsOf: op.} =
   ## Applies `op` to every item in `s` modifying it directly.
   ##
   ## Note that the container `s` must be declared as a `var`
@@ -420,7 +454,7 @@ proc apply*[T](s: var openArray[T], op: proc (x: T): T {.closure.})
 
   for i in 0 ..< s.len: s[i] = op(s[i])
 
-proc apply*[T](s: openArray[T], op: proc (x: T) {.closure.}) {.inline, since: (1, 3).} =
+proc apply*[T](s: openArray[T], op: proc (x: T) {.closure.}) {.inline, since: (1, 3), effectsOf: op.} =
   ## Same as `apply` but for a proc that does not return anything
   ## and does not mutate `s` directly.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -429,7 +463,7 @@ proc apply*[T](s: openArray[T], op: proc (x: T) {.closure.}) {.inline, since: (1
     assert message == "01234"
   for i in 0 ..< s.len: op(s[i])
 
-iterator filter*[T](s: openArray[T], pred: proc(x: T): bool {.closure.}): T =
+iterator filter*[T](s: openArray[T], pred: proc(x: T): bool {.closure.}): T {.effectsOf: pred.} =
   ## Iterates through a container `s` and yields every item that fulfills the
   ## predicate `pred` (a function that returns a `bool`).
   ##
@@ -453,7 +487,7 @@ iterator filter*[T](s: openArray[T], pred: proc(x: T): bool {.closure.}): T =
       yield s[i]
 
 proc filter*[T](s: openArray[T], pred: proc(x: T): bool {.closure.}): seq[T]
-                                                                  {.inline.} =
+                                                                  {.inline, effectsOf: pred.} =
   ## Returns a new sequence with all the items of `s` that fulfill the
   ## predicate `pred` (a function that returns a `bool`).
   ##
@@ -480,7 +514,7 @@ proc filter*[T](s: openArray[T], pred: proc(x: T): bool {.closure.}): seq[T]
       result.add(s[i])
 
 proc keepIf*[T](s: var seq[T], pred: proc(x: T): bool {.closure.})
-                                                                {.inline.} =
+                                                                {.inline, effectsOf: pred.} =
   ## Keeps the items in the passed sequence `s` if they fulfill the
   ## predicate `pred` (a function that returns a `bool`).
   ##
@@ -509,12 +543,51 @@ proc keepIf*[T](s: var seq[T], pred: proc(x: T): bool {.closure.})
       inc(pos)
   setLen(s, pos)
 
-func delete*[T](s: var seq[T]; first, last: Natural) =
+func delete*[T](s: var seq[T]; slice: Slice[int]) =
+  ## Deletes the items `s[slice]`, raising `IndexDefect` if the slice contains
+  ## elements out of range.
+  ##
+  ## This operation moves all elements after `s[slice]` in linear time.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var a = @[10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
+    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect): a.delete(4..5)
+    assert a == @[10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
+    a.delete(4..4)
+    assert a == @[10, 11, 12, 13]
+    a.delete(1..2)
+    assert a == @[10, 13]
+    a.delete(1..<1) # empty slice
+    assert a == @[10, 13]
+  when compileOption("boundChecks"):
+    if not (slice.a < s.len and slice.a >= 0 and slice.b < s.len):
+      raise newException(IndexDefect, $(slice: slice, len: s.len))
+  if slice.b >= slice.a:
+    template defaultImpl =
+      var i = slice.a
+      var j = slice.b + 1
+      var newLen = s.len - j + i
+      while i < newLen:
+        when defined(gcDestructors):
+          s[i] = move(s[j])
+        else:
+          s[i].shallowCopy(s[j])
+        inc(i)
+        inc(j)
+      setLen(s, newLen)
+    when nimvm: defaultImpl()
+    else:
+      when defined(js):
+        let n = slice.b - slice.a + 1
+        let first = slice.a
+        {.emit: "`s`.splice(`first`, `n`);".}
+      else:
+        defaultImpl()
+
+func delete*[T](s: var seq[T]; first, last: Natural) {.deprecated: "use `delete(s, first..last)`".} =
   ## Deletes the items of a sequence `s` at positions `first..last`
   ## (including both ends of the range).
   ## This modifies `s` itself, it does not return a copy.
-  ##
-  runnableExamples:
+  runnableExamples("--warning:deprecated:off"):
     let outcome = @[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
     var dest = @[1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
     dest.delete(3, 8)
@@ -646,7 +719,7 @@ since (1, 1):
       if pred: result += 1
     result
 
-proc all*[T](s: openArray[T], pred: proc(x: T): bool {.closure.}): bool =
+proc all*[T](s: openArray[T], pred: proc(x: T): bool {.closure.}): bool {.effectsOf: pred.} =
   ## Iterates through a container and checks if every item fulfills the
   ## predicate.
   ##
@@ -688,7 +761,7 @@ template allIt*(s, pred: untyped): bool =
       break
   result
 
-proc any*[T](s: openArray[T], pred: proc(x: T): bool {.closure.}): bool =
+proc any*[T](s: openArray[T], pred: proc(x: T): bool {.closure.}): bool {.effectsOf: pred.} =
   ## Iterates through a container and checks if at least one item
   ## fulfills the predicate.
   ##
@@ -743,7 +816,7 @@ template toSeq1(s: not iterator): untyped =
         i += 1
       result
   else:
-    var result: seq[OutType] = @[]
+    var result: seq[OutType]# = @[]
     for it in s:
       result.add(it)
     result
@@ -760,7 +833,7 @@ template toSeq2(iter: iterator): untyped =
     result
   else:
     type OutType = typeof(iter2())
-    var result: seq[OutType] = @[]
+    var result: seq[OutType]# = @[]
     when compiles(iter2()):
       evalOnceAs(iter4, iter, false)
       let iter3 = iter4()
@@ -866,7 +939,7 @@ template foldl*(sequence, operation, first): untyped =
   ##
   ## The `operation` parameter should be an expression which uses the variables
   ## `a` and `b` for each step of the fold. The `first` parameter is the
-  ## start value (the first `a`) and therefor defines the type of the result.
+  ## start value (the first `a`) and therefore defines the type of the result.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `foldr template<#foldr.t,untyped,untyped>`_
@@ -972,7 +1045,7 @@ template mapIt*(s: typed, op: untyped): untyped =
           i += 1
         result
     else:
-      var result: seq[OutType] = @[]
+      var result: seq[OutType]# = @[]
       # use `items` to avoid https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/12639
       for it {.inject.} in items(s):
         result.add(op)
@@ -1014,27 +1087,31 @@ template applyIt*(varSeq, op: untyped) =
 
 
 template newSeqWith*(len: int, init: untyped): untyped =
-  ## Creates a new sequence of length `len`, calling `init` to initialize
-  ## each value of the sequence.
-  ##
-  ## Useful for creating "2D" sequences - sequences containing other sequences
-  ## or to populate fields of the created sequence.
+  ## Creates a new `seq` of length `len`, calling `init` to initialize
+  ## each value of the seq.
   ##
+  ## Useful for creating "2D" seqs - seqs containing other seqs
+  ## or to populate fields of the created seq.
   runnableExamples:
-    ## Creates a sequence containing 5 bool sequences, each of length of 3.
+    ## Creates a seq containing 5 bool seqs, each of length of 3.
     var seq2D = newSeqWith(5, newSeq[bool](3))
     assert seq2D.len == 5
     assert seq2D[0].len == 3
     assert seq2D[4][2] == false
 
-    ## Creates a sequence of 20 random numbers from 1 to 10
-    import random
-    var seqRand = newSeqWith(20, rand(10))
-
-  var result = newSeq[typeof(init)](len)
-  for i in 0 ..< len:
+    ## Creates a seq with random numbers
+    import std/random
+    var seqRand = newSeqWith(20, rand(1.0))
+    assert seqRand[0] != seqRand[1]
+  type T = typeof(init)
+  let newLen = len
+  when supportsCopyMem(T) and declared(newSeqUninit):
+    var result = newSeqUninit[T](newLen)
+  else: # TODO: use `newSeqUnsafe` when that's available
+    var result = newSeq[T](newLen)
+  for i in 0 ..< newLen:
     result[i] = init
-  result
+  move(result) # refs bug #7295
 
 func mapLitsImpl(constructor: NimNode; op: NimNode; nested: bool;
                  filter = nnkLiterals): NimNode =
diff --git a/lib/pure/collections/setimpl.nim b/lib/pure/collections/setimpl.nim
index 7ebd22760..360a075d6 100644
--- a/lib/pure/collections/setimpl.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/collections/setimpl.nim
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ template containsOrInclImpl() {.dirty.} =
   if index >= 0:
     result = true
   else:
+    result = false
     if mustRehash(s):
       enlarge(s)
       index = rawGetKnownHC(s, key, hc)
@@ -86,7 +87,9 @@ proc exclImpl[A](s: var HashSet[A], key: A): bool {.inline.} =
       var j = i # The correctness of this depends on (h+1) in nextTry,
       var r = j # though may be adaptable to other simple sequences.
       s.data[i].hcode = 0 # mark current EMPTY
-      s.data[i].key = default(typeof(s.data[i].key))
+      {.push warning[UnsafeDefault]:off.}
+      reset(s.data[i].key)
+      {.pop.}
       doWhile((i >= r and r > j) or (r > j and j > i) or (j > i and i >= r)):
         i = (i + 1) and msk # increment mod table size
         if isEmpty(s.data[i].hcode): # end of collision cluster; So all done
diff --git a/lib/pure/collections/sets.nim b/lib/pure/collections/sets.nim
index 3f91d9030..af13135aa 100644
--- a/lib/pure/collections/sets.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/collections/sets.nim
@@ -25,7 +25,9 @@
 ##   `difference <#difference,HashSet[A],HashSet[A]>`_, and
 ##   `symmetric difference <#symmetricDifference,HashSet[A],HashSet[A]>`_
 ##
-## .. code-block::
+## **Examples:**
+##
+##   ```Nim
 ##   echo toHashSet([9, 5, 1])     # {9, 1, 5}
 ##   echo toOrderedSet([9, 5, 1])  # {9, 5, 1}
 ##
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@
 ##   echo s1 - s2    # {1, 9}
 ##   echo s1 * s2    # {5}
 ##   echo s1 -+- s2  # {9, 1, 3, 7}
-##
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Note: The data types declared here have *value semantics*: This means
 ## that `=` performs a copy of the set.
@@ -48,7 +50,10 @@
 
 
 import
-  hashes, math
+  std/[hashes, math]
+
+when not defined(nimHasEffectsOf):
+  {.pragma: effectsOf.}
 
 {.pragma: myShallow.}
 # For "integer-like A" that are too big for intsets/bit-vectors to be practical,
@@ -61,7 +66,7 @@ type
   HashSet*[A] {.myShallow.} = object ## \
     ## A generic hash set.
     ##
-    ## Use `init proc <#init,HashSet[A]>`_ or `initHashSet proc <#initHashSet,int>`_
+    ## Use `init proc <#init,HashSet[A]>`_ or `initHashSet proc <#initHashSet>`_
     ## before calling other procs on it.
     data: KeyValuePairSeq[A]
     counter: int
@@ -125,7 +130,7 @@ proc initHashSet*[A](initialSize = defaultInitialSize): HashSet[A] =
     var a = initHashSet[int]()
     a.incl(3)
     assert len(a) == 1
-
+  result = default(HashSet[A])
   result.init(initialSize)
 
 proc `[]`*[A](s: var HashSet[A], key: A): var A =
@@ -246,7 +251,7 @@ iterator items*[A](s: HashSet[A]): A =
   ## If you need a sequence with the elements you can use `sequtils.toSeq
   ## template <sequtils.html#toSeq.t,untyped>`_.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   type
   ##     pair = tuple[a, b: int]
   ##   var
@@ -259,6 +264,7 @@ iterator items*[A](s: HashSet[A]): A =
   ##   assert a.len == 2
   ##   echo b
   ##   # --> {(a: 1, b: 3), (a: 0, b: 4)}
+  ##   ```
   let length = s.len
   for h in 0 .. high(s.data):
     if isFilled(s.data[h].hcode):
@@ -344,7 +350,7 @@ proc missingOrExcl*[A](s: var HashSet[A], key: A): bool =
 proc pop*[A](s: var HashSet[A]): A =
   ## Removes and returns an arbitrary element from the set `s`.
   ##
-  ## Raises KeyError if the set `s` is empty.
+  ## Raises `KeyError` if the set `s` is empty.
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `clear proc <#clear,HashSet[A]>`_
@@ -376,7 +382,9 @@ proc clear*[A](s: var HashSet[A]) =
   s.counter = 0
   for i in 0 ..< s.data.len:
     s.data[i].hcode = 0
-    s.data[i].key = default(typeof(s.data[i].key))
+    {.push warning[UnsafeDefault]:off.}
+    reset(s.data[i].key)
+    {.pop.}
 
 
 proc union*[A](s1, s2: HashSet[A]): HashSet[A] =
@@ -422,7 +430,7 @@ proc intersection*[A](s1, s2: HashSet[A]): HashSet[A] =
     assert c == toHashSet(["b"])
 
   result = initHashSet[A](max(min(s1.data.len, s2.data.len), 2))
-  
+
   # iterate over the elements of the smaller set
   if s1.data.len < s2.data.len:
     for item in s1:
@@ -430,7 +438,7 @@ proc intersection*[A](s1, s2: HashSet[A]): HashSet[A] =
   else:
     for item in s2:
       if item in s1: incl(result, item)
-  
+
 
 proc difference*[A](s1, s2: HashSet[A]): HashSet[A] =
   ## Returns the difference of the sets `s1` and `s2`.
@@ -556,7 +564,7 @@ proc `==`*[A](s, t: HashSet[A]): bool =
 
   s.counter == t.counter and s <= t
 
-proc map*[A, B](data: HashSet[A], op: proc (x: A): B {.closure.}): HashSet[B] =
+proc map*[A, B](data: HashSet[A], op: proc (x: A): B {.closure.}): HashSet[B] {.effectsOf: op.} =
   ## Returns a new set after applying `op` proc on each of the elements of
   ##`data` set.
   ##
@@ -583,12 +591,12 @@ proc `$`*[A](s: HashSet[A]): string =
   ## any moment and values are not escaped.
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   echo toHashSet([2, 4, 5])
   ##   # --> {2, 4, 5}
   ##   echo toHashSet(["no", "esc'aping", "is \" provided"])
   ##   # --> {no, esc'aping, is " provided}
+  ##   ```
   dollarImpl()
 
 
@@ -603,12 +611,10 @@ proc isValid*[A](s: HashSet[A]): bool {.deprecated:
   ## Returns `true` if the set has been initialized (with `initHashSet proc
   ## <#initHashSet>`_ or `init proc <#init,HashSet[A]>`_).
   ##
-  ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block ::
-  ##   proc savePreferences(options: HashSet[string]) =
-  ##     assert options.isValid, "Pass an initialized set!"
-  ##     # Do stuff here, may crash in release builds!
+  runnableExamples:
+    proc savePreferences(options: HashSet[string]) =
+      assert options.isValid, "Pass an initialized set!"
+      # Do stuff here, may crash in release builds!
   result = s.data.len > 0
 
 
@@ -812,7 +818,9 @@ proc clear*[A](s: var OrderedSet[A]) =
   for i in 0 ..< s.data.len:
     s.data[i].hcode = 0
     s.data[i].next = 0
-    s.data[i].key = default(typeof(s.data[i].key))
+    {.push warning[UnsafeDefault]:off.}
+    reset(s.data[i].key)
+    {.pop.}
 
 proc len*[A](s: OrderedSet[A]): int {.inline.} =
   ## Returns the number of elements in `s`.
@@ -873,12 +881,12 @@ proc `$`*[A](s: OrderedSet[A]): string =
   ## any moment and values are not escaped.
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   echo toOrderedSet([2, 4, 5])
   ##   # --> {2, 4, 5}
   ##   echo toOrderedSet(["no", "esc'aping", "is \" provided"])
   ##   # --> {no, esc'aping, is " provided}
+  ##   ```
   dollarImpl()
 
 
@@ -889,7 +897,7 @@ iterator items*[A](s: OrderedSet[A]): A =
   ## If you need a sequence with the elements you can use `sequtils.toSeq
   ## template <sequtils.html#toSeq.t,untyped>`_.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   var a = initOrderedSet[int]()
   ##   for value in [9, 2, 1, 5, 1, 8, 4, 2]:
   ##     a.incl(value)
@@ -901,6 +909,7 @@ iterator items*[A](s: OrderedSet[A]): A =
   ##   # --> Got 5
   ##   # --> Got 8
   ##   # --> Got 4
+  ##   ```
   let length = s.len
   forAllOrderedPairs:
     yield s.data[h].key
diff --git a/lib/pure/collections/sharedlist.nim b/lib/pure/collections/sharedlist.nim
index c72477675..ec8f1cd86 100644
--- a/lib/pure/collections/sharedlist.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/collections/sharedlist.nim
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@
 ##
 ## Unstable API.
 
+{.deprecated.}
+
 {.push stackTrace: off.}
 
 import
-  locks
+  std/locks
 
 const
   ElemsPerNode = 100
@@ -35,8 +37,10 @@ template withLock(t, x: untyped) =
   release(t.lock)
 
 proc iterAndMutate*[A](x: var SharedList[A]; action: proc(x: A): bool) =
-  ## iterates over the list. If 'action' returns true, the
+  ## Iterates over the list. If `action` returns true, the
   ## current item is removed from the list.
+  ##
+  ## .. warning:: It may not preserve the element order after some modifications.
   withLock(x):
     var n = x.head
     while n != nil:
@@ -47,8 +51,9 @@ proc iterAndMutate*[A](x: var SharedList[A]; action: proc(x: A): bool) =
         if action(n.d[i]):
           acquire(x.lock)
           let t = x.tail
+          dec t.dataLen # TODO considering t.dataLen == 0,
+                        # probably the module should be refactored using doubly linked lists
           n.d[i] = t.d[t.dataLen]
-          dec t.dataLen
         else:
           acquire(x.lock)
           inc i
diff --git a/lib/pure/collections/sharedtables.nim b/lib/pure/collections/sharedtables.nim
index 4ac3befb6..b474ecd31 100644
--- a/lib/pure/collections/sharedtables.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/collections/sharedtables.nim
@@ -14,8 +14,10 @@
 ##
 ## Unstable API.
 
+{.deprecated.}
+
 import
-  hashes, math, locks
+  std/[hashes, math, locks]
 
 type
   KeyValuePair[A, B] = tuple[hcode: Hash, key: A, val: B]
@@ -60,17 +62,27 @@ template withLock(t, x: untyped) =
 
 template withValue*[A, B](t: var SharedTable[A, B], key: A,
                           value, body: untyped) =
-  ## retrieves the value at `t[key]`.
+  ## Retrieves the value at `t[key]`.
   ## `value` can be modified in the scope of the `withValue` call.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
-  ##   sharedTable.withValue(key, value) do:
-  ##     # block is executed only if `key` in `t`
-  ##     # value is threadsafe in block
-  ##     value.name = "username"
-  ##     value.uid = 1000
-  ##
+  runnableExamples:
+    var table: SharedTable[string, string]
+    init(table)
+
+    table["a"] = "x"
+    table["b"] = "y"
+    table["c"] = "z"
+
+    table.withValue("a", value):
+      assert value[] == "x"
+
+    table.withValue("b", value):
+      value[] = "modified"
+
+    table.withValue("b", value):
+      assert value[] == "modified"
+
+    table.withValue("nonexistent", value):
+      assert false # not called
   acquire(t.lock)
   try:
     var hc: Hash
@@ -84,20 +96,33 @@ template withValue*[A, B](t: var SharedTable[A, B], key: A,
 
 template withValue*[A, B](t: var SharedTable[A, B], key: A,
                           value, body1, body2: untyped) =
-  ## retrieves the value at `t[key]`.
+  ## Retrieves the value at `t[key]`.
   ## `value` can be modified in the scope of the `withValue` call.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
-  ##   sharedTable.withValue(key, value) do:
-  ##     # block is executed only if `key` in `t`
-  ##     # value is threadsafe in block
-  ##     value.name = "username"
-  ##     value.uid = 1000
-  ##   do:
-  ##     # block is executed when `key` not in `t`
-  ##     raise newException(KeyError, "Key not found")
-  ##
+  runnableExamples:
+    var table: SharedTable[string, string]
+    init(table)
+
+    table["a"] = "x"
+    table["b"] = "y"
+    table["c"] = "z"
+
+
+    table.withValue("a", value):
+      value[] = "m"
+
+    var flag = false
+    table.withValue("d", value):
+      discard value
+      doAssert false
+    do: # if "d" notin table
+      flag = true
+
+    if flag:
+      table["d"] = "n"
+
+    assert table.mget("a") == "m"
+    assert table.mget("d") == "n"
+
   acquire(t.lock)
   try:
     var hc: Hash
@@ -112,7 +137,7 @@ template withValue*[A, B](t: var SharedTable[A, B], key: A,
     release(t.lock)
 
 proc mget*[A, B](t: var SharedTable[A, B], key: A): var B =
-  ## retrieves the value at `t[key]`. The value can be modified.
+  ## Retrieves the value at `t[key]`. The value can be modified.
   ## If `key` is not in `t`, the `KeyError` exception is raised.
   withLock t:
     var hc: Hash
@@ -126,7 +151,7 @@ proc mget*[A, B](t: var SharedTable[A, B], key: A): var B =
       raise newException(KeyError, "key not found")
 
 proc mgetOrPut*[A, B](t: var SharedTable[A, B], key: A, val: B): var B =
-  ## retrieves value at `t[key]` or puts `val` if not present, either way
+  ## Retrieves value at `t[key]` or puts `val` if not present, either way
   ## returning a value which can be modified. **Note**: This is inherently
   ## unsafe in the context of multi-threading since it returns a pointer
   ## to `B`.
@@ -134,7 +159,7 @@ proc mgetOrPut*[A, B](t: var SharedTable[A, B], key: A, val: B): var B =
     mgetOrPutImpl(enlarge)
 
 proc hasKeyOrPut*[A, B](t: var SharedTable[A, B], key: A, val: B): bool =
-  ## returns true if `key` is in the table, otherwise inserts `value`.
+  ## Returns true if `key` is in the table, otherwise inserts `value`.
   withLock t:
     hasKeyOrPutImpl(enlarge)
 
@@ -166,8 +191,7 @@ proc withKey*[A, B](t: var SharedTable[A, B], key: A,
   ##
   ## Example usage:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   # If value exists, decrement it.
   ##   # If it becomes zero or less, delete the key
   ##   t.withKey(1'i64) do (k: int64, v: var int, pairExists: var bool):
@@ -175,6 +199,7 @@ proc withKey*[A, B](t: var SharedTable[A, B], key: A,
   ##       dec v
   ##       if v <= 0:
   ##         pairExists = false
+  ##   ```
   withLock t:
     var hc: Hash
     var index = rawGet(t, key, hc)
@@ -191,28 +216,28 @@ proc withKey*[A, B](t: var SharedTable[A, B], key: A,
         st_maybeRehashPutImpl(enlarge)
 
 proc `[]=`*[A, B](t: var SharedTable[A, B], key: A, val: B) =
-  ## puts a (key, value)-pair into `t`.
+  ## Puts a (key, value)-pair into `t`.
   withLock t:
     putImpl(enlarge)
 
 proc add*[A, B](t: var SharedTable[A, B], key: A, val: B) =
-  ## puts a new (key, value)-pair into `t` even if `t[key]` already exists.
+  ## Puts a new (key, value)-pair into `t` even if `t[key]` already exists.
   ## This can introduce duplicate keys into the table!
   withLock t:
     addImpl(enlarge)
 
 proc del*[A, B](t: var SharedTable[A, B], key: A) =
-  ## deletes `key` from hash table `t`.
+  ## Deletes `key` from hash table `t`.
   withLock t:
     delImpl(tabMakeEmpty, tabCellEmpty, tabCellHash)
 
 proc len*[A, B](t: var SharedTable[A, B]): int =
-  ## number of elements in `t`
+  ## Number of elements in `t`.
   withLock t:
     result = t.counter
 
 proc init*[A, B](t: var SharedTable[A, B], initialSize = 32) =
-  ## creates a new hash table that is empty.
+  ## Creates a new hash table that is empty.
   ##
   ## This proc must be called before any other usage of `t`.
   let initialSize = slotsNeeded(initialSize)
diff --git a/lib/pure/collections/tableimpl.nim b/lib/pure/collections/tableimpl.nim
index 27c339177..3542741fa 100644
--- a/lib/pure/collections/tableimpl.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/collections/tableimpl.nim
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
 
 include hashcommon
 
+const
+  defaultInitialSize* = 32
+
 template rawGetDeepImpl() {.dirty.} =   # Search algo for unconditional add
   genHashImpl(key, hc)
   var h: Hash = hc and maxHash(t)
@@ -23,7 +26,7 @@ template rawInsertImpl() {.dirty.} =
   data[h].val = val
   data[h].hcode = hc
 
-proc rawGetDeep[X, A](t: X, key: A, hc: var Hash): int {.inline.} =
+proc rawGetDeep[X, A](t: X, key: A, hc: var Hash): int {.inline, outParamsAt: [3].} =
   rawGetDeepImpl()
 
 proc rawInsert[X, A, B](t: var X, data: var KeyValuePairSeq[A, B],
@@ -31,9 +34,8 @@ proc rawInsert[X, A, B](t: var X, data: var KeyValuePairSeq[A, B],
   rawInsertImpl()
 
 template checkIfInitialized() =
-  when compiles(defaultInitialSize):
-    if t.dataLen == 0:
-      initImpl(t, defaultInitialSize)
+  if t.dataLen == 0:
+    initImpl(t, defaultInitialSize)
 
 template addImpl(enlarge) {.dirty.} =
   checkIfInitialized()
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ template addImpl(enlarge) {.dirty.} =
   rawInsert(t, t.data, key, val, hc, j)
   inc(t.counter)
 
-template maybeRehashPutImpl(enlarge) {.dirty.} =
+template maybeRehashPutImpl(enlarge, val) {.dirty.} =
   checkIfInitialized()
   if mustRehash(t):
     enlarge(t)
@@ -54,28 +56,41 @@ template maybeRehashPutImpl(enlarge) {.dirty.} =
 
 template putImpl(enlarge) {.dirty.} =
   checkIfInitialized()
-  var hc: Hash
+  var hc: Hash = default(Hash)
   var index = rawGet(t, key, hc)
   if index >= 0: t.data[index].val = val
-  else: maybeRehashPutImpl(enlarge)
+  else: maybeRehashPutImpl(enlarge, val)
 
 template mgetOrPutImpl(enlarge) {.dirty.} =
   checkIfInitialized()
-  var hc: Hash
+  var hc: Hash = default(Hash)
   var index = rawGet(t, key, hc)
   if index < 0:
     # not present: insert (flipping index)
-    maybeRehashPutImpl(enlarge)
+    when declared(val):
+      maybeRehashPutImpl(enlarge, val)
+    else:
+      maybeRehashPutImpl(enlarge, default(B))
   # either way return modifiable val
   result = t.data[index].val
 
+# template mgetOrPutDefaultImpl(enlarge) {.dirty.} =
+#   checkIfInitialized()
+#   var hc: Hash = default(Hash)
+#   var index = rawGet(t, key, hc)
+#   if index < 0:
+#     # not present: insert (flipping index)
+#     maybeRehashPutImpl(enlarge, default(B))
+#   # either way return modifiable val
+#   result = t.data[index].val
+
 template hasKeyOrPutImpl(enlarge) {.dirty.} =
   checkIfInitialized()
-  var hc: Hash
+  var hc: Hash = default(Hash)
   var index = rawGet(t, key, hc)
   if index < 0:
     result = false
-    maybeRehashPutImpl(enlarge)
+    maybeRehashPutImpl(enlarge, val)
   else: result = true
 
 # delImplIdx is KnuthV3 Algo6.4R adapted to i=i+1 (from i=i-1) which has come to
@@ -117,8 +132,10 @@ template delImplIdx(t, i, makeEmpty, cellEmpty, cellHash) =
         var j = i         # The correctness of this depends on (h+1) in nextTry
         var r = j         # though may be adaptable to other simple sequences.
         makeEmpty(i)                     # mark current EMPTY
-        t.data[i].key = default(typeof(t.data[i].key))
-        t.data[i].val = default(typeof(t.data[i].val))
+        {.push warning[UnsafeDefault]:off.}
+        reset(t.data[i].key)
+        reset(t.data[i].val)
+        {.pop.}
         while true:
           i = (i + 1) and msk            # increment mod table size
           if cellEmpty(i):               # end of collision cluster; So all done
@@ -149,8 +166,10 @@ template clearImpl() {.dirty.} =
   for i in 0 ..< t.dataLen:
     when compiles(t.data[i].hcode): # CountTable records don't contain a hcode
       t.data[i].hcode = 0
-    t.data[i].key = default(typeof(t.data[i].key))
-    t.data[i].val = default(typeof(t.data[i].val))
+    {.push warning[UnsafeDefault]:off.}
+    reset(t.data[i].key)
+    reset(t.data[i].val)
+    {.pop.}
   t.counter = 0
 
 template ctAnd(a, b): bool =
@@ -208,3 +227,5 @@ template equalsImpl(s, t: typed) =
       if not t.hasKey(key): return false
       if t.getOrDefault(key) != val: return false
     return true
+  else:
+    return false
diff --git a/lib/pure/collections/tables.nim b/lib/pure/collections/tables.nim
index f77642349..d414caeed 100644
--- a/lib/pure/collections/tables.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/collections/tables.nim
@@ -136,12 +136,11 @@ runnableExamples:
 ## a more complex object as a key you will be greeted by a strange compiler
 ## error:
 ##
-##   Error: type mismatch: got (Person)
-##   but expected one of:
-##   hashes.hash(x: openArray[A]): Hash
-##   hashes.hash(x: int): Hash
-##   hashes.hash(x: float): Hash
-##   …
+##     Error: type mismatch: got (Person)
+##     but expected one of:
+##     hashes.hash(x: openArray[A]): Hash
+##     hashes.hash(x: int): Hash
+##     hashes.hash(x: float): Hash
 ##
 ## What is happening here is that the types used for table keys require to have
 ## a `hash()` proc which will convert them to a `Hash <hashes.html#Hash>`_
@@ -189,7 +188,6 @@ runnableExamples:
 ##
 ## * `json module<json.html>`_ for table-like structure which allows
 ##   heterogeneous members
-## * `sharedtables module<sharedtables.html>`_ for shared hash table support
 ## * `strtabs module<strtabs.html>`_ for efficient hash tables
 ##   mapping from strings to strings
 ## * `hashes module<hashes.html>`_ for helper functions for hashing
@@ -198,6 +196,10 @@ runnableExamples:
 import std/private/since
 import std/[hashes, math, algorithm]
 
+
+when not defined(nimHasEffectsOf):
+  {.pragma: effectsOf.}
+
 type
   KeyValuePair[A, B] = tuple[hcode: Hash, key: A, val: B]
   KeyValuePairSeq[A, B] = seq[KeyValuePair[A, B]]
@@ -215,8 +217,6 @@ type
     ## For creating a new empty TableRef, use `newTable proc
     ## <#newTable>`_.
 
-const
-  defaultInitialSize* = 32
 
 # ------------------------------ helpers ---------------------------------
 
@@ -227,6 +227,12 @@ template dataLen(t): untyped = len(t.data)
 
 include tableimpl
 
+proc raiseKeyError[T](key: T) {.noinline, noreturn.} =
+  when compiles($key):
+    raise newException(KeyError, "key not found: " & $key)
+  else:
+    raise newException(KeyError, "key not found")
+
 template get(t, key): untyped =
   ## retrieves the value at `t[key]`. The value can be modified.
   ## If `key` is not in `t`, the `KeyError` exception is raised.
@@ -235,10 +241,7 @@ template get(t, key): untyped =
   var index = rawGet(t, key, hc)
   if index >= 0: result = t.data[index].val
   else:
-    when compiles($key):
-      raise newException(KeyError, "key not found: " & $key)
-    else:
-      raise newException(KeyError, "key not found")
+    raiseKeyError(key)
 
 proc enlarge[A, B](t: var Table[A, B]) =
   var n: KeyValuePairSeq[A, B]
@@ -275,6 +278,7 @@ proc initTable*[A, B](initialSize = defaultInitialSize): Table[A, B] =
     let
       a = initTable[int, string]()
       b = initTable[char, seq[int]]()
+  result = default(Table[A, B])
   initImpl(result, initialSize)
 
 proc `[]=`*[A, B](t: var Table[A, B], key: A, val: sink B) =
@@ -309,7 +313,7 @@ proc toTable*[A, B](pairs: openArray[(A, B)]): Table[A, B] =
   result = initTable[A, B](pairs.len)
   for key, val in items(pairs): result[key] = val
 
-proc `[]`*[A, B](t: Table[A, B], key: A): B =
+proc `[]`*[A, B](t: Table[A, B], key: A): lent B =
   ## Retrieves the value at `t[key]`.
   ##
   ## If `key` is not in `t`, the `KeyError` exception is raised.
@@ -321,7 +325,7 @@ proc `[]`*[A, B](t: Table[A, B], key: A): B =
   ##   a default value (e.g. zero for int) if the key doesn't exist
   ## * `getOrDefault proc<#getOrDefault,Table[A,B],A,B>`_ to return
   ##   a custom value if the key doesn't exist
-  ## * `[]= proc<#[]=,Table[A,B],A,B>`_ for inserting a new
+  ## * `[]= proc<#[]=,Table[A,B],A,sinkB>`_ for inserting a new
   ##   (key, value) pair in the table
   ## * `hasKey proc<#hasKey,Table[A,B],A>`_ for checking if a key is in
   ##   the table
@@ -342,7 +346,7 @@ proc `[]`*[A, B](t: var Table[A, B], key: A): var B =
   ##   a default value (e.g. zero for int) if the key doesn't exist
   ## * `getOrDefault proc<#getOrDefault,Table[A,B],A,B>`_ to return
   ##   a custom value if the key doesn't exist
-  ## * `[]= proc<#[]=,Table[A,B],A,B>`_ for inserting a new
+  ## * `[]= proc<#[]=,Table[A,B],A,sinkB>`_ for inserting a new
   ##   (key, value) pair in the table
   ## * `hasKey proc<#hasKey,Table[A,B],A>`_ for checking if a key is in
   ##   the table
@@ -412,7 +416,7 @@ proc getOrDefault*[A, B](t: Table[A, B], key: A): B =
     let a = {'a': 5, 'b': 9}.toTable
     doAssert a.getOrDefault('a') == 5
     doAssert a.getOrDefault('z') == 0
-
+  result = default(B)
   getOrDefaultImpl(t, key)
 
 proc getOrDefault*[A, B](t: Table[A, B], key: A, default: B): B =
@@ -430,7 +434,7 @@ proc getOrDefault*[A, B](t: Table[A, B], key: A, default: B): B =
     let a = {'a': 5, 'b': 9}.toTable
     doAssert a.getOrDefault('a', 99) == 5
     doAssert a.getOrDefault('z', 99) == 99
-
+  result = default(B)
   getOrDefaultImpl(t, key, default)
 
 proc mgetOrPut*[A, B](t: var Table[A, B], key: A, val: B): var B =
@@ -439,7 +443,7 @@ proc mgetOrPut*[A, B](t: var Table[A, B], key: A, val: B): var B =
   ##
   ##
   ## Note that while the value returned is of type `var B`,
-  ## it is easy to accidentally create an copy of the value at `t[key]`.
+  ## it is easy to accidentally create a copy of the value at `t[key]`.
   ## Remember that seqs and strings are value types, and therefore
   ## cannot be copied into a separate variable for modification.
   ## See the example below.
@@ -471,6 +475,18 @@ proc mgetOrPut*[A, B](t: var Table[A, B], key: A, val: B): var B =
 
   mgetOrPutImpl(enlarge)
 
+proc mgetOrPut*[A, B](t: var Table[A, B], key: A): var B =
+  ## Retrieves the value at `t[key]` or puts the
+  ## default initialization value for type `B` (e.g. 0 for any
+  ## integer type).
+  runnableExamples:
+    var a = {'a': 5}.newTable
+    doAssert a.mgetOrPut('a') == 5
+    a.mgetOrPut('z').inc
+    doAssert a == {'a': 5, 'z': 1}.newTable
+
+  mgetOrPutImpl(enlarge)
+
 proc len*[A, B](t: Table[A, B]): int =
   ## Returns the number of keys in `t`.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -485,7 +501,7 @@ proc add*[A, B](t: var Table[A, B], key: A, val: sink B) {.deprecated:
   ##
   ## **This can introduce duplicate keys into the table!**
   ##
-  ## Use `[]= proc<#[]=,Table[A,B],A,B>`_ for inserting a new
+  ## Use `[]= proc<#[]=,Table[A,B],A,sinkB>`_ for inserting a new
   ## (key, value) pair in the table without introducing duplicates.
   addImpl(enlarge)
 
@@ -496,6 +512,9 @@ template tabCellHash(i)  = t.data[i].hcode
 proc del*[A, B](t: var Table[A, B], key: A) =
   ## Deletes `key` from hash table `t`. Does nothing if the key does not exist.
   ##
+  ## .. warning:: If duplicate keys were added (via the now deprecated `add` proc),
+  ##   this may need to be called multiple times.
+  ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `pop proc<#pop,Table[A,B],A,B>`_
   ## * `clear proc<#clear,Table[A,B]>`_ to empty the whole table
@@ -514,6 +533,9 @@ proc pop*[A, B](t: var Table[A, B], key: A, val: var B): bool =
   ## mapping of the key. Otherwise, returns `false`, and the `val` is
   ## unchanged.
   ##
+  ## .. warning:: If duplicate keys were added (via the now deprecated `add` proc),
+  ##   this may need to be called multiple times.
+  ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `del proc<#del,Table[A,B],A>`_
   ## * `clear proc<#clear,Table[A,B]>`_ to empty the whole table
@@ -594,17 +616,17 @@ template withValue*[A, B](t: var Table[A, B], key: A, value, body: untyped) =
     let u = User(name: "Hello", uid: 99)
     t[1] = u
 
-    t.withValue(1, value) do:
+    t.withValue(1, value):
       # block is executed only if `key` in `t`
       value.name = "Nim"
       value.uid = 1314
 
-    t.withValue(2, value) do:
+    t.withValue(2, value):
       value.name = "No"
       value.uid = 521
 
-    doAssert t[1].name == "Nim"
-    doAssert t[1].uid == 1314
+    assert t[1].name == "Nim"
+    assert t[1].uid == 1314
 
   mixin rawGet
   var hc: Hash
@@ -629,16 +651,22 @@ template withValue*[A, B](t: var Table[A, B], key: A,
     let u = User(name: "Hello", uid: 99)
     t[1] = u
 
-    t.withValue(1, value) do:
+    t.withValue(1, value):
       # block is executed only if `key` in `t`
       value.name = "Nim"
       value.uid = 1314
-    # do:
-    #   # block is executed when `key` not in `t`
-    #   raise newException(KeyError, "Key not found")
 
-    doAssert t[1].name == "Nim"
-    doAssert t[1].uid == 1314
+    t.withValue(521, value):
+      doAssert false
+    do:
+      # block is executed when `key` not in `t`
+      t[1314] = User(name: "exist", uid: 521)
+
+    assert t[1].name == "Nim"
+    assert t[1].uid == 1314
+    assert t[1314].name == "exist"
+    assert t[1314].uid == 521
+
   mixin rawGet
   var hc: Hash
   var index = rawGet(t, key, hc)
@@ -660,7 +688,7 @@ iterator pairs*[A, B](t: Table[A, B]): (A, B) =
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   let a = {
   ##     'o': [1, 5, 7, 9],
   ##     'e': [2, 4, 6, 8]
@@ -674,6 +702,7 @@ iterator pairs*[A, B](t: Table[A, B]): (A, B) =
   ##   # value: [2, 4, 6, 8]
   ##   # key: o
   ##   # value: [1, 5, 7, 9]
+  ##   ```
   let L = len(t)
   for h in 0 .. high(t.data):
     if isFilled(t.data[h].hcode):
@@ -702,7 +731,7 @@ iterator mpairs*[A, B](t: var Table[A, B]): (A, var B) =
       yield (t.data[h].key, t.data[h].val)
       assert(len(t) == L, "the length of the table changed while iterating over it")
 
-iterator keys*[A, B](t: Table[A, B]): A =
+iterator keys*[A, B](t: Table[A, B]): lent A =
   ## Iterates over any key in the table `t`.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -723,7 +752,7 @@ iterator keys*[A, B](t: Table[A, B]): A =
       yield t.data[h].key
       assert(len(t) == L, "the length of the table changed while iterating over it")
 
-iterator values*[A, B](t: Table[A, B]): B =
+iterator values*[A, B](t: Table[A, B]): lent B =
   ## Iterates over any value in the table `t`.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -795,7 +824,7 @@ iterator allValues*[A, B](t: Table[A, B]; key: A): B {.deprecated:
 # -------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
-proc newTable*[A, B](initialSize = defaultInitialSize): <//>TableRef[A, B] =
+proc newTable*[A, B](initialSize = defaultInitialSize): TableRef[A, B] =
   ## Creates a new ref hash table that is empty.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -808,9 +837,10 @@ proc newTable*[A, B](initialSize = defaultInitialSize): <//>TableRef[A, B] =
       b = newTable[char, seq[int]]()
 
   new(result)
-  result[] = initTable[A, B](initialSize)
+  {.noSideEffect.}:
+    result[] = initTable[A, B](initialSize)
 
-proc newTable*[A, B](pairs: openArray[(A, B)]): <//>TableRef[A, B] =
+proc newTable*[A, B](pairs: openArray[(A, B)]): TableRef[A, B] =
   ## Creates a new ref hash table that contains the given `pairs`.
   ##
   ## `pairs` is a container consisting of `(key, value)` tuples.
@@ -824,14 +854,16 @@ proc newTable*[A, B](pairs: openArray[(A, B)]): <//>TableRef[A, B] =
     assert b == {'a': 5, 'b': 9}.newTable
 
   new(result)
-  result[] = toTable[A, B](pairs)
+  {.noSideEffect.}:
+    result[] = toTable[A, B](pairs)
 
-proc newTableFrom*[A, B, C](collection: A, index: proc(x: B): C): <//>TableRef[C, B] =
+proc newTableFrom*[A, B, C](collection: A, index: proc(x: B): C): TableRef[C, B] =
   ## Index the collection with the proc provided.
   # TODO: As soon as supported, change collection: A to collection: A[B]
   result = newTable[C, B]()
-  for item in collection:
-    result[index(item)] = item
+  {.noSideEffect.}:
+    for item in collection:
+      result[index(item)] = item
 
 proc `[]`*[A, B](t: TableRef[A, B], key: A): var B =
   ## Retrieves the value at `t[key]`.
@@ -901,7 +933,7 @@ proc contains*[A, B](t: TableRef[A, B], key: A): bool =
 
   return hasKey[A, B](t, key)
 
-proc hasKeyOrPut*[A, B](t: var TableRef[A, B], key: A, val: B): bool =
+proc hasKeyOrPut*[A, B](t: TableRef[A, B], key: A, val: B): bool =
   ## Returns true if `key` is in the table, otherwise inserts `value`.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -994,6 +1026,18 @@ proc mgetOrPut*[A, B](t: TableRef[A, B], key: A, val: B): var B =
     doAssert t[25] == @[25, 35]
   t[].mgetOrPut(key, val)
 
+proc mgetOrPut*[A, B](t: TableRef[A, B], key: A): var B =
+  ## Retrieves the value at `t[key]` or puts the
+  ## default initialization value for type `B` (e.g. 0 for any
+  ## integer type).
+  runnableExamples:
+    var a = {'a': 5}.newTable
+    doAssert a.mgetOrPut('a') == 5
+    a.mgetOrPut('z').inc
+    doAssert a == {'a': 5, 'z': 1}.newTable
+
+  t[].mgetOrPut(key)
+
 proc len*[A, B](t: TableRef[A, B]): int =
   ## Returns the number of keys in `t`.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -1015,7 +1059,8 @@ proc add*[A, B](t: TableRef[A, B], key: A, val: sink B) {.deprecated:
 proc del*[A, B](t: TableRef[A, B], key: A) =
   ## Deletes `key` from hash table `t`. Does nothing if the key does not exist.
   ##
-  ## **If duplicate keys were added, this may need to be called multiple times.**
+  ## .. warning:: If duplicate keys were added (via the now deprecated `add` proc),
+  ##   this may need to be called multiple times.
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `pop proc<#pop,TableRef[A,B],A,B>`_
@@ -1035,7 +1080,8 @@ proc pop*[A, B](t: TableRef[A, B], key: A, val: var B): bool =
   ## mapping of the key. Otherwise, returns `false`, and the `val` is
   ## unchanged.
   ##
-  ## **If duplicate keys were added, this may need to be called multiple times.**
+  ## .. warning:: If duplicate keys were added (via the now deprecated `add` proc),
+  ##   this may need to be called multiple times.
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `del proc<#del,TableRef[A,B],A>`_
@@ -1104,7 +1150,7 @@ iterator pairs*[A, B](t: TableRef[A, B]): (A, B) =
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   let a = {
   ##     'o': [1, 5, 7, 9],
   ##     'e': [2, 4, 6, 8]
@@ -1118,6 +1164,7 @@ iterator pairs*[A, B](t: TableRef[A, B]): (A, B) =
   ##   # value: [2, 4, 6, 8]
   ##   # key: o
   ##   # value: [1, 5, 7, 9]
+  ##   ```
   let L = len(t)
   for h in 0 .. high(t.data):
     if isFilled(t.data[h].hcode):
@@ -1146,7 +1193,7 @@ iterator mpairs*[A, B](t: TableRef[A, B]): (A, var B) =
       yield (t.data[h].key, t.data[h].val)
       assert(len(t) == L, "the length of the table changed while iterating over it")
 
-iterator keys*[A, B](t: TableRef[A, B]): A =
+iterator keys*[A, B](t: TableRef[A, B]): lent A =
   ## Iterates over any key in the table `t`.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -1167,7 +1214,7 @@ iterator keys*[A, B](t: TableRef[A, B]): A =
       yield t.data[h].key
       assert(len(t) == L, "the length of the table changed while iterating over it")
 
-iterator values*[A, B](t: TableRef[A, B]): B =
+iterator values*[A, B](t: TableRef[A, B]): lent B =
   ## Iterates over any value in the table `t`.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -1300,6 +1347,7 @@ proc initOrderedTable*[A, B](initialSize = defaultInitialSize): OrderedTable[A,
     let
       a = initOrderedTable[int, string]()
       b = initOrderedTable[char, seq[int]]()
+  result = default(OrderedTable[A, B])
   initImpl(result, initialSize)
 
 proc `[]=`*[A, B](t: var OrderedTable[A, B], key: A, val: sink B) =
@@ -1335,7 +1383,7 @@ proc toOrderedTable*[A, B](pairs: openArray[(A, B)]): OrderedTable[A, B] =
   result = initOrderedTable[A, B](pairs.len)
   for key, val in items(pairs): result[key] = val
 
-proc `[]`*[A, B](t: OrderedTable[A, B], key: A): B =
+proc `[]`*[A, B](t: OrderedTable[A, B], key: A): lent B =
   ## Retrieves the value at `t[key]`.
   ##
   ## If `key` is not in `t`, the  `KeyError` exception is raised.
@@ -1391,7 +1439,7 @@ proc hasKey*[A, B](t: OrderedTable[A, B], key: A): bool =
     doAssert a.hasKey('a') == true
     doAssert a.hasKey('z') == false
 
-  var hc: Hash
+  var hc: Hash = default(Hash)
   result = rawGet(t, key, hc) >= 0
 
 proc contains*[A, B](t: OrderedTable[A, B], key: A): bool =
@@ -1440,7 +1488,7 @@ proc getOrDefault*[A, B](t: OrderedTable[A, B], key: A): B =
     let a = {'a': 5, 'b': 9}.toOrderedTable
     doAssert a.getOrDefault('a') == 5
     doAssert a.getOrDefault('z') == 0
-
+  result = default(B)
   getOrDefaultImpl(t, key)
 
 proc getOrDefault*[A, B](t: OrderedTable[A, B], key: A, default: B): B =
@@ -1458,7 +1506,7 @@ proc getOrDefault*[A, B](t: OrderedTable[A, B], key: A, default: B): B =
     let a = {'a': 5, 'b': 9}.toOrderedTable
     doAssert a.getOrDefault('a', 99) == 5
     doAssert a.getOrDefault('z', 99) == 99
-
+  result = default(B)
   getOrDefaultImpl(t, key, default)
 
 proc mgetOrPut*[A, B](t: var OrderedTable[A, B], key: A, val: B): var B =
@@ -1481,6 +1529,18 @@ proc mgetOrPut*[A, B](t: var OrderedTable[A, B], key: A, val: B): var B =
 
   mgetOrPutImpl(enlarge)
 
+proc mgetOrPut*[A, B](t: var OrderedTable[A, B], key: A): var B =
+  ## Retrieves the value at `t[key]` or puts the
+  ## default initialization value for type `B` (e.g. 0 for any
+  ## integer type).
+  runnableExamples:
+    var a = {'a': 5}.toOrderedTable
+    doAssert a.mgetOrPut('a') == 5
+    a.mgetOrPut('z').inc
+    doAssert a == {'a': 5, 'z': 1}.toOrderedTable
+
+  mgetOrPutImpl(enlarge)
+
 proc len*[A, B](t: OrderedTable[A, B]): int {.inline.} =
   ## Returns the number of keys in `t`.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -1579,7 +1639,7 @@ proc clear*[A, B](t: var OrderedTable[A, B]) =
   t.last = -1
 
 proc sort*[A, B](t: var OrderedTable[A, B], cmp: proc (x, y: (A, B)): int,
-    order = SortOrder.Ascending) =
+    order = SortOrder.Ascending) {.effectsOf: cmp.} =
   ## Sorts `t` according to the function `cmp`.
   ##
   ## This modifies the internal list
@@ -1680,7 +1740,7 @@ iterator pairs*[A, B](t: OrderedTable[A, B]): (A, B) =
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   let a = {
   ##     'o': [1, 5, 7, 9],
   ##     'e': [2, 4, 6, 8]
@@ -1694,6 +1754,7 @@ iterator pairs*[A, B](t: OrderedTable[A, B]): (A, B) =
   ##   # value: [1, 5, 7, 9]
   ##   # key: e
   ##   # value: [2, 4, 6, 8]
+  ##   ```
 
   let L = len(t)
   forAllOrderedPairs:
@@ -1722,7 +1783,7 @@ iterator mpairs*[A, B](t: var OrderedTable[A, B]): (A, var B) =
     yield (t.data[h].key, t.data[h].val)
     assert(len(t) == L, "the length of the table changed while iterating over it")
 
-iterator keys*[A, B](t: OrderedTable[A, B]): A =
+iterator keys*[A, B](t: OrderedTable[A, B]): lent A =
   ## Iterates over any key in the table `t` in insertion order.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -1743,7 +1804,7 @@ iterator keys*[A, B](t: OrderedTable[A, B]): A =
     yield t.data[h].key
     assert(len(t) == L, "the length of the table changed while iterating over it")
 
-iterator values*[A, B](t: OrderedTable[A, B]): B =
+iterator values*[A, B](t: OrderedTable[A, B]): lent B =
   ## Iterates over any value in the table `t` in insertion order.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -1790,7 +1851,7 @@ iterator mvalues*[A, B](t: var OrderedTable[A, B]): var B =
 # --------------------------- OrderedTableRef -------------------------------
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-proc newOrderedTable*[A, B](initialSize = defaultInitialSize): <//>OrderedTableRef[A, B] =
+proc newOrderedTable*[A, B](initialSize = defaultInitialSize): OrderedTableRef[A, B] =
   ## Creates a new ordered ref hash table that is empty.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -1803,9 +1864,10 @@ proc newOrderedTable*[A, B](initialSize = defaultInitialSize): <//>OrderedTableR
       a = newOrderedTable[int, string]()
       b = newOrderedTable[char, seq[int]]()
   new(result)
-  result[] = initOrderedTable[A, B](initialSize)
+  {.noSideEffect.}:
+    result[] = initOrderedTable[A, B](initialSize)
 
-proc newOrderedTable*[A, B](pairs: openArray[(A, B)]): <//>OrderedTableRef[A, B] =
+proc newOrderedTable*[A, B](pairs: openArray[(A, B)]): OrderedTableRef[A, B] =
   ## Creates a new ordered ref hash table that contains the given `pairs`.
   ##
   ## `pairs` is a container consisting of `(key, value)` tuples.
@@ -1820,7 +1882,8 @@ proc newOrderedTable*[A, B](pairs: openArray[(A, B)]): <//>OrderedTableRef[A, B]
     assert b == {'a': 5, 'b': 9}.newOrderedTable
 
   result = newOrderedTable[A, B](pairs.len)
-  for key, val in items(pairs): result[key] = val
+  {.noSideEffect.}:
+    for key, val in items(pairs): result[key] = val
 
 
 proc `[]`*[A, B](t: OrderedTableRef[A, B], key: A): var B =
@@ -1890,7 +1953,7 @@ proc contains*[A, B](t: OrderedTableRef[A, B], key: A): bool =
 
   return hasKey[A, B](t, key)
 
-proc hasKeyOrPut*[A, B](t: var OrderedTableRef[A, B], key: A, val: B): bool =
+proc hasKeyOrPut*[A, B](t: OrderedTableRef[A, B], key: A, val: B): bool =
   ## Returns true if `key` is in the table, otherwise inserts `value`.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -1967,6 +2030,18 @@ proc mgetOrPut*[A, B](t: OrderedTableRef[A, B], key: A, val: B): var B =
 
   result = t[].mgetOrPut(key, val)
 
+proc mgetOrPut*[A, B](t: OrderedTableRef[A, B], key: A): var B =
+  ## Retrieves the value at `t[key]` or puts the
+  ## default initialization value for type `B` (e.g. 0 for any
+  ## integer type).
+  runnableExamples:
+    var a = {'a': 5}.toOrderedTable
+    doAssert a.mgetOrPut('a') == 5
+    a.mgetOrPut('z').inc
+    doAssert a == {'a': 5, 'z': 1}.toOrderedTable
+
+  t[].mgetOrPut(key)
+
 proc len*[A, B](t: OrderedTableRef[A, B]): int {.inline.} =
   ## Returns the number of keys in `t`.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -2036,7 +2111,7 @@ proc clear*[A, B](t: OrderedTableRef[A, B]) =
   clear(t[])
 
 proc sort*[A, B](t: OrderedTableRef[A, B], cmp: proc (x, y: (A, B)): int,
-    order = SortOrder.Ascending) =
+    order = SortOrder.Ascending) {.effectsOf: cmp.} =
   ## Sorts `t` according to the function `cmp`.
   ##
   ## This modifies the internal list
@@ -2088,7 +2163,7 @@ iterator pairs*[A, B](t: OrderedTableRef[A, B]): (A, B) =
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   let a = {
   ##     'o': [1, 5, 7, 9],
   ##     'e': [2, 4, 6, 8]
@@ -2102,6 +2177,7 @@ iterator pairs*[A, B](t: OrderedTableRef[A, B]): (A, B) =
   ##   # value: [1, 5, 7, 9]
   ##   # key: e
   ##   # value: [2, 4, 6, 8]
+  ##   ```
 
   let L = len(t)
   forAllOrderedPairs:
@@ -2130,7 +2206,7 @@ iterator mpairs*[A, B](t: OrderedTableRef[A, B]): (A, var B) =
     yield (t.data[h].key, t.data[h].val)
     assert(len(t) == L, "the length of the table changed while iterating over it")
 
-iterator keys*[A, B](t: OrderedTableRef[A, B]): A =
+iterator keys*[A, B](t: OrderedTableRef[A, B]): lent A =
   ## Iterates over any key in the table `t` in insertion order.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -2151,7 +2227,7 @@ iterator keys*[A, B](t: OrderedTableRef[A, B]): A =
     yield t.data[h].key
     assert(len(t) == L, "the length of the table changed while iterating over it")
 
-iterator values*[A, B](t: OrderedTableRef[A, B]): B =
+iterator values*[A, B](t: OrderedTableRef[A, B]): lent B =
   ## Iterates over any value in the table `t` in insertion order.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -2262,6 +2338,7 @@ proc initCountTable*[A](initialSize = defaultInitialSize): CountTable[A] =
   ## * `toCountTable proc<#toCountTable,openArray[A]>`_
   ## * `newCountTable proc<#newCountTable>`_ for creating a
   ##   `CountTableRef`
+  result = default(CountTable[A])
   initImpl(result, initialSize)
 
 proc toCountTable*[A](keys: openArray[A]): CountTable[A] =
@@ -2371,7 +2448,7 @@ proc contains*[A](t: CountTable[A], key: A): bool =
   return hasKey[A](t, key)
 
 proc getOrDefault*[A](t: CountTable[A], key: A; default: int = 0): int =
-  ## Retrieves the value at `t[key]` if`key` is in `t`. Otherwise, the
+  ## Retrieves the value at `t[key]` if `key` is in `t`. Otherwise, the
   ## integer value of `default` is returned.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -2501,7 +2578,7 @@ iterator pairs*[A](t: CountTable[A]): (A, int) =
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   let a = toCountTable("abracadabra")
   ##
   ##   for k, v in pairs(a):
@@ -2518,6 +2595,7 @@ iterator pairs*[A](t: CountTable[A]): (A, int) =
   ##   # value: 1
   ##   # key: r
   ##   # value: 2
+  ##   ```
   let L = len(t)
   for h in 0 .. high(t.data):
     if t.data[h].val != 0:
@@ -2543,7 +2621,7 @@ iterator mpairs*[A](t: var CountTable[A]): (A, var int) =
       yield (t.data[h].key, t.data[h].val)
       assert(len(t) == L, "the length of the table changed while iterating over it")
 
-iterator keys*[A](t: CountTable[A]): A =
+iterator keys*[A](t: CountTable[A]): lent A =
   ## Iterates over any key in the table `t`.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -2610,7 +2688,7 @@ iterator mvalues*[A](t: var CountTable[A]): var int =
 
 proc inc*[A](t: CountTableRef[A], key: A, val = 1)
 
-proc newCountTable*[A](initialSize = defaultInitialSize): <//>CountTableRef[A] =
+proc newCountTable*[A](initialSize = defaultInitialSize): CountTableRef[A] =
   ## Creates a new ref count table that is empty.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -2619,13 +2697,15 @@ proc newCountTable*[A](initialSize = defaultInitialSize): <//>CountTableRef[A] =
   ## * `initCountTable proc<#initCountTable>`_ for creating a
   ##   `CountTable`
   new(result)
-  result[] = initCountTable[A](initialSize)
+  {.noSideEffect.}:
+    result[] = initCountTable[A](initialSize)
 
-proc newCountTable*[A](keys: openArray[A]): <//>CountTableRef[A] =
+proc newCountTable*[A](keys: openArray[A]): CountTableRef[A] =
   ## Creates a new ref count table with every member of a container `keys`
   ## having a count of how many times it occurs in that container.
   result = newCountTable[A](keys.len)
-  for key in items(keys): result.inc(key)
+  {.noSideEffect.}:
+    for key in items(keys): result.inc(key)
 
 proc `[]`*[A](t: CountTableRef[A], key: A): int =
   ## Retrieves the value at `t[key]` if `key` is in `t`.
@@ -2649,7 +2729,8 @@ proc `[]=`*[A](t: CountTableRef[A], key: A, val: int) =
   ## * `inc proc<#inc,CountTableRef[A],A,int>`_ for incrementing a
   ##   value of a key
   assert val > 0
-  t[][key] = val
+  {.noSideEffect.}:
+    t[][key] = val
 
 proc inc*[A](t: CountTableRef[A], key: A, val = 1) =
   ## Increments `t[key]` by `val` (default: 1).
@@ -2658,7 +2739,8 @@ proc inc*[A](t: CountTableRef[A], key: A, val = 1) =
     a.inc('a')
     a.inc('b', 10)
     doAssert a == newCountTable("aaabbbbbbbbbbb")
-  t[].inc(key, val)
+  {.noSideEffect.}:
+    t[].inc(key, val)
 
 proc smallest*[A](t: CountTableRef[A]): tuple[key: A, val: int] =
   ## Returns the `(key, value)` pair with the smallest `val`. Efficiency: O(n)
@@ -2691,7 +2773,7 @@ proc contains*[A](t: CountTableRef[A], key: A): bool =
   return hasKey[A](t, key)
 
 proc getOrDefault*[A](t: CountTableRef[A], key: A, default: int): int =
-  ## Retrieves the value at `t[key]` if`key` is in `t`. Otherwise, the
+  ## Retrieves the value at `t[key]` if `key` is in `t`. Otherwise, the
   ## integer value of `default` is returned.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -2777,7 +2859,7 @@ iterator pairs*[A](t: CountTableRef[A]): (A, int) =
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   let a = newCountTable("abracadabra")
   ##
   ##   for k, v in pairs(a):
@@ -2794,6 +2876,7 @@ iterator pairs*[A](t: CountTableRef[A]): (A, int) =
   ##   # value: 1
   ##   # key: r
   ##   # value: 2
+  ##   ```
   let L = len(t)
   for h in 0 .. high(t.data):
     if t.data[h].val != 0:
@@ -2872,3 +2955,18 @@ iterator mvalues*[A](t: CountTableRef[A]): var int =
     if t.data[h].val != 0:
       yield t.data[h].val
       assert(len(t) == L, "the length of the table changed while iterating over it")
+
+proc hash*[K,V](s: Table[K,V]): Hash =
+  for p in pairs(s):
+    result = result xor hash(p)
+  result = !$result
+
+proc hash*[K,V](s: OrderedTable[K,V]): Hash =
+  for p in pairs(s):
+    result = result !& hash(p)
+  result = !$result
+
+proc hash*[V](s: CountTable[V]): Hash =
+  for p in pairs(s):
+    result = result xor hash(p)
+  result = !$result
diff --git a/lib/pure/colors.nim b/lib/pure/colors.nim
index 4a3f47e92..d3e6dc063 100644
--- a/lib/pure/colors.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/colors.nim
@@ -6,24 +6,26 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-## This module implements color handling for Nim.
+## This module implements color handling for Nim,
+## namely color mixing and parsing the CSS color names.
 
-import strutils
-from algorithm import binarySearch
+import std/strutils
+from std/algorithm import binarySearch
 
 type
   Color* = distinct int ## A color stored as RGB, e.g. `0xff00cc`.
 
-proc `==` *(a, b: Color): bool {.borrow.}
+proc `==`*(a, b: Color): bool {.borrow.}
   ## Compares two colors.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   var
   ##     a = Color(0xff_00_ff)
   ##     b = colFuchsia
   ##     c = Color(0x00_ff_cc)
   ##   assert a == b
-  ##   assert not a == c
+  ##   assert not (a == c)
+  ##   ```
 
 template extract(a: Color, r, g, b: untyped) =
   var r = a.int shr 16 and 0xff
@@ -170,6 +172,7 @@ const
   colDarkGoldenRod* = Color(0xB8860B)
   colDarkGray* = Color(0xA9A9A9)
   colDarkGreen* = Color(0x006400)
+  colDarkGrey* = Color(0xA9A9A9)
   colDarkKhaki* = Color(0xBDB76B)
   colDarkMagenta* = Color(0x8B008B)
   colDarkOliveGreen* = Color(0x556B2F)
@@ -180,11 +183,13 @@ const
   colDarkSeaGreen* = Color(0x8FBC8F)
   colDarkSlateBlue* = Color(0x483D8B)
   colDarkSlateGray* = Color(0x2F4F4F)
+  colDarkSlateGrey* = Color(0x2F4F4F)
   colDarkTurquoise* = Color(0x00CED1)
   colDarkViolet* = Color(0x9400D3)
   colDeepPink* = Color(0xFF1493)
   colDeepSkyBlue* = Color(0x00BFFF)
   colDimGray* = Color(0x696969)
+  colDimGrey* = Color(0x696969)
   colDodgerBlue* = Color(0x1E90FF)
   colFireBrick* = Color(0xB22222)
   colFloralWhite* = Color(0xFFFAF0)
@@ -197,6 +202,7 @@ const
   colGray* = Color(0x808080)
   colGreen* = Color(0x008000)
   colGreenYellow* = Color(0xADFF2F)
+  colGrey* = Color(0x808080)
   colHoneyDew* = Color(0xF0FFF0)
   colHotPink* = Color(0xFF69B4)
   colIndianRed* = Color(0xCD5C5C)
@@ -211,13 +217,15 @@ const
   colLightCoral* = Color(0xF08080)
   colLightCyan* = Color(0xE0FFFF)
   colLightGoldenRodYellow* = Color(0xFAFAD2)
-  colLightGrey* = Color(0xD3D3D3)
+  colLightGray* = Color(0xD3D3D3)
   colLightGreen* = Color(0x90EE90)
+  colLightGrey* = Color(0xD3D3D3)
   colLightPink* = Color(0xFFB6C1)
   colLightSalmon* = Color(0xFFA07A)
   colLightSeaGreen* = Color(0x20B2AA)
   colLightSkyBlue* = Color(0x87CEFA)
   colLightSlateGray* = Color(0x778899)
+  colLightSlateGrey* = Color(0x778899)
   colLightSteelBlue* = Color(0xB0C4DE)
   colLightYellow* = Color(0xFFFFE0)
   colLime* = Color(0x00FF00)
@@ -228,7 +236,7 @@ const
   colMediumAquaMarine* = Color(0x66CDAA)
   colMediumBlue* = Color(0x0000CD)
   colMediumOrchid* = Color(0xBA55D3)
-  colMediumPurple* = Color(0x9370D8)
+  colMediumPurple* = Color(0x9370DB)
   colMediumSeaGreen* = Color(0x3CB371)
   colMediumSlateBlue* = Color(0x7B68EE)
   colMediumSpringGreen* = Color(0x00FA9A)
@@ -249,7 +257,7 @@ const
   colPaleGoldenRod* = Color(0xEEE8AA)
   colPaleGreen* = Color(0x98FB98)
   colPaleTurquoise* = Color(0xAFEEEE)
-  colPaleVioletRed* = Color(0xD87093)
+  colPaleVioletRed* = Color(0xDB7093)
   colPapayaWhip* = Color(0xFFEFD5)
   colPeachPuff* = Color(0xFFDAB9)
   colPeru* = Color(0xCD853F)
@@ -257,6 +265,7 @@ const
   colPlum* = Color(0xDDA0DD)
   colPowderBlue* = Color(0xB0E0E6)
   colPurple* = Color(0x800080)
+  colRebeccaPurple* = Color(0x663399)
   colRed* = Color(0xFF0000)
   colRosyBrown* = Color(0xBC8F8F)
   colRoyalBlue* = Color(0x4169E1)
@@ -270,6 +279,7 @@ const
   colSkyBlue* = Color(0x87CEEB)
   colSlateBlue* = Color(0x6A5ACD)
   colSlateGray* = Color(0x708090)
+  colSlateGrey* = Color(0x708090)
   colSnow* = Color(0xFFFAFA)
   colSpringGreen* = Color(0x00FF7F)
   colSteelBlue* = Color(0x4682B4)
@@ -285,147 +295,155 @@ const
   colYellow* = Color(0xFFFF00)
   colYellowGreen* = Color(0x9ACD32)
 
-  colorNames = [
-    ("aliceblue", colAliceBlue),
-    ("antiquewhite", colAntiqueWhite),
-    ("aqua", colAqua),
-    ("aquamarine", colAquamarine),
-    ("azure", colAzure),
-    ("beige", colBeige),
-    ("bisque", colBisque),
-    ("black", colBlack),
-    ("blanchedalmond", colBlanchedAlmond),
-    ("blue", colBlue),
-    ("blueviolet", colBlueViolet),
-    ("brown", colBrown),
-    ("burlywood", colBurlyWood),
-    ("cadetblue", colCadetBlue),
-    ("chartreuse", colChartreuse),
-    ("chocolate", colChocolate),
-    ("coral", colCoral),
-    ("cornflowerblue", colCornflowerBlue),
-    ("cornsilk", colCornsilk),
-    ("crimson", colCrimson),
-    ("cyan", colCyan),
-    ("darkblue", colDarkBlue),
-    ("darkcyan", colDarkCyan),
-    ("darkgoldenrod", colDarkGoldenRod),
-    ("darkgray", colDarkGray),
-    ("darkgreen", colDarkGreen),
-    ("darkkhaki", colDarkKhaki),
-    ("darkmagenta", colDarkMagenta),
-    ("darkolivegreen", colDarkOliveGreen),
-    ("darkorange", colDarkorange),
-    ("darkorchid", colDarkOrchid),
-    ("darkred", colDarkRed),
-    ("darksalmon", colDarkSalmon),
-    ("darkseagreen", colDarkSeaGreen),
-    ("darkslateblue", colDarkSlateBlue),
-    ("darkslategray", colDarkSlateGray),
-    ("darkturquoise", colDarkTurquoise),
-    ("darkviolet", colDarkViolet),
-    ("deeppink", colDeepPink),
-    ("deepskyblue", colDeepSkyBlue),
-    ("dimgray", colDimGray),
-    ("dodgerblue", colDodgerBlue),
-    ("firebrick", colFireBrick),
-    ("floralwhite", colFloralWhite),
-    ("forestgreen", colForestGreen),
-    ("fuchsia", colFuchsia),
-    ("gainsboro", colGainsboro),
-    ("ghostwhite", colGhostWhite),
-    ("gold", colGold),
-    ("goldenrod", colGoldenRod),
-    ("gray", colGray),
-    ("green", colGreen),
-    ("greenyellow", colGreenYellow),
-    ("honeydew", colHoneyDew),
-    ("hotpink", colHotPink),
-    ("indianred", colIndianRed),
-    ("indigo", colIndigo),
-    ("ivory", colIvory),
-    ("khaki", colKhaki),
-    ("lavender", colLavender),
-    ("lavenderblush", colLavenderBlush),
-    ("lawngreen", colLawnGreen),
-    ("lemonchiffon", colLemonChiffon),
-    ("lightblue", colLightBlue),
-    ("lightcoral", colLightCoral),
-    ("lightcyan", colLightCyan),
-    ("lightgoldenrodyellow", colLightGoldenRodYellow),
-    ("lightgrey", colLightGrey),
-    ("lightgreen", colLightGreen),
-    ("lightpink", colLightPink),
-    ("lightsalmon", colLightSalmon),
-    ("lightseagreen", colLightSeaGreen),
-    ("lightskyblue", colLightSkyBlue),
-    ("lightslategray", colLightSlateGray),
-    ("lightsteelblue", colLightSteelBlue),
-    ("lightyellow", colLightYellow),
-    ("lime", colLime),
-    ("limegreen", colLimeGreen),
-    ("linen", colLinen),
-    ("magenta", colMagenta),
-    ("maroon", colMaroon),
-    ("mediumaquamarine", colMediumAquaMarine),
-    ("mediumblue", colMediumBlue),
-    ("mediumorchid", colMediumOrchid),
-    ("mediumpurple", colMediumPurple),
-    ("mediumseagreen", colMediumSeaGreen),
-    ("mediumslateblue", colMediumSlateBlue),
-    ("mediumspringgreen", colMediumSpringGreen),
-    ("mediumturquoise", colMediumTurquoise),
-    ("mediumvioletred", colMediumVioletRed),
-    ("midnightblue", colMidnightBlue),
-    ("mintcream", colMintCream),
-    ("mistyrose", colMistyRose),
-    ("moccasin", colMoccasin),
-    ("navajowhite", colNavajoWhite),
-    ("navy", colNavy),
-    ("oldlace", colOldLace),
-    ("olive", colOlive),
-    ("olivedrab", colOliveDrab),
-    ("orange", colOrange),
-    ("orangered", colOrangeRed),
-    ("orchid", colOrchid),
-    ("palegoldenrod", colPaleGoldenRod),
-    ("palegreen", colPaleGreen),
-    ("paleturquoise", colPaleTurquoise),
-    ("palevioletred", colPaleVioletRed),
-    ("papayawhip", colPapayaWhip),
-    ("peachpuff", colPeachPuff),
-    ("peru", colPeru),
-    ("pink", colPink),
-    ("plum", colPlum),
-    ("powderblue", colPowderBlue),
-    ("purple", colPurple),
-    ("red", colRed),
-    ("rosybrown", colRosyBrown),
-    ("royalblue", colRoyalBlue),
-    ("saddlebrown", colSaddleBrown),
-    ("salmon", colSalmon),
-    ("sandybrown", colSandyBrown),
-    ("seagreen", colSeaGreen),
-    ("seashell", colSeaShell),
-    ("sienna", colSienna),
-    ("silver", colSilver),
-    ("skyblue", colSkyBlue),
-    ("slateblue", colSlateBlue),
-    ("slategray", colSlateGray),
-    ("snow", colSnow),
-    ("springgreen", colSpringGreen),
-    ("steelblue", colSteelBlue),
-    ("tan", colTan),
-    ("teal", colTeal),
-    ("thistle", colThistle),
-    ("tomato", colTomato),
-    ("turquoise", colTurquoise),
-    ("violet", colViolet),
-    ("wheat", colWheat),
-    ("white", colWhite),
-    ("whitesmoke", colWhiteSmoke),
-    ("yellow", colYellow),
-    ("yellowgreen", colYellowGreen)]
+  colorNames = {
+    "aliceblue": colAliceBlue,
+    "antiquewhite": colAntiqueWhite,
+    "aqua": colAqua,
+    "aquamarine": colAquamarine,
+    "azure": colAzure,
+    "beige": colBeige,
+    "bisque": colBisque,
+    "black": colBlack,
+    "blanchedalmond": colBlanchedAlmond,
+    "blue": colBlue,
+    "blueviolet": colBlueViolet,
+    "brown": colBrown,
+    "burlywood": colBurlyWood,
+    "cadetblue": colCadetBlue,
+    "chartreuse": colChartreuse,
+    "chocolate": colChocolate,
+    "coral": colCoral,
+    "cornflowerblue": colCornflowerBlue,
+    "cornsilk": colCornsilk,
+    "crimson": colCrimson,
+    "cyan": colCyan,
+    "darkblue": colDarkBlue,
+    "darkcyan": colDarkCyan,
+    "darkgoldenrod": colDarkGoldenRod,
+    "darkgray": colDarkGray,
+    "darkgreen": colDarkGreen,
+    "darkgrey": colDarkGrey,
+    "darkkhaki": colDarkKhaki,
+    "darkmagenta": colDarkMagenta,
+    "darkolivegreen": colDarkOliveGreen,
+    "darkorange": colDarkorange,
+    "darkorchid": colDarkOrchid,
+    "darkred": colDarkRed,
+    "darksalmon": colDarkSalmon,
+    "darkseagreen": colDarkSeaGreen,
+    "darkslateblue": colDarkSlateBlue,
+    "darkslategray": colDarkSlateGray,
+    "darkslategrey": colDarkSlateGrey,
+    "darkturquoise": colDarkTurquoise,
+    "darkviolet": colDarkViolet,
+    "deeppink": colDeepPink,
+    "deepskyblue": colDeepSkyBlue,
+    "dimgray": colDimGray,
+    "dimgrey": colDimGrey,
+    "dodgerblue": colDodgerBlue,
+    "firebrick": colFireBrick,
+    "floralwhite": colFloralWhite,
+    "forestgreen": colForestGreen,
+    "fuchsia": colFuchsia,
+    "gainsboro": colGainsboro,
+    "ghostwhite": colGhostWhite,
+    "gold": colGold,
+    "goldenrod": colGoldenRod,
+    "gray": colGray,
+    "green": colGreen,
+    "greenyellow": colGreenYellow,
+    "grey": colGrey,
+    "honeydew": colHoneyDew,
+    "hotpink": colHotPink,
+    "indianred": colIndianRed,
+    "indigo": colIndigo,
+    "ivory": colIvory,
+    "khaki": colKhaki,
+    "lavender": colLavender,
+    "lavenderblush": colLavenderBlush,
+    "lawngreen": colLawnGreen,
+    "lemonchiffon": colLemonChiffon,
+    "lightblue": colLightBlue,
+    "lightcoral": colLightCoral,
+    "lightcyan": colLightCyan,
+    "lightgoldenrodyellow": colLightGoldenRodYellow,
+    "lightgray": colLightGray,
+    "lightgreen": colLightGreen,
+    "lightgrey": colLightGrey,
+    "lightpink": colLightPink,
+    "lightsalmon": colLightSalmon,
+    "lightseagreen": colLightSeaGreen,
+    "lightskyblue": colLightSkyBlue,
+    "lightslategray": colLightSlateGray,
+    "lightslategrey": colLightSlateGrey,
+    "lightsteelblue": colLightSteelBlue,
+    "lightyellow": colLightYellow,
+    "lime": colLime,
+    "limegreen": colLimeGreen,
+    "linen": colLinen,
+    "magenta": colMagenta,
+    "maroon": colMaroon,
+    "mediumaquamarine": colMediumAquaMarine,
+    "mediumblue": colMediumBlue,
+    "mediumorchid": colMediumOrchid,
+    "mediumpurple": colMediumPurple,
+    "mediumseagreen": colMediumSeaGreen,
+    "mediumslateblue": colMediumSlateBlue,
+    "mediumspringgreen": colMediumSpringGreen,
+    "mediumturquoise": colMediumTurquoise,
+    "mediumvioletred": colMediumVioletRed,
+    "midnightblue": colMidnightBlue,
+    "mintcream": colMintCream,
+    "mistyrose": colMistyRose,
+    "moccasin": colMoccasin,
+    "navajowhite": colNavajoWhite,
+    "navy": colNavy,
+    "oldlace": colOldLace,
+    "olive": colOlive,
+    "olivedrab": colOliveDrab,
+    "orange": colOrange,
+    "orangered": colOrangeRed,
+    "orchid": colOrchid,
+    "palegoldenrod": colPaleGoldenRod,
+    "palegreen": colPaleGreen,
+    "paleturquoise": colPaleTurquoise,
+    "palevioletred": colPaleVioletRed,
+    "papayawhip": colPapayaWhip,
+    "peachpuff": colPeachPuff,
+    "peru": colPeru,
+    "pink": colPink,
+    "plum": colPlum,
+    "powderblue": colPowderBlue,
+    "purple": colPurple,
+    "rebeccapurple": colRebeccaPurple,
+    "red": colRed,
+    "rosybrown": colRosyBrown,
+    "royalblue": colRoyalBlue,
+    "saddlebrown": colSaddleBrown,
+    "salmon": colSalmon,
+    "sandybrown": colSandyBrown,
+    "seagreen": colSeaGreen,
+    "seashell": colSeaShell,
+    "sienna": colSienna,
+    "silver": colSilver,
+    "skyblue": colSkyBlue,
+    "slateblue": colSlateBlue,
+    "slategray": colSlateGray,
+    "slategrey": colSlateGrey,
+    "snow": colSnow,
+    "springgreen": colSpringGreen,
+    "steelblue": colSteelBlue,
+    "tan": colTan,
+    "teal": colTeal,
+    "thistle": colThistle,
+    "tomato": colTomato,
+    "turquoise": colTurquoise,
+    "violet": colViolet,
+    "wheat": colWheat,
+    "white": colWhite,
+    "whitesmoke": colWhiteSmoke,
+    "yellow": colYellow,
+    "yellowgreen": colYellowGreen}
 
 proc `$`*(c: Color): string =
   ## Converts a color into its textual representation.
diff --git a/lib/pure/complex.nim b/lib/pure/complex.nim
index b9371c1e1..b48811eae 100644
--- a/lib/pure/complex.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/complex.nim
@@ -15,9 +15,6 @@
 runnableExamples:
   from std/math import almostEqual, sqrt
 
-  func almostEqual(a, b: Complex): bool =
-    almostEqual(a.re, b.re) and almostEqual(a.im, b.im)
-
   let
     z1 = complex(1.0, 2.0)
     z2 = complex(3.0, -4.0)
@@ -36,7 +33,7 @@ runnableExamples:
 {.push checks: off, line_dir: off, stack_trace: off, debugger: off.}
 # the user does not want to trace a part of the standard library!
 
-import std/math
+import std/[math, strformat]
 
 type
   Complex*[T: SomeFloat] = object
@@ -82,6 +79,13 @@ func abs2*[T](z: Complex[T]): T =
   ## This is more efficient than `abs(z) ^ 2`.
   result = z.re * z.re + z.im * z.im
 
+func sgn*[T](z: Complex[T]): Complex[T] =
+  ## Returns the phase of `z` as a unit complex number,
+  ## or 0 if `z` is 0.
+  let a = abs(z)
+  if a != 0:
+    result = z / a
+
 func conjugate*[T](z: Complex[T]): Complex[T] =
   ## Returns the complex conjugate of `z` (`complex(z.re, -z.im)`).
   result.re = z.re
@@ -156,18 +160,7 @@ func `/`*[T](x: T; y: Complex[T]): Complex[T] =
 
 func `/`*[T](x, y: Complex[T]): Complex[T] =
   ## Divides two complex numbers.
-  var r, den: T
-  if abs(y.re) < abs(y.im):
-    r = y.re / y.im
-    den = y.im + r * y.re
-    result.re = (x.re * r + x.im) / den
-    result.im = (x.im * r - x.re) / den
-  else:
-    r = y.im / y.re
-    den = y.re + r * y.im
-    result.re = (x.re + r * x.im) / den
-    result.im = (x.im - r * x.re) / den
-
+  x * conjugate(y) / abs2(y)
 
 func `+=`*[T](x: var Complex[T]; y: Complex[T]) =
   ## Adds `y` to `x`.
@@ -253,10 +246,31 @@ func pow*[T](x, y: Complex[T]): Complex[T] =
     else:
       result.re = 0.0
       result.im = 0.0
-  elif y.re == 1.0 and y.im == 0.0:
-    result = x
-  elif y.re == -1.0 and y.im == 0.0:
-    result = T(1.0) / x
+  elif y.im == 0.0:
+    if y.re == 1.0:
+      result = x
+    elif y.re == -1.0:
+      result = T(1.0) / x
+    elif y.re == 2.0:
+      result = x * x
+    elif y.re == 0.5:
+      result = sqrt(x)
+    elif x.im == 0.0:
+      # Revert to real pow when both base and exponent are real
+      result.re = pow(x.re, y.re)
+      result.im = 0.0
+    else:
+      # Special case when the exponent is real
+      let
+        rho = abs(x)
+        theta = arctan2(x.im, x.re)
+        s = pow(rho, y.re)
+        r = y.re * theta
+      result.re = s * cos(r)
+      result.im = s * sin(r)
+  elif x.im == 0.0 and x.re == E:
+   # Special case Euler's formula
+   result = exp(y)
   else:
     let
       rho = abs(x)
@@ -395,6 +409,24 @@ func rect*[T](r, phi: T): Complex[T] =
   ## * `polar func<#polar,Complex[T]>`_ for the inverse operation
   complex(r * cos(phi), r * sin(phi))
 
+func almostEqual*[T: SomeFloat](x, y: Complex[T]; unitsInLastPlace: Natural = 4): bool =
+  ## Checks if two complex values are almost equal, using the
+  ## [machine epsilon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_epsilon).
+  ##
+  ## Two complex values are considered almost equal if their real and imaginary
+  ## components are almost equal.
+  ##
+  ## `unitsInLastPlace` is the max number of
+  ## [units in the last place](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_in_the_last_place)
+  ## difference tolerated when comparing two numbers. The larger the value, the
+  ## more error is allowed. A `0` value means that two numbers must be exactly the
+  ## same to be considered equal.
+  ##
+  ## The machine epsilon has to be scaled to the magnitude of the values used
+  ## and multiplied by the desired precision in ULPs unless the difference is
+  ## subnormal.
+  almostEqual(x.re, y.re, unitsInLastPlace = unitsInLastPlace) and
+  almostEqual(x.im, y.im, unitsInLastPlace = unitsInLastPlace)
 
 func `$`*(z: Complex): string =
   ## Returns `z`'s string representation as `"(re, im)"`.
@@ -403,4 +435,39 @@ func `$`*(z: Complex): string =
 
   result = "(" & $z.re & ", " & $z.im & ")"
 
+proc formatValueAsTuple(result: var string; value: Complex; specifier: string) =
+  ## Format implementation for `Complex` representing the value as a (real, imaginary) tuple.
+  result.add "("
+  formatValue(result, value.re, specifier)
+  result.add ", "
+  formatValue(result, value.im, specifier)
+  result.add ")"
+
+proc formatValueAsComplexNumber(result: var string; value: Complex; specifier: string) =
+  ## Format implementation for `Complex` representing the value as a (RE+IMj) number
+  ## By default, the real and imaginary parts are formatted using the general ('g') format
+  let specifier = if specifier.contains({'e', 'E', 'f', 'F', 'g', 'G'}):
+      specifier.replace("j")
+    else:
+      specifier.replace('j', 'g')
+  result.add "("
+  formatValue(result, value.re, specifier)
+  if value.im >= 0 and not specifier.contains({'+', '-'}):
+    result.add "+"
+  formatValue(result, value.im, specifier)
+  result.add "j)"
+
+proc formatValue*(result: var string; value: Complex; specifier: string) =
+  ## Standard format implementation for `Complex`. It makes little
+  ## sense to call this directly, but it is required to exist
+  ## by the `&` macro.
+  ## For complex numbers, we add a specific 'j' specifier, which formats
+  ## the value as (A+Bj) like in mathematics.
+  if specifier.len == 0:
+    result.add $value
+  elif 'j' in specifier:
+    formatValueAsComplexNumber(result, value, specifier)
+  else:
+    formatValueAsTuple(result, value, specifier)
+
 {.pop.}
diff --git a/lib/pure/concurrency/atomics.nim b/lib/pure/concurrency/atomics.nim
index bdf1e8cc2..818f1b37a 100644
--- a/lib/pure/concurrency/atomics.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/concurrency/atomics.nim
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@
 ## Types and operations for atomic operations and lockless algorithms.
 ##
 ## Unstable API.
+## 
+## By default, C++ uses C11 atomic primitives. To use C++ `std::atomic`,
+## `-d:nimUseCppAtomics` can be defined.
 
 runnableExamples:
   # Atomic
@@ -50,8 +53,7 @@ runnableExamples:
   flag.clear(moRelaxed)
   assert not flag.testAndSet
 
-
-when defined(cpp) or defined(nimdoc):
+when (defined(cpp) and defined(nimUseCppAtomics)) or defined(nimdoc):
   # For the C++ backend, types and operations map directly to C++11 atomics.
 
   {.push, header: "<atomic>".}
@@ -211,8 +213,8 @@ else:
 
     # MSVC intrinsics
     proc interlockedExchange(location: pointer; desired: int8): int8 {.importc: "_InterlockedExchange8".}
-    proc interlockedExchange(location: pointer; desired: int16): int16 {.importc: "_InterlockedExchange".}
-    proc interlockedExchange(location: pointer; desired: int32): int32 {.importc: "_InterlockedExchange16".}
+    proc interlockedExchange(location: pointer; desired: int16): int16 {.importc: "_InterlockedExchange16".}
+    proc interlockedExchange(location: pointer; desired: int32): int32 {.importc: "_InterlockedExchange".}
     proc interlockedExchange(location: pointer; desired: int64): int64 {.importc: "_InterlockedExchange64".}
 
     proc interlockedCompareExchange(location: pointer; desired, expected: int8): int8 {.importc: "_InterlockedCompareExchange8".}
@@ -274,10 +276,17 @@ else:
       cast[T](interlockedXor(addr(location.value), cast[nonAtomicType(T)](value)))
 
   else:
-    {.push, header: "<stdatomic.h>".}
+    when defined(cpp):
+      {.push, header: "<atomic>".}
+      template maybeWrapStd(x: string): string =
+        "std::" & x
+    else:
+      {.push, header: "<stdatomic.h>".}
+      template maybeWrapStd(x: string): string =
+        x
 
     type
-      MemoryOrder* {.importc: "memory_order".} = enum
+      MemoryOrder* {.importc: "memory_order".maybeWrapStd.} = enum
         moRelaxed
         moConsume
         moAcquire
@@ -285,53 +294,59 @@ else:
         moAcquireRelease
         moSequentiallyConsistent
 
-    type
-      # Atomic* {.importcpp: "_Atomic('0)".} [T] = object
+    when defined(cpp):
+      type
+        # Atomic*[T] {.importcpp: "_Atomic('0)".} = object
 
-      AtomicInt8 {.importc: "_Atomic NI8", size: 1.} = object
-      AtomicInt16 {.importc: "_Atomic NI16", size: 2.} = object
-      AtomicInt32 {.importc: "_Atomic NI32", size: 4.} = object
-      AtomicInt64 {.importc: "_Atomic NI64", size: 8.} = object
+        AtomicInt8 {.importc: "std::atomic<NI8>".} = int8
+        AtomicInt16 {.importc: "std::atomic<NI16>".} = int16
+        AtomicInt32 {.importc: "std::atomic<NI32>".} = int32
+        AtomicInt64 {.importc: "std::atomic<NI64>".} = int64
+    else:
+      type
+        # Atomic*[T] {.importcpp: "_Atomic('0)".} = object
 
-    template atomicType*(T: typedesc[Trivial]): untyped =
-      # Maps the size of a trivial type to it's internal atomic type
-      when sizeof(T) == 1: AtomicInt8
-      elif sizeof(T) == 2: AtomicInt16
-      elif sizeof(T) == 4: AtomicInt32
-      elif sizeof(T) == 8: AtomicInt64
+        AtomicInt8 {.importc: "_Atomic NI8".} = int8
+        AtomicInt16 {.importc: "_Atomic NI16".} = int16
+        AtomicInt32 {.importc: "_Atomic NI32".} = int32
+        AtomicInt64 {.importc: "_Atomic NI64".} = int64
 
     type
-      AtomicFlag* {.importc: "atomic_flag", size: 1.} = object
+      AtomicFlag* {.importc: "atomic_flag".maybeWrapStd, size: 1.} = object
 
       Atomic*[T] = object
         when T is Trivial:
-          value: T.atomicType
+          # Maps the size of a trivial type to it's internal atomic type
+          when sizeof(T) == 1: value: AtomicInt8
+          elif sizeof(T) == 2: value: AtomicInt16
+          elif sizeof(T) == 4: value: AtomicInt32
+          elif sizeof(T) == 8: value: AtomicInt64
         else:
           nonAtomicValue: T
           guard: AtomicFlag
 
     #proc init*[T](location: var Atomic[T]; value: T): T {.importcpp: "atomic_init(@)".}
-    proc atomic_load_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; order: MemoryOrder): T {.importc.}
-    proc atomic_store_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; desired: T; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent) {.importc.}
-    proc atomic_exchange_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; desired: T; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent): T {.importc.}
-    proc atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; expected: ptr T; desired: T; success, failure: MemoryOrder): bool {.importc.}
-    proc atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; expected: ptr T; desired: T; success, failure: MemoryOrder): bool {.importc.}
+    proc atomic_load_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; order: MemoryOrder): T {.importc: "atomic_load_explicit".maybeWrapStd.}
+    proc atomic_store_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; desired: T; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent) {.importc: "atomic_store_explicit".maybeWrapStd.}
+    proc atomic_exchange_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; desired: T; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent): T {.importc: "atomic_exchange_explicit".maybeWrapStd.}
+    proc atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; expected: ptr T; desired: T; success, failure: MemoryOrder): bool {.importc: "atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit".maybeWrapStd.}
+    proc atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; expected: ptr T; desired: T; success, failure: MemoryOrder): bool {.importc: "atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit".maybeWrapStd.}
 
     # Numerical operations
-    proc atomic_fetch_add_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; value: T; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent): T {.importc.}
-    proc atomic_fetch_sub_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; value: T; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent): T {.importc.}
-    proc atomic_fetch_and_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; value: T; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent): T {.importc.}
-    proc atomic_fetch_or_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; value: T; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent): T {.importc.}
-    proc atomic_fetch_xor_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; value: T; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent): T {.importc.}
+    proc atomic_fetch_add_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; value: T; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent): T {.importc: "atomic_fetch_add_explicit".maybeWrapStd.}
+    proc atomic_fetch_sub_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; value: T; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent): T {.importc: "atomic_fetch_sub_explicit".maybeWrapStd.}
+    proc atomic_fetch_and_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; value: T; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent): T {.importc: "atomic_fetch_and_explicit".maybeWrapStd.}
+    proc atomic_fetch_or_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; value: T; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent): T {.importc: "atomic_fetch_or_explicit".maybeWrapStd.}
+    proc atomic_fetch_xor_explicit[T, A](location: ptr A; value: T; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent): T {.importc: "atomic_fetch_xor_explicit".maybeWrapStd.}
 
     # Flag operations
     # var ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT {.importc, nodecl.}: AtomicFlag
     # proc init*(location: var AtomicFlag) {.inline.} = location = ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT
-    proc testAndSet*(location: var AtomicFlag; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent): bool {.importc: "atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit".}
-    proc clear*(location: var AtomicFlag; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent) {.importc: "atomic_flag_clear_explicit".}
+    proc testAndSet*(location: var AtomicFlag; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent): bool {.importc: "atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit".maybeWrapStd.}
+    proc clear*(location: var AtomicFlag; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent) {.importc: "atomic_flag_clear_explicit".maybeWrapStd.}
 
-    proc fence*(order: MemoryOrder) {.importc: "atomic_thread_fence".}
-    proc signalFence*(order: MemoryOrder) {.importc: "atomic_signal_fence".}
+    proc fence*(order: MemoryOrder) {.importc: "atomic_thread_fence".maybeWrapStd.}
+    proc signalFence*(order: MemoryOrder) {.importc: "atomic_signal_fence".maybeWrapStd.}
 
     {.pop.}
 
@@ -364,11 +379,11 @@ else:
       cast[T](atomic_fetch_xor_explicit(addr(location.value), cast[nonAtomicType(T)](value), order))
 
   template withLock[T: not Trivial](location: var Atomic[T]; order: MemoryOrder; body: untyped): untyped =
-    while location.guard.testAndSet(moAcquire): discard
+    while testAndSet(location.guard, moAcquire): discard
     try:
       body
     finally:
-      location.guard.clear(moRelease)
+      clear(location.guard, moRelease)
 
   proc load*[T: not Trivial](location: var Atomic[T]; order: MemoryOrder = moSequentiallyConsistent): T {.inline.} =
     withLock(location, order):
diff --git a/lib/pure/concurrency/cpuinfo.nim b/lib/pure/concurrency/cpuinfo.nim
index ee43b8e11..9bc3fd579 100644
--- a/lib/pure/concurrency/cpuinfo.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/concurrency/cpuinfo.nim
@@ -15,87 +15,96 @@ runnableExamples:
 
 include "system/inclrtl"
 
-when defined(posix) and not (defined(macosx) or defined(bsd)):
-  import posix
+when defined(js):
+  import std/jsffi
+  proc countProcessorsImpl(): int =
+    when defined(nodejs):
+      let jsOs = require("os")
+      let jsObj = jsOs.cpus().length
+    else:
+      # `navigator.hardwareConcurrency`
+      # works on browser as well as deno.
+      let navigator{.importcpp.}: JsObject
+      let jsObj = navigator.hardwareConcurrency
+    result = jsObj.to int
+else:
+  when defined(posix) and not (defined(macosx) or defined(bsd)):
+    import std/posix
 
-when defined(freebsd) or defined(macosx):
-  {.emit: "#include <sys/types.h>".}
+  when defined(windows):
+    import std/private/win_getsysteminfo
+
+  when defined(freebsd) or defined(macosx):
+    {.emit: "#include <sys/types.h>".}
+
+  when defined(openbsd) or defined(netbsd):
+    {.emit: "#include <sys/param.h>".}
+
+  when defined(macosx) or defined(bsd):
+    # we HAVE to emit param.h before sysctl.h so we cannot use .header here
+    # either. The amount of archaic bullshit in Poonix based OSes is just insane.
+    {.emit: "#include <sys/sysctl.h>".}
+    {.push nodecl.}
+    when defined(macosx):
+      proc sysctlbyname(name: cstring,
+        oldp: pointer, oldlenp: var csize_t,
+        newp: pointer, newlen: csize_t): cint {.importc.}
+    let
+      CTL_HW{.importc.}: cint
+      HW_NCPU{.importc.}: cint
+    proc sysctl[I: static[int]](name: var array[I, cint], namelen: cuint,
+      oldp: pointer, oldlenp: var csize_t,
+      newp: pointer, newlen: csize_t): cint {.importc.}
+    {.pop.}
 
-when defined(openbsd) or defined(netbsd):
-  {.emit: "#include <sys/param.h>".}
+  when defined(genode):
+    import genode/env
 
-when defined(macosx) or defined(bsd):
-  # we HAVE to emit param.h before sysctl.h so we cannot use .header here
-  # either. The amount of archaic bullshit in Poonix based OSes is just insane.
-  {.emit: "#include <sys/sysctl.h>".}
-  const
-    CTL_HW = 6
-    HW_AVAILCPU = 25
-    HW_NCPU = 3
-  proc sysctl(x: ptr array[0..3, cint], y: cint, z: pointer,
-              a: var csize_t, b: pointer, c: csize_t): cint {.
-              importc: "sysctl", nodecl.}
+    proc affinitySpaceTotal(env: GenodeEnvPtr): cuint {.
+      importcpp: "@->cpu().affinity_space().total()".}
 
-when defined(genode):
-  include genode/env
+  when defined(haiku):
+    type
+      SystemInfo {.importc: "system_info", header: "<OS.h>".} = object
+        cpuCount {.importc: "cpu_count".}: uint32
+
+    proc getSystemInfo(info: ptr SystemInfo): int32 {.importc: "get_system_info",
+                                                      header: "<OS.h>".}
 
-  proc affinitySpaceTotal(env: GenodeEnvPtr): cuint {.
-    importcpp: "@->cpu().affinity_space().total()".}
+  proc countProcessorsImpl(): int {.inline.} =
+    when defined(windows):
+      var
+        si: SystemInfo
+      getSystemInfo(addr si)
+      result = int(si.dwNumberOfProcessors)
+    elif defined(macosx) or defined(bsd):
+      let dest = addr result
+      var len = sizeof(result).csize_t
+      when defined(macosx):
+        # alias of "hw.activecpu"
+        if sysctlbyname("hw.logicalcpu", dest, len, nil, 0) == 0:
+          return
+      var mib = [CTL_HW, HW_NCPU]
+      if sysctl(mib, 2, dest, len, nil, 0) == 0:
+        return
+    elif defined(hpux):
+      result = mpctl(MPC_GETNUMSPUS, nil, nil)
+    elif defined(irix):
+      var SC_NPROC_ONLN {.importc: "_SC_NPROC_ONLN", header: "<unistd.h>".}: cint
+      result = sysconf(SC_NPROC_ONLN)
+    elif defined(genode):
+      result = runtimeEnv.affinitySpaceTotal().int
+    elif defined(haiku):
+      var sysinfo: SystemInfo
+      if getSystemInfo(addr sysinfo) == 0:
+        result = sysinfo.cpuCount.int
+    else:
+      result = sysconf(SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN)
+    if result < 0: result = 0
 
-when defined(haiku):
-  type
-    SystemInfo {.importc: "system_info", header: "<OS.h>".} = object
-      cpuCount {.importc: "cpu_count".}: uint32
 
-  proc getSystemInfo(info: ptr SystemInfo): int32 {.importc: "get_system_info",
-                                                    header: "<OS.h>".}
 
 proc countProcessors*(): int {.rtl, extern: "ncpi$1".} =
   ## Returns the number of the processors/cores the machine has.
   ## Returns 0 if it cannot be detected.
-  when defined(windows):
-    type
-      SYSTEM_INFO {.final, pure.} = object
-        u1: int32
-        dwPageSize: int32
-        lpMinimumApplicationAddress: pointer
-        lpMaximumApplicationAddress: pointer
-        dwActiveProcessorMask: ptr int32
-        dwNumberOfProcessors: int32
-        dwProcessorType: int32
-        dwAllocationGranularity: int32
-        wProcessorLevel: int16
-        wProcessorRevision: int16
-
-    proc GetSystemInfo(lpSystemInfo: var SYSTEM_INFO) {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "GetSystemInfo".}
-
-    var
-      si: SYSTEM_INFO
-    GetSystemInfo(si)
-    result = si.dwNumberOfProcessors
-  elif defined(macosx) or defined(bsd):
-    var
-      mib: array[0..3, cint]
-      numCPU: int
-    mib[0] = CTL_HW
-    mib[1] = HW_AVAILCPU
-    var len = sizeof(numCPU).csize_t
-    discard sysctl(addr(mib), 2, addr(numCPU), len, nil, 0)
-    if numCPU < 1:
-      mib[1] = HW_NCPU
-      discard sysctl(addr(mib), 2, addr(numCPU), len, nil, 0)
-    result = numCPU
-  elif defined(hpux):
-    result = mpctl(MPC_GETNUMSPUS, nil, nil)
-  elif defined(irix):
-    var SC_NPROC_ONLN {.importc: "_SC_NPROC_ONLN", header: "<unistd.h>".}: cint
-    result = sysconf(SC_NPROC_ONLN)
-  elif defined(genode):
-    result = runtimeEnv.affinitySpaceTotal().int
-  elif defined(haiku):
-    var sysinfo: SystemInfo
-    if getSystemInfo(addr sysinfo) == 0:
-      result = sysinfo.cpuCount.int
-  else:
-    result = sysconf(SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN)
-  if result <= 0: result = 0
+  countProcessorsImpl()
diff --git a/lib/pure/concurrency/cpuload.nim b/lib/pure/concurrency/cpuload.nim
index 841d58d86..bfbf16721 100644
--- a/lib/pure/concurrency/cpuload.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/concurrency/cpuload.nim
@@ -13,11 +13,14 @@
 ## Unstable API.
 
 when defined(windows):
-  import winlean, os, strutils, math
+  import std/[winlean, os, strutils, math]
 
   proc `-`(a, b: FILETIME): int64 = a.rdFileTime - b.rdFileTime
 elif defined(linux):
-  from cpuinfo import countProcessors
+  from std/cpuinfo import countProcessors
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
 
 type
   ThreadPoolAdvice* = enum
@@ -84,7 +87,7 @@ proc advice*(s: var ThreadPoolState): ThreadPoolAdvice =
   inc s.calls
 
 when not defined(testing) and isMainModule and not defined(nimdoc):
-  import random
+  import std/random
 
   proc busyLoop() =
     while true:
diff --git a/lib/pure/concurrency/threadpool.nim b/lib/pure/concurrency/threadpool.nim
index 9beb39522..06ed2fe54 100644
--- a/lib/pure/concurrency/threadpool.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/concurrency/threadpool.nim
@@ -7,21 +7,25 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
+{.deprecated: "use the nimble packages `malebolgia`, `taskpools` or `weave` instead".}
+
 ## Implements Nim's `parallel & spawn statements <manual_experimental.html#parallel-amp-spawn>`_.
 ##
 ## Unstable API.
 ##
 ## See also
 ## ========
-## * `threads module <threads.html>`_ for basic thread support
-## * `channels module <channels_builtin.html>`_ for message passing support
+## * `threads module <typedthreads.html>`_ for basic thread support
 ## * `locks module <locks.html>`_ for locks and condition variables
 ## * `asyncdispatch module <asyncdispatch.html>`_ for asynchronous IO
 
 when not compileOption("threads"):
   {.error: "Threadpool requires --threads:on option.".}
 
-import cpuinfo, cpuload, locks, os
+import std/[cpuinfo, cpuload, locks, os]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, typedthreads, sysatomics]
 
 {.push stackTrace:off.}
 
@@ -52,17 +56,14 @@ proc signal(cv: var Semaphore) =
   release(cv.L)
   signal(cv.c)
 
-const CacheLineSize = 32 # true for most archs
+const CacheLineSize = 64 # true for most archs
 
 type
   Barrier {.compilerproc.} = object
     entered: int
     cv: Semaphore # Semaphore takes 3 words at least
-    when sizeof(int) < 8:
-      cacheAlign: array[CacheLineSize-4*sizeof(int), byte]
-    left: int
-    cacheAlign2: array[CacheLineSize-sizeof(int), byte]
-    interest: bool # whether the master is interested in the "all done" event
+    left {.align(CacheLineSize).}: int
+    interest {.align(CacheLineSize).} : bool # whether the master is interested in the "all done" event
 
 proc barrierEnter(b: ptr Barrier) {.compilerproc, inline.} =
   # due to the signaling between threads, it is ensured we are the only
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ type
     idx: int
 
   FlowVarBase* = ref FlowVarBaseObj ## Untyped base class for `FlowVar[T] <#FlowVar>`_.
-  FlowVarBaseObj = object of RootObj
+  FlowVarBaseObj {.acyclic.} = object of RootObj
     ready, usesSemaphore, awaited: bool
     cv: Semaphore  # for 'blockUntilAny' support
     ai: ptr AwaitInfo
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ type
                    # be RootRef here otherwise the wrong GC keeps track of it!
     owner: pointer # ptr Worker
 
-  FlowVarObj[T] = object of FlowVarBaseObj
+  FlowVarObj[T] {.acyclic.} = object of FlowVarBaseObj
     blob: T
 
   FlowVar*[T] {.compilerproc.} = ref FlowVarObj[T] ## A data flow variable.
@@ -451,19 +452,21 @@ proc preferSpawn*(): bool =
   ## <#spawnX.t>`_ instead.
   result = gSomeReady.counter > 0
 
-proc spawn*(call: sink typed) {.magic: "Spawn".}
+proc spawn*(call: sink typed) {.magic: "Spawn".} =
   ## Always spawns a new task, so that the `call` is never executed on
   ## the calling thread.
   ##
   ## `call` has to be a proc call `p(...)` where `p` is gcsafe and has a
   ## return type that is either `void` or compatible with `FlowVar[T]`.
+  discard "It uses `nimSpawn3` internally"
 
-proc pinnedSpawn*(id: ThreadId; call: sink typed) {.magic: "Spawn".}
+proc pinnedSpawn*(id: ThreadId; call: sink typed) {.magic: "Spawn".} =
   ## Always spawns a new task on the worker thread with `id`, so that
   ## the `call` is **always** executed on the thread.
   ##
   ## `call` has to be a proc call `p(...)` where `p` is gcsafe and has a
   ## return type that is either `void` or compatible with `FlowVar[T]`.
+  discard "It uses `nimSpawn4` internally"
 
 template spawnX*(call) =
   ## Spawns a new task if a CPU core is ready, otherwise executes the
diff --git a/lib/pure/cookies.nim b/lib/pure/cookies.nim
index 8d9cc0c95..f628aaf6b 100644
--- a/lib/pure/cookies.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/cookies.nim
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
 
 import std/[strtabs, times, options]
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 
 type
   SameSite* {.pure.} = enum ## The SameSite cookie attribute.
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ proc parseCookies*(s: string): StringTableRef =
   ## "Set-Cookie" header set by servers.
   runnableExamples:
     import std/strtabs
-    let cookieJar = parseCookies("a=1; foo=bar") 
+    let cookieJar = parseCookies("a=1; foo=bar")
     assert cookieJar["a"] == "1"
     assert cookieJar["foo"] == "bar"
 
@@ -46,10 +49,12 @@ proc parseCookies*(s: string): StringTableRef =
 
 proc setCookie*(key, value: string, domain = "", path = "",
                 expires = "", noName = false,
-                secure = false, httpOnly = false, 
+                secure = false, httpOnly = false,
                 maxAge = none(int), sameSite = SameSite.Default): string =
   ## Creates a command in the format of
   ## `Set-Cookie: key=value; Domain=...; ...`
+  ##
+  ## .. tip:: Cookies can be vulnerable. Consider setting `secure=true`, `httpOnly=true` and `sameSite=Strict`.
   result = ""
   if not noName: result.add("Set-Cookie: ")
   result.add key & "=" & value
@@ -73,4 +78,4 @@ proc setCookie*(key, value: string, expires: DateTime|Time,
   ## `Set-Cookie: key=value; Domain=...; ...`
   result = setCookie(key, value, domain, path,
                    format(expires.utc, "ddd',' dd MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss 'GMT'"),
-                   noname, secure, httpOnly, maxAge, sameSite)
+                   noName, secure, httpOnly, maxAge, sameSite)
diff --git a/lib/pure/coro.nim b/lib/pure/coro.nim
index af8acf268..24836e316 100644
--- a/lib/pure/coro.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/coro.nim
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@
 #
 
 ## Nim coroutines implementation, supports several context switching methods:
-## --------  ------------
+## ========  ============
 ## ucontext  available on unix and alike (default)
 ## setjmp    available on unix and alike (x86/64 only)
 ## fibers    available and required on windows.
-## --------  ------------
+## ========  ============
 ##
 ## -d:nimCoroutines               Required to build this module.
 ## -d:nimCoroutinesUcontext       Use ucontext backend.
@@ -21,18 +21,22 @@
 ##
 ## Unstable API.
 
+import system/coro_detection
+
 when not nimCoroutines and not defined(nimdoc):
   when defined(noNimCoroutines):
     {.error: "Coroutines can not be used with -d:noNimCoroutines".}
   else:
     {.error: "Coroutines require -d:nimCoroutines".}
 
-import os
-import lists
+import std/[os, lists]
 include system/timers
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 const defaultStackSize = 512 * 1024
-const useOrcArc = defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc)
+const useOrcArc = defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc) or defined(gcAtomicArc)
 
 when useOrcArc:
   proc nimGC_setStackBottom*(theStackBottom: pointer) = discard
@@ -63,7 +67,7 @@ else:
   const coroBackend = CORO_BACKEND_UCONTEXT
 
 when coroBackend == CORO_BACKEND_FIBERS:
-  import windows/winlean
+  import std/winlean
   type
     Context = pointer
 
@@ -219,7 +223,7 @@ proc switchTo(current, to: CoroutinePtr) =
         elif to.state == CORO_CREATED:
           # Coroutine is started.
           coroExecWithStack(runCurrentTask, to.stack.bottom)
-          #doAssert false
+          #raiseAssert "unreachable"
     else:
       {.error: "Invalid coroutine backend set.".}
   # Execution was just resumed. Restore frame information and set active stack.
@@ -261,7 +265,7 @@ proc runCurrentTask() =
     current.state = CORO_FINISHED
   nimGC_setStackBottom(ctx.ncbottom)
   suspend(0) # Exit coroutine without returning from coroExecWithStack()
-  doAssert false
+  raiseAssert "unreachable"
 
 proc start*(c: proc(), stacksize: int = defaultStackSize): CoroutineRef {.discardable.} =
   ## Schedule coroutine for execution. It does not run immediately.
@@ -274,11 +278,10 @@ proc start*(c: proc(), stacksize: int = defaultStackSize): CoroutineRef {.discar
     coro.execContext = CreateFiberEx(stacksize, stacksize,
       FIBER_FLAG_FLOAT_SWITCH,
       (proc(p: pointer) {.stdcall.} = runCurrentTask()), nil)
-    coro.stack.size = stacksize
   else:
     coro = cast[CoroutinePtr](alloc0(sizeof(Coroutine) + stacksize))
-    coro.stack.top = cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](coro) + sizeof(Coroutine))
-    coro.stack.bottom = cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](coro.stack.top) + stacksize)
+    coro.stack.top = cast[pointer](cast[int](coro) + sizeof(Coroutine))
+    coro.stack.bottom = cast[pointer](cast[int](coro.stack.top) + stacksize)
     when coroBackend == CORO_BACKEND_UCONTEXT:
       discard getcontext(coro.execContext)
       coro.execContext.uc_stack.ss_sp = coro.stack.top
@@ -293,9 +296,9 @@ proc start*(c: proc(), stacksize: int = defaultStackSize): CoroutineRef {.discar
   return coro.reference
 
 proc run*() =
-  initialize()
   ## Starts main coroutine scheduler loop which exits when all coroutines exit.
   ## Calling this proc starts execution of first coroutine.
+  initialize()
   ctx.current = ctx.coroutines.head
   var minDelay: float = 0
   while ctx.current != nil:
diff --git a/lib/pure/cstrutils.nim b/lib/pure/cstrutils.nim
index 0eae00fba..c907e54d8 100644
--- a/lib/pure/cstrutils.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/cstrutils.nim
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func cmpIgnoreStyle*(a, b: cstring): int {.rtl, extern: "csuCmpIgnoreStyle".} =
   ## for that. Returns:
   ## * 0 if `a == b`
   ## * < 0 if `a < b`
-  ## * > 0 if `a > b`
+  ## * \> 0 if `a > b`
   runnableExamples:
     assert cmpIgnoreStyle(cstring"hello", cstring"H_e_L_Lo") == 0
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ func cmpIgnoreCase*(a, b: cstring): int {.rtl, extern: "csuCmpIgnoreCase".} =
   ## Compares two strings in a case insensitive manner. Returns:
   ## * 0 if `a == b`
   ## * < 0 if `a < b`
-  ## * > 0 if `a > b`
+  ## * \> 0 if `a > b`
   runnableExamples:
     assert cmpIgnoreCase(cstring"hello", cstring"HeLLo") == 0
     assert cmpIgnoreCase(cstring"echo", cstring"hello") < 0
diff --git a/lib/pure/db_common.nim b/lib/pure/db_common.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 852c8e1c3..000000000
--- a/lib/pure/db_common.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2015 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-## Common datatypes and definitions for all `db_*.nim` (
-## `db_mysql <db_mysql.html>`_, `db_postgres <db_postgres.html>`_,
-## and `db_sqlite <db_sqlite.html>`_) modules.
-
-type
-  DbError* = object of IOError ## exception that is raised if a database error occurs
-
-  SqlQuery* = distinct string ## an SQL query string
-
-
-  DbEffect* = object of IOEffect ## effect that denotes a database operation
-  ReadDbEffect* = object of DbEffect ## effect that denotes a read operation
-  WriteDbEffect* = object of DbEffect ## effect that denotes a write operation
-
-  DbTypeKind* = enum ## a superset of datatypes that might be supported.
-    dbUnknown,       ## unknown datatype
-    dbSerial,        ## datatype used for primary auto-increment keys
-    dbNull,          ## datatype used for the NULL value
-    dbBit,           ## bit datatype
-    dbBool,          ## boolean datatype
-    dbBlob,          ## blob datatype
-    dbFixedChar,     ## string of fixed length
-    dbVarchar,       ## string datatype
-    dbJson,          ## JSON datatype
-    dbXml,           ## XML datatype
-    dbInt,           ## some integer type
-    dbUInt,          ## some unsigned integer type
-    dbDecimal,       ## decimal numbers (fixed-point number)
-    dbFloat,         ## some floating point type
-    dbDate,          ## a year-month-day description
-    dbTime,          ## HH:MM:SS information
-    dbDatetime,      ## year-month-day and HH:MM:SS information,
-                     ## plus optional time or timezone information
-    dbTimestamp,     ## Timestamp values are stored as the number of seconds
-                     ## since the epoch ('1970-01-01 00:00:00' UTC).
-    dbTimeInterval,  ## an interval [a,b] of times
-    dbEnum,          ## some enum
-    dbSet,           ## set of enum values
-    dbArray,         ## an array of values
-    dbComposite,     ## composite type (record, struct, etc)
-    dbUrl,           ## a URL
-    dbUuid,          ## a UUID
-    dbInet,          ## an IP address
-    dbMacAddress,    ## a MAC address
-    dbGeometry,      ## some geometric type
-    dbPoint,         ## Point on a plane   (x,y)
-    dbLine,          ## Infinite line ((x1,y1),(x2,y2))
-    dbLseg,          ## Finite line segment   ((x1,y1),(x2,y2))
-    dbBox,           ## Rectangular box   ((x1,y1),(x2,y2))
-    dbPath,          ## Closed or open path (similar to polygon) ((x1,y1),...)
-    dbPolygon,       ## Polygon (similar to closed path)   ((x1,y1),...)
-    dbCircle,        ## Circle   <(x,y),r> (center point and radius)
-    dbUser1,         ## user definable datatype 1 (for unknown extensions)
-    dbUser2,         ## user definable datatype 2 (for unknown extensions)
-    dbUser3,         ## user definable datatype 3 (for unknown extensions)
-    dbUser4,         ## user definable datatype 4 (for unknown extensions)
-    dbUser5          ## user definable datatype 5 (for unknown extensions)
-
-  DbType* = object              ## describes a database type
-    kind*: DbTypeKind           ## the kind of the described type
-    notNull*: bool              ## does the type contain NULL?
-    name*: string               ## the name of the type
-    size*: Natural              ## the size of the datatype; 0 if of variable size
-    maxReprLen*: Natural        ## maximal length required for the representation
-    precision*, scale*: Natural ## precision and scale of the number
-    min*, max*: BiggestInt      ## the minimum and maximum of allowed values
-    validValues*: seq[string]   ## valid values of an enum or a set
-
-  DbColumn* = object   ## information about a database column
-    name*: string      ## name of the column
-    tableName*: string ## name of the table the column belongs to (optional)
-    typ*: DbType       ## type of the column
-    primaryKey*: bool  ## is this a primary key?
-    foreignKey*: bool  ## is this a foreign key?
-  DbColumns* = seq[DbColumn]
-
-template sql*(query: string): SqlQuery =
-  ## constructs a SqlQuery from the string `query`. This is supposed to be
-  ## used as a raw-string-literal modifier:
-  ## `sql"update user set counter = counter + 1"`
-  ##
-  ## If assertions are turned off, it does nothing. If assertions are turned
-  ## on, later versions will check the string for valid syntax.
-  SqlQuery(query)
-
-proc dbError*(msg: string) {.noreturn, noinline.} =
-  ## raises an DbError exception with message `msg`.
-  var e: ref DbError
-  new(e)
-  e.msg = msg
-  raise e
diff --git a/lib/pure/distros.nim b/lib/pure/distros.nim
index 2b119b92c..9e71d4ce0 100644
--- a/lib/pure/distros.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/distros.nim
@@ -9,21 +9,20 @@
 
 ## This module implements the basics for Linux distribution ("distro")
 ## detection and the OS's native package manager. Its primary purpose is to
-## produce output for Nimble packages, like::
+## produce output for Nimble packages, like:
 ##
-##   To complete the installation, run:
+##     To complete the installation, run:
 ##
-##   sudo apt-get install libblas-dev
-##   sudo apt-get install libvoodoo
+##     sudo apt-get install libblas-dev
+##     sudo apt-get install libvoodoo
 ##
 ## The above output could be the result of a code snippet like:
 ##
-## .. code-block:: nim
-##
+##   ```nim
 ##   if detectOs(Ubuntu):
 ##     foreignDep "lbiblas-dev"
 ##     foreignDep "libvoodoo"
-##
+##   ```
 ##
 ## See `packaging <packaging.html>`_ for hints on distributing Nim using OS packages.
 
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ from std/strutils import contains, toLowerAscii
 
 when not defined(nimscript):
   from std/osproc import execProcess
-  from std/os import existsEnv
+  from std/envvars import existsEnv
 
 type
   Distribution* {.pure.} = enum ## the list of known distributions
@@ -52,6 +51,7 @@ type
     CentOS
     Deepin
     ArchLinux
+    Artix
     Antergos
     PCLinuxOS
     Mageia
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ type
     Clonezilla
     SteamOS
     Absolute
-    NixOS ## NixOS or a Nix build environment
+    NixOS                       ## NixOS or a Nix build environment
     AUSTRUMI
     Arya
     Porteus
@@ -123,9 +123,11 @@ type
     ExTiX
     Rockstor
     GoboLinux
+    Void
 
     BSD
     FreeBSD
+    NetBSD
     OpenBSD
     DragonFlyBSD
 
@@ -133,7 +135,9 @@ type
 
 
 const
-  LacksDevPackages* = {Distribution.Gentoo, Distribution.Slackware, Distribution.ArchLinux}
+  LacksDevPackages* = {Distribution.Gentoo, Distribution.Slackware,
+      Distribution.ArchLinux, Distribution.Artix, Distribution.Antergos,
+      Distribution.BlackArch, Distribution.ArchBang}
 
 # we cache the result of the 'cmdRelease'
 # execution for faster platform detections.
@@ -152,7 +156,8 @@ template hostnamectl(): untyped = cmdRelease("hostnamectl", hostnamectlRes)
 proc detectOsWithAllCmd(d: Distribution): bool =
   let dd = toLowerAscii($d)
   result = dd in toLowerAscii(osReleaseID()) or dd in toLowerAscii(release()) or
-            dd in toLowerAscii(uname()) or ("operating system: " & dd) in toLowerAscii(hostnamectl())
+            dd in toLowerAscii(uname()) or ("operating system: " & dd) in
+                toLowerAscii(hostnamectl())
 
 proc detectOsImpl(d: Distribution): bool =
   case d
@@ -164,7 +169,7 @@ proc detectOsImpl(d: Distribution): bool =
   else:
     when defined(bsd):
       case d
-      of Distribution.FreeBSD, Distribution.OpenBSD:
+      of Distribution.FreeBSD, Distribution.NetBSD, Distribution.OpenBSD:
         result = $d in uname()
       else:
         result = false
@@ -172,14 +177,16 @@ proc detectOsImpl(d: Distribution): bool =
       case d
       of Distribution.Gentoo:
         result = ("-" & $d & " ") in uname()
-      of Distribution.Elementary, Distribution.Ubuntu, Distribution.Debian, Distribution.Fedora,
-        Distribution.OpenMandriva, Distribution.CentOS, Distribution.Alpine,
-        Distribution.Mageia, Distribution.Zorin:
+      of Distribution.Elementary, Distribution.Ubuntu, Distribution.Debian,
+        Distribution.Fedora, Distribution.OpenMandriva, Distribution.CentOS,
+        Distribution.Alpine, Distribution.Mageia, Distribution.Zorin, Distribution.Void:
         result = toLowerAscii($d) in osReleaseID()
       of Distribution.RedHat:
         result = "rhel" in osReleaseID()
       of Distribution.ArchLinux:
         result = "arch" in osReleaseID()
+      of Distribution.Artix:
+        result = "artix" in osReleaseID()
       of Distribution.NixOS:
         # Check if this is a Nix build or NixOS environment
         result = existsEnv("NIX_BUILD_TOP") or existsEnv("__NIXOS_SET_ENVIRONMENT_DONE")
@@ -204,7 +211,7 @@ template detectOs*(d: untyped): bool =
   detectOsImpl(Distribution.d)
 
 when not defined(nimble):
-  var foreignDeps: seq[string] = @[]
+  var foreignDeps*: seq[string] = @[]  ## Registered foreign deps.
 
 proc foreignCmd*(cmd: string; requiresSudo = false) =
   ## Registers a foreign command to the internal list of commands
@@ -245,12 +252,14 @@ proc foreignDepInstallCmd*(foreignPackageName: string): (string, bool) =
       result = ("nix-env -i " & p, false)
     elif detectOs(Solaris) or detectOs(FreeBSD):
       result = ("pkg install " & p, true)
-    elif detectOs(OpenBSD):
+    elif detectOs(NetBSD) or detectOs(OpenBSD):
       result = ("pkg_add " & p, true)
     elif detectOs(PCLinuxOS):
       result = ("rpm -ivh " & p, true)
-    elif detectOs(ArchLinux) or detectOs(Manjaro):
+    elif detectOs(ArchLinux) or detectOs(Manjaro) or detectOs(Artix):
       result = ("pacman -S " & p, true)
+    elif detectOs(Void):
+      result = ("xbps-install " & p, true)
     else:
       result = ("<your package manager here> install " & p, true)
   elif defined(haiku):
diff --git a/lib/pure/dynlib.nim b/lib/pure/dynlib.nim
index 3e1d84729..a162fe37f 100644
--- a/lib/pure/dynlib.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/dynlib.nim
@@ -17,75 +17,64 @@
 ## Loading a simple C function
 ## ---------------------------
 ##
-## The following example demonstrates loading a function called 'greet'
+## The following example demonstrates loading a function called `greet`
 ## from a library that is determined at runtime based upon a language choice.
-## If the library fails to load or the function 'greet' is not found,
+## If the library fails to load or the function `greet` is not found,
 ## it quits with a failure error code.
 ##
-## .. code-block::nim
-##
-##   import std/dynlib
-##
-##   type
-##     greetFunction = proc(): cstring {.gcsafe, stdcall.}
-##
-##   let lang = stdin.readLine()
-##
-##   let lib = case lang
-##   of "french":
-##     loadLib("french.dll")
-##   else:
-##     loadLib("english.dll")
-##
-##   if lib == nil:
-##     echo "Error loading library"
-##     quit(QuitFailure)
-##
-##   let greet = cast[greetFunction](lib.symAddr("greet"))
-##
-##   if greet == nil:
-##     echo "Error loading 'greet' function from library"
-##     quit(QuitFailure)
-##
-##   let greeting = greet()
-##
-##   echo greeting
-##
-##   unloadLib(lib)
-##
+runnableExamples:
+  type
+    GreetFunction = proc (): cstring {.gcsafe, stdcall.}
+
+  proc loadGreet(lang: string) =
+    let lib =
+      case lang
+      of "french":
+        loadLib("french.dll")
+      else:
+        loadLib("english.dll")
+    assert lib != nil, "Error loading library"
+
+    let greet = cast[GreetFunction](lib.symAddr("greet"))
+    assert greet != nil, "Error loading 'greet' function from library"
+
+    echo greet()
+
+    unloadLib(lib)
 
-import strutils
+
+import std/strutils
 
 type
-  LibHandle* = pointer ## a handle to a dynamically loaded library
+  LibHandle* = pointer ## A handle to a dynamically loaded library.
 
 proc loadLib*(path: string, globalSymbols = false): LibHandle {.gcsafe.}
-  ## loads a library from `path`. Returns nil if the library could not
+  ## Loads a library from `path`. Returns nil if the library could not
   ## be loaded.
 
 proc loadLib*(): LibHandle {.gcsafe.}
-  ## gets the handle from the current executable. Returns nil if the
+  ## Gets the handle from the current executable. Returns nil if the
   ## library could not be loaded.
 
 proc unloadLib*(lib: LibHandle) {.gcsafe.}
-  ## unloads the library `lib`
+  ## Unloads the library `lib`.
 
 proc raiseInvalidLibrary*(name: cstring) {.noinline, noreturn.} =
-  ## raises an `EInvalidLibrary` exception.
+  ## Raises a `LibraryError` exception.
   raise newException(LibraryError, "could not find symbol: " & $name)
 
 proc symAddr*(lib: LibHandle, name: cstring): pointer {.gcsafe.}
-  ## retrieves the address of a procedure/variable from `lib`. Returns nil
+  ## Retrieves the address of a procedure/variable from `lib`. Returns nil
   ## if the symbol could not be found.
 
 proc checkedSymAddr*(lib: LibHandle, name: cstring): pointer =
-  ## retrieves the address of a procedure/variable from `lib`. Raises
-  ## `EInvalidLibrary` if the symbol could not be found.
+  ## Retrieves the address of a procedure/variable from `lib`. Raises
+  ## `LibraryError` if the symbol could not be found.
   result = symAddr(lib, name)
   if result == nil: raiseInvalidLibrary(name)
 
 proc libCandidates*(s: string, dest: var seq[string]) =
-  ## given a library name pattern `s` write possible library names to `dest`.
+  ## Given a library name pattern `s`, write possible library names to `dest`.
   var le = strutils.find(s, '(')
   var ri = strutils.find(s, ')', le+1)
   if le >= 0 and ri > le:
@@ -97,8 +86,9 @@ proc libCandidates*(s: string, dest: var seq[string]) =
     add(dest, s)
 
 proc loadLibPattern*(pattern: string, globalSymbols = false): LibHandle =
-  ## loads a library with name matching `pattern`, similar to what `dynlib`
+  ## Loads a library with name matching `pattern`, similar to what the `dynlib`
   ## pragma does. Returns nil if the library could not be loaded.
+  ##
   ## .. warning:: this proc uses the GC and so cannot be used to load the GC.
   var candidates = newSeq[string]()
   libCandidates(pattern, candidates)
@@ -115,7 +105,7 @@ when defined(posix) and not defined(nintendoswitch):
   # as an emulation layer on top of native functions.
   # =========================================================================
   #
-  import posix
+  import std/posix
 
   proc loadLib(path: string, globalSymbols = false): LibHandle =
     let flags =
@@ -150,6 +140,32 @@ elif defined(nintendoswitch):
   proc symAddr(lib: LibHandle, name: cstring): pointer =
     raise newException(OSError, "symAddr not implemented on Nintendo Switch!")
 
+elif defined(genode):
+  #
+  # =========================================================================
+  # Not implemented for Genode without POSIX. Raise an error if called.
+  # =========================================================================
+  #
+
+  template raiseErr(prc: string) =
+    raise newException(OSError, prc & " not implemented, compile with POSIX support")
+
+  proc dlclose(lib: LibHandle) =
+    raiseErr(OSError, "dlclose")
+  proc dlopen(path: cstring, mode: int): LibHandle =
+    raiseErr(OSError, "dlopen")
+  proc dlsym(lib: LibHandle, name: cstring): pointer =
+    raiseErr(OSError, "dlsym")
+  proc loadLib(path: string, global_symbols = false): LibHandle =
+    raiseErr(OSError, "loadLib")
+  proc loadLib(): LibHandle =
+    raiseErr(OSError, "loadLib")
+  proc unloadLib(lib: LibHandle) =
+    raiseErr(OSError, "unloadLib")
+  proc symAddr(lib: LibHandle, name: cstring): pointer =
+    raiseErr(OSError, "symAddr")
+
+
 elif defined(windows) or defined(dos):
   #
   # =======================================================================
diff --git a/lib/pure/encodings.nim b/lib/pure/encodings.nim
index 1d8512018..bbadca655 100644
--- a/lib/pure/encodings.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/encodings.nim
@@ -7,15 +7,46 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-## Converts between different character encodings. On UNIX, this uses
+## Routines for converting between different character encodings. On UNIX, this uses
 ## the `iconv`:idx: library, on Windows the Windows API.
+##
+## The following example shows how to change character encodings.
+runnableExamples:
+  when defined(windows):
+    let
+      orig = "öäüß"
+      # convert `orig` from "UTF-8" to "CP1252"
+      cp1252 = convert(orig, "CP1252", "UTF-8")
+      # convert `cp1252` from "CP1252" to "ibm850"
+      ibm850 = convert(cp1252, "ibm850", "CP1252")
+      current = getCurrentEncoding()
+    assert orig == "\195\182\195\164\195\188\195\159"
+    assert ibm850 == "\148\132\129\225"
+    assert convert(ibm850, current, "ibm850") == orig
+
+## The example below uses a reuseable `EncodingConverter` object which is
+## created by `open` with `destEncoding` and `srcEncoding` specified. You can use
+## `convert` on this object multiple times.
+runnableExamples:
+  when defined(windows):
+    var fromGB2312 = open("utf-8", "gb2312")
+    let first = "\203\173\197\194\163\191\210\187" &
+        "\203\242\209\204\211\234\200\206\198\189\201\250"
+    assert fromGB2312.convert(first) == "谁怕?一蓑烟雨任平生"
+
+    let second = "\211\208\176\215\205\183\200\231" &
+        "\208\194\163\172\199\227\184\199\200\231\185\202"
+    assert fromGB2312.convert(second) == "有白头如新,倾盖如故"
 
-import os
+
+import std/os
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 when not defined(windows):
   type
     ConverterObj = object
-    EncodingConverter* = ptr ConverterObj ## can convert between two character sets
+    EncodingConverter* = ptr ConverterObj ## Can convert between two character sets.
 
 else:
   type
@@ -24,11 +55,11 @@ else:
       dest, src: CodePage
 
 type
-  EncodingError* = object of ValueError ## exception that is raised
-                                        ## for encoding errors
+  EncodingError* = object of ValueError ## Exception that is raised
+                                        ## for encoding errors.
 
 when defined(windows):
-  import parseutils, strutils
+  import std/[parseutils, strutils]
   proc eqEncodingNames(a, b: string): bool =
     var i = 0
     var j = 0
@@ -72,6 +103,7 @@ when defined(windows):
       (875, "cp875"),          # IBM EBCDIC Greek Modern
       (932, "shift_jis"),      # ANSI/OEM Japanese; Japanese (Shift-JIS)
       (936, "gb2312"),         # ANSI/OEM Simplified Chinese (PRC, Singapore); Chinese Simplified (GB2312)
+      (936, "gbk"),            # Alias for GB2312 encoding
       (949, "ks_c_5601-1987"), # ANSI/OEM Korean (Unified Hangul Code)
       (950, "big5"),           # ANSI/OEM Traditional Chinese (Taiwan; Hong Kong SAR, PRC); Chinese Traditional (Big5)
       (1026, "IBM1026"),       # IBM EBCDIC Turkish (Latin 5)
@@ -281,8 +313,10 @@ else:
 
   var errno {.importc, header: "<errno.h>".}: cint
 
-  when defined(freebsd) or defined(netbsd):
+  when defined(bsd):
     {.pragma: importIconv, cdecl, header: "<iconv.h>".}
+    when defined(openbsd):
+      {.passL: "-liconv".}
   else:
     {.pragma: importIconv, cdecl, dynlib: iconvDll.}
 
@@ -295,7 +329,7 @@ else:
     importc: "iconv", importIconv.}
 
 proc getCurrentEncoding*(uiApp = false): string =
-  ## retrieves the current encoding. On Unix, always "UTF-8" is returned.
+  ## Retrieves the current encoding. On Unix, "UTF-8" is always returned.
   ## The `uiApp` parameter is Windows specific. If true, the UI's code-page
   ## is returned, if false, the Console's code-page is returned.
   when defined(windows):
@@ -304,11 +338,11 @@ proc getCurrentEncoding*(uiApp = false): string =
     result = "UTF-8"
 
 proc open*(destEncoding = "UTF-8", srcEncoding = "CP1252"): EncodingConverter =
-  ## opens a converter that can convert from `srcEncoding` to `destEncoding`.
-  ## Raises `IOError` if it cannot fulfill the request.
+  ## Opens a converter that can convert from `srcEncoding` to `destEncoding`.
+  ## Raises `EncodingError` if it cannot fulfill the request.
   when not defined(windows):
     result = iconvOpen(destEncoding, srcEncoding)
-    if result == nil:
+    if result == cast[EncodingConverter](-1):
       raise newException(EncodingError,
         "cannot create encoding converter from " &
         srcEncoding & " to " & destEncoding)
@@ -323,7 +357,7 @@ proc open*(destEncoding = "UTF-8", srcEncoding = "CP1252"): EncodingConverter =
         "cannot find encoding " & srcEncoding)
 
 proc close*(c: EncodingConverter) =
-  ## frees the resources the converter `c` holds.
+  ## Frees the resources the converter `c` holds.
   when not defined(windows):
     iconvClose(c)
 
@@ -418,12 +452,13 @@ when defined(windows):
            else: convertFromWideString(codePageTo, wideString)
 
   proc convert*(c: EncodingConverter, s: string): string =
-    ## converts `s` to `destEncoding` that was given to the converter `c`. It
-    ## assumed that `s` is in `srcEncoding`.
-    ## utf-16BE, utf-32 conversions not supported on windows
     result = convertWin(c.src, c.dest, s)
 else:
   proc convert*(c: EncodingConverter, s: string): string =
+    ## Converts `s` to `destEncoding` that was given to the converter `c`. It
+    ## assumes that `s` is in `srcEncoding`.
+    ##
+    ## .. warning:: UTF-16BE and UTF-32 conversions are not supported on Windows.
     result = newString(s.len)
     var inLen = csize_t len(s)
     var outLen = csize_t len(result)
@@ -464,84 +499,13 @@ else:
 
 proc convert*(s: string, destEncoding = "UTF-8",
                          srcEncoding = "CP1252"): string =
-  ## converts `s` to `destEncoding`. It assumed that `s` is in `srcEncoding`.
+  ## Converts `s` to `destEncoding`. It assumed that `s` is in `srcEncoding`.
   ## This opens a converter, uses it and closes it again and is thus more
   ## convenient but also likely less efficient than re-using a converter.
-  ## utf-16BE, utf-32 conversions not supported on windows
+  ##
+  ## .. warning:: UTF-16BE and UTF-32 conversions are not supported on Windows.
   var c = open(destEncoding, srcEncoding)
   try:
     result = convert(c, s)
   finally:
     close(c)
-
-when not defined(testing) and isMainModule:
-  let
-    orig = "öäüß"
-    cp1252 = convert(orig, "CP1252", "UTF-8")
-    ibm850 = convert(cp1252, "ibm850", "CP1252")
-    current = getCurrentEncoding()
-  echo "Original string from source code: ", orig
-  echo "Forced ibm850 encoding: ", ibm850
-  echo "Current encoding: ", current
-  echo "From ibm850 to current: ", convert(ibm850, current, "ibm850")
-
-when not defined(testing) and isMainModule and defined(windows):
-  block should_throw_on_unsupported_conversions:
-    let original = "some string"
-
-    doAssertRaises(EncodingError):
-      discard convert(original, "utf-8", "utf-32")
-
-    doAssertRaises(EncodingError):
-      discard convert(original, "utf-8", "unicodeFFFE")
-
-    doAssertRaises(EncodingError):
-      discard convert(original, "utf-8", "utf-32BE")
-
-    doAssertRaises(EncodingError):
-      discard convert(original, "unicodeFFFE", "utf-8")
-
-    doAssertRaises(EncodingError):
-      discard convert(original, "utf-32", "utf-8")
-
-    doAssertRaises(EncodingError):
-      discard convert(original, "utf-32BE", "utf-8")
-
-  block should_convert_from_utf16_to_utf8:
-    let original = "\x42\x04\x35\x04\x41\x04\x42\x04" # utf-16 little endian test string "тест"
-    let result = convert(original, "utf-8", "utf-16")
-    doAssert(result == "\xd1\x82\xd0\xb5\xd1\x81\xd1\x82")
-
-  block should_convert_from_utf16_to_win1251:
-    let original = "\x42\x04\x35\x04\x41\x04\x42\x04" # utf-16 little endian test string "тест"
-    let result = convert(original, "windows-1251", "utf-16")
-    doAssert(result == "\xf2\xe5\xf1\xf2")
-
-  block should_convert_from_win1251_to_koi8r:
-    let original = "\xf2\xe5\xf1\xf2" # win1251 test string "тест"
-    let result = convert(original, "koi8-r", "windows-1251")
-    doAssert(result == "\xd4\xc5\xd3\xd4")
-
-  block should_convert_from_koi8r_to_win1251:
-    let original = "\xd4\xc5\xd3\xd4" # koi8r test string "тест"
-    let result = convert(original, "windows-1251", "koi8-r")
-    doAssert(result == "\xf2\xe5\xf1\xf2")
-
-  block should_convert_from_utf8_to_win1251:
-    let original = "\xd1\x82\xd0\xb5\xd1\x81\xd1\x82" # utf-8 test string "тест"
-    let result = convert(original, "windows-1251", "utf-8")
-    doAssert(result == "\xf2\xe5\xf1\xf2")
-
-  block should_convert_from_utf8_to_utf16:
-    let original = "\xd1\x82\xd0\xb5\xd1\x81\xd1\x82" # utf-8 test string "тест"
-    let result = convert(original, "utf-16", "utf-8")
-    doAssert(result == "\x42\x04\x35\x04\x41\x04\x42\x04")
-
-  block should_handle_empty_string_for_any_conversion:
-    let original = ""
-    var result = convert(original, "utf-16", "utf-8")
-    doAssert(result == "")
-    result = convert(original, "utf-8", "utf-16")
-    doAssert(result == "")
-    result = convert(original, "windows-1251", "koi8-r")
-    doAssert(result == "")
diff --git a/lib/pure/endians.nim b/lib/pure/endians.nim
index 29fde1c80..4c1d45ae5 100644
--- a/lib/pure/endians.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/endians.nim
@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@
 ## This module contains helpers that deal with different byte orders
 ## (`endian`:idx:).
 ##
+## Endianness is the order of bytes of a value in memory. Big-endian means that
+## the most significant byte is stored at the smallest memory address,
+## while little endian means that the least-significant byte is stored
+## at the smallest address. See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness.
+##
 ## Unstable API.
 
 when defined(gcc) or defined(llvm_gcc) or defined(clang):
@@ -47,7 +52,7 @@ else:
 
 when useBuiltinSwap:
   template swapOpImpl(T: typedesc, op: untyped) =
-    ## We have to use `copyMem` here instead of a simple deference because they
+    ## We have to use `copyMem` here instead of a simple dereference because they
     ## may point to a unaligned address. A sufficiently smart compiler _should_
     ## be able to elide them when they're not necessary.
     var tmp: T
@@ -56,18 +61,40 @@ when useBuiltinSwap:
     copyMem(outp, addr tmp, sizeof(T))
 
   proc swapEndian64*(outp, inp: pointer) {.inline, noSideEffect.} =
+    ## Copies `inp` to `outp`, reversing the byte order.
+    ## Both buffers are supposed to contain at least 8 bytes.
+    runnableExamples:
+      var a = [1'u8, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
+      var b: array[8, uint8]
+      swapEndian64(addr b, addr a)
+      assert b == [8'u8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+
     swapOpImpl(uint64, builtin_bswap64)
 
   proc swapEndian32*(outp, inp: pointer) {.inline, noSideEffect.} =
+    ## Copies `inp` to `outp`, reversing the byte order.
+    ## Both buffers are supposed to contain at least 4 bytes.
+    runnableExamples:
+      var a = [1'u8, 2, 3, 4]
+      var b: array[4, uint8]
+      swapEndian32(addr b, addr a)
+      assert b == [4'u8, 3, 2, 1]
+
     swapOpImpl(uint32, builtin_bswap32)
 
   proc swapEndian16*(outp, inp: pointer) {.inline, noSideEffect.} =
+    ## Copies `inp` to `outp`, reversing the byte order.
+    ## Both buffers are supposed to contain at least 2 bytes.
+    runnableExamples:
+      var a = [1'u8, 2]
+      var b: array[2, uint8]
+      swapEndian16(addr b, addr a)
+      assert b == [2'u8, 1]
+
     swapOpImpl(uint16, builtin_bswap16)
 
 else:
   proc swapEndian64*(outp, inp: pointer) =
-    ## copies `inp` to `outp` swapping bytes. Both buffers are supposed to
-    ## contain at least 8 bytes.
     var i = cast[cstring](inp)
     var o = cast[cstring](outp)
     o[0] = i[7]
@@ -80,8 +107,6 @@ else:
     o[7] = i[0]
 
   proc swapEndian32*(outp, inp: pointer) =
-    ## copies `inp` to `outp` swapping bytes. Both buffers are supposed to
-    ## contain at least 4 bytes.
     var i = cast[cstring](inp)
     var o = cast[cstring](outp)
     o[0] = i[3]
@@ -90,8 +115,6 @@ else:
     o[3] = i[0]
 
   proc swapEndian16*(outp, inp: pointer) =
-    ## copies `inp` to `outp` swapping bytes. Both buffers are supposed to
-    ## contain at least 2 bytes.
     var i = cast[cstring](inp)
     var o = cast[cstring](outp)
     o[0] = i[1]
@@ -106,8 +129,20 @@ when system.cpuEndian == bigEndian:
   proc bigEndian16*(outp, inp: pointer) {.inline.} = copyMem(outp, inp, 2)
 else:
   proc littleEndian64*(outp, inp: pointer) {.inline.} = copyMem(outp, inp, 8)
+    ## Copies `inp` to `outp`, storing it in 64-bit little-endian order.
+    ## Both buffers are supposed to contain at least 8 bytes.
   proc littleEndian32*(outp, inp: pointer) {.inline.} = copyMem(outp, inp, 4)
+    ## Copies `inp` to `outp`, storing it in 32-bit little-endian order.
+    ## Both buffers are supposed to contain at least 4 bytes.
   proc littleEndian16*(outp, inp: pointer){.inline.} = copyMem(outp, inp, 2)
+    ## Copies `inp` to `outp`, storing it in 16-bit little-endian order.
+    ## Both buffers are supposed to contain at least 2 bytes.
   proc bigEndian64*(outp, inp: pointer) {.inline.} = swapEndian64(outp, inp)
+    ## Copies `inp` to `outp`, storing it in 64-bit big-endian order.
+    ## Both buffers are supposed to contain at least 8 bytes.
   proc bigEndian32*(outp, inp: pointer) {.inline.} = swapEndian32(outp, inp)
+    ## Copies `inp` to `outp`, storing it in 32-bit big-endian order.
+    ## Both buffers are supposed to contain at least 4 bytes.
   proc bigEndian16*(outp, inp: pointer) {.inline.} = swapEndian16(outp, inp)
+    ## Copies `inp` to `outp`, storing it in 16-bit big-endian order.
+    ## Both buffers are supposed to contain at least 2 bytes.
diff --git a/lib/pure/fenv.nim b/lib/pure/fenv.nim
index ddb6a1a0c..1d96fd6be 100644
--- a/lib/pure/fenv.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/fenv.nim
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 ## The types, vars and procs are bindings for the C standard library
 ## [<fenv.h>](https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/numeric/fenv) header.
 
-when defined(posix) and not defined(genode):
+when defined(posix) and not defined(genode) and not defined(macosx):
   {.passl: "-lm".}
 
 var
diff --git a/lib/pure/future.nim b/lib/pure/future.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 40dba7846..000000000
--- a/lib/pure/future.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-
-{.deprecated: "Use the new 'sugar' module instead".}
-
-include sugar
diff --git a/lib/pure/hashes.nim b/lib/pure/hashes.nim
index c526c976f..1038d55a1 100644
--- a/lib/pure/hashes.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/hashes.nim
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ runnableExamples:
       foo: int
       bar: string
 
-  iterator items(x: Something): int =
+  iterator items(x: Something): Hash =
     yield hash(x.foo)
     yield hash(x.bar)
 
@@ -51,18 +51,26 @@ runnableExamples:
     h = h !& hash(x.bar)
     result = !$h
 
-## **Note:** If the type has a `==` operator, the following must hold:
-## If two values compare equal, their hashes must also be equal.
+## .. important:: Use `-d:nimPreviewHashRef` to
+##    enable hashing `ref`s. It is expected that this behavior
+##    becomes the new default in upcoming versions.
+##
+## .. note:: If the type has a `==` operator, the following must hold:
+##    If two values compare equal, their hashes must also be equal.
 ##
 ## See also
 ## ========
 ## * `md5 module <md5.html>`_ for the MD5 checksum algorithm
 ## * `base64 module <base64.html>`_ for a Base64 encoder and decoder
-## * `std/sha1 module <sha1.html>`_ for a SHA-1 encoder and decoder
+## * `sha1 module <sha1.html>`_ for the SHA-1 checksum algorithm
 ## * `tables module <tables.html>`_ for hash tables
 
 import std/private/since
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+
 type
   Hash* = int ## A hash value. Hash tables using these values should
               ## always have a size of a power of two so they can use the `and`
@@ -182,7 +190,7 @@ proc hashData*(data: pointer, size: int): Hash =
   var h: Hash = 0
   when defined(js):
     var p: cstring
-    asm """`p` = `Data`;"""
+    {.emit: """`p` = `Data`;""".}
   else:
     var p = cast[cstring](data)
   var i = 0
@@ -193,13 +201,23 @@ proc hashData*(data: pointer, size: int): Hash =
     dec(s)
   result = !$h
 
+proc hashIdentity*[T: Ordinal|enum](x: T): Hash {.inline, since: (1, 3).} =
+  ## The identity hash, i.e. `hashIdentity(x) = x`.
+  cast[Hash](ord(x))
+
+when defined(nimIntHash1):
+  proc hash*[T: Ordinal|enum](x: T): Hash {.inline.} =
+    ## Efficient hashing of integers.
+    cast[Hash](ord(x))
+else:
+  proc hash*[T: Ordinal|enum](x: T): Hash {.inline.} =
+    ## Efficient hashing of integers.
+    hashWangYi1(uint64(ord(x)))
+
 when defined(js):
   var objectID = 0
-
-proc hash*(x: pointer): Hash {.inline.} =
-  ## Efficient hashing of pointers.
-  when defined(js):
-    asm """
+  proc getObjectId(x: pointer): int =
+    {.emit: """
       if (typeof `x` == "object") {
         if ("_NimID" in `x`)
           `result` = `x`["_NimID"];
@@ -208,29 +226,48 @@ proc hash*(x: pointer): Hash {.inline.} =
           `x`["_NimID"] = `result`;
         }
       }
-    """
-  else:
-    result = cast[Hash](cast[uint](x) shr 3) # skip the alignment
+    """.}
 
-proc hash*[T: proc](x: T): Hash {.inline.} =
-  ## Efficient hashing of proc vars. Closures are supported too.
-  when T is "closure":
-    result = hash(rawProc(x)) !& hash(rawEnv(x))
+proc hash*(x: pointer): Hash {.inline.} =
+  ## Efficient `hash` overload.
+  when defined(js):
+    let y = getObjectId(x)
   else:
-    result = hash(pointer(x))
-
-proc hashIdentity*[T: Ordinal|enum](x: T): Hash {.inline, since: (1, 3).} =
-  ## The identity hash, i.e. `hashIdentity(x) = x`.
-  cast[Hash](ord(x))
+    let y = cast[int](x)
+  hash(y) # consistent with code expecting scrambled hashes depending on `nimIntHash1`.
 
-when defined(nimIntHash1):
-  proc hash*[T: Ordinal|enum](x: T): Hash {.inline.} =
-    ## Efficient hashing of integers.
-    cast[Hash](ord(x))
-else:
-  proc hash*[T: Ordinal|enum](x: T): Hash {.inline.} =
-    ## Efficient hashing of integers.
-    hashWangYi1(uint64(ord(x)))
+proc hash*[T](x: ptr[T]): Hash {.inline.} =
+  ## Efficient `hash` overload.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var a: array[10, uint8]
+    assert a[0].addr.hash != a[1].addr.hash
+    assert cast[pointer](a[0].addr).hash == a[0].addr.hash
+  hash(cast[pointer](x))
+
+when defined(nimPreviewHashRef) or defined(nimdoc):
+  proc hash*[T](x: ref[T]): Hash {.inline.} =
+    ## Efficient `hash` overload.
+    ##
+    ## .. important:: Use `-d:nimPreviewHashRef` to
+    ##    enable hashing `ref`s. It is expected that this behavior
+    ##    becomes the new default in upcoming versions.
+    runnableExamples("-d:nimPreviewHashRef"):
+      type A = ref object
+        x: int
+      let a = A(x: 3)
+      let ha = a.hash
+      assert ha != A(x: 3).hash # A(x: 3) is a different ref object from `a`.
+      a.x = 4
+      assert ha == a.hash # the hash only depends on the address
+    runnableExamples("-d:nimPreviewHashRef"):
+      # you can overload `hash` if you want to customize semantics
+      type A[T] = ref object
+        x, y: T
+      proc hash(a: A): Hash = hash(a.x)
+      assert A[int](x: 3, y: 4).hash == A[int](x: 3, y: 5).hash
+    # xxx pending bug #17733, merge as `proc hash*(pointer | ref | ptr): Hash`
+    # or `proc hash*[T: ref | ptr](x: T): Hash`
+    hash(cast[pointer](x))
 
 proc hash*(x: float): Hash {.inline.} =
   ## Efficient hashing of floats.
@@ -282,16 +319,24 @@ proc murmurHash(x: openArray[byte]): Hash =
     h1: uint32
     i = 0
 
+
+  template impl =
+    var j = stepSize
+    while j > 0:
+      dec j
+      k1 = (k1 shl 8) or (ord(x[i+j])).uint32
+
   # body
   while i < n * stepSize:
     var k1: uint32
-    when defined(js) or defined(sparc) or defined(sparc64):
-      var j = stepSize
-      while j > 0:
-        dec j
-        k1 = (k1 shl 8) or (ord(x[i+j])).uint32
+
+    when nimvm:
+      impl()
     else:
-      k1 = cast[ptr uint32](unsafeAddr x[i])[]
+      when declared(copyMem):
+        copyMem(addr k1, addr x[i], 4)
+      else:
+        impl()
     inc i, stepSize
 
     k1 = imul(k1, c1)
@@ -323,16 +368,168 @@ proc murmurHash(x: openArray[byte]): Hash =
   return cast[Hash](h1)
 
 proc hashVmImpl(x: cstring, sPos, ePos: int): Hash =
-  doAssert false, "implementation override in compiler/vmops.nim"
+  raiseAssert "implementation override in compiler/vmops.nim"
 
 proc hashVmImpl(x: string, sPos, ePos: int): Hash =
-  doAssert false, "implementation override in compiler/vmops.nim"
+  raiseAssert "implementation override in compiler/vmops.nim"
 
 proc hashVmImplChar(x: openArray[char], sPos, ePos: int): Hash =
-  doAssert false, "implementation override in compiler/vmops.nim"
+  raiseAssert "implementation override in compiler/vmops.nim"
 
 proc hashVmImplByte(x: openArray[byte], sPos, ePos: int): Hash =
-  doAssert false, "implementation override in compiler/vmops.nim"
+  raiseAssert "implementation override in compiler/vmops.nim"
+
+const k0 = 0xc3a5c85c97cb3127u64 # Primes on (2^63, 2^64) for various uses
+const k1 = 0xb492b66fbe98f273u64
+const k2 = 0x9ae16a3b2f90404fu64
+
+proc load4e(s: openArray[byte], o=0): uint32 {.inline.} =
+  uint32(s[o + 3]) shl 24 or uint32(s[o + 2]) shl 16 or
+  uint32(s[o + 1]) shl  8 or uint32(s[o + 0])
+
+proc load8e(s: openArray[byte], o=0): uint64 {.inline.} =
+  uint64(s[o + 7]) shl 56 or uint64(s[o + 6]) shl 48 or
+  uint64(s[o + 5]) shl 40 or uint64(s[o + 4]) shl 32 or
+  uint64(s[o + 3]) shl 24 or uint64(s[o + 2]) shl 16 or
+  uint64(s[o + 1]) shl  8 or uint64(s[o + 0])
+
+proc load4(s: openArray[byte], o=0): uint32 {.inline.} =
+  when nimvm: result = load4e(s, o)
+  else:
+    when declared copyMem: copyMem result.addr, s[o].addr, result.sizeof
+    else: result = load4e(s, o)
+
+proc load8(s: openArray[byte], o=0): uint64 {.inline.} =
+  when nimvm: result = load8e(s, o)
+  else:
+    when declared copyMem: copyMem result.addr, s[o].addr, result.sizeof
+    else: result = load8e(s, o)
+
+proc lenU(s: openArray[byte]): uint64 {.inline.} = s.len.uint64
+
+proc shiftMix(v: uint64): uint64 {.inline.} = v xor (v shr 47)
+
+proc rotR(v: uint64; bits: cint): uint64 {.inline.} =
+  (v shr bits) or (v shl (64 - bits))
+
+proc len16(u: uint64; v: uint64; mul: uint64): uint64 {.inline.} =
+  var a = (u xor v)*mul
+  a = a xor (a shr 47)
+  var b = (v xor a)*mul
+  b = b xor (b shr 47)
+  b*mul
+
+proc len0_16(s: openArray[byte]): uint64 {.inline.} =
+  if s.len >= 8:
+    let mul = k2 + 2*s.lenU
+    let a   = load8(s) + k2
+    let b   = load8(s, s.len - 8)
+    let c   = rotR(b, 37)*mul + a
+    let d   = (rotR(a, 25) + b)*mul
+    len16 c, d, mul
+  elif s.len >= 4:
+    let mul = k2 + 2*s.lenU
+    let a   = load4(s).uint64
+    len16 s.lenU + (a shl 3), load4(s, s.len - 4), mul
+  elif s.len > 0:
+    let a = uint32(s[0])
+    let b = uint32(s[s.len shr 1])
+    let c = uint32(s[s.len - 1])
+    let y = a      + (b shl 8)
+    let z = s.lenU + (c shl 2)
+    shiftMix(y*k2 xor z*k0)*k2
+  else: k2      # s.len == 0
+
+proc len17_32(s: openArray[byte]): uint64 {.inline.} =
+  let mul = k2 + 2*s.lenU
+  let a = load8(s)*k1
+  let b = load8(s, 8)
+  let c = load8(s, s.len - 8)*mul
+  let d = load8(s, s.len - 16)*k2
+  len16 rotR(a + b, 43) + rotR(c, 30) + d, a + rotR(b + k2, 18) + c, mul
+
+proc len33_64(s: openArray[byte]): uint64 {.inline.} =
+  let mul = k2 + 2*s.lenU
+  let a = load8(s)*k2
+  let b = load8(s, 8)
+  let c = load8(s, s.len - 8)*mul
+  let d = load8(s, s.len - 16)*k2
+  let y = rotR(a + b, 43) + rotR(c, 30) + d
+  let z = len16(y, a + rotR(b + k2, 18) + c, mul)
+  let e = load8(s, 16)*mul
+  let f = load8(s, 24)
+  let g = (y + load8(s, s.len - 32))*mul
+  let h = (z + load8(s, s.len - 24))*mul
+  len16 rotR(e + f, 43) + rotR(g, 30) + h, e + rotR(f + a, 18) + g, mul
+
+type Pair = tuple[first, second: uint64]
+
+proc weakLen32withSeeds2(w, x, y, z, a, b: uint64): Pair {.inline.} =
+  var a = a + w
+  var b = rotR(b + a + z, 21)
+  let c = a
+  a += x
+  a += y
+  b += rotR(a, 44)
+  result[0] = a + z
+  result[1] = b + c
+
+proc weakLen32withSeeds(s: openArray[byte]; o: int; a,b: uint64): Pair {.inline.} =
+  weakLen32withSeeds2 load8(s, o     ), load8(s, o + 8),
+                      load8(s, o + 16), load8(s, o + 24), a, b
+
+proc hashFarm(s: openArray[byte]): uint64 {.inline.} =
+  if s.len <= 16: return len0_16(s)
+  if s.len <= 32: return len17_32(s)
+  if s.len <= 64: return len33_64(s)
+  const seed = 81u64 # not const to use input `h`
+  var
+    o = 0         # s[] ptr arith -> variable origin variable `o`
+    x = seed
+    y = seed*k1 + 113
+    z = shiftMix(y*k2 + 113)*k2
+    v, w: Pair
+  x = x*k2 + load8(s)
+  let eos    = ((s.len - 1) div 64)*64
+  let last64 = eos + ((s.len - 1) and 63) - 63
+  while true:
+    x = rotR(x + y + v[0] + load8(s, o+8), 37)*k1
+    y = rotR(y + v[1] + load8(s, o+48), 42)*k1
+    x = x xor w[1]
+    y += v[0] + load8(s, o+40)
+    z = rotR(z + w[0], 33)*k1
+    v = weakLen32withSeeds(s, o+0 , v[1]*k1, x + w[0])
+    w = weakLen32withSeeds(s, o+32, z + w[1], y + load8(s, o+16))
+    swap z, x
+    inc o, 64
+    if o == eos: break
+  let mul = k1 + ((z and 0xff) shl 1)
+  o = last64
+  w[0] += (s.lenU - 1) and 63
+  v[0] += w[0]
+  w[0] += v[0]
+  x = rotR(x + y + v[0] + load8(s, o+8), 37)*mul
+  y = rotR(y + v[1] + load8(s, o+48), 42)*mul
+  x = x xor w[1]*9
+  y += v[0]*9 + load8(s, o+40)
+  z = rotR(z + w[0], 33)*mul
+  v = weakLen32withSeeds(s, o+0 , v[1]*mul, x + w[0])
+  w = weakLen32withSeeds(s, o+32, z + w[1], y + load8(s, o+16))
+  swap z, x
+  len16 len16(v[0],w[0],mul) + shiftMix(y)*k0 + z, len16(v[1],w[1],mul) + x, mul
+
+template jsNoInt64: untyped =
+  when defined js:
+    when compiles(compileOption("jsbigint64")):
+      when not compileOption("jsbigint64"): true
+      else: false
+    else: false
+  else: false
+const sHash2 = (when defined(nimStringHash2) or jsNoInt64(): true else: false)
+
+template maybeFailJS_Number =
+  when jsNoInt64() and not defined(nimStringHash2):
+    {.error: "Must use `-d:nimStringHash2` when using `--jsbigint64:off`".}
 
 proc hash*(x: string): Hash =
   ## Efficient hashing of strings.
@@ -342,16 +539,13 @@ proc hash*(x: string): Hash =
   ## * `hashIgnoreCase <#hashIgnoreCase,string>`_
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert hash("abracadabra") != hash("AbracadabrA")
-
-  when not defined(nimToOpenArrayCString):
-    result = 0
-    for c in x:
-      result = result !& ord(c)
-    result = !$result
+  maybeFailJS_Number()
+  when not sHash2:
+    result = cast[Hash](hashFarm(toOpenArrayByte(x, 0, x.high)))
   else:
-    when nimvm:
-      result = hashVmImpl(x, 0, high(x))
-    else:
+    #when nimvm:
+    #  result = hashVmImpl(x, 0, high(x))
+    when true:
       result = murmurHash(toOpenArrayByte(x, 0, high(x)))
 
 proc hash*(x: cstring): Hash =
@@ -361,22 +555,22 @@ proc hash*(x: cstring): Hash =
     doAssert hash(cstring"AbracadabrA") == hash("AbracadabrA")
     doAssert hash(cstring"abracadabra") != hash(cstring"AbracadabrA")
 
-  when not defined(nimToOpenArrayCString):
-    result = 0
-    var i = 0
-    while x[i] != '\0':
-      result = result !& ord(x[i])
-      inc i
-    result = !$result
-  else:
-    when nimvm:
-      hashVmImpl(x, 0, high(x))
+  maybeFailJS_Number()
+  when not sHash2:
+    when defined js:
+      let xx = $x
+      result = cast[Hash](hashFarm(toOpenArrayByte(xx, 0, xx.high)))
     else:
-      when not defined(js) and defined(nimToOpenArrayCString):
-        murmurHash(toOpenArrayByte(x, 0, x.high))
+      result = cast[Hash](hashFarm(toOpenArrayByte(x, 0, x.high)))
+  else:
+    #when nimvm:
+    #  result = hashVmImpl(x, 0, high(x))
+    when true:
+      when not defined(js):
+        result = murmurHash(toOpenArrayByte(x, 0, x.high))
       else:
         let xx = $x
-        murmurHash(toOpenArrayByte(xx, 0, high(xx)))
+        result = murmurHash(toOpenArrayByte(xx, 0, high(xx)))
 
 proc hash*(sBuf: string, sPos, ePos: int): Hash =
   ## Efficient hashing of a string buffer, from starting
@@ -387,11 +581,9 @@ proc hash*(sBuf: string, sPos, ePos: int): Hash =
     var a = "abracadabra"
     doAssert hash(a, 0, 3) == hash(a, 7, 10)
 
-  when not defined(nimToOpenArrayCString):
-    result = 0
-    for i in sPos..ePos:
-      result = result !& ord(sBuf[i])
-    result = !$result
+  maybeFailJS_Number()
+  when not sHash2:
+    result = cast[Hash](hashFarm(toOpenArrayByte(sBuf, sPos, ePos)))
   else:
     murmurHash(toOpenArrayByte(sBuf, sPos, ePos))
 
@@ -484,11 +676,10 @@ proc hashIgnoreCase*(sBuf: string, sPos, ePos: int): Hash =
     h = h !& ord(c)
   result = !$h
 
-
-proc hash*[T: tuple | object](x: T): Hash =
-  ## Efficient hashing of tuples and objects.
-  ## There must be a `hash` proc defined for each of the field types.
+proc hash*[T: tuple | object | proc | iterator {.closure.}](x: T): Hash =
+  ## Efficient `hash` overload.
   runnableExamples:
+    # for `tuple|object`, `hash` must be defined for each component of `x`.
     type Obj = object
       x: int
       y: string
@@ -499,21 +690,50 @@ proc hash*[T: tuple | object](x: T): Hash =
     # you can define custom hashes for objects (even if they're generic):
     proc hash(a: Obj2): Hash = hash((a.x))
     assert hash(Obj2[float](x: 520, y: "Nim")) == hash(Obj2[float](x: 520, y: "Nim2"))
-  for f in fields(x):
-    result = result !& hash(f)
-  result = !$result
+  runnableExamples:
+    # proc
+    proc fn1() = discard
+    const fn1b = fn1
+    assert hash(fn1b) == hash(fn1)
+
+    # closure
+    proc outer =
+      var a = 0
+      proc fn2() = a.inc
+      assert fn2 is "closure"
+      let fn2b = fn2
+      assert hash(fn2b) == hash(fn2)
+      assert hash(fn2) != hash(fn1)
+    outer()
+
+  when T is "closure":
+    result = hash((rawProc(x), rawEnv(x)))
+  elif T is (proc):
+    result = hash(cast[pointer](x))
+  else:
+    result = 0
+    for f in fields(x):
+      result = result !& hash(f)
+    result = !$result
 
 proc hash*[A](x: openArray[A]): Hash =
   ## Efficient hashing of arrays and sequences.
   ## There must be a `hash` proc defined for the element type `A`.
   when A is byte:
-    result = murmurHash(x)
+    when not sHash2:
+      result = cast[Hash](hashFarm(x))
+    else:
+      result = murmurHash(x)
   elif A is char:
-    when nimvm:
-      result = hashVmImplChar(x, 0, x.high)
+    when not sHash2:
+      result = cast[Hash](hashFarm(toOpenArrayByte(x, 0, x.high)))
     else:
-      result = murmurHash(toOpenArrayByte(x, 0, x.high))
+      #when nimvm:
+      #  result = hashVmImplChar(x, 0, x.high)
+      when true:
+        result = murmurHash(toOpenArrayByte(x, 0, x.high))
   else:
+    result = 0
     for a in x:
       result = result !& hash(a)
     result = !$result
@@ -527,17 +747,24 @@ proc hash*[A](aBuf: openArray[A], sPos, ePos: int): Hash =
   runnableExamples:
     let a = [1, 2, 5, 1, 2, 6]
     doAssert hash(a, 0, 1) == hash(a, 3, 4)
-
   when A is byte:
-    when nimvm:
-      result = hashVmImplByte(aBuf, sPos, ePos)
+    maybeFailJS_Number()
+    when not sHash2:
+      result = cast[Hash](hashFarm(toOpenArray(aBuf, sPos, ePos)))
     else:
-      result = murmurHash(toOpenArray(aBuf, sPos, ePos))
+      #when nimvm:
+      #  result = hashVmImplByte(aBuf, sPos, ePos)
+      when true:
+        result = murmurHash(toOpenArray(aBuf, sPos, ePos))
   elif A is char:
-    when nimvm:
-      result = hashVmImplChar(aBuf, sPos, ePos)
+    maybeFailJS_Number()
+    when not sHash2:
+      result = cast[Hash](hashFarm(toOpenArrayByte(aBuf, sPos, ePos)))
     else:
-      result = murmurHash(toOpenArrayByte(aBuf, sPos, ePos))
+      #when nimvm:
+      #  result = hashVmImplChar(aBuf, sPos, ePos)
+      when true:
+        result = murmurHash(toOpenArrayByte(aBuf, sPos, ePos))
   else:
     for i in sPos .. ePos:
       result = result !& hash(aBuf[i])
@@ -546,6 +773,7 @@ proc hash*[A](aBuf: openArray[A], sPos, ePos: int): Hash =
 proc hash*[A](x: set[A]): Hash =
   ## Efficient hashing of sets.
   ## There must be a `hash` proc defined for the element type `A`.
+  result = 0
   for it in items(x):
     result = result !& hash(it)
   result = !$result
diff --git a/lib/pure/htmlgen.nim b/lib/pure/htmlgen.nim
index 163f9303b..fafa72463 100644
--- a/lib/pure/htmlgen.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/htmlgen.nim
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 #
 
 ## Do yourself a favor and import the module
-## as `from htmlgen import nil` and then fully qualify the macros.
+## as `from std/htmlgen import nil` and then fully qualify the macros.
 ##
 ## *Note*: The Karax project (`nimble install karax`) has a better
 ## way to achieve the same, see https://github.com/pragmagic/karax/blob/master/tests/nativehtmlgen.nim
@@ -30,17 +30,18 @@
 ## Examples
 ## ========
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
+##   ```Nim
 ##   var nim = "Nim"
 ##   echo h1(a(href="https://nim-lang.org", nim))
+##   ```
 ##
-## Writes the string::
+## Writes the string:
 ##
-##   <h1><a href="https://nim-lang.org">Nim</a></h1>
+##     <h1><a href="https://nim-lang.org">Nim</a></h1>
 ##
 
 import
-  macros, strutils
+  std/[macros, strutils]
 
 const
   coreAttr* = " accesskey class contenteditable dir hidden id lang " &
@@ -322,7 +323,7 @@ macro html*(e: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
 
 macro hr*(): untyped =
   ## Generates the HTML `hr` element.
-  result = xmlCheckedTag(newNimNode(nnkArglist), "hr", commonAttr, "", true)
+  result = xmlCheckedTag(newNimNode(nnkArgList), "hr", commonAttr, "", true)
 
 macro i*(e: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
   ## Generates the HTML `i` element.
diff --git a/lib/pure/htmlparser.nim b/lib/pure/htmlparser.nim
index c572146a7..62919546f 100644
--- a/lib/pure/htmlparser.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/htmlparser.nim
@@ -12,10 +12,9 @@
 ##
 ## It can be used to parse a wild HTML document and output it as valid XHTML
 ## document (well, if you are lucky):
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##
+##   ```Nim
 ##   echo loadHtml("mydirty.html")
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Every tag in the resulting tree is in lower case.
 ##
@@ -29,9 +28,7 @@
 ## and write back the modified version. In this case we look for hyperlinks
 ## ending with the extension `.rst` and convert them to `.html`.
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##     :test:
-##
+##   ```Nim test
 ##   import std/htmlparser
 ##   import std/xmltree  # To use '$' for XmlNode
 ##   import std/strtabs  # To access XmlAttributes
@@ -48,8 +45,14 @@
 ##           a.attrs["href"] = dir / filename & ".html"
 ##
 ##     writeFile("output.html", $html)
+##   ```
+
+{.deprecated: "use `nimble install htmlparser` and import `pkg/htmlparser` instead".}
+
+import std/[strutils, streams, parsexml, xmltree, unicode, strtabs]
 
-import strutils, streams, parsexml, xmltree, unicode, strtabs
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
 
 type
   HtmlTag* = enum  ## list of all supported HTML tags; order will always be
@@ -215,7 +218,7 @@ const
     tagMenu, tagNoframes}
   SingleTags* = {tagArea, tagBase, tagBasefont,
     tagBr, tagCol, tagFrame, tagHr, tagImg, tagIsindex,
-    tagLink, tagMeta, tagParam, tagWbr}
+    tagLink, tagMeta, tagParam, tagWbr, tagSource}
 
 proc allLower(s: string): bool =
   for c in s:
@@ -391,10 +394,10 @@ proc entityToRune*(entity: string): Rune =
     case entity[1]
     of '0'..'9':
       try: runeValue = parseInt(entity[1..^1])
-      except: discard
+      except ValueError: discard
     of 'x', 'X': # not case sensitive here
       try: runeValue = parseHexInt(entity[2..^1])
-      except: discard
+      except ValueError: discard
     else: discard # other entities are not defined with prefix `#`
     if runeValue notin 0..0x10FFFF: runeValue = 0 # only return legal values
     return Rune(runeValue)
@@ -2061,7 +2064,7 @@ proc loadHtml*(path: string): XmlNode =
   result = loadHtml(path, errors)
 
 when not defined(testing) and isMainModule:
-  import os
+  import std/os
 
   var errors: seq[string] = @[]
   var x = loadHtml(paramStr(1), errors)
diff --git a/lib/pure/httpclient.nim b/lib/pure/httpclient.nim
index 14bcfd2fb..08ea99627 100644
--- a/lib/pure/httpclient.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/httpclient.nim
@@ -10,28 +10,38 @@
 ## This module implements a simple HTTP client that can be used to retrieve
 ## webpages and other data.
 ##
+## .. warning:: Validate untrusted inputs: URI parsers and getters are not detecting malicious URIs.
+##
 ## Retrieving a website
 ## ====================
 ##
 ## This example uses HTTP GET to retrieve
 ## `http://google.com`:
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
+##   ```Nim
 ##   import std/httpclient
 ##   var client = newHttpClient()
-##   echo client.getContent("http://google.com")
+##   try:
+##     echo client.getContent("http://google.com")
+##   finally:
+##     client.close()
+##   ```
 ##
 ## The same action can also be performed asynchronously, simply use the
 ## `AsyncHttpClient`:
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
+##   ```Nim
 ##   import std/[asyncdispatch, httpclient]
 ##
 ##   proc asyncProc(): Future[string] {.async.} =
 ##     var client = newAsyncHttpClient()
-##     return await client.getContent("http://example.com")
+##     try:
+##       return await client.getContent("http://google.com")
+##     finally:
+##       client.close()
 ##
 ##   echo waitFor asyncProc()
+##   ```
 ##
 ## The functionality implemented by `HttpClient` and `AsyncHttpClient`
 ## is the same, so you can use whichever one suits you best in the examples
@@ -40,6 +50,10 @@
 ## **Note:** You need to run asynchronous examples in an async proc
 ## otherwise you will get an `Undeclared identifier: 'await'` error.
 ##
+## **Note:** An asynchronous client instance can only deal with one
+## request at a time. To send multiple requests in parallel, use
+## multiple client instances.
+##
 ## Using HTTP POST
 ## ===============
 ##
@@ -47,33 +61,39 @@
 ## uses `multipart/form-data` as the `Content-Type` to send the HTML to be
 ## validated to the server.
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
+##   ```Nim
 ##   var client = newHttpClient()
 ##   var data = newMultipartData()
 ##   data["output"] = "soap12"
 ##   data["uploaded_file"] = ("test.html", "text/html",
 ##     "<html><head></head><body><p>test</p></body></html>")
-##
-##   echo client.postContent("http://validator.w3.org/check", multipart=data)
+##   try:
+##     echo client.postContent("http://validator.w3.org/check", multipart=data)
+##   finally:
+##     client.close()
+##   ```
 ##
 ## To stream files from disk when performing the request, use `addFiles`.
 ##
 ## **Note:** This will allocate a new `Mimetypes` database every time you call
 ## it, you can pass your own via the `mimeDb` parameter to avoid this.
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
+##   ```Nim
 ##   let mimes = newMimetypes()
 ##   var client = newHttpClient()
 ##   var data = newMultipartData()
 ##   data.addFiles({"uploaded_file": "test.html"}, mimeDb = mimes)
-##
-##   echo client.postContent("http://validator.w3.org/check", multipart=data)
+##   try:
+##     echo client.postContent("http://validator.w3.org/check", multipart=data)
+##   finally:
+##     client.close()
+##   ```
 ##
 ## You can also make post requests with custom headers.
 ## This example sets `Content-Type` to `application/json`
 ## and uses a json object for the body
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
+##   ```Nim
 ##   import std/[httpclient, json]
 ##
 ##   let client = newHttpClient()
@@ -81,8 +101,12 @@
 ##   let body = %*{
 ##       "data": "some text"
 ##   }
-##   let response = client.request("http://some.api", httpMethod = HttpPost, body = $body)
-##   echo response.status
+##   try:
+##     let response = client.request("http://some.api", httpMethod = HttpPost, body = $body)
+##     echo response.status
+##   finally:
+##     client.close()
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Progress reporting
 ## ==================
@@ -91,31 +115,36 @@
 ## This callback will be executed every second with information about the
 ## progress of the HTTP request.
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##    import std/[asyncdispatch, httpclient]
+##   ```Nim
+##   import std/[asyncdispatch, httpclient]
 ##
-##    proc onProgressChanged(total, progress, speed: BiggestInt) {.async.} =
-##      echo("Downloaded ", progress, " of ", total)
-##      echo("Current rate: ", speed div 1000, "kb/s")
+##   proc onProgressChanged(total, progress, speed: BiggestInt) {.async.} =
+##     echo("Downloaded ", progress, " of ", total)
+##     echo("Current rate: ", speed div 1000, "kb/s")
 ##
-##    proc asyncProc() {.async.} =
-##      var client = newAsyncHttpClient()
-##      client.onProgressChanged = onProgressChanged
-##      discard await client.getContent("http://speedtest-ams2.digitalocean.com/100mb.test")
+##   proc asyncProc() {.async.} =
+##     var client = newAsyncHttpClient()
+##     client.onProgressChanged = onProgressChanged
+##     try:
+##       discard await client.getContent("http://speedtest-ams2.digitalocean.com/100mb.test")
+##     finally:
+##       client.close()
 ##
-##    waitFor asyncProc()
+##   waitFor asyncProc()
+##   ```
 ##
 ## If you would like to remove the callback simply set it to `nil`.
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
+##   ```Nim
 ##   client.onProgressChanged = nil
+##   ```
 ##
 ## .. warning:: The `total` reported by httpclient may be 0 in some cases.
 ##
 ##
 ## SSL/TLS support
 ## ===============
-## This requires the OpenSSL library, fortunately it's widely used and installed
+## This requires the OpenSSL library. Fortunately it's widely used and installed
 ## on many operating systems. httpclient will use SSL automatically if you give
 ## any of the functions a url with the `https` schema, for example:
 ## `https://github.com/`.
@@ -123,12 +152,26 @@
 ## You will also have to compile with `ssl` defined like so:
 ## `nim c -d:ssl ...`.
 ##
-## Certificate validation is NOT performed by default.
-## This will change in the future.
+## Certificate validation is performed by default.
 ##
 ## A set of directories and files from the `ssl_certs <ssl_certs.html>`_
 ## module are scanned to locate CA certificates.
 ##
+## Example of setting SSL verification parameters in a new client:
+##
+##   ```Nim
+##   import httpclient
+##   var client = newHttpClient(sslContext=newContext(verifyMode=CVerifyPeer))
+##   ```
+##
+## There are three options for verify mode:
+##
+## * ``CVerifyNone``: certificates are not verified;
+## * ``CVerifyPeer``: certificates are verified;
+## * ``CVerifyPeerUseEnvVars``: certificates are verified and the optional
+##   environment variables SSL_CERT_FILE and SSL_CERT_DIR are also used to
+##   locate certificates
+##
 ## See `newContext <net.html#newContext.string,string,string,string>`_ to tweak or disable certificate validation.
 ##
 ## Timeouts
@@ -148,10 +191,11 @@
 ##
 ## Here is how to set a timeout when creating an `HttpClient` instance:
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##    import std/httpclient
+##   ```Nim
+##   import std/httpclient
 ##
-##    let client = newHttpClient(timeout = 42)
+##   let client = newHttpClient(timeout = 42)
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Proxy
 ## =====
@@ -162,28 +206,39 @@
 ##
 ## Some examples on how to configure a Proxy for `HttpClient`:
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##    import std/httpclient
+##   ```Nim
+##   import std/httpclient
+##
+##   let myProxy = newProxy("http://myproxy.network")
+##   let client = newHttpClient(proxy = myProxy)
+##   ```
+##
+## Use proxies with basic authentication:
+##
+##   ```Nim
+##   import std/httpclient
 ##
-##    let myProxy = newProxy("http://myproxy.network")
-##    let client = newHttpClient(proxy = myProxy)
+##   let myProxy = newProxy("http://myproxy.network", auth="user:password")
+##   let client = newHttpClient(proxy = myProxy)
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Get Proxy URL from environment variables:
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##    import std/httpclient
+##   ```Nim
+##   import std/httpclient
 ##
-##    var url = ""
-##    try:
-##      if existsEnv("http_proxy"):
-##        url = getEnv("http_proxy")
-##      elif existsEnv("https_proxy"):
-##        url = getEnv("https_proxy")
-##    except ValueError:
-##      echo "Unable to parse proxy from environment variables."
+##   var url = ""
+##   try:
+##     if existsEnv("http_proxy"):
+##       url = getEnv("http_proxy")
+##     elif existsEnv("https_proxy"):
+##       url = getEnv("https_proxy")
+##   except ValueError:
+##     echo "Unable to parse proxy from environment variables."
 ##
-##    let myProxy = newProxy(url = url)
-##    let client = newHttpClient(proxy = myProxy)
+##   let myProxy = newProxy(url = url)
+##   let client = newHttpClient(proxy = myProxy)
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Redirects
 ## =========
@@ -194,10 +249,11 @@
 ##
 ## Here you can see an example about how to set the `maxRedirects` of `HttpClient`:
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##    import std/httpclient
+##   ```Nim
+##   import std/httpclient
 ##
-##    let client = newHttpClient(maxRedirects = 0)
+##   let client = newHttpClient(maxRedirects = 0)
+##   ```
 ##
 
 import std/private/since
@@ -208,6 +264,9 @@ import std/[
   asyncnet, asyncdispatch, asyncfile, nativesockets,
 ]
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, syncio]
+
 export httpcore except parseHeader # TODO: The `except` doesn't work
 
 type
@@ -245,9 +304,9 @@ proc contentLength*(response: Response | AsyncResponse): int =
   ## This is effectively the value of the "Content-Length" header.
   ##
   ## A `ValueError` exception will be raised if the value is not an integer.
-  var contentLengthHeader = response.headers.getOrDefault("Content-Length")
+  ## If the Content-Length header is not set in the response, ContentLength is set to the value -1.
+  var contentLengthHeader = response.headers.getOrDefault("Content-Length", HttpHeaderValues(@["-1"]))
   result = contentLengthHeader.parseInt()
-  doAssert(result >= 0 and result <= high(int32))
 
 proc lastModified*(response: Response | AsyncResponse): DateTime =
   ## Retrieves the specified response's last modified time.
@@ -300,7 +359,7 @@ type
                                         ## and `postContent` proc,
                                         ## when the server returns an error
 
-const defUserAgent* = "Nim httpclient/" & NimVersion
+const defUserAgent* = "Nim-httpclient/" & NimVersion
 
 proc httpError(msg: string) =
   var e: ref ProtocolError
@@ -383,8 +442,9 @@ proc add*(p: MultipartData, xs: MultipartEntries): MultipartData
   ## Add a list of multipart entries to the multipart data `p`. All values are
   ## added without a filename and without a content type.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   data.add({"action": "login", "format": "json"})
+  ##   ```
   for name, content in xs.items:
     p.add(name, content)
   result = p
@@ -393,8 +453,9 @@ proc newMultipartData*(xs: MultipartEntries): MultipartData =
   ## Create a new multipart data object and fill it with the entries `xs`
   ## directly.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   var data = newMultipartData({"action": "login", "format": "json"})
+  ##   ```
   result = MultipartData()
   for entry in xs:
     result.add(entry.name, entry.content)
@@ -409,8 +470,9 @@ proc addFiles*(p: MultipartData, xs: openArray[tuple[name, file: string]],
   ## Raises an `IOError` if the file cannot be opened or reading fails. To
   ## manually specify file content, filename and MIME type, use `[]=` instead.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   data.addFiles({"uploaded_file": "public/test.html"})
+  ##   ```
   for name, file in xs.items:
     var contentType: string
     let (_, fName, ext) = splitFile(file)
@@ -424,8 +486,9 @@ proc `[]=`*(p: MultipartData, name, content: string) {.inline.} =
   ## Add a multipart entry to the multipart data `p`. The value is added
   ## without a filename and without a content type.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   data["username"] = "NimUser"
+  ##   ```
   p.add(name, content)
 
 proc `[]=`*(p: MultipartData, name: string,
@@ -433,9 +496,10 @@ proc `[]=`*(p: MultipartData, name: string,
   ## Add a file to the multipart data `p`, specifying filename, contentType
   ## and content manually.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   data["uploaded_file"] = ("test.html", "text/html",
   ##     "<html><head></head><body><p>test</p></body></html>")
+  ##   ```
   p.add(name, file.content, file.name, file.contentType, useStream = false)
 
 proc getBoundary(p: MultipartData): string =
@@ -510,7 +574,7 @@ proc generateHeaders(requestUrl: Uri, httpMethod: HttpMethod, headers: HttpHeade
   # Proxy auth header.
   if not proxy.isNil and proxy.auth != "":
     let auth = base64.encode(proxy.auth)
-    add(result, "Proxy-Authorization: basic " & auth & httpNewLine)
+    add(result, "Proxy-Authorization: Basic " & auth & httpNewLine)
 
   for key, val in headers:
     add(result, key & ": " & val & httpNewLine)
@@ -574,15 +638,11 @@ proc newHttpClient*(userAgent = defUserAgent, maxRedirects = 5,
   ##
   ## `headers` specifies the HTTP Headers.
   runnableExamples:
-    import std/[asyncdispatch, httpclient, strutils]
-
-    proc asyncProc(): Future[string] {.async.} =
-      var client = newAsyncHttpClient()
-      return await client.getContent("http://example.com")
+    import std/strutils
 
-    let exampleHtml = waitFor asyncProc()
+    let exampleHtml = newHttpClient().getContent("http://example.com")
     assert "Example Domain" in exampleHtml
-    assert not ("Pizza" in exampleHtml)
+    assert "Pizza" notin exampleHtml
 
   new result
   result.headers = headers
@@ -616,6 +676,17 @@ proc newAsyncHttpClient*(userAgent = defUserAgent, maxRedirects = 5,
   ## connections.
   ##
   ## `headers` specifies the HTTP Headers.
+  runnableExamples:
+    import std/[asyncdispatch, strutils]
+
+    proc asyncProc(): Future[string] {.async.} =
+      let client = newAsyncHttpClient()
+      result = await client.getContent("http://example.com")
+
+    let exampleHtml = waitFor asyncProc()
+    assert "Example Domain" in exampleHtml
+    assert "Pizza" notin exampleHtml
+  
   new result
   result.headers = headers
   result.userAgent = userAgent
@@ -635,15 +706,15 @@ proc close*(client: HttpClient | AsyncHttpClient) =
     client.connected = false
 
 proc getSocket*(client: HttpClient): Socket {.inline.} =
-  ## Get network socket, useful if you want to find out more details about the connection
+  ## Get network socket, useful if you want to find out more details about the connection.
   ##
-  ## this example shows info about local and remote endpoints
+  ## This example shows info about local and remote endpoints:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   if client.connected:
   ##     echo client.getSocket.getLocalAddr
   ##     echo client.getSocket.getPeerAddr
-  ##
+  ##   ```
   return client.socket
 
 proc getSocket*(client: AsyncHttpClient): AsyncSocket {.inline.} =
@@ -653,7 +724,7 @@ proc reportProgress(client: HttpClient | AsyncHttpClient,
                     progress: BiggestInt) {.multisync.} =
   client.contentProgress += progress
   client.oneSecondProgress += progress
-  if (getMonoTime() - client.lastProgressReport).inSeconds > 1:
+  if (getMonoTime() - client.lastProgressReport).inSeconds >= 1:
     if not client.onProgressChanged.isNil:
       await client.onProgressChanged(client.contentTotal,
                                      client.contentProgress,
@@ -751,7 +822,7 @@ proc parseBody(client: HttpClient | AsyncHttpClient, headers: HttpHeaders,
           httpError("Got disconnected while trying to read body.")
         if recvLen != length:
           httpError("Received length doesn't match expected length. Wanted " &
-                    $length & " got " & $recvLen)
+                    $length & " got: " & $recvLen)
     else:
       # (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-4.4) NR.4 TODO
 
@@ -785,6 +856,7 @@ proc parseResponse(client: HttpClient | AsyncHttpClient,
   var parsedStatus = false
   var linei = 0
   var fullyRead = false
+  var lastHeaderName = ""
   var line = ""
   result.headers = newHttpHeaders()
   while true:
@@ -819,16 +891,29 @@ proc parseResponse(client: HttpClient | AsyncHttpClient,
       parsedStatus = true
     else:
       # Parse headers
-      var name = ""
-      var le = parseUntil(line, name, ':', linei)
-      if le <= 0: httpError("invalid headers")
-      inc(linei, le)
-      if line[linei] != ':': httpError("invalid headers")
-      inc(linei) # Skip :
-
-      result.headers.add(name, line[linei .. ^1].strip())
-      if result.headers.len > headerLimit:
-        httpError("too many headers")
+      # There's at least one char because empty lines are handled above (with client.close)
+      if line[0] in {' ', '\t'}:
+        # Check if it's a multiline header value, if so, append to the header we're currently parsing
+        # This works because a line with a header must start with the header name without any leading space
+        # See https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230, section 3.2 and 3.2.4
+        # Multiline headers are deprecated in the spec, but it's better to parse them than crash
+        if lastHeaderName == "":
+          # Some extra unparsable lines in the HTTP output - we ignore them
+          discard
+        else:
+          result.headers.table[result.headers.toCaseInsensitive(lastHeaderName)][^1].add "\n" & line
+      else:
+        var name = ""
+        var le = parseUntil(line, name, ':', linei)
+        if le <= 0: httpError("Invalid headers - received empty header name")
+        if line.len == le: httpError("Invalid headers - no colon after header name")
+        inc(linei, le) # Skip the parsed header name
+        inc(linei) # Skip :
+        # If we want to be HTTP spec compliant later, error on linei == line.len (for empty header value)
+        lastHeaderName = name # Remember the header name for the possible multi-line header
+        result.headers.add(name, line[linei .. ^1].strip())
+        if result.headers.len > headerLimit:
+          httpError("too many headers")
 
   if not fullyRead:
     httpError("Connection was closed before full request has been made")
@@ -849,6 +934,9 @@ proc parseResponse(client: HttpClient | AsyncHttpClient,
       client.parseBodyFut.addCallback do():
         if client.parseBodyFut.failed:
           client.bodyStream.fail(client.parseBodyFut.error)
+  else:
+    when client is AsyncHttpClient:
+      result.bodyStream.complete()
 
 proc newConnection(client: HttpClient | AsyncHttpClient,
                    url: Uri) {.multisync.} =
@@ -955,19 +1043,22 @@ proc format(client: HttpClient | AsyncHttpClient,
     if entry.isFile:
       length += entry.fileSize + httpNewLine.len
 
-  result.add "--" & bound & "--"
+  result.add "--" & bound & "--" & httpNewLine
 
   for s in result: length += s.len
   client.headers["Content-Length"] = $length
 
 proc override(fallback, override: HttpHeaders): HttpHeaders =
   # Right-biased map union for `HttpHeaders`
-  if override.isNil:
-    return fallback
 
   result = newHttpHeaders()
   # Copy by value
   result.table[] = fallback.table[]
+
+  if override.isNil:
+    # Return the copy of fallback so it does not get modified
+    return result
+
   for k, vs in override.table:
     result[k] = vs
 
@@ -987,12 +1078,16 @@ proc requestAux(client: HttpClient | AsyncHttpClient, url: Uri,
 
   await newConnection(client, url)
 
-  let newHeaders = client.headers.override(headers)
+  var newHeaders: HttpHeaders
 
   var data: seq[string]
   if multipart != nil and multipart.content.len > 0:
+    # `format` modifies `client.headers`, see 
+    # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/18208#discussion_r647036979
     data = await client.format(multipart)
+    newHeaders = client.headers.override(headers)
   else:
+    newHeaders = client.headers.override(headers)
     # Only change headers if they have not been specified already
     if not newHeaders.hasKey("Content-Length"):
       if body.len != 0:
@@ -1137,7 +1232,7 @@ proc responseContent(resp: Response | AsyncResponse): Future[string] {.multisync
   ## A `HttpRequestError` will be raised if the server responds with a
   ## client error (status code 4xx) or a server error (status code 5xx).
   if resp.code.is4xx or resp.code.is5xx:
-    raise newException(HttpRequestError, resp.status)
+    raise newException(HttpRequestError, resp.status.move)
   else:
     return await resp.bodyStream.readAll()
 
diff --git a/lib/pure/httpcore.nim b/lib/pure/httpcore.nim
index fdd5926f7..5ccab379c 100644
--- a/lib/pure/httpcore.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/httpcore.nim
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 ##
 ## Unstable API.
 import std/private/since
-import tables, strutils, parseutils
+import std/[tables, strutils, parseutils]
 
 type
   HttpHeaders* = ref object
@@ -126,23 +126,20 @@ func toTitleCase(s: string): string =
     result[i] = if upper: toUpperAscii(s[i]) else: toLowerAscii(s[i])
     upper = s[i] == '-'
 
-func toCaseInsensitive(headers: HttpHeaders, s: string): string {.inline.} =
+func toCaseInsensitive*(headers: HttpHeaders, s: string): string {.inline.} =
+  ## For internal usage only. Do not use.
   return if headers.isTitleCase: toTitleCase(s) else: toLowerAscii(s)
 
 func newHttpHeaders*(titleCase=false): HttpHeaders =
   ## Returns a new `HttpHeaders` object. if `titleCase` is set to true,
   ## headers are passed to the server in title case (e.g. "Content-Length")
-  new result
-  result.table = newTable[string, seq[string]]()
-  result.isTitleCase = titleCase
+  result = HttpHeaders(table: newTable[string, seq[string]](), isTitleCase: titleCase)
 
 func newHttpHeaders*(keyValuePairs:
     openArray[tuple[key: string, val: string]], titleCase=false): HttpHeaders =
   ## Returns a new `HttpHeaders` object from an array. if `titleCase` is set to true,
   ## headers are passed to the server in title case (e.g. "Content-Length")
-  new result
-  result.table = newTable[string, seq[string]]()
-  result.isTitleCase = titleCase
+  result = HttpHeaders(table: newTable[string, seq[string]](), isTitleCase: titleCase)
 
   for pair in keyValuePairs:
     let key = result.toCaseInsensitive(pair.key)
@@ -167,7 +164,8 @@ func `[]`*(headers: HttpHeaders, key: string): HttpHeaderValues =
   ## To access multiple values of a key, use the overloaded `[]` below or
   ## to get all of them access the `table` field directly.
   {.cast(noSideEffect).}:
-    return headers.table[headers.toCaseInsensitive(key)].HttpHeaderValues
+    let tmp = headers.table[headers.toCaseInsensitive(key)]
+    return HttpHeaderValues(tmp)
 
 converter toString*(values: HttpHeaderValues): string =
   return seq[string](values)[0]
@@ -237,10 +235,9 @@ func parseList(line: string, list: var seq[string], start: int): int =
   while start+i < line.len and line[start + i] notin {'\c', '\l'}:
     i += line.skipWhitespace(start + i)
     i += line.parseUntil(current, {'\c', '\l', ','}, start + i)
-    list.add(current)
+    list.add(move current)  # implicit current.setLen(0)
     if start+i < line.len and line[start + i] == ',':
       i.inc # Skip ,
-    current.setLen(0)
 
 func parseHeader*(line: string): tuple[key: string, value: seq[string]] =
   ## Parses a single raw header HTTP line into key value pairs.
@@ -347,35 +344,25 @@ func `$`*(code: HttpCode): string =
 
 func `==`*(a, b: HttpCode): bool {.borrow.}
 
-proc `==`*(rawCode: string, code: HttpCode): bool
-          {.deprecated: "Deprecated since v1.2; use rawCode == $code instead".} =
-  ## Compare the string form of the status code with a HttpCode
-  ##
-  ## **Note**: According to HTTP/1.1 specification, the reason phrase is
-  ##           optional and should be ignored by the client, making this
-  ##           proc only suitable for comparing the `HttpCode` against the
-  ##           string form of itself.
-  return cmpIgnoreCase(rawCode, $code) == 0
-
 func is1xx*(code: HttpCode): bool {.inline, since: (1, 5).} =
   ## Determines whether `code` is a 1xx HTTP status code.
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert is1xx(HttpCode(103))
 
-  code.int in {100 .. 199}
+  code.int in 100 .. 199
 
 func is2xx*(code: HttpCode): bool {.inline.} =
   ## Determines whether `code` is a 2xx HTTP status code.
-  code.int in {200 .. 299}
+  code.int in 200 .. 299
 
 func is3xx*(code: HttpCode): bool {.inline.} =
   ## Determines whether `code` is a 3xx HTTP status code.
-  code.int in {300 .. 399}
+  code.int in 300 .. 399
 
 func is4xx*(code: HttpCode): bool {.inline.} =
   ## Determines whether `code` is a 4xx HTTP status code.
-  code.int in {400 .. 499}
+  code.int in 400 .. 499
 
 func is5xx*(code: HttpCode): bool {.inline.} =
   ## Determines whether `code` is a 5xx HTTP status code.
-  code.int in {500 .. 599}
+  code.int in 500 .. 599
diff --git a/lib/pure/includes/osenv.nim b/lib/pure/includes/osenv.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index d0c92d566..000000000
--- a/lib/pure/includes/osenv.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,267 +0,0 @@
-# Include file that implements 'getEnv' and friends. Do not import it!
-
-when not declared(os) and not declared(ospaths):
-  {.error: "This is an include file for os.nim!".}
-
-when defined(nodejs):
-  proc getEnv*(key: string, default = ""): string {.tags: [ReadEnvEffect].} =
-    var ret = default.cstring
-    let key2 = key.cstring
-    {.emit: "const value = process.env[`key2`];".}
-    {.emit: "if (value !== undefined) { `ret` = value };".}
-    result = $ret
-
-  proc existsEnv*(key: string): bool {.tags: [ReadEnvEffect].} =
-    var key2 = key.cstring
-    var ret: bool
-    {.emit: "`ret` = `key2` in process.env;".}
-    result = ret
-
-  proc putEnv*(key, val: string) {.tags: [WriteEnvEffect].} =
-    var key2 = key.cstring
-    var val2 = val.cstring
-    {.emit: "process.env[`key2`] = `val2`;".}
-
-  proc delEnv*(key: string) {.tags: [WriteEnvEffect].} =
-    var key2 = key.cstring
-    {.emit: "delete process.env[`key2`];".}
-
-  iterator envPairs*(): tuple[key, value: string] {.tags: [ReadEnvEffect].} =
-    var num: int
-    var keys: RootObj
-    {.emit: "`keys` = Object.keys(process.env); `num` = `keys`.length;".}
-    for i in 0..<num:
-      var key, value: cstring
-      {.emit: "`key` = `keys`[`i`]; `value` = process.env[`key`];".}
-      yield ($key, $value)
-
-# commented because it must keep working with js+VM
-# elif defined(js):
-#   {.error: "requires -d:nodejs".}
-
-else:
-  when defined(windows):
-    from parseutils import skipIgnoreCase
-
-  proc c_getenv(env: cstring): cstring {.
-    importc: "getenv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
-  proc c_putenv(env: cstring): cint {.
-    importc: "putenv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
-  proc c_unsetenv(env: cstring): cint {.
-    importc: "unsetenv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
-
-  # Environment handling cannot be put into RTL, because the `envPairs`
-  # iterator depends on `environment`.
-
-  var
-    envComputed {.threadvar.}: bool
-    environment {.threadvar.}: seq[string]
-
-  when defined(nimV2):
-    proc unpairedEnvAllocs*(): int =
-      result = environment.len
-      if result > 0: inc result
-
-  when defined(windows) and not defined(nimscript):
-    # because we support Windows GUI applications, things get really
-    # messy here...
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      when defined(cpp):
-        proc strEnd(cstr: WideCString, c = 0'i32): WideCString {.
-          importcpp: "(NI16*)wcschr((const wchar_t *)#, #)", header: "<string.h>".}
-      else:
-        proc strEnd(cstr: WideCString, c = 0'i32): WideCString {.
-          importc: "wcschr", header: "<string.h>".}
-    else:
-      proc strEnd(cstr: cstring, c = 0'i32): cstring {.
-        importc: "strchr", header: "<string.h>".}
-
-    proc getEnvVarsC() =
-      if not envComputed:
-        environment = @[]
-        when useWinUnicode:
-          var
-            env = getEnvironmentStringsW()
-            e = env
-          if e == nil: return # an error occurred
-          while true:
-            var eend = strEnd(e)
-            add(environment, $e)
-            e = cast[WideCString](cast[ByteAddress](eend)+2)
-            if eend[1].int == 0: break
-          discard freeEnvironmentStringsW(env)
-        else:
-          var
-            env = getEnvironmentStringsA()
-            e = env
-          if e == nil: return # an error occurred
-          while true:
-            var eend = strEnd(e)
-            add(environment, $e)
-            e = cast[cstring](cast[ByteAddress](eend)+1)
-            if eend[1] == '\0': break
-          discard freeEnvironmentStringsA(env)
-        envComputed = true
-
-  else:
-    const
-      useNSGetEnviron = (defined(macosx) and not defined(ios) and not defined(emscripten)) or defined(nimscript)
-
-    when useNSGetEnviron:
-      # From the manual:
-      # Shared libraries and bundles don't have direct access to environ,
-      # which is only available to the loader ld(1) when a complete program
-      # is being linked.
-      # The environment routines can still be used, but if direct access to
-      # environ is needed, the _NSGetEnviron() routine, defined in
-      # <crt_externs.h>, can be used to retrieve the address of environ
-      # at runtime.
-      proc NSGetEnviron(): ptr cstringArray {.
-        importc: "_NSGetEnviron", header: "<crt_externs.h>".}
-    elif defined(haiku):
-      var gEnv {.importc: "environ", header: "<stdlib.h>".}: cstringArray
-    else:
-      var gEnv {.importc: "environ".}: cstringArray
-
-    proc getEnvVarsC() =
-      # retrieves the variables of char** env of C's main proc
-      if not envComputed:
-        environment = @[]
-        when useNSGetEnviron:
-          var gEnv = NSGetEnviron()[]
-        var i = 0
-        while gEnv[i] != nil:
-          add environment, $gEnv[i]
-          inc(i)
-        envComputed = true
-
-  proc findEnvVar(key: string): int =
-    getEnvVarsC()
-    var temp = key & '='
-    for i in 0..high(environment):
-      when defined(windows):
-        if skipIgnoreCase(environment[i], temp) == len(temp): return i
-      else:
-        if startsWith(environment[i], temp): return i
-    return -1
-
-  proc getEnv*(key: string, default = ""): string {.tags: [ReadEnvEffect].} =
-    ## Returns the value of the `environment variable`:idx: named `key`.
-    ##
-    ## If the variable does not exist, `""` is returned. To distinguish
-    ## whether a variable exists or it's value is just `""`, call
-    ## `existsEnv(key) proc <#existsEnv,string>`_.
-    ##
-    ## See also:
-    ## * `existsEnv proc <#existsEnv,string>`_
-    ## * `putEnv proc <#putEnv,string,string>`_
-    ## * `delEnv proc <#delEnv,string>`_
-    ## * `envPairs iterator <#envPairs.i>`_
-    runnableExamples:
-      assert getEnv("unknownEnv") == ""
-      assert getEnv("unknownEnv", "doesn't exist") == "doesn't exist"
-
-    when nimvm:
-      discard "built into the compiler"
-    else:
-      var i = findEnvVar(key)
-      if i >= 0:
-        return substr(environment[i], find(environment[i], '=')+1)
-      else:
-        var env = c_getenv(key)
-        if env == nil: return default
-        result = $env
-
-  proc existsEnv*(key: string): bool {.tags: [ReadEnvEffect].} =
-    ## Checks whether the environment variable named `key` exists.
-    ## Returns true if it exists, false otherwise.
-    ##
-    ## See also:
-    ## * `getEnv proc <#getEnv,string,string>`_
-    ## * `putEnv proc <#putEnv,string,string>`_
-    ## * `delEnv proc <#delEnv,string>`_
-    ## * `envPairs iterator <#envPairs.i>`_
-    runnableExamples:
-      assert not existsEnv("unknownEnv")
-
-    when nimvm:
-      discard "built into the compiler"
-    else:
-      if c_getenv(key) != nil: return true
-      else: return findEnvVar(key) >= 0
-
-  proc putEnv*(key, val: string) {.tags: [WriteEnvEffect].} =
-    ## Sets the value of the `environment variable`:idx: named `key` to `val`.
-    ## If an error occurs, `OSError` is raised.
-    ##
-    ## See also:
-    ## * `getEnv proc <#getEnv,string,string>`_
-    ## * `existsEnv proc <#existsEnv,string>`_
-    ## * `delEnv proc <#delEnv,string>`_
-    ## * `envPairs iterator <#envPairs.i>`_
-
-    # Note: by storing the string in the environment sequence,
-    # we guarantee that we don't free the memory before the program
-    # ends (this is needed for POSIX compliance). It is also needed so that
-    # the process itself may access its modified environment variables!
-    when nimvm:
-      discard "built into the compiler"
-    else:
-      var indx = findEnvVar(key)
-      if indx >= 0:
-        environment[indx] = key & '=' & val
-      else:
-        add environment, (key & '=' & val)
-        indx = high(environment)
-      when defined(windows) and not defined(nimscript):
-        when useWinUnicode:
-          var k = newWideCString(key)
-          var v = newWideCString(val)
-          if setEnvironmentVariableW(k, v) == 0'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError())
-        else:
-          if setEnvironmentVariableA(key, val) == 0'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError())
-      else:
-        if c_putenv(environment[indx]) != 0'i32:
-          raiseOSError(osLastError())
-
-  proc delEnv*(key: string) {.tags: [WriteEnvEffect].} =
-    ## Deletes the `environment variable`:idx: named `key`.
-    ## If an error occurs, `OSError` is raised.
-    ##
-    ## See also:ven
-    ## * `getEnv proc <#getEnv,string,string>`_
-    ## * `existsEnv proc <#existsEnv,string>`_
-    ## * `putEnv proc <#putEnv,string,string>`_
-    ## * `envPairs iterator <#envPairs.i>`_
-    when nimvm:
-      discard "built into the compiler"
-    else:
-      var indx = findEnvVar(key)
-      if indx < 0: return # Do nothing if the env var is not already set
-      when defined(windows) and not defined(nimscript):
-        when useWinUnicode:
-          var k = newWideCString(key)
-          if setEnvironmentVariableW(k, nil) == 0'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError())
-        else:
-          if setEnvironmentVariableA(key, nil) == 0'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError())
-      else:
-        if c_unsetenv(key) != 0'i32:
-          raiseOSError(osLastError())
-      environment.delete(indx)
-
-  iterator envPairs*(): tuple[key, value: string] {.tags: [ReadEnvEffect].} =
-    ## Iterate over all `environments variables`:idx:.
-    ##
-    ## In the first component of the tuple is the name of the current variable stored,
-    ## in the second its value.
-    ##
-    ## See also:
-    ## * `getEnv proc <#getEnv,string,string>`_
-    ## * `existsEnv proc <#existsEnv,string>`_
-    ## * `putEnv proc <#putEnv,string,string>`_
-    ## * `delEnv proc <#delEnv,string>`_
-    getEnvVarsC()
-    for i in 0..high(environment):
-      var p = find(environment[i], '=')
-      yield (substr(environment[i], 0, p-1),
-             substr(environment[i], p+1))
diff --git a/lib/pure/includes/unicode_ranges.nim b/lib/pure/includes/unicode_ranges.nim
index 74c8c6399..04ccfb747 100644
--- a/lib/pure/includes/unicode_ranges.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/includes/unicode_ranges.nim
@@ -2,1988 +2,1979 @@
 
 const
   toLowerRanges = [
-    0x00041, 0x0005A, 532,
-    0x000C0, 0x000D6, 532,
-    0x000D8, 0x000DE, 532,
-    0x00189, 0x0018A, 705,
-    0x001B1, 0x001B2, 717,
-    0x00388, 0x0038A, 537,
-    0x0038E, 0x0038F, 563,
-    0x00391, 0x003A1, 532,
-    0x003A3, 0x003AB, 532,
-    0x003FD, 0x003FF, 370,
-    0x00400, 0x0040F, 580,
-    0x00410, 0x0042F, 532,
-    0x00531, 0x00556, 548,
-    0x010A0, 0x010C5, 7764,
-    0x013A0, 0x013EF, 39364,
-    0x013F0, 0x013F5, 508,
-    0x01C90, 0x01CBA, -2508,
-    0x01CBD, 0x01CBF, -2508,
-    0x01F08, 0x01F0F, 492,
-    0x01F18, 0x01F1D, 492,
-    0x01F28, 0x01F2F, 492,
-    0x01F38, 0x01F3F, 492,
-    0x01F48, 0x01F4D, 492,
-    0x01F68, 0x01F6F, 492,
-    0x01F88, 0x01F8F, 492,
-    0x01F98, 0x01F9F, 492,
-    0x01FA8, 0x01FAF, 492,
-    0x01FB8, 0x01FB9, 492,
-    0x01FBA, 0x01FBB, 426,
-    0x01FC8, 0x01FCB, 414,
-    0x01FD8, 0x01FD9, 492,
-    0x01FDA, 0x01FDB, 400,
-    0x01FE8, 0x01FE9, 492,
-    0x01FEA, 0x01FEB, 388,
-    0x01FF8, 0x01FF9, 372,
-    0x01FFA, 0x01FFB, 374,
-    0x02C00, 0x02C2E, 548,
-    0x02C7E, 0x02C7F, -10315,
-    0x0FF21, 0x0FF3A, 532,
-    0x10400, 0x10427, 540,
-    0x104B0, 0x104D3, 540,
-    0x10C80, 0x10CB2, 564,
-    0x118A0, 0x118BF, 532,
-    0x16E40, 0x16E5F, 532,
-    0x1E900, 0x1E921, 534,
+    0x00041'i32, 0x0005A'i32, 532,
+    0x000C0'i32, 0x000D6'i32, 532,
+    0x000D8'i32, 0x000DE'i32, 532,
+    0x00189'i32, 0x0018A'i32, 705,
+    0x001B1'i32, 0x001B2'i32, 717,
+    0x00388'i32, 0x0038A'i32, 537,
+    0x0038E'i32, 0x0038F'i32, 563,
+    0x00391'i32, 0x003A1'i32, 532,
+    0x003A3'i32, 0x003AB'i32, 532,
+    0x003FD'i32, 0x003FF'i32, 370,
+    0x00400'i32, 0x0040F'i32, 580,
+    0x00410'i32, 0x0042F'i32, 532,
+    0x00531'i32, 0x00556'i32, 548,
+    0x010A0'i32, 0x010C5'i32, 7764,
+    0x013A0'i32, 0x013EF'i32, 39364,
+    0x013F0'i32, 0x013F5'i32, 508,
+    0x01C90'i32, 0x01CBA'i32, -2508,
+    0x01CBD'i32, 0x01CBF'i32, -2508,
+    0x01F08'i32, 0x01F0F'i32, 492,
+    0x01F18'i32, 0x01F1D'i32, 492,
+    0x01F28'i32, 0x01F2F'i32, 492,
+    0x01F38'i32, 0x01F3F'i32, 492,
+    0x01F48'i32, 0x01F4D'i32, 492,
+    0x01F68'i32, 0x01F6F'i32, 492,
+    0x01F88'i32, 0x01F8F'i32, 492,
+    0x01F98'i32, 0x01F9F'i32, 492,
+    0x01FA8'i32, 0x01FAF'i32, 492,
+    0x01FB8'i32, 0x01FB9'i32, 492,
+    0x01FBA'i32, 0x01FBB'i32, 426,
+    0x01FC8'i32, 0x01FCB'i32, 414,
+    0x01FD8'i32, 0x01FD9'i32, 492,
+    0x01FDA'i32, 0x01FDB'i32, 400,
+    0x01FE8'i32, 0x01FE9'i32, 492,
+    0x01FEA'i32, 0x01FEB'i32, 388,
+    0x01FF8'i32, 0x01FF9'i32, 372,
+    0x01FFA'i32, 0x01FFB'i32, 374,
+    0x02C00'i32, 0x02C2E'i32, 548,
+    0x02C7E'i32, 0x02C7F'i32, -10315,
+    0x0FF21'i32, 0x0FF3A'i32, 532,
+    0x10400'i32, 0x10427'i32, 540,
+    0x104B0'i32, 0x104D3'i32, 540,
+    0x10C80'i32, 0x10CB2'i32, 564,
+    0x118A0'i32, 0x118BF'i32, 532,
+    0x16E40'i32, 0x16E5F'i32, 532,
+    0x1E900'i32, 0x1E921'i32, 534,
   ]
 
   toLowerSinglets = [
-    0x00100, 501,
-    0x00102, 501,
-    0x00104, 501,
-    0x00106, 501,
-    0x00108, 501,
-    0x0010A, 501,
-    0x0010C, 501,
-    0x0010E, 501,
-    0x00110, 501,
-    0x00112, 501,
-    0x00114, 501,
-    0x00116, 501,
-    0x00118, 501,
-    0x0011A, 501,
-    0x0011C, 501,
-    0x0011E, 501,
-    0x00120, 501,
-    0x00122, 501,
-    0x00124, 501,
-    0x00126, 501,
-    0x00128, 501,
-    0x0012A, 501,
-    0x0012C, 501,
-    0x0012E, 501,
-    0x00130, 301,
-    0x00132, 501,
-    0x00134, 501,
-    0x00136, 501,
-    0x00139, 501,
-    0x0013B, 501,
-    0x0013D, 501,
-    0x0013F, 501,
-    0x00141, 501,
-    0x00143, 501,
-    0x00145, 501,
-    0x00147, 501,
-    0x0014A, 501,
-    0x0014C, 501,
-    0x0014E, 501,
-    0x00150, 501,
-    0x00152, 501,
-    0x00154, 501,
-    0x00156, 501,
-    0x00158, 501,
-    0x0015A, 501,
-    0x0015C, 501,
-    0x0015E, 501,
-    0x00160, 501,
-    0x00162, 501,
-    0x00164, 501,
-    0x00166, 501,
-    0x00168, 501,
-    0x0016A, 501,
-    0x0016C, 501,
-    0x0016E, 501,
-    0x00170, 501,
-    0x00172, 501,
-    0x00174, 501,
-    0x00176, 501,
-    0x00178, 379,
-    0x00179, 501,
-    0x0017B, 501,
-    0x0017D, 501,
-    0x00181, 710,
-    0x00182, 501,
-    0x00184, 501,
-    0x00186, 706,
-    0x00187, 501,
-    0x0018B, 501,
-    0x0018E, 579,
-    0x0018F, 702,
-    0x00190, 703,
-    0x00191, 501,
-    0x00193, 705,
-    0x00194, 707,
-    0x00196, 711,
-    0x00197, 709,
-    0x00198, 501,
-    0x0019C, 711,
-    0x0019D, 713,
-    0x0019F, 714,
-    0x001A0, 501,
-    0x001A2, 501,
-    0x001A4, 501,
-    0x001A6, 718,
-    0x001A7, 501,
-    0x001A9, 718,
-    0x001AC, 501,
-    0x001AE, 718,
-    0x001AF, 501,
-    0x001B3, 501,
-    0x001B5, 501,
-    0x001B7, 719,
-    0x001B8, 501,
-    0x001BC, 501,
-    0x001C4, 502,
-    0x001C5, 501,
-    0x001C7, 502,
-    0x001C8, 501,
-    0x001CA, 502,
-    0x001CB, 501,
-    0x001CD, 501,
-    0x001CF, 501,
-    0x001D1, 501,
-    0x001D3, 501,
-    0x001D5, 501,
-    0x001D7, 501,
-    0x001D9, 501,
-    0x001DB, 501,
-    0x001DE, 501,
-    0x001E0, 501,
-    0x001E2, 501,
-    0x001E4, 501,
-    0x001E6, 501,
-    0x001E8, 501,
-    0x001EA, 501,
-    0x001EC, 501,
-    0x001EE, 501,
-    0x001F1, 502,
-    0x001F2, 501,
-    0x001F4, 501,
-    0x001F6, 403,
-    0x001F7, 444,
-    0x001F8, 501,
-    0x001FA, 501,
-    0x001FC, 501,
-    0x001FE, 501,
-    0x00200, 501,
-    0x00202, 501,
-    0x00204, 501,
-    0x00206, 501,
-    0x00208, 501,
-    0x0020A, 501,
-    0x0020C, 501,
-    0x0020E, 501,
-    0x00210, 501,
-    0x00212, 501,
-    0x00214, 501,
-    0x00216, 501,
-    0x00218, 501,
-    0x0021A, 501,
-    0x0021C, 501,
-    0x0021E, 501,
-    0x00220, 370,
-    0x00222, 501,
-    0x00224, 501,
-    0x00226, 501,
-    0x00228, 501,
-    0x0022A, 501,
-    0x0022C, 501,
-    0x0022E, 501,
-    0x00230, 501,
-    0x00232, 501,
-    0x0023A, 11295,
-    0x0023B, 501,
-    0x0023D, 337,
-    0x0023E, 11292,
-    0x00241, 501,
-    0x00243, 305,
-    0x00244, 569,
-    0x00245, 571,
-    0x00246, 501,
-    0x00248, 501,
-    0x0024A, 501,
-    0x0024C, 501,
-    0x0024E, 501,
-    0x00370, 501,
-    0x00372, 501,
-    0x00376, 501,
-    0x0037F, 616,
-    0x00386, 538,
-    0x0038C, 564,
-    0x003CF, 508,
-    0x003D8, 501,
-    0x003DA, 501,
-    0x003DC, 501,
-    0x003DE, 501,
-    0x003E0, 501,
-    0x003E2, 501,
-    0x003E4, 501,
-    0x003E6, 501,
-    0x003E8, 501,
-    0x003EA, 501,
-    0x003EC, 501,
-    0x003EE, 501,
-    0x003F4, 440,
-    0x003F7, 501,
-    0x003F9, 493,
-    0x003FA, 501,
-    0x00460, 501,
-    0x00462, 501,
-    0x00464, 501,
-    0x00466, 501,
-    0x00468, 501,
-    0x0046A, 501,
-    0x0046C, 501,
-    0x0046E, 501,
-    0x00470, 501,
-    0x00472, 501,
-    0x00474, 501,
-    0x00476, 501,
-    0x00478, 501,
-    0x0047A, 501,
-    0x0047C, 501,
-    0x0047E, 501,
-    0x00480, 501,
-    0x0048A, 501,
-    0x0048C, 501,
-    0x0048E, 501,
-    0x00490, 501,
-    0x00492, 501,
-    0x00494, 501,
-    0x00496, 501,
-    0x00498, 501,
-    0x0049A, 501,
-    0x0049C, 501,
-    0x0049E, 501,
-    0x004A0, 501,
-    0x004A2, 501,
-    0x004A4, 501,
-    0x004A6, 501,
-    0x004A8, 501,
-    0x004AA, 501,
-    0x004AC, 501,
-    0x004AE, 501,
-    0x004B0, 501,
-    0x004B2, 501,
-    0x004B4, 501,
-    0x004B6, 501,
-    0x004B8, 501,
-    0x004BA, 501,
-    0x004BC, 501,
-    0x004BE, 501,
-    0x004C0, 515,
-    0x004C1, 501,
-    0x004C3, 501,
-    0x004C5, 501,
-    0x004C7, 501,
-    0x004C9, 501,
-    0x004CB, 501,
-    0x004CD, 501,
-    0x004D0, 501,
-    0x004D2, 501,
-    0x004D4, 501,
-    0x004D6, 501,
-    0x004D8, 501,
-    0x004DA, 501,
-    0x004DC, 501,
-    0x004DE, 501,
-    0x004E0, 501,
-    0x004E2, 501,
-    0x004E4, 501,
-    0x004E6, 501,
-    0x004E8, 501,
-    0x004EA, 501,
-    0x004EC, 501,
-    0x004EE, 501,
-    0x004F0, 501,
-    0x004F2, 501,
-    0x004F4, 501,
-    0x004F6, 501,
-    0x004F8, 501,
-    0x004FA, 501,
-    0x004FC, 501,
-    0x004FE, 501,
-    0x00500, 501,
-    0x00502, 501,
-    0x00504, 501,
-    0x00506, 501,
-    0x00508, 501,
-    0x0050A, 501,
-    0x0050C, 501,
-    0x0050E, 501,
-    0x00510, 501,
-    0x00512, 501,
-    0x00514, 501,
-    0x00516, 501,
-    0x00518, 501,
-    0x0051A, 501,
-    0x0051C, 501,
-    0x0051E, 501,
-    0x00520, 501,
-    0x00522, 501,
-    0x00524, 501,
-    0x00526, 501,
-    0x00528, 501,
-    0x0052A, 501,
-    0x0052C, 501,
-    0x0052E, 501,
-    0x010C7, 7764,
-    0x010CD, 7764,
-    0x01E00, 501,
-    0x01E02, 501,
-    0x01E04, 501,
-    0x01E06, 501,
-    0x01E08, 501,
-    0x01E0A, 501,
-    0x01E0C, 501,
-    0x01E0E, 501,
-    0x01E10, 501,
-    0x01E12, 501,
-    0x01E14, 501,
-    0x01E16, 501,
-    0x01E18, 501,
-    0x01E1A, 501,
-    0x01E1C, 501,
-    0x01E1E, 501,
-    0x01E20, 501,
-    0x01E22, 501,
-    0x01E24, 501,
-    0x01E26, 501,
-    0x01E28, 501,
-    0x01E2A, 501,
-    0x01E2C, 501,
-    0x01E2E, 501,
-    0x01E30, 501,
-    0x01E32, 501,
-    0x01E34, 501,
-    0x01E36, 501,
-    0x01E38, 501,
-    0x01E3A, 501,
-    0x01E3C, 501,
-    0x01E3E, 501,
-    0x01E40, 501,
-    0x01E42, 501,
-    0x01E44, 501,
-    0x01E46, 501,
-    0x01E48, 501,
-    0x01E4A, 501,
-    0x01E4C, 501,
-    0x01E4E, 501,
-    0x01E50, 501,
-    0x01E52, 501,
-    0x01E54, 501,
-    0x01E56, 501,
-    0x01E58, 501,
-    0x01E5A, 501,
-    0x01E5C, 501,
-    0x01E5E, 501,
-    0x01E60, 501,
-    0x01E62, 501,
-    0x01E64, 501,
-    0x01E66, 501,
-    0x01E68, 501,
-    0x01E6A, 501,
-    0x01E6C, 501,
-    0x01E6E, 501,
-    0x01E70, 501,
-    0x01E72, 501,
-    0x01E74, 501,
-    0x01E76, 501,
-    0x01E78, 501,
-    0x01E7A, 501,
-    0x01E7C, 501,
-    0x01E7E, 501,
-    0x01E80, 501,
-    0x01E82, 501,
-    0x01E84, 501,
-    0x01E86, 501,
-    0x01E88, 501,
-    0x01E8A, 501,
-    0x01E8C, 501,
-    0x01E8E, 501,
-    0x01E90, 501,
-    0x01E92, 501,
-    0x01E94, 501,
-    0x01E9E, -7115,
-    0x01EA0, 501,
-    0x01EA2, 501,
-    0x01EA4, 501,
-    0x01EA6, 501,
-    0x01EA8, 501,
-    0x01EAA, 501,
-    0x01EAC, 501,
-    0x01EAE, 501,
-    0x01EB0, 501,
-    0x01EB2, 501,
-    0x01EB4, 501,
-    0x01EB6, 501,
-    0x01EB8, 501,
-    0x01EBA, 501,
-    0x01EBC, 501,
-    0x01EBE, 501,
-    0x01EC0, 501,
-    0x01EC2, 501,
-    0x01EC4, 501,
-    0x01EC6, 501,
-    0x01EC8, 501,
-    0x01ECA, 501,
-    0x01ECC, 501,
-    0x01ECE, 501,
-    0x01ED0, 501,
-    0x01ED2, 501,
-    0x01ED4, 501,
-    0x01ED6, 501,
-    0x01ED8, 501,
-    0x01EDA, 501,
-    0x01EDC, 501,
-    0x01EDE, 501,
-    0x01EE0, 501,
-    0x01EE2, 501,
-    0x01EE4, 501,
-    0x01EE6, 501,
-    0x01EE8, 501,
-    0x01EEA, 501,
-    0x01EEC, 501,
-    0x01EEE, 501,
-    0x01EF0, 501,
-    0x01EF2, 501,
-    0x01EF4, 501,
-    0x01EF6, 501,
-    0x01EF8, 501,
-    0x01EFA, 501,
-    0x01EFC, 501,
-    0x01EFE, 501,
-    0x01F59, 492,
-    0x01F5B, 492,
-    0x01F5D, 492,
-    0x01F5F, 492,
-    0x01FBC, 491,
-    0x01FCC, 491,
-    0x01FEC, 493,
-    0x01FFC, 491,
-    0x02126, -7017,
-    0x0212A, -7883,
-    0x0212B, -7762,
-    0x02132, 528,
-    0x02183, 501,
-    0x02C60, 501,
-    0x02C62, -10243,
-    0x02C63, -3314,
-    0x02C64, -10227,
-    0x02C67, 501,
-    0x02C69, 501,
-    0x02C6B, 501,
-    0x02C6D, -10280,
-    0x02C6E, -10249,
-    0x02C6F, -10283,
-    0x02C70, -10282,
-    0x02C72, 501,
-    0x02C75, 501,
-    0x02C80, 501,
-    0x02C82, 501,
-    0x02C84, 501,
-    0x02C86, 501,
-    0x02C88, 501,
-    0x02C8A, 501,
-    0x02C8C, 501,
-    0x02C8E, 501,
-    0x02C90, 501,
-    0x02C92, 501,
-    0x02C94, 501,
-    0x02C96, 501,
-    0x02C98, 501,
-    0x02C9A, 501,
-    0x02C9C, 501,
-    0x02C9E, 501,
-    0x02CA0, 501,
-    0x02CA2, 501,
-    0x02CA4, 501,
-    0x02CA6, 501,
-    0x02CA8, 501,
-    0x02CAA, 501,
-    0x02CAC, 501,
-    0x02CAE, 501,
-    0x02CB0, 501,
-    0x02CB2, 501,
-    0x02CB4, 501,
-    0x02CB6, 501,
-    0x02CB8, 501,
-    0x02CBA, 501,
-    0x02CBC, 501,
-    0x02CBE, 501,
-    0x02CC0, 501,
-    0x02CC2, 501,
-    0x02CC4, 501,
-    0x02CC6, 501,
-    0x02CC8, 501,
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+    0x02C70'i32, -10282,
+    0x02C72'i32, 501,
+    0x02C75'i32, 501,
+    0x02C80'i32, 501,
+    0x02C82'i32, 501,
+    0x02C84'i32, 501,
+    0x02C86'i32, 501,
+    0x02C88'i32, 501,
+    0x02C8A'i32, 501,
+    0x02C8C'i32, 501,
+    0x02C8E'i32, 501,
+    0x02C90'i32, 501,
+    0x02C92'i32, 501,
+    0x02C94'i32, 501,
+    0x02C96'i32, 501,
+    0x02C98'i32, 501,
+    0x02C9A'i32, 501,
+    0x02C9C'i32, 501,
+    0x02C9E'i32, 501,
+    0x02CA0'i32, 501,
+    0x02CA2'i32, 501,
+    0x02CA4'i32, 501,
+    0x02CA6'i32, 501,
+    0x02CA8'i32, 501,
+    0x02CAA'i32, 501,
+    0x02CAC'i32, 501,
+    0x02CAE'i32, 501,
+    0x02CB0'i32, 501,
+    0x02CB2'i32, 501,
+    0x02CB4'i32, 501,
+    0x02CB6'i32, 501,
+    0x02CB8'i32, 501,
+    0x02CBA'i32, 501,
+    0x02CBC'i32, 501,
+    0x02CBE'i32, 501,
+    0x02CC0'i32, 501,
+    0x02CC2'i32, 501,
+    0x02CC4'i32, 501,
+    0x02CC6'i32, 501,
+    0x02CC8'i32, 501,
+    0x02CCA'i32, 501,
+    0x02CCC'i32, 501,
+    0x02CCE'i32, 501,
+    0x02CD0'i32, 501,
+    0x02CD2'i32, 501,
+    0x02CD4'i32, 501,
+    0x02CD6'i32, 501,
+    0x02CD8'i32, 501,
+    0x02CDA'i32, 501,
+    0x02CDC'i32, 501,
+    0x02CDE'i32, 501,
+    0x02CE0'i32, 501,
+    0x02CE2'i32, 501,
+    0x02CEB'i32, 501,
+    0x02CED'i32, 501,
+    0x02CF2'i32, 501,
+    0x0A640'i32, 501,
+    0x0A642'i32, 501,
+    0x0A644'i32, 501,
+    0x0A646'i32, 501,
+    0x0A648'i32, 501,
+    0x0A64A'i32, 501,
+    0x0A64C'i32, 501,
+    0x0A64E'i32, 501,
+    0x0A650'i32, 501,
+    0x0A652'i32, 501,
+    0x0A654'i32, 501,
+    0x0A656'i32, 501,
+    0x0A658'i32, 501,
+    0x0A65A'i32, 501,
+    0x0A65C'i32, 501,
+    0x0A65E'i32, 501,
+    0x0A660'i32, 501,
+    0x0A662'i32, 501,
+    0x0A664'i32, 501,
+    0x0A666'i32, 501,
+    0x0A668'i32, 501,
+    0x0A66A'i32, 501,
+    0x0A66C'i32, 501,
+    0x0A680'i32, 501,
+    0x0A682'i32, 501,
+    0x0A684'i32, 501,
+    0x0A686'i32, 501,
+    0x0A688'i32, 501,
+    0x0A68A'i32, 501,
+    0x0A68C'i32, 501,
+    0x0A68E'i32, 501,
+    0x0A690'i32, 501,
+    0x0A692'i32, 501,
+    0x0A694'i32, 501,
+    0x0A696'i32, 501,
+    0x0A698'i32, 501,
+    0x0A69A'i32, 501,
+    0x0A722'i32, 501,
+    0x0A724'i32, 501,
+    0x0A726'i32, 501,
+    0x0A728'i32, 501,
+    0x0A72A'i32, 501,
+    0x0A72C'i32, 501,
+    0x0A72E'i32, 501,
+    0x0A732'i32, 501,
+    0x0A734'i32, 501,
+    0x0A736'i32, 501,
+    0x0A738'i32, 501,
+    0x0A73A'i32, 501,
+    0x0A73C'i32, 501,
+    0x0A73E'i32, 501,
+    0x0A740'i32, 501,
+    0x0A742'i32, 501,
+    0x0A744'i32, 501,
+    0x0A746'i32, 501,
+    0x0A748'i32, 501,
+    0x0A74A'i32, 501,
+    0x0A74C'i32, 501,
+    0x0A74E'i32, 501,
+    0x0A750'i32, 501,
+    0x0A752'i32, 501,
+    0x0A754'i32, 501,
+    0x0A756'i32, 501,
+    0x0A758'i32, 501,
+    0x0A75A'i32, 501,
+    0x0A75C'i32, 501,
+    0x0A75E'i32, 501,
+    0x0A760'i32, 501,
+    0x0A762'i32, 501,
+    0x0A764'i32, 501,
+    0x0A766'i32, 501,
+    0x0A768'i32, 501,
+    0x0A76A'i32, 501,
+    0x0A76C'i32, 501,
+    0x0A76E'i32, 501,
+    0x0A779'i32, 501,
+    0x0A77B'i32, 501,
+    0x0A77D'i32, -34832,
+    0x0A77E'i32, 501,
+    0x0A780'i32, 501,
+    0x0A782'i32, 501,
+    0x0A784'i32, 501,
+    0x0A786'i32, 501,
+    0x0A78B'i32, 501,
+    0x0A78D'i32, -41780,
+    0x0A790'i32, 501,
+    0x0A792'i32, 501,
+    0x0A796'i32, 501,
+    0x0A798'i32, 501,
+    0x0A79A'i32, 501,
+    0x0A79C'i32, 501,
+    0x0A79E'i32, 501,
+    0x0A7A0'i32, 501,
+    0x0A7A2'i32, 501,
+    0x0A7A4'i32, 501,
+    0x0A7A6'i32, 501,
+    0x0A7A8'i32, 501,
+    0x0A7AA'i32, -41808,
+    0x0A7AB'i32, -41819,
+    0x0A7AC'i32, -41815,
+    0x0A7AD'i32, -41805,
+    0x0A7AE'i32, -41808,
+    0x0A7B0'i32, -41758,
+    0x0A7B1'i32, -41782,
+    0x0A7B2'i32, -41761,
+    0x0A7B3'i32, 1428,
+    0x0A7B4'i32, 501,
+    0x0A7B6'i32, 501,
+    0x0A7B8'i32, 501,
+    0x0A7BA'i32, 501,
+    0x0A7BC'i32, 501,
+    0x0A7BE'i32, 501,
+    0x0A7C2'i32, 501,
+    0x0A7C4'i32, 452,
+    0x0A7C5'i32, -41807,
+    0x0A7C6'i32, -34884,
   ]
 
   toUpperRanges = [
-    0x00061, 0x0007A, 468,
-    0x000E0, 0x000F6, 468,
-    0x000F8, 0x000FE, 468,
-    0x0023F, 0x00240, 11315,
-    0x00256, 0x00257, 295,
-    0x0028A, 0x0028B, 283,
-    0x0037B, 0x0037D, 630,
-    0x003AD, 0x003AF, 463,
-    0x003B1, 0x003C1, 468,
-    0x003C3, 0x003CB, 468,
-    0x003CD, 0x003CE, 437,
-    0x00430, 0x0044F, 468,
-    0x00450, 0x0045F, 420,
-    0x00561, 0x00586, 452,
-    0x010D0, 0x010FA, 3508,
-    0x010FD, 0x010FF, 3508,
-    0x013F8, 0x013FD, 492,
-    0x01C83, 0x01C84, -5742,
-    0x01F00, 0x01F07, 508,
-    0x01F10, 0x01F15, 508,
-    0x01F20, 0x01F27, 508,
-    0x01F30, 0x01F37, 508,
-    0x01F40, 0x01F45, 508,
-    0x01F60, 0x01F67, 508,
-    0x01F70, 0x01F71, 574,
-    0x01F72, 0x01F75, 586,
-    0x01F76, 0x01F77, 600,
-    0x01F78, 0x01F79, 628,
-    0x01F7A, 0x01F7B, 612,
-    0x01F7C, 0x01F7D, 626,
-    0x01F80, 0x01F87, 508,
-    0x01F90, 0x01F97, 508,
-    0x01FA0, 0x01FA7, 508,
-    0x01FB0, 0x01FB1, 508,
-    0x01FD0, 0x01FD1, 508,
-    0x01FE0, 0x01FE1, 508,
-    0x02C30, 0x02C5E, 452,
-    0x02D00, 0x02D25, -6764,
-    0x0AB70, 0x0ABBF, -38364,
-    0x0FF41, 0x0FF5A, 468,
-    0x10428, 0x1044F, 460,
-    0x104D8, 0x104FB, 460,
-    0x10CC0, 0x10CF2, 436,
-    0x118C0, 0x118DF, 468,
-    0x16E60, 0x16E7F, 468,
-    0x1E922, 0x1E943, 466,
+    0x00061'i32, 0x0007A'i32, 468,
+    0x000E0'i32, 0x000F6'i32, 468,
+    0x000F8'i32, 0x000FE'i32, 468,
+    0x0023F'i32, 0x00240'i32, 11315,
+    0x00256'i32, 0x00257'i32, 295,
+    0x0028A'i32, 0x0028B'i32, 283,
+    0x0037B'i32, 0x0037D'i32, 630,
+    0x003AD'i32, 0x003AF'i32, 463,
+    0x003B1'i32, 0x003C1'i32, 468,
+    0x003C3'i32, 0x003CB'i32, 468,
+    0x003CD'i32, 0x003CE'i32, 437,
+    0x00430'i32, 0x0044F'i32, 468,
+    0x00450'i32, 0x0045F'i32, 420,
+    0x00561'i32, 0x00586'i32, 452,
+    0x010D0'i32, 0x010FA'i32, 3508,
+    0x010FD'i32, 0x010FF'i32, 3508,
+    0x013F8'i32, 0x013FD'i32, 492,
+    0x01C83'i32, 0x01C84'i32, -5742,
+    0x01F00'i32, 0x01F07'i32, 508,
+    0x01F10'i32, 0x01F15'i32, 508,
+    0x01F20'i32, 0x01F27'i32, 508,
+    0x01F30'i32, 0x01F37'i32, 508,
+    0x01F40'i32, 0x01F45'i32, 508,
+    0x01F60'i32, 0x01F67'i32, 508,
+    0x01F70'i32, 0x01F71'i32, 574,
+    0x01F72'i32, 0x01F75'i32, 586,
+    0x01F76'i32, 0x01F77'i32, 600,
+    0x01F78'i32, 0x01F79'i32, 628,
+    0x01F7A'i32, 0x01F7B'i32, 612,
+    0x01F7C'i32, 0x01F7D'i32, 626,
+    0x01F80'i32, 0x01F87'i32, 508,
+    0x01F90'i32, 0x01F97'i32, 508,
+    0x01FA0'i32, 0x01FA7'i32, 508,
+    0x01FB0'i32, 0x01FB1'i32, 508,
+    0x01FD0'i32, 0x01FD1'i32, 508,
+    0x01FE0'i32, 0x01FE1'i32, 508,
+    0x02C30'i32, 0x02C5E'i32, 452,
+    0x02D00'i32, 0x02D25'i32, -6764,
+    0x0AB70'i32, 0x0ABBF'i32, -38364,
+    0x0FF41'i32, 0x0FF5A'i32, 468,
+    0x10428'i32, 0x1044F'i32, 460,
+    0x104D8'i32, 0x104FB'i32, 460,
+    0x10CC0'i32, 0x10CF2'i32, 436,
+    0x118C0'i32, 0x118DF'i32, 468,
+    0x16E60'i32, 0x16E7F'i32, 468,
+    0x1E922'i32, 0x1E943'i32, 466,
   ]
 
   toUpperSinglets = [
-    0x000B5, 1243,
-    0x000FF, 621,
-    0x00101, 499,
-    0x00103, 499,
-    0x00105, 499,
-    0x00107, 499,
-    0x00109, 499,
-    0x0010B, 499,
-    0x0010D, 499,
-    0x0010F, 499,
-    0x00111, 499,
-    0x00113, 499,
-    0x00115, 499,
-    0x00117, 499,
-    0x00119, 499,
-    0x0011B, 499,
-    0x0011D, 499,
-    0x0011F, 499,
-    0x00121, 499,
-    0x00123, 499,
-    0x00125, 499,
-    0x00127, 499,
-    0x00129, 499,
-    0x0012B, 499,
-    0x0012D, 499,
-    0x0012F, 499,
-    0x00131, 268,
-    0x00133, 499,
-    0x00135, 499,
-    0x00137, 499,
-    0x0013A, 499,
-    0x0013C, 499,
-    0x0013E, 499,
-    0x00140, 499,
-    0x00142, 499,
-    0x00144, 499,
-    0x00146, 499,
-    0x00148, 499,
-    0x0014B, 499,
-    0x0014D, 499,
-    0x0014F, 499,
-    0x00151, 499,
-    0x00153, 499,
-    0x00155, 499,
-    0x00157, 499,
-    0x00159, 499,
-    0x0015B, 499,
-    0x0015D, 499,
-    0x0015F, 499,
-    0x00161, 499,
-    0x00163, 499,
-    0x00165, 499,
-    0x00167, 499,
-    0x00169, 499,
-    0x0016B, 499,
-    0x0016D, 499,
-    0x0016F, 499,
-    0x00171, 499,
-    0x00173, 499,
-    0x00175, 499,
-    0x00177, 499,
-    0x0017A, 499,
-    0x0017C, 499,
-    0x0017E, 499,
-    0x0017F, 200,
-    0x00180, 695,
-    0x00183, 499,
-    0x00185, 499,
-    0x00188, 499,
-    0x0018C, 499,
-    0x00192, 499,
-    0x00195, 597,
-    0x00199, 499,
-    0x0019A, 663,
-    0x0019E, 630,
-    0x001A1, 499,
-    0x001A3, 499,
-    0x001A5, 499,
-    0x001A8, 499,
-    0x001AD, 499,
-    0x001B0, 499,
-    0x001B4, 499,
-    0x001B6, 499,
-    0x001B9, 499,
-    0x001BD, 499,
-    0x001BF, 556,
-    0x001C5, 499,
-    0x001C6, 498,
-    0x001C8, 499,
-    0x001C9, 498,
-    0x001CB, 499,
-    0x001CC, 498,
-    0x001CE, 499,
-    0x001D0, 499,
-    0x001D2, 499,
-    0x001D4, 499,
-    0x001D6, 499,
-    0x001D8, 499,
-    0x001DA, 499,
-    0x001DC, 499,
-    0x001DD, 421,
-    0x001DF, 499,
-    0x001E1, 499,
-    0x001E3, 499,
-    0x001E5, 499,
-    0x001E7, 499,
-    0x001E9, 499,
-    0x001EB, 499,
-    0x001ED, 499,
-    0x001EF, 499,
-    0x001F2, 499,
-    0x001F3, 498,
-    0x001F5, 499,
-    0x001F9, 499,
-    0x001FB, 499,
-    0x001FD, 499,
-    0x001FF, 499,
-    0x00201, 499,
-    0x00203, 499,
-    0x00205, 499,
-    0x00207, 499,
-    0x00209, 499,
-    0x0020B, 499,
-    0x0020D, 499,
-    0x0020F, 499,
-    0x00211, 499,
-    0x00213, 499,
-    0x00215, 499,
-    0x00217, 499,
-    0x00219, 499,
-    0x0021B, 499,
-    0x0021D, 499,
-    0x0021F, 499,
-    0x00223, 499,
-    0x00225, 499,
-    0x00227, 499,
-    0x00229, 499,
-    0x0022B, 499,
-    0x0022D, 499,
-    0x0022F, 499,
-    0x00231, 499,
-    0x00233, 499,
-    0x0023C, 499,
-    0x00242, 499,
-    0x00247, 499,
-    0x00249, 499,
-    0x0024B, 499,
-    0x0024D, 499,
-    0x0024F, 499,
-    0x00250, 11283,
-    0x00251, 11280,
-    0x00252, 11282,
-    0x00253, 290,
-    0x00254, 294,
-    0x00259, 298,
-    0x0025B, 297,
-    0x0025C, 42819,
-    0x00260, 295,
-    0x00261, 42815,
-    0x00263, 293,
-    0x00265, 42780,
-    0x00266, 42808,
-    0x00268, 291,
-    0x00269, 289,
-    0x0026A, 42808,
-    0x0026B, 11243,
-    0x0026C, 42805,
-    0x0026F, 289,
-    0x00271, 11249,
-    0x00272, 287,
-    0x00275, 286,
-    0x0027D, 11227,
-    0x00280, 282,
-    0x00282, 42807,
-    0x00283, 282,
-    0x00287, 42782,
-    0x00288, 282,
-    0x00289, 431,
-    0x0028C, 429,
-    0x00292, 281,
-    0x0029D, 42761,
-    0x0029E, 42758,
-    0x00371, 499,
-    0x00373, 499,
-    0x00377, 499,
-    0x003AC, 462,
-    0x003C2, 469,
-    0x003CC, 436,
-    0x003D0, 438,
-    0x003D1, 443,
-    0x003D5, 453,
-    0x003D6, 446,
-    0x003D7, 492,
-    0x003D9, 499,
-    0x003DB, 499,
-    0x003DD, 499,
-    0x003DF, 499,
-    0x003E1, 499,
-    0x003E3, 499,
-    0x003E5, 499,
-    0x003E7, 499,
-    0x003E9, 499,
-    0x003EB, 499,
-    0x003ED, 499,
-    0x003EF, 499,
-    0x003F0, 414,
-    0x003F1, 420,
-    0x003F2, 507,
-    0x003F3, 384,
-    0x003F5, 404,
-    0x003F8, 499,
-    0x003FB, 499,
-    0x00461, 499,
-    0x00463, 499,
-    0x00465, 499,
-    0x00467, 499,
-    0x00469, 499,
-    0x0046B, 499,
-    0x0046D, 499,
-    0x0046F, 499,
-    0x00471, 499,
-    0x00473, 499,
-    0x00475, 499,
-    0x00477, 499,
-    0x00479, 499,
-    0x0047B, 499,
-    0x0047D, 499,
-    0x0047F, 499,
-    0x00481, 499,
-    0x0048B, 499,
-    0x0048D, 499,
-    0x0048F, 499,
-    0x00491, 499,
-    0x00493, 499,
-    0x00495, 499,
-    0x00497, 499,
-    0x00499, 499,
-    0x0049B, 499,
-    0x0049D, 499,
-    0x0049F, 499,
-    0x004A1, 499,
-    0x004A3, 499,
-    0x004A5, 499,
-    0x004A7, 499,
-    0x004A9, 499,
-    0x004AB, 499,
-    0x004AD, 499,
-    0x004AF, 499,
-    0x004B1, 499,
-    0x004B3, 499,
-    0x004B5, 499,
-    0x004B7, 499,
-    0x004B9, 499,
-    0x004BB, 499,
-    0x004BD, 499,
-    0x004BF, 499,
-    0x004C2, 499,
-    0x004C4, 499,
-    0x004C6, 499,
-    0x004C8, 499,
-    0x004CA, 499,
-    0x004CC, 499,
-    0x004CE, 499,
-    0x004CF, 485,
-    0x004D1, 499,
-    0x004D3, 499,
-    0x004D5, 499,
-    0x004D7, 499,
-    0x004D9, 499,
-    0x004DB, 499,
-    0x004DD, 499,
-    0x004DF, 499,
-    0x004E1, 499,
-    0x004E3, 499,
-    0x004E5, 499,
-    0x004E7, 499,
-    0x004E9, 499,
-    0x004EB, 499,
-    0x004ED, 499,
-    0x004EF, 499,
-    0x004F1, 499,
-    0x004F3, 499,
-    0x004F5, 499,
-    0x004F7, 499,
-    0x004F9, 499,
-    0x004FB, 499,
-    0x004FD, 499,
-    0x004FF, 499,
-    0x00501, 499,
-    0x00503, 499,
-    0x00505, 499,
-    0x00507, 499,
-    0x00509, 499,
-    0x0050B, 499,
-    0x0050D, 499,
-    0x0050F, 499,
-    0x00511, 499,
-    0x00513, 499,
-    0x00515, 499,
-    0x00517, 499,
-    0x00519, 499,
-    0x0051B, 499,
-    0x0051D, 499,
-    0x0051F, 499,
-    0x00521, 499,
-    0x00523, 499,
-    0x00525, 499,
-    0x00527, 499,
-    0x00529, 499,
-    0x0052B, 499,
-    0x0052D, 499,
-    0x0052F, 499,
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+    0x00517'i32, 499,
+    0x00519'i32, 499,
+    0x0051B'i32, 499,
+    0x0051D'i32, 499,
+    0x0051F'i32, 499,
+    0x00521'i32, 499,
+    0x00523'i32, 499,
+    0x00525'i32, 499,
+    0x00527'i32, 499,
+    0x00529'i32, 499,
+    0x0052B'i32, 499,
+    0x0052D'i32, 499,
+    0x0052F'i32, 499,
+    0x01C80'i32, -5754,
+    0x01C81'i32, -5753,
+    0x01C82'i32, -5744,
+    0x01C85'i32, -5743,
+    0x01C86'i32, -5736,
+    0x01C87'i32, -5681,
+    0x01C88'i32, 35766,
+    0x01D79'i32, 35832,
+    0x01D7D'i32, 4314,
+    0x01D8E'i32, 35884,
+    0x01E01'i32, 499,
+    0x01E03'i32, 499,
+    0x01E05'i32, 499,
+    0x01E07'i32, 499,
+    0x01E09'i32, 499,
+    0x01E0B'i32, 499,
+    0x01E0D'i32, 499,
+    0x01E0F'i32, 499,
+    0x01E11'i32, 499,
+    0x01E13'i32, 499,
+    0x01E15'i32, 499,
+    0x01E17'i32, 499,
+    0x01E19'i32, 499,
+    0x01E1B'i32, 499,
+    0x01E1D'i32, 499,
+    0x01E1F'i32, 499,
+    0x01E21'i32, 499,
+    0x01E23'i32, 499,
+    0x01E25'i32, 499,
+    0x01E27'i32, 499,
+    0x01E29'i32, 499,
+    0x01E2B'i32, 499,
+    0x01E2D'i32, 499,
+    0x01E2F'i32, 499,
+    0x01E31'i32, 499,
+    0x01E33'i32, 499,
+    0x01E35'i32, 499,
+    0x01E37'i32, 499,
+    0x01E39'i32, 499,
+    0x01E3B'i32, 499,
+    0x01E3D'i32, 499,
+    0x01E3F'i32, 499,
+    0x01E41'i32, 499,
+    0x01E43'i32, 499,
+    0x01E45'i32, 499,
+    0x01E47'i32, 499,
+    0x01E49'i32, 499,
+    0x01E4B'i32, 499,
+    0x01E4D'i32, 499,
+    0x01E4F'i32, 499,
+    0x01E51'i32, 499,
+    0x01E53'i32, 499,
+    0x01E55'i32, 499,
+    0x01E57'i32, 499,
+    0x01E59'i32, 499,
+    0x01E5B'i32, 499,
+    0x01E5D'i32, 499,
+    0x01E5F'i32, 499,
+    0x01E61'i32, 499,
+    0x01E63'i32, 499,
+    0x01E65'i32, 499,
+    0x01E67'i32, 499,
+    0x01E69'i32, 499,
+    0x01E6B'i32, 499,
+    0x01E6D'i32, 499,
+    0x01E6F'i32, 499,
+    0x01E71'i32, 499,
+    0x01E73'i32, 499,
+    0x01E75'i32, 499,
+    0x01E77'i32, 499,
+    0x01E79'i32, 499,
+    0x01E7B'i32, 499,
+    0x01E7D'i32, 499,
+    0x01E7F'i32, 499,
+    0x01E81'i32, 499,
+    0x01E83'i32, 499,
+    0x01E85'i32, 499,
+    0x01E87'i32, 499,
+    0x01E89'i32, 499,
+    0x01E8B'i32, 499,
+    0x01E8D'i32, 499,
+    0x01E8F'i32, 499,
+    0x01E91'i32, 499,
+    0x01E93'i32, 499,
+    0x01E95'i32, 499,
+    0x01E9B'i32, 441,
+    0x01EA1'i32, 499,
+    0x01EA3'i32, 499,
+    0x01EA5'i32, 499,
+    0x01EA7'i32, 499,
+    0x01EA9'i32, 499,
+    0x01EAB'i32, 499,
+    0x01EAD'i32, 499,
+    0x01EAF'i32, 499,
+    0x01EB1'i32, 499,
+    0x01EB3'i32, 499,
+    0x01EB5'i32, 499,
+    0x01EB7'i32, 499,
+    0x01EB9'i32, 499,
+    0x01EBB'i32, 499,
+    0x01EBD'i32, 499,
+    0x01EBF'i32, 499,
+    0x01EC1'i32, 499,
+    0x01EC3'i32, 499,
+    0x01EC5'i32, 499,
+    0x01EC7'i32, 499,
+    0x01EC9'i32, 499,
+    0x01ECB'i32, 499,
+    0x01ECD'i32, 499,
+    0x01ECF'i32, 499,
+    0x01ED1'i32, 499,
+    0x01ED3'i32, 499,
+    0x01ED5'i32, 499,
+    0x01ED7'i32, 499,
+    0x01ED9'i32, 499,
+    0x01EDB'i32, 499,
+    0x01EDD'i32, 499,
+    0x01EDF'i32, 499,
+    0x01EE1'i32, 499,
+    0x01EE3'i32, 499,
+    0x01EE5'i32, 499,
+    0x01EE7'i32, 499,
+    0x01EE9'i32, 499,
+    0x01EEB'i32, 499,
+    0x01EED'i32, 499,
+    0x01EEF'i32, 499,
+    0x01EF1'i32, 499,
+    0x01EF3'i32, 499,
+    0x01EF5'i32, 499,
+    0x01EF7'i32, 499,
+    0x01EF9'i32, 499,
+    0x01EFB'i32, 499,
+    0x01EFD'i32, 499,
+    0x01EFF'i32, 499,
+    0x01F51'i32, 508,
+    0x01F53'i32, 508,
+    0x01F55'i32, 508,
+    0x01F57'i32, 508,
+    0x01FB3'i32, 509,
+    0x01FBE'i32, -6705,
+    0x01FC3'i32, 509,
+    0x01FE5'i32, 507,
+    0x01FF3'i32, 509,
+    0x0214E'i32, 472,
+    0x02184'i32, 499,
+    0x02C61'i32, 499,
+    0x02C65'i32, -10295,
+    0x02C66'i32, -10292,
+    0x02C68'i32, 499,
+    0x02C6A'i32, 499,
+    0x02C6C'i32, 499,
+    0x02C73'i32, 499,
+    0x02C76'i32, 499,
+    0x02C81'i32, 499,
+    0x02C83'i32, 499,
+    0x02C85'i32, 499,
+    0x02C87'i32, 499,
+    0x02C89'i32, 499,
+    0x02C8B'i32, 499,
+    0x02C8D'i32, 499,
+    0x02C8F'i32, 499,
+    0x02C91'i32, 499,
+    0x02C93'i32, 499,
+    0x02C95'i32, 499,
+    0x02C97'i32, 499,
+    0x02C99'i32, 499,
+    0x02C9B'i32, 499,
+    0x02C9D'i32, 499,
+    0x02C9F'i32, 499,
+    0x02CA1'i32, 499,
+    0x02CA3'i32, 499,
+    0x02CA5'i32, 499,
+    0x02CA7'i32, 499,
+    0x02CA9'i32, 499,
+    0x02CAB'i32, 499,
+    0x02CAD'i32, 499,
+    0x02CAF'i32, 499,
+    0x02CB1'i32, 499,
+    0x02CB3'i32, 499,
+    0x02CB5'i32, 499,
+    0x02CB7'i32, 499,
+    0x02CB9'i32, 499,
+    0x02CBB'i32, 499,
+    0x02CBD'i32, 499,
+    0x02CBF'i32, 499,
+    0x02CC1'i32, 499,
+    0x02CC3'i32, 499,
+    0x02CC5'i32, 499,
+    0x02CC7'i32, 499,
+    0x02CC9'i32, 499,
+    0x02CCB'i32, 499,
+    0x02CCD'i32, 499,
+    0x02CCF'i32, 499,
+    0x02CD1'i32, 499,
+    0x02CD3'i32, 499,
+    0x02CD5'i32, 499,
+    0x02CD7'i32, 499,
+    0x02CD9'i32, 499,
+    0x02CDB'i32, 499,
+    0x02CDD'i32, 499,
+    0x02CDF'i32, 499,
+    0x02CE1'i32, 499,
+    0x02CE3'i32, 499,
+    0x02CEC'i32, 499,
+    0x02CEE'i32, 499,
+    0x02CF3'i32, 499,
+    0x02D27'i32, -6764,
+    0x02D2D'i32, -6764,
+    0x0A641'i32, 499,
+    0x0A643'i32, 499,
+    0x0A645'i32, 499,
+    0x0A647'i32, 499,
+    0x0A649'i32, 499,
+    0x0A64B'i32, 499,
+    0x0A64D'i32, 499,
+    0x0A64F'i32, 499,
+    0x0A651'i32, 499,
+    0x0A653'i32, 499,
+    0x0A655'i32, 499,
+    0x0A657'i32, 499,
+    0x0A659'i32, 499,
+    0x0A65B'i32, 499,
+    0x0A65D'i32, 499,
+    0x0A65F'i32, 499,
+    0x0A661'i32, 499,
+    0x0A663'i32, 499,
+    0x0A665'i32, 499,
+    0x0A667'i32, 499,
+    0x0A669'i32, 499,
+    0x0A66B'i32, 499,
+    0x0A66D'i32, 499,
+    0x0A681'i32, 499,
+    0x0A683'i32, 499,
+    0x0A685'i32, 499,
+    0x0A687'i32, 499,
+    0x0A689'i32, 499,
+    0x0A68B'i32, 499,
+    0x0A68D'i32, 499,
+    0x0A68F'i32, 499,
+    0x0A691'i32, 499,
+    0x0A693'i32, 499,
+    0x0A695'i32, 499,
+    0x0A697'i32, 499,
+    0x0A699'i32, 499,
+    0x0A69B'i32, 499,
+    0x0A723'i32, 499,
+    0x0A725'i32, 499,
+    0x0A727'i32, 499,
+    0x0A729'i32, 499,
+    0x0A72B'i32, 499,
+    0x0A72D'i32, 499,
+    0x0A72F'i32, 499,
+    0x0A733'i32, 499,
+    0x0A735'i32, 499,
+    0x0A737'i32, 499,
+    0x0A739'i32, 499,
+    0x0A73B'i32, 499,
+    0x0A73D'i32, 499,
+    0x0A73F'i32, 499,
+    0x0A741'i32, 499,
+    0x0A743'i32, 499,
+    0x0A745'i32, 499,
+    0x0A747'i32, 499,
+    0x0A749'i32, 499,
+    0x0A74B'i32, 499,
+    0x0A74D'i32, 499,
+    0x0A74F'i32, 499,
+    0x0A751'i32, 499,
+    0x0A753'i32, 499,
+    0x0A755'i32, 499,
+    0x0A757'i32, 499,
+    0x0A759'i32, 499,
+    0x0A75B'i32, 499,
+    0x0A75D'i32, 499,
+    0x0A75F'i32, 499,
+    0x0A761'i32, 499,
+    0x0A763'i32, 499,
+    0x0A765'i32, 499,
+    0x0A767'i32, 499,
+    0x0A769'i32, 499,
+    0x0A76B'i32, 499,
+    0x0A76D'i32, 499,
+    0x0A76F'i32, 499,
+    0x0A77A'i32, 499,
+    0x0A77C'i32, 499,
+    0x0A77F'i32, 499,
+    0x0A781'i32, 499,
+    0x0A783'i32, 499,
+    0x0A785'i32, 499,
+    0x0A787'i32, 499,
+    0x0A78C'i32, 499,
+    0x0A791'i32, 499,
+    0x0A793'i32, 499,
+    0x0A794'i32, 548,
+    0x0A797'i32, 499,
+    0x0A799'i32, 499,
+    0x0A79B'i32, 499,
+    0x0A79D'i32, 499,
+    0x0A79F'i32, 499,
+    0x0A7A1'i32, 499,
+    0x0A7A3'i32, 499,
+    0x0A7A5'i32, 499,
+    0x0A7A7'i32, 499,
+    0x0A7A9'i32, 499,
+    0x0A7B5'i32, 499,
+    0x0A7B7'i32, 499,
+    0x0A7B9'i32, 499,
+    0x0A7BB'i32, 499,
+    0x0A7BD'i32, 499,
+    0x0A7BF'i32, 499,
+    0x0A7C3'i32, 499,
+    0x0AB53'i32, -428,
   ]
 
   toTitleSinglets = [
-    0x001C4, 501,
-    0x001C6, 499,
-    0x001C7, 501,
-    0x001C9, 499,
-    0x001CA, 501,
-    0x001CC, 499,
-    0x001F1, 501,
-    0x001F3, 499,
+    0x001C4'i32, 501,
+    0x001C6'i32, 499,
+    0x001C7'i32, 501,
+    0x001C9'i32, 499,
+    0x001CA'i32, 501,
+    0x001CC'i32, 499,
+    0x001F1'i32, 501,
+    0x001F3'i32, 499,
   ]
 
   alphaRanges = [
-    0x00041, 0x0005A,
-    0x00061, 0x0007A,
-    0x000C0, 0x000D6,
-    0x000D8, 0x000F6,
-    0x000F8, 0x002C1,
-    0x002C6, 0x002D1,
-    0x002E0, 0x002E4,
-    0x00370, 0x00374,
-    0x00376, 0x00377,
-    0x0037A, 0x0037D,
-    0x00388, 0x0038A,
-    0x0038E, 0x003A1,
-    0x003A3, 0x003F5,
-    0x003F7, 0x00481,
-    0x0048A, 0x0052F,
-    0x00531, 0x00556,
-    0x00560, 0x00588,
-    0x005D0, 0x005EA,
-    0x005EF, 0x005F2,
-    0x00620, 0x0064A,
-    0x0066E, 0x0066F,
-    0x00671, 0x006D3,
-    0x006E5, 0x006E6,
-    0x006EE, 0x006EF,
-    0x006FA, 0x006FC,
-    0x00712, 0x0072F,
-    0x0074D, 0x007A5,
-    0x007CA, 0x007EA,
-    0x007F4, 0x007F5,
-    0x00800, 0x00815,
-    0x00840, 0x00858,
-    0x00860, 0x0086A,
-    0x008A0, 0x008B4,
-    0x008B6, 0x008BD,
-    0x00904, 0x00939,
-    0x00958, 0x00961,
-    0x00971, 0x00980,
-    0x00985, 0x0098C,
-    0x0098F, 0x00990,
-    0x00993, 0x009A8,
-    0x009AA, 0x009B0,
-    0x009B6, 0x009B9,
-    0x009DC, 0x009DD,
-    0x009DF, 0x009E1,
-    0x009F0, 0x009F1,
-    0x00A05, 0x00A0A,
-    0x00A0F, 0x00A10,
-    0x00A13, 0x00A28,
-    0x00A2A, 0x00A30,
-    0x00A32, 0x00A33,
-    0x00A35, 0x00A36,
-    0x00A38, 0x00A39,
-    0x00A59, 0x00A5C,
-    0x00A72, 0x00A74,
-    0x00A85, 0x00A8D,
-    0x00A8F, 0x00A91,
-    0x00A93, 0x00AA8,
-    0x00AAA, 0x00AB0,
-    0x00AB2, 0x00AB3,
-    0x00AB5, 0x00AB9,
-    0x00AE0, 0x00AE1,
-    0x00B05, 0x00B0C,
-    0x00B0F, 0x00B10,
-    0x00B13, 0x00B28,
-    0x00B2A, 0x00B30,
-    0x00B32, 0x00B33,
-    0x00B35, 0x00B39,
-    0x00B5C, 0x00B5D,
-    0x00B5F, 0x00B61,
-    0x00B85, 0x00B8A,
-    0x00B8E, 0x00B90,
-    0x00B92, 0x00B95,
-    0x00B99, 0x00B9A,
-    0x00B9E, 0x00B9F,
-    0x00BA3, 0x00BA4,
-    0x00BA8, 0x00BAA,
-    0x00BAE, 0x00BB9,
-    0x00C05, 0x00C0C,
-    0x00C0E, 0x00C10,
-    0x00C12, 0x00C28,
-    0x00C2A, 0x00C39,
-    0x00C58, 0x00C5A,
-    0x00C60, 0x00C61,
-    0x00C85, 0x00C8C,
-    0x00C8E, 0x00C90,
-    0x00C92, 0x00CA8,
-    0x00CAA, 0x00CB3,
-    0x00CB5, 0x00CB9,
-    0x00CE0, 0x00CE1,
-    0x00CF1, 0x00CF2,
-    0x00D05, 0x00D0C,
-    0x00D0E, 0x00D10,
-    0x00D12, 0x00D3A,
-    0x00D54, 0x00D56,
-    0x00D5F, 0x00D61,
-    0x00D7A, 0x00D7F,
-    0x00D85, 0x00D96,
-    0x00D9A, 0x00DB1,
-    0x00DB3, 0x00DBB,
-    0x00DC0, 0x00DC6,
-    0x00E01, 0x00E30,
-    0x00E32, 0x00E33,
-    0x00E40, 0x00E46,
-    0x00E81, 0x00E82,
-    0x00E86, 0x00E8A,
-    0x00E8C, 0x00EA3,
-    0x00EA7, 0x00EB0,
-    0x00EB2, 0x00EB3,
-    0x00EC0, 0x00EC4,
-    0x00EDC, 0x00EDF,
-    0x00F40, 0x00F47,
-    0x00F49, 0x00F6C,
-    0x00F88, 0x00F8C,
-    0x01000, 0x0102A,
-    0x01050, 0x01055,
-    0x0105A, 0x0105D,
-    0x01065, 0x01066,
-    0x0106E, 0x01070,
-    0x01075, 0x01081,
-    0x010A0, 0x010C5,
-    0x010D0, 0x010FA,
-    0x010FC, 0x01248,
-    0x0124A, 0x0124D,
-    0x01250, 0x01256,
-    0x0125A, 0x0125D,
-    0x01260, 0x01288,
-    0x0128A, 0x0128D,
-    0x01290, 0x012B0,
-    0x012B2, 0x012B5,
-    0x012B8, 0x012BE,
-    0x012C2, 0x012C5,
-    0x012C8, 0x012D6,
-    0x012D8, 0x01310,
-    0x01312, 0x01315,
-    0x01318, 0x0135A,
-    0x01380, 0x0138F,
-    0x013A0, 0x013F5,
-    0x013F8, 0x013FD,
-    0x01401, 0x0166C,
-    0x0166F, 0x0167F,
-    0x01681, 0x0169A,
-    0x016A0, 0x016EA,
-    0x016F1, 0x016F8,
-    0x01700, 0x0170C,
-    0x0170E, 0x01711,
-    0x01720, 0x01731,
-    0x01740, 0x01751,
-    0x01760, 0x0176C,
-    0x0176E, 0x01770,
-    0x01780, 0x017B3,
-    0x01820, 0x01878,
-    0x01880, 0x01884,
-    0x01887, 0x018A8,
-    0x018B0, 0x018F5,
-    0x01900, 0x0191E,
-    0x01950, 0x0196D,
-    0x01970, 0x01974,
-    0x01980, 0x019AB,
-    0x019B0, 0x019C9,
-    0x01A00, 0x01A16,
-    0x01A20, 0x01A54,
-    0x01B05, 0x01B33,
-    0x01B45, 0x01B4B,
-    0x01B83, 0x01BA0,
-    0x01BAE, 0x01BAF,
-    0x01BBA, 0x01BE5,
-    0x01C00, 0x01C23,
-    0x01C4D, 0x01C4F,
-    0x01C5A, 0x01C7D,
-    0x01C80, 0x01C88,
-    0x01C90, 0x01CBA,
-    0x01CBD, 0x01CBF,
-    0x01CE9, 0x01CEC,
-    0x01CEE, 0x01CF3,
-    0x01CF5, 0x01CF6,
-    0x01D00, 0x01DBF,
-    0x01E00, 0x01F15,
-    0x01F18, 0x01F1D,
-    0x01F20, 0x01F45,
-    0x01F48, 0x01F4D,
-    0x01F50, 0x01F57,
-    0x01F5F, 0x01F7D,
-    0x01F80, 0x01FB4,
-    0x01FB6, 0x01FBC,
-    0x01FC2, 0x01FC4,
-    0x01FC6, 0x01FCC,
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   ]
 
   alphaSinglets = [
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-    0x000B5,
-    0x000BA,
-    0x002EC,
-    0x002EE,
-    0x0037F,
-    0x00386,
-    0x0038C,
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-    0x0103F,
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-    0x0108E,
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-    0x01F59,
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-    0x02071,
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-    0x02115,
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-    0x02D27,
-    0x02D2D,
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-    0x02E2F,
-    0x03400,
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-    0x0FB1D,
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-    0x1083C,
-    0x10A00,
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-    0x111DA,
-    0x111DC,
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-    0x1133D,
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-    0x119E1,
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-    0x11A00,
-    0x11A3A,
-    0x11A50,
-    0x11A9D,
-    0x11C40,
-    0x11D46,
-    0x11D98,
-    0x16F50,
-    0x16FE3,
-    0x17000,
-    0x187F7,
-    0x1D4A2,
-    0x1D4BB,
-    0x1D546,
-    0x1E14E,
-    0x1E94B,
-    0x1EE24,
-    0x1EE27,
-    0x1EE39,
-    0x1EE3B,
-    0x1EE42,
-    0x1EE47,
-    0x1EE49,
-    0x1EE4B,
-    0x1EE54,
-    0x1EE57,
-    0x1EE59,
-    0x1EE5B,
-    0x1EE5D,
-    0x1EE5F,
-    0x1EE64,
-    0x1EE7E,
-    0x20000,
-    0x2A6D6,
-    0x2A700,
-    0x2B734,
-    0x2B740,
-    0x2B81D,
-    0x2B820,
-    0x2CEA1,
-    0x2CEB0,
-    0x2EBE0,
+    0x000AA'i32,
+    0x000B5'i32,
+    0x000BA'i32,
+    0x002EC'i32,
+    0x002EE'i32,
+    0x0037F'i32,
+    0x00386'i32,
+    0x0038C'i32,
+    0x00559'i32,
+    0x006D5'i32,
+    0x006FF'i32,
+    0x00710'i32,
+    0x007B1'i32,
+    0x007FA'i32,
+    0x0081A'i32,
+    0x00824'i32,
+    0x00828'i32,
+    0x0093D'i32,
+    0x00950'i32,
+    0x009B2'i32,
+    0x009BD'i32,
+    0x009CE'i32,
+    0x009FC'i32,
+    0x00A5E'i32,
+    0x00ABD'i32,
+    0x00AD0'i32,
+    0x00AF9'i32,
+    0x00B3D'i32,
+    0x00B71'i32,
+    0x00B83'i32,
+    0x00B9C'i32,
+    0x00BD0'i32,
+    0x00C3D'i32,
+    0x00C80'i32,
+    0x00CBD'i32,
+    0x00CDE'i32,
+    0x00D3D'i32,
+    0x00D4E'i32,
+    0x00DBD'i32,
+    0x00E84'i32,
+    0x00EA5'i32,
+    0x00EBD'i32,
+    0x00EC6'i32,
+    0x00F00'i32,
+    0x0103F'i32,
+    0x01061'i32,
+    0x0108E'i32,
+    0x010C7'i32,
+    0x010CD'i32,
+    0x01258'i32,
+    0x012C0'i32,
+    0x017D7'i32,
+    0x017DC'i32,
+    0x018AA'i32,
+    0x01AA7'i32,
+    0x01CFA'i32,
+    0x01F59'i32,
+    0x01F5B'i32,
+    0x01F5D'i32,
+    0x01FBE'i32,
+    0x02071'i32,
+    0x0207F'i32,
+    0x02102'i32,
+    0x02107'i32,
+    0x02115'i32,
+    0x02124'i32,
+    0x02126'i32,
+    0x02128'i32,
+    0x0214E'i32,
+    0x02D27'i32,
+    0x02D2D'i32,
+    0x02D6F'i32,
+    0x02E2F'i32,
+    0x0A8FB'i32,
+    0x0A9CF'i32,
+    0x0AA7A'i32,
+    0x0AAB1'i32,
+    0x0AAC0'i32,
+    0x0AAC2'i32,
+    0x0FB1D'i32,
+    0x0FB3E'i32,
+    0x10808'i32,
+    0x1083C'i32,
+    0x10A00'i32,
+    0x10F27'i32,
+    0x11144'i32,
+    0x11176'i32,
+    0x111DA'i32,
+    0x111DC'i32,
+    0x11288'i32,
+    0x1133D'i32,
+    0x11350'i32,
+    0x1145F'i32,
+    0x114C7'i32,
+    0x11644'i32,
+    0x116B8'i32,
+    0x118FF'i32,
+    0x119E1'i32,
+    0x119E3'i32,
+    0x11A00'i32,
+    0x11A3A'i32,
+    0x11A50'i32,
+    0x11A9D'i32,
+    0x11C40'i32,
+    0x11D46'i32,
+    0x11D98'i32,
+    0x16F50'i32,
+    0x16FE3'i32,
+    0x1D4A2'i32,
+    0x1D4BB'i32,
+    0x1D546'i32,
+    0x1E14E'i32,
+    0x1E94B'i32,
+    0x1EE24'i32,
+    0x1EE27'i32,
+    0x1EE39'i32,
+    0x1EE3B'i32,
+    0x1EE42'i32,
+    0x1EE47'i32,
+    0x1EE49'i32,
+    0x1EE4B'i32,
+    0x1EE54'i32,
+    0x1EE57'i32,
+    0x1EE59'i32,
+    0x1EE5B'i32,
+    0x1EE5D'i32,
+    0x1EE5F'i32,
+    0x1EE64'i32,
+    0x1EE7E'i32,
   ]
 
   spaceRanges = [
-    0x00009, 0x0000D,
-    0x00020, 0x00020,
-    0x00085, 0x00085,
-    0x000A0, 0x000A0,
-    0x01680, 0x01680,
-    0x02000, 0x0200A,
-    0x02028, 0x02029,
-    0x0202F, 0x0202F,
-    0x0205F, 0x0205F,
-    0x03000, 0x03000,
+    0x00009'i32, 0x0000D'i32,
+    0x00020'i32, 0x00020'i32,
+    0x00085'i32, 0x00085'i32,
+    0x000A0'i32, 0x000A0'i32,
+    0x01680'i32, 0x01680'i32,
+    0x02000'i32, 0x0200A'i32,
+    0x02028'i32, 0x02029'i32,
+    0x0202F'i32, 0x0202F'i32,
+    0x0205F'i32, 0x0205F'i32,
+    0x03000'i32, 0x03000'i32,
   ]
 
   unicodeSpaces = [
diff --git a/lib/pure/ioselects/ioselectors_epoll.nim b/lib/pure/ioselects/ioselectors_epoll.nim
index b62b4c2db..10658b78e 100644
--- a/lib/pure/ioselects/ioselectors_epoll.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/ioselects/ioselectors_epoll.nim
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 # This module implements Linux epoll().
 
-import posix, times, epoll
+import std/[posix, times, epoll]
 
 # Maximum number of events that can be returned
 const MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS = 64
@@ -72,14 +72,16 @@ type
   SelectEvent* = ptr SelectEventImpl
 
 proc newSelector*[T](): Selector[T] =
+  proc initialNumFD(): int {.inline.} =
+    when defined(nuttx):
+      result = NEPOLL_MAX
+    else:
+      result = 1024
   # Retrieve the maximum fd count (for current OS) via getrlimit()
-  var a = RLimit()
-  if getrlimit(posix.RLIMIT_NOFILE, a) != 0:
-    raiseOSError(osLastError())
-  var maxFD = int(a.rlim_max)
+  var maxFD = maxDescriptors()
   doAssert(maxFD > 0)
   # Start with a reasonable size, checkFd() will grow this on demand
-  const numFD = 1024
+  let numFD = initialNumFD()
 
   var epollFD = epoll_create1(O_CLOEXEC)
   if epollFD < 0:
@@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ template checkFd(s, f) =
     var numFD = s.numFD
     while numFD <= f: numFD *= 2
     when hasThreadSupport:
-      s.fds = reallocSharedArray(s.fds, numFD)
+      s.fds = reallocSharedArray(s.fds, s.numFD, numFD)
     else:
       s.fds.setLen(numFD)
     for i in s.numFD ..< numFD:
@@ -529,4 +531,4 @@ template withData*[T](s: Selector[T], fd: SocketHandle|int, value, body1,
     body2
 
 proc getFd*[T](s: Selector[T]): int =
-  return s.epollFd.int
+  return s.epollFD.int
diff --git a/lib/pure/ioselects/ioselectors_kqueue.nim b/lib/pure/ioselects/ioselectors_kqueue.nim
index 68be969c7..513578eda 100644
--- a/lib/pure/ioselects/ioselectors_kqueue.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/ioselects/ioselectors_kqueue.nim
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 #  This module implements BSD kqueue().
 
-import posix, times, kqueue, nativesockets
+import std/[posix, times, kqueue, nativesockets]
 
 const
   # Maximum number of events that can be returned.
@@ -194,7 +194,9 @@ when hasThreadSupport:
         if s.changesLength > 0:
           if kevent(s.kqFD, addr(s.changes[0]), cint(s.changesLength),
                     nil, 0, nil) == -1:
-            raiseIOSelectorsError(osLastError())
+            let res = osLastError()
+            if cint(res) != ENOENT: # ignore pipes whose read end is closed
+              raiseIOSelectorsError(res)
           s.changesLength = 0
 else:
   template modifyKQueue[T](s: Selector[T], nident: uint, nfilter: cshort,
@@ -211,7 +213,9 @@ else:
       if length > 0:
         if kevent(s.kqFD, addr(s.changes[0]), length,
                   nil, 0, nil) == -1:
-          raiseIOSelectorsError(osLastError())
+          let res = osLastError()
+          if cint(res) != ENOENT: # ignore pipes whose read end is closed
+            raiseIOSelectorsError(res)
         s.changes.setLen(0)
 
 proc registerHandle*[T](s: Selector[T], fd: int | SocketHandle,
diff --git a/lib/pure/ioselects/ioselectors_poll.nim b/lib/pure/ioselects/ioselectors_poll.nim
index 6b10e19ae..7c5347156 100644
--- a/lib/pure/ioselects/ioselectors_poll.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/ioselects/ioselectors_poll.nim
@@ -9,11 +9,17 @@
 
 # This module implements Posix poll().
 
-import posix, times
+import std/[posix, times]
 
 # Maximum number of events that can be returned
 const MAX_POLL_EVENTS = 64
 
+const hasEventFds = defined(zephyr) or defined(nimPollHasEventFds)
+
+when hasEventFds:
+  proc eventfd(count: cuint, flags: cint): cint
+     {.cdecl, importc: "eventfd", header: "<sys/eventfd.h>".}
+
 when hasThreadSupport:
   type
     SelectorImpl[T] = object
@@ -53,10 +59,7 @@ else:
     body
 
 proc newSelector*[T](): Selector[T] =
-  var a = RLimit()
-  if getrlimit(posix.RLIMIT_NOFILE, a) != 0:
-    raiseIOSelectorsError(osLastError())
-  var maxFD = int(a.rlim_max)
+  var maxFD = maxDescriptors()
 
   when hasThreadSupport:
     result = cast[Selector[T]](allocShared0(sizeof(SelectorImpl[T])))
@@ -187,14 +190,22 @@ proc unregister*[T](s: Selector[T], ev: SelectEvent) =
   s.pollRemove(fdi.cint)
 
 proc newSelectEvent*(): SelectEvent =
-  var fds: array[2, cint]
-  if posix.pipe(fds) != 0:
-    raiseIOSelectorsError(osLastError())
-  setNonBlocking(fds[0])
-  setNonBlocking(fds[1])
-  result = cast[SelectEvent](allocShared0(sizeof(SelectEventImpl)))
-  result.rfd = fds[0]
-  result.wfd = fds[1]
+  when not hasEventFds: 
+    var fds: array[2, cint]
+    if posix.pipe(fds) != 0:
+      raiseIOSelectorsError(osLastError())
+    setNonBlocking(fds[0])
+    setNonBlocking(fds[1])
+    result = cast[SelectEvent](allocShared0(sizeof(SelectEventImpl)))
+    result.rfd = fds[0]
+    result.wfd = fds[1]
+  else: 
+    let fdci = eventfd(0, posix.O_NONBLOCK)
+    if fdci == -1:
+      raiseIOSelectorsError(osLastError())
+    result = cast[SelectEvent](allocShared0(sizeof(SelectEventImpl)))
+    result.rfd = fdci
+    result.wfd = fdci
 
 proc trigger*(ev: SelectEvent) =
   var data: uint64 = 1
@@ -203,7 +214,10 @@ proc trigger*(ev: SelectEvent) =
 
 proc close*(ev: SelectEvent) =
   let res1 = posix.close(ev.rfd)
-  let res2 = posix.close(ev.wfd)
+  let res2 = 
+    when  hasEventFds: 0
+    else: posix.close(ev.wfd)
+
   deallocShared(cast[pointer](ev))
   if res1 != 0 or res2 != 0:
     raiseIOSelectorsError(osLastError())
diff --git a/lib/pure/ioselects/ioselectors_select.nim b/lib/pure/ioselects/ioselectors_select.nim
index 6f216ac85..6c516395b 100644
--- a/lib/pure/ioselects/ioselectors_select.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/ioselects/ioselectors_select.nim
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@
 
 # This module implements Posix and Windows select().
 
-import times, nativesockets
+import std/[times, nativesockets]
 
 when defined(windows):
-  import winlean
+  import std/winlean
   when defined(gcc):
     {.passl: "-lws2_32".}
   elif defined(vcc):
@@ -26,27 +26,27 @@ else:
                              #include <sys/types.h>
                              #include <unistd.h>"""
 type
-  Fdset {.importc: "fd_set", header: platformHeaders, pure, final.} = object
+  FdSet {.importc: "fd_set", header: platformHeaders, pure, final.} = object
 var
   FD_SETSIZE {.importc: "FD_SETSIZE", header: platformHeaders.}: cint
 
-proc IOFD_SET(fd: SocketHandle, fdset: ptr Fdset)
+proc IOFD_SET(fd: SocketHandle, fdset: ptr FdSet)
      {.cdecl, importc: "FD_SET", header: platformHeaders, inline.}
-proc IOFD_CLR(fd: SocketHandle, fdset: ptr Fdset)
+proc IOFD_CLR(fd: SocketHandle, fdset: ptr FdSet)
      {.cdecl, importc: "FD_CLR", header: platformHeaders, inline.}
-proc IOFD_ZERO(fdset: ptr Fdset)
+proc IOFD_ZERO(fdset: ptr FdSet)
      {.cdecl, importc: "FD_ZERO", header: platformHeaders, inline.}
 
 when defined(windows):
-  proc IOFD_ISSET(fd: SocketHandle, fdset: ptr Fdset): cint
+  proc IOFD_ISSET(fd: SocketHandle, fdset: ptr FdSet): cint
        {.stdcall, importc: "FD_ISSET", header: platformHeaders, inline.}
-  proc ioselect(nfds: cint, readFds, writeFds, exceptFds: ptr Fdset,
+  proc ioselect(nfds: cint, readFds, writeFds, exceptFds: ptr FdSet,
                 timeout: ptr Timeval): cint
        {.stdcall, importc: "select", header: platformHeaders.}
 else:
-  proc IOFD_ISSET(fd: SocketHandle, fdset: ptr Fdset): cint
+  proc IOFD_ISSET(fd: SocketHandle, fdset: ptr FdSet): cint
        {.cdecl, importc: "FD_ISSET", header: platformHeaders, inline.}
-  proc ioselect(nfds: cint, readFds, writeFds, exceptFds: ptr Fdset,
+  proc ioselect(nfds: cint, readFds, writeFds, exceptFds: ptr FdSet,
                 timeout: ptr Timeval): cint
        {.cdecl, importc: "select", header: platformHeaders.}
 
@@ -313,8 +313,8 @@ proc selectInto*[T](s: Selector[T], timeout: int,
   verifySelectParams(timeout)
 
   if timeout != -1:
-    when defined(genode) or defined(freertos):
-      tv.tv_sec = Time(timeout div 1_000)
+    when defined(genode) or defined(freertos) or defined(zephyr) or defined(nuttx):
+      tv.tv_sec = posix.Time(timeout div 1_000)
     else:
       tv.tv_sec = timeout.int32 div 1_000
     tv.tv_usec = (timeout.int32 %% 1_000) * 1_000
@@ -398,18 +398,6 @@ proc contains*[T](s: Selector[T], fd: SocketHandle|int): bool {.inline.} =
       if s.fds[i].ident == fdi:
         return true
 
-when hasThreadSupport:
-  template withSelectLock[T](s: Selector[T], body: untyped) =
-    acquire(s.lock)
-    {.locks: [s.lock].}:
-      try:
-        body
-      finally:
-        release(s.lock)
-else:
-  template withSelectLock[T](s: Selector[T], body: untyped) =
-    body
-
 proc getData*[T](s: Selector[T], fd: SocketHandle|int): var T =
   s.withSelectLock():
     let fdi = int(fd)
diff --git a/lib/pure/json.nim b/lib/pure/json.nim
index 048ed2797..53fa7553a 100644
--- a/lib/pure/json.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/json.nim
@@ -41,13 +41,14 @@
 ## For a `JsonNode` who's kind is `JObject`, you can access its fields using
 ## the `[]` operator. The following example shows how to do this:
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
+##   ```Nim
 ##   import std/json
 ##
 ##   let jsonNode = parseJson("""{"key": 3.14}""")
 ##
 ##   doAssert jsonNode.kind == JObject
 ##   doAssert jsonNode["key"].kind == JFloat
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Reading values
 ## --------------
@@ -62,12 +63,13 @@
 ##
 ## To retrieve the value of `"key"` you can do the following:
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
+##   ```Nim
 ##   import std/json
 ##
 ##   let jsonNode = parseJson("""{"key": 3.14}""")
 ##
 ##   doAssert jsonNode["key"].getFloat() == 3.14
+##   ```
 ##
 ## **Important:** The `[]` operator will raise an exception when the
 ## specified field does not exist.
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@
 ## when the field is not found. The `get`-family of procedures will return a
 ## type's default value when called on `nil`.
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
+##   ```Nim
 ##   import std/json
 ##
 ##   let jsonNode = parseJson("{}")
@@ -88,6 +90,7 @@
 ##   doAssert jsonNode{"nope"}.getFloat() == 0
 ##   doAssert jsonNode{"nope"}.getStr() == ""
 ##   doAssert jsonNode{"nope"}.getBool() == false
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Using default values
 ## --------------------
@@ -95,7 +98,7 @@
 ## The `get`-family helpers also accept an additional parameter which allow
 ## you to fallback to a default value should the key's values be `null`:
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
+##   ```Nim
 ##   import std/json
 ##
 ##   let jsonNode = parseJson("""{"key": 3.14, "key2": null}""")
@@ -103,6 +106,7 @@
 ##   doAssert jsonNode["key"].getFloat(6.28) == 3.14
 ##   doAssert jsonNode["key2"].getFloat(3.14) == 3.14
 ##   doAssert jsonNode{"nope"}.getFloat(3.14) == 3.14 # note the {}
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Unmarshalling
 ## -------------
@@ -113,7 +117,7 @@
 ## Note: Use `Option <options.html#Option>`_ for keys sometimes missing in json
 ## responses, and backticks around keys with a reserved keyword as name.
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
+##   ```Nim
 ##   import std/json
 ##   import std/options
 ##
@@ -127,6 +131,7 @@
 ##   let user = to(userJson, User)
 ##   if user.`type`.isSome():
 ##     assert user.`type`.get() != "robot"
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Creating JSON
 ## =============
@@ -134,7 +139,7 @@
 ## This module can also be used to comfortably create JSON using the `%*`
 ## operator:
 ##
-## .. code-block:: nim
+##   ```nim
 ##   import std/json
 ##
 ##   var hisName = "John"
@@ -148,6 +153,7 @@
 ##   var j2 = %* {"name": "Isaac", "books": ["Robot Dreams"]}
 ##   j2["details"] = %* {"age":35, "pi":3.1415}
 ##   echo j2
+##   ```
 ##
 ## See also: std/jsonutils for hookable json serialization/deserialization
 ## of arbitrary types.
@@ -159,12 +165,14 @@ runnableExamples:
     a1, a2, a0, a3, a4: int
   doAssert $(%* Foo()) == """{"a1":0,"a2":0,"a0":0,"a3":0,"a4":0}"""
 
-import
-  std/[hashes, tables, strutils, lexbase, streams, macros, parsejson]
+import std/[hashes, tables, strutils, lexbase, streams, macros, parsejson]
 
 import std/options # xxx remove this dependency using same approach as https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/14563
 import std/private/since
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions, formatfloat]
+
 export
   tables.`$`
 
@@ -203,6 +211,8 @@ type
     of JArray:
       elems*: seq[JsonNode]
 
+const DepthLimit = 1000
+
 proc newJString*(s: string): JsonNode =
   ## Creates a new `JString JsonNode`.
   result = JsonNode(kind: JString, str: s)
@@ -214,10 +224,6 @@ proc newJRawNumber(s: string): JsonNode =
   ## to the string representation without the quotes.
   result = JsonNode(kind: JString, str: s, isUnquoted: true)
 
-proc newJStringMove(s: string): JsonNode =
-  result = JsonNode(kind: JString)
-  shallowCopy(result.str, s)
-
 proc newJInt*(n: BiggestInt): JsonNode =
   ## Creates a new `JInt JsonNode`.
   result = JsonNode(kind: JInt, num: n)
@@ -334,7 +340,16 @@ proc `%`*(n: BiggestInt): JsonNode =
 
 proc `%`*(n: float): JsonNode =
   ## Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new `JFloat JsonNode`.
-  result = JsonNode(kind: JFloat, fnum: n)
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert $(%[NaN, Inf, -Inf, 0.0, -0.0, 1.0, 1e-2]) == """["nan","inf","-inf",0.0,-0.0,1.0,0.01]"""
+    assert (%NaN).kind == JString
+    assert (%0.0).kind == JFloat
+  # for those special cases, we could also have used `newJRawNumber` but then
+  # it would've been inconsisten with the case of `parseJson` vs `%` for representing them.
+  if n != n: newJString("nan")
+  elif n == Inf: newJString("inf")
+  elif n == -Inf: newJString("-inf")
+  else: JsonNode(kind: JFloat, fnum: n)
 
 proc `%`*(b: bool): JsonNode =
   ## Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new `JBool JsonNode`.
@@ -429,7 +444,7 @@ macro `%*`*(x: untyped): untyped =
   ## `%` for every element.
   result = toJsonImpl(x)
 
-proc `==`*(a, b: JsonNode): bool =
+proc `==`*(a, b: JsonNode): bool {.noSideEffect, raises: [].} =
   ## Check two nodes for equality
   if a.isNil:
     if b.isNil: return true
@@ -449,19 +464,25 @@ proc `==`*(a, b: JsonNode): bool =
     of JNull:
       result = true
     of JArray:
-      result = a.elems == b.elems
+      {.cast(raises: []).}: # bug #19303
+        result = a.elems == b.elems
     of JObject:
       # we cannot use OrderedTable's equality here as
       # the order does not matter for equality here.
       if a.fields.len != b.fields.len: return false
       for key, val in a.fields:
         if not b.fields.hasKey(key): return false
-        if b.fields[key] != val: return false
+        {.cast(raises: []).}:
+          when defined(nimHasEffectsOf):
+            {.noSideEffect.}:
+              if b.fields[key] != val: return false
+          else:
+            if b.fields[key] != val: return false
       result = true
 
 proc hash*(n: OrderedTable[string, JsonNode]): Hash {.noSideEffect.}
 
-proc hash*(n: JsonNode): Hash =
+proc hash*(n: JsonNode): Hash {.noSideEffect.} =
   ## Compute the hash for a JSON node
   case n.kind
   of JArray:
@@ -523,6 +544,24 @@ proc `[]`*(node: JsonNode, index: BackwardsIndex): JsonNode {.inline, since: (1,
 
   `[]`(node, node.len - int(index))
 
+proc `[]`*[U, V](a: JsonNode, x: HSlice[U, V]): JsonNode =
+  ## Slice operation for JArray.
+  ##
+  ## Returns the inclusive range `[a[x.a], a[x.b]]`:
+  runnableExamples:
+    import std/json
+    let arr = %[0,1,2,3,4,5]
+    doAssert arr[2..4] == %[2,3,4]
+    doAssert arr[2..^2] == %[2,3,4]
+    doAssert arr[^4..^2] == %[2,3,4]
+
+  assert(a.kind == JArray)
+  result = newJArray()
+  let xa = (when x.a is BackwardsIndex: a.len - int(x.a) else: int(x.a))
+  let L = (when x.b is BackwardsIndex: a.len - int(x.b) else: int(x.b)) - xa + 1
+  for i in 0..<L:
+    result.add(a[i + xa])
+
 proc hasKey*(node: JsonNode, key: string): bool =
   ## Checks if `key` exists in `node`.
   assert(node.kind == JObject)
@@ -595,7 +634,7 @@ proc delete*(obj: JsonNode, key: string) =
   obj.fields.del(key)
 
 proc copy*(p: JsonNode): JsonNode =
-  ## Performs a deep copy of `a`.
+  ## Performs a deep copy of `p`.
   case p.kind
   of JString:
     result = newJString(p.str)
@@ -663,6 +702,47 @@ proc escapeJson*(s: string): string =
   result = newStringOfCap(s.len + s.len shr 3)
   escapeJson(s, result)
 
+proc toUgly*(result: var string, node: JsonNode) =
+  ## Converts `node` to its JSON Representation, without
+  ## regard for human readability. Meant to improve `$` string
+  ## conversion performance.
+  ##
+  ## JSON representation is stored in the passed `result`
+  ##
+  ## This provides higher efficiency than the `pretty` procedure as it
+  ## does **not** attempt to format the resulting JSON to make it human readable.
+  var comma = false
+  case node.kind:
+  of JArray:
+    result.add "["
+    for child in node.elems:
+      if comma: result.add ","
+      else: comma = true
+      result.toUgly child
+    result.add "]"
+  of JObject:
+    result.add "{"
+    for key, value in pairs(node.fields):
+      if comma: result.add ","
+      else: comma = true
+      key.escapeJson(result)
+      result.add ":"
+      result.toUgly value
+    result.add "}"
+  of JString:
+    if node.isUnquoted:
+      result.add node.str
+    else:
+      escapeJson(node.str, result)
+  of JInt:
+    result.addInt(node.num)
+  of JFloat:
+    result.addFloat(node.fnum)
+  of JBool:
+    result.add(if node.bval: "true" else: "false")
+  of JNull:
+    result.add "null"
+
 proc toPretty(result: var string, node: JsonNode, indent = 2, ml = true,
               lstArr = false, currIndent = 0) =
   case node.kind
@@ -690,10 +770,7 @@ proc toPretty(result: var string, node: JsonNode, indent = 2, ml = true,
       result.add("{}")
   of JString:
     if lstArr: result.indent(currIndent)
-    if node.isUnquoted:
-      result.add node.str
-    else:
-      escapeJson(node.str, result)
+    toUgly(result, node)
   of JInt:
     if lstArr: result.indent(currIndent)
     result.addInt(node.num)
@@ -744,47 +821,6 @@ proc pretty*(node: JsonNode, indent = 2): string =
   result = ""
   toPretty(result, node, indent)
 
-proc toUgly*(result: var string, node: JsonNode) =
-  ## Converts `node` to its JSON Representation, without
-  ## regard for human readability. Meant to improve `$` string
-  ## conversion performance.
-  ##
-  ## JSON representation is stored in the passed `result`
-  ##
-  ## This provides higher efficiency than the `pretty` procedure as it
-  ## does **not** attempt to format the resulting JSON to make it human readable.
-  var comma = false
-  case node.kind:
-  of JArray:
-    result.add "["
-    for child in node.elems:
-      if comma: result.add ","
-      else: comma = true
-      result.toUgly child
-    result.add "]"
-  of JObject:
-    result.add "{"
-    for key, value in pairs(node.fields):
-      if comma: result.add ","
-      else: comma = true
-      key.escapeJson(result)
-      result.add ":"
-      result.toUgly value
-    result.add "}"
-  of JString:
-    if node.isUnquoted:
-      result.add node.str
-    else:
-      node.str.escapeJson(result)
-  of JInt:
-    result.addInt(node.num)
-  of JFloat:
-    result.addFloat(node.fnum)
-  of JBool:
-    result.add(if node.bval: "true" else: "false")
-  of JNull:
-    result.add "null"
-
 proc `$`*(node: JsonNode): string =
   ## Converts `node` to its JSON Representation on one line.
   result = newStringOfCap(node.len shl 1)
@@ -822,13 +858,17 @@ iterator mpairs*(node: var JsonNode): tuple[key: string, val: var JsonNode] =
   for key, val in mpairs(node.fields):
     yield (key, val)
 
-proc parseJson(p: var JsonParser; rawIntegers, rawFloats: bool): JsonNode =
+proc parseJson(p: var JsonParser; rawIntegers, rawFloats: bool, depth = 0): JsonNode =
   ## Parses JSON from a JSON Parser `p`.
   case p.tok
   of tkString:
     # we capture 'p.a' here, so we need to give it a fresh buffer afterwards:
-    result = newJStringMove(p.a)
-    p.a = ""
+    when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc) or defined(gcAtomicArc):
+      result = JsonNode(kind: JString, str: move p.a)
+    else:
+      result = JsonNode(kind: JString)
+      shallowCopy(result.str, p.a)
+      p.a = ""
     discard getTok(p)
   of tkInt:
     if rawIntegers:
@@ -858,6 +898,8 @@ proc parseJson(p: var JsonParser; rawIntegers, rawFloats: bool): JsonNode =
     result = newJNull()
     discard getTok(p)
   of tkCurlyLe:
+    if depth > DepthLimit:
+      raiseParseErr(p, "}")
     result = newJObject()
     discard getTok(p)
     while p.tok != tkCurlyRi:
@@ -866,16 +908,18 @@ proc parseJson(p: var JsonParser; rawIntegers, rawFloats: bool): JsonNode =
       var key = p.a
       discard getTok(p)
       eat(p, tkColon)
-      var val = parseJson(p, rawIntegers, rawFloats)
+      var val = parseJson(p, rawIntegers, rawFloats, depth+1)
       result[key] = val
       if p.tok != tkComma: break
       discard getTok(p)
     eat(p, tkCurlyRi)
   of tkBracketLe:
+    if depth > DepthLimit:
+      raiseParseErr(p, "]")
     result = newJArray()
     discard getTok(p)
     while p.tok != tkBracketRi:
-      result.add(parseJson(p, rawIntegers, rawFloats))
+      result.add(parseJson(p, rawIntegers, rawFloats, depth+1))
       if p.tok != tkComma: break
       discard getTok(p)
     eat(p, tkBracketRi)
@@ -922,21 +966,22 @@ proc parseJson*(s: Stream, filename: string = ""; rawIntegers = false, rawFloats
 
 when defined(js):
   from std/math import `mod`
-  from std/jsffi import JSObject, `[]`, to
+  from std/jsffi import JsObject, `[]`, to
   from std/private/jsutils import getProtoName, isInteger, isSafeInteger
 
-  proc parseNativeJson(x: cstring): JSObject {.importjs: "JSON.parse(#)".}
+  proc parseNativeJson(x: cstring): JsObject {.importjs: "JSON.parse(#)".}
 
-  proc getVarType(x: JSObject): JsonNodeKind =
+  proc getVarType(x: JsObject, isRawNumber: var bool): JsonNodeKind =
     result = JNull
     case $getProtoName(x) # TODO: Implicit returns fail here.
     of "[object Array]": return JArray
     of "[object Object]": return JObject
     of "[object Number]":
-      if isInteger(x):
+      if isInteger(x) and 1.0 / cast[float](x) != -Inf: # preserve -0.0 as float
         if isSafeInteger(x):
           return JInt
         else:
+          isRawNumber = true
           return JString
       else:
         return JFloat
@@ -945,35 +990,41 @@ when defined(js):
     of "[object String]": return JString
     else: assert false
 
-  proc len(x: JSObject): int =
-    assert x.getVarType == JArray
-    asm """
+  proc len(x: JsObject): int =
+    {.emit: """
       `result` = `x`.length;
-    """
+    """.}
 
-  proc convertObject(x: JSObject): JsonNode =
-    case getVarType(x)
+  proc convertObject(x: JsObject): JsonNode =
+    var isRawNumber = false
+    case getVarType(x, isRawNumber)
     of JArray:
       result = newJArray()
       for i in 0 ..< x.len:
         result.add(x[i].convertObject())
     of JObject:
       result = newJObject()
-      asm """for (var property in `x`) {
+      {.emit: """for (var property in `x`) {
         if (`x`.hasOwnProperty(property)) {
-      """
+      """.}
+
       var nimProperty: cstring
-      var nimValue: JSObject
-      asm "`nimProperty` = property; `nimValue` = `x`[property];"
+      var nimValue: JsObject
+      {.emit: "`nimProperty` = property; `nimValue` = `x`[property];".}
       result[$nimProperty] = nimValue.convertObject()
-      asm "}}"
+      {.emit: "}}".}
     of JInt:
       result = newJInt(x.to(int))
     of JFloat:
       result = newJFloat(x.to(float))
     of JString:
       # Dunno what to do with isUnquoted here
-      result = newJString($x.to(cstring))
+      if isRawNumber:
+        var value: cstring
+        {.emit: "`value` = `x`.toString();".}
+        result = newJRawNumber($value)
+      else:
+        result = newJString($x.to(cstring))
     of JBool:
       result = newJBool(x.to(bool))
     of JNull:
@@ -1017,297 +1068,306 @@ template verifyJsonKind(node: JsonNode, kinds: set[JsonNodeKind],
     ]
     raise newException(JsonKindError, msg)
 
-when defined(nimFixedForwardGeneric):
-
-  macro isRefSkipDistinct*(arg: typed): untyped =
-    ## internal only, do not use
-    var impl = getTypeImpl(arg)
-    if impl.kind == nnkBracketExpr and impl[0].eqIdent("typeDesc"):
-      impl = getTypeImpl(impl[1])
-    while impl.kind == nnkDistinctTy:
-      impl = getTypeImpl(impl[0])
-    result = newLit(impl.kind == nnkRefTy)
-
-  # The following forward declarations don't work in older versions of Nim
-
-  # forward declare all initFromJson
-
-  proc initFromJson(dst: var string; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
-  proc initFromJson(dst: var bool; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
-  proc initFromJson(dst: var JsonNode; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
-  proc initFromJson[T: SomeInteger](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode, jsonPath: var string)
-  proc initFromJson[T: SomeFloat](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
-  proc initFromJson[T: enum](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
-  proc initFromJson[T](dst: var seq[T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
-  proc initFromJson[S, T](dst: var array[S, T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
-  proc initFromJson[T](dst: var Table[string, T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
-  proc initFromJson[T](dst: var OrderedTable[string, T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
-  proc initFromJson[T](dst: var ref T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
-  proc initFromJson[T](dst: var Option[T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
-  proc initFromJson[T: distinct](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
-  proc initFromJson[T: object|tuple](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
-
-  # initFromJson definitions
-
-  proc initFromJson(dst: var string; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
-    verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JString, JNull}, jsonPath)
-    # since strings don't have a nil state anymore, this mapping of
-    # JNull to the default string is questionable. `none(string)` and
-    # `some("")` have the same potentional json value `JNull`.
-    if jsonNode.kind == JNull:
-      dst = ""
-    else:
-      dst = jsonNode.str
-
-  proc initFromJson(dst: var bool; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
-    verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JBool}, jsonPath)
-    dst = jsonNode.bval
-
-  proc initFromJson(dst: var JsonNode; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
-    if jsonNode == nil:
-      raise newException(KeyError, "key not found: " & jsonPath)
-    dst = jsonNode.copy
-
-  proc initFromJson[T: SomeInteger](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode, jsonPath: var string) =
-    when T is uint|uint64:
-      case jsonNode.kind
-      of JString:
-        dst = T(parseBiggestUInt(jsonNode.str))
-      else:
-        verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JInt}, jsonPath)
-        dst = T(jsonNode.num)
-    else:
-      verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JInt}, jsonPath)
-      dst = cast[T](jsonNode.num)
+macro isRefSkipDistinct*(arg: typed): untyped =
+  ## internal only, do not use
+  var impl = getTypeImpl(arg)
+  if impl.kind == nnkBracketExpr and impl[0].eqIdent("typeDesc"):
+    impl = getTypeImpl(impl[1])
+  while impl.kind == nnkDistinctTy:
+    impl = getTypeImpl(impl[0])
+  result = newLit(impl.kind == nnkRefTy)
+
+# The following forward declarations don't work in older versions of Nim
+
+# forward declare all initFromJson
+
+proc initFromJson(dst: var string; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
+proc initFromJson(dst: var bool; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
+proc initFromJson(dst: var JsonNode; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
+proc initFromJson[T: SomeInteger](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode, jsonPath: var string)
+proc initFromJson[T: SomeFloat](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
+proc initFromJson[T: enum](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
+proc initFromJson[T](dst: var seq[T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
+proc initFromJson[S, T](dst: var array[S, T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
+proc initFromJson[T](dst: var Table[string, T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
+proc initFromJson[T](dst: var OrderedTable[string, T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
+proc initFromJson[T](dst: var ref T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
+proc initFromJson[T](dst: var Option[T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
+proc initFromJson[T: distinct](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
+proc initFromJson[T: object|tuple](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string)
+
+# initFromJson definitions
+
+proc initFromJson(dst: var string; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
+  verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JString, JNull}, jsonPath)
+  # since strings don't have a nil state anymore, this mapping of
+  # JNull to the default string is questionable. `none(string)` and
+  # `some("")` have the same potentional json value `JNull`.
+  if jsonNode.kind == JNull:
+    dst = ""
+  else:
+    dst = jsonNode.str
+
+proc initFromJson(dst: var bool; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
+  verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JBool}, jsonPath)
+  dst = jsonNode.bval
+
+proc initFromJson(dst: var JsonNode; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
+  if jsonNode == nil:
+    raise newException(KeyError, "key not found: " & jsonPath)
+  dst = jsonNode.copy
 
-  proc initFromJson[T: SomeFloat](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
-    verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JInt, JFloat}, jsonPath)
+proc initFromJson[T: SomeInteger](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode, jsonPath: var string) =
+  when T is uint|uint64 or int.sizeof == 4:
+    verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JInt, JString}, jsonPath)
+    case jsonNode.kind
+    of JString:
+      let x = parseBiggestUInt(jsonNode.str)
+      dst = cast[T](x)
+    else:
+      dst = T(jsonNode.num)
+  else:
+    verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JInt}, jsonPath)
+    dst = cast[T](jsonNode.num)
+
+proc initFromJson[T: SomeFloat](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
+  verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JInt, JFloat, JString}, jsonPath)
+  if jsonNode.kind == JString:
+    case jsonNode.str
+    of "nan":
+      let b = NaN
+      dst = T(b)
+      # dst = NaN # would fail some tests because range conversions would cause CT error
+      # in some cases; but this is not a hot-spot inside this branch and backend can optimize this.
+    of "inf":
+      let b = Inf
+      dst = T(b)
+    of "-inf":
+      let b = -Inf
+      dst = T(b)
+    else: raise newException(JsonKindError, "expected 'nan|inf|-inf', got " & jsonNode.str)
+  else:
     if jsonNode.kind == JFloat:
       dst = T(jsonNode.fnum)
     else:
       dst = T(jsonNode.num)
 
-  proc initFromJson[T: enum](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
-    verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JString}, jsonPath)
-    dst = parseEnum[T](jsonNode.getStr)
-
-  proc initFromJson[T](dst: var seq[T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
-    verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JArray}, jsonPath)
-    dst.setLen jsonNode.len
-    let orignalJsonPathLen = jsonPath.len
-    for i in 0 ..< jsonNode.len:
-      jsonPath.add '['
-      jsonPath.addInt i
-      jsonPath.add ']'
-      initFromJson(dst[i], jsonNode[i], jsonPath)
-      jsonPath.setLen orignalJsonPathLen
-
-  proc initFromJson[S,T](dst: var array[S,T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
-    verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JArray}, jsonPath)
-    let originalJsonPathLen = jsonPath.len
-    for i in 0 ..< jsonNode.len:
-      jsonPath.add '['
-      jsonPath.addInt i
-      jsonPath.add ']'
-      initFromJson(dst[i.S], jsonNode[i], jsonPath) # `.S` for enum indexed arrays
-      jsonPath.setLen originalJsonPathLen
-
-  proc initFromJson[T](dst: var Table[string,T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
-    dst = initTable[string, T]()
-    verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JObject}, jsonPath)
-    let originalJsonPathLen = jsonPath.len
-    for key in keys(jsonNode.fields):
-      jsonPath.add '.'
-      jsonPath.add key
-      initFromJson(mgetOrPut(dst, key, default(T)), jsonNode[key], jsonPath)
-      jsonPath.setLen originalJsonPathLen
-
-  proc initFromJson[T](dst: var OrderedTable[string,T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
-    dst = initOrderedTable[string,T]()
-    verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JObject}, jsonPath)
-    let originalJsonPathLen = jsonPath.len
-    for key in keys(jsonNode.fields):
-      jsonPath.add '.'
-      jsonPath.add key
-      initFromJson(mgetOrPut(dst, key, default(T)), jsonNode[key], jsonPath)
-      jsonPath.setLen originalJsonPathLen
-
-  proc initFromJson[T](dst: var ref T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
-    verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JObject, JNull}, jsonPath)
-    if jsonNode.kind == JNull:
-      dst = nil
-    else:
-      dst = new(T)
-      initFromJson(dst[], jsonNode, jsonPath)
-
-  proc initFromJson[T](dst: var Option[T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
-    if jsonNode != nil and jsonNode.kind != JNull:
-      when T is ref:
-        dst = some(new(T))
-      else:
-        dst = some(default(T))
-      initFromJson(dst.get, jsonNode, jsonPath)
-
-  macro assignDistinctImpl[T: distinct](dst: var T;jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
-    let typInst = getTypeInst(dst)
-    let typImpl = getTypeImpl(dst)
-    let baseTyp = typImpl[0]
+proc initFromJson[T: enum](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
+  verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JString}, jsonPath)
+  dst = parseEnum[T](jsonNode.getStr)
+
+proc initFromJson[T](dst: var seq[T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
+  verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JArray}, jsonPath)
+  dst.setLen jsonNode.len
+  let orignalJsonPathLen = jsonPath.len
+  for i in 0 ..< jsonNode.len:
+    jsonPath.add '['
+    jsonPath.addInt i
+    jsonPath.add ']'
+    initFromJson(dst[i], jsonNode[i], jsonPath)
+    jsonPath.setLen orignalJsonPathLen
+
+proc initFromJson[S,T](dst: var array[S,T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
+  verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JArray}, jsonPath)
+  let originalJsonPathLen = jsonPath.len
+  for i in 0 ..< jsonNode.len:
+    jsonPath.add '['
+    jsonPath.addInt i
+    jsonPath.add ']'
+    initFromJson(dst[i.S], jsonNode[i], jsonPath) # `.S` for enum indexed arrays
+    jsonPath.setLen originalJsonPathLen
+
+proc initFromJson[T](dst: var Table[string,T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
+  dst = initTable[string, T]()
+  verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JObject}, jsonPath)
+  let originalJsonPathLen = jsonPath.len
+  for key in keys(jsonNode.fields):
+    jsonPath.add '.'
+    jsonPath.add key
+    initFromJson(mgetOrPut(dst, key, default(T)), jsonNode[key], jsonPath)
+    jsonPath.setLen originalJsonPathLen
+
+proc initFromJson[T](dst: var OrderedTable[string,T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
+  dst = initOrderedTable[string,T]()
+  verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JObject}, jsonPath)
+  let originalJsonPathLen = jsonPath.len
+  for key in keys(jsonNode.fields):
+    jsonPath.add '.'
+    jsonPath.add key
+    initFromJson(mgetOrPut(dst, key, default(T)), jsonNode[key], jsonPath)
+    jsonPath.setLen originalJsonPathLen
+
+proc initFromJson[T](dst: var ref T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
+  verifyJsonKind(jsonNode, {JObject, JNull}, jsonPath)
+  if jsonNode.kind == JNull:
+    dst = nil
+  else:
+    dst = new(T)
+    initFromJson(dst[], jsonNode, jsonPath)
 
-    result = quote do:
+proc initFromJson[T](dst: var Option[T]; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
+  if jsonNode != nil and jsonNode.kind != JNull:
+    when T is ref:
+      dst = some(new(T))
+    else:
+      dst = some(default(T))
+    initFromJson(dst.get, jsonNode, jsonPath)
+
+macro assignDistinctImpl[T: distinct](dst: var T;jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
+  let typInst = getTypeInst(dst)
+  let typImpl = getTypeImpl(dst)
+  let baseTyp = typImpl[0]
+
+  result = quote do:
+    initFromJson(`baseTyp`(`dst`), `jsonNode`, `jsonPath`)
+
+proc initFromJson[T: distinct](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
+  assignDistinctImpl(dst, jsonNode, jsonPath)
+
+proc detectIncompatibleType(typeExpr, lineinfoNode: NimNode) =
+  if typeExpr.kind == nnkTupleConstr:
+    error("Use a named tuple instead of: " & typeExpr.repr, lineinfoNode)
+
+proc foldObjectBody(dst, typeNode, tmpSym, jsonNode, jsonPath, originalJsonPathLen: NimNode) =
+  case typeNode.kind
+  of nnkEmpty:
+    discard
+  of nnkRecList, nnkTupleTy:
+    for it in typeNode:
+      foldObjectBody(dst, it, tmpSym, jsonNode, jsonPath, originalJsonPathLen)
+
+  of nnkIdentDefs:
+    typeNode.expectLen 3
+    let fieldSym = typeNode[0]
+    let fieldNameLit = newLit(fieldSym.strVal)
+    let fieldPathLit = newLit("." & fieldSym.strVal)
+    let fieldType = typeNode[1]
+
+    # Detecting incompatiple tuple types in `assignObjectImpl` only
+    # would be much cleaner, but the ast for tuple types does not
+    # contain usable type information.
+    detectIncompatibleType(fieldType, fieldSym)
+
+    dst.add quote do:
+      jsonPath.add `fieldPathLit`
       when nimvm:
-        # workaround #12282
-        var tmp: `baseTyp`
-        initFromJson( tmp, `jsonNode`, `jsonPath`)
-        `dst` = `typInst`(tmp)
-      else:
-        initFromJson( `baseTyp`(`dst`), `jsonNode`, `jsonPath`)
-
-  proc initFromJson[T: distinct](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
-    assignDistinctImpl(dst, jsonNode, jsonPath)
-
-  proc detectIncompatibleType(typeExpr, lineinfoNode: NimNode) =
-    if typeExpr.kind == nnkTupleConstr:
-      error("Use a named tuple instead of: " & typeExpr.repr, lineinfoNode)
-
-  proc foldObjectBody(dst, typeNode, tmpSym, jsonNode, jsonPath, originalJsonPathLen: NimNode) =
-    case typeNode.kind
-    of nnkEmpty:
-      discard
-    of nnkRecList, nnkTupleTy:
-      for it in typeNode:
-        foldObjectBody(dst, it, tmpSym, jsonNode, jsonPath, originalJsonPathLen)
-
-    of nnkIdentDefs:
-      typeNode.expectLen 3
-      let fieldSym = typeNode[0]
-      let fieldNameLit = newLit(fieldSym.strVal)
-      let fieldPathLit = newLit("." & fieldSym.strVal)
-      let fieldType = typeNode[1]
-
-      # Detecting incompatiple tuple types in `assignObjectImpl` only
-      # would be much cleaner, but the ast for tuple types does not
-      # contain usable type information.
-      detectIncompatibleType(fieldType, fieldSym)
-
-      dst.add quote do:
-        jsonPath.add `fieldPathLit`
-        when nimvm:
-          when isRefSkipDistinct(`tmpSym`.`fieldSym`):
-            # workaround #12489
-            var tmp: `fieldType`
-            initFromJson(tmp, getOrDefault(`jsonNode`,`fieldNameLit`), `jsonPath`)
-            `tmpSym`.`fieldSym` = tmp
-          else:
-            initFromJson(`tmpSym`.`fieldSym`, getOrDefault(`jsonNode`,`fieldNameLit`), `jsonPath`)
+        when isRefSkipDistinct(`tmpSym`.`fieldSym`):
+          # workaround #12489
+          var tmp: `fieldType`
+          initFromJson(tmp, getOrDefault(`jsonNode`,`fieldNameLit`), `jsonPath`)
+          `tmpSym`.`fieldSym` = tmp
         else:
           initFromJson(`tmpSym`.`fieldSym`, getOrDefault(`jsonNode`,`fieldNameLit`), `jsonPath`)
-        jsonPath.setLen `originalJsonPathLen`
-
-    of nnkRecCase:
-      let kindSym = typeNode[0][0]
-      let kindNameLit = newLit(kindSym.strVal)
-      let kindPathLit = newLit("." & kindSym.strVal)
-      let kindType = typeNode[0][1]
-      let kindOffsetLit = newLit(uint(getOffset(kindSym)))
-      dst.add quote do:
-        var kindTmp: `kindType`
-        jsonPath.add `kindPathLit`
-        initFromJson(kindTmp, `jsonNode`[`kindNameLit`], `jsonPath`)
-        jsonPath.setLen `originalJsonPathLen`
-        when defined js:
+      else:
+        initFromJson(`tmpSym`.`fieldSym`, getOrDefault(`jsonNode`,`fieldNameLit`), `jsonPath`)
+      jsonPath.setLen `originalJsonPathLen`
+
+  of nnkRecCase:
+    let kindSym = typeNode[0][0]
+    let kindNameLit = newLit(kindSym.strVal)
+    let kindPathLit = newLit("." & kindSym.strVal)
+    let kindType = typeNode[0][1]
+    let kindOffsetLit = newLit(uint(getOffset(kindSym)))
+    dst.add quote do:
+      var kindTmp: `kindType`
+      jsonPath.add `kindPathLit`
+      initFromJson(kindTmp, `jsonNode`[`kindNameLit`], `jsonPath`)
+      jsonPath.setLen `originalJsonPathLen`
+      when defined js:
+        `tmpSym`.`kindSym` = kindTmp
+      else:
+        when nimvm:
           `tmpSym`.`kindSym` = kindTmp
         else:
-          when nimvm:
-            `tmpSym`.`kindSym` = kindTmp
-          else:
-            # fuck it, assign kind field anyway
-            ((cast[ptr `kindType`](cast[uint](`tmpSym`.addr) + `kindOffsetLit`))[]) = kindTmp
-      dst.add nnkCaseStmt.newTree(nnkDotExpr.newTree(tmpSym, kindSym))
-      for i in 1 ..< typeNode.len:
-        foldObjectBody(dst, typeNode[i], tmpSym, jsonNode, jsonPath, originalJsonPathLen)
-
-    of nnkOfBranch, nnkElse:
-      let ofBranch = newNimNode(typeNode.kind)
-      for i in 0 ..< typeNode.len-1:
-        ofBranch.add copyNimTree(typeNode[i])
-      let dstInner = newNimNode(nnkStmtListExpr)
-      foldObjectBody(dstInner, typeNode[^1], tmpSym, jsonNode, jsonPath, originalJsonPathLen)
-      # resOuter now contains the inner stmtList
-      ofBranch.add dstInner
-      dst[^1].expectKind nnkCaseStmt
-      dst[^1].add ofBranch
-
-    of nnkObjectTy:
-      typeNode[0].expectKind nnkEmpty
-      typeNode[1].expectKind {nnkEmpty, nnkOfInherit}
-      if typeNode[1].kind == nnkOfInherit:
-        let base = typeNode[1][0]
-        var impl = getTypeImpl(base)
-        while impl.kind in {nnkRefTy, nnkPtrTy}:
-          impl = getTypeImpl(impl[0])
-        foldObjectBody(dst, impl, tmpSym, jsonNode, jsonPath, originalJsonPathLen)
-      let body = typeNode[2]
-      foldObjectBody(dst, body, tmpSym, jsonNode, jsonPath, originalJsonPathLen)
+          # fuck it, assign kind field anyway
+          ((cast[ptr `kindType`](cast[uint](`tmpSym`.addr) + `kindOffsetLit`))[]) = kindTmp
+    dst.add nnkCaseStmt.newTree(nnkDotExpr.newTree(tmpSym, kindSym))
+    for i in 1 ..< typeNode.len:
+      foldObjectBody(dst, typeNode[i], tmpSym, jsonNode, jsonPath, originalJsonPathLen)
+
+  of nnkOfBranch, nnkElse:
+    let ofBranch = newNimNode(typeNode.kind)
+    for i in 0 ..< typeNode.len-1:
+      ofBranch.add copyNimTree(typeNode[i])
+    let dstInner = newNimNode(nnkStmtListExpr)
+    foldObjectBody(dstInner, typeNode[^1], tmpSym, jsonNode, jsonPath, originalJsonPathLen)
+    # resOuter now contains the inner stmtList
+    ofBranch.add dstInner
+    dst[^1].expectKind nnkCaseStmt
+    dst[^1].add ofBranch
+
+  of nnkObjectTy:
+    typeNode[0].expectKind nnkEmpty
+    typeNode[1].expectKind {nnkEmpty, nnkOfInherit}
+    if typeNode[1].kind == nnkOfInherit:
+      let base = typeNode[1][0]
+      var impl = getTypeImpl(base)
+      while impl.kind in {nnkRefTy, nnkPtrTy}:
+        impl = getTypeImpl(impl[0])
+      foldObjectBody(dst, impl, tmpSym, jsonNode, jsonPath, originalJsonPathLen)
+    let body = typeNode[2]
+    foldObjectBody(dst, body, tmpSym, jsonNode, jsonPath, originalJsonPathLen)
 
-    else:
-      error("unhandled kind: " & $typeNode.kind, typeNode)
-
-  macro assignObjectImpl[T](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
-    let typeSym = getTypeInst(dst)
-    let originalJsonPathLen = genSym(nskLet, "originalJsonPathLen")
-    result = newStmtList()
-    result.add quote do:
-      let `originalJsonPathLen` = len(`jsonPath`)
-    if typeSym.kind in {nnkTupleTy, nnkTupleConstr}:
-      # both, `dst` and `typeSym` don't have good lineinfo. But nothing
-      # else is available here.
-      detectIncompatibleType(typeSym, dst)
-      foldObjectBody(result, typeSym, dst, jsonNode, jsonPath, originalJsonPathLen)
-    else:
-      foldObjectBody(result, typeSym.getTypeImpl, dst, jsonNode, jsonPath, originalJsonPathLen)
-
-  proc initFromJson[T: object|tuple](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
-    assignObjectImpl(dst, jsonNode, jsonPath)
-
-  proc to*[T](node: JsonNode, t: typedesc[T]): T =
-    ## `Unmarshals`:idx: the specified node into the object type specified.
-    ##
-    ## Known limitations:
-    ##
-    ##   * Heterogeneous arrays are not supported.
-    ##   * Sets in object variants are not supported.
-    ##   * Not nil annotations are not supported.
-    ##
-    runnableExamples:
-      let jsonNode = parseJson("""
-        {
-          "person": {
-            "name": "Nimmer",
-            "age": 21
-          },
-          "list": [1, 2, 3, 4]
-        }
-      """)
-
-      type
-        Person = object
-          name: string
-          age: int
-
-        Data = object
-          person: Person
-          list: seq[int]
-
-      var data = to(jsonNode, Data)
-      doAssert data.person.name == "Nimmer"
-      doAssert data.person.age == 21
-      doAssert data.list == @[1, 2, 3, 4]
-
-    var jsonPath = ""
-    initFromJson(result, node, jsonPath)
+  else:
+    error("unhandled kind: " & $typeNode.kind, typeNode)
+
+macro assignObjectImpl[T](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
+  let typeSym = getTypeInst(dst)
+  let originalJsonPathLen = genSym(nskLet, "originalJsonPathLen")
+  result = newStmtList()
+  result.add quote do:
+    let `originalJsonPathLen` = len(`jsonPath`)
+  if typeSym.kind in {nnkTupleTy, nnkTupleConstr}:
+    # both, `dst` and `typeSym` don't have good lineinfo. But nothing
+    # else is available here.
+    detectIncompatibleType(typeSym, dst)
+    foldObjectBody(result, typeSym, dst, jsonNode, jsonPath, originalJsonPathLen)
+  else:
+    foldObjectBody(result, typeSym.getTypeImpl, dst, jsonNode, jsonPath, originalJsonPathLen)
+
+proc initFromJson[T: object|tuple](dst: var T; jsonNode: JsonNode; jsonPath: var string) =
+  assignObjectImpl(dst, jsonNode, jsonPath)
+
+proc to*[T](node: JsonNode, t: typedesc[T]): T =
+  ## `Unmarshals`:idx: the specified node into the object type specified.
+  ##
+  ## Known limitations:
+  ##
+  ##   * Heterogeneous arrays are not supported.
+  ##   * Sets in object variants are not supported.
+  ##   * Not nil annotations are not supported.
+  ##
+  runnableExamples:
+    let jsonNode = parseJson("""
+      {
+        "person": {
+          "name": "Nimmer",
+          "age": 21
+        },
+        "list": [1, 2, 3, 4]
+      }
+    """)
+
+    type
+      Person = object
+        name: string
+        age: int
+
+      Data = object
+        person: Person
+        list: seq[int]
+
+    var data = to(jsonNode, Data)
+    doAssert data.person.name == "Nimmer"
+    doAssert data.person.age == 21
+    doAssert data.list == @[1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+  var jsonPath = ""
+  result = default(T)
+  initFromJson(result, node, jsonPath)
 
 when false:
-  import os
+  import std/os
   var s = newFileStream(paramStr(1), fmRead)
   if s == nil: quit("cannot open the file" & paramStr(1))
   var x: JsonParser
diff --git a/lib/pure/lexbase.nim b/lib/pure/lexbase.nim
index 166d8286b..1efd97b24 100644
--- a/lib/pure/lexbase.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/lexbase.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #
 #
-#           The Nim Compiler
+#            Nim's Runtime Library
 #        (c) Copyright 2009 Andreas Rumpf
 #
 #    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@
 ## needs refilling.
 
 import
-  strutils, streams
+  std/[strutils, streams]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 const
   EndOfFile* = '\0' ## end of file marker
@@ -101,9 +104,9 @@ proc fillBaseLexer(L: var BaseLexer, pos: int): int =
     result = 0
 
 proc handleCR*(L: var BaseLexer, pos: int): int =
-  ## Call this if you scanned over '\c' in the buffer; it returns the
+  ## Call this if you scanned over `'\c'` in the buffer; it returns the
   ## position to continue the scanning from. `pos` must be the position
-  ## of the '\c'.
+  ## of the `'\c'`.
   assert(L.buf[pos] == '\c')
   inc(L.lineNumber)
   result = fillBaseLexer(L, pos)
@@ -112,9 +115,9 @@ proc handleCR*(L: var BaseLexer, pos: int): int =
   L.lineStart = result
 
 proc handleLF*(L: var BaseLexer, pos: int): int =
-  ## Call this if you scanned over '\L' in the buffer; it returns the
+  ## Call this if you scanned over `'\L'` in the buffer; it returns the
   ## position to continue the scanning from. `pos` must be the position
-  ## of the '\L'.
+  ## of the `'\L'`.
   assert(L.buf[pos] == '\L')
   inc(L.lineNumber)
   result = fillBaseLexer(L, pos) #L.lastNL := result-1; // BUGFIX: was: result;
diff --git a/lib/pure/logging.nim b/lib/pure/logging.nim
index b2ace79ab..c30f68af8 100644
--- a/lib/pure/logging.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/logging.nim
@@ -17,10 +17,11 @@
 ##
 ## To get started, first create a logger:
 ##
-## .. code-block::
+##   ```Nim
 ##   import std/logging
 ##
 ##   var logger = newConsoleLogger()
+##   ```
 ##
 ## The logger that was created above logs to the console, but this module
 ## also provides loggers that log to files, such as the
@@ -30,9 +31,10 @@
 ## Once a logger has been created, call its `log proc
 ## <#log.e,ConsoleLogger,Level,varargs[string,]>`_ to log a message:
 ##
-## .. code-block::
+##   ```Nim
 ##   logger.log(lvlInfo, "a log message")
 ##   # Output: INFO a log message
+##   ```
 ##
 ## The ``INFO`` within the output is the result of a format string being
 ## prepended to the message, and it will differ depending on the message's
@@ -47,9 +49,8 @@
 ##
 ## .. warning::
 ##   For loggers that log to a console or to files, only error and fatal
-##   messages will cause their output buffers to be flushed immediately.
-##   Use the `flushFile proc <io.html#flushFile,File>`_ to flush the buffer
-##   manually if needed.
+##   messages will cause their output buffers to be flushed immediately by default.
+##   set ``flushThreshold`` when creating the logger to change this.
 ##
 ## Handlers
 ## --------
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@
 ## used with the `addHandler proc<#addHandler,Logger>`_, which is demonstrated
 ## in the following example:
 ##
-## .. code-block::
+##   ```Nim
 ##   import std/logging
 ##
 ##   var consoleLog = newConsoleLogger()
@@ -69,17 +70,19 @@
 ##   addHandler(consoleLog)
 ##   addHandler(fileLog)
 ##   addHandler(rollingLog)
+##   ```
 ##
 ## After doing this, use either the `log template
 ## <#log.t,Level,varargs[string,]>`_ or one of the level-specific templates,
 ## such as the `error template<#error.t,varargs[string,]>`_, to log messages
 ## to all registered handlers at once.
 ##
-## .. code-block::
+##   ```Nim
 ##   # This example uses the loggers created above
 ##   log(lvlError, "an error occurred")
 ##   error("an error occurred")  # Equivalent to the above line
 ##   info("something normal happened")  # Will not be written to errors.log
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Note that a message's level is still checked against each handler's
 ## ``levelThreshold`` and the global log filter.
@@ -117,12 +120,13 @@
 ##
 ## The following example illustrates how to use format strings:
 ##
-## .. code-block::
+##   ```Nim
 ##   import std/logging
 ##
 ##   var logger = newConsoleLogger(fmtStr="[$time] - $levelname: ")
 ##   logger.log(lvlInfo, "this is a message")
 ##   # Output: [19:50:13] - INFO: this is a message
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Notes when using multiple threads
 ## ---------------------------------
@@ -142,9 +146,12 @@
 ## * `strscans module<strscans.html>`_ for ``scanf`` and ``scanp`` macros, which
 ##   offer easier substring extraction than regular expressions
 
-import strutils, times
+import std/[strutils, times]
 when not defined(js):
-  import os
+  import std/os
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
 
 type
   Level* = enum ## \
@@ -197,6 +204,15 @@ const
   ## If a different format string is preferred, refer to the
   ## `documentation about format strings<#basic-usage-format-strings>`_
   ## for more information, including a list of available variables.
+  defaultFlushThreshold = when NimMajor >= 2:
+      when defined(nimV1LogFlushBehavior): lvlError else: lvlAll
+    else:
+      when defined(nimFlushAllLogs): lvlAll else: lvlError
+  ## The threshold above which log messages to file-like loggers
+  ## are automatically flushed.
+  ## 
+  ## By default, only error and fatal messages are logged,
+  ## but defining ``-d:nimFlushAllLogs`` will make all levels be flushed
 
 type
   Logger* = ref object of RootObj
@@ -225,6 +241,8 @@ type
     ## * `FileLogger<#FileLogger>`_
     ## * `RollingFileLogger<#RollingFileLogger>`_
     useStderr*: bool ## If true, writes to stderr; otherwise, writes to stdout
+    flushThreshold*: Level ## Only messages that are at or above this
+                           ## threshold will be flushed immediately
 
 when not defined(js):
   type
@@ -240,6 +258,8 @@ when not defined(js):
       ## * `ConsoleLogger<#ConsoleLogger>`_
       ## * `RollingFileLogger<#RollingFileLogger>`_
       file*: File ## The wrapped file
+      flushThreshold*: Level ## Only messages that are at or above this
+                           ## threshold will be flushed immediately
 
     RollingFileLogger* = ref object of FileLogger
       ## A logger that writes log messages to a file while performing log
@@ -345,8 +365,8 @@ method log*(logger: ConsoleLogger, level: Level, args: varargs[string, `$`]) =
   ## `setLogFilter proc<#setLogFilter,Level>`_.
   ##
   ## **Note:** Only error and fatal messages will cause the output buffer
-  ## to be flushed immediately. Use the `flushFile proc
-  ## <io.html#flushFile,File>`_ to flush the buffer manually if needed.
+  ## to be flushed immediately by default. Set ``flushThreshold`` when creating
+  ## the logger to change this.
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `log method<#log.e,FileLogger,Level,varargs[string,]>`_
@@ -357,14 +377,15 @@ method log*(logger: ConsoleLogger, level: Level, args: varargs[string, `$`]) =
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   var consoleLog = newConsoleLogger()
   ##   consoleLog.log(lvlInfo, "this is a message")
   ##   consoleLog.log(lvlError, "error code is: ", 404)
+  ##   ```
   if level >= logging.level and level >= logger.levelThreshold:
     let ln = substituteLog(logger.fmtStr, level, args)
     when defined(js):
-      let cln: cstring = ln
+      let cln = ln.cstring
       case level
       of lvlDebug: {.emit: "console.debug(`cln`);".}
       of lvlInfo:  {.emit: "console.info(`cln`);".}
@@ -377,12 +398,12 @@ method log*(logger: ConsoleLogger, level: Level, args: varargs[string, `$`]) =
         if logger.useStderr:
           handle = stderr
         writeLine(handle, ln)
-        if level in {lvlError, lvlFatal}: flushFile(handle)
+        if level >= logger.flushThreshold: flushFile(handle)
       except IOError:
         discard
 
 proc newConsoleLogger*(levelThreshold = lvlAll, fmtStr = defaultFmtStr,
-    useStderr = false): ConsoleLogger =
+    useStderr = false, flushThreshold = defaultFlushThreshold): ConsoleLogger =
   ## Creates a new `ConsoleLogger<#ConsoleLogger>`_.
   ##
   ## By default, log messages are written to ``stdout``. If ``useStderr`` is
@@ -399,13 +420,15 @@ proc newConsoleLogger*(levelThreshold = lvlAll, fmtStr = defaultFmtStr,
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   var normalLog = newConsoleLogger()
   ##   var formatLog = newConsoleLogger(fmtStr=verboseFmtStr)
   ##   var errorLog = newConsoleLogger(levelThreshold=lvlError, useStderr=true)
+  ##   ```
   new result
   result.fmtStr = fmtStr
   result.levelThreshold = levelThreshold
+  result.flushThreshold = flushThreshold
   result.useStderr = useStderr
 
 when not defined(js):
@@ -421,8 +444,8 @@ when not defined(js):
     ##
     ## **Notes:**
     ## * Only error and fatal messages will cause the output buffer
-    ##   to be flushed immediately. Use the `flushFile proc
-    ##   <io.html#flushFile,File>`_ to flush the buffer manually if needed.
+    ##   to be flushed immediately by default. Set ``flushThreshold`` when creating
+    ##   the logger to change this.
     ## * This method is not available for the JavaScript backend.
     ##
     ## See also:
@@ -434,13 +457,14 @@ when not defined(js):
     ##
     ## **Examples:**
     ##
-    ## .. code-block::
+    ##   ```Nim
     ##   var fileLog = newFileLogger("messages.log")
     ##   fileLog.log(lvlInfo, "this is a message")
     ##   fileLog.log(lvlError, "error code is: ", 404)
+    ##   ```
     if level >= logging.level and level >= logger.levelThreshold:
       writeLine(logger.file, substituteLog(logger.fmtStr, level, args))
-      if level in {lvlError, lvlFatal}: flushFile(logger.file)
+      if level >= logger.flushThreshold: flushFile(logger.file)
 
   proc defaultFilename*(): string =
     ## Returns the filename that is used by default when naming log files.
@@ -451,7 +475,8 @@ when not defined(js):
 
   proc newFileLogger*(file: File,
                       levelThreshold = lvlAll,
-                      fmtStr = defaultFmtStr): FileLogger =
+                      fmtStr = defaultFmtStr,
+                      flushThreshold = defaultFlushThreshold): FileLogger =
     ## Creates a new `FileLogger<#FileLogger>`_ that uses the given file handle.
     ##
     ## **Note:** This proc is not available for the JavaScript backend.
@@ -464,7 +489,7 @@ when not defined(js):
     ##
     ## **Examples:**
     ##
-    ## .. code-block::
+    ##   ```Nim
     ##   var messages = open("messages.log", fmWrite)
     ##   var formatted = open("formatted.log", fmWrite)
     ##   var errors = open("errors.log", fmWrite)
@@ -472,16 +497,19 @@ when not defined(js):
     ##   var normalLog = newFileLogger(messages)
     ##   var formatLog = newFileLogger(formatted, fmtStr=verboseFmtStr)
     ##   var errorLog = newFileLogger(errors, levelThreshold=lvlError)
+    ##   ```
     new(result)
     result.file = file
     result.levelThreshold = levelThreshold
+    result.flushThreshold = flushThreshold
     result.fmtStr = fmtStr
 
   proc newFileLogger*(filename = defaultFilename(),
                       mode: FileMode = fmAppend,
                       levelThreshold = lvlAll,
                       fmtStr = defaultFmtStr,
-                      bufSize: int = -1): FileLogger =
+                      bufSize: int = -1,
+                      flushThreshold = defaultFlushThreshold): FileLogger =
     ## Creates a new `FileLogger<#FileLogger>`_ that logs to a file with the
     ## given filename.
     ##
@@ -500,12 +528,13 @@ when not defined(js):
     ##
     ## **Examples:**
     ##
-    ## .. code-block::
+    ##   ```Nim
     ##   var normalLog = newFileLogger("messages.log")
     ##   var formatLog = newFileLogger("formatted.log", fmtStr=verboseFmtStr)
     ##   var errorLog = newFileLogger("errors.log", levelThreshold=lvlError)
+    ##   ```
     let file = open(filename, mode, bufSize = bufSize)
-    newFileLogger(file, levelThreshold, fmtStr)
+    newFileLogger(file, levelThreshold, fmtStr, flushThreshold)
 
   # ------
 
@@ -537,7 +566,8 @@ when not defined(js):
                             levelThreshold = lvlAll,
                             fmtStr = defaultFmtStr,
                             maxLines: Positive = 1000,
-                            bufSize: int = -1): RollingFileLogger =
+                            bufSize: int = -1,
+                            flushThreshold = defaultFlushThreshold): RollingFileLogger =
     ## Creates a new `RollingFileLogger<#RollingFileLogger>`_.
     ##
     ## Once the current log file being written to contains ``maxLines`` lines,
@@ -559,11 +589,12 @@ when not defined(js):
     ##
     ## **Examples:**
     ##
-    ## .. code-block::
+    ##   ```Nim
     ##   var normalLog = newRollingFileLogger("messages.log")
     ##   var formatLog = newRollingFileLogger("formatted.log", fmtStr=verboseFmtStr)
     ##   var shortLog = newRollingFileLogger("short.log", maxLines=200)
     ##   var errorLog = newRollingFileLogger("errors.log", levelThreshold=lvlError)
+    ##   ```
     new(result)
     result.levelThreshold = levelThreshold
     result.fmtStr = fmtStr
@@ -573,6 +604,7 @@ when not defined(js):
     result.curLine = 0
     result.baseName = filename
     result.baseMode = mode
+    result.flushThreshold = flushThreshold
 
     result.logFiles = countFiles(filename)
 
@@ -599,8 +631,8 @@ when not defined(js):
     ##
     ## **Notes:**
     ## * Only error and fatal messages will cause the output buffer
-    ##   to be flushed immediately. Use the `flushFile proc
-    ##   <io.html#flushFile,File>`_ to flush the buffer manually if needed.
+    ##   to be flushed immediately by default. Set ``flushThreshold`` when creating
+    ##   the logger to change this.
     ## * This method is not available for the JavaScript backend.
     ##
     ## See also:
@@ -612,10 +644,11 @@ when not defined(js):
     ##
     ## **Examples:**
     ##
-    ## .. code-block::
+    ##   ```Nim
     ##   var rollingLog = newRollingFileLogger("messages.log")
     ##   rollingLog.log(lvlInfo, "this is a message")
     ##   rollingLog.log(lvlError, "error code is: ", 404)
+    ##   ```
     if level >= logging.level and level >= logger.levelThreshold:
       if logger.curLine >= logger.maxLines:
         logger.file.close()
@@ -626,7 +659,7 @@ when not defined(js):
             bufSize = logger.bufSize)
 
       writeLine(logger.file, substituteLog(logger.fmtStr, level, args))
-      if level in {lvlError, lvlFatal}: flushFile(logger.file)
+      if level >= logger.flushThreshold: flushFile(logger.file)
       logger.curLine.inc
 
 # --------
@@ -645,11 +678,12 @@ template log*(level: Level, args: varargs[string, `$`]) =
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   var logger = newConsoleLogger()
   ##   addHandler(logger)
   ##
   ##   log(lvlInfo, "This is an example.")
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `debug template<#debug.t,varargs[string,]>`_
@@ -674,11 +708,12 @@ template debug*(args: varargs[string, `$`]) =
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   var logger = newConsoleLogger()
   ##   addHandler(logger)
   ##
   ##   debug("myProc called with arguments: foo, 5")
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `log template<#log.t,Level,varargs[string,]>`_
@@ -695,11 +730,12 @@ template info*(args: varargs[string, `$`]) =
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   var logger = newConsoleLogger()
   ##   addHandler(logger)
   ##
   ##   info("Application started successfully.")
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `log template<#log.t,Level,varargs[string,]>`_
@@ -716,11 +752,12 @@ template notice*(args: varargs[string, `$`]) =
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   var logger = newConsoleLogger()
   ##   addHandler(logger)
   ##
   ##   notice("An important operation has completed.")
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `log template<#log.t,Level,varargs[string,]>`_
@@ -736,11 +773,12 @@ template warn*(args: varargs[string, `$`]) =
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   var logger = newConsoleLogger()
   ##   addHandler(logger)
   ##
   ##   warn("The previous operation took too long to process.")
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `log template<#log.t,Level,varargs[string,]>`_
@@ -758,11 +796,12 @@ template error*(args: varargs[string, `$`]) =
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   var logger = newConsoleLogger()
   ##   addHandler(logger)
   ##
   ##   error("An exception occurred while processing the form.")
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `log template<#log.t,Level,varargs[string,]>`_
@@ -779,11 +818,12 @@ template fatal*(args: varargs[string, `$`]) =
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   var logger = newConsoleLogger()
   ##   addHandler(logger)
   ##
   ##   fatal("Can't open database -- exiting.")
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `log template<#log.t,Level,varargs[string,]>`_
@@ -799,6 +839,7 @@ proc addHandler*(handler: Logger) =
   ##   each of those threads.
   ##
   ## See also:
+  ## * `removeHandler proc`_
   ## * `getHandlers proc<#getHandlers>`_
   runnableExamples:
     var logger = newConsoleLogger()
@@ -806,6 +847,16 @@ proc addHandler*(handler: Logger) =
     doAssert logger in getHandlers()
   handlers.add(handler)
 
+proc removeHandler*(handler: Logger) =
+  ## Removes a logger from the list of registered handlers.
+  ##
+  ## Note that for n times a logger is registered, n calls to this proc
+  ## are required to remove that logger.
+  for i, hnd in handlers:
+    if hnd == handler:
+      handlers.delete(i)
+      return
+
 proc getHandlers*(): seq[Logger] =
   ## Returns a list of all the registered handlers.
   ##
diff --git a/lib/pure/marshal.nim b/lib/pure/marshal.nim
index 936b8fe94..f9b3d3e4c 100644
--- a/lib/pure/marshal.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/marshal.nim
@@ -56,6 +56,9 @@ Please contribute a new implementation.""".}
 
 import std/[streams, typeinfo, json, intsets, tables, unicode]
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, formatfloat]
+
 proc ptrToInt(x: pointer): int {.inline.} =
   result = cast[int](x) # don't skip alignment
 
@@ -163,7 +166,10 @@ proc loadAny(p: var JsonParser, a: Any, t: var Table[BiggestInt, pointer]) =
   of akSequence:
     case p.kind
     of jsonNull:
-      setPointer(a, nil)
+      when defined(nimSeqsV2):
+        invokeNewSeq(a, 0)
+      else:
+        setPointer(a, nil)
       next(p)
     of jsonArrayStart:
       next(p)
@@ -204,7 +210,8 @@ proc loadAny(p: var JsonParser, a: Any, t: var Table[BiggestInt, pointer]) =
       setPointer(a, nil)
       next(p)
     of jsonInt:
-      setPointer(a, t.getOrDefault(p.getInt))
+      var raw = t.getOrDefault(p.getInt)
+      setPointer(a, addr raw)
       next(p)
     of jsonArrayStart:
       next(p)
@@ -230,7 +237,10 @@ proc loadAny(p: var JsonParser, a: Any, t: var Table[BiggestInt, pointer]) =
   of akString:
     case p.kind
     of jsonNull:
-      setPointer(a, nil)
+      when defined(nimSeqsV2):
+        setString(a, "")
+      else:
+        setPointer(a, nil)
       next(p)
     of jsonString:
       setString(a, p.str)
@@ -282,7 +292,7 @@ proc load*[T](s: Stream, data: var T) =
   var tab = initTable[BiggestInt, pointer]()
   loadAny(s, toAny(data), tab)
 
-proc store*[T](s: Stream, data: T) =
+proc store*[T](s: Stream, data: sink T) =
   ## Stores `data` into the stream `s`. Raises `IOError` in case of an error.
   runnableExamples:
     import std/streams
@@ -295,10 +305,16 @@ proc store*[T](s: Stream, data: T) =
 
   var stored = initIntSet()
   var d: T
-  shallowCopy(d, data)
+  when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc)or defined(gcAtomicArc):
+    d = data
+  else:
+    shallowCopy(d, data)
   storeAny(s, toAny(d), stored)
 
-proc `$$`*[T](x: T): string =
+proc loadVM[T](typ: typedesc[T], x: T): string =
+  discard "the implementation is in the compiler/vmops"
+
+proc `$$`*[T](x: sink T): string =
   ## Returns a string representation of `x` (serialization, marshalling).
   ##
   ## **Note:** to serialize `x` to JSON use `%x` from the `json` module
@@ -313,12 +329,21 @@ proc `$$`*[T](x: T): string =
     let y = $$x
     assert y == """{"id": 1, "bar": "baz"}"""
 
-  var stored = initIntSet()
-  var d: T
-  shallowCopy(d, x)
-  var s = newStringStream()
-  storeAny(s, toAny(d), stored)
-  result = s.data
+  when nimvm:
+    result = loadVM(T, x)
+  else:
+    var stored = initIntSet()
+    var d: T
+    when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc) or defined(gcAtomicArc):
+      d = x
+    else:
+      shallowCopy(d, x)
+    var s = newStringStream()
+    storeAny(s, toAny(d), stored)
+    result = s.data
+
+proc toVM[T](typ: typedesc[T], data: string): T =
+  discard "the implementation is in the compiler/vmops"
 
 proc to*[T](data: string): T =
   ## Reads data and transforms it to a type `T` (deserialization, unmarshalling).
@@ -335,5 +360,8 @@ proc to*[T](data: string): T =
     assert z.id == 1
     assert z.bar == "baz"
 
-  var tab = initTable[BiggestInt, pointer]()
-  loadAny(newStringStream(data), toAny(result), tab)
+  when nimvm:
+    result = toVM(T, data)
+  else:
+    var tab = initTable[BiggestInt, pointer]()
+    loadAny(newStringStream(data), toAny(result), tab)
diff --git a/lib/pure/math.nim b/lib/pure/math.nim
index 74a98e655..ed7d2382f 100644
--- a/lib/pure/math.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/math.nim
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ runnableExamples:
 ## * `fenv module <fenv.html>`_ for handling of floating-point rounding
 ##   and exceptions (overflow, zero-divide, etc.)
 ## * `random module <random.html>`_ for a fast and tiny random number generator
-## * `mersenne module <mersenne.html>`_ for the Mersenne Twister random number generator
 ## * `stats module <stats.html>`_ for statistical analysis
 ## * `strformat module <strformat.html>`_ for formatting floats for printing
 ## * `system module <system.html>`_ for some very basic and trivial math operators
@@ -59,8 +58,13 @@ import std/private/since
                        # of the standard library!
 
 import std/[bitops, fenv]
+import system/countbits_impl
 
-when defined(c) or defined(cpp):
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+
+when not defined(js) and not defined(nimscript): # C
   proc c_isnan(x: float): bool {.importc: "isnan", header: "<math.h>".}
     # a generic like `x: SomeFloat` might work too if this is implemented via a C macro.
 
@@ -69,16 +73,46 @@ when defined(c) or defined(cpp):
 
   proc c_signbit(x: SomeFloat): cint {.importc: "signbit", header: "<math.h>".}
 
-  func c_frexp*(x: cfloat, exponent: var cint): cfloat {.
-      importc: "frexpf", header: "<math.h>", deprecated: "Use `frexp` instead".}
-  func c_frexp*(x: cdouble, exponent: var cint): cdouble {.
-      importc: "frexp", header: "<math.h>", deprecated: "Use `frexp` instead".}
-
   # don't export `c_frexp` in the future and remove `c_frexp2`.
   func c_frexp2(x: cfloat, exponent: var cint): cfloat {.
       importc: "frexpf", header: "<math.h>".}
   func c_frexp2(x: cdouble, exponent: var cint): cdouble {.
       importc: "frexp", header: "<math.h>".}
+  
+  type
+    div_t {.importc, header: "<stdlib.h>".} = object
+      quot: cint
+      rem: cint
+    ldiv_t {.importc, header: "<stdlib.h>".} = object
+      quot: clong
+      rem: clong
+    lldiv_t {.importc, header: "<stdlib.h>".} = object
+      quot: clonglong
+      rem: clonglong
+  
+  when cint isnot clong:
+    func divmod_c(x, y: cint): div_t {.importc: "div", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+  when clong isnot clonglong:
+    func divmod_c(x, y: clonglong): lldiv_t {.importc: "lldiv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+  func divmod_c(x, y: clong): ldiv_t {.importc: "ldiv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+  func divmod*[T: SomeInteger](x, y: T): (T, T) {.inline.} = 
+    ## Specialized instructions for computing both division and modulus.
+    ## Return structure is: (quotient, remainder)
+    runnableExamples:
+      doAssert divmod(5, 2) == (2, 1)
+      doAssert divmod(5, -3) == (-1, 2)
+    when T is cint | clong | clonglong:
+      when compileOption("overflowChecks"):
+        if y == 0:
+          raise new(DivByZeroDefect)
+        elif (x == T.low and y == -1.T):
+          raise new(OverflowDefect)
+      let res = divmod_c(x, y)
+      result[0] = res.quot
+      result[1] = res.rem
+    else:
+      result[0] = x div y
+      result[1] = x mod y
 
 func binom*(n, k: int): int =
   ## Computes the [binomial coefficient](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_coefficient).
@@ -122,7 +156,7 @@ func fac*(n: int): int =
 
 {.push checks: off, line_dir: off, stack_trace: off.}
 
-when defined(posix) and not defined(genode):
+when defined(posix) and not defined(genode) and not defined(macosx):
   {.passl: "-lm".}
 
 const
@@ -167,7 +201,7 @@ func isNaN*(x: SomeFloat): bool {.inline, since: (1,5,1).} =
   template fn: untyped = result = x != x
   when nimvm: fn()
   else:
-    when defined(js): fn()
+    when defined(js) or defined(nimscript): fn()
     else: result = c_isnan(x)
 
 when defined(js):
@@ -186,13 +220,13 @@ when defined(js):
     let a = newFloat64Array(buffer)
     let b = newUint32Array(buffer)
     a[0] = x
-    asm """
+    {.emit: """
     function updateBit(num, bitPos, bitVal) {
       return (num & ~(1 << bitPos)) | (bitVal << bitPos);
     }
     `b`[1] = updateBit(`b`[1], 31, `sgn`);
-    `result` = `a`[0]
-    """
+    `result` = `a`[0];
+    """.}
 
 proc signbit*(x: SomeFloat): bool {.inline, since: (1, 5, 1).} =
   ## Returns true if `x` is negative, false otherwise.
@@ -237,7 +271,6 @@ func classify*(x: float): FloatClass =
   ## Classifies a floating point value.
   ##
   ## Returns `x`'s class as specified by the `FloatClass enum<#FloatClass>`_.
-  ## Doesn't work with `--passc:-ffast-math`.
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert classify(0.3) == fcNormal
     doAssert classify(0.0) == fcZero
@@ -246,6 +279,7 @@ func classify*(x: float): FloatClass =
     doAssert classify(5.0e-324) == fcSubnormal
 
   # JavaScript and most C compilers have no classify:
+  if isNan(x): return fcNan
   if x == 0.0:
     if 1.0 / x == Inf:
       return fcZero
@@ -254,7 +288,6 @@ func classify*(x: float): FloatClass =
   if x * 0.5 == x:
     if x > 0.0: return fcInf
     else: return fcNegInf
-  if x != x: return fcNan
   if abs(x) < MinFloatNormal:
     return fcSubnormal
   return fcNormal
@@ -328,68 +361,8 @@ func nextPowerOfTwo*(x: int): int =
   result = result or (result shr 1)
   result += 1 + ord(x <= 0)
 
-func sum*[T](x: openArray[T]): T =
-  ## Computes the sum of the elements in `x`.
-  ##
-  ## If `x` is empty, 0 is returned.
-  ##
-  ## **See also:**
-  ## * `prod func <#prod,openArray[T]>`_
-  ## * `cumsum func <#cumsum,openArray[T]>`_
-  ## * `cumsummed func <#cumsummed,openArray[T]>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    doAssert sum([1, 2, 3, 4]) == 10
-    doAssert sum([-4, 3, 5]) == 4
-
-  for i in items(x): result = result + i
-
-func prod*[T](x: openArray[T]): T =
-  ## Computes the product of the elements in `x`.
-  ##
-  ## If `x` is empty, 1 is returned.
-  ##
-  ## **See also:**
-  ## * `sum func <#sum,openArray[T]>`_
-  ## * `fac func <#fac,int>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    doAssert prod([1, 2, 3, 4]) == 24
-    doAssert prod([-4, 3, 5]) == -60
-
-  result = T(1)
-  for i in items(x): result = result * i
-
-func cumsummed*[T](x: openArray[T]): seq[T] =
-  ## Returns the cumulative (aka prefix) summation of `x`.
-  ##
-  ## If `x` is empty, `@[]` is returned.
-  ##
-  ## **See also:**
-  ## * `sum func <#sum,openArray[T]>`_
-  ## * `cumsum func <#cumsum,openArray[T]>`_ for the in-place version
-  runnableExamples:
-    doAssert cumsummed([1, 2, 3, 4]) == @[1, 3, 6, 10]
-
-  let xLen = x.len
-  if xLen == 0:
-    return @[]
-  result.setLen(xLen)
-  result[0] = x[0]
-  for i in 1 ..< xLen: result[i] = result[i - 1] + x[i]
 
-func cumsum*[T](x: var openArray[T]) =
-  ## Transforms `x` in-place (must be declared as `var`) into its
-  ## cumulative (aka prefix) summation.
-  ##
-  ## **See also:**
-  ## * `sum func <#sum,openArray[T]>`_
-  ## * `cumsummed func <#cumsummed,openArray[T]>`_ for a version which
-  ##   returns a cumsummed sequence
-  runnableExamples:
-    var a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
-    cumsum(a)
-    doAssert a == @[1, 3, 6, 10]
 
-  for i in 1 ..< x.len: x[i] = x[i - 1] + x[i]
 
 when not defined(js): # C
   func sqrt*(x: float32): float32 {.importc: "sqrtf", header: "<math.h>".}
@@ -855,6 +828,14 @@ else: # JS
       doAssert -6.5 mod  2.5 == -1.5
       doAssert  6.5 mod -2.5 ==  1.5
       doAssert -6.5 mod -2.5 == -1.5
+  
+  func divmod*[T:SomeInteger](num, denom: T): (T, T) = 
+    runnableExamples:
+      doAssert  divmod(5, 2) ==  (2, 1)
+      doAssert divmod(5, -3) == (-1, 2)
+    result[0] = num div denom
+    result[1] = num mod denom
+  
 
 func round*[T: float32|float64](x: T, places: int): T =
   ## Decimal rounding on a binary floating point number.
@@ -941,6 +922,58 @@ func euclMod*[T: SomeNumber](x, y: T): T {.since: (1, 5, 1).} =
   if result < 0:
     result += abs(y)
 
+func ceilDiv*[T: SomeInteger](x, y: T): T {.inline, since: (1, 5, 1).} =
+  ## Ceil division is conceptually defined as `ceil(x / y)`.
+  ##
+  ## Assumes `x >= 0` and `y > 0` (and `x + y - 1 <= high(T)` if T is SomeUnsignedInt).
+  ##
+  ## This is different from the `system.div <system.html#div,int,int>`_
+  ## operator, which works like `trunc(x / y)`.
+  ## That is, `div` rounds towards `0` and `ceilDiv` rounds up.
+  ##
+  ## This function has the above input limitation, because that allows the
+  ## compiler to generate faster code and it is rarely used with
+  ## negative values or unsigned integers close to `high(T)/2`.
+  ## If you need a `ceilDiv` that works with any input, see:
+  ## https://github.com/demotomohiro/divmath.
+  ##
+  ## **See also:**
+  ## * `system.div proc <system.html#div,int,int>`_ for integer division
+  ## * `floorDiv func <#floorDiv,T,T>`_ for integer division which rounds down.
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert ceilDiv(12, 3) ==  4
+    assert ceilDiv(13, 3) ==  5
+
+  when sizeof(T) == 8:
+    type UT = uint64
+  elif sizeof(T) == 4:
+    type UT = uint32
+  elif sizeof(T) == 2:
+    type UT = uint16
+  elif sizeof(T) == 1:
+    type UT = uint8
+  else:
+    {.fatal: "Unsupported int type".}
+
+  assert x >= 0 and y > 0
+  when T is SomeUnsignedInt:
+    assert x + y - 1 >= x
+
+  # If the divisor is const, the backend C/C++ compiler generates code without a `div`
+  # instruction, as it is slow on most CPUs.
+  # If the divisor is a power of 2 and a const unsigned integer type, the
+  # compiler generates faster code.
+  # If the divisor is const and a signed integer, generated code becomes slower
+  # than the code with unsigned integers, because division with signed integers
+  # need to works for both positive and negative value without `idiv`/`sdiv`.
+  # That is why this code convert parameters to unsigned.
+  # This post contains a comparison of the performance of signed/unsigned integers:
+  # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/18596#issuecomment-894420984.
+  # If signed integer arguments were not converted to unsigned integers,
+  # `ceilDiv` wouldn't work for any positive signed integer value, because
+  # `x + (y - 1)` can overflow.
+  ((x.UT + (y.UT - 1.UT)) div y.UT).T
+
 func frexp*[T: float32|float64](x: T): tuple[frac: T, exp: int] {.inline.} =
   ## Splits `x` into a normalized fraction `frac` and an integral power of 2 `exp`,
   ## such that `abs(frac) in 0.5..<1` and `x == frac * 2 ^ exp`, except for special
@@ -949,18 +982,26 @@ func frexp*[T: float32|float64](x: T): tuple[frac: T, exp: int] {.inline.} =
     doAssert frexp(8.0) == (0.5, 4)
     doAssert frexp(-8.0) == (-0.5, 4)
     doAssert frexp(0.0) == (0.0, 0)
+
     # special cases:
-    when not defined(windows):
-      doAssert frexp(-0.0) == (-0.0, 0) # signbit preserved for +-0
+    when sizeof(int) == 8:
+      doAssert frexp(-0.0).frac.signbit # signbit preserved for +-0
       doAssert frexp(Inf).frac == Inf # +- Inf preserved
       doAssert frexp(NaN).frac.isNaN
+
   when not defined(js):
     var exp: cint
     result.frac = c_frexp2(x, exp)
     result.exp = exp
   else:
     if x == 0.0:
-      result = (0.0, 0)
+      # reuse signbit implementation
+      let uintBuffer = toBitsImpl(x)
+      if (uintBuffer[1] shr 31) != 0:
+        # x is -0.0
+        result = (-0.0, 0)
+      else:
+        result = (0.0, 0)
     elif x < 0.0:
       result = frexp(-x)
       result.frac = -result.frac
@@ -980,6 +1021,7 @@ func frexp*[T: float32|float64](x: T, exponent: var int): T {.inline.} =
     var x: int
     doAssert frexp(5.0, x) == 0.625
     doAssert x == 3
+
   (result, exponent) = frexp(x)
 
 
@@ -988,7 +1030,7 @@ when not defined(js):
     # taken from Go-lang Math.Log2
     const ln2 = 0.693147180559945309417232121458176568075500134360255254120680009
     template log2Impl[T](x: T): T =
-      var exp: int32
+      var exp: int
       var frac = frexp(x, exp)
       # Make sure exact powers of two give an exact answer.
       # Don't depend on Log(0.5)*(1/Ln2)+exp being exactly exp-1.
@@ -1074,6 +1116,69 @@ func sgn*[T: SomeNumber](x: T): int {.inline.} =
 {.pop.}
 {.pop.}
 
+func sum*[T](x: openArray[T]): T =
+  ## Computes the sum of the elements in `x`.
+  ##
+  ## If `x` is empty, 0 is returned.
+  ##
+  ## **See also:**
+  ## * `prod func <#prod,openArray[T]>`_
+  ## * `cumsum func <#cumsum,openArray[T]>`_
+  ## * `cumsummed func <#cumsummed,openArray[T]>`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert sum([1, 2, 3, 4]) == 10
+    doAssert sum([-4, 3, 5]) == 4
+
+  for i in items(x): result = result + i
+
+func prod*[T](x: openArray[T]): T =
+  ## Computes the product of the elements in `x`.
+  ##
+  ## If `x` is empty, 1 is returned.
+  ##
+  ## **See also:**
+  ## * `sum func <#sum,openArray[T]>`_
+  ## * `fac func <#fac,int>`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert prod([1, 2, 3, 4]) == 24
+    doAssert prod([-4, 3, 5]) == -60
+
+  result = T(1)
+  for i in items(x): result = result * i
+
+func cumsummed*[T](x: openArray[T]): seq[T] =
+  ## Returns the cumulative (aka prefix) summation of `x`.
+  ##
+  ## If `x` is empty, `@[]` is returned.
+  ##
+  ## **See also:**
+  ## * `sum func <#sum,openArray[T]>`_
+  ## * `cumsum func <#cumsum,openArray[T]>`_ for the in-place version
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert cumsummed([1, 2, 3, 4]) == @[1, 3, 6, 10]
+
+  let xLen = x.len
+  if xLen == 0:
+    return @[]
+  result.setLen(xLen)
+  result[0] = x[0]
+  for i in 1 ..< xLen: result[i] = result[i - 1] + x[i]
+
+func cumsum*[T](x: var openArray[T]) =
+  ## Transforms `x` in-place (must be declared as `var`) into its
+  ## cumulative (aka prefix) summation.
+  ##
+  ## **See also:**
+  ## * `sum func <#sum,openArray[T]>`_
+  ## * `cumsummed func <#cumsummed,openArray[T]>`_ for a version which
+  ##   returns a cumsummed sequence
+  runnableExamples:
+    var a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    cumsum(a)
+    doAssert a == @[1, 3, 6, 10]
+
+  for i in 1 ..< x.len: x[i] = x[i - 1] + x[i]
+
 func `^`*[T: SomeNumber](x: T, y: Natural): T =
   ## Computes `x` to the power of `y`.
   ##
@@ -1125,40 +1230,42 @@ func gcd*[T](x, y: T): T =
     swap x, y
   abs x
 
-func gcd*(x, y: SomeInteger): SomeInteger =
-  ## Computes the greatest common (positive) divisor of `x` and `y`,
-  ## using the binary GCD (aka Stein's) algorithm.
-  ##
-  ## **See also:**
-  ## * `gcd func <#gcd,T,T>`_ for a float version
-  ## * `lcm func <#lcm,T,T>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    doAssert gcd(12, 8) == 4
-    doAssert gcd(17, 63) == 1
-
-  when x is SomeSignedInt:
-    var x = abs(x)
-  else:
-    var x = x
-  when y is SomeSignedInt:
-    var y = abs(y)
-  else:
-    var y = y
-
-  if x == 0:
-    return y
-  if y == 0:
-    return x
-
-  let shift = countTrailingZeroBits(x or y)
-  y = y shr countTrailingZeroBits(y)
-  while x != 0:
-    x = x shr countTrailingZeroBits(x)
-    if y > x:
-      swap y, x
-    x -= y
-  y shl shift
-
+when useBuiltins:
+  ## this func uses bitwise comparisons from C compilers, which are not always available.
+  func gcd*(x, y: SomeInteger): SomeInteger =
+    ## Computes the greatest common (positive) divisor of `x` and `y`,
+    ## using the binary GCD (aka Stein's) algorithm.
+    ##
+    ## **See also:**
+    ## * `gcd func <#gcd,T,T>`_ for a float version
+    ## * `lcm func <#lcm,T,T>`_
+    runnableExamples:
+      doAssert gcd(12, 8) == 4
+      doAssert gcd(17, 63) == 1
+  
+    when x is SomeSignedInt:
+      var x = abs(x)
+    else:
+      var x = x
+    when y is SomeSignedInt:
+      var y = abs(y)
+    else:
+      var y = y
+  
+    if x == 0:
+      return y
+    if y == 0:
+      return x
+  
+    let shift = countTrailingZeroBits(x or y)
+    y = y shr countTrailingZeroBits(y)
+    while x != 0:
+      x = x shr countTrailingZeroBits(x)
+      if y > x:
+        swap y, x
+      x -= y
+    y shl shift
+  
 func gcd*[T](x: openArray[T]): T {.since: (1, 1).} =
   ## Computes the greatest common (positive) divisor of the elements of `x`.
   ##
diff --git a/lib/pure/md5.nim b/lib/pure/md5.nim
index 11c324548..9c3f6d51b 100644
--- a/lib/pure/md5.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/md5.nim
@@ -9,15 +9,17 @@
 
 ## Module for computing [MD5 checksums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5).
 ##
-## **Note:** The procs in this module can be used at compile time.
+## This module also works at compile time and in JavaScript.
 ##
 ## See also
 ## ========
-## * `base64 module<base64.html>`_ implements a Base64 encoder and decoder
-## * `std/sha1 module <sha1.html>`_ for a SHA-1 encoder and decoder
+## * `base64 module<base64.html>`_ for a Base64 encoder and decoder
+## * `sha1 module <sha1.html>`_ for the SHA-1 checksum algorithm
 ## * `hashes module<hashes.html>`_ for efficient computations of hash values
 ##   for diverse Nim types
 
+{.deprecated: "use command `nimble install checksums` and import `checksums/md5` instead".}
+
 when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
   {.push styleChecks: off.}
 
@@ -34,15 +36,16 @@ type
     buffer: MD5Buffer
 
 const
-  padding: cstring = "\x80\0\0\0" &
-                     "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0" &
-                     "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0" &
-                     "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0" &
-                     "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0" &
-                     "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0" &
-                     "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0" &
-                     "\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0" &
-                     "\0\0\0\0"
+  padding: array[0..63, uint8] = [
+    0x80'u8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
+  ]
 
 proc F(x, y, z: uint32): uint32 {.inline.} =
   result = (x and y) or ((not x) and z)
@@ -79,7 +82,7 @@ proc II(a: var uint32, b, c, d, x: uint32, s: uint8, ac: uint32) =
   rot(a, s)
   a = a + b
 
-proc encode(dest: var MD5Block, src: cstring) =
+proc encode(dest: var MD5Block, src: openArray[uint8]) =
   var j = 0
   for i in 0..high(dest):
     dest[i] = uint32(ord(src[j])) or
@@ -97,10 +100,35 @@ proc decode(dest: var openArray[uint8], src: openArray[uint32]) =
     dest[i+3] = uint8(src[j] shr 24 and 0xff'u32)
     inc(i, 4)
 
-proc transform(buffer: pointer, state: var MD5State) =
+template slice(s: cstring, a, b): openArray[uint8] =
+  when nimvm:
+    # toOpenArray is not implemented in VM
+    toOpenArrayByte($s, a, b)
+  else:
+    when defined(js):
+      # toOpenArrayByte for cstring is not implemented in JS
+      toOpenArrayByte($s, a, b)
+    else:
+      s.toOpenArrayByte(a, b)
+
+template slice(s: openArray[uint8], a, b): openArray[uint8] =
+  s.toOpenArray(a, b)
+
+const useMem = declared(copyMem)
+
+template memOrNot(withMem, withoutMem): untyped =
+  when nimvm:
+    withoutMem
+  else:
+    when useMem:
+      withMem
+    else:
+      withoutMem
+
+proc transform(buffer: openArray[uint8], state: var MD5State) =
   var
     myBlock: MD5Block
-  encode(myBlock, cast[cstring](buffer))
+  encode(myBlock, buffer)
   var a = state[0]
   var b = state[1]
   var c = state[2]
@@ -175,10 +203,18 @@ proc transform(buffer: pointer, state: var MD5State) =
   state[3] = state[3] + d
 
 proc md5Init*(c: var MD5Context) {.raises: [], tags: [], gcsafe.}
-proc md5Update*(c: var MD5Context, input: cstring, len: int) {.raises: [],
+proc md5Update*(c: var MD5Context, input: openArray[uint8]) {.raises: [],
     tags: [], gcsafe.}
 proc md5Final*(c: var MD5Context, digest: var MD5Digest) {.raises: [], tags: [], gcsafe.}
 
+proc md5Update*(c: var MD5Context, input: cstring, len: int) {.raises: [],
+    tags: [], gcsafe.} =
+  ## Updates the `MD5Context` with the `input` data of length `len`.
+  ##
+  ## If you use the `toMD5 proc <#toMD5,string>`_, there's no need to call this
+  ## function explicitly.
+  md5Update(c, input.slice(0, len - 1))
+
 
 proc toMD5*(s: string): MD5Digest =
   ## Computes the `MD5Digest` value for a string `s`.
@@ -192,7 +228,7 @@ proc toMD5*(s: string): MD5Digest =
 
   var c: MD5Context
   md5Init(c)
-  md5Update(c, cstring(s), len(s))
+  md5Update(c, s.slice(0, s.len - 1))
   md5Final(c, result)
 
 proc `$`*(d: MD5Digest): string =
@@ -215,7 +251,7 @@ proc getMD5*(s: string): string =
     c: MD5Context
     d: MD5Digest
   md5Init(c)
-  md5Update(c, cstring(s), len(s))
+  md5Update(c, s.slice(0, s.len - 1))
   md5Final(c, d)
   result = $d
 
@@ -226,6 +262,12 @@ proc `==`*(D1, D2: MD5Digest): bool =
   return true
 
 
+proc clearBuffer(c: var MD5Context) {.inline.} =
+  memOrNot:
+    zeroMem(addr(c.buffer), sizeof(MD5Buffer))
+  do:
+    reset(c.buffer)
+
 proc md5Init*(c: var MD5Context) =
   ## Initializes an `MD5Context`.
   ##
@@ -237,29 +279,39 @@ proc md5Init*(c: var MD5Context) =
   c.state[3] = 0x10325476'u32
   c.count[0] = 0'u32
   c.count[1] = 0'u32
-  zeroMem(addr(c.buffer), sizeof(MD5Buffer))
+  clearBuffer(c)
 
-proc md5Update*(c: var MD5Context, input: cstring, len: int) =
-  ## Updates the `MD5Context` with the `input` data of length `len`.
+proc writeBuffer(c: var MD5Context, index: int,
+                 input: openArray[uint8], inputIndex, len: int) {.inline.} =
+  memOrNot:
+    copyMem(addr(c.buffer[index]), unsafeAddr(input[inputIndex]), len)
+  do:
+    # cannot use system.`[]=` for arrays and openarrays as
+    # it can raise RangeDefect which gets tracked
+    for i in 0..<len:
+      c.buffer[index + i] = input[inputIndex + i]
+
+proc md5Update*(c: var MD5Context, input: openArray[uint8]) =
+  ## Updates the `MD5Context` with the `input` data.
   ##
   ## If you use the `toMD5 proc <#toMD5,string>`_, there's no need to call this
   ## function explicitly.
-  var input = input
   var Index = int((c.count[0] shr 3) and 0x3F)
-  c.count[0] = c.count[0] + (uint32(len) shl 3)
-  if c.count[0] < (uint32(len) shl 3): c.count[1] = c.count[1] + 1'u32
-  c.count[1] = c.count[1] + (uint32(len) shr 29)
+  c.count[0] = c.count[0] + (uint32(input.len) shl 3)
+  if c.count[0] < (uint32(input.len) shl 3): c.count[1] = c.count[1] + 1'u32
+  c.count[1] = c.count[1] + (uint32(input.len) shr 29)
   var PartLen = 64 - Index
-  if len >= PartLen:
-    copyMem(addr(c.buffer[Index]), input, PartLen)
-    transform(addr(c.buffer), c.state)
+  if input.len >= PartLen:
+    writeBuffer(c, Index, input, 0, PartLen)
+    transform(c.buffer, c.state)
     var i = PartLen
-    while i + 63 < len:
-      transform(addr(input[i]), c.state)
+    while i + 63 < input.len:
+      transform(input.slice(i, i + 63), c.state)
       inc(i, 64)
-    copyMem(addr(c.buffer[0]), addr(input[i]), len-i)
-  else:
-    copyMem(addr(c.buffer[Index]), addr(input[0]), len)
+    if i < input.len:
+      writeBuffer(c, 0, input, i, input.len - i)
+  elif input.len > 0:
+    writeBuffer(c, Index, input, 0, input.len)
 
 proc md5Final*(c: var MD5Context, digest: var MD5Digest) =
   ## Finishes the `MD5Context` and stores the result in `digest`.
@@ -273,11 +325,11 @@ proc md5Final*(c: var MD5Context, digest: var MD5Digest) =
   var Index = int((c.count[0] shr 3) and 0x3F)
   if Index < 56: PadLen = 56 - Index
   else: PadLen = 120 - Index
-  md5Update(c, padding, PadLen)
-  md5Update(c, cast[cstring](addr(Bits)), 8)
+  md5Update(c, padding.slice(0, PadLen - 1))
+  md5Update(c, Bits)
   decode(digest, c.state)
-  zeroMem(addr(c), sizeof(MD5Context))
+  clearBuffer(c)
 
 
 when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
-  {.pop.} #{.push styleChecks: off.}
+  {.pop.} #{.push styleChecks: off.}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/pure/memfiles.nim b/lib/pure/memfiles.nim
index 407a358fa..8eec551c4 100644
--- a/lib/pure/memfiles.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/memfiles.nim
@@ -16,18 +16,54 @@
 ## other "line-like", variable length, delimited records).
 
 when defined(windows):
-  import winlean
+  import std/winlean
+  when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+    import std/widestrs
 elif defined(posix):
-  import posix
+  import std/posix
 else:
   {.error: "the memfiles module is not supported on your operating system!".}
 
-import os, streams
+import std/streams
+import std/oserrors
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions]
+
 
 proc newEIO(msg: string): ref IOError =
   new(result)
   result.msg = msg
 
+proc setFileSize(fh: FileHandle, newFileSize = -1, oldSize = -1): OSErrorCode =
+  ## Set the size of open file pointed to by `fh` to `newFileSize` if != -1,
+  ## allocating | freeing space from the file system.  This routine returns the
+  ## last OSErrorCode found rather than raising to support old rollback/clean-up
+  ## code style. [ Should maybe move to std/osfiles. ]
+  if newFileSize < 0 or newFileSize == oldSize:
+    return
+  when defined(windows):
+    var sizeHigh = int32(newFileSize shr 32)
+    let sizeLow = int32(newFileSize and 0xffffffff)
+    let status = setFilePointer(fh, sizeLow, addr(sizeHigh), FILE_BEGIN)
+    let lastErr = osLastError()
+    if (status == INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER and lastErr.int32 != NO_ERROR) or
+        setEndOfFile(fh) == 0:
+      result = lastErr
+  else:
+    if newFileSize > oldSize: # grow the file
+      var e: cint # posix_fallocate truncates up when needed.
+      when declared(posix_fallocate):
+        while (e = posix_fallocate(fh, 0, newFileSize); e == EINTR):
+          discard
+      if e in [EINVAL, EOPNOTSUPP] and ftruncate(fh, newFileSize) == -1:
+        result = osLastError() # fallback arguable; Most portable BUT allows SEGV
+      elif e != 0:
+        result = osLastError()
+    else: # shrink the file
+      if ftruncate(fh.cint, newFileSize) == -1:
+        result = osLastError()
+
 type
   MemFile* = object      ## represents a memory mapped file
     mem*: pointer        ## a pointer to the memory mapped file. The pointer
@@ -118,7 +154,7 @@ proc open*(filename: string, mode: FileMode = fmRead,
   ##
   ## Example:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   var
   ##     mm, mm_full, mm_half: MemFile
   ##
@@ -130,6 +166,7 @@ proc open*(filename: string, mode: FileMode = fmRead,
   ##
   ##   # Read the first 512 bytes
   ##   mm_half = memfiles.open("/tmp/test.mmap", mode = fmReadWrite, mappedSize = 512)
+  ##   ```
 
   # The file can be resized only when write mode is used:
   if mode == fmAppend:
@@ -167,25 +204,13 @@ proc open*(filename: string, mode: FileMode = fmRead,
         else: FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL or flags,
         0)
 
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      result.fHandle = callCreateFile(createFileW, newWideCString(filename))
-    else:
-      result.fHandle = callCreateFile(createFileA, filename)
+    result.fHandle = callCreateFile(createFileW, newWideCString(filename))
 
     if result.fHandle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE:
       fail(osLastError(), "error opening file")
 
-    if newFileSize != -1:
-      var
-        sizeHigh = int32(newFileSize shr 32)
-        sizeLow = int32(newFileSize and 0xffffffff)
-
-      var status = setFilePointer(result.fHandle, sizeLow, addr(sizeHigh),
-                                  FILE_BEGIN)
-      let lastErr = osLastError()
-      if (status == INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER and lastErr.int32 != NO_ERROR) or
-          (setEndOfFile(result.fHandle) == 0):
-        fail(lastErr, "error setting file size")
+    if (let e = setFileSize(result.fHandle.FileHandle, newFileSize);
+        e != 0.OSErrorCode): fail(e, "error setting file size")
 
     # since the strings are always 'nil', we simply always call
     # CreateFileMappingW which should be slightly faster anyway:
@@ -219,7 +244,7 @@ proc open*(filename: string, mode: FileMode = fmRead,
 
     result.wasOpened = true
     if not allowRemap and result.fHandle != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE:
-      if closeHandle(result.fHandle) == 0:
+      if closeHandle(result.fHandle) != 0:
         result.fHandle = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE
 
   else:
@@ -234,42 +259,31 @@ proc open*(filename: string, mode: FileMode = fmRead,
       flags = flags or O_CREAT or O_TRUNC
       var permissionsMode = S_IRUSR or S_IWUSR
       result.handle = open(filename, flags, permissionsMode)
+      if result.handle != -1:
+        if (let e = setFileSize(result.handle.FileHandle, newFileSize);
+            e != 0.OSErrorCode): fail(e, "error setting file size")
     else:
       result.handle = open(filename, flags)
 
     if result.handle == -1:
-      # XXX: errno is supposed to be set here
-      # Is there an exception that wraps it?
       fail(osLastError(), "error opening file")
 
-    if newFileSize != -1:
-      if ftruncate(result.handle, newFileSize) == -1:
-        fail(osLastError(), "error setting file size")
-
-    if mappedSize != -1:
-      result.size = mappedSize
-    else:
-      var stat: Stat
+    if mappedSize != -1: #XXX Logic here differs from `when windows` branch ..
+      result.size = mappedSize #.. which always fstats&Uses min(mappedSize, st).
+    else: # if newFileSize!=-1: result.size=newFileSize # if trust setFileSize
+      var stat: Stat  #^^.. BUT some FSes (eg. Linux HugeTLBfs) round to 2MiB.
       if fstat(result.handle, stat) != -1:
-        # XXX: Hmm, this could be unsafe
-        # Why is mmap taking int anyway?
-        result.size = int(stat.st_size)
+        result.size = stat.st_size.int # int may be 32-bit-unsafe for 2..<4 GiB
       else:
         fail(osLastError(), "error getting file size")
 
     result.flags = if mapFlags == cint(-1): MAP_SHARED else: mapFlags
-    #Ensure exactly one of MAP_PRIVATE cr MAP_SHARED is set
+    # Ensure exactly one of MAP_PRIVATE cr MAP_SHARED is set
     if int(result.flags and MAP_PRIVATE) == 0:
       result.flags = result.flags or MAP_SHARED
 
-    result.mem = mmap(
-      nil,
-      result.size,
-      if readonly: PROT_READ else: PROT_READ or PROT_WRITE,
-      result.flags,
-      result.handle,
-      offset)
-
+    let pr = if readonly: PROT_READ else: PROT_READ or PROT_WRITE
+    result.mem = mmap(nil, result.size, pr, result.flags, result.handle, offset)
     if result.mem == cast[pointer](MAP_FAILED):
       fail(osLastError(), "file mapping failed")
 
@@ -299,34 +313,58 @@ proc flush*(f: var MemFile; attempts: Natural = 3) =
       if lastErr != EBUSY.OSErrorCode:
         raiseOSError(lastErr, "error flushing mapping")
 
-when defined(posix) or defined(nimdoc):
-  proc resize*(f: var MemFile, newFileSize: int) {.raises: [IOError, OSError].} =
-    ## resize and re-map the file underlying an `allowRemap MemFile`.
-    ## **Note**: this assumes the entire file is mapped read-write at offset zero.
-    ## Also, the value of `.mem` will probably change.
-    ## **Note**: This is not (yet) available on Windows.
-    when defined(posix):
-      if f.handle == -1:
-        raise newException(IOError,
-                            "Cannot resize MemFile opened with allowRemap=false")
-      if ftruncate(f.handle, newFileSize) == -1:
-        raiseOSError(osLastError())
-      when defined(linux): #Maybe NetBSD, too?
-        #On Linux this can be over 100 times faster than a munmap,mmap cycle.
-        proc mremap(old: pointer; oldSize, newSize: csize; flags: cint):
-            pointer {.importc: "mremap", header: "<sys/mman.h>".}
-        let newAddr = mremap(f.mem, csize(f.size), csize(newFileSize), cint(1))
-        if newAddr == cast[pointer](MAP_FAILED):
-          raiseOSError(osLastError())
-      else:
-        if munmap(f.mem, f.size) != 0:
-          raiseOSError(osLastError())
-        let newAddr = mmap(nil, newFileSize, PROT_READ or PROT_WRITE,
-                           f.flags, f.handle, 0)
-        if newAddr == cast[pointer](MAP_FAILED):
-          raiseOSError(osLastError())
-      f.mem = newAddr
+proc resize*(f: var MemFile, newFileSize: int) {.raises: [IOError, OSError].} =
+  ## Resize & re-map the file underlying an `allowRemap MemFile`.  If the OS/FS
+  ## supports it, file space is reserved to ensure room for new virtual pages.
+  ## Caller should wait often enough for `flush` to finish to limit use of
+  ## system RAM for write buffering, perhaps just prior to this call.
+  ## **Note**: this assumes the entire file is mapped read-write at offset 0.
+  ## Also, the value of `.mem` will probably change.
+  if newFileSize < 1: # Q: include system/bitmasks & use PageSize ?
+    raise newException(IOError, "Cannot resize MemFile to < 1 byte")
+  when defined(windows):
+    if not f.wasOpened:
+      raise newException(IOError, "Cannot resize unopened MemFile")
+    if f.fHandle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE:
+      raise newException(IOError,
+                         "Cannot resize MemFile opened with allowRemap=false")
+    if unmapViewOfFile(f.mem) == 0 or closeHandle(f.mapHandle) == 0: # Un-do map
+      raiseOSError(osLastError())
+    if newFileSize != f.size: # Seek to size & `setEndOfFile` => allocated.
+      if (let e = setFileSize(f.fHandle.FileHandle, newFileSize);
+          e != 0.OSErrorCode): raiseOSError(e)
+    f.mapHandle = createFileMappingW(f.fHandle, nil, PAGE_READWRITE, 0,0,nil)
+    if f.mapHandle == 0:                                             # Re-do map
+      raiseOSError(osLastError())
+    if (let m = mapViewOfFileEx(f.mapHandle, FILE_MAP_READ or FILE_MAP_WRITE,
+                                0, 0, WinSizeT(newFileSize), nil); m != nil):
+      f.mem  = m
       f.size = newFileSize
+    else:
+      raiseOSError(osLastError())
+  elif defined(posix):
+    if f.handle == -1:
+      raise newException(IOError,
+                         "Cannot resize MemFile opened with allowRemap=false")
+    if newFileSize != f.size:
+      if (let e = setFileSize(f.handle.FileHandle, newFileSize, f.size);
+          e != 0.OSErrorCode): raiseOSError(e)
+    when defined(linux): #Maybe NetBSD, too?
+      # On Linux this can be over 100 times faster than a munmap,mmap cycle.
+      proc mremap(old: pointer; oldSize, newSize: csize_t; flags: cint):
+          pointer {.importc: "mremap", header: "<sys/mman.h>".}
+      let newAddr = mremap(f.mem, csize_t(f.size), csize_t(newFileSize), 1.cint)
+      if newAddr == cast[pointer](MAP_FAILED):
+        raiseOSError(osLastError())
+    else:
+      if munmap(f.mem, f.size) != 0:
+        raiseOSError(osLastError())
+      let newAddr = mmap(nil, newFileSize, PROT_READ or PROT_WRITE,
+                         f.flags, f.handle, 0)
+      if newAddr == cast[pointer](MAP_FAILED):
+        raiseOSError(osLastError())
+    f.mem = newAddr
+    f.size = newFileSize
 
 proc close*(f: var MemFile) =
   ## closes the memory mapped file `f`. All changes are written back to the
@@ -374,10 +412,10 @@ proc `==`*(x, y: MemSlice): bool =
 proc `$`*(ms: MemSlice): string {.inline.} =
   ## Return a Nim string built from a MemSlice.
   result.setLen(ms.size)
-  copyMem(addr(result[0]), ms.data, ms.size)
+  copyMem(result.cstring, ms.data, ms.size)
 
 iterator memSlices*(mfile: MemFile, delim = '\l', eat = '\r'): MemSlice {.inline.} =
-  ## Iterates over [optional `eat`] `delim`-delimited slices in MemFile `mfile`.
+  ## Iterates over \[optional `eat`] `delim`-delimited slices in MemFile `mfile`.
   ##
   ## Default parameters parse lines ending in either Unix(\\l) or Windows(\\r\\l)
   ## style on on a line-by-line basis.  I.e., not every line needs the same ending.
@@ -400,15 +438,15 @@ iterator memSlices*(mfile: MemFile, delim = '\l', eat = '\r'): MemSlice {.inline
   ## functions, not str* functions).
   ##
   ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   var count = 0
   ##   for slice in memSlices(memfiles.open("foo")):
   ##     if slice.size > 0 and cast[cstring](slice.data)[0] != '#':
   ##       inc(count)
   ##   echo count
+  ##   ```
 
-  proc c_memchr(cstr: pointer, c: char, n: csize): pointer {.
+  proc c_memchr(cstr: pointer, c: char, n: csize_t): pointer {.
        importc: "memchr", header: "<string.h>".}
   proc `-!`(p, q: pointer): int {.inline.} = return cast[int](p) -% cast[int](q)
   var ms: MemSlice
@@ -416,7 +454,7 @@ iterator memSlices*(mfile: MemFile, delim = '\l', eat = '\r'): MemSlice {.inline
   ms.data = mfile.mem
   var remaining = mfile.size
   while remaining > 0:
-    ending = c_memchr(ms.data, delim, remaining)
+    ending = c_memchr(ms.data, delim, csize_t(remaining))
     if ending == nil: # unterminated final slice
       ms.size = remaining # Weird case..check eat?
       yield ms
@@ -431,16 +469,16 @@ iterator memSlices*(mfile: MemFile, delim = '\l', eat = '\r'): MemSlice {.inline
 iterator lines*(mfile: MemFile, buf: var string, delim = '\l',
     eat = '\r'): string {.inline.} =
   ## Replace contents of passed buffer with each new line, like
-  ## `readLine(File) <io.html#readLine,File,string>`_.
+  ## `readLine(File) <syncio.html#readLine,File,string>`_.
   ## `delim`, `eat`, and delimiting logic is exactly as for `memSlices
   ## <#memSlices.i,MemFile,char,char>`_, but Nim strings are returned.
   ##
   ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   var buffer: string = ""
   ##   for line in lines(memfiles.open("foo"), buffer):
   ##     echo line
+  ##   ```
 
   for ms in memSlices(mfile, delim, eat):
     setLen(buf, ms.size)
@@ -450,15 +488,15 @@ iterator lines*(mfile: MemFile, buf: var string, delim = '\l',
 
 iterator lines*(mfile: MemFile, delim = '\l', eat = '\r'): string {.inline.} =
   ## Return each line in a file as a Nim string, like
-  ## `lines(File) <io.html#lines.i,File>`_.
+  ## `lines(File) <syncio.html#lines.i,File>`_.
   ## `delim`, `eat`, and delimiting logic is exactly as for `memSlices
   ## <#memSlices.i,MemFile,char,char>`_, but Nim strings are returned.
   ##
   ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   for line in lines(memfiles.open("foo")):
   ##     echo line
+  ##   ```
 
   var buf = newStringOfCap(80)
   for line in lines(mfile, buf, delim, eat):
@@ -488,8 +526,8 @@ proc mmsSetPosition(s: Stream, pos: int) =
 proc mmsGetPosition(s: Stream): int = MemMapFileStream(s).pos
 
 proc mmsPeekData(s: Stream, buffer: pointer, bufLen: int): int =
-  let startAddress = cast[ByteAddress](MemMapFileStream(s).mf.mem)
-  let p = cast[ByteAddress](MemMapFileStream(s).pos)
+  let startAddress = cast[int](MemMapFileStream(s).mf.mem)
+  let p = cast[int](MemMapFileStream(s).pos)
   let l = min(bufLen, MemMapFileStream(s).mf.size - p)
   moveMem(buffer, cast[pointer](startAddress + p), l)
   result = l
@@ -504,8 +542,8 @@ proc mmsWriteData(s: Stream, buffer: pointer, bufLen: int) =
   let size = MemMapFileStream(s).mf.size
   if MemMapFileStream(s).pos + bufLen > size:
     raise newEIO("cannot write to stream")
-  let p = cast[ByteAddress](MemMapFileStream(s).mf.mem) +
-          cast[ByteAddress](MemMapFileStream(s).pos)
+  let p = cast[int](MemMapFileStream(s).mf.mem) +
+          cast[int](MemMapFileStream(s).pos)
   moveMem(cast[pointer](p), buffer, bufLen)
   inc(MemMapFileStream(s).pos, bufLen)
 
diff --git a/lib/pure/mimetypes.nim b/lib/pure/mimetypes.nim
index c10739fec..ff639e8e5 100644
--- a/lib/pure/mimetypes.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/mimetypes.nim
@@ -26,1856 +26,716 @@ runnableExamples:
   doAssert m.getMimetype("fakext") == "text/fakelang"
   doAssert m.getMimetype("FaKeXT") == "text/fakelang"
 
-import strtabs
-from strutils import startsWith, toLowerAscii, strip
+import std/tables
+from std/strutils import startsWith, toLowerAscii, strip
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 
 type
   MimeDB* = object
-    mimes: StringTableRef
+    mimes: OrderedTable[string, string]
 
 const mimes* = {
-  "123": "application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3",
-  "1km": "application/vnd.1000minds.decision-model+xml",
-  "323": "text/h323",
-  "3dm": "text/vnd.in3d.3dml",
-  "3dmf": "x-world/x-3dmf",
-  "3dml": "text/vnd.in3d.3dml",
-  "3ds": "image/x-3ds",
-  "3g2": "video/3gpp2",
-  "3gp": "video/3gpp",
-  "3gpp": "audio/3gpp",
-  "3gpp2": "video/3gpp2",
-  "3mf": "application/vnd.ms-3mfdocument",
-  "669": "audio/x-mod",
-  "726": "audio/32kadpcm",
-  "7z": "application/x-7z-compressed",
-  "a": "text/plain",
-  "a2l": "application/a2l",
-  "aa3": "audio/atrac3",
-  "aab": "application/x-authorware-bin",
-  "aac": "audio/x-aac",
-  "aal": "audio/atrac-advanced-lossless",
-  "aam": "application/x-authorware-map",
-  "aas": "application/x-authorware-seg",
-  "abc": "text/vnd.abc",
-  "abw": "application/x-abiword",
+  "ez": "application/andrew-inset",
+  "aw": "application/applixware",
+  "atom": "application/atom+xml",
+  "atomcat": "application/atomcat+xml",
+  "atomsvc": "application/atomsvc+xml",
+  "ccxml": "application/ccxml+xml",
+  "cdmia": "application/cdmi-capability",
+  "cdmic": "application/cdmi-container",
+  "cdmid": "application/cdmi-domain",
+  "cdmio": "application/cdmi-object",
+  "cdmiq": "application/cdmi-queue",
+  "cu": "application/cu-seeme",
+  "davmount": "application/davmount+xml",
+  "dbk": "application/docbook+xml",
+  "dssc": "application/dssc+der",
+  "xdssc": "application/dssc+xml",
+  "ecma": "application/ecmascript",
+  "emma": "application/emma+xml",
+  "epub": "application/epub+zip",
+  "exi": "application/exi",
+  "pfr": "application/font-tdpfr",
+  "gml": "application/gml+xml",
+  "gpx": "application/gpx+xml",
+  "gxf": "application/gxf",
+  "stk": "application/hyperstudio",
+  "ink": "application/inkml+xml",
+  "inkml": "application/inkml+xml",
+  "ipfix": "application/ipfix",
+  "jar": "application/java-archive",
+  "ser": "application/java-serialized-object",
+  "class": "application/java-vm",
+  "json": "application/json",
+  "jsonml": "application/jsonml+json",
+  "lostxml": "application/lost+xml",
+  "hqx": "application/mac-binhex40",
+  "cpt": "application/mac-compactpro",
+  "mads": "application/mads+xml",
+  "mrc": "application/marc",
+  "mrcx": "application/marcxml+xml",
+  "ma": "application/mathematica",
+  "nb": "application/mathematica",
+  "mb": "application/mathematica",
+  "mathml": "application/mathml+xml",
+  "mbox": "application/mbox",
+  "mscml": "application/mediaservercontrol+xml",
+  "metalink": "application/metalink+xml",
+  "meta4": "application/metalink4+xml",
+  "mets": "application/mets+xml",
+  "mods": "application/mods+xml",
+  "m21": "application/mp21",
+  "mp21": "application/mp21",
+  "mp4s": "application/mp4",
+  "doc": "application/msword",
+  "dot": "application/msword",
+  "mxf": "application/mxf",
+  "bin": "application/octet-stream",
+  "dms": "application/octet-stream",
+  "lrf": "application/octet-stream",
+  "mar": "application/octet-stream",
+  "so": "application/octet-stream",
+  "dist": "application/octet-stream",
+  "distz": "application/octet-stream",
+  "pkg": "application/octet-stream",
+  "bpk": "application/octet-stream",
+  "dump": "application/octet-stream",
+  "elc": "application/octet-stream",
+  "deploy": "application/octet-stream",
+  "oda": "application/oda",
+  "opf": "application/oebps-package+xml",
+  "ogx": "application/ogg",
+  "omdoc": "application/omdoc+xml",
+  "onetoc": "application/onenote",
+  "onetoc2": "application/onenote",
+  "onetmp": "application/onenote",
+  "onepkg": "application/onenote",
+  "oxps": "application/oxps",
+  "xer": "application/patch-ops-error+xml",
+  "pdf": "application/pdf",
+  "pgp": "application/pgp-encrypted",
+  "asc": "application/pgp-signature",
+  "sig": "application/pgp-signature",
+  "prf": "application/pics-rules",
+  "p10": "application/pkcs10",
+  "p7m": "application/pkcs7-mime",
+  "p7c": "application/pkcs7-mime",
+  "p7s": "application/pkcs7-signature",
+  "p8": "application/pkcs8",
   "ac": "application/pkix-attr-cert",
-  "ac3": "audio/ac3",
-  "acc": "application/vnd.americandynamics.acc",
-  "ace": "application/x-ace-compressed",
-  "acn": "audio/asc",
-  "acu": "application/vnd.acucobol",
-  "acutc": "application/vnd.acucorp",
-  "acx": "application/internet-property-stream",
-  "adp": "audio/adpcm",
-  "aep": "application/vnd.audiograph",
-  "afl": "video/animaflex",
-  "afm": "application/x-font-type1",
-  "afp": "application/vnd.ibm.modcap",
-  "ahead": "application/vnd.ahead.space",
+  "cer": "application/pkix-cert",
+  "crl": "application/pkix-crl",
+  "pkipath": "application/pkix-pkipath",
+  "pki": "application/pkixcmp",
+  "pls": "application/pls+xml",
   "ai": "application/postscript",
-  "aif": "audio/x-aiff",
-  "aifc": "audio/x-aiff",
-  "aiff": "audio/x-aiff",
-  "aim": "application/x-aim",
-  "aip": "text/x-audiosoft-intra",
-  "air": "application/vnd.adobe.air-application-installer-package+zip",
-  "ait": "application/vnd.dvb.ait",
-  "alc": "chemical/x-alchemy",
-  "ami": "application/vnd.amiga.ami",
-  "aml": "application/aml",
-  "amr": "audio/amr",
-  "ani": "application/x-navi-animation",
-  "anx": "application/x-annodex",
-  "aos": "application/x-nokia-9000-communicator-add-on-software",
-  "apinotes": "text/apinotes",
-  "apk": "application/vnd.android.package-archive",
-  "apkg": "application/vnd.anki",
-  "apng": "image/apng",
-  "appcache": "text/cache-manifest",
-  "appimage": "application/appimage",
-  "application": "application/x-ms-application",
-  "apr": "application/vnd.lotus-approach",
-  "aps": "application/mime",
-  "apxml": "application/auth-policy+xml",
-  "arc": "application/x-freearc",
-  "arj": "application/x-arj",
-  "art": "message/rfc822",
-  "asar": "binary/asar",
-  "asc": "text/plain",
-  "ascii": "text/vnd.ascii-art",
-  "asf": "application/vnd.ms-asf",
-  "asice": "application/vnd.etsi.asic-e+zip",
-  "asics": "application/vnd.etsi.asic-s+zip",
-  "asm": "text/x-asm",
-  "asn": "chemical/x-ncbi-asn1-spec",
+  "eps": "application/postscript",
+  "ps": "application/postscript",
+  "cww": "application/prs.cww",
+  "pskcxml": "application/pskc+xml",
+  "rdf": "application/rdf+xml",
+  "rif": "application/reginfo+xml",
+  "rnc": "application/relax-ng-compact-syntax",
+  "rl": "application/resource-lists+xml",
+  "rld": "application/resource-lists-diff+xml",
+  "rs": "application/rls-services+xml",
+  "gbr": "application/rpki-ghostbusters",
+  "mft": "application/rpki-manifest",
+  "roa": "application/rpki-roa",
+  "rsd": "application/rsd+xml",
+  "rss": "application/rss+xml",
+  "rtf": "application/rtf",
+  "sbml": "application/sbml+xml",
+  "scq": "application/scvp-cv-request",
+  "scs": "application/scvp-cv-response",
+  "spq": "application/scvp-vp-request",
+  "spp": "application/scvp-vp-response",
+  "sdp": "application/sdp",
+  "setpay": "application/set-payment-initiation",
+  "setreg": "application/set-registration-initiation",
+  "shf": "application/shf+xml",
+  "smi": "application/smil+xml",
+  "smil": "application/smil+xml",
+  "rq": "application/sparql-query",
+  "srx": "application/sparql-results+xml",
+  "gram": "application/srgs",
+  "grxml": "application/srgs+xml",
+  "sru": "application/sru+xml",
+  "ssdl": "application/ssdl+xml",
+  "ssml": "application/ssml+xml",
+  "tei": "application/tei+xml",
+  "teicorpus": "application/tei+xml",
+  "tfi": "application/thraud+xml",
+  "tsd": "application/timestamped-data",
+  "plb": "application/vnd.3gpp.pic-bw-large",
+  "psb": "application/vnd.3gpp.pic-bw-small",
+  "pvb": "application/vnd.3gpp.pic-bw-var",
+  "tcap": "application/vnd.3gpp2.tcap",
+  "pwn": "application/vnd.3m.post-it-notes",
   "aso": "application/vnd.accpac.simply.aso",
-  "asp": "text/asp",
-  "asr": "video/x-ms-asf",
-  "asx": "video/x-ms-asf",
-  "at3": "audio/atrac3",
+  "imp": "application/vnd.accpac.simply.imp",
+  "acu": "application/vnd.acucobol",
   "atc": "application/vnd.acucorp",
-  "atf": "application/atf",
-  "atfx": "application/atfx",
-  "atom": "application/atom+xml",
-  "atomcat": "application/atomcat+xml",
-  "atomdeleted": "application/atomdeleted+xml",
-  "atomsrv": "application/atomserv+xml",
-  "atomsvc": "application/atomsvc+xml",
-  "atx": "application/vnd.antix.game-component",
-  "atxml": "application/atxml",
-  "au": "audio/basic",
-  "auc": "application/tamp-apex-update-confirm",
-  "avi": "video/x-msvideo",
-  "avs": "video/avs-video",
-  "aw": "application/applixware",
-  "awb": "audio/amr-wb",
-  "axa": "audio/x-annodex",
-  "axs": "application/olescript",
-  "axv": "video/x-annodex",
+  "acutc": "application/vnd.acucorp",
+  "air": "application/vnd.adobe.air-application-installer-package+zip",
+  "fcdt": "application/vnd.adobe.formscentral.fcdt",
+  "fxp": "application/vnd.adobe.fxp",
+  "fxpl": "application/vnd.adobe.fxp",
+  "xdp": "application/vnd.adobe.xdp+xml",
+  "xfdf": "application/vnd.adobe.xfdf",
+  "ahead": "application/vnd.ahead.space",
   "azf": "application/vnd.airzip.filesecure.azf",
   "azs": "application/vnd.airzip.filesecure.azs",
-  "azv": "image/vnd.airzip.accelerator.azv",
   "azw": "application/vnd.amazon.ebook",
-  "azw3": "application/vnd.amazon.mobi8-ebook",
-  "b": "chemical/x-molconn-Z",
-  "bak": "application/x-trash",
-  "bar": "application/vnd.qualcomm.brew-app-res",
-  "bas": "text/plain",
-  "bash": "text/shell",
-  "bat": "application/x-msdos-program",
-  "bcpio": "application/x-bcpio",
-  "bdf": "application/x-font-bdf",
-  "bdm": "application/vnd.syncml.dm+wbxml",
-  "bdoc": "application/bdoc",
-  "bed": "application/vnd.realvnc.bed",
-  "bh2": "application/vnd.fujitsu.oasysprs",
-  "bib": "text/x-bibtex",
-  "bik": "video/vnd.radgamettools.bink",
-  "bin": "application/octet-stream",
-  "bk2": "video/vnd.radgamettools.bink",
-  "bkm": "application/vnd.nervana",
-  "blb": "application/x-blorb",
-  "blend": "binary/blender",
-  "blorb": "application/x-blorb",
-  "bm": "image/bmp",
-  "bmed": "multipart/vnd.bint.med-plus",
+  "acc": "application/vnd.americandynamics.acc",
+  "ami": "application/vnd.amiga.ami",
+  "apk": "application/vnd.android.package-archive",
+  "cii": "application/vnd.anser-web-certificate-issue-initiation",
+  "fti": "application/vnd.anser-web-funds-transfer-initiation",
+  "atx": "application/vnd.antix.game-component",
+  "mpkg": "application/vnd.apple.installer+xml",
+  "m3u8": "application/vnd.apple.mpegurl",
+  "swi": "application/vnd.aristanetworks.swi",
+  "iota": "application/vnd.astraea-software.iota",
+  "aep": "application/vnd.audiograph",
+  "mpm": "application/vnd.blueice.multipass",
   "bmi": "application/vnd.bmi",
-  "bmml": "application/vnd.balsamiq.bmml+xml",
-  "bmp": "image/bmp",
-  "bmpr": "application/vnd.balsamiq.bmpr",
-  "boo": "application/book",
-  "book": "application/book",
-  "box": "application/vnd.previewsystems.box",
-  "boz": "application/x-bzip2",
-  "bpd": "application/vnd.hbci",
-  "bpk": "application/octet-stream",
-  "brf": "text/plain",
-  "bsd": "chemical/x-crossfire",
-  "bsh": "application/x-bsh",
-  "bsp": "model/vnd.valve.source.compiled-map",
-  "btf": "image/prs.btif",
-  "btif": "image/prs.btif",
-  "bz": "application/x-bzip",
-  "bz2": "application/x-bzip2",
-  "c": "text/x-csrc",
-  "c++": "text/x-c++src",
-  "c11amc": "application/vnd.cluetrust.cartomobile-config",
-  "c11amz": "application/vnd.cluetrust.cartomobile-config-pkg",
-  "c3d": "chemical/x-chem3d",
-  "c3ex": "application/cccex",
+  "rep": "application/vnd.businessobjects",
+  "cdxml": "application/vnd.chemdraw+xml",
+  "mmd": "application/vnd.chipnuts.karaoke-mmd",
+  "cdy": "application/vnd.cinderella",
+  "cla": "application/vnd.claymore",
+  "rp9": "application/vnd.cloanto.rp9",
+  "c4g": "application/vnd.clonk.c4group",
   "c4d": "application/vnd.clonk.c4group",
   "c4f": "application/vnd.clonk.c4group",
-  "c4g": "application/vnd.clonk.c4group",
   "c4p": "application/vnd.clonk.c4group",
   "c4u": "application/vnd.clonk.c4group",
-  "cab": "application/vnd.ms-cab-compressed",
-  "cac": "chemical/x-cache",
-  "cache": "application/x-cache",
-  "caf": "audio/x-caf",
-  "cap": "application/vnd.tcpdump.pcap",
-  "car": "application/vnd.curl.car",
-  "cascii": "chemical/x-cactvs-binary",
-  "cat": "application/vnd.ms-pki.seccat",
-  "cb7": "application/x-cbr",
-  "cba": "application/x-cbr",
-  "cbin": "chemical/x-cactvs-binary",
-  "cbor": "application/cbor",
-  "cbr": "application/x-cbr",
-  "cbt": "application/x-cbr",
-  "cbz": "application/vnd.comicbook+zip",
-  "cc": "text/plain",
-  "ccad": "application/clariscad",
-  "ccc": "text/vnd.net2phone.commcenter.command",
-  "ccmp": "application/ccmp+xml",
-  "cco": "application/x-cocoa",
-  "cct": "application/x-director",
-  "ccxml": "application/ccxml+xml",
-  "cda": "application/x-cdf",
+  "c11amc": "application/vnd.cluetrust.cartomobile-config",
+  "c11amz": "application/vnd.cluetrust.cartomobile-config-pkg",
+  "csp": "application/vnd.commonspace",
   "cdbcmsg": "application/vnd.contact.cmsg",
-  "cdf": "application/x-netcdf",
-  "cdfx": "application/cdfx+xml",
-  "cdkey": "application/vnd.mediastation.cdkey",
-  "cdmia": "application/cdmi-capability",
-  "cdmic": "application/cdmi-container",
-  "cdmid": "application/cdmi-domain",
-  "cdmio": "application/cdmi-object",
-  "cdmiq": "application/cdmi-queue",
-  "cdr": "image/x-coreldraw",
-  "cdt": "image/x-coreldrawtemplate",
-  "cdx": "chemical/x-cdx",
-  "cdxml": "application/vnd.chemdraw+xml",
-  "cdy": "application/vnd.cinderella",
-  "cea": "application/cea",
-  "cef": "chemical/x-cxf",
-  "cellml": "application/cellml+xml",
-  "cer": "application/pkix-cert",
-  "cfg": "text/cfg",
-  "cfs": "application/x-cfs-compressed",
-  "cgm": "image/cgm",
-  "cha": "application/x-chat",
-  "chat": "application/x-chat",
-  "chm": "application/vnd.ms-htmlhelp",
-  "chrt": "application/vnd.kde.kchart",
-  "cif": "chemical/x-cif",
-  "cii": "application/vnd.anser-web-certificate-issue-initiation",
-  "cil": "application/vnd.ms-artgalry",
-  "cl": "application/simple-filter+xml",
-  "cla": "application/vnd.claymore",
-  "class": "application/java-vm",
+  "cmc": "application/vnd.cosmocaller",
+  "clkx": "application/vnd.crick.clicker",
   "clkk": "application/vnd.crick.clicker.keyboard",
   "clkp": "application/vnd.crick.clicker.palette",
   "clkt": "application/vnd.crick.clicker.template",
   "clkw": "application/vnd.crick.clicker.wordbank",
-  "clkx": "application/vnd.crick.clicker",
-  "clp": "application/x-msclip",
-  "cls": "text/x-tex",
-  "clue": "application/clue_info+xml",
-  "cmake": "text/cmake",
-  "cmc": "application/vnd.cosmocaller",
-  "cmdf": "chemical/x-cmdf",
-  "cml": "chemical/x-cml",
-  "cmp": "application/vnd.yellowriver-custom-menu",
-  "cmsc": "application/cms",
-  "cmx": "image/x-cmx",
-  "cnd": "text/jcr-cnd",
-  "cnf": "text/cnf",
-  "cod": "application/vnd.rim.cod",
-  "coffee": "application/vnd.coffeescript",
-  "com": "application/x-msdos-program",
-  "conf": "text/plain",
-  "copyright": "text/vnd.debian.copyright",
-  "cpa": "chemical/x-compass",
-  "cpio": "application/x-cpio",
-  "cpkg": "application/vnd.xmpie.cpkg",
-  "cpl": "application/cpl+xml",
-  "cpp": "text/x-c++src",
-  "cpt": "application/mac-compactpro",
-  "cr2": "image/x-canon-cr2",
-  "crd": "application/x-mscardfile",
-  "crl": "application/pkix-crl",
-  "crt": "application/x-x509-ca-cert",
-  "crtr": "application/vnd.multiad.creator",
-  "crw": "image/x-canon-crw",
-  "crx": "application/x-chrome-extension",
-  "cryptonote": "application/vnd.rig.cryptonote",
-  "cs": "text/c#",
-  "csf": "chemical/x-cache-csf",
-  "csh": "application/x-csh",
-  "csl": "application/vnd.citationstyles.style+xml",
-  "csm": "chemical/x-csml",
-  "csml": "chemical/x-csml",
-  "cson": "text/cson",
-  "csp": "application/vnd.commonspace",
-  "csrattrs": "application/csrattrs",
-  "css": "text/css",
-  "cst": "application/vnd.commonspace",
-  "csv": "text/csv",
-  "csvs": "text/csv-schema",
-  "ctab": "chemical/x-cactvs-binary",
-  "ctx": "chemical/x-ctx",
-  "cu": "application/cu-seeme",
-  "cub": "chemical/x-gaussian-cube",
-  "cuc": "application/tamp-community-update-confirm",
-  "curl": "text/vnd.curl",
-  "cw": "application/prs.cww",
-  "cww": "application/prs.cww",
-  "cxf": "chemical/x-cxf",
-  "cxt": "application/x-director",
-  "cxx": "text/plain",
-  "d": "text/x-dsrc",
-  "dae": "model/vnd.collada+xml",
-  "daf": "application/vnd.mobius.daf",
+  "wbs": "application/vnd.criticaltools.wbs+xml",
+  "pml": "application/vnd.ctc-posml",
+  "ppd": "application/vnd.cups-ppd",
+  "car": "application/vnd.curl.car",
+  "pcurl": "application/vnd.curl.pcurl",
   "dart": "application/vnd.dart",
-  "dat": "application/x-ns-proxy-autoconfig",
-  "dataless": "application/vnd.fdsn.seed",
-  "davmount": "application/davmount+xml",
-  "dbk": "application/docbook+xml",
-  "dcd": "application/dcd",
-  "dcf": "application/vnd.oma.drm.content",
-  "dcm": "application/dicom",
-  "dcr": "application/x-director",
-  "dcurl": "text/vnd.curl.dcurl",
-  "dd": "application/vnd.oma.dd+xml",
-  "dd2": "application/vnd.oma.dd2+xml",
-  "ddd": "application/vnd.fujixerox.ddd",
-  "ddf": "application/vnd.syncml.dmddf+xml",
-  "deb": "application/vnd.debian.binary-package",
-  "deepv": "application/x-deepv",
-  "def": "text/plain",
-  "deploy": "application/octet-stream",
-  "der": "application/x-x509-ca-cert",
-  "dfac": "application/vnd.dreamfactory",
-  "dgc": "application/x-dgc-compressed",
-  "dib": "image/bmp",
-  "dic": "text/x-c",
-  "dif": "video/x-dv",
-  "diff": "text/x-diff",
-  "dii": "application/dii",
-  "dim": "application/vnd.fastcopy-disk-image",
-  "dir": "application/x-director",
-  "dis": "application/vnd.mobius.dis",
-  "disposition-notification": "message/disposition-notification",
-  "dist": "application/vnd.apple.installer+xml",
-  "distz": "application/vnd.apple.installer+xml",
-  "dit": "application/dit",
-  "djv": "image/vnd.djvu",
-  "djvu": "image/vnd.djvu",
-  "dl": "video/dl",
-  "dll": "application/x-msdos-program",
-  "dls": "audio/dls",
-  "dm": "application/vnd.oma.drm.message",
-  "dmg": "application/x-apple-diskimage",
-  "dmp": "application/vnd.tcpdump.pcap",
-  "dms": "text/vnd.dmclientscript",
+  "rdz": "application/vnd.data-vision.rdz",
+  "uvf": "application/vnd.dece.data",
+  "uvvf": "application/vnd.dece.data",
+  "uvd": "application/vnd.dece.data",
+  "uvvd": "application/vnd.dece.data",
+  "uvt": "application/vnd.dece.ttml+xml",
+  "uvvt": "application/vnd.dece.ttml+xml",
+  "uvx": "application/vnd.dece.unspecified",
+  "uvvx": "application/vnd.dece.unspecified",
+  "uvz": "application/vnd.dece.zip",
+  "uvvz": "application/vnd.dece.zip",
+  "fe_launch": "application/vnd.denovo.fcselayout-link",
   "dna": "application/vnd.dna",
-  "doc": "application/msword",
-  "docjson": "application/vnd.document+json",
-  "docm": "application/vnd.ms-word.document.macroenabled.12",
-  "docx": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document",
-  "dor": "model/vnd.gdl",
-  "dot": "text/vnd.graphviz",
-  "dotm": "application/vnd.ms-word.template.macroenabled.12",
-  "dotx": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.template",
-  "dp": "application/vnd.osgi.dp",
+  "mlp": "application/vnd.dolby.mlp",
   "dpg": "application/vnd.dpgraph",
-  "dpgraph": "application/vnd.dpgraph",
-  "dpkg": "application/vnd.xmpie.dpkg",
-  "dr": "application/vnd.oma.drm.rights+xml",
-  "dra": "audio/vnd.dra",
-  "drc": "application/vnd.oma.drm.rights+wbxml",
-  "drle": "image/dicom-rle",
-  "drw": "application/drafting",
-  "dsc": "text/prs.lines.tag",
-  "dsm": "application/vnd.desmume.movie",
-  "dssc": "application/dssc+der",
-  "dtb": "application/x-dtbook+xml",
-  "dtd": "application/xml-dtd",
-  "dts": "audio/vnd.dts",
-  "dtshd": "audio/vnd.dts.hd",
-  "dump": "application/octet-stream",
-  "dv": "video/x-dv",
-  "dvb": "video/vnd.dvb.file",
-  "dvc": "application/dvcs",
-  "dvi": "application/x-dvi",
-  "dwf": "model/vnd.dwf",
-  "dwg": "image/vnd.dwg",
-  "dx": "chemical/x-jcamp-dx",
-  "dxf": "image/vnd.dxf",
-  "dxp": "application/vnd.spotfire.dxp",
-  "dxr": "application/x-director",
-  "dzr": "application/vnd.dzr",
-  "ear": "binary/zip",
-  "ecelp4800": "audio/vnd.nuera.ecelp4800",
-  "ecelp7470": "audio/vnd.nuera.ecelp7470",
-  "ecelp9600": "audio/vnd.nuera.ecelp9600",
-  "ecig": "application/vnd.evolv.ecig.settings",
-  "ecigprofile": "application/vnd.evolv.ecig.profile",
-  "ecigtheme": "application/vnd.evolv.ecig.theme",
-  "ecma": "application/ecmascript",
-  "edm": "application/vnd.novadigm.edm",
-  "edx": "application/vnd.novadigm.edx",
-  "efi": "application/efi",
-  "efif": "application/vnd.picsel",
-  "ei6": "application/vnd.pg.osasli",
-  "ejs": "text/ejs",
-  "el": "text/plain",
-  "elc": "application/x-bytecode.elisp",
-  "emb": "chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide",
-  "embl": "chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide",
-  "emf": "image/emf",
-  "eml": "message/rfc822",
-  "emm": "application/vnd.ibm.electronic-media",
-  "emma": "application/emma+xml",
-  "emotionml": "application/emotionml+xml",
-  "emz": "application/x-msmetafile",
-  "ent": "text/xml-external-parsed-entity",
-  "entity": "application/vnd.nervana",
-  "env": "application/x-envoy",
-  "enw": "audio/evrcnw",
-  "eol": "audio/vnd.digital-winds",
-  "eot": "application/vnd.ms-fontobject",
-  "ep": "application/vnd.bluetooth.ep.oob",
-  "eps": "application/postscript",
-  "eps2": "application/postscript",
-  "eps3": "application/postscript",
-  "epsf": "application/postscript",
-  "epsi": "application/postscript",
-  "epub": "application/epub+zip",
-  "erb": "text/erb",
-  "erf": "image/x-epson-erf",
-  "es": "application/ecmascript",
-  "es3": "application/vnd.eszigno3+xml",
-  "esa": "application/vnd.osgi.subsystem",
-  "escn": "text/godot",
+  "dfac": "application/vnd.dreamfactory",
+  "kpxx": "application/vnd.ds-keypoint",
+  "ait": "application/vnd.dvb.ait",
+  "svc": "application/vnd.dvb.service",
+  "geo": "application/vnd.dynageo",
+  "mag": "application/vnd.ecowin.chart",
+  "nml": "application/vnd.enliven",
   "esf": "application/vnd.epson.esf",
-  "espass": "application/vnd.espass-espass+zip",
+  "msf": "application/vnd.epson.msf",
+  "qam": "application/vnd.epson.quickanime",
+  "slt": "application/vnd.epson.salt",
+  "ssf": "application/vnd.epson.ssf",
+  "es3": "application/vnd.eszigno3+xml",
   "et3": "application/vnd.eszigno3+xml",
-  "etx": "text/x-setext",
-  "eva": "application/x-eva",
-  "evb": "audio/evrcb",
-  "evc": "audio/evrc",
-  "evw": "audio/evrcwb",
-  "evy": "application/x-envoy",
-  "exe": "application/x-msdos-program",
-  "exi": "application/exi",
-  "exr": "image/aces",
-  "ext": "application/vnd.novadigm.ext",
-  "eyaml": "text/yaml",
-  "ez": "application/andrew-inset",
   "ez2": "application/vnd.ezpix-album",
   "ez3": "application/vnd.ezpix-package",
-  "f": "text/x-fortran",
-  "f4v": "video/x-f4v",
-  "f77": "text/x-fortran",
-  "f90": "text/plain",
-  "fb": "application/x-maker",
-  "fbdoc": "application/x-maker",
-  "fbs": "image/vnd.fastbidsheet",
-  "fbx": "model/filmbox",
-  "fcdt": "application/vnd.adobe.formscentral.fcdt",
-  "fch": "chemical/x-gaussian-checkpoint",
-  "fchk": "chemical/x-gaussian-checkpoint",
-  "fcs": "application/vnd.isac.fcs",
   "fdf": "application/vnd.fdf",
-  "fdt": "application/fdt+xml",
-  "fe_launch": "application/vnd.denovo.fcselayout-link",
-  "feature": "text/gherkin",
-  "fg5": "application/vnd.fujitsu.oasysgp",
-  "fgd": "application/x-director",
-  "fh": "image/x-freehand",
-  "fh4": "image/x-freehand",
-  "fh5": "image/x-freehand",
-  "fh7": "image/x-freehand",
-  "fhc": "image/x-freehand",
-  "fif": "image/fif",
-  "fig": "application/x-xfig",
-  "finf": "application/fastinfoset",
-  "fish": "text/fish",
-  "fit": "image/fits",
-  "fits": "image/fits",
-  "fla": "application/vnd.dtg.local.flash",
-  "flac": "audio/x-flac",
-  "fli": "video/x-fli",
-  "flo": "application/vnd.micrografx.flo",
-  "flr": "x-world/x-vrml",
-  "flv": "video/x-flv",
-  "flw": "application/vnd.kde.kivio",
-  "flx": "text/vnd.fmi.flexstor",
-  "fly": "text/vnd.fly",
+  "mseed": "application/vnd.fdsn.mseed",
+  "seed": "application/vnd.fdsn.seed",
+  "dataless": "application/vnd.fdsn.seed",
+  "gph": "application/vnd.flographit",
+  "ftc": "application/vnd.fluxtime.clip",
   "fm": "application/vnd.framemaker",
-  "fmf": "video/x-atomic3d-feature",
-  "fnc": "application/vnd.frogans.fnc",
-  "fo": "application/vnd.software602.filler.form+xml",
-  "for": "text/x-fortran",
-  "fpx": "image/vnd.fpx",
   "frame": "application/vnd.framemaker",
-  "frl": "application/freeloader",
-  "frm": "application/vnd.ufdl",
+  "maker": "application/vnd.framemaker",
+  "book": "application/vnd.framemaker",
+  "fnc": "application/vnd.frogans.fnc",
+  "ltf": "application/vnd.frogans.ltf",
   "fsc": "application/vnd.fsc.weblaunch",
-  "fst": "image/vnd.fst",
-  "ftc": "application/vnd.fluxtime.clip",
-  "fti": "application/vnd.anser-web-funds-transfer-initiation",
-  "fts": "image/fits",
-  "funk": "audio/make",
-  "fvt": "video/vnd.fvt",
-  "fxm": "video/x-javafx",
-  "fxp": "application/vnd.adobe.fxp",
-  "fxpl": "application/vnd.adobe.fxp",
+  "oas": "application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys",
+  "oa2": "application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys2",
+  "oa3": "application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys3",
+  "fg5": "application/vnd.fujitsu.oasysgp",
+  "bh2": "application/vnd.fujitsu.oasysprs",
+  "ddd": "application/vnd.fujixerox.ddd",
+  "xdw": "application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks",
+  "xbd": "application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks.binder",
   "fzs": "application/vnd.fuzzysheet",
-  "g": "text/plain",
-  "g2w": "application/vnd.geoplan",
-  "g3": "image/g3fax",
-  "g3w": "application/vnd.geospace",
-  "gac": "application/vnd.groove-account",
-  "gal": "chemical/x-gaussian-log",
-  "gam": "application/x-tads",
-  "gamin": "chemical/x-gamess-input",
-  "gau": "chemical/x-gaussian-input",
-  "gbr": "application/rpki-ghostbusters",
-  "gca": "application/x-gca-compressed",
-  "gcd": "text/x-pcs-gcd",
-  "gcf": "application/x-graphing-calculator",
-  "gcg": "chemical/x-gcg8-sequence",
-  "gdl": "model/vnd.gdl",
-  "gdoc": "application/vnd.google-apps.document",
-  "gemspec": "text/ruby",
-  "gen": "chemical/x-genbank",
-  "geo": "application/vnd.dynageo",
-  "geojson": "application/geo+json",
-  "gex": "application/vnd.geometry-explorer",
-  "gf": "application/x-tex-gf",
+  "txd": "application/vnd.genomatix.tuxedo",
   "ggb": "application/vnd.geogebra.file",
+  "ggs": "application/vnd.geogebra.slides",
   "ggt": "application/vnd.geogebra.tool",
-  "ghf": "application/vnd.groove-help",
-  "gif": "image/gif",
-  "gim": "application/vnd.groove-identity-message",
-  "gjc": "chemical/x-gaussian-input",
-  "gjf": "chemical/x-gaussian-input",
-  "gl": "video/gl",
-  "glb": "model/gltf-binary",
-  "gltf": "model/gltf+json",
-  "gml": "application/gml+xml",
+  "gex": "application/vnd.geometry-explorer",
+  "gre": "application/vnd.geometry-explorer",
+  "gxt": "application/vnd.geonext",
+  "g2w": "application/vnd.geoplan",
+  "g3w": "application/vnd.geospace",
   "gmx": "application/vnd.gmx",
-  "gnumeric": "application/x-gnumeric",
-  "go": "text/go",
-  "gotmpl": "text/gotmpl",
-  "gph": "application/vnd.flographit",
-  "gpt": "chemical/x-mopac-graph",
-  "gpx": "application/gpx+xml",
+  "kml": "application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml",
+  "kmz": "application/vnd.google-earth.kmz",
   "gqf": "application/vnd.grafeq",
   "gqs": "application/vnd.grafeq",
-  "gradle": "text/groovy",
-  "gram": "application/srgs",
-  "gramps": "application/x-gramps-xml",
-  "gre": "application/vnd.geometry-explorer",
-  "groovy": "text/groovy",
+  "gac": "application/vnd.groove-account",
+  "ghf": "application/vnd.groove-help",
+  "gim": "application/vnd.groove-identity-message",
   "grv": "application/vnd.groove-injector",
-  "grxml": "application/srgs+xml",
-  "gsd": "audio/x-gsm",
-  "gsf": "application/x-font-ghostscript",
-  "gsheet": "application/vnd.google-apps.spreadsheet",
-  "gslides": "application/vnd.google-apps.presentation",
-  "gsm": "model/vnd.gdl",
-  "gsp": "application/x-gsp",
-  "gss": "application/x-gss",
-  "gtar": "application/x-gtar",
   "gtm": "application/vnd.groove-tool-message",
-  "gtw": "model/vnd.gtw",
-  "gv": "text/vnd.graphviz",
-  "gxf": "application/gxf",
-  "gxt": "application/vnd.geonext",
-  "gyb": "text/gyb",
-  "gyp": "text/gyp",
-  "gypi": "text/gyp",
-  "gz": "application/gzip",
-  "h": "text/x-chdr",
-  "h++": "text/x-c++hdr",
-  "h261": "video/h261",
-  "h263": "video/h263",
-  "h264": "video/h264",
+  "tpl": "application/vnd.groove-tool-template",
+  "vcg": "application/vnd.groove-vcard",
   "hal": "application/vnd.hal+xml",
-  "hbc": "application/vnd.hbci",
+  "zmm": "application/vnd.handheld-entertainment+xml",
   "hbci": "application/vnd.hbci",
-  "hbs": "text/x-handlebars-template",
-  "hdd": "application/x-virtualbox-hdd",
-  "hdf": "application/x-hdf",
-  "hdr": "image/vnd.radiance",
-  "hdt": "application/vnd.hdt",
-  "heic": "image/heic",
-  "heics": "image/heic-sequence",
-  "heif": "image/heif",
-  "heifs": "image/heif-sequence",
-  "help": "application/x-helpfile",
-  "hgl": "application/vnd.hp-hpgl",
-  "hh": "text/plain",
-  "hin": "chemical/x-hin",
-  "hjson": "application/hjson",
-  "hlb": "text/x-script",
-  "hlp": "application/winhlp",
-  "hpg": "application/vnd.hp-hpgl",
+  "les": "application/vnd.hhe.lesson-player",
   "hpgl": "application/vnd.hp-hpgl",
-  "hpi": "application/vnd.hp-hpid",
   "hpid": "application/vnd.hp-hpid",
-  "hpp": "text/x-c++hdr",
   "hps": "application/vnd.hp-hps",
-  "hpub": "application/prs.hpub+zip",
-  "hqx": "application/mac-binhex40",
-  "hs": "text/x-haskell",
-  "hta": "application/hta",
-  "htc": "text/x-component",
-  "htke": "application/vnd.kenameaapp",
-  "html": "text/html",
-  "htt": "text/webviewhtml",
-  "hvd": "application/vnd.yamaha.hv-dic",
-  "hvp": "application/vnd.yamaha.hv-voice",
-  "hvs": "application/vnd.yamaha.hv-script",
-  "hx": "text/haxe",
-  "hxml": "text/haxe",
-  "hxx": "text/plain",
-  "i2g": "application/vnd.intergeo",
-  "ic0": "application/vnd.commerce-battelle",
-  "ic1": "application/vnd.commerce-battelle",
-  "ic2": "application/vnd.commerce-battelle",
-  "ic3": "application/vnd.commerce-battelle",
-  "ic4": "application/vnd.commerce-battelle",
-  "ic5": "application/vnd.commerce-battelle",
-  "ic6": "application/vnd.commerce-battelle",
-  "ic7": "application/vnd.commerce-battelle",
-  "ic8": "application/vnd.commerce-battelle",
-  "ica": "application/vnd.commerce-battelle",
+  "jlt": "application/vnd.hp-jlyt",
+  "pcl": "application/vnd.hp-pcl",
+  "pclxl": "application/vnd.hp-pclxl",
+  "sfd-hdstx": "application/vnd.hydrostatix.sof-data",
+  "mpy": "application/vnd.ibm.minipay",
+  "afp": "application/vnd.ibm.modcap",
+  "listafp": "application/vnd.ibm.modcap",
+  "list3820": "application/vnd.ibm.modcap",
+  "irm": "application/vnd.ibm.rights-management",
+  "sc": "application/vnd.ibm.secure-container",
   "icc": "application/vnd.iccprofile",
-  "icd": "application/vnd.commerce-battelle",
-  "ice": "x-conference/x-cooltalk",
-  "icf": "application/vnd.commerce-battelle",
   "icm": "application/vnd.iccprofile",
-  "icns": "binary/icns",
-  "ico": "image/x-icon",
-  "ics": "text/calendar",
-  "icz": "text/calendar",
-  "idc": "text/plain",
-  "idl": "text/idl",
-  "ief": "image/ief",
-  "iefs": "image/ief",
-  "ifb": "text/calendar",
-  "ifm": "application/vnd.shana.informed.formdata",
-  "iges": "model/iges",
   "igl": "application/vnd.igloader",
-  "igm": "application/vnd.insors.igm",
-  "ign": "application/vnd.coreos.ignition+json",
-  "ignition": "application/vnd.coreos.ignition+json",
-  "igs": "model/iges",
-  "igx": "application/vnd.micrografx.igx",
-  "iif": "application/vnd.shana.informed.interchange",
-  "iii": "application/x-iphone",
-  "ima": "application/x-ima",
-  "imap": "application/x-httpd-imap",
-  "imf": "application/vnd.imagemeter.folder+zip",
-  "img": "application/octet-stream",
-  "imgcal": "application/vnd.3lightssoftware.imagescal",
-  "imi": "application/vnd.imagemeter.image+zip",
-  "imp": "application/vnd.accpac.simply.imp",
-  "ims": "application/vnd.ms-ims",
-  "imscc": "application/vnd.ims.imsccv1p1",
-  "in": "text/plain",
-  "inc": "text/inc",
-  "inf": "application/inf",
-  "info": "application/x-info",
-  "ini": "text/ini",
-  "ink": "application/inkml+xml",
-  "inkml": "application/inkml+xml",
-  "inp": "chemical/x-gamess-input",
-  "ins": "application/x-internet-signup",
-  "install": "application/x-install-instructions",
-  "iota": "application/vnd.astraea-software.iota",
-  "ip": "application/x-ip2",
-  "ipfix": "application/ipfix",
-  "ipk": "application/vnd.shana.informed.package",
-  "irm": "application/vnd.ibm.rights-management",
-  "irp": "application/vnd.irepository.package+xml",
-  "ism": "model/vnd.gdl",
-  "iso": "application/x-iso9660-image",
-  "isp": "application/x-internet-signup",
-  "ist": "chemical/x-isostar",
-  "istr": "chemical/x-isostar",
-  "isu": "video/x-isvideo",
-  "it": "audio/it",
-  "itp": "application/vnd.shana.informed.formtemplate",
-  "its": "application/its+xml",
-  "iv": "application/x-inventor",
   "ivp": "application/vnd.immervision-ivp",
-  "ivr": "i-world/i-vrml",
   "ivu": "application/vnd.immervision-ivu",
-  "ivy": "application/x-livescreen",
-  "j2": "text/jinja",
-  "jad": "text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor",
-  "jade": "text/jade",
+  "igm": "application/vnd.insors.igm",
+  "xpw": "application/vnd.intercon.formnet",
+  "xpx": "application/vnd.intercon.formnet",
+  "i2g": "application/vnd.intergeo",
+  "qbo": "application/vnd.intu.qbo",
+  "qfx": "application/vnd.intu.qfx",
+  "rcprofile": "application/vnd.ipunplugged.rcprofile",
+  "irp": "application/vnd.irepository.package+xml",
+  "xpr": "application/vnd.is-xpr",
+  "fcs": "application/vnd.isac.fcs",
   "jam": "application/vnd.jam",
-  "jar": "application/x-java-archive",
-  "jardiff": "application/x-java-archive-diff",
-  "java": "text/x-java-source",
-  "jcm": "application/x-java-commerce",
-  "jdx": "chemical/x-jcamp-dx",
-  "jenkinsfile": "text/groovy",
-  "jfif": "image/jpeg",
-  "jinja": "text/jinja",
-  "jinja2": "text/jinja",
+  "rms": "application/vnd.jcp.javame.midlet-rms",
   "jisp": "application/vnd.jisp",
-  "jls": "image/jls",
-  "jlt": "application/vnd.hp-jlyt",
-  "jl": "text/julia",
-  "jmz": "application/x-jmol",
-  "jng": "image/x-jng",
-  "jnlp": "application/x-java-jnlp-file",
   "joda": "application/vnd.joost.joda-archive",
-  "jp2": "image/jp2",
-  "jpe": "image/jpeg",
-  "jpeg": "image/jpeg",
-  "jpf": "image/jpx",
-  "jpg": "image/jpeg",
-  "jpg2": "image/jp2",
-  "jpgm": "image/jpm",
-  "jpgv": "video/jpeg",
-  "jpm": "image/jpm",
-  "jps": "image/x-jps",
-  "jpx": "image/jpx",
-  "jrd": "application/jrd+json",
-  "js": "application/javascript",
-  "json": "application/json",
-  "json-patch": "application/json-patch+json",
-  "json5": "application/json5",
-  "jsonld": "application/ld+json",
-  "jsonml": "application/jsonml+json",
-  "jsx": "text/jsx",
-  "jtd": "text/vnd.esmertec.theme-descriptor",
-  "jut": "image/jutvision",
-  "kar": "audio/midi",
+  "ktz": "application/vnd.kahootz",
+  "ktr": "application/vnd.kahootz",
   "karbon": "application/vnd.kde.karbon",
-  "kcm": "application/vnd.nervana",
-  "key": "application/pgp-keys",
-  "keynote": "application/vnd.apple.keynote",
+  "chrt": "application/vnd.kde.kchart",
   "kfo": "application/vnd.kde.kformula",
-  "kia": "application/vnd.kidspiration",
-  "kil": "application/x-killustrator",
-  "kin": "chemical/x-kinemage",
-  "kml": "application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml",
-  "kmz": "application/vnd.google-earth.kmz",
-  "kne": "application/vnd.kinar",
-  "knp": "application/vnd.kinar",
-  "kom": "application/vnd.hbci",
+  "flw": "application/vnd.kde.kivio",
   "kon": "application/vnd.kde.kontour",
-  "koz": "audio/vnd.audikoz",
   "kpr": "application/vnd.kde.kpresenter",
   "kpt": "application/vnd.kde.kpresenter",
-  "kpxx": "application/vnd.ds-keypoint",
-  "ksh": "application/x-ksh",
   "ksp": "application/vnd.kde.kspread",
-  "kt": "text/kotlin",
-  "ktr": "application/vnd.kahootz",
-  "ktx": "image/ktx",
-  "ktz": "application/vnd.kahootz",
   "kwd": "application/vnd.kde.kword",
   "kwt": "application/vnd.kde.kword",
-  "l16": "audio/l16",
-  "la": "audio/nspaudio",
-  "lam": "audio/x-liveaudio",
-  "lasjson": "application/vnd.las.las+json",
+  "htke": "application/vnd.kenameaapp",
+  "kia": "application/vnd.kidspiration",
+  "kne": "application/vnd.kinar",
+  "knp": "application/vnd.kinar",
+  "skp": "application/vnd.koan",
+  "skd": "application/vnd.koan",
+  "skt": "application/vnd.koan",
+  "skm": "application/vnd.koan",
+  "sse": "application/vnd.kodak-descriptor",
   "lasxml": "application/vnd.las.las+xml",
-  "latex": "application/x-latex",
-  "lbc": "audio/ilbc",
   "lbd": "application/vnd.llamagraphics.life-balance.desktop",
   "lbe": "application/vnd.llamagraphics.life-balance.exchange+xml",
-  "le": "application/vnd.bluetooth.le.oob",
-  "les": "application/vnd.hhe.lesson-player",
-  "less": "text/less",
-  "lgr": "application/lgr+xml",
-  "lha": "application/octet-stream",
-  "lhs": "text/x-literate-haskell",
-  "lhx": "application/octet-stream",
-  "lin": "application/bbolin",
-  "link66": "application/vnd.route66.link66+xml",
-  "list": "text/plain",
-  "list3820": "application/vnd.ibm.modcap",
-  "listafp": "application/vnd.ibm.modcap",
-  "lmp": "model/vnd.gdl",
-  "lnk": "application/x-ms-shortcut",
-  "log": "text/plain",
-  "lostsyncxml": "application/lostsync+xml",
-  "lostxml": "application/lost+xml",
-  "lrf": "application/octet-stream",
-  "lrm": "application/vnd.ms-lrm",
-  "lsf": "video/x-la-asf",
-  "lsp": "text/x-script.lisp",
-  "lst": "text/plain",
-  "lsx": "video/x-la-asf",
-  "ltf": "application/vnd.frogans.ltf",
-  "ltx": "application/x-latex",
-  "lua": "text/x-lua",
-  "luac": "application/x-lua-bytecode",
-  "lvp": "audio/vnd.lucent.voice",
+  "123": "application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3",
+  "apr": "application/vnd.lotus-approach",
+  "pre": "application/vnd.lotus-freelance",
+  "nsf": "application/vnd.lotus-notes",
+  "org": "application/vnd.lotus-organizer",
+  "scm": "application/vnd.lotus-screencam",
   "lwp": "application/vnd.lotus-wordpro",
-  "lxf": "application/lxf",
-  "lyx": "application/x-lyx",
-  "lzh": "application/octet-stream",
-  "lzx": "application/x-lzx",
-  "m": "application/vnd.wolfram.mathematica.package",
-  "m13": "application/x-msmediaview",
-  "m14": "application/x-msmediaview",
-  "m15": "audio/x-mod",
-  "m1v": "video/mpeg",
-  "m21": "application/mp21",
-  "m2a": "audio/mpeg",
-  "m2v": "video/mpeg",
-  "m3a": "audio/mpeg",
-  "m3g": "application/m3g",
-  "m3u": "audio/x-mpegurl",
-  "m3u8": "application/vnd.apple.mpegurl",
-  "m4a": "audio/x-m4a",
-  "m4s": "video/iso.segment",
-  "m4u": "video/vnd.mpegurl",
-  "m4v": "video/x-m4v",
-  "ma": "application/mathematica",
-  "mads": "application/mads+xml",
-  "mag": "application/vnd.ecowin.chart",
-  "mail": "message/rfc822",
-  "maker": "application/vnd.framemaker",
-  "man": "application/x-troff-man",
-  "manifest": "text/cache-manifest",
-  "map": "application/x-navimap",
-  "mar": "text/plain",
-  "markdown": "text/markdown",
-  "mathml": "application/mathml+xml",
-  "mb": "application/mathematica",
-  "mbd": "application/mbedlet",
-  "mbk": "application/vnd.mobius.mbk",
-  "mbox": "application/mbox",
-  "mc$": "application/x-magic-cap-package-1.0",
-  "mc1": "application/vnd.medcalcdata",
+  "portpkg": "application/vnd.macports.portpkg",
   "mcd": "application/vnd.mcd",
-  "mcf": "image/vasa",
-  "mcif": "chemical/x-mmcif",
-  "mcm": "chemical/x-macmolecule",
-  "mcp": "application/netmc",
-  "mcurl": "text/vnd.curl.mcurl",
-  "md": "text/markdown",
-  "mdb": "application/x-msaccess",
-  "mdc": "application/vnd.marlin.drm.mdcf",
-  "mdi": "image/vnd.ms-modi",
-  "me": "application/x-troff-me",
-  "med": "audio/x-mod",
-  "mesh": "model/mesh",
-  "meta4": "application/metalink4+xml",
-  "metalink": "application/metalink+xml",
-  "mets": "application/mets+xml",
-  "mf4": "application/mf4",
+  "mc1": "application/vnd.medcalcdata",
+  "cdkey": "application/vnd.mediastation.cdkey",
+  "mwf": "application/vnd.mfer",
   "mfm": "application/vnd.mfmp",
-  "mft": "application/rpki-manifest",
-  "mgp": "application/vnd.osgeo.mapguide.package",
-  "mgz": "application/vnd.proteus.magazine",
-  "mht": "message/rfc822",
-  "mhtml": "message/rfc822",
-  "mib": "text/mib",
-  "mid": "audio/midi",
-  "midi": "audio/midi",
-  "mie": "application/x-mie",
-  "mif": "application/x-mif",
-  "mime": "message/rfc822",
-  "miz": "text/mizar",
-  "mj2": "video/mj2",
-  "mjf": "audio/x-vnd.audioexplosion.mjuicemediafile",
-  "mjp2": "video/mj2",
-  "mjpg": "video/x-motion-jpeg",
-  "mjs": "application/javascript",
-  "mk": "text/makefile",
-  "mk3d": "video/x-matroska-3d",
-  "mka": "audio/x-matroska",
-  "mkd": "text/x-markdown",
-  "mks": "video/x-matroska",
-  "mkv": "video/x-matroska",
-  "mlp": "application/vnd.dolby.mlp",
-  "mm": "application/x-freemind",
-  "mmd": "application/vnd.chipnuts.karaoke-mmd",
-  "mmdb": "application/vnd.maxmind.maxmind-db",
-  "mme": "application/base64",
-  "mmf": "application/vnd.smaf",
-  "mml": "text/mathml",
-  "mmod": "chemical/x-macromodel-input",
-  "mmr": "image/vnd.fujixerox.edmics-mmr",
-  "mms": "application/vnd.wap.mms-message",
-  "mng": "video/x-mng",
-  "mny": "application/x-msmoney",
-  "mobi": "application/x-mobipocket-ebook",
-  "moc": "text/x-moc",
-  "mod": "audio/x-mod",
-  "model-inter": "application/vnd.vd-study",
-  "mods": "application/mods+xml",
-  "modulemap": "text/modulemap",
-  "mol": "chemical/x-mdl-molfile",
-  "mol2": "chemical/x-mol2",
-  "moml": "model/vnd.moml+xml",
-  "moo": "chemical/x-mopac-out",
-  "moov": "video/quicktime",
-  "mop": "chemical/x-mopac-input",
-  "mopcrt": "chemical/x-mopac-input",
-  "mov": "video/quicktime",
-  "movie": "video/x-sgi-movie",
-  "mp1": "audio/mpeg",
-  "mp2": "audio/mpeg",
-  "mp21": "application/mp21",
-  "mp2a": "audio/mpeg",
-  "mp3": "audio/mp3",
-  "mp4": "video/mp4",
-  "mp4a": "audio/mp4",
-  "mp4s": "application/mp4",
-  "mp4v": "video/mp4",
-  "mpa": "video/mpeg",
-  "mpc": "application/vnd.mophun.certificate",
-  "mpd": "application/dash+xml",
-  "mpdd": "application/dashdelta",
-  "mpe": "video/mpeg",
-  "mpeg": "video/mpeg",
-  "mpega": "audio/mpeg",
-  "mpf": "text/vnd.ms-mediapackage",
-  "mpg": "video/mpeg",
-  "mpg4": "video/mp4",
-  "mpga": "audio/mpeg",
-  "mpkg": "application/vnd.apple.installer+xml",
-  "mpm": "application/vnd.blueice.multipass",
+  "flo": "application/vnd.micrografx.flo",
+  "igx": "application/vnd.micrografx.igx",
+  "mif": "application/vnd.mif",
+  "daf": "application/vnd.mobius.daf",
+  "dis": "application/vnd.mobius.dis",
+  "mbk": "application/vnd.mobius.mbk",
+  "mqy": "application/vnd.mobius.mqy",
+  "msl": "application/vnd.mobius.msl",
+  "plc": "application/vnd.mobius.plc",
+  "txf": "application/vnd.mobius.txf",
   "mpn": "application/vnd.mophun.application",
+  "mpc": "application/vnd.mophun.certificate",
+  "xul": "application/vnd.mozilla.xul+xml",
+  "cil": "application/vnd.ms-artgalry",
+  "cab": "application/vnd.ms-cab-compressed",
+  "xls": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
+  "xlm": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
+  "xla": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
+  "xlc": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
+  "xlt": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
+  "xlw": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
+  "xlam": "application/vnd.ms-excel.addin.macroenabled.12",
+  "xlsb": "application/vnd.ms-excel.sheet.binary.macroenabled.12",
+  "xlsm": "application/vnd.ms-excel.sheet.macroenabled.12",
+  "xltm": "application/vnd.ms-excel.template.macroenabled.12",
+  "eot": "application/vnd.ms-fontobject",
+  "chm": "application/vnd.ms-htmlhelp",
+  "ims": "application/vnd.ms-ims",
+  "lrm": "application/vnd.ms-lrm",
+  "thmx": "application/vnd.ms-officetheme",
+  "cat": "application/vnd.ms-pki.seccat",
+  "stl": "application/vnd.ms-pki.stl",
+  "ppt": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
+  "pps": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
+  "pot": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
+  "ppam": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.addin.macroenabled.12",
+  "pptm": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.presentation.macroenabled.12",
+  "sldm": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.slide.macroenabled.12",
+  "ppsm": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.slideshow.macroenabled.12",
+  "potm": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.template.macroenabled.12",
   "mpp": "application/vnd.ms-project",
   "mpt": "application/vnd.ms-project",
-  "mpv": "application/x-project",
-  "mpv2": "video/mpeg",
-  "mpx": "application/x-project",
-  "mpy": "application/vnd.ibm.minipay",
-  "mqy": "application/vnd.mobius.mqy",
-  "mrc": "application/marc",
-  "mrcx": "application/marcxml+xml",
-  "ms": "application/x-troff-ms",
-  "msa": "application/vnd.msa-disk-image",
-  "mscml": "application/mediaservercontrol+xml",
-  "msd": "application/vnd.fdsn.mseed",
-  "mseed": "application/vnd.fdsn.mseed",
+  "docm": "application/vnd.ms-word.document.macroenabled.12",
+  "dotm": "application/vnd.ms-word.template.macroenabled.12",
+  "wps": "application/vnd.ms-works",
+  "wks": "application/vnd.ms-works",
+  "wcm": "application/vnd.ms-works",
+  "wdb": "application/vnd.ms-works",
+  "wpl": "application/vnd.ms-wpl",
+  "xps": "application/vnd.ms-xpsdocument",
   "mseq": "application/vnd.mseq",
-  "msf": "application/vnd.epson.msf",
-  "msg": "application/vnd.ms-outlook",
-  "msh": "model/mesh",
-  "msi": "application/x-msi",
-  "msl": "application/vnd.mobius.msl",
-  "msm": "model/vnd.gdl",
-  "msty": "application/vnd.muvee.style",
-  "mtm": "audio/x-mod",
-  "mts": "model/vnd.mts",
-  "multitrack": "audio/vnd.presonus.multitrack",
   "mus": "application/vnd.musician",
-  "musd": "application/mmt-usd+xml",
-  "musicxml": "application/vnd.recordare.musicxml+xml",
-  "mv": "video/x-sgi-movie",
-  "mvb": "application/x-msmediaview",
-  "mvt": "application/vnd.mapbox-vector-tile",
-  "mwc": "application/vnd.dpgraph",
-  "mwf": "application/vnd.mfer",
-  "mxf": "application/mxf",
-  "mxi": "application/vnd.vd-study",
-  "mxl": "application/vnd.recordare.musicxml",
-  "mxmf": "audio/mobile-xmf",
-  "mxml": "application/xv+xml",
-  "mxs": "application/vnd.triscape.mxs",
-  "mxu": "video/vnd.mpegurl",
-  "my": "audio/make",
-  "mzz": "application/x-vnd.audioexplosion.mzz",
-  "n-gage": "application/vnd.nokia.n-gage.symbian.install",
-  "n3": "text/n3",
-  "nap": "image/naplps",
-  "naplps": "image/naplps",
-  "nb": "application/mathematica",
-  "nbp": "application/vnd.wolfram.player",
-  "nc": "application/x-netcdf",
-  "ncm": "application/vnd.nokia.configuration-message",
-  "ncx": "application/x-dtbncx+xml",
-  "ndc": "application/vnd.osa.netdeploy",
-  "ndjson": "application/json",
-  "ndl": "application/vnd.lotus-notes",
-  "nds": "application/vnd.nintendo.nitro.rom",
-  "nef": "image/x-nikon-nef",
-  "nfo": "text/x-nfo",
-  "ngdat": "application/vnd.nokia.n-gage.data",
-  "ngdoc": "text/ngdoc",
-  "nif": "image/x-niff",
-  "niff": "image/x-niff",
+  "msty": "application/vnd.muvee.style",
+  "taglet": "application/vnd.mynfc",
+  "nlu": "application/vnd.neurolanguage.nlu",
   "nim": "text/nim",
   "nimble": "text/nimble",
   "nimf": "text/nim",
   "nims": "text/nim",
+  "ntf": "application/vnd.nitf",
   "nitf": "application/vnd.nitf",
-  "nix": "application/x-mix-transfer",
-  "nlu": "application/vnd.neurolanguage.nlu",
-  "nml": "application/vnd.enliven",
   "nnd": "application/vnd.noblenet-directory",
   "nns": "application/vnd.noblenet-sealer",
   "nnw": "application/vnd.noblenet-web",
-  "notebook": "application/vnd.smart.notebook",
-  "npx": "image/vnd.net-fpx",
-  "nq": "application/n-quads",
-  "ns2": "application/vnd.lotus-notes",
-  "ns3": "application/vnd.lotus-notes",
-  "ns4": "application/vnd.lotus-notes",
-  "nsc": "application/x-conference",
-  "nsf": "application/vnd.lotus-notes",
-  "nsg": "application/vnd.lotus-notes",
-  "nsh": "application/vnd.lotus-notes",
-  "nt": "application/n-triples",
-  "ntf": "application/vnd.lotus-notes",
-  "numbers": "application/vnd.apple.numbers",
-  "nvd": "application/x-navidoc",
-  "nwc": "application/x-nwc",
-  "nws": "message/rfc822",
-  "nzb": "application/x-nzb",
-  "o": "application/x-object",
-  "o4a": "application/vnd.oma.drm.dcf",
-  "o4v": "application/vnd.oma.drm.dcf",
-  "oa2": "application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys2",
-  "oa3": "application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys3",
-  "oas": "application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys",
-  "obd": "application/x-msbinder",
-  "obg": "application/vnd.openblox.game-binary",
-  "obgx": "application/vnd.openblox.game+xml",
-  "obj": "application/x-tgif",
-  "oda": "application/oda",
-  "odb": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.database",
+  "ngdat": "application/vnd.nokia.n-gage.data",
+  "n-gage": "application/vnd.nokia.n-gage.symbian.install",
+  "rpst": "application/vnd.nokia.radio-preset",
+  "rpss": "application/vnd.nokia.radio-presets",
+  "edm": "application/vnd.novadigm.edm",
+  "edx": "application/vnd.novadigm.edx",
+  "ext": "application/vnd.novadigm.ext",
   "odc": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart",
-  "odd": "application/tei+xml",
+  "otc": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart-template",
+  "odb": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.database",
   "odf": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula",
   "odft": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula-template",
   "odg": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics",
-  "odi": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image",
-  "odm": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-master",
-  "odp": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation",
-  "ods": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet",
-  "odt": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text",
-  "odx": "application/odx",
-  "oeb": "application/vnd.openeye.oeb",
-  "oga": "audio/ogg",
-  "ogex": "model/vnd.opengex",
-  "ogg": "audio/ogg",
-  "ogv": "video/ogg",
-  "ogx": "application/ogg",
-  "old": "application/x-trash",
-  "omc": "application/x-omc",
-  "omcd": "application/x-omcdatamaker",
-  "omcr": "application/x-omcregerator",
-  "omdoc": "application/omdoc+xml",
-  "omg": "audio/atrac3",
-  "onepkg": "application/onenote",
-  "onetmp": "application/onenote",
-  "onetoc": "application/onenote",
-  "onetoc2": "application/onenote",
-  "opf": "application/oebps-package+xml",
-  "opml": "text/x-opml",
-  "oprc": "application/vnd.palm",
-  "opus": "audio/ogg",
-  "or2": "application/vnd.lotus-organizer",
-  "or3": "application/vnd.lotus-organizer",
-  "orf": "image/x-olympus-orf",
-  "org": "text/x-org",
-  "orq": "application/ocsp-request",
-  "ors": "application/ocsp-response",
-  "osf": "application/vnd.yamaha.openscoreformat",
-  "osfpvg": "application/vnd.yamaha.openscoreformat.osfpvg+xml",
-  "osm": "application/vnd.openstreetmap.data+xml",
-  "otc": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart-template",
-  "otf": "font/otf",
   "otg": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics-template",
-  "oth": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-web",
+  "odi": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image",
   "oti": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image-template",
+  "odp": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation",
   "otp": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation-template",
+  "ods": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet",
   "ots": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet-template",
+  "odt": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text",
+  "odm": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-master",
   "ott": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-template",
-  "ova": "application/x-virtualbox-ova",
-  "ovf": "application/x-virtualbox-ovf",
-  "owx": "application/owl+xml",
-  "oxlicg": "application/vnd.oxli.countgraph",
-  "oxps": "application/oxps",
+  "oth": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-web",
+  "xo": "application/vnd.olpc-sugar",
+  "dd2": "application/vnd.oma.dd2+xml",
   "oxt": "application/vnd.openofficeorg.extension",
-  "oza": "application/x-oz-application",
-  "p": "text/x-pascal",
-  "p10": "application/pkcs10",
-  "p12": "application/pkcs12",
-  "p2p": "application/vnd.wfa.p2p",
-  "p7a": "application/x-pkcs7-signature",
-  "p7b": "application/x-pkcs7-certificates",
-  "p7c": "application/pkcs7-mime",
-  "p7m": "application/pkcs7-mime",
-  "p7r": "application/x-pkcs7-certreqresp",
-  "p7s": "application/pkcs7-signature",
-  "p8": "application/pkcs8",
-  "pac": "application/x-ns-proxy-autoconfig",
-  "pack": "application/x-java-pack200",
-  "package": "application/vnd.autopackage",
-  "pages": "application/vnd.apple.pages",
-  "par": "text/plain-bas",
-  "part": "application/pro_eng",
-  "pas": "text/pascal",
-  "pat": "image/x-coreldrawpattern",
-  "patch": "text/x-diff",
-  "paw": "application/vnd.pawaafile",
-  "pbd": "application/vnd.powerbuilder6",
-  "pbm": "image/x-portable-bitmap",
-  "pcap": "application/vnd.tcpdump.pcap",
-  "pcf": "application/x-font-pcf",
-  "pcl": "application/vnd.hp-pcl",
-  "pclxl": "application/vnd.hp-pclxl",
-  "pct": "image/x-pict",
-  "pcurl": "application/vnd.curl.pcurl",
-  "pcx": "image/x-pcx",
-  "pdb": "application/vnd.palm",
-  "pde": "text/x-processing",
-  "pdf": "application/pdf",
-  "pdx": "application/pdx",
-  "pem": "text/pem",
-  "pfa": "application/x-font-type1",
-  "pfb": "application/x-font-type1",
-  "pfm": "application/x-font-type1",
-  "pfr": "application/font-tdpfr",
-  "pfunk": "audio/make",
-  "pfx": "application/pkcs12",
-  "pgb": "image/vnd.globalgraphics.pgb",
-  "pgm": "image/x-portable-graymap",
-  "pgn": "application/x-chess-pgn",
-  "pgp": "application/pgp-encrypted",
-  "php": "application/x-httpd-php",
-  "php3": "application/x-httpd-php3",
-  "php3p": "application/x-httpd-php3-preprocessed",
-  "php4": "application/x-httpd-php4",
-  "php5": "application/x-httpd-php5",
-  "phps": "application/x-httpd-php-source",
-  "pht": "application/x-httpd-php",
-  "phtml": "application/x-httpd-php",
-  "pic": "image/pict",
-  "pict": "image/pict",
-  "pil": "application/vnd.piaccess.application-license",
-  "pk": "application/x-tex-pk",
-  "pkd": "application/vnd.hbci",
-  "pkg": "application/vnd.apple.installer+xml",
-  "pki": "application/pkixcmp",
-  "pkipath": "application/pkix-pkipath",
-  "pko": "application/ynd.ms-pkipko",
-  "pkpass": "application/vnd.apple.pkpass",
-  "pl": "application/x-perl",
-  "plantuml": "text/plantuml",
-  "plb": "application/vnd.3gpp.pic-bw-large",
-  "plc": "application/vnd.mobius.plc",
-  "plf": "application/vnd.pocketlearn",
-  "plj": "audio/vnd.everad.plj",
-  "plp": "application/vnd.panoply",
-  "pls": "application/pls+xml",
-  "plx": "application/x-pixclscript",
-  "ply": "model/stanford",
-  "pm": "text/plain",
-  "pm4": "application/x-pagemaker",
-  "pm5": "application/x-pagemaker",
-  "pma": "application/x-perfmon",
-  "pmc": "application/x-perfmon",
-  "pml": "application/vnd.ctc-posml",
-  "pmr": "application/x-perfmon",
-  "pmw": "application/x-perfmon",
-  "png": "image/png",
-  "pnm": "image/x-portable-anymap",
-  "po": "text/pofile",
-  "pod": "text/x-pod",
-  "portpkg": "application/vnd.macports.portpkg",
-  "pot": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
-  "potm": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.template.macroenabled.12",
-  "potx": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.template",
-  "pov": "model/x-pov",
-  "pp": "text/puppet",
-  "ppa": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
-  "ppam": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.addin.macroenabled.12",
-  "ppd": "application/vnd.cups-ppd",
-  "ppkg": "application/vnd.xmpie.ppkg",
-  "ppm": "image/x-portable-pixmap",
-  "pps": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
-  "ppsm": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.slideshow.macroenabled.12",
-  "ppsx": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.slideshow",
-  "ppt": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
-  "pptm": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.presentation.macroenabled.12",
   "pptx": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation",
-  "ppz": "application/mspowerpoint",
+  "sldx": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.slide",
+  "ppsx": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.slideshow",
+  "potx": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.template",
+  "xlsx": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet",
+  "xltx": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.template",
+  "docx": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document",
+  "dotx": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.template",
+  "mgp": "application/vnd.osgeo.mapguide.package",
+  "dp": "application/vnd.osgi.dp",
+  "esa": "application/vnd.osgi.subsystem",
+  "pdb": "application/vnd.palm",
   "pqa": "application/vnd.palm",
-  "prc": "application/vnd.palm",
-  "pre": "application/vnd.lotus-freelance",
-  "preminet": "application/vnd.preminet",
-  "prf": "application/pics-rules",
-  "proto": "text/proto",
-  "provn": "text/provenance-notation",
-  "provx": "application/provenance+xml",
-  "prt": "application/pro_eng",
-  "prz": "application/vnd.lotus-freelance",
-  "ps": "application/postscript",
-  "psb": "application/vnd.3gpp.pic-bw-small",
-  "psd": "image/vnd.adobe.photoshop",
-  "pseg3820": "application/vnd.ibm.modcap",
-  "psf": "application/x-font-linux-psf",
-  "psid": "audio/prs.sid",
-  "pskcxml": "application/pskc+xml",
-  "pti": "image/prs.pti",
-  "ptid": "application/vnd.pvi.ptid1",
-  "pub": "application/x-mspublisher",
-  "purs": "text/purescript",
-  "pvb": "application/vnd.3gpp.pic-bw-var",
-  "pvu": "paleovu/x-pv",
-  "pwn": "application/vnd.3m.post-it-notes",
-  "pwz": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
-  "pxd": "text/cython",
-  "pxi": "text/cython",
-  "py": "text/x-script.phyton",
-  "pya": "audio/vnd.ms-playready.media.pya",
-  "pyc": "application/x-python-code",
-  "pyi": "text/pyi",
-  "pyo": "application/x-python-code",
-  "pyv": "video/vnd.ms-playready.media.pyv",
-  "pyx": "text/cython",
-  "qam": "application/vnd.epson.quickanime",
-  "qbo": "application/vnd.intu.qbo",
-  "qca": "application/vnd.ericsson.quickcall",
-  "qcall": "application/vnd.ericsson.quickcall",
-  "qcp": "audio/qcelp",
-  "qd3": "x-world/x-3dmf",
-  "qd3d": "x-world/x-3dmf",
-  "qfx": "application/vnd.intu.qfx",
-  "qgs": "application/x-qgis",
-  "qif": "image/x-quicktime",
+  "oprc": "application/vnd.palm",
+  "paw": "application/vnd.pawaafile",
+  "str": "application/vnd.pg.format",
+  "ei6": "application/vnd.pg.osasli",
+  "efif": "application/vnd.picsel",
+  "wg": "application/vnd.pmi.widget",
+  "plf": "application/vnd.pocketlearn",
+  "pbd": "application/vnd.powerbuilder6",
+  "box": "application/vnd.previewsystems.box",
+  "mgz": "application/vnd.proteus.magazine",
   "qps": "application/vnd.publishare-delta-tree",
-  "qt": "video/quicktime",
-  "qtc": "video/x-qtc",
-  "qti": "image/x-quicktime",
-  "qtif": "image/x-quicktime",
-  "qtl": "application/x-quicktimeplayer",
-  "quiz": "application/vnd.quobject-quoxdocument",
-  "quox": "application/vnd.quobject-quoxdocument",
-  "qvd": "application/vnd.theqvd",
+  "ptid": "application/vnd.pvi.ptid1",
+  "qxd": "application/vnd.quark.quarkxpress",
+  "qxt": "application/vnd.quark.quarkxpress",
   "qwd": "application/vnd.quark.quarkxpress",
   "qwt": "application/vnd.quark.quarkxpress",
-  "qxb": "application/vnd.quark.quarkxpress",
-  "qxd": "application/vnd.quark.quarkxpress",
   "qxl": "application/vnd.quark.quarkxpress",
-  "qxt": "application/vnd.quark.quarkxpress",
-  "r": "text/r",
-  "ra": "audio/x-realaudio",
-  "ram": "audio/x-pn-realaudio",
-  "raml": "application/raml+yaml",
-  "rapd": "application/route-apd+xml",
-  "rar": "application/x-rar-compressed",
-  "ras": "image/x-cmu-raster",
-  "rast": "image/cmu-raster",
-  "rb": "application/x-ruby",
-  "rcprofile": "application/vnd.ipunplugged.rcprofile",
-  "rct": "application/prs.nprend",
-  "rd": "chemical/x-mdl-rdfile",
-  "rda": "text/r",
-  "rdata": "text/r",
-  "rds": "text/r",
-  "rdf": "application/rdf+xml",
-  "rdf-crypt": "application/prs.rdf-xml-crypt",
-  "rdz": "application/vnd.data-vision.rdz",
-  "relo": "application/p2p-overlay+xml",
-  "rep": "application/vnd.businessobjects",
-  "request": "application/vnd.nervana",
-  "res": "application/x-dtbresource+xml",
-  "rexx": "text/x-script.rexx",
-  "rf": "image/vnd.rn-realflash",
-  "rfcxml": "application/rfc+xml",
-  "rgb": "image/x-rgb",
-  "rgbe": "image/vnd.radiance",
-  "rhtml": "application/x-httpd-eruby",
-  "rif": "application/reginfo+xml",
-  "rip": "audio/vnd.rip",
-  "ris": "application/x-research-info-systems",
-  "rl": "application/resource-lists+xml",
-  "rlc": "image/vnd.fujixerox.edmics-rlc",
-  "rld": "application/resource-lists-diff+xml",
-  "rlib": "text/rust",
+  "qxb": "application/vnd.quark.quarkxpress",
+  "bed": "application/vnd.realvnc.bed",
+  "mxl": "application/vnd.recordare.musicxml",
+  "musicxml": "application/vnd.recordare.musicxml+xml",
+  "cryptonote": "application/vnd.rig.cryptonote",
+  "cod": "application/vnd.rim.cod",
   "rm": "application/vnd.rn-realmedia",
-  "rmi": "audio/mid",
-  "rmm": "audio/x-pn-realaudio",
-  "rmp": "audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin",
-  "rms": "application/vnd.jcp.javame.midlet-rms",
   "rmvb": "application/vnd.rn-realmedia-vbr",
-  "rnc": "application/relax-ng-compact-syntax",
-  "rnd": "application/prs.nprend",
-  "rng": "text/xml",
-  "rnx": "application/vnd.rn-realplayer",
-  "roa": "application/rpki-roa",
-  "roff": "text/troff",
-  "ros": "chemical/x-rosdal",
-  "rp": "image/vnd.rn-realpix",
-  "rp9": "application/vnd.cloanto.rp9",
-  "rpm": "application/x-redhat-package-manager",
-  "rpss": "application/vnd.nokia.radio-presets",
-  "rpst": "application/vnd.nokia.radio-preset",
-  "rq": "application/sparql-query",
-  "rs": "application/rls-services+xml",
-  "rsd": "application/rsd+xml",
-  "rsheet": "application/urc-ressheet+xml",
-  "rsm": "model/vnd.gdl",
-  "rss": "application/rss+xml",
-  "rst": "text/prs.fallenstein.rst",
-  "rt": "text/richtext",
-  "rtf": "text/rtf",
-  "rtx": "text/richtext",
-  "run": "application/x-makeself",
-  "rusd": "application/route-usd+xml",
-  "rv": "video/vnd.rn-realvideo",
-  "rxn": "chemical/x-mdl-rxnfile",
-  "s": "text/x-asm",
-  "s11": "video/vnd.sealed.mpeg1",
-  "s14": "video/vnd.sealed.mpeg4",
-  "s1a": "application/vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.pdf",
-  "s1e": "application/vnd.sealed.xls",
-  "s1g": "image/vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.gif",
-  "s1h": "application/vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.html",
-  "s1j": "image/vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.jpg",
-  "s1m": "audio/vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.mpeg",
-  "s1n": "image/vnd.sealed.png",
-  "s1p": "application/vnd.sealed.ppt",
-  "s1q": "video/vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.mov",
-  "s1w": "application/vnd.sealed.doc",
-  "s3df": "application/vnd.sealed.3df",
-  "s3m": "audio/s3m",
-  "sac": "application/tamp-sequence-adjust-confirm",
-  "saf": "application/vnd.yamaha.smaf-audio",
-  "sam": "application/vnd.lotus-wordpro",
-  "sandboxed": "text/html-sandboxed",
-  "sass": "text/x-sass",
-  "saveme": "application/octet-stream",
-  "sbk": "application/x-tbook",
-  "sbml": "application/sbml+xml",
-  "sc": "application/vnd.ibm.secure-container",
-  "scala": "text/x-scala",
-  "scd": "application/x-msschedule",
-  "sce": "application/vnd.etsi.asic-e+zip",
-  "scim": "application/scim+json",
-  "scld": "application/vnd.doremir.scorecloud-binary-document",
-  "scm": "application/vnd.lotus-screencam",
-  "scq": "application/scvp-cv-request",
-  "scr": "application/x-silverlight",
-  "scs": "application/scvp-cv-response",
-  "scsf": "application/vnd.sealed.csf",
-  "scss": "text/x-scss",
-  "sct": "text/scriptlet",
-  "scurl": "text/vnd.curl.scurl",
-  "sd": "chemical/x-mdl-sdfile",
-  "sd2": "audio/x-sd2",
-  "sda": "application/vnd.stardivision.draw",
-  "sdc": "application/vnd.stardivision.calc",
-  "sdd": "application/vnd.stardivision.impress",
-  "sdf": "application/vnd.kinar",
-  "sdkd": "application/vnd.solent.sdkm+xml",
-  "sdkm": "application/vnd.solent.sdkm+xml",
-  "sdml": "text/plain",
-  "sdo": "application/vnd.sealed.doc",
-  "sdoc": "application/vnd.sealed.doc",
-  "sdp": "application/sdp",
-  "sdr": "application/sounder",
-  "sdw": "application/vnd.stardivision.writer",
-  "sea": "application/x-sea",
+  "link66": "application/vnd.route66.link66+xml",
+  "st": "application/vnd.sailingtracker.track",
   "see": "application/vnd.seemail",
-  "seed": "application/vnd.fdsn.seed",
-  "sem": "application/vnd.sealed.eml",
   "sema": "application/vnd.sema",
   "semd": "application/vnd.semd",
   "semf": "application/vnd.semf",
-  "seml": "application/vnd.sealed.eml",
-  "ser": "application/java-serialized-object",
-  "set": "application/set",
-  "setpay": "application/set-payment-initiation",
-  "setreg": "application/set-registration-initiation",
-  "sfc": "application/vnd.nintendo.snes.rom",
-  "sfd": "application/vnd.font-fontforge-sfd",
-  "sfd-hdstx": "application/vnd.hydrostatix.sof-data",
+  "ifm": "application/vnd.shana.informed.formdata",
+  "itp": "application/vnd.shana.informed.formtemplate",
+  "iif": "application/vnd.shana.informed.interchange",
+  "ipk": "application/vnd.shana.informed.package",
+  "twd": "application/vnd.simtech-mindmapper",
+  "twds": "application/vnd.simtech-mindmapper",
+  "mmf": "application/vnd.smaf",
+  "teacher": "application/vnd.smart.teacher",
+  "sdkm": "application/vnd.solent.sdkm+xml",
+  "sdkd": "application/vnd.solent.sdkm+xml",
+  "dxp": "application/vnd.spotfire.dxp",
   "sfs": "application/vnd.spotfire.sfs",
-  "sfv": "text/x-sfv",
-  "sgf": "application/x-go-sgf",
-  "sgi": "image/sgi",
-  "sgif": "image/vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.gif",
-  "sgl": "application/vnd.stardivision.writer-global",
-  "sgm": "text/sgml",
-  "sgml": "text/sgml",
-  "sh": "application/x-sh",
-  "shar": "application/x-shar",
-  "shex": "text/shex",
-  "shf": "application/shf+xml",
-  "shp": "application/x-qgis",
-  "shx": "application/x-qgis",
-  "si": "text/vnd.wap.si",
-  "sic": "application/vnd.wap.sic",
-  "sid": "image/x-mrsid-image",
-  "sieve": "application/sieve",
-  "sig": "application/pgp-signature",
-  "sik": "application/x-trash",
-  "sil": "audio/silk",
-  "silo": "model/mesh",
-  "sis": "application/vnd.symbian.install",
-  "sisx": "x-epoc/x-sisx-app",
-  "sit": "application/x-stuffit",
-  "sitx": "application/x-stuffitx",
-  "siv": "application/sieve",
-  "sjp": "image/vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.jpg",
-  "sjpg": "image/vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.jpg",
-  "skd": "application/vnd.koan",
-  "skm": "application/vnd.koan",
-  "skp": "application/vnd.koan",
-  "skt": "application/vnd.koan",
-  "sl": "text/vnd.wap.sl",
-  "sla": "application/vnd.scribus",
-  "slaz": "application/vnd.scribus",
-  "slc": "application/vnd.wap.slc",
-  "sldm": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.slide.macroenabled.12",
-  "sldx": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.slide",
-  "sls": "application/route-s-tsid+xml",
-  "slt": "application/vnd.epson.salt",
-  "sm": "application/vnd.stepmania.stepchart",
-  "smc": "application/vnd.nintendo.snes.rom",
+  "sdc": "application/vnd.stardivision.calc",
+  "sda": "application/vnd.stardivision.draw",
+  "sdd": "application/vnd.stardivision.impress",
   "smf": "application/vnd.stardivision.math",
-  "smh": "application/vnd.sealed.mht",
-  "smht": "application/vnd.sealed.mht",
-  "smi": "application/smil+xml",
-  "smil": "application/smil+xml",
-  "smk": "video/vnd.radgamettools.smacker",
-  "sml": "application/smil+xml",
-  "smo": "video/vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.mov",
-  "smov": "video/vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.mov",
-  "smp": "audio/vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.mpeg",
-  "smp3": "audio/vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.mpeg",
-  "smpg": "video/vnd.sealed.mpeg1",
-  "sms": "application/vnd.3gpp2.sms",
-  "smv": "video/x-smv",
+  "sdw": "application/vnd.stardivision.writer",
+  "vor": "application/vnd.stardivision.writer",
+  "sgl": "application/vnd.stardivision.writer-global",
   "smzip": "application/vnd.stepmania.package",
-  "snd": "audio/basic",
-  "snf": "application/x-font-snf",
-  "so": "application/octet-stream",
-  "soa": "text/dns",
-  "soc": "application/sgml-open-catalog",
-  "sol": "application/solids",
-  "spc": "text/x-speech",
-  "spd": "application/vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.pdf",
-  "spdf": "application/vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.pdf",
-  "spec": "text/spec",
-  "spf": "application/vnd.yamaha.smaf-phrase",
-  "spl": "application/x-futuresplash",
-  "spn": "image/vnd.sealed.png",
-  "spng": "image/vnd.sealed.png",
-  "spo": "text/vnd.in3d.spot",
-  "spot": "text/vnd.in3d.spot",
-  "spp": "application/scvp-vp-response",
-  "sppt": "application/vnd.sealed.ppt",
-  "spq": "application/scvp-vp-request",
-  "spr": "application/x-sprite",
-  "sprite": "application/x-sprite",
-  "spx": "audio/ogg",
-  "sql": "application/x-sql",
-  "sr": "application/vnd.sigrok.session",
-  "src": "application/x-wais-source",
-  "srt": "application/x-subrip",
-  "sru": "application/sru+xml",
-  "srx": "application/sparql-results+xml",
-  "ssdl": "application/ssdl+xml",
-  "sse": "application/vnd.kodak-descriptor",
-  "ssf": "application/vnd.epson.ssf",
-  "ssi": "text/x-server-parsed-html",
-  "ssm": "application/streamingmedia",
-  "ssml": "application/ssml+xml",
-  "sst": "application/vnd.ms-pki.certstore",
-  "ssw": "video/vnd.sealed.swf",
-  "sswf": "video/vnd.sealed.swf",
-  "st": "application/vnd.sailingtracker.track",
+  "sm": "application/vnd.stepmania.stepchart",
+  "sxc": "application/vnd.sun.xml.calc",
   "stc": "application/vnd.sun.xml.calc.template",
+  "sxd": "application/vnd.sun.xml.draw",
   "std": "application/vnd.sun.xml.draw.template",
-  "step": "application/step",
-  "stf": "application/vnd.wt.stf",
+  "sxi": "application/vnd.sun.xml.impress",
   "sti": "application/vnd.sun.xml.impress.template",
-  "stif": "application/vnd.sealed.tiff",
-  "stk": "application/hyperstudio",
-  "stl": "application/vnd.ms-pki.stl",
-  "stm": "audio/x-stm",
-  "stml": "application/vnd.sealedmedia.softseal.html",
-  "stp": "application/step",
-  "str": "application/vnd.pg.format",
-  "study-inter": "application/vnd.vd-study",
+  "sxm": "application/vnd.sun.xml.math",
+  "sxw": "application/vnd.sun.xml.writer",
+  "sxg": "application/vnd.sun.xml.writer.global",
   "stw": "application/vnd.sun.xml.writer.template",
-  "sty": "text/x-tex",
-  "styl": "text/stylus",
-  "sub": "text/vnd.dvb.subtitle",
   "sus": "application/vnd.sus-calendar",
   "susp": "application/vnd.sus-calendar",
-  "sv4cpio": "application/x-sv4cpio",
-  "sv4crc": "application/x-sv4crc",
-  "svc": "application/vnd.dvb.service",
   "svd": "application/vnd.svd",
-  "svf": "image/x-dwg",
-  "svg": "image/svg+xml",
-  "svgz": "image/svg+xml",
-  "sw": "chemical/x-swissprot",
-  "swa": "application/x-director",
-  "swf": "application/x-shockwave-flash",
-  "swfl": "application/x-shockwave-flash",
-  "swi": "application/vnd.aristanetworks.swi",
-  "swift": "text/swift",
-  "swiftdeps": "text/swiftdeps",
-  "sxc": "application/vnd.sun.xml.calc",
-  "sxd": "application/vnd.sun.xml.draw",
-  "sxg": "application/vnd.sun.xml.writer.global",
-  "sxi": "application/vnd.sun.xml.impress",
-  "sxl": "application/vnd.sealed.xls",
-  "sxls": "application/vnd.sealed.xls",
-  "sxm": "application/vnd.sun.xml.math",
-  "sxw": "application/vnd.sun.xml.writer",
-  "t": "text/troff",
-  "t3": "application/x-t3vm-image",
-  "t38": "image/t38",
-  "tac": "text/twisted",
-  "tag": "text/prs.lines.tag",
-  "taglet": "application/vnd.mynfc",
-  "talk": "text/x-speech",
-  "tam": "application/vnd.onepager",
-  "tamp": "application/vnd.onepagertamp",
-  "tamx": "application/vnd.onepagertamx",
+  "sis": "application/vnd.symbian.install",
+  "sisx": "application/vnd.symbian.install",
+  "xsm": "application/vnd.syncml+xml",
+  "bdm": "application/vnd.syncml.dm+wbxml",
+  "xdm": "application/vnd.syncml.dm+xml",
   "tao": "application/vnd.tao.intent-module-archive",
-  "tap": "image/vnd.tencent.tap",
-  "tar": "application/x-tar",
-  "tat": "application/vnd.onepagertat",
-  "tatp": "application/vnd.onepagertatp",
-  "tatx": "application/vnd.onepagertatx",
-  "tau": "application/tamp-apex-update",
-  "taz": "application/x-gtar",
-  "tbk": "application/toolbook",
-  "tcap": "application/vnd.3gpp2.tcap",
-  "tcl": "application/x-tcl",
-  "tcsh": "text/x-script.tcsh",
-  "tcu": "application/tamp-community-update",
-  "td": "application/urc-targetdesc+xml",
-  "teacher": "application/vnd.smart.teacher",
-  "tei": "application/tei+xml",
-  "teicorpus": "application/tei+xml",
-  "ter": "application/tamp-error",
-  "tex": "application/x-tex",
-  "texi": "application/x-texinfo",
-  "texinfo": "application/x-texinfo",
-  "text": "text/plain",
-  "tf": "text/terraform",
-  "tfi": "application/thraud+xml",
-  "tfm": "application/x-tex-tfm",
-  "tfx": "image/tiff-fx",
-  "tga": "image/x-tga",
-  "tgf": "chemical/x-mdl-tgf",
-  "tgz": "application/gzip",
-  "thmx": "application/vnd.ms-officetheme",
-  "thrift": "text/thrift",
-  "tif": "image/tiff",
-  "tiff": "image/tiff",
-  "tk": "text/x-tcl",
-  "tlclient": "application/vnd.cendio.thinlinc.clientconf",
-  "tm": "text/texmacs",
+  "pcap": "application/vnd.tcpdump.pcap",
+  "cap": "application/vnd.tcpdump.pcap",
+  "dmp": "application/vnd.tcpdump.pcap",
   "tmo": "application/vnd.tmobile-livetv",
-  "tnef": "application/vnd.ms-tnef",
-  "tnf": "application/vnd.ms-tnef",
-  "toml": "text/toml",
-  "torrent": "application/x-bittorrent",
-  "tpl": "application/vnd.groove-tool-template",
   "tpt": "application/vnd.trid.tpt",
-  "tr": "text/troff",
+  "mxs": "application/vnd.triscape.mxs",
   "tra": "application/vnd.trueapp",
-  "tree": "application/vnd.rainstor.data",
-  "trig": "application/trig",
-  "trm": "application/x-msterminal",
-  "ts": "video/mp2t",
-  "tsa": "application/tamp-sequence-adjust",
-  "tscn": "text/godot",
-  "tsd": "application/timestamped-data",
-  "tsi": "audio/tsp-audio",
-  "tsp": "audio/tsplayer",
-  "tsq": "application/timestamp-query",
-  "tsr": "application/timestamp-reply",
-  "tst": "application/vnd.etsi.timestamp-token",
-  "tsv": "text/tab-separated-values",
-  "tsx": "text/tsx",
-  "ttc": "font/collection",
-  "ttf": "font/ttf",
-  "ttl": "text/turtle",
-  "ttml": "application/ttml+xml",
-  "tuc": "application/tamp-update-confirm",
-  "tur": "application/tamp-update",
-  "turbot": "image/florian",
-  "twd": "application/vnd.simtech-mindmapper",
-  "twds": "application/vnd.simtech-mindmapper",
-  "txd": "application/vnd.genomatix.tuxedo",
-  "txf": "application/vnd.mobius.txf",
-  "txt": "text/plain",
-  "u32": "application/x-authorware-bin",
-  "u8dsn": "message/global-delivery-status",
-  "u8hdr": "message/global-headers",
-  "u8mdn": "message/global-disposition-notification",
-  "u8msg": "message/global",
-  "udeb": "application/vnd.debian.binary-package",
   "ufd": "application/vnd.ufdl",
   "ufdl": "application/vnd.ufdl",
-  "uil": "text/x-uil",
-  "uis": "application/urc-uisocketdesc+xml",
-  "uls": "text/iuls",
-  "ult": "audio/x-mod",
-  "ulx": "application/x-glulx",
+  "utz": "application/vnd.uiq.theme",
   "umj": "application/vnd.umajin",
-  "uni": "audio/x-mod",
-  "unis": "text/uri-list",
   "unityweb": "application/vnd.unity",
-  "unv": "application/i-deas",
-  "uo": "application/vnd.uoml+xml",
   "uoml": "application/vnd.uoml+xml",
-  "upa": "application/vnd.hbci",
-  "uri": "text/uri-list",
-  "uric": "text/vnd.si.uricatalogue",
-  "urim": "application/vnd.uri-map",
-  "urimap": "application/vnd.uri-map",
-  "uris": "text/uri-list",
-  "urls": "text/uri-list",
-  "ustar": "application/x-ustar",
-  "utz": "application/vnd.uiq.theme",
-  "uu": "text/x-uuencode",
-  "uue": "text/x-uuencode",
-  "uva": "audio/vnd.dece.audio",
-  "uvd": "application/vnd.dece.data",
-  "uvf": "application/vnd.dece.data",
-  "uvg": "image/vnd.dece.graphic",
-  "uvh": "video/vnd.dece.hd",
-  "uvi": "image/vnd.dece.graphic",
-  "uvm": "video/vnd.dece.mobile",
-  "uvp": "video/vnd.dece.pd",
-  "uvs": "video/vnd.dece.sd",
-  "uvt": "application/vnd.dece.ttml+xml",
-  "uvu": "video/vnd.dece.mp4",
-  "uvv": "video/vnd.dece.video",
-  "uvva": "audio/vnd.dece.audio",
-  "uvvd": "application/vnd.dece.data",
-  "uvvf": "application/vnd.dece.data",
-  "uvvg": "image/vnd.dece.graphic",
-  "uvvh": "video/vnd.dece.hd",
-  "uvvi": "image/vnd.dece.graphic",
-  "uvvm": "video/vnd.dece.mobile",
-  "uvvp": "video/vnd.dece.pd",
-  "uvvs": "video/vnd.dece.sd",
-  "uvvt": "application/vnd.dece.ttml+xml",
-  "uvvu": "video/vnd.dece.mp4",
-  "uvvv": "video/vnd.dece.video",
-  "uvvx": "application/vnd.dece.unspecified",
-  "uvvz": "application/vnd.dece.zip",
-  "uvx": "application/vnd.dece.unspecified",
-  "uvz": "application/vnd.dece.zip",
-  "val": "chemical/x-ncbi-asn1-binary",
-  "vbk": "audio/vnd.nortel.vbk",
-  "vbox": "application/x-virtualbox-vbox",
-  "vbox-extpack": "application/x-virtualbox-vbox-extpack",
-  "vcard": "text/vcard",
-  "vcd": "application/x-cdlink",
-  "vcf": "text/x-vcard",
-  "vcg": "application/vnd.groove-vcard",
-  "vcs": "text/x-vcalendar",
   "vcx": "application/vnd.vcx",
-  "vda": "application/vda",
-  "vdi": "application/x-virtualbox-vdi",
-  "vdo": "video/vdo",
-  "vdx": "text/vdx",
-  "vew": "application/vnd.lotus-approach",
-  "vfr": "application/vnd.tml",
-  "vhd": "application/x-virtualbox-vhd",
-  "viaframe": "application/vnd.tml",
-  "vim": "text/vim",
-  "vis": "application/vnd.visionary",
-  "viv": "video/vnd.vivo",
-  "vivo": "video/vivo",
-  "vmd": "application/vocaltec-media-desc",
-  "vmdk": "application/x-virtualbox-vmdk",
-  "vmf": "application/vocaltec-media-file",
-  "vms": "chemical/x-vamas-iso14976",
-  "vmt": "application/vnd.valve.source.material",
-  "vob": "video/x-ms-vob",
-  "voc": "audio/voc",
-  "vor": "application/vnd.stardivision.writer",
-  "vos": "video/vosaic",
-  "vox": "audio/voxware",
-  "vpm": "multipart/voice-message",
-  "vqe": "audio/x-twinvq-plugin",
-  "vqf": "audio/x-twinvq",
-  "vql": "audio/x-twinvq-plugin",
-  "vrm": "x-world/x-vrml",
-  "vrml": "model/vrml",
-  "vrt": "x-world/x-vrt",
-  "vsc": "application/vnd.vidsoft.vidconference",
   "vsd": "application/vnd.visio",
-  "vsf": "application/vnd.vsf",
-  "vss": "application/vnd.visio",
   "vst": "application/vnd.visio",
+  "vss": "application/vnd.visio",
   "vsw": "application/vnd.visio",
-  "vtf": "image/vnd.valve.source.texture",
-  "vtt": "text/vtt",
-  "vtu": "model/vnd.vtu",
-  "vue": "text/vue",
-  "vwx": "application/vnd.vectorworks",
-  "vxml": "application/voicexml+xml",
-  "w3d": "application/x-director",
-  "w60": "application/wordperfect6.0",
-  "w61": "application/wordperfect6.1",
-  "w6w": "application/msword",
-  "wad": "application/x-doom",
-  "wadl": "application/vnd.sun.wadl+xml",
-  "war": "binary/zip",
-  "wasm": "application/wasm",
-  "wav": "audio/wave",
-  "wax": "audio/x-ms-wax",
-  "wb1": "application/x-qpro",
-  "wbmp": "image/vnd.wap.wbmp",
-  "wbs": "application/vnd.criticaltools.wbs+xml",
+  "vis": "application/vnd.visionary",
+  "vsf": "application/vnd.vsf",
   "wbxml": "application/vnd.wap.wbxml",
-  "wcm": "application/vnd.ms-works",
-  "wdb": "application/vnd.ms-works",
-  "wdp": "image/vnd.ms-photo",
-  "web": "application/vnd.xara",
-  "weba": "audio/webm",
-  "webapp": "application/x-web-app-manifest+json",
-  "webm": "video/webm",
-  "webmanifest": "application/manifest+json",
-  "webp": "image/webp",
-  "wg": "application/vnd.pmi.widget",
-  "wgt": "application/widget",
-  "whl": "binary/wheel",
-  "wif": "application/watcherinfo+xml",
-  "win": "model/vnd.gdl",
-  "wiz": "application/msword",
-  "wk": "application/x-123",
-  "wk1": "application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3",
-  "wk3": "application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3",
-  "wk4": "application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3",
-  "wks": "application/vnd.ms-works",
-  "wkt": "text/wkt",
-  "wlnk": "application/link-format",
-  "wm": "video/x-ms-wm",
-  "wma": "audio/x-ms-wma",
-  "wmc": "application/vnd.wmc",
-  "wmd": "application/x-ms-wmd",
-  "wmf": "image/wmf",
-  "wml": "text/vnd.wap.wml",
   "wmlc": "application/vnd.wap.wmlc",
-  "wmls": "text/vnd.wap.wmlscript",
   "wmlsc": "application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc",
-  "wmv": "video/x-ms-wmv",
-  "wmx": "video/x-ms-wmx",
-  "wmz": "application/x-ms-wmz",
-  "woff": "font/woff",
-  "woff2": "font/woff2",
-  "word": "application/msword",
-  "wp": "application/wordperfect",
-  "wp5": "application/wordperfect",
-  "wp6": "application/wordperfect",
+  "wtb": "application/vnd.webturbo",
+  "nbp": "application/vnd.wolfram.player",
   "wpd": "application/vnd.wordperfect",
-  "wpl": "application/vnd.ms-wpl",
-  "wps": "application/vnd.ms-works",
-  "wq1": "application/x-lotus",
   "wqd": "application/vnd.wqd",
-  "wri": "application/x-mswrite",
-  "wrl": "model/vrml",
-  "wrz": "model/vrml",
-  "wsc": "message/vnd.wfa.wsc",
+  "stf": "application/vnd.wt.stf",
+  "xar": "application/vnd.xara",
+  "xfdl": "application/vnd.xfdl",
+  "hvd": "application/vnd.yamaha.hv-dic",
+  "hvs": "application/vnd.yamaha.hv-script",
+  "hvp": "application/vnd.yamaha.hv-voice",
+  "osf": "application/vnd.yamaha.openscoreformat",
+  "osfpvg": "application/vnd.yamaha.openscoreformat.osfpvg+xml",
+  "saf": "application/vnd.yamaha.smaf-audio",
+  "spf": "application/vnd.yamaha.smaf-phrase",
+  "cmp": "application/vnd.yellowriver-custom-menu",
+  "zir": "application/vnd.zul",
+  "zirz": "application/vnd.zul",
+  "zaz": "application/vnd.zzazz.deck+xml",
+  "vxml": "application/voicexml+xml",
+  "wasm": "application/wasm",
+  "wgt": "application/widget",
+  "hlp": "application/winhlp",
   "wsdl": "application/wsdl+xml",
-  "wsgi": "text/wsgi",
   "wspolicy": "application/wspolicy+xml",
-  "wsrc": "application/x-wais-source",
-  "wtb": "application/vnd.webturbo",
-  "wtk": "application/x-wintalk",
-  "wv": "application/vnd.wv.csp+wbxml",
-  "wvx": "video/x-ms-wvx",
-  "wz": "application/x-wingz",
-  "x-png": "image/png",
+  "7z": "application/x-7z-compressed",
+  "abw": "application/x-abiword",
+  "ace": "application/x-ace-compressed",
+  "dmg": "application/x-apple-diskimage",
+  "aab": "application/x-authorware-bin",
   "x32": "application/x-authorware-bin",
-  "x3d": "application/vnd.hzn-3d-crossword",
-  "x3db": "model/x3d+xml",
-  "x3dbz": "model/x3d+binary",
-  "x3dv": "model/x3d-vrml",
-  "x3dvz": "model/x3d-vrml",
-  "x3dz": "model/x3d+xml",
-  "x_b": "model/vnd.parasolid.transmit.binary",
-  "x_t": "model/vnd.parasolid.transmit.text",
-  "xaf": "x-world/x-vrml",
-  "xaml": "application/xaml+xml",
-  "xap": "application/x-silverlight-app",
-  "xar": "application/vnd.xara",
-  "xav": "application/xcap-att+xml",
+  "u32": "application/x-authorware-bin",
+  "vox": "application/x-authorware-bin",
+  "aam": "application/x-authorware-map",
+  "aas": "application/x-authorware-seg",
+  "bcpio": "application/x-bcpio",
+  "torrent": "application/x-bittorrent",
+  "blb": "application/x-blorb",
+  "blorb": "application/x-blorb",
+  "bz": "application/x-bzip",
+  "bz2": "application/x-bzip2",
+  "boz": "application/x-bzip2",
+  "cbr": "application/x-cbr",
+  "cba": "application/x-cbr",
+  "cbt": "application/x-cbr",
+  "cbz": "application/x-cbr",
+  "cb7": "application/x-cbr",
+  "vcd": "application/x-cdlink",
+  "cfs": "application/x-cfs-compressed",
+  "chat": "application/x-chat",
+  "pgn": "application/x-chess-pgn",
+  "nsc": "application/x-conference",
+  "cpio": "application/x-cpio",
+  "csh": "application/x-csh",
+  "deb": "application/x-debian-package",
+  "udeb": "application/x-debian-package",
+  "dgc": "application/x-dgc-compressed",
+  "dir": "application/x-director",
+  "dcr": "application/x-director",
+  "dxr": "application/x-director",
+  "cst": "application/x-director",
+  "cct": "application/x-director",
+  "cxt": "application/x-director",
+  "w3d": "application/x-director",
+  "fgd": "application/x-director",
+  "swa": "application/x-director",
+  "wad": "application/x-doom",
+  "ncx": "application/x-dtbncx+xml",
+  "dtb": "application/x-dtbook+xml",
+  "res": "application/x-dtbresource+xml",
+  "dvi": "application/x-dvi",
+  "evy": "application/x-envoy",
+  "eva": "application/x-eva",
+  "bdf": "application/x-font-bdf",
+  "gsf": "application/x-font-ghostscript",
+  "psf": "application/x-font-linux-psf",
+  "pcf": "application/x-font-pcf",
+  "snf": "application/x-font-snf",
+  "pfa": "application/x-font-type1",
+  "pfb": "application/x-font-type1",
+  "pfm": "application/x-font-type1",
+  "afm": "application/x-font-type1",
+  "arc": "application/x-freearc",
+  "spl": "application/x-futuresplash",
+  "gca": "application/x-gca-compressed",
+  "ulx": "application/x-glulx",
+  "gnumeric": "application/x-gnumeric",
+  "gramps": "application/x-gramps-xml",
+  "gtar": "application/x-gtar",
+  "hdf": "application/x-hdf",
+  "install": "application/x-install-instructions",
+  "iso": "application/x-iso9660-image",
+  "jnlp": "application/x-java-jnlp-file",
+  "latex": "application/x-latex",
+  "lzh": "application/x-lzh-compressed",
+  "lha": "application/x-lzh-compressed",
+  "mie": "application/x-mie",
+  "prc": "application/x-mobipocket-ebook",
+  "mobi": "application/x-mobipocket-ebook",
+  "application": "application/x-ms-application",
+  "lnk": "application/x-ms-shortcut",
+  "wmd": "application/x-ms-wmd",
+  "wmz": "application/x-ms-wmz",
   "xbap": "application/x-ms-xbap",
-  "xbd": "application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks.binder",
-  "xbm": "image/x-xbitmap",
-  "xca": "application/xcap-caps+xml",
-  "xcf": "application/x-xcf",
-  "xcs": "application/calendar+xml",
-  "xct": "application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks.container",
-  "xdd": "application/bacnet-xdd+zip",
-  "xdf": "application/xcap-diff+xml",
-  "xdm": "application/vnd.syncml.dm+xml",
-  "xdp": "application/vnd.adobe.xdp+xml",
-  "xdr": "video/x-amt-demorun",
-  "xdssc": "application/dssc+xml",
-  "xdw": "application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks",
-  "xel": "application/xcap-el+xml",
-  "xenc": "application/xenc+xml",
-  "xer": "application/patch-ops-error+xml",
-  "xfd": "application/vnd.xfdl",
-  "xfdf": "application/vnd.adobe.xfdf",
-  "xfdl": "application/vnd.xfdl",
-  "xgz": "xgl/drawing",
-  "xht": "application/xhtml+xml",
-  "xhtm": "application/xhtml+xml",
-  "xhtml": "application/xhtml+xml",
-  "xhvml": "application/xv+xml",
-  "xif": "image/vnd.xiff",
-  "xl": "application/excel",
-  "xla": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
-  "xlam": "application/vnd.ms-excel.addin.macroenabled.12",
-  "xlb": "application/vndms-excel",
-  "xlc": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
+  "mdb": "application/x-msaccess",
+  "obd": "application/x-msbinder",
+  "crd": "application/x-mscardfile",
+  "clp": "application/x-msclip",
+  "exe": "application/x-msdownload",
+  "dll": "application/x-msdownload",
+  "com": "application/x-msdownload",
+  "bat": "application/x-msdownload",
+  "msi": "application/x-msdownload",
+  "mvb": "application/x-msmediaview",
+  "m13": "application/x-msmediaview",
+  "m14": "application/x-msmediaview",
+  "wmf": "application/x-msmetafile",
+  "wmz": "application/x-msmetafile",
+  "emf": "application/x-msmetafile",
+  "emz": "application/x-msmetafile",
+  "mny": "application/x-msmoney",
+  "pub": "application/x-mspublisher",
+  "scd": "application/x-msschedule",
+  "trm": "application/x-msterminal",
+  "wri": "application/x-mswrite",
+  "nc": "application/x-netcdf",
+  "cdf": "application/x-netcdf",
+  "nzb": "application/x-nzb",
+  "p12": "application/x-pkcs12",
+  "pfx": "application/x-pkcs12",
+  "p7b": "application/x-pkcs7-certificates",
+  "spc": "application/x-pkcs7-certificates",
+  "p7r": "application/x-pkcs7-certreqresp",
+  "rar": "application/x-rar-compressed",
+  "ris": "application/x-research-info-systems",
+  "sh": "application/x-sh",
+  "shar": "application/x-shar",
+  "swf": "application/x-shockwave-flash",
+  "xap": "application/x-silverlight-app",
+  "sql": "application/x-sql",
+  "sit": "application/x-stuffit",
+  "sitx": "application/x-stuffitx",
+  "srt": "application/x-subrip",
+  "sv4cpio": "application/x-sv4cpio",
+  "sv4crc": "application/x-sv4crc",
+  "t3": "application/x-t3vm-image",
+  "gam": "application/x-tads",
+  "tar": "application/x-tar",
+  "tcl": "application/x-tcl",
+  "tex": "application/x-tex",
+  "tfm": "application/x-tex-tfm",
+  "texinfo": "application/x-texinfo",
+  "texi": "application/x-texinfo",
+  "obj": "application/x-tgif",
+  "ustar": "application/x-ustar",
+  "src": "application/x-wais-source",
+  "der": "application/x-x509-ca-cert",
+  "crt": "application/x-x509-ca-cert",
+  "fig": "application/x-xfig",
   "xlf": "application/x-xliff+xml",
-  "xlim": "application/vnd.xmpie.xlim",
-  "xlm": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
-  "xls": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
-  "xlsb": "application/vnd.ms-excel.sheet.binary.macroenabled.12",
-  "xlsm": "application/vnd.ms-excel.sheet.macroenabled.12",
-  "xlsx": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet",
-  "xlt": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
-  "xltm": "application/vnd.ms-excel.template.macroenabled.12",
-  "xltx": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.template",
-  "xlw": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
-  "xm": "audio/xm",
-  "xml": "text/xml",
-  "xmls": "application/dskpp+xml",
-  "xmt_bin": "model/vnd.parasolid.transmit.binary",
-  "xmt_txt": "model/vnd.parasolid.transmit.text",
-  "xmz": "xgl/movie",
-  "xns": "application/xcap-ns+xml",
-  "xo": "application/vnd.olpc-sugar",
-  "xof": "x-world/x-vrml",
-  "xop": "application/xop+xml",
-  "xpdl": "application/xml",
   "xpi": "application/x-xpinstall",
-  "xpix": "application/x-vnd.ls-xpix",
-  "xpl": "application/xproc+xml",
-  "xpm": "image/x-xpixmap",
-  "xpr": "application/vnd.is-xpr",
-  "xps": "application/vnd.ms-xpsdocument",
-  "xpw": "application/vnd.intercon.formnet",
-  "xpx": "application/vnd.intercon.formnet",
-  "xq": "text/xquery",
-  "xql": "text/xquery",
-  "xqm": "text/xquery",
-  "xqu": "text/xquery",
-  "xquery": "text/xquery",
-  "xqy": "text/xquery",
-  "xsd": "text/xml",
-  "xsf": "application/prs.xsf+xml",
-  "xsl": "application/xslt+xml",
-  "xslt": "application/xslt+xml",
-  "xsm": "application/vnd.syncml+xml",
-  "xspf": "application/xspf+xml",
-  "xsr": "video/x-amt-showrun",
-  "xtel": "chemical/x-xtel",
-  "xul": "application/vnd.mozilla.xul+xml",
-  "xvm": "application/xv+xml",
-  "xvml": "application/xv+xml",
-  "xwd": "image/x-xwindowdump",
-  "xyz": "chemical/x-xyz",
-  "xyze": "image/vnd.radiance",
   "xz": "application/x-xz",
-  "yaml": "text/yaml",
-  "yang": "application/yang",
-  "yin": "application/yin+xml",
-  "yme": "application/vnd.yaoweme",
-  "yml": "text/yaml",
-  "ymp": "text/x-suse-ymp",
   "z1": "application/x-zmachine",
   "z2": "application/x-zmachine",
   "z3": "application/x-zmachine",
@@ -1884,26 +744,301 @@ const mimes* = {
   "z6": "application/x-zmachine",
   "z7": "application/x-zmachine",
   "z8": "application/x-zmachine",
-  "zaz": "application/vnd.zzazz.deck+xml",
-  "zfc": "application/vnd.filmit.zfc",
-  "zfo": "application/vnd.software602.filler.form-xml-zip",
-  "zig": "text/zig",
+  "xaml": "application/xaml+xml",
+  "xdf": "application/xcap-diff+xml",
+  "xenc": "application/xenc+xml",
+  "xhtml": "application/xhtml+xml",
+  "xht": "application/xhtml+xml",
+  "xml": "application/xml",
+  "xsl": "application/xml",
+  "dtd": "application/xml-dtd",
+  "xop": "application/xop+xml",
+  "xpl": "application/xproc+xml",
+  "xslt": "application/xslt+xml",
+  "xspf": "application/xspf+xml",
+  "mxml": "application/xv+xml",
+  "xhvml": "application/xv+xml",
+  "xvml": "application/xv+xml",
+  "xvm": "application/xv+xml",
+  "yang": "application/yang",
+  "yin": "application/yin+xml",
   "zip": "application/zip",
-  "zir": "application/vnd.zul",
-  "zirz": "application/vnd.zul",
-  "zmm": "application/vnd.handheld-entertainment+xml",
-  "zmt": "chemical/x-mopac-input",
-  "zone": "text/dns",
-  "zoo": "application/octet-stream",
-  "zsh": "text/x-script.zsh",
-  "~": "application/x-trash"
+  "adp": "audio/adpcm",
+  "au": "audio/basic",
+  "snd": "audio/basic",
+  "mid": "audio/midi",
+  "midi": "audio/midi",
+  "kar": "audio/midi",
+  "rmi": "audio/midi",
+  "m4a": "audio/mp4",
+  "mp4a": "audio/mp4",
+  "mpga": "audio/mpeg",
+  "mp2": "audio/mpeg",
+  "mp2a": "audio/mpeg",
+  "mp3": "audio/mpeg",
+  "m2a": "audio/mpeg",
+  "m3a": "audio/mpeg",
+  "oga": "audio/ogg",
+  "ogg": "audio/ogg",
+  "spx": "audio/ogg",
+  "opus": "audio/ogg",
+  "s3m": "audio/s3m",
+  "sil": "audio/silk",
+  "uva": "audio/vnd.dece.audio",
+  "uvva": "audio/vnd.dece.audio",
+  "eol": "audio/vnd.digital-winds",
+  "dra": "audio/vnd.dra",
+  "dts": "audio/vnd.dts",
+  "dtshd": "audio/vnd.dts.hd",
+  "lvp": "audio/vnd.lucent.voice",
+  "pya": "audio/vnd.ms-playready.media.pya",
+  "ecelp4800": "audio/vnd.nuera.ecelp4800",
+  "ecelp7470": "audio/vnd.nuera.ecelp7470",
+  "ecelp9600": "audio/vnd.nuera.ecelp9600",
+  "rip": "audio/vnd.rip",
+  "weba": "audio/webm",
+  "aac": "audio/x-aac",
+  "aif": "audio/x-aiff",
+  "aiff": "audio/x-aiff",
+  "aifc": "audio/x-aiff",
+  "caf": "audio/x-caf",
+  "flac": "audio/x-flac",
+  "mka": "audio/x-matroska",
+  "m3u": "audio/x-mpegurl",
+  "wax": "audio/x-ms-wax",
+  "wma": "audio/x-ms-wma",
+  "ram": "audio/x-pn-realaudio",
+  "ra": "audio/x-pn-realaudio",
+  "rmp": "audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin",
+  "wav": "audio/x-wav",
+  "xm": "audio/xm",
+  "cdx": "chemical/x-cdx",
+  "cif": "chemical/x-cif",
+  "cmdf": "chemical/x-cmdf",
+  "cml": "chemical/x-cml",
+  "csml": "chemical/x-csml",
+  "xyz": "chemical/x-xyz",
+  "ttc": "font/collection",
+  "otf": "font/otf",
+  "ttf": "font/ttf",
+  "woff": "font/woff",
+  "woff2": "font/woff2",
+  "bmp": "image/bmp",
+  "cgm": "image/cgm",
+  "g3": "image/g3fax",
+  "gif": "image/gif",
+  "ief": "image/ief",
+  "jpeg": "image/jpeg",
+  "jpg": "image/jpeg",
+  "jpe": "image/jpeg",
+  "ktx": "image/ktx",
+  "png": "image/png",
+  "btif": "image/prs.btif",
+  "sgi": "image/sgi",
+  "svg": "image/svg+xml",
+  "svgz": "image/svg+xml",
+  "tiff": "image/tiff",
+  "tif": "image/tiff",
+  "psd": "image/vnd.adobe.photoshop",
+  "uvi": "image/vnd.dece.graphic",
+  "uvvi": "image/vnd.dece.graphic",
+  "uvg": "image/vnd.dece.graphic",
+  "uvvg": "image/vnd.dece.graphic",
+  "djvu": "image/vnd.djvu",
+  "djv": "image/vnd.djvu",
+  "sub": "image/vnd.dvb.subtitle",
+  "dwg": "image/vnd.dwg",
+  "dxf": "image/vnd.dxf",
+  "fbs": "image/vnd.fastbidsheet",
+  "fpx": "image/vnd.fpx",
+  "fst": "image/vnd.fst",
+  "mmr": "image/vnd.fujixerox.edmics-mmr",
+  "rlc": "image/vnd.fujixerox.edmics-rlc",
+  "mdi": "image/vnd.ms-modi",
+  "wdp": "image/vnd.ms-photo",
+  "npx": "image/vnd.net-fpx",
+  "wbmp": "image/vnd.wap.wbmp",
+  "xif": "image/vnd.xiff",
+  "webp": "image/webp",
+  "3ds": "image/x-3ds",
+  "ras": "image/x-cmu-raster",
+  "cmx": "image/x-cmx",
+  "fh": "image/x-freehand",
+  "fhc": "image/x-freehand",
+  "fh4": "image/x-freehand",
+  "fh5": "image/x-freehand",
+  "fh7": "image/x-freehand",
+  "ico": "image/x-icon",
+  "sid": "image/x-mrsid-image",
+  "pcx": "image/x-pcx",
+  "pic": "image/x-pict",
+  "pct": "image/x-pict",
+  "pnm": "image/x-portable-anymap",
+  "pbm": "image/x-portable-bitmap",
+  "pgm": "image/x-portable-graymap",
+  "ppm": "image/x-portable-pixmap",
+  "rgb": "image/x-rgb",
+  "tga": "image/x-tga",
+  "xbm": "image/x-xbitmap",
+  "xpm": "image/x-xpixmap",
+  "xwd": "image/x-xwindowdump",
+  "eml": "message/rfc822",
+  "mime": "message/rfc822",
+  "igs": "model/iges",
+  "iges": "model/iges",
+  "msh": "model/mesh",
+  "mesh": "model/mesh",
+  "silo": "model/mesh",
+  "dae": "model/vnd.collada+xml",
+  "dwf": "model/vnd.dwf",
+  "gdl": "model/vnd.gdl",
+  "gtw": "model/vnd.gtw",
+  "mts": "model/vnd.mts",
+  "vtu": "model/vnd.vtu",
+  "wrl": "model/vrml",
+  "vrml": "model/vrml",
+  "x3db": "model/x3d+binary",
+  "x3dbz": "model/x3d+binary",
+  "x3dv": "model/x3d+vrml",
+  "x3dvz": "model/x3d+vrml",
+  "x3d": "model/x3d+xml",
+  "x3dz": "model/x3d+xml",
+  "appcache": "text/cache-manifest",
+  "ics": "text/calendar",
+  "ifb": "text/calendar",
+  "css": "text/css",
+  "csv": "text/csv",
+  "html": "text/html",
+  "htm": "text/html",
+  "js": "text/javascript",
+  "mjs": "text/javascript",
+  "n3": "text/n3",
+  "txt": "text/plain",
+  "text": "text/plain",
+  "conf": "text/plain",
+  "def": "text/plain",
+  "list": "text/plain",
+  "log": "text/plain",
+  "in": "text/plain",
+  "dsc": "text/prs.lines.tag",
+  "rtx": "text/richtext",
+  "sgml": "text/sgml",
+  "sgm": "text/sgml",
+  "tsv": "text/tab-separated-values",
+  "t": "text/troff",
+  "tr": "text/troff",
+  "roff": "text/troff",
+  "man": "text/troff",
+  "me": "text/troff",
+  "ms": "text/troff",
+  "ttl": "text/turtle",
+  "uri": "text/uri-list",
+  "uris": "text/uri-list",
+  "urls": "text/uri-list",
+  "vcard": "text/vcard",
+  "curl": "text/vnd.curl",
+  "dcurl": "text/vnd.curl.dcurl",
+  "mcurl": "text/vnd.curl.mcurl",
+  "scurl": "text/vnd.curl.scurl",
+  "sub": "text/vnd.dvb.subtitle",
+  "fly": "text/vnd.fly",
+  "flx": "text/vnd.fmi.flexstor",
+  "gv": "text/vnd.graphviz",
+  "3dml": "text/vnd.in3d.3dml",
+  "spot": "text/vnd.in3d.spot",
+  "jad": "text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor",
+  "wml": "text/vnd.wap.wml",
+  "wmls": "text/vnd.wap.wmlscript",
+  "s": "text/x-asm",
+  "asm": "text/x-asm",
+  "c": "text/x-c",
+  "cc": "text/x-c",
+  "cxx": "text/x-c",
+  "cpp": "text/x-c",
+  "h": "text/x-c",
+  "hh": "text/x-c",
+  "dic": "text/x-c",
+  "f": "text/x-fortran",
+  "for": "text/x-fortran",
+  "f77": "text/x-fortran",
+  "f90": "text/x-fortran",
+  "java": "text/x-java-source",
+  "nfo": "text/x-nfo",
+  "opml": "text/x-opml",
+  "p": "text/x-pascal",
+  "pas": "text/x-pascal",
+  "etx": "text/x-setext",
+  "sfv": "text/x-sfv",
+  "uu": "text/x-uuencode",
+  "vcs": "text/x-vcalendar",
+  "vcf": "text/x-vcard",
+  "3gp": "video/3gpp",
+  "3g2": "video/3gpp2",
+  "h261": "video/h261",
+  "h263": "video/h263",
+  "h264": "video/h264",
+  "jpgv": "video/jpeg",
+  "jpm": "video/jpm",
+  "jpgm": "video/jpm",
+  "mj2": "video/mj2",
+  "mjp2": "video/mj2",
+  "mp4": "video/mp4",
+  "mp4v": "video/mp4",
+  "mpg4": "video/mp4",
+  "mpeg": "video/mpeg",
+  "mpg": "video/mpeg",
+  "mpe": "video/mpeg",
+  "m1v": "video/mpeg",
+  "m2v": "video/mpeg",
+  "ogv": "video/ogg",
+  "qt": "video/quicktime",
+  "mov": "video/quicktime",
+  "uvh": "video/vnd.dece.hd",
+  "uvvh": "video/vnd.dece.hd",
+  "uvm": "video/vnd.dece.mobile",
+  "uvvm": "video/vnd.dece.mobile",
+  "uvp": "video/vnd.dece.pd",
+  "uvvp": "video/vnd.dece.pd",
+  "uvs": "video/vnd.dece.sd",
+  "uvvs": "video/vnd.dece.sd",
+  "uvv": "video/vnd.dece.video",
+  "uvvv": "video/vnd.dece.video",
+  "dvb": "video/vnd.dvb.file",
+  "fvt": "video/vnd.fvt",
+  "mxu": "video/vnd.mpegurl",
+  "m4u": "video/vnd.mpegurl",
+  "pyv": "video/vnd.ms-playready.media.pyv",
+  "uvu": "video/vnd.uvvu.mp4",
+  "uvvu": "video/vnd.uvvu.mp4",
+  "viv": "video/vnd.vivo",
+  "webm": "video/webm",
+  "f4v": "video/x-f4v",
+  "fli": "video/x-fli",
+  "flv": "video/x-flv",
+  "m4v": "video/x-m4v",
+  "mkv": "video/x-matroska",
+  "mk3d": "video/x-matroska",
+  "mks": "video/x-matroska",
+  "mng": "video/x-mng",
+  "asf": "video/x-ms-asf",
+  "asx": "video/x-ms-asf",
+  "vob": "video/x-ms-vob",
+  "wm": "video/x-ms-wm",
+  "wmv": "video/x-ms-wmv",
+  "wmx": "video/x-ms-wmx",
+  "wvx": "video/x-ms-wvx",
+  "avi": "video/x-msvideo",
+  "movie": "video/x-sgi-movie",
+  "smv": "video/x-smv",
+  "ice": "x-conference/x-cooltalk",
 }
 
 
 func newMimetypes*(): MimeDB =
   ## Creates a new Mimetypes database. The database will contain the most
   ## common mimetypes.
-  result.mimes = mimes.newStringTable()
+  {.cast(noSideEffect).}:
+    result.mimes = mimes.toOrderedTable()
 
 func getMimetype*(mimedb: MimeDB, ext: string, default = "text/plain"): string =
   ## Gets mimetype which corresponds to `ext`. Returns `default` if `ext`
diff --git a/lib/pure/nativesockets.nim b/lib/pure/nativesockets.nim
index 605f62321..656c98a20 100644
--- a/lib/pure/nativesockets.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/nativesockets.nim
@@ -12,31 +12,39 @@
 
 # TODO: Clean up the exports a bit and everything else in general.
 
-import os, options
+import std/[os, options]
 import std/private/since
+import std/strbasics
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, syncio]
 
 when hostOS == "solaris":
   {.passl: "-lsocket -lnsl".}
 
 const useWinVersion = defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc)
+const useNimNetLite = defined(nimNetLite) or defined(freertos) or defined(zephyr) or
+    defined(nuttx)
 
 when useWinVersion:
-  import winlean
+  import std/winlean
   export WSAEWOULDBLOCK, WSAECONNRESET, WSAECONNABORTED, WSAENETRESET,
          WSANOTINITIALISED, WSAENOTSOCK, WSAEINPROGRESS, WSAEINTR,
          WSAEDISCON, ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED
 else:
-  import posix
+  import std/posix
   export fcntl, F_GETFL, O_NONBLOCK, F_SETFL, EAGAIN, EWOULDBLOCK, MSG_NOSIGNAL,
     EINTR, EINPROGRESS, ECONNRESET, EPIPE, ENETRESET, EBADF
   export Sockaddr_storage, Sockaddr_un, Sockaddr_un_path_length
 
 export SocketHandle, Sockaddr_in, Addrinfo, INADDR_ANY, SockAddr, SockLen,
   Sockaddr_in6, Sockaddr_storage,
-  inet_ntoa, recv, `==`, connect, send, accept, recvfrom, sendto,
+  recv, `==`, connect, send, accept, recvfrom, sendto,
   freeAddrInfo
 
+when not useNimNetLite:
+  export inet_ntoa
+
 export
   SO_ERROR,
   SOL_SOCKET,
@@ -59,7 +67,7 @@ type
                    ## some procedures, such as getaddrinfo)
     AF_UNIX = 1,   ## for local socket (using a file). Unsupported on Windows.
     AF_INET = 2,   ## for network protocol IPv4 or
-    AF_INET6 = when defined(macosx): 30 else: 23 ## for network protocol IPv6.
+    AF_INET6 = when defined(macosx): 30 elif defined(windows): 23 else: 10 ## for network protocol IPv6.
 
   SockType* = enum     ## second argument to `socket` proc
     SOCK_STREAM = 1,   ## reliable stream-oriented service or Stream Sockets
@@ -89,6 +97,8 @@ type
     length*: int
     addrList*: seq[string]
 
+const IPPROTO_NONE* = IPPROTO_IP ## Use this if your socket type requires a protocol value of zero (e.g. Unix sockets).
+
 when useWinVersion:
   let
     osInvalidSocket* = winlean.INVALID_SOCKET
@@ -162,7 +172,7 @@ when not useWinVersion:
 
 else:
   proc toInt(domain: Domain): cint =
-    result = toU32(ord(domain)).cint
+    result = cast[cint](uint32(ord(domain)))
 
   proc toKnownDomain*(family: cint): Option[Domain] =
     ## Converts the platform-dependent `cint` to the Domain or none(),
@@ -209,7 +219,7 @@ proc getProtoByName*(name: string): int {.since: (1, 3, 5).} =
     let protoent = posix.getprotobyname(name.cstring)
 
   if protoent == nil:
-    raise newException(OSError, "protocol not found")
+    raise newException(OSError, "protocol not found: " & name)
 
   result = protoent.p_proto.int
 
@@ -295,9 +305,9 @@ proc getAddrInfo*(address: string, port: Port, domain: Domain = AF_INET,
     if domain == AF_INET6:
       hints.ai_flags = AI_V4MAPPED
   let socketPort = if sockType == SOCK_RAW: "" else: $port
-  var gaiResult = getaddrinfo(address, socketPort, addr(hints), result)
+  var gaiResult = getaddrinfo(address, socketPort.cstring, addr(hints), result)
   if gaiResult != 0'i32:
-    when useWinVersion or defined(freertos):
+    when useWinVersion or defined(freertos) or defined(nuttx):
       raiseOSError(osLastError())
     else:
       raiseOSError(osLastError(), $gai_strerror(gaiResult))
@@ -331,125 +341,6 @@ template htons*(x: uint16): untyped =
   ## order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation.
   nativesockets.ntohs(x)
 
-proc getServByName*(name, proto: string): Servent {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
-  ## Searches the database from the beginning and finds the first entry for
-  ## which the service name specified by `name` matches the s_name member
-  ## and the protocol name specified by `proto` matches the s_proto member.
-  ##
-  ## On posix this will search through the `/etc/services` file.
-  when useWinVersion:
-    var s = winlean.getservbyname(name, proto)
-  else:
-    var s = posix.getservbyname(name, proto)
-  if s == nil: raiseOSError(osLastError(), "Service not found.")
-  result.name = $s.s_name
-  result.aliases = cstringArrayToSeq(s.s_aliases)
-  result.port = Port(s.s_port)
-  result.proto = $s.s_proto
-
-proc getServByPort*(port: Port, proto: string): Servent {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
-  ## Searches the database from the beginning and finds the first entry for
-  ## which the port specified by `port` matches the s_port member and the
-  ## protocol name specified by `proto` matches the s_proto member.
-  ##
-  ## On posix this will search through the `/etc/services` file.
-  when useWinVersion:
-    var s = winlean.getservbyport(ze(int16(port)).cint, proto)
-  else:
-    var s = posix.getservbyport(ze(int16(port)).cint, proto)
-  if s == nil: raiseOSError(osLastError(), "Service not found.")
-  result.name = $s.s_name
-  result.aliases = cstringArrayToSeq(s.s_aliases)
-  result.port = Port(s.s_port)
-  result.proto = $s.s_proto
-
-proc getHostByAddr*(ip: string): Hostent {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
-  ## This function will lookup the hostname of an IP Address.
-  var myaddr: InAddr
-  myaddr.s_addr = inet_addr(ip)
-
-  when useWinVersion:
-    var s = winlean.gethostbyaddr(addr(myaddr), sizeof(myaddr).cuint,
-                                  cint(AF_INET))
-    if s == nil: raiseOSError(osLastError())
-  else:
-    var s =
-      when defined(android4):
-        posix.gethostbyaddr(cast[cstring](addr(myaddr)), sizeof(myaddr).cint,
-                            cint(posix.AF_INET))
-      else:
-        posix.gethostbyaddr(addr(myaddr), sizeof(myaddr).SockLen,
-                            cint(posix.AF_INET))
-    if s == nil:
-      raiseOSError(osLastError(), $hstrerror(h_errno))
-
-  result.name = $s.h_name
-  result.aliases = cstringArrayToSeq(s.h_aliases)
-  when useWinVersion:
-    result.addrtype = Domain(s.h_addrtype)
-  else:
-    if s.h_addrtype == posix.AF_INET:
-      result.addrtype = AF_INET
-    elif s.h_addrtype == posix.AF_INET6:
-      result.addrtype = AF_INET6
-    else:
-      raiseOSError(osLastError(), "unknown h_addrtype")
-  if result.addrtype == AF_INET:
-    result.addrList = @[]
-    var i = 0
-    while not isNil(s.h_addr_list[i]):
-      var inaddrPtr = cast[ptr InAddr](s.h_addr_list[i])
-      result.addrList.add($inet_ntoa(inaddrPtr[]))
-      inc(i)
-  else:
-    result.addrList = cstringArrayToSeq(s.h_addr_list)
-  result.length = int(s.h_length)
-
-proc getHostByName*(name: string): Hostent {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
-  ## This function will lookup the IP address of a hostname.
-  when useWinVersion:
-    var s = winlean.gethostbyname(name)
-  else:
-    var s = posix.gethostbyname(name)
-  if s == nil: raiseOSError(osLastError())
-  result.name = $s.h_name
-  result.aliases = cstringArrayToSeq(s.h_aliases)
-  when useWinVersion:
-    result.addrtype = Domain(s.h_addrtype)
-  else:
-    if s.h_addrtype == posix.AF_INET:
-      result.addrtype = AF_INET
-    elif s.h_addrtype == posix.AF_INET6:
-      result.addrtype = AF_INET6
-    else:
-      raiseOSError(osLastError(), "unknown h_addrtype")
-  if result.addrtype == AF_INET:
-    result.addrList = @[]
-    var i = 0
-    while not isNil(s.h_addr_list[i]):
-      var inaddrPtr = cast[ptr InAddr](s.h_addr_list[i])
-      result.addrList.add($inet_ntoa(inaddrPtr[]))
-      inc(i)
-  else:
-    result.addrList = cstringArrayToSeq(s.h_addr_list)
-  result.length = int(s.h_length)
-
-proc getHostname*(): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
-  ## Returns the local hostname (not the FQDN)
-  # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035#section-2.3.1
-  # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2181#section-11
-  const size = 64
-  result = newString(size)
-  when useWinVersion:
-    let success = winlean.gethostname(result, size)
-  else:
-    # Posix
-    let success = posix.gethostname(result, size)
-  if success != 0.cint:
-    raiseOSError(osLastError())
-  let x = len(cstring(result))
-  result.setLen(x)
-
 proc getSockDomain*(socket: SocketHandle): Domain =
   ## Returns the socket's domain (AF_INET or AF_INET6).
   var name: Sockaddr_in6
@@ -463,161 +354,383 @@ proc getSockDomain*(socket: SocketHandle): Domain =
   else:
     raise newException(IOError, "Unknown socket family in getSockDomain")
 
-proc getAddrString*(sockAddr: ptr SockAddr): string =
-  ## Returns the string representation of address within sockAddr
-  if sockAddr.sa_family.cint == nativeAfInet:
-    result = $inet_ntoa(cast[ptr Sockaddr_in](sockAddr).sin_addr)
-  elif sockAddr.sa_family.cint == nativeAfInet6:
-    let addrLen = when not useWinVersion: posix.INET6_ADDRSTRLEN
-                  else: 46 # it's actually 46 in both cases
-    result = newString(addrLen)
-    let addr6 = addr cast[ptr Sockaddr_in6](sockAddr).sin6_addr
-    when not useWinVersion:
-      if posix.inet_ntop(posix.AF_INET6, addr6, addr result[0],
-                         result.len.int32) == nil:
-        raiseOSError(osLastError())
-      if posix.IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED(addr6) != 0:
-        result = result.substr("::ffff:".len)
+when not useNimNetLite:
+  proc getServByName*(name, proto: string): Servent {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
+    ## Searches the database from the beginning and finds the first entry for
+    ## which the service name specified by `name` matches the s_name member
+    ## and the protocol name specified by `proto` matches the s_proto member.
+    ##
+    ## On posix this will search through the `/etc/services` file.
+    when useWinVersion:
+      var s = winlean.getservbyname(name, proto)
     else:
-      if winlean.inet_ntop(winlean.AF_INET6, addr6, addr result[0],
-                           result.len.int32) == nil:
-        raiseOSError(osLastError())
-    setLen(result, len(cstring(result)))
-  else:
-    when defined(posix) and not defined(nimdoc):
-      if sockAddr.sa_family.cint == nativeAfUnix:
-        return "unix"
-    raise newException(IOError, "Unknown socket family in getAddrString")
-
-proc getAddrString*(sockAddr: ptr SockAddr, strAddress: var string) =
-  ## Stores in `strAddress` the string representation of the address inside
-  ## `sockAddr`
-  ##
-  ## **Note**
-  ## * `strAddress` must be initialized to 46 in length.
-  assert(46 == len(strAddress),
-         "`strAddress` was not initialized correctly. 46 != `len(strAddress)`")
-  if sockAddr.sa_family.cint == nativeAfInet:
-    let addr4 = addr cast[ptr Sockaddr_in](sockAddr).sin_addr
-    when not useWinVersion:
-      if posix.inet_ntop(posix.AF_INET, addr4, addr strAddress[0],
-                         strAddress.len.int32) == nil:
-        raiseOSError(osLastError())
+      var s = posix.getservbyname(name, proto)
+    if s == nil: raiseOSError(osLastError(), "Service not found.")
+    result.name = $s.s_name
+    result.aliases = cstringArrayToSeq(s.s_aliases)
+    result.port = Port(s.s_port)
+    result.proto = $s.s_proto
+
+  proc getServByPort*(port: Port, proto: string): Servent {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
+    ## Searches the database from the beginning and finds the first entry for
+    ## which the port specified by `port` matches the s_port member and the
+    ## protocol name specified by `proto` matches the s_proto member.
+    ##
+    ## On posix this will search through the `/etc/services` file.
+    when useWinVersion:
+      var s = winlean.getservbyport(uint16(port).cint, proto)
     else:
-      if winlean.inet_ntop(winlean.AF_INET, addr4, addr strAddress[0],
-                           strAddress.len.int32) == nil:
-        raiseOSError(osLastError())
-  elif sockAddr.sa_family.cint == nativeAfInet6:
-    let addr6 = addr cast[ptr Sockaddr_in6](sockAddr).sin6_addr
-    when not useWinVersion:
-      if posix.inet_ntop(posix.AF_INET6, addr6, addr strAddress[0],
-                         strAddress.len.int32) == nil:
-        raiseOSError(osLastError())
-      if posix.IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED(addr6) != 0:
-        strAddress = strAddress.substr("::ffff:".len)
+      var s = posix.getservbyport(uint16(port).cint, proto)
+    if s == nil: raiseOSError(osLastError(), "Service not found.")
+    result.name = $s.s_name
+    result.aliases = cstringArrayToSeq(s.s_aliases)
+    result.port = Port(s.s_port)
+    result.proto = $s.s_proto
+
+  proc getHostByAddr*(ip: string): Hostent {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
+    ## This function will lookup the hostname of an IP Address.
+    var
+      addrInfo = getAddrInfo(ip, Port(0), AF_UNSPEC)
+      myAddr: pointer
+      addrLen = 0
+      family = 0
+    
+    defer: freeAddrInfo(addrInfo)
+
+    if addrInfo.ai_addr.sa_family.cint == nativeAfInet:
+      family = nativeAfInet
+      myAddr = addr cast[ptr Sockaddr_in](addrInfo.ai_addr).sin_addr
+      addrLen = 4
+    elif addrInfo.ai_addr.sa_family.cint == nativeAfInet6:
+      family = nativeAfInet6
+      myAddr = addr cast[ptr Sockaddr_in6](addrInfo.ai_addr).sin6_addr
+      addrLen = 16
     else:
-      if winlean.inet_ntop(winlean.AF_INET6, addr6, addr strAddress[0],
-                           strAddress.len.int32) == nil:
-        raiseOSError(osLastError())
-  else:
-    raise newException(IOError, "Unknown socket family in getAddrString")
-  setLen(strAddress, len(cstring(strAddress)))
-
-when defined(posix) and not defined(nimdoc):
-  proc makeUnixAddr*(path: string): Sockaddr_un =
-    result.sun_family = AF_UNIX.TSa_Family
-    if path.len >= Sockaddr_un_path_length:
-      raise newException(ValueError, "socket path too long")
-    copyMem(addr result.sun_path, path.cstring, path.len + 1)
-
-proc getSockName*(socket: SocketHandle): Port =
-  ## Returns the socket's associated port number.
-  var name: Sockaddr_in
-  when useWinVersion:
-    name.sin_family = uint16(ord(AF_INET))
-  else:
-    name.sin_family = TSa_Family(posix.AF_INET)
-  #name.sin_port = htons(cint16(port))
-  #name.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY)
-  var namelen = sizeof(name).SockLen
-  if getsockname(socket, cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(name)),
-                 addr(namelen)) == -1'i32:
-    raiseOSError(osLastError())
-  result = Port(nativesockets.ntohs(name.sin_port))
+      raise newException(IOError, "Unknown socket family in `getHostByAddr()`")
 
-proc getLocalAddr*(socket: SocketHandle, domain: Domain): (string, Port) =
-  ## Returns the socket's local address and port number.
-  ##
-  ## Similar to POSIX's `getsockname`:idx:.
-  case domain
-  of AF_INET:
-    var name: Sockaddr_in
     when useWinVersion:
-      name.sin_family = uint16(ord(AF_INET))
+      var s = winlean.gethostbyaddr(cast[ptr InAddr](myAddr), addrLen.cuint,
+                                    cint(family))
+      if s == nil: raiseOSError(osLastError())
     else:
-      name.sin_family = TSa_Family(posix.AF_INET)
-    var namelen = sizeof(name).SockLen
-    if getsockname(socket, cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(name)),
-                   addr(namelen)) == -1'i32:
-      raiseOSError(osLastError())
-    result = ($inet_ntoa(name.sin_addr),
-              Port(nativesockets.ntohs(name.sin_port)))
-  of AF_INET6:
-    var name: Sockaddr_in6
+      var s =
+        when defined(android4):
+          posix.gethostbyaddr(cast[cstring](myAddr), addrLen.cint,
+                              cint(family))
+        else:
+          posix.gethostbyaddr(myAddr, addrLen.SockLen,
+                              cint(family))
+      if s == nil:
+        raiseOSError(osLastError(), $hstrerror(h_errno))
+
+    result.name = $s.h_name
+    result.aliases = cstringArrayToSeq(s.h_aliases)
     when useWinVersion:
-      name.sin6_family = uint16(ord(AF_INET6))
+      result.addrtype = Domain(s.h_addrtype)
     else:
-      name.sin6_family = TSa_Family(posix.AF_INET6)
-    var namelen = sizeof(name).SockLen
-    if getsockname(socket, cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(name)),
-                   addr(namelen)) == -1'i32:
-      raiseOSError(osLastError())
-    # Cannot use INET6_ADDRSTRLEN here, because it's a C define.
-    result[0] = newString(64)
-    if inet_ntop(name.sin6_family.cint,
-        addr name.sin6_addr, addr result[0][0], (result[0].len+1).int32).isNil:
+      if s.h_addrtype == posix.AF_INET:
+        result.addrtype = AF_INET
+      elif s.h_addrtype == posix.AF_INET6:
+        result.addrtype = AF_INET6
+      else:
+        raiseOSError(osLastError(), "unknown h_addrtype")
+    if result.addrtype == AF_INET:
+      result.addrList = @[]
+      var i = 0
+      while not isNil(s.h_addr_list[i]):
+        var inaddrPtr = cast[ptr InAddr](s.h_addr_list[i])
+        result.addrList.add($inet_ntoa(inaddrPtr[]))
+        inc(i)
+    else:
+      let strAddrLen = when not useWinVersion: posix.INET6_ADDRSTRLEN.int
+                       else: 46
+      var i = 0
+      while not isNil(s.h_addr_list[i]):
+        var ipStr = newString(strAddrLen)
+        if inet_ntop(nativeAfInet6, cast[pointer](s.h_addr_list[i]),
+                     cstring(ipStr), len(ipStr).int32) == nil:
+          raiseOSError(osLastError())
+        when not useWinVersion:
+          if posix.IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED(cast[ptr In6Addr](s.h_addr_list[i])) != 0:
+            ipStr.setSlice("::ffff:".len..<strAddrLen)
+        setLen(ipStr, len(cstring(ipStr)))
+        result.addrList.add(ipStr)
+        inc(i)
+    result.length = int(s.h_length)
+
+  proc getHostByName*(name: string): Hostent {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
+    ## This function will lookup the IP address of a hostname.
+    when useWinVersion:
+      var s = winlean.gethostbyname(name)
+    else:
+      var s = posix.gethostbyname(name)
+    if s == nil: raiseOSError(osLastError())
+    result.name = $s.h_name
+    result.aliases = cstringArrayToSeq(s.h_aliases)
+    when useWinVersion:
+      result.addrtype = Domain(s.h_addrtype)
+    else:
+      if s.h_addrtype == posix.AF_INET:
+        result.addrtype = AF_INET
+      elif s.h_addrtype == posix.AF_INET6:
+        result.addrtype = AF_INET6
+      else:
+        raiseOSError(osLastError(), "unknown h_addrtype")
+    if result.addrtype == AF_INET:
+      result.addrList = @[]
+      var i = 0
+      while not isNil(s.h_addr_list[i]):
+        var inaddrPtr = cast[ptr InAddr](s.h_addr_list[i])
+        result.addrList.add($inet_ntoa(inaddrPtr[]))
+        inc(i)
+    else:
+      result.addrList = cstringArrayToSeq(s.h_addr_list)
+    result.length = int(s.h_length)
+
+  proc getHostname*(): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
+    ## Returns the local hostname (not the FQDN)
+    # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035#section-2.3.1
+    # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2181#section-11
+    const size = 256
+    result = newString(size)
+    when useWinVersion:
+      let success = winlean.gethostname(result.cstring, size)
+    else:
+      # Posix
+      let success = posix.gethostname(result.cstring, size)
+    if success != 0.cint:
       raiseOSError(osLastError())
-    setLen(result[0], result[0].cstring.len)
-    result[1] = Port(nativesockets.ntohs(name.sin6_port))
-  else:
-    raiseOSError(OSErrorCode(-1), "invalid socket family in getLocalAddr")
-
-proc getPeerAddr*(socket: SocketHandle, domain: Domain): (string, Port) =
-  ## Returns the socket's peer address and port number.
-  ##
-  ## Similar to POSIX's `getpeername`:idx:
-  case domain
-  of AF_INET:
+    let x = len(cstring(result))
+    result.setLen(x)
+
+  proc getAddrString*(sockAddr: ptr SockAddr): string =
+    ## Returns the string representation of address within sockAddr
+    if sockAddr.sa_family.cint == nativeAfInet:
+      result = $inet_ntoa(cast[ptr Sockaddr_in](sockAddr).sin_addr)
+    elif sockAddr.sa_family.cint == nativeAfInet6:
+      let addrLen = when not useWinVersion: posix.INET6_ADDRSTRLEN.int
+                    else: 46 # it's actually 46 in both cases
+      result = newString(addrLen)
+      let addr6 = addr cast[ptr Sockaddr_in6](sockAddr).sin6_addr
+      when not useWinVersion:
+        if posix.inet_ntop(posix.AF_INET6, addr6, cast[cstring](addr result[0]),
+                          result.len.int32) == nil:
+          raiseOSError(osLastError())
+        if posix.IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED(addr6) != 0:
+          result.setSlice("::ffff:".len..<addrLen)
+      else:
+        if winlean.inet_ntop(winlean.AF_INET6, addr6, cast[cstring](addr result[0]),
+                            result.len.int32) == nil:
+          raiseOSError(osLastError())
+      setLen(result, len(cstring(result)))
+    else:
+      when defined(posix) and not defined(nimdoc):
+        if sockAddr.sa_family.cint == nativeAfUnix:
+          return "unix"
+      raise newException(IOError, "Unknown socket family in getAddrString")
+
+  proc getAddrString*(sockAddr: ptr SockAddr, strAddress: var string) =
+    ## Stores in `strAddress` the string representation of the address inside
+    ## `sockAddr`
+    ##
+    ## **Note**
+    ## * `strAddress` must be initialized to 46 in length.
+    const length = 46
+    assert(length == len(strAddress),
+          "`strAddress` was not initialized correctly. 46 != `len(strAddress)`")
+    if sockAddr.sa_family.cint == nativeAfInet:
+      let addr4 = addr cast[ptr Sockaddr_in](sockAddr).sin_addr
+      when not useWinVersion:
+        if posix.inet_ntop(posix.AF_INET, addr4, cast[cstring](addr strAddress[0]),
+                          strAddress.len.int32) == nil:
+          raiseOSError(osLastError())
+      else:
+        if winlean.inet_ntop(winlean.AF_INET, addr4, cast[cstring](addr strAddress[0]),
+                            strAddress.len.int32) == nil:
+          raiseOSError(osLastError())
+    elif sockAddr.sa_family.cint == nativeAfInet6:
+      let addr6 = addr cast[ptr Sockaddr_in6](sockAddr).sin6_addr
+      when not useWinVersion:
+        if posix.inet_ntop(posix.AF_INET6, addr6, cast[cstring](addr strAddress[0]),
+                          strAddress.len.int32) == nil:
+          raiseOSError(osLastError())
+        if posix.IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED(addr6) != 0:
+          strAddress.setSlice("::ffff:".len..<length)
+      else:
+        if winlean.inet_ntop(winlean.AF_INET6, addr6, cast[cstring](addr strAddress[0]),
+                            strAddress.len.int32) == nil:
+          raiseOSError(osLastError())
+    else:
+      raise newException(IOError, "Unknown socket family in getAddrString")
+    setLen(strAddress, len(cstring(strAddress)))
+
+  when defined(posix) and not defined(nimdoc):
+    proc makeUnixAddr*(path: string): Sockaddr_un =
+      result.sun_family = AF_UNIX.TSa_Family
+      if path.len >= Sockaddr_un_path_length:
+        raise newException(ValueError, "socket path too long")
+      copyMem(addr result.sun_path, path.cstring, path.len + 1)
+
+  proc getSockName*(socket: SocketHandle): Port =
+    ## Returns the socket's associated port number.
     var name: Sockaddr_in
     when useWinVersion:
       name.sin_family = uint16(ord(AF_INET))
     else:
       name.sin_family = TSa_Family(posix.AF_INET)
+    #name.sin_port = htons(cint16(port))
+    #name.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY)
     var namelen = sizeof(name).SockLen
-    if getpeername(socket, cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(name)),
-                   addr(namelen)) == -1'i32:
+    if getsockname(socket, cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(name)),
+                  addr(namelen)) == -1'i32:
       raiseOSError(osLastError())
-    result = ($inet_ntoa(name.sin_addr),
-              Port(nativesockets.ntohs(name.sin_port)))
-  of AF_INET6:
-    var name: Sockaddr_in6
-    when useWinVersion:
-      name.sin6_family = uint16(ord(AF_INET6))
+    result = Port(nativesockets.ntohs(name.sin_port))
+
+  proc getLocalAddr*(socket: SocketHandle, domain: Domain): (string, Port) =
+    ## Returns the socket's local address and port number.
+    ##
+    ## Similar to POSIX's `getsockname`:idx:.
+    case domain
+    of AF_INET:
+      var name: Sockaddr_in
+      when useWinVersion:
+        name.sin_family = uint16(ord(AF_INET))
+      else:
+        name.sin_family = TSa_Family(posix.AF_INET)
+      var namelen = sizeof(name).SockLen
+      if getsockname(socket, cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(name)),
+                    addr(namelen)) == -1'i32:
+        raiseOSError(osLastError())
+      result = ($inet_ntoa(name.sin_addr),
+                Port(nativesockets.ntohs(name.sin_port)))
+    of AF_INET6:
+      var name: Sockaddr_in6
+      when useWinVersion:
+        name.sin6_family = uint16(ord(AF_INET6))
+      else:
+        name.sin6_family = TSa_Family(posix.AF_INET6)
+      var namelen = sizeof(name).SockLen
+      if getsockname(socket, cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(name)),
+                    addr(namelen)) == -1'i32:
+        raiseOSError(osLastError())
+      # Cannot use INET6_ADDRSTRLEN here, because it's a C define.
+      result[0] = newString(64)
+      if inet_ntop(name.sin6_family.cint,
+          addr name.sin6_addr, cast[cstring](addr result[0][0]), (result[0].len+1).int32).isNil:
+        raiseOSError(osLastError())
+      setLen(result[0], result[0].cstring.len)
+      result[1] = Port(nativesockets.ntohs(name.sin6_port))
     else:
-      name.sin6_family = TSa_Family(posix.AF_INET6)
-    var namelen = sizeof(name).SockLen
-    if getpeername(socket, cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(name)),
-                   addr(namelen)) == -1'i32:
-      raiseOSError(osLastError())
-    # Cannot use INET6_ADDRSTRLEN here, because it's a C define.
-    result[0] = newString(64)
-    if inet_ntop(name.sin6_family.cint,
-        addr name.sin6_addr, addr result[0][0], (result[0].len+1).int32).isNil:
+      raiseOSError(OSErrorCode(-1), "invalid socket family in getLocalAddr")
+
+  proc getPeerAddr*(socket: SocketHandle, domain: Domain): (string, Port) =
+    ## Returns the socket's peer address and port number.
+    ##
+    ## Similar to POSIX's `getpeername`:idx:
+    case domain
+    of AF_INET:
+      var name: Sockaddr_in
+      when useWinVersion:
+        name.sin_family = uint16(ord(AF_INET))
+      else:
+        name.sin_family = TSa_Family(posix.AF_INET)
+      var namelen = sizeof(name).SockLen
+      if getpeername(socket, cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(name)),
+                    addr(namelen)) == -1'i32:
+        raiseOSError(osLastError())
+      result = ($inet_ntoa(name.sin_addr),
+                Port(nativesockets.ntohs(name.sin_port)))
+    of AF_INET6:
+      var name: Sockaddr_in6
+      when useWinVersion:
+        name.sin6_family = uint16(ord(AF_INET6))
+      else:
+        name.sin6_family = TSa_Family(posix.AF_INET6)
+      var namelen = sizeof(name).SockLen
+      if getpeername(socket, cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(name)),
+                    addr(namelen)) == -1'i32:
+        raiseOSError(osLastError())
+      # Cannot use INET6_ADDRSTRLEN here, because it's a C define.
+      result[0] = newString(64)
+      if inet_ntop(name.sin6_family.cint,
+          addr name.sin6_addr, cast[cstring](addr result[0][0]), (result[0].len+1).int32).isNil:
+        raiseOSError(osLastError())
+      setLen(result[0], result[0].cstring.len)
+      result[1] = Port(nativesockets.ntohs(name.sin6_port))
+    else:
+      raiseOSError(OSErrorCode(-1), "invalid socket family in getLocalAddr")
+
+when useNimNetLite: 
+
+  when useWinVersion:
+    const
+      INET_ADDRSTRLEN = 16
+      INET6_ADDRSTRLEN = 46 # it's actually 46 in both cases
+
+  proc sockAddrToStr(sa: ptr SockAddr): string {.noinit.} =
+    let af_family = sa.sa_family
+    var nl, v4Slice: cint
+    var si_addr: ptr InAddr
+
+    if af_family == AF_INET.TSa_Family:
+      nl = INET_ADDRSTRLEN
+      si_addr = cast[ptr Sockaddr_in](sa).sin_addr.addr()
+    elif af_family == AF_INET6.TSa_Family:
+      nl = INET6_ADDRSTRLEN
+      let si6_addr = cast[ptr Sockaddr_in6](sa).sin6_addr.addr()
+      si_addr = cast[ptr InAddr](si6_addr) # let's us reuse logic below 
+      when defined(posix) and not defined(nimdoc) and not defined(zephyr):
+        if posix.IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED(si6_addr) != 0:
+          v4Slice = "::ffff:".len()
+    else:
+      when defined(posix) and not defined(nimdoc):
+        if af_family.cint == nativeAfUnix:
+          return "unix"
+      return ""
+
+    result = newString(nl)
+    let namePtr = result.cstring()
+    if namePtr == inet_ntop(af_family.cint, si_addr, namePtr, nl):
+      result.setLen(len(namePtr))
+      if v4Slice > 0: result.setSlice(v4Slice.int ..< nl.int)
+    else:
+      return ""
+
+  proc sockAddrToStr(sa: var Sockaddr_in | var Sockaddr_in6): string =
+    result = sockAddrToStr(cast[ptr SockAddr](unsafeAddr(sa)))
+
+  proc getAddrString*(sockAddr: ptr SockAddr): string =
+    result = sockAddrToStr(sockAddr)
+    if result.len() == 0:
       raiseOSError(osLastError())
-    setLen(result[0], result[0].cstring.len)
-    result[1] = Port(nativesockets.ntohs(name.sin6_port))
-  else:
-    raiseOSError(OSErrorCode(-1), "invalid socket family in getLocalAddr")
+
+  proc getAddrString*(sockAddr: ptr SockAddr, strAddress: var string) {.noinit.} =
+    strAddress = getAddrString(sockAddr)
+
+  proc getLocalAddr*(socket: SocketHandle, domain: Domain): (string, Port) =
+    ## Returns the socket's local address and port number.
+    ##
+    ## Similar to POSIX's `getsockname`:idx:.
+    template sockGetNameOrRaiseError(socket: untyped, name: untyped) =
+      var namelen = sizeof(socket).SockLen
+      if getsockname(socket, cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(name)),
+                    addr(namelen)) == -1'i32:
+        raiseOSError(osLastError())
+
+    case domain
+    of AF_INET:
+      var name = Sockaddr_in(sin_family: TSa_Family(posix.AF_INET))
+      sockGetNameOrRaiseError(socket, name)
+      result = (sockAddrToStr(name),
+                Port(nativesockets.ntohs(name.sin_port)))
+    of AF_INET6:
+      var name = Sockaddr_in6(sin6_family: TSa_Family(posix.AF_INET6))
+      sockGetNameOrRaiseError(socket, name)
+      result = (sockAddrToStr(name),
+                Port(nativesockets.ntohs(name.sin6_port)))
+    else:
+      raiseOSError(OSErrorCode(-1), "invalid socket family in getLocalAddr")
+
 
 proc getSockOptInt*(socket: SocketHandle, level, optname: int): int {.
   tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
@@ -731,14 +844,14 @@ proc accept*(fd: SocketHandle, inheritable = defined(nimInheritHandles)): (Socke
   ## child processes.
   ##
   ## Returns (osInvalidSocket, "") if an error occurred.
-  var sockAddress: Sockaddr_in
+  var sockAddress: SockAddr
   var addrLen = sizeof(sockAddress).SockLen
   var sock =
     when (defined(linux) or defined(bsd)) and not defined(nimdoc):
-      accept4(fd, cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(sockAddress)), addr(addrLen),
+      accept4(fd, addr(sockAddress), addr(addrLen),
               if inheritable: 0 else: SOCK_CLOEXEC)
     else:
-      accept(fd, cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(sockAddress)), addr(addrLen))
+      accept(fd, addr(sockAddress), addr(addrLen))
   when declared(setInheritable) and not (defined(linux) or defined(bsd)):
     if not setInheritable(sock, inheritable):
       close sock
@@ -746,7 +859,11 @@ proc accept*(fd: SocketHandle, inheritable = defined(nimInheritHandles)): (Socke
   if sock == osInvalidSocket:
     return (osInvalidSocket, "")
   else:
-    return (sock, $inet_ntoa(sockAddress.sin_addr))
+    when useNimNetLite:
+      var name = sockAddrToStr(addr sockAddress)
+      return (sock, name)
+    else:
+      return (sock, $inet_ntoa(cast[Sockaddr_in](sockAddress).sin_addr))
 
 when defined(windows):
   var wsa: WSAData
diff --git a/lib/pure/net.nim b/lib/pure/net.nim
index b37782271..24c94b651 100644
--- a/lib/pure/net.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/net.nim
@@ -44,64 +44,73 @@
 ## After you create a socket with the `newSocket` procedure, you can easily
 ## connect it to a server running at a known hostname (or IP address) and port.
 ## To do so over TCP, use the example below.
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##   var socket = newSocket()
-##   socket.connect("google.com", Port(80))
-##
-## For SSL, use the following example (and make sure to compile with `-d:ssl`):
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##   var socket = newSocket()
-##   var ctx = newContext()
-##   wrapSocket(ctx, socket)
-##   socket.connect("google.com", Port(443))
-##
+
+runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+  let socket = newSocket()
+  socket.connect("google.com", Port(80))
+
+## For SSL, use the following example:
+
+runnableExamples("-r:off -d:ssl"):
+  let socket = newSocket()
+  let ctx = newContext()
+  wrapSocket(ctx, socket)
+  socket.connect("google.com", Port(443))
+
 ## UDP is a connectionless protocol, so UDP sockets don't have to explicitly
 ## call the `connect <net.html#connect%2CSocket%2Cstring>`_ procedure. They can
 ## simply start sending data immediately.
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##   var socket = newSocket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP)
-##   socket.sendTo("192.168.0.1", Port(27960), "status\n")
-##
+
+runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+  let socket = newSocket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP)
+  socket.sendTo("192.168.0.1", Port(27960), "status\n")
+
+runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+  let socket = newSocket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP)
+  let ip = parseIpAddress("192.168.0.1")
+  doAssert socket.sendTo(ip, Port(27960), "status\c\l") == 8
+
 ## Creating a server
 ## -----------------
 ##
 ## After you create a socket with the `newSocket` procedure, you can create a
 ## TCP server by calling the `bindAddr` and `listen` procedures.
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##   var socket = newSocket()
-##   socket.bindAddr(Port(1234))
-##   socket.listen()
-##
-## You can then begin accepting connections using the `accept` procedure.
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##   var client: Socket
-##   var address = ""
-##   while true:
-##     socket.acceptAddr(client, address)
-##     echo("Client connected from: ", address)
+
+runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+  let socket = newSocket()
+  socket.bindAddr(Port(1234))
+  socket.listen()
+
+  # You can then begin accepting connections using the `accept` procedure.
+  var client: Socket
+  var address = ""
+  while true:
+    socket.acceptAddr(client, address)
+    echo "Client connected from: ", address
 
 import std/private/since
 
-import nativesockets, os, strutils, times, sets, options, std/monotimes
-import ssl_config
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+import std/nativesockets
+import std/[os, strutils, times, sets, options, monotimes]
+import std/ssl_config
 export nativesockets.Port, nativesockets.`$`, nativesockets.`==`
-export Domain, SockType, Protocol
+export Domain, SockType, Protocol, IPPROTO_NONE
 
 const useWinVersion = defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc)
+const useNimNetLite = defined(nimNetLite) or defined(freertos) or defined(zephyr) or
+    defined(nuttx)
 const defineSsl = defined(ssl) or defined(nimdoc)
 
 when useWinVersion:
-  from winlean import WSAESHUTDOWN
+  from std/winlean import WSAESHUTDOWN
 
 when defineSsl:
-  import openssl
+  import std/openssl
   when not defined(nimDisableCertificateValidation):
-    from ssl_certs import scanSSLCertificates
+    from std/ssl_certs import scanSSLCertificates
 
 # Note: The enumerations are mapped to Window's constants.
 
@@ -198,6 +207,30 @@ type
 when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
   {.pop.}
 
+
+when defined(posix) and not defined(lwip):
+  from std/posix import TPollfd, POLLIN, POLLPRI, POLLOUT, POLLWRBAND, Tnfds
+
+  template monitorPollEvent(x: var SocketHandle, y: cint, timeout: int): int =
+    var tpollfd: TPollfd
+    tpollfd.fd = cast[cint](x)
+    tpollfd.events = y
+    posix.poll(addr(tpollfd), Tnfds(1), timeout)
+
+proc timeoutRead(fd: var SocketHandle, timeout = 500): int =
+  when defined(windows) or defined(lwip):
+    var fds = @[fd]
+    selectRead(fds, timeout)
+  else:
+    monitorPollEvent(fd, POLLIN or POLLPRI, timeout)
+
+proc timeoutWrite(fd: var SocketHandle, timeout = 500): int =
+  when defined(windows) or defined(lwip):
+    var fds = @[fd]
+    selectWrite(fds, timeout)
+  else:
+    monitorPollEvent(fd, POLLOUT or POLLWRBAND, timeout)
+
 proc socketError*(socket: Socket, err: int = -1, async = false,
                   lastError = (-1).OSErrorCode,
                   flags: set[SocketFlag] = {}) {.gcsafe.}
@@ -283,14 +316,20 @@ proc parseIPv4Address(addressStr: string): IpAddress =
     byteCount = 0
     currentByte: uint16 = 0
     separatorValid = false
+    leadingZero = false
 
   result = IpAddress(family: IpAddressFamily.IPv4)
 
   for i in 0 .. high(addressStr):
     if addressStr[i] in strutils.Digits: # Character is a number
+      if leadingZero:
+        raise newException(ValueError,
+          "Invalid IP address. Octal numbers are not allowed")
       currentByte = currentByte * 10 +
         cast[uint16](ord(addressStr[i]) - ord('0'))
-      if currentByte > 255'u16:
+      if currentByte == 0'u16:
+        leadingZero = true
+      elif currentByte > 255'u16:
         raise newException(ValueError,
           "Invalid IP Address. Value is out of range")
       separatorValid = true
@@ -302,6 +341,7 @@ proc parseIPv4Address(addressStr: string): IpAddress =
       currentByte = 0
       byteCount.inc
       separatorValid = false
+      leadingZero = false
     else:
       raise newException(ValueError,
         "Invalid IP Address. Address contains an invalid character")
@@ -390,10 +430,16 @@ proc parseIPv6Address(addressStr: string): IpAddress =
       result.address_v6[groupCount*2+1] = cast[uint8](currentShort and 0xFF)
       groupCount.inc()
   else: # Must parse IPv4 address
+    var leadingZero = false
     for i, c in addressStr[v4StartPos..high(addressStr)]:
       if c in strutils.Digits: # Character is a number
+        if leadingZero:
+          raise newException(ValueError,
+            "Invalid IP address. Octal numbers not allowed")
         currentShort = currentShort * 10 + cast[uint32](ord(c) - ord('0'))
-        if currentShort > 255'u32:
+        if currentShort == 0'u32:
+          leadingZero = true
+        elif currentShort > 255'u32:
           raise newException(ValueError,
             "Invalid IP Address. Value is out of range")
         separatorValid = true
@@ -404,6 +450,7 @@ proc parseIPv6Address(addressStr: string): IpAddress =
         currentShort = 0
         byteCount.inc()
         separatorValid = false
+        leadingZero = false
       else: # Invalid character
         raise newException(ValueError,
           "Invalid IP Address. Address contains an invalid character")
@@ -433,7 +480,12 @@ proc parseIPv6Address(addressStr: string): IpAddress =
 
 proc parseIpAddress*(addressStr: string): IpAddress =
   ## Parses an IP address
-  ## Raises ValueError on error
+  ##
+  ## Raises ValueError on error.
+  ##
+  ## For IPv4 addresses, only the strict form as
+  ## defined in RFC 6943 is considered valid, see
+  ## https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6943#section-3.1.1.
   if addressStr.len == 0:
     raise newException(ValueError, "IP Address string is empty")
   if addressStr.contains(':'):
@@ -495,13 +547,20 @@ proc fromSockAddr*(sa: Sockaddr_storage | SockAddr | Sockaddr_in | Sockaddr_in6,
   fromSockAddrAux(cast[ptr Sockaddr_storage](unsafeAddr sa), sl, address, port)
 
 when defineSsl:
-  CRYPTO_malloc_init()
-  doAssert SslLibraryInit() == 1
-  SSL_load_error_strings()
-  ERR_load_BIO_strings()
-  OpenSSL_add_all_algorithms()
-
-  proc raiseSSLError*(s = "") =
+  # OpenSSL >= 1.1.0 does not need explicit init.
+  when not useOpenssl3:
+    CRYPTO_malloc_init()
+    doAssert SslLibraryInit() == 1
+    SSL_load_error_strings()
+    ERR_load_BIO_strings()
+    OpenSSL_add_all_algorithms()
+
+  proc sslHandle*(self: Socket): SslPtr =
+    ## Retrieve the ssl pointer of `socket`.
+    ## Useful for interfacing with `openssl`.
+    self.sslHandle
+
+  proc raiseSSLError*(s = "") {.raises: [SslError].}=
     ## Raises a new SSL error.
     if s != "":
       raise newException(SslError, s)
@@ -563,12 +622,11 @@ when defineSsl:
 
   proc newContext*(protVersion = protSSLv23, verifyMode = CVerifyPeer,
                    certFile = "", keyFile = "", cipherList = CiphersIntermediate,
-                   caDir = "", caFile = ""): SslContext =
+                   caDir = "", caFile = "", ciphersuites = CiphersModern): SslContext =
     ## Creates an SSL context.
     ##
-    ## Protocol version specifies the protocol to use. SSLv2, SSLv3, TLSv1
-    ## are available with the addition of `protSSLv23` which allows for
-    ## compatibility with all of them.
+    ## Protocol version is currently ignored by default and TLS is used.
+    ## With `-d:openssl10`, only SSLv23 and TLSv1 may be used.
     ##
     ## There are three options for verify mode:
     ## `CVerifyNone`: certificates are not verified;
@@ -582,10 +640,10 @@ when defineSsl:
     ##
     ## CA certificates will be loaded, in the following order, from:
     ##
-    ##  - caFile, caDir, parameters, if set
-    ##  - if `verifyMode` is set to `CVerifyPeerUseEnvVars`,
-    ##    the SSL_CERT_FILE and SSL_CERT_DIR environment variables are used
-    ##  - a set of files and directories from the `ssl_certs <ssl_certs.html>`_ file.
+    ## - caFile, caDir, parameters, if set
+    ## - if `verifyMode` is set to `CVerifyPeerUseEnvVars`,
+    ##   the SSL_CERT_FILE and SSL_CERT_DIR environment variables are used
+    ## - a set of files and directories from the `ssl_certs <ssl_certs.html>`_ file.
     ##
     ## The last two parameters specify the certificate file path and the key file
     ## path, a server socket will most likely not work without these.
@@ -595,31 +653,39 @@ when defineSsl:
     ## or using ECDSA:
     ## - `openssl ecparam -out mykey.pem -name secp256k1 -genkey`
     ## - `openssl req -new -key mykey.pem -x509 -nodes -days 365 -out mycert.pem`
-    var newCTX: SslCtx
-    case protVersion
-    of protSSLv23:
-      newCTX = SSL_CTX_new(SSLv23_method()) # SSlv2,3 and TLS1 support.
-    of protSSLv2:
-      raiseSSLError("SSLv2 is no longer secure and has been deprecated, use protSSLv23")
-    of protSSLv3:
-      raiseSSLError("SSLv3 is no longer secure and has been deprecated, use protSSLv23")
-    of protTLSv1:
-      newCTX = SSL_CTX_new(TLSv1_method())
+    var mtd: PSSL_METHOD
+    when defined(openssl10):
+      case protVersion
+      of protSSLv23:
+        mtd = SSLv23_method()
+      of protSSLv2:
+        raiseSSLError("SSLv2 is no longer secure and has been deprecated, use protSSLv23")
+      of protSSLv3:
+        raiseSSLError("SSLv3 is no longer secure and has been deprecated, use protSSLv23")
+      of protTLSv1:
+        mtd = TLSv1_method()
+    else:
+      mtd = TLS_method()
+    if mtd == nil:
+      raiseSSLError("Failed to create TLS context")
+    var newCTX = SSL_CTX_new(mtd)
+    if newCTX == nil:
+      raiseSSLError("Failed to create TLS context")
 
     if newCTX.SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list(cipherList) != 1:
       raiseSSLError()
     when not defined(openssl10) and not defined(libressl):
       let sslVersion = getOpenSSLVersion()
-      if sslVersion >= 0x010101000 and not sslVersion == 0x020000000:
+      if sslVersion >= 0x010101000 and sslVersion != 0x020000000:
         # In OpenSSL >= 1.1.1, TLSv1.3 cipher suites can only be configured via
         # this API.
-        if newCTX.SSL_CTX_set_ciphersuites(cipherList) != 1:
+        if newCTX.SSL_CTX_set_ciphersuites(ciphersuites) != 1:
           raiseSSLError()
     # Automatically the best ECDH curve for client exchange. Without this, ECDH
     # ciphers will be ignored by the server.
     #
     # From OpenSSL >= 1.1.0, this setting is set by default and can't be
-    # overriden.
+    # overridden.
     if newCTX.SSL_CTX_set_ecdh_auto(1) != 1:
       raiseSSLError()
 
@@ -644,15 +710,20 @@ when defineSsl:
       if verifyMode != CVerifyNone:
         # Use the caDir and caFile parameters if set
         if caDir != "" or caFile != "":
-          if newCTX.SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations(caFile, caDir) != VerifySuccess:
+          if newCTX.SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations(if caFile == "": nil else: caFile.cstring, if caDir == "": nil else: caDir.cstring) != VerifySuccess:
             raise newException(IOError, "Failed to load SSL/TLS CA certificate(s).")
 
         else:
           # Scan for certs in known locations. For CVerifyPeerUseEnvVars also scan
           # the SSL_CERT_FILE and SSL_CERT_DIR env vars
           var found = false
-          for fn in scanSSLCertificates():
-            if newCTX.SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations(fn, nil) == VerifySuccess:
+          let useEnvVars = (if verifyMode == CVerifyPeerUseEnvVars: true else: false)
+          for fn in scanSSLCertificates(useEnvVars = useEnvVars):
+            if fn.extractFilename == "":
+              if newCTX.SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations(nil, cstring(fn.normalizePathEnd(false))) == VerifySuccess:
+                found = true
+                break
+            elif newCTX.SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations(cstring(fn), nil) == VerifySuccess:
               found = true
               break
           if not found:
@@ -685,17 +756,16 @@ when defineSsl:
     return ctx.getExtraInternal().clientGetPskFunc
 
   proc pskClientCallback(ssl: SslPtr; hint: cstring; identity: cstring;
-      max_identity_len: cuint; psk: ptr cuchar;
+      max_identity_len: cuint; psk: ptr uint8;
       max_psk_len: cuint): cuint {.cdecl.} =
     let ctx = SslContext(context: ssl.SSL_get_SSL_CTX)
     let hintString = if hint == nil: "" else: $hint
     let (identityString, pskString) = (ctx.clientGetPskFunc)(hintString)
-    if psk.len.cuint > max_psk_len:
+    if pskString.len.cuint > max_psk_len:
       return 0
     if identityString.len.cuint >= max_identity_len:
       return 0
-
-    copyMem(identity, identityString.cstring, pskString.len + 1) # with the last zero byte
+    copyMem(identity, identityString.cstring, identityString.len + 1) # with the last zero byte
     copyMem(psk, pskString.cstring, pskString.len)
 
     return pskString.len.cuint
@@ -712,11 +782,11 @@ when defineSsl:
   proc serverGetPskFunc*(ctx: SslContext): SslServerGetPskFunc =
     return ctx.getExtraInternal().serverGetPskFunc
 
-  proc pskServerCallback(ssl: SslCtx; identity: cstring; psk: ptr cuchar;
+  proc pskServerCallback(ssl: SslCtx; identity: cstring; psk: ptr uint8;
       max_psk_len: cint): cuint {.cdecl.} =
     let ctx = SslContext(context: ssl.SSL_get_SSL_CTX)
     let pskString = (ctx.serverGetPskFunc)($identity)
-    if psk.len.cint > max_psk_len:
+    if pskString.len.cint > max_psk_len:
       return 0
     copyMem(psk, pskString.cstring, pskString.len)
 
@@ -759,23 +829,28 @@ when defineSsl:
     if SSL_set_fd(socket.sslHandle, socket.fd) != 1:
       raiseSSLError()
 
-  proc checkCertName(socket: Socket, hostname: string) =
+  proc checkCertName(socket: Socket, hostname: string) {.raises: [SslError], tags:[RootEffect].} =
     ## Check if the certificate Subject Alternative Name (SAN) or Subject CommonName (CN) matches hostname.
     ## Wildcards match only in the left-most label.
     ## When name starts with a dot it will be matched by a certificate valid for any subdomain
     when not defined(nimDisableCertificateValidation) and not defined(windows):
       assert socket.isSsl
-      let certificate = socket.sslHandle.SSL_get_peer_certificate()
-      if certificate.isNil:
-        raiseSSLError("No SSL certificate found.")
-
-      const X509_CHECK_FLAG_ALWAYS_CHECK_SUBJECT = 0x1.cuint
-      const size = 1024
-      var peername: string = newString(size)
-      let match = certificate.X509_check_host(hostname.cstring, hostname.len.cint,
-        X509_CHECK_FLAG_ALWAYS_CHECK_SUBJECT, peername)
-      if match != 1:
-        raiseSSLError("SSL Certificate check failed.")
+      try:
+        let certificate = socket.sslHandle.SSL_get_peer_certificate()
+        if certificate.isNil:
+          raiseSSLError("No SSL certificate found.")
+
+        const X509_CHECK_FLAG_ALWAYS_CHECK_SUBJECT = 0x1.cuint
+        # https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.1/man3/X509_check_host.html
+        let match = certificate.X509_check_host(hostname.cstring, hostname.len.cint,
+          X509_CHECK_FLAG_ALWAYS_CHECK_SUBJECT, nil)
+        # https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.1/man3/SSL_get_peer_certificate.html
+        X509_free(certificate)
+        if match != 1:
+          raiseSSLError("SSL Certificate check failed.")
+
+      except LibraryError:
+        raiseSSLError("SSL import failed")
 
   proc wrapConnectedSocket*(ctx: SslContext, socket: Socket,
                             handshake: SslHandshakeType,
@@ -802,6 +877,7 @@ when defineSsl:
       let ret = SSL_connect(socket.sslHandle)
       socketError(socket, ret)
       when not defined(nimDisableCertificateValidation) and not defined(windows):
+        # FIXME: this should be skipped on CVerifyNone
         if hostname.len > 0 and not isIpAddress(hostname):
           socket.checkCertName(hostname)
     of handshakeAsServer:
@@ -954,14 +1030,16 @@ proc bindAddr*(socket: Socket, port = Port(0), address = "") {.
 
   var aiList = getAddrInfo(realaddr, port, socket.domain)
   if bindAddr(socket.fd, aiList.ai_addr, aiList.ai_addrlen.SockLen) < 0'i32:
-    freeaddrinfo(aiList)
-    raiseOSError(osLastError())
-  freeaddrinfo(aiList)
+    freeAddrInfo(aiList)
+    var address2: string
+    address2.addQuoted address
+    raiseOSError(osLastError(), "address: $# port: $#" % [address2, $port])
+  freeAddrInfo(aiList)
 
 proc acceptAddr*(server: Socket, client: var owned(Socket), address: var string,
                  flags = {SocketFlag.SafeDisconn},
                  inheritable = defined(nimInheritHandles)) {.
-                 tags: [ReadIOEffect], gcsafe, locks: 0.} =
+                 tags: [ReadIOEffect], gcsafe.} =
   ## Blocks until a connection is being made from a client. When a connection
   ## is made sets `client` to the client socket and `address` to the address
   ## of the connecting client.
@@ -1076,7 +1154,7 @@ proc accept*(server: Socket, client: var owned(Socket),
   acceptAddr(server, client, addrDummy, flags)
 
 when defined(posix) and not defined(lwip):
-  from posix import Sigset, sigwait, sigismember, sigemptyset, sigaddset,
+  from std/posix import Sigset, sigwait, sigismember, sigemptyset, sigaddset,
     sigprocmask, pthread_sigmask, SIGPIPE, SIG_BLOCK, SIG_UNBLOCK
 
 template blockSigpipe(body: untyped): untyped =
@@ -1190,9 +1268,9 @@ proc close*(socket: Socket, flags = {SocketFlag.SafeDisconn}) =
     socket.fd = osInvalidSocket
 
 when defined(posix):
-  from posix import TCP_NODELAY
+  from std/posix import TCP_NODELAY
 else:
-  from winlean import TCP_NODELAY
+  from std/winlean import TCP_NODELAY
 
 proc toCInt*(opt: SOBool): cint =
   ## Converts a `SOBool` into its Socket Option cint representation.
@@ -1219,32 +1297,31 @@ proc getLocalAddr*(socket: Socket): (string, Port) =
   ## This is high-level interface for `getsockname`:idx:.
   getLocalAddr(socket.fd, socket.domain)
 
-proc getPeerAddr*(socket: Socket): (string, Port) =
-  ## Get the socket's peer address and port number.
-  ##
-  ## This is high-level interface for `getpeername`:idx:.
-  getPeerAddr(socket.fd, socket.domain)
+when not useNimNetLite:
+  proc getPeerAddr*(socket: Socket): (string, Port) =
+    ## Get the socket's peer address and port number.
+    ##
+    ## This is high-level interface for `getpeername`:idx:.
+    getPeerAddr(socket.fd, socket.domain)
 
 proc setSockOpt*(socket: Socket, opt: SOBool, value: bool,
     level = SOL_SOCKET) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect].} =
   ## Sets option `opt` to a boolean value specified by `value`.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##   var socket = newSocket()
-  ##   socket.setSockOpt(OptReusePort, true)
-  ##   socket.setSockOpt(OptNoDelay, true, level=IPPROTO_TCP.toInt)
-  ##
+  runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+    let socket = newSocket()
+    socket.setSockOpt(OptReusePort, true)
+    socket.setSockOpt(OptNoDelay, true, level = IPPROTO_TCP.cint)
   var valuei = cint(if value: 1 else: 0)
   setSockOptInt(socket.fd, cint(level), toCInt(opt), valuei)
 
-when defined(posix) or defined(nimdoc):
+when defined(nimdoc) or (defined(posix) and not useNimNetLite):
   proc connectUnix*(socket: Socket, path: string) =
     ## Connects to Unix socket on `path`.
     ## This only works on Unix-style systems: Mac OS X, BSD and Linux
     when not defined(nimdoc):
       var socketAddr = makeUnixAddr(path)
       if socket.fd.connect(cast[ptr SockAddr](addr socketAddr),
-          (sizeof(socketAddr.sun_family) + path.len).SockLen) != 0'i32:
+          (offsetOf(socketAddr, sun_path) + path.len + 1).SockLen) != 0'i32:
         raiseOSError(osLastError())
 
   proc bindUnix*(socket: Socket, path: string) =
@@ -1253,10 +1330,10 @@ when defined(posix) or defined(nimdoc):
     when not defined(nimdoc):
       var socketAddr = makeUnixAddr(path)
       if socket.fd.bindAddr(cast[ptr SockAddr](addr socketAddr),
-          (sizeof(socketAddr.sun_family) + path.len).SockLen) != 0'i32:
+          (offsetOf(socketAddr, sun_path) + path.len + 1).SockLen) != 0'i32:
         raiseOSError(osLastError())
 
-when defined(ssl):
+when defineSsl:
   proc gotHandshake*(socket: Socket): bool =
     ## Determines whether a handshake has occurred between a client (`socket`)
     ## and the server that `socket` is connected to.
@@ -1277,14 +1354,6 @@ proc hasDataBuffered*(s: Socket): bool =
     if s.isSsl and not result:
       result = s.sslHasPeekChar
 
-proc select(readfd: Socket, timeout = 500): int =
-  ## Used for socket operation timeouts.
-  if readfd.hasDataBuffered:
-    return 1
-
-  var fds = @[readfd.fd]
-  result = selectRead(fds, timeout)
-
 proc isClosed(socket: Socket): bool =
   socket.fd == osInvalidSocket
 
@@ -1398,7 +1467,9 @@ proc waitFor(socket: Socket, waited: var Duration, timeout, size: int,
           return min(sslPending, size)
 
     var startTime = getMonoTime()
-    let selRet = select(socket, (timeout - waited.inMilliseconds).int)
+    let selRet = if socket.hasDataBuffered: 1
+      else:
+        timeoutRead(socket.fd, (timeout - waited.inMilliseconds).int)
     if selRet < 0: raiseOSError(osLastError())
     if selRet != 1:
       raise newException(TimeoutError, "Call to '" & funcName & "' timed out.")
@@ -1426,7 +1497,7 @@ proc recv*(socket: Socket, data: var string, size: int, timeout = -1,
            flags = {SocketFlag.SafeDisconn}): int =
   ## Higher-level version of `recv`.
   ##
-  ## Reads **up to** `size` bytes from `socket` into `buf`.
+  ## Reads **up to** `size` bytes from `socket` into `data`.
   ##
   ## For buffered sockets this function will attempt to read all the requested
   ## data. It will read this data in `BufferSize` chunks.
@@ -1443,8 +1514,6 @@ proc recv*(socket: Socket, data: var string, size: int, timeout = -1,
   ## A timeout may be specified in milliseconds, if enough data is not received
   ## within the time specified a TimeoutError exception will be raised.
   ##
-  ## **Note**: `data` must be initialised.
-  ##
   ## .. warning:: Only the `SafeDisconn` flag is currently supported.
   data.setLen(size)
   result =
@@ -1463,7 +1532,7 @@ proc recv*(socket: Socket, size: int, timeout = -1,
            flags = {SocketFlag.SafeDisconn}): string {.inline.} =
   ## Higher-level version of `recv` which returns a string.
   ##
-  ## Reads **up to** `size` bytes from `socket` into `buf`.
+  ## Reads **up to** `size` bytes from `socket` into the result.
   ##
   ## For buffered sockets this function will attempt to read all the requested
   ## data. It will read this data in `BufferSize` chunks.
@@ -1534,6 +1603,7 @@ proc readLine*(socket: Socket, line: var string, timeout = -1,
     if flags.isDisconnectionError(lastError):
       setLen(line, 0)
     socket.socketError(n, lastError = lastError, flags = flags)
+    return
 
   var waited: Duration
 
@@ -1583,11 +1653,12 @@ proc recvLine*(socket: Socket, timeout = -1,
   result = ""
   readLine(socket, result, timeout, flags, maxLength)
 
-proc recvFrom*(socket: Socket, data: var string, length: int,
-               address: var string, port: var Port, flags = 0'i32): int {.
+proc recvFrom*[T: string | IpAddress](socket: Socket, data: var string, length: int,
+               address: var T, port: var Port, flags = 0'i32): int {.
                tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
   ## Receives data from `socket`. This function should normally be used with
-  ## connection-less sockets (UDP sockets).
+  ## connection-less sockets (UDP sockets). The source address of the data
+  ## packet is stored in the `address` argument as either a string or an IpAddress.
   ##
   ## If an error occurs an OSError exception will be raised. Otherwise the return
   ## value will be the length of data received.
@@ -1596,31 +1667,37 @@ proc recvFrom*(socket: Socket, data: var string, length: int,
   ##   so when `socket` is buffered the non-buffered implementation will be
   ##   used. Therefore if `socket` contains something in its buffer this
   ##   function will make no effort to return it.
-  template adaptRecvFromToDomain(domain: Domain) =
-    var addrLen = sizeof(sockAddress).SockLen
+  template adaptRecvFromToDomain(sockAddress: untyped, domain: Domain) =
+    var addrLen = SockLen(sizeof(sockAddress))
     result = recvfrom(socket.fd, cstring(data), length.cint, flags.cint,
                       cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(sockAddress)), addr(addrLen))
 
     if result != -1:
       data.setLen(result)
-      address = getAddrString(cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(sockAddress)))
-      when domain == AF_INET6:
-        port = ntohs(sockAddress.sin6_port).Port
+
+      when typeof(address) is string:
+        address = getAddrString(cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(sockAddress)))
+        when domain == AF_INET6:
+          port = ntohs(sockAddress.sin6_port).Port
+        else:
+          port = ntohs(sockAddress.sin_port).Port
       else:
-        port = ntohs(sockAddress.sin_port).Port
+        data.setLen(result)
+        sockAddress.fromSockAddr(addrLen, address, port)
     else:
       raiseOSError(osLastError())
 
   assert(socket.protocol != IPPROTO_TCP, "Cannot `recvFrom` on a TCP socket")
   # TODO: Buffered sockets
   data.setLen(length)
+
   case socket.domain
   of AF_INET6:
     var sockAddress: Sockaddr_in6
-    adaptRecvFromToDomain(AF_INET6)
+    adaptRecvFromToDomain(sockAddress, AF_INET6)
   of AF_INET:
     var sockAddress: Sockaddr_in
-    adaptRecvFromToDomain(AF_INET)
+    adaptRecvFromToDomain(sockAddress, AF_INET)
   else:
     raise newException(ValueError, "Unknown socket address family")
 
@@ -1659,15 +1736,36 @@ proc send*(socket: Socket, data: pointer, size: int): int {.
     result = send(socket.fd, data, size, int32(MSG_NOSIGNAL))
 
 proc send*(socket: Socket, data: string,
-           flags = {SocketFlag.SafeDisconn}) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect].} =
-  ## sends data to a socket.
-  let sent = send(socket, cstring(data), data.len)
-  if sent < 0:
-    let lastError = osLastError()
-    socketError(socket, lastError = lastError, flags = flags)
+           flags = {SocketFlag.SafeDisconn}, maxRetries = 100) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect].} =
+  ## Sends data to a socket. Will try to send all the data by handling interrupts
+  ## and incomplete writes up to `maxRetries`.
+  var written = 0
+  var attempts = 0
+  while data.len - written > 0:
+    let sent = send(socket, cstring(data), data.len)
+
+    if sent < 0:
+      let lastError = osLastError()
+      let isBlockingErr =
+        when defined(nimdoc):
+          false
+        elif useWinVersion:
+          lastError.int32 == WSAEINTR or
+          lastError.int32 == WSAEWOULDBLOCK
+        else:
+          lastError.int32 == EINTR or
+          lastError.int32 == EWOULDBLOCK or
+          lastError.int32 == EAGAIN
 
-  if sent != data.len:
-    raiseOSError(osLastError(), "Could not send all data.")
+      if not isBlockingErr:
+        let lastError = osLastError()
+        socketError(socket, lastError = lastError, flags = flags)
+      else:
+        attempts.inc()
+        if attempts > maxRetries:
+          raiseOSError(osLastError(), "Could not send all data.")
+    else:
+      written.inc(sent)
 
 template `&=`*(socket: Socket; data: typed) =
   ## an alias for 'send'.
@@ -1683,7 +1781,8 @@ proc sendTo*(socket: Socket, address: string, port: Port, data: pointer,
              tags: [WriteIOEffect].} =
   ## This proc sends `data` to the specified `address`,
   ## which may be an IP address or a hostname, if a hostname is specified
-  ## this function will try each IP of that hostname.
+  ## this function will try each IP of that hostname. This function
+  ## should normally be used with connection-less sockets (UDP sockets).
   ##
   ## If an error occurs an OSError exception will be raised.
   ##
@@ -1707,7 +1806,7 @@ proc sendTo*(socket: Socket, address: string, port: Port, data: pointer,
     it = it.ai_next
 
   let osError = osLastError()
-  freeaddrinfo(aiList)
+  freeAddrInfo(aiList)
 
   if not success:
     raiseOSError(osError)
@@ -1718,11 +1817,37 @@ proc sendTo*(socket: Socket, address: string, port: Port,
   ## which may be an IP address or a hostname, if a hostname is specified
   ## this function will try each IP of that hostname.
   ##
+  ## Generally for use with connection-less (UDP) sockets.
+  ##
   ## If an error occurs an OSError exception will be raised.
   ##
   ## This is the high-level version of the above `sendTo` function.
   socket.sendTo(address, port, cstring(data), data.len, socket.domain)
 
+proc sendTo*(socket: Socket, address: IpAddress, port: Port,
+             data: string, flags = 0'i32): int {.
+              discardable, tags: [WriteIOEffect].} =
+  ## This proc sends `data` to the specified `IpAddress` and returns
+  ## the number of bytes written.
+  ##
+  ## Generally for use with connection-less (UDP) sockets.
+  ##
+  ## If an error occurs an OSError exception will be raised.
+  ##
+  ## This is the high-level version of the above `sendTo` function.
+  assert(socket.protocol != IPPROTO_TCP, "Cannot `sendTo` on a TCP socket")
+  assert(not socket.isClosed, "Cannot `sendTo` on a closed socket")
+
+  var sa: Sockaddr_storage
+  var sl: SockLen
+  toSockAddr(address, port, sa, sl)
+  result = sendto(socket.fd, cstring(data), data.len().cint, flags.cint,
+                  cast[ptr SockAddr](addr sa), sl)
+
+  if result == -1'i32:
+    let osError = osLastError()
+    raiseOSError(osError)
+
 
 proc isSsl*(socket: Socket): bool =
   ## Determines whether `socket` is a SSL socket.
@@ -1734,6 +1859,16 @@ proc isSsl*(socket: Socket): bool =
 proc getFd*(socket: Socket): SocketHandle = return socket.fd
   ## Returns the socket's file descriptor
 
+when defined(zephyr) or defined(nimNetSocketExtras): # Remove in future
+  proc getDomain*(socket: Socket): Domain = return socket.domain
+    ## Returns the socket's domain
+
+  proc getType*(socket: Socket): SockType = return socket.sockType
+    ## Returns the socket's type
+
+  proc getProtocol*(socket: Socket): Protocol = return socket.protocol
+    ## Returns the socket's protocol
+
 when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
   {.push styleChecks: off.}
 
@@ -1785,14 +1920,18 @@ proc `==`*(lhs, rhs: IpAddress): bool =
 
 proc `$`*(address: IpAddress): string =
   ## Converts an IpAddress into the textual representation
-  result = ""
   case address.family
   of IpAddressFamily.IPv4:
-    for i in 0 .. 3:
-      if i != 0:
-        result.add('.')
-      result.add($address.address_v4[i])
+    result = newStringOfCap(15)
+    result.addInt address.address_v4[0]
+    result.add '.'
+    result.addInt address.address_v4[1]
+    result.add '.'
+    result.addInt address.address_v4[2]
+    result.add '.'
+    result.addInt address.address_v4[3]
   of IpAddressFamily.IPv6:
+    result = newStringOfCap(39)
     var
       currentZeroStart = -1
       currentZeroCount = 0
@@ -1886,7 +2025,7 @@ proc dial*(address: string, port: Port,
         # network system problem (e.g. not enough FDs), and not an unreachable
         # address.
         let err = osLastError()
-        freeaddrinfo(aiList)
+        freeAddrInfo(aiList)
         closeUnusedFds()
         raiseOSError(err)
       fdPerDomain[ord(domain)] = lastFd
@@ -1895,18 +2034,20 @@ proc dial*(address: string, port: Port,
       break
     lastError = osLastError()
     it = it.ai_next
-  freeaddrinfo(aiList)
+  freeAddrInfo(aiList)
   closeUnusedFds(ord(domain))
 
   if success:
-    result = newSocket(lastFd, domain, sockType, protocol)
+    result = newSocket(lastFd, domain, sockType, protocol, buffered)
   elif lastError != 0.OSErrorCode:
+    lastFd.close()
     raiseOSError(lastError)
   else:
+    lastFd.close()
     raise newException(IOError, "Couldn't resolve address: " & address)
 
 proc connect*(socket: Socket, address: string,
-    port = Port(0)) {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
+    port = Port(0)) {.tags: [ReadIOEffect, RootEffect].} =
   ## Connects socket to `address`:`port`. `Address` can be an IP address or a
   ## host name. If `address` is a host name, this function will try each IP
   ## of that host name. `htons` is already performed on `port` so you must
@@ -1925,7 +2066,7 @@ proc connect*(socket: Socket, address: string,
     else: lastError = osLastError()
     it = it.ai_next
 
-  freeaddrinfo(aiList)
+  freeAddrInfo(aiList)
   if not success: raiseOSError(lastError)
 
   when defineSsl:
@@ -1977,11 +2118,11 @@ proc connectAsync(socket: Socket, name: string, port = Port(0),
 
     it = it.ai_next
 
-  freeaddrinfo(aiList)
+  freeAddrInfo(aiList)
   if not success: raiseOSError(lastError)
 
 proc connect*(socket: Socket, address: string, port = Port(0),
-    timeout: int) {.tags: [ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect].} =
+    timeout: int) {.tags: [ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect, RootEffect].} =
   ## Connects to server as specified by `address` on port specified by `port`.
   ##
   ## The `timeout` parameter specifies the time in milliseconds to allow for
@@ -1989,8 +2130,7 @@ proc connect*(socket: Socket, address: string, port = Port(0),
   socket.fd.setBlocking(false)
 
   socket.connectAsync(address, port, socket.domain)
-  var s = @[socket.fd]
-  if selectWrite(s, timeout) != 1:
+  if timeoutWrite(socket.fd, timeout) != 1:
     raise newException(TimeoutError, "Call to 'connect' timed out.")
   else:
     let res = getSockOptInt(socket.fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR)
@@ -2021,10 +2161,8 @@ proc getPrimaryIPAddr*(dest = parseIpAddress("8.8.8.8")): IpAddress =
   ##
   ## Supports IPv4 and v6.
   ## Raises OSError if external networking is not set up.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##   echo $getPrimaryIPAddr()  # "192.168.1.2"
-
+  runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+    echo getPrimaryIPAddr() # "192.168.1.2"
   let socket =
     if dest.family == IpAddressFamily.IPv4:
       newSocket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP)
diff --git a/lib/pure/nimprof.nim b/lib/pure/nimprof.nim
index 721ae35c3..bf8367d1d 100644
--- a/lib/pure/nimprof.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/nimprof.nim
@@ -9,18 +9,21 @@
 
 ## Profiling support for Nim. This is an embedded profiler that requires
 ## `--profiler:on`. You only need to import this module to get a profiling
-## report at program exit.
+## report at program exit. See `Embedded Stack Trace Profiler <estp.html>`_
+## for usage.
 
 when not defined(profiler) and not defined(memProfiler):
   {.error: "Profiling support is turned off! Enable profiling by passing `--profiler:on --stackTrace:on` to the compiler (see the Nim Compiler User Guide for more options).".}
 
-when defined(nimHasUsed):
-  {.used.}
+{.used.}
 
 # We don't want to profile the profiling code ...
 {.push profiler: off.}
 
-import hashes, algorithm, strutils, tables, sets
+import std/[hashes, algorithm, strutils, tables, sets]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, sysatomics]
 
 when not defined(memProfiler):
   include "system/timers"
@@ -66,7 +69,7 @@ when not defined(memProfiler):
     else: interval = intervalInUs * 1000 - tickCountCorrection
 
 when withThreads:
-  import locks
+  import std/locks
   var
     profilingLock: Lock
 
@@ -121,13 +124,13 @@ when defined(memProfiler):
   var
     gTicker {.threadvar.}: int
 
-  proc requestedHook(): bool {.nimcall, locks: 0.} =
+  proc requestedHook(): bool {.nimcall.} =
     if gTicker == 0:
       gTicker = SamplingInterval
       result = true
     dec gTicker
 
-  proc hook(st: StackTrace, size: int) {.nimcall, locks: 0.} =
+  proc hook(st: StackTrace, size: int) {.nimcall.} =
     when defined(ignoreAllocationSize):
       hookAux(st, 1)
     else:
@@ -139,7 +142,7 @@ else:
     gTicker: int # we use an additional counter to
                  # avoid calling 'getTicks' too frequently
 
-  proc requestedHook(): bool {.nimcall, locks: 0.} =
+  proc requestedHook(): bool {.nimcall.} =
     if interval == 0: result = true
     elif gTicker == 0:
       gTicker = 500
@@ -148,7 +151,7 @@ else:
     else:
       dec gTicker
 
-  proc hook(st: StackTrace) {.nimcall, locks: 0.} =
+  proc hook(st: StackTrace) {.nimcall.} =
     #echo "profiling! ", interval
     if interval == 0:
       hookAux(st, 1)
diff --git a/lib/pure/nimtracker.nim b/lib/pure/nimtracker.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index a66dfc2ea..000000000
--- a/lib/pure/nimtracker.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2016 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-## Memory tracking support for Nim.
-
-when not defined(memTracker) and not isMainModule:
-  {.error: "Memory tracking support is turned off!".}
-
-{.push memtracker: off.}
-# we import the low level wrapper and are careful not to use Nim's
-# memory manager for anything here.
-import sqlite3
-
-var
-  dbHandle: PSqlite3
-  insertStmt {.threadvar.}: Pstmt
-
-const insertQuery = "INSERT INTO tracking(op, address, size, file, line) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"
-
-template sbind(x: int; value) =
-  when value is cstring:
-    let ret = insertStmt.bindText(x, value, value.len.int32, SQLITE_TRANSIENT)
-    if ret != SQLITE_OK:
-      quit "could not bind value"
-  else:
-    let ret = insertStmt.bindInt64(x, value)
-    if ret != SQLITE_OK:
-      quit "could not bind value"
-
-when defined(memTracker):
-  proc logEntries(log: TrackLog) {.nimcall, locks: 0, tags: [], gcsafe.} =
-    if insertStmt.isNil:
-      if prepare_v2(dbHandle, insertQuery,
-          insertQuery.len, insertStmt, nil) != SQLITE_OK:
-        quit "could not bind query to insertStmt " & $sqlite3.errmsg(dbHandle)
-    for i in 0..log.count-1:
-      var success = false
-      let e = log.data[i]
-      discard sqlite3.reset(insertStmt)
-      discard clearBindings(insertStmt)
-      sbind 1, e.op
-      sbind(2, cast[int](e.address))
-      sbind 3, e.size
-      sbind 4, e.file
-      sbind 5, e.line
-      if step(insertStmt) == SQLITE_DONE:
-        success = true
-      if not success:
-        quit "could not write to database! " & $sqlite3.errmsg(dbHandle)
-
-proc execQuery(q: string) =
-  var s: Pstmt
-  if prepare_v2(dbHandle, q, q.len.int32, s, nil) == SQLITE_OK:
-    discard step(s)
-    if finalize(s) != SQLITE_OK:
-      quit "could not finalize " & $sqlite3.errmsg(dbHandle)
-  else:
-    quit "could not prepare statement " & $sqlite3.errmsg(dbHandle)
-
-proc setupDb() =
-  execQuery """create table if not exists tracking(
-       id integer primary key,
-       op varchar not null,
-       address integer not null,
-       size integer not null,
-       file varchar not null,
-       line integer not null
-     )"""
-  execQuery "delete from tracking"
-
-if sqlite3.open("memtrack.db", dbHandle) == SQLITE_OK:
-  setupDb()
-  const query = "INSERT INTO tracking(op, address, size, file, line) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"
-  if prepare_v2(dbHandle, insertQuery,
-      insertQuery.len, insertStmt, nil) == SQLITE_OK:
-    when defined(memTracker):
-      setTrackLogger logEntries
-  else:
-    quit "could not prepare statement B " & $sqlite3.errmsg(dbHandle)
-else:
-  quit "could not setup sqlite " & $sqlite3.errmsg(dbHandle)
-{.pop.}
diff --git a/lib/pure/oids.nim b/lib/pure/oids.nim
index fb70047b6..4d6ceefd7 100644
--- a/lib/pure/oids.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/oids.nim
@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@
 
 ## Nim OID support. An OID is a global ID that consists of a timestamp,
 ## a unique counter and a random value. This combination should suffice to
-## produce a globally distributed unique ID. This implementation was extracted
-## from the MongoDB interface and is thus binary compatible with a MongoDB OID.
+## produce a globally distributed unique ID.
 ##
 ## This implementation calls `initRand()` for the first call of
 ## `genOid`.
@@ -18,9 +17,12 @@
 import std/[hashes, times, endians, random]
 from std/private/decode_helpers import handleHexChar
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/sysatomics
+
 type
   Oid* = object ## An OID.
-    time: int32
+    time: int64
     fuzz: int32
     count: int32
 
@@ -42,44 +44,29 @@ proc hexbyte*(hex: char): int {.inline.} =
 
 proc parseOid*(str: cstring): Oid =
   ## Parses an OID.
-  var bytes = cast[cstring](addr(result.time))
+  var bytes = cast[cstring](cast[pointer](cast[int](addr(result.time)) + 4))
   var i = 0
   while i < 12:
     bytes[i] = chr((hexbyte(str[2 * i]) shl 4) or hexbyte(str[2 * i + 1]))
     inc(i)
 
-template toStringImpl[T: string | cstring](result: var T, oid: Oid) =
-  ## Stringifies `oid`.
+proc `$`*(oid: Oid): string =
+  ## Converts an OID to a string.
   const hex = "0123456789abcdef"
-  const N = 24
 
-  when T is string:
-    result.setLen N
+  result.setLen 24
 
   var o = oid
-  var bytes = cast[cstring](addr(o))
+  var bytes = cast[cstring](cast[pointer](cast[int](addr(o)) + 4))
   var i = 0
   while i < 12:
     let b = bytes[i].ord
     result[2 * i] = hex[(b and 0xF0) shr 4]
     result[2 * i + 1] = hex[b and 0xF]
     inc(i)
-  when T is cstring:
-    result[N] = '\0'
-
-proc oidToString*(oid: Oid, str: cstring) {.deprecated: "unsafe; use `$`".} =
-  ## Converts an oid to a string which must have space allocated for 25 elements.
-  # work around a compiler bug:
-  var str = str
-  toStringImpl(str, oid)
-
-proc `$`*(oid: Oid): string =
-  ## Converts an OID to a string.
-  toStringImpl(result, oid)
-
 
 let
-  t = getTime().toUnix.int32
+  t = getTime().toUnix
 
 var
   seed = initRand(t)
@@ -89,10 +76,10 @@ let fuzz = cast[int32](seed.rand(high(int)))
 
 
 template genOid(result: var Oid, incr: var int, fuzz: int32) =
-  var time = getTime().toUnix.int32
+  var time = getTime().toUnix
   var i = cast[int32](atomicInc(incr))
 
-  bigEndian32(addr result.time, addr(time))
+  bigEndian64(addr result.time, addr(time))
   result.fuzz = fuzz
   bigEndian32(addr result.count, addr(i))
 
@@ -106,7 +93,7 @@ proc genOid*(): Oid =
 
 proc generatedTime*(oid: Oid): Time =
   ## Returns the generated timestamp of the OID.
-  var tmp: int32
+  var tmp: int64
   var dummy = oid.time
-  bigEndian32(addr(tmp), addr(dummy))
+  bigEndian64(addr(tmp), addr(dummy))
   result = fromUnix(tmp)
diff --git a/lib/pure/options.nim b/lib/pure/options.nim
index 63e3598f0..b34ff72c0 100644
--- a/lib/pure/options.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/options.nim
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Pattern matching
 supports pattern matching on `Option`s, with the `Some(<pattern>)` and
 `None()` patterns.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   {.experimental: "caseStmtMacros".}
 
   import fusion/matching
@@ -65,15 +65,24 @@ supports pattern matching on `Option`s, with the `Some(<pattern>)` and
     assert false
 
   assertMatch(some(some(none(int))), Some(Some(None())))
+  ```
 ]##
 # xxx pending https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/376 use `runnableExamples` and `whichModule`
 
+when defined(nimHasEffectsOf):
+  {.experimental: "strictEffects".}
+else:
+  {.pragma: effectsOf.}
 
 import std/typetraits
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+
 when (NimMajor, NimMinor) >= (1, 1):
   type
-    SomePointer = ref | ptr | pointer | proc
+    SomePointer = ref | ptr | pointer | proc | iterator {.closure.}
 else:
   type
     SomePointer = ref | ptr | pointer
@@ -81,7 +90,7 @@ else:
 type
   Option*[T] = object
     ## An optional type that may or may not contain a value of type `T`.
-    ## When `T` is a a pointer type (`ptr`, `pointer`, `ref` or `proc`),
+    ## When `T` is a a pointer type (`ptr`, `pointer`, `ref`, `proc` or `iterator {.closure.}`),
     ## `none(T)` is represented as `nil`.
     when T is SomePointer:
       val: T
@@ -92,7 +101,7 @@ type
   UnpackDefect* = object of Defect
   UnpackError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = UnpackDefect
 
-proc option*[T](val: T): Option[T] {.inline.} =
+proc option*[T](val: sink T): Option[T] {.inline.} =
   ## Can be used to convert a pointer type (`ptr`, `pointer`, `ref` or `proc`) to an option type.
   ## It converts `nil` to `none(T)`. When `T` is no pointer type, this is equivalent to `some(val)`.
   ##
@@ -108,11 +117,12 @@ proc option*[T](val: T): Option[T] {.inline.} =
     assert option[Foo](nil).isNone
     assert option(42).isSome
 
-  result.val = val
-  when T isnot SomePointer:
-    result.has = true
+  when T is SomePointer:
+    result = Option[T](val: val)
+  else:
+    result = Option[T](has: true, val: val)
 
-proc some*[T](val: T): Option[T] {.inline.} =
+proc some*[T](val: sink T): Option[T] {.inline.} =
   ## Returns an `Option` that has the value `val`.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
@@ -127,10 +137,9 @@ proc some*[T](val: T): Option[T] {.inline.} =
 
   when T is SomePointer:
     assert not val.isNil
-    result.val = val
+    result = Option[T](val: val)
   else:
-    result.has = true
-    result.val = val
+    result = Option[T](has: true, val: val)
 
 proc none*(T: typedesc): Option[T] {.inline.} =
   ## Returns an `Option` for this type that has no value.
@@ -143,7 +152,7 @@ proc none*(T: typedesc): Option[T] {.inline.} =
     assert none(int).isNone
 
   # the default is the none type
-  discard
+  result = Option[T]()
 
 proc none*[T]: Option[T] {.inline.} =
   ## Alias for `none(T) <#none,typedesc>`_.
@@ -222,7 +231,7 @@ proc get*[T](self: var Option[T]): var T {.inline.} =
     raise newException(UnpackDefect, "Can't obtain a value from a `none`")
   return self.val
 
-proc map*[T](self: Option[T], callback: proc (input: T)) {.inline.} =
+proc map*[T](self: Option[T], callback: proc (input: T)) {.inline, effectsOf: callback.} =
   ## Applies a `callback` function to the value of the `Option`, if it has one.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
@@ -241,7 +250,7 @@ proc map*[T](self: Option[T], callback: proc (input: T)) {.inline.} =
   if self.isSome:
     callback(self.val)
 
-proc map*[T, R](self: Option[T], callback: proc (input: T): R): Option[R] {.inline.} =
+proc map*[T, R](self: Option[T], callback: proc (input: T): R): Option[R] {.inline, effectsOf: callback.} =
   ## Applies a `callback` function to the value of the `Option` and returns an
   ## `Option` containing the new value.
   ##
@@ -278,7 +287,7 @@ proc flatten*[T](self: Option[Option[T]]): Option[T] {.inline.} =
     none(T)
 
 proc flatMap*[T, R](self: Option[T],
-                    callback: proc (input: T): Option[R]): Option[R] {.inline.} =
+                    callback: proc (input: T): Option[R]): Option[R] {.inline, effectsOf: callback.} =
   ## Applies a `callback` function to the value of the `Option` and returns the new value.
   ##
   ## If the `Option` has no value, `none(R)` will be returned.
@@ -303,7 +312,7 @@ proc flatMap*[T, R](self: Option[T],
 
   map(self, callback).flatten()
 
-proc filter*[T](self: Option[T], callback: proc (input: T): bool): Option[T] {.inline.} =
+proc filter*[T](self: Option[T], callback: proc (input: T): bool): Option[T] {.inline, effectsOf: callback.} =
   ## Applies a `callback` to the value of the `Option`.
   ##
   ## If the `callback` returns `true`, the option is returned as `some`.
diff --git a/lib/pure/os.nim b/lib/pure/os.nim
index d0b3aef1a..78ebb1c88 100644
--- a/lib/pure/os.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/os.nim
@@ -8,51 +8,62 @@
 #
 
 ## This module contains basic operating system facilities like
-## retrieving environment variables, reading command line arguments,
-## working with directories, running shell commands, etc.
-##
-## .. code-block::
-##   import std/os
-##
-##   let myFile = "/path/to/my/file.nim"
-##
-##   let pathSplit = splitPath(myFile)
-##   assert pathSplit.head == "/path/to/my"
-##   assert pathSplit.tail == "file.nim"
-##
-##   assert parentDir(myFile) == "/path/to/my"
-##
-##   let fileSplit = splitFile(myFile)
-##   assert fileSplit.dir == "/path/to/my"
-##   assert fileSplit.name == "file"
-##   assert fileSplit.ext == ".nim"
-##
-##   assert myFile.changeFileExt("c") == "/path/to/my/file.c"
-
-##
-##
+## retrieving environment variables, working with directories,
+## running shell commands, etc.
+
+## .. importdoc:: symlinks.nim, appdirs.nim, dirs.nim, ospaths2.nim
+
+runnableExamples:
+  let myFile = "/path/to/my/file.nim"
+  assert splitPath(myFile) == (head: "/path/to/my", tail: "file.nim")
+  when defined(posix):
+    assert parentDir(myFile) == "/path/to/my"
+  assert splitFile(myFile) == (dir: "/path/to/my", name: "file", ext: ".nim")
+  assert myFile.changeFileExt("c") == "/path/to/my/file.c"
+
 ## **See also:**
+## * `paths <paths.html>`_ and `files <files.html>`_ modules for high-level file manipulation
 ## * `osproc module <osproc.html>`_ for process communication beyond
-##   `execShellCmd proc <#execShellCmd,string>`_
-## * `parseopt module <parseopt.html>`_ for command-line parser beyond
-##   `parseCmdLine proc <#parseCmdLine,string>`_
+##   `execShellCmd proc`_
 ## * `uri module <uri.html>`_
 ## * `distros module <distros.html>`_
 ## * `dynlib module <dynlib.html>`_
 ## * `streams module <streams.html>`_
+import std/private/ospaths2
+export ospaths2
+
+import std/private/osfiles
+export osfiles
+
+import std/private/osdirs
+export osdirs
+
+import std/private/ossymlinks
+export ossymlinks
+
+import std/private/osappdirs
+export osappdirs
+
+import std/private/oscommon
 
 include system/inclrtl
 import std/private/since
 
+import std/cmdline
+export cmdline
+
 import std/[strutils, pathnorm]
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions, widestrs]
+
 const weirdTarget = defined(nimscript) or defined(js)
 
 since (1, 1):
   const
     invalidFilenameChars* = {'/', '\\', ':', '*', '?', '"', '<', '>', '|', '^', '\0'} ## \
-    ## Characters that may produce invalid filenames across Linux, Windows, Mac, etc.
-    ## You can check if your filename contains these char and strip them for safety.
+    ## Characters that may produce invalid filenames across Linux, Windows and Mac.
+    ## You can check if your filename contains any of these chars and strip them for safety.
     ## Mac bans ``':'``, Linux bans ``'/'``, Windows bans all others.
     invalidFilenames* = [
       "CON", "PRN", "AUX", "NUL",
@@ -87,943 +98,35 @@ elif defined(js):
 else:
   {.pragma: noNimJs.}
 
-proc normalizePathAux(path: var string){.inline, raises: [], noSideEffect.}
-
-type
-  ReadEnvEffect* = object of ReadIOEffect   ## Effect that denotes a read
-                                            ## from an environment variable.
-  WriteEnvEffect* = object of WriteIOEffect ## Effect that denotes a write
-                                            ## to an environment variable.
-
-  ReadDirEffect* = object of ReadIOEffect   ## Effect that denotes a read
-                                            ## operation from the directory
-                                            ## structure.
-  WriteDirEffect* = object of WriteIOEffect ## Effect that denotes a write
-                                            ## operation to
-                                            ## the directory structure.
-
-  OSErrorCode* = distinct int32 ## Specifies an OS Error Code.
-
-include "includes/osseps"
-
-proc absolutePathInternal(path: string): string {.gcsafe.}
-
-proc normalizePathEnd(path: var string, trailingSep = false) =
-  ## Ensures ``path`` has exactly 0 or 1 trailing `DirSep`, depending on
-  ## ``trailingSep``, and taking care of edge cases: it preservers whether
-  ## a path is absolute or relative, and makes sure trailing sep is `DirSep`,
-  ## not `AltSep`. Trailing `/.` are compressed, see examples.
-  if path.len == 0: return
-  var i = path.len
-  while i >= 1:
-    if path[i-1] in {DirSep, AltSep}: dec(i)
-    elif path[i-1] == '.' and i >= 2 and path[i-2] in {DirSep, AltSep}: dec(i)
-    else: break
-  if trailingSep:
-    # foo// => foo
-    path.setLen(i)
-    # foo => foo/
-    path.add DirSep
-  elif i > 0:
-    # foo// => foo
-    path.setLen(i)
-  else:
-    # // => / (empty case was already taken care of)
-    path = $DirSep
-
-proc normalizePathEnd(path: string, trailingSep = false): string =
-  ## outplace overload
-  runnableExamples:
-    when defined(posix):
-      assert normalizePathEnd("/lib//.//", trailingSep = true) == "/lib/"
-      assert normalizePathEnd("lib/./.", trailingSep = false) == "lib"
-      assert normalizePathEnd(".//./.", trailingSep = false) == "."
-      assert normalizePathEnd("", trailingSep = true) == "" # not / !
-      assert normalizePathEnd("/", trailingSep = false) == "/" # not "" !
-  result = path
-  result.normalizePathEnd(trailingSep)
-
-since((1, 1)):
-  export normalizePathEnd
-
-template endsWith(a: string, b: set[char]): bool =
-  a.len > 0 and a[^1] in b
-
-proc joinPathImpl(result: var string, state: var int, tail: string) =
-  let trailingSep = tail.endsWith({DirSep, AltSep}) or tail.len == 0 and result.endsWith({DirSep, AltSep})
-  normalizePathEnd(result, trailingSep=false)
-  addNormalizePath(tail, result, state, DirSep)
-  normalizePathEnd(result, trailingSep=trailingSep)
-
-proc joinPath*(head, tail: string): string {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
-  ## Joins two directory names to one.
-  ##
-  ## returns normalized path concatenation of `head` and `tail`, preserving
-  ## whether or not `tail` has a trailing slash (or, if tail if empty, whether
-  ## head has one).
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `joinPath(varargs) proc <#joinPath,varargs[string]>`_
-  ## * `/ proc <#/,string,string>`_
-  ## * `splitPath proc <#splitPath,string>`_
-  ## * `uri.combine proc <uri.html#combine,Uri,Uri>`_
-  ## * `uri./ proc <uri.html#/,Uri,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    when defined(posix):
-      assert joinPath("usr", "lib") == "usr/lib"
-      assert joinPath("usr", "lib/") == "usr/lib/"
-      assert joinPath("usr", "") == "usr"
-      assert joinPath("usr/", "") == "usr/"
-      assert joinPath("", "") == ""
-      assert joinPath("", "lib") == "lib"
-      assert joinPath("", "/lib") == "/lib"
-      assert joinPath("usr/", "/lib") == "usr/lib"
-      assert joinPath("usr/lib", "../bin") == "usr/bin"
-
-  result = newStringOfCap(head.len + tail.len)
-  var state = 0
-  joinPathImpl(result, state, head)
-  joinPathImpl(result, state, tail)
-  when false:
-    if len(head) == 0:
-      result = tail
-    elif head[len(head)-1] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
-      if tail.len > 0 and tail[0] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
-        result = head & substr(tail, 1)
-      else:
-        result = head & tail
-    else:
-      if tail.len > 0 and tail[0] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
-        result = head & tail
-      else:
-        result = head & DirSep & tail
-
-proc joinPath*(parts: varargs[string]): string {.noSideEffect,
-  rtl, extern: "nos$1OpenArray".} =
-  ## The same as `joinPath(head, tail) proc <#joinPath,string,string>`_,
-  ## but works with any number of directory parts.
-  ##
-  ## You need to pass at least one element or the proc
-  ## will assert in debug builds and crash on release builds.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `joinPath(head, tail) proc <#joinPath,string,string>`_
-  ## * `/ proc <#/,string,string>`_
-  ## * `/../ proc <#/../,string,string>`_
-  ## * `splitPath proc <#splitPath,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    when defined(posix):
-      assert joinPath("a") == "a"
-      assert joinPath("a", "b", "c") == "a/b/c"
-      assert joinPath("usr/lib", "../../var", "log") == "var/log"
-
-  var estimatedLen = 0
-  for p in parts: estimatedLen += p.len
-  result = newStringOfCap(estimatedLen)
-  var state = 0
-  for i in 0..high(parts):
-    joinPathImpl(result, state, parts[i])
-
-proc `/`*(head, tail: string): string {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
-  ## The same as `joinPath(head, tail) proc <#joinPath,string,string>`_.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `/../ proc <#/../,string,string>`_
-  ## * `joinPath(head, tail) proc <#joinPath,string,string>`_
-  ## * `joinPath(varargs) proc <#joinPath,varargs[string]>`_
-  ## * `splitPath proc <#splitPath,string>`_
-  ## * `uri.combine proc <uri.html#combine,Uri,Uri>`_
-  ## * `uri./ proc <uri.html#/,Uri,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    when defined(posix):
-      assert "usr" / "" == "usr"
-      assert "" / "lib" == "lib"
-      assert "" / "/lib" == "/lib"
-      assert "usr/" / "/lib/" == "usr/lib/"
-      assert "usr" / "lib" / "../bin" == "usr/bin"
-
-  result = joinPath(head, tail)
-
-proc splitPath*(path: string): tuple[head, tail: string] {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
-  ## Splits a directory into `(head, tail)` tuple, so that
-  ## ``head / tail == path`` (except for edge cases like "/usr").
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `joinPath(head, tail) proc <#joinPath,string,string>`_
-  ## * `joinPath(varargs) proc <#joinPath,varargs[string]>`_
-  ## * `/ proc <#/,string,string>`_
-  ## * `/../ proc <#/../,string,string>`_
-  ## * `relativePath proc <#relativePath,string,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    assert splitPath("usr/local/bin") == ("usr/local", "bin")
-    assert splitPath("usr/local/bin/") == ("usr/local/bin", "")
-    assert splitPath("/bin/") == ("/bin", "")
-    when (NimMajor, NimMinor) <= (1, 0):
-      assert splitPath("/bin") == ("", "bin")
-    else:
-      assert splitPath("/bin") == ("/", "bin")
-    assert splitPath("bin") == ("", "bin")
-    assert splitPath("") == ("", "")
-
-  var sepPos = -1
-  for i in countdown(len(path)-1, 0):
-    if path[i] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
-      sepPos = i
-      break
-  if sepPos >= 0:
-    result.head = substr(path, 0,
-      when (NimMajor, NimMinor) <= (1, 0):
-        sepPos-1
-      else:
-        if likely(sepPos >= 1): sepPos-1 else: 0
-    )
-    result.tail = substr(path, sepPos+1)
-  else:
-    result.head = ""
-    result.tail = path
-
-proc isAbsolute*(path: string): bool {.rtl, noSideEffect, extern: "nos$1", raises: [].} =
-  ## Checks whether a given `path` is absolute.
-  ##
-  ## On Windows, network paths are considered absolute too.
-  runnableExamples:
-    assert not "".isAbsolute
-    assert not ".".isAbsolute
-    when defined(posix):
-      assert "/".isAbsolute
-      assert not "a/".isAbsolute
-      assert "/a/".isAbsolute
-
-  if len(path) == 0: return false
-
-  when doslikeFileSystem:
-    var len = len(path)
-    result = (path[0] in {'/', '\\'}) or
-              (len > 1 and path[0] in {'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z'} and path[1] == ':')
-  elif defined(macos):
-    # according to https://perldoc.perl.org/File/Spec/Mac.html `:a` is a relative path
-    result = path[0] != ':'
-  elif defined(RISCOS):
-    result = path[0] == '$'
-  elif defined(posix) or defined(js):
-    # `or defined(js)` wouldn't be needed pending https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/13469
-    # This works around the problem for posix, but windows is still broken with nim js -d:nodejs
-    result = path[0] == '/'
-  else:
-    doAssert false # if ever hits here, adapt as needed
-
-when FileSystemCaseSensitive:
-  template `!=?`(a, b: char): bool = a != b
-else:
-  template `!=?`(a, b: char): bool = toLowerAscii(a) != toLowerAscii(b)
-
-when doslikeFileSystem:
-  proc isAbsFromCurrentDrive(path: string): bool {.noSideEffect, raises: []} =
-    ## An absolute path from the root of the current drive (e.g. "\foo")
-    path.len > 0 and
-    (path[0] == AltSep or
-     (path[0] == DirSep and
-      (path.len == 1 or path[1] notin {DirSep, AltSep, ':'})))
-
-  proc isUNCPrefix(path: string): bool {.noSideEffect, raises: []} =
-    path[0] == DirSep and path[1] == DirSep
-
-  proc sameRoot(path1, path2: string): bool {.noSideEffect, raises: []} =
-    ## Return true if path1 and path2 have a same root.
-    ##
-    ## Detail of windows path formats:
-    ## https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/standard/io/file-path-formats
-
-    assert(isAbsolute(path1))
-    assert(isAbsolute(path2))
-
-    let
-      len1 = path1.len
-      len2 = path2.len
-    assert(len1 != 0 and len2 != 0)
-
-    if isAbsFromCurrentDrive(path1) and isAbsFromCurrentDrive(path2):
-      return true
-    elif len1 == 1 or len2 == 1:
-      return false
-    else:
-      if path1[1] == ':' and path2[1] == ':':
-        return path1[0].toLowerAscii() == path2[0].toLowerAscii()
-      else:
-        var
-          p1, p2: PathIter
-          pp1 = next(p1, path1)
-          pp2 = next(p2, path2)
-        if pp1[1] - pp1[0] == 1 and pp2[1] - pp2[0] == 1 and
-           isUNCPrefix(path1) and isUNCPrefix(path2):
-          #UNC
-          var h = 0
-          while p1.hasNext(path1) and p2.hasNext(path2) and h < 2:
-            pp1 = next(p1, path1)
-            pp2 = next(p2, path2)
-            let diff = pp1[1] - pp1[0]
-            if diff != pp2[1] - pp2[0]:
-              return false
-            for i in 0..diff:
-              if path1[i + pp1[0]] !=? path2[i + pp2[0]]:
-                return false
-            inc h
-          return h == 2
-        else:
-          return false
-
-proc relativePath*(path, base: string, sep = DirSep): string {.
-  rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
-  ## Converts `path` to a path relative to `base`.
-  ##
-  ## The `sep` (default: `DirSep <#DirSep>`_) is used for the path normalizations,
-  ## this can be useful to ensure the relative path only contains `'/'`
-  ## so that it can be used for URL constructions.
-  ##
-  ## On windows, if a root of `path` and a root of `base` are different,
-  ## returns `path` as is because it is impossible to make a relative path.
-  ## That means an absolute path can be returned.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `splitPath proc <#splitPath,string>`_
-  ## * `parentDir proc <#parentDir,string>`_
-  ## * `tailDir proc <#tailDir,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    assert relativePath("/Users/me/bar/z.nim", "/Users/other/bad", '/') == "../../me/bar/z.nim"
-    assert relativePath("/Users/me/bar/z.nim", "/Users/other", '/') == "../me/bar/z.nim"
-    assert relativePath("/Users///me/bar//z.nim", "//Users/", '/') == "me/bar/z.nim"
-    assert relativePath("/Users/me/bar/z.nim", "/Users/me", '/') == "bar/z.nim"
-    assert relativePath("", "/users/moo", '/') == ""
-    assert relativePath("foo", ".", '/') == "foo"
-    assert relativePath("foo", "foo", '/') == "."
-
-  if path.len == 0: return ""
-  var base = if base == ".": "" else: base
-  var path = path
-  path.normalizePathAux
-  base.normalizePathAux
-  let a1 = isAbsolute(path)
-  let a2 = isAbsolute(base)
-  if a1 and not a2:
-    base = absolutePathInternal(base)
-  elif a2 and not a1:
-    path = absolutePathInternal(path)
-
-  when doslikeFileSystem:
-    if isAbsolute(path) and isAbsolute(base):
-      if not sameRoot(path, base):
-        return path
-
-  var f = default PathIter
-  var b = default PathIter
-  var ff = (0, -1)
-  var bb = (0, -1) # (int, int)
-  result = newStringOfCap(path.len)
-  # skip the common prefix:
-  while f.hasNext(path) and b.hasNext(base):
-    ff = next(f, path)
-    bb = next(b, base)
-    let diff = ff[1] - ff[0]
-    if diff != bb[1] - bb[0]: break
-    var same = true
-    for i in 0..diff:
-      if path[i + ff[0]] !=? base[i + bb[0]]:
-        same = false
-        break
-    if not same: break
-    ff = (0, -1)
-    bb = (0, -1)
-  #  for i in 0..diff:
-  #    result.add base[i + bb[0]]
-
-  # /foo/bar/xxx/ -- base
-  # /foo/bar/baz  -- path path
-  #   ../baz
-  # every directory that is in 'base', needs to add '..'
-  while true:
-    if bb[1] >= bb[0]:
-      if result.len > 0 and result[^1] != sep:
-        result.add sep
-      result.add ".."
-    if not b.hasNext(base): break
-    bb = b.next(base)
-
-  # add the rest of 'path':
-  while true:
-    if ff[1] >= ff[0]:
-      if result.len > 0 and result[^1] != sep:
-        result.add sep
-      for i in 0..ff[1] - ff[0]:
-        result.add path[i + ff[0]]
-    if not f.hasNext(path): break
-    ff = f.next(path)
-
-  when not defined(nimOldRelativePathBehavior):
-    if result.len == 0: result.add "."
-
-proc isRelativeTo*(path: string, base: string): bool {.since: (1, 1).} =
-  ## Returns true if `path` is relative to `base`.
-  runnableExamples:
-    doAssert isRelativeTo("./foo//bar", "foo")
-    doAssert isRelativeTo("foo/bar", ".")
-    doAssert isRelativeTo("/foo/bar.nim", "/foo/bar.nim")
-    doAssert not isRelativeTo("foo/bar.nims", "foo/bar.nim")
-  let path = path.normalizePath
-  let base = base.normalizePath
-  let ret = relativePath(path, base)
-  result = path.len > 0 and not ret.startsWith ".."
-
-proc parentDirPos(path: string): int =
-  var q = 1
-  if len(path) >= 1 and path[len(path)-1] in {DirSep, AltSep}: q = 2
-  for i in countdown(len(path)-q, 0):
-    if path[i] in {DirSep, AltSep}: return i
-  result = -1
-
-proc parentDir*(path: string): string {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
-  ## Returns the parent directory of `path`.
-  ##
-  ## This is similar to ``splitPath(path).head`` when ``path`` doesn't end
-  ## in a dir separator, but also takes care of path normalizations.
-  ## The remainder can be obtained with `lastPathPart(path) proc
-  ## <#lastPathPart,string>`_.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `relativePath proc <#relativePath,string,string>`_
-  ## * `splitPath proc <#splitPath,string>`_
-  ## * `tailDir proc <#tailDir,string>`_
-  ## * `parentDirs iterator <#parentDirs.i,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    assert parentDir("") == ""
-    when defined(posix):
-      assert parentDir("/usr/local/bin") == "/usr/local"
-      assert parentDir("foo/bar//") == "foo"
-      assert parentDir("//foo//bar//.") == "/foo"
-      assert parentDir("./foo") == "."
-      assert parentDir("/./foo//./") == "/"
-      assert parentDir("a//./") == "."
-      assert parentDir("a/b/c/..") == "a"
-  result = pathnorm.normalizePath(path)
-  var sepPos = parentDirPos(result)
-  if sepPos >= 0:
-    result = substr(result, 0, sepPos)
-    normalizePathEnd(result)
-  elif result == ".." or result == "." or result.len == 0 or result[^1] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
-    # `.` => `..` and .. => `../..`(etc) would be a sensible alternative
-    # `/` => `/` (as done with splitFile) would be a sensible alternative
-    result = ""
-  else:
-    result = "."
-
-proc tailDir*(path: string): string {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
-  ## Returns the tail part of `path`.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `relativePath proc <#relativePath,string,string>`_
-  ## * `splitPath proc <#splitPath,string>`_
-  ## * `parentDir proc <#parentDir,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    assert tailDir("/bin") == "bin"
-    assert tailDir("bin") == ""
-    assert tailDir("bin/") == ""
-    assert tailDir("/usr/local/bin") == "usr/local/bin"
-    assert tailDir("//usr//local//bin//") == "usr//local//bin//"
-    assert tailDir("./usr/local/bin") == "usr/local/bin"
-    assert tailDir("usr/local/bin") == "local/bin"
-
-  var i = 0
-  while i < len(path):
-    if path[i] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
-      while i < len(path) and path[i] in {DirSep, AltSep}: inc i
-      return substr(path, i)
-    inc i
-  result = ""
-
-proc isRootDir*(path: string): bool {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
-  ## Checks whether a given `path` is a root directory.
-  runnableExamples:
-    assert isRootDir("")
-    assert isRootDir(".")
-    assert isRootDir("/")
-    assert isRootDir("a")
-    assert not isRootDir("/a")
-    assert not isRootDir("a/b/c")
-
-  result = parentDirPos(path) < 0
-
-iterator parentDirs*(path: string, fromRoot=false, inclusive=true): string =
-  ## Walks over all parent directories of a given `path`.
-  ##
-  ## If `fromRoot` is true (default: false), the traversal will start from
-  ## the file system root directory.
-  ## If `inclusive` is true (default), the original argument will be included
-  ## in the traversal.
-  ##
-  ## Relative paths won't be expanded by this iterator. Instead, it will traverse
-  ## only the directories appearing in the relative path.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `parentDir proc <#parentDir,string>`_
-  ##
-  ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block::
-  ##   let g = "a/b/c"
-  ##
-  ##   for p in g.parentDirs:
-  ##     echo p
-  ##   # a/b/c
-  ##   # a/b
-  ##   # a
-  ##
-  ##   for p in g.parentDirs(fromRoot=true):
-  ##     echo p
-  ##   # a/
-  ##   # a/b/
-  ##   # a/b/c
-  ##
-  ##   for p in g.parentDirs(inclusive=false):
-  ##     echo p
-  ##   # a/b
-  ##   # a
-
-  if not fromRoot:
-    var current = path
-    if inclusive: yield path
-    while true:
-      if current.isRootDir: break
-      current = current.parentDir
-      yield current
-  else:
-    for i in countup(0, path.len - 2): # ignore the last /
-      # deal with non-normalized paths such as /foo//bar//baz
-      if path[i] in {DirSep, AltSep} and
-          (i == 0 or path[i-1] notin {DirSep, AltSep}):
-        yield path.substr(0, i)
-
-    if inclusive: yield path
-
-proc `/../`*(head, tail: string): string {.noSideEffect.} =
-  ## The same as ``parentDir(head) / tail``, unless there is no parent
-  ## directory. Then ``head / tail`` is performed instead.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `/ proc <#/,string,string>`_
-  ## * `parentDir proc <#parentDir,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    when defined(posix):
-      assert "a/b/c" /../ "d/e" == "a/b/d/e"
-      assert "a" /../ "d/e" == "a/d/e"
-
-  let sepPos = parentDirPos(head)
-  if sepPos >= 0:
-    result = substr(head, 0, sepPos-1) / tail
-  else:
-    result = head / tail
-
-proc normExt(ext: string): string =
-  if ext == "" or ext[0] == ExtSep: result = ext # no copy needed here
-  else: result = ExtSep & ext
-
-proc searchExtPos*(path: string): int =
-  ## Returns index of the `'.'` char in `path` if it signifies the beginning
-  ## of extension. Returns -1 otherwise.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `splitFile proc <#splitFile,string>`_
-  ## * `extractFilename proc <#extractFilename,string>`_
-  ## * `lastPathPart proc <#lastPathPart,string>`_
-  ## * `changeFileExt proc <#changeFileExt,string,string>`_
-  ## * `addFileExt proc <#addFileExt,string,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    assert searchExtPos("a/b/c") == -1
-    assert searchExtPos("c.nim") == 1
-    assert searchExtPos("a/b/c.nim") == 5
-    assert searchExtPos("a.b.c.nim") == 5
-
-  # BUGFIX: do not search until 0! .DS_Store is no file extension!
-  result = -1
-  for i in countdown(len(path)-1, 1):
-    if path[i] == ExtSep:
-      result = i
-      break
-    elif path[i] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
-      break # do not skip over path
-
-proc splitFile*(path: string): tuple[dir, name, ext: string] {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
-  ## Splits a filename into `(dir, name, extension)` tuple.
-  ##
-  ## `dir` does not end in `DirSep <#DirSep>`_ unless it's `/`.
-  ## `extension` includes the leading dot.
-  ##
-  ## If `path` has no extension, `ext` is the empty string.
-  ## If `path` has no directory component, `dir` is the empty string.
-  ## If `path` has no filename component, `name` and `ext` are empty strings.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `searchExtPos proc <#searchExtPos,string>`_
-  ## * `extractFilename proc <#extractFilename,string>`_
-  ## * `lastPathPart proc <#lastPathPart,string>`_
-  ## * `changeFileExt proc <#changeFileExt,string,string>`_
-  ## * `addFileExt proc <#addFileExt,string,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    var (dir, name, ext) = splitFile("usr/local/nimc.html")
-    assert dir == "usr/local"
-    assert name == "nimc"
-    assert ext == ".html"
-    (dir, name, ext) = splitFile("/usr/local/os")
-    assert dir == "/usr/local"
-    assert name == "os"
-    assert ext == ""
-    (dir, name, ext) = splitFile("/usr/local/")
-    assert dir == "/usr/local"
-    assert name == ""
-    assert ext == ""
-    (dir, name, ext) = splitFile("/tmp.txt")
-    assert dir == "/"
-    assert name == "tmp"
-    assert ext == ".txt"
-
-  var namePos = 0
-  var dotPos = 0
-  for i in countdown(len(path) - 1, 0):
-    if path[i] in {DirSep, AltSep} or i == 0:
-      if path[i] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
-        result.dir = substr(path, 0, if likely(i >= 1): i - 1 else: 0)
-        namePos = i + 1
-      if dotPos > i:
-        result.name = substr(path, namePos, dotPos - 1)
-        result.ext = substr(path, dotPos)
-      else:
-        result.name = substr(path, namePos)
-      break
-    elif path[i] == ExtSep and i > 0 and i < len(path) - 1 and
-         path[i - 1] notin {DirSep, AltSep} and
-         path[i + 1] != ExtSep and dotPos == 0:
-      dotPos = i
-
-proc extractFilename*(path: string): string {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
-  ## Extracts the filename of a given `path`.
-  ##
-  ## This is the same as ``name & ext`` from `splitFile(path) proc
-  ## <#splitFile,string>`_.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `searchExtPos proc <#searchExtPos,string>`_
-  ## * `splitFile proc <#splitFile,string>`_
-  ## * `lastPathPart proc <#lastPathPart,string>`_
-  ## * `changeFileExt proc <#changeFileExt,string,string>`_
-  ## * `addFileExt proc <#addFileExt,string,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    assert extractFilename("foo/bar/") == ""
-    assert extractFilename("foo/bar") == "bar"
-    assert extractFilename("foo/bar.baz") == "bar.baz"
-
-  if path.len == 0 or path[path.len-1] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
-    result = ""
-  else:
-    result = splitPath(path).tail
-
-proc lastPathPart*(path: string): string {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
-  ## Like `extractFilename proc <#extractFilename,string>`_, but ignores
-  ## trailing dir separator; aka: `baseName`:idx: in some other languages.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `searchExtPos proc <#searchExtPos,string>`_
-  ## * `splitFile proc <#splitFile,string>`_
-  ## * `extractFilename proc <#extractFilename,string>`_
-  ## * `changeFileExt proc <#changeFileExt,string,string>`_
-  ## * `addFileExt proc <#addFileExt,string,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    assert lastPathPart("foo/bar/") == "bar"
-    assert lastPathPart("foo/bar") == "bar"
-
-  let path = path.normalizePathEnd(trailingSep = false)
-  result = extractFilename(path)
-
-proc changeFileExt*(filename, ext: string): string {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
-  ## Changes the file extension to `ext`.
-  ##
-  ## If the `filename` has no extension, `ext` will be added.
-  ## If `ext` == "" then any extension is removed.
-  ##
-  ## `Ext` should be given without the leading `'.'`, because some
-  ## filesystems may use a different character. (Although I know
-  ## of none such beast.)
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `searchExtPos proc <#searchExtPos,string>`_
-  ## * `splitFile proc <#splitFile,string>`_
-  ## * `extractFilename proc <#extractFilename,string>`_
-  ## * `lastPathPart proc <#lastPathPart,string>`_
-  ## * `addFileExt proc <#addFileExt,string,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    assert changeFileExt("foo.bar", "baz") == "foo.baz"
-    assert changeFileExt("foo.bar", "") == "foo"
-    assert changeFileExt("foo", "baz") == "foo.baz"
-
-  var extPos = searchExtPos(filename)
-  if extPos < 0: result = filename & normExt(ext)
-  else: result = substr(filename, 0, extPos-1) & normExt(ext)
-
-proc addFileExt*(filename, ext: string): string {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
-  ## Adds the file extension `ext` to `filename`, unless
-  ## `filename` already has an extension.
-  ##
-  ## `Ext` should be given without the leading `'.'`, because some
-  ## filesystems may use a different character.
-  ## (Although I know of none such beast.)
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `searchExtPos proc <#searchExtPos,string>`_
-  ## * `splitFile proc <#splitFile,string>`_
-  ## * `extractFilename proc <#extractFilename,string>`_
-  ## * `lastPathPart proc <#lastPathPart,string>`_
-  ## * `changeFileExt proc <#changeFileExt,string,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    assert addFileExt("foo.bar", "baz") == "foo.bar"
-    assert addFileExt("foo.bar", "") == "foo.bar"
-    assert addFileExt("foo", "baz") == "foo.baz"
-
-  var extPos = searchExtPos(filename)
-  if extPos < 0: result = filename & normExt(ext)
-  else: result = filename
 
-proc cmpPaths*(pathA, pathB: string): int {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
-  ## Compares two paths.
-  ##
-  ## On a case-sensitive filesystem this is done
-  ## case-sensitively otherwise case-insensitively. Returns:
-  ##
-  ## | 0 if pathA == pathB
-  ## | < 0 if pathA < pathB
-  ## | > 0 if pathA > pathB
-  runnableExamples:
-    when defined(macosx):
-      assert cmpPaths("foo", "Foo") == 0
-    elif defined(posix):
-      assert cmpPaths("foo", "Foo") > 0
-
-  let a = normalizePath(pathA)
-  let b = normalizePath(pathB)
-  if FileSystemCaseSensitive:
-    result = cmp(a, b)
-  else:
-    when defined(nimscript):
-      result = cmpic(a, b)
-    elif defined(nimdoc): discard
-    else:
-      result = cmpIgnoreCase(a, b)
+import std/oserrors
+export oserrors
+import std/envvars
+export envvars
 
-proc unixToNativePath*(path: string, drive=""): string {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
-  ## Converts an UNIX-like path to a native one.
-  ##
-  ## On an UNIX system this does nothing. Else it converts
-  ## `'/'`, `'.'`, `'..'` to the appropriate things.
-  ##
-  ## On systems with a concept of "drives", `drive` is used to determine
-  ## which drive label to use during absolute path conversion.
-  ## `drive` defaults to the drive of the current working directory, and is
-  ## ignored on systems that do not have a concept of "drives".
-  when defined(unix):
-    result = path
-  else:
-    if path.len == 0: return ""
-
-    var start: int
-    if path[0] == '/':
-      # an absolute path
-      when doslikeFileSystem:
-        if drive != "":
-          result = drive & ":" & DirSep
-        else:
-          result = $DirSep
-      elif defined(macos):
-        result = "" # must not start with ':'
-      else:
-        result = $DirSep
-      start = 1
-    elif path[0] == '.' and (path.len == 1 or path[1] == '/'):
-      # current directory
-      result = $CurDir
-      start = when doslikeFileSystem: 1 else: 2
-    else:
-      result = ""
-      start = 0
-
-    var i = start
-    while i < len(path): # ../../../ --> ::::
-      if i+2 < path.len and path[i] == '.' and path[i+1] == '.' and path[i+2] == '/':
-        # parent directory
-        when defined(macos):
-          if result[high(result)] == ':':
-            add result, ':'
-          else:
-            add result, ParDir
-        else:
-          add result, ParDir & DirSep
-        inc(i, 3)
-      elif path[i] == '/':
-        add result, DirSep
-        inc(i)
-      else:
-        add result, path[i]
-        inc(i)
+import std/private/osseps
+export osseps
 
-include "includes/oserr"
-when not defined(nimscript):
-  include "includes/osenv"
 
-proc getHomeDir*(): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
-  tags: [ReadEnvEffect, ReadIOEffect].} =
-  ## Returns the home directory of the current user.
-  ##
-  ## This proc is wrapped by the `expandTilde proc <#expandTilde,string>`_
-  ## for the convenience of processing paths coming from user configuration files.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `getConfigDir proc <#getConfigDir>`_
-  ## * `getTempDir proc <#getTempDir>`_
-  ## * `expandTilde proc <#expandTilde,string>`_
-  ## * `getCurrentDir proc <#getCurrentDir>`_
-  ## * `setCurrentDir proc <#setCurrentDir,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    assert getHomeDir() == expandTilde("~")
-    # `getHomeDir()` doesn't end in `DirSep` even if `$HOME` (on posix) or
-    # `$USERPROFILE` (on windows) does, unless `-d:nimLegacyHomeDir` is specified.
-    from std/strutils import endsWith
-    assert not getHomeDir().endsWith DirSep
-
-  when defined(windows): result = getEnv("USERPROFILE")
-  else: result = getEnv("HOME")
-  result.normalizePathEnd(trailingSep = defined(nimLegacyHomeDir))
-
-proc getConfigDir*(): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
-  tags: [ReadEnvEffect, ReadIOEffect].} =
-  ## Returns the config directory of the current user for applications.
-  ##
-  ## On non-Windows OSs, this proc conforms to the XDG Base Directory
-  ## spec. Thus, this proc returns the value of the `XDG_CONFIG_HOME` environment
-  ## variable if it is set, otherwise it returns the default configuration
-  ## directory ("~/.config").
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `getHomeDir proc <#getHomeDir>`_
-  ## * `getTempDir proc <#getTempDir>`_
-  ## * `expandTilde proc <#expandTilde,string>`_
-  ## * `getCurrentDir proc <#getCurrentDir>`_
-  ## * `setCurrentDir proc <#setCurrentDir,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    from std/strutils import endsWith
-    # See `getHomeDir` for behavior regarding trailing DirSep.
-    assert not getConfigDir().endsWith DirSep
-  when defined(windows):
-    result = getEnv("APPDATA")
-  else:
-    result = getEnv("XDG_CONFIG_HOME", getEnv("HOME") / ".config")
-  result.normalizePathEnd(trailingSep = defined(nimLegacyHomeDir))
-
-when defined(windows):
-  type DWORD = uint32
-
-  proc getTempPath(
-    nBufferLength: DWORD, lpBuffer: WideCString
-  ): DWORD {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32.dll", importc: "GetTempPathW".} =
-    ## Retrieves the path of the directory designated for temporary files.
-
-template getEnvImpl(result: var string, tempDirList: openArray[string]) =
-  for dir in tempDirList:
-    if existsEnv(dir):
-      result = getEnv(dir)
-      break
-
-template getTempDirImpl(result: var string) =
-  when defined(windows):
-    getEnvImpl(result, ["TMP", "TEMP", "USERPROFILE"])
-  else:
-    getEnvImpl(result, ["TMPDIR", "TEMP", "TMP", "TEMPDIR"])
-
-proc getTempDir*(): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
-  tags: [ReadEnvEffect, ReadIOEffect].} =
-  ## Returns the temporary directory of the current user for applications to
-  ## save temporary files in.
-  ##
-  ## On Windows, it calls [GetTempPath](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/fileapi/nf-fileapi-gettemppathw).
-  ## On Posix based platforms, it will check `TMPDIR`, `TEMP`, `TMP` and `TEMPDIR` environment variables in order.
-  ## On all platforms, `/tmp` will be returned if the procs fails.
-  ##
-  ## You can override this implementation
-  ## by adding `-d:tempDir=mytempname` to your compiler invocation.
-  ##
-  ## **Note:** This proc does not check whether the returned path exists.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `getHomeDir proc <#getHomeDir>`_
-  ## * `getConfigDir proc <#getConfigDir>`_
-  ## * `expandTilde proc <#expandTilde,string>`_
-  ## * `getCurrentDir proc <#getCurrentDir>`_
-  ## * `setCurrentDir proc <#setCurrentDir,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    from std/strutils import endsWith
-    # See `getHomeDir` for behavior regarding trailing DirSep.
-    assert not getTempDir().endsWith(DirSep)
-  const tempDirDefault = "/tmp"
-  when defined(tempDir):
-    const tempDir {.strdefine.}: string = tempDirDefault
-    result = tempDir
-  else:
-    when nimvm:
-      getTempDirImpl(result)
-    else:
-      when defined(windows):
-        let size = getTempPath(0, nil)
-        # If the function fails, the return value is zero.
-        if size > 0:
-          let buffer = newWideCString(size.int)
-          if getTempPath(size, buffer) > 0:
-            result = $buffer
-      elif defined(android): result = "/data/local/tmp"
-      else:
-        getTempDirImpl(result)
-    if result.len == 0:
-      result = tempDirDefault
-  result.normalizePathEnd(trailingSep = defined(nimLegacyHomeDir))
 
 proc expandTilde*(path: string): string {.
   tags: [ReadEnvEffect, ReadIOEffect].} =
   ## Expands ``~`` or a path starting with ``~/`` to a full path, replacing
-  ## ``~`` with `getHomeDir() <#getHomeDir>`_ (otherwise returns ``path`` unmodified).
+  ## ``~`` with `getHomeDir()`_ (otherwise returns ``path`` unmodified).
   ##
-  ## Windows: this is still supported despite Windows platform not having this
+  ## Windows: this is still supported despite the Windows platform not having this
   ## convention; also, both ``~/`` and ``~\`` are handled.
-  ## 
-  ## .. warning:: `~bob` and `~bob/` are not yet handled correctly.
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `getHomeDir proc <#getHomeDir>`_
-  ## * `getConfigDir proc <#getConfigDir>`_
-  ## * `getTempDir proc <#getTempDir>`_
-  ## * `getCurrentDir proc <#getCurrentDir>`_
-  ## * `setCurrentDir proc <#setCurrentDir,string>`_
+  ## * `getHomeDir proc`_
+  ## * `getConfigDir proc`_
+  ## * `getTempDir proc`_
+  ## * `getCurrentDir proc`_
+  ## * `setCurrentDir proc`_
   runnableExamples:
     assert expandTilde("~" / "appname.cfg") == getHomeDir() / "appname.cfg"
     assert expandTilde("~/foo/bar") == getHomeDir() / "foo/bar"
     assert expandTilde("/foo/bar") == "/foo/bar"
-    assert expandTilde("~") == getHomeDir()
-    from std/strutils import endsWith
-    assert not expandTilde("~").endsWith(DirSep)
 
   if len(path) == 0 or path[0] != '~':
     result = path
@@ -1035,15 +138,12 @@ proc expandTilde*(path: string): string {.
     # TODO: handle `~bob` and `~bob/` which means home of bob
     result = path
 
-# TODO: consider whether quoteShellPosix, quoteShellWindows, quoteShell, quoteShellCommand
-# belong in `strutils` instead; they are not specific to paths
 proc quoteShellWindows*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nosp$1".} =
   ## Quote `s`, so it can be safely passed to Windows API.
   ##
   ## Based on Python's `subprocess.list2cmdline`.
   ## See `this link <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/17w5ykft.aspx>`_
   ## for more details.
-
   let needQuote = {' ', '\t'} in s or s.len == 0
   result = ""
   var backslashBuff = ""
@@ -1054,8 +154,8 @@ proc quoteShellWindows*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nosp$1"
     if c == '\\':
       backslashBuff.add(c)
     elif c == '\"':
-      result.add(backslashBuff)
-      result.add(backslashBuff)
+      for i in 0..<backslashBuff.len*2:
+        result.add('\\')
       backslashBuff.setLen(0)
       result.add("\\\"")
     else:
@@ -1064,35 +164,34 @@ proc quoteShellWindows*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nosp$1"
         backslashBuff.setLen(0)
       result.add(c)
 
+  if backslashBuff.len > 0:
+    result.add(backslashBuff)
   if needQuote:
+    result.add(backslashBuff)
     result.add("\"")
 
+
 proc quoteShellPosix*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nosp$1".} =
   ## Quote ``s``, so it can be safely passed to POSIX shell.
-  ## Based on Python's `pipes.quote`.
   const safeUnixChars = {'%', '+', '-', '.', '/', '_', ':', '=', '@',
                          '0'..'9', 'A'..'Z', 'a'..'z'}
   if s.len == 0:
-    return "''"
-
-  let safe = s.allCharsInSet(safeUnixChars)
-
-  if safe:
-    return s
+    result = "''"
+  elif s.allCharsInSet(safeUnixChars):
+    result = s
   else:
-    return "'" & s.replace("'", "'\"'\"'") & "'"
+    result = "'" & s.replace("'", "'\"'\"'") & "'"
 
 when defined(windows) or defined(posix) or defined(nintendoswitch):
   proc quoteShell*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nosp$1".} =
     ## Quote ``s``, so it can be safely passed to shell.
     ##
-    ## When on Windows, it calls `quoteShellWindows proc
-    ## <#quoteShellWindows,string>`_. Otherwise, calls `quoteShellPosix proc
-    ## <#quoteShellPosix,string>`_.
+    ## When on Windows, it calls `quoteShellWindows proc`_.
+    ## Otherwise, calls `quoteShellPosix proc`_.
     when defined(windows):
-      return quoteShellWindows(s)
+      result = quoteShellWindows(s)
     else:
-      return quoteShellPosix(s)
+      result = quoteShellPosix(s)
 
   proc quoteShellCommand*(args: openArray[string]): string =
     ## Concatenates and quotes shell arguments `args`.
@@ -1113,106 +212,10 @@ when not weirdTarget:
     importc: "system", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
 
   when not defined(windows):
-    proc c_rename(oldname, newname: cstring): cint {.
-      importc: "rename", header: "<stdio.h>".}
-    proc c_strlen(a: cstring): cint {.
-      importc: "strlen", header: "<string.h>", noSideEffect.}
     proc c_free(p: pointer) {.
       importc: "free", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
 
 
-when defined(windows) and not weirdTarget:
-  when useWinUnicode:
-    template wrapUnary(varname, winApiProc, arg: untyped) =
-      var varname = winApiProc(newWideCString(arg))
-
-    template wrapBinary(varname, winApiProc, arg, arg2: untyped) =
-      var varname = winApiProc(newWideCString(arg), arg2)
-    proc findFirstFile(a: string, b: var WIN32_FIND_DATA): Handle =
-      result = findFirstFileW(newWideCString(a), b)
-    template findNextFile(a, b: untyped): untyped = findNextFileW(a, b)
-    template getCommandLine(): untyped = getCommandLineW()
-
-    template getFilename(f: untyped): untyped =
-      $cast[WideCString](addr(f.cFileName[0]))
-  else:
-    template findFirstFile(a, b: untyped): untyped = findFirstFileA(a, b)
-    template findNextFile(a, b: untyped): untyped = findNextFileA(a, b)
-    template getCommandLine(): untyped = getCommandLineA()
-
-    template getFilename(f: untyped): untyped = $cstring(addr f.cFileName)
-
-  proc skipFindData(f: WIN32_FIND_DATA): bool {.inline.} =
-    # Note - takes advantage of null delimiter in the cstring
-    const dot = ord('.')
-    result = f.cFileName[0].int == dot and (f.cFileName[1].int == 0 or
-             f.cFileName[1].int == dot and f.cFileName[2].int == 0)
-
-proc fileExists*(filename: string): bool {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
-                                          tags: [ReadDirEffect], noNimJs.} =
-  ## Returns true if `filename` exists and is a regular file or symlink.
-  ##
-  ## Directories, device files, named pipes and sockets return false.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `dirExists proc <#dirExists,string>`_
-  ## * `symlinkExists proc <#symlinkExists,string>`_
-  when defined(windows):
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      wrapUnary(a, getFileAttributesW, filename)
-    else:
-      var a = getFileAttributesA(filename)
-    if a != -1'i32:
-      result = (a and FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) == 0'i32
-  else:
-    var res: Stat
-    return stat(filename, res) >= 0'i32 and S_ISREG(res.st_mode)
-
-proc dirExists*(dir: string): bool {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [ReadDirEffect],
-                                     noNimJs.} =
-  ## Returns true if the directory `dir` exists. If `dir` is a file, false
-  ## is returned. Follows symlinks.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `fileExists proc <#fileExists,string>`_
-  ## * `symlinkExists proc <#symlinkExists,string>`_
-  when defined(windows):
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      wrapUnary(a, getFileAttributesW, dir)
-    else:
-      var a = getFileAttributesA(dir)
-    if a != -1'i32:
-      result = (a and FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) != 0'i32
-  else:
-    var res: Stat
-    return stat(dir, res) >= 0'i32 and S_ISDIR(res.st_mode)
-
-proc symlinkExists*(link: string): bool {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
-                                          tags: [ReadDirEffect],
-                                          noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Returns true if the symlink `link` exists. Will return true
-  ## regardless of whether the link points to a directory or file.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `fileExists proc <#fileExists,string>`_
-  ## * `dirExists proc <#dirExists,string>`_
-  when defined(windows):
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      wrapUnary(a, getFileAttributesW, link)
-    else:
-      var a = getFileAttributesA(link)
-    if a != -1'i32:
-      # xxx see: bug #16784 (bug9); checking `IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK`
-      # may also be needed.
-      result = (a and FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT) != 0'i32
-  else:
-    var res: Stat
-    return lstat(link, res) >= 0'i32 and S_ISLNK(res.st_mode)
-
-
-when not defined(windows):
-  const maxSymlinkLen = 1024
-
 const
   ExeExts* = ## Platform specific file extension for executables.
     ## On Windows ``["exe", "cmd", "bat"]``, on Posix ``[""]``.
@@ -1225,7 +228,7 @@ proc findExe*(exe: string, followSymlinks: bool = true;
   ## in directories listed in the ``PATH`` environment variable.
   ##
   ## Returns `""` if the `exe` cannot be found. `exe`
-  ## is added the `ExeExts <#ExeExts>`_ file extensions if it has none.
+  ## is added the `ExeExts`_ file extensions if it has none.
   ##
   ## If the system supports symlinks it also resolves them until it
   ## meets the actual file. This behavior can be disabled if desired
@@ -1252,16 +255,16 @@ proc findExe*(exe: string, followSymlinks: bool = true;
     for ext in extensions:
       var x = addFileExt(x, ext)
       if fileExists(x):
-        when not defined(windows):
+        when not (defined(windows) or defined(nintendoswitch)):
           while followSymlinks: # doubles as if here
             if x.symlinkExists:
               var r = newString(maxSymlinkLen)
-              var len = readlink(x, r, maxSymlinkLen)
+              var len = readlink(x.cstring, r.cstring, maxSymlinkLen)
               if len < 0:
                 raiseOSError(osLastError(), exe)
               if len > maxSymlinkLen:
                 r = newString(len+1)
-                len = readlink(x, r, len)
+                len = readlink(x.cstring, r.cstring, len)
               setLen(r, len)
               if isAbsolute(r):
                 x = r
@@ -1280,9 +283,9 @@ proc getLastModificationTime*(file: string): times.Time {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
   ## Returns the `file`'s last modification time.
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `getLastAccessTime proc <#getLastAccessTime,string>`_
-  ## * `getCreationTime proc <#getCreationTime,string>`_
-  ## * `fileNewer proc <#fileNewer,string,string>`_
+  ## * `getLastAccessTime proc`_
+  ## * `getCreationTime proc`_
+  ## * `fileNewer proc`_
   when defined(posix):
     var res: Stat
     if stat(file, res) < 0'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError(), file)
@@ -1298,9 +301,9 @@ proc getLastAccessTime*(file: string): times.Time {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", noWeir
   ## Returns the `file`'s last read or write access time.
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `getLastModificationTime proc <#getLastModificationTime,string>`_
-  ## * `getCreationTime proc <#getCreationTime,string>`_
-  ## * `fileNewer proc <#fileNewer,string,string>`_
+  ## * `getLastModificationTime proc`_
+  ## * `getCreationTime proc`_
+  ## * `fileNewer proc`_
   when defined(posix):
     var res: Stat
     if stat(file, res) < 0'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError(), file)
@@ -1320,9 +323,9 @@ proc getCreationTime*(file: string): times.Time {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", noWeirdT
   ## `here <https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/1058>`_ for details.
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `getLastModificationTime proc <#getLastModificationTime,string>`_
-  ## * `getLastAccessTime proc <#getLastAccessTime,string>`_
-  ## * `fileNewer proc <#fileNewer,string,string>`_
+  ## * `getLastModificationTime proc`_
+  ## * `getLastAccessTime proc`_
+  ## * `fileNewer proc`_
   when defined(posix):
     var res: Stat
     if stat(file, res) < 0'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError(), file)
@@ -1339,9 +342,9 @@ proc fileNewer*(a, b: string): bool {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", noWeirdTarget.} =
   ## modification time is later than `b`'s.
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `getLastModificationTime proc <#getLastModificationTime,string>`_
-  ## * `getLastAccessTime proc <#getLastAccessTime,string>`_
-  ## * `getCreationTime proc <#getCreationTime,string>`_
+  ## * `getLastModificationTime proc`_
+  ## * `getLastAccessTime proc`_
+  ## * `getCreationTime proc`_
   when defined(posix):
     # If we don't have access to nanosecond resolution, use '>='
     when not StatHasNanoseconds:
@@ -1351,356 +354,6 @@ proc fileNewer*(a, b: string): bool {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", noWeirdTarget.} =
   else:
     result = getLastModificationTime(a) > getLastModificationTime(b)
 
-when not defined(nimscript):
-  proc getCurrentDir*(): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [].} =
-    ## Returns the `current working directory`:idx: i.e. where the built
-    ## binary is run.
-    ##
-    ## So the path returned by this proc is determined at run time.
-    ##
-    ## See also:
-    ## * `getHomeDir proc <#getHomeDir>`_
-    ## * `getConfigDir proc <#getConfigDir>`_
-    ## * `getTempDir proc <#getTempDir>`_
-    ## * `setCurrentDir proc <#setCurrentDir,string>`_
-    ## * `currentSourcePath template <system.html#currentSourcePath.t>`_
-    ## * `getProjectPath proc <macros.html#getProjectPath>`_
-    when defined(nodejs):
-      var ret: cstring
-      {.emit: "`ret` = process.cwd();".}
-      return $ret
-    elif defined(js):
-      doAssert false, "use -d:nodejs to have `getCurrentDir` defined"
-    elif defined(windows):
-      var bufsize = MAX_PATH.int32
-      when useWinUnicode:
-        var res = newWideCString("", bufsize)
-        while true:
-          var L = getCurrentDirectoryW(bufsize, res)
-          if L == 0'i32:
-            raiseOSError(osLastError())
-          elif L > bufsize:
-            res = newWideCString("", L)
-            bufsize = L
-          else:
-            result = res$L
-            break
-      else:
-        result = newString(bufsize)
-        while true:
-          var L = getCurrentDirectoryA(bufsize, result)
-          if L == 0'i32:
-            raiseOSError(osLastError())
-          elif L > bufsize:
-            result = newString(L)
-            bufsize = L
-          else:
-            setLen(result, L)
-            break
-    else:
-      var bufsize = 1024 # should be enough
-      result = newString(bufsize)
-      while true:
-        if getcwd(result, bufsize) != nil:
-          setLen(result, c_strlen(result))
-          break
-        else:
-          let err = osLastError()
-          if err.int32 == ERANGE:
-            bufsize = bufsize shl 1
-            doAssert(bufsize >= 0)
-            result = newString(bufsize)
-          else:
-            raiseOSError(osLastError())
-
-proc setCurrentDir*(newDir: string) {.inline, tags: [], noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Sets the `current working directory`:idx:; `OSError`
-  ## is raised if `newDir` cannot been set.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `getHomeDir proc <#getHomeDir>`_
-  ## * `getConfigDir proc <#getConfigDir>`_
-  ## * `getTempDir proc <#getTempDir>`_
-  ## * `getCurrentDir proc <#getCurrentDir>`_
-  when defined(windows):
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      if setCurrentDirectoryW(newWideCString(newDir)) == 0'i32:
-        raiseOSError(osLastError(), newDir)
-    else:
-      if setCurrentDirectoryA(newDir) == 0'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError(), newDir)
-  else:
-    if chdir(newDir) != 0'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError(), newDir)
-
-
-proc absolutePath*(path: string, root = getCurrentDir()): string =
-  ## Returns the absolute path of `path`, rooted at `root` (which must be absolute;
-  ## default: current directory).
-  ## If `path` is absolute, return it, ignoring `root`.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `normalizedPath proc <#normalizedPath,string>`_
-  ## * `normalizePath proc <#normalizePath,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    assert absolutePath("a") == getCurrentDir() / "a"
-
-  if isAbsolute(path): path
-  else:
-    if not root.isAbsolute:
-      raise newException(ValueError, "The specified root is not absolute: " & root)
-    joinPath(root, path)
-
-proc absolutePathInternal(path: string): string =
-  absolutePath(path, getCurrentDir())
-
-proc normalizeExe*(file: var string) {.since: (1, 3, 5).} =
-  ## on posix, prepends `./` if `file` doesn't contain `/` and is not `"", ".", ".."`.
-  runnableExamples:
-    import std/sugar
-    when defined(posix):
-      doAssert "foo".dup(normalizeExe) == "./foo"
-      doAssert "foo/../bar".dup(normalizeExe) == "foo/../bar"
-    doAssert "".dup(normalizeExe) == ""
-  when defined(posix):
-    if file.len > 0 and DirSep notin file and file != "." and file != "..":
-      file = "./" & file
-
-proc normalizePath*(path: var string) {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [].} =
-  ## Normalize a path.
-  ##
-  ## Consecutive directory separators are collapsed, including an initial double slash.
-  ##
-  ## On relative paths, double dot (`..`) sequences are collapsed if possible.
-  ## On absolute paths they are always collapsed.
-  ##
-  ## .. warning:: URL-encoded and Unicode attempts at directory traversal are not detected.
-  ##   Triple dot is not handled.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `absolutePath proc <#absolutePath,string>`_
-  ## * `normalizedPath proc <#normalizedPath,string>`_ for outplace version
-  ## * `normalizeExe proc <#normalizeExe,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    when defined(posix):
-      var a = "a///b//..//c///d"
-      a.normalizePath()
-      assert a == "a/c/d"
-
-  path = pathnorm.normalizePath(path)
-  when false:
-    let isAbs = isAbsolute(path)
-    var stack: seq[string] = @[]
-    for p in split(path, {DirSep}):
-      case p
-      of "", ".":
-        continue
-      of "..":
-        if stack.len == 0:
-          if isAbs:
-            discard  # collapse all double dots on absoluta paths
-          else:
-            stack.add(p)
-        elif stack[^1] == "..":
-          stack.add(p)
-        else:
-          discard stack.pop()
-      else:
-        stack.add(p)
-
-    if isAbs:
-      path = DirSep & join(stack, $DirSep)
-    elif stack.len > 0:
-      path = join(stack, $DirSep)
-    else:
-      path = "."
-
-proc normalizePathAux(path: var string) = normalizePath(path)
-
-proc normalizedPath*(path: string): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [].} =
-  ## Returns a normalized path for the current OS.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `absolutePath proc <#absolutePath,string>`_
-  ## * `normalizePath proc <#normalizePath,string>`_ for the in-place version
-  runnableExamples:
-    when defined(posix):
-      assert normalizedPath("a///b//..//c///d") == "a/c/d"
-  result = pathnorm.normalizePath(path)
-
-when defined(windows) and not weirdTarget:
-  proc openHandle(path: string, followSymlink=true, writeAccess=false): Handle =
-    var flags = FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS or FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL
-    if not followSymlink:
-      flags = flags or FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT
-    let access = if writeAccess: GENERIC_WRITE else: 0'i32
-
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      result = createFileW(
-        newWideCString(path), access,
-        FILE_SHARE_DELETE or FILE_SHARE_READ or FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
-        nil, OPEN_EXISTING, flags, 0
-        )
-    else:
-      result = createFileA(
-        path, access,
-        FILE_SHARE_DELETE or FILE_SHARE_READ or FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
-        nil, OPEN_EXISTING, flags, 0
-        )
-
-proc sameFile*(path1, path2: string): bool {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
-  tags: [ReadDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Returns true if both pathname arguments refer to the same physical
-  ## file or directory.
-  ##
-  ## Raises `OSError` if any of the files does not
-  ## exist or information about it can not be obtained.
-  ##
-  ## This proc will return true if given two alternative hard-linked or
-  ## sym-linked paths to the same file or directory.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `sameFileContent proc <#sameFileContent,string,string>`_
-  when defined(windows):
-    var success = true
-    var f1 = openHandle(path1)
-    var f2 = openHandle(path2)
-
-    var lastErr: OSErrorCode
-    if f1 != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE and f2 != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE:
-      var fi1, fi2: BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION
-
-      if getFileInformationByHandle(f1, addr(fi1)) != 0 and
-         getFileInformationByHandle(f2, addr(fi2)) != 0:
-        result = fi1.dwVolumeSerialNumber == fi2.dwVolumeSerialNumber and
-                 fi1.nFileIndexHigh == fi2.nFileIndexHigh and
-                 fi1.nFileIndexLow == fi2.nFileIndexLow
-      else:
-        lastErr = osLastError()
-        success = false
-    else:
-      lastErr = osLastError()
-      success = false
-
-    discard closeHandle(f1)
-    discard closeHandle(f2)
-
-    if not success: raiseOSError(lastErr, $(path1, path2))
-  else:
-    var a, b: Stat
-    if stat(path1, a) < 0'i32 or stat(path2, b) < 0'i32:
-      raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(path1, path2))
-    else:
-      result = a.st_dev == b.st_dev and a.st_ino == b.st_ino
-
-type
-  FilePermission* = enum   ## File access permission, modelled after UNIX.
-    ##
-    ## See also:
-    ## * `getFilePermissions <#getFilePermissions,string>`_
-    ## * `setFilePermissions <#setFilePermissions,string,set[FilePermission]>`_
-    ## * `FileInfo object <#FileInfo>`_
-    fpUserExec,            ## execute access for the file owner
-    fpUserWrite,           ## write access for the file owner
-    fpUserRead,            ## read access for the file owner
-    fpGroupExec,           ## execute access for the group
-    fpGroupWrite,          ## write access for the group
-    fpGroupRead,           ## read access for the group
-    fpOthersExec,          ## execute access for others
-    fpOthersWrite,         ## write access for others
-    fpOthersRead           ## read access for others
-
-proc getFilePermissions*(filename: string): set[FilePermission] {.
-  rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [ReadDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Retrieves file permissions for `filename`.
-  ##
-  ## `OSError` is raised in case of an error.
-  ## On Windows, only the ``readonly`` flag is checked, every other
-  ## permission is available in any case.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `setFilePermissions proc <#setFilePermissions,string,set[FilePermission]>`_
-  ## * `FilePermission enum <#FilePermission>`_
-  when defined(posix):
-    var a: Stat
-    if stat(filename, a) < 0'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError(), filename)
-    result = {}
-    if (a.st_mode and S_IRUSR.Mode) != 0.Mode: result.incl(fpUserRead)
-    if (a.st_mode and S_IWUSR.Mode) != 0.Mode: result.incl(fpUserWrite)
-    if (a.st_mode and S_IXUSR.Mode) != 0.Mode: result.incl(fpUserExec)
-
-    if (a.st_mode and S_IRGRP.Mode) != 0.Mode: result.incl(fpGroupRead)
-    if (a.st_mode and S_IWGRP.Mode) != 0.Mode: result.incl(fpGroupWrite)
-    if (a.st_mode and S_IXGRP.Mode) != 0.Mode: result.incl(fpGroupExec)
-
-    if (a.st_mode and S_IROTH.Mode) != 0.Mode: result.incl(fpOthersRead)
-    if (a.st_mode and S_IWOTH.Mode) != 0.Mode: result.incl(fpOthersWrite)
-    if (a.st_mode and S_IXOTH.Mode) != 0.Mode: result.incl(fpOthersExec)
-  else:
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      wrapUnary(res, getFileAttributesW, filename)
-    else:
-      var res = getFileAttributesA(filename)
-    if res == -1'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError(), filename)
-    if (res and FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY) != 0'i32:
-      result = {fpUserExec, fpUserRead, fpGroupExec, fpGroupRead,
-                fpOthersExec, fpOthersRead}
-    else:
-      result = {fpUserExec..fpOthersRead}
-
-proc setFilePermissions*(filename: string, permissions: set[FilePermission],
-                         followSymlinks = true)
-  {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [ReadDirEffect, WriteDirEffect],
-   noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Sets the file permissions for `filename`.
-  ##
-  ## If `followSymlinks` set to true (default) and ``filename`` points to a
-  ## symlink, permissions are set to the file symlink points to.
-  ## `followSymlinks` set to false is a noop on Windows and some POSIX
-  ## systems (including Linux) on which `lchmod` is either unavailable or always
-  ## fails, given that symlinks permissions there are not observed.
-  ##
-  ## `OSError` is raised in case of an error.
-  ## On Windows, only the ``readonly`` flag is changed, depending on
-  ## ``fpUserWrite`` permission.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `getFilePermissions <#getFilePermissions,string>`_
-  ## * `FilePermission enum <#FilePermission>`_
-  when defined(posix):
-    var p = 0.Mode
-    if fpUserRead in permissions: p = p or S_IRUSR.Mode
-    if fpUserWrite in permissions: p = p or S_IWUSR.Mode
-    if fpUserExec in permissions: p = p or S_IXUSR.Mode
-
-    if fpGroupRead in permissions: p = p or S_IRGRP.Mode
-    if fpGroupWrite in permissions: p = p or S_IWGRP.Mode
-    if fpGroupExec in permissions: p = p or S_IXGRP.Mode
-
-    if fpOthersRead in permissions: p = p or S_IROTH.Mode
-    if fpOthersWrite in permissions: p = p or S_IWOTH.Mode
-    if fpOthersExec in permissions: p = p or S_IXOTH.Mode
-
-    if not followSymlinks and filename.symlinkExists:
-      when declared(lchmod):
-        if lchmod(filename, cast[Mode](p)) != 0:
-          raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(filename, permissions))
-    else:
-      if chmod(filename, cast[Mode](p)) != 0:
-        raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(filename, permissions))
-  else:
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      wrapUnary(res, getFileAttributesW, filename)
-    else:
-      var res = getFileAttributesA(filename)
-    if res == -1'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError(), filename)
-    if fpUserWrite in permissions:
-      res = res and not FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY
-    else:
-      res = res or FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      wrapBinary(res2, setFileAttributesW, filename, res)
-    else:
-      var res2 = setFileAttributesA(filename, res)
-    if res2 == - 1'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(filename, permissions))
 
 proc isAdmin*: bool {.noWeirdTarget.} =
   ## Returns whether the caller's process is a member of the Administrators local
@@ -1720,314 +373,19 @@ proc isAdmin*: bool {.noWeirdTarget.} =
                                               addr administratorsGroup)):
       raiseOSError(osLastError(), "could not get SID for Administrators group")
 
-    defer:
+    try:
+      var b: WINBOOL
+      if not isSuccess(checkTokenMembership(0, administratorsGroup, addr b)):
+        raiseOSError(osLastError(), "could not check access token membership")
+
+      result = isSuccess(b)
+    finally:
       if freeSid(administratorsGroup) != nil:
         raiseOSError(osLastError(), "failed to free SID for Administrators group")
 
-    var b: WINBOOL
-    if not isSuccess(checkTokenMembership(0, administratorsGroup, addr b)):
-      raiseOSError(osLastError(), "could not check access token membership")
-
-    return isSuccess(b)
-  else:
-    return geteuid() == 0
-
-proc createSymlink*(src, dest: string) {.noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Create a symbolic link at `dest` which points to the item specified
-  ## by `src`. On most operating systems, will fail if a link already exists.
-  ##
-  ## .. warning:: Some OS's (such as Microsoft Windows) restrict the creation
-  ##   of symlinks to root users (administrators) or users with developper mode enabled.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `createHardlink proc <#createHardlink,string,string>`_
-  ## * `expandSymlink proc <#expandSymlink,string>`_
-
-  when defined(windows):
-    const SYMBOLIC_LINK_FLAG_ALLOW_UNPRIVILEGED_CREATE = 2
-    # allows anyone with developer mode on to create a link
-    let flag = dirExists(src).int32 or SYMBOLIC_LINK_FLAG_ALLOW_UNPRIVILEGED_CREATE
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      var wSrc = newWideCString(src)
-      var wDst = newWideCString(dest)
-      if createSymbolicLinkW(wDst, wSrc, flag) == 0 or getLastError() != 0:
-        raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(src, dest))
-    else:
-      if createSymbolicLinkA(dest, src, flag) == 0 or getLastError() != 0:
-        raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(src, dest))
-  else:
-    if symlink(src, dest) != 0:
-      raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(src, dest))
-
-proc expandSymlink*(symlinkPath: string): string {.noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Returns a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points.
-  ##
-  ## On Windows this is a noop, `symlinkPath` is simply returned.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `createSymlink proc <#createSymlink,string,string>`_
-  when defined(windows):
-    result = symlinkPath
-  else:
-    result = newString(maxSymlinkLen)
-    var len = readlink(symlinkPath, result, maxSymlinkLen)
-    if len < 0:
-      raiseOSError(osLastError(), symlinkPath)
-    if len > maxSymlinkLen:
-      result = newString(len+1)
-      len = readlink(symlinkPath, result, len)
-    setLen(result, len)
-
-const hasCCopyfile = defined(osx) and not defined(nimLegacyCopyFile)
-  # xxx instead of `nimLegacyCopyFile`, support something like: `when osxVersion >= (10, 5)`
-
-when hasCCopyfile:
-  # `copyfile` API available since osx 10.5.
-  {.push nodecl, header: "<copyfile.h>".}
-  type
-    copyfile_state_t {.nodecl.} = pointer
-    copyfile_flags_t = cint
-  proc copyfile_state_alloc(): copyfile_state_t
-  proc copyfile_state_free(state: copyfile_state_t): cint
-  proc c_copyfile(src, dst: cstring,  state: copyfile_state_t, flags: copyfile_flags_t): cint {.importc: "copyfile".}
-  # replace with `let` pending bootstrap >= 1.4.0
-  var
-    COPYFILE_DATA {.nodecl.}: copyfile_flags_t
-    COPYFILE_XATTR {.nodecl.}: copyfile_flags_t
-  {.pop.}
-
-type CopyFlag* = enum   ## Copy options.
-  cfSymlinkAsIs,    ## Copy symlinks as symlinks
-  cfSymlinkFollow,  ## Copy the files symlinks point to
-  cfSymlinkIgnore   ## Ignore symlinks
-
-const copyFlagSymlink = {cfSymlinkAsIs, cfSymlinkFollow, cfSymlinkIgnore}
-
-proc copyFile*(source, dest: string, options = {cfSymlinkFollow}) {.rtl,
-  extern: "nos$1", tags: [ReadDirEffect, ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect],
-  noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Copies a file from `source` to `dest`, where `dest.parentDir` must exist.
-  ##
-  ## On non-Windows OSes, `options` specify the way file is copied; by default,
-  ## if `source` is a symlink, copies the file symlink points to. `options` is
-  ## ignored on Windows: symlinks are skipped.
-  ##
-  ## If this fails, `OSError` is raised.
-  ##
-  ## On the Windows platform this proc will
-  ## copy the source file's attributes into dest.
-  ##
-  ## On other platforms you need
-  ## to use `getFilePermissions <#getFilePermissions,string>`_ and
-  ## `setFilePermissions <#setFilePermissions,string,set[FilePermission]>`_
-  ## procs
-  ## to copy them by hand (or use the convenience `copyFileWithPermissions
-  ## proc <#copyFileWithPermissions,string,string>`_),
-  ## otherwise `dest` will inherit the default permissions of a newly
-  ## created file for the user.
-  ##
-  ## If `dest` already exists, the file attributes
-  ## will be preserved and the content overwritten.
-  ##
-  ## On OSX, `copyfile` C api will be used (available since OSX 10.5) unless
-  ## `-d:nimLegacyCopyFile` is used.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `CopyFlag enum <#CopyFlag>`_
-  ## * `copyDir proc <#copyDir,string,string>`_
-  ## * `copyFileWithPermissions proc <#copyFileWithPermissions,string,string>`_
-  ## * `tryRemoveFile proc <#tryRemoveFile,string>`_
-  ## * `removeFile proc <#removeFile,string>`_
-  ## * `moveFile proc <#moveFile,string,string>`_
-
-  doAssert card(copyFlagSymlink * options) == 1, "There should be exactly " &
-                                                 "one cfSymlink* in options"
-  let isSymlink = source.symlinkExists
-  if isSymlink and (cfSymlinkIgnore in options or defined(windows)):
-    return
-  when defined(windows):
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      let s = newWideCString(source)
-      let d = newWideCString(dest)
-      if copyFileW(s, d, 0'i32) == 0'i32:
-        raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(source, dest))
-    else:
-      if copyFileA(source, dest, 0'i32) == 0'i32:
-        raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(source, dest))
-  else:
-    if isSymlink and cfSymlinkAsIs in options:
-      createSymlink(expandSymlink(source), dest)
-    else:
-      when hasCCopyfile:
-        let state = copyfile_state_alloc()
-        # xxx `COPYFILE_STAT` could be used for one-shot
-        # `copyFileWithPermissions`.
-        let status = c_copyfile(source.cstring, dest.cstring, state,
-                                COPYFILE_DATA)
-        if status != 0:
-          let err = osLastError()
-          discard copyfile_state_free(state)
-          raiseOSError(err, $(source, dest))
-        let status2 = copyfile_state_free(state)
-        if status2 != 0: raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(source, dest))
-      else:
-        # generic version of copyFile which works for any platform:
-        const bufSize = 8000 # better for memory manager
-        var d, s: File
-        if not open(s, source):raiseOSError(osLastError(), source)
-        if not open(d, dest, fmWrite):
-          close(s)
-          raiseOSError(osLastError(), dest)
-        var buf = alloc(bufSize)
-        while true:
-          var bytesread = readBuffer(s, buf, bufSize)
-          if bytesread > 0:
-            var byteswritten = writeBuffer(d, buf, bytesread)
-            if bytesread != byteswritten:
-              dealloc(buf)
-              close(s)
-              close(d)
-              raiseOSError(osLastError(), dest)
-          if bytesread != bufSize: break
-        dealloc(buf)
-        close(s)
-        flushFile(d)
-        close(d)
-
-proc copyFileToDir*(source, dir: string, options = {cfSymlinkFollow})
-  {.noWeirdTarget, since: (1,3,7).} =
-  ## Copies a file `source` into directory `dir`, which must exist.
-  ##
-  ## On non-Windows OSes, `options` specify the way file is copied; by default,
-  ## if `source` is a symlink, copies the file symlink points to. `options` is
-  ## ignored on Windows: symlinks are skipped.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `CopyFlag enum <#CopyFlag>`_
-  ## * `copyFile proc <#copyDir,string,string>`_
-  if dir.len == 0: # treating "" as "." is error prone
-    raise newException(ValueError, "dest is empty")
-  copyFile(source, dir / source.lastPathPart, options)
-
-when not declared(ENOENT) and not defined(windows):
-  when NoFakeVars:
-    when not defined(haiku):
-      const ENOENT = cint(2) # 2 on most systems including Solaris
-    else:
-      const ENOENT = cint(-2147459069)
-  else:
-    var ENOENT {.importc, header: "<errno.h>".}: cint
-
-when defined(windows) and not weirdTarget:
-  when useWinUnicode:
-    template deleteFile(file: untyped): untyped  = deleteFileW(file)
-    template setFileAttributes(file, attrs: untyped): untyped =
-      setFileAttributesW(file, attrs)
   else:
-    template deleteFile(file: untyped): untyped = deleteFileA(file)
-    template setFileAttributes(file, attrs: untyped): untyped =
-      setFileAttributesA(file, attrs)
+    result = geteuid() == 0
 
-proc tryRemoveFile*(file: string): bool {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [WriteDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Removes the `file`.
-  ##
-  ## If this fails, returns `false`. This does not fail
-  ## if the file never existed in the first place.
-  ##
-  ## On Windows, ignores the read-only attribute.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `copyFile proc <#copyFile,string,string>`_
-  ## * `copyFileWithPermissions proc <#copyFileWithPermissions,string,string>`_
-  ## * `removeFile proc <#removeFile,string>`_
-  ## * `moveFile proc <#moveFile,string,string>`_
-  result = true
-  when defined(windows):
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      let f = newWideCString(file)
-    else:
-      let f = file
-    if deleteFile(f) == 0:
-      result = false
-      let err = getLastError()
-      if err == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND or err == ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND:
-        result = true
-      elif err == ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED and
-         setFileAttributes(f, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL) != 0 and
-         deleteFile(f) != 0:
-        result = true
-  else:
-    if unlink(file) != 0'i32 and errno != ENOENT:
-      result = false
-
-proc removeFile*(file: string) {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [WriteDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Removes the `file`.
-  ##
-  ## If this fails, `OSError` is raised. This does not fail
-  ## if the file never existed in the first place.
-  ##
-  ## On Windows, ignores the read-only attribute.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `removeDir proc <#removeDir,string>`_
-  ## * `copyFile proc <#copyFile,string,string>`_
-  ## * `copyFileWithPermissions proc <#copyFileWithPermissions,string,string>`_
-  ## * `tryRemoveFile proc <#tryRemoveFile,string>`_
-  ## * `moveFile proc <#moveFile,string,string>`_
-  if not tryRemoveFile(file):
-    raiseOSError(osLastError(), file)
-
-proc tryMoveFSObject(source, dest: string): bool {.noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Moves a file or directory from `source` to `dest`.
-  ##
-  ## Returns false in case of `EXDEV` error.
-  ## In case of other errors `OSError` is raised.
-  ## Returns true in case of success.
-  when defined(windows):
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      let s = newWideCString(source)
-      let d = newWideCString(dest)
-      if moveFileExW(s, d, MOVEFILE_COPY_ALLOWED or MOVEFILE_REPLACE_EXISTING) == 0'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(source, dest))
-    else:
-      if moveFileExA(source, dest, MOVEFILE_COPY_ALLOWED or MOVEFILE_REPLACE_EXISTING) == 0'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(source, dest))
-  else:
-    if c_rename(source, dest) != 0'i32:
-      let err = osLastError()
-      if err == EXDEV.OSErrorCode:
-        return false
-      else:
-        # see whether `strerror(errno)` is redundant with what raiseOSError already shows
-        raiseOSError(err, $(source, dest, strerror(errno)))
-  return true
-
-proc moveFile*(source, dest: string) {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
-  tags: [ReadDirEffect, ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Moves a file from `source` to `dest`.
-  ##
-  ## Symlinks are not followed: if `source` is a symlink, it is itself moved,
-  ## not its target.
-  ##
-  ## If this fails, `OSError` is raised.
-  ## If `dest` already exists, it will be overwritten.
-  ##
-  ## Can be used to `rename files`:idx:.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `moveDir proc <#moveDir,string,string>`_
-  ## * `copyFile proc <#copyFile,string,string>`_
-  ## * `copyFileWithPermissions proc <#copyFileWithPermissions,string,string>`_
-  ## * `removeFile proc <#removeFile,string>`_
-  ## * `tryRemoveFile proc <#tryRemoveFile,string>`_
-
-  if not tryMoveFSObject(source, dest):
-    when not defined(windows):
-      # Fallback to copy & del
-      copyFile(source, dest, {cfSymlinkAsIs})
-      try:
-        removeFile(source)
-      except:
-        discard tryRemoveFile(dest)
-        raise
 
 proc exitStatusLikeShell*(status: cint): cint =
   ## Converts exit code from `c_system` into a shell exit code.
@@ -2053,122 +411,11 @@ proc execShellCmd*(command: string): int {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
   ## <osproc.html#execProcess,string,string,openArray[string],StringTableRef,set[ProcessOption]>`_.
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   discard execShellCmd("ls -la")
+  ##   ```
   result = exitStatusLikeShell(c_system(command))
 
-# Templates for filtering directories and files
-when defined(windows) and not weirdTarget:
-  template isDir(f: WIN32_FIND_DATA): bool =
-    (f.dwFileAttributes and FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) != 0'i32
-  template isFile(f: WIN32_FIND_DATA): bool =
-    not isDir(f)
-else:
-  template isDir(f: string): bool {.dirty.} =
-    dirExists(f)
-  template isFile(f: string): bool {.dirty.} =
-    fileExists(f)
-
-template defaultWalkFilter(item): bool =
-  ## Walk filter used to return true on both
-  ## files and directories
-  true
-
-template walkCommon(pattern: string, filter) =
-  ## Common code for getting the files and directories with the
-  ## specified `pattern`
-  when defined(windows):
-    var
-      f: WIN32_FIND_DATA
-      res: int
-    res = findFirstFile(pattern, f)
-    if res != -1:
-      defer: findClose(res)
-      let dotPos = searchExtPos(pattern)
-      while true:
-        if not skipFindData(f) and filter(f):
-          # Windows bug/gotcha: 't*.nim' matches 'tfoo.nims' -.- so we check
-          # that the file extensions have the same length ...
-          let ff = getFilename(f)
-          let idx = ff.len - pattern.len + dotPos
-          if dotPos < 0 or idx >= ff.len or (idx >= 0 and ff[idx] == '.') or
-              (dotPos >= 0 and dotPos+1 < pattern.len and pattern[dotPos+1] == '*'):
-            yield splitFile(pattern).dir / extractFilename(ff)
-        if findNextFile(res, f) == 0'i32:
-          let errCode = getLastError()
-          if errCode == ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES: break
-          else: raiseOSError(errCode.OSErrorCode)
-  else: # here we use glob
-    var
-      f: Glob
-      res: int
-    f.gl_offs = 0
-    f.gl_pathc = 0
-    f.gl_pathv = nil
-    res = glob(pattern, 0, nil, addr(f))
-    defer: globfree(addr(f))
-    if res == 0:
-      for i in 0.. f.gl_pathc - 1:
-        assert(f.gl_pathv[i] != nil)
-        let path = $f.gl_pathv[i]
-        if filter(path):
-          yield path
-
-iterator walkPattern*(pattern: string): string {.tags: [ReadDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Iterate over all the files and directories that match the `pattern`.
-  ##
-  ## On POSIX this uses the `glob`:idx: call.
-  ## `pattern` is OS dependent, but at least the `"\*.ext"`
-  ## notation is supported.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `walkFiles iterator <#walkFiles.i,string>`_
-  ## * `walkDirs iterator <#walkDirs.i,string>`_
-  ## * `walkDir iterator <#walkDir.i,string>`_
-  ## * `walkDirRec iterator <#walkDirRec.i,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    import std/sequtils
-    let paths = toSeq(walkPattern("lib/pure/*")) # works on windows too
-    assert "lib/pure/concurrency".unixToNativePath in paths
-    assert "lib/pure/os.nim".unixToNativePath in paths
-  walkCommon(pattern, defaultWalkFilter)
-
-iterator walkFiles*(pattern: string): string {.tags: [ReadDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Iterate over all the files that match the `pattern`.
-  ##
-  ## On POSIX this uses the `glob`:idx: call.
-  ## `pattern` is OS dependent, but at least the `"\*.ext"`
-  ## notation is supported.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `walkPattern iterator <#walkPattern.i,string>`_
-  ## * `walkDirs iterator <#walkDirs.i,string>`_
-  ## * `walkDir iterator <#walkDir.i,string>`_
-  ## * `walkDirRec iterator <#walkDirRec.i,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    import std/sequtils
-    assert "lib/pure/os.nim".unixToNativePath in toSeq(walkFiles("lib/pure/*.nim")) # works on windows too
-  walkCommon(pattern, isFile)
-
-iterator walkDirs*(pattern: string): string {.tags: [ReadDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Iterate over all the directories that match the `pattern`.
-  ##
-  ## On POSIX this uses the `glob`:idx: call.
-  ## `pattern` is OS dependent, but at least the `"\*.ext"`
-  ## notation is supported.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `walkPattern iterator <#walkPattern.i,string>`_
-  ## * `walkFiles iterator <#walkFiles.i,string>`_
-  ## * `walkDir iterator <#walkDir.i,string>`_
-  ## * `walkDirRec iterator <#walkDirRec.i,string>`_
-  runnableExamples:
-    import std/sequtils
-    let paths = toSeq(walkDirs("lib/pure/*")) # works on windows too
-    assert "lib/pure/concurrency".unixToNativePath in paths
-  walkCommon(pattern, isDir)
-
 proc expandFilename*(filename: string): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
   tags: [ReadDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
   ## Returns the full (`absolute`:idx:) path of an existing file `filename`.
@@ -2176,32 +423,18 @@ proc expandFilename*(filename: string): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
   ## Raises `OSError` in case of an error. Follows symlinks.
   when defined(windows):
     var bufsize = MAX_PATH.int32
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      var unused: WideCString = nil
-      var res = newWideCString("", bufsize)
-      while true:
-        var L = getFullPathNameW(newWideCString(filename), bufsize, res, unused)
-        if L == 0'i32:
-          raiseOSError(osLastError(), filename)
-        elif L > bufsize:
-          res = newWideCString("", L)
-          bufsize = L
-        else:
-          result = res$L
-          break
-    else:
-      var unused: cstring = nil
-      result = newString(bufsize)
-      while true:
-        var L = getFullPathNameA(filename, bufsize, result, unused)
-        if L == 0'i32:
-          raiseOSError(osLastError(), filename)
-        elif L > bufsize:
-          result = newString(L)
-          bufsize = L
-        else:
-          setLen(result, L)
-          break
+    var unused: WideCString = nil
+    var res = newWideCString(bufsize)
+    while true:
+      var L = getFullPathNameW(newWideCString(filename), bufsize, res, unused)
+      if L == 0'i32:
+        raiseOSError(osLastError(), filename)
+      elif L > bufsize:
+        res = newWideCString(L)
+        bufsize = L
+      else:
+        result = res$L
+        break
     # getFullPathName doesn't do case corrections, so we have to use this convoluted
     # way of retrieving the true filename
     for x in walkFiles(result):
@@ -2219,379 +452,14 @@ proc expandFilename*(filename: string): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
       result = $r
       c_free(cast[pointer](r))
 
-type
-  PathComponent* = enum   ## Enumeration specifying a path component.
-    ##
-    ## See also:
-    ## * `walkDirRec iterator <#walkDirRec.i,string>`_
-    ## * `FileInfo object <#FileInfo>`_
-    pcFile,               ## path refers to a file
-    pcLinkToFile,         ## path refers to a symbolic link to a file
-    pcDir,                ## path refers to a directory
-    pcLinkToDir           ## path refers to a symbolic link to a directory
-
 proc getCurrentCompilerExe*(): string {.compileTime.} = discard
-  ## This is `getAppFilename() <#getAppFilename>`_ at compile time.
+  ## Returns the path of the currently running Nim compiler or nimble executable.
   ##
   ## Can be used to retrieve the currently executing
   ## Nim compiler from a Nim or nimscript program, or the nimble binary
   ## inside a nimble program (likewise with other binaries built from
   ## compiler API).
 
-when defined(posix) and not weirdTarget:
-  proc getSymlinkFileKind(path: string): PathComponent =
-    # Helper function.
-    var s: Stat
-    assert(path != "")
-    if stat(path, s) == 0'i32 and S_ISDIR(s.st_mode):
-      result = pcLinkToDir
-    else:
-      result = pcLinkToFile
-
-proc staticWalkDir(dir: string; relative: bool): seq[
-                  tuple[kind: PathComponent, path: string]] =
-  discard
-
-iterator walkDir*(dir: string; relative = false, checkDir = false):
-  tuple[kind: PathComponent, path: string] {.tags: [ReadDirEffect].} =
-  ## Walks over the directory `dir` and yields for each directory or file in
-  ## `dir`. The component type and full path for each item are returned.
-  ##
-  ## Walking is not recursive. If ``relative`` is true (default: false)
-  ## the resulting path is shortened to be relative to ``dir``.
-  ## Example: This directory structure::
-  ##   dirA / dirB / fileB1.txt
-  ##        / dirC
-  ##        / fileA1.txt
-  ##        / fileA2.txt
-  ##
-  ## and this code:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##     for kind, path in walkDir("dirA"):
-  ##       echo(path)
-  ##
-  ## produce this output (but not necessarily in this order!)::
-  ##   dirA/dirB
-  ##   dirA/dirC
-  ##   dirA/fileA1.txt
-  ##   dirA/fileA2.txt
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `walkPattern iterator <#walkPattern.i,string>`_
-  ## * `walkFiles iterator <#walkFiles.i,string>`_
-  ## * `walkDirs iterator <#walkDirs.i,string>`_
-  ## * `walkDirRec iterator <#walkDirRec.i,string>`_
-
-  when nimvm:
-    for k, v in items(staticWalkDir(dir, relative)):
-      yield (k, v)
-  else:
-    when weirdTarget:
-      for k, v in items(staticWalkDir(dir, relative)):
-        yield (k, v)
-    elif defined(windows):
-      var f: WIN32_FIND_DATA
-      var h = findFirstFile(dir / "*", f)
-      if h == -1:
-        if checkDir:
-          raiseOSError(osLastError(), dir)
-      else:
-        defer: findClose(h)
-        while true:
-          var k = pcFile
-          if not skipFindData(f):
-            if (f.dwFileAttributes and FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) != 0'i32:
-              k = pcDir
-            if (f.dwFileAttributes and FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT) != 0'i32:
-              k = succ(k)
-            let xx = if relative: extractFilename(getFilename(f))
-                     else: dir / extractFilename(getFilename(f))
-            yield (k, xx)
-          if findNextFile(h, f) == 0'i32:
-            let errCode = getLastError()
-            if errCode == ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES: break
-            else: raiseOSError(errCode.OSErrorCode)
-    else:
-      var d = opendir(dir)
-      if d == nil:
-        if checkDir:
-          raiseOSError(osLastError(), dir)
-      else:
-        defer: discard closedir(d)
-        while true:
-          var x = readdir(d)
-          if x == nil: break
-          var y = $cstring(addr x.d_name)
-          if y != "." and y != "..":
-            var s: Stat
-            let path = dir / y
-            if not relative:
-              y = path
-            var k = pcFile
-
-            template kSetGeneric() =  # pure Posix component `k` resolution
-              if lstat(path, s) < 0'i32: continue  # don't yield
-              elif S_ISDIR(s.st_mode):
-                k = pcDir
-              elif S_ISLNK(s.st_mode):
-                k = getSymlinkFileKind(path)
-
-            when defined(linux) or defined(macosx) or
-                 defined(bsd) or defined(genode) or defined(nintendoswitch):
-              case x.d_type
-              of DT_DIR: k = pcDir
-              of DT_LNK:
-                if dirExists(path): k = pcLinkToDir
-                else: k = pcLinkToFile
-              of DT_UNKNOWN:
-                kSetGeneric()
-              else: # e.g. DT_REG etc
-                discard # leave it as pcFile
-            else:  # assuming that field `d_type` is not present
-              kSetGeneric()
-
-            yield (k, y)
-
-iterator walkDirRec*(dir: string,
-                     yieldFilter = {pcFile}, followFilter = {pcDir},
-                     relative = false, checkDir = false): string {.tags: [ReadDirEffect].} =
-  ## Recursively walks over the directory `dir` and yields for each file
-  ## or directory in `dir`.
-  ##
-  ## If ``relative`` is true (default: false) the resulting path is
-  ## shortened to be relative to ``dir``, otherwise the full path is returned.
-  ##
-  ## .. warning:: Modifying the directory structure while the iterator
-  ##   is traversing may result in undefined behavior!
-  ##
-  ## Walking is recursive. `followFilter` controls the behaviour of the iterator:
-  ##
-  ## ---------------------   ---------------------------------------------
-  ## yieldFilter             meaning
-  ## ---------------------   ---------------------------------------------
-  ## ``pcFile``              yield real files (default)
-  ## ``pcLinkToFile``        yield symbolic links to files
-  ## ``pcDir``               yield real directories
-  ## ``pcLinkToDir``         yield symbolic links to directories
-  ## ---------------------   ---------------------------------------------
-  ##
-  ## ---------------------   ---------------------------------------------
-  ## followFilter            meaning
-  ## ---------------------   ---------------------------------------------
-  ## ``pcDir``               follow real directories (default)
-  ## ``pcLinkToDir``         follow symbolic links to directories
-  ## ---------------------   ---------------------------------------------
-  ##
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `walkPattern iterator <#walkPattern.i,string>`_
-  ## * `walkFiles iterator <#walkFiles.i,string>`_
-  ## * `walkDirs iterator <#walkDirs.i,string>`_
-  ## * `walkDir iterator <#walkDir.i,string>`_
-
-  var stack = @[""]
-  var checkDir = checkDir
-  while stack.len > 0:
-    let d = stack.pop()
-    for k, p in walkDir(dir / d, relative = true, checkDir = checkDir):
-      let rel = d / p
-      if k in {pcDir, pcLinkToDir} and k in followFilter:
-        stack.add rel
-      if k in yieldFilter:
-        yield if relative: rel else: dir / rel
-    checkDir = false
-      # We only check top-level dir, otherwise if a subdir is invalid (eg. wrong
-      # permissions), it'll abort iteration and there would be no way to
-      # continue iteration.
-      # Future work can provide a way to customize this and do error reporting.
-
-proc rawRemoveDir(dir: string) {.noWeirdTarget.} =
-  when defined(windows):
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      wrapUnary(res, removeDirectoryW, dir)
-    else:
-      var res = removeDirectoryA(dir)
-    let lastError = osLastError()
-    if res == 0'i32 and lastError.int32 != 3'i32 and
-        lastError.int32 != 18'i32 and lastError.int32 != 2'i32:
-      raiseOSError(lastError, dir)
-  else:
-    if rmdir(dir) != 0'i32 and errno != ENOENT: raiseOSError(osLastError(), dir)
-
-proc removeDir*(dir: string, checkDir = false) {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [
-  WriteDirEffect, ReadDirEffect], benign, noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Removes the directory `dir` including all subdirectories and files
-  ## in `dir` (recursively).
-  ##
-  ## If this fails, `OSError` is raised. This does not fail if the directory never
-  ## existed in the first place, unless `checkDir` = true
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `tryRemoveFile proc <#tryRemoveFile,string>`_
-  ## * `removeFile proc <#removeFile,string>`_
-  ## * `existsOrCreateDir proc <#existsOrCreateDir,string>`_
-  ## * `createDir proc <#createDir,string>`_
-  ## * `copyDir proc <#copyDir,string,string>`_
-  ## * `copyDirWithPermissions proc <#copyDirWithPermissions,string,string>`_
-  ## * `moveDir proc <#moveDir,string,string>`_
-  for kind, path in walkDir(dir, checkDir = checkDir):
-    case kind
-    of pcFile, pcLinkToFile, pcLinkToDir: removeFile(path)
-    of pcDir: removeDir(path, true)
-      # for subdirectories there is no benefit in `checkDir = false`
-      # (unless perhaps for edge case of concurrent processes also deleting
-      # the same files)
-  rawRemoveDir(dir)
-
-proc rawCreateDir(dir: string): bool {.noWeirdTarget.} =
-  # Try to create one directory (not the whole path).
-  # returns `true` for success, `false` if the path has previously existed
-  #
-  # This is a thin wrapper over mkDir (or alternatives on other systems),
-  # so in case of a pre-existing path we don't check that it is a directory.
-  when defined(solaris):
-    let res = mkdir(dir, 0o777)
-    if res == 0'i32:
-      result = true
-    elif errno in {EEXIST, ENOSYS}:
-      result = false
-    else:
-      raiseOSError(osLastError(), dir)
-  elif defined(haiku):
-    let res = mkdir(dir, 0o777)
-    if res == 0'i32:
-      result = true
-    elif errno == EEXIST or errno == EROFS:
-      result = false
-    else:
-      raiseOSError(osLastError(), dir)
-  elif defined(posix):
-    let res = mkdir(dir, 0o777)
-    if res == 0'i32:
-      result = true
-    elif errno == EEXIST:
-      result = false
-    else:
-      #echo res
-      raiseOSError(osLastError(), dir)
-  else:
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      wrapUnary(res, createDirectoryW, dir)
-    else:
-      let res = createDirectoryA(dir)
-
-    if res != 0'i32:
-      result = true
-    elif getLastError() == 183'i32:
-      result = false
-    else:
-      raiseOSError(osLastError(), dir)
-
-proc existsOrCreateDir*(dir: string): bool {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
-  tags: [WriteDirEffect, ReadDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Checks if a `directory`:idx: `dir` exists, and creates it otherwise.
-  ##
-  ## Does not create parent directories (raises `OSError` if parent directories do not exist).
-  ## Returns `true` if the directory already exists, and `false` otherwise.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `removeDir proc <#removeDir,string>`_
-  ## * `createDir proc <#createDir,string>`_
-  ## * `copyDir proc <#copyDir,string,string>`_
-  ## * `copyDirWithPermissions proc <#copyDirWithPermissions,string,string>`_
-  ## * `moveDir proc <#moveDir,string,string>`_
-  result = not rawCreateDir(dir)
-  if result:
-    # path already exists - need to check that it is indeed a directory
-    if not dirExists(dir):
-      raise newException(IOError, "Failed to create '" & dir & "'")
-
-proc createDir*(dir: string) {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
-  tags: [WriteDirEffect, ReadDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Creates the `directory`:idx: `dir`.
-  ##
-  ## The directory may contain several subdirectories that do not exist yet.
-  ## The full path is created. If this fails, `OSError` is raised.
-  ##
-  ## It does **not** fail if the directory already exists because for
-  ## most usages this does not indicate an error.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `removeDir proc <#removeDir,string>`_
-  ## * `existsOrCreateDir proc <#existsOrCreateDir,string>`_
-  ## * `copyDir proc <#copyDir,string,string>`_
-  ## * `copyDirWithPermissions proc <#copyDirWithPermissions,string,string>`_
-  ## * `moveDir proc <#moveDir,string,string>`_
-  var omitNext = false
-  when doslikeFileSystem:
-    omitNext = isAbsolute(dir)
-  for i in 1.. dir.len-1:
-    if dir[i] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
-      if omitNext:
-        omitNext = false
-      else:
-        discard existsOrCreateDir(substr(dir, 0, i-1))
-
-  # The loop does not create the dir itself if it doesn't end in separator
-  if dir.len > 0 and not omitNext and
-     dir[^1] notin {DirSep, AltSep}:
-    discard existsOrCreateDir(dir)
-
-proc copyDir*(source, dest: string) {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
-  tags: [ReadDirEffect, WriteIOEffect, ReadIOEffect], benign, noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Copies a directory from `source` to `dest`.
-  ##
-  ## On non-Windows OSes, symlinks are copied as symlinks. On Windows, symlinks
-  ## are skipped.
-  ##
-  ## If this fails, `OSError` is raised.
-  ##
-  ## On the Windows platform this proc will copy the attributes from
-  ## `source` into `dest`.
-  ##
-  ## On other platforms created files and directories will inherit the
-  ## default permissions of a newly created file/directory for the user.
-  ## Use `copyDirWithPermissions proc <#copyDirWithPermissions,string,string>`_
-  ## to preserve attributes recursively on these platforms.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `copyDirWithPermissions proc <#copyDirWithPermissions,string,string>`_
-  ## * `copyFile proc <#copyFile,string,string>`_
-  ## * `copyFileWithPermissions proc <#copyFileWithPermissions,string,string>`_
-  ## * `removeDir proc <#removeDir,string>`_
-  ## * `existsOrCreateDir proc <#existsOrCreateDir,string>`_
-  ## * `createDir proc <#createDir,string>`_
-  ## * `moveDir proc <#moveDir,string,string>`_
-  createDir(dest)
-  for kind, path in walkDir(source):
-    var noSource = splitPath(path).tail
-    if kind == pcDir:
-      copyDir(path, dest / noSource)
-    else:
-      copyFile(path, dest / noSource, {cfSymlinkAsIs})
-
-proc moveDir*(source, dest: string) {.tags: [ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Moves a directory from `source` to `dest`.
-  ##
-  ## Symlinks are not followed: if `source` contains symlinks, they themself are
-  ## moved, not their target.
-  ##
-  ## If this fails, `OSError` is raised.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `moveFile proc <#moveFile,string,string>`_
-  ## * `copyDir proc <#copyDir,string,string>`_
-  ## * `copyDirWithPermissions proc <#copyDirWithPermissions,string,string>`_
-  ## * `removeDir proc <#removeDir,string>`_
-  ## * `existsOrCreateDir proc <#existsOrCreateDir,string>`_
-  ## * `createDir proc <#createDir,string>`_
-  if not tryMoveFSObject(source, dest):
-    when not defined(windows):
-      # Fallback to copy & del
-      copyDir(source, dest)
-      removeDir(source)
-
 proc createHardlink*(src, dest: string) {.noWeirdTarget.} =
   ## Create a hard link at `dest` which points to the item specified
   ## by `src`.
@@ -2600,403 +468,39 @@ proc createHardlink*(src, dest: string) {.noWeirdTarget.} =
   ##   root users (administrators).
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `createSymlink proc <#createSymlink,string,string>`_
+  ## * `createSymlink proc`_
   when defined(windows):
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      var wSrc = newWideCString(src)
-      var wDst = newWideCString(dest)
-      if createHardLinkW(wDst, wSrc, nil) == 0:
-        raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(src, dest))
-    else:
-      if createHardLinkA(dest, src, nil) == 0:
-        raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(src, dest))
+    var wSrc = newWideCString(src)
+    var wDst = newWideCString(dest)
+    if createHardLinkW(wDst, wSrc, nil) == 0:
+      raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(src, dest))
   else:
     if link(src, dest) != 0:
       raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(src, dest))
 
-proc copyFileWithPermissions*(source, dest: string,
-                              ignorePermissionErrors = true,
-                              options = {cfSymlinkFollow}) {.noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Copies a file from `source` to `dest` preserving file permissions.
-  ##
-  ## On non-Windows OSes, `options` specify the way file is copied; by default,
-  ## if `source` is a symlink, copies the file symlink points to. `options` is
-  ## ignored on Windows: symlinks are skipped.
-  ##
-  ## This is a wrapper proc around `copyFile <#copyFile,string,string>`_,
-  ## `getFilePermissions <#getFilePermissions,string>`_ and
-  ## `setFilePermissions<#setFilePermissions,string,set[FilePermission]>`_
-  ## procs on non-Windows platforms.
-  ##
-  ## On Windows this proc is just a wrapper for `copyFile proc
-  ## <#copyFile,string,string>`_ since that proc already copies attributes.
-  ##
-  ## On non-Windows systems permissions are copied after the file itself has
-  ## been copied, which won't happen atomically and could lead to a race
-  ## condition. If `ignorePermissionErrors` is true (default), errors while
-  ## reading/setting file attributes will be ignored, otherwise will raise
-  ## `OSError`.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `CopyFlag enum <#CopyFlag>`_
-  ## * `copyFile proc <#copyFile,string,string>`_
-  ## * `copyDir proc <#copyDir,string,string>`_
-  ## * `tryRemoveFile proc <#tryRemoveFile,string>`_
-  ## * `removeFile proc <#removeFile,string>`_
-  ## * `moveFile proc <#moveFile,string,string>`_
-  ## * `copyDirWithPermissions proc <#copyDirWithPermissions,string,string>`_
-  copyFile(source, dest, options)
-  when not defined(windows):
-    try:
-      setFilePermissions(dest, getFilePermissions(source), followSymlinks =
-                         (cfSymlinkFollow in options))
-    except:
-      if not ignorePermissionErrors:
-        raise
-
-proc copyDirWithPermissions*(source, dest: string,
-                             ignorePermissionErrors = true)
-  {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [ReadDirEffect, WriteIOEffect, ReadIOEffect],
-   benign, noWeirdTarget.} =
-  ## Copies a directory from `source` to `dest` preserving file permissions.
-  ##
-  ## On non-Windows OSes, symlinks are copied as symlinks. On Windows, symlinks
-  ## are skipped.
-  ##
-  ## If this fails, `OSError` is raised. This is a wrapper proc around `copyDir
-  ## <#copyDir,string,string>`_ and `copyFileWithPermissions
-  ## <#copyFileWithPermissions,string,string>`_ procs
-  ## on non-Windows platforms.
-  ##
-  ## On Windows this proc is just a wrapper for `copyDir proc
-  ## <#copyDir,string,string>`_ since that proc already copies attributes.
-  ##
-  ## On non-Windows systems permissions are copied after the file or directory
-  ## itself has been copied, which won't happen atomically and could lead to a
-  ## race condition. If `ignorePermissionErrors` is true (default), errors while
-  ## reading/setting file attributes will be ignored, otherwise will raise
-  ## `OSError`.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `copyDir proc <#copyDir,string,string>`_
-  ## * `copyFile proc <#copyFile,string,string>`_
-  ## * `copyFileWithPermissions proc <#copyFileWithPermissions,string,string>`_
-  ## * `removeDir proc <#removeDir,string>`_
-  ## * `moveDir proc <#moveDir,string,string>`_
-  ## * `existsOrCreateDir proc <#existsOrCreateDir,string>`_
-  ## * `createDir proc <#createDir,string>`_
-  createDir(dest)
-  when not defined(windows):
-    try:
-      setFilePermissions(dest, getFilePermissions(source), followSymlinks =
-                         false)
-    except:
-      if not ignorePermissionErrors:
-        raise
-  for kind, path in walkDir(source):
-    var noSource = splitPath(path).tail
-    if kind == pcDir:
-      copyDirWithPermissions(path, dest / noSource, ignorePermissionErrors)
-    else:
-      copyFileWithPermissions(path, dest / noSource, ignorePermissionErrors, {cfSymlinkAsIs})
-
 proc inclFilePermissions*(filename: string,
                           permissions: set[FilePermission]) {.
   rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [ReadDirEffect, WriteDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
   ## A convenience proc for:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   setFilePermissions(filename, getFilePermissions(filename)+permissions)
+  ##   ```
   setFilePermissions(filename, getFilePermissions(filename)+permissions)
 
 proc exclFilePermissions*(filename: string,
                           permissions: set[FilePermission]) {.
   rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [ReadDirEffect, WriteDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
   ## A convenience proc for:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   setFilePermissions(filename, getFilePermissions(filename)-permissions)
+  ##   ```
   setFilePermissions(filename, getFilePermissions(filename)-permissions)
 
-proc parseCmdLine*(c: string): seq[string] {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
-  ## Splits a `command line`:idx: into several components.
-  ##
-  ## **Note**: This proc is only occasionally useful, better use the
-  ## `parseopt module <parseopt.html>`_.
-  ##
-  ## On Windows, it uses the `following parsing rules
-  ## <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/17w5ykft.aspx>`_:
-  ##
-  ## * Arguments are delimited by white space, which is either a space or a tab.
-  ## * The caret character (^) is not recognized as an escape character or
-  ##   delimiter. The character is handled completely by the command-line parser
-  ##   in the operating system before being passed to the argv array in the
-  ##   program.
-  ## * A string surrounded by double quotation marks ("string") is interpreted
-  ##   as a single argument, regardless of white space contained within. A
-  ##   quoted string can be embedded in an argument.
-  ## * A double quotation mark preceded by a backslash (\") is interpreted as a
-  ##   literal double quotation mark character (").
-  ## * Backslashes are interpreted literally, unless they immediately precede
-  ##   a double quotation mark.
-  ## * If an even number of backslashes is followed by a double quotation mark,
-  ##   one backslash is placed in the argv array for every pair of backslashes,
-  ##   and the double quotation mark is interpreted as a string delimiter.
-  ## * If an odd number of backslashes is followed by a double quotation mark,
-  ##   one backslash is placed in the argv array for every pair of backslashes,
-  ##   and the double quotation mark is "escaped" by the remaining backslash,
-  ##   causing a literal double quotation mark (") to be placed in argv.
-  ##
-  ## On Posix systems, it uses the following parsing rules:
-  ## Components are separated by whitespace unless the whitespace
-  ## occurs within ``"`` or ``'`` quotes.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `parseopt module <parseopt.html>`_
-  ## * `paramCount proc <#paramCount>`_
-  ## * `paramStr proc <#paramStr,int>`_
-  ## * `commandLineParams proc <#commandLineParams>`_
-
-  result = @[]
-  var i = 0
-  var a = ""
-  while true:
-    setLen(a, 0)
-    # eat all delimiting whitespace
-    while i < c.len and c[i] in {' ', '\t', '\l', '\r'}: inc(i)
-    if i >= c.len: break
-    when defined(windows):
-      # parse a single argument according to the above rules:
-      var inQuote = false
-      while i < c.len:
-        case c[i]
-        of '\\':
-          var j = i
-          while j < c.len and c[j] == '\\': inc(j)
-          if j < c.len and c[j] == '"':
-            for k in 1..(j-i) div 2: a.add('\\')
-            if (j-i) mod 2 == 0:
-              i = j
-            else:
-              a.add('"')
-              i = j+1
-          else:
-            a.add(c[i])
-            inc(i)
-        of '"':
-          inc(i)
-          if not inQuote: inQuote = true
-          elif i < c.len and c[i] == '"':
-            a.add(c[i])
-            inc(i)
-          else:
-            inQuote = false
-            break
-        of ' ', '\t':
-          if not inQuote: break
-          a.add(c[i])
-          inc(i)
-        else:
-          a.add(c[i])
-          inc(i)
-    else:
-      case c[i]
-      of '\'', '\"':
-        var delim = c[i]
-        inc(i) # skip ' or "
-        while i < c.len and c[i] != delim:
-          add a, c[i]
-          inc(i)
-        if i < c.len: inc(i)
-      else:
-        while i < c.len and c[i] > ' ':
-          add(a, c[i])
-          inc(i)
-    add(result, a)
-
-when defined(nimdoc):
-  # Common forward declaration docstring block for parameter retrieval procs.
-  proc paramCount*(): int {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
-    ## Returns the number of `command line arguments`:idx: given to the
-    ## application.
-    ##
-    ## Unlike `argc`:idx: in C, if your binary was called without parameters this
-    ## will return zero.
-    ## You can query each individual parameter with `paramStr proc <#paramStr,int>`_
-    ## or retrieve all of them in one go with `commandLineParams proc
-    ## <#commandLineParams>`_.
-    ##
-    ## **Availability**: When generating a dynamic library (see `--app:lib`) on
-    ## Posix this proc is not defined.
-    ## Test for availability using `declared() <system.html#declared,untyped>`_.
-    ##
-    ## See also:
-    ## * `parseopt module <parseopt.html>`_
-    ## * `parseCmdLine proc <#parseCmdLine,string>`_
-    ## * `paramStr proc <#paramStr,int>`_
-    ## * `commandLineParams proc <#commandLineParams>`_
-    ##
-    ## **Examples:**
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: nim
-    ##   when declared(paramCount):
-    ##     # Use paramCount() here
-    ##   else:
-    ##     # Do something else!
-
-  proc paramStr*(i: int): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
-    ## Returns the `i`-th `command line argument`:idx: given to the application.
-    ##
-    ## `i` should be in the range `1..paramCount()`, the `IndexDefect`
-    ## exception will be raised for invalid values. Instead of iterating
-    ## over `paramCount() <#paramCount>`_ with this proc you can
-    ## call the convenience `commandLineParams() <#commandLineParams>`_.
-    ##
-    ## Similarly to `argv`:idx: in C,
-    ## it is possible to call `paramStr(0)` but this will return OS specific
-    ## contents (usually the name of the invoked executable). You should avoid
-    ## this and call `getAppFilename() <#getAppFilename>`_ instead.
-    ##
-    ## **Availability**: When generating a dynamic library (see `--app:lib`) on
-    ## Posix this proc is not defined.
-    ## Test for availability using `declared() <system.html#declared,untyped>`_.
-    ##
-    ## See also:
-    ## * `parseopt module <parseopt.html>`_
-    ## * `parseCmdLine proc <#parseCmdLine,string>`_
-    ## * `paramCount proc <#paramCount>`_
-    ## * `commandLineParams proc <#commandLineParams>`_
-    ## * `getAppFilename proc <#getAppFilename>`_
-    ##
-    ## **Examples:**
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: nim
-    ##   when declared(paramStr):
-    ##     # Use paramStr() here
-    ##   else:
-    ##     # Do something else!
-
-elif defined(nimscript): discard
-elif defined(nodejs):
-  type Argv = object of JSRoot
-  let argv {.importjs: "process.argv".} : Argv
-  proc len(argv: Argv): int {.importjs: "#.length".}
-  proc `[]`(argv: Argv, i: int): cstring {.importjs: "#[#]".}
-
-  proc paramCount*(): int {.tags: [ReadDirEffect].} =
-    result = argv.len - 2
-
-  proc paramStr*(i: int): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
-    let i = i + 1
-    if i < argv.len and i >= 0:
-      result = $argv[i]
-    else:
-      raise newException(IndexDefect, formatErrorIndexBound(i - 1, argv.len - 2))
-elif defined(nintendoswitch):
-  proc paramStr*(i: int): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
-    raise newException(OSError, "paramStr is not implemented on Nintendo Switch")
-
-  proc paramCount*(): int {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
-    raise newException(OSError, "paramCount is not implemented on Nintendo Switch")
-
-elif defined(windows):
-  # Since we support GUI applications with Nim, we sometimes generate
-  # a WinMain entry proc. But a WinMain proc has no access to the parsed
-  # command line arguments. The way to get them differs. Thus we parse them
-  # ourselves. This has the additional benefit that the program's behaviour
-  # is always the same -- independent of the used C compiler.
-  var
-    ownArgv {.threadvar.}: seq[string]
-    ownParsedArgv {.threadvar.}: bool
-
-  proc paramCount*(): int {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
-    # Docstring in nimdoc block.
-    if not ownParsedArgv:
-      ownArgv = parseCmdLine($getCommandLine())
-      ownParsedArgv = true
-    result = ownArgv.len-1
-
-  proc paramStr*(i: int): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
-    tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
-    # Docstring in nimdoc block.
-    if not ownParsedArgv:
-      ownArgv = parseCmdLine($getCommandLine())
-      ownParsedArgv = true
-    if i < ownArgv.len and i >= 0:
-      result = ownArgv[i]
-    else:
-      raise newException(IndexDefect, formatErrorIndexBound(i, ownArgv.len-1))
-
-elif defined(genode):
-  proc paramStr*(i: int): string =
-    raise newException(OSError, "paramStr is not implemented on Genode")
-
-  proc paramCount*(): int =
-    raise newException(OSError, "paramCount is not implemented on Genode")
-elif weirdTarget:
-  proc paramStr*(i: int): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
-    raise newException(OSError, "paramStr is not implemented on current platform")
-
-  proc paramCount*(): int {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
-    raise newException(OSError, "paramCount is not implemented on current platform")
-elif not defined(createNimRtl) and
-  not(defined(posix) and appType == "lib"):
-  # On Posix, there is no portable way to get the command line from a DLL.
-  var
-    cmdCount {.importc: "cmdCount".}: cint
-    cmdLine {.importc: "cmdLine".}: cstringArray
-
-  proc paramStr*(i: int): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
-    # Docstring in nimdoc block.
-    if i < cmdCount and i >= 0:
-      result = $cmdLine[i]
-    else:
-      raise newException(IndexDefect, formatErrorIndexBound(i, cmdCount-1))
-
-  proc paramCount*(): int {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
-    # Docstring in nimdoc block.
-    result = cmdCount-1
-
-when declared(paramCount) or defined(nimdoc):
-  proc commandLineParams*(): seq[string] =
-    ## Convenience proc which returns the command line parameters.
-    ##
-    ## This returns **only** the parameters. If you want to get the application
-    ## executable filename, call `getAppFilename() <#getAppFilename>`_.
-    ##
-    ## **Availability**: On Posix there is no portable way to get the command
-    ## line from a DLL and thus the proc isn't defined in this environment. You
-    ## can test for its availability with `declared()
-    ## <system.html#declared,untyped>`_.
-    ##
-    ## See also:
-    ## * `parseopt module <parseopt.html>`_
-    ## * `parseCmdLine proc <#parseCmdLine,string>`_
-    ## * `paramCount proc <#paramCount>`_
-    ## * `paramStr proc <#paramStr,int>`_
-    ## * `getAppFilename proc <#getAppFilename>`_
-    ##
-    ## **Examples:**
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: nim
-    ##   when declared(commandLineParams):
-    ##     # Use commandLineParams() here
-    ##   else:
-    ##     # Do something else!
-    result = @[]
-    for i in 1..paramCount():
-      result.add(paramStr(i))
-else:
-  proc commandLineParams*(): seq[string] {.error:
-  "commandLineParams() unsupported by dynamic libraries".} =
-    discard
-
 when not weirdTarget and (defined(freebsd) or defined(dragonfly) or defined(netbsd)):
   proc sysctl(name: ptr cint, namelen: cuint, oldp: pointer, oldplen: ptr csize_t,
               newp: pointer, newplen: csize_t): cint
        {.importc: "sysctl",header: """#include <sys/types.h>
-                                      #include <sys/sysctl.h>"""}
+                                      #include <sys/sysctl.h>""".}
   const
     CTL_KERN = 1
     KERN_PROC = 14
@@ -3036,10 +540,10 @@ when not weirdTarget and (defined(freebsd) or defined(dragonfly) or defined(netb
 when not weirdTarget and (defined(linux) or defined(solaris) or defined(bsd) or defined(aix)):
   proc getApplAux(procPath: string): string =
     result = newString(maxSymlinkLen)
-    var len = readlink(procPath, result, maxSymlinkLen)
+    var len = readlink(procPath, result.cstring, maxSymlinkLen)
     if len > maxSymlinkLen:
       result = newString(len+1)
-      len = readlink(procPath, result, len)
+      len = readlink(procPath, result.cstring, len)
     setLen(result, len)
 
 when not weirdTarget and defined(openbsd):
@@ -3108,7 +612,7 @@ when defined(haiku):
     B_FIND_PATH_IMAGE_PATH = 1000
 
   proc find_path(codePointer: pointer, baseDirectory: cint, subPath: cstring,
-                 pathBuffer: cstring, bufferSize: csize): int32
+                 pathBuffer: cstring, bufferSize: csize_t): int32
                 {.importc, header: "<FindDirectory.h>".}
 
   proc getApplHaiku(): string =
@@ -3120,13 +624,15 @@ when defined(haiku):
     else:
       result = ""
 
-proc getAppFilename*(): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [ReadIOEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
+proc getAppFilename*(): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [ReadIOEffect], noWeirdTarget, raises: [].} =
   ## Returns the filename of the application's executable.
   ## This proc will resolve symlinks.
   ##
+  ## Returns empty string when name is unavailable
+  ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `getAppDir proc <#getAppDir>`_
-  ## * `getCurrentCompilerExe proc <#getCurrentCompilerExe>`_
+  ## * `getAppDir proc`_
+  ## * `getCurrentCompilerExe proc`_
 
   # Linux: /proc/<pid>/exe
   # Solaris:
@@ -3134,68 +640,62 @@ proc getAppFilename*(): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [ReadIOEffect], noW
   # /proc/<pid>/path/a.out (complete pathname)
   when defined(windows):
     var bufsize = int32(MAX_PATH)
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      var buf = newWideCString("", bufsize)
-      while true:
-        var L = getModuleFileNameW(0, buf, bufsize)
-        if L == 0'i32:
-          result = "" # error!
-          break
-        elif L > bufsize:
-          buf = newWideCString("", L)
-          bufsize = L
-        else:
-          result = buf$L
-          break
-    else:
-      result = newString(bufsize)
-      while true:
-        var L = getModuleFileNameA(0, result, bufsize)
-        if L == 0'i32:
-          result = "" # error!
-          break
-        elif L > bufsize:
-          result = newString(L)
-          bufsize = L
-        else:
-          setLen(result, L)
-          break
+    var buf = newWideCString(bufsize)
+    while true:
+      var L = getModuleFileNameW(0, buf, bufsize)
+      if L == 0'i32:
+        result = "" # error!
+        break
+      elif L > bufsize:
+        buf = newWideCString(L)
+        bufsize = L
+      else:
+        result = buf$L
+        break
   elif defined(macosx):
     var size = cuint32(0)
     getExecPath1(nil, size)
     result = newString(int(size))
-    if getExecPath2(result, size):
+    if getExecPath2(result.cstring, size):
       result = "" # error!
     if result.len > 0:
-      result = result.expandFilename
+      try:
+        result = result.expandFilename
+      except OSError:
+        result = ""
   else:
     when defined(linux) or defined(aix):
       result = getApplAux("/proc/self/exe")
     elif defined(solaris):
       result = getApplAux("/proc/" & $getpid() & "/path/a.out")
-    elif defined(genode) or defined(nintendoswitch):
-      raiseOSError(OSErrorCode(-1), "POSIX command line not supported")
+    elif defined(genode):
+      result = "" # Not supported
     elif defined(freebsd) or defined(dragonfly) or defined(netbsd):
       result = getApplFreebsd()
     elif defined(haiku):
       result = getApplHaiku()
     elif defined(openbsd):
-      result = getApplOpenBsd()
+      result = try: getApplOpenBsd() except OSError: ""
+    elif defined(nintendoswitch):
+      result = ""
 
     # little heuristic that may work on other POSIX-like systems:
     if result.len == 0:
-      result = getApplHeuristic()
+      result = try: getApplHeuristic() except OSError: ""
 
 proc getAppDir*(): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [ReadIOEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
   ## Returns the directory of the application's executable.
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `getAppFilename proc <#getAppFilename>`_
+  ## * `getAppFilename proc`_
   result = splitFile(getAppFilename()).dir
 
 proc sleep*(milsecs: int) {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [TimeEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
   ## Sleeps `milsecs` milliseconds.
+  ## A negative `milsecs` causes sleep to return immediately.
   when defined(windows):
+    if milsecs < 0:
+      return  # fixes #23732
     winlean.sleep(int32(milsecs))
   else:
     var a, b: Timespec
@@ -3214,11 +714,10 @@ proc getFileSize*(file: string): BiggestInt {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
     result = rdFileSize(a)
     findClose(resA)
   else:
-    var f: File
-    if open(f, file):
-      result = getFileSize(f)
-      close(f)
-    else: raiseOSError(osLastError(), file)
+    var rawInfo: Stat
+    if stat(file, rawInfo) < 0'i32:
+      raiseOSError(osLastError(), file)
+    rawInfo.st_size
 
 when defined(windows) or weirdTarget:
   type
@@ -3234,9 +733,9 @@ type
     ## Contains information associated with a file object.
     ##
     ## See also:
-    ## * `getFileInfo(handle) proc <#getFileInfo,FileHandle>`_
-    ## * `getFileInfo(file) proc <#getFileInfo,File>`_
-    ## * `getFileInfo(path) proc <#getFileInfo,string>`_
+    ## * `getFileInfo(handle) proc`_
+    ## * `getFileInfo(file) proc`_
+    ## * `getFileInfo(path, followSymlink) proc`_
     id*: tuple[device: DeviceId, file: FileId] ## Device and file id.
     kind*: PathComponent              ## Kind of file object - directory, symlink, etc.
     size*: BiggestInt                 ## Size of file.
@@ -3247,21 +746,30 @@ type
     creationTime*: times.Time         ## Time file was created. Not supported on all systems!
     blockSize*: int                   ## Preferred I/O block size for this object.
                                       ## In some filesystems, this may vary from file to file.
+    isSpecial*: bool                  ## Is file special? (on Unix some "files"
+                                      ## can be special=non-regular like FIFOs,
+                                      ## devices); for directories `isSpecial`
+                                      ## is always `false`, for symlinks it is
+                                      ## the same as for the link's target.
 
 template rawToFormalFileInfo(rawInfo, path, formalInfo): untyped =
   ## Transforms the native file info structure into the one nim uses.
   ## 'rawInfo' is either a 'BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION' structure on Windows,
   ## or a 'Stat' structure on posix
   when defined(windows):
-    template merge(a, b): untyped = a or (b shl 32)
+    template merge[T](a, b): untyped =
+       cast[T](
+        (uint64(cast[uint32](a))) or
+        (uint64(cast[uint32](b)) shl 32)
+       )
     formalInfo.id.device = rawInfo.dwVolumeSerialNumber
-    formalInfo.id.file = merge(rawInfo.nFileIndexLow, rawInfo.nFileIndexHigh)
-    formalInfo.size = merge(rawInfo.nFileSizeLow, rawInfo.nFileSizeHigh)
+    formalInfo.id.file = merge[FileId](rawInfo.nFileIndexLow, rawInfo.nFileIndexHigh)
+    formalInfo.size = merge[BiggestInt](rawInfo.nFileSizeLow, rawInfo.nFileSizeHigh)
     formalInfo.linkCount = rawInfo.nNumberOfLinks
     formalInfo.lastAccessTime = fromWinTime(rdFileTime(rawInfo.ftLastAccessTime))
     formalInfo.lastWriteTime = fromWinTime(rdFileTime(rawInfo.ftLastWriteTime))
     formalInfo.creationTime = fromWinTime(rdFileTime(rawInfo.ftCreationTime))
-    formalInfo.blockSize = 8192 # xxx use windows API instead of hardcoding
+    formalInfo.blockSize = 8192 # xxx use Windows API instead of hardcoding
 
     # Retrieve basic permissions
     if (rawInfo.dwFileAttributes and FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY) != 0'i32:
@@ -3303,14 +811,14 @@ template rawToFormalFileInfo(rawInfo, path, formalInfo): untyped =
     checkAndIncludeMode(S_IWOTH, fpOthersWrite)
     checkAndIncludeMode(S_IXOTH, fpOthersExec)
 
-    formalInfo.kind =
+    (formalInfo.kind, formalInfo.isSpecial) =
       if S_ISDIR(rawInfo.st_mode):
-        pcDir
+        (pcDir, false)
       elif S_ISLNK(rawInfo.st_mode):
         assert(path != "") # symlinks can't occur for file handles
         getSymlinkFileKind(path)
       else:
-        pcFile
+        (pcFile, not S_ISREG(rawInfo.st_mode))
 
 when defined(js):
   when not declared(FileHandle):
@@ -3326,8 +834,8 @@ proc getFileInfo*(handle: FileHandle): FileInfo {.noWeirdTarget.} =
   ## is invalid, `OSError` is raised.
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `getFileInfo(file) proc <#getFileInfo,File>`_
-  ## * `getFileInfo(path) proc <#getFileInfo,string>`_
+  ## * `getFileInfo(file) proc`_
+  ## * `getFileInfo(path, followSymlink) proc`_
 
   # Done: ID, Kind, Size, Permissions, Link Count
   when defined(windows):
@@ -3348,8 +856,8 @@ proc getFileInfo*(file: File): FileInfo {.noWeirdTarget.} =
   ## Retrieves file information for the file object.
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `getFileInfo(handle) proc <#getFileInfo,FileHandle>`_
-  ## * `getFileInfo(path) proc <#getFileInfo,string>`_
+  ## * `getFileInfo(handle) proc`_
+  ## * `getFileInfo(path, followSymlink) proc`_
   if file.isNil:
     raise newException(IOError, "File is nil")
   result = getFileInfo(file.getFileHandle())
@@ -3358,20 +866,21 @@ proc getFileInfo*(path: string, followSymlink = true): FileInfo {.noWeirdTarget.
   ## Retrieves file information for the file object pointed to by `path`.
   ##
   ## Due to intrinsic differences between operating systems, the information
-  ## contained by the returned `FileInfo object <#FileInfo>`_ will be slightly
+  ## contained by the returned `FileInfo object`_ will be slightly
   ## different across platforms, and in some cases, incomplete or inaccurate.
   ##
   ## When `followSymlink` is true (default), symlinks are followed and the
   ## information retrieved is information related to the symlink's target.
-  ## Otherwise, information on the symlink itself is retrieved.
+  ## Otherwise, information on the symlink itself is retrieved (however,
+  ## field `isSpecial` is still determined from the target on Unix).
   ##
   ## If the information cannot be retrieved, such as when the path doesn't
   ## exist, or when permission restrictions prevent the program from retrieving
   ## file information, `OSError` is raised.
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `getFileInfo(handle) proc <#getFileInfo,FileHandle>`_
-  ## * `getFileInfo(file) proc <#getFileInfo,File>`_
+  ## * `getFileInfo(handle) proc`_
+  ## * `getFileInfo(file) proc`_
   when defined(windows):
     var
       handle = openHandle(path, followSymlink)
@@ -3398,7 +907,7 @@ proc sameFileContent*(path1, path2: string): bool {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
   ## binary content.
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `sameFile proc <#sameFile,string,string>`_
+  ## * `sameFile proc`_
   var
     a, b: File
   if not open(a, path1): return false
@@ -3445,10 +954,7 @@ proc isHidden*(path: string): bool {.noWeirdTarget.} =
       assert ".foo/".isHidden
 
   when defined(windows):
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      wrapUnary(attributes, getFileAttributesW, path)
-    else:
-      var attributes = getFileAttributesA(path)
+    wrapUnary(attributes, getFileAttributesW, path)
     if attributes != -1'i32:
       result = (attributes and FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN) != 0'i32
   else:
@@ -3484,37 +990,43 @@ proc setLastModificationTime*(file: string, t: times.Time) {.noWeirdTarget.} =
     discard h.closeHandle
     if res == 0'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError(), file)
 
+
 func isValidFilename*(filename: string, maxLen = 259.Positive): bool {.since: (1, 1).} =
-  ## Returns true if ``filename`` is valid for crossplatform use.
+  ## Returns `true` if `filename` is valid for crossplatform use.
   ##
   ## This is useful if you want to copy or save files across Windows, Linux, Mac, etc.
-  ## You can pass full paths as argument too, but func only checks filenames.
-  ## It uses ``invalidFilenameChars``, ``invalidFilenames`` and ``maxLen`` to verify the specified ``filename``.
+  ## It uses `invalidFilenameChars`, `invalidFilenames` and `maxLen` to verify the specified `filename`.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##   assert not isValidFilename(" foo")    ## Leading white space
-  ##   assert not isValidFilename("foo ")    ## Trailing white space
-  ##   assert not isValidFilename("foo.")    ## Ends with Dot
-  ##   assert not isValidFilename("con.txt") ## "CON" is invalid (Windows)
-  ##   assert not isValidFilename("OwO:UwU") ## ":" is invalid (Mac)
-  ##   assert not isValidFilename("aux.bat") ## "AUX" is invalid (Windows)
+  ## * https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.io.pathtoolongexception
+  ## * https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/fileio/naming-a-file
+  ## * https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa365247%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
   ##
-  # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.io.pathtoolongexception
-  # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/fileio/naming-a-file
-  # https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa365247%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
+  ## .. warning:: This only checks filenames, not whole paths
+  ##    (because basically you can mount anything as a path on Linux).
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert not isValidFilename(" foo")     # Leading white space
+    assert not isValidFilename("foo ")     # Trailing white space
+    assert not isValidFilename("foo.")     # Ends with dot
+    assert not isValidFilename("con.txt")  # "CON" is invalid (Windows)
+    assert not isValidFilename("OwO:UwU")  # ":" is invalid (Mac)
+    assert not isValidFilename("aux.bat")  # "AUX" is invalid (Windows)
+    assert not isValidFilename("")         # Empty string
+    assert not isValidFilename("foo/")     # Filename is empty
+
   result = true
   let f = filename.splitFile()
-  if unlikely(f.name.len + f.ext.len > maxLen or
+  if unlikely(f.name.len + f.ext.len > maxLen or f.name.len == 0 or
     f.name[0] == ' ' or f.name[^1] == ' ' or f.name[^1] == '.' or
     find(f.name, invalidFilenameChars) != -1): return false
   for invalid in invalidFilenames:
     if cmpIgnoreCase(f.name, invalid) == 0: return false
 
+
 # deprecated declarations
-when not defined(nimscript):
-  when not defined(js): # `noNimJs` doesn't work with templates, this should improve.
-    template existsFile*(args: varargs[untyped]): untyped {.deprecated: "use fileExists".} =
-      fileExists(args)
-    template existsDir*(args: varargs[untyped]): untyped {.deprecated: "use dirExists".} =
-      dirExists(args)
-  # {.deprecated: [existsFile: fileExists].} # pending bug #14819; this would avoid above mentioned issue
+when not weirdTarget:
+  template existsFile*(args: varargs[untyped]): untyped {.deprecated: "use fileExists".} =
+    fileExists(args)
+  template existsDir*(args: varargs[untyped]): untyped {.deprecated: "use dirExists".} =
+    dirExists(args)
diff --git a/lib/pure/osproc.nim b/lib/pure/osproc.nim
index 6aefb8d6c..c304ecca6 100644
--- a/lib/pure/osproc.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/osproc.nim
@@ -18,18 +18,24 @@
 include "system/inclrtl"
 
 import
-  strutils, os, strtabs, streams, cpuinfo, streamwrapper,
-  std/private/since
+  std/[strutils, os, strtabs, streams, cpuinfo, streamwrapper,
+  private/since]
 
 export quoteShell, quoteShellWindows, quoteShellPosix
 
 when defined(windows):
-  import winlean
+  import std/winlean
 else:
-  import posix
+  import std/posix
 
 when defined(linux) and defined(useClone):
-  import linux
+  import std/linux
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions]
+  when defined(windows):
+    import std/widestrs
+
 
 type
   ProcessOption* = enum ## Options that can be passed to `startProcess proc
@@ -66,16 +72,11 @@ type
 
   Process* = ref ProcessObj ## Represents an operating system process.
 
-const poDemon* {.deprecated.} = poDaemon ## Nim versions before 0.20
-                                         ## used the wrong spelling ("demon").
-                                         ## Now `ProcessOption` uses the correct spelling ("daemon"),
-                                         ## and this is needed just for backward compatibility.
-
 
 proc execProcess*(command: string, workingDir: string = "",
     args: openArray[string] = [], env: StringTableRef = nil,
     options: set[ProcessOption] = {poStdErrToStdOut, poUsePath, poEvalCommand}):
-  string {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1",
+  string {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1", raises: [OSError, IOError],
                   tags: [ExecIOEffect, ReadIOEffect, RootEffect].}
   ## A convenience procedure that executes ``command`` with ``startProcess``
   ## and returns its output as a string.
@@ -90,12 +91,12 @@ proc execProcess*(command: string, workingDir: string = "",
   ## * `execCmd proc <#execCmd,string>`_
   ##
   ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  let outp = execProcess("nim", args=["c", "-r", "mytestfile.nim"], options={poUsePath})
-  ##  let outp_shell = execProcess("nim c -r mytestfile.nim")
-  ##  # Note: outp may have an interleave of text from the nim compile
-  ##  # and any output from mytestfile when it runs
+  ##   ```Nim
+  ##   let outp = execProcess("nim", args=["c", "-r", "mytestfile.nim"], options={poUsePath})
+  ##   let outp_shell = execProcess("nim c -r mytestfile.nim")
+  ##   # Note: outp may have an interleave of text from the nim compile
+  ##   # and any output from mytestfile when it runs
+  ##   ```
 
 proc execCmd*(command: string): int {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1",
     tags: [ExecIOEffect, ReadIOEffect, RootEffect].}
@@ -112,14 +113,14 @@ proc execCmd*(command: string): int {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1",
   ##   <#execProcess,string,string,openArray[string],StringTableRef,set[ProcessOption]>`_
   ##
   ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  let errC = execCmd("nim c -r mytestfile.nim")
+  ##   ```Nim
+  ##   let errC = execCmd("nim c -r mytestfile.nim")
+  ##   ```
 
 proc startProcess*(command: string, workingDir: string = "",
     args: openArray[string] = [], env: StringTableRef = nil,
     options: set[ProcessOption] = {poStdErrToStdOut}):
-  owned(Process) {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1",
+  owned(Process) {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1", raises: [OSError, IOError],
                    tags: [ExecIOEffect, ReadEnvEffect, RootEffect].}
   ## Starts a process. `Command` is the executable file, `workingDir` is the
   ## process's working directory. If ``workingDir == ""`` the current directory
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ proc startProcess*(command: string, workingDir: string = "",
   ##   <#execProcess,string,string,openArray[string],StringTableRef,set[ProcessOption]>`_
   ## * `execCmd proc <#execCmd,string>`_
 
-proc close*(p: Process) {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1", tags: [WriteIOEffect].}
+proc close*(p: Process) {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1", raises: [IOError, OSError], tags: [WriteIOEffect].}
   ## When the process has finished executing, cleanup related handles.
   ##
   ## .. warning:: If the process has not finished executing, this will forcibly
@@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ proc kill*(p: Process) {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1", tags: [].}
   ## * `terminate proc <#terminate,Process>`_
   ## * `posix_utils.sendSignal(pid: Pid, signal: int) <posix_utils.html#sendSignal,Pid,int>`_
 
-proc running*(p: Process): bool {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1", tags: [].}
+proc running*(p: Process): bool {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1", raises: [OSError], tags: [].}
   ## Returns true if the process `p` is still running. Returns immediately.
 
 proc processID*(p: Process): int {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1".} =
@@ -211,7 +212,7 @@ proc processID*(p: Process): int {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1".} =
   return p.id
 
 proc waitForExit*(p: Process, timeout: int = -1): int {.rtl,
-    extern: "nosp$1", tags: [].}
+    extern: "nosp$1", raises: [OSError, ValueError], tags: [TimeEffect].}
   ## Waits for the process to finish and returns `p`'s error code.
   ##
   ## .. warning:: Be careful when using `waitForExit` for processes created without
@@ -219,8 +220,12 @@ proc waitForExit*(p: Process, timeout: int = -1): int {.rtl,
   ##
   ## On posix, if the process has exited because of a signal, 128 + signal
   ## number will be returned.
+  ##
+  ## .. warning:: When working with `timeout` parameters, remember that the value is 
+  ##   typically expressed in milliseconds, and ensure that the correct unit of time
+  ##   is used to avoid unexpected behavior.
 
-proc peekExitCode*(p: Process): int {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1", tags: [].}
+proc peekExitCode*(p: Process): int {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1", raises: [OSError], tags: [].}
   ## Return `-1` if the process is still running. Otherwise the process' exit code.
   ##
   ## On posix, if the process has exited because of a signal, 128 + signal
@@ -236,7 +241,7 @@ proc inputStream*(p: Process): Stream {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1", tags: [].}
   ## * `outputStream proc <#outputStream,Process>`_
   ## * `errorStream proc <#errorStream,Process>`_
 
-proc outputStream*(p: Process): Stream {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1", tags: [].}
+proc outputStream*(p: Process): Stream {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1", raises: [IOError, OSError], tags: [].}
   ## Returns ``p``'s output stream for reading from.
   ##
   ## You cannot perform peek/write/setOption operations to this stream.
@@ -288,7 +293,7 @@ proc peekableErrorStream*(p: Process): Stream {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1", tags: [],
   ## * `errorStream proc <#errorStream,Process>`_
   ## * `peekableOutputStream proc <#peekableOutputStream,Process>`_
 
-proc inputHandle*(p: Process): FileHandle {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1",
+proc inputHandle*(p: Process): FileHandle {.rtl, raises: [], extern: "nosp$1",
   tags: [].} =
   ## Returns ``p``'s input file handle for writing to.
   ##
@@ -301,7 +306,7 @@ proc inputHandle*(p: Process): FileHandle {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1",
   result = p.inHandle
 
 proc outputHandle*(p: Process): FileHandle {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1",
-    tags: [].} =
+    raises: [], tags: [].} =
   ## Returns ``p``'s output file handle for reading from.
   ##
   ## .. warning:: The returned `FileHandle` should not be closed manually as
@@ -313,7 +318,7 @@ proc outputHandle*(p: Process): FileHandle {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1",
   result = p.outHandle
 
 proc errorHandle*(p: Process): FileHandle {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1",
-    tags: [].} =
+    raises: [], tags: [].} =
   ## Returns ``p``'s error file handle for reading from.
   ##
   ## .. warning:: The returned `FileHandle` should not be closed manually as
@@ -324,18 +329,23 @@ proc errorHandle*(p: Process): FileHandle {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1",
   ## * `outputHandle proc <#outputHandle,Process>`_
   result = p.errHandle
 
-proc countProcessors*(): int {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1".} =
+proc countProcessors*(): int {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1", raises: [].} =
   ## Returns the number of the processors/cores the machine has.
   ## Returns 0 if it cannot be detected.
   ## It is implemented just calling `cpuinfo.countProcessors`.
   result = cpuinfo.countProcessors()
 
+when not defined(nimHasEffectsOf):
+  {.pragma: effectsOf.}
+
 proc execProcesses*(cmds: openArray[string],
     options = {poStdErrToStdOut, poParentStreams}, n = countProcessors(),
     beforeRunEvent: proc(idx: int) = nil,
     afterRunEvent: proc(idx: int, p: Process) = nil):
   int {.rtl, extern: "nosp$1",
-        tags: [ExecIOEffect, TimeEffect, ReadEnvEffect, RootEffect].} =
+        raises: [ValueError, OSError, IOError],
+        tags: [ExecIOEffect, TimeEffect, ReadEnvEffect, RootEffect],
+        effectsOf: [beforeRunEvent, afterRunEvent].} =
   ## Executes the commands `cmds` in parallel.
   ## Creates `n` processes that execute in parallel.
   ##
@@ -447,7 +457,7 @@ proc execProcesses*(cmds: openArray[string],
       if afterRunEvent != nil: afterRunEvent(i, p)
       close(p)
 
-iterator lines*(p: Process): string {.since: (1, 3), tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
+iterator lines*(p: Process, keepNewLines = false): string {.since: (1, 3), raises: [OSError, IOError, ValueError], tags: [ReadIOEffect, TimeEffect].} =
   ## Convenience iterator for working with `startProcess` to read data from a
   ## background process.
   ##
@@ -455,8 +465,7 @@ iterator lines*(p: Process): string {.since: (1, 3), tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
   ## * `readLines proc <#readLines,Process>`_
   ##
   ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   const opts = {poUsePath, poDaemon, poStdErrToStdOut}
   ##   var ps: seq[Process]
   ##   for prog in ["a", "b"]: # run 2 progs in parallel
@@ -468,15 +477,17 @@ iterator lines*(p: Process): string {.since: (1, 3), tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
   ##       i.inc
   ##       if i > 100: break
   ##     p.close
+  ##   ```
   var outp = p.outputStream
   var line = newStringOfCap(120)
-  while true:
-    if outp.readLine(line):
-      yield line
-    else:
-      if p.peekExitCode != -1: break
-
-proc readLines*(p: Process): (seq[string], int) {.since: (1, 3).} =
+  while outp.readLine(line):
+    if keepNewLines:
+      line.add("\n")
+    yield line
+  discard waitForExit(p)
+
+proc readLines*(p: Process): (seq[string], int) {.since: (1, 3),
+    raises: [OSError, IOError, ValueError], tags: [ReadIOEffect, TimeEffect].} =
   ## Convenience function for working with `startProcess` to read data from a
   ## background process.
   ##
@@ -484,8 +495,7 @@ proc readLines*(p: Process): (seq[string], int) {.since: (1, 3).} =
   ## * `lines iterator <#lines.i,Process>`_
   ##
   ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   const opts = {poUsePath, poDaemon, poStdErrToStdOut}
   ##   var ps: seq[Process]
   ##   for prog in ["a", "b"]: # run 2 progs in parallel
@@ -495,6 +505,7 @@ proc readLines*(p: Process): (seq[string], int) {.since: (1, 3).} =
   ##     if exCode != 0:
   ##       for line in lines: echo line
   ##     p.close
+  ##   ```
   for line in p.lines: result[0].add(line)
   result[1] = p.peekExitCode
 
@@ -510,6 +521,7 @@ when not defined(useNimRtl):
     var outp = outputStream(p)
     result = ""
     var line = newStringOfCap(120)
+    # consider `p.lines(keepNewLines=true)` to circumvent `running` busy-wait
     while true:
       # FIXME: converts CR-LF to LF.
       if outp.readLine(line):
@@ -562,12 +574,8 @@ when defined(windows) and not defined(useNimRtl):
     if a == 0: raiseOSError(osLastError())
 
   proc newFileHandleStream(handle: Handle): owned FileHandleStream =
-    new(result)
-    result.handle = handle
-    result.closeImpl = hsClose
-    result.atEndImpl = hsAtEnd
-    result.readDataImpl = hsReadData
-    result.writeDataImpl = hsWriteData
+    result = FileHandleStream(handle: handle, closeImpl: hsClose, atEndImpl: hsAtEnd,
+      readDataImpl: hsReadData, writeDataImpl: hsWriteData)
 
   proc buildCommandLine(a: string, args: openArray[string]): string =
     result = quoteShell(a)
@@ -710,22 +718,15 @@ when defined(windows) and not defined(useNimRtl):
     if len(workingDir) > 0: wd = workingDir
     if env != nil: e = buildEnv(env)
     if poEchoCmd in options: echo($cmdl)
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      var tmp = newWideCString(cmdl)
-      var ee =
-        if e.str.isNil: newWideCString(cstring(nil))
-        else: newWideCString(e.str, e.len)
-      var wwd = newWideCString(wd)
-      var flags = NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS or CREATE_UNICODE_ENVIRONMENT
-      if poDaemon in options: flags = flags or CREATE_NO_WINDOW
-      success = winlean.createProcessW(nil, tmp, nil, nil, 1, flags,
-        ee, wwd, si, procInfo)
-    else:
-      var ee =
-        if e.str.isNil: cstring(nil)
-        else: cstring(e.str)
-      success = winlean.createProcessA(nil,
-        cmdl, nil, nil, 1, NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS, ee, wd, si, procInfo)
+    var tmp = newWideCString(cmdl)
+    var ee =
+      if e.str.isNil: newWideCString(cstring(nil))
+      else: newWideCString(e.str, e.len)
+    var wwd = newWideCString(wd)
+    var flags = NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS or CREATE_UNICODE_ENVIRONMENT
+    if poDaemon in options: flags = flags or CREATE_NO_WINDOW
+    success = winlean.createProcessW(nil, tmp, nil, nil, 1, flags,
+      ee, wwd, si, procInfo)
     let lastError = osLastError()
 
     if poParentStreams notin options:
@@ -741,7 +742,7 @@ when defined(windows) and not defined(useNimRtl):
       const errFileNotFound = 2.int
       if lastError.int in {errInvalidParameter, errFileNotFound}:
         raiseOSError(lastError,
-            "Requested command not found: '$1'. OS error:" % command)
+              "Requested command not found: '" & command & "'. OS error:")
       else:
         raiseOSError(lastError, command)
     result.fProcessHandle = procInfo.hProcess
@@ -866,13 +867,9 @@ when defined(windows) and not defined(useNimRtl):
     si.hStdError = getStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE)
     si.hStdInput = getStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
     si.hStdOutput = getStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)
-    when useWinUnicode:
-      var c = newWideCString(command)
-      var res = winlean.createProcessW(nil, c, nil, nil, 0,
-        NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS, nil, nil, si, procInfo)
-    else:
-      var res = winlean.createProcessA(nil, command, nil, nil, 0,
-        NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS, nil, nil, si, procInfo)
+    var c = newWideCString(command)
+    var res = winlean.createProcessW(nil, c, nil, nil, 0,
+      NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS, nil, nil, si, procInfo)
     if res == 0:
       raiseOSError(osLastError())
     else:
@@ -949,13 +946,13 @@ elif not defined(useNimRtl):
                              not defined(useClone) and not defined(linux)
   when useProcessAuxSpawn:
     proc startProcessAuxSpawn(data: StartProcessData): Pid {.
-      tags: [ExecIOEffect, ReadEnvEffect, ReadDirEffect, RootEffect], gcsafe.}
+      raises: [OSError], tags: [ExecIOEffect, ReadEnvEffect, ReadDirEffect, RootEffect], gcsafe.}
   else:
     proc startProcessAuxFork(data: StartProcessData): Pid {.
-      tags: [ExecIOEffect, ReadEnvEffect, ReadDirEffect, RootEffect], gcsafe.}
+      raises: [OSError], tags: [ExecIOEffect, ReadEnvEffect, ReadDirEffect, RootEffect], gcsafe.}
     {.push stacktrace: off, profiler: off.}
     proc startProcessAfterFork(data: ptr StartProcessData) {.
-      tags: [ExecIOEffect, ReadEnvEffect, ReadDirEffect, RootEffect], cdecl, gcsafe.}
+      raises: [OSError], tags: [ExecIOEffect, ReadEnvEffect, ReadDirEffect, RootEffect], cdecl, gcsafe.}
     {.pop.}
 
   proc startProcess(command: string, workingDir: string = "",
@@ -1056,13 +1053,15 @@ elif not defined(useNimRtl):
       var mask: Sigset
       chck sigemptyset(mask)
       chck posix_spawnattr_setsigmask(attr, mask)
-      if poDaemon in data.options:
-        chck posix_spawnattr_setpgroup(attr, 0'i32)
+      when not defined(nuttx):
+        if poDaemon in data.options:
+          chck posix_spawnattr_setpgroup(attr, 0'i32)
 
       var flags = POSIX_SPAWN_USEVFORK or
                   POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK
-      if poDaemon in data.options:
-        flags = flags or POSIX_SPAWN_SETPGROUP
+      when not defined(nuttx):
+        if poDaemon in data.options:
+          flags = flags or POSIX_SPAWN_SETPGROUP
       chck posix_spawnattr_setflags(attr, flags)
 
       if not (poParentStreams in data.options):
@@ -1082,9 +1081,9 @@ elif not defined(useNimRtl):
       var pid: Pid
 
       if (poUsePath in data.options):
-        res = posix_spawnp(pid, data.sysCommand, fops, attr, data.sysArgs, data.sysEnv)
+        res = posix_spawnp(pid, data.sysCommand.cstring, fops, attr, data.sysArgs, data.sysEnv)
       else:
-        res = posix_spawn(pid, data.sysCommand, fops, attr, data.sysArgs, data.sysEnv)
+        res = posix_spawn(pid, data.sysCommand.cstring, fops, attr, data.sysArgs, data.sysEnv)
 
       discard posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy(fops)
       discard posix_spawnattr_destroy(attr)
@@ -1124,15 +1123,13 @@ elif not defined(useNimRtl):
       var error: cint
       let sizeRead = read(data.pErrorPipe[readIdx], addr error, sizeof(error))
       if sizeRead == sizeof(error):
-        raiseOSError(osLastError(),
-                     "Could not find command: '$1'. OS error: $2" %
-                      [$data.sysCommand, $strerror(error)])
+        raiseOSError(OSErrorCode(error),
+                      "Could not find command: '" & $data.sysCommand & "'. OS error: " & $strerror(error))
 
       return pid
 
     {.push stacktrace: off, profiler: off.}
-    proc startProcessFail(data: ptr StartProcessData) =
-      var error: cint = errno
+    proc startProcessFail(data: ptr StartProcessData, error: cint = errno) =
       discard write(data.pErrorPipe[writeIdx], addr error, sizeof(error))
       exitnow(1)
 
@@ -1169,15 +1166,19 @@ elif not defined(useNimRtl):
       if (poUsePath in data.options):
         when defined(uClibc) or defined(linux) or defined(haiku):
           # uClibc environment (OpenWrt included) doesn't have the full execvpe
-          let exe = findExe(data.sysCommand)
-          discard execve(exe, data.sysArgs, data.sysEnv)
+          var exe: string
+          try:
+            exe = findExe(data.sysCommand)
+          except OSError as e:
+            startProcessFail(data, e.errorCode)
+          discard execve(exe.cstring, data.sysArgs, data.sysEnv)
         else:
           # MacOSX doesn't have execvpe, so we need workaround.
           # On MacOSX we can arrive here only from fork, so this is safe:
           environ = data.sysEnv
-          discard execvp(data.sysCommand, data.sysArgs)
+          discard execvp(data.sysCommand.cstring, data.sysArgs)
       else:
-        discard execve(data.sysCommand, data.sysArgs, data.sysEnv)
+        discard execve(data.sysCommand.cstring, data.sysArgs, data.sysEnv)
 
       startProcessFail(data)
     {.pop.}
@@ -1233,7 +1234,7 @@ elif not defined(useNimRtl):
 
   when defined(macosx) or defined(freebsd) or defined(netbsd) or
        defined(openbsd) or defined(dragonfly):
-    import kqueue
+    import std/kqueue
 
     proc waitForExit(p: Process, timeout: int = -1): int =
       if p.exitFlag:
@@ -1350,119 +1351,68 @@ elif not defined(useNimRtl):
             p.exitStatus = status
             break
           else:
-            doAssert false, "unreachable!"
+            raiseAssert "unreachable!"
 
       result = exitStatusLikeShell(p.exitStatus)
 
   else:
-    import times
-
-    const
-      hasThreadSupport = compileOption("threads") and not defined(nimscript)
+    import std/times except getTime
+    import std/monotimes
 
     proc waitForExit(p: Process, timeout: int = -1): int =
-      template adjustTimeout(t, s, e: Timespec) =
-        var diff: int
-        var b: Timespec
-        b.tv_sec = e.tv_sec
-        b.tv_nsec = e.tv_nsec
-        e.tv_sec = e.tv_sec - s.tv_sec
-        if e.tv_nsec >= s.tv_nsec:
-          e.tv_nsec -= s.tv_nsec
-        else:
-          if e.tv_sec == posix.Time(0):
-            raise newException(ValueError, "System time was modified")
-          else:
-            diff = s.tv_nsec - e.tv_nsec
-            e.tv_nsec = 1_000_000_000 - diff
-        t.tv_sec = t.tv_sec - e.tv_sec
-        if t.tv_nsec >= e.tv_nsec:
-          t.tv_nsec -= e.tv_nsec
-        else:
-          t.tv_sec = t.tv_sec - posix.Time(1)
-          diff = e.tv_nsec - t.tv_nsec
-          t.tv_nsec = 1_000_000_000 - diff
-        s.tv_sec = b.tv_sec
-        s.tv_nsec = b.tv_nsec
-
       if p.exitFlag:
         return exitStatusLikeShell(p.exitStatus)
 
-      if timeout == -1:
-        var status: cint = 1
+      if timeout < 0:
+        # Backwards compatibility with previous verison to
+        # handle cases where timeout == -1, but extend
+        # to handle cases where timeout < 0
+        var status: cint
         if waitpid(p.id, status, 0) < 0:
           raiseOSError(osLastError())
         p.exitFlag = true
         p.exitStatus = status
       else:
-        var nmask, omask: Sigset
-        var sinfo: SigInfo
-        var stspec, enspec, tmspec: Timespec
-
-        discard sigemptyset(nmask)
-        discard sigemptyset(omask)
-        discard sigaddset(nmask, SIGCHLD)
-
-        when hasThreadSupport:
-          if pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, nmask, omask) == -1:
-            raiseOSError(osLastError())
-        else:
-          if sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, nmask, omask) == -1:
-            raiseOSError(osLastError())
-
-        if timeout >= 1000:
-          tmspec.tv_sec = posix.Time(timeout div 1_000)
-          tmspec.tv_nsec = (timeout %% 1_000) * 1_000_000
-        else:
-          tmspec.tv_sec = posix.Time(0)
-          tmspec.tv_nsec = (timeout * 1_000_000)
-
-        try:
-          if clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, stspec) == -1:
-            raiseOSError(osLastError())
-          while true:
-            let res = sigtimedwait(nmask, sinfo, tmspec)
-            if res == SIGCHLD:
-              if sinfo.si_pid == p.id:
-                var status: cint = 1
-                if waitpid(p.id, status, 0) < 0:
-                  raiseOSError(osLastError())
-                p.exitFlag = true
-                p.exitStatus = status
-                break
-              else:
-                # we have SIGCHLD, but not for process we are waiting,
-                # so we need to adjust timeout value and continue
-                if clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, enspec) == -1:
-                  raiseOSError(osLastError())
-                adjustTimeout(tmspec, stspec, enspec)
-            elif res < 0:
-              let err = osLastError()
-              if err.cint == EINTR:
-                # we have received another signal, so we need to
-                # adjust timeout and continue
-                if clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, enspec) == -1:
-                  raiseOSError(osLastError())
-                adjustTimeout(tmspec, stspec, enspec)
-              elif err.cint == EAGAIN:
-                # timeout expired, so we trying to kill process
-                if posix.kill(p.id, SIGKILL) == -1:
-                  raiseOSError(osLastError())
-                var status: cint = 1
-                if waitpid(p.id, status, 0) < 0:
-                  raiseOSError(osLastError())
-                p.exitFlag = true
-                p.exitStatus = status
-                break
-              else:
-                raiseOSError(err)
-        finally:
-          when hasThreadSupport:
-            if pthread_sigmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, nmask, omask) == -1:
-              raiseOSError(osLastError())
+        # Max 50ms delay
+        const maxWait = initDuration(milliseconds = 50)
+        let wait = initDuration(milliseconds = timeout)
+        let deadline = getMonoTime() + wait
+        # starting 50μs delay
+        var delay = initDuration(microseconds = 50)
+        
+        while true:
+          var status: cint
+          let pid = waitpid(p.id, status, WNOHANG)
+          if p.id == pid :
+            p.exitFlag = true
+            p.exitStatus = status
+            break
+          elif pid.int == -1:
+            raiseOsError(osLastError())
           else:
-            if sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, nmask, omask) == -1:
-              raiseOSError(osLastError())
+            # Continue waiting if needed
+            if getMonoTime() >= deadline:
+              # Previous version of `waitForExit`
+              # foricibly killed the process.
+              # We keep this so we don't break programs
+              # that depend on this behavior
+              if posix.kill(p.id, SIGKILL) < 0:
+                raiseOSError(osLastError())
+            else:
+              const max = 1_000_000_000
+              let 
+                newWait = getMonoTime() + delay
+                ticks = newWait.ticks()
+                ns = ticks mod max
+                secs = ticks div max
+              var 
+                waitSpec: TimeSpec
+                unused: Timespec
+              waitSpec.tv_sec = posix.Time(secs)
+              waitSpec.tv_nsec = clong ns 
+              discard posix.clock_nanosleep(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, TIMER_ABSTIME, waitSpec, unused)
+              let remaining = deadline - getMonoTime()
+              delay = min([delay * 2, remaining, maxWait])
 
       result = exitStatusLikeShell(p.exitStatus)
 
@@ -1519,7 +1469,7 @@ elif not defined(useNimRtl):
                                      header: "<stdlib.h>".}
 
   proc execCmd(command: string): int =
-    when defined(linux):
+    when defined(posix):
       let tmp = csystem(command)
       result = if tmp == -1: tmp else: exitStatusLikeShell(tmp)
     else:
@@ -1572,7 +1522,7 @@ proc execCmdEx*(command: string, options: set[ProcessOption] = {
                 poStdErrToStdOut, poUsePath}, env: StringTableRef = nil,
                 workingDir = "", input = ""): tuple[
                 output: string,
-                exitCode: int] {.tags:
+                exitCode: int] {.raises: [OSError, IOError], tags:
                 [ExecIOEffect, ReadIOEffect, RootEffect], gcsafe.} =
   ## A convenience proc that runs the `command`, and returns its `output` and
   ## `exitCode`. `env` and `workingDir` params behave as for `startProcess`.
@@ -1589,16 +1539,16 @@ proc execCmdEx*(command: string, options: set[ProcessOption] = {
   ##   <#execProcess,string,string,openArray[string],StringTableRef,set[ProcessOption]>`_
   ##
   ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   var result = execCmdEx("nim r --hints:off -", options = {}, input = "echo 3*4")
   ##   import std/[strutils, strtabs]
   ##   stripLineEnd(result[0]) ## portable way to remove trailing newline, if any
   ##   doAssert result == ("12", 0)
-  ##   doAssert execCmdEx("ls --nonexistant").exitCode != 0
+  ##   doAssert execCmdEx("ls --nonexistent").exitCode != 0
   ##   when defined(posix):
   ##     assert execCmdEx("echo $FO", env = newStringTable({"FO": "B"})) == ("B\n", 0)
   ##     assert execCmdEx("echo $PWD", workingDir = "/") == ("/\n", 0)
+  ##   ```
 
   when (NimMajor, NimMinor, NimPatch) < (1, 3, 5):
     doAssert input.len == 0
@@ -1618,6 +1568,7 @@ proc execCmdEx*(command: string, options: set[ProcessOption] = {
     inputStream(p).write(input)
   close inputStream(p)
 
+  # consider `p.lines(keepNewLines=true)` to avoid exit code test
   result = ("", -1)
   var line = newStringOfCap(120)
   while true:
diff --git a/lib/pure/parsecfg.nim b/lib/pure/parsecfg.nim
index 23bb09ac4..8a43daf54 100644
--- a/lib/pure/parsecfg.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/parsecfg.nim
@@ -19,99 +19,97 @@
 ##     :literal:
 ##
 ## Here is an example of how to use the configuration file parser:
-##
-## .. code-block:: nim
-##
-##    import std/[os, parsecfg, strutils, streams]
-##
-##    var f = newFileStream(paramStr(1), fmRead)
-##    if f != nil:
-##      var p: CfgParser
-##      open(p, f, paramStr(1))
-##      while true:
-##        var e = next(p)
-##        case e.kind
-##        of cfgEof: break
-##        of cfgSectionStart:   ## a `[section]` has been parsed
-##          echo("new section: " & e.section)
-##        of cfgKeyValuePair:
-##          echo("key-value-pair: " & e.key & ": " & e.value)
-##        of cfgOption:
-##          echo("command: " & e.key & ": " & e.value)
-##        of cfgError:
-##          echo(e.msg)
-##      close(p)
-##    else:
-##      echo("cannot open: " & paramStr(1))
-##
-##
-## Examples
-## ========
-##
+runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+  import std/[strutils, streams]
+
+  let configFile = "example.ini"
+  var f = newFileStream(configFile, fmRead)
+  assert f != nil, "cannot open " & configFile
+  var p: CfgParser
+  open(p, f, configFile)
+  while true:
+    var e = next(p)
+    case e.kind
+    of cfgEof: break
+    of cfgSectionStart:   ## a `[section]` has been parsed
+      echo "new section: " & e.section
+    of cfgKeyValuePair:
+      echo "key-value-pair: " & e.key & ": " & e.value
+    of cfgOption:
+      echo "command: " & e.key & ": " & e.value
+    of cfgError:
+      echo e.msg
+  close(p)
+
+##[
 ## Configuration file example
-## --------------------------
-##
-## .. code-block:: nim
-##
+]##
+
+##     ```none
 ##     charset = "utf-8"
 ##     [Package]
 ##     name = "hello"
 ##     --threads:on
 ##     [Author]
-##     name = "lihf8515"
-##     qq = "10214028"
-##     email = "lihaifeng@wxm.com"
-##
+##     name = "nim-lang"
+##     website = "nim-lang.org"
+##     ```
+
+##[
 ## Creating a configuration file
-## -----------------------------
-## .. code-block:: nim
-##
-##     import std/parsecfg
-##     var dict=newConfig()
-##     dict.setSectionKey("","charset","utf-8")
-##     dict.setSectionKey("Package","name","hello")
-##     dict.setSectionKey("Package","--threads","on")
-##     dict.setSectionKey("Author","name","lihf8515")
-##     dict.setSectionKey("Author","qq","10214028")
-##     dict.setSectionKey("Author","email","lihaifeng@wxm.com")
-##     dict.writeConfig("config.ini")
-##
+]##
+
+runnableExamples:
+  var dict = newConfig()
+  dict.setSectionKey("","charset", "utf-8")
+  dict.setSectionKey("Package", "name", "hello")
+  dict.setSectionKey("Package", "--threads", "on")
+  dict.setSectionKey("Author", "name", "nim-lang")
+  dict.setSectionKey("Author", "website", "nim-lang.org")
+  assert $dict == """
+charset=utf-8
+[Package]
+name=hello
+--threads:on
+[Author]
+name=nim-lang
+website=nim-lang.org
+"""
+
+##[
 ## Reading a configuration file
-## ----------------------------
-## .. code-block:: nim
-##
-##     import std/parsecfg
-##     var dict = loadConfig("config.ini")
-##     var charset = dict.getSectionValue("","charset")
-##     var threads = dict.getSectionValue("Package","--threads")
-##     var pname = dict.getSectionValue("Package","name")
-##     var name = dict.getSectionValue("Author","name")
-##     var qq = dict.getSectionValue("Author","qq")
-##     var email = dict.getSectionValue("Author","email")
-##     echo pname & "\n" & name & "\n" & qq & "\n" & email
-##
+]##
+
+runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+  let dict = loadConfig("config.ini")
+  let charset = dict.getSectionValue("","charset")
+  let threads = dict.getSectionValue("Package","--threads")
+  let pname = dict.getSectionValue("Package","name")
+  let name = dict.getSectionValue("Author","name")
+  let website = dict.getSectionValue("Author","website")
+  echo pname & "\n" & name & "\n" & website
+
+##[
 ## Modifying a configuration file
-## ------------------------------
-## .. code-block:: nim
-##
-##     import std/parsecfg
-##     var dict = loadConfig("config.ini")
-##     dict.setSectionKey("Author","name","lhf")
-##     dict.writeConfig("config.ini")
-##
+]##
+
+runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+  var dict = loadConfig("config.ini")
+  dict.setSectionKey("Author", "name", "nim-lang")
+  dict.writeConfig("config.ini")
+
+##[
 ## Deleting a section key in a configuration file
-## ----------------------------------------------
-## .. code-block:: nim
-##
-##     import std/parsecfg
-##     var dict = loadConfig("config.ini")
-##     dict.delSectionKey("Author","email")
-##     dict.writeConfig("config.ini")
-## 
+]##
+
+runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+  var dict = loadConfig("config.ini")
+  dict.delSectionKey("Author", "website")
+  dict.writeConfig("config.ini")
+
+##[
 ## Supported INI File structure
-## ----------------------------
-## The examples below are supported:
-##
+]##
 
 # taken from https://docs.python.org/3/library/configparser.html#supported-ini-file-structure
 runnableExamples:
@@ -150,33 +148,38 @@ runnableExamples:
   )
 
   let section1 = "Simple Values"
-  doAssert dict.getSectionValue(section1, "key") == "value"
-  doAssert dict.getSectionValue(section1, "spaces in keys") == "allowed"
-  doAssert dict.getSectionValue(section1, "spaces in values") == "allowed as well"
-  doAssert dict.getSectionValue(section1, "spaces around the delimiter") == "obviously"
-  doAssert dict.getSectionValue(section1, "you can also use") == "to delimit keys from values"
+  assert dict.getSectionValue(section1, "key") == "value"
+  assert dict.getSectionValue(section1, "spaces in keys") == "allowed"
+  assert dict.getSectionValue(section1, "spaces in values") == "allowed as well"
+  assert dict.getSectionValue(section1, "spaces around the delimiter") == "obviously"
+  assert dict.getSectionValue(section1, "you can also use") == "to delimit keys from values"
 
   let section2 = "All Values Are Strings"
-  doAssert dict.getSectionValue(section2, "values like this") == "19990429"
-  doAssert dict.getSectionValue(section2, "or this") == "3.14159265359"
-  doAssert dict.getSectionValue(section2, "are they treated as numbers") == "no"
-  doAssert dict.getSectionValue(section2, "integers floats and booleans are held as") == "strings"
-  doAssert dict.getSectionValue(section2, "can use the API to get converted values directly") == "true"
+  assert dict.getSectionValue(section2, "values like this") == "19990429"
+  assert dict.getSectionValue(section2, "or this") == "3.14159265359"
+  assert dict.getSectionValue(section2, "are they treated as numbers") == "no"
+  assert dict.getSectionValue(section2, "integers floats and booleans are held as") == "strings"
+  assert dict.getSectionValue(section2, "can use the API to get converted values directly") == "true"
 
   let section3 = "Seletion A"
-  doAssert dict.getSectionValue(section3, 
+  assert dict.getSectionValue(section3, 
     "space around section name will be ignored", "not an empty value") == ""
 
   let section4 = "Sections Can Be Indented"
-  doAssert dict.getSectionValue(section4, "can_values_be_as_well") == "True"
-  doAssert dict.getSectionValue(section4, "does_that_mean_anything_special") == "False"
-  doAssert dict.getSectionValue(section4, "purpose") == "formatting for readability"
+  assert dict.getSectionValue(section4, "can_values_be_as_well") == "True"
+  assert dict.getSectionValue(section4, "does_that_mean_anything_special") == "False"
+  assert dict.getSectionValue(section4, "purpose") == "formatting for readability"
 
-import strutils, lexbase, streams, tables
+import std/[strutils, lexbase, streams, tables]
 import std/private/decode_helpers
+import std/private/since
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
 
 include "system/inclrtl"
 
+
 type
   CfgEventKind* = enum ## enumeration of all events that may occur when parsing
     cfgEof,            ## end of file reached
@@ -449,7 +452,7 @@ proc getKeyValPair(c: var CfgParser, kind: CfgEventKind): CfgEvent =
   if c.tok.kind == tkSymbol:
     case kind
     of cfgOption, cfgKeyValuePair:
-      result = CfgEvent(kind: kind, key: c.tok.literal, value: "")
+      result = CfgEvent(kind: kind, key: c.tok.literal.move, value: "")
     else: discard
     rawGetTok(c, c.tok)
     if c.tok.kind in {tkEquals, tkColon}:
@@ -478,7 +481,7 @@ proc next*(c: var CfgParser): CfgEvent {.rtl, extern: "npc$1".} =
   of tkBracketLe:
     rawGetTok(c, c.tok)
     if c.tok.kind == tkSymbol:
-      result = CfgEvent(kind: cfgSectionStart, section: c.tok.literal)
+      result = CfgEvent(kind: cfgSectionStart, section: c.tok.literal.move)
     else:
       result = CfgEvent(kind: cfgError,
         msg: errorStr(c, "symbol expected, but found: " & c.tok.literal))
@@ -495,17 +498,17 @@ proc next*(c: var CfgParser): CfgEvent {.rtl, extern: "npc$1".} =
 
 # ---------------- Configuration file related operations ----------------
 type
-  Config* = OrderedTableRef[string, <//>OrderedTableRef[string, string]]
+  Config* = OrderedTableRef[string, OrderedTableRef[string, string]]
 
 proc newConfig*(): Config =
   ## Creates a new configuration table.
   ## Useful when wanting to create a configuration file.
-  result = newOrderedTable[string, <//>OrderedTableRef[string, string]]()
+  result = newOrderedTable[string, OrderedTableRef[string, string]]()
 
-proc loadConfig*(stream: Stream, filename: string = "[stream]"): <//>Config =
+proc loadConfig*(stream: Stream, filename: string = "[stream]"): Config =
   ## Loads the specified configuration from stream into a new Config instance.
   ## `filename` parameter is only used for nicer error messages.
-  var dict = newOrderedTable[string, <//>OrderedTableRef[string, string]]()
+  var dict = newOrderedTable[string, OrderedTableRef[string, string]]()
   var curSection = "" ## Current section,
                       ## the default value of the current section is "",
                       ## which means that the current section is a common
@@ -535,7 +538,7 @@ proc loadConfig*(stream: Stream, filename: string = "[stream]"): <//>Config =
   close(p)
   result = dict
 
-proc loadConfig*(filename: string): <//>Config =
+proc loadConfig*(filename: string): Config =
   ## Loads the specified configuration file into a new Config instance.
   let file = open(filename, fmRead)
   let fileStream = newFileStream(file)
@@ -563,7 +566,7 @@ proc replace(s: string): string =
 proc writeConfig*(dict: Config, stream: Stream) =
   ## Writes the contents of the table to the specified stream.
   ##
-  ## **Note:** Comment statement will be ignored.
+  ## .. note:: Comment statement will be ignored.
   for section, sectionData in dict.pairs():
     if section != "": ## Not general section
       if not allCharsInSet(section, SymChars): ## Non system character
@@ -603,7 +606,7 @@ proc writeConfig*(dict: Config, stream: Stream) =
 proc `$`*(dict: Config): string =
   ## Writes the contents of the table to string.
   ## 
-  ## **Note:** Comment statement will be ignored.
+  ## .. note:: Comment statement will be ignored.
   let stream = newStringStream()
   defer: stream.close()
   dict.writeConfig(stream)
@@ -612,7 +615,7 @@ proc `$`*(dict: Config): string =
 proc writeConfig*(dict: Config, filename: string) =
   ## Writes the contents of the table to the specified configuration file.
   ## 
-  ## **Note:** Comment statement will be ignored.
+  ## .. note:: Comment statement will be ignored.
   let file = open(filename, fmWrite)
   defer: file.close()
   let fileStream = newFileStream(file)
@@ -649,3 +652,8 @@ proc delSectionKey*(dict: var Config, section, key: string) =
         dict.del(section)
       else:
         dict[section].del(key)
+
+iterator sections*(dict: Config): lent string {.since: (1, 5).} =
+  ## Iterates through the sections in the `dict`.
+  for section in dict.keys:
+    yield section
diff --git a/lib/pure/parsecsv.nim b/lib/pure/parsecsv.nim
index 1e34f3649..c7bf0c9c1 100644
--- a/lib/pure/parsecsv.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/parsecsv.nim
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 ## Basic usage
 ## ===========
 ##
-## .. code-block:: nim
+##   ```nim
 ##   import std/parsecsv
 ##   from std/os import paramStr
 ##   from std/streams import newFileStream
@@ -29,11 +29,12 @@
 ##     for val in items(x.row):
 ##       echo "##", val, "##"
 ##   close(x)
+##   ```
 ##
 ## For CSV files with a header row, the header can be read and then used as a
 ## reference for item access with `rowEntry <#rowEntry,CsvParser,string>`_:
 ##
-## .. code-block:: nim
+##   ```nim
 ##   import std/parsecsv
 ##
 ##   # Prepare a file
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@
 ##     for col in items(p.headers):
 ##       echo "##", col, ":", p.rowEntry(col), "##"
 ##   p.close()
+##   ```
 ##
 ## See also
 ## ========
@@ -65,8 +67,10 @@
 ## * `parsesql module <parsesql.html>`_ for a SQL parser
 ## * `other parsers <lib.html#pure-libraries-parsers>`_ for other parsers
 
-import
-  lexbase, streams
+import std/[lexbase, streams]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
 
 type
   CsvRow* = seq[string] ## A row in a CSV file.
@@ -97,10 +101,10 @@ proc raiseEInvalidCsv(filename: string, line, col: int,
     e.msg = filename & "(" & $line & ", " & $col & ") Error: " & msg
   raise e
 
-proc error(my: CsvParser, pos: int, msg: string) =
-  raiseEInvalidCsv(my.filename, my.lineNumber, getColNumber(my, pos), msg)
+proc error(self: CsvParser, pos: int, msg: string) =
+  raiseEInvalidCsv(self.filename, self.lineNumber, getColNumber(self, pos), msg)
 
-proc open*(my: var CsvParser, input: Stream, filename: string,
+proc open*(self: var CsvParser, input: Stream, filename: string,
            separator = ',', quote = '"', escape = '\0',
            skipInitialSpace = false) =
   ## Initializes the parser with an input stream. `Filename` is only used
@@ -127,16 +131,14 @@ proc open*(my: var CsvParser, input: Stream, filename: string,
     parser.close()
     strm.close()
 
-  lexbase.open(my, input)
-  my.filename = filename
-  my.sep = separator
-  my.quote = quote
-  my.esc = escape
-  my.skipWhite = skipInitialSpace
-  my.row = @[]
-  my.currRow = 0
+  lexbase.open(self, input)
+  self.filename = filename
+  self.sep = separator
+  self.quote = quote
+  self.esc = escape
+  self.skipWhite = skipInitialSpace
 
-proc open*(my: var CsvParser, filename: string,
+proc open*(self: var CsvParser, filename: string,
            separator = ',', quote = '"', escape = '\0',
            skipInitialSpace = false) =
   ## Similar to the `other open proc<#open,CsvParser,Stream,string,char,char,char>`_,
@@ -150,54 +152,54 @@ proc open*(my: var CsvParser, filename: string,
     removeFile("tmp.csv")
 
   var s = newFileStream(filename, fmRead)
-  if s == nil: my.error(0, "cannot open: " & filename)
-  open(my, s, filename, separator,
+  if s == nil: self.error(0, "cannot open: " & filename)
+  open(self, s, filename, separator,
        quote, escape, skipInitialSpace)
 
-proc parseField(my: var CsvParser, a: var string) =
-  var pos = my.bufpos
-  if my.skipWhite:
-    while my.buf[pos] in {' ', '\t'}: inc(pos)
+proc parseField(self: var CsvParser, a: var string) =
+  var pos = self.bufpos
+  if self.skipWhite:
+    while self.buf[pos] in {' ', '\t'}: inc(pos)
   setLen(a, 0) # reuse memory
-  if my.buf[pos] == my.quote and my.quote != '\0':
+  if self.buf[pos] == self.quote and self.quote != '\0':
     inc(pos)
     while true:
-      let c = my.buf[pos]
+      let c = self.buf[pos]
       if c == '\0':
-        my.bufpos = pos # can continue after exception?
-        error(my, pos, my.quote & " expected")
+        self.bufpos = pos # can continue after exception?
+        error(self, pos, self.quote & " expected")
         break
-      elif c == my.quote:
-        if my.esc == '\0' and my.buf[pos+1] == my.quote:
-          add(a, my.quote)
+      elif c == self.quote:
+        if self.esc == '\0' and self.buf[pos + 1] == self.quote:
+          add(a, self.quote)
           inc(pos, 2)
         else:
           inc(pos)
           break
-      elif c == my.esc:
-        add(a, my.buf[pos+1])
+      elif c == self.esc:
+        add(a, self.buf[pos + 1])
         inc(pos, 2)
       else:
         case c
         of '\c':
-          pos = handleCR(my, pos)
+          pos = handleCR(self, pos)
           add(a, "\n")
         of '\l':
-          pos = handleLF(my, pos)
+          pos = handleLF(self, pos)
           add(a, "\n")
         else:
           add(a, c)
           inc(pos)
   else:
     while true:
-      let c = my.buf[pos]
-      if c == my.sep: break
+      let c = self.buf[pos]
+      if c == self.sep: break
       if c in {'\c', '\l', '\0'}: break
       add(a, c)
       inc(pos)
-  my.bufpos = pos
+  self.bufpos = pos
 
-proc processedRows*(my: var CsvParser): int =
+proc processedRows*(self: var CsvParser): int {.inline.} =
   ## Returns number of the processed rows.
   ##
   ## But even if `readRow <#readRow,CsvParser,int>`_ arrived at EOF then
@@ -220,9 +222,9 @@ proc processedRows*(my: var CsvParser): int =
     parser.close()
     strm.close()
 
-  return my.currRow
+  self.currRow
 
-proc readRow*(my: var CsvParser, columns = 0): bool =
+proc readRow*(self: var CsvParser, columns = 0): bool =
   ## Reads the next row; if `columns` > 0, it expects the row to have
   ## exactly this many columns. Returns false if the end of the file
   ## has been encountered else true.
@@ -251,47 +253,47 @@ proc readRow*(my: var CsvParser, columns = 0): bool =
     strm.close()
 
   var col = 0 # current column
-  let oldpos = my.bufpos
+  let oldpos = self.bufpos
   # skip initial empty lines #8365
   while true:
-    case my.buf[my.bufpos]
-    of '\c': my.bufpos = handleCR(my, my.bufpos)
-    of '\l': my.bufpos = handleLF(my, my.bufpos)
+    case self.buf[self.bufpos]
+    of '\c': self.bufpos = handleCR(self, self.bufpos)
+    of '\l': self.bufpos = handleLF(self, self.bufpos)
     else: break
-  while my.buf[my.bufpos] != '\0':
-    let oldlen = my.row.len
-    if oldlen < col+1:
-      setLen(my.row, col+1)
-      my.row[col] = ""
-    parseField(my, my.row[col])
+  while self.buf[self.bufpos] != '\0':
+    let oldlen = self.row.len
+    if oldlen < col + 1:
+      setLen(self.row, col + 1)
+      self.row[col] = ""
+    parseField(self, self.row[col])
     inc(col)
-    if my.buf[my.bufpos] == my.sep:
-      inc(my.bufpos)
+    if self.buf[self.bufpos] == self.sep:
+      inc(self.bufpos)
     else:
-      case my.buf[my.bufpos]
+      case self.buf[self.bufpos]
       of '\c', '\l':
         # skip empty lines:
         while true:
-          case my.buf[my.bufpos]
-          of '\c': my.bufpos = handleCR(my, my.bufpos)
-          of '\l': my.bufpos = handleLF(my, my.bufpos)
+          case self.buf[self.bufpos]
+          of '\c': self.bufpos = handleCR(self, self.bufpos)
+          of '\l': self.bufpos = handleLF(self, self.bufpos)
           else: break
       of '\0': discard
-      else: error(my, my.bufpos, my.sep & " expected")
+      else: error(self, self.bufpos, self.sep & " expected")
       break
 
-  setLen(my.row, col)
+  setLen(self.row, col)
   result = col > 0
   if result and col != columns and columns > 0:
-    error(my, oldpos+1, $columns & " columns expected, but found " &
+    error(self, oldpos + 1, $columns & " columns expected, but found " &
           $col & " columns")
-  inc(my.currRow)
+  inc(self.currRow)
 
-proc close*(my: var CsvParser) {.inline.} =
-  ## Closes the parser `my` and its associated input stream.
-  lexbase.close(my)
+proc close*(self: var CsvParser) {.inline.} =
+  ## Closes the parser `self` and its associated input stream.
+  lexbase.close(self)
 
-proc readHeaderRow*(my: var CsvParser) =
+proc readHeaderRow*(self: var CsvParser) =
   ## Reads the first row and creates a look-up table for column numbers
   ## See also:
   ## * `rowEntry proc <#rowEntry,CsvParser,string>`_
@@ -313,16 +315,16 @@ proc readHeaderRow*(my: var CsvParser) =
     parser.close()
     strm.close()
 
-  let present = my.readRow()
+  let present = self.readRow()
   if present:
-    my.headers = my.row
+    self.headers = self.row
 
-proc rowEntry*(my: var CsvParser, entry: string): var string =
+proc rowEntry*(self: var CsvParser, entry: string): var string =
   ## Accesses a specified `entry` from the current row.
   ##
   ## Assumes that `readHeaderRow <#readHeaderRow,CsvParser>`_ has already been
   ## called.
-  ## 
+  ##
   ## If specified `entry` does not exist, raises KeyError.
   runnableExamples:
     import std/streams
@@ -340,14 +342,14 @@ proc rowEntry*(my: var CsvParser, entry: string): var string =
     parser.close()
     strm.close()
 
-  let index = my.headers.find(entry)
+  let index = self.headers.find(entry)
   if index >= 0:
-    result = my.row[index]
+    result = self.row[index]
   else:
     raise newException(KeyError, "Entry `" & entry & "` doesn't exist")
 
 when not defined(testing) and isMainModule:
-  import os
+  import std/os
   var s = newFileStream(paramStr(1), fmRead)
   if s == nil: quit("cannot open the file" & paramStr(1))
   var x: CsvParser
diff --git a/lib/pure/parsejson.nim b/lib/pure/parsejson.nim
index 196d8c360..9292a8596 100644
--- a/lib/pure/parsejson.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/parsejson.nim
@@ -11,9 +11,12 @@
 ## and exported by the `json` standard library
 ## module, but can also be used in its own right.
 
-import strutils, lexbase, streams, unicode
+import std/[strutils, lexbase, streams, unicode]
 import std/private/decode_helpers
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 type
   JsonEventKind* = enum ## enumeration of all events that may occur when parsing
     jsonError,          ## an error occurred during parsing
@@ -218,7 +221,7 @@ proc parseString(my: var JsonParser): TokKind =
           add(my.a, 'u')
         inc(pos, 2)
         var pos2 = pos
-        var r = parseEscapedUTF16(my.buf, pos)
+        var r = parseEscapedUTF16(cstring(my.buf), pos)
         if r < 0:
           my.err = errInvalidToken
           break
@@ -228,7 +231,7 @@ proc parseString(my: var JsonParser): TokKind =
             my.err = errInvalidToken
             break
           inc(pos, 2)
-          var s = parseEscapedUTF16(my.buf, pos)
+          var s = parseEscapedUTF16(cstring(my.buf), pos)
           if (s and 0xfc00) == 0xdc00 and s > 0:
             r = 0x10000 + (((r - 0xd800) shl 10) or (s - 0xdc00))
           else:
diff --git a/lib/pure/parseopt.nim b/lib/pure/parseopt.nim
index b2d024a39..03f151b66 100644
--- a/lib/pure/parseopt.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/parseopt.nim
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 ##
 ## The following syntax is supported when arguments for the `shortNoVal` and
 ## `longNoVal` parameters, which are
-## `described later<#shortnoval-and-longnoval>`_, are not provided:
+## `described later<#nimshortnoval-and-nimlongnoval>`_, are not provided:
 ##
 ## 1. Short options: `-abcd`, `-e:5`, `-e=5`
 ## 2. Long options: `--foo:bar`, `--foo=bar`, `--foo`
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 ##
 ## Here is an example:
 ##
-## .. code-block::
+##   ```Nim
 ##   import std/parseopt
 ##
 ##   var p = initOptParser("-ab -e:5 --foo --bar=20 file.txt")
@@ -71,10 +71,34 @@
 ##   # Option: foo
 ##   # Option and value: bar, 20
 ##   # Argument: file.txt
+##   ```
 ##
 ## The `getopt iterator<#getopt.i,OptParser>`_, which is provided for
 ## convenience, can be used to iterate through all command line options as well.
 ##
+## To set a default value for a variable assigned through `getopt` and accept arguments from the cmd line.
+## Assign the default value to a variable before parsing.
+## Then set the variable to the new value while parsing.
+##
+## Here is an example:
+##
+##   ```Nim
+##   import std/parseopt
+##
+##   var varName: string = "defaultValue"
+##
+##   for kind, key, val in getopt():
+##     case kind
+##     of cmdArgument:
+##       discard
+##     of cmdLongOption, cmdShortOption:
+##       case key:
+##       of "varName": # --varName:<value> in the console when executing
+##         varName = val # do input sanitization in production systems
+##     of cmdEnd:
+##       discard
+##   ```
+##
 ## `shortNoVal` and `longNoVal`
 ## ============================
 ##
@@ -98,7 +122,7 @@
 ## `shortNoVal` and `longNoVal`, which is the default, and providing
 ## arguments for those two parameters:
 ##
-## .. code-block::
+##   ```Nim
 ##   import std/parseopt
 ##
 ##   proc printToken(kind: CmdLineKind, key: string, val: string) =
@@ -132,6 +156,7 @@
 ##   # Output:
 ##   # Option and value: j, 4
 ##   # Option and value: first, bar
+##   ```
 ##
 ## See also
 ## ========
@@ -151,7 +176,8 @@
 
 include "system/inclrtl"
 
-import os
+import std/strutils
+import std/os
 
 type
   CmdLineKind* = enum ## The detected command line token.
@@ -164,7 +190,7 @@ type
     ##
     ## To initialize it, use the
     ## `initOptParser proc<#initOptParser,string,set[char],seq[string]>`_.
-    pos*: int
+    pos: int
     inShortState: bool
     allowWhitespaceAfterColon: bool
     shortNoVal: set[char]
@@ -192,26 +218,24 @@ proc parseWord(s: string, i: int, w: var string,
       add(w, s[result])
       inc(result)
 
-proc initOptParser*(cmdline = "", shortNoVal: set[char] = {},
+proc initOptParser*(cmdline: seq[string], shortNoVal: set[char] = {},
                     longNoVal: seq[string] = @[];
                     allowWhitespaceAfterColon = true): OptParser =
   ## Initializes the command line parser.
   ##
-  ## If `cmdline == ""`, the real command line as provided by the
+  ## If `cmdline.len == 0`, the real command line as provided by the
   ## `os` module is retrieved instead if it is available. If the
   ## command line is not available, a `ValueError` will be raised.
-  ##
-  ## `shortNoVal` and `longNoVal` are used to specify which options
-  ## do not take values. See the `documentation about these
-  ## parameters<#shortnoval-and-longnoval>`_ for more information on
-  ## how this affects parsing.
+  ## Behavior of the other parameters remains the same as in
+  ## `initOptParser(string, ...)
+  ## <#initOptParser,string,set[char],seq[string]>`_.
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `getopt iterator<#getopt.i,OptParser>`_
+  ## * `getopt iterator<#getopt.i,seq[string],set[char],seq[string]>`_
   runnableExamples:
     var p = initOptParser()
-    p = initOptParser("--left --debug:3 -l -r:2")
-    p = initOptParser("--left --debug:3 -l -r:2",
+    p = initOptParser(@["--left", "--debug:3", "-l", "-r:2"])
+    p = initOptParser(@["--left", "--debug:3", "-l", "-r:2"],
                       shortNoVal = {'l'}, longNoVal = @["left"])
 
   result.pos = 0
@@ -220,66 +244,60 @@ proc initOptParser*(cmdline = "", shortNoVal: set[char] = {},
   result.shortNoVal = shortNoVal
   result.longNoVal = longNoVal
   result.allowWhitespaceAfterColon = allowWhitespaceAfterColon
-  if cmdline != "":
-    result.cmds = parseCmdLine(cmdline)
+  if cmdline.len != 0:
+    result.cmds = newSeq[string](cmdline.len)
+    for i in 0..<cmdline.len:
+      result.cmds[i] = cmdline[i]
   else:
     when declared(paramCount):
-      result.cmds = newSeq[string](paramCount())
-      for i in countup(1, paramCount()):
-        result.cmds[i-1] = paramStr(i)
+      when defined(nimscript):
+        var ctr = 0
+        var firstNimsFound = false
+        for i in countup(0, paramCount()):
+          if firstNimsFound: 
+            result.cmds[ctr] = paramStr(i)
+            inc ctr, 1
+          if paramStr(i).endsWith(".nims") and not firstNimsFound:
+            firstNimsFound = true 
+            result.cmds = newSeq[string](paramCount()-i)
+      else:
+        result.cmds = newSeq[string](paramCount())
+        for i in countup(1, paramCount()):
+          result.cmds[i-1] = paramStr(i)
     else:
       # we cannot provide this for NimRtl creation on Posix, because we can't
       # access the command line arguments then!
-      doAssert false, "empty command line given but" &
+      raiseAssert "empty command line given but" &
         " real command line is not accessible"
-
   result.kind = cmdEnd
   result.key = ""
   result.val = ""
 
-proc initOptParser*(cmdline: seq[string], shortNoVal: set[char] = {},
+proc initOptParser*(cmdline = "", shortNoVal: set[char] = {},
                     longNoVal: seq[string] = @[];
                     allowWhitespaceAfterColon = true): OptParser =
   ## Initializes the command line parser.
   ##
-  ## If `cmdline.len == 0`, the real command line as provided by the
+  ## If `cmdline == ""`, the real command line as provided by the
   ## `os` module is retrieved instead if it is available. If the
   ## command line is not available, a `ValueError` will be raised.
-  ## Behavior of the other parameters remains the same as in
-  ## `initOptParser(string, ...)
-  ## <#initOptParser,string,set[char],seq[string]>`_.
+  ##
+  ## `shortNoVal` and `longNoVal` are used to specify which options
+  ## do not take values. See the `documentation about these
+  ## parameters<#nimshortnoval-and-nimlongnoval>`_ for more information on
+  ## how this affects parsing.
+  ##
+  ## This does not provide a way of passing default values to arguments.
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `getopt iterator<#getopt.i,seq[string],set[char],seq[string]>`_
+  ## * `getopt iterator<#getopt.i,OptParser>`_
   runnableExamples:
     var p = initOptParser()
-    p = initOptParser(@["--left", "--debug:3", "-l", "-r:2"])
-    p = initOptParser(@["--left", "--debug:3", "-l", "-r:2"],
+    p = initOptParser("--left --debug:3 -l -r:2")
+    p = initOptParser("--left --debug:3 -l -r:2",
                       shortNoVal = {'l'}, longNoVal = @["left"])
 
-  result.pos = 0
-  result.idx = 0
-  result.inShortState = false
-  result.shortNoVal = shortNoVal
-  result.longNoVal = longNoVal
-  result.allowWhitespaceAfterColon = allowWhitespaceAfterColon
-  if cmdline.len != 0:
-    result.cmds = newSeq[string](cmdline.len)
-    for i in 0..<cmdline.len:
-      result.cmds[i] = cmdline[i]
-  else:
-    when declared(paramCount):
-      result.cmds = newSeq[string](paramCount())
-      for i in countup(1, paramCount()):
-        result.cmds[i-1] = paramStr(i)
-    else:
-      # we cannot provide this for NimRtl creation on Posix, because we can't
-      # access the command line arguments then!
-      doAssert false, "empty command line given but" &
-        " real command line is not accessible"
-  result.kind = cmdEnd
-  result.key = ""
-  result.val = ""
+  initOptParser(parseCmdLine(cmdline), shortNoVal, longNoVal, allowWhitespaceAfterColon)
 
 proc handleShortOption(p: var OptParser; cmd: string) =
   var i = p.pos
@@ -373,7 +391,7 @@ proc next*(p: var OptParser) {.rtl, extern: "npo$1".} =
       handleShortOption(p, p.cmds[p.idx])
   else:
     p.kind = cmdArgument
-    p.key =  p.cmds[p.idx]
+    p.key = p.cmds[p.idx]
     inc p.idx
     p.pos = 0
 
@@ -385,15 +403,14 @@ when declared(quoteShellCommand):
     ## * `remainingArgs proc<#remainingArgs,OptParser>`_
     ##
     ## **Examples:**
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block::
+    ##   ```Nim
     ##   var p = initOptParser("--left -r:2 -- foo.txt bar.txt")
     ##   while true:
     ##     p.next()
     ##     if p.kind == cmdLongOption and p.key == "":  # Look for "--"
     ##       break
-    ##     else: continue
     ##   doAssert p.cmdLineRest == "foo.txt bar.txt"
+    ##   ```
     result = p.cmds[p.idx .. ^1].quoteShellCommand
 
 proc remainingArgs*(p: OptParser): seq[string] {.rtl, extern: "npo$1".} =
@@ -403,15 +420,14 @@ proc remainingArgs*(p: OptParser): seq[string] {.rtl, extern: "npo$1".} =
   ## * `cmdLineRest proc<#cmdLineRest,OptParser>`_
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   var p = initOptParser("--left -r:2 -- foo.txt bar.txt")
   ##   while true:
   ##     p.next()
   ##     if p.kind == cmdLongOption and p.key == "":  # Look for "--"
   ##       break
-  ##     else: continue
   ##   doAssert p.remainingArgs == @["foo.txt", "bar.txt"]
+  ##   ```
   result = @[]
   for i in p.idx..<p.cmds.len: result.add p.cmds[i]
 
@@ -420,14 +436,15 @@ iterator getopt*(p: var OptParser): tuple[kind: CmdLineKind, key,
   ## Convenience iterator for iterating over the given
   ## `OptParser<#OptParser>`_.
   ##
-  ## There is no need to check for `cmdEnd` while iterating.
+  ## There is no need to check for `cmdEnd` while iterating. If using `getopt`
+  ## with case switching, checking for `cmdEnd` is required.
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `initOptParser proc<#initOptParser,string,set[char],seq[string]>`_
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   # these are placeholders, of course
   ##   proc writeHelp() = discard
   ##   proc writeVersion() = discard
@@ -447,6 +464,7 @@ iterator getopt*(p: var OptParser): tuple[kind: CmdLineKind, key,
   ##   if filename == "":
   ##     # no filename has been given, so we show the help
   ##     writeHelp()
+  ##   ```
   p.pos = 0
   p.idx = 0
   while true:
@@ -465,18 +483,18 @@ iterator getopt*(cmdline: seq[string] = @[],
   ##
   ## `shortNoVal` and `longNoVal` are used to specify which options
   ## do not take values. See the `documentation about these
-  ## parameters<#shortnoval-and-longnoval>`_ for more information on
+  ## parameters<#nimshortnoval-and-nimlongnoval>`_ for more information on
   ## how this affects parsing.
   ##
-  ## There is no need to check for `cmdEnd` while iterating.
+  ## There is no need to check for `cmdEnd` while iterating. If using `getopt`
+  ## with case switching, checking for `cmdEnd` is required.
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `initOptParser proc<#initOptParser,seq[string],set[char],seq[string]>`_
   ##
   ## **Examples:**
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
-  ##
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   # these are placeholders, of course
   ##   proc writeHelp() = discard
   ##   proc writeVersion() = discard
@@ -496,6 +514,7 @@ iterator getopt*(cmdline: seq[string] = @[],
   ##   if filename == "":
   ##     # no filename has been written, so we show the help
   ##     writeHelp()
+  ##   ```
   var p = initOptParser(cmdline, shortNoVal = shortNoVal,
       longNoVal = longNoVal)
   while true:
diff --git a/lib/pure/parsesql.nim b/lib/pure/parsesql.nim
index eb5d7c2cc..a7c938d01 100644
--- a/lib/pure/parsesql.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/parsesql.nim
@@ -12,9 +12,12 @@
 ##
 ## Unstable API.
 
-import strutils, lexbase
+import std/[strutils, lexbase]
 import std/private/decode_helpers
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 # ------------------- scanner -------------------------------------------------
 
 type
@@ -57,7 +60,7 @@ const
 
   reservedKeywords = @[
     # statements
-    "select", "from", "where", "group", "limit", "having",
+    "select", "from", "where", "group", "limit", "offset", "having",
     # functions
     "count",
   ]
@@ -506,6 +509,7 @@ type
     nkFromItemPair,
     nkGroup,
     nkLimit,
+    nkOffset,
     nkHaving,
     nkOrder,
     nkJoin,
@@ -982,7 +986,7 @@ proc parseInsert(p: var SqlParser): SqlNode =
     parseParIdentList(p, n)
     result.add n
   else:
-    result.add(nil)
+    result.add(newNode(nkNone))
   if isKeyw(p, "default"):
     getTok(p)
     eat(p, "values")
@@ -1017,7 +1021,7 @@ proc parseUpdate(p: var SqlParser): SqlNode =
   if isKeyw(p, "where"):
     result.add(parseWhere(p))
   else:
-    result.add(nil)
+    result.add(newNode(nkNone))
 
 proc parseDelete(p: var SqlParser): SqlNode =
   getTok(p)
@@ -1029,7 +1033,7 @@ proc parseDelete(p: var SqlParser): SqlNode =
   if isKeyw(p, "where"):
     result.add(parseWhere(p))
   else:
-    result.add(nil)
+    result.add(newNode(nkNone))
 
 proc parseSelect(p: var SqlParser): SqlNode =
   getTok(p)
@@ -1123,6 +1127,11 @@ proc parseSelect(p: var SqlParser): SqlNode =
     var l = newNode(nkLimit)
     l.add(parseExpr(p))
     result.add(l)
+  if isKeyw(p, "offset"):
+    getTok(p)
+    var o = newNode(nkOffset)
+    o.add(parseExpr(p))
+    result.add(o)
 
 proc parseStmt(p: var SqlParser; parent: SqlNode) =
   if isKeyw(p, "create"):
@@ -1385,6 +1394,9 @@ proc ra(n: SqlNode, s: var SqlWriter) =
   of nkLimit:
     s.addKeyw("limit")
     s.addMulti(n)
+  of nkOffset:
+    s.addKeyw("offset")
+    s.addMulti(n)
   of nkHaving:
     s.addKeyw("having")
     s.addMulti(n)
@@ -1451,7 +1463,7 @@ proc ra(n: SqlNode, s: var SqlWriter) =
     s.addKeyw("enum")
     rs(n, s)
 
-proc renderSQL*(n: SqlNode, upperCase = false): string =
+proc renderSql*(n: SqlNode, upperCase = false): string =
   ## Converts an SQL abstract syntax tree to its string representation.
   var s: SqlWriter
   s.buffer = ""
@@ -1460,8 +1472,8 @@ proc renderSQL*(n: SqlNode, upperCase = false): string =
   return s.buffer
 
 proc `$`*(n: SqlNode): string =
-  ## an alias for `renderSQL`.
-  renderSQL(n)
+  ## an alias for `renderSql`.
+  renderSql(n)
 
 proc treeReprAux(s: SqlNode, level: int, result: var string) =
   result.add('\n')
@@ -1479,7 +1491,7 @@ proc treeRepr*(s: SqlNode): string =
   result = newStringOfCap(128)
   treeReprAux(s, 0, result)
 
-import streams
+import std/streams
 
 proc open(L: var SqlLexer, input: Stream, filename: string) =
   lexbase.open(L, input)
@@ -1493,7 +1505,7 @@ proc open(p: var SqlParser, input: Stream, filename: string) =
   p.tok.literal = ""
   getTok(p)
 
-proc parseSQL*(input: Stream, filename: string): SqlNode =
+proc parseSql*(input: Stream, filename: string): SqlNode =
   ## parses the SQL from `input` into an AST and returns the AST.
   ## `filename` is only used for error messages.
   ## Syntax errors raise an `SqlParseError` exception.
@@ -1504,8 +1516,8 @@ proc parseSQL*(input: Stream, filename: string): SqlNode =
   finally:
     close(p)
 
-proc parseSQL*(input: string, filename = ""): SqlNode =
+proc parseSql*(input: string, filename = ""): SqlNode =
   ## parses the SQL from `input` into an AST and returns the AST.
   ## `filename` is only used for error messages.
   ## Syntax errors raise an `SqlParseError` exception.
-  parseSQL(newStringStream(input), "")
+  parseSql(newStringStream(input), "")
diff --git a/lib/pure/parseutils.nim b/lib/pure/parseutils.nim
index 64949428f..2ca255fa0 100644
--- a/lib/pure/parseutils.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/parseutils.nim
@@ -12,29 +12,28 @@
 ##
 ## To unpack raw bytes look at the `streams <streams.html>`_ module.
 ##
-## .. code-block:: nim
-##    :test:
+##   ```nim test
+##   let logs = @["2019-01-10: OK_", "2019-01-11: FAIL_", "2019-01: aaaa"]
+##   var outp: seq[string]
 ##
-##    let logs = @["2019-01-10: OK_", "2019-01-11: FAIL_", "2019-01: aaaa"]
-##    var outp: seq[string]
+##   for log in logs:
+##     var res: string
+##     if parseUntil(log, res, ':') == 10: # YYYY-MM-DD == 10
+##       outp.add(res & " - " & captureBetween(log, ' ', '_'))
+##   doAssert outp == @["2019-01-10 - OK", "2019-01-11 - FAIL"]
+##   ```
 ##
-##    for log in logs:
-##      var res: string
-##      if parseUntil(log, res, ':') == 10: # YYYY-MM-DD == 10
-##        outp.add(res & " - " & captureBetween(log, ' ', '_'))
-##    doAssert outp == @["2019-01-10 - OK", "2019-01-11 - FAIL"]
+##   ```nim test
+##   from std/strutils import Digits, parseInt
 ##
-## .. code-block:: nim
-##    :test:
-##    from std/strutils import Digits, parseInt
-##
-##    let
-##      input1 = "2019 school start"
-##      input2 = "3 years back"
-##      startYear = input1[0 .. skipWhile(input1, Digits)-1] # 2019
-##      yearsBack = input2[0 .. skipWhile(input2, Digits)-1] # 3
-##      examYear = parseInt(startYear) + parseInt(yearsBack)
-##    doAssert "Examination is in " & $examYear == "Examination is in 2022"
+##   let
+##     input1 = "2019 school start"
+##     input2 = "3 years back"
+##     startYear = input1[0 .. skipWhile(input1, Digits)-1] # 2019
+##     yearsBack = input2[0 .. skipWhile(input2, Digits)-1] # 3
+##     examYear = parseInt(startYear) + parseInt(yearsBack)
+##   doAssert "Examination is in " & $examYear == "Examination is in 2022"
+##   ```
 ##
 ## **See also:**
 ## * `strutils module<strutils.html>`_ for combined and identical parsing proc's
@@ -50,6 +49,8 @@
 
 include "system/inclrtl"
 
+template toOa(s: string): openArray[char] = openArray[char](s)
+
 const
   Whitespace = {' ', '\t', '\v', '\r', '\l', '\f'}
   IdentChars = {'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', '0'..'9', '_'}
@@ -59,8 +60,7 @@ const
 proc toLower(c: char): char {.inline.} =
   result = if c in {'A'..'Z'}: chr(ord(c)-ord('A')+ord('a')) else: c
 
-proc parseBin*[T: SomeInteger](s: string, number: var T, start = 0,
-    maxLen = 0): int {.noSideEffect.} =
+proc parseBin*[T: SomeInteger](s: openArray[char], number: var T, maxLen = 0): int {.noSideEffect.} =
   ## Parses a binary number and stores its value in ``number``.
   ##
   ## Returns the number of the parsed characters or 0 in case of an error.
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ proc parseBin*[T: SomeInteger](s: string, number: var T, start = 0,
     var num64: int64
     doAssert parseBin("0100111001101001111011010100111001101001", num64) == 40
     doAssert num64 == 336784608873
-  var i = start
+  var i = 0
   var output = T(0)
   var foundDigit = false
   let last = min(s.len, if maxLen == 0: s.len else: i + maxLen)
@@ -104,10 +104,9 @@ proc parseBin*[T: SomeInteger](s: string, number: var T, start = 0,
     inc(i)
   if foundDigit:
     number = output
-    result = i - start
+    result = i
 
-proc parseOct*[T: SomeInteger](s: string, number: var T, start = 0,
-    maxLen = 0): int {.noSideEffect.} =
+proc parseOct*[T: SomeInteger](s: openArray[char], number: var T, maxLen = 0): int {.noSideEffect.} =
   ## Parses an octal number and stores its value in ``number``.
   ##
   ## Returns the number of the parsed characters or 0 in case of an error.
@@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ proc parseOct*[T: SomeInteger](s: string, number: var T, start = 0,
     var num64: int64
     doAssert parseOct("2346475523464755", num64) == 16
     doAssert num64 == 86216859871725
-  var i = start
+  var i = 0
   var output = T(0)
   var foundDigit = false
   let last = min(s.len, if maxLen == 0: s.len else: i + maxLen)
@@ -151,10 +150,9 @@ proc parseOct*[T: SomeInteger](s: string, number: var T, start = 0,
     inc(i)
   if foundDigit:
     number = output
-    result = i - start
+    result = i
 
-proc parseHex*[T: SomeInteger](s: string, number: var T, start = 0,
-    maxLen = 0): int {.noSideEffect.} =
+proc parseHex*[T: SomeInteger](s: openArray[char], number: var T, maxLen = 0): int {.noSideEffect.} =
   ## Parses a hexadecimal number and stores its value in ``number``.
   ##
   ## Returns the number of the parsed characters or 0 in case of an error.
@@ -184,7 +182,7 @@ proc parseHex*[T: SomeInteger](s: string, number: var T, start = 0,
     var num64: int64
     doAssert parseHex("4E69ED4E69ED", num64) == 12
     doAssert num64 == 86216859871725
-  var i = start
+  var i = 0
   var output = T(0)
   var foundDigit = false
   let last = min(s.len, if maxLen == 0: s.len else: i + maxLen)
@@ -206,9 +204,9 @@ proc parseHex*[T: SomeInteger](s: string, number: var T, start = 0,
     inc(i)
   if foundDigit:
     number = output
-    result = i - start
+    result = i
 
-proc parseIdent*(s: string, ident: var string, start = 0): int =
+proc parseIdent*(s: openArray[char], ident: var string): int =
   ## Parses an identifier and stores it in ``ident``. Returns
   ## the number of the parsed characters or 0 in case of an error.
   ## If error, the value of `ident` is not changed.
@@ -220,14 +218,14 @@ proc parseIdent*(s: string, ident: var string, start = 0): int =
     doAssert res == "ello"
     doAssert parseIdent("Hello World", res, 6) == 5
     doAssert res == "World"
-  var i = start
+  var i = 0
   if i < s.len and s[i] in IdentStartChars:
     inc(i)
     while i < s.len and s[i] in IdentChars: inc(i)
-    ident = substr(s, start, i-1)
-    result = i-start
+    ident = substr(s.toOpenArray(0, i-1))
+    result = i
 
-proc parseIdent*(s: string, start = 0): string =
+proc parseIdent*(s: openArray[char]): string =
   ## Parses an identifier and returns it or an empty string in
   ## case of an error.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -236,13 +234,13 @@ proc parseIdent*(s: string, start = 0): string =
     doAssert parseIdent("Hello World", 5) == ""
     doAssert parseIdent("Hello World", 6) == "World"
   result = ""
-  var i = start
+  var i = 0
   if i < s.len and s[i] in IdentStartChars:
     inc(i)
     while i < s.len and s[i] in IdentChars: inc(i)
-    result = substr(s, start, i-1)
+    result = substr(s.toOpenArray(0, i - 1))
 
-proc parseChar*(s: string, c: var char, start = 0): int =
+proc parseChar*(s: openArray[char], c: var char): int =
   ## Parses a single character, stores it in `c` and returns 1.
   ## In case of error (if start >= s.len) it returns 0
   ## and the value of `c` is unchanged.
@@ -252,11 +250,11 @@ proc parseChar*(s: string, c: var char, start = 0): int =
     doAssert c == '\0'
     doAssert "nim".parseChar(c, 0) == 1
     doAssert c == 'n'
-  if start < s.len:
-    c = s[start]
+  if s.len > 0:
+    c = s[0]
     result = 1
 
-proc skipWhitespace*(s: string, start = 0): int {.inline.} =
+proc skipWhitespace*(s: openArray[char]): int {.inline.} =
   ## Skips the whitespace starting at ``s[start]``. Returns the number of
   ## skipped characters.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -265,9 +263,9 @@ proc skipWhitespace*(s: string, start = 0): int {.inline.} =
     doAssert skipWhitespace("Hello World", 5) == 1
     doAssert skipWhitespace("Hello  World", 5) == 2
   result = 0
-  while start+result < s.len and s[start+result] in Whitespace: inc(result)
+  while result < s.len and s[result] in Whitespace: inc(result)
 
-proc skip*(s, token: string, start = 0): int {.inline.} =
+proc skip*(s, token: openArray[char]): int {.inline.} =
   ## Skips the `token` starting at ``s[start]``. Returns the length of `token`
   ## or 0 if there was no `token` at ``s[start]``.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -277,22 +275,22 @@ proc skip*(s, token: string, start = 0): int {.inline.} =
     doAssert skip("CAPlow", "CAP", 0) == 3
     doAssert skip("CAPlow", "cap", 0) == 0
   result = 0
-  while start+result < s.len and result < token.len and
-      s[result+start] == token[result]:
+  while result < s.len and result < token.len and
+      s[result] == token[result]:
     inc(result)
   if result != token.len: result = 0
 
-proc skipIgnoreCase*(s, token: string, start = 0): int =
+proc skipIgnoreCase*(s, token: openArray[char]): int =
   ## Same as `skip` but case is ignored for token matching.
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert skipIgnoreCase("CAPlow", "CAP", 0) == 3
     doAssert skipIgnoreCase("CAPlow", "cap", 0) == 3
   result = 0
-  while start+result < s.len and result < token.len and
-      toLower(s[result+start]) == toLower(token[result]): inc(result)
+  while result < s.len and result < token.len and
+      toLower(s[result]) == toLower(token[result]): inc(result)
   if result != token.len: result = 0
 
-proc skipUntil*(s: string, until: set[char], start = 0): int {.inline.} =
+proc skipUntil*(s: openArray[char], until: set[char]): int {.inline.} =
   ## Skips all characters until one char from the set `until` is found
   ## or the end is reached.
   ## Returns number of characters skipped.
@@ -301,9 +299,9 @@ proc skipUntil*(s: string, until: set[char], start = 0): int {.inline.} =
     doAssert skipUntil("Hello World", {'W'}, 0) == 6
     doAssert skipUntil("Hello World", {'W', 'd'}, 0) == 6
   result = 0
-  while start+result < s.len and s[result+start] notin until: inc(result)
+  while result < s.len and s[result] notin until: inc(result)
 
-proc skipUntil*(s: string, until: char, start = 0): int {.inline.} =
+proc skipUntil*(s: openArray[char], until: char): int {.inline.} =
   ## Skips all characters until the char `until` is found
   ## or the end is reached.
   ## Returns number of characters skipped.
@@ -313,24 +311,23 @@ proc skipUntil*(s: string, until: char, start = 0): int {.inline.} =
     doAssert skipUntil("Hello World", 'W', 0) == 6
     doAssert skipUntil("Hello World", 'w', 0) == 11
   result = 0
-  while start+result < s.len and s[result+start] != until: inc(result)
+  while result < s.len and s[result] != until: inc(result)
 
-proc skipWhile*(s: string, toSkip: set[char], start = 0): int {.inline.} =
-  ## Skips all characters while one char from the set `token` is found.
+proc skipWhile*(s: openArray[char], toSkip: set[char]): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Skips all characters while one char from the set `toSkip` is found.
   ## Returns number of characters skipped.
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert skipWhile("Hello World", {'H', 'e'}) == 2
     doAssert skipWhile("Hello World", {'e'}) == 0
     doAssert skipWhile("Hello World", {'W', 'o', 'r'}, 6) == 3
   result = 0
-  while start+result < s.len and s[result+start] in toSkip: inc(result)
+  while result < s.len and s[result] in toSkip: inc(result)
 
-proc fastSubstr(s: string; token: var string; start, length: int) =
+proc fastSubstr(s: openArray[char]; token: var string; length: int) =
   token.setLen length
-  for i in 0 ..< length: token[i] = s[i+start]
+  for i in 0 ..< length: token[i] = s[i]
 
-proc parseUntil*(s: string, token: var string, until: set[char],
-                 start = 0): int {.inline.} =
+proc parseUntil*(s: openArray[char], token: var string, until: set[char]): int {.inline.} =
   ## Parses a token and stores it in ``token``. Returns
   ## the number of the parsed characters or 0 in case of an error. A token
   ## consists of the characters notin `until`.
@@ -342,14 +339,13 @@ proc parseUntil*(s: string, token: var string, until: set[char],
     doAssert myToken == "Hello "
     doAssert parseUntil("Hello World", myToken, {'W', 'r'}, 3) == 3
     doAssert myToken == "lo "
-  var i = start
+  var i = 0
   while i < s.len and s[i] notin until: inc(i)
-  result = i-start
-  fastSubstr(s, token, start, result)
+  result = i
+  fastSubstr(s, token, result)
   #token = substr(s, start, i-1)
 
-proc parseUntil*(s: string, token: var string, until: char,
-                 start = 0): int {.inline.} =
+proc parseUntil*(s: openArray[char], token: var string, until: char): int {.inline.} =
   ## Parses a token and stores it in ``token``. Returns
   ## the number of the parsed characters or 0 in case of an error. A token
   ## consists of any character that is not the `until` character.
@@ -361,14 +357,13 @@ proc parseUntil*(s: string, token: var string, until: char,
     doAssert myToken == "Hell"
     doAssert parseUntil("Hello World", myToken, 'o', 2) == 2
     doAssert myToken == "ll"
-  var i = start
+  var i = 0
   while i < s.len and s[i] != until: inc(i)
-  result = i-start
-  fastSubstr(s, token, start, result)
+  result = i
+  fastSubstr(s, token, result)
   #token = substr(s, start, i-1)
 
-proc parseUntil*(s: string, token: var string, until: string,
-                 start = 0): int {.inline.} =
+proc parseUntil*(s: openArray[char], token: var string, until: string): int {.inline.} =
   ## Parses a token and stores it in ``token``. Returns
   ## the number of the parsed characters or 0 in case of an error. A token
   ## consists of any character that comes before the `until`  token.
@@ -382,7 +377,7 @@ proc parseUntil*(s: string, token: var string, until: string,
     if until.len == 0:
       token.setLen(0)
       return 0
-  var i = start
+  var i = 0
   while i < s.len:
     if until.len > 0 and s[i] == until[0]:
       var u = 1
@@ -390,12 +385,11 @@ proc parseUntil*(s: string, token: var string, until: string,
         inc u
       if u >= until.len: break
     inc(i)
-  result = i-start
-  fastSubstr(s, token, start, result)
+  result = i
+  fastSubstr(s, token, result)
   #token = substr(s, start, i-1)
 
-proc parseWhile*(s: string, token: var string, validChars: set[char],
-                 start = 0): int {.inline.} =
+proc parseWhile*(s: openArray[char], token: var string, validChars: set[char]): int {.inline.} =
   ## Parses a token and stores it in ``token``. Returns
   ## the number of the parsed characters or 0 in case of an error. A token
   ## consists of the characters in `validChars`.
@@ -405,22 +399,22 @@ proc parseWhile*(s: string, token: var string, validChars: set[char],
     doAssert myToken.len() == 0
     doAssert parseWhile("Hello World", myToken, {'W', 'o', 'r'}, 6) == 3
     doAssert myToken == "Wor"
-  var i = start
+  var i = 0
   while i < s.len and s[i] in validChars: inc(i)
-  result = i-start
-  fastSubstr(s, token, start, result)
+  result = i
+  fastSubstr(s, token, result)
   #token = substr(s, start, i-1)
 
-proc captureBetween*(s: string, first: char, second = '\0', start = 0): string =
+proc captureBetween*(s: openArray[char], first: char, second = '\0'): string =
   ## Finds the first occurrence of ``first``, then returns everything from there
   ## up to ``second`` (if ``second`` is '\0', then ``first`` is used).
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert captureBetween("Hello World", 'e') == "llo World"
     doAssert captureBetween("Hello World", 'e', 'r') == "llo Wo"
-    doAssert captureBetween("Hello World", 'l', start = 6) == "d"
-  var i = skipUntil(s, first, start)+1+start
+    doAssert captureBetween("Hello World".toOpenArray(6, "Hello World".high), 'l') == "d"
+  var i = skipUntil(s, first) + 1
   result = ""
-  discard s.parseUntil(result, if second == '\0': first else: second, i)
+  discard parseUntil(s.toOpenArray(i, s.high), result, if second == '\0': first else: second)
 
 proc integerOutOfRangeError() {.noinline.} =
   raise newException(ValueError, "Parsed integer outside of valid range")
@@ -429,10 +423,10 @@ proc integerOutOfRangeError() {.noinline.} =
 when defined(js):
   {.push overflowChecks: off.}
 
-proc rawParseInt(s: string, b: var BiggestInt, start = 0): int =
+proc rawParseInt(s: openArray[char], b: var BiggestInt): int =
   var
     sign: BiggestInt = -1
-    i = start
+    i = 0
   if i < s.len:
     if s[i] == '+': inc(i)
     elif s[i] == '-':
@@ -452,47 +446,47 @@ proc rawParseInt(s: string, b: var BiggestInt, start = 0): int =
       integerOutOfRangeError()
     else:
       b = b * sign
-      result = i - start
+      result = i
 
 when defined(js):
   {.pop.} # overflowChecks: off
 
-proc parseBiggestInt*(s: string, number: var BiggestInt, start = 0): int {.
+proc parseBiggestInt*(s: openArray[char], number: var BiggestInt): int {.
   rtl, extern: "npuParseBiggestInt", noSideEffect, raises: [ValueError].} =
-  ## Parses an integer starting at `start` and stores the value into `number`.
+  ## Parses an integer and stores the value into `number`.
   ## Result is the number of processed chars or 0 if there is no integer.
   ## `ValueError` is raised if the parsed integer is out of the valid range.
   runnableExamples:
     var res: BiggestInt
-    doAssert parseBiggestInt("9223372036854775807", res, 0) == 19
+    doAssert parseBiggestInt("9223372036854775807", res) == 19
     doAssert res == 9223372036854775807
+    doAssert parseBiggestInt("-2024_05_09", res) == 11
+    doAssert res == -20240509
   var res = BiggestInt(0)
   # use 'res' for exception safety (don't write to 'number' in case of an
   # overflow exception):
-  result = rawParseInt(s, res, start)
+  result = rawParseInt(s, res)
   if result != 0:
     number = res
 
-proc parseInt*(s: string, number: var int, start = 0): int {.
+proc parseInt*(s: openArray[char], number: var int): int {.
   rtl, extern: "npuParseInt", noSideEffect, raises: [ValueError].} =
-  ## Parses an integer starting at `start` and stores the value into `number`.
+  ## Parses an integer and stores the value into `number`.
   ## Result is the number of processed chars or 0 if there is no integer.
   ## `ValueError` is raised if the parsed integer is out of the valid range.
   runnableExamples:
     var res: int
-    doAssert parseInt("2019", res, 0) == 4
-    doAssert res == 2019
-    doAssert parseInt("2019", res, 2) == 2
-    doAssert res == 19
+    doAssert parseInt("-2024_05_02", res) == 11
+    doAssert res == -20240502
   var res = BiggestInt(0)
-  result = parseBiggestInt(s, res, start)
+  result = parseBiggestInt(s, res)
   when sizeof(int) <= 4:
     if res < low(int) or res > high(int):
       integerOutOfRangeError()
   if result != 0:
     number = int(res)
 
-proc parseSaturatedNatural*(s: string, b: var int, start = 0): int {.
+proc parseSaturatedNatural*(s: openArray[char], b: var int): int {.
     raises: [].} =
   ## Parses a natural number into ``b``. This cannot raise an overflow
   ## error. ``high(int)`` is returned for an overflow.
@@ -502,7 +496,7 @@ proc parseSaturatedNatural*(s: string, b: var int, start = 0): int {.
     var res = 0
     discard parseSaturatedNatural("848", res)
     doAssert res == 848
-  var i = start
+  var i = 0
   if i < s.len and s[i] == '+': inc(i)
   if i < s.len and s[i] in {'0'..'9'}:
     b = 0
@@ -514,13 +508,13 @@ proc parseSaturatedNatural*(s: string, b: var int, start = 0): int {.
         b = high(int)
       inc(i)
       while i < s.len and s[i] == '_': inc(i) # underscores are allowed and ignored
-    result = i - start
+    result = i
 
-proc rawParseUInt(s: string, b: var BiggestUInt, start = 0): int =
+proc rawParseUInt(s: openArray[char], b: var BiggestUInt): int =
   var
     res = 0.BiggestUInt
     prev = 0.BiggestUInt
-    i = start
+    i = 0
   if i < s.len - 1 and s[i] == '-' and s[i + 1] in {'0'..'9'}:
     integerOutOfRangeError()
   if i < s.len and s[i] == '+': inc(i) # Allow
@@ -534,11 +528,11 @@ proc rawParseUInt(s: string, b: var BiggestUInt, start = 0): int =
       inc(i)
       while i < s.len and s[i] == '_': inc(i) # underscores are allowed and ignored
     b = res
-    result = i - start
+    result = i
 
-proc parseBiggestUInt*(s: string, number: var BiggestUInt, start = 0): int {.
+proc parseBiggestUInt*(s: openArray[char], number: var BiggestUInt): int {.
   rtl, extern: "npuParseBiggestUInt", noSideEffect, raises: [ValueError].} =
-  ## Parses an unsigned integer starting at `start` and stores the value
+  ## Parses an unsigned integer and stores the value
   ## into `number`.
   ## `ValueError` is raised if the parsed integer is out of the valid range.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -550,13 +544,13 @@ proc parseBiggestUInt*(s: string, number: var BiggestUInt, start = 0): int {.
   var res = BiggestUInt(0)
   # use 'res' for exception safety (don't write to 'number' in case of an
   # overflow exception):
-  result = rawParseUInt(s, res, start)
+  result = rawParseUInt(s, res)
   if result != 0:
     number = res
 
-proc parseUInt*(s: string, number: var uint, start = 0): int {.
+proc parseUInt*(s: openArray[char], number: var uint): int {.
   rtl, extern: "npuParseUInt", noSideEffect, raises: [ValueError].} =
-  ## Parses an unsigned integer starting at `start` and stores the value
+  ## Parses an unsigned integer and stores the value
   ## into `number`.
   ## `ValueError` is raised if the parsed integer is out of the valid range.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -566,22 +560,22 @@ proc parseUInt*(s: string, number: var uint, start = 0): int {.
     doAssert parseUInt("3450", res, 2) == 2
     doAssert res == 50
   var res = BiggestUInt(0)
-  result = parseBiggestUInt(s, res, start)
+  result = parseBiggestUInt(s, res)
   when sizeof(BiggestUInt) > sizeof(uint) and sizeof(uint) <= 4:
     if res > 0xFFFF_FFFF'u64:
       integerOutOfRangeError()
   if result != 0:
     number = uint(res)
 
-proc parseBiggestFloat*(s: string, number: var BiggestFloat, start = 0): int {.
+proc parseBiggestFloat*(s: openArray[char], number: var BiggestFloat): int {.
   magic: "ParseBiggestFloat", importc: "nimParseBiggestFloat", noSideEffect.}
-  ## Parses a float starting at `start` and stores the value into `number`.
+  ## Parses a float and stores the value into `number`.
   ## Result is the number of processed chars or 0 if a parsing error
   ## occurred.
 
-proc parseFloat*(s: string, number: var float, start = 0): int {.
+proc parseFloat*(s: openArray[char], number: var float): int {.
   rtl, extern: "npuParseFloat", noSideEffect.} =
-  ## Parses a float starting at `start` and stores the value into `number`.
+  ## Parses a float and stores the value into `number`.
   ## Result is the number of processed chars or 0 if there occurred a parsing
   ## error.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -593,10 +587,75 @@ proc parseFloat*(s: string, number: var float, start = 0): int {.
     doAssert parseFloat("32.57", res, 3) == 2
     doAssert res == 57.00
   var bf = BiggestFloat(0.0)
-  result = parseBiggestFloat(s, bf, start)
+  result = parseBiggestFloat(s, bf)
   if result != 0:
     number = bf
 
+func toLowerAscii(c: char): char =
+  if c in {'A'..'Z'}: char(uint8(c) xor 0b0010_0000'u8) else: c
+
+func parseSize*(s: openArray[char], size: var int64, alwaysBin=false): int =
+  ## Parse a size qualified by binary or metric units into `size`.  This format
+  ## is often called "human readable".  Result is the number of processed chars
+  ## or 0 on parse errors and size is rounded to the nearest integer.  Trailing
+  ## garbage like "/s" in "1k/s" is allowed and detected by `result < s.len`.
+  ##
+  ## To simplify use, following non-rare wild conventions, and since fractional
+  ## data like milli-bytes is so rare, unit matching is case-insensitive but for
+  ## the 'i' distinguishing binary-metric from metric (which cannot be 'I').
+  ##
+  ## An optional trailing 'B|b' is ignored but processed.  I.e., you must still
+  ## know if units are bytes | bits or infer this fact via the case of s[^1] (if
+  ## users can even be relied upon to use 'B' for byte and 'b' for bit or have
+  ## that be s[^1]).
+  ##
+  ## If `alwaysBin==true` then scales are always binary-metric, but e.g. "KiB"
+  ## is still accepted for clarity.  If the value would exceed the range of
+  ## `int64`, `size` saturates to `int64.high`.  Supported metric prefix chars
+  ## include k, m, g, t, p, e, z, y (but z & y saturate unless the number is a
+  ## small fraction).
+  ##
+  ## **See also:**
+  ## * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix
+  ## * `formatSize module<strutils.html>`_ for formatting
+  runnableExamples:
+    var res: int64  # caller must still know if 'b' refers to bytes|bits
+    doAssert parseSize("10.5 MB", res) == 7
+    doAssert res == 10_500_000  # decimal metric Mega prefix
+    doAssert parseSize("64 mib", res) == 6
+    doAssert res == 67108864    # 64 shl 20
+    doAssert parseSize("1G/h", res, true) == 2 # '/' stops parse
+    doAssert res == 1073741824  # 1 shl 30, forced binary metric
+  const prefix = "b" & "kmgtpezy"       # byte|bit & lowCase metric-ish prefixes
+  const scaleM = [1.0, 1e3, 1e6, 1e9, 1e12, 1e15, 1e18, 1e21, 1e24] # 10^(3*idx)
+  const scaleB = [1.0, 1024, 1048576, 1073741824, 1099511627776.0,  # 2^(10*idx)
+                  1125899906842624.0, 1152921504606846976.0,        # ldexp?
+                  1.180591620717411303424e21, 1.208925819614629174706176e24]
+  var number: float
+  var scale = 1.0
+  result = parseFloat(s, number)
+  if number < 0:                        # While parseFloat accepts negatives ..
+    result = 0                          #.. we do not since sizes cannot be < 0
+  if result > 0:
+    let start = result                  # Save spot to maybe unwind white to EOS
+    while result < s.len and s[result] in Whitespace:
+      inc result
+    if result < s.len:                  # Illegal starting char => unity
+      if (let si = prefix.find(s[result].toLowerAscii); si >= 0):
+        inc result                      # Now parse the scale
+        scale = if alwaysBin: scaleB[si] else: scaleM[si]
+        if result < s.len and s[result] == 'i':
+          scale = scaleB[si]            # Switch from default to binary-metric
+          inc result
+        if result < s.len and s[result].toLowerAscii == 'b':
+          inc result                    # Skip optional '[bB]'
+    else:                               # Unwind result advancement when there..
+      result = start                    #..is no unit to the end of `s`.
+    var sizeF = number * scale + 0.5    # Saturate to int64.high when too big
+    size = if sizeF > 9223372036854774784.0: int64.high else: sizeF.int64
+# Above constant=2^63-1024 avoids C UB; github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/20102 or
+# stackoverflow.com/questions/20923556/math-pow2-63-1-math-pow2-63-512-is-true
+
 type
   InterpolatedKind* = enum ## Describes for `interpolatedFragments`
                            ## which part of the interpolated string is
@@ -606,7 +665,7 @@ type
     ikVar,                 ## ``var`` part of the interpolated string
     ikExpr                 ## ``expr`` part of the interpolated string
 
-iterator interpolatedFragments*(s: string): tuple[kind: InterpolatedKind,
+iterator interpolatedFragments*(s: openArray[char]): tuple[kind: InterpolatedKind,
   value: string] =
   ## Tokenizes the string `s` into substrings for interpolation purposes.
   ##
@@ -641,7 +700,7 @@ iterator interpolatedFragments*(s: string): tuple[kind: InterpolatedKind,
             else: discard
             inc j
           raise newException(ValueError,
-            "Expected closing '}': " & substr(s, i, s.high))
+            "Expected closing '}': " & substr(s.toOpenArray(i, s.high)))
         inc i, 2 # skip ${
         kind = ikExpr
       elif j+1 < s.len and s[j+1] in IdentStartChars:
@@ -655,15 +714,374 @@ iterator interpolatedFragments*(s: string): tuple[kind: InterpolatedKind,
         kind = ikDollar
       else:
         raise newException(ValueError,
-          "Unable to parse a variable name at " & substr(s, i, s.high))
+          "Unable to parse a variable name at " & substr(s.toOpenArray(i, s.high)))
     else:
       while j < s.len and s[j] != '$': inc j
       kind = ikStr
     if j > i:
       # do not copy the trailing } for ikExpr:
-      yield (kind, substr(s, i, j-1-ord(kind == ikExpr)))
+      yield (kind, substr(s.toOpenArray(i, j-1-ord(kind == ikExpr))))
     else:
       break
     i = j
 
 {.pop.}
+
+
+proc parseBin*[T: SomeInteger](s: string, number: var T, start = 0,
+    maxLen = 0): int {.noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Parses a binary number and stores its value in ``number``.
+  ##
+  ## Returns the number of the parsed characters or 0 in case of an error.
+  ## If error, the value of ``number`` is not changed.
+  ##
+  ## If ``maxLen == 0``, the parsing continues until the first non-bin character
+  ## or to the end of the string. Otherwise, no more than ``maxLen`` characters
+  ## are parsed starting from the ``start`` position.
+  ##
+  ## It does not check for overflow. If the value represented by the string is
+  ## too big to fit into ``number``, only the value of last fitting characters
+  ## will be stored in ``number`` without producing an error.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var num: int
+    doAssert parseBin("0100_1110_0110_1001_1110_1101", num) == 29
+    doAssert num == 5138925
+    doAssert parseBin("3", num) == 0
+    var num8: int8
+    doAssert parseBin("0b_0100_1110_0110_1001_1110_1101", num8) == 32
+    doAssert num8 == 0b1110_1101'i8
+    doAssert parseBin("0b_0100_1110_0110_1001_1110_1101", num8, 3, 9) == 9
+    doAssert num8 == 0b0100_1110'i8
+    var num8u: uint8
+    doAssert parseBin("0b_0100_1110_0110_1001_1110_1101", num8u) == 32
+    doAssert num8u == 237
+    var num64: int64
+    doAssert parseBin("0100111001101001111011010100111001101001", num64) == 40
+    doAssert num64 == 336784608873
+  parseBin(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), number, maxLen)
+
+proc parseOct*[T: SomeInteger](s: string, number: var T, start = 0,
+    maxLen = 0): int {.noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Parses an octal number and stores its value in ``number``.
+  ##
+  ## Returns the number of the parsed characters or 0 in case of an error.
+  ## If error, the value of ``number`` is not changed.
+  ##
+  ## If ``maxLen == 0``, the parsing continues until the first non-oct character
+  ## or to the end of the string. Otherwise, no more than ``maxLen`` characters
+  ## are parsed starting from the ``start`` position.
+  ##
+  ## It does not check for overflow. If the value represented by the string is
+  ## too big to fit into ``number``, only the value of last fitting characters
+  ## will be stored in ``number`` without producing an error.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var num: int
+    doAssert parseOct("0o23464755", num) == 10
+    doAssert num == 5138925
+    doAssert parseOct("8", num) == 0
+    var num8: int8
+    doAssert parseOct("0o_1464_755", num8) == 11
+    doAssert num8 == -19
+    doAssert parseOct("0o_1464_755", num8, 3, 3) == 3
+    doAssert num8 == 102
+    var num8u: uint8
+    doAssert parseOct("1464755", num8u) == 7
+    doAssert num8u == 237
+    var num64: int64
+    doAssert parseOct("2346475523464755", num64) == 16
+    doAssert num64 == 86216859871725
+  parseOct(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), number, maxLen)
+
+proc parseHex*[T: SomeInteger](s: string, number: var T, start = 0,
+    maxLen = 0): int {.noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Parses a hexadecimal number and stores its value in ``number``.
+  ##
+  ## Returns the number of the parsed characters or 0 in case of an error.
+  ## If error, the value of ``number`` is not changed.
+  ##
+  ## If ``maxLen == 0``, the parsing continues until the first non-hex character
+  ## or to the end of the string. Otherwise, no more than ``maxLen`` characters
+  ## are parsed starting from the ``start`` position.
+  ##
+  ## It does not check for overflow. If the value represented by the string is
+  ## too big to fit into ``number``, only the value of last fitting characters
+  ## will be stored in ``number`` without producing an error.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var num: int
+    doAssert parseHex("4E_69_ED", num) == 8
+    doAssert num == 5138925
+    doAssert parseHex("X", num) == 0
+    doAssert parseHex("#ABC", num) == 4
+    var num8: int8
+    doAssert parseHex("0x_4E_69_ED", num8) == 11
+    doAssert num8 == 0xED'i8
+    doAssert parseHex("0x_4E_69_ED", num8, 3, 2) == 2
+    doAssert num8 == 0x4E'i8
+    var num8u: uint8
+    doAssert parseHex("0x_4E_69_ED", num8u) == 11
+    doAssert num8u == 237
+    var num64: int64
+    doAssert parseHex("4E69ED4E69ED", num64) == 12
+    doAssert num64 == 86216859871725
+  parseHex(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), number, maxLen)
+
+proc parseIdent*(s: string, ident: var string, start = 0): int =
+  ## Parses an identifier and stores it in ``ident``. Returns
+  ## the number of the parsed characters or 0 in case of an error.
+  ## If error, the value of `ident` is not changed.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var res: string
+    doAssert parseIdent("Hello World", res, 0) == 5
+    doAssert res == "Hello"
+    doAssert parseIdent("Hello World", res, 1) == 4
+    doAssert res == "ello"
+    doAssert parseIdent("Hello World", res, 6) == 5
+    doAssert res == "World"
+  parseIdent(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), ident)
+
+proc parseIdent*(s: string, start = 0): string =
+  ## Parses an identifier and returns it or an empty string in
+  ## case of an error.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert parseIdent("Hello World", 0) == "Hello"
+    doAssert parseIdent("Hello World", 1) == "ello"
+    doAssert parseIdent("Hello World", 5) == ""
+    doAssert parseIdent("Hello World", 6) == "World"
+  parseIdent(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high))
+
+proc parseChar*(s: string, c: var char, start = 0): int =
+  ## Parses a single character, stores it in `c` and returns 1.
+  ## In case of error (if start >= s.len) it returns 0
+  ## and the value of `c` is unchanged.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var c: char
+    doAssert "nim".parseChar(c, 3) == 0
+    doAssert c == '\0'
+    doAssert "nim".parseChar(c, 0) == 1
+    doAssert c == 'n'
+  parseChar(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), c)
+
+proc skipWhitespace*(s: string, start = 0): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Skips the whitespace starting at ``s[start]``. Returns the number of
+  ## skipped characters.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert skipWhitespace("Hello World", 0) == 0
+    doAssert skipWhitespace(" Hello World", 0) == 1
+    doAssert skipWhitespace("Hello World", 5) == 1
+    doAssert skipWhitespace("Hello  World", 5) == 2
+  skipWhitespace(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high))
+
+proc skip*(s, token: string, start = 0): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Skips the `token` starting at ``s[start]``. Returns the length of `token`
+  ## or 0 if there was no `token` at ``s[start]``.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert skip("2019-01-22", "2019", 0) == 4
+    doAssert skip("2019-01-22", "19", 0) == 0
+    doAssert skip("2019-01-22", "19", 2) == 2
+    doAssert skip("CAPlow", "CAP", 0) == 3
+    doAssert skip("CAPlow", "cap", 0) == 0
+  skip(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), token)
+
+proc skipIgnoreCase*(s, token: string, start = 0): int =
+  ## Same as `skip` but case is ignored for token matching.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert skipIgnoreCase("CAPlow", "CAP", 0) == 3
+    doAssert skipIgnoreCase("CAPlow", "cap", 0) == 3
+  skipIgnoreCase(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), token)
+
+proc skipUntil*(s: string, until: set[char], start = 0): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Skips all characters until one char from the set `until` is found
+  ## or the end is reached.
+  ## Returns number of characters skipped.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert skipUntil("Hello World", {'W', 'e'}, 0) == 1
+    doAssert skipUntil("Hello World", {'W'}, 0) == 6
+    doAssert skipUntil("Hello World", {'W', 'd'}, 0) == 6
+  skipUntil(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), until)
+
+proc skipUntil*(s: string, until: char, start = 0): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Skips all characters until the char `until` is found
+  ## or the end is reached.
+  ## Returns number of characters skipped.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert skipUntil("Hello World", 'o', 0) == 4
+    doAssert skipUntil("Hello World", 'o', 4) == 0
+    doAssert skipUntil("Hello World", 'W', 0) == 6
+    doAssert skipUntil("Hello World", 'w', 0) == 11
+  skipUntil(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), until)
+
+proc skipWhile*(s: string, toSkip: set[char], start = 0): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Skips all characters while one char from the set `toSkip` is found.
+  ## Returns number of characters skipped.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert skipWhile("Hello World", {'H', 'e'}) == 2
+    doAssert skipWhile("Hello World", {'e'}) == 0
+    doAssert skipWhile("Hello World", {'W', 'o', 'r'}, 6) == 3
+  skipWhile(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), toSkip)
+
+proc parseUntil*(s: string, token: var string, until: set[char],
+                 start = 0): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Parses a token and stores it in ``token``. Returns
+  ## the number of the parsed characters or 0 in case of an error. A token
+  ## consists of the characters notin `until`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var myToken: string
+    doAssert parseUntil("Hello World", myToken, {'W', 'o', 'r'}) == 4
+    doAssert myToken == "Hell"
+    doAssert parseUntil("Hello World", myToken, {'W', 'r'}) == 6
+    doAssert myToken == "Hello "
+    doAssert parseUntil("Hello World", myToken, {'W', 'r'}, 3) == 3
+    doAssert myToken == "lo "
+  parseUntil(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), token, until)
+
+proc parseUntil*(s: string, token: var string, until: char,
+                 start = 0): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Parses a token and stores it in ``token``. Returns
+  ## the number of the parsed characters or 0 in case of an error. A token
+  ## consists of any character that is not the `until` character.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var myToken: string
+    doAssert parseUntil("Hello World", myToken, 'W') == 6
+    doAssert myToken == "Hello "
+    doAssert parseUntil("Hello World", myToken, 'o') == 4
+    doAssert myToken == "Hell"
+    doAssert parseUntil("Hello World", myToken, 'o', 2) == 2
+    doAssert myToken == "ll"
+  parseUntil(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), token, until)
+
+proc parseUntil*(s: string, token: var string, until: string,
+                 start = 0): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Parses a token and stores it in ``token``. Returns
+  ## the number of the parsed characters or 0 in case of an error. A token
+  ## consists of any character that comes before the `until`  token.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var myToken: string
+    doAssert parseUntil("Hello World", myToken, "Wor") == 6
+    doAssert myToken == "Hello "
+    doAssert parseUntil("Hello World", myToken, "Wor", 2) == 4
+    doAssert myToken == "llo "
+  parseUntil(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), token, until)
+
+proc parseWhile*(s: string, token: var string, validChars: set[char],
+                 start = 0): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Parses a token and stores it in ``token``. Returns
+  ## the number of the parsed characters or 0 in case of an error. A token
+  ## consists of the characters in `validChars`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var myToken: string
+    doAssert parseWhile("Hello World", myToken, {'W', 'o', 'r'}, 0) == 0
+    doAssert myToken.len() == 0
+    doAssert parseWhile("Hello World", myToken, {'W', 'o', 'r'}, 6) == 3
+    doAssert myToken == "Wor"
+  parseWhile(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), token, validChars)
+
+proc captureBetween*(s: string, first: char, second = '\0', start = 0): string =
+  ## Finds the first occurrence of ``first``, then returns everything from there
+  ## up to ``second`` (if ``second`` is '\0', then ``first`` is used).
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert captureBetween("Hello World", 'e') == "llo World"
+    doAssert captureBetween("Hello World", 'e', 'r') == "llo Wo"
+    doAssert captureBetween("Hello World", 'l', start = 6) == "d"
+  captureBetween(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), first, second)
+
+proc parseBiggestInt*(s: string, number: var BiggestInt, start = 0): int {.noSideEffect, raises: [ValueError].} =
+  ## Parses an integer starting at `start` and stores the value into `number`.
+  ## Result is the number of processed chars or 0 if there is no integer.
+  ## `ValueError` is raised if the parsed integer is out of the valid range.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var res: BiggestInt
+    doAssert parseBiggestInt("9223372036854775807", res, 0) == 19
+    doAssert res == 9223372036854775807
+    doAssert parseBiggestInt("-2024_05_09", res) == 11
+    doAssert res == -20240509
+    doAssert parseBiggestInt("-2024_05_02", res, 7) == 4
+    doAssert res == 502
+  parseBiggestInt(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), number)
+
+proc parseInt*(s: string, number: var int, start = 0): int {.noSideEffect, raises: [ValueError].} =
+  ## Parses an integer starting at `start` and stores the value into `number`.
+  ## Result is the number of processed chars or 0 if there is no integer.
+  ## `ValueError` is raised if the parsed integer is out of the valid range.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var res: int
+    doAssert parseInt("-2024_05_02", res) == 11
+    doAssert res == -20240502
+    doAssert parseInt("-2024_05_02", res, 7) == 4
+    doAssert res == 502
+  parseInt(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), number)
+
+
+proc parseSaturatedNatural*(s: string, b: var int, start = 0): int {.
+    raises: [].} =
+  ## Parses a natural number into ``b``. This cannot raise an overflow
+  ## error. ``high(int)`` is returned for an overflow.
+  ## The number of processed character is returned.
+  ## This is usually what you really want to use instead of `parseInt`:idx:.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var res = 0
+    discard parseSaturatedNatural("848", res)
+    doAssert res == 848
+  parseSaturatedNatural(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), b)
+
+
+proc parseBiggestUInt*(s: string, number: var BiggestUInt, start = 0): int {.noSideEffect, raises: [ValueError].} =
+  ## Parses an unsigned integer starting at `start` and stores the value
+  ## into `number`.
+  ## `ValueError` is raised if the parsed integer is out of the valid range.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var res: BiggestUInt
+    doAssert parseBiggestUInt("12", res, 0) == 2
+    doAssert res == 12
+    doAssert parseBiggestUInt("1111111111111111111", res, 0) == 19
+    doAssert res == 1111111111111111111'u64
+  parseBiggestUInt(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), number)
+
+proc parseUInt*(s: string, number: var uint, start = 0): int {.noSideEffect, raises: [ValueError].} =
+  ## Parses an unsigned integer starting at `start` and stores the value
+  ## into `number`.
+  ## `ValueError` is raised if the parsed integer is out of the valid range.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var res: uint
+    doAssert parseUInt("3450", res) == 4
+    doAssert res == 3450
+    doAssert parseUInt("3450", res, 2) == 2
+    doAssert res == 50
+  parseUInt(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), number)
+
+proc parseBiggestFloat*(s: string, number: var BiggestFloat, start = 0): int {.noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Parses a float starting at `start` and stores the value into `number`.
+  ## Result is the number of processed chars or 0 if a parsing error
+  ## occurred.
+  parseFloat(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), number)
+
+proc parseFloat*(s: string, number: var float, start = 0): int {.noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Parses a float starting at `start` and stores the value into `number`.
+  ## Result is the number of processed chars or 0 if there occurred a parsing
+  ## error.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var res: float
+    doAssert parseFloat("32", res, 0) == 2
+    doAssert res == 32.0
+    doAssert parseFloat("32.57", res, 0) == 5
+    doAssert res == 32.57
+    doAssert parseFloat("32.57", res, 3) == 2
+    doAssert res == 57.00
+  parseFloat(s.toOpenArray(start, s.high), number)
+
+iterator interpolatedFragments*(s: string): tuple[kind: InterpolatedKind,
+  value: string] =
+  ## Tokenizes the string `s` into substrings for interpolation purposes.
+  ##
+  runnableExamples:
+    var outp: seq[tuple[kind: InterpolatedKind, value: string]]
+    for k, v in interpolatedFragments("  $this is ${an  example}  $$"):
+      outp.add (k, v)
+    doAssert outp == @[(ikStr, "  "),
+                       (ikVar, "this"),
+                       (ikStr, " is "),
+                       (ikExpr, "an  example"),
+                       (ikStr, "  "),
+                       (ikDollar, "$")]
+  for x in s.toOa.interpolatedFragments:
+    yield x
+
diff --git a/lib/pure/parsexml.nim b/lib/pure/parsexml.nim
index 79a9cc730..c760799a2 100644
--- a/lib/pure/parsexml.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/parsexml.nim
@@ -36,43 +36,43 @@ The file ``examples/htmltitle.nim`` demonstrates how to use the
 XML parser to accomplish a simple task: To determine the title of an HTML
 document.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
+  # Example program to show the parsexml module
+  # This program reads an HTML file and writes its title to stdout.
+  # Errors and whitespace are ignored.
 
-    # Example program to show the parsexml module
-    # This program reads an HTML file and writes its title to stdout.
-    # Errors and whitespace are ignored.
+  import std/[os, streams, parsexml, strutils]
 
-    import os, streams, parsexml, strutils
+  if paramCount() < 1:
+    quit("Usage: htmltitle filename[.html]")
 
-    if paramCount() < 1:
-      quit("Usage: htmltitle filename[.html]")
-
-    var filename = addFileExt(paramStr(1), "html")
-    var s = newFileStream(filename, fmRead)
-    if s == nil: quit("cannot open the file " & filename)
-    var x: XmlParser
-    open(x, s, filename)
-    while true:
-      x.next()
-      case x.kind
-      of xmlElementStart:
-        if cmpIgnoreCase(x.elementName, "title") == 0:
-          var title = ""
-          x.next()  # skip "<title>"
-          while x.kind == xmlCharData:
-            title.add(x.charData)
-            x.next()
-          if x.kind == xmlElementEnd and cmpIgnoreCase(x.elementName, "title") == 0:
-            echo("Title: " & title)
-            quit(0) # Success!
-          else:
-            echo(x.errorMsgExpected("/title"))
+  var filename = addFileExt(paramStr(1), "html")
+  var s = newFileStream(filename, fmRead)
+  if s == nil: quit("cannot open the file " & filename)
+  var x: XmlParser
+  open(x, s, filename)
+  while true:
+    x.next()
+    case x.kind
+    of xmlElementStart:
+      if cmpIgnoreCase(x.elementName, "title") == 0:
+        var title = ""
+        x.next()  # skip "<title>"
+        while x.kind == xmlCharData:
+          title.add(x.charData)
+          x.next()
+        if x.kind == xmlElementEnd and cmpIgnoreCase(x.elementName, "title") == 0:
+          echo("Title: " & title)
+          quit(0) # Success!
+        else:
+          echo(x.errorMsgExpected("/title"))
 
-      of xmlEof: break # end of file reached
-      else: discard # ignore other events
+    of xmlEof: break # end of file reached
+    else: discard # ignore other events
 
-    x.close()
-    quit("Could not determine title!")
+  x.close()
+  quit("Could not determine title!")
+  ```
 
 ]##
 
@@ -85,69 +85,72 @@ The file ``examples/htmlrefs.nim`` demonstrates how to use the
 XML parser to accomplish another simple task: To determine all the links
 an HTML document contains.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
+  # Example program to show the new parsexml module
+  # This program reads an HTML file and writes all its used links to stdout.
+  # Errors and whitespace are ignored.
 
-    # Example program to show the new parsexml module
-    # This program reads an HTML file and writes all its used links to stdout.
-    # Errors and whitespace are ignored.
+  import std/[os, streams, parsexml, strutils]
 
-    import os, streams, parsexml, strutils
+  proc `=?=` (a, b: string): bool =
+    # little trick: define our own comparator that ignores case
+    return cmpIgnoreCase(a, b) == 0
 
-    proc `=?=` (a, b: string): bool =
-      # little trick: define our own comparator that ignores case
-      return cmpIgnoreCase(a, b) == 0
+  if paramCount() < 1:
+    quit("Usage: htmlrefs filename[.html]")
 
-    if paramCount() < 1:
-      quit("Usage: htmlrefs filename[.html]")
-
-    var links = 0 # count the number of links
-    var filename = addFileExt(paramStr(1), "html")
-    var s = newFileStream(filename, fmRead)
-    if s == nil: quit("cannot open the file " & filename)
-    var x: XmlParser
-    open(x, s, filename)
-    next(x) # get first event
-    block mainLoop:
-      while true:
-        case x.kind
-        of xmlElementOpen:
-          # the <a href = "xyz"> tag we are interested in always has an attribute,
-          # thus we search for ``xmlElementOpen`` and not for ``xmlElementStart``
-          if x.elementName =?= "a":
-            x.next()
-            if x.kind == xmlAttribute:
-              if x.attrKey =?= "href":
-                var link = x.attrValue
-                inc(links)
-                # skip until we have an ``xmlElementClose`` event
-                while true:
-                  x.next()
-                  case x.kind
-                  of xmlEof: break mainLoop
-                  of xmlElementClose: break
-                  else: discard
-                x.next() # skip ``xmlElementClose``
-                # now we have the description for the ``a`` element
-                var desc = ""
-                while x.kind == xmlCharData:
-                  desc.add(x.charData)
-                  x.next()
-                echo(desc & ": " & link)
-          else:
-            x.next()
-        of xmlEof: break # end of file reached
-        of xmlError:
-          echo(errorMsg(x))
+  var links = 0 # count the number of links
+  var filename = addFileExt(paramStr(1), "html")
+  var s = newFileStream(filename, fmRead)
+  if s == nil: quit("cannot open the file " & filename)
+  var x: XmlParser
+  open(x, s, filename)
+  next(x) # get first event
+  block mainLoop:
+    while true:
+      case x.kind
+      of xmlElementOpen:
+        # the <a href = "xyz"> tag we are interested in always has an attribute,
+        # thus we search for ``xmlElementOpen`` and not for ``xmlElementStart``
+        if x.elementName =?= "a":
           x.next()
-        else: x.next() # skip other events
+          if x.kind == xmlAttribute:
+            if x.attrKey =?= "href":
+              var link = x.attrValue
+              inc(links)
+              # skip until we have an ``xmlElementClose`` event
+              while true:
+                x.next()
+                case x.kind
+                of xmlEof: break mainLoop
+                of xmlElementClose: break
+                else: discard
+              x.next() # skip ``xmlElementClose``
+              # now we have the description for the ``a`` element
+              var desc = ""
+              while x.kind == xmlCharData:
+                desc.add(x.charData)
+                x.next()
+              echo(desc & ": " & link)
+        else:
+          x.next()
+      of xmlEof: break # end of file reached
+      of xmlError:
+        echo(errorMsg(x))
+        x.next()
+      else: x.next() # skip other events
 
-    echo($links & " link(s) found!")
-    x.close()
+  echo($links & " link(s) found!")
+  x.close()
+  ```
 
 ]##
 
 import
-  strutils, lexbase, streams, unicode
+  std/[strutils, lexbase, streams, unicode]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, syncio]
 
 # the parser treats ``<br />`` as ``<br></br>``
 
@@ -789,7 +792,7 @@ proc next*(my: var XmlParser) =
     my.state = stateNormal
 
 when not defined(testing) and isMainModule:
-  import os
+  import std/os
   var s = newFileStream(paramStr(1), fmRead)
   if s == nil: quit("cannot open the file" & paramStr(1))
   var x: XmlParser
diff --git a/lib/pure/pathnorm.nim b/lib/pure/pathnorm.nim
index 10a2a0b67..4cdc02303 100644
--- a/lib/pure/pathnorm.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/pathnorm.nim
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 # Yes, this uses import here, not include so that
 # we don't end up exporting these symbols from pathnorm and os:
-import includes/osseps
+import std/private/osseps
 
 type
   PathIter* = object
@@ -29,10 +29,6 @@ proc next*(it: var PathIter; x: string): (int, int) =
   if not it.notFirst and x[it.i] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
     # absolute path:
     inc it.i
-    when doslikeFileSystem: # UNC paths have leading `\\`
-      if hasNext(it, x) and x[it.i] == DirSep and
-          it.i+1 < x.len and x[it.i+1] != DirSep:
-        inc it.i
   else:
     while it.i < x.len and x[it.i] notin {DirSep, AltSep}: inc it.i
   if it.i > it.prev:
@@ -56,10 +52,23 @@ proc isDotDot(x: string; bounds: (int, int)): bool =
 proc isSlash(x: string; bounds: (int, int)): bool =
   bounds[1] == bounds[0] and x[bounds[0]] in {DirSep, AltSep}
 
+when doslikeFileSystem:
+  import std/private/ntpath
+
 proc addNormalizePath*(x: string; result: var string; state: var int;
     dirSep = DirSep) =
   ## Low level proc. Undocumented.
 
+  when doslikeFileSystem: # Add Windows drive at start without normalization
+    var x = x
+    if result == "":
+      let (drive, file) = splitDrive(x)
+      x = file
+      result.add drive
+      for c in result.mitems:
+        if c in {DirSep, AltSep}:
+          c = dirSep
+
   # state: 0th bit set if isAbsolute path. Other bits count
   # the number of path components.
   var it: PathIter
diff --git a/lib/pure/pegs.nim b/lib/pure/pegs.nim
index 06a77af57..2969fd6d7 100644
--- a/lib/pure/pegs.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/pegs.nim
@@ -16,15 +16,17 @@
 ##
 
 include "system/inclrtl"
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions]
 
 const
   useUnicode = true ## change this to deactivate proper UTF-8 support
 
-import strutils, macros
+import std/[strutils, macros]
 import std/private/decode_helpers
 
 when useUnicode:
-  import unicode
+  import std/unicode
   export unicode.`==`
 
 const
@@ -83,30 +85,30 @@ type
     of pkChar, pkGreedyRepChar: ch: char
     of pkCharChoice, pkGreedyRepSet: charChoice: ref set[char]
     of pkNonTerminal: nt: NonTerminal
-    of pkBackRef..pkBackRefIgnoreStyle: index: range[0..MaxSubpatterns]
+    of pkBackRef..pkBackRefIgnoreStyle: index: range[-MaxSubpatterns..MaxSubpatterns-1]
     else: sons: seq[Peg]
   NonTerminal* = ref NonTerminalObj
 
-proc kind*(p: Peg): PegKind = p.kind
+func kind*(p: Peg): PegKind = p.kind
   ## Returns the *PegKind* of a given *Peg* object.
 
-proc term*(p: Peg): string = p.term
+func term*(p: Peg): string = p.term
   ## Returns the *string* representation of a given *Peg* variant object
   ## where present.
 
-proc ch*(p: Peg): char = p.ch
+func ch*(p: Peg): char = p.ch
   ## Returns the *char* representation of a given *Peg* variant object
   ## where present.
 
-proc charChoice*(p: Peg): ref set[char] = p.charChoice
+func charChoice*(p: Peg): ref set[char] = p.charChoice
   ## Returns the *charChoice* field of a given *Peg* variant object
   ## where present.
 
-proc nt*(p: Peg): NonTerminal = p.nt
+func nt*(p: Peg): NonTerminal = p.nt
   ## Returns the *NonTerminal* object of a given *Peg* variant object
   ## where present.
 
-proc index*(p: Peg): range[0..MaxSubpatterns] = p.index
+func index*(p: Peg): range[-MaxSubpatterns..MaxSubpatterns-1] = p.index
   ## Returns the back-reference index of a captured sub-pattern in the
   ## *Captures* object for a given *Peg* variant object where present.
 
@@ -120,59 +122,60 @@ iterator pairs*(p: Peg): (int, Peg) {.inline.} =
   for i in 0 ..< p.sons.len:
     yield (i, p.sons[i])
 
-proc name*(nt: NonTerminal): string = nt.name
+func name*(nt: NonTerminal): string = nt.name
   ## Gets the name of the symbol represented by the parent *Peg* object variant
   ## of a given *NonTerminal*.
 
-proc line*(nt: NonTerminal): int = nt.line
+func line*(nt: NonTerminal): int = nt.line
   ## Gets the line number of the definition of the parent *Peg* object variant
   ## of a given *NonTerminal*.
 
-proc col*(nt: NonTerminal): int = nt.col
+func col*(nt: NonTerminal): int = nt.col
   ## Gets the column number of the definition of the parent *Peg* object variant
   ## of a given *NonTerminal*.
 
-proc flags*(nt: NonTerminal): set[NonTerminalFlag] = nt.flags
+func flags*(nt: NonTerminal): set[NonTerminalFlag] = nt.flags
   ## Gets the *NonTerminalFlag*-typed flags field of the parent *Peg* variant
   ## object of a given *NonTerminal*.
 
-proc rule*(nt: NonTerminal): Peg = nt.rule
+func rule*(nt: NonTerminal): Peg = nt.rule
   ## Gets the *Peg* object representing the rule definition of the parent *Peg*
   ## object variant of a given *NonTerminal*.
 
-proc term*(t: string): Peg {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1Str".} =
+func term*(t: string): Peg {.rtl, extern: "npegs$1Str".} =
   ## constructs a PEG from a terminal string
   if t.len != 1:
     result = Peg(kind: pkTerminal, term: t)
   else:
     result = Peg(kind: pkChar, ch: t[0])
 
-proc termIgnoreCase*(t: string): Peg {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func termIgnoreCase*(t: string): Peg {.
+  rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## constructs a PEG from a terminal string; ignore case for matching
   result = Peg(kind: pkTerminalIgnoreCase, term: t)
 
-proc termIgnoreStyle*(t: string): Peg {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func termIgnoreStyle*(t: string): Peg {.
+  rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## constructs a PEG from a terminal string; ignore style for matching
   result = Peg(kind: pkTerminalIgnoreStyle, term: t)
 
-proc term*(t: char): Peg {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1Char".} =
+func term*(t: char): Peg {.rtl, extern: "npegs$1Char".} =
   ## constructs a PEG from a terminal char
   assert t != '\0'
   result = Peg(kind: pkChar, ch: t)
 
-proc charSet*(s: set[char]): Peg {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func charSet*(s: set[char]): Peg {.rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## constructs a PEG from a character set `s`
   assert '\0' notin s
   result = Peg(kind: pkCharChoice)
-  new(result.charChoice)
-  result.charChoice[] = s
+  {.cast(noSideEffect).}:
+    new(result.charChoice)
+    result.charChoice[] = s
 
-proc len(a: Peg): int {.inline.} = return a.sons.len
-proc add(d: var Peg, s: Peg) {.inline.} = add(d.sons, s)
+func len(a: Peg): int {.inline.} = return a.sons.len
+func add(d: var Peg, s: Peg) {.inline.} = add(d.sons, s)
 
-proc addChoice(dest: var Peg, elem: Peg) =
+func addChoice(dest: var Peg, elem: Peg) =
   var L = dest.len-1
   if L >= 0 and dest.sons[L].kind == pkCharChoice:
     # caution! Do not introduce false aliasing here!
@@ -195,12 +198,12 @@ template multipleOp(k: PegKind, localOpt: untyped) =
   if result.len == 1:
     result = result.sons[0]
 
-proc `/`*(a: varargs[Peg]): Peg {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegsOrderedChoice".} =
+func `/`*(a: varargs[Peg]): Peg {.
+  rtl, extern: "npegsOrderedChoice".} =
   ## constructs an ordered choice with the PEGs in `a`
   multipleOp(pkOrderedChoice, addChoice)
 
-proc addSequence(dest: var Peg, elem: Peg) =
+func addSequence(dest: var Peg, elem: Peg) =
   var L = dest.len-1
   if L >= 0 and dest.sons[L].kind == pkTerminal:
     # caution! Do not introduce false aliasing here!
@@ -212,12 +215,12 @@ proc addSequence(dest: var Peg, elem: Peg) =
     else: add(dest, elem)
   else: add(dest, elem)
 
-proc sequence*(a: varargs[Peg]): Peg {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func sequence*(a: varargs[Peg]): Peg {.
+  rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## constructs a sequence with all the PEGs from `a`
   multipleOp(pkSequence, addSequence)
 
-proc `?`*(a: Peg): Peg {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegsOptional".} =
+func `?`*(a: Peg): Peg {.rtl, extern: "npegsOptional".} =
   ## constructs an optional for the PEG `a`
   if a.kind in {pkOption, pkGreedyRep, pkGreedyAny, pkGreedyRepChar,
                 pkGreedyRepSet}:
@@ -227,7 +230,7 @@ proc `?`*(a: Peg): Peg {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegsOptional".} =
   else:
     result = Peg(kind: pkOption, sons: @[a])
 
-proc `*`*(a: Peg): Peg {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegsGreedyRep".} =
+func `*`*(a: Peg): Peg {.rtl, extern: "npegsGreedyRep".} =
   ## constructs a "greedy repetition" for the PEG `a`
   case a.kind
   of pkGreedyRep, pkGreedyRepChar, pkGreedyRepSet, pkGreedyAny, pkOption:
@@ -242,96 +245,99 @@ proc `*`*(a: Peg): Peg {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegsGreedyRep".} =
   else:
     result = Peg(kind: pkGreedyRep, sons: @[a])
 
-proc `!*`*(a: Peg): Peg {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegsSearch".} =
+func `!*`*(a: Peg): Peg {.rtl, extern: "npegsSearch".} =
   ## constructs a "search" for the PEG `a`
   result = Peg(kind: pkSearch, sons: @[a])
 
-proc `!*\`*(a: Peg): Peg {.noSideEffect, rtl,
+func `!*\`*(a: Peg): Peg {.rtl,
                              extern: "npgegsCapturedSearch".} =
   ## constructs a "captured search" for the PEG `a`
   result = Peg(kind: pkCapturedSearch, sons: @[a])
 
-proc `+`*(a: Peg): Peg {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegsGreedyPosRep".} =
+func `+`*(a: Peg): Peg {.rtl, extern: "npegsGreedyPosRep".} =
   ## constructs a "greedy positive repetition" with the PEG `a`
   return sequence(a, *a)
 
-proc `&`*(a: Peg): Peg {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegsAndPredicate".} =
+func `&`*(a: Peg): Peg {.rtl, extern: "npegsAndPredicate".} =
   ## constructs an "and predicate" with the PEG `a`
   result = Peg(kind: pkAndPredicate, sons: @[a])
 
-proc `!`*(a: Peg): Peg {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegsNotPredicate".} =
+func `!`*(a: Peg): Peg {.rtl, extern: "npegsNotPredicate".} =
   ## constructs a "not predicate" with the PEG `a`
   result = Peg(kind: pkNotPredicate, sons: @[a])
 
-proc any*: Peg {.inline.} =
+func any*: Peg {.inline.} =
   ## constructs the PEG `any character`:idx: (``.``)
   result = Peg(kind: pkAny)
 
-proc anyRune*: Peg {.inline.} =
+func anyRune*: Peg {.inline.} =
   ## constructs the PEG `any rune`:idx: (``_``)
   result = Peg(kind: pkAnyRune)
 
-proc newLine*: Peg {.inline.} =
+func newLine*: Peg {.inline.} =
   ## constructs the PEG `newline`:idx: (``\n``)
   result = Peg(kind: pkNewLine)
 
-proc unicodeLetter*: Peg {.inline.} =
+func unicodeLetter*: Peg {.inline.} =
   ## constructs the PEG ``\letter`` which matches any Unicode letter.
   result = Peg(kind: pkLetter)
 
-proc unicodeLower*: Peg {.inline.} =
+func unicodeLower*: Peg {.inline.} =
   ## constructs the PEG ``\lower`` which matches any Unicode lowercase letter.
   result = Peg(kind: pkLower)
 
-proc unicodeUpper*: Peg {.inline.} =
+func unicodeUpper*: Peg {.inline.} =
   ## constructs the PEG ``\upper`` which matches any Unicode uppercase letter.
   result = Peg(kind: pkUpper)
 
-proc unicodeTitle*: Peg {.inline.} =
+func unicodeTitle*: Peg {.inline.} =
   ## constructs the PEG ``\title`` which matches any Unicode title letter.
   result = Peg(kind: pkTitle)
 
-proc unicodeWhitespace*: Peg {.inline.} =
+func unicodeWhitespace*: Peg {.inline.} =
   ## constructs the PEG ``\white`` which matches any Unicode
   ## whitespace character.
   result = Peg(kind: pkWhitespace)
 
-proc startAnchor*: Peg {.inline.} =
+func startAnchor*: Peg {.inline.} =
   ## constructs the PEG ``^`` which matches the start of the input.
   result = Peg(kind: pkStartAnchor)
 
-proc endAnchor*: Peg {.inline.} =
+func endAnchor*: Peg {.inline.} =
   ## constructs the PEG ``$`` which matches the end of the input.
   result = !any()
 
-proc capture*(a: Peg): Peg {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegsCapture".} =
+func capture*(a: Peg = Peg(kind: pkEmpty)): Peg {.rtl, extern: "npegsCapture".} =
   ## constructs a capture with the PEG `a`
   result = Peg(kind: pkCapture, sons: @[a])
 
-proc backref*(index: range[1..MaxSubpatterns]): Peg {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func backref*(index: range[1..MaxSubpatterns], reverse: bool = false): Peg {.
+  rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## constructs a back reference of the given `index`. `index` starts counting
-  ## from 1.
-  result = Peg(kind: pkBackRef, index: index-1)
+  ## from 1. `reverse` specifies whether indexing starts from the end of the
+  ## capture list.
+  result = Peg(kind: pkBackRef, index: (if reverse: -index else: index - 1))
 
-proc backrefIgnoreCase*(index: range[1..MaxSubpatterns]): Peg {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func backrefIgnoreCase*(index: range[1..MaxSubpatterns], reverse: bool = false): Peg {.
+  rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## constructs a back reference of the given `index`. `index` starts counting
-  ## from 1. Ignores case for matching.
-  result = Peg(kind: pkBackRefIgnoreCase, index: index-1)
+  ## from 1. `reverse` specifies whether indexing starts from the end of the
+  ## capture list. Ignores case for matching.
+  result = Peg(kind: pkBackRefIgnoreCase, index: (if reverse: -index else: index - 1))
 
-proc backrefIgnoreStyle*(index: range[1..MaxSubpatterns]): Peg {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func backrefIgnoreStyle*(index: range[1..MaxSubpatterns], reverse: bool = false): Peg {.
+  rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## constructs a back reference of the given `index`. `index` starts counting
-  ## from 1. Ignores style for matching.
-  result = Peg(kind: pkBackRefIgnoreStyle, index: index-1)
+  ## from 1. `reverse` specifies whether indexing starts from the end of the
+  ## capture list. Ignores style for matching.
+  result = Peg(kind: pkBackRefIgnoreStyle, index: (if reverse: -index else: index - 1))
 
-proc spaceCost(n: Peg): int =
+func spaceCost(n: Peg): int =
   case n.kind
   of pkEmpty: discard
   of pkTerminal, pkTerminalIgnoreCase, pkTerminalIgnoreStyle, pkChar,
      pkGreedyRepChar, pkCharChoice, pkGreedyRepSet,
-     pkAny..pkWhitespace, pkGreedyAny:
+     pkAny..pkWhitespace, pkGreedyAny, pkBackRef..pkBackRefIgnoreStyle:
     result = 1
   of pkNonTerminal:
     # we cannot inline a rule with a non-terminal
@@ -341,8 +347,8 @@ proc spaceCost(n: Peg): int =
       inc(result, spaceCost(n.sons[i]))
       if result >= InlineThreshold: break
 
-proc nonterminal*(n: NonTerminal): Peg {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func nonterminal*(n: NonTerminal): Peg {.
+  rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## constructs a PEG that consists of the nonterminal symbol
   assert n != nil
   if ntDeclared in n.flags and spaceCost(n.rule) < InlineThreshold:
@@ -351,8 +357,8 @@ proc nonterminal*(n: NonTerminal): Peg {.
   else:
     result = Peg(kind: pkNonTerminal, nt: n)
 
-proc newNonTerminal*(name: string, line, column: int): NonTerminal {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func newNonTerminal*(name: string, line, column: int): NonTerminal {.
+  rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## constructs a nonterminal symbol
   result = NonTerminal(name: name, line: line, col: column)
 
@@ -387,7 +393,7 @@ template natural*: Peg =
 
 # ------------------------- debugging -----------------------------------------
 
-proc esc(c: char, reserved = {'\0'..'\255'}): string =
+func esc(c: char, reserved = {'\0'..'\255'}): string =
   case c
   of '\b': result = "\\b"
   of '\t': result = "\\t"
@@ -403,14 +409,14 @@ proc esc(c: char, reserved = {'\0'..'\255'}): string =
   elif c in reserved: result = '\\' & c
   else: result = $c
 
-proc singleQuoteEsc(c: char): string = return "'" & esc(c, {'\''}) & "'"
+func singleQuoteEsc(c: char): string = return "'" & esc(c, {'\''}) & "'"
 
-proc singleQuoteEsc(str: string): string =
+func singleQuoteEsc(str: string): string =
   result = "'"
   for c in items(str): add result, esc(c, {'\''})
   add result, '\''
 
-proc charSetEscAux(cc: set[char]): string =
+func charSetEscAux(cc: set[char]): string =
   const reserved = {'^', '-', ']'}
   result = ""
   var c1 = 0
@@ -427,13 +433,13 @@ proc charSetEscAux(cc: set[char]): string =
       c1 = c2
     inc(c1)
 
-proc charSetEsc(cc: set[char]): string =
+func charSetEsc(cc: set[char]): string =
   if card(cc) >= 128+64:
     result = "[^" & charSetEscAux({'\1'..'\xFF'} - cc) & ']'
   else:
     result = '[' & charSetEscAux(cc) & ']'
 
-proc toStrAux(r: Peg, res: var string) =
+func toStrAux(r: Peg, res: var string) =
   case r.kind
   of pkEmpty: add(res, "()")
   of pkAny: add(res, '.')
@@ -519,7 +525,7 @@ proc toStrAux(r: Peg, res: var string) =
   of pkStartAnchor:
     add(res, '^')
 
-proc `$` *(r: Peg): string {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegsToString".} =
+func `$` *(r: Peg): string {.rtl, extern: "npegsToString".} =
   ## converts a PEG to its string representation
   result = ""
   toStrAux(r, result)
@@ -532,7 +538,7 @@ type
     ml: int
     origStart: int
 
-proc bounds*(c: Captures,
+func bounds*(c: Captures,
              i: range[0..MaxSubpatterns-1]): tuple[first, last: int] =
   ## returns the bounds ``[first..last]`` of the `i`'th capture.
   result = c.matches[i]
@@ -545,24 +551,26 @@ when not useUnicode:
     inc(i)
   template runeLenAt(s, i): untyped = 1
 
-  proc isAlpha(a: char): bool {.inline.} = return a in {'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z'}
-  proc isUpper(a: char): bool {.inline.} = return a in {'A'..'Z'}
-  proc isLower(a: char): bool {.inline.} = return a in {'a'..'z'}
-  proc isTitle(a: char): bool {.inline.} = return false
-  proc isWhiteSpace(a: char): bool {.inline.} = return a in {' ', '\9'..'\13'}
+  func isAlpha(a: char): bool {.inline.} = return a in {'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z'}
+  func isUpper(a: char): bool {.inline.} = return a in {'A'..'Z'}
+  func isLower(a: char): bool {.inline.} = return a in {'a'..'z'}
+  func isTitle(a: char): bool {.inline.} = return false
+  func isWhiteSpace(a: char): bool {.inline.} = return a in {' ', '\9'..'\13'}
 
 template matchOrParse(mopProc: untyped) =
   # Used to make the main matcher proc *rawMatch* as well as event parser
   # procs. For the former, *enter* and *leave* event handler code generators
   # are provided which just return *discard*.
 
-  proc mopProc(s: string, p: Peg, start: int, c: var Captures): int =
+  proc mopProc(s: string, p: Peg, start: int, c: var Captures): int {.gcsafe, raises: [].} =
     proc matchBackRef(s: string, p: Peg, start: int, c: var Captures): int =
       # Parse handler code must run in an *of* clause of its own for each
       # *PegKind*, so we encapsulate the identical clause body for
       # *pkBackRef..pkBackRefIgnoreStyle* here.
-      if p.index >= c.ml: return -1
-      var (a, b) = c.matches[p.index]
+      var index = p.index
+      if index < 0: index.inc(c.ml)
+      if index < 0 or index >= c.ml: return -1
+      var (a, b) = c.matches[index]
       var n: Peg
       case p.kind
       of pkBackRef:
@@ -822,15 +830,22 @@ template matchOrParse(mopProc: untyped) =
       leave(pkNotPredicate, s, p, start, result)
     of pkCapture:
       enter(pkCapture, s, p, start)
-      var idx = c.ml # reserve a slot for the subpattern
-      inc(c.ml)
-      result = mopProc(s, p.sons[0], start, c)
-      if result >= 0:
-        if idx < MaxSubpatterns:
-          c.matches[idx] = (start, start+result-1)
-        #else: silently ignore the capture
+      if p.sons.len == 0 or p.sons[0].kind == pkEmpty:
+        # empty capture removes last match
+        dec(c.ml)
+        c.matches[c.ml] = (0, 0)
+        result = 0 # match of length 0
       else:
-        c.ml = idx
+        var idx = c.ml # reserve a slot for the subpattern
+        result = mopProc(s, p.sons[0], start, c)
+        if result >= 0:
+          if idx < MaxSubpatterns:
+            if idx != c.ml:
+              for i in countdown(c.ml, idx):
+                c.matches[i+1] = c.matches[i]
+            c.matches[idx] = (start, start+result-1)
+          #else: silently ignore the capture
+          inc(c.ml)
       leave(pkCapture, s, p, start, result)
     of pkBackRef:
       enter(pkBackRef, s, p, start)
@@ -851,8 +866,8 @@ template matchOrParse(mopProc: untyped) =
       leave(pkStartAnchor, s, p, start, result)
     of pkRule, pkList: assert false
 
-proc rawMatch*(s: string, p: Peg, start: int, c: var Captures): int
-      {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func rawMatch*(s: string, p: Peg, start: int, c: var Captures): int
+      {.rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## low-level matching proc that implements the PEG interpreter. Use this
   ## for maximum efficiency (every other PEG operation ends up calling this
   ## proc).
@@ -864,13 +879,17 @@ proc rawMatch*(s: string, p: Peg, start: int, c: var Captures): int
   template leave(pk, s, p, start, length) =
     discard
   matchOrParse(matchIt)
-  result = matchIt(s, p, start, c)
+  {.cast(noSideEffect).}:
+    # This cast is allowed because the `matchOrParse` template is used for
+    # both matching and parsing, but side effects are only possible when it's
+    # used by `eventParser`.
+    result = matchIt(s, p, start, c)
 
 macro mkHandlerTplts(handlers: untyped): untyped =
   # Transforms the handler spec in *handlers* into handler templates.
   # The AST structure of *handlers[0]*:
   #
-  # .. code-block::
+  #   ```
   #   StmtList
   #     Call
   #       Ident "pkNonTerminal"
@@ -891,7 +910,8 @@ macro mkHandlerTplts(handlers: untyped): untyped =
   #           StmtList
   #             <handler code block>
   #     ...
-  proc mkEnter(hdName, body: NimNode): NimNode =
+  #   ```
+  func mkEnter(hdName, body: NimNode): NimNode =
     template helper(hdName, body) {.dirty.} =
       template hdName(s, p, start) =
         let s {.inject.} = s
@@ -940,60 +960,61 @@ template eventParser*(pegAst, handlers: untyped): (proc(s: string): int) =
   ## match, else the length of the total match. The following example code
   ## evaluates an arithmetic expression defined by a simple PEG:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##  import std/[strutils, pegs]
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   import std/[strutils, pegs]
   ##
-  ##  let
-  ##    pegAst = """
-  ##  Expr    <- Sum
-  ##  Sum     <- Product (('+' / '-')Product)*
-  ##  Product <- Value (('*' / '/')Value)*
-  ##  Value   <- [0-9]+ / '(' Expr ')'
-  ##    """.peg
-  ##    txt = "(5+3)/2-7*22"
+  ##   let
+  ##     pegAst = """
+  ##   Expr    <- Sum
+  ##   Sum     <- Product (('+' / '-')Product)*
+  ##   Product <- Value (('*' / '/')Value)*
+  ##   Value   <- [0-9]+ / '(' Expr ')'
+  ##     """.peg
+  ##     txt = "(5+3)/2-7*22"
   ##
-  ##  var
-  ##    pStack: seq[string] = @[]
-  ##    valStack: seq[float] = @[]
-  ##    opStack = ""
-  ##  let
-  ##    parseArithExpr = pegAst.eventParser:
-  ##      pkNonTerminal:
-  ##        enter:
-  ##          pStack.add p.nt.name
-  ##        leave:
-  ##          pStack.setLen pStack.high
-  ##          if length > 0:
-  ##            let matchStr = s.substr(start, start+length-1)
-  ##            case p.nt.name
-  ##            of "Value":
-  ##              try:
-  ##                valStack.add matchStr.parseFloat
-  ##                echo valStack
-  ##              except ValueError:
-  ##                discard
-  ##            of "Sum", "Product":
-  ##              try:
-  ##                let val = matchStr.parseFloat
-  ##              except ValueError:
-  ##                if valStack.len > 1 and opStack.len > 0:
-  ##                  valStack[^2] = case opStack[^1]
-  ##                  of '+': valStack[^2] + valStack[^1]
-  ##                  of '-': valStack[^2] - valStack[^1]
-  ##                  of '*': valStack[^2] * valStack[^1]
-  ##                  else: valStack[^2] / valStack[^1]
-  ##                  valStack.setLen valStack.high
-  ##                  echo valStack
-  ##                  opStack.setLen opStack.high
-  ##                  echo opStack
-  ##      pkChar:
-  ##        leave:
-  ##          if length == 1 and "Value" != pStack[^1]:
-  ##            let matchChar = s[start]
-  ##            opStack.add matchChar
-  ##            echo opStack
+  ##   var
+  ##     pStack: seq[string] = @[]
+  ##     valStack: seq[float] = @[]
+  ##     opStack = ""
+  ##   let
+  ##     parseArithExpr = pegAst.eventParser:
+  ##       pkNonTerminal:
+  ##         enter:
+  ##           pStack.add p.nt.name
+  ##         leave:
+  ##           pStack.setLen pStack.high
+  ##           if length > 0:
+  ##             let matchStr = s.substr(start, start+length-1)
+  ##             case p.nt.name
+  ##             of "Value":
+  ##               try:
+  ##                 valStack.add matchStr.parseFloat
+  ##                 echo valStack
+  ##               except ValueError:
+  ##                 discard
+  ##             of "Sum", "Product":
+  ##               try:
+  ##                 let val = matchStr.parseFloat
+  ##               except ValueError:
+  ##                 if valStack.len > 1 and opStack.len > 0:
+  ##                   valStack[^2] = case opStack[^1]
+  ##                   of '+': valStack[^2] + valStack[^1]
+  ##                   of '-': valStack[^2] - valStack[^1]
+  ##                   of '*': valStack[^2] * valStack[^1]
+  ##                   else: valStack[^2] / valStack[^1]
+  ##                   valStack.setLen valStack.high
+  ##                   echo valStack
+  ##                   opStack.setLen opStack.high
+  ##                   echo opStack
+  ##       pkChar:
+  ##         leave:
+  ##           if length == 1 and "Value" != pStack[^1]:
+  ##             let matchChar = s[start]
+  ##             opStack.add matchChar
+  ##             echo opStack
   ##
-  ##  let pLen = parseArithExpr(txt)
+  ##   let pLen = parseArithExpr(txt)
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## The *handlers* parameter consists of code blocks for *PegKinds*,
   ## which define the grammar elements of interest. Each block can contain
@@ -1008,7 +1029,7 @@ template eventParser*(pegAst, handlers: untyped): (proc(s: string): int) =
   ## Symbols  declared in an *enter* handler can be made visible in the
   ## corresponding *leave* handler by annotating them with an *inject* pragma.
   proc rawParse(s: string, p: Peg, start: int, c: var Captures): int
-      {.genSym.} =
+      {.gensym.} =
 
     # binding from *macros*
     bind strVal
@@ -1023,10 +1044,10 @@ template eventParser*(pegAst, handlers: untyped): (proc(s: string): int) =
       # by *mkHandlerTplts*.
       template mkDoEnter(hdPostf, s, pegNode, start) =
         when declared(`enter hdPostf`):
-          `enter hdPostf`(s, pegNode, start):
+          `enter hdPostf`(s, pegNode, start)
         else:
           discard
-      let hdPostf = ident(substr(strVal(pegKind), 2))
+      let hdPostf = ident(substr($pegKind, 2))
       getAst(mkDoEnter(hdPostf, s, pegNode, start))
 
     macro leave(pegKind, s, pegNode, start, length: untyped): untyped =
@@ -1034,16 +1055,16 @@ template eventParser*(pegAst, handlers: untyped): (proc(s: string): int) =
       # a grammar element of kind *pegKind*.
       template mkDoLeave(hdPostf, s, pegNode, start, length) =
         when declared(`leave hdPostf`):
-          `leave hdPostf`(s, pegNode, start, length):
+          `leave hdPostf`(s, pegNode, start, length)
         else:
           discard
-      let hdPostf = ident(substr(strVal(pegKind), 2))
+      let hdPostf = ident(substr($pegKind, 2))
       getAst(mkDoLeave(hdPostf, s, pegNode, start, length))
 
     matchOrParse(parseIt)
     parseIt(s, p, start, c)
 
-  proc parser(s: string): int {.genSym.} =
+  proc parser(s: string): int {.gensym.} =
     # the proc to be returned
     var
       ms: array[MaxSubpatterns, (int, int)]
@@ -1060,8 +1081,8 @@ template fillMatches(s, caps, c) =
     else:
       caps[k] = ""
 
-proc matchLen*(s: string, pattern: Peg, matches: var openArray[string],
-               start = 0): int {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1Capture".} =
+func matchLen*(s: string, pattern: Peg, matches: var openArray[string],
+               start = 0): int {.rtl, extern: "npegs$1Capture".} =
   ## the same as ``match``, but it returns the length of the match,
   ## if there is no match, -1 is returned. Note that a match length
   ## of zero can happen. It's possible that a suffix of `s` remains
@@ -1071,8 +1092,8 @@ proc matchLen*(s: string, pattern: Peg, matches: var openArray[string],
   result = rawMatch(s, pattern, start, c)
   if result >= 0: fillMatches(s, matches, c)
 
-proc matchLen*(s: string, pattern: Peg,
-               start = 0): int {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func matchLen*(s: string, pattern: Peg,
+               start = 0): int {.rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## the same as ``match``, but it returns the length of the match,
   ## if there is no match, -1 is returned. Note that a match length
   ## of zero can happen. It's possible that a suffix of `s` remains
@@ -1081,22 +1102,22 @@ proc matchLen*(s: string, pattern: Peg,
   c.origStart = start
   result = rawMatch(s, pattern, start, c)
 
-proc match*(s: string, pattern: Peg, matches: var openArray[string],
-            start = 0): bool {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1Capture".} =
+func match*(s: string, pattern: Peg, matches: var openArray[string],
+            start = 0): bool {.rtl, extern: "npegs$1Capture".} =
   ## returns ``true`` if ``s[start..]`` matches the ``pattern`` and
   ## the captured substrings in the array ``matches``. If it does not
   ## match, nothing is written into ``matches`` and ``false`` is
   ## returned.
   result = matchLen(s, pattern, matches, start) != -1
 
-proc match*(s: string, pattern: Peg,
-            start = 0): bool {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func match*(s: string, pattern: Peg,
+            start = 0): bool {.rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## returns ``true`` if ``s`` matches the ``pattern`` beginning from ``start``.
   result = matchLen(s, pattern, start) != -1
 
 
-proc find*(s: string, pattern: Peg, matches: var openArray[string],
-           start = 0): int {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1Capture".} =
+func find*(s: string, pattern: Peg, matches: var openArray[string],
+           start = 0): int {.rtl, extern: "npegs$1Capture".} =
   ## returns the starting position of ``pattern`` in ``s`` and the captured
   ## substrings in the array ``matches``. If it does not match, nothing
   ## is written into ``matches`` and -1 is returned.
@@ -1110,9 +1131,9 @@ proc find*(s: string, pattern: Peg, matches: var openArray[string],
   return -1
   # could also use the pattern here: (!P .)* P
 
-proc findBounds*(s: string, pattern: Peg, matches: var openArray[string],
+func findBounds*(s: string, pattern: Peg, matches: var openArray[string],
                  start = 0): tuple[first, last: int] {.
-                 noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1Capture".} =
+                 rtl, extern: "npegs$1Capture".} =
   ## returns the starting position and end position of ``pattern`` in ``s``
   ## and the captured
   ## substrings in the array ``matches``. If it does not match, nothing
@@ -1127,8 +1148,8 @@ proc findBounds*(s: string, pattern: Peg, matches: var openArray[string],
       return (i, i+L-1)
   return (-1, 0)
 
-proc find*(s: string, pattern: Peg,
-           start = 0): int {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func find*(s: string, pattern: Peg,
+           start = 0): int {.rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## returns the starting position of ``pattern`` in ``s``. If it does not
   ## match, -1 is returned.
   var c: Captures
@@ -1151,10 +1172,10 @@ iterator findAll*(s: string, pattern: Peg, start = 0): string =
       yield substr(s, i, i+L-1)
       inc(i, L)
 
-proc findAll*(s: string, pattern: Peg, start = 0): seq[string] {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func findAll*(s: string, pattern: Peg, start = 0): seq[string] {.
+  rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## returns all matching *substrings* of `s` that match `pattern`.
-  ## If it does not match, @[] is returned.
+  ## If it does not match, `@[]` is returned.
   result = @[]
   for it in findAll(s, pattern, start): result.add it
 
@@ -1162,8 +1183,7 @@ template `=~`*(s: string, pattern: Peg): bool =
   ## This calls ``match`` with an implicit declared ``matches`` array that
   ## can be used in the scope of the ``=~`` call:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   if line =~ peg"\s* {\w+} \s* '=' \s* {\w+}":
   ##     # matches a key=value pair:
   ##     echo("Key: ", matches[0])
@@ -1175,50 +1195,51 @@ template `=~`*(s: string, pattern: Peg): bool =
   ##     echo("comment: ", matches[0])
   ##   else:
   ##     echo("syntax error")
-  ##
+  ##   ```
   bind MaxSubpatterns
   when not declaredInScope(matches):
-    var matches {.inject.}: array[0..MaxSubpatterns-1, string]
+    var matches {.inject.} = default(array[0..MaxSubpatterns-1, string])
   match(s, pattern, matches)
 
 # ------------------------- more string handling ------------------------------
 
-proc contains*(s: string, pattern: Peg, start = 0): bool {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func contains*(s: string, pattern: Peg, start = 0): bool {.
+  rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## same as ``find(s, pattern, start) >= 0``
   return find(s, pattern, start) >= 0
 
-proc contains*(s: string, pattern: Peg, matches: var openArray[string],
-              start = 0): bool {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1Capture".} =
+func contains*(s: string, pattern: Peg, matches: var openArray[string],
+              start = 0): bool {.rtl, extern: "npegs$1Capture".} =
   ## same as ``find(s, pattern, matches, start) >= 0``
   return find(s, pattern, matches, start) >= 0
 
-proc startsWith*(s: string, prefix: Peg, start = 0): bool {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func startsWith*(s: string, prefix: Peg, start = 0): bool {.
+  rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## returns true if `s` starts with the pattern `prefix`
   result = matchLen(s, prefix, start) >= 0
 
-proc endsWith*(s: string, suffix: Peg, start = 0): bool {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func endsWith*(s: string, suffix: Peg, start = 0): bool {.
+  rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## returns true if `s` ends with the pattern `suffix`
   var c: Captures
   c.origStart = start
   for i in start .. s.len-1:
     if rawMatch(s, suffix, i, c) == s.len - i: return true
 
-proc replacef*(s: string, sub: Peg, by: string): string {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func replacef*(s: string, sub: Peg, by: string): string {.
+  rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## Replaces `sub` in `s` by the string `by`. Captures can be accessed in `by`
   ## with the notation ``$i`` and ``$#`` (see strutils.`%`). Examples:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   "var1=key; var2=key2".replacef(peg"{\ident}'='{\ident}", "$1<-$2$2")
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Results in:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   "var1<-keykey; val2<-key2key2"
+  ##   ```
   result = ""
   var i = 0
   var caps: array[0..MaxSubpatterns-1, string]
@@ -1235,8 +1256,8 @@ proc replacef*(s: string, sub: Peg, by: string): string {.
       inc(i, x)
   add(result, substr(s, i))
 
-proc replace*(s: string, sub: Peg, by = ""): string {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func replace*(s: string, sub: Peg, by = ""): string {.
+  rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## Replaces `sub` in `s` by the string `by`. Captures cannot be accessed
   ## in `by`.
   result = ""
@@ -1252,9 +1273,9 @@ proc replace*(s: string, sub: Peg, by = ""): string {.
       inc(i, x)
   add(result, substr(s, i))
 
-proc parallelReplace*(s: string, subs: varargs[
+func parallelReplace*(s: string, subs: varargs[
                       tuple[pattern: Peg, repl: string]]): string {.
-                      noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+                      rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## Returns a modified copy of `s` with the substitutions in `subs`
   ## applied in parallel.
   result = ""
@@ -1276,16 +1297,18 @@ proc parallelReplace*(s: string, subs: varargs[
   # copy the rest:
   add(result, substr(s, i))
 
-proc replace*(s: string, sub: Peg, cb: proc(
+when not defined(nimHasEffectsOf):
+  {.pragma: effectsOf.}
+
+func replace*(s: string, sub: Peg, cb: proc(
               match: int, cnt: int, caps: openArray[string]): string): string {.
-              rtl, extern: "npegs$1cb".} =
+              rtl, extern: "npegs$1cb", effectsOf: cb.} =
   ## Replaces `sub` in `s` by the resulting strings from the callback.
   ## The callback proc receives the index of the current match (starting with 0),
   ## the count of captures and an open array with the captures of each match. Examples:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
-  ##   proc handleMatches*(m: int, n: int, c: openArray[string]): string =
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   func handleMatches*(m: int, n: int, c: openArray[string]): string =
   ##     result = ""
   ##     if m > 0:
   ##       result.add ", "
@@ -1296,12 +1319,13 @@ proc replace*(s: string, sub: Peg, cb: proc(
   ##
   ##   let s = "Var1=key1;var2=Key2;   VAR3"
   ##   echo s.replace(peg"{\ident}('='{\ident})* ';'* \s*", handleMatches)
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Results in:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   "var1: 'key1', var2: 'Key2', var3: ''"
+  ##   ```
   result = ""
   var i = 0
   var caps: array[0..MaxSubpatterns-1, string]
@@ -1339,18 +1363,19 @@ iterator split*(s: string, sep: Peg): string =
   ## Substrings are separated by the PEG `sep`.
   ## Examples:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   for word in split("00232this02939is39an22example111", peg"\d+"):
   ##     writeLine(stdout, word)
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Results in:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   "this"
   ##   "is"
   ##   "an"
   ##   "example"
-  ##
+  ##   ```
   var c: Captures
   var
     first = 0
@@ -1368,8 +1393,8 @@ iterator split*(s: string, sep: Peg): string =
     if first < last:
       yield substr(s, first, last-1)
 
-proc split*(s: string, sep: Peg): seq[string] {.
-  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
+func split*(s: string, sep: Peg): seq[string] {.
+  rtl, extern: "npegs$1".} =
   ## Splits the string `s` into substrings.
   result = @[]
   for it in split(s, sep): result.add it
@@ -1395,6 +1420,7 @@ type
     tkCurlyLe,    ## '{'
     tkCurlyRi,    ## '}'
     tkCurlyAt,    ## '{@}'
+    tkEmptyCurl,  ## '{}'
     tkArrow,      ## '<-'
     tkBar,        ## '/'
     tkStar,       ## '*'
@@ -1427,25 +1453,25 @@ type
 const
   tokKindToStr: array[TokKind, string] = [
     "invalid", "[EOF]", ".", "_", "identifier", "string literal",
-    "character set", "(", ")", "{", "}", "{@}",
+    "character set", "(", ")", "{", "}", "{@}", "{}",
     "<-", "/", "*", "+", "&", "!", "?",
     "@", "built-in", "escaped", "$", "$", "^"
   ]
 
-proc handleCR(L: var PegLexer, pos: int): int =
+func handleCR(L: var PegLexer, pos: int): int =
   assert(L.buf[pos] == '\c')
   inc(L.lineNumber)
   result = pos+1
   if result < L.buf.len and L.buf[result] == '\L': inc(result)
   L.lineStart = result
 
-proc handleLF(L: var PegLexer, pos: int): int =
+func handleLF(L: var PegLexer, pos: int): int =
   assert(L.buf[pos] == '\L')
   inc(L.lineNumber)
   result = pos+1
   L.lineStart = result
 
-proc init(L: var PegLexer, input, filename: string, line = 1, col = 0) =
+func init(L: var PegLexer, input, filename: string, line = 1, col = 0) =
   L.buf = input
   L.bufpos = 0
   L.lineNumber = line
@@ -1453,18 +1479,18 @@ proc init(L: var PegLexer, input, filename: string, line = 1, col = 0) =
   L.lineStart = 0
   L.filename = filename
 
-proc getColumn(L: PegLexer): int {.inline.} =
+func getColumn(L: PegLexer): int {.inline.} =
   result = abs(L.bufpos - L.lineStart) + L.colOffset
 
-proc getLine(L: PegLexer): int {.inline.} =
+func getLine(L: PegLexer): int {.inline.} =
   result = L.lineNumber
 
-proc errorStr(L: PegLexer, msg: string, line = -1, col = -1): string =
+func errorStr(L: PegLexer, msg: string, line = -1, col = -1): string =
   var line = if line < 0: getLine(L) else: line
   var col = if col < 0: getColumn(L) else: col
   result = "$1($2, $3) Error: $4" % [L.filename, $line, $col, msg]
 
-proc getEscapedChar(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
+func getEscapedChar(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
   inc(c.bufpos)
   if c.bufpos >= len(c.buf):
     tok.kind = tkInvalid
@@ -1524,7 +1550,7 @@ proc getEscapedChar(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
     add(tok.literal, c.buf[c.bufpos])
     inc(c.bufpos)
 
-proc skip(c: var PegLexer) =
+func skip(c: var PegLexer) =
   var pos = c.bufpos
   while pos < c.buf.len:
     case c.buf[pos]
@@ -1541,7 +1567,7 @@ proc skip(c: var PegLexer) =
       break # EndOfFile also leaves the loop
   c.bufpos = pos
 
-proc getString(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
+func getString(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
   tok.kind = tkStringLit
   var pos = c.bufpos + 1
   var quote = c.buf[pos-1]
@@ -1562,19 +1588,27 @@ proc getString(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
       inc(pos)
   c.bufpos = pos
 
-proc getDollar(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
+func getDollar(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
   var pos = c.bufpos + 1
+  var neg = false
+  if pos < c.buf.len and c.buf[pos] == '^':
+    neg = true
+    inc(pos)
   if pos < c.buf.len and c.buf[pos] in {'0'..'9'}:
     tok.kind = tkBackref
     tok.index = 0
     while pos < c.buf.len and c.buf[pos] in {'0'..'9'}:
       tok.index = tok.index * 10 + ord(c.buf[pos]) - ord('0')
       inc(pos)
+    if neg:
+      tok.index = -tok.index
   else:
+    if neg:
+      dec(pos)
     tok.kind = tkDollar
   c.bufpos = pos
 
-proc getCharSet(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
+func getCharSet(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
   tok.kind = tkCharSet
   tok.charset = {}
   var pos = c.bufpos + 1
@@ -1631,7 +1665,7 @@ proc getCharSet(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
   c.bufpos = pos
   if caret: tok.charset = {'\1'..'\xFF'} - tok.charset
 
-proc getSymbol(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
+func getSymbol(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
   var pos = c.bufpos
   while pos < c.buf.len:
     add(tok.literal, c.buf[pos])
@@ -1640,7 +1674,7 @@ proc getSymbol(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
   c.bufpos = pos
   tok.kind = tkIdentifier
 
-proc getBuiltin(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
+func getBuiltin(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
   if c.bufpos+1 < c.buf.len and c.buf[c.bufpos+1] in strutils.Letters:
     inc(c.bufpos)
     getSymbol(c, tok)
@@ -1649,7 +1683,7 @@ proc getBuiltin(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
     tok.kind = tkEscaped
     getEscapedChar(c, tok) # may set tok.kind to tkInvalid
 
-proc getTok(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
+func getTok(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
   tok.kind = tkInvalid
   tok.modifier = modNone
   setLen(tok.literal, 0)
@@ -1670,6 +1704,10 @@ proc getTok(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
       tok.kind = tkCurlyAt
       inc(c.bufpos, 2)
       add(tok.literal, "{@}")
+    elif c.buf[c.bufpos] == '}' and c.bufpos < c.buf.len:
+      tok.kind = tkEmptyCurl
+      inc(c.bufpos)
+      add(tok.literal, "{}")
     else:
       tok.kind = tkCurlyLe
       add(tok.literal, '{')
@@ -1705,7 +1743,7 @@ proc getTok(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
       return
     if c.buf[c.bufpos] in {'\'', '"'} or
         c.buf[c.bufpos] == '$' and c.bufpos+1 < c.buf.len and
-        c.buf[c.bufpos+1] in {'0'..'9'}:
+        c.buf[c.bufpos+1] in {'^', '0'..'9'}:
       case tok.literal
       of "i": tok.modifier = modIgnoreCase
       of "y": tok.modifier = modIgnoreStyle
@@ -1767,7 +1805,7 @@ proc getTok(c: var PegLexer, tok: var Token) =
     add(tok.literal, c.buf[c.bufpos])
     inc(c.bufpos)
 
-proc arrowIsNextTok(c: PegLexer): bool =
+func arrowIsNextTok(c: PegLexer): bool =
   # the only look ahead we need
   var pos = c.bufpos
   while pos < c.buf.len and c.buf[pos] in {'\t', ' '}: inc(pos)
@@ -1788,23 +1826,21 @@ type
     identIsVerbatim: bool
     skip: Peg
 
-proc pegError(p: PegParser, msg: string, line = -1, col = -1) =
-  var e: ref EInvalidPeg
-  new(e)
-  e.msg = errorStr(p, msg, line, col)
+func pegError(p: PegParser, msg: string, line = -1, col = -1) =
+  var e = (ref EInvalidPeg)(msg: errorStr(p, msg, line, col))
   raise e
 
-proc getTok(p: var PegParser) =
+func getTok(p: var PegParser) =
   getTok(p, p.tok)
   if p.tok.kind == tkInvalid: pegError(p, "'" & p.tok.literal & "' is invalid token")
 
-proc eat(p: var PegParser, kind: TokKind) =
+func eat(p: var PegParser, kind: TokKind) =
   if p.tok.kind == kind: getTok(p)
   else: pegError(p, tokKindToStr[kind] & " expected")
 
-proc parseExpr(p: var PegParser): Peg {.gcsafe.}
+func parseExpr(p: var PegParser): Peg {.gcsafe.}
 
-proc getNonTerminal(p: var PegParser, name: string): NonTerminal =
+func getNonTerminal(p: var PegParser, name: string): NonTerminal =
   for i in 0..high(p.nonterms):
     result = p.nonterms[i]
     if cmpIgnoreStyle(result.name, name) == 0: return
@@ -1812,19 +1848,22 @@ proc getNonTerminal(p: var PegParser, name: string): NonTerminal =
   result = newNonTerminal(name, getLine(p), getColumn(p))
   add(p.nonterms, result)
 
-proc modifiedTerm(s: string, m: Modifier): Peg =
+func modifiedTerm(s: string, m: Modifier): Peg =
   case m
   of modNone, modVerbatim: result = term(s)
   of modIgnoreCase: result = termIgnoreCase(s)
   of modIgnoreStyle: result = termIgnoreStyle(s)
 
-proc modifiedBackref(s: int, m: Modifier): Peg =
+func modifiedBackref(s: int, m: Modifier): Peg =
+  var
+    reverse = s < 0
+    index = if reverse: -s else: s
   case m
-  of modNone, modVerbatim: result = backref(s)
-  of modIgnoreCase: result = backrefIgnoreCase(s)
-  of modIgnoreStyle: result = backrefIgnoreStyle(s)
+  of modNone, modVerbatim: result = backref(index, reverse)
+  of modIgnoreCase: result = backrefIgnoreCase(index, reverse)
+  of modIgnoreStyle: result = backrefIgnoreStyle(index, reverse)
 
-proc builtin(p: var PegParser): Peg =
+func builtin(p: var PegParser): Peg =
   # do not use "y", "skip" or "i" as these would be ambiguous
   case p.tok.literal
   of "n": result = newLine()
@@ -1844,11 +1883,11 @@ proc builtin(p: var PegParser): Peg =
   of "white": result = unicodeWhitespace()
   else: pegError(p, "unknown built-in: " & p.tok.literal)
 
-proc token(terminal: Peg, p: PegParser): Peg =
+func token(terminal: Peg, p: PegParser): Peg =
   if p.skip.kind == pkEmpty: result = terminal
   else: result = sequence(p.skip, terminal)
 
-proc primary(p: var PegParser): Peg =
+func primary(p: var PegParser): Peg =
   case p.tok.kind
   of tkAmp:
     getTok(p)
@@ -1872,7 +1911,8 @@ proc primary(p: var PegParser): Peg =
       getTok(p)
     elif not arrowIsNextTok(p):
       var nt = getNonTerminal(p, p.tok.literal)
-      incl(nt.flags, ntUsed)
+      {.cast(noSideEffect).}:
+        incl(nt.flags, ntUsed)
       result = nonterminal(nt).token(p)
       getTok(p)
     else:
@@ -1896,6 +1936,9 @@ proc primary(p: var PegParser): Peg =
     result = capture(parseExpr(p)).token(p)
     eat(p, tkCurlyRi)
     inc(p.captures)
+  of tkEmptyCurl:
+    result = capture()
+    getTok(p)
   of tkAny:
     result = any().token(p)
     getTok(p)
@@ -1915,11 +1958,11 @@ proc primary(p: var PegParser): Peg =
     result = startAnchor()
     getTok(p)
   of tkBackref:
+    if abs(p.tok.index) > p.captures or p.tok.index == 0:
+      pegError(p, "invalid back reference index: " & $p.tok.index)
     var m = p.tok.modifier
     if m == modNone: m = p.modifier
     result = modifiedBackref(p.tok.index, m).token(p)
-    if p.tok.index < 0 or p.tok.index > p.captures:
-      pegError(p, "invalid back reference index: " & $p.tok.index)
     getTok(p)
   else:
     pegError(p, "expression expected, but found: " & p.tok.literal)
@@ -1937,13 +1980,13 @@ proc primary(p: var PegParser): Peg =
       getTok(p)
     else: break
 
-proc seqExpr(p: var PegParser): Peg =
+func seqExpr(p: var PegParser): Peg =
   result = primary(p)
   while true:
     case p.tok.kind
     of tkAmp, tkNot, tkAt, tkStringLit, tkCharSet, tkParLe, tkCurlyLe,
        tkAny, tkAnyRune, tkBuiltin, tkEscaped, tkDollar, tkBackref,
-       tkHat, tkCurlyAt:
+       tkHat, tkCurlyAt, tkEmptyCurl:
       result = sequence(result, primary(p))
     of tkIdentifier:
       if not arrowIsNextTok(p):
@@ -1951,27 +1994,29 @@ proc seqExpr(p: var PegParser): Peg =
       else: break
     else: break
 
-proc parseExpr(p: var PegParser): Peg =
+func parseExpr(p: var PegParser): Peg =
   result = seqExpr(p)
   while p.tok.kind == tkBar:
     getTok(p)
     result = result / seqExpr(p)
 
-proc parseRule(p: var PegParser): NonTerminal =
+func parseRule(p: var PegParser): NonTerminal =
   if p.tok.kind == tkIdentifier and arrowIsNextTok(p):
     result = getNonTerminal(p, p.tok.literal)
     if ntDeclared in result.flags:
       pegError(p, "attempt to redefine: " & result.name)
-    result.line = getLine(p)
-    result.col = getColumn(p)
+    {.cast(noSideEffect).}:
+      result.line = getLine(p)
+      result.col = getColumn(p)
     getTok(p)
     eat(p, tkArrow)
-    result.rule = parseExpr(p)
-    incl(result.flags, ntDeclared) # NOW inlining may be attempted
+    {.cast(noSideEffect).}:
+      result.rule = parseExpr(p)
+      incl(result.flags, ntDeclared) # NOW inlining may be attempted
   else:
     pegError(p, "rule expected, but found: " & p.tok.literal)
 
-proc rawParse(p: var PegParser): Peg =
+func rawParse(p: var PegParser): Peg =
   ## parses a rule or a PEG expression
   while p.tok.kind == tkBuiltin:
     case p.tok.literal
@@ -2001,7 +2046,7 @@ proc rawParse(p: var PegParser): Peg =
     elif ntUsed notin nt.flags and i > 0:
       pegError(p, "unused rule: " & nt.name, nt.line, nt.col)
 
-proc parsePeg*(pattern: string, filename = "pattern", line = 1, col = 0): Peg =
+func parsePeg*(pattern: string, filename = "pattern", line = 1, col = 0): Peg =
   ## constructs a Peg object from `pattern`. `filename`, `line`, `col` are
   ## used for error messages, but they only provide start offsets. `parsePeg`
   ## keeps track of line and column numbers within `pattern`.
@@ -2016,14 +2061,14 @@ proc parsePeg*(pattern: string, filename = "pattern", line = 1, col = 0): Peg =
   getTok(p)
   result = rawParse(p)
 
-proc peg*(pattern: string): Peg =
+func peg*(pattern: string): Peg =
   ## constructs a Peg object from the `pattern`. The short name has been
-  ## chosen to encourage its use as a raw string modifier::
+  ## chosen to encourage its use as a raw string modifier:
   ##
-  ##   peg"{\ident} \s* '=' \s* {.*}"
+  ##     peg"{\ident} \s* '=' \s* {.*}"
   result = parsePeg(pattern, "pattern")
 
-proc escapePeg*(s: string): string =
+func escapePeg*(s: string): string =
   ## escapes `s` so that it is matched verbatim when used as a peg.
   result = ""
   var inQuote = false
@@ -2041,147 +2086,3 @@ proc escapePeg*(s: string): string =
         inQuote = true
       result.add(c)
   if inQuote: result.add('\'')
-
-when isMainModule:
-  proc pegsTest() =
-    assert escapePeg("abc''def'") == r"'abc'\x27\x27'def'\x27"
-    assert match("(a b c)", peg"'(' @ ')'")
-    assert match("W_HI_Le", peg"\y 'while'")
-    assert(not match("W_HI_L", peg"\y 'while'"))
-    assert(not match("W_HI_Le", peg"\y v'while'"))
-    assert match("W_HI_Le", peg"y'while'")
-
-    assert($ +digits == $peg"\d+")
-    assert "0158787".match(peg"\d+")
-    assert "ABC 0232".match(peg"\w+\s+\d+")
-    assert "ABC".match(peg"\d+ / \w+")
-
-    var accum: seq[string] = @[]
-    for word in split("00232this02939is39an22example111", peg"\d+"):
-      accum.add(word)
-    assert(accum == @["this", "is", "an", "example"])
-
-    assert matchLen("key", ident) == 3
-
-    var pattern = sequence(ident, *whitespace, term('='), *whitespace, ident)
-    assert matchLen("key1=  cal9", pattern) == 11
-
-    var ws = newNonTerminal("ws", 1, 1)
-    ws.rule = *whitespace
-
-    var expr = newNonTerminal("expr", 1, 1)
-    expr.rule = sequence(capture(ident), *sequence(
-                  nonterminal(ws), term('+'), nonterminal(ws), nonterminal(expr)))
-
-    var c: Captures
-    var s = "a+b +  c +d+e+f"
-    assert rawMatch(s, expr.rule, 0, c) == len(s)
-    var a = ""
-    for i in 0..c.ml-1:
-      a.add(substr(s, c.matches[i][0], c.matches[i][1]))
-    assert a == "abcdef"
-    #echo expr.rule
-
-    #const filename = "lib/devel/peg/grammar.txt"
-    #var grammar = parsePeg(newFileStream(filename, fmRead), filename)
-    #echo "a <- [abc]*?".match(grammar)
-    assert find("_____abc_______", term("abc"), 2) == 5
-    assert match("_______ana", peg"A <- 'ana' / . A")
-    assert match("abcs%%%", peg"A <- ..A / .A / '%'")
-
-    var matches: array[0..MaxSubpatterns-1, string]
-    if "abc" =~ peg"{'a'}'bc' 'xyz' / {\ident}":
-      assert matches[0] == "abc"
-    else:
-      assert false
-
-    var g2 = peg"""S <- A B / C D
-                   A <- 'a'+
-                   B <- 'b'+
-                   C <- 'c'+
-                   D <- 'd'+
-                """
-    assert($g2 == "((A B) / (C D))")
-    assert match("cccccdddddd", g2)
-    assert("var1=key; var2=key2".replacef(peg"{\ident}'='{\ident}", "$1<-$2$2") ==
-           "var1<-keykey; var2<-key2key2")
-    assert("var1=key; var2=key2".replace(peg"{\ident}'='{\ident}", "$1<-$2$2") ==
-           "$1<-$2$2; $1<-$2$2")
-    assert "var1=key; var2=key2".endsWith(peg"{\ident}'='{\ident}")
-
-    if "aaaaaa" =~ peg"'aa' !. / ({'a'})+":
-      assert matches[0] == "a"
-    else:
-      assert false
-
-    if match("abcdefg", peg"c {d} ef {g}", matches, 2):
-      assert matches[0] == "d"
-      assert matches[1] == "g"
-    else:
-      assert false
-
-    accum = @[]
-    for x in findAll("abcdef", peg".", 3):
-      accum.add(x)
-    assert(accum == @["d", "e", "f"])
-
-    for x in findAll("abcdef", peg"^{.}", 3):
-      assert x == "d"
-
-    if "f(a, b)" =~ peg"{[0-9]+} / ({\ident} '(' {@} ')')":
-      assert matches[0] == "f"
-      assert matches[1] == "a, b"
-    else:
-      assert false
-
-    assert match("eine übersicht und außerdem", peg"(\letter \white*)+")
-    # ß is not a lower cased letter?!
-    assert match("eine übersicht und auerdem", peg"(\lower \white*)+")
-    assert match("EINE ÜBERSICHT UND AUSSERDEM", peg"(\upper \white*)+")
-    assert(not match("456678", peg"(\letter)+"))
-
-    assert("var1 = key; var2 = key2".replacef(
-      peg"\skip(\s*) {\ident}'='{\ident}", "$1<-$2$2") ==
-           "var1<-keykey;var2<-key2key2")
-
-    assert match("prefix/start", peg"^start$", 7)
-
-    if "foo" =~ peg"{'a'}?.*":
-      assert matches[0].len == 0
-    else: assert false
-
-    if "foo" =~ peg"{''}.*":
-      assert matches[0] == ""
-    else: assert false
-
-    if "foo" =~ peg"{'foo'}":
-      assert matches[0] == "foo"
-    else: assert false
-
-    let empty_test = peg"^\d*"
-    let str = "XYZ"
-
-    assert(str.find(empty_test) == 0)
-    assert(str.match(empty_test))
-
-    proc handleMatches(m: int, n: int, c: openArray[string]): string =
-      result = ""
-
-      if m > 0:
-        result.add ", "
-
-      result.add case n:
-        of 2: toLowerAscii(c[0]) & ": '" & c[1] & "'"
-        of 1: toLowerAscii(c[0]) & ": ''"
-        else: ""
-
-    assert("Var1=key1;var2=Key2;   VAR3".
-      replace(peg"{\ident}('='{\ident})* ';'* \s*",
-      handleMatches) == "var1: 'key1', var2: 'Key2', var3: ''")
-
-
-    doAssert "test1".match(peg"""{@}$""")
-    doAssert "test2".match(peg"""{(!$ .)*} $""")
-  pegsTest()
-  static:
-    pegsTest()
diff --git a/lib/pure/prelude.nim b/lib/pure/prelude.nim
index f1728b5f7..9428f29eb 100644
--- a/lib/pure/prelude.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/prelude.nim
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ when defined(nimdoc) and isMainModule:
     runnableExamples:
       include std/prelude
         # same as:
-        # import std/[os, strutils, times, parseutils, hashes, tables, sets, sequtils, parseopt]
+        # import std/[os, strutils, times, parseutils, hashes, tables, sets, sequtils, parseopt, strformat]
       let x = 1
       assert "foo $# $#" % [$x, "bar"] == "foo 1 bar"
       assert toSeq(1..3) == @[1, 2, 3]
@@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ when defined(nimdoc) and isMainModule:
   # xxx `nim doc -b:js -d:nodejs --doccmd:-d:nodejs lib/pure/prelude.nim` fails for some reason
   # specific to `nim doc`, but the code otherwise works with nodejs.
 
-import std/[os, strutils, times, parseutils, hashes, tables, sets, sequtils, parseopt]
+import std/[os, strutils, times, parseutils, hashes, tables, sets, sequtils, parseopt, strformat]
diff --git a/lib/pure/punycode.nim b/lib/pure/punycode.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index dfeeea35e..000000000
--- a/lib/pure/punycode.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,208 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2016 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-## Implements a representation of Unicode with the limited
-## ASCII character subset.
-
-import strutils
-import unicode
-
-# issue #3045
-
-const
-  Base = 36
-  TMin = 1
-  TMax = 26
-  Skew = 38
-  Damp = 700
-  InitialBias = 72
-  InitialN = 128
-  Delimiter = '-'
-
-type
-  PunyError* = object of ValueError
-
-proc decodeDigit(x: char): int {.raises: [PunyError].} =
-  if '0' <= x and x <= '9':
-    result = ord(x) - (ord('0') - 26)
-  elif 'A' <= x and x <= 'Z':
-    result = ord(x) - ord('A')
-  elif 'a' <= x and x <= 'z':
-    result = ord(x) - ord('a')
-  else:
-    raise newException(PunyError, "Bad input")
-
-proc encodeDigit(digit: int): Rune {.raises: [PunyError].} =
-  if 0 <= digit and digit < 26:
-    result = Rune(digit + ord('a'))
-  elif 26 <= digit and digit < 36:
-    result = Rune(digit + (ord('0') - 26))
-  else:
-    raise newException(PunyError, "internal error in punycode encoding")
-
-proc isBasic(c: char): bool = ord(c) < 0x80
-proc isBasic(r: Rune): bool = int(r) < 0x80
-
-proc adapt(delta, numPoints: int, first: bool): int =
-  var d = if first: delta div Damp else: delta div 2
-  d += d div numPoints
-  var k = 0
-  while d > ((Base-TMin)*TMax) div 2:
-    d = d div (Base - TMin)
-    k += Base
-  result = k + (Base - TMin + 1) * d div (d + Skew)
-
-proc encode*(prefix, s: string): string {.raises: [PunyError].} =
-  ## Encode a string that may contain Unicode.
-  ## Prepend `prefix` to the result
-  result = prefix
-  var (d, n, bias) = (0, InitialN, InitialBias)
-  var (b, remaining) = (0, 0)
-  for r in s.runes:
-    if r.isBasic:
-      # basic Ascii character
-      inc b
-      result.add($r)
-    else:
-      # special character
-      inc remaining
-
-  var h = b
-  if b > 0:
-    result.add(Delimiter) # we have some Ascii chars
-  while remaining != 0:
-    var m: int = high(int32)
-    for r in s.runes:
-      if m > int(r) and int(r) >= n:
-        m = int(r)
-    d += (m - n) * (h + 1)
-    if d < 0:
-      raise newException(PunyError, "invalid label " & s)
-    n = m
-    for r in s.runes:
-      if int(r) < n:
-        inc d
-        if d < 0:
-          raise newException(PunyError, "invalid label " & s)
-        continue
-      if int(r) > n:
-        continue
-      var q = d
-      var k = Base
-      while true:
-        var t = k - bias
-        if t < TMin:
-          t = TMin
-        elif t > TMax:
-          t = TMax
-        if q < t:
-          break
-        result.add($encodeDigit(t + (q - t) mod (Base - t)))
-        q = (q - t) div (Base - t)
-        k += Base
-      result.add($encodeDigit(q))
-      bias = adapt(d, h + 1, h == b)
-      d = 0
-      inc h
-      dec remaining
-    inc d
-    inc n
-
-proc encode*(s: string): string {.raises: [PunyError].} =
-  ## Encode a string that may contain Unicode. Prefix is empty.
-  result = encode("", s)
-
-proc decode*(encoded: string): string {.raises: [PunyError].} =
-  ## Decode a Punycode-encoded string
-  var
-    n = InitialN
-    i = 0
-    bias = InitialBias
-  var d = rfind(encoded, Delimiter)
-  result = ""
-
-  if d > 0:
-    # found Delimiter
-    for j in 0..<d:
-      var c = encoded[j] # char
-      if not c.isBasic:
-        raise newException(PunyError, "Encoded contains a non-basic char")
-      result.add(c) # add the character
-    inc d
-  else:
-    d = 0 # set to first index
-
-  while (d < len(encoded)):
-    var oldi = i
-    var w = 1
-    var k = Base
-    while true:
-      if d == len(encoded):
-        raise newException(PunyError, "Bad input: " & encoded)
-      var c = encoded[d]; inc d
-      var digit = int(decodeDigit(c))
-      if digit > (high(int32) - i) div w:
-        raise newException(PunyError, "Too large a value: " & $digit)
-      i += digit * w
-      var t: int
-      if k <= bias:
-        t = TMin
-      elif k >= bias + TMax:
-        t = TMax
-      else:
-        t = k - bias
-      if digit < t:
-        break
-      w *= Base - t
-      k += Base
-    bias = adapt(i - oldi, runeLen(result) + 1, oldi == 0)
-
-    if i div (runeLen(result) + 1) > high(int32) - n:
-      raise newException(PunyError, "Value too large")
-
-    n += i div (runeLen(result) + 1)
-    i = i mod (runeLen(result) + 1)
-    insert(result, $Rune(n), i)
-    inc i
-
-
-runnableExamples:
-  static:
-    block:
-      doAssert encode("") == ""
-      doAssert encode("a") == "a-"
-      doAssert encode("A") == "A-"
-      doAssert encode("3") == "3-"
-      doAssert encode("-") == "--"
-      doAssert encode("--") == "---"
-      doAssert encode("abc") == "abc-"
-      doAssert encode("London") == "London-"
-      doAssert encode("Lloyd-Atkinson") == "Lloyd-Atkinson-"
-      doAssert encode("This has spaces") == "This has spaces-"
-      doAssert encode("ü") == "tda"
-      doAssert encode("München") == "Mnchen-3ya"
-      doAssert encode("Mnchen-3ya") == "Mnchen-3ya-"
-      doAssert encode("München-Ost") == "Mnchen-Ost-9db"
-      doAssert encode("Bahnhof München-Ost") == "Bahnhof Mnchen-Ost-u6b"
-    block:
-      doAssert decode("") == ""
-      doAssert decode("a-") ==  "a"
-      doAssert decode("A-") == "A"
-      doAssert decode("3-") == "3"
-      doAssert decode("--") == "-"
-      doAssert decode("---") == "--"
-      doAssert decode("abc-") == "abc"
-      doAssert decode("London-") == "London"
-      doAssert decode("Lloyd-Atkinson-") == "Lloyd-Atkinson"
-      doAssert decode("This has spaces-") == "This has spaces"
-      doAssert decode("tda") == "ü"
-      doAssert decode("Mnchen-3ya") == "München"
-      doAssert decode("Mnchen-3ya-") == "Mnchen-3ya"
-      doAssert decode("Mnchen-Ost-9db") == "München-Ost"
-      doAssert decode("Bahnhof Mnchen-Ost-u6b") == "Bahnhof München-Ost"
diff --git a/lib/pure/random.nim b/lib/pure/random.nim
index f91d92731..3ec77d37e 100644
--- a/lib/pure/random.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/random.nim
@@ -66,26 +66,41 @@ runnableExamples:
 ## See also
 ## ========
 ## * `std/sysrand module <sysrand.html>`_ for a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
-## * `mersenne module <mersenne.html>`_ for the Mersenne Twister random number generator
 ## * `math module <math.html>`_ for basic math routines
 ## * `stats module <stats.html>`_ for statistical analysis
 ## * `list of cryptographic and hashing modules <lib.html#pure-libraries-hashing>`_
 ##   in the standard library
 
 import std/[algorithm, math]
-import std/private/since
+import std/private/[since, jsutils]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions]
 
 include system/inclrtl
 {.push debugger: off.}
+template whenHasBigInt64(yes64, no64): untyped =
+  when defined(js):
+    when compiles(compileOption("jsbigint64")):
+      when compileOption("jsbigint64"):
+        yes64
+      else:
+        no64
+    else:
+      no64
+  else:
+    yes64
 
-when defined(js):
-  type Ui = uint32
 
-  const randMax = 4_294_967_295u32
-else:
+whenHasBigInt64:
   type Ui = uint64
 
   const randMax = 18_446_744_073_709_551_615u64
+do:
+  type Ui = uint32
+
+  const randMax = 4_294_967_295u32
+
 
 type
   Rand* = object ## State of a random number generator.
@@ -103,15 +118,24 @@ type
                  ## generator are **not** thread-safe!
     a0, a1: Ui
 
-when defined(js):
+whenHasBigInt64:
+  const DefaultRandSeed = Rand(
+    a0: 0x69B4C98CB8530805u64,
+    a1: 0xFED1DD3004688D67CAu64)
+
+  # racy for multi-threading but good enough for now:
+  var state = DefaultRandSeed # global for backwards compatibility
+do:
   var state = Rand(
     a0: 0x69B4C98Cu32,
     a1: 0xFED1DD30u32) # global for backwards compatibility
-else:
-  # racy for multi-threading but good enough for now:
-  var state = Rand(
-    a0: 0x69B4C98CB8530805u64,
-    a1: 0xFED1DD3004688D67CAu64) # global for backwards compatibility
+
+func isValid(r: Rand): bool {.inline.} =
+  ## Check whether state of `r` is valid.
+  ##
+  ## In `xoroshiro128+`, if all bits of `a0` and `a1` are zero,
+  ## they are always zero after calling `next(r: var Rand)`.
+  not (r.a0 == 0 and r.a1 == 0)
 
 since (1, 5):
   template randState*(): untyped =
@@ -133,11 +157,10 @@ proc next*(r: var Rand): uint64 =
   ##   that accepts a slice
   ## * `rand proc<#rand,typedesc[T]>`_ that accepts an integer or range type
   ## * `skipRandomNumbers proc<#skipRandomNumbers,Rand>`_
-  runnableExamples:
+  runnableExamples("-r:off"):
     var r = initRand(2019)
-    doAssert r.next() == 138_744_656_611_299'u64
-    doAssert r.next() == 979_810_537_855_049_344'u64
-    doAssert r.next() == 3_628_232_584_225_300_704'u64
+    assert r.next() == 13223559681708962501'u64 # implementation defined
+    assert r.next() == 7229677234260823147'u64 # ditto
 
   let s0 = r.a0
   var s1 = r.a1
@@ -170,29 +193,38 @@ proc skipRandomNumbers*(s: var Rand) =
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `next proc<#next,Rand>`_
   runnableExamples("--threads:on"):
-    import std/[random, threadpool]
+    import std/random
 
-    const spawns = 4
     const numbers = 100000
 
-    proc randomSum(r: Rand): int =
-      var r = r
+    var
+      thr: array[0..3, Thread[(Rand, int)]]
+      vals: array[0..3, int]
+
+    proc randomSum(params: tuple[r: Rand, index: int]) {.thread.} =
+      var r = params.r
+      var s = 0 # avoid cache thrashing
       for i in 1..numbers:
-        result += r.rand(0..10)
+        s += r.rand(0..10)
+      vals[params.index] = s
 
     var r = initRand(2019)
-    var vals: array[spawns, FlowVar[int]]
-    for val in vals.mitems:
-      val = spawn randomSum(r)
+    for i in 0..<thr.len:
+      createThread(thr[i], randomSum, (r, i))
       r.skipRandomNumbers()
 
+    joinThreads(thr)
+
     for val in vals:
-      doAssert abs(^val - numbers * 5) / numbers < 0.1
+      doAssert abs(val - numbers * 5) / numbers < 0.1
 
-  when defined(js):
-    const helper = [0xbeac0467u32, 0xd86b048bu32]
-  else:
+    doAssert vals == [501737, 497901, 500683, 500157]
+
+
+  whenHasBigInt64:
     const helper = [0xbeac0467eba5facbu64, 0xd86b048b86aa9922u64]
+  do:
+    const helper = [0xbeac0467u32, 0xd86b048bu32]
   var
     s0 = Ui 0
     s1 = Ui 0
@@ -205,6 +237,22 @@ proc skipRandomNumbers*(s: var Rand) =
   s.a0 = s0
   s.a1 = s1
 
+proc rand[T: uint | uint64](r: var Rand; max: T): T =
+  # xxx export in future work
+  if max == 0: return
+  else:
+    let max = uint64(max)
+    when T.high.uint64 == uint64.high:
+      if max == uint64.high: return T(next(r))
+    var iters = 0
+    while true:
+      let x = next(r)
+      # avoid `mod` bias
+      if x <= randMax - (randMax mod max) or iters > 20:
+        return T(x mod (max + 1))
+      else:
+        inc iters
+
 proc rand*(r: var Rand; max: Natural): int {.benign.} =
   ## Returns a random integer in the range `0..max` using the given state.
   ##
@@ -216,15 +264,11 @@ proc rand*(r: var Rand; max: Natural): int {.benign.} =
   ## * `rand proc<#rand,typedesc[T]>`_ that accepts an integer or range type
   runnableExamples:
     var r = initRand(123)
-    doAssert r.rand(100) == 0
-    doAssert r.rand(100) == 96
-    doAssert r.rand(100) == 66
-
-  if max == 0: return
-  while true:
-    let x = next(r)
-    if x <= randMax - (randMax mod Ui(max)):
-      return int(x mod (uint64(max) + 1u64))
+    if false:
+      assert r.rand(100) == 96 # implementation defined
+  # bootstrap: can't use `runnableExamples("-r:off")`
+  cast[int](rand(r, uint64(max)))
+    # xxx toUnsigned pending https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/18445
 
 proc rand*(max: int): int {.benign.} =
   ## Returns a random integer in the range `0..max`.
@@ -241,11 +285,9 @@ proc rand*(max: int): int {.benign.} =
   ## * `rand proc<#rand,HSlice[T: Ordinal or float or float32 or float64,T: Ordinal or float or float32 or float64]>`_
   ##   that accepts a slice
   ## * `rand proc<#rand,typedesc[T]>`_ that accepts an integer or range type
-  runnableExamples:
+  runnableExamples("-r:off"):
     randomize(123)
-    doAssert rand(100) == 0
-    doAssert rand(100) == 96
-    doAssert rand(100) == 66
+    assert [rand(100), rand(100)] == [96, 63] # implementation defined
 
   rand(state, max)
 
@@ -265,7 +307,13 @@ proc rand*(r: var Rand; max: range[0.0 .. high(float)]): float {.benign.} =
 
   let x = next(r)
   when defined(js):
-    result = (float(x) / float(high(uint32))) * max
+    when compiles(compileOption("jsbigint64")):
+      when compileOption("jsbigint64"):
+        result = (float(x) / float(high(uint64))) * max
+      else:
+        result = (float(x) / float(high(uint32))) * max
+    else:
+      result = (float(x) / float(high(uint32))) * max
   else:
     let u = (0x3FFu64 shl 52u64) or (x shr 12u64)
     result = (cast[float](u) - 1.0) * max
@@ -305,15 +353,16 @@ proc rand*[T: Ordinal or SomeFloat](r: var Rand; x: HSlice[T, T]): T =
   ## * `rand proc<#rand,typedesc[T]>`_ that accepts an integer or range type
   runnableExamples:
     var r = initRand(345)
-    doAssert r.rand(1..6) == 4
-    doAssert r.rand(1..6) == 4
-    doAssert r.rand(1..6) == 6
-    let f = r.rand(-1.0 .. 1.0) # 0.8741183448756229
+    assert r.rand(1..5) <= 5
+    assert r.rand(-1.1 .. 1.2) >= -1.1
   assert x.a <= x.b
   when T is SomeFloat:
     result = rand(r, x.b - x.a) + x.a
   else: # Integers and Enum types
-    result = T(rand(r, int(x.b) - int(x.a)) + int(x.a))
+    whenJsNoBigInt64:
+      result = cast[T](rand(r, cast[uint](x.b) - cast[uint](x.a)) + cast[uint](x.a))
+    do:
+      result = cast[T](rand(r, cast[uint64](x.b) - cast[uint64](x.a)) + cast[uint64](x.a))
 
 proc rand*[T: Ordinal or SomeFloat](x: HSlice[T, T]): T =
   ## For a slice `a..b`, returns a value in the range `a..b`.
@@ -333,14 +382,33 @@ proc rand*[T: Ordinal or SomeFloat](x: HSlice[T, T]): T =
   ## * `rand proc<#rand,typedesc[T]>`_ that accepts an integer or range type
   runnableExamples:
     randomize(345)
-    doAssert rand(1..6) == 4
-    doAssert rand(1..6) == 4
-    doAssert rand(1..6) == 6
+    assert rand(1..6) <= 6
 
   result = rand(state, x)
 
-proc rand*[T: SomeInteger](t: typedesc[T]): T =
-  ## Returns a random integer in the range `low(T)..high(T)`.
+proc rand*[T: Ordinal](r: var Rand; t: typedesc[T]): T {.since: (1, 7, 1).} =
+  ## Returns a random Ordinal in the range `low(T)..high(T)`.
+  ##
+  ## If `randomize <#randomize>`_ has not been called, the sequence of random
+  ## numbers returned from this proc will always be the same.
+  ##
+  ## **See also:**
+  ## * `rand proc<#rand,int>`_ that returns an integer
+  ## * `rand proc<#rand,float>`_ that returns a floating point number
+  ## * `rand proc<#rand,HSlice[T: Ordinal or float or float32 or float64,T: Ordinal or float or float32 or float64]>`_
+  ##   that accepts a slice
+  when T is range or T is enum:
+    result = rand(r, low(T)..high(T))
+  elif T is bool:
+    result = r.next < randMax div 2
+  else:
+    whenJsNoBigInt64:
+      result = cast[T](r.next shr (sizeof(uint)*8 - sizeof(T)*8))
+    do:
+      result = cast[T](r.next shr (sizeof(uint64)*8 - sizeof(T)*8))
+
+proc rand*[T: Ordinal](t: typedesc[T]): T =
+  ## Returns a random Ordinal in the range `low(T)..high(T)`.
   ##
   ## If `randomize <#randomize>`_ has not been called, the sequence of random
   ## numbers returned from this proc will always be the same.
@@ -354,20 +422,15 @@ proc rand*[T: SomeInteger](t: typedesc[T]): T =
   ##   that accepts a slice
   runnableExamples:
     randomize(567)
-    doAssert rand(int8) == 55
-    doAssert rand(int8) == -42
-    doAssert rand(int8) == 43
-    doAssert rand(uint32) == 578980729'u32
-    doAssert rand(uint32) == 4052940463'u32
-    doAssert rand(uint32) == 2163872389'u32
-    doAssert rand(range[1..16]) == 11
-    doAssert rand(range[1..16]) == 4
-    doAssert rand(range[1..16]) == 16
-
-  when T is range:
-    result = rand(state, low(T)..high(T))
-  else:
-    result = cast[T](state.next)
+    type E = enum a, b, c, d
+
+    assert rand(E) in a..d
+    assert rand(char) in low(char)..high(char)
+    assert rand(int8) in low(int8)..high(int8)
+    assert rand(uint32) in low(uint32)..high(uint32)
+    assert rand(range[1..16]) in 1..16
+
+  result = rand(state, t)
 
 proc sample*[T](r: var Rand; s: set[T]): T =
   ## Returns a random element from the set `s` using the given state.
@@ -380,9 +443,7 @@ proc sample*[T](r: var Rand; s: set[T]): T =
   runnableExamples:
     var r = initRand(987)
     let s = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
-    doAssert r.sample(s) == 5
-    doAssert r.sample(s) == 7
-    doAssert r.sample(s) == 1
+    assert r.sample(s) in s
 
   assert card(s) != 0
   var i = rand(r, card(s) - 1)
@@ -406,9 +467,7 @@ proc sample*[T](s: set[T]): T =
   runnableExamples:
     randomize(987)
     let s = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
-    doAssert sample(s) == 5
-    doAssert sample(s) == 7
-    doAssert sample(s) == 1
+    assert sample(s) in s
 
   sample(state, s)
 
@@ -423,13 +482,11 @@ proc sample*[T](r: var Rand; a: openArray[T]): T =
   runnableExamples:
     let marbles = ["red", "blue", "green", "yellow", "purple"]
     var r = initRand(456)
-    doAssert r.sample(marbles) == "blue"
-    doAssert r.sample(marbles) == "yellow"
-    doAssert r.sample(marbles) == "red"
+    assert r.sample(marbles) in marbles
 
   result = a[r.rand(a.low..a.high)]
 
-proc sample*[T](a: openArray[T]): T =
+proc sample*[T](a: openArray[T]): lent T =
   ## Returns a random element from `a`.
   ##
   ## If `randomize <#randomize>`_ has not been called, the order of outcomes
@@ -445,9 +502,7 @@ proc sample*[T](a: openArray[T]): T =
   runnableExamples:
     let marbles = ["red", "blue", "green", "yellow", "purple"]
     randomize(456)
-    doAssert sample(marbles) == "blue"
-    doAssert sample(marbles) == "yellow"
-    doAssert sample(marbles) == "red"
+    assert sample(marbles) in marbles
 
   result = a[rand(a.low..a.high)]
 
@@ -476,9 +531,7 @@ proc sample*[T, U](r: var Rand; a: openArray[T]; cdf: openArray[U]): T =
     let count = [1, 6, 8, 3, 4]
     let cdf = count.cumsummed
     var r = initRand(789)
-    doAssert r.sample(marbles, cdf) == "red"
-    doAssert r.sample(marbles, cdf) == "green"
-    doAssert r.sample(marbles, cdf) == "blue"
+    assert r.sample(marbles, cdf) in marbles
 
   assert(cdf.len == a.len) # Two basic sanity checks.
   assert(float(cdf[^1]) > 0.0)
@@ -512,9 +565,7 @@ proc sample*[T, U](a: openArray[T]; cdf: openArray[U]): T =
     let count = [1, 6, 8, 3, 4]
     let cdf = count.cumsummed
     randomize(789)
-    doAssert sample(marbles, cdf) == "red"
-    doAssert sample(marbles, cdf) == "green"
-    doAssert sample(marbles, cdf) == "blue"
+    assert sample(marbles, cdf) in marbles
 
   state.sample(a, cdf)
 
@@ -547,10 +598,10 @@ proc gauss*(mu = 0.0, sigma = 1.0): float {.since: (1, 3).} =
 proc initRand*(seed: int64): Rand =
   ## Initializes a new `Rand <#Rand>`_ state using the given seed.
   ##
-  ## `seed` must not be zero. Providing a specific seed will produce
-  ## the same results for that seed each time.
+  ## Providing a specific seed will produce the same results for that seed each time.
   ##
-  ## The resulting state is independent of the default RNG's state.
+  ## The resulting state is independent of the default RNG's state. When `seed == 0`,
+  ## we internally set the seed to an implementation defined non-zero value.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `initRand proc<#initRand>`_ that uses the current time
@@ -560,20 +611,22 @@ proc initRand*(seed: int64): Rand =
     from std/times import getTime, toUnix, nanosecond
 
     var r1 = initRand(123)
-
     let now = getTime()
     var r2 = initRand(now.toUnix * 1_000_000_000 + now.nanosecond)
-
-  doAssert seed != 0 # 0 causes `rand(int)` to always return 0 for example.
+  const seedFallback0 = int32.high # arbitrary
+  let seed = if seed != 0: seed else: seedFallback0 # because 0 is a fixed point
   result.a0 = Ui(seed shr 16)
   result.a1 = Ui(seed and 0xffff)
+  when not defined(nimLegacyRandomInitRand):
+    # calling `discard next(result)` (even a few times) would still produce
+    # skewed numbers for the 1st call to `rand()`.
+    skipRandomNumbers(result)
   discard next(result)
 
 proc randomize*(seed: int64) {.benign.} =
   ## Initializes the default random number generator with the given seed.
   ##
-  ## `seed` must not be zero. Providing a specific seed will produce
-  ## the same results for that seed each time.
+  ## Providing a specific seed will produce the same results for that seed each time.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
   ## * `initRand proc<#initRand,int64>`_ that initializes a Rand state
@@ -600,7 +653,8 @@ proc shuffle*[T](r: var Rand; x: var openArray[T]) =
     var cards = ["Ace", "King", "Queen", "Jack", "Ten"]
     var r = initRand(678)
     r.shuffle(cards)
-    doAssert cards == ["King", "Ace", "Queen", "Ten", "Jack"]
+    import std/algorithm
+    assert cards.sorted == @["Ace", "Jack", "King", "Queen", "Ten"]
 
   for i in countdown(x.high, 1):
     let j = r.rand(i)
@@ -620,19 +674,33 @@ proc shuffle*[T](x: var openArray[T]) =
     var cards = ["Ace", "King", "Queen", "Jack", "Ten"]
     randomize(678)
     shuffle(cards)
-    doAssert cards == ["King", "Ace", "Queen", "Ten", "Jack"]
+    import std/algorithm
+    assert cards.sorted == @["Ace", "Jack", "King", "Queen", "Ten"]
 
   shuffle(state, x)
 
-when not defined(nimscript) and not defined(standalone):
-  import std/times
+when not defined(standalone):
+  when defined(js):
+    import std/times
+  else:
+    when defined(nimscript):
+      import std/hashes
+    else:
+      import std/[hashes, os, sysrand, monotimes]
+
+      when compileOption("threads"):
+        import std/locks
+        var baseSeedLock: Lock
+        baseSeedLock.initLock
+
+    var baseState: Rand
 
   proc initRand(): Rand =
-    ## Initializes a new Rand state with a seed based on the current time.
+    ## Initializes a new Rand state.
     ##
     ## The resulting state is independent of the default RNG's state.
     ##
-    ## **Note:** Does not work for NimScript or the compile-time VM.
+    ## **Note:** Does not work for the compile-time VM.
     ##
     ## See also:
     ## * `initRand proc<#initRand,int64>`_ that accepts a seed for a new Rand state
@@ -642,20 +710,50 @@ when not defined(nimscript) and not defined(standalone):
       let time = int64(times.epochTime() * 1000) and 0x7fff_ffff
       result = initRand(time)
     else:
-      let now = times.getTime()
-      result = initRand(convert(Seconds, Nanoseconds, now.toUnix) + now.nanosecond)
+      proc getRandomState(): Rand =
+        when defined(nimscript):
+          result = Rand(
+            a0: CompileTime.hash.Ui,
+            a1: CompileDate.hash.Ui)
+          if not result.isValid:
+            result = DefaultRandSeed
+        else:
+          var urand: array[sizeof(Rand), byte]
+
+          for i in 0 .. 7:
+            if sysrand.urandom(urand):
+              copyMem(result.addr, urand[0].addr, sizeof(Rand))
+              if result.isValid:
+                break
+
+          if not result.isValid:
+            # Don't try to get alternative random values from other source like time or process/thread id,
+            # because such code would be never tested and is a liability for security.
+            quit("Failed to initializes baseState in random module as sysrand.urandom doesn't work.")
+
+      when compileOption("threads"):
+        baseSeedLock.withLock:
+          if not baseState.isValid:
+            baseState = getRandomState()
+          result = baseState
+          baseState.skipRandomNumbers
+      else:
+        if not baseState.isValid:
+          baseState = getRandomState()
+        result = baseState
+        baseState.skipRandomNumbers
 
   since (1, 5, 1):
     export initRand
 
   proc randomize*() {.benign.} =
     ## Initializes the default random number generator with a seed based on
-    ## the current time.
+    ## random number source.
     ##
     ## This proc only needs to be called once, and it should be called before
     ## the first usage of procs from this module that use the default RNG.
     ##
-    ## **Note:** Does not work for NimScript or the compile-time VM.
+    ## **Note:** Does not work for the compile-time VM.
     ##
     ## **See also:**
     ## * `randomize proc<#randomize,int64>`_ that accepts a seed
diff --git a/lib/pure/rationals.nim b/lib/pure/rationals.nim
index a059651bb..5f806bd70 100644
--- a/lib/pure/rationals.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/rationals.nim
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ runnableExamples:
   doAssert r1 / r2 == -2 // 3
 
 import std/[math, hashes]
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 type Rational*[T] = object
   ## A rational number, consisting of a numerator `num` and a denominator `den`.
@@ -38,16 +40,16 @@ func reduce*[T: SomeInteger](x: var Rational[T]) =
     reduce(r)
     doAssert r.num == 1
     doAssert r.den == 2
-
+  if x.den == 0:
+    raise newException(DivByZeroDefect, "division by zero")
   let common = gcd(x.num, x.den)
   if x.den > 0:
     x.num = x.num div common
     x.den = x.den div common
-  elif x.den < 0:
-    x.num = -x.num div common
-    x.den = -x.den div common
-  else:
-    raise newException(DivByZeroDefect, "division by zero")
+  when T isnot SomeUnsignedInt:
+    if x.den < 0:
+      x.num = -x.num div common
+      x.den = -x.den div common
 
 func initRational*[T: SomeInteger](num, den: T): Rational[T] =
   ## Creates a new rational number with numerator `num` and denominator `den`.
@@ -316,3 +318,23 @@ func hash*[T](x: Rational[T]): Hash =
   h = h !& hash(copy.num)
   h = h !& hash(copy.den)
   result = !$h
+
+func `^`*[T: SomeInteger](x: Rational[T], y: T): Rational[T] =
+  ## Computes `x` to the power of `y`.
+  ##
+  ## The exponent `y` must be an integer. Negative exponents are supported
+  ## but floating point exponents are not.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert (-3 // 5) ^ 0 == (1 // 1)
+    doAssert (-3 // 5) ^ 1 == (-3 // 5)
+    doAssert (-3 // 5) ^ 2 == (9 // 25)
+    doAssert (-3 // 5) ^ -2 == (25 // 9)
+
+  if y >= 0:
+    result.num = x.num ^ y
+    result.den = x.den ^ y
+  else:
+    result.num = x.den ^ -y
+    result.den = x.num ^ -y
+  # Note that all powers of reduced rationals are already reduced,
+  # so we don't need to call reduce() here
diff --git a/lib/pure/reservedmem.nim b/lib/pure/reservedmem.nim
index 232a2b383..ffa0128dc 100644
--- a/lib/pure/reservedmem.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/reservedmem.nim
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 ## :Authors: Zahary Karadjov
 ##
-## This module provides utilities for reserving a portions of the
+## This module provides utilities for reserving portions of the
 ## address space of a program without consuming physical memory.
 ## It can be used to implement a dynamically resizable buffer that
 ## is guaranteed to remain in the same memory location. The buffer
@@ -18,7 +18,10 @@
 ##
 ## Unstable API.
 
-from os import raiseOSError, osLastError
+from std/oserrors import raiseOSError, osLastError
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 template distance*(lhs, rhs: pointer): int =
   cast[int](rhs) - cast[int](lhs)
@@ -41,26 +44,11 @@ type
     mem: ReservedMem
 
 when defined(windows):
-  import winlean
-
-  type
-    SYSTEM_INFO {.final, pure.} = object
-      u1: uint32
-      dwPageSize: uint32
-      lpMinimumApplicationAddress: pointer
-      lpMaximumApplicationAddress: pointer
-      dwActiveProcessorMask: ptr uint32
-      dwNumberOfProcessors: uint32
-      dwProcessorType: uint32
-      dwAllocationGranularity: uint32
-      wProcessorLevel: uint16
-      wProcessorRevision: uint16
-
-  proc getSystemInfo(lpSystemInfo: ptr SYSTEM_INFO) {.stdcall,
-      dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "GetSystemInfo".}
+  import std/winlean
+  import std/private/win_getsysteminfo
 
   proc getAllocationGranularity: uint =
-    var sysInfo: SYSTEM_INFO
+    var sysInfo: SystemInfo
     getSystemInfo(addr sysInfo)
     return uint(sysInfo.dwAllocationGranularity)
 
@@ -80,7 +68,7 @@ when defined(windows):
       raiseOSError(osLastError())
 
 else:
-  import posix
+  import std/posix
 
   let allocationGranularity = sysconf(SC_PAGESIZE)
 
diff --git a/lib/pure/ropes.nim b/lib/pure/ropes.nim
index 42550af1d..8750aca87 100644
--- a/lib/pure/ropes.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/ropes.nim
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
 include system/inclrtl
 import std/streams
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, formatfloat, assertions]
+
 {.push debugger: off.} # the user does not want to trace a part
                        # of the standard library!
 
diff --git a/lib/pure/segfaults.nim b/lib/pure/segfaults.nim
index e0da8b81d..65b059e86 100644
--- a/lib/pure/segfaults.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/segfaults.nim
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ se.msg = "Could not access value because it is nil."
 when defined(windows):
   include "../system/ansi_c"
 
-  import winlean
+  import std/winlean
 
   const
     EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION = DWORD(0xc0000005'i32)
-    EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH = Long(0)
+    EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH = LONG(0)
 
   type
     PEXCEPTION_RECORD = ptr object
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ when defined(windows):
     c_signal(SIGSEGV, segfaultHandler)
 
 else:
-  import posix
+  import std/posix
 
   var sa: Sigaction
 
diff --git a/lib/pure/selectors.nim b/lib/pure/selectors.nim
index e78219aec..ac180e2bd 100644
--- a/lib/pure/selectors.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/selectors.nim
@@ -27,13 +27,17 @@
 ##
 ## TODO: `/dev/poll`, `event ports` and filesystem events.
 
-import os, nativesockets
+import std/nativesockets
+import std/oserrors
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 const hasThreadSupport = compileOption("threads") and defined(threadsafe)
 
 const ioselSupportedPlatform* = defined(macosx) or defined(freebsd) or
                                 defined(netbsd) or defined(openbsd) or
-                                defined(dragonfly) or
+                                defined(dragonfly) or defined(nuttx) or
                                 (defined(linux) and not defined(android) and not defined(emscripten))
   ## This constant is used to determine whether the destination platform is
   ## fully supported by `ioselectors` module.
@@ -201,12 +205,11 @@ when defined(nimdoc):
     ## to `value`. This `value` can be modified in the scope of
     ## the `withData` call.
     ##
-    ## .. code-block:: nim
-    ##
+    ##   ```nim
     ##   s.withData(fd, value) do:
     ##     # block is executed only if `fd` registered in selector `s`
     ##     value.uid = 1000
-    ##
+    ##   ```
 
   template withData*[T](s: Selector[T], fd: SocketHandle|int, value,
                         body1, body2: untyped) =
@@ -214,15 +217,14 @@ when defined(nimdoc):
     ## to `value`. This `value` can be modified in the scope of
     ## the `withData` call.
     ##
-    ## .. code-block:: nim
-    ##
+    ##   ```nim
     ##   s.withData(fd, value) do:
     ##     # block is executed only if `fd` registered in selector `s`.
     ##     value.uid = 1000
     ##   do:
     ##     # block is executed if `fd` not registered in selector `s`.
     ##     raise
-    ##
+    ##   ```
 
   proc contains*[T](s: Selector[T], fd: SocketHandle|int): bool {.inline.} =
     ## Determines whether selector contains a file descriptor.
@@ -233,9 +235,9 @@ when defined(nimdoc):
     ## For *poll* and *select* selectors `-1` is returned.
 
 else:
-  import strutils
+  import std/strutils
   when hasThreadSupport:
-    import locks
+    import std/locks
 
     type
       SharedArray[T] = UncheckedArray[T]
@@ -243,8 +245,8 @@ else:
     proc allocSharedArray[T](nsize: int): ptr SharedArray[T] =
       result = cast[ptr SharedArray[T]](allocShared0(sizeof(T) * nsize))
 
-    proc reallocSharedArray[T](sa: ptr SharedArray[T], nsize: int): ptr SharedArray[T] =
-      result = cast[ptr SharedArray[T]](reallocShared(sa, sizeof(T) * nsize))
+    proc reallocSharedArray[T](sa: ptr SharedArray[T], oldsize, nsize: int): ptr SharedArray[T] =
+      result = cast[ptr SharedArray[T]](reallocShared0(sa, oldsize * sizeof(T), sizeof(T) * nsize))
 
     proc deallocSharedArray[T](sa: ptr SharedArray[T]) =
       deallocShared(cast[pointer](sa))
@@ -286,7 +288,7 @@ else:
     setBlocking(fd.SocketHandle, false)
 
   when not defined(windows):
-    import posix
+    import std/posix
 
     template setKey(s, pident, pevents, pparam, pdata: untyped) =
       var skey = addr(s.fds[pident])
@@ -321,9 +323,37 @@ else:
   proc verifySelectParams(timeout: int) =
     # Timeout of -1 means: wait forever
     # Anything higher is the time to wait in milliseconds.
-    doAssert(timeout >= -1, "Cannot select with a negative value, got " & $timeout)
-
-  when defined(linux) and not defined(emscripten):
+    doAssert(timeout >= -1, "Cannot select with a negative value, got: " & $timeout)
+
+  when defined(linux) or defined(windows) or defined(macosx) or defined(bsd) or
+       defined(solaris) or defined(zephyr) or defined(freertos) or defined(nuttx) or defined(haiku):
+    template maxDescriptors*(): int =
+      ## Returns the maximum number of active file descriptors for the current
+      ## process. This involves a system call. For now `maxDescriptors` is
+      ## supported on the following OSes: Windows, Linux, OSX, BSD, Solaris.
+      when defined(windows):
+        16_700_000
+      elif defined(zephyr) or defined(freertos):
+        FD_MAX
+      else:
+        var fdLim: RLimit
+        var res = int(getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, fdLim))
+        if res >= 0:
+          res = int(fdLim.rlim_cur) - 1
+        res
+
+  when defined(nimIoselector):
+    when nimIoselector == "epoll":
+      include ioselects/ioselectors_epoll
+    elif nimIoselector == "kqueue":
+      include ioselects/ioselectors_kqueue
+    elif nimIoselector == "poll":
+      include ioselects/ioselectors_poll
+    elif nimIoselector == "select":
+      include ioselects/ioselectors_select
+    else:
+      {.fatal: "Unknown nimIoselector specified by define.".}
+  elif defined(linux) and not defined(emscripten):
     include ioselects/ioselectors_epoll
   elif bsdPlatform:
     include ioselects/ioselectors_kqueue
@@ -337,5 +367,9 @@ else:
     include ioselects/ioselectors_select
   elif defined(freertos) or defined(lwip):
     include ioselects/ioselectors_select
+  elif defined(zephyr):
+    include ioselects/ioselectors_poll
+  elif defined(nuttx):
+    include ioselects/ioselectors_epoll
   else:
     include ioselects/ioselectors_poll
diff --git a/lib/pure/smtp.nim b/lib/pure/smtp.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ba048608..000000000
--- a/lib/pure/smtp.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,343 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2012 Dominik Picheta
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-## This module implements the SMTP client protocol as specified by RFC 5321,
-## this can be used to send mail to any SMTP Server.
-##
-## This module also implements the protocol used to format messages,
-## as specified by RFC 2822.
-##
-## Example gmail use:
-##
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##   var msg = createMessage("Hello from Nim's SMTP",
-##                           "Hello!.\n Is this awesome or what?",
-##                           @["foo@gmail.com"])
-##   let smtpConn = newSmtp(useSsl = true, debug=true)
-##   smtpConn.connect("smtp.gmail.com", Port 465)
-##   smtpConn.auth("username", "password")
-##   smtpConn.sendmail("username@gmail.com", @["foo@gmail.com"], $msg)
-##
-##
-## Example for startTls use:
-##
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##   var msg = createMessage("Hello from Nim's SMTP",
-##                           "Hello!.\n Is this awesome or what?",
-##                           @["foo@gmail.com"])
-##   let smtpConn = newSmtp(debug=true)
-##   smtpConn.connect("smtp.mailtrap.io", Port 2525)
-##   smtpConn.startTls()
-##   smtpConn.auth("username", "password")
-##   smtpConn.sendmail("username@gmail.com", @["foo@gmail.com"], $msg)
-##
-##
-## For SSL support this module relies on OpenSSL. If you want to
-## enable SSL, compile with `-d:ssl`.
-
-import net, strutils, strtabs, base64, os, strutils
-import asyncnet, asyncdispatch
-
-export Port
-
-type
-  Message* = object
-    msgTo: seq[string]
-    msgCc: seq[string]
-    msgSubject: string
-    msgOtherHeaders: StringTableRef
-    msgBody: string
-
-  ReplyError* = object of IOError
-
-  SmtpBase[SocketType] = ref object
-    sock: SocketType
-    address: string
-    debug: bool
-
-  Smtp* = SmtpBase[Socket]
-  AsyncSmtp* = SmtpBase[AsyncSocket]
-
-proc containsNewline(xs: seq[string]): bool =
-  for x in xs:
-    if x.contains({'\c', '\L'}):
-      return true
-
-proc debugSend*(smtp: Smtp | AsyncSmtp, cmd: string) {.multisync.} =
-  ## Sends `cmd` on the socket connected to the SMTP server.
-  ##
-  ## If the `smtp` object was created with `debug` enabled,
-  ## debugSend will invoke `echo("C:" & cmd)` before sending.
-  ##
-  ## This is a lower level proc and not something that you typically
-  ## would need to call when using this module. One exception to
-  ## this is if you are implementing any
-  ## `SMTP extensions<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_SMTP>`_.
-
-  if smtp.debug:
-    echo("C:" & cmd)
-  await smtp.sock.send(cmd)
-
-proc debugRecv*(smtp: Smtp | AsyncSmtp): Future[string] {.multisync.} =
-  ## Receives a line of data from the socket connected to the
-  ## SMTP server.
-  ##
-  ## If the `smtp` object was created with `debug` enabled,
-  ## debugRecv will invoke `echo("S:" & result.string)` after
-  ## the data is received.
-  ##
-  ## This is a lower level proc and not something that you typically
-  ## would need to call when using this module. One exception to
-  ## this is if you are implementing any
-  ## `SMTP extensions<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_SMTP>`_.
-  ##
-  ## See `checkReply(reply)<#checkReply,AsyncSmtp,string>`_.
-
-  result = await smtp.sock.recvLine()
-  if smtp.debug:
-    echo("S:" & result)
-
-proc quitExcpt(smtp: Smtp, msg: string) =
-  smtp.debugSend("QUIT")
-  raise newException(ReplyError, msg)
-
-const compiledWithSsl = defined(ssl)
-
-when not defined(ssl):
-  let defaultSSLContext: SslContext = nil
-else:
-  var defaultSSLContext {.threadvar.}: SslContext
-
-  proc getSSLContext(): SslContext =
-    if defaultSSLContext == nil:
-      defaultSSLContext = newContext(verifyMode = CVerifyNone)
-    result = defaultSSLContext
-
-proc createMessage*(mSubject, mBody: string, mTo, mCc: seq[string],
-                otherHeaders: openArray[tuple[name, value: string]]): Message =
-  ## Creates a new MIME compliant message.
-  ##
-  ## You need to make sure that `mSubject`, `mTo` and `mCc` don't contain
-  ## any newline characters. Failing to do so will raise `AssertionDefect`.
-  doAssert(not mSubject.contains({'\c', '\L'}),
-           "'mSubject' shouldn't contain any newline characters")
-  doAssert(not (mTo.containsNewline() or mCc.containsNewline()),
-           "'mTo' and 'mCc' shouldn't contain any newline characters")
-
-  result.msgTo = mTo
-  result.msgCc = mCc
-  result.msgSubject = mSubject
-  result.msgBody = mBody
-  result.msgOtherHeaders = newStringTable()
-  for n, v in items(otherHeaders):
-    result.msgOtherHeaders[n] = v
-
-proc createMessage*(mSubject, mBody: string, mTo,
-                    mCc: seq[string] = @[]): Message =
-  ## Alternate version of the above.
-  ##
-  ## You need to make sure that `mSubject`, `mTo` and `mCc` don't contain
-  ## any newline characters. Failing to do so will raise `AssertionDefect`.
-  doAssert(not mSubject.contains({'\c', '\L'}),
-           "'mSubject' shouldn't contain any newline characters")
-  doAssert(not (mTo.containsNewline() or mCc.containsNewline()),
-           "'mTo' and 'mCc' shouldn't contain any newline characters")
-  result.msgTo = mTo
-  result.msgCc = mCc
-  result.msgSubject = mSubject
-  result.msgBody = mBody
-  result.msgOtherHeaders = newStringTable()
-
-proc `$`*(msg: Message): string =
-  ## stringify for `Message`.
-  result = ""
-  if msg.msgTo.len() > 0:
-    result = "TO: " & msg.msgTo.join(", ") & "\c\L"
-  if msg.msgCc.len() > 0:
-    result.add("CC: " & msg.msgCc.join(", ") & "\c\L")
-  # TODO: Folding? i.e when a line is too long, shorten it...
-  result.add("Subject: " & msg.msgSubject & "\c\L")
-  for key, value in pairs(msg.msgOtherHeaders):
-    result.add(key & ": " & value & "\c\L")
-
-  result.add("\c\L")
-  result.add(msg.msgBody)
-
-proc newSmtp*(useSsl = false, debug = false,
-              sslContext: SslContext = nil): Smtp =
-  ## Creates a new `Smtp` instance.
-  new result
-  result.debug = debug
-  result.sock = newSocket()
-  if useSsl:
-    when compiledWithSsl:
-      if sslContext == nil:
-        getSSLContext().wrapSocket(result.sock)
-      else:
-        sslContext.wrapSocket(result.sock)
-    else:
-      {.error: "SMTP module compiled without SSL support".}
-
-proc newAsyncSmtp*(useSsl = false, debug = false,
-                   sslContext: SslContext = nil): AsyncSmtp =
-  ## Creates a new `AsyncSmtp` instance.
-  new result
-  result.debug = debug
-
-  result.sock = newAsyncSocket()
-  if useSsl:
-    when compiledWithSsl:
-      if sslContext == nil:
-        getSSLContext().wrapSocket(result.sock)
-      else:
-        sslContext.wrapSocket(result.sock)
-    else:
-      {.error: "SMTP module compiled without SSL support".}
-
-proc quitExcpt(smtp: AsyncSmtp, msg: string): Future[void] =
-  var retFuture = newFuture[void]()
-  var sendFut = smtp.debugSend("QUIT")
-  sendFut.callback =
-    proc () =
-      retFuture.fail(newException(ReplyError, msg))
-  return retFuture
-
-proc checkReply*(smtp: Smtp | AsyncSmtp, reply: string) {.multisync.} =
-  ## Calls `debugRecv<#debugRecv,AsyncSmtp>`_ and checks that the received
-  ## data starts with `reply`. If the received data does not start
-  ## with `reply`, then a `QUIT` command will be sent to the SMTP
-  ## server and a `ReplyError` exception will be raised.
-  ##
-  ## This is a lower level proc and not something that you typically
-  ## would need to call when using this module. One exception to
-  ## this is if you are implementing any
-  ## `SMTP extensions<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_SMTP>`_.
-
-  var line = await smtp.debugRecv()
-  if not line.startsWith(reply):
-    await quitExcpt(smtp, "Expected " & reply & " reply, got: " & line)
-
-proc helo*(smtp: Smtp | AsyncSmtp) {.multisync.} =
-  # Sends the HELO request
-  await smtp.debugSend("HELO " & smtp.address & "\c\L")
-  await smtp.checkReply("250")
-
-proc connect*(smtp: Smtp | AsyncSmtp,
-              address: string, port: Port) {.multisync.} =
-  ## Establishes a connection with a SMTP server.
-  ## May fail with ReplyError or with a socket error.
-  smtp.address = address
-  await smtp.sock.connect(address, port)
-  await smtp.checkReply("220")
-  await smtp.helo()
-
-proc startTls*(smtp: Smtp | AsyncSmtp, sslContext: SslContext = nil) {.multisync.} =
-  ## Put the SMTP connection in TLS (Transport Layer Security) mode.
-  ## May fail with ReplyError
-  await smtp.debugSend("STARTTLS\c\L")
-  await smtp.checkReply("220")
-  when compiledWithSsl:
-    if sslContext == nil:
-      getSSLContext().wrapConnectedSocket(smtp.sock, handshakeAsClient)
-    else:
-      sslContext.wrapConnectedSocket(smtp.sock, handshakeAsClient)
-    await smtp.helo()
-  else:
-    {.error: "SMTP module compiled without SSL support".}
-
-proc auth*(smtp: Smtp | AsyncSmtp, username, password: string) {.multisync.} =
-  ## Sends an AUTH command to the server to login as the `username`
-  ## using `password`.
-  ## May fail with ReplyError.
-
-  await smtp.debugSend("AUTH LOGIN\c\L")
-  await smtp.checkReply("334") # TODO: Check whether it's asking for the "Username:"
-                               # i.e "334 VXNlcm5hbWU6"
-  await smtp.debugSend(encode(username) & "\c\L")
-  await smtp.checkReply("334") # TODO: Same as above, only "Password:" (I think?)
-
-  await smtp.debugSend(encode(password) & "\c\L")
-  await smtp.checkReply("235") # Check whether the authentication was successful.
-
-proc sendMail*(smtp: Smtp | AsyncSmtp, fromAddr: string,
-               toAddrs: seq[string], msg: string) {.multisync.} =
-  ## Sends `msg` from `fromAddr` to the addresses specified in `toAddrs`.
-  ## Messages may be formed using `createMessage` by converting the
-  ## Message into a string.
-  ##
-  ## You need to make sure that `fromAddr` and `toAddrs` don't contain
-  ## any newline characters. Failing to do so will raise `AssertionDefect`.
-  doAssert(not (toAddrs.containsNewline() or fromAddr.contains({'\c', '\L'})),
-           "'toAddrs' and 'fromAddr' shouldn't contain any newline characters")
-
-  await smtp.debugSend("MAIL FROM:<" & fromAddr & ">\c\L")
-  await smtp.checkReply("250")
-  for address in items(toAddrs):
-    await smtp.debugSend("RCPT TO:<" & address & ">\c\L")
-    await smtp.checkReply("250")
-
-  # Send the message
-  await smtp.debugSend("DATA " & "\c\L")
-  await smtp.checkReply("354")
-  await smtp.sock.send(msg & "\c\L")
-  await smtp.debugSend(".\c\L")
-  await smtp.checkReply("250")
-
-proc close*(smtp: Smtp | AsyncSmtp) {.multisync.} =
-  ## Disconnects from the SMTP server and closes the socket.
-  await smtp.debugSend("QUIT\c\L")
-  smtp.sock.close()
-
-when not defined(testing) and isMainModule:
-  # To test with a real SMTP service, create a smtp.ini file, e.g.:
-  # username = ""
-  # password = ""
-  # smtphost = "smtp.gmail.com"
-  # port = 465
-  # use_tls = true
-  # sender = ""
-  # recipient = ""
-
-  import parsecfg
-
-  proc `[]`(c: Config, key: string): string = c.getSectionValue("", key)
-
-  let
-    conf = loadConfig("smtp.ini")
-    msg = createMessage("Hello from Nim's SMTP!",
-      "Hello!\n Is this awesome or what?", @[conf["recipient"]])
-
-  assert conf["smtphost"] != ""
-
-  proc async_test() {.async.} =
-    let client = newAsyncSmtp(
-      conf["use_tls"].parseBool,
-      debug = true
-    )
-    await client.connect(conf["smtphost"], conf["port"].parseInt.Port)
-    await client.auth(conf["username"], conf["password"])
-    await client.sendMail(conf["sender"], @[conf["recipient"]], $msg)
-    await client.close()
-    echo "async email sent"
-
-  proc sync_test() =
-    var smtpConn = newSmtp(
-      conf["use_tls"].parseBool,
-      debug = true
-    )
-    smtpConn.connect(conf["smtphost"], conf["port"].parseInt.Port)
-    smtpConn.auth(conf["username"], conf["password"])
-    smtpConn.sendMail(conf["sender"], @[conf["recipient"]], $msg)
-    smtpConn.close()
-    echo "sync email sent"
-
-  waitFor async_test()
-  sync_test()
diff --git a/lib/pure/smtp.nim.cfg b/lib/pure/smtp.nim.cfg
deleted file mode 100644
index 521e21de4..000000000
--- a/lib/pure/smtp.nim.cfg
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
--d:ssl
diff --git a/lib/pure/ssl_certs.nim b/lib/pure/ssl_certs.nim
index 2d2644ebe..d60cd22eb 100644
--- a/lib/pure/ssl_certs.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/ssl_certs.nim
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 ## The default locations can be overridden using the SSL_CERT_FILE and
 ## SSL_CERT_DIR environment variables.
 
-import os, strutils
+import std/[os, strutils]
 
 # FWIW look for files before scanning entire dirs.
 
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ elif defined(linux):
     # Fedora/RHEL
     "/etc/pki/tls/certs",
     # Android
+    "/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/etc/tls/cert.pem",
     "/system/etc/security/cacerts",
   ]
 elif defined(bsd):
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ when defined(haiku):
   proc find_paths_etc(architecture: cstring, baseDirectory: cint,
                       subPath: cstring, flags: uint32,
                       paths: var ptr UncheckedArray[cstring],
-                      pathCount: var csize): int32
+                      pathCount: var csize_t): int32
                      {.importc, header: "<FindDirectory.h>".}
   proc free(p: pointer) {.importc, header: "<stdlib.h>".}
 
@@ -125,12 +126,18 @@ iterator scanSSLCertificates*(useEnvVars = false): string =
           if fileExists(p):
             yield p
         elif dirExists(p):
+          # check if it's a dir where each cert is one file
+          # named by it's hasg
+          for fn in joinPath(p, "*.0").walkFiles:
+            yield p.normalizePathEnd(true)
+            break
           for fn in joinPath(p, "*").walkFiles():
+
             yield fn
     else:
       var
         paths: ptr UncheckedArray[cstring]
-        size: csize
+        size: csize_t
       let err = find_paths_etc(
         nil, B_FIND_PATH_DATA_DIRECTORY, "ssl/CARootCertificates.pem",
         B_FIND_PATH_EXISTING_ONLY, paths, size
@@ -143,7 +150,7 @@ iterator scanSSLCertificates*(useEnvVars = false): string =
 # Certificates management on windows
 # when defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc):
 #
-#   import openssl
+#   import std/openssl
 #
 #   type
 #     PCCertContext {.final, pure.} = pointer
diff --git a/lib/pure/stats.nim b/lib/pure/stats.nim
index 6e2d5fecd..6a4fd8f01 100644
--- a/lib/pure/stats.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/stats.nim
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ runnableExamples:
 
   template `~=`(a, b: float): bool = almostEqual(a, b)
 
-  var statistics: RunningStat  ## Must be var
+  var statistics: RunningStat  # must be var
   statistics.push(@[1.0, 2.0, 1.0, 4.0, 1.0, 4.0, 1.0, 2.0])
   doAssert statistics.n == 8
   doAssert statistics.mean() ~= 2.0
@@ -55,6 +55,9 @@ runnableExamples:
 
 from std/math import FloatClass, sqrt, pow, round
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, formatfloat]
+
 {.push debugger: off.} # the user does not want to trace a part
                        # of the standard library!
 {.push checks: off, line_dir: off, stack_trace: off.}
@@ -76,7 +79,7 @@ type
 proc clear*(s: var RunningStat) =
   ## Resets `s`.
   s.n = 0
-  s.min = toBiggestFloat(int.high)
+  s.min = 0.0
   s.max = 0.0
   s.sum = 0.0
   s.mom1 = 0.0
@@ -86,11 +89,14 @@ proc clear*(s: var RunningStat) =
 
 proc push*(s: var RunningStat, x: float) =
   ## Pushes a value `x` for processing.
-  if s.n == 0: s.min = x
+  if s.n == 0:
+    s.min = x
+    s.max = x
+  else:
+    if s.min > x: s.min = x
+    if s.max < x: s.max = x
   inc(s.n)
   # See Knuth TAOCP vol 2, 3rd edition, page 232
-  if s.min > x: s.min = x
-  if s.max < x: s.max = x
   s.sum += x
   let n = toFloat(s.n)
   let delta = x - s.mom1
diff --git a/lib/pure/streams.nim b/lib/pure/streams.nim
index eb1c9cc14..56f49d7b1 100644
--- a/lib/pure/streams.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/streams.nim
@@ -15,6 +15,11 @@
 ## Other modules may provide other implementations for this standard
 ## stream interface.
 ##
+## .. warning:: Due to the use of `pointer`, the `readData`, `peekData` and
+## `writeData` interfaces are not available on the compile-time VM, and must
+## be cast from a `ptr string` on the JS backend. However, `readDataStr` is
+## available generally in place of `readData`.
+##
 ## Basic usage
 ## ===========
 ##
@@ -27,75 +32,79 @@
 ## StringStream example
 ## --------------------
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##
-##  import std/streams
+##   ```Nim
+##   import std/streams
 ##
-##  var strm = newStringStream("""The first line
-##  the second line
-##  the third line""")
+##   var strm = newStringStream("""The first line
+##   the second line
+##   the third line""")
 ##
-##  var line = ""
+##   var line = ""
 ##
-##  while strm.readLine(line):
-##    echo line
+##   while strm.readLine(line):
+##     echo line
 ##
-##  # Output:
-##  # The first line
-##  # the second line
-##  # the third line
+##   # Output:
+##   # The first line
+##   # the second line
+##   # the third line
 ##
-##  strm.close()
+##   strm.close()
+##   ```
 ##
 ## FileStream example
 ## ------------------
 ##
 ## Write file stream example:
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##
-##  import std/streams
+##   ```Nim
+##   import std/streams
 ##
-##  var strm = newFileStream("somefile.txt", fmWrite)
-##  var line = ""
+##   var strm = newFileStream("somefile.txt", fmWrite)
+##   var line = ""
 ##
-##  if not isNil(strm):
-##    strm.writeLine("The first line")
-##    strm.writeLine("the second line")
-##    strm.writeLine("the third line")
-##    strm.close()
+##   if not isNil(strm):
+##     strm.writeLine("The first line")
+##     strm.writeLine("the second line")
+##     strm.writeLine("the third line")
+##     strm.close()
 ##
-##  # Output (somefile.txt):
-##  # The first line
-##  # the second line
-##  # the third line
+##   # Output (somefile.txt):
+##   # The first line
+##   # the second line
+##   # the third line
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Read file stream example:
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
+##   ```Nim
+##   import std/streams
 ##
-##  import std/streams
+##   var strm = newFileStream("somefile.txt", fmRead)
+##   var line = ""
 ##
-##  var strm = newFileStream("somefile.txt", fmRead)
-##  var line = ""
+##   if not isNil(strm):
+##     while strm.readLine(line):
+##       echo line
+##     strm.close()
 ##
-##  if not isNil(strm):
-##    while strm.readLine(line):
-##      echo line
-##    strm.close()
-##
-##  # Output:
-##  # The first line
-##  # the second line
-##  # the third line
+##   # Output:
+##   # The first line
+##   # the second line
+##   # the third line
+##   ```
 ##
 ## See also
 ## ========
 ## * `asyncstreams module <asyncstreams.html>`_
-## * `io module <io.html>`_ for `FileMode enum <io.html#FileMode>`_
+## * `io module <syncio.html>`_ for `FileMode enum <syncio.html#FileMode>`_
 
 import std/private/since
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
+  export FileMode
+
 proc newEIO(msg: string): owned(ref IOError) =
   new(result)
   result.msg = msg
@@ -111,7 +120,7 @@ type
     ## * That these fields here shouldn't be used directly.
     ##   They are accessible so that a stream implementation can override them.
     closeImpl*: proc (s: Stream)
-      {.nimcall, raises: [Exception, IOError, OSError], tags: [WriteIOEffect], gcsafe.}
+      {.nimcall, raises: [IOError, OSError], tags: [WriteIOEffect], gcsafe.}
     atEndImpl*: proc (s: Stream): bool
       {.nimcall, raises: [Defect, IOError, OSError], tags: [], gcsafe.}
     setPositionImpl*: proc (s: Stream, pos: int)
@@ -170,10 +179,20 @@ proc close*(s: Stream) =
   ## See also:
   ## * `flush proc <#flush,Stream>`_
   runnableExamples:
-    var strm = newStringStream("The first line\nthe second line\nthe third line")
-    ## do something...
-    strm.close()
-  if not isNil(s.closeImpl): s.closeImpl(s)
+    block:
+      let strm = newStringStream("The first line\nthe second line\nthe third line")
+      ## do something...
+      strm.close()
+      
+    block:
+      let strm = newFileStream("amissingfile.txt")
+      # deferring works even if newFileStream fails
+      defer: strm.close()
+      if not isNil(strm):
+        ## do something...
+
+  if not isNil(s) and not isNil(s.closeImpl):
+    s.closeImpl(s)
 
 proc atEnd*(s: Stream): bool =
   ## Checks if more data can be read from `s`. Returns ``true`` if all data has
@@ -240,6 +259,9 @@ proc readDataStr*(s: Stream, buffer: var string, slice: Slice[int]): int =
     result = s.readDataStrImpl(s, buffer, slice)
   else:
     # fallback
+    when declared(prepareMutation):
+      # buffer might potentially be a CoW literal with ARC
+      prepareMutation(buffer)
     result = s.readData(addr buffer[slice.a], slice.b + 1 - slice.a)
 
 template jsOrVmBlock(caseJsOrVm, caseElse: untyped): untyped =
@@ -331,9 +353,9 @@ proc write*[T](s: Stream, x: T) =
   ## **Note:** Not available for JS backend. Use `write(Stream, string)
   ## <#write,Stream,string>`_ for now.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##
-  ##     s.writeData(s, unsafeAddr(x), sizeof(x))
+  ##   ```Nim
+  ##   s.writeData(s, unsafeAddr(x), sizeof(x))
+  ##   ```
   runnableExamples:
     var strm = newStringStream("")
     strm.write("abcde")
@@ -921,10 +943,14 @@ proc peekFloat64*(s: Stream): float64 =
 
 proc readStrPrivate(s: Stream, length: int, str: var string) =
   if length > len(str): setLen(str, length)
-  when defined(js):
-    let L = readData(s, addr(str), length)
+  var L: int
+  when nimvm:
+    L = readDataStr(s, str, 0..length-1)
   else:
-    let L = readData(s, cstring(str), length)
+    when defined(js):
+      L = readData(s, addr(str), length)
+    else:
+      L = readData(s, cstring(str), length)
   if L != len(str): setLen(str, L)
 
 proc readStr*(s: Stream, length: int, str: var string) {.since: (1, 3).} =
@@ -1191,6 +1217,11 @@ else: # after 1.3 or JS not defined
 
   proc ssReadDataStr(s: Stream, buffer: var string, slice: Slice[int]): int =
     var s = StringStream(s)
+    when nimvm:
+      discard
+    else:
+      when declared(prepareMutation):
+        prepareMutation(buffer) # buffer might potentially be a CoW literal with ARC
     result = min(slice.b + 1 - slice.a, s.data.len - s.pos)
     if result > 0:
       jsOrVmBlock:
@@ -1252,7 +1283,7 @@ else: # after 1.3 or JS not defined
     var s = StringStream(s)
     s.data = ""
 
-  proc newStringStream*(s: string = ""): owned StringStream =
+  proc newStringStream*(s: sink string = ""): owned StringStream =
     ## Creates a new stream from the string `s`.
     ##
     ## See also:
@@ -1271,6 +1302,11 @@ else: # after 1.3 or JS not defined
 
     new(result)
     result.data = s
+    when nimvm:
+      discard
+    else:
+      when declared(prepareMutation):
+        prepareMutation(result.data) # Allows us to mutate using `addr` logic like `copyMem`, otherwise it errors.
     result.pos = 0
     result.closeImpl = ssClose
     result.atEndImpl = ssAtEnd
@@ -1331,7 +1367,7 @@ proc newFileStream*(f: File): owned FileStream =
   ## * `newStringStream proc <#newStringStream,string>`_ creates a new stream
   ##   from string.
   ## * `newFileStream proc <#newFileStream,string,FileMode,int>`_ is the same
-  ##   as using `open proc <io.html#open,File,string,FileMode,int>`_
+  ##   as using `open proc <syncio.html#open,File,string,FileMode,int>`_
   ##   on Examples.
   ## * `openFileStream proc <#openFileStream,string,FileMode,int>`_ creates a
   ##   file stream from the file name and the mode.
@@ -1370,7 +1406,7 @@ proc newFileStream*(filename: string, mode: FileMode = fmRead,
   ## Creates a new stream from the file named `filename` with the mode `mode`.
   ##
   ## If the file cannot be opened, `nil` is returned. See the `io module
-  ## <io.html>`_ for a list of available `FileMode enums <io.html#FileMode>`_.
+  ## <syncio.html>`_ for a list of available `FileMode enums <syncio.html#FileMode>`_.
   ##
   ## **Note:**
   ## * **This function returns nil in case of failure.**
@@ -1455,7 +1491,7 @@ when false:
     # do not import windows as this increases compile times:
     discard
   else:
-    import posix
+    import std/posix
 
     proc hsSetPosition(s: FileHandleStream, pos: int) =
       discard lseek(s.handle, pos, SEEK_SET)
@@ -1503,6 +1539,7 @@ when false:
       of fmReadWrite: flags = O_RDWR or int(O_CREAT)
       of fmReadWriteExisting: flags = O_RDWR
       of fmAppend: flags = O_WRONLY or int(O_CREAT) or O_APPEND
+      static: raiseAssert "unreachable" # handle bug #17888
       var handle = open(filename, flags)
       if handle < 0: raise newEOS("posix.open() call failed")
     result = newFileHandleStream(handle)
diff --git a/lib/pure/streamwrapper.nim b/lib/pure/streamwrapper.nim
index 7a501760b..99752a9ab 100644
--- a/lib/pure/streamwrapper.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/streamwrapper.nim
@@ -11,7 +11,11 @@
 ##
 ## **Since** version 1.2.
 
-import deques, streams
+import std/[deques, streams]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 
 type
   PipeOutStream*[T] = ref object of T
@@ -87,14 +91,14 @@ proc newPipeOutStream*[T](s: sink (ref T)): owned PipeOutStream[T] =
   ## when setPosition/getPosition is called or write operation is performed.
   ##
   ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   import std/[osproc, streamwrapper]
   ##   var
   ##     p = startProcess(exePath)
   ##     outStream = p.outputStream().newPipeOutStream()
   ##   echo outStream.peekChar
   ##   p.close()
+  ##   ```
 
   assert s.readDataImpl != nil
 
diff --git a/lib/pure/strformat.nim b/lib/pure/strformat.nim
index 7ab359038..7d093ebb3 100644
--- a/lib/pure/strformat.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/strformat.nim
@@ -74,6 +74,20 @@ runnableExamples:
   assert fmt"{123.456:13e}" == " 1.234560e+02"
 
 ##[
+# Expressions
+]##
+runnableExamples:
+  let x = 3.14
+  assert fmt"{(if x!=0: 1.0/x else: 0):.5}" == "0.31847"
+  assert fmt"""{(block:
+    var res: string
+    for i in 1..15:
+      res.add (if i mod 15 == 0: "FizzBuzz"
+        elif i mod 5 == 0: "Buzz"
+        elif i mod 3 == 0: "Fizz"
+        else: $i) & " "
+    res)}""" == "1 2 Fizz 4 Buzz Fizz 7 8 Fizz Buzz 11 Fizz 13 14 FizzBuzz "
+##[
 # Debugging strings
 
 `fmt"{expr=}"` expands to `fmt"expr={expr}"` namely the text of the expression,
@@ -119,17 +133,31 @@ runnableExamples:
 
 An expression like `&"{key} is {value:arg} {{z}}"` is transformed into:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   var temp = newStringOfCap(educatedCapGuess)
   temp.formatValue(key, "")
   temp.add(" is ")
   temp.formatValue(value, arg)
   temp.add(" {z}")
   temp
+  ```
 
 Parts of the string that are enclosed in the curly braces are interpreted
-as Nim code, to escape a `{` or `}`, double it.
+as Nim code. To escape a `{` or `}`, double it.
+
+Within a curly expression, however, `{`, `}`, must be escaped with a backslash.
+
+To enable evaluating Nim expressions within curlies, colons inside parentheses
+do not need to be escaped.
+]##
 
+runnableExamples:
+  let x = "hello"
+  assert fmt"""{ "\{(" & x & ")\}" }""" == "{(hello)}"
+  assert fmt"""{{({ x })}}""" == "{(hello)}"
+  assert fmt"""{ $(\{x:1,"world":2\}) }""" == """[("hello", 1), ("world", 2)]"""
+
+##[
 `&` delegates most of the work to an open overloaded set
 of `formatValue` procs. The required signature for a type `T` that supports
 formatting is usually `proc formatValue(result: var string; x: T; specifier: string)`.
@@ -144,34 +172,34 @@ For strings and numeric types the optional argument is a so-called
 
 # Standard format specifiers for strings, integers and floats
 
-The general form of a standard format specifier is::
+The general form of a standard format specifier is:
 
-  [[fill]align][sign][#][0][minimumwidth][.precision][type]
+    [[fill]align][sign][#][0][minimumwidth][.precision][type]
 
 The square brackets `[]` indicate an optional element.
 
-The optional 'align' flag can be one of the following:
+The optional `align` flag can be one of the following:
 
-'<'
-    Forces the field to be left-aligned within the available
+`<`
+:   Forces the field to be left-aligned within the available
     space. (This is the default for strings.)
 
-'>'
-    Forces the field to be right-aligned within the available space.
+`>`
+:   Forces the field to be right-aligned within the available space.
     (This is the default for numbers.)
 
-'^'
-    Forces the field to be centered within the available space.
+`^`
+:   Forces the field to be centered within the available space.
 
 Note that unless a minimum field width is defined, the field width
 will always be the same size as the data to fill it, so that the alignment
 option has no meaning in this case.
 
-The optional 'fill' character defines the character to be used to pad
+The optional `fill` character defines the character to be used to pad
 the field to the minimum width. The fill character, if present, must be
 followed by an alignment flag.
 
-The 'sign' option is only valid for numeric types, and can be one of the following:
+The `sign` option is only valid for numeric types, and can be one of the following:
 
 =================        ====================================================
   Sign                   Meaning
@@ -184,22 +212,22 @@ The 'sign' option is only valid for numeric types, and can be one of the followi
                          positive numbers.
 =================        ====================================================
 
-If the '#' character is present, integers use the 'alternate form' for formatting.
+If the `#` character is present, integers use the 'alternate form' for formatting.
 This means that binary, octal and hexadecimal output will be prefixed
-with '0b', '0o' and '0x', respectively.
+with `0b`, `0o` and `0x`, respectively.
 
-'width' is a decimal integer defining the minimum field width. If not specified,
+`width` is a decimal integer defining the minimum field width. If not specified,
 then the field width will be determined by the content.
 
-If the width field is preceded by a zero ('0') character, this enables
+If the width field is preceded by a zero (`0`) character, this enables
 zero-padding.
 
-The 'precision' is a decimal number indicating how many digits should be displayed
+The `precision` is a decimal number indicating how many digits should be displayed
 after the decimal point in a floating point conversion. For non-numeric types the
 field indicates the maximum field size - in other words, how many characters will
 be used from the field content. The precision is ignored for integer conversions.
 
-Finally, the 'type' determines how the data should be presented.
+Finally, the `type` determines how the data should be presented.
 
 The available integer presentation types are:
 
@@ -213,7 +241,7 @@ The available integer presentation types are:
                          lower-case letters for the digits above 9.
 `X`                      Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using
                          uppercase letters for the digits above 9.
-(None)                   The same as 'd'.
+(None)                   The same as `d`.
 =================        ====================================================
 
 The available floating point presentation types are:
@@ -222,21 +250,27 @@ The available floating point presentation types are:
   Type                   Result
 =================        ====================================================
 `e`                      Exponent notation. Prints the number in scientific
-                         notation using the letter 'e' to indicate the
+                         notation using the letter `e` to indicate the
                          exponent.
-`E`                      Exponent notation. Same as 'e' except it converts
+`E`                      Exponent notation. Same as `e` except it converts
                          the number to uppercase.
 `f`                      Fixed point. Displays the number as a fixed-point
                          number.
-`F`                      Fixed point. Same as 'f' except it converts the
+`F`                      Fixed point. Same as `f` except it converts the
                          number to uppercase.
 `g`                      General format. This prints the number as a
                          fixed-point number, unless the number is too
-                         large, in which case it switches to 'e'
+                         large, in which case it switches to `e`
                          exponent notation.
-`G`                      General format. Same as 'g' except it switches to 'E'
+`G`                      General format. Same as `g` except it switches to `E`
                          if the number gets to large.
-(None)                   Similar to 'g', except that it prints at least one
+`i`                      Complex General format. This is only supported for
+                         complex numbers, which it prints using the mathematical
+                         (RE+IMj) format. The real and imaginary parts are printed
+                         using the general format `g` by default, but it is
+                         possible to combine this format with one of the other
+                         formats (e.g `jf`).
+(None)                   Similar to `g`, except that it prints at least one
                          digit after the decimal point.
 =================        ====================================================
 
@@ -245,13 +279,14 @@ The available floating point presentation types are:
 Because of the well defined order how templates and macros are
 expanded, strformat cannot expand template arguments:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   template myTemplate(arg: untyped): untyped =
     echo "arg is: ", arg
     echo &"--- {arg} ---"
 
   let x = "abc"
   myTemplate(x)
+  ```
 
 First the template `myTemplate` is expanded, where every identifier
 `arg` is substituted with its argument. The `arg` inside the
@@ -262,12 +297,13 @@ identifier that cannot be resolved anymore.
 
 The workaround for this is to bind the template argument to a new local variable.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   template myTemplate(arg: untyped): untyped =
     block:
       let arg1 {.inject.} = arg
       echo "arg is: ", arg1
       echo &"--- {arg1} ---"
+  ```
 
 The use of `{.inject.}` here is necessary again because of template
 expansion order and hygienic templates. But since we generally want to
@@ -275,6 +311,7 @@ keep the hygiene of `myTemplate`, and we do not want `arg1`
 to be injected into the context where `myTemplate` is expanded,
 everything is wrapped in a `block`.
 
+
 # Future directions
 
 A curly expression with commas in it like `{x, argA, argB}` could be
@@ -288,6 +325,10 @@ single letter DSLs.
 import std/[macros, parseutils, unicode]
 import std/strutils except format
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+
 proc mkDigit(v: int, typ: char): string {.inline.} =
   assert(v < 26)
   if v < 10:
@@ -391,9 +432,9 @@ proc formatInt(n: SomeNumber; radix: int; spec: StandardFormatSpecifier): string
 proc parseStandardFormatSpecifier*(s: string; start = 0;
                                    ignoreUnknownSuffix = false): StandardFormatSpecifier =
   ## An exported helper proc that parses the "standard format specifiers",
-  ## as specified by the grammar::
+  ## as specified by the grammar:
   ##
-  ##   [[fill]align][sign][#][0][minimumwidth][.precision][type]
+  ##     [[fill]align][sign][#][0][minimumwidth][.precision][type]
   ##
   ## This is only of interest if you want to write a custom `format` proc that
   ## should support the standard format specifiers. If `ignoreUnknownSuffix` is true,
@@ -440,50 +481,48 @@ proc parseStandardFormatSpecifier*(s: string; start = 0;
     raise newException(ValueError,
       "invalid format string, cannot parse: " & s[i..^1])
 
+proc toRadix(typ: char): int =
+  case typ
+  of 'x', 'X': 16
+  of 'd', '\0': 10
+  of 'o': 8
+  of 'b': 2
+  else:
+    raise newException(ValueError,
+      "invalid type in format string for number, expected one " &
+      " of 'x', 'X', 'b', 'd', 'o' but got: " & typ)
+
 proc formatValue*[T: SomeInteger](result: var string; value: T;
-                                  specifier: string) =
+                                  specifier: static string) =
   ## Standard format implementation for `SomeInteger`. It makes little
   ## sense to call this directly, but it is required to exist
   ## by the `&` macro.
-  if specifier.len == 0:
+  when specifier.len == 0:
     result.add $value
-    return
-  let spec = parseStandardFormatSpecifier(specifier)
-  var radix = 10
-  case spec.typ
-  of 'x', 'X': radix = 16
-  of 'd', '\0': discard
-  of 'b': radix = 2
-  of 'o': radix = 8
   else:
-    raise newException(ValueError,
-      "invalid type in format string for number, expected one " &
-      " of 'x', 'X', 'b', 'd', 'o' but got: " & spec.typ)
-  result.add formatInt(value, radix, spec)
+    const
+      spec = parseStandardFormatSpecifier(specifier)
+      radix = toRadix(spec.typ)
 
-proc formatValue*(result: var string; value: SomeFloat; specifier: string) =
-  ## Standard format implementation for `SomeFloat`. It makes little
+    result.add formatInt(value, radix, spec)
+
+proc formatValue*[T: SomeInteger](result: var string; value: T;
+                                  specifier: string) =
+  ## Standard format implementation for `SomeInteger`. It makes little
   ## sense to call this directly, but it is required to exist
   ## by the `&` macro.
   if specifier.len == 0:
     result.add $value
-    return
-  let spec = parseStandardFormatSpecifier(specifier)
-
-  var fmode = ffDefault
-  case spec.typ
-  of 'e', 'E':
-    fmode = ffScientific
-  of 'f', 'F':
-    fmode = ffDecimal
-  of 'g', 'G':
-    fmode = ffDefault
-  of '\0': discard
   else:
-    raise newException(ValueError,
-      "invalid type in format string for number, expected one " &
-      " of 'e', 'E', 'f', 'F', 'g', 'G' but got: " & spec.typ)
+    let
+      spec = parseStandardFormatSpecifier(specifier)
+      radix = toRadix(spec.typ)
+
+    result.add formatInt(value, radix, spec)
 
+proc formatFloat(
+    result: var string, value: SomeFloat, fmode: FloatFormatMode,
+    spec: StandardFormatSpecifier) =
   var f = formatBiggestFloat(value, fmode, spec.precision)
   var sign = false
   if value >= 0.0:
@@ -518,23 +557,83 @@ proc formatValue*(result: var string; value: SomeFloat; specifier: string) =
   else:
     result.add res
 
+proc toFloatFormatMode(typ: char): FloatFormatMode =
+  case typ
+  of 'e', 'E': ffScientific
+  of 'f', 'F': ffDecimal
+  of 'g', 'G': ffDefault
+  of '\0': ffDefault
+  else:
+    raise newException(ValueError,
+      "invalid type in format string for number, expected one " &
+      " of 'e', 'E', 'f', 'F', 'g', 'G' but got: " & typ)
+
+proc formatValue*(result: var string; value: SomeFloat; specifier: static string) =
+  ## Standard format implementation for `SomeFloat`. It makes little
+  ## sense to call this directly, but it is required to exist
+  ## by the `&` macro.
+  when specifier.len == 0:
+    result.add $value
+  else:
+    const
+      spec = parseStandardFormatSpecifier(specifier)
+      fmode = toFloatFormatMode(spec.typ)
+
+    formatFloat(result, value, fmode, spec)
+
+proc formatValue*(result: var string; value: SomeFloat; specifier: string) =
+  ## Standard format implementation for `SomeFloat`. It makes little
+  ## sense to call this directly, but it is required to exist
+  ## by the `&` macro.
+  if specifier.len == 0:
+    result.add $value
+  else:
+    let
+      spec = parseStandardFormatSpecifier(specifier)
+      fmode = toFloatFormatMode(spec.typ)
+
+    formatFloat(result, value, fmode, spec)
+
+proc formatValue*(result: var string; value: string; specifier: static string) =
+  ## Standard format implementation for `string`. It makes little
+  ## sense to call this directly, but it is required to exist
+  ## by the `&` macro.
+  const spec = parseStandardFormatSpecifier(specifier)
+  var value =
+    when spec.typ in {'s', '\0'}: value
+    else: static:
+      raise newException(ValueError,
+        "invalid type in format string for string, expected 's', but got " &
+        spec.typ)
+  when spec.precision != -1:
+    if spec.precision < runeLen(value):
+      const precision = cast[Natural](spec.precision)
+      setLen(value, Natural(runeOffset(value, precision)))
+
+  result.add alignString(value, spec.minimumWidth, spec.align, spec.fill)
+
 proc formatValue*(result: var string; value: string; specifier: string) =
   ## Standard format implementation for `string`. It makes little
   ## sense to call this directly, but it is required to exist
   ## by the `&` macro.
   let spec = parseStandardFormatSpecifier(specifier)
-  var value = value
-  case spec.typ
-  of 's', '\0': discard
-  else:
-    raise newException(ValueError,
-      "invalid type in format string for string, expected 's', but got " &
-      spec.typ)
+  var value =
+    if spec.typ in {'s', '\0'}: value
+    else:
+      raise newException(ValueError,
+        "invalid type in format string for string, expected 's', but got " &
+        spec.typ)
   if spec.precision != -1:
     if spec.precision < runeLen(value):
-      setLen(value, runeOffset(value, spec.precision))
+      let precision = cast[Natural](spec.precision)
+      setLen(value, Natural(runeOffset(value, precision)))
+
   result.add alignString(value, spec.minimumWidth, spec.align, spec.fill)
 
+proc formatValue[T: not SomeInteger](result: var string; value: T; specifier: static string) =
+  mixin `$`
+  formatValue(result, $value, specifier)
+
 proc formatValue[T: not SomeInteger](result: var string; value: T; specifier: string) =
   mixin `$`
   formatValue(result, $value, specifier)
@@ -545,19 +644,20 @@ template formatValue(result: var string; value: char; specifier: string) =
 template formatValue(result: var string; value: cstring; specifier: string) =
   result.add value
 
-proc strformatImpl(pattern: NimNode; openChar, closeChar: char): NimNode =
-  if pattern.kind notin {nnkStrLit..nnkTripleStrLit}:
-    error "string formatting (fmt(), &) only works with string literals", pattern
+proc strformatImpl(f: string; openChar, closeChar: char,
+                   lineInfoNode: NimNode = nil): NimNode =
+  template missingCloseChar =
+    error("invalid format string: missing closing character '" & closeChar & "'")
+
   if openChar == ':' or closeChar == ':':
     error "openChar and closeChar must not be ':'"
-  let f = pattern.strVal
   var i = 0
   let res = genSym(nskVar, "fmtRes")
-  result = newNimNode(nnkStmtListExpr, lineInfoFrom = pattern)
+  result = newNimNode(nnkStmtListExpr, lineInfoNode)
   # XXX: https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/8405
   # When compiling with -d:useNimRtl, certain procs such as `count` from the strutils
   # module are not accessible at compile-time:
-  let expectedGrowth = when defined(useNimRtl): 0 else: count(f, '{') * 10
+  let expectedGrowth = when defined(useNimRtl): 0 else: count(f, openChar) * 10
   result.add newVarStmt(res, newCall(bindSym"newStringOfCap",
                                      newLit(f.len + expectedGrowth)))
   var strlit = ""
@@ -573,28 +673,46 @@ proc strformatImpl(pattern: NimNode; openChar, closeChar: char): NimNode =
           strlit = ""
 
         var subexpr = ""
-        while i < f.len and f[i] != closeChar and f[i] != ':':
-          if f[i] == '=':
+        var inParens = 0
+        var inSingleQuotes = false
+        var inDoubleQuotes = false
+        template notEscaped:bool = f[i-1]!='\\'
+        while i < f.len and f[i] != closeChar and (f[i] != ':' or inParens != 0):
+          case f[i]
+          of '\\':
+            if i < f.len-1 and f[i+1] in {openChar,closeChar,':'}: inc i
+          of '\'':
+            if not inDoubleQuotes and notEscaped: inSingleQuotes = not inSingleQuotes
+          of '\"':
+            if notEscaped: inDoubleQuotes = not inDoubleQuotes
+          of '(':
+            if not (inSingleQuotes or inDoubleQuotes): inc inParens
+          of ')':
+            if not (inSingleQuotes or inDoubleQuotes): dec inParens
+          of '=':
             let start = i
             inc i
             i += f.skipWhitespace(i)
+            if i == f.len:
+              missingCloseChar
             if f[i] == closeChar or f[i] == ':':
               result.add newCall(bindSym"add", res, newLit(subexpr & f[start ..< i]))
             else:
               subexpr.add f[start ..< i]
-          else:
-            subexpr.add f[i]
-            inc i
+            continue
+          else: discard
+          subexpr.add f[i]
+          inc i
+
+        if i == f.len:
+          missingCloseChar
 
         var x: NimNode
         try:
           x = parseExpr(subexpr)
-        except ValueError:
-          when declared(getCurrentExceptionMsg):
-            let msg = getCurrentExceptionMsg()
-            error("could not parse `" & subexpr & "`.\n" & msg, pattern)
-          else:
-            error("could not parse `" & subexpr & "`.\n", pattern)
+        except ValueError as e:
+          error("could not parse `$#` in `$#`.\n$#" % [subexpr, f, e.msg])
+        x.copyLineInfo(lineInfoNode)
         let formatSym = bindSym("formatValue", brOpen)
         var options = ""
         if f[i] == ':':
@@ -602,40 +720,71 @@ proc strformatImpl(pattern: NimNode; openChar, closeChar: char): NimNode =
           while i < f.len and f[i] != closeChar:
             options.add f[i]
             inc i
+        if i == f.len:
+          missingCloseChar
         if f[i] == closeChar:
           inc i
-        else:
-          doAssert false, "invalid format string: missing '}'"
         result.add newCall(formatSym, res, x, newLit(options))
     elif f[i] == closeChar:
-      if f[i+1] == closeChar:
+      if i<f.len-1 and f[i+1] == closeChar:
         strlit.add closeChar
         inc i, 2
       else:
-        doAssert false, "invalid format string: '}' instead of '}}'"
-        inc i
+        raiseAssert "invalid format string: '$1' instead of '$1$1'" % $closeChar
     else:
       strlit.add f[i]
       inc i
   if strlit.len > 0:
     result.add newCall(bindSym"add", res, newLit(strlit))
   result.add res
+  # workaround for #20381
+  var blockExpr = newNimNode(nnkBlockExpr, lineInfoNode)
+  blockExpr.add(newEmptyNode())
+  blockExpr.add(result)
+  result = blockExpr
   when defined(debugFmtDsl):
     echo repr result
 
-macro `&`*(pattern: string): untyped = strformatImpl(pattern, '{', '}')
-  ## For a specification of the `&` macro, see the module level documentation.
+macro fmt(pattern: static string; openChar: static char, closeChar: static char, lineInfoNode: untyped): string =
+  ## version of `fmt` with dummy untyped param for line info
+  strformatImpl(pattern, openChar, closeChar, lineInfoNode)
 
-macro fmt*(pattern: string): untyped = strformatImpl(pattern, '{', '}')
-  ## An alias for `& <#&.m,string>`_.
+when not defined(nimHasCallsitePragma):
+  {.pragma: callsite.}
 
-macro fmt*(pattern: string; openChar, closeChar: char): untyped =
-  ## The same as `fmt <#fmt.m,string>`_, but uses `openChar` instead of `'{'`
-  ## and `closeChar` instead of `'}'`.
+template fmt*(pattern: static string; openChar: static char, closeChar: static char): string {.callsite.} =
+  ## Interpolates `pattern` using symbols in scope.
   runnableExamples:
-    let testInt = 123
-    assert "<testInt>".fmt('<', '>') == "123"
-    assert """(()"foo" & "bar"())""".fmt(')', '(') == "(foobar)"
-    assert """ ""{"123+123"}"" """.fmt('"', '"') == " \"{246}\" "
-
-  strformatImpl(pattern, openChar.intVal.char, closeChar.intVal.char)
+    let x = 7
+    assert "var is {x * 2}".fmt == "var is 14"
+    assert "var is {{x}}".fmt == "var is {x}" # escape via doubling
+    const s = "foo: {x}"
+    assert s.fmt == "foo: 7" # also works with const strings
+
+    assert fmt"\n" == r"\n" # raw string literal
+    assert "\n".fmt == "\n" # regular literal (likewise with `fmt("\n")` or `fmt "\n"`)
+  runnableExamples:
+    # custom `openChar`, `closeChar`
+    let x = 7
+    assert "<x>".fmt('<', '>') == "7"
+    assert "<<<x>>>".fmt('<', '>') == "<7>"
+    assert "`x`".fmt('`', '`') == "7"
+  fmt(pattern, openChar, closeChar, dummyForLineInfo)
+
+template fmt*(pattern: static string): untyped {.callsite.} =
+  ## Alias for `fmt(pattern, '{', '}')`.
+  fmt(pattern, '{', '}', dummyForLineInfo)
+
+template `&`*(pattern: string{lit}): string {.callsite.} =
+  ## `&pattern` is the same as `pattern.fmt`.
+  ## For a specification of the `&` macro, see the module level documentation.
+  # pending bug #18275, bug #18278, use `pattern: static string`
+  # consider deprecating this, it's redundant with `fmt` and `fmt` is strictly
+  # more flexible, readable (no confusion with the binary `&`), self-documenting,
+  # not to mention #18275, bug #18278.
+  runnableExamples:
+    let x = 7
+    assert &"{x}\n" == "7\n" # regular string literal
+    assert &"{x}\n" == "{x}\n".fmt # `fmt` can be used instead
+    assert &"{x}\n" != fmt"{x}\n" # see `fmt` docs, this would use a raw string literal
+  fmt(pattern, '{', '}', dummyForLineInfo)
diff --git a/lib/pure/strmisc.nim b/lib/pure/strmisc.nim
index c8cd839be..a3e539e7e 100644
--- a/lib/pure/strmisc.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/strmisc.nim
@@ -27,20 +27,17 @@ func expandTabs*(s: string, tabSize: int = 8): string =
     doAssert expandTabs("a\tb\n\txy\t", 3) == "a  b\n   xy "
 
   result = newStringOfCap(s.len + s.len shr 2)
-  var pos = 0
 
   template addSpaces(n) =
-    for j in 0 ..< n:
+    for _ in 1..n:
       result.add(' ')
-      pos += 1
+    pos += n
 
-  for i in 0 ..< len(s):
-    let c = s[i]
+  var pos = 0
+  let denominator = if tabSize > 0: tabSize else: 1
+  for c in s:
     if c == '\t':
-      let
-        denominator = if tabSize > 0: tabSize else: 1
-        numSpaces = tabSize - pos mod denominator
-
+      let numSpaces = tabSize - pos mod denominator
       addSpaces(numSpaces)
     else:
       result.add(c)
diff --git a/lib/pure/strscans.nim b/lib/pure/strscans.nim
index 73b53e3d6..16ef9e642 100644
--- a/lib/pure/strscans.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/strscans.nim
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ This module contains a `scanf`:idx: macro that can be used for extracting
 substrings from an input string. This is often easier than regular expressions.
 Some examples as an appetizer:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
+  ```nim
   # check if input string matches a triple of integers:
   const input = "(1,2,4)"
   var x, y, z: int
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ Some examples as an appetizer:
   var myfloat: float
   if scanf(input, "$i-$i-$i $w$s$f", year, month, day, identifier, myfloat):
     echo "yes, we have a match!"
+  ```
 
 As can be seen from the examples, strings are matched verbatim except for
 substrings starting with ``$``. These constructions are available:
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ substrings starting with ``$``. These constructions are available:
 ``$o``              Matches an octal integer. This uses ``parseutils.parseOct``.
 ``$i``              Matches a decimal integer. This uses ``parseutils.parseInt``.
 ``$h``              Matches a hex integer. This uses ``parseutils.parseHex``.
-``$f``              Matches a floating pointer number. Uses ``parseFloat``.
+``$f``              Matches a floating-point number. Uses ``parseFloat``.
 ``$w``              Matches an ASCII identifier: ``[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*``.
 ``$c``              Matches a single ASCII character.
 ``$s``              Skips optional whitespace.
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ substrings starting with ``$``. These constructions are available:
 =================   ========================================================
 
 Even though ``$*`` and ``$+`` look similar to the regular expressions ``.*``
-and ``.+`` they work quite differently, there is no non-deterministic
+and ``.+``, they work quite differently. There is no non-deterministic
 state machine involved and the matches are non-greedy. ``[$*]``
 matches ``[xyz]`` via ``parseutils.parseUntil``.
 
@@ -83,8 +84,7 @@ matches optional tokens without any result binding.
 In this example, we define a helper proc ``someSep`` that skips some separators
 which we then use in our scanf pattern to help us in the matching process:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc someSep(input: string; start: int; seps: set[char] = {':','-','.'}): int =
     # Note: The parameters and return value must match to what ``scanf`` requires
     result = 0
@@ -92,11 +92,11 @@ which we then use in our scanf pattern to help us in the matching process:
 
   if scanf(input, "$w$[someSep]$w", key, value):
     ...
+  ```
 
-It also possible to pass arguments to a user definable matcher:
-
-.. code-block:: nim
+It is also possible to pass arguments to a user definable matcher:
 
+  ```nim
   proc ndigits(input: string; intVal: var int; start: int; n: int): int =
     # matches exactly ``n`` digits. Matchers need to return 0 if nothing
     # matched or otherwise the number of processed chars.
@@ -115,6 +115,7 @@ It also possible to pass arguments to a user definable matcher:
   var year, month, day: int
   if scanf("2013-01-03", "${ndigits(4)}-${ndigits(2)}-${ndigits(2)}$.", year, month, day):
     ...
+  ```
 
 
 The scanp macro
@@ -145,8 +146,7 @@ not implemented.
 
 Simple example that parses the ``/etc/passwd`` file line by line:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   const
     etc_passwd = """root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
   daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
@@ -165,16 +165,16 @@ Simple example that parses the ``/etc/passwd`` file line by line:
         result.add entry
       else:
         break
+  ```
 
 The ``scanp`` maps the grammar code into Nim code that performs the parsing.
 The parsing is performed with the help of 3 helper templates that that can be
 implemented for a custom type.
 
 These templates need to be named ``atom`` and ``nxt``. ``atom`` should be
-overloaded to handle both single characters and sets of character.
-
-.. code-block:: nim
+overloaded to handle both `char` and `set[char]`.
 
+  ```nim
   import std/streams
 
   template atom(input: Stream; idx: int; c: char): bool =
@@ -190,11 +190,11 @@ overloaded to handle both single characters and sets of character.
 
   if scanp(content, idx, +( ~{'\L', '\0'} -> entry.add(peekChar($input))), '\L'):
     result.add entry
+  ```
 
 Calling ordinary Nim procs inside the macro is possible:
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc digits(s: string; intVal: var int; start: int): int =
     var x = 0
     while result+start < s.len and s[result+start] in {'0'..'9'} and s[result+start] != ':':
@@ -220,12 +220,12 @@ Calling ordinary Nim procs inside the macro is possible:
           result.add login & " " & homedir
       else:
         break
+  ```
 
 When used for matching, keep in mind that likewise scanf, no backtracking
 is performed.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   proc skipUntil(s: string; until: string; unless = '\0'; start: int): int =
     # Skips all characters until the string `until` is found. Returns 0
     # if the char `unless` is found first or the end is reached.
@@ -256,12 +256,12 @@ is performed.
 
   for r in collectLinks(body):
     echo r
+  ```
 
 In this example both macros are combined seamlessly in order to maximise
 efficiency and perform different checks.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
+  ```nim
   iterator parseIps*(soup: string): string =
     ## ipv4 only!
     const digits = {'0'..'9'}
@@ -279,13 +279,17 @@ efficiency and perform different checks.
           yield buf
       buf.setLen(0) # need to clear `buf` each time, cause it might contain garbage
       idx.inc
-
+  ```
 ]##
 
 
-import macros, parseutils
+import std/[macros, parseutils]
 import std/private/since
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+
 proc conditionsToIfChain(n, idx, res: NimNode; start: int): NimNode =
   assert n.kind == nnkStmtList
   if start >= n.len: return newAssignment(res, newLit true)
@@ -468,7 +472,7 @@ macro scanf*(input: string; pattern: static[string]; results: varargs[typed]): b
 
 macro scanTuple*(input: untyped; pattern: static[string]; matcherTypes: varargs[untyped]): untyped {.since: (1, 5).}=
   ## Works identically as scanf, but instead of predeclaring variables it returns a tuple.
-  ## Tuple is started with a bool which indicates if the scan was successful 
+  ## Tuple is started with a bool which indicates if the scan was successful
   ## followed by the requested data.
   ## If using a user defined matcher, provide the types in order they appear after pattern:
   ## `line.scanTuple("${yourMatcher()}", int)`
@@ -508,7 +512,7 @@ macro scanTuple*(input: untyped; pattern: static[string]; matcherTypes: varargs[
           inc userMatches
       else: discard
     inc p
-  result.add newPar(newCall(ident("scanf"), input, newStrLitNode(pattern)))
+  result.add nnkTupleConstr.newTree(newCall(ident("scanf"), input, newStrLitNode(pattern)))
   for arg in arguments:
     result[^1][0].add arg
     result[^1].add arg
@@ -584,7 +588,7 @@ macro scanp*(input, idx: typed; pattern: varargs[untyped]): bool =
           action
 
       # (x) a  # bind action a to (x)
-      if it[0].kind == nnkPar and it.len == 2:
+      if it[0].kind in {nnkPar, nnkTupleConstr} and it.len == 2:
         result = atm(it[0], input, idx, placeholder(it[1], input, idx))
       elif it.kind == nnkInfix and it[0].eqIdent"->":
         # bind matching to some action:
diff --git a/lib/pure/strtabs.nim b/lib/pure/strtabs.nim
index 3b90fea50..4b07aca5a 100644
--- a/lib/pure/strtabs.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/strtabs.nim
@@ -51,13 +51,17 @@ runnableExamples:
 import std/private/since
 
 import
-  hashes, strutils
+  std/[hashes, strutils]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 
 when defined(js) or defined(nimscript) or defined(Standalone):
   {.pragma: rtlFunc.}
 else:
   {.pragma: rtlFunc, rtl.}
-  import os
+  import std/envvars
 
 include "system/inclrtl"
 
@@ -257,10 +261,7 @@ proc newStringTable*(mode: StringTableMode): owned(StringTableRef) {.
   ## See also:
   ## * `newStringTable(keyValuePairs) proc
   ##   <#newStringTable,varargs[tuple[string,string]],StringTableMode>`_
-  new(result)
-  result.mode = mode
-  result.counter = 0
-  newSeq(result.data, startSize)
+  result = StringTableRef(mode: mode, counter: 0, data: newSeq[KeyValuePair](startSize))
 
 proc newStringTable*(keyValuePairs: varargs[string],
                      mode: StringTableMode): owned(StringTableRef) {.
diff --git a/lib/pure/strutils.nim b/lib/pure/strutils.nim
index 4098749ce..81be7db17 100644
--- a/lib/pure/strutils.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/strutils.nim
@@ -70,17 +70,21 @@ runnableExamples:
 ##   easier substring extraction than regular expressions
 
 
-import parseutils
-from math import pow, floor, log10
-from algorithm import reverse
+import std/parseutils
+from std/math import pow, floor, log10
+from std/algorithm import fill, reverse
 import std/enumutils
 
-from unicode import toLower, toUpper
+from std/unicode import toLower, toUpper
 export toLower, toUpper
 
 include "system/inclrtl"
-import std/private/since
-from std/private/strimpl import cmpIgnoreStyleImpl, cmpIgnoreCaseImpl, startsWithImpl, endsWithImpl
+import std/private/[since, jsutils]
+from std/private/strimpl import cmpIgnoreStyleImpl, cmpIgnoreCaseImpl,
+    startsWithImpl, endsWithImpl
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 
 const
@@ -91,6 +95,15 @@ const
   Letters* = {'A'..'Z', 'a'..'z'}
     ## The set of letters.
 
+  UppercaseLetters* = {'A'..'Z'}
+    ## The set of uppercase ASCII letters.
+
+  LowercaseLetters* = {'a'..'z'}
+    ## The set of lowercase ASCII letters.
+
+  PunctuationChars* = {'!'..'/', ':'..'@', '['..'`', '{'..'~'}
+    ## The set of all ASCII punctuation characters.
+
   Digits* = {'0'..'9'}
     ## The set of digits.
 
@@ -107,17 +120,20 @@ const
     ## The set of characters a newline terminator can start with (carriage
     ## return, line feed).
 
+  PrintableChars* = Letters + Digits + PunctuationChars + Whitespace
+    ## The set of all printable ASCII characters (letters, digits, whitespace, and punctuation characters).
+
   AllChars* = {'\x00'..'\xFF'}
     ## A set with all the possible characters.
     ##
     ## Not very useful by its own, you can use it to create *inverted* sets to
     ## make the `find func<#find,string,set[char],Natural,int>`_
     ## find **invalid** characters in strings. Example:
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: nim
+    ##   ```nim
     ##   let invalid = AllChars - Digits
     ##   doAssert "01234".find(invalid) == -1
     ##   doAssert "01A34".find(invalid) == 2
+    ##   ```
 
 func isAlphaAscii*(c: char): bool {.rtl, extern: "nsuIsAlphaAsciiChar".} =
   ## Checks whether or not character `c` is alphabetical.
@@ -169,7 +185,7 @@ func isLowerAscii*(c: char): bool {.rtl, extern: "nsuIsLowerAsciiChar".} =
     doAssert isLowerAscii('e') == true
     doAssert isLowerAscii('E') == false
     doAssert isLowerAscii('7') == false
-  return c in {'a'..'z'}
+  return c in LowercaseLetters
 
 func isUpperAscii*(c: char): bool {.rtl, extern: "nsuIsUpperAsciiChar".} =
   ## Checks whether or not `c` is an upper case character.
@@ -183,8 +199,7 @@ func isUpperAscii*(c: char): bool {.rtl, extern: "nsuIsUpperAsciiChar".} =
     doAssert isUpperAscii('e') == false
     doAssert isUpperAscii('E') == true
     doAssert isUpperAscii('7') == false
-  return c in {'A'..'Z'}
-
+  return c in UppercaseLetters
 
 func toLowerAscii*(c: char): char {.rtl, extern: "nsuToLowerAsciiChar".} =
   ## Returns the lower case version of character `c`.
@@ -199,7 +214,7 @@ func toLowerAscii*(c: char): char {.rtl, extern: "nsuToLowerAsciiChar".} =
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert toLowerAscii('A') == 'a'
     doAssert toLowerAscii('e') == 'e'
-  if c in {'A'..'Z'}:
+  if c in UppercaseLetters:
     result = char(uint8(c) xor 0b0010_0000'u8)
   else:
     result = c
@@ -236,7 +251,7 @@ func toUpperAscii*(c: char): char {.rtl, extern: "nsuToUpperAsciiChar".} =
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert toUpperAscii('a') == 'A'
     doAssert toUpperAscii('E') == 'E'
-  if c in {'a'..'z'}:
+  if c in LowercaseLetters:
     result = char(uint8(c) xor 0b0010_0000'u8)
   else:
     result = c
@@ -273,14 +288,20 @@ func nimIdentNormalize*(s: string): string =
   ##
   ## That means to convert to lower case and remove any '_' on all characters
   ## except first one.
+  ##
+  ## .. Warning:: Backticks (`) are not handled: they remain *as is* and
+  ##    spaces are preserved. See `nimIdentBackticksNormalize
+  ##    <dochelpers.html#nimIdentBackticksNormalize,string>`_ for
+  ##    an alternative approach.
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert nimIdentNormalize("Foo_bar") == "Foobar"
   result = newString(s.len)
-  if s.len > 0:
-    result[0] = s[0]
+  if s.len == 0:
+    return
+  result[0] = s[0]
   var j = 1
   for i in 1..len(s) - 1:
-    if s[i] in {'A'..'Z'}:
+    if s[i] in UppercaseLetters:
       result[j] = chr(ord(s[i]) + (ord('a') - ord('A')))
       inc j
     elif s[i] != '_':
@@ -302,7 +323,7 @@ func normalize*(s: string): string {.rtl, extern: "nsuNormalize".} =
   result = newString(s.len)
   var j = 0
   for i in 0..len(s) - 1:
-    if s[i] in {'A'..'Z'}:
+    if s[i] in UppercaseLetters:
       result[j] = chr(ord(s[i]) + (ord('a') - ord('A')))
       inc j
     elif s[i] != '_':
@@ -313,9 +334,9 @@ func normalize*(s: string): string {.rtl, extern: "nsuNormalize".} =
 func cmpIgnoreCase*(a, b: string): int {.rtl, extern: "nsuCmpIgnoreCase".} =
   ## Compares two strings in a case insensitive manner. Returns:
   ##
-  ## | 0 if a == b
-  ## | < 0 if a < b
-  ## | > 0 if a > b
+  ## | `0` if a == b
+  ## | `< 0` if a < b
+  ## | `> 0` if a > b
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert cmpIgnoreCase("FooBar", "foobar") == 0
     doAssert cmpIgnoreCase("bar", "Foo") < 0
@@ -333,9 +354,9 @@ func cmpIgnoreStyle*(a, b: string): int {.rtl, extern: "nsuCmpIgnoreStyle".} =
   ##
   ## Returns:
   ##
-  ## | 0 if a == b
-  ## | < 0 if a < b
-  ## | > 0 if a > b
+  ## | `0` if a == b
+  ## | `< 0` if a < b
+  ## | `> 0` if a > b
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert cmpIgnoreStyle("foo_bar", "FooBar") == 0
     doAssert cmpIgnoreStyle("foo_bar_5", "FooBar4") > 0
@@ -345,11 +366,14 @@ func cmpIgnoreStyle*(a, b: string): int {.rtl, extern: "nsuCmpIgnoreStyle".} =
 # --------- Private templates for different split separators -----------
 
 func substrEq(s: string, pos: int, substr: string): bool =
-  var i = 0
+  # Always returns false for empty `substr`
   var length = substr.len
-  while i < length and pos+i < s.len and s[pos+i] == substr[i]:
-    inc i
-  return i == length
+  if length > 0:
+    var i = 0
+    while i < length and pos+i < s.len and s[pos+i] == substr[i]:
+      inc i
+    i == length
+  else: false
 
 template stringHasSep(s: string, index: int, seps: set[char]): bool =
   s[index] in seps
@@ -399,14 +423,12 @@ iterator split*(s: string, sep: char, maxsplit: int = -1): string =
   ##
   ## Substrings are separated by the character `sep`.
   ## The code:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   for word in split(";;this;is;an;;example;;;", ';'):
   ##     writeLine(stdout, word)
-  ##
+  ##   ```
   ## Results in:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```
   ##   ""
   ##   ""
   ##   "this"
@@ -417,6 +439,7 @@ iterator split*(s: string, sep: char, maxsplit: int = -1): string =
   ##   ""
   ##   ""
   ##   ""
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `rsplit iterator<#rsplit.i,string,char,int>`_
@@ -431,41 +454,49 @@ iterator split*(s: string, seps: set[char] = Whitespace,
   ##
   ## Substrings are separated by a substring containing only `seps`.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   for word in split("this\lis an\texample"):
   ##     writeLine(stdout, word)
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## ...generates this output:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```
   ##   "this"
   ##   "is"
   ##   "an"
   ##   "example"
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## And the following code:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   for word in split("this:is;an$example", {';', ':', '$'}):
   ##     writeLine(stdout, word)
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## ...produces the same output as the first example. The code:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   let date = "2012-11-20T22:08:08.398990"
   ##   let separators = {' ', '-', ':', 'T'}
   ##   for number in split(date, separators):
   ##     writeLine(stdout, number)
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## ...results in:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```
   ##   "2012"
   ##   "11"
   ##   "20"
   ##   "22"
   ##   "08"
   ##   "08.398990"
+  ##   ```
+  ##
+  ##  .. note:: Empty separator set results in returning an original string,
+  ##   following the interpretation "split by no element".
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `rsplit iterator<#rsplit.i,string,set[char],int>`_
@@ -480,23 +511,30 @@ iterator split*(s: string, sep: string, maxsplit: int = -1): string =
   ## Substrings are separated by the string `sep`.
   ## The code:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   for word in split("thisDATAisDATAcorrupted", "DATA"):
   ##     writeLine(stdout, word)
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Results in:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```
   ##   "this"
   ##   "is"
   ##   "corrupted"
+  ##   ```
+  ##
+  ##  .. note:: Empty separator string results in returning an original string,
+  ##   following the interpretation "split by no element".
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `rsplit iterator<#rsplit.i,string,string,int,bool>`_
   ## * `splitLines iterator<#splitLines.i,string>`_
   ## * `splitWhitespace iterator<#splitWhitespace.i,string,int>`_
   ## * `split func<#split,string,string,int>`_
-  splitCommon(s, sep, maxsplit, sep.len)
+  let sepLen = if sep.len == 0: 1 # prevents infinite loop
+    else: sep.len
+  splitCommon(s, sep, maxsplit, sepLen)
 
 
 template rsplitCommon(s, sep, maxsplit, sepLen) =
@@ -527,17 +565,19 @@ iterator rsplit*(s: string, sep: char,
                  maxsplit: int = -1): string =
   ## Splits the string `s` into substrings from the right using a
   ## string separator. Works exactly the same as `split iterator
-  ## <#split.i,string,char,int>`_ except in reverse order.
+  ## <#split.i,string,char,int>`_ except in **reverse** order.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   for piece in "foo:bar".rsplit(':'):
   ##     echo piece
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Results in:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```
   ##   "bar"
   ##   "foo"
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Substrings are separated from the right by the char `sep`.
   ##
@@ -552,20 +592,25 @@ iterator rsplit*(s: string, seps: set[char] = Whitespace,
                  maxsplit: int = -1): string =
   ## Splits the string `s` into substrings from the right using a
   ## string separator. Works exactly the same as `split iterator
-  ## <#split.i,string,char,int>`_ except in reverse order.
+  ## <#split.i,string,char,int>`_ except in **reverse** order.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   for piece in "foo bar".rsplit(WhiteSpace):
   ##     echo piece
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Results in:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```
   ##   "bar"
   ##   "foo"
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Substrings are separated from the right by the set of chars `seps`
   ##
+  ##  .. note:: Empty separator set results in returning an original string,
+  ##   following the interpretation "split by no element".
+  ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `split iterator<#split.i,string,set[char],int>`_
   ## * `splitLines iterator<#splitLines.i,string>`_
@@ -577,44 +622,52 @@ iterator rsplit*(s: string, sep: string, maxsplit: int = -1,
                  keepSeparators: bool = false): string =
   ## Splits the string `s` into substrings from the right using a
   ## string separator. Works exactly the same as `split iterator
-  ## <#split.i,string,string,int>`_ except in reverse order.
+  ## <#split.i,string,string,int>`_ except in **reverse** order.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   for piece in "foothebar".rsplit("the"):
   ##     echo piece
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Results in:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```
   ##   "bar"
   ##   "foo"
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Substrings are separated from the right by the string `sep`
   ##
+  ##  .. note:: Empty separator string results in returning an original string,
+  ##   following the interpretation "split by no element".
+  ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `split iterator<#split.i,string,string,int>`_
   ## * `splitLines iterator<#splitLines.i,string>`_
   ## * `splitWhitespace iterator<#splitWhitespace.i,string,int>`_
   ## * `rsplit func<#rsplit,string,string,int>`_
-  rsplitCommon(s, sep, maxsplit, sep.len)
+  let sepLen = if sep.len == 0: 1 # prevents infinite loop
+    else: sep.len
+  rsplitCommon(s, sep, maxsplit, sepLen)
 
 iterator splitLines*(s: string, keepEol = false): string =
   ## Splits the string `s` into its containing lines.
   ##
   ## Every `character literal <manual.html#lexical-analysis-character-literals>`_
   ## newline combination (CR, LF, CR-LF) is supported. The result strings
-  ## contain no trailing end of line characters unless parameter `keepEol`
+  ## contain no trailing end of line characters unless the parameter `keepEol`
   ## is set to `true`.
   ##
   ## Example:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   for line in splitLines("\nthis\nis\nan\n\nexample\n"):
   ##     writeLine(stdout, line)
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Results in:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   ""
   ##   "this"
   ##   "is"
@@ -622,6 +675,7 @@ iterator splitLines*(s: string, keepEol = false): string =
   ##   ""
   ##   "example"
   ##   ""
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `splitWhitespace iterator<#splitWhitespace.i,string,int>`_
@@ -654,16 +708,17 @@ iterator splitWhitespace*(s: string, maxsplit: int = -1): string =
   ##
   ## The following code:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   let s = "  foo \t bar  baz  "
   ##   for ms in [-1, 1, 2, 3]:
   ##     echo "------ maxsplit = ", ms, ":"
   ##     for item in s.splitWhitespace(maxsplit=ms):
   ##       echo '"', item, '"'
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## ...results in:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
+  ##   ```
   ##   ------ maxsplit = -1:
   ##   "foo"
   ##   "bar"
@@ -679,6 +734,7 @@ iterator splitWhitespace*(s: string, maxsplit: int = -1): string =
   ##   "foo"
   ##   "bar"
   ##   "baz"
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `splitLines iterator<#splitLines.i,string>`_
@@ -707,6 +763,9 @@ func split*(s: string, seps: set[char] = Whitespace, maxsplit: int = -1): seq[
   ## The same as the `split iterator <#split.i,string,set[char],int>`_ (see its
   ## documentation), but is a func that returns a sequence of substrings.
   ##
+  ##  .. note:: Empty separator set results in returning an original string,
+  ##   following the interpretation "split by no element".
+  ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `split iterator <#split.i,string,set[char],int>`_
   ## * `rsplit func<#rsplit,string,set[char],int>`_
@@ -715,6 +774,7 @@ func split*(s: string, seps: set[char] = Whitespace, maxsplit: int = -1): seq[
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert "a,b;c".split({',', ';'}) == @["a", "b", "c"]
     doAssert "".split({' '}) == @[""]
+    doAssert "empty seps return unsplit s".split({}) == @["empty seps return unsplit s"]
   accResult(split(s, seps, maxsplit))
 
 func split*(s: string, sep: string, maxsplit: int = -1): seq[string] {.rtl,
@@ -724,6 +784,9 @@ func split*(s: string, sep: string, maxsplit: int = -1): seq[string] {.rtl,
   ## Substrings are separated by the string `sep`. This is a wrapper around the
   ## `split iterator <#split.i,string,string,int>`_.
   ##
+  ##  .. note:: Empty separator string results in returning an original string,
+  ##   following the interpretation "split by no element".
+  ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `split iterator <#split.i,string,string,int>`_
   ## * `rsplit func<#rsplit,string,string,int>`_
@@ -736,14 +799,13 @@ func split*(s: string, sep: string, maxsplit: int = -1): seq[string] {.rtl,
     doAssert "a  largely    spaced sentence".split(" ") == @["a", "", "largely",
         "", "", "", "spaced", "sentence"]
     doAssert "a  largely    spaced sentence".split(" ", maxsplit = 1) == @["a", " largely    spaced sentence"]
-  doAssert(sep.len > 0)
-
+    doAssert "empty sep returns unsplit s".split("") == @["empty sep returns unsplit s"]
   accResult(split(s, sep, maxsplit))
 
 func rsplit*(s: string, sep: char, maxsplit: int = -1): seq[string] {.rtl,
     extern: "nsuRSplitChar".} =
   ## The same as the `rsplit iterator <#rsplit.i,string,char,int>`_, but is a func
-  ## that returns a sequence of substrings.
+  ## that returns a sequence of substrings in original order.
   ##
   ## A possible common use case for `rsplit` is path manipulation,
   ## particularly on systems that don't use a common delimiter.
@@ -751,13 +813,15 @@ func rsplit*(s: string, sep: char, maxsplit: int = -1): seq[string] {.rtl,
   ## For example, if a system had `#` as a delimiter, you could
   ## do the following to get the tail of the path:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   var tailSplit = rsplit("Root#Object#Method#Index", '#', maxsplit=1)
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Results in `tailSplit` containing:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   @["Root#Object#Method", "Index"]
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `rsplit iterator <#rsplit.i,string,char,int>`_
@@ -771,7 +835,7 @@ func rsplit*(s: string, seps: set[char] = Whitespace,
              maxsplit: int = -1): seq[string]
              {.rtl, extern: "nsuRSplitCharSet".} =
   ## The same as the `rsplit iterator <#rsplit.i,string,set[char],int>`_, but is a
-  ## func that returns a sequence of substrings.
+  ## func that returns a sequence of substrings in original order.
   ##
   ## A possible common use case for `rsplit` is path manipulation,
   ## particularly on systems that don't use a common delimiter.
@@ -779,13 +843,18 @@ func rsplit*(s: string, seps: set[char] = Whitespace,
   ## For example, if a system had `#` as a delimiter, you could
   ## do the following to get the tail of the path:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   var tailSplit = rsplit("Root#Object#Method#Index", {'#'}, maxsplit=1)
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Results in `tailSplit` containing:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   @["Root#Object#Method", "Index"]
+  ##   ```
+  ##
+  ##  .. note:: Empty separator set results in returning an original string,
+  ##   following the interpretation "split by no element".
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `rsplit iterator <#rsplit.i,string,set[char],int>`_
@@ -798,7 +867,7 @@ func rsplit*(s: string, seps: set[char] = Whitespace,
 func rsplit*(s: string, sep: string, maxsplit: int = -1): seq[string] {.rtl,
     extern: "nsuRSplitString".} =
   ## The same as the `rsplit iterator <#rsplit.i,string,string,int,bool>`_, but is a func
-  ## that returns a sequence of substrings.
+  ## that returns a sequence of substrings in original order.
   ##
   ## A possible common use case for `rsplit` is path manipulation,
   ## particularly on systems that don't use a common delimiter.
@@ -806,13 +875,18 @@ func rsplit*(s: string, sep: string, maxsplit: int = -1): seq[string] {.rtl,
   ## For example, if a system had `#` as a delimiter, you could
   ## do the following to get the tail of the path:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   var tailSplit = rsplit("Root#Object#Method#Index", "#", maxsplit=1)
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Results in `tailSplit` containing:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   @["Root#Object#Method", "Index"]
+  ##   ```
+  ##
+  ##  .. note:: Empty separator string results in returning an original string,
+  ##   following the interpretation "split by no element".
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `rsplit iterator <#rsplit.i,string,string,int,bool>`_
@@ -828,6 +902,7 @@ func rsplit*(s: string, sep: string, maxsplit: int = -1): seq[string] {.rtl,
     doAssert "".rsplit("Elon Musk") == @[""]
     doAssert "a  largely    spaced sentence".rsplit(" ") == @["a", "",
         "largely", "", "", "", "spaced", "sentence"]
+    doAssert "empty sep returns unsplit s".rsplit("") == @["empty sep returns unsplit s"]
   accResult(rsplit(s, sep, maxsplit))
   result.reverse()
 
@@ -923,14 +998,26 @@ func toHex*[T: SomeInteger](x: T, len: Positive): string =
     doAssert b.toHex(4) == "1001"
     doAssert toHex(62, 3) == "03E"
     doAssert toHex(-8, 6) == "FFFFF8"
-  toHexImpl(cast[BiggestUInt](x), len, x < 0)
+  whenJsNoBigInt64:
+    toHexImpl(cast[BiggestUInt](x), len, x < 0)
+  do:
+    when T is SomeSignedInt:
+      toHexImpl(cast[BiggestUInt](BiggestInt(x)), len, x < 0)
+    else:
+      toHexImpl(BiggestUInt(x), len, x < 0)
 
 func toHex*[T: SomeInteger](x: T): string =
   ## Shortcut for `toHex(x, T.sizeof * 2)`
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert toHex(1984'i64) == "00000000000007C0"
     doAssert toHex(1984'i16) == "07C0"
-  toHexImpl(cast[BiggestUInt](x), 2*sizeof(T), x < 0)
+  whenJsNoBigInt64:
+    toHexImpl(cast[BiggestUInt](x), 2*sizeof(T), x < 0)
+  do:
+    when T is SomeSignedInt:
+      toHexImpl(cast[BiggestUInt](BiggestInt(x)), 2*sizeof(T), x < 0)
+    else:
+      toHexImpl(BiggestUInt(x), 2*sizeof(T), x < 0)
 
 func toHex*(s: string): string {.rtl.} =
   ## Converts a bytes string to its hexadecimal representation.
@@ -1220,7 +1307,7 @@ func parseEnum*[T: enum](s: string): T =
   ## type contains multiple fields with the same string value.
   ##
   ## Raises `ValueError` for an invalid value in `s`. The comparison is
-  ## done in a style insensitive way.
+  ## done in a style insensitive way (first letter is still case-sensitive).
   runnableExamples:
     type
       MyEnum = enum
@@ -1240,7 +1327,7 @@ func parseEnum*[T: enum](s: string, default: T): T =
   ## type contains multiple fields with the same string value.
   ##
   ## Uses `default` for an invalid value in `s`. The comparison is done in a
-  ## style insensitive way.
+  ## style insensitive way (first letter is still case-sensitive).
   runnableExamples:
     type
       MyEnum = enum
@@ -1476,12 +1563,40 @@ func dedent*(s: string, count: Natural = indentation(s)): string {.rtl,
     doAssert x == "Hello\n  There\n"
   unindent(s, count, " ")
 
-func delete*(s: var string, first, last: int) {.rtl, extern: "nsuDelete".} =
-  ## Deletes in `s` (must be declared as `var`) the characters at positions
-  ## `first .. last` (both ends included).
-  ##
-  ## This modifies `s` itself, it does not return a copy.
-  runnableExamples:
+func delete*(s: var string, slice: Slice[int]) =
+  ## Deletes the items `s[slice]`, raising `IndexDefect` if the slice contains
+  ## elements out of range.
+  ##
+  ## This operation moves all elements after `s[slice]` in linear time, and
+  ## is the string analog to `sequtils.delete`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var a = "abcde"
+    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect): a.delete(4..5)
+    assert a == "abcde"
+    a.delete(4..4)
+    assert a == "abcd"
+    a.delete(1..2)
+    assert a == "ad"
+    a.delete(1..<1) # empty slice
+    assert a == "ad"
+  when compileOption("boundChecks"):
+    if not (slice.a < s.len and slice.a >= 0 and slice.b < s.len):
+      raise newException(IndexDefect, $(slice: slice, len: s.len))
+  if slice.b >= slice.a:
+    var i = slice.a
+    var j = slice.b + 1
+    var newLen = s.len - j + i
+    # if j < s.len: moveMem(addr s[i], addr s[j], s.len - j) # pending benchmark
+    while i < newLen:
+      s[i] = s[j]
+      inc(i)
+      inc(j)
+    setLen(s, newLen)
+
+func delete*(s: var string, first, last: int) {.rtl, extern: "nsuDelete",
+    deprecated: "use `delete(s, first..last)`".} =
+  ## Deletes in `s` the characters at positions `first .. last` (both ends included).
+  runnableExamples("--warning:deprecated:off"):
     var a = "abracadabra"
 
     a.delete(4, 5)
@@ -1502,7 +1617,6 @@ func delete*(s: var string, first, last: int) {.rtl, extern: "nsuDelete".} =
     inc(j)
   setLen(s, newLen)
 
-
 func startsWith*(s: string, prefix: char): bool {.inline.} =
   ## Returns true if `s` starts with character `prefix`.
   ##
@@ -1600,7 +1714,7 @@ func removePrefix*(s: var string, chars: set[char] = Newlines) {.rtl,
 
   var start = 0
   while start < s.len and s[start] in chars: start += 1
-  if start > 0: s.delete(0, start - 1)
+  if start > 0: s.delete(0..start - 1)
 
 func removePrefix*(s: var string, c: char) {.rtl,
     extern: "nsuRemovePrefixChar".} =
@@ -1627,8 +1741,8 @@ func removePrefix*(s: var string, prefix: string) {.rtl,
     var answers = "yesyes"
     answers.removePrefix("yes")
     doAssert answers == "yes"
-  if s.startsWith(prefix):
-    s.delete(0, prefix.len - 1)
+  if s.startsWith(prefix) and prefix.len > 0:
+    s.delete(0..prefix.len - 1)
 
 func removeSuffix*(s: var string, chars: set[char] = Newlines) {.rtl,
     extern: "nsuRemoveSuffixCharSet".} =
@@ -1694,8 +1808,9 @@ func addSep*(dest: var string, sep = ", ", startLen: Natural = 0) {.inline.} =
   ##
   ## A shorthand for:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   if dest.len > startLen: add(dest, sep)
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## This is often useful for generating some code where the items need to
   ## be *separated* by `sep`. `sep` is only added if `dest` is longer than
@@ -1760,7 +1875,7 @@ func join*(a: openArray[string], sep: string = ""): string {.rtl,
   else:
     result = ""
 
-func join*[T: not string](a: openArray[T], sep: string = ""): string {.rtl.} =
+proc join*[T: not string](a: openArray[T], sep: string = ""): string =
   ## Converts all elements in the container `a` to strings using `$`,
   ## and concatenates them with `sep`.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -1773,36 +1888,44 @@ func join*[T: not string](a: openArray[T], sep: string = ""): string {.rtl.} =
     add(result, $x)
 
 type
-  SkipTable* = array[char, int]
+  SkipTable* = array[char, int] ## Character table for efficient substring search.
 
 func initSkipTable*(a: var SkipTable, sub: string) {.rtl,
     extern: "nsuInitSkipTable".} =
-  ## Preprocess table `a` for `sub`.
+  ## Initializes table `a` for efficient search of substring `sub`.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `initSkipTable func<#initSkipTable,string>`_
+  ## * `find func<#find,SkipTable,string,string,Natural,int>`_
+  # TODO: this should be the `default()` initializer for the type.
   let m = len(sub)
-  var i = 0
-  while i <= 0xff-7:
-    a[chr(i + 0)] = m
-    a[chr(i + 1)] = m
-    a[chr(i + 2)] = m
-    a[chr(i + 3)] = m
-    a[chr(i + 4)] = m
-    a[chr(i + 5)] = m
-    a[chr(i + 6)] = m
-    a[chr(i + 7)] = m
-    i += 8
+  fill(a, m)
 
   for i in 0 ..< m - 1:
     a[sub[i]] = m - 1 - i
 
-func find*(a: SkipTable, s, sub: string, start: Natural = 0, last = 0): int {.
+func initSkipTable*(sub: string): SkipTable {.noinit, rtl,
+    extern: "nsuInitNewSkipTable".} =
+  ## Returns a new table initialized for `sub`.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `initSkipTable func<#initSkipTable,SkipTable,string>`_
+  ## * `find func<#find,SkipTable,string,string,Natural,int>`_
+  initSkipTable(result, sub)
+
+func find*(a: SkipTable, s, sub: string, start: Natural = 0, last = -1): int {.
     rtl, extern: "nsuFindStrA".} =
   ## Searches for `sub` in `s` inside range `start..last` using preprocessed
   ## table `a`. If `last` is unspecified, it defaults to `s.high` (the last
   ## element).
   ##
   ## Searching is case-sensitive. If `sub` is not in `s`, -1 is returned.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `initSkipTable func<#initSkipTable,string>`_
+  ## * `initSkipTable func<#initSkipTable,SkipTable,string>`_
   let
-    last = if last == 0: s.high else: last
+    last = if last < 0: s.high else: last
     subLast = sub.len - 1
 
   if subLast == -1:
@@ -1812,6 +1935,7 @@ func find*(a: SkipTable, s, sub: string, start: Natural = 0, last = 0): int {.
 
   # This is an implementation of the Boyer-Moore Horspool algorithms
   # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyer%E2%80%93Moore%E2%80%93Horspool_algorithm
+  result = -1
   var skip = start
 
   while last - skip >= subLast:
@@ -1821,7 +1945,6 @@ func find*(a: SkipTable, s, sub: string, start: Natural = 0, last = 0): int {.
         return skip
       dec i
     inc skip, a[s[skip + subLast]]
-  return -1
 
 when not (defined(js) or defined(nimdoc) or defined(nimscript)):
   func c_memchr(cstr: pointer, c: char, n: csize_t): pointer {.
@@ -1830,68 +1953,97 @@ when not (defined(js) or defined(nimdoc) or defined(nimscript)):
 else:
   const hasCStringBuiltin = false
 
-func find*(s: string, sub: char, start: Natural = 0, last = 0): int {.rtl,
+func find*(s: string, sub: char, start: Natural = 0, last = -1): int {.rtl,
     extern: "nsuFindChar".} =
   ## Searches for `sub` in `s` inside range `start..last` (both ends included).
-  ## If `last` is unspecified, it defaults to `s.high` (the last element).
+  ## If `last` is unspecified or negative, it defaults to `s.high` (the last element).
   ##
   ## Searching is case-sensitive. If `sub` is not in `s`, -1 is returned.
   ## Otherwise the index returned is relative to `s[0]`, not `start`.
-  ## Use `s[start..last].rfind` for a `start`-origin index.
+  ## Subtract `start` from the result for a `start`-origin index.
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `rfind func<#rfind,string,char,Natural>`_
+  ## * `rfind func<#rfind,string,char,Natural,int>`_
   ## * `replace func<#replace,string,char,char>`_
-  let last = if last == 0: s.high else: last
-  when nimvm:
+  result = -1
+  let last = if last < 0: s.high else: last
+
+  template findImpl =
     for i in int(start)..last:
-      if sub == s[i]: return i
+      if s[i] == sub:
+        return i
+
+  when nimvm:
+    findImpl()
   else:
     when hasCStringBuiltin:
-      let L = last-start+1
-      if L > 0:
-        let found = c_memchr(s[start].unsafeAddr, sub, cast[csize_t](L))
+      let length = last-start+1
+      if length > 0:
+        let found = c_memchr(s[start].unsafeAddr, sub, cast[csize_t](length))
         if not found.isNil:
-          return cast[ByteAddress](found) -% cast[ByteAddress](s.cstring)
+          return cast[int](found) -% cast[int](s.cstring)
     else:
-      for i in int(start)..last:
-        if sub == s[i]: return i
-  return -1
+      findImpl()
 
-func find*(s: string, chars: set[char], start: Natural = 0, last = 0): int {.
+func find*(s: string, chars: set[char], start: Natural = 0, last = -1): int {.
     rtl, extern: "nsuFindCharSet".} =
   ## Searches for `chars` in `s` inside range `start..last` (both ends included).
-  ## If `last` is unspecified, it defaults to `s.high` (the last element).
+  ## If `last` is unspecified or negative, it defaults to `s.high` (the last element).
   ##
   ## If `s` contains none of the characters in `chars`, -1 is returned.
   ## Otherwise the index returned is relative to `s[0]`, not `start`.
-  ## Use `s[start..last].find` for a `start`-origin index.
+  ## Subtract `start` from the result for a `start`-origin index.
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `rfind func<#rfind,string,set[char],Natural>`_
+  ## * `rfind func<#rfind,string,set[char],Natural,int>`_
   ## * `multiReplace func<#multiReplace,string,varargs[]>`_
-  let last = if last == 0: s.high else: last
+  result = -1
+  let last = if last < 0: s.high else: last
   for i in int(start)..last:
-    if s[i] in chars: return i
-  return -1
-
-func find*(s, sub: string, start: Natural = 0, last = 0): int {.rtl,
+    if s[i] in chars:
+      return i
+
+when defined(linux):
+  proc memmem(haystack: pointer, haystacklen: csize_t,
+              needle: pointer, needlelen: csize_t): pointer {.importc, header: """#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#include <string.h>""".}
+elif defined(bsd) or (defined(macosx) and not defined(ios)):
+  proc memmem(haystack: pointer, haystacklen: csize_t,
+              needle: pointer, needlelen: csize_t): pointer {.importc, header: "#include <string.h>".}
+
+func find*(s, sub: string, start: Natural = 0, last = -1): int {.rtl,
     extern: "nsuFindStr".} =
   ## Searches for `sub` in `s` inside range `start..last` (both ends included).
-  ## If `last` is unspecified, it defaults to `s.high` (the last element).
+  ## If `last` is unspecified or negative, it defaults to `s.high` (the last element).
   ##
   ## Searching is case-sensitive. If `sub` is not in `s`, -1 is returned.
   ## Otherwise the index returned is relative to `s[0]`, not `start`.
-  ## Use `s[start..last].find` for a `start`-origin index.
+  ## Subtract `start` from the result for a `start`-origin index.
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `rfind func<#rfind,string,string,Natural>`_
+  ## * `rfind func<#rfind,string,string,Natural,int>`_
   ## * `replace func<#replace,string,string,string>`_
-  if sub.len > s.len: return -1
+  if sub.len > s.len - start: return -1
   if sub.len == 1: return find(s, sub[0], start, last)
-  var a {.noinit.}: SkipTable
-  initSkipTable(a, sub)
-  result = find(a, s, sub, start, last)
+
+  template useSkipTable =
+    result = find(initSkipTable(sub), s, sub, start, last)
+
+  when nimvm:
+    useSkipTable()
+  else:
+    when declared(memmem):
+      let subLen = sub.len
+      if last < 0 and start < s.len and subLen != 0:
+        let found = memmem(s[start].unsafeAddr, csize_t(s.len - start), sub.cstring, csize_t(subLen))
+        result = if not found.isNil:
+            cast[int](found) -% cast[int](s.cstring)
+          else:
+            -1
+      else:
+        useSkipTable()
+    else:
+      useSkipTable()
 
 func rfind*(s: string, sub: char, start: Natural = 0, last = -1): int {.rtl,
     extern: "nsuRFindChar".} =
@@ -1902,7 +2054,7 @@ func rfind*(s: string, sub: char, start: Natural = 0, last = -1): int {.rtl,
   ##
   ## Searching is case-sensitive. If `sub` is not in `s`, -1 is returned.
   ## Otherwise the index returned is relative to `s[0]`, not `start`.
-  ## Use `s[start..last].find` for a `start`-origin index.
+  ## Subtract `start` from the result for a `start`-origin index.
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `find func<#find,string,char,Natural,int>`_
@@ -1920,7 +2072,7 @@ func rfind*(s: string, chars: set[char], start: Natural = 0, last = -1): int {.
   ##
   ## If `s` contains none of the characters in `chars`, -1 is returned.
   ## Otherwise the index returned is relative to `s[0]`, not `start`.
-  ## Use `s[start..last].rfind` for a `start`-origin index.
+  ## Subtract `start` from the result for a `start`-origin index.
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `find func<#find,string,set[char],Natural,int>`_
@@ -1938,11 +2090,14 @@ func rfind*(s, sub: string, start: Natural = 0, last = -1): int {.rtl,
   ##
   ## Searching is case-sensitive. If `sub` is not in `s`, -1 is returned.
   ## Otherwise the index returned is relative to `s[0]`, not `start`.
-  ## Use `s[start..last].rfind` for a `start`-origin index.
+  ## Subtract `start` from the result for a `start`-origin index.
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `find func<#find,string,string,Natural,int>`_
   if sub.len == 0:
+    let rightIndex: Natural = if last < 0: s.len else: last
+    return max(start, rightIndex)
+  if sub.len > s.len - start:
     return -1
   let last = if last == -1: s.high else: last
   result = 0
@@ -1998,7 +2153,7 @@ func countLines*(s: string): int {.rtl, extern: "nsuCountLines".} =
   ## Returns the number of lines in the string `s`.
   ##
   ## This is the same as `len(splitLines(s))`, but much more efficient
-  ## because it doesn't modify the string creating temporal objects. Every
+  ## because it doesn't modify the string creating temporary objects. Every
   ## `character literal <manual.html#lexical-analysis-character-literals>`_
   ## newline combination (CR, LF, CR-LF) is supported.
   ##
@@ -2064,8 +2219,7 @@ func replace*(s, sub: string, by = ""): string {.rtl,
     # copy the rest:
     add result, substr(s, i)
   else:
-    var a {.noinit.}: SkipTable
-    initSkipTable(a, sub)
+    var a = initSkipTable(sub)
     let last = s.high
     var i = 0
     while true:
@@ -2105,9 +2259,8 @@ func replaceWord*(s, sub: string, by = ""): string {.rtl,
   ## replaced.
   if sub.len == 0: return s
   const wordChars = {'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', '0'..'9', '_', '\128'..'\255'}
-  var a {.noinit.}: SkipTable
   result = ""
-  initSkipTable(a, sub)
+  var a = initSkipTable(sub)
   var i = 0
   let last = s.high
   let sublen = sub.len
@@ -2128,17 +2281,31 @@ func replaceWord*(s, sub: string, by = ""): string {.rtl,
     add result, substr(s, i)
 
 func multiReplace*(s: string, replacements: varargs[(string, string)]): string =
-  ## Same as replace, but specialized for doing multiple replacements in a single
-  ## pass through the input string.
+  ## Same as `replace<#replace,string,string,string>`_, but specialized for
+  ## doing multiple replacements in a single pass through the input string.
+  ##
+  ## `multiReplace` scans the input string from left to right and replaces the
+  ## matching substrings in the same order as passed in the argument list.
   ##
-  ## `multiReplace` performs all replacements in a single pass, this means it
-  ## can be used to swap the occurrences of "a" and "b", for instance.
+  ## The implications of the order of scanning the string and matching the
+  ## replacements:
+  ##   - In case of multiple matches at a given position, the earliest
+  ##     replacement is applied.
+  ##   - Overlaps are not handled. After performing a replacement, the scan
+  ##     continues from the character after the matched substring. If the
+  ##     resulting string then contains a possible match starting in a newly
+  ##     placed substring, the additional replacement is not performed.
   ##
   ## If the resulting string is not longer than the original input string,
   ## only a single memory allocation is required.
   ##
-  ## The order of the replacements does matter. Earlier replacements are
-  ## preferred over later replacements in the argument list.
+  runnableExamples:
+    # Swapping occurrences of 'a' and 'b':
+    doAssert multireplace("abba", [("a", "b"), ("b", "a")]) == "baab"
+
+    # The second replacement ("ab") is matched and performed first, the scan then
+    # continues from 'c', so the "bc" replacement is never matched and thus skipped.
+    doAssert multireplace("abc", [("bc", "x"), ("ab", "_b")]) == "_bc"
   result = newStringOfCap(s.len)
   var i = 0
   var fastChk: set[char] = {}
@@ -2173,7 +2340,7 @@ func insertSep*(s: string, sep = '_', digits = 3): string {.rtl,
     doAssert insertSep("1000000") == "1_000_000"
   result = newStringOfCap(s.len)
   let hasPrefix = isDigit(s[s.low]) == false
-  var idx:int
+  var idx: int
   if hasPrefix:
     result.add s[s.low]
     for i in (s.low + 1)..s.high:
@@ -2187,7 +2354,7 @@ func insertSep*(s: string, sep = '_', digits = 3): string {.rtl,
   result.setLen(L + idx)
   var j = 0
   dec(L)
-  for i in countdown(partsLen-1,0):
+  for i in countdown(partsLen-1, 0):
     if j == digits:
       result[L + idx] = sep
       dec(L)
@@ -2198,13 +2365,21 @@ func insertSep*(s: string, sep = '_', digits = 3): string {.rtl,
 
 func escape*(s: string, prefix = "\"", suffix = "\""): string {.rtl,
     extern: "nsuEscape".} =
-  ## Escapes a string `s`. See `system.addEscapedChar
-  ## <system.html#addEscapedChar,string,char>`_ for the escaping scheme.
+  ## Escapes a string `s`.
+  ##
+  ## .. note:: The escaping scheme is different from
+  ##    `system.addEscapedChar`.
+  ##
+  ## * replaces `'\0'..'\31'` and `'\127'..'\255'` by `\xHH` where `HH` is its hexadecimal value
+  ## * replaces ``\`` by `\\`
+  ## * replaces `'` by `\'`
+  ## * replaces `"` by `\"`
   ##
   ## The resulting string is prefixed with `prefix` and suffixed with `suffix`.
   ## Both may be empty strings.
   ##
   ## See also:
+  ## * `addEscapedChar proc<system.html#addEscapedChar,string,char>`_
   ## * `unescape func<#unescape,string,string,string>`_ for the opposite
   ##   operation
   result = newStringOfCap(s.len + s.len shr 2)
@@ -2279,8 +2454,8 @@ func validIdentifier*(s: string): bool {.rtl, extern: "nsuValidIdentifier".} =
 
 # floating point formatting:
 when not defined(js):
-  func c_sprintf(buf, frmt: cstring): cint {.header: "<stdio.h>",
-                                     importc: "sprintf", varargs}
+  func c_snprintf(buf: cstring, n: csize_t, frmt: cstring): cint {.header: "<stdio.h>",
+                                     importc: "snprintf", varargs.}
 
 type
   FloatFormatMode* = enum
@@ -2307,60 +2482,63 @@ func formatBiggestFloat*(f: BiggestFloat, format: FloatFormatMode = ffDefault,
     doAssert x.formatBiggestFloat() == "123.4560000000000"
     doAssert x.formatBiggestFloat(ffDecimal, 4) == "123.4560"
     doAssert x.formatBiggestFloat(ffScientific, 2) == "1.23e+02"
-  when defined(js):
-    var precision = precision
-    if precision == -1:
-      # use the same default precision as c_sprintf
-      precision = 6
-    var res: cstring
-    case format
-    of ffDefault:
-      {.emit: "`res` = `f`.toString();".}
-    of ffDecimal:
-      {.emit: "`res` = `f`.toFixed(`precision`);".}
-    of ffScientific:
-      {.emit: "`res` = `f`.toExponential(`precision`);".}
-    result = $res
-    if 1.0 / f == -Inf:
-      # JavaScript removes the "-" from negative Zero, add it back here
-      result = "-" & $res
-    for i in 0 ..< result.len:
-      # Depending on the locale either dot or comma is produced,
-      # but nothing else is possible:
-      if result[i] in {'.', ','}: result[i] = decimalSep
+  when nimvm:
+    discard "implemented in the vmops"
   else:
-    const floatFormatToChar: array[FloatFormatMode, char] = ['g', 'f', 'e']
-    var
-      frmtstr {.noinit.}: array[0..5, char]
-      buf {.noinit.}: array[0..2500, char]
-      L: cint
-    frmtstr[0] = '%'
-    if precision >= 0:
-      frmtstr[1] = '#'
-      frmtstr[2] = '.'
-      frmtstr[3] = '*'
-      frmtstr[4] = floatFormatToChar[format]
-      frmtstr[5] = '\0'
-      L = c_sprintf(addr buf, addr frmtstr, precision, f)
+    when defined(js):
+      var precision = precision
+      if precision == -1:
+        # use the same default precision as c_snprintf
+        precision = 6
+      var res: cstring
+      case format
+      of ffDefault:
+        {.emit: "`res` = `f`.toString();".}
+      of ffDecimal:
+        {.emit: "`res` = `f`.toFixed(`precision`);".}
+      of ffScientific:
+        {.emit: "`res` = `f`.toExponential(`precision`);".}
+      result = $res
+      if 1.0 / f == -Inf:
+        # JavaScript removes the "-" from negative Zero, add it back here
+        result = "-" & $res
+      for i in 0 ..< result.len:
+        # Depending on the locale either dot or comma is produced,
+        # but nothing else is possible:
+        if result[i] in {'.', ','}: result[i] = decimalSep
     else:
-      frmtstr[1] = floatFormatToChar[format]
-      frmtstr[2] = '\0'
-      L = c_sprintf(addr buf, addr frmtstr, f)
-    result = newString(L)
-    for i in 0 ..< L:
-      # Depending on the locale either dot or comma is produced,
-      # but nothing else is possible:
-      if buf[i] in {'.', ','}: result[i] = decimalSep
-      else: result[i] = buf[i]
-    when defined(windows):
-      # VS pre 2015 violates the C standard: "The exponent always contains at
-      # least two digits, and only as many more digits as necessary to
-      # represent the exponent." [C11 §7.21.6.1]
-      # The following post-processing fixes this behavior.
-      if result.len > 4 and result[^4] == '+' and result[^3] == '0':
-        result[^3] = result[^2]
-        result[^2] = result[^1]
-        result.setLen(result.len - 1)
+      const floatFormatToChar: array[FloatFormatMode, char] = ['g', 'f', 'e']
+      var
+        frmtstr {.noinit.}: array[0..5, char]
+        buf {.noinit.}: array[0..2500, char]
+        L: cint
+      frmtstr[0] = '%'
+      if precision >= 0:
+        frmtstr[1] = '#'
+        frmtstr[2] = '.'
+        frmtstr[3] = '*'
+        frmtstr[4] = floatFormatToChar[format]
+        frmtstr[5] = '\0'
+        L = c_snprintf(cast[cstring](addr buf), csize_t(2501), cast[cstring](addr frmtstr), precision, f)
+      else:
+        frmtstr[1] = floatFormatToChar[format]
+        frmtstr[2] = '\0'
+        L = c_snprintf(cast[cstring](addr buf), csize_t(2501), cast[cstring](addr frmtstr), f)
+      result = newString(L)
+      for i in 0 ..< L:
+        # Depending on the locale either dot or comma is produced,
+        # but nothing else is possible:
+        if buf[i] in {'.', ','}: result[i] = decimalSep
+        else: result[i] = buf[i]
+      when defined(windows):
+        # VS pre 2015 violates the C standard: "The exponent always contains at
+        # least two digits, and only as many more digits as necessary to
+        # represent the exponent." [C11 §7.21.6.1]
+        # The following post-processing fixes this behavior.
+        if result.len > 4 and result[^4] == '+' and result[^3] == '0':
+          result[^3] = result[^2]
+          result[^2] = result[^1]
+          result.setLen(result.len - 1)
 
 func formatFloat*(f: float, format: FloatFormatMode = ffDefault,
                   precision: range[-1..32] = 16; decimalSep = '.'): string {.
@@ -2400,7 +2578,8 @@ func trimZeros*(x: var string; decimalSep = '.') =
     var pos = last
     while pos >= 0 and x[pos] == '0': dec(pos)
     if pos > sPos: inc(pos)
-    x.delete(pos, last)
+    if last >= pos:
+      x.delete(pos..last)
 
 type
   BinaryPrefixMode* = enum ## The different names for binary prefixes.
@@ -2492,13 +2671,13 @@ func formatEng*(f: BiggestFloat,
   ## decimal point or (if `trim` is true) the maximum number of digits to be
   ## shown.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
   ##    formatEng(0, 2, trim=false) == "0.00"
   ##    formatEng(0, 2) == "0"
   ##    formatEng(0.053, 0) == "53e-3"
   ##    formatEng(52731234, 2) == "52.73e6"
   ##    formatEng(-52731234, 2) == "-52.73e6"
+  ##    ```
   ##
   ## If `siPrefix` is set to true, the number will be displayed with the SI
   ## prefix corresponding to the exponent. For example 4100 will be displayed
@@ -2513,8 +2692,7 @@ func formatEng*(f: BiggestFloat,
   ## different to appending the unit to the result as the location of the space
   ## is altered depending on whether there is an exponent.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
   ##    formatEng(4100, siPrefix=true, unit="V") == "4.1 kV"
   ##    formatEng(4.1, siPrefix=true, unit="V") == "4.1 V"
   ##    formatEng(4.1, siPrefix=true) == "4.1" # Note lack of space
@@ -2524,6 +2702,7 @@ func formatEng*(f: BiggestFloat,
   ##    formatEng(4100) == "4.1e3"
   ##    formatEng(4100, unit="V") == "4.1e3 V"
   ##    formatEng(4100, unit="", useUnitSpace=true) == "4.1e3 " # Space with useUnitSpace=true
+  ##    ```
   ##
   ## `decimalSep` is used as the decimal separator.
   ##
@@ -2611,8 +2790,8 @@ func findNormalized(x: string, inArray: openArray[string]): int =
               # security hole...
   return -1
 
-func invalidFormatString() {.noinline.} =
-  raise newException(ValueError, "invalid format string")
+func invalidFormatString(formatstr: string) {.noinline.} =
+  raise newException(ValueError, "invalid format string: " & formatstr)
 
 func addf*(s: var string, formatstr: string, a: varargs[string, `$`]) {.rtl,
     extern: "nsuAddf".} =
@@ -2624,7 +2803,7 @@ func addf*(s: var string, formatstr: string, a: varargs[string, `$`]) {.rtl,
     if formatstr[i] == '$' and i+1 < len(formatstr):
       case formatstr[i+1]
       of '#':
-        if num > a.high: invalidFormatString()
+        if num > a.high: invalidFormatString(formatstr)
         add s, a[num]
         inc i, 2
         inc num
@@ -2640,7 +2819,7 @@ func addf*(s: var string, formatstr: string, a: varargs[string, `$`]) {.rtl,
           j = j * 10 + ord(formatstr[i]) - ord('0')
           inc(i)
         let idx = if not negative: j-1 else: a.len-j
-        if idx < 0 or idx > a.high: invalidFormatString()
+        if idx < 0 or idx > a.high: invalidFormatString(formatstr)
         add s, a[idx]
       of '{':
         var j = i+2
@@ -2657,27 +2836,27 @@ func addf*(s: var string, formatstr: string, a: varargs[string, `$`]) {.rtl,
           inc(j)
         if isNumber == 1:
           let idx = if not negative: k-1 else: a.len-k
-          if idx < 0 or idx > a.high: invalidFormatString()
+          if idx < 0 or idx > a.high: invalidFormatString(formatstr)
           add s, a[idx]
         else:
           var x = findNormalized(substr(formatstr, i+2, j-1), a)
           if x >= 0 and x < high(a): add s, a[x+1]
-          else: invalidFormatString()
+          else: invalidFormatString(formatstr)
         i = j+1
       of 'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', '\128'..'\255', '_':
         var j = i+1
         while j < formatstr.len and formatstr[j] in PatternChars: inc(j)
         var x = findNormalized(substr(formatstr, i+1, j-1), a)
         if x >= 0 and x < high(a): add s, a[x+1]
-        else: invalidFormatString()
+        else: invalidFormatString(formatstr)
         i = j
       else:
-        invalidFormatString()
+        invalidFormatString(formatstr)
     else:
       add s, formatstr[i]
       inc(i)
 
-func `%` *(formatstr: string, a: openArray[string]): string {.rtl,
+func `%`*(formatstr: string, a: openArray[string]): string {.rtl,
     extern: "nsuFormatOpenArray".} =
   ## Interpolates a format string with the values from `a`.
   ##
@@ -2687,13 +2866,15 @@ func `%` *(formatstr: string, a: openArray[string]): string {.rtl,
   ##
   ## This is best explained by an example:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   "$1 eats $2." % ["The cat", "fish"]
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Results in:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   "The cat eats fish."
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## The substitution variables (the thing after the `$`) are enumerated
   ## from 1 to `a.len`.
@@ -2701,21 +2882,24 @@ func `%` *(formatstr: string, a: openArray[string]): string {.rtl,
   ## The notation `$#` can be used to refer to the next substitution
   ## variable:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   "$# eats $#." % ["The cat", "fish"]
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Substitution variables can also be words (that is
   ## `[A-Za-z_]+[A-Za-z0-9_]*`) in which case the arguments in `a` with even
   ## indices are keys and with odd indices are the corresponding values.
   ## An example:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   "$animal eats $food." % ["animal", "The cat", "food", "fish"]
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Results in:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   "The cat eats fish."
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## The variables are compared with `cmpIgnoreStyle`. `ValueError` is
   ## raised if an ill-formed format string has been passed to the `%` operator.
@@ -2725,7 +2909,7 @@ func `%` *(formatstr: string, a: openArray[string]): string {.rtl,
   result = newStringOfCap(formatstr.len + a.len shl 4)
   addf(result, formatstr, a)
 
-func `%` *(formatstr, a: string): string {.rtl,
+func `%`*(formatstr, a: string): string {.rtl,
     extern: "nsuFormatSingleElem".} =
   ## This is the same as `formatstr % [a]` (see
   ## `% func<#%25,string,openArray[string]>`_).
@@ -2781,7 +2965,7 @@ func strip*(s: string, leading = true, trailing = true,
   result = substr(s, first, last)
 
 func stripLineEnd*(s: var string) =
-  ## Returns `s` stripped from one of these suffixes:
+  ## Strips one of these suffixes from `s` in-place:
   ## `\r, \n, \r\n, \f, \v` (at most once instance).
   ## For example, can be useful in conjunction with `osproc.execCmdEx`.
   ## aka: `chomp`:idx:
@@ -2813,13 +2997,14 @@ iterator tokenize*(s: string, seps: set[char] = Whitespace): tuple[
   ## Substrings are separated by a substring containing only `seps`.
   ## Example:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   for word in tokenize("  this is an  example  "):
   ##     writeLine(stdout, word)
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## Results in:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   ("  ", true)
   ##   ("this", false)
   ##   (" ", true)
@@ -2829,6 +3014,7 @@ iterator tokenize*(s: string, seps: set[char] = Whitespace): tuple[
   ##   ("  ", true)
   ##   ("example", false)
   ##   ("  ", true)
+  ##   ```
   var i = 0
   while true:
     var j = i
diff --git a/lib/pure/sugar.nim b/lib/pure/sugar.nim
index 239ed9cf1..90ba20c13 100644
--- a/lib/pure/sugar.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/sugar.nim
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ proc createProcType(p, b: NimNode): NimNode =
 
 macro `=>`*(p, b: untyped): untyped =
   ## Syntax sugar for anonymous procedures. It also supports pragmas.
+  ##
+  ## .. warning:: Semicolons can not be used to separate procedure arguments.
   runnableExamples:
     proc passTwoAndTwo(f: (int, int) -> int): int = f(2, 2)
 
@@ -119,9 +121,9 @@ macro `=>`*(p, b: untyped): untyped =
       else:
         error("Incorrect procedure parameter.", c)
       params.add(identDefs)
-  of nnkIdent:
+  of nnkIdent, nnkOpenSymChoice, nnkClosedSymChoice, nnkSym:
     var identDefs = newNimNode(nnkIdentDefs)
-    identDefs.add(p)
+    identDefs.add(ident $p)
     identDefs.add(ident"auto")
     identDefs.add(newEmptyNode())
     params.add(identDefs)
@@ -133,6 +135,8 @@ macro `=>`*(p, b: untyped): untyped =
 
 macro `->`*(p, b: untyped): untyped =
   ## Syntax sugar for procedure types. It also supports pragmas.
+  ##
+  ## .. warning:: Semicolons can not be used to separate procedure arguments.
   runnableExamples:
     proc passTwoAndTwo(f: (int, int) -> int): int = f(2, 2)
     # is the same as:
@@ -186,7 +190,7 @@ macro dumpToString*(x: untyped): string =
     assert dumpToString(a + x) == "a + x: 1 + x = 11"
     template square(x): untyped = x * x
     assert dumpToString(square(x)) == "square(x): x * x = 100"
-    assert not compiles dumpToString(1 + nonexistant)
+    assert not compiles dumpToString(1 + nonexistent)
     import std/strutils
     assert "failedAssertImpl" in dumpToString(assert true) # example with a statement
   result = newCall(bindSym"dumpToStringImpl")
@@ -199,7 +203,7 @@ proc freshIdentNodes(ast: NimNode): NimNode =
   # see also https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/8531#issuecomment-410436458
   proc inspect(node: NimNode): NimNode =
     case node.kind:
-    of nnkIdent, nnkSym:
+    of nnkIdent, nnkSym, nnkOpenSymChoice, nnkClosedSymChoice, nnkOpenSym:
       result = ident($node)
     of nnkEmpty, nnkLiterals:
       result = node
@@ -227,9 +231,19 @@ macro capture*(locals: varargs[typed], body: untyped): untyped {.since: (1, 1).}
   let locals = if locals.len == 1 and locals[0].kind == nnkBracket: locals[0]
                else: locals
   for arg in locals:
-    if arg.strVal == "result":
-      error("The variable name cannot be `result`!", arg)
-    params.add(newIdentDefs(ident(arg.strVal), freshIdentNodes getTypeInst arg))
+    proc getIdent(n: NimNode): NimNode =
+      case n.kind
+      of nnkIdent, nnkSym:
+        let nStr = n.strVal
+        if nStr == "result":
+          error("The variable name cannot be `result`!", n)
+        result = ident(nStr)
+      of nnkHiddenDeref: result = n[0].getIdent()
+      else:
+        error("The argument to be captured `" & n.repr & "` is not a pure identifier. " &
+          "It is an unsupported `" & $n.kind & "` node.", n)
+    let argName = getIdent(arg)
+    params.add(newIdentDefs(argName, freshIdentNodes getTypeInst arg))
   result = newNimNode(nnkCall)
   result.add(newProc(newEmptyNode(), params, body, nnkLambda))
   for arg in locals: result.add(arg)
@@ -331,9 +345,10 @@ proc collectImpl(init, body: NimNode): NimNode {.since: (1, 1).} =
   let res = genSym(nskVar, "collectResult")
   var bracketExpr: NimNode
   if init != nil:
-    expectKind init, {nnkCall, nnkIdent, nnkSym}
+    expectKind init, {nnkCall, nnkIdent, nnkSym, nnkClosedSymChoice, nnkOpenSymChoice, nnkOpenSym}
     bracketExpr = newTree(nnkBracketExpr,
-      if init.kind == nnkCall: freshIdentNodes(init[0]) else: freshIdentNodes(init))
+      if init.kind in {nnkCall, nnkClosedSymChoice, nnkOpenSymChoice, nnkOpenSym}:
+        freshIdentNodes(init[0]) else: freshIdentNodes(init))
   else:
     bracketExpr = newTree(nnkBracketExpr)
   let (resBody, keyType, valueType) = trans(body, res, bracketExpr)
@@ -387,6 +402,10 @@ macro collect*(init, body: untyped): untyped {.since: (1, 1).} =
 
 macro collect*(body: untyped): untyped {.since: (1, 5).} =
   ## Same as `collect` but without an `init` parameter.
+  ##
+  ## **See also:**
+  ## * `sequtils.toSeq proc<sequtils.html#toSeq.t%2Cuntyped>`_
+  ## * `sequtils.mapIt template<sequtils.html#mapIt.t%2Ctyped%2Cuntyped>`_
   runnableExamples:
     import std/[sets, tables]
     let data = @["bird", "word"]
@@ -407,10 +426,4 @@ macro collect*(body: untyped): untyped {.since: (1, 5).} =
       for i, d in data.pairs: {i: d}
     assert m == {0: "bird", 1: "word"}.toTable
 
-    # avoid `collect` when `sequtils.toSeq` suffices:
-    assert collect(for i in 1..3: i*i) == @[1, 4, 9] # ok in this case
-    assert collect(for i in 1..3: i) == @[1, 2, 3] # overkill in this case
-    from std/sequtils import toSeq
-    assert toSeq(1..3) == @[1, 2, 3] # simpler
-
   result = collectImpl(nil, body)
diff --git a/lib/pure/terminal.nim b/lib/pure/terminal.nim
index cada72196..53b3d61da 100644
--- a/lib/pure/terminal.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/terminal.nim
@@ -15,14 +15,59 @@
 ## code `exitprocs.addExitProc(resetAttributes)` to restore the defaults.
 ## Similarly, if you hide the cursor, make sure to unhide it with
 ## `showCursor` before quitting.
+##
+## Progress bar
+## ============
+##
+## Basic progress bar example:
+runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+  import std/[os, strutils]
+
+  for i in 0..100:
+    stdout.styledWriteLine(fgRed, "0% ", fgWhite, '#'.repeat i, if i > 50: fgGreen else: fgYellow, "\t", $i , "%")
+    sleep 42
+    cursorUp 1
+    eraseLine()
 
-import macros
-import strformat
-from strutils import toLowerAscii, `%`
-import colors
+  stdout.resetAttributes()
+
+##[
+## Playing with colorful and styled text
+]##
+
+## Procs like `styledWriteLine`, `styledEcho` etc. have a temporary effect on
+## text parameters. Style parameters only affect the text parameter right after them.
+## After being called, these procs will reset the default style of the terminal.
+## While `setBackGroundColor`, `setForeGroundColor` etc. have a lasting
+## influence on the terminal, you can use `resetAttributes` to
+## reset the default style of the terminal.
+runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+  stdout.styledWriteLine({styleBright, styleBlink, styleUnderscore}, "styled text ")
+  stdout.styledWriteLine(fgRed, "red text ")
+  stdout.styledWriteLine(fgWhite, bgRed, "white text in red background")
+  stdout.styledWriteLine(" ordinary text without style ")
+
+  stdout.setBackGroundColor(bgCyan, true)
+  stdout.setForeGroundColor(fgBlue)
+  stdout.write("blue text in cyan background")
+  stdout.resetAttributes()
+
+  # You can specify multiple text parameters. Style parameters
+  # only affect the text parameter right after them.
+  styledEcho styleBright, fgGreen, "[PASS]", resetStyle, fgGreen, " Yay!"
+
+  stdout.styledWriteLine(fgRed, "red text ", styleBright, "bold red", fgDefault, " bold text")
+
+import std/macros
+import std/strformat
+from std/strutils import toLowerAscii, `%`, parseInt
+import std/colors
 
 when defined(windows):
-  import winlean
+  import std/winlean
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions]
 
 type
   PTerminal = ref object
@@ -51,10 +96,11 @@ const
   fgPrefix = "\e[38;2;"
   bgPrefix = "\e[48;2;"
   ansiResetCode* = "\e[0m"
+  getPos = "\e[6n"
   stylePrefix = "\e["
 
 when defined(windows):
-  import winlean, os
+  import std/[winlean, os]
 
   const
     DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS = 2
@@ -128,6 +174,7 @@ when defined(windows):
     return 0
 
   proc terminalWidth*(): int =
+    ## Returns the terminal width in columns.
     var w: int = 0
     w = terminalWidthIoctl([getStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE),
                              getStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE),
@@ -136,6 +183,7 @@ when defined(windows):
     return 80
 
   proc terminalHeight*(): int =
+    ## Returns the terminal height in rows.
     var h: int = 0
     h = terminalHeightIoctl([getStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE),
                               getStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE),
@@ -173,6 +221,9 @@ when defined(windows):
       raiseOSError(osLastError())
     return (int(c.dwCursorPosition.x), int(c.dwCursorPosition.y))
 
+  proc getCursorPos*(): tuple [x, y: int] {.raises: [ValueError, IOError, OSError].} =
+    return getCursorPos(getStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE))
+
   proc setCursorPos(h: Handle, x, y: int) =
     var c: COORD
     c.x = int16(x)
@@ -206,7 +257,7 @@ when defined(windows):
     if f == stderr: term.hStderr else: term.hStdout
 
 else:
-  import termios, posix, os, parseutils
+  import std/[termios, posix, os, parseutils]
 
   proc setRaw(fd: FileHandle, time: cint = TCSAFLUSH) =
     var mode: Termios
@@ -220,6 +271,48 @@ else:
     mode.c_cc[VTIME] = 0.cuchar
     discard fd.tcSetAttr(time, addr mode)
 
+  proc getCursorPos*(): tuple [x, y: int] {.raises: [ValueError, IOError].} =
+    ## Returns cursor position (x, y)
+    ## writes to stdout and expects the terminal to respond via stdin
+    var
+      xStr = ""
+      yStr = ""
+      ch: char
+      ct: int
+      readX = false
+
+    # use raw mode to ask terminal for cursor position
+    let fd = getFileHandle(stdin)
+    var oldMode: Termios
+    discard fd.tcGetAttr(addr oldMode)
+    fd.setRaw()
+    stdout.write(getPos)
+    flushFile(stdout)
+
+    try:
+      # parse response format: [yyy;xxxR
+      while true:
+        let n = readBuffer(stdin, addr ch, 1)
+        if n == 0 or ch == 'R':
+          if xStr == "" or yStr == "":
+            raise newException(ValueError, "Got character position message that was missing data")
+          break
+        ct += 1
+        if ct > 16:
+          raise newException(ValueError, "Got unterminated character position message from terminal")
+        if ch == ';':
+          readX = true
+        elif ch in {'0'..'9'}:
+          if readX:
+            xStr.add(ch)
+          else:
+            yStr.add(ch)
+    finally:
+      # restore previous terminal mode
+      discard fd.tcSetAttr(TCSADRAIN, addr oldMode)
+
+    return (parseInt(xStr), parseInt(yStr))
+
   proc terminalWidthIoctl*(fds: openArray[int]): int =
     ## Returns terminal width from first fd that supports the ioctl.
 
@@ -244,25 +337,57 @@ else:
     ## Returns some reasonable terminal width from either standard file
     ## descriptors, controlling terminal, environment variables or tradition.
 
-    var w = terminalWidthIoctl([0, 1, 2]) #Try standard file descriptors
+    # POSIX environment variable takes precendence.
+    # _COLUMNS_: This variable shall represent a decimal integer >0 used
+    # to indicate the user's preferred width in column positions for
+    # the terminal screen or window. If this variable is unset or null,
+    # the implementation determines the number of columns, appropriate
+    # for the terminal or window, in an unspecified manner.
+    # When COLUMNS is set, any terminal-width information implied by TERM
+    # is overridden. Users and conforming applications should not set COLUMNS
+    # unless they wish to override the system selection and produce output
+    # unrelated to the terminal characteristics.
+    # See POSIX Base Definitions Section 8.1 Environment Variable Definition
+
+    var w: int
+    var s = getEnv("COLUMNS") # Try standard env var
+    if len(s) > 0 and parseSaturatedNatural(s, w) > 0 and w > 0:
+      return w
+    w = terminalWidthIoctl([0, 1, 2]) # Try standard file descriptors
     if w > 0: return w
-    var cterm = newString(L_ctermid) #Try controlling tty
+    var cterm = newString(L_ctermid) # Try controlling tty
     var fd = open(ctermid(cstring(cterm)), O_RDONLY)
     if fd != -1:
       w = terminalWidthIoctl([int(fd)])
     discard close(fd)
     if w > 0: return w
-    var s = getEnv("COLUMNS") #Try standard env var
-    if len(s) > 0 and parseInt(s, w) > 0 and w > 0:
-      return w
-    return 80 #Finally default to venerable value
+    return 80 # Finally default to venerable value
 
   proc terminalHeight*(): int =
     ## Returns some reasonable terminal height from either standard file
     ## descriptors, controlling terminal, environment variables or tradition.
     ## Zero is returned if the height could not be determined.
 
-    var h = terminalHeightIoctl([0, 1, 2]) # Try standard file descriptors
+    # POSIX environment variable takes precendence.
+    # _LINES_: This variable shall represent a decimal integer >0 used
+    # to indicate the user's preferred number of lines on a page or
+    # the vertical screen or window size in lines. A line in this case
+    # is a vertical measure large enough to hold the tallest character
+    # in the character set being displayed. If this variable is unset or null,
+    # the implementation determines the number of lines, appropriate
+    # for the terminal or window (size, terminal baud rate, and so on),
+    # in an unspecified manner.
+    # When LINES is set, any terminal-height information implied by TERM
+    # is overridden. Users and conforming applications should not set LINES
+    # unless they wish to override the system selection and produce output
+    # unrelated to the terminal characteristics.
+    # See POSIX Base Definitions Section 8.1 Environment Variable Definition
+
+    var h: int
+    var s = getEnv("LINES") # Try standard env var
+    if len(s) > 0 and parseSaturatedNatural(s, h) > 0 and h > 0:
+      return h
+    h = terminalHeightIoctl([0, 1, 2]) # Try standard file descriptors
     if h > 0: return h
     var cterm = newString(L_ctermid) # Try controlling tty
     var fd = open(ctermid(cstring(cterm)), O_RDONLY)
@@ -270,9 +395,6 @@ else:
       h = terminalHeightIoctl([int(fd)])
     discard close(fd)
     if h > 0: return h
-    var s = getEnv("LINES") # Try standard env var
-    if len(s) > 0 and parseInt(s, h) > 0 and h > 0:
-      return h
     return 0 # Could not determine height
 
 proc terminalSize*(): tuple[w, h: int] =
@@ -347,6 +469,9 @@ when defined(windows):
 
 proc cursorUp*(f: File, count = 1) =
   ## Moves the cursor up by `count` rows.
+  runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+    stdout.cursorUp(2)
+    write(stdout, "Hello World!") # anything written at that location will be erased/replaced with this
   when defined(windows):
     let h = conHandle(f)
     var p = getCursorPos(h)
@@ -357,6 +482,9 @@ proc cursorUp*(f: File, count = 1) =
 
 proc cursorDown*(f: File, count = 1) =
   ## Moves the cursor down by `count` rows.
+  runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+    stdout.cursorDown(2)
+    write(stdout, "Hello World!") # anything written at that location will be erased/replaced with this
   when defined(windows):
     let h = conHandle(f)
     var p = getCursorPos(h)
@@ -367,6 +495,9 @@ proc cursorDown*(f: File, count = 1) =
 
 proc cursorForward*(f: File, count = 1) =
   ## Moves the cursor forward by `count` columns.
+  runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+    stdout.cursorForward(2)
+    write(stdout, "Hello World!") # anything written at that location will be erased/replaced with this
   when defined(windows):
     let h = conHandle(f)
     var p = getCursorPos(h)
@@ -377,6 +508,9 @@ proc cursorForward*(f: File, count = 1) =
 
 proc cursorBackward*(f: File, count = 1) =
   ## Moves the cursor backward by `count` columns.
+  runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+    stdout.cursorBackward(2)
+    write(stdout, "Hello World!") # anything written at that location will be erased/replaced with this
   when defined(windows):
     let h = conHandle(f)
     var p = getCursorPos(h)
@@ -418,6 +552,9 @@ else:
 
 proc eraseLine*(f: File) =
   ## Erases the entire current line.
+  runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+    write(stdout, "never mind")
+    stdout.eraseLine() # nothing will be printed on the screen
   when defined(windows):
     let h = conHandle(f)
     var scrbuf: CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO
@@ -480,7 +617,7 @@ proc resetAttributes*(f: File) =
     gBG = 0
 
 type
-  Style* = enum        ## different styles for text output
+  Style* = enum        ## Different styles for text output.
     styleBright = 1,   ## bright text
     styleDim,          ## dim text
     styleItalic,       ## italic (or reverse on terminals not supporting)
@@ -534,7 +671,7 @@ proc writeStyled*(txt: string, style: set[Style] = {styleBright}) =
       stdout.write(ansiStyleCode(gBG))
 
 type
-  ForegroundColor* = enum ## terminal's foreground colors
+  ForegroundColor* = enum ## Terminal's foreground colors.
     fgBlack = 30,         ## black
     fgRed,                ## red
     fgGreen,              ## green
@@ -546,7 +683,7 @@ type
     fg8Bit,               ## 256-color (not supported, see `enableTrueColors` instead.)
     fgDefault             ## default terminal foreground color
 
-  BackgroundColor* = enum ## terminal's background colors
+  BackgroundColor* = enum ## Terminal's background colors.
     bgBlack = 40,         ## black
     bgRed,                ## red
     bgGreen,              ## green
@@ -582,9 +719,9 @@ proc setForegroundColor*(f: File, fg: ForegroundColor, bright = false) =
       0, # fg8Bit not supported, see `enableTrueColors` instead.
       0] # unused
     if fg == fgDefault:
-      discard setConsoleTextAttribute(h, toU16(old or defaultForegroundColor))
+      discard setConsoleTextAttribute(h, cast[int16](cast[uint16](old) or cast[uint16](defaultForegroundColor)))
     else:
-      discard setConsoleTextAttribute(h, toU16(old or lookup[fg]))
+      discard setConsoleTextAttribute(h, cast[int16](cast[uint16](old) or cast[uint16](lookup[fg])))
   else:
     gFG = ord(fg)
     if bright: inc(gFG, 60)
@@ -611,9 +748,9 @@ proc setBackgroundColor*(f: File, bg: BackgroundColor, bright = false) =
       0, # bg8Bit not supported, see `enableTrueColors` instead.
       0] # unused
     if bg == bgDefault:
-      discard setConsoleTextAttribute(h, toU16(old or defaultBackgroundColor))
+      discard setConsoleTextAttribute(h, cast[int16](cast[uint16](old) or cast[uint16](defaultBackgroundColor)))
     else:
-      discard setConsoleTextAttribute(h, toU16(old or lookup[bg]))
+      discard setConsoleTextAttribute(h, cast[int16](cast[uint16](old) or cast[uint16](lookup[bg])))
   else:
     gBG = ord(bg)
     if bright: inc(gBG, 60)
@@ -701,14 +838,10 @@ macro styledWrite*(f: File, m: varargs[typed]): untyped =
   ## When some argument is `Style`, `set[Style]`, `ForegroundColor`,
   ## `BackgroundColor` or `TerminalCmd` then it is not sent directly to
   ## `f`, but instead corresponding terminal style proc is called.
-  ##
-  ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
-  ##   stdout.styledWrite(fgRed, "red text ")
-  ##   stdout.styledWrite(fgGreen, "green text")
-  ##
+  runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+    stdout.styledWrite(fgRed, "red text ")
+    stdout.styledWrite(fgGreen, "green text")
+
   var reset = false
   result = newNimNode(nnkStmtList)
 
@@ -731,14 +864,10 @@ macro styledWrite*(f: File, m: varargs[typed]): untyped =
 
 template styledWriteLine*(f: File, args: varargs[untyped]) =
   ## Calls `styledWrite` and appends a newline at the end.
-  ##
-  ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
-  ##   proc error(msg: string) =
-  ##     styledWriteLine(stderr, fgRed, "Error: ", resetStyle, msg)
-  ##
+  runnableExamples:
+    proc error(msg: string) =
+      styledWriteLine(stderr, fgRed, "Error: ", resetStyle, msg)
+
   styledWrite(f, args)
   write(f, "\n")
 
@@ -747,7 +876,7 @@ template styledEcho*(args: varargs[untyped]) =
   stdout.styledWriteLine(args)
 
 proc getch*(): char =
-  ## Read a single character from the terminal, blocking until it is entered.
+  ## Reads a single character from the terminal, blocking until it is entered.
   ## The character is not printed to the terminal.
   when defined(windows):
     let fd = getStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
@@ -793,7 +922,7 @@ when defined(windows):
     stdout.write "\n"
 
 else:
-  import termios
+  import std/termios
 
   proc readPasswordFromStdin*(prompt: string, password: var string):
                             bool {.tags: [ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect].} =
@@ -849,10 +978,10 @@ proc isTrueColorSupported*(): bool =
   return getTerminal().trueColorIsSupported
 
 when defined(windows):
-  import os
+  import std/os
 
 proc enableTrueColors*() =
-  ## Enable true color.
+  ## Enables true color.
   var term = getTerminal()
   when defined(windows):
     var
@@ -885,7 +1014,7 @@ proc enableTrueColors*() =
     term.trueColorIsEnabled = term.trueColorIsSupported
 
 proc disableTrueColors*() =
-  ## Disable true color.
+  ## Disables true color.
   var term = getTerminal()
   when defined(windows):
     if term.trueColorIsSupported:
@@ -902,51 +1031,3 @@ proc newTerminal(): owned(PTerminal) =
   new result
   when defined(windows):
     initTerminal(result)
-
-when not defined(testing) and isMainModule:
-  assert ansiStyleCode(styleBright) == "\e[1m"
-  assert ansiStyleCode(styleStrikethrough) == "\e[9m"
-  # exitprocs.addExitProc(resetAttributes)
-  write(stdout, "never mind")
-  stdout.eraseLine()
-  stdout.styledWriteLine({styleBright, styleBlink, styleUnderscore}, "styled text ")
-  stdout.styledWriteLine("italic text ", {styleItalic})
-  stdout.setBackGroundColor(bgCyan, true)
-  stdout.setForeGroundColor(fgBlue)
-  stdout.write("blue text in cyan background")
-  stdout.resetAttributes()
-  echo ""
-  stdout.writeLine("ordinary text")
-  echo "more ordinary text"
-  styledEcho styleBright, fgGreen, "[PASS]", resetStyle, fgGreen, " Yay!"
-  echo "ordinary text again"
-  styledEcho styleBright, fgRed, "[FAIL]", resetStyle, fgRed, " Nay :("
-  echo "ordinary text again"
-  setForeGroundColor(fgGreen)
-  echo "green text"
-  echo "more green text"
-  setForeGroundColor(fgBlue)
-  echo "blue text"
-  resetAttributes()
-  echo "ordinary text"
-
-  stdout.styledWriteLine(fgRed, "red text ")
-  stdout.styledWriteLine(fgWhite, bgRed, "white text in red background")
-  stdout.styledWriteLine(" ordinary text ")
-  stdout.styledWriteLine(fgGreen, "green text")
-
-  writeStyled("underscored text", {styleUnderscore})
-  stdout.styledWrite(fgRed, " red text ")
-  writeStyled("bright text ", {styleBright})
-  echo "ordinary text"
-
-  stdout.styledWrite(fgRed, "red text ")
-  stdout.styledWrite(fgWhite, bgRed, "white text in red background")
-  stdout.styledWrite(" ordinary text ")
-  stdout.styledWrite(fgGreen, "green text")
-  echo ""
-  echo "ordinary text"
-  stdout.styledWriteLine(fgRed, "red text ", styleBright, "bold red", fgDefault, " bold text")
-  stdout.styledWriteLine(bgYellow, "text in yellow bg", styleBright,
-      " bold text in yellow bg", bgDefault, " bold text")
-  echo "ordinary text"
diff --git a/lib/pure/times.nim b/lib/pure/times.nim
index e763b17bb..e59153455 100644
--- a/lib/pure/times.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/times.nim
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
   Examples
   ========
 
-  .. code-block:: nim
+    ```nim
     import std/[times, os]
     # Simple benchmarking
     let time = cpuTime()
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
     # Arithmetic using TimeInterval
     echo "One year from now      : ", now() + 1.years
     echo "One month from now     : ", now() + 1.months
+    ```
 
   Parsing and Formatting Dates
   ============================
@@ -44,10 +45,10 @@
   The `DateTime` type can be parsed and formatted using the different
   `parse` and `format` procedures.
 
-  .. code-block:: nim
-
+    ```nim
     let dt = parse("2000-01-01", "yyyy-MM-dd")
     echo dt.format("yyyy-MM-dd")
+    ```
 
   The different format patterns that are supported are documented below.
 
@@ -62,6 +63,8 @@
                                                                                                   | `Monday -> Mon`
   `dddd`       Full string for the day of the week.                                               | `Saturday -> Saturday`
                                                                                                   | `Monday -> Monday`
+  `GG`         The last two digits of the Iso Week-Year                                           | `30/12/2012 -> 13`
+  `GGGG`       The Iso week-calendar year padded to four digits                                   | `30/12/2012 -> 2013`
   `h`          The hours in one digit if possible. Ranging from 1-12.                             | `5pm -> 5`
                                                                                                   | `2am -> 2`
   `hh`         The hours in two digits always. If the hour is one digit, 0 is prepended.          | `5pm -> 05`
@@ -104,6 +107,10 @@
                                                                                                   | `24 AD -> 24`
                                                                                                   | `24 BC -> -23`
                                                                                                   | `12345 AD -> 12345`
+  `V`          The Iso Week-Number as one or two digits                                           | `3/2/2012 -> 5`
+                                                                                                  | `1/4/2012 -> 13`
+  `VV`         The Iso Week-Number as two digits always. 0 is prepended if one digit.             | `3/2/2012 -> 05`
+                                                                                                  | `1/4/2012 -> 13`
   `z`          Displays the timezone offset from UTC.                                             | `UTC+7 -> +7`
                                                                                                   | `UTC-5 -> -5`
   `zz`         Same as above but with leading 0.                                                  | `UTC+7 -> +07`
@@ -124,9 +131,10 @@
   ===========  =================================================================================  ==============================================
 
   Other strings can be inserted by putting them in `''`. For example
-  `hh'->'mm` will give `01->56`.  The following characters can be
-  inserted without quoting them: `:` `-` `(` `)` `/` `[` `]`
-  `,`. A literal `'` can be specified with `''`.
+  `hh'->'mm` will give `01->56`.  In addition to spaces,
+  the following characters can be inserted without quoting them:
+  `:` `-` `,` `.` `(` `)` `/` `[` `]`.
+  A literal `'` can be specified with `''`.
 
   However you don't need to necessarily separate format patterns, as an
   unambiguous format string like `yyyyMMddhhmmss` is also valid (although
@@ -196,13 +204,17 @@
   * `monotimes module <monotimes.html>`_
 ]##
 
-import strutils, math, options
+import std/[strutils, math, options]
 
 import std/private/since
 include "system/inclrtl"
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+
 when defined(js):
-  import jscore
+  import std/jscore
 
   # This is really bad, but overflow checks are broken badly for
   # ints on the JS backend. See #6752.
@@ -226,7 +238,7 @@ when defined(js):
   {.pop.}
 
 elif defined(posix):
-  import posix
+  import std/posix
 
   type CTime = posix.Time
 
@@ -235,7 +247,7 @@ elif defined(posix):
       {.importc: "gettimeofday", header: "<sys/time.h>", sideEffect.}
 
 elif defined(windows):
-  import winlean, std/time_t
+  import std/winlean, std/time_t
 
   type
     CTime = time_t.Time
@@ -288,6 +300,13 @@ type
   YeardayRange* = range[0..365]
   NanosecondRange* = range[0..999_999_999]
 
+  IsoWeekRange* = range[1 .. 53]
+    ## An ISO 8601 calendar week number.
+  IsoYear* = distinct int
+    ## An ISO 8601 calendar year number.
+    ##
+    ## .. warning:: The ISO week-based year can correspond to the following or previous year from 29 December to January 3.
+
   Time* = object ## Represents a point in time.
     seconds: int64
     nanosecond: NanosecondRange
@@ -313,8 +332,11 @@ type
   Duration* = object ## Represents a fixed duration of time, meaning a duration
                      ## that has constant length independent of the context.
                      ##
-                     ## To create a new `Duration`, use `initDuration proc
+                     ## To create a new `Duration`, use `initDuration
                      ## <#initDuration,int64,int64,int64,int64,int64,int64,int64,int64>`_.
+                     ## Instead of trying to access the private attributes, use
+                     ## `inSeconds <#inSeconds,Duration>`_ for converting to seconds and
+                     ## `inNanoseconds <#inNanoseconds,Duration>`_ for converting to nanoseconds.
     seconds: int64
     nanosecond: NanosecondRange
 
@@ -356,7 +378,7 @@ type
   Timezone* = ref object ## \
       ## Timezone interface for supporting `DateTime <#DateTime>`_\s of arbitrary
       ## timezones. The `times` module only supplies implementations for the
-      ## systems local time and UTC.
+      ## system's local time and UTC.
     zonedTimeFromTimeImpl: proc (x: Time): ZonedTime
         {.tags: [], raises: [], benign.}
     zonedTimeFromAdjTimeImpl: proc (x: Time): ZonedTime
@@ -394,6 +416,16 @@ const unitWeights: array[FixedTimeUnit, int64] = [
   7 * secondsInDay * 1e9.int64,
 ]
 
+when (NimMajor, NimMinor) >= (1, 4):
+  # Newer versions of Nim don't track defects
+  {.pragma: parseFormatRaises, raises: [TimeParseError, TimeFormatParseError].}
+  {.pragma: parseRaises, raises: [TimeParseError].}
+else:
+  # Still track when using older versions
+  {.pragma: parseFormatRaises, raises: [TimeParseError, TimeFormatParseError, Defect].}
+  {.pragma: parseRaises, raises: [TimeParseError, Defect].}
+
+
 #
 # Helper procs
 #
@@ -485,7 +517,7 @@ proc fromEpochDay(epochday: int64):
 proc getDayOfYear*(monthday: MonthdayRange, month: Month, year: int):
     YeardayRange {.tags: [], raises: [], benign.} =
   ## Returns the day of the year.
-  ## Equivalent with `initDateTime(monthday, month, year, 0, 0, 0).yearday`.
+  ## Equivalent with `dateTime(year, month, monthday, 0, 0, 0, 0).yearday`.
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert getDayOfYear(1, mJan, 2000) == 0
     doAssert getDayOfYear(10, mJan, 2000) == 9
@@ -505,7 +537,7 @@ proc getDayOfYear*(monthday: MonthdayRange, month: Month, year: int):
 proc getDayOfWeek*(monthday: MonthdayRange, month: Month, year: int): WeekDay
     {.tags: [], raises: [], benign.} =
   ## Returns the day of the week enum from day, month and year.
-  ## Equivalent with `initDateTime(monthday, month, year, 0, 0, 0).weekday`.
+  ## Equivalent with `dateTime(year, month, monthday, 0, 0, 0, 0).weekday`.
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert getDayOfWeek(13, mJun, 1990) == dWed
     doAssert $getDayOfWeek(13, mJun, 1990) == "Wednesday"
@@ -513,7 +545,7 @@ proc getDayOfWeek*(monthday: MonthdayRange, month: Month, year: int): WeekDay
   assertValidDate monthday, month, year
   # 1970-01-01 is a Thursday, we adjust to the previous Monday
   let days = toEpochDay(monthday, month, year) - 3
-  let weeks = floorDiv(days, 7)
+  let weeks = floorDiv(days, 7'i64)
   let wd = days - weeks * 7
   # The value of d is 0 for a Sunday, 1 for a Monday, 2 for a Tuesday, etc.
   # so we must correct for the WeekDay type.
@@ -526,12 +558,60 @@ proc getDaysInYear*(year: int): int =
     doAssert getDaysInYear(2001) == 365
   result = 365 + (if isLeapYear(year): 1 else: 0)
 
+proc `==`*(a, b: IsoYear): bool {.borrow.}
+proc `$`*(p: IsoYear): string {.borrow.}
+
+proc getWeeksInIsoYear*(y: IsoYear): IsoWeekRange {.since: (1, 5).} =
+  ## Returns the number of weeks in the specified ISO 8601 week-based year, which can be
+  ## either 53 or 52.
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert getWeeksInIsoYear(IsoYear(2019)) == 52
+    assert getWeeksInIsoYear(IsoYear(2020)) == 53
+
+  var y = int(y)
+
+  # support negative years
+  y = if y < 0: 400 + y mod 400 else: y
+
+  # source: https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/calendar/isocalendar.htm
+  let p = (y + (y div 4) - (y div 100) + (y div 400)) mod 7
+  let y1 = y - 1
+  let p1 = (y1 + (y1 div 4) - (y1 div 100) + (y1 div 400)) mod 7
+  if p == 4 or p1 == 3: 53 else: 52
+
+proc getIsoWeekAndYear*(dt: DateTime):
+  tuple[isoweek: IsoWeekRange, isoyear: IsoYear] {.since: (1, 5).} =
+  ## Returns the ISO 8601 week and year.
+  ##
+  ## .. warning:: The ISO week-based year can correspond to the following or previous year from 29 December to January 3.
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(21, mApr, 2018, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 16.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2018.IsoYear)
+    block:
+      let (w, y) = getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(30, mDec, 2019, 00, 00, 00))
+      assert w == 01.IsoWeekRange
+      assert y == 2020.IsoYear
+    assert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(13, mSep, 2020, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 37.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    block:
+      let (w, y) = getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(2, mJan, 2021, 00, 00, 00))
+      assert w.int > 52
+      assert w.int < 54
+      assert y.int mod 100 == 20
+
+  # source: https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/calendar/isocalendar.htm
+  var w = (dt.yearday.int - dt.weekday.int + 10) div 7
+  if w < 1:
+    (isoweek: getWeeksInIsoYear(IsoYear(dt.year - 1)), isoyear: IsoYear(dt.year - 1))
+  elif (w > getWeeksInIsoYear(IsoYear(dt.year))):
+    (isoweek: IsoWeekRange(1), isoyear: IsoYear(dt.year + 1))
+  else:
+    (isoweek: IsoWeekRange(w), isoyear: IsoYear(dt.year))
+
 proc stringifyUnit(value: int | int64, unit: TimeUnit): string =
   ## Stringify time unit with it's name, lowercased
   let strUnit = $unit
   result = ""
-  result.add($value)
-  result.add(" ")
+  result.addInt value
+  result.add ' '
   if abs(value) != 1:
     result.add(strUnit.toLowerAscii())
   else:
@@ -574,11 +654,10 @@ template eqImpl(a: Duration|Time, b: Duration|Time): bool =
 
 const DurationZero* = Duration() ## \
   ## Zero value for durations. Useful for comparisons.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   doAssert initDuration(seconds = 1) > DurationZero
   ##   doAssert initDuration(seconds = 0) == DurationZero
+  ##   ```
 
 proc initDuration*(nanoseconds, microseconds, milliseconds,
                    seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks: int64 = 0): Duration =
@@ -622,56 +701,56 @@ template convert(dur: Duration, unit: static[FixedTimeUnit]): int64 =
           convert(Nanoseconds, unit, dur.nanosecond)
 
 proc inWeeks*(dur: Duration): int64 =
-  ## Convert the duration to the number of whole weeks.
+  ## Converts the duration to the number of whole weeks.
   runnableExamples:
     let dur = initDuration(days = 8)
     doAssert dur.inWeeks == 1
   dur.convert(Weeks)
 
 proc inDays*(dur: Duration): int64 =
-  ## Convert the duration to the number of whole days.
+  ## Converts the duration to the number of whole days.
   runnableExamples:
     let dur = initDuration(hours = -50)
     doAssert dur.inDays == -2
   dur.convert(Days)
 
 proc inHours*(dur: Duration): int64 =
-  ## Convert the duration to the number of whole hours.
+  ## Converts the duration to the number of whole hours.
   runnableExamples:
     let dur = initDuration(minutes = 60, days = 2)
     doAssert dur.inHours == 49
   dur.convert(Hours)
 
 proc inMinutes*(dur: Duration): int64 =
-  ## Convert the duration to the number of whole minutes.
+  ## Converts the duration to the number of whole minutes.
   runnableExamples:
     let dur = initDuration(hours = 2, seconds = 10)
     doAssert dur.inMinutes == 120
   dur.convert(Minutes)
 
 proc inSeconds*(dur: Duration): int64 =
-  ## Convert the duration to the number of whole seconds.
+  ## Converts the duration to the number of whole seconds.
   runnableExamples:
     let dur = initDuration(hours = 2, milliseconds = 10)
     doAssert dur.inSeconds == 2 * 60 * 60
   dur.convert(Seconds)
 
 proc inMilliseconds*(dur: Duration): int64 =
-  ## Convert the duration to the number of whole milliseconds.
+  ## Converts the duration to the number of whole milliseconds.
   runnableExamples:
     let dur = initDuration(seconds = -2)
     doAssert dur.inMilliseconds == -2000
   dur.convert(Milliseconds)
 
 proc inMicroseconds*(dur: Duration): int64 =
-  ## Convert the duration to the number of whole microseconds.
+  ## Converts the duration to the number of whole microseconds.
   runnableExamples:
     let dur = initDuration(seconds = -2)
     doAssert dur.inMicroseconds == -2000000
   dur.convert(Microseconds)
 
 proc inNanoseconds*(dur: Duration): int64 =
-  ## Convert the duration to the number of whole nanoseconds.
+  ## Converts the duration to the number of whole nanoseconds.
   runnableExamples:
     let dur = initDuration(seconds = -2)
     doAssert dur.inNanoseconds == -2000000000
@@ -877,6 +956,7 @@ since((1, 1)):
   export fromUnixFloat
   export toUnixFloat
 
+
 proc fromWinTime*(win: int64): Time =
   ## Convert a Windows file time (100-nanosecond intervals since
   ## `1601-01-01T00:00:00Z`) to a `Time`.
@@ -890,27 +970,33 @@ proc toWinTime*(t: Time): int64 =
   ## since `1601-01-01T00:00:00Z`).
   result = t.seconds * rateDiff + epochDiff + t.nanosecond div 100
 
+proc getTimeImpl(typ: typedesc[Time]): Time =
+  discard "implemented in the vm"
+
 proc getTime*(): Time {.tags: [TimeEffect], benign.} =
   ## Gets the current time as a `Time` with up to nanosecond resolution.
-  when defined(js):
-    let millis = newDate().getTime()
-    let seconds = convert(Milliseconds, Seconds, millis)
-    let nanos = convert(Milliseconds, Nanoseconds,
-      millis mod convert(Seconds, Milliseconds, 1).int)
-    result = initTime(seconds, nanos)
-  elif defined(macosx):
-    var a {.noinit.}: Timeval
-    gettimeofday(a)
-    result = initTime(a.tv_sec.int64,
-                      convert(Microseconds, Nanoseconds, a.tv_usec.int))
-  elif defined(posix):
-    var ts {.noinit.}: Timespec
-    discard clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, ts)
-    result = initTime(ts.tv_sec.int64, ts.tv_nsec.int)
-  elif defined(windows):
-    var f {.noinit.}: FILETIME
-    getSystemTimeAsFileTime(f)
-    result = fromWinTime(rdFileTime(f))
+  when nimvm:
+    result = getTimeImpl(Time)
+  else:
+    when defined(js):
+      let millis = newDate().getTime()
+      let seconds = convert(Milliseconds, Seconds, millis)
+      let nanos = convert(Milliseconds, Nanoseconds,
+        millis mod convert(Seconds, Milliseconds, 1).int)
+      result = initTime(seconds, nanos)
+    elif defined(macosx):
+      var a {.noinit.}: Timeval
+      gettimeofday(a)
+      result = initTime(a.tv_sec.int64,
+                        convert(Microseconds, Nanoseconds, a.tv_usec.int))
+    elif defined(posix):
+      var ts {.noinit.}: Timespec
+      discard clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, ts)
+      result = initTime(ts.tv_sec.int64, ts.tv_nsec.int)
+    elif defined(windows):
+      var f {.noinit.}: FILETIME
+      getSystemTimeAsFileTime(f)
+      result = fromWinTime(rdFileTime(f))
 
 proc `-`*(a, b: Time): Duration {.operator, extern: "ntDiffTime".} =
   ## Computes the duration between two points in time.
@@ -955,7 +1041,7 @@ proc high*(typ: typedesc[Time]): Time =
   initTime(high(int64), high(NanosecondRange))
 
 proc low*(typ: typedesc[Time]): Time =
-  initTime(low(int64), 0)
+  initTime(0, 0)
 
 #
 # DateTime & Timezone
@@ -1056,13 +1142,13 @@ proc isLeapDay*(dt: DateTime): bool {.since: (1, 1).} =
   ## Returns whether `t` is a leap day, i.e. Feb 29 in a leap year. This matters
   ## as it affects time offset calculations.
   runnableExamples:
-    let dt = initDateTime(29, mFeb, 2020, 00, 00, 00, utc())
+    let dt = dateTime(2020, mFeb, 29, 00, 00, 00, 00, utc())
     doAssert dt.isLeapDay
     doAssert dt+1.years-1.years != dt
-    let dt2 = initDateTime(28, mFeb, 2020, 00, 00, 00, utc())
+    let dt2 = dateTime(2020, mFeb, 28, 00, 00, 00, 00, utc())
     doAssert not dt2.isLeapDay
     doAssert dt2+1.years-1.years == dt2
-    doAssertRaises(Exception): discard initDateTime(29, mFeb, 2021, 00, 00, 00, utc())
+    doAssertRaises(Exception): discard dateTime(2021, mFeb, 29, 00, 00, 00, 00, utc())
   assertDateTimeInitialized dt
   dt.year.isLeapYear and dt.month == mFeb and dt.monthday == 29
 
@@ -1141,7 +1227,7 @@ proc name*(zone: Timezone): string =
   ## If the timezone doesn't exist in the tz database, or if the timezone
   ## name is unknown, then any string that describes the timezone
   ## unambiguously might be used. For example, the string "LOCAL" is used
-  ## for the systems local timezone.
+  ## for the system's local timezone.
   ##
   ## See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database
   zone.name
@@ -1329,14 +1415,13 @@ proc now*(): DateTime {.tags: [TimeEffect], benign.} =
   ##    `cpuTime` instead, depending on the use case.
   getTime().local
 
-proc initDateTime*(monthday: MonthdayRange, month: Month, year: int,
-                   hour: HourRange, minute: MinuteRange, second: SecondRange,
-                   nanosecond: NanosecondRange,
-                   zone: Timezone = local()): DateTime =
+proc dateTime*(year: int, month: Month, monthday: MonthdayRange,
+               hour: HourRange = 0, minute: MinuteRange = 0, second: SecondRange = 0,
+               nanosecond: NanosecondRange = 0,
+               zone: Timezone = local()): DateTime =
   ## Create a new `DateTime <#DateTime>`_ in the specified timezone.
   runnableExamples:
-    let dt1 = initDateTime(30, mMar, 2017, 00, 00, 00, 00, utc())
-    doAssert $dt1 == "2017-03-30T00:00:00Z"
+    assert $dateTime(2017, mMar, 30, zone = utc()) == "2017-03-30T00:00:00Z"
 
   assertValidDate monthday, month, year
   let dt = DateTime(
@@ -1352,16 +1437,24 @@ proc initDateTime*(monthday: MonthdayRange, month: Month, year: int,
 
 proc initDateTime*(monthday: MonthdayRange, month: Month, year: int,
                    hour: HourRange, minute: MinuteRange, second: SecondRange,
-                   zone: Timezone = local()): DateTime =
+                   nanosecond: NanosecondRange,
+                   zone: Timezone = local()): DateTime {.deprecated: "use `dateTime`".} =
   ## Create a new `DateTime <#DateTime>`_ in the specified timezone.
-  runnableExamples:
-    let dt1 = initDateTime(30, mMar, 2017, 00, 00, 00, utc())
-    doAssert $dt1 == "2017-03-30T00:00:00Z"
-  initDateTime(monthday, month, year, hour, minute, second, 0, zone)
+  runnableExamples("--warning:deprecated:off"):
+    assert $initDateTime(30, mMar, 2017, 00, 00, 00, 00, utc()) == "2017-03-30T00:00:00Z"
+  dateTime(year, month, monthday, hour, minute, second, nanosecond, zone)
+
+proc initDateTime*(monthday: MonthdayRange, month: Month, year: int,
+                   hour: HourRange, minute: MinuteRange, second: SecondRange,
+                   zone: Timezone = local()): DateTime {.deprecated: "use `dateTime`".} =
+  ## Create a new `DateTime <#DateTime>`_ in the specified timezone.
+  runnableExamples("--warning:deprecated:off"):
+    assert $initDateTime(30, mMar, 2017, 00, 00, 00, utc()) == "2017-03-30T00:00:00Z"
+  dateTime(year, month, monthday, hour, minute, second, 0, zone)
 
 proc `+`*(dt: DateTime, dur: Duration): DateTime =
   runnableExamples:
-    let dt = initDateTime(30, mMar, 2017, 00, 00, 00, utc())
+    let dt = dateTime(2017, mMar, 30, 00, 00, 00, 00, utc())
     let dur = initDuration(hours = 5)
     doAssert $(dt + dur) == "2017-03-30T05:00:00Z"
 
@@ -1369,7 +1462,7 @@ proc `+`*(dt: DateTime, dur: Duration): DateTime =
 
 proc `-`*(dt: DateTime, dur: Duration): DateTime =
   runnableExamples:
-    let dt = initDateTime(30, mMar, 2017, 00, 00, 00, utc())
+    let dt = dateTime(2017, mMar, 30, 00, 00, 00, 00, utc())
     let dur = initDuration(days = 5)
     doAssert $(dt - dur) == "2017-03-25T00:00:00Z"
 
@@ -1378,8 +1471,8 @@ proc `-`*(dt: DateTime, dur: Duration): DateTime =
 proc `-`*(dt1, dt2: DateTime): Duration =
   ## Compute the duration between `dt1` and `dt2`.
   runnableExamples:
-    let dt1 = initDateTime(30, mMar, 2017, 00, 00, 00, utc())
-    let dt2 = initDateTime(25, mMar, 2017, 00, 00, 00, utc())
+    let dt1 = dateTime(2017, mMar, 30, 00, 00, 00, 00, utc())
+    let dt2 = dateTime(2017, mMar, 25, 00, 00, 00, 00, utc())
 
     doAssert dt1 - dt2 == initDuration(days = 5)
 
@@ -1406,20 +1499,42 @@ proc `-=`*(a: var DateTime, b: Duration) =
   a = a - b
 
 proc getDateStr*(dt = now()): string {.rtl, extern: "nt$1", tags: [TimeEffect].} =
-  ## Gets the current local date as a string of the format `YYYY-MM-DD`.
+  ## Gets the current local date as a string of the format `YYYY-MM-dd`.
   runnableExamples:
     echo getDateStr(now() - 1.months)
   assertDateTimeInitialized dt
-  result = $dt.year & '-' & intToStr(dt.monthZero, 2) &
-    '-' & intToStr(dt.monthday, 2)
+  result = newStringOfCap(10)  # len("YYYY-MM-dd") == 10
+  result.addInt dt.year
+  result.add '-'
+  result.add intToStr(dt.monthZero, 2)
+  result.add '-'
+  result.add intToStr(dt.monthday, 2)
 
 proc getClockStr*(dt = now()): string {.rtl, extern: "nt$1", tags: [TimeEffect].} =
   ## Gets the current local clock time as a string of the format `HH:mm:ss`.
   runnableExamples:
     echo getClockStr(now() - 1.hours)
   assertDateTimeInitialized dt
-  result = intToStr(dt.hour, 2) & ':' & intToStr(dt.minute, 2) &
-    ':' & intToStr(dt.second, 2)
+  result = newStringOfCap(8)  # len("HH:mm:ss") == 8
+  result.add intToStr(dt.hour, 2)
+  result.add ':'
+  result.add intToStr(dt.minute, 2)
+  result.add ':'
+  result.add intToStr(dt.second, 2)
+
+
+#
+# Iso week forward declarations
+#
+
+proc initDateTime*(weekday: WeekDay, isoweek: IsoWeekRange, isoyear: IsoYear,
+                   hour: HourRange, minute: MinuteRange, second: SecondRange,
+                   nanosecond: NanosecondRange,
+                   zone: Timezone = local()): DateTime {.gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], since: (1, 5).}
+
+proc initDateTime*(weekday: WeekDay, isoweek: IsoWeekRange, isoyear: IsoYear,
+                   hour: HourRange, minute: MinuteRange, second: SecondRange,
+                   zone: Timezone = local()): DateTime {.gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], since: (1, 5).}
 
 #
 # TimeFormat
@@ -1451,6 +1566,9 @@ type
     year: Option[int]
     month: Option[int]
     monthday: Option[int]
+    isoyear: Option[int]
+    yearweek: Option[int]
+    weekday: Option[WeekDay]
     utcOffset: Option[int]
 
     # '0' as default for these work fine
@@ -1465,6 +1583,7 @@ type
 
   FormatPattern {.pure.} = enum
     d, dd, ddd, dddd
+    GG, GGGG
     h, hh, H, HH
     m, mm, M, MM, MMM, MMMM
     s, ss
@@ -1474,6 +1593,7 @@ type
     YYYY
     uuuu
     UUUU
+    V, VV
     z, zz, zzz, zzzz
     ZZZ, ZZZZ
     g
@@ -1512,7 +1632,7 @@ const
         "Sunday"],
   )
 
-  FormatLiterals = {' ', '-', '/', ':', '(', ')', '[', ']', ','}
+  FormatLiterals = {' ', '-', '/', ':', '(', ')', '[', ']', ',', '.'}
 
 proc `$`*(f: TimeFormat): string =
   ## Returns the format string that was used to construct `f`.
@@ -1602,6 +1722,8 @@ proc stringToPattern(str: string): FormatPattern =
   of "dd": result = dd
   of "ddd": result = ddd
   of "dddd": result = dddd
+  of "GG": result = GG
+  of "GGGG": result = GGGG
   of "h": result = h
   of "hh": result = hh
   of "H": result = H
@@ -1624,6 +1746,8 @@ proc stringToPattern(str: string): FormatPattern =
   of "YYYY": result = YYYY
   of "uuuu": result = uuuu
   of "UUUU": result = UUUU
+  of "V": result = V
+  of "VV": result = VV
   of "z": result = z
   of "zz": result = zz
   of "zzz": result = zzz
@@ -1673,6 +1797,10 @@ proc formatPattern(dt: DateTime, pattern: FormatPattern, result: var string,
     result.add loc.ddd[dt.weekday]
   of dddd:
     result.add loc.dddd[dt.weekday]
+  of GG:
+    result.add (dt.getIsoWeekAndYear.isoyear.int mod 100).intToStr(2)
+  of GGGG:
+    result.add $dt.getIsoWeekAndYear.isoyear
   of h:
     result.add(
       if dt.hour == 0: "12"
@@ -1736,6 +1864,10 @@ proc formatPattern(dt: DateTime, pattern: FormatPattern, result: var string,
       result.add '+' & $year
   of UUUU:
     result.add $dt.year
+  of V:
+    result.add $dt.getIsoWeekAndYear.isoweek
+  of VV:
+    result.add dt.getIsoWeekAndYear.isoweek.intToStr(2)
   of z, zz, zzz, zzzz, ZZZ, ZZZZ:
     if dt.timezone != nil and dt.timezone.name == "Etc/UTC":
       result.add 'Z'
@@ -1790,18 +1922,30 @@ proc parsePattern(input: string, pattern: FormatPattern, i: var int,
     result = monthday in MonthdayRange
   of ddd:
     result = false
-    for v in loc.ddd:
+    for d, v in loc.ddd:
       if input.substr(i, i+v.len-1).cmpIgnoreCase(v) == 0:
+        parsed.weekday = some(d.WeekDay)
         result = true
         i.inc v.len
         break
   of dddd:
     result = false
-    for v in loc.dddd:
+    for d, v in loc.dddd:
       if input.substr(i, i+v.len-1).cmpIgnoreCase(v) == 0:
+        parsed.weekday = some(d.WeekDay)
         result = true
         i.inc v.len
         break
+  of GG:
+    # Assumes current century
+    var isoyear = takeInt(2..2)
+    var thisCen = now().year div 100
+    parsed.isoyear = some(thisCen*100 + isoyear)
+    result = isoyear > 0
+  of GGGG:
+    let isoyear = takeInt(1..high(int))
+    parsed.isoyear = some(isoyear)
+    result = isoyear > 0
   of h, H:
     parsed.hour = takeInt(1..2)
     result = parsed.hour in HourRange
@@ -1892,6 +2036,14 @@ proc parsePattern(input: string, pattern: FormatPattern, i: var int,
     parsed.year = some(year)
   of UUUU:
     parsed.year = some(takeInt(1..high(int), allowSign = true))
+  of V:
+    let yearweek = takeInt(1..2)
+    parsed.yearweek = some(yearweek)
+    result = yearweek in IsoWeekRange
+  of VV:
+    let yearweek = takeInt(2..2)
+    parsed.yearweek = some(yearweek)
+    result = yearweek in IsoWeekRange
   of z, zz, zzz, zzzz, ZZZ, ZZZZ:
     case input[i]
     of '+', '-':
@@ -1938,7 +2090,7 @@ proc parsePattern(input: string, pattern: FormatPattern, i: var int,
       i.inc 2
     else:
       result = false
-  of Lit: doAssert false, "Can't happen"
+  of Lit: raiseAssert "Can't happen"
 
 proc toDateTime(p: ParsedTime, zone: Timezone, f: TimeFormat,
                 input: string): DateTime =
@@ -1987,10 +2139,42 @@ proc toDateTime(p: ParsedTime, zone: Timezone, f: TimeFormat,
 
   if p.utcOffset.isNone:
     # No timezone parsed - assume timezone is `zone`
-    result = initDateTime(monthday, month, year, hour, minute, second, nanosecond, zone)
+    result = dateTime(year, month, monthday, hour, minute, second, nanosecond, zone)
   else:
     # Otherwise convert to `zone`
-    result = (initDateTime(monthday, month, year, hour, minute, second, nanosecond, utc()).toTime +
+    result = (dateTime(year, month, monthday, hour, minute, second, nanosecond, utc()).toTime +
+      initDuration(seconds = p.utcOffset.get())).inZone(zone)
+
+proc toDateTimeByWeek(p: ParsedTime, zone: Timezone, f: TimeFormat,
+                   input: string): DateTime =
+  var isoyear = p.isoyear.get(0)
+  var yearweek = p.yearweek.get(1)
+  var weekday = p.weekday.get(dMon)
+
+  if p.amPm != apUnknown:
+    raiseParseException(f, input, "Parsing iso weekyear dates does not support am/pm")
+
+  if p.year.isSome:
+    raiseParseException(f, input, "Use iso-year GG or GGGG as year with iso week number")
+
+  if p.month.isSome:
+    raiseParseException(f, input, "Use either iso week number V or VV or month")
+
+  if p.monthday.isSome:
+    raiseParseException(f, input, "Use weekday ddd or dddd as day with with iso week number")
+
+  if p.isoyear.isNone:
+    raiseParseException(f, input, "Need iso-year with week number")
+
+  let hour = p.hour
+  let minute = p.minute
+  let second = p.second
+  let nanosecond = p.nanosecond
+
+  if p.utcOffset.isNone:
+    result = initDateTime(weekday, yearweek.IsoWeekRange, isoyear.IsoYear, hour, minute, second, nanosecond, zone)
+  else:
+    result = (initDateTime(weekday, yearweek.IsoWeekRange, isoyear.IsoYear, hour, minute, second, nanosecond, zone).toTime +
       initDuration(seconds = p.utcOffset.get())).inZone(zone)
 
 proc format*(dt: DateTime, f: TimeFormat,
@@ -1998,7 +2182,7 @@ proc format*(dt: DateTime, f: TimeFormat,
   ## Format `dt` using the format specified by `f`.
   runnableExamples:
     let f = initTimeFormat("yyyy-MM-dd")
-    let dt = initDateTime(01, mJan, 2000, 00, 00, 00, utc())
+    let dt = dateTime(2000, mJan, 01, 00, 00, 00, 00, utc())
     doAssert "2000-01-01" == dt.format(f)
   assertDateTimeInitialized dt
   result = ""
@@ -2023,7 +2207,7 @@ proc format*(dt: DateTime, f: string, loc: DateTimeLocale = DefaultLocale): stri
   ## See `Parsing and formatting dates`_ for documentation of the
   ## `format` argument.
   runnableExamples:
-    let dt = initDateTime(01, mJan, 2000, 00, 00, 00, utc())
+    let dt = dateTime(2000, mJan, 01, 00, 00, 00, 00, utc())
     doAssert "2000-01-01" == format(dt, "yyyy-MM-dd")
   let dtFormat = initTimeFormat(f)
   result = dt.format(dtFormat, loc)
@@ -2033,7 +2217,7 @@ proc format*(dt: DateTime, f: static[string]): string {.raises: [].} =
   const f2 = initTimeFormat(f)
   result = dt.format(f2)
 
-proc formatValue*(result: var string; value: DateTime, specifier: string) =
+proc formatValue*(result: var string; value: DateTime | Time, specifier: string) =
   ## adapter for strformat. Not intended to be called directly.
   result.add format(value,
     if specifier.len == 0: "yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:sszzz" else: specifier)
@@ -2046,7 +2230,7 @@ proc format*(time: Time, f: string, zone: Timezone = local()): string
   ## See `Parsing and formatting dates`_ for documentation of the
   ## `f` argument.
   runnableExamples:
-    var dt = initDateTime(01, mJan, 1970, 00, 00, 00, utc())
+    var dt = dateTime(1970, mJan, 01, 00, 00, 00, 00, utc())
     var tm = dt.toTime()
     doAssert format(tm, "yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss", utc()) == "1970-01-01T00:00:00"
   time.inZone(zone).format(f)
@@ -2057,13 +2241,8 @@ proc format*(time: Time, f: static[string], zone: Timezone = local()): string
   const f2 = initTimeFormat(f)
   result = time.inZone(zone).format(f2)
 
-template formatValue*(result: var string; value: Time, specifier: string) =
-  ## adapter for `strformat`. Not intended to be called directly.
-  result.add format(value, specifier)
-
 proc parse*(input: string, f: TimeFormat, zone: Timezone = local(),
-    loc: DateTimeLocale = DefaultLocale): DateTime
-    {.raises: [TimeParseError, Defect].} =
+    loc: DateTimeLocale = DefaultLocale): DateTime {.parseRaises.} =
   ## Parses `input` as a `DateTime` using the format specified by `f`.
   ## If no UTC offset was parsed, then `input` is assumed to be specified in
   ## the `zone` timezone. If a UTC offset was parsed, the result will be
@@ -2072,7 +2251,7 @@ proc parse*(input: string, f: TimeFormat, zone: Timezone = local(),
   ## Month and day names from the passed in `loc` are used.
   runnableExamples:
     let f = initTimeFormat("yyyy-MM-dd")
-    let dt = initDateTime(01, mJan, 2000, 00, 00, 00, utc())
+    let dt = dateTime(2000, mJan, 01, 00, 00, 00, 00, utc())
     doAssert dt == "2000-01-01".parse(f, utc())
   var inpIdx = 0 # Input index
   var patIdx = 0 # Pattern index
@@ -2103,31 +2282,33 @@ proc parse*(input: string, f: TimeFormat, zone: Timezone = local(),
     raiseParseException(f, input,
                             "Parsing ended but there was still patterns remaining")
 
-  result = toDateTime(parsed, zone, f, input)
+  if parsed.yearweek.isSome:
+    result = toDateTimeByWeek(parsed, zone, f, input)
+  elif parsed.isoyear.isSome:
+    raiseParseException(f, input, "Iso year GG or GGGG require iso week V or VV")
+  else:
+    result = toDateTime(parsed, zone, f, input)
 
 proc parse*(input, f: string, tz: Timezone = local(),
-    loc: DateTimeLocale = DefaultLocale): DateTime
-    {.raises: [TimeParseError, TimeFormatParseError, Defect].} =
+    loc: DateTimeLocale = DefaultLocale): DateTime {.parseFormatRaises.} =
   ## Shorthand for constructing a `TimeFormat` and using it to parse
   ## `input` as a `DateTime`.
   ##
   ## See `Parsing and formatting dates`_ for documentation of the
   ## `f` argument.
   runnableExamples:
-    let dt = initDateTime(01, mJan, 2000, 00, 00, 00, utc())
+    let dt = dateTime(2000, mJan, 01, 00, 00, 00, 00, utc())
     doAssert dt == parse("2000-01-01", "yyyy-MM-dd", utc())
   let dtFormat = initTimeFormat(f)
   result = input.parse(dtFormat, tz, loc = loc)
 
 proc parse*(input: string, f: static[string], zone: Timezone = local(),
-    loc: DateTimeLocale = DefaultLocale):
-  DateTime {.raises: [TimeParseError, Defect].} =
+    loc: DateTimeLocale = DefaultLocale): DateTime {.parseRaises.} =
   ## Overload that validates `f` at compile time.
   const f2 = initTimeFormat(f)
   result = input.parse(f2, zone, loc = loc)
 
-proc parseTime*(input, f: string, zone: Timezone): Time
-    {.raises: [TimeParseError, TimeFormatParseError, Defect].} =
+proc parseTime*(input, f: string, zone: Timezone): Time {.parseFormatRaises.} =
   ## Shorthand for constructing a `TimeFormat` and using it to parse
   ## `input` as a `DateTime`, then converting it a `Time`.
   ##
@@ -2139,7 +2320,7 @@ proc parseTime*(input, f: string, zone: Timezone): Time
   parse(input, f, zone).toTime()
 
 proc parseTime*(input: string, f: static[string], zone: Timezone): Time
-    {.raises: [TimeParseError, Defect].} =
+    {.parseRaises.} =
   ## Overload that validates `format` at compile time.
   const f2 = initTimeFormat(f)
   result = input.parse(f2, zone).toTime()
@@ -2148,7 +2329,7 @@ proc `$`*(dt: DateTime): string {.tags: [], raises: [], benign.} =
   ## Converts a `DateTime` object to a string representation.
   ## It uses the format `yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:sszzz`.
   runnableExamples:
-    let dt = initDateTime(01, mJan, 2000, 12, 00, 00, utc())
+    let dt = dateTime(2000, mJan, 01, 12, 00, 00, 00, utc())
     doAssert $dt == "2000-01-01T12:00:00Z"
     doAssert $default(DateTime) == "Uninitialized DateTime"
   if not dt.isInitialized:
@@ -2160,7 +2341,7 @@ proc `$`*(time: Time): string {.tags: [], raises: [], benign.} =
   ## Converts a `Time` value to a string representation. It will use the local
   ## time zone and use the format `yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:sszzz`.
   runnableExamples:
-    let dt = initDateTime(01, mJan, 1970, 00, 00, 00, local())
+    let dt = dateTime(1970, mJan, 01, 00, 00, 00, 00, local())
     let tm = dt.toTime()
     doAssert $tm == "1970-01-01T00:00:00" & format(dt, "zzz")
   $time.local
@@ -2182,7 +2363,7 @@ proc initTimeInterval*(nanoseconds, microseconds, milliseconds,
   ## `seconds`, `minutes`, `hours`, `days`, `months`, and `years`.
   runnableExamples:
     let day = initTimeInterval(hours = 24)
-    let dt = initDateTime(01, mJan, 2000, 12, 00, 00, utc())
+    let dt = dateTime(2000, mJan, 01, 12, 00, 00, 00, utc())
     doAssert $(dt + day) == "2000-01-02T12:00:00Z"
     doAssert initTimeInterval(hours = 24) != initTimeInterval(days = 1)
   result.nanoseconds = nanoseconds
@@ -2268,8 +2449,8 @@ proc between*(startDt, endDt: DateTime): TimeInterval =
   ## - If `startDt.timezone != endDt.timezone`, then the result will be
   ##   equivalent to `between(startDt.utc, endDt.utc)`.
   runnableExamples:
-    var a = initDateTime(25, mMar, 2015, 12, 0, 0, utc())
-    var b = initDateTime(1, mApr, 2017, 15, 0, 15, utc())
+    var a = dateTime(2015, mMar, 25, 12, 0, 0, 00, utc())
+    var b = dateTime(2017, mApr, 1, 15, 0, 15, 00, utc())
     var ti = initTimeInterval(years = 2, weeks = 1, hours = 3, seconds = 15)
     doAssert between(a, b) == ti
     doAssert between(a, b) == -between(b, a)
@@ -2349,8 +2530,8 @@ proc between*(startDt, endDt: DateTime): TimeInterval =
     startDate = endDate
 
   # Handle hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds, microseconds and nanoseconds
-  let newStartDt = initDateTime(startDate.monthday, startDate.month.Month,
-    startDate.year, startDt.hour, startDt.minute, startDt.second,
+  let newStartDt = dateTime(startDate.year, startDate.month.Month,
+    startDate.monthday, startDt.hour, startDt.minute, startDt.second,
     startDt.nanosecond, startDt.timezone)
   let dur = endDt - newStartDt
   let parts = toParts(dur)
@@ -2501,7 +2682,7 @@ proc `+`*(dt: DateTime, interval: TimeInterval): DateTime =
   ## So adding one month to `31 October` will result in `31 November`, which
   ## will overflow and result in `1 December`.
   runnableExamples:
-    let dt = initDateTime(30, mMar, 2017, 00, 00, 00, utc())
+    let dt = dateTime(2017, mMar, 30, 00, 00, 00, 00, utc())
     doAssert $(dt + 1.months) == "2017-04-30T00:00:00Z"
     # This is correct and happens due to monthday overflow.
     doAssert $(dt - 1.months) == "2017-03-02T00:00:00Z"
@@ -2524,7 +2705,7 @@ proc `-`*(dt: DateTime, interval: TimeInterval): DateTime =
   ## then the `months` component and so on. The returned `DateTime` will
   ## have the same timezone as the input.
   runnableExamples:
-    let dt = initDateTime(30, mMar, 2017, 00, 00, 00, utc())
+    let dt = dateTime(2017, mMar, 30, 00, 00, 00, 00, utc())
     doAssert $(dt - 5.days) == "2017-03-25T00:00:00Z"
 
   dt + (-interval)
@@ -2568,6 +2749,33 @@ proc `-=`*(t: var Time, b: TimeInterval) =
   t = t - b
 
 #
+# Iso week
+#
+
+proc initDateTime*(weekday: WeekDay, isoweek: IsoWeekRange, isoyear: IsoYear,
+                   hour: HourRange, minute: MinuteRange, second: SecondRange,
+                   nanosecond: NanosecondRange,
+                   zone: Timezone = local()): DateTime {.raises: [], tags: [], since: (1, 5).} =
+  ## Create a new `DateTime <#DateTime>`_ from a weekday and an ISO 8601 week number and year
+  ## in the specified timezone.
+  ##
+  ## .. warning:: The ISO week-based year can correspond to the following or previous year from 29 December to January 3.
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert initDateTime(21, mApr, 2018, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(dSat, 16, 2018.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00)
+    assert initDateTime(30, mDec, 2019, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(dMon, 01, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00)
+    assert initDateTime(13, mSep, 2020, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(dSun, 37, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00)
+    assert initDateTime(2, mJan, 2021, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(dSat, 53, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00)
+
+  # source https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/calendar/isocalendar.htm
+  let d = isoweek * 7 + weekday.int - initDateTime(4, mJan, isoyear.int, 00, 00, 00, zone).weekday.int - 4
+  initDateTime(1, mJan, isoyear.int, hour, minute, second, nanosecond, zone) + initTimeInterval(days=d)
+
+proc initDateTime*(weekday: WeekDay, isoweek: IsoWeekRange, isoyear: IsoYear,
+                   hour: HourRange, minute: MinuteRange, second: SecondRange,
+                   zone: Timezone = local()): DateTime {.raises: [], tags: [], since: (1, 5).} =
+  initDateTime(weekday, isoweek, isoyear, hour, minute, second, 0, zone)
+
+#
 # Other
 #
 
@@ -2580,7 +2788,9 @@ proc epochTime*(): float {.tags: [TimeEffect].} =
   ##
   ## .. warning:: Unsuitable for benchmarking (but still better than `now`),
   ##    use `monotimes.getMonoTime` or `cpuTime` instead, depending on the use case.
-  when defined(macosx):
+  when defined(js):
+    result = newDate().getTime() / 1000
+  elif defined(macosx):
     var a {.noinit.}: Timeval
     gettimeofday(a)
     result = toBiggestFloat(a.tv_sec.int64) + toBiggestFloat(
@@ -2597,8 +2807,6 @@ proc epochTime*(): float {.tags: [TimeEffect].} =
     var secs = i64 div rateDiff
     var subsecs = i64 mod rateDiff
     result = toFloat(int(secs)) + toFloat(int(subsecs)) * 0.0000001
-  elif defined(js):
-    result = newDate().getTime() / 1000
   else:
     {.error: "unknown OS".}
 
diff --git a/lib/pure/typetraits.nim b/lib/pure/typetraits.nim
index 6827e23b1..78af84fdd 100644
--- a/lib/pure/typetraits.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/typetraits.nim
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@
 import std/private/since
 export system.`$` # for backward compatibility
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+
 type HoleyEnum* = (not Ordinal) and enum ## Enum with holes.
 type OrdinalEnum* = Ordinal and enum ## Enum without holes.
 
@@ -31,7 +35,7 @@ runnableExamples:
   assert C[float] is HoleyEnum
 
 proc name*(t: typedesc): string {.magic: "TypeTrait".} =
-  ## Returns the name of the given type.
+  ## Returns the name of `t`.
   ##
   ## Alias for `system.\`$\`(t) <dollars.html#$,typedesc>`_ since Nim v0.20.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -39,7 +43,7 @@ proc name*(t: typedesc): string {.magic: "TypeTrait".} =
     doAssert name(seq[string]) == "seq[string]"
 
 proc arity*(t: typedesc): int {.magic: "TypeTrait".} =
-  ## Returns the arity of the given type. This is the number of "type"
+  ## Returns the arity of `t`. This is the number of "type"
   ## components or the number of generic parameters a given type `t` has.
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert arity(int) == 0
@@ -88,11 +92,27 @@ proc stripGenericParams*(t: typedesc): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait".} =
     doAssert stripGenericParams(int) is int
 
 proc supportsCopyMem*(t: typedesc): bool {.magic: "TypeTrait".}
-  ## This trait returns true if the type `t` is safe to use for
-  ## `copyMem`:idx:.
+  ## Returns true if `t` is safe to use for `copyMem`:idx:.
   ##
   ## Other languages name a type like these `blob`:idx:.
 
+proc hasDefaultValue*(t: typedesc): bool {.magic: "TypeTrait".} =
+  ## Returns true if `t` has a valid default value.
+  runnableExamples:
+    {.experimental: "strictNotNil".}
+    type
+      NilableObject = ref object
+        a: int
+      Object = NilableObject not nil
+      RequiresInit[T] = object
+        a {.requiresInit.}: T
+
+    assert hasDefaultValue(NilableObject)
+    assert not hasDefaultValue(Object)
+    assert hasDefaultValue(string)
+    assert not hasDefaultValue(var string)
+    assert not hasDefaultValue(RequiresInit[int])
+
 proc isNamedTuple*(T: typedesc): bool {.magic: "TypeTrait".} =
   ## Returns true for named tuples, false for any other type.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -100,25 +120,76 @@ proc isNamedTuple*(T: typedesc): bool {.magic: "TypeTrait".} =
     doAssert not isNamedTuple((string, int))
     doAssert isNamedTuple(tuple[name: string, age: int])
 
-proc distinctBase*(T: typedesc): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait".} =
+template pointerBase*[T](_: typedesc[ptr T | ref T]): typedesc =
+  ## Returns `T` for `ref T | ptr T`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert (ref int).pointerBase is int
+    type A = ptr seq[float]
+    assert A.pointerBase is seq[float]
+    assert (ref A).pointerBase is A # not seq[float]
+    assert (var s = "abc"; s[0].addr).typeof.pointerBase is char
+  T
+
+proc rangeBase*(T: typedesc[range]): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait".} =
+  ## Returns the base type for range types, or the type itself otherwise.
+  ##
+  ## **See also:**
+  ## * `rangeBase template <#rangeBase.t,T>`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    type MyRange = range[0..5]
+    type MyEnum = enum a, b, c
+    type MyEnumRange = range[b..c]
+    doAssert rangeBase(MyRange) is int
+    doAssert rangeBase(MyEnumRange) is MyEnum
+    doAssert rangeBase(range['a'..'z']) is char
+
+template rangeBase*[T: range](a: T): untyped =
+  ## Overload of `rangeBase <#rangeBase,typedesc,static[bool]>`_ for values.
+  runnableExamples:
+    type MyRange = range[0..5]
+    type MyEnum = enum a, b, c
+    type MyEnumRange = range[b..c]
+    let x = MyRange(3)
+    doAssert rangeBase(x) is int
+    doAssert $typeof(rangeBase(x)) == "int"
+    doAssert rangeBase(x) == 3
+    let y: set[MyEnumRange] = {c}
+    for e in y:
+      doAssert rangeBase(e) is MyEnum
+      doAssert $typeof(rangeBase(e)) == "MyEnum"
+      doAssert rangeBase(e) == c
+    let z: seq[range['a'..'z']] = @['c']
+    doAssert rangeBase(z[0]) is char
+    doAssert $typeof(rangeBase(z[0])) == "char"
+    doAssert rangeBase(z[0]) == 'c'
+  rangeBase(typeof(T))(a)
+
+proc distinctBase*(T: typedesc, recursive: static bool = true): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait".} =
   ## Returns the base type for distinct types, or the type itself otherwise.
+  ## If `recursive` is false, only the immediate distinct base will be returned.
   ##
   ## **See also:**
-  ## * `distinctBase template <#distinctBase.t,T>`_
+  ## * `distinctBase template <#distinctBase.t,T,static[bool]>`_
   runnableExamples:
     type MyInt = distinct int
+    type MyOtherInt = distinct MyInt
     doAssert distinctBase(MyInt) is int
+    doAssert distinctBase(MyOtherInt) is int
+    doAssert distinctBase(MyOtherInt, false) is MyInt
     doAssert distinctBase(int) is int
 
 since (1, 1):
-  template distinctBase*[T](a: T): untyped =
-    ## Overload of `distinctBase <#distinctBase,typedesc>`_ for values.
+  template distinctBase*[T](a: T, recursive: static bool = true): untyped =
+    ## Overload of `distinctBase <#distinctBase,typedesc,static[bool]>`_ for values.
     runnableExamples:
       type MyInt = distinct int
+      type MyOtherInt = distinct MyInt
       doAssert 12.MyInt.distinctBase == 12
+      doAssert 12.MyOtherInt.distinctBase == 12
+      doAssert 12.MyOtherInt.distinctBase(false) is MyInt
       doAssert 12.distinctBase == 12
     when T is distinct:
-      distinctBase(typeof(a))(a)
+      distinctBase(typeof(a), recursive)(a)
     else: # avoids hint ConvFromXtoItselfNotNeeded
       a
 
@@ -205,7 +276,7 @@ macro genericParamsImpl(T: typedesc): untyped =
         case ai.typeKind
         of ntyTypeDesc:
           ret = ai
-        of ntyStatic: doAssert false
+        of ntyStatic: raiseAssert "unreachable"
         else:
           # getType from a resolved symbol might return a typedesc symbol.
           # If so, use it directly instead of wrapping it in StaticParam.
@@ -263,3 +334,43 @@ since (1, 1):
 
     type T2 = T
     genericParamsImpl(T2)
+
+
+proc hasClosureImpl(n: NimNode): bool = discard "see compiler/vmops.nim"
+
+proc hasClosure*(fn: NimNode): bool {.since: (1, 5, 1).} =
+  ## Returns true if the func/proc/etc `fn` has `closure`.
+  ## `fn` has to be a resolved symbol of kind `nnkSym`. This
+  ## implies that the macro that calls this proc should accept `typed`
+  ## arguments and not `untyped` arguments.
+  expectKind fn, nnkSym
+  result = hasClosureImpl(fn)
+
+template toUnsigned*(T: typedesc[SomeInteger and not range]): untyped =
+  ## Returns an unsigned type with same bit size as `T`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert int8.toUnsigned is uint8
+    assert uint.toUnsigned is uint
+    assert int.toUnsigned is uint
+    # range types are currently unsupported:
+    assert not compiles(toUnsigned(range[0..7]))
+  when T is int8: uint8
+  elif T is int16: uint16
+  elif T is int32: uint32
+  elif T is int64: uint64
+  elif T is int: uint
+  else: T
+
+template toSigned*(T: typedesc[SomeInteger and not range]): untyped =
+  ## Returns a signed type with same bit size as `T`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert int8.toSigned is int8
+    assert uint16.toSigned is int16
+    # range types are currently unsupported:
+    assert not compiles(toSigned(range[0..7]))
+  when T is uint8: int8
+  elif T is uint16: int16
+  elif T is uint32: int32
+  elif T is uint64: int64
+  elif T is uint: int
+  else: T
diff --git a/lib/pure/unicode.nim b/lib/pure/unicode.nim
index 903f01fb4..8cbe117bb 100644
--- a/lib/pure/unicode.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/unicode.nim
@@ -21,6 +21,16 @@
 ## * `encodings module <encodings.html>`_
 
 include "system/inclrtl"
+import std/strbasics
+template toOa(s: string): auto = s.toOpenArray(0, s.high)
+
+proc substr(s: openArray[char] , first, last: int): string =
+  # Copied substr from system
+  let first = max(first, 0)
+  let L = max(min(last, high(s)) - first + 1, 0)
+  result = newString(L)
+  for i in 0 .. L-1:
+    result[i] = s[i+first]
 
 type
   RuneImpl = int32 # underlying type of Rune
@@ -32,7 +42,7 @@ type
 
 template ones(n: untyped): untyped = ((1 shl n)-1)
 
-proc runeLen*(s: string): int {.rtl, extern: "nuc$1".} =
+proc runeLen*(s: openArray[char]): int {.rtl, extern: "nuc$1".} =
   ## Returns the number of runes of the string ``s``.
   runnableExamples:
     let a = "añyóng"
@@ -51,7 +61,7 @@ proc runeLen*(s: string): int {.rtl, extern: "nuc$1".} =
     else: inc i
     inc(result)
 
-proc runeLenAt*(s: string, i: Natural): int =
+proc runeLenAt*(s: openArray[char], i: Natural): int =
   ## Returns the number of bytes the rune starting at ``s[i]`` takes.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -71,7 +81,7 @@ proc runeLenAt*(s: string, i: Natural): int =
 
 const replRune = Rune(0xFFFD)
 
-template fastRuneAt*(s: string, i: int, result: untyped, doInc = true) =
+template fastRuneAt*(s: openArray[char] or string, i: int, result: untyped, doInc = true) =
   ## Returns the rune ``s[i]`` in ``result``.
   ##
   ## If ``doInc == true`` (default), ``i`` is incremented by the number
@@ -149,7 +159,7 @@ template fastRuneAt*(s: string, i: int, result: untyped, doInc = true) =
     result = Rune(uint(s[i]))
     when doInc: inc(i)
 
-proc runeAt*(s: string, i: Natural): Rune =
+proc runeAt*(s: openArray[char], i: Natural): Rune =
   ## Returns the rune in ``s`` at **byte index** ``i``.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -163,7 +173,7 @@ proc runeAt*(s: string, i: Natural): Rune =
     doAssert a.runeAt(3) == "y".runeAt(0)
   fastRuneAt(s, i, result, false)
 
-proc validateUtf8*(s: string): int =
+proc validateUtf8*(s: openArray[char]): int =
   ## Returns the position of the invalid byte in ``s`` if the string ``s`` does
   ## not hold valid UTF-8 data. Otherwise ``-1`` is returned.
   ##
@@ -300,7 +310,7 @@ proc `$`*(runes: seq[Rune]): string =
   for rune in runes:
     result.add rune
 
-proc runeOffset*(s: string, pos: Natural, start: Natural = 0): int =
+proc runeOffset*(s: openArray[char], pos: Natural, start: Natural = 0): int =
   ## Returns the byte position of rune
   ## at position ``pos`` in ``s`` with an optional start byte position.
   ## Returns the special value -1 if it runs out of the string.
@@ -327,13 +337,13 @@ proc runeOffset*(s: string, pos: Natural, start: Natural = 0): int =
     inc i
   return o
 
-proc runeReverseOffset*(s: string, rev: Positive): (int, int) =
+proc runeReverseOffset*(s: openArray[char], rev: Positive): (int, int) =
   ## Returns a tuple with the byte offset of the
   ## rune at position ``rev`` in ``s``, counting
   ## from the end (starting with 1) and the total
   ## number of runes in the string.
   ##
-  ## Returns a negative value for offset if there are to few runes in
+  ## Returns a negative value for offset if there are too few runes in
   ## the string to satisfy the request.
   ##
   ## **Beware:** This can lead to unoptimized code and slow execution!
@@ -346,18 +356,16 @@ proc runeReverseOffset*(s: string, rev: Positive): (int, int) =
     a = rev.int
     o = 0
     x = 0
+  let times = 2*rev.int-s.runeLen # transformed from rev.int - a < s.runeLen - rev.int
   while o < s.len:
     let r = runeLenAt(s, o)
     o += r
-    if a < 0:
+    if a > times:
       x += r
     dec a
+  result = if a > 0: (-a, rev.int-a) else: (x, -a+rev.int)
 
-  if a > 0:
-    return (-a, rev.int-a)
-  return (x, -a+rev.int)
-
-proc runeAtPos*(s: string, pos: int): Rune =
+proc runeAtPos*(s: openArray[char], pos: int): Rune =
   ## Returns the rune at position ``pos``.
   ##
   ## **Beware:** This can lead to unoptimized code and slow execution!
@@ -370,7 +378,7 @@ proc runeAtPos*(s: string, pos: int): Rune =
   ## * `fastRuneAt template <#fastRuneAt.t,string,int,untyped>`_
   fastRuneAt(s, runeOffset(s, pos), result, false)
 
-proc runeStrAtPos*(s: string, pos: Natural): string =
+proc runeStrAtPos*(s: openArray[char], pos: Natural): string =
   ## Returns the rune at position ``pos`` as UTF8 String.
   ##
   ## **Beware:** This can lead to unoptimized code and slow execution!
@@ -382,9 +390,9 @@ proc runeStrAtPos*(s: string, pos: Natural): string =
   ## * `runeAtPos proc <#runeAtPos,string,int>`_
   ## * `fastRuneAt template <#fastRuneAt.t,string,int,untyped>`_
   let o = runeOffset(s, pos)
-  s[o .. (o+runeLenAt(s, o)-1)]
+  substr(s.toOpenArray(o,  (o+runeLenAt(s, o)-1)))
 
-proc runeSubStr*(s: string, pos: int, len: int = int.high): string =
+proc runeSubStr*(s: openArray[char], pos: int, len: int = int.high): string =
   ## Returns the UTF-8 substring starting at code point ``pos``
   ## with ``len`` code points.
   ##
@@ -403,7 +411,7 @@ proc runeSubStr*(s: string, pos: int, len: int = int.high): string =
   if pos < 0:
     let (o, rl) = runeReverseOffset(s, -pos)
     if len >= rl:
-      result = s.substr(o, s.len-1)
+      result = s.substr(o, s.high)
     elif len < 0:
       let e = rl + len
       if e < 0:
@@ -456,7 +464,7 @@ proc `==`*(a, b: Rune): bool =
 
 include "includes/unicode_ranges"
 
-proc binarySearch(c: RuneImpl, tab: openArray[int], len, stride: int): int =
+proc binarySearch(c: RuneImpl, tab: openArray[int32], len, stride: int): int =
   var n = len
   var t = 0
   while n > 1:
@@ -628,7 +636,7 @@ template runeCheck(s, runeProc) =
     fastRuneAt(s, i, rune, doInc = true)
     result = runeProc(rune) and result
 
-proc isAlpha*(s: string): bool {.noSideEffect,
+proc isAlpha*(s: openArray[char]): bool {.noSideEffect,
   rtl, extern: "nuc$1Str".} =
   ## Returns true if ``s`` contains all alphabetic runes.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -636,7 +644,7 @@ proc isAlpha*(s: string): bool {.noSideEffect,
     doAssert a.isAlpha
   runeCheck(s, isAlpha)
 
-proc isSpace*(s: string): bool {.noSideEffect,
+proc isSpace*(s: openArray[char]): bool {.noSideEffect,
   rtl, extern: "nuc$1Str".} =
   ## Returns true if ``s`` contains all whitespace runes.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -657,21 +665,21 @@ template convertRune(s, runeProc) =
     rune = runeProc(rune)
     fastToUTF8Copy(rune, result, resultIndex, doInc = true)
 
-proc toUpper*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect,
+proc toUpper*(s: openArray[char]): string {.noSideEffect,
   rtl, extern: "nuc$1Str".} =
   ## Converts ``s`` into upper-case runes.
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert toUpper("abγ") == "ABΓ"
   convertRune(s, toUpper)
 
-proc toLower*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect,
+proc toLower*(s: openArray[char]): string {.noSideEffect,
   rtl, extern: "nuc$1Str".} =
   ## Converts ``s`` into lower-case runes.
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert toLower("ABΓ") == "abγ"
   convertRune(s, toLower)
 
-proc swapCase*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect,
+proc swapCase*(s: openArray[char]): string {.noSideEffect,
   rtl, extern: "nuc$1".} =
   ## Swaps the case of runes in ``s``.
   ##
@@ -693,7 +701,7 @@ proc swapCase*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect,
       rune = rune.toUpper()
     fastToUTF8Copy(rune, result, resultIndex, doInc = true)
 
-proc capitalize*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect,
+proc capitalize*(s: openArray[char]): string {.noSideEffect,
   rtl, extern: "nuc$1".} =
   ## Converts the first character of ``s`` into an upper-case rune.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -705,10 +713,13 @@ proc capitalize*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect,
     rune: Rune
     i = 0
   fastRuneAt(s, i, rune, doInc = true)
-  result = $toUpper(rune) & substr(s, i)
+  result = $toUpper(rune) & substr(s.toOpenArray(i, s.high))
 
-proc translate*(s: string, replacements: proc(key: string): string): string {.
-  rtl, extern: "nuc$1".} =
+when not defined(nimHasEffectsOf):
+  {.pragma: effectsOf.}
+
+proc translate*(s: openArray[char], replacements: proc(key: string): string): string {.
+  rtl, extern: "nuc$1", effectsOf: replacements.} =
   ## Translates words in a string using the ``replacements`` proc to substitute
   ## words inside ``s`` with their replacements.
   ##
@@ -742,7 +753,7 @@ proc translate*(s: string, replacements: proc(key: string): string): string {.
 
     if whiteSpace and inWord:
       # If we've reached the end of a word
-      let word = s[wordStart ..< lastIndex]
+      let word = substr(s.toOpenArray(wordStart, lastIndex - 1))
       result.add(replacements(word))
       result.add($rune)
       inWord = false
@@ -757,10 +768,10 @@ proc translate*(s: string, replacements: proc(key: string): string): string {.
 
   if wordStart < len(s) and inWord:
     # Get the trailing word at the end
-    let word = s[wordStart .. ^1]
+    let word = substr(s.toOpenArray(wordStart,  s.high))
     result.add(replacements(word))
 
-proc title*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect,
+proc title*(s: openArray[char]): string {.noSideEffect,
   rtl, extern: "nuc$1".} =
   ## Converts ``s`` to a unicode title.
   ##
@@ -786,7 +797,7 @@ proc title*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect,
     fastToUTF8Copy(rune, result, resultIndex, doInc = true)
 
 
-iterator runes*(s: string): Rune =
+iterator runes*(s: openArray[char]): Rune =
   ## Iterates over any rune of the string ``s`` returning runes.
   var
     i = 0
@@ -795,7 +806,7 @@ iterator runes*(s: string): Rune =
     fastRuneAt(s, i, result, true)
     yield result
 
-iterator utf8*(s: string): string =
+iterator utf8*(s: openArray[char]): string =
   ## Iterates over any rune of the string ``s`` returning utf8 values.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -806,10 +817,10 @@ iterator utf8*(s: string): string =
   var o = 0
   while o < s.len:
     let n = runeLenAt(s, o)
-    yield s[o .. (o+n-1)]
+    yield substr(s.toOpenArray(o, (o+n-1)))
     o += n
 
-proc toRunes*(s: string): seq[Rune] =
+proc toRunes*(s: openArray[char]): seq[Rune] =
   ## Obtains a sequence containing the Runes in ``s``.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -822,12 +833,12 @@ proc toRunes*(s: string): seq[Rune] =
   for r in s.runes:
     result.add(r)
 
-proc cmpRunesIgnoreCase*(a, b: string): int {.rtl, extern: "nuc$1".} =
+proc cmpRunesIgnoreCase*(a, b: openArray[char]): int {.rtl, extern: "nuc$1".} =
   ## Compares two UTF-8 strings and ignores the case. Returns:
   ##
-  ## | 0 if a == b
-  ## | < 0 if a < b
-  ## | > 0 if a > b
+  ## | `0` if a == b
+  ## | `< 0` if a < b
+  ## | `> 0` if a > b
   var i = 0
   var j = 0
   var ar, br: Rune
@@ -835,11 +846,16 @@ proc cmpRunesIgnoreCase*(a, b: string): int {.rtl, extern: "nuc$1".} =
     # slow path:
     fastRuneAt(a, i, ar)
     fastRuneAt(b, j, br)
-    result = RuneImpl(toLower(ar)) - RuneImpl(toLower(br))
+    when sizeof(int) < 4:
+      const lo = low(int).int32
+      const hi = high(int).int32
+      result = clamp(RuneImpl(toLower(ar)) - RuneImpl(toLower(br)), lo, hi).int
+    else:
+      result = RuneImpl(toLower(ar)) - RuneImpl(toLower(br))
     if result != 0: return
   result = a.len - b.len
 
-proc reversed*(s: string): string =
+proc reversed*(s: openArray[char]): string =
   ## Returns the reverse of ``s``, interpreting it as runes.
   ##
   ## Unicode combining characters are correctly interpreted as well.
@@ -874,9 +890,9 @@ proc reversed*(s: string): string =
 
   reverseUntil(len(s))
 
-proc graphemeLen*(s: string; i: Natural): Natural =
+proc graphemeLen*(s: openArray[char]; i: Natural): Natural =
   ## The number of bytes belonging to byte index ``s[i]``,
-  ## including following combining code unit.
+  ## including following combining code units.
   runnableExamples:
     let a = "añyóng"
     doAssert a.graphemeLen(1) == 2 ## ñ
@@ -893,7 +909,7 @@ proc graphemeLen*(s: string; i: Natural): Natural =
       if not isCombining(r2): break
       result = j-i
 
-proc lastRune*(s: string; last: int): (Rune, int) =
+proc lastRune*(s: openArray[char]; last: int): (Rune, int) =
   ## Length of the last rune in ``s[0..last]``. Returns the rune and its length
   ## in bytes.
   if s[last] <= chr(127):
@@ -922,12 +938,12 @@ proc size*(r: Rune): int {.noSideEffect.} =
   else: result = 1
 
 # --------- Private templates for different split separators -----------
-proc stringHasSep(s: string, index: int, seps: openArray[Rune]): bool =
+proc stringHasSep(s: openArray[char], index: int, seps: openArray[Rune]): bool =
   var rune: Rune
   fastRuneAt(s, index, rune, false)
   return seps.contains(rune)
 
-proc stringHasSep(s: string, index: int, sep: Rune): bool =
+proc stringHasSep(s: openArray[char], index: int, sep: Rune): bool =
   var rune: Rune
   fastRuneAt(s, index, rune, false)
   return sep == rune
@@ -945,12 +961,12 @@ template splitCommon(s, sep, maxsplit: untyped) =
       while last < sLen and not stringHasSep(s, last, sep):
         inc(last, runeLenAt(s, last))
       if splits == 0: last = sLen
-      yield s[first .. (last - 1)]
+      yield substr(s.toOpenArray(first, (last - 1)))
       if splits == 0: break
       dec(splits)
       inc(last, if last < sLen: runeLenAt(s, last) else: 1)
 
-iterator split*(s: string, seps: openArray[Rune] = unicodeSpaces,
+iterator split*(s: openArray[char], seps: openArray[Rune] = unicodeSpaces,
   maxsplit: int = -1): string =
   ## Splits the unicode string ``s`` into substrings using a group of separators.
   ##
@@ -976,7 +992,7 @@ iterator split*(s: string, seps: openArray[Rune] = unicodeSpaces,
 
   splitCommon(s, seps, maxsplit)
 
-iterator splitWhitespace*(s: string): string =
+iterator splitWhitespace*(s: openArray[char]): string =
   ## Splits a unicode string at whitespace runes.
   splitCommon(s, unicodeSpaces, -1)
 
@@ -984,13 +1000,13 @@ template accResult(iter: untyped) =
   result = @[]
   for x in iter: add(result, x)
 
-proc splitWhitespace*(s: string): seq[string] {.noSideEffect,
+proc splitWhitespace*(s: openArray[char]): seq[string] {.noSideEffect,
   rtl, extern: "ncuSplitWhitespace".} =
   ## The same as the `splitWhitespace <#splitWhitespace.i,string>`_
   ## iterator, but is a proc that returns a sequence of substrings.
   accResult(splitWhitespace(s))
 
-iterator split*(s: string, sep: Rune, maxsplit: int = -1): string =
+iterator split*(s: openArray[char], sep: Rune, maxsplit: int = -1): string =
   ## Splits the unicode string ``s`` into substrings using a single separator.
   ## Substrings are separated by the rune ``sep``.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -1001,19 +1017,19 @@ iterator split*(s: string, sep: Rune, maxsplit: int = -1): string =
 
   splitCommon(s, sep, maxsplit)
 
-proc split*(s: string, seps: openArray[Rune] = unicodeSpaces, maxsplit: int = -1):
+proc split*(s: openArray[char], seps: openArray[Rune] = unicodeSpaces, maxsplit: int = -1):
     seq[string] {.noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nucSplitRunes".} =
   ## The same as the `split iterator <#split.i,string,openArray[Rune],int>`_,
   ## but is a proc that returns a sequence of substrings.
   accResult(split(s, seps, maxsplit))
 
-proc split*(s: string, sep: Rune, maxsplit: int = -1): seq[string] {.noSideEffect,
+proc split*(s: openArray[char], sep: Rune, maxsplit: int = -1): seq[string] {.noSideEffect,
   rtl, extern: "nucSplitRune".} =
   ## The same as the `split iterator <#split.i,string,Rune,int>`_, but is a proc
   ## that returns a sequence of substrings.
   accResult(split(s, sep, maxsplit))
 
-proc strip*(s: string, leading = true, trailing = true,
+proc strip*(s: openArray[char], leading = true, trailing = true,
             runes: openArray[Rune] = unicodeSpaces): string {.noSideEffect,
             rtl, extern: "nucStrip".} =
   ## Strips leading or trailing ``runes`` from ``s`` and returns
@@ -1068,7 +1084,7 @@ proc strip*(s: string, leading = true, trailing = true,
   let newLen = eI - sI + 1
   result = newStringOfCap(newLen)
   if newLen > 0:
-    result.add s[sI .. eI]
+    result.add substr(s.toOpenArray(sI, eI))
 
 proc repeat*(c: Rune, count: Natural): string {.noSideEffect,
   rtl, extern: "nucRepeatRune".} =
@@ -1084,7 +1100,7 @@ proc repeat*(c: Rune, count: Natural): string {.noSideEffect,
   for i in 0 ..< count:
     result.add s
 
-proc align*(s: string, count: Natural, padding = ' '.Rune): string {.
+proc align*(s: openArray[char], count: Natural, padding = ' '.Rune): string {.
   noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nucAlignString".} =
   ## Aligns a unicode string ``s`` with ``padding``, so that it has a rune-length
   ## of ``count``.
@@ -1109,9 +1125,9 @@ proc align*(s: string, count: Natural, padding = ' '.Rune): string {.
     for i in 0 ..< spaces: result.add padStr
     result.add s
   else:
-    result = s
+    result = s.substr
 
-proc alignLeft*(s: string, count: Natural, padding = ' '.Rune): string {.
+proc alignLeft*(s: openArray[char], count: Natural, padding = ' '.Rune): string {.
     noSideEffect.} =
   ## Left-aligns a unicode string ``s`` with ``padding``, so that it has a
   ## rune-length of ``count``.
@@ -1135,4 +1151,365 @@ proc alignLeft*(s: string, count: Natural, padding = ' '.Rune): string {.
     for i in sLen ..< count:
       result.add padStr
   else:
-    result = s
+    result = s.substr
+
+
+proc runeLen*(s: string): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the number of runes of the string ``s``.
+  runnableExamples:
+    let a = "añyóng"
+    doAssert a.runeLen == 6
+    ## note: a.len == 8
+  runeLen(toOa(s))
+
+proc runeLenAt*(s: string, i: Natural): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the number of bytes the rune starting at ``s[i]`` takes.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `fastRuneAt template <#fastRuneAt.t,string,int,untyped>`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    let a = "añyóng"
+    doAssert a.runeLenAt(0) == 1
+    doAssert a.runeLenAt(1) == 2
+  runeLenAt(toOa(s), i)
+
+proc runeAt*(s: string, i: Natural): Rune {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the rune in ``s`` at **byte index** ``i``.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `runeAtPos proc <#runeAtPos,string,int>`_
+  ## * `runeStrAtPos proc <#runeStrAtPos,string,Natural>`_
+  ## * `fastRuneAt template <#fastRuneAt.t,string,int,untyped>`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    let a = "añyóng"
+    doAssert a.runeAt(1) == "ñ".runeAt(0)
+    doAssert a.runeAt(2) == "ñ".runeAt(1)
+    doAssert a.runeAt(3) == "y".runeAt(0)
+  fastRuneAt(s, i, result, false)
+
+proc validateUtf8*(s: string): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the position of the invalid byte in ``s`` if the string ``s`` does
+  ## not hold valid UTF-8 data. Otherwise ``-1`` is returned.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `toUTF8 proc <#toUTF8,Rune>`_
+  ## * `$ proc <#$,Rune>`_ alias for `toUTF8`
+  ## * `fastToUTF8Copy template <#fastToUTF8Copy.t,Rune,string,int>`_
+  validateUtf8(toOa(s))
+
+proc runeOffset*(s: string, pos: Natural, start: Natural = 0): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the byte position of rune
+  ## at position ``pos`` in ``s`` with an optional start byte position.
+  ## Returns the special value -1 if it runs out of the string.
+  ##
+  ## **Beware:** This can lead to unoptimized code and slow execution!
+  ## Most problems can be solved more efficiently by using an iterator
+  ## or conversion to a seq of Rune.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `runeReverseOffset proc <#runeReverseOffset,string,Positive>`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    let a = "añyóng"
+    doAssert a.runeOffset(1) == 1
+    doAssert a.runeOffset(3) == 4
+    doAssert a.runeOffset(4) == 6
+  runeOffset(toOa(s), pos, start)
+
+proc runeReverseOffset*(s: string, rev: Positive): (int, int) {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns a tuple with the byte offset of the
+  ## rune at position ``rev`` in ``s``, counting
+  ## from the end (starting with 1) and the total
+  ## number of runes in the string.
+  ##
+  ## Returns a negative value for offset if there are too few runes in
+  ## the string to satisfy the request.
+  ##
+  ## **Beware:** This can lead to unoptimized code and slow execution!
+  ## Most problems can be solved more efficiently by using an iterator
+  ## or conversion to a seq of Rune.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `runeOffset proc <#runeOffset,string,Natural,Natural>`_
+  runeReverseOffset(toOa(s), rev)
+
+proc runeAtPos*(s: string, pos: int): Rune {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the rune at position ``pos``.
+  ##
+  ## **Beware:** This can lead to unoptimized code and slow execution!
+  ## Most problems can be solved more efficiently by using an iterator
+  ## or conversion to a seq of Rune.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `runeAt proc <#runeAt,string,Natural>`_
+  ## * `runeStrAtPos proc <#runeStrAtPos,string,Natural>`_
+  ## * `fastRuneAt template <#fastRuneAt.t,string,int,untyped>`_
+  fastRuneAt(toOa(s), runeOffset(s, pos), result, false)
+
+proc runeStrAtPos*(s: string, pos: Natural): string {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the rune at position ``pos`` as UTF8 String.
+  ##
+  ## **Beware:** This can lead to unoptimized code and slow execution!
+  ## Most problems can be solved more efficiently by using an iterator
+  ## or conversion to a seq of Rune.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `runeAt proc <#runeAt,string,Natural>`_
+  ## * `runeAtPos proc <#runeAtPos,string,int>`_
+  ## * `fastRuneAt template <#fastRuneAt.t,string,int,untyped>`_
+  let o = runeOffset(s, pos)
+  substr(s.toOpenArray(o, (o+runeLenAt(s, o)-1)))
+
+proc runeSubStr*(s: string, pos: int, len: int = int.high): string {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the UTF-8 substring starting at code point ``pos``
+  ## with ``len`` code points.
+  ##
+  ## If ``pos`` or ``len`` is negative they count from
+  ## the end of the string. If ``len`` is not given it means the longest
+  ## possible string.
+  runnableExamples:
+    let s = "Hänsel  ««: 10,00€"
+    doAssert(runeSubStr(s, 0, 2) == "Hä")
+    doAssert(runeSubStr(s, 10, 1) == ":")
+    doAssert(runeSubStr(s, -6) == "10,00€")
+    doAssert(runeSubStr(s, 10) == ": 10,00€")
+    doAssert(runeSubStr(s, 12, 5) == "10,00")
+    doAssert(runeSubStr(s, -6, 3) == "10,")
+  runeSubStr(toOa(s), pos, len)
+
+
+proc isAlpha*(s: string): bool {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+  ## Returns true if ``s`` contains all alphabetic runes.
+  runnableExamples:
+    let a = "añyóng"
+    doAssert a.isAlpha
+  isAlpha(toOa(s))
+
+proc isSpace*(s: string): bool {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+  ## Returns true if ``s`` contains all whitespace runes.
+  runnableExamples:
+    let a = "\t\l \v\r\f"
+    doAssert a.isSpace
+  isSpace(toOa(s))
+
+
+proc toUpper*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+  ## Converts ``s`` into upper-case runes.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert toUpper("abγ") == "ABΓ"
+  toUpper(toOa(s))
+
+proc toLower*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+  ## Converts ``s`` into lower-case runes.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert toLower("ABΓ") == "abγ"
+  toLower(toOa(s))
+
+proc swapCase*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+  ## Swaps the case of runes in ``s``.
+  ##
+  ## Returns a new string such that the cases of all runes
+  ## are swapped if possible.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert swapCase("Αlpha Βeta Γamma") == "αLPHA βETA γAMMA"
+  swapCase(toOa(s))
+
+proc capitalize*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Converts the first character of ``s`` into an upper-case rune.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert capitalize("βeta") == "Βeta"
+  capitalize(toOa(s))
+
+
+proc translate*(s: string, replacements: proc(key: string): string): string {.effectsOf: replacements, inline.} =
+  ## Translates words in a string using the ``replacements`` proc to substitute
+  ## words inside ``s`` with their replacements.
+  ##
+  ## ``replacements`` is any proc that takes a word and returns
+  ## a new word to fill it's place.
+  runnableExamples:
+    proc wordToNumber(s: string): string =
+      case s
+      of "one": "1"
+      of "two": "2"
+      else: s
+    let a = "one two three four"
+    doAssert a.translate(wordToNumber) == "1 2 three four"
+  translate(toOa(s), replacements)
+
+proc title*(s: string): string {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+  ## Converts ``s`` to a unicode title.
+  ##
+  ## Returns a new string such that the first character
+  ## in each word inside ``s`` is capitalized.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert title("αlpha βeta γamma") == "Αlpha Βeta Γamma"
+  title(toOa(s))
+
+
+iterator runes*(s: string): Rune =
+  ## Iterates over any rune of the string ``s`` returning runes.
+  for rune in runes(toOa(s)):
+    yield rune
+
+iterator utf8*(s: string): string =
+  ## Iterates over any rune of the string ``s`` returning utf8 values.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `validateUtf8 proc <#validateUtf8,string>`_
+  ## * `toUTF8 proc <#toUTF8,Rune>`_
+  ## * `$ proc <#$,Rune>`_ alias for `toUTF8`
+  ## * `fastToUTF8Copy template <#fastToUTF8Copy.t,Rune,string,int>`_
+  for str in utf8(toOa(s)):
+    yield str
+
+proc toRunes*(s: string): seq[Rune] {.inline.} =
+  ## Obtains a sequence containing the Runes in ``s``.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `$ proc <#$,Rune>`_ for a reverse operation
+  runnableExamples:
+    let a = toRunes("aáä")
+    doAssert a == @["a".runeAt(0), "á".runeAt(0), "ä".runeAt(0)]
+  toRunes(toOa(s))
+
+proc cmpRunesIgnoreCase*(a, b: string): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Compares two UTF-8 strings and ignores the case. Returns:
+  ##
+  ## | `0` if a == b
+  ## | `< 0` if a < b
+  ## | `> 0` if a > b
+  cmpRunesIgnoreCase(a.toOa(), b.toOa())
+
+proc reversed*(s: string): string {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the reverse of ``s``, interpreting it as runes.
+  ##
+  ## Unicode combining characters are correctly interpreted as well.
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert reversed("Reverse this!") == "!siht esreveR"
+    assert reversed("先秦兩漢") == "漢兩秦先"
+    assert reversed("as⃝df̅") == "f̅ds⃝a"
+    assert reversed("a⃞b⃞c⃞") == "c⃞b⃞a⃞"
+  reversed(toOa(s))
+
+proc graphemeLen*(s: string; i: Natural): Natural {.inline.} =
+  ## The number of bytes belonging to byte index ``s[i]``,
+  ## including following combining code unit.
+  runnableExamples:
+    let a = "añyóng"
+    doAssert a.graphemeLen(1) == 2 ## ñ
+    doAssert a.graphemeLen(2) == 1
+    doAssert a.graphemeLen(4) == 2 ## ó
+  graphemeLen(toOa(s), i)
+
+proc lastRune*(s: string; last: int): (Rune, int) {.inline.} =
+  ## Length of the last rune in ``s[0..last]``. Returns the rune and its length
+  ## in bytes.
+  lastRune(toOa(s), last)
+
+iterator split*(s: string, seps: openArray[Rune] = unicodeSpaces,
+  maxsplit: int = -1): string =
+  ## Splits the unicode string ``s`` into substrings using a group of separators.
+  ##
+  ## Substrings are separated by a substring containing only ``seps``.
+  runnableExamples:
+    import std/sequtils
+
+    assert toSeq("hÃllo\lthis\lis an\texample\l是".split) ==
+      @["hÃllo", "this", "is", "an", "example", "是"]
+
+    # And the following code splits the same string using a sequence of Runes.
+    assert toSeq(split("añyóng:hÃllo;是$example", ";:$".toRunes)) ==
+      @["añyóng", "hÃllo", "是", "example"]
+
+    # example with a `Rune` separator and unused one `;`:
+    assert toSeq(split("ab是de:f:", ";:是".toRunes)) == @["ab", "de", "f", ""]
+
+    # Another example that splits a string containing a date.
+    let date = "2012-11-20T22:08:08.398990"
+
+    assert toSeq(split(date, " -:T".toRunes)) ==
+      @["2012", "11", "20", "22", "08", "08.398990"]
+
+  splitCommon(toOa(s), seps, maxsplit)
+
+iterator splitWhitespace*(s: string): string =
+  ## Splits a unicode string at whitespace runes.
+  splitCommon(s.toOa(), unicodeSpaces, -1)
+
+
+proc splitWhitespace*(s: string): seq[string] {.noSideEffect, inline.}=
+  ## The same as the `splitWhitespace <#splitWhitespace.i,string>`_
+  ## iterator, but is a proc that returns a sequence of substrings.
+  accResult(splitWhitespace(toOa(s)))
+
+iterator split*(s: string, sep: Rune, maxsplit: int = -1): string =
+  ## Splits the unicode string ``s`` into substrings using a single separator.
+  ## Substrings are separated by the rune ``sep``.
+  runnableExamples:
+    import std/sequtils
+
+    assert toSeq(split(";;hÃllo;this;is;an;;example;;;是", ";".runeAt(0))) ==
+      @["", "", "hÃllo", "this", "is", "an", "", "example", "", "", "是"]
+
+  splitCommon(toOa(s), sep, maxsplit)
+
+proc split*(s: string, seps: openArray[Rune] = unicodeSpaces, maxsplit: int = -1):
+    seq[string] {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+  ## The same as the `split iterator <#split.i,string,openArray[Rune],int>`_,
+  ## but is a proc that returns a sequence of substrings.
+  accResult(split(toOa(s), seps, maxsplit))
+
+proc split*(s: string, sep: Rune, maxsplit: int = -1): seq[string] {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+  ## The same as the `split iterator <#split.i,string,Rune,int>`_, but is a proc
+  ## that returns a sequence of substrings.
+  accResult(split(toOa(s), sep, maxsplit))
+
+proc strip*(s: string, leading = true, trailing = true,
+            runes: openArray[Rune] = unicodeSpaces): string {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+  ## Strips leading or trailing ``runes`` from ``s`` and returns
+  ## the resulting string.
+  ##
+  ## If ``leading`` is true (default), leading ``runes`` are stripped.
+  ## If ``trailing`` is true (default), trailing ``runes`` are stripped.
+  ## If both are false, the string is returned unchanged.
+  runnableExamples:
+    let a = "\táñyóng   "
+    doAssert a.strip == "áñyóng"
+    doAssert a.strip(leading = false) == "\táñyóng"
+    doAssert a.strip(trailing = false) == "áñyóng   "
+  strip(toOa(s), leading, trailing, runes)
+
+
+proc align*(s: string, count: Natural, padding = ' '.Rune): string {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+  ## Aligns a unicode string ``s`` with ``padding``, so that it has a rune-length
+  ## of ``count``.
+  ##
+  ## ``padding`` characters (by default spaces) are added before ``s`` resulting in
+  ## right alignment. If ``s.runelen >= count``, no spaces are added and ``s`` is
+  ## returned unchanged. If you need to left align a string use the `alignLeft
+  ## proc <#alignLeft,string,Natural>`_.
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert align("abc", 4) == " abc"
+    assert align("a", 0) == "a"
+    assert align("1232", 6) == "  1232"
+    assert align("1232", 6, '#'.Rune) == "##1232"
+    assert align("Åge", 5) == "  Åge"
+    assert align("×", 4, '_'.Rune) == "___×"
+  align(toOa(s), count, padding)
+
+proc alignLeft*(s: string, count: Natural, padding = ' '.Rune): string {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+  ## Left-aligns a unicode string ``s`` with ``padding``, so that it has a
+  ## rune-length of ``count``.
+  ##
+  ## ``padding`` characters (by default spaces) are added after ``s`` resulting in
+  ## left alignment. If ``s.runelen >= count``, no spaces are added and ``s`` is
+  ## returned unchanged. If you need to right align a string use the `align
+  ## proc <#align,string,Natural>`_.
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert alignLeft("abc", 4) == "abc "
+    assert alignLeft("a", 0) == "a"
+    assert alignLeft("1232", 6) == "1232  "
+    assert alignLeft("1232", 6, '#'.Rune) == "1232##"
+    assert alignLeft("Åge", 5) == "Åge  "
+    assert alignLeft("×", 4, '_'.Rune) == "×___"
+  alignLeft(toOa(s), count, padding)
diff --git a/lib/pure/unidecode/gen.py b/lib/pure/unidecode/gen.py
index 0b180a381..2fb69f7b2 100644
--- a/lib/pure/unidecode/gen.py
+++ b/lib/pure/unidecode/gen.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#! usr/bin/env python3
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
 # Generates the unidecode.dat module
diff --git a/lib/pure/unittest.nim b/lib/pure/unittest.nim
index 3cff833e4..cfb762258 100644
--- a/lib/pure/unittest.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/unittest.nim
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@
 ##
 ## Specify the test name as a command line argument.
 ##
-## .. code::
-##
+##   ```cmd
 ##   nim c -r test "my test name" "another test"
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Multiple arguments can be used.
 ##
@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@
 ##
 ## Specify the suite name delimited by `"::"`.
 ##
-## .. code::
-##
+##   ```cmd
 ##   nim c -r test "my test name::"
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Selecting tests by pattern
 ## ==========================
@@ -58,19 +58,18 @@
 ##
 ## Tests matching **any** of the arguments are executed.
 ##
-## .. code::
-##
+##   ```cmd
 ##   nim c -r test fast_suite::mytest1 fast_suite::mytest2
 ##   nim c -r test "fast_suite::mytest*"
 ##   nim c -r test "auth*::" "crypto::hashing*"
 ##   # Run suites starting with 'bug #' and standalone tests starting with '#'
 ##   nim c -r test 'bug #*::' '::#*'
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Examples
 ## ========
 ##
-## .. code:: nim
-##
+##   ```nim
 ##   suite "description for this stuff":
 ##     echo "suite setup: run once before the tests"
 ##
@@ -96,6 +95,7 @@
 ##         discard v[4]
 ##
 ##     echo "suite teardown: run once after the tests"
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Limitations/Bugs
 ## ================
@@ -108,6 +108,9 @@
 import std/private/since
 import std/exitprocs
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 import std/[macros, strutils, streams, times, sets, sequtils]
 
 when declared(stdout):
@@ -218,7 +221,7 @@ proc resetOutputFormatters* {.since: (1, 1).} =
   formatters = @[]
 
 proc newConsoleOutputFormatter*(outputLevel: OutputLevel = outputLevelDefault,
-                                colorOutput = true): <//>ConsoleOutputFormatter =
+                                colorOutput = true): ConsoleOutputFormatter =
   ConsoleOutputFormatter(
     outputLevel: outputLevel,
     colorOutput: colorOutput
@@ -232,7 +235,7 @@ proc colorOutput(): bool =
     else: result = false
   of "on": result = true
   of "off": result = false
-  else: doAssert false, $color
+  else: raiseAssert $color
 
   when declared(stdout):
     if existsEnv("NIMTEST_COLOR"):
@@ -246,7 +249,7 @@ proc colorOutput(): bool =
       deprecateEnvVarHere()
       result = false
 
-proc defaultConsoleFormatter*(): <//>ConsoleOutputFormatter =
+proc defaultConsoleFormatter*(): ConsoleOutputFormatter =
   var colorOutput = colorOutput()
   var outputLevel = nimUnittestOutputLevel.parseEnum[:OutputLevel]
   when declared(stdout):
@@ -315,7 +318,7 @@ proc xmlEscape(s: string): string =
       else:
         result.add(c)
 
-proc newJUnitOutputFormatter*(stream: Stream): <//>JUnitOutputFormatter =
+proc newJUnitOutputFormatter*(stream: Stream): JUnitOutputFormatter =
   ## Creates a formatter that writes report to the specified stream in
   ## JUnit format.
   ## The ``stream`` is NOT closed automatically when the test are finished,
@@ -430,8 +433,6 @@ proc matchFilter(suiteName, testName, filter: string): bool =
   return glob(suiteName, suiteAndTestFilters[0]) and
          glob(testName, suiteAndTestFilters[1])
 
-when defined(testing): export matchFilter
-
 proc shouldRun(currentSuiteName, testName: string): bool =
   ## Check if a test should be run by matching suiteName and testName against
   ## test filters.
@@ -472,27 +473,26 @@ template suite*(name, body) {.dirty.} =
   ## common fixture (``setup``, ``teardown``). The fixture is executed
   ## for EACH test.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##  suite "test suite for addition":
-  ##    setup:
-  ##      let result = 4
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   suite "test suite for addition":
+  ##     setup:
+  ##       let result = 4
   ##
-  ##    test "2 + 2 = 4":
-  ##      check(2+2 == result)
+  ##     test "2 + 2 = 4":
+  ##       check(2+2 == result)
   ##
-  ##    test "(2 + -2) != 4":
-  ##      check(2 + -2 != result)
+  ##     test "(2 + -2) != 4":
+  ##       check(2 + -2 != result)
   ##
-  ##    # No teardown needed
+  ##     # No teardown needed
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## The suite will run the individual test cases in the order in which
   ## they were listed. With default global settings the above code prints:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
-  ##
-  ##  [Suite] test suite for addition
-  ##    [OK] 2 + 2 = 4
-  ##    [OK] (2 + -2) != 4
+  ##     [Suite] test suite for addition
+  ##       [OK] 2 + 2 = 4
+  ##       [OK] (2 + -2) != 4
   bind formatters, ensureInitialized, suiteEnded
 
   block:
@@ -518,20 +518,24 @@ proc exceptionTypeName(e: ref Exception): string {.inline.} =
   if e == nil: "<foreign exception>"
   else: $e.name
 
+when not declared(setProgramResult):
+  {.warning: "setProgramResult not available on platform, unittest will not" &
+    " give failing exit code on test failure".}
+  template setProgramResult(a: int) =
+    discard
+
 template test*(name, body) {.dirty.} =
   ## Define a single test case identified by `name`.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
-  ##  test "roses are red":
-  ##    let roses = "red"
-  ##    check(roses == "red")
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   test "roses are red":
+  ##     let roses = "red"
+  ##     check(roses == "red")
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## The above code outputs:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block::
-  ##
-  ##  [OK] roses are red
+  ##     [OK] roses are red
   bind shouldRun, checkpoints, formatters, ensureInitialized, testEnded, exceptionTypeName, setProgramResult
 
   ensureInitialized()
@@ -543,11 +547,14 @@ template test*(name, body) {.dirty.} =
     for formatter in formatters:
       formatter.testStarted(name)
 
+    {.push warning[BareExcept]:off.}
     try:
       when declared(testSetupIMPLFlag): testSetupIMPL()
       when declared(testTeardownIMPLFlag):
         defer: testTeardownIMPL()
+      {.push warning[BareExcept]:on.}
       body
+      {.pop.}
 
     except:
       let e = getCurrentException()
@@ -569,16 +576,17 @@ template test*(name, body) {.dirty.} =
       )
       testEnded(testResult)
       checkpoints = @[]
+    {.pop.}
 
 proc checkpoint*(msg: string) =
   ## Set a checkpoint identified by `msg`. Upon test failure all
   ## checkpoints encountered so far are printed out. Example:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
-  ##  checkpoint("Checkpoint A")
-  ##  check((42, "the Answer to life and everything") == (1, "a"))
-  ##  checkpoint("Checkpoint B")
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   checkpoint("Checkpoint A")
+  ##   check((42, "the Answer to life and everything") == (1, "a"))
+  ##   checkpoint("Checkpoint B")
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## outputs "Checkpoint A" once it fails.
   checkpoints.add(msg)
@@ -590,11 +598,11 @@ template fail* =
   ## failed (change exit code and test status). This template is useful
   ## for debugging, but is otherwise mostly used internally. Example:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
-  ##  checkpoint("Checkpoint A")
-  ##  complicatedProcInThread()
-  ##  fail()
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   checkpoint("Checkpoint A")
+  ##   complicatedProcInThread()
+  ##   fail()
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## outputs "Checkpoint A" before quitting.
   bind ensureInitialized, setProgramResult
@@ -622,11 +630,10 @@ template skip* =
   ## for reasons depending on outer environment,
   ## or certain application logic conditions or configurations.
   ## The test code is still executed.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
-  ##  if not isGLContextCreated():
-  ##    skip()
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   if not isGLContextCreated():
+  ##     skip()
+  ##   ```
   bind checkpoints
 
   testStatusIMPL = TestStatus.SKIPPED
@@ -704,7 +711,9 @@ macro check*(conditions: untyped): untyped =
     result = quote do:
       block:
         `assigns`
-        if not `check`:
+        if `check`:
+          discard
+        else:
           checkpoint(`lineinfo` & ": Check failed: " & `callLit`)
           `printOuts`
           fail()
@@ -720,7 +729,9 @@ macro check*(conditions: untyped): untyped =
     let callLit = checked.toStrLit
 
     result = quote do:
-      if not `checked`:
+      if `checked`:
+        discard
+      else:
         checkpoint(`lineinfo` & ": Check failed: " & `callLit`)
         fail()
 
@@ -747,20 +758,25 @@ macro expect*(exceptions: varargs[typed], body: untyped): untyped =
       of 2: discard parseInt("Hello World!")
       of 3: raise newException(IOError, "I can't do that Dave.")
       else: assert 2 + 2 == 5
-    
+
     expect IOError, OSError, ValueError, AssertionDefect:
       defectiveRobot()
 
   template expectBody(errorTypes, lineInfoLit, body): NimNode {.dirty.} =
+    {.push warning[BareExcept]:off.}
     try:
+      {.push warning[BareExcept]:on.}
       body
+      {.pop.}
       checkpoint(lineInfoLit & ": Expect Failed, no exception was thrown.")
       fail()
     except errorTypes:
       discard
     except:
-      checkpoint(lineInfoLit & ": Expect Failed, unexpected exception was thrown.")
+      let err = getCurrentException()
+      checkpoint(lineInfoLit & ": Expect Failed, " & $err.name & " was thrown.")
       fail()
+    {.pop.}
 
   var errorTypes = newNimNode(nnkBracket)
   for exp in exceptions:
diff --git a/lib/pure/uri.nim b/lib/pure/uri.nim
index 920529ecf..725d5bbd9 100644
--- a/lib/pure/uri.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/uri.nim
@@ -14,34 +14,36 @@
 ## as a locator, a name, or both. The term "Uniform Resource Locator"
 ## (URL) refers to the subset of URIs.
 ##
+## .. warning:: URI parsers in this module do not perform security validation.
+##
 ## # Basic usage
 
 
 ## ## Combine URIs
 runnableExamples:
   let host = parseUri("https://nim-lang.org")
-  let blog = "/blog.html"
-  let bloguri = host / blog
   assert $host == "https://nim-lang.org"
-  assert $bloguri == "https://nim-lang.org/blog.html"
+  assert $(host / "/blog.html") == "https://nim-lang.org/blog.html"
+  assert $(host / "blog2.html") == "https://nim-lang.org/blog2.html"
 
 ## ## Access URI item
 runnableExamples:
   let res = parseUri("sftp://127.0.0.1:4343")
-  if isAbsolute(res):
-    assert res.port == "4343"
-  else:
-    echo "Wrong format"
+  assert isAbsolute(res)
+  assert res.port == "4343"
 
 ## ## Data URI Base64
 runnableExamples:
-  doAssert getDataUri("Hello World", "text/plain") == "data:text/plain;charset=utf-8;base64,SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ="
-  doAssert getDataUri("Nim", "text/plain") == "data:text/plain;charset=utf-8;base64,Tmlt"
+  assert getDataUri("Hello World", "text/plain") == "data:text/plain;charset=utf-8;base64,SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ="
+  assert getDataUri("Nim", "text/plain") == "data:text/plain;charset=utf-8;base64,Tmlt"
 
 
 import std/[strutils, parseutils, base64]
 import std/private/[since, decode_helpers]
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 
 type
   Url* = distinct string
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ type
     scheme*, username*, password*: string
     hostname*, port*, path*, query*, anchor*: string
     opaque*: bool
-    isIpv6: bool # not expose it for compatibility.
+    isIpv6*: bool
 
   UriParseError* = object of ValueError
 
@@ -126,13 +128,13 @@ func decodeUrl*(s: string, decodePlus = true): string =
   setLen(result, j)
 
 func encodeQuery*(query: openArray[(string, string)], usePlus = true,
-    omitEq = true): string =
+    omitEq = true, sep = '&'): string =
   ## Encodes a set of (key, value) parameters into a URL query string.
   ##
   ## Every (key, value) pair is URL-encoded and written as `key=value`. If the
   ## value is an empty string then the `=` is omitted, unless `omitEq` is
   ## false.
-  ## The pairs are joined together by a `&` character.
+  ## The pairs are joined together by the `sep` character.
   ##
   ## The `usePlus` parameter is passed down to the `encodeUrl` function that
   ## is used for the URL encoding of the string values.
@@ -143,9 +145,10 @@ func encodeQuery*(query: openArray[(string, string)], usePlus = true,
     assert encodeQuery({: }) == ""
     assert encodeQuery({"a": "1", "b": "2"}) == "a=1&b=2"
     assert encodeQuery({"a": "1", "b": ""}) == "a=1&b"
+    assert encodeQuery({"a": "1", "b": ""}, omitEq = false, sep = ';') == "a=1;b="
   for elem in query:
-    # Encode the `key = value` pairs and separate them with a '&'
-    if result.len > 0: result.add('&')
+    # Encode the `key = value` pairs and separate them with 'sep'
+    if result.len > 0: result.add(sep)
     let (key, val) = elem
     result.add(encodeUrl(key, usePlus))
     # Omit the '=' if the value string is empty
@@ -153,15 +156,16 @@ func encodeQuery*(query: openArray[(string, string)], usePlus = true,
       result.add('=')
       result.add(encodeUrl(val, usePlus))
 
-iterator decodeQuery*(data: string): tuple[key, value: string] =
-  ## Reads and decodes query string `data` and yields the `(key, value)` pairs
-  ## the data consists of. If compiled with `-d:nimLegacyParseQueryStrict`, an
-  ## error is raised when there is an unencoded `=` character in a decoded
-  ## value, which was the behavior in Nim < 1.5.1
+iterator decodeQuery*(data: string, sep = '&'): tuple[key, value: string] =
+  ## Reads and decodes the query string `data` and yields the `(key, value)` pairs
+  ## the data consists of. If compiled with `-d:nimLegacyParseQueryStrict`,
+  ## a `UriParseError` is raised when there is an unencoded `=` character in a decoded
+  ## value, which was the behavior in Nim < 1.5.1.
   runnableExamples:
     import std/sequtils
-    doAssert toSeq(decodeQuery("foo=1&bar=2=3")) == @[("foo", "1"), ("bar", "2=3")]
-    doAssert toSeq(decodeQuery("&a&=b&=&&")) == @[("", ""), ("a", ""), ("", "b"), ("", ""), ("", "")]
+    assert toSeq(decodeQuery("foo=1&bar=2=3")) == @[("foo", "1"), ("bar", "2=3")]
+    assert toSeq(decodeQuery("foo=1;bar=2=3", ';')) == @[("foo", "1"), ("bar", "2=3")]
+    assert toSeq(decodeQuery("&a&=b&=&&")) == @[("", ""), ("a", ""), ("", "b"), ("", ""), ("", "")]
 
   proc parseData(data: string, i: int, field: var string, sep: char): int =
     result = i
@@ -189,7 +193,7 @@ iterator decodeQuery*(data: string): tuple[key, value: string] =
       when defined(nimLegacyParseQueryStrict):
         i = parseData(data, i, value, '=')
       else:
-        i = parseData(data, i, value, '&')
+        i = parseData(data, i, value, sep)
     yield (name, value)
     if i < data.len:
       when defined(nimLegacyParseQueryStrict):
@@ -227,7 +231,6 @@ func parseAuthority(authority: string, result: var Uri) =
     i.inc
 
 func parsePath(uri: string, i: var int, result: var Uri) =
-
   i.inc parseUntil(uri, result.path, {'?', '#'}, i)
 
   # The 'mailto' scheme's PATH actually contains the hostname/username
@@ -243,19 +246,7 @@ func parsePath(uri: string, i: var int, result: var Uri) =
     i.inc # Skip '#'
     i.inc parseUntil(uri, result.anchor, {}, i)
 
-func initUri*(): Uri =
-  ## Initializes a URI with `scheme`, `username`, `password`,
-  ## `hostname`, `port`, `path`, `query` and `anchor`.
-  ##
-  ## **See also:**
-  ## * `Uri type <#Uri>`_ for available fields in the URI type
-  runnableExamples:
-    var uri2: Uri
-    assert initUri() == uri2
-  result = Uri(scheme: "", username: "", password: "", hostname: "", port: "",
-                path: "", query: "", anchor: "")
-
-func initUri*(isIpv6: bool): Uri {.since: (1, 3, 5).} =
+func initUri*(isIpv6 = false): Uri =
   ## Initializes a URI with `scheme`, `username`, `password`,
   ## `hostname`, `port`, `path`, `query`, `anchor` and `isIpv6`.
   ##
@@ -294,7 +285,7 @@ func parseUri*(uri: string, result: var Uri) =
   var i = 0
 
   # Check if this is a reference URI (relative URI)
-  let doubleSlash = uri.len > 1 and uri[1] == '/'
+  let doubleSlash = uri.len > 1 and uri[0] == '/' and uri[1] == '/'
   if i < uri.len and uri[i] == '/':
     # Make sure `uri` doesn't begin with '//'.
     if not doubleSlash:
@@ -455,10 +446,8 @@ func combine*(uris: varargs[Uri]): Uri =
 func isAbsolute*(uri: Uri): bool =
   ## Returns true if URI is absolute, false otherwise.
   runnableExamples:
-    let foo = parseUri("https://nim-lang.org")
-    assert isAbsolute(foo) == true
-    let bar = parseUri("nim-lang")
-    assert isAbsolute(bar) == false
+    assert parseUri("https://nim-lang.org").isAbsolute
+    assert not parseUri("nim-lang").isAbsolute
   return uri.scheme != "" and (uri.hostname != "" or uri.path != "")
 
 func `/`*(x: Uri, path: string): Uri =
@@ -506,44 +495,62 @@ func `?`*(u: Uri, query: openArray[(string, string)]): Uri =
 func `$`*(u: Uri): string =
   ## Returns the string representation of the specified URI object.
   runnableExamples:
-    let foo = parseUri("https://nim-lang.org")
-    assert $foo == "https://nim-lang.org"
-  result = ""
-  if u.scheme.len > 0:
-    result.add(u.scheme)
-    if u.opaque:
-      result.add(":")
-    else:
-      result.add("://")
-  if u.username.len > 0:
-    result.add(u.username)
-    if u.password.len > 0:
-      result.add(":")
-      result.add(u.password)
-    result.add("@")
+    assert $parseUri("https://nim-lang.org") == "https://nim-lang.org"
+  # Get the len of all the parts.
+  let schemeLen = u.scheme.len
+  let usernameLen = u.username.len
+  let passwordLen = u.password.len
+  let hostnameLen = u.hostname.len
+  let portLen = u.port.len
+  let pathLen = u.path.len
+  let queryLen = u.query.len
+  let anchorLen = u.anchor.len
+  # Prepare a string that fits all the parts and all punctuation chars.
+  # 12 is the max len required by all possible punctuation chars.
+  result = newStringOfCap(
+    schemeLen + usernameLen + passwordLen + hostnameLen + portLen + pathLen + queryLen + anchorLen + 12
+  )
+  # Insert to result.
+  if schemeLen > 0:
+    result.add u.scheme
+    result.add ':'
+    if not u.opaque:
+      result.add '/'
+      result.add '/'
+  if usernameLen > 0:
+    result.add u.username
+    if passwordLen > 0:
+      result.add ':'
+      result.add u.password
+    result.add '@'
   if u.hostname.endsWith('/'):
     if u.isIpv6:
-      result.add("[" & u.hostname[0 .. ^2] & "]")
+      result.add '['
+      result.add u.hostname[0 .. ^2]
+      result.add ']'
     else:
-      result.add(u.hostname[0 .. ^2])
+      result.add u.hostname[0 .. ^2]
   else:
     if u.isIpv6:
-      result.add("[" & u.hostname & "]")
+      result.add '['
+      result.add u.hostname
+      result.add ']'
     else:
-      result.add(u.hostname)
-  if u.port.len > 0:
-    result.add(":")
-    result.add(u.port)
-  if u.path.len > 0:
-    if u.hostname.len > 0 and u.path[0] != '/':
-      result.add('/')
-    result.add(u.path)
-  if u.query.len > 0:
-    result.add("?")
-    result.add(u.query)
-  if u.anchor.len > 0:
-    result.add("#")
-    result.add(u.anchor)
+      result.add u.hostname
+  if portLen > 0:
+    result.add ':'
+    result.add u.port
+  if pathLen > 0:
+    if hostnameLen > 0 and u.path[0] != '/':
+      result.add '/'
+    result.add u.path
+  if queryLen > 0:
+    result.add '?'
+    result.add u.query
+  if anchorLen > 0:
+    result.add '#'
+    result.add u.anchor
+
 
 proc getDataUri*(data, mime: string, encoding = "utf-8"): string {.since: (1, 3).} =
   ## Convenience proc for `base64.encode` returns a standard Base64 Data URI (RFC-2397)
@@ -552,28 +559,14 @@ proc getDataUri*(data, mime: string, encoding = "utf-8"): string {.since: (1, 3)
   ## * `mimetypes <mimetypes.html>`_ for `mime` argument
   ## * https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2397
   ## * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_URI_scheme
-  runnableExamples: static: doAssert getDataUri("Nim", "text/plain") == "data:text/plain;charset=utf-8;base64,Tmlt"
+  runnableExamples: static: assert getDataUri("Nim", "text/plain") == "data:text/plain;charset=utf-8;base64,Tmlt"
   assert encoding.len > 0 and mime.len > 0 # Must *not* be URL-Safe, see RFC-2397
-  result = "data:" & mime & ";charset=" & encoding & ";base64," & base64.encode(data)
-
-when isMainModule and defined(testing):
-  # needed (pending https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/11865) because
-  # `removeDotSegments` is private, the other tests are in `turi`.
-  block: # removeDotSegments
-    # `removeDotSegments` is exported for -d:testing only
-    doAssert removeDotSegments("/foo/bar/baz") == "/foo/bar/baz"
-    doAssert removeDotSegments("") == "" # empty test
-    doAssert removeDotSegments(".") == "." # trailing period
-    doAssert removeDotSegments("a1/a2/../a3/a4/a5/./a6/a7/././") == "a1/a3/a4/a5/a6/a7/"
-    doAssert removeDotSegments("https://a1/a2/../a3/a4/a5/./a6/a7/././") == "https://a1/a3/a4/a5/a6/a7/"
-    doAssert removeDotSegments("http://a1/a2") == "http://a1/a2"
-    doAssert removeDotSegments("http://www.ai.") == "http://www.ai."
-    when false: # xxx these cases are buggy
-      # this should work, refs https://webmasters.stackexchange.com/questions/73934/how-can-urls-have-a-dot-at-the-end-e-g-www-bla-de
-      doAssert removeDotSegments("http://www.ai./") == "http://www.ai./" # fails
-      echo removeDotSegments("http://www.ai./")  # http://www.ai/
-      echo removeDotSegments("a/b.../c") # b.c
-      echo removeDotSegments("a/b../c") # bc
-      echo removeDotSegments("a/.../c") # .c
-      echo removeDotSegments("a//../b") # a/b
-      echo removeDotSegments("a/b/c//") # a/b/c//
+  let base64encoded: string = base64.encode(data)
+  # ("data:".len + ";charset=".len + ";base64,".len) == 22
+  result = newStringOfCap(22 + mime.len + encoding.len + base64encoded.len)
+  result.add "data:"
+  result.add mime
+  result.add ";charset="
+  result.add encoding
+  result.add ";base64,"
+  result.add base64encoded
diff --git a/lib/pure/volatile.nim b/lib/pure/volatile.nim
index f30d899df..a38247c7d 100644
--- a/lib/pure/volatile.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/volatile.nim
@@ -10,20 +10,18 @@
 ## This module contains code for generating volatile loads and stores,
 ## which are useful in embedded and systems programming.
 
-template volatileLoad*[T](src: ptr T): T =
+proc volatileLoad*[T](src: ptr T): T {.inline, noinit.} =
   ## Generates a volatile load of the value stored in the container `src`.
   ## Note that this only effects code generation on `C` like backends.
   when nimvm:
-    src[]
+    result = src[]
   else:
     when defined(js):
-      src[]
+      result = src[]
     else:
-      var res: T
-      {.emit: [res, " = (*(", typeof(src[]), " volatile*)", src, ");"].}
-      res
+      {.emit: [result, " = (*(", typeof(src[]), " volatile*)", src, ");"].}
 
-template volatileStore*[T](dest: ptr T, val: T) =
+proc volatileStore*[T](dest: ptr T, val: T) {.inline.} =
   ## Generates a volatile store into the container `dest` of the value
   ## `val`. Note that this only effects code generation on `C` like
   ## backends.
diff --git a/lib/pure/xmlparser.nim b/lib/pure/xmlparser.nim
index 3d9c288ed..2c1e4e37c 100644
--- a/lib/pure/xmlparser.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/xmlparser.nim
@@ -9,7 +9,10 @@
 
 ## This module parses an XML document and creates its XML tree representation.
 
-import streams, parsexml, strtabs, xmltree
+import std/[streams, parsexml, strtabs, xmltree]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
 
 type
   XmlError* = object of ValueError ## Exception that is raised
@@ -148,7 +151,7 @@ proc loadXml*(path: string, options: set[XmlParseOption] = {reportComments}): Xm
 
 when isMainModule:
   when not defined(testing):
-    import os
+    import std/os
 
     var errors: seq[string] = @[]
     var x = loadXml(paramStr(1), errors)
diff --git a/lib/pure/xmltree.nim b/lib/pure/xmltree.nim
index af7e4d508..5c0cbc5e4 100644
--- a/lib/pure/xmltree.nim
+++ b/lib/pure/xmltree.nim
@@ -31,7 +31,11 @@ runnableExamples:
 ## * `htmlgen module <htmlgen.html>`_ for html code generator
 
 import std/private/since
-import macros, strtabs, strutils
+import std/[macros, strtabs, strutils, sequtils]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 
 type
   XmlNode* = ref XmlNodeObj ## An XML tree consisting of XML nodes.
@@ -66,11 +70,19 @@ const
   xmlHeader* = "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" ?>\n"
     ## Header to use for complete XML output.
 
+template expect(node: XmlNode, kind: set[XmlNodeKind]) =
+  ## Check the node's kind is within a set of values
+  assert node.k in kind, "Got " & $node.k
+
+template expect(node: XmlNode, kind: XmlNodeKind) =
+  ## Check the node's kind equals a value
+  assert node.k == kind, "Got " & $node.k
+
 proc newXmlNode(kind: XmlNodeKind): XmlNode =
   ## Creates a new ``XmlNode``.
   result = XmlNode(k: kind)
 
-proc newElement*(tag: string): XmlNode =
+proc newElement*(tag: sink string): XmlNode =
   ## Creates a new ``XmlNode`` of kind ``xnElement`` with the given `tag`.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -89,7 +101,7 @@ proc newElement*(tag: string): XmlNode =
   result.s = @[]
   # init attributes lazily to save memory
 
-proc newText*(text: string): XmlNode =
+proc newText*(text: sink string): XmlNode =
   ## Creates a new ``XmlNode`` of kind ``xnText`` with the text `text`.
   runnableExamples:
     var b = newText("my text")
@@ -99,13 +111,13 @@ proc newText*(text: string): XmlNode =
   result = newXmlNode(xnText)
   result.fText = text
 
-proc newVerbatimText*(text: string): XmlNode {.since: (1, 3).} =
+proc newVerbatimText*(text: sink string): XmlNode {.since: (1, 3).} =
   ## Creates a new ``XmlNode`` of kind ``xnVerbatimText`` with the text `text`.
   ## **Since**: Version 1.3.
   result = newXmlNode(xnVerbatimText)
   result.fText = text
 
-proc newComment*(comment: string): XmlNode =
+proc newComment*(comment: sink string): XmlNode =
   ## Creates a new ``XmlNode`` of kind ``xnComment`` with the text `comment`.
   runnableExamples:
     var c = newComment("my comment")
@@ -115,7 +127,7 @@ proc newComment*(comment: string): XmlNode =
   result = newXmlNode(xnComment)
   result.fText = comment
 
-proc newCData*(cdata: string): XmlNode =
+proc newCData*(cdata: sink string): XmlNode =
   ## Creates a new ``XmlNode`` of kind ``xnCData`` with the text `cdata`.
   runnableExamples:
     var d = newCData("my cdata")
@@ -135,7 +147,7 @@ proc newEntity*(entity: string): XmlNode =
   result = newXmlNode(xnEntity)
   result.fText = entity
 
-proc newXmlTree*(tag: string, children: openArray[XmlNode],
+proc newXmlTree*(tag: sink string, children: openArray[XmlNode],
                  attributes: XmlAttributes = nil): XmlNode =
   ## Creates a new XML tree with `tag`, `children` and `attributes`.
   ##
@@ -151,7 +163,7 @@ proc newXmlTree*(tag: string, children: openArray[XmlNode],
     h.add newEntity("some entity")
     let att = {"key1": "first value", "key2": "second value"}.toXmlAttributes
     let k = newXmlTree("treeTag", [g, h], att)
-  
+
     doAssert $k == """<treeTag key1="first value" key2="second value">
   <myTag>some text<!-- this is comment --></myTag>
   <secondTag>&some entity;</secondTag>
@@ -163,7 +175,7 @@ proc newXmlTree*(tag: string, children: openArray[XmlNode],
   for i in 0..children.len-1: result.s[i] = children[i]
   result.fAttr = attributes
 
-proc text*(n: XmlNode): string {.inline.} =
+proc text*(n: XmlNode): lent string {.inline.} =
   ## Gets the associated text with the node `n`.
   ##
   ## `n` can be a CDATA, Text, comment, or entity node.
@@ -178,10 +190,10 @@ proc text*(n: XmlNode): string {.inline.} =
     assert $c == "<!-- my comment -->"
     assert c.text == "my comment"
 
-  assert n.k in {xnText, xnComment, xnCData, xnEntity}
+  n.expect {xnText, xnVerbatimText, xnComment, xnCData, xnEntity}
   result = n.fText
 
-proc `text=`*(n: XmlNode, text: string){.inline.} =
+proc `text=`*(n: XmlNode, text: sink string) {.inline.} =
   ## Sets the associated text with the node `n`.
   ##
   ## `n` can be a CDATA, Text, comment, or entity node.
@@ -196,10 +208,10 @@ proc `text=`*(n: XmlNode, text: string){.inline.} =
     e.text = "a new entity text"
     assert $e == "&a new entity text;"
 
-  assert n.k in {xnText, xnComment, xnCData, xnEntity}
+  n.expect {xnText, xnVerbatimText, xnComment, xnCData, xnEntity}
   n.fText = text
 
-proc tag*(n: XmlNode): string {.inline.} =
+proc tag*(n: XmlNode): lent string {.inline.} =
   ## Gets the tag name of `n`.
   ##
   ## `n` has to be an ``xnElement`` node.
@@ -217,10 +229,10 @@ proc tag*(n: XmlNode): string {.inline.} =
 </firstTag>"""
     assert a.tag == "firstTag"
 
-  assert n.k == xnElement
+  n.expect xnElement
   result = n.fTag
 
-proc `tag=`*(n: XmlNode, tag: string) {.inline.} =
+proc `tag=`*(n: XmlNode, tag: sink string) {.inline.} =
   ## Sets the tag name of `n`.
   ##
   ## `n` has to be an ``xnElement`` node.
@@ -240,7 +252,7 @@ proc `tag=`*(n: XmlNode, tag: string) {.inline.} =
   <childTag />
 </newTag>"""
 
-  assert n.k == xnElement
+  n.expect xnElement
   n.fTag = tag
 
 proc rawText*(n: XmlNode): string {.inline.} =
@@ -294,26 +306,60 @@ proc innerText*(n: XmlNode): string =
 
 proc add*(father, son: XmlNode) {.inline.} =
   ## Adds the child `son` to `father`.
+  ## `father` must be of `xnElement` type
   ##
   ## See also:
+  ## * `add proc <#add,XmlNode,openArray[XmlNode]>`_
   ## * `insert proc <#insert,XmlNode,XmlNode,int>`_
+  ## * `insert proc <#insert,XmlNode,openArray[XmlNode],int>`_
   ## * `delete proc <#delete,XmlNode,Natural>`_
+  ## * `delete proc <#delete.XmlNode,Slice[int]>`_
+  ## * `replace proc <#replace.XmlNode,int,openArray[XmlNode]>`_
+  ## * `replace proc <#replace.XmlNode,Slice[int],openArray[XmlNode]>`_
   runnableExamples:
     var f = newElement("myTag")
     f.add newText("my text")
     f.add newElement("sonTag")
     f.add newEntity("my entity")
     assert $f == "<myTag>my text<sonTag />&my entity;</myTag>"
+
+  father.expect xnElement
   add(father.s, son)
 
+proc add*(father: XmlNode, sons: openArray[XmlNode]) {.inline.} =
+  ## Adds the children `sons` to `father`.
+  ## `father` must be of `xnElement` type
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `add proc <#add,XmlNode,XmlNode>`_
+  ## * `insert proc <#insert,XmlNode,XmlNode,int>`_
+  ## * `insert proc <#insert,XmlNode,openArray[XmlNode],int>`_
+  ## * `delete proc <#delete,XmlNode,Natural>`_
+  ## * `delete proc <#delete.XmlNode,Slice[int]>`_
+  ## * `replace proc <#replace.XmlNode,int,openArray[XmlNode]>`_
+  ## * `replace proc <#replace.XmlNode,Slice[int],openArray[XmlNode]>`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    var f = newElement("myTag")
+    f.add(@[newText("my text"), newElement("sonTag"), newEntity("my entity")])
+    assert $f == "<myTag>my text<sonTag />&my entity;</myTag>"
+
+  father.expect xnElement
+  add(father.s, sons)
+
+
 proc insert*(father, son: XmlNode, index: int) {.inline.} =
   ## Inserts the child `son` to a given position in `father`.
   ##
-  ## `father` and `son` must be of `xnElement` kind.
+  ## `father` must be of `xnElement` kind.
   ##
   ## See also:
+  ## * `insert proc <#insert,XmlNode,openArray[XmlNode],int>`_
   ## * `add proc <#add,XmlNode,XmlNode>`_
+  ## * `add proc <#add,XmlNode,openArray[XmlNode]>`_
   ## * `delete proc <#delete,XmlNode,Natural>`_
+  ## * `delete proc <#delete.XmlNode,Slice[int]>`_
+  ## * `replace proc <#replace.XmlNode,int,openArray[XmlNode]>`_
+  ## * `replace proc <#replace.XmlNode,Slice[int],openArray[XmlNode]>`_
   runnableExamples:
     var f = newElement("myTag")
     f.add newElement("first")
@@ -323,18 +369,52 @@ proc insert*(father, son: XmlNode, index: int) {.inline.} =
   <first />
 </myTag>"""
 
-  assert father.k == xnElement and son.k == xnElement
+  father.expect xnElement
   if len(father.s) > index:
     insert(father.s, son, index)
   else:
     insert(father.s, son, len(father.s))
 
+proc insert*(father: XmlNode, sons: openArray[XmlNode], index: int) {.inline.} =
+  ## Inserts the children openArray[`sons`] to a given position in `father`.
+  ##
+  ## `father` must be of `xnElement` kind.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `insert proc <#insert,XmlNode,XmlNode,int>`_
+  ## * `add proc <#add,XmlNode,XmlNode>`_
+  ## * `add proc <#add,XmlNode,openArray[XmlNode]>`_
+  ## * `delete proc <#delete,XmlNode,Natural>`_
+  ## * `delete proc <#delete.XmlNode,Slice[int]>`_
+  ## * `replace proc <#replace.XmlNode,int,openArray[XmlNode]>`_
+  ## * `replace proc <#replace.XmlNode,Slice[int],openArray[XmlNode]>`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    var f = newElement("myTag")
+    f.add newElement("first")
+    f.insert([newElement("second"), newElement("third")], 0)
+    assert $f == """<myTag>
+  <second />
+  <third />
+  <first />
+</myTag>"""
+
+  father.expect xnElement
+  if len(father.s) > index:
+    insert(father.s, sons, index)
+  else:
+    insert(father.s, sons, len(father.s))
+
 proc delete*(n: XmlNode, i: Natural) =
   ## Deletes the `i`'th child of `n`.
   ##
   ## See also:
+  ## * `delete proc <#delete.XmlNode,Slice[int]>`_
   ## * `add proc <#add,XmlNode,XmlNode>`_
+  ## * `add proc <#add,XmlNode,openArray[XmlNode]>`_
   ## * `insert proc <#insert,XmlNode,XmlNode,int>`_
+  ## * `insert proc <#insert,XmlNode,openArray[XmlNode],int>`_
+  ## * `replace proc <#replace.XmlNode,int,openArray[XmlNode]>`_
+  ## * `replace proc <#replace.XmlNode,Slice[int],openArray[XmlNode]>`_
   runnableExamples:
     var f = newElement("myTag")
     f.add newElement("first")
@@ -344,8 +424,87 @@ proc delete*(n: XmlNode, i: Natural) =
   <first />
 </myTag>"""
 
-  assert n.k == xnElement
+  n.expect xnElement
+  n.s.delete(i)
+
+proc delete*(n: XmlNode, slice: Slice[int]) =
+  ## Deletes the items `n[slice]` of `n`.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `delete proc <#delete.XmlNode,int>`_
+  ## * `add proc <#add,XmlNode,XmlNode>`_
+  ## * `add proc <#add,XmlNode,openArray[XmlNode]>`_
+  ## * `insert proc <#insert,XmlNode,XmlNode,int>`_
+  ## * `insert proc <#insert,XmlNode,openArray[XmlNode],int>`_
+  ## * `replace proc <#replace.XmlNode,int,openArray[XmlNode]>`_
+  ## * `replace proc <#replace.XmlNode,Slice[int],openArray[XmlNode]>`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    var f = newElement("myTag")
+    f.add newElement("first")
+    f.insert([newElement("second"), newElement("third")], 0)
+    f.delete(0..1)
+    assert $f == """<myTag>
+  <first />
+</myTag>"""
+
+  n.expect xnElement
+  n.s.delete(slice)
+
+proc replace*(n: XmlNode, i: Natural, replacement: openArray[XmlNode]) =
+  ## Replaces the `i`'th child of `n` with `replacement` openArray.
+  ##
+  ## `n` must be of `xnElement` kind.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `replace proc <#replace.XmlNode,Slice[int],openArray[XmlNode]>`_
+  ## * `add proc <#add,XmlNode,XmlNode>`_
+  ## * `add proc <#add,XmlNode,openArray[XmlNode]>`_
+  ## * `delete proc <#delete,XmlNode,Natural>`_
+  ## * `delete proc <#delete.XmlNode,Slice[int]>`_
+  ## * `insert proc <#insert,XmlNode,XmlNode,int>`_
+  ## * `insert proc <#insert,XmlNode,openArray[XmlNode],int>`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    var f = newElement("myTag")
+    f.add newElement("first")
+    f.insert(newElement("second"), 0)
+    f.replace(0, @[newElement("third"), newElement("fourth")])
+    assert $f == """<myTag>
+  <third />
+  <fourth />
+  <first />
+</myTag>"""
+
+  n.expect xnElement
   n.s.delete(i)
+  n.s.insert(replacement, i)
+
+proc replace*(n: XmlNode, slice: Slice[int], replacement: openArray[XmlNode]) =
+  ## Deletes the items `n[slice]` of `n`.
+  ##
+  ## `n` must be of `xnElement` kind.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `replace proc <#replace.XmlNode,int,openArray[XmlNode]>`_
+  ## * `add proc <#add,XmlNode,XmlNode>`_
+  ## * `add proc <#add,XmlNode,openArray[XmlNode]>`_
+  ## * `delete proc <#delete,XmlNode,Natural>`_
+  ## * `delete proc <#delete.XmlNode,Slice[int]>`_
+  ## * `insert proc <#insert,XmlNode,XmlNode,int>`_
+  ## * `insert proc <#insert,XmlNode,openArray[XmlNode],int>`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    var f = newElement("myTag")
+    f.add newElement("first")
+    f.insert([newElement("second"), newElement("fifth")], 0)
+    f.replace(0..1, @[newElement("third"), newElement("fourth")])
+    assert $f == """<myTag>
+  <third />
+  <fourth />
+  <first />
+</myTag>"""
+
+  n.expect xnElement
+  n.s.delete(slice)
+  n.s.insert(replacement, slice.a)
 
 proc len*(n: XmlNode): int {.inline.} =
   ## Returns the number of `n`'s children.
@@ -374,12 +533,12 @@ proc `[]`*(n: XmlNode, i: int): XmlNode {.inline.} =
     assert $f[1] == "<first />"
     assert $f[0] == "<second />"
 
-  assert n.k == xnElement
+  n.expect xnElement
   result = n.s[i]
 
 proc `[]`*(n: var XmlNode, i: int): var XmlNode {.inline.} =
   ## Returns the `i`'th child of `n` so that it can be modified.
-  assert n.k == xnElement
+  n.expect xnElement
   result = n.s[i]
 
 proc clear*(n: var XmlNode) =
@@ -389,13 +548,13 @@ proc clear*(n: var XmlNode) =
     var g = newElement("myTag")
     g.add newText("some text")
     g.add newComment("this is comment")
-  
+
     var h = newElement("secondTag")
     h.add newEntity("some entity")
-  
+
     let att = {"key1": "first value", "key2": "second value"}.toXmlAttributes
     var k = newXmlTree("treeTag", [g, h], att)
-  
+
     doAssert $k == """<treeTag key1="first value" key2="second value">
   <myTag>some text<!-- this is comment --></myTag>
   <secondTag>&some entity;</secondTag>
@@ -431,12 +590,12 @@ iterator items*(n: XmlNode): XmlNode {.inline.} =
     # <!-- this is comment -->
     # <secondTag>&some entity;<![CDATA[some cdata]]></secondTag>
 
-  assert n.k == xnElement
+  n.expect xnElement
   for i in 0 .. n.len-1: yield n[i]
 
 iterator mitems*(n: var XmlNode): var XmlNode {.inline.} =
   ## Iterates over all direct children of `n` so that they can be modified.
-  assert n.k == xnElement
+  n.expect xnElement
   for i in 0 .. n.len-1: yield n[i]
 
 proc toXmlAttributes*(keyValuePairs: varargs[tuple[key,
@@ -447,7 +606,7 @@ proc toXmlAttributes*(keyValuePairs: varargs[tuple[key,
     let att = {"key1": "first value", "key2": "second value"}.toXmlAttributes
     var j = newElement("myTag")
     j.attrs = att
-  
+
     doAssert $j == """<myTag key1="first value" key2="second value" />"""
 
   newStringTable(keyValuePairs)
@@ -468,7 +627,7 @@ proc attrs*(n: XmlNode): XmlAttributes {.inline.} =
     j.attrs = att
     assert j.attrs == att
 
-  assert n.k == xnElement
+  n.expect xnElement
   result = n.fAttr
 
 proc `attrs=`*(n: XmlNode, attr: XmlAttributes) {.inline.} =
@@ -485,7 +644,7 @@ proc `attrs=`*(n: XmlNode, attr: XmlAttributes) {.inline.} =
     j.attrs = att
     assert j.attrs == att
 
-  assert n.k == xnElement
+  n.expect xnElement
   n.fAttr = attr
 
 proc attrsLen*(n: XmlNode): int {.inline.} =
@@ -502,7 +661,7 @@ proc attrsLen*(n: XmlNode): int {.inline.} =
     j.attrs = att
     assert j.attrsLen == 2
 
-  assert n.k == xnElement
+  n.expect xnElement
   if not isNil(n.fAttr): result = len(n.fAttr)
 
 proc attr*(n: XmlNode, name: string): string =
@@ -520,7 +679,7 @@ proc attr*(n: XmlNode, name: string): string =
     assert j.attr("key1") == "first value"
     assert j.attr("key2") == "second value"
 
-  assert n.kind == xnElement
+  n.expect xnElement
   if n.attrs == nil: return ""
   return n.attrs.getOrDefault(name)
 
@@ -552,15 +711,15 @@ proc escape*(s: string): string =
   ##
   ## Escapes these characters:
   ##
-  ## ------------    -------------------
+  ## ============    ===================
   ## char            is converted to
-  ## ------------    -------------------
+  ## ============    ===================
   ##  ``<``          ``&lt;``
   ##  ``>``          ``&gt;``
   ##  ``&``          ``&amp;``
   ##  ``"``          ``&quot;``
   ##  ``'``          ``&apos;``
-  ## ------------    -------------------
+  ## ============    ===================
   ##
   ## You can also use `addEscaped proc <#addEscaped,string,string>`_.
   result = newStringOfCap(s.len)
@@ -572,23 +731,11 @@ proc addIndent(result: var string, indent: int, addNewLines: bool) =
   for i in 1 .. indent:
     result.add(' ')
 
-proc add*(result: var string, n: XmlNode, indent = 0, indWidth = 2,
-          addNewLines = true) =
-  ## Adds the textual representation of `n` to string `result`.
-  runnableExamples:
-    var
-      a = newElement("firstTag")
-      b = newText("my text")
-      c = newComment("my comment")
-      s = ""
-    s.add(c)
-    s.add(a)
-    s.add(b)
-    assert s == "<!-- my comment --><firstTag />my text"
-
+proc addImpl(result: var string, n: XmlNode, indent = 0, indWidth = 2,
+          addNewLines = true, lastNodeIsText = false) =
   proc noWhitespace(n: XmlNode): bool =
     for i in 0 ..< n.len:
-      if n[i].kind in {xnText, xnEntity}: return true
+      if n[i].kind in {xnText, xnVerbatimText, xnEntity}: return true
 
   proc addEscapedAttr(result: var string, s: string) =
     # `addEscaped` alternative with less escaped characters.
@@ -605,7 +752,7 @@ proc add*(result: var string, n: XmlNode, indent = 0, indWidth = 2,
 
   case n.k
   of xnElement:
-    if indent > 0:
+    if indent > 0 and not lastNodeIsText:
       result.addIndent(indent, addNewLines)
 
     let
@@ -634,8 +781,10 @@ proc add*(result: var string, n: XmlNode, indent = 0, indWidth = 2,
                    else:
                      indent+indWidth
     result.add('>')
+    var lastNodeIsText = false
     for i in 0 ..< n.len:
-      result.add(n[i], indentNext, indWidth, addNewLines)
+      result.addImpl(n[i], indentNext, indWidth, addNewLines, lastNodeIsText)
+      lastNodeIsText = (n[i].kind == xnText) or (n[i].kind == xnVerbatimText)
 
     if not n.noWhitespace():
       result.addIndent(indent, addNewLines)
@@ -660,6 +809,21 @@ proc add*(result: var string, n: XmlNode, indent = 0, indWidth = 2,
     result.add(n.fText)
     result.add(';')
 
+proc add*(result: var string, n: XmlNode, indent = 0, indWidth = 2,
+          addNewLines = true) {.inline.} =
+  ## Adds the textual representation of `n` to string `result`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var
+      a = newElement("firstTag")
+      b = newText("my text")
+      c = newComment("my comment")
+      s = ""
+    s.add(c)
+    s.add(a)
+    s.add(b)
+    assert s == "<!-- my comment --><firstTag />my text"
+  result.addImpl(n, indent, indWidth, addNewLines)
+
 proc `$`*(n: XmlNode): string =
   ## Converts `n` into its string representation.
   ##
@@ -678,7 +842,7 @@ proc child*(n: XmlNode, name: string): XmlNode =
     f.add newElement("thirdSon")
     assert $(f.child("secondSon")) == "<secondSon />"
 
-  assert n.kind == xnElement
+  n.expect xnElement
   for i in items(n):
     if i.kind == xnElement:
       if i.tag == name:
@@ -714,7 +878,7 @@ proc findAll*(n: XmlNode, tag: string, result: var seq[XmlNode],
     a.findAll("BAD", s, caseInsensitive = true)
     assert $s == "@[<bad>c text</bad>, <BAD>d text</BAD>]"
 
-  assert n.k == xnElement
+  n.expect xnElement
   for child in n.items():
     if child.k != xnElement:
       continue
@@ -771,11 +935,12 @@ proc xmlConstructor(a: NimNode): NimNode =
 macro `<>`*(x: untyped): untyped =
   ## Constructor macro for XML. Example usage:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   <>a(href="http://nim-lang.org", newText("Nim rules."))
+  ##   ```
   ##
-  ## Produces an XML tree for::
+  ## Produces an XML tree for:
   ##
-  ##  <a href="http://nim-lang.org">Nim rules.</a>
+  ##     <a href="http://nim-lang.org">Nim rules.</a>
   ##
   result = xmlConstructor(x)
diff --git a/lib/std/appdirs.nim b/lib/std/appdirs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..963451efe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/appdirs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+## This module implements helpers for determining special directories used by apps.
+
+## .. importdoc:: paths.nim
+
+from std/private/osappdirs import nil
+import std/paths
+import std/envvars
+
+proc getHomeDir*(): Path {.inline, tags: [ReadEnvEffect, ReadIOEffect].} =
+  ## Returns the home directory of the current user.
+  ##
+  ## This proc is wrapped by the `expandTilde proc`_
+  ## for the convenience of processing paths coming from user configuration files.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `getConfigDir proc`_
+  ## * `getTempDir proc`_
+  result = Path(osappdirs.getHomeDir())
+
+proc getDataDir*(): Path {.inline, tags: [ReadEnvEffect, ReadIOEffect].} =
+  ## Returns the data directory of the current user for applications.
+  ## 
+  ## On non-Windows OSs, this proc conforms to the XDG Base Directory
+  ## spec. Thus, this proc returns the value of the `XDG_DATA_HOME` environment
+  ## variable if it is set, otherwise it returns the default configuration
+  ## directory ("~/.local/share" or "~/Library/Application Support" on macOS).
+  ## 
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `getHomeDir proc`_
+  ## * `getConfigDir proc`_
+  ## * `getTempDir proc`_
+  ## * `expandTilde proc`_
+  ## * `getCurrentDir proc`_
+  ## * `setCurrentDir proc`_
+  result = Path(osappdirs.getDataDir())
+
+proc getConfigDir*(): Path {.inline, tags: [ReadEnvEffect, ReadIOEffect].} =
+  ## Returns the config directory of the current user for applications.
+  ##
+  ## On non-Windows OSs, this proc conforms to the XDG Base Directory
+  ## spec. Thus, this proc returns the value of the `XDG_CONFIG_HOME` environment
+  ## variable if it is set, otherwise it returns the default configuration
+  ## directory ("~/.config/").
+  ##
+  ## An OS-dependent trailing slash is always present at the end of the
+  ## returned string: `\\` on Windows and `/` on all other OSs.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `getHomeDir proc`_
+  ## * `getTempDir proc`_
+  result = Path(osappdirs.getConfigDir())
+
+proc getCacheDir*(): Path {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the cache directory of the current user for applications.
+  ##
+  ## This makes use of the following environment variables:
+  ##
+  ## * On Windows: `getEnv("LOCALAPPDATA")`
+  ##
+  ## * On macOS: `getEnv("XDG_CACHE_HOME", getEnv("HOME") / "Library/Caches")`
+  ##
+  ## * On other platforms: `getEnv("XDG_CACHE_HOME", getEnv("HOME") / ".cache")`
+  ##
+  ## **See also:**
+  ## * `getHomeDir proc`_
+  ## * `getTempDir proc`_
+  ## * `getConfigDir proc`_
+  # follows https://crates.io/crates/platform-dirs
+  result = Path(osappdirs.getCacheDir())
+
+proc getCacheDir*(app: Path): Path {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the cache directory for an application `app`.
+  ##
+  ## * On Windows, this uses: `getCacheDir() / app / "cache"`
+  ## * On other platforms, this uses: `getCacheDir() / app`
+  result = Path(osappdirs.getCacheDir(app.string))
+
+proc getTempDir*(): Path {.inline, tags: [ReadEnvEffect, ReadIOEffect].} =
+  ## Returns the temporary directory of the current user for applications to
+  ## save temporary files in.
+  ##
+  ## On Windows, it calls [GetTempPath](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/fileapi/nf-fileapi-gettemppathw).
+  ## On Posix based platforms, it will check `TMPDIR`, `TEMP`, `TMP` and `TEMPDIR` environment variables in order.
+  ## On all platforms, `/tmp` will be returned if the procs fails.
+  ##
+  ## You can override this implementation
+  ## by adding `-d:tempDir=mytempname` to your compiler invocation.
+  ##
+  ## .. Note:: This proc does not check whether the returned path exists.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `getHomeDir proc`_
+  ## * `getConfigDir proc`_
+  result = Path(osappdirs.getTempDir())
diff --git a/lib/system/assertions.nim b/lib/std/assertions.nim
index cf705dd6e..56c37d205 100644
--- a/lib/system/assertions.nim
+++ b/lib/std/assertions.nim
@@ -1,47 +1,24 @@
-## This module provides various assertion utilities.
-##
-## **Note:** This module is reexported by `system` and thus does not need to be
-## imported directly (with `system/assertions`).
-
-runnableExamples:
-  # assert
-  assert 1 == 1
-
-  # onFailedAssert
-  block:
-    type MyError = object of CatchableError
-      lineinfo: tuple[filename: string, line: int, column: int]
-
-    # block-wide policy to change the failed assert
-    # exception type in order to include a lineinfo
-    onFailedAssert(msg):
-      var e = new(MyError)
-      e.msg = msg
-      e.lineinfo = instantiationInfo(-2)
-      raise e
-
-  # doAssert
-  doAssert 1 == 1 # generates code even when built with `-d:danger` or `--assertions:off`
-
-  # doAssertRaises
-  doAssertRaises(ValueError):
-    raise newException(ValueError, "Hello World")
-
-runnableExamples("--assertions:off"):
-  assert 1 == 2 # no code generated
-
-# xxx pending bug #16993: move runnableExamples to respective templates
-
-when not declared(sysFatal):
+#
+#
+#            Nim's Runtime Library
+#        (c) Copyright 2022 Nim contributors
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+when not defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem) and not declared(sysFatal):
+  include "system/rawquits"
   include "system/fatal"
 
+## This module implements assertion handling.
+
 import std/private/miscdollars
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # helpers
 
 type InstantiationInfo = tuple[filename: string, line: int, column: int]
 
-proc `$`(x: int): string {.magic: "IntToStr", noSideEffect.}
 proc `$`(info: InstantiationInfo): string =
   # The +1 is needed here
   # instead of overriding `$` (and changing its meaning), consider explicit name.
@@ -50,22 +27,18 @@ proc `$`(info: InstantiationInfo): string =
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-when not defined(nimHasSinkInference):
-  {.pragma: nosinks.}
 
 proc raiseAssert*(msg: string) {.noinline, noreturn, nosinks.} =
   ## Raises an `AssertionDefect` with `msg`.
-  sysFatal(AssertionDefect, msg)
+  when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+    raise newException(AssertionDefect, msg)
+  else:
+    sysFatal(AssertionDefect, msg)
 
 proc failedAssertImpl*(msg: string) {.raises: [], tags: [].} =
   ## Raises an `AssertionDefect` with `msg`, but this is hidden
   ## from the effect system. Called when an assertion failed.
-  # trick the compiler to not list `AssertionDefect` when called
-  # by `assert`.
-  # xxx simplify this pending bootstrap >= 1.4.0, after which cast not needed
-  # anymore since `Defect` can't be raised.
-  type Hide = proc (msg: string) {.noinline, raises: [], noSideEffect, tags: [].}
-  cast[Hide](raiseAssert)(msg)
+  raiseAssert(msg)
 
 template assertImpl(cond: bool, msg: string, expr: string, enabled: static[bool]) =
   when enabled:
@@ -86,25 +59,46 @@ template assert*(cond: untyped, msg = "") =
   ##
   ## No code will be generated for `assert` when passing `-d:danger` (implied by `--assertions:off`).
   ## See `command line switches <nimc.html#compiler-usage-commandminusline-switches>`_.
+  runnableExamples: assert 1 == 1
+  runnableExamples("--assertions:off"):
+    assert 1 == 2 # no code generated, no failure here
+  runnableExamples("-d:danger"): assert 1 == 2 # ditto
   assertImpl(cond, msg, astToStr(cond), compileOption("assertions"))
 
 template doAssert*(cond: untyped, msg = "") =
   ## Similar to `assert <#assert.t,untyped,string>`_ but is always turned on regardless of `--assertions`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert 1 == 1 # generates code even when built with `-d:danger` or `--assertions:off`
   assertImpl(cond, msg, astToStr(cond), true)
 
 template onFailedAssert*(msg, code: untyped): untyped {.dirty.} =
   ## Sets an assertion failure handler that will intercept any assert
   ## statements following `onFailedAssert` in the current scope.
-  template failedAssertImpl(msgIMPL: string): untyped {.dirty.} =
+  runnableExamples:
+    type MyError = object of CatchableError
+      lineinfo: tuple[filename: string, line: int, column: int]
+    # block-wide policy to change the failed assert exception type in order to
+    # include a lineinfo
+    onFailedAssert(msg):
+      raise (ref MyError)(msg: msg, lineinfo: instantiationInfo(-2))
+    doAssertRaises(MyError): doAssert false
+  when not defined(nimHasTemplateRedefinitionPragma):
+    {.pragma: redefine.}
+  template failedAssertImpl(msgIMPL: string): untyped {.dirty, redefine.} =
     let msg = msgIMPL
     code
 
 template doAssertRaises*(exception: typedesc, code: untyped) =
   ## Raises `AssertionDefect` if specified `code` does not raise `exception`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssertRaises(ValueError): raise newException(ValueError, "Hello World")
+    doAssertRaises(CatchableError): raise newException(ValueError, "Hello World")
+    doAssertRaises(AssertionDefect): doAssert false
   var wrong = false
   const begin = "expected raising '" & astToStr(exception) & "', instead"
   const msgEnd = " by: " & astToStr(code)
-  template raisedForeign = raiseAssert(begin & " raised foreign exception" & msgEnd)
+  template raisedForeign {.gensym.} = raiseAssert(begin & " raised foreign exception" & msgEnd)
+  {.push warning[BareExcept]:off.}
   when Exception is exception:
     try:
       if true:
@@ -119,7 +113,10 @@ template doAssertRaises*(exception: typedesc, code: untyped) =
       wrong = true
     except exception:
       discard
-    except Exception as e: raiseAssert(begin & " raised '" & $e.name & "'" & msgEnd)
+    except Exception as e:
+      mixin `$` # alternatively, we could define $cstring in this module
+      raiseAssert(begin & " raised '" & $e.name & "'" & msgEnd)
     except: raisedForeign()
+  {.pop.}
   if wrong:
     raiseAssert(begin & " nothing was raised" & msgEnd)
diff --git a/lib/std/channels.nim b/lib/std/channels.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 3bbc8a6b6..000000000
--- a/lib/std/channels.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,498 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#           The Nim Compiler
-#        (c) Copyright 2021 Andreas Prell, Mamy André-Ratsimbazafy & Nim Contributors
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-
-# Based on https://github.com/mratsim/weave/blob/5696d94e6358711e840f8c0b7c684fcc5cbd4472/unused/channels/channels_legacy.nim
-# Those are translations of @aprell (Andreas Prell) original channels from C to Nim
-# (https://github.com/aprell/tasking-2.0/blob/master/src/channel_shm/channel.c)
-# And in turn they are an implementation of Michael & Scott lock-based queues
-# (note the paper has 2 channels: lock-free and lock-based) with additional caching:
-# Simple, Fast, and Practical Non-Blocking and Blocking Concurrent Queue Algorithms
-# Maged M. Michael, Michael L. Scott, 1996
-# https://www.cs.rochester.edu/~scott/papers/1996_PODC_queues.pdf
-
-## This module only works with `--gc:arc` or `--gc:orc`.
-##
-## .. warning:: This module is experimental and its interface may change.
-##
-## The following is a simple example of two different ways to use channels:
-## blocking and non-blocking.
-## 
-
-runnableExamples("--threads:on --gc:orc"):
-  import std/os
-
-  # In this example a channel is declared at module scope.
-  # Channels are generic, and they include support for passing objects between
-  # threads.
-  # Note that isolated data passed through channels is moved around.
-  var chan = newChannel[string]()
-
-  # This proc will be run in another thread using the threads module.
-  proc firstWorker() =
-    chan.send("Hello World!")
-
-  # This is another proc to run in a background thread. This proc takes a while
-  # to send the message since it sleeps for 2 seconds (or 2000 milliseconds).
-  proc secondWorker() =
-    sleep(2000)
-    chan.send("Another message")
-
-  # Launch the worker.
-  var worker1: Thread[void]
-  createThread(worker1, firstWorker)
-
-  # Block until the message arrives, then print it out.
-  let dest = chan.recv()
-  assert dest == "Hello World!"
-
-  # Wait for the thread to exit before moving on to the next example.
-  worker1.joinThread()
-
-  # Launch the other worker.
-  var worker2: Thread[void]
-  createThread(worker2, secondWorker)
-  # This time, use a non-blocking approach with tryRecv.
-  # Since the main thread is not blocked, it could be used to perform other
-  # useful work while it waits for data to arrive on the channel.
-  var messages: seq[string]
-  while true:
-    var msg = ""
-    if chan.tryRecv(msg):
-      messages.add msg # "Another message"
-      break
-
-    messages.add "Pretend I'm doing useful work..."
-    # For this example, sleep in order not to flood stdout with the above
-    # message.
-    sleep(400)
-
-  # Wait for the second thread to exit before cleaning up the channel.
-  worker2.joinThread()
-
-  # Clean up the channel.
-  assert chan.close()
-
-  assert messages[^1] == "Another message"
-  assert messages.len >= 2
-
-
-when not defined(gcArc) and not defined(gcOrc) and not defined(nimdoc):
-  {.error: "This channel implementation requires --gc:arc or --gc:orc".}
-
-import std/[locks, atomics, isolation]
-import system/ansi_c
-
-# Channel (Shared memory channels)
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-const
-  cacheLineSize {.intdefine.} = 64 # TODO: some Samsung phone have 128 cache-line
-  nimChannelCacheSize* {.intdefine.} = 100
-
-type
-  ChannelRaw = ptr ChannelObj
-  ChannelObj = object
-    headLock, tailLock: Lock
-    notFullCond, notEmptyCond: Cond
-    closed: Atomic[bool]
-    size: int
-    itemsize: int # up to itemsize bytes can be exchanged over this channel
-    head {.align: cacheLineSize.} : int     # Items are taken from head and new items are inserted at tail
-    tail: int
-    buffer: ptr UncheckedArray[byte]
-    atomicCounter: Atomic[int]
-
-  ChannelCache = ptr ChannelCacheObj
-  ChannelCacheObj = object
-    next: ChannelCache
-    chanSize: int
-    chanN: int
-    numCached: int
-    cache: array[nimChannelCacheSize, ChannelRaw]
-
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-proc numItems(chan: ChannelRaw): int {.inline.} =
-  result = chan.tail - chan.head
-  if result < 0:
-    inc(result, 2 * chan.size)
-
-  assert result <= chan.size
-
-template isFull(chan: ChannelRaw): bool =
-  abs(chan.tail - chan.head) == chan.size
-
-template isEmpty(chan: ChannelRaw): bool =
-  chan.head == chan.tail
-
-# Unbuffered / synchronous channels
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-template numItemsUnbuf(chan: ChannelRaw): int =
-  chan.head
-
-template isFullUnbuf(chan: ChannelRaw): bool =
-  chan.head == 1
-
-template isEmptyUnbuf(chan: ChannelRaw): bool =
-  chan.head == 0
-
-# ChannelRaw kinds
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-func isUnbuffered(chan: ChannelRaw): bool =
-  chan.size - 1 == 0
-
-# ChannelRaw status and properties
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-proc isClosed(chan: ChannelRaw): bool {.inline.} = load(chan.closed, moRelaxed)
-
-proc peek(chan: ChannelRaw): int {.inline.} =
-  (if chan.isUnbuffered: numItemsUnbuf(chan) else: numItems(chan))
-
-# Per-thread channel cache
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-var channelCache {.threadvar.}: ChannelCache
-var channelCacheLen {.threadvar.}: int
-
-proc allocChannelCache(size, n: int): bool =
-  ## Allocate a free list for storing channels of a given type
-  var p = channelCache
-
-  # Avoid multiple free lists for the exact same type of channel
-  while not p.isNil:
-    if size == p.chanSize and n == p.chanN:
-      return false
-    p = p.next
-
-  p = cast[ptr ChannelCacheObj](c_malloc(csize_t sizeof(ChannelCacheObj)))
-  if p.isNil:
-    raise newException(OutOfMemDefect, "Could not allocate memory")
-
-  p.chanSize = size
-  p.chanN = n
-  p.numCached = 0
-
-  p.next = channelCache
-  channelCache = p
-  inc channelCacheLen
-  result = true
-
-proc freeChannelCache*() =
-  ## Frees the entire channel cache, including all channels
-  var p = channelCache
-  var q: ChannelCache
-
-  while not p.isNil:
-    q = p.next
-    for i in 0 ..< p.numCached:
-      let chan = p.cache[i]
-      if not chan.buffer.isNil:
-        c_free(chan.buffer)
-      deinitLock(chan.headLock)
-      deinitLock(chan.tailLock)
-      deinitCond(chan.notFullCond)
-      deinitCond(chan.notEmptyCond)
-      c_free(chan)
-    c_free(p)
-    dec channelCacheLen
-    p = q
-
-  assert(channelCacheLen == 0)
-  channelCache = nil
-
-# Channels memory ops
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-proc allocChannel(size, n: int): ChannelRaw =
-  when nimChannelCacheSize > 0:
-    var p = channelCache
-
-    while not p.isNil:
-      if size == p.chanSize and n == p.chanN:
-        # Check if free list contains channel
-        if p.numCached > 0:
-          dec p.numCached
-          result = p.cache[p.numCached]
-          assert(result.isEmpty)
-          return
-        else:
-          # All the other lists in cache won't match
-          break
-      p = p.next
-
-  result = cast[ChannelRaw](c_malloc(csize_t sizeof(ChannelObj)))
-  if result.isNil:
-    raise newException(OutOfMemDefect, "Could not allocate memory")
-
-  # To buffer n items, we allocate for n
-  result.buffer = cast[ptr UncheckedArray[byte]](c_malloc(csize_t n*size))
-  if result.buffer.isNil:
-    raise newException(OutOfMemDefect, "Could not allocate memory")
-
-  initLock(result.headLock)
-  initLock(result.tailLock)
-  initCond(result.notFullCond)
-  initCond(result.notEmptyCond)
-
-  result.closed.store(false, moRelaxed) # We don't need atomic here, how to?
-  result.size = n
-  result.itemsize = size
-  result.head = 0
-  result.tail = 0
-  result.atomicCounter.store(0, moRelaxed)
-
-  when nimChannelCacheSize > 0:
-    # Allocate a cache as well if one of the proper size doesn't exist
-    discard allocChannelCache(size, n)
-
-proc freeChannel(chan: ChannelRaw) =
-  if chan.isNil:
-    return
-
-  when nimChannelCacheSize > 0:
-    var p = channelCache
-    while not p.isNil:
-      if chan.itemsize == p.chanSize and
-         chan.size == p.chanN:
-        if p.numCached < nimChannelCacheSize:
-          # If space left in cache, cache it
-          p.cache[p.numCached] = chan
-          inc p.numCached
-          return
-        else:
-          # All the other lists in cache won't match
-          break
-      p = p.next
-
-  if not chan.buffer.isNil:
-    c_free(chan.buffer)
-
-  deinitLock(chan.headLock)
-  deinitLock(chan.tailLock)
-  deinitCond(chan.notFullCond)
-  deinitCond(chan.notEmptyCond)
-
-  c_free(chan)
-
-# MPMC Channels (Multi-Producer Multi-Consumer)
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-proc sendUnbufferedMpmc(chan: ChannelRaw, data: sink pointer, size: int, nonBlocking: bool): bool =
-  if nonBlocking and chan.isFullUnbuf:
-    return false
-
-  acquire(chan.headLock)
-
-  if nonBlocking and chan.isFullUnbuf:
-    # Another thread was faster
-    release(chan.headLock)
-    return false
-
-  while chan.isFullUnbuf:
-    wait(chan.notFullcond, chan.headLock)
-
-  assert chan.isEmptyUnbuf
-  assert size <= chan.itemsize
-  copyMem(chan.buffer, data, size)
-
-  chan.head = 1
-
-  release(chan.headLock)
-  signal(chan.notEmptyCond)
-  result = true
-
-proc sendMpmc(chan: ChannelRaw, data: sink pointer, size: int, nonBlocking: bool): bool =
-  assert not chan.isNil
-  assert not data.isNil
-
-  if isUnbuffered(chan):
-    return sendUnbufferedMpmc(chan, data, size, nonBlocking)
-
-  if nonBlocking and chan.isFull:
-    return false
-
-  acquire(chan.tailLock)
-
-  if nonBlocking and chan.isFull:
-    # Another thread was faster
-    release(chan.tailLock)
-    return false
-
-  while chan.isFull:
-    wait(chan.notFullcond, chan.tailLock)
-
-  assert not chan.isFull
-  assert size <= chan.itemsize
-
-  let writeIdx = if chan.tail < chan.size: chan.tail
-                 else: chan.tail - chan.size
-
-  copyMem(chan.buffer[writeIdx * chan.itemsize].addr, data, size)
-
-  inc chan.tail
-  if chan.tail == 2 * chan.size:
-    chan.tail = 0
-
-  release(chan.tailLock)
-  signal(chan.notEmptyCond)
-  result = true
-
-proc recvUnbufferedMpmc(chan: ChannelRaw, data: pointer, size: int, nonBlocking: bool): bool =
-  if nonBlocking and chan.isEmptyUnbuf:
-    return false
-
-  acquire(chan.headLock)
-
-  if nonBlocking and chan.isEmptyUnbuf:
-    # Another thread was faster
-    release(chan.headLock)
-    return false
-
-  while chan.isEmptyUnbuf:
-    wait(chan.notEmptyCond, chan.headLock)
-
-  assert chan.isFullUnbuf
-  assert size <= chan.itemsize
-
-  copyMem(data, chan.buffer, size)
-
-  chan.head = 0
-
-  release(chan.headLock)
-  signal(chan.notFullCond)
-  result = true
-
-proc recvMpmc(chan: ChannelRaw, data: pointer, size: int, nonBlocking: bool): bool =
-  assert not chan.isNil
-  assert not data.isNil
-
-  if isUnbuffered(chan):
-    return recvUnbufferedMpmc(chan, data, size, nonBlocking)
-
-  if nonBlocking and chan.isEmpty:
-    return false
-
-  acquire(chan.headLock)
-
-  if nonBlocking and chan.isEmpty:
-    # Another thread took the last data
-    release(chan.headLock)
-    return false
-
-  while chan.isEmpty:
-    wait(chan.notEmptyCond, chan.headLock)
-
-  assert not chan.isEmpty
-  assert size <= chan.itemsize
-
-  let readIdx = if chan.head < chan.size: chan.head
-                else: chan.head - chan.size
-
-  copyMem(data, chan.buffer[readIdx * chan.itemsize].addr, size)
-
-  inc chan.head
-  if chan.head == 2 * chan.size:
-    chan.head = 0
-
-  release(chan.headLock)
-  signal(chan.notFullCond)
-  result = true
-
-proc channelCloseMpmc(chan: ChannelRaw): bool =
-  # Unsynchronized
-
-  if chan.isClosed:
-    # ChannelRaw already closed
-    return false
-
-  store(chan.closed, true, moRelaxed)
-  result = true
-
-proc channelOpenMpmc(chan: ChannelRaw): bool =
-  # Unsynchronized
-
-  if not chan.isClosed:
-    # ChannelRaw already open
-    return false
-
-  store(chan.closed, false, moRelaxed)
-  result = true
-
-# Public API
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-type
-  Channel*[T] = object ## Typed channels
-    d: ChannelRaw
-
-proc `=destroy`*[T](c: var Channel[T]) =
-  if c.d != nil:
-    if load(c.d.atomicCounter, moAcquire) == 0:
-      if c.d.buffer != nil:
-        freeChannel(c.d)
-    else:
-      atomicDec(c.d.atomicCounter)
-
-proc `=`*[T](dest: var Channel[T], src: Channel[T]) =
-  ## Shares `Channel` by reference counting.
-  if src.d != nil:
-    atomicInc(src.d.atomicCounter)
-
-  if dest.d != nil:
-    `=destroy`(dest)
-  dest.d = src.d
-
-func trySend*[T](c: Channel[T], src: var Isolated[T]): bool {.inline.} =
-  ## Sends item to the channel(non blocking).
-  var data = src.extract
-  result = sendMpmc(c.d, data.addr, sizeof(T), true)
-  if result:
-    wasMoved(data)
-
-template trySend*[T](c: Channel[T], src: T): bool =
-  ## Helper templates for `trySend`.
-  trySend(c, isolate(src))
-
-func tryRecv*[T](c: Channel[T], dst: var T): bool {.inline.} =
-  ## Receives item from the channel(non blocking).
-  recvMpmc(c.d, dst.addr, sizeof(T), true)
-
-func send*[T](c: Channel[T], src: sink Isolated[T]) {.inline.} =
-  ## Sends item to the channel(blocking).
-  var data = src.extract
-  discard sendMpmc(c.d, data.addr, sizeof(T), false)
-  wasMoved(data)
-
-template send*[T](c: Channel[T]; src: T) =
-  ## Helper templates for `send`.
-  send(c, isolate(src))
-
-func recv*[T](c: Channel[T]): T {.inline.} =
-  ## Receives item from the channel(blocking).
-  discard recvMpmc(c.d, result.addr, sizeof(result), false)
-
-func open*[T](c: Channel[T]): bool {.inline.} =
-  result = c.d.channelOpenMpmc()
-
-func close*[T](c: Channel[T]): bool {.inline.} =
-  result = c.d.channelCloseMpmc()
-
-func peek*[T](c: Channel[T]): int {.inline.} = peek(c.d)
-
-proc newChannel*[T](elements = 30): Channel[T] =
-  ## Returns a new `Channel`. `elements` should be positive.
-  ## `elements` is used to specify whether a channel is buffered or not.
-  ## If `elements` = 1, the channel is unbuffered. If `elements` > 1, the 
-  ## channel is buffered.
-  assert elements >= 1, "Elements must be positive!"
-  result = Channel[T](d: allocChannel(sizeof(T), elements))
diff --git a/lib/std/cmdline.nim b/lib/std/cmdline.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ba4619e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/cmdline.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+#

+#

+#            Nim's Runtime Library

+#        (c) Copyright 2022 Andreas Rumpf

+#

+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this

+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.

+#

+

+## This module contains system facilities for reading command

+## line parameters.

+

+## **See also:**

+## * `parseopt module <parseopt.html>`_ for command-line parser beyond

+##   `parseCmdLine proc`_

+

+

+include system/inclrtl

+

+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):

+  import std/widestrs

+  

+when defined(nodejs):

+  from std/private/oscommon import ReadDirEffect

+

+

+const weirdTarget = defined(nimscript) or defined(js)

+

+

+when weirdTarget:

+  discard

+elif defined(windows):

+  import std/winlean

+elif defined(posix):

+  import std/posix

+else:

+  {.error: "The cmdline module has not been implemented for the target platform.".}

+

+

+# Needed by windows in order to obtain the command line for targets

+# other than command line targets

+when defined(windows) and not weirdTarget:

+  template getCommandLine*(): untyped = getCommandLineW()

+

+

+proc parseCmdLine*(c: string): seq[string] {.

+  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =

+  ## Splits a `command line`:idx: into several components.

+  ##

+  ## **Note**: This proc is only occasionally useful, better use the

+  ## `parseopt module <parseopt.html>`_.

+  ##

+  ## On Windows, it uses the `following parsing rules

+  ## <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/17w5ykft.aspx>`_:

+  ##

+  ## * Arguments are delimited by white space, which is either a space or a tab.

+  ## * The caret character (^) is not recognized as an escape character or

+  ##   delimiter. The character is handled completely by the command-line parser

+  ##   in the operating system before being passed to the argv array in the

+  ##   program.

+  ## * A string surrounded by double quotation marks ("string") is interpreted

+  ##   as a single argument, regardless of white space contained within. A

+  ##   quoted string can be embedded in an argument.

+  ## * A double quotation mark preceded by a backslash (\") is interpreted as a

+  ##   literal double quotation mark character (").

+  ## * Backslashes are interpreted literally, unless they immediately precede

+  ##   a double quotation mark.

+  ## * If an even number of backslashes is followed by a double quotation mark,

+  ##   one backslash is placed in the argv array for every pair of backslashes,

+  ##   and the double quotation mark is interpreted as a string delimiter.

+  ## * If an odd number of backslashes is followed by a double quotation mark,

+  ##   one backslash is placed in the argv array for every pair of backslashes,

+  ##   and the double quotation mark is "escaped" by the remaining backslash,

+  ##   causing a literal double quotation mark (") to be placed in argv.

+  ##

+  ## On Posix systems, it uses the following parsing rules:

+  ## Components are separated by whitespace unless the whitespace

+  ## occurs within ``"`` or ``'`` quotes.

+  ##

+  ## See also:

+  ## * `parseopt module <parseopt.html>`_

+  ## * `paramCount proc`_

+  ## * `paramStr proc`_

+  ## * `commandLineParams proc`_

+

+  result = @[]

+  var i = 0

+  var a = ""

+  while true:

+    setLen(a, 0)

+    # eat all delimiting whitespace

+    while i < c.len and c[i] in {' ', '\t', '\l', '\r'}: inc(i)

+    if i >= c.len: break

+    when defined(windows):

+      # parse a single argument according to the above rules:

+      var inQuote = false

+      while i < c.len:

+        case c[i]

+        of '\\':

+          var j = i

+          while j < c.len and c[j] == '\\': inc(j)

+          if j < c.len and c[j] == '"':

+            for k in 1..(j-i) div 2: a.add('\\')

+            if (j-i) mod 2 == 0:

+              i = j

+            else:

+              a.add('"')

+              i = j+1

+          else:

+            a.add(c[i])

+            inc(i)

+        of '"':

+          inc(i)

+          if not inQuote: inQuote = true

+          elif i < c.len and c[i] == '"':

+            a.add(c[i])

+            inc(i)

+          else:

+            inQuote = false

+            break

+        of ' ', '\t':

+          if not inQuote: break

+          a.add(c[i])

+          inc(i)

+        else:

+          a.add(c[i])

+          inc(i)

+    else:

+      case c[i]

+      of '\'', '\"':

+        var delim = c[i]

+        inc(i) # skip ' or "

+        while i < c.len and c[i] != delim:

+          add a, c[i]

+          inc(i)

+        if i < c.len: inc(i)

+      else:

+        while i < c.len and c[i] > ' ':

+          add(a, c[i])

+          inc(i)

+    add(result, move a)

+

+when defined(nimdoc):

+  # Common forward declaration docstring block for parameter retrieval procs.

+  proc paramCount*(): int {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =

+    ## Returns the number of `command line arguments`:idx: given to the

+    ## application.

+    ##

+    ## Unlike `argc`:idx: in C, if your binary was called without parameters this

+    ## will return zero.

+    ## You can query each individual parameter with `paramStr proc`_

+    ## or retrieve all of them in one go with `commandLineParams proc`_.

+    ##

+    ## **Availability**: When generating a dynamic library (see `--app:lib`) on

+    ## Posix this proc is not defined.

+    ## Test for availability using `declared() <system.html#declared,untyped>`_.

+    ##

+    ## See also:

+    ## * `parseopt module <parseopt.html>`_

+    ## * `parseCmdLine proc`_

+    ## * `paramStr proc`_

+    ## * `commandLineParams proc`_

+    ##

+    ## **Examples:**

+    ##

+    ##   ```nim

+    ##   when declared(paramCount):

+    ##     # Use paramCount() here

+    ##   else:

+    ##     # Do something else!

+    ##   ```

+

+  proc paramStr*(i: int): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =

+    ## Returns the `i`-th `command line argument`:idx: given to the application.

+    ##

+    ## `i` should be in the range `1..paramCount()`, the `IndexDefect`

+    ## exception will be raised for invalid values. Instead of iterating

+    ## over `paramCount()`_ with this proc you can

+    ## call the convenience `commandLineParams()`_.

+    ##

+    ## Similarly to `argv`:idx: in C,

+    ## it is possible to call `paramStr(0)` but this will return OS specific

+    ## contents (usually the name of the invoked executable). You should avoid

+    ## this and call `getAppFilename() <os.html#getAppFilename>`_ instead.

+    ##

+    ## **Availability**: When generating a dynamic library (see `--app:lib`) on

+    ## Posix this proc is not defined.

+    ## Test for availability using `declared() <system.html#declared,untyped>`_.

+    ##

+    ## See also:

+    ## * `parseopt module <parseopt.html>`_

+    ## * `parseCmdLine proc`_

+    ## * `paramCount proc`_

+    ## * `commandLineParams proc`_

+    ## * `getAppFilename proc <os.html#getAppFilename>`_

+    ##

+    ## **Examples:**

+    ##

+    ##   ```nim

+    ##   when declared(paramStr):

+    ##     # Use paramStr() here

+    ##   else:

+    ##     # Do something else!

+    ##   ```

+

+elif defined(nimscript): discard

+elif defined(nodejs):

+  type Argv = object of JsRoot

+  let argv {.importjs: "process.argv".} : Argv

+  proc len(argv: Argv): int {.importjs: "#.length".}

+  proc `[]`(argv: Argv, i: int): cstring {.importjs: "#[#]".}

+

+  proc paramCount*(): int {.tags: [ReadDirEffect].} =

+    result = argv.len - 2

+

+  proc paramStr*(i: int): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =

+    let i = i + 1

+    if i < argv.len and i >= 0:

+      result = $argv[i]

+    else:

+      raise newException(IndexDefect, formatErrorIndexBound(i - 1, argv.len - 2))

+elif defined(windows):

+  # Since we support GUI applications with Nim, we sometimes generate

+  # a WinMain entry proc. But a WinMain proc has no access to the parsed

+  # command line arguments. The way to get them differs. Thus we parse them

+  # ourselves. This has the additional benefit that the program's behaviour

+  # is always the same -- independent of the used C compiler.

+  var

+    ownArgv {.threadvar.}: seq[string]

+    ownParsedArgv {.threadvar.}: bool

+

+  proc paramCount*(): int {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =

+    # Docstring in nimdoc block.

+    if not ownParsedArgv:

+      ownArgv = parseCmdLine($getCommandLine())

+      ownParsedArgv = true

+    result = ownArgv.len-1

+

+  proc paramStr*(i: int): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",

+    tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =

+    # Docstring in nimdoc block.

+    if not ownParsedArgv:

+      ownArgv = parseCmdLine($getCommandLine())

+      ownParsedArgv = true

+    if i < ownArgv.len and i >= 0:

+      result = ownArgv[i]

+    else:

+      raise newException(IndexDefect, formatErrorIndexBound(i, ownArgv.len-1))

+

+elif defined(genode):

+  proc paramStr*(i: int): string =

+    raise newException(OSError, "paramStr is not implemented on Genode")

+

+  proc paramCount*(): int =

+    raise newException(OSError, "paramCount is not implemented on Genode")

+elif weirdTarget or (defined(posix) and appType == "lib"):

+  proc paramStr*(i: int): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =

+    raise newException(OSError, "paramStr is not implemented on current platform")

+

+  proc paramCount*(): int {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =

+    raise newException(OSError, "paramCount is not implemented on current platform")

+elif not defined(createNimRtl) and

+  not(defined(posix) and appType == "lib"):

+  # On Posix, there is no portable way to get the command line from a DLL.

+  var

+    cmdCount {.importc: "cmdCount".}: cint

+    cmdLine {.importc: "cmdLine".}: cstringArray

+

+  proc paramStr*(i: int): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =

+    # Docstring in nimdoc block.

+    if i < cmdCount and i >= 0:

+      result = $cmdLine[i]

+    else:

+      raise newException(IndexDefect, formatErrorIndexBound(i, cmdCount-1))

+

+  proc paramCount*(): int {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =

+    # Docstring in nimdoc block.

+    result = cmdCount-1

+

+when declared(paramCount) or defined(nimdoc):

+  proc commandLineParams*(): seq[string] =

+    ## Convenience proc which returns the command line parameters.

+    ##

+    ## This returns **only** the parameters. If you want to get the application

+    ## executable filename, call `getAppFilename() <os.html#getAppFilename>`_.

+    ##

+    ## **Availability**: On Posix there is no portable way to get the command

+    ## line from a DLL and thus the proc isn't defined in this environment. You

+    ## can test for its availability with `declared()

+    ## <system.html#declared,untyped>`_.

+    ##

+    ## See also:

+    ## * `parseopt module <parseopt.html>`_

+    ## * `parseCmdLine proc`_

+    ## * `paramCount proc`_

+    ## * `paramStr proc`_

+    ## * `getAppFilename proc <os.html#getAppFilename>`_

+    ##

+    ## **Examples:**

+    ##

+    ##   ```nim

+    ##   when declared(commandLineParams):

+    ##     # Use commandLineParams() here

+    ##   else:

+    ##     # Do something else!

+    ##   ```

+    result = @[]

+    for i in 1..paramCount():

+      result.add(paramStr(i))

+else:

+  proc commandLineParams*(): seq[string] {.error:

+  "commandLineParams() unsupported by dynamic libraries".} =

+    discard

diff --git a/lib/std/compilesettings.nim b/lib/std/compilesettings.nim
index 725b68acd..6d8bd22f4 100644
--- a/lib/std/compilesettings.nim
+++ b/lib/std/compilesettings.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #
 #
-#           The Nim Compiler
+#              Nim's Runtime Library
 #        (c) Copyright 2020 Nim Contributors
 #
 #    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 #
 
 ## This module allows querying the compiler about
-## diverse configuration settings.
+## diverse configuration settings. See also `compileOption`.
 
 # Note: Only add new enum values at the end to ensure binary compatibility with
 # other Nim compiler versions!
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ type
     backend           ## the backend (eg: c|cpp|objc|js); both `nim doc --backend:js`
                       ## and `nim js` would imply backend=js
     libPath           ## the absolute path to the stdlib library, i.e. nim's `--lib`, since 1.5.1
+    gc {.deprecated.} ## gc selected
+    mm                ## memory management selected
 
   MultipleValueSetting* {.pure.} = enum ## \
                       ## settings resulting in a seq of string values
diff --git a/lib/std/decls.nim b/lib/std/decls.nim
index dd7d19da7..bb7ec3593 100644
--- a/lib/std/decls.nim
+++ b/lib/std/decls.nim
@@ -1,19 +1,31 @@
-# see `semLowerLetVarCustomPragma` for compiler support that enables these
-# lowerings
+## This module implements syntax sugar for some declarations.
 
-template byaddr*(lhs, typ, ex) =
-  ## Allows a syntax for lvalue reference, exact analog to
-  ## `auto& a = ex;` in C++
+import std/macros
+
+macro byaddr*(sect) =
+  ## Allows a syntax for l-value references, being an exact analog to
+  ## `auto& a = ex;` in C++.
+  ## 
+  ## .. warning:: This makes use of 2 experimental features, namely nullary
+  ##   templates instantiated as symbols and variable macro pragmas.
+  ##   For this reason, its behavior is not stable. The current implementation
+  ##   allows redefinition, but this is not an intended consequence.
   runnableExamples:
-    var s = @[10,11,12]
+    var s = @[10, 11, 12]
     var a {.byaddr.} = s[0]
-    a+=100
-    doAssert s == @[110,11,12]
-    doAssert a is int
+    a += 100
+    assert s == @[110, 11, 12]
+    assert a is int
     var b {.byaddr.}: int = s[0]
-    doAssert a.addr == b.addr
-  when typ is typeof(nil):
-    let tmp = addr(ex)
-  else:
-    let tmp: ptr typ = addr(ex)
-  template lhs: untyped = tmp[]
+    assert a.addr == b.addr
+  expectLen sect, 1
+  let def = sect[0]
+  let
+    lhs = def[0]
+    typ = def[1]
+    ex = def[2]
+    addrTyp = if typ.kind == nnkEmpty: typ else: newTree(nnkPtrTy, typ)
+  result = quote do:
+    let tmp: `addrTyp` = addr(`ex`)
+    template `lhs`: untyped = tmp[]
+  result.copyLineInfo(def)
diff --git a/lib/std/dirs.nim b/lib/std/dirs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..380d6d08f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/dirs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+## This module implements directory handling.
+
+from std/paths import Path, ReadDirEffect, WriteDirEffect
+
+from std/private/osdirs import dirExists, createDir, existsOrCreateDir, removeDir,
+                               moveDir, walkDir, setCurrentDir,
+                               walkDirRec, PathComponent
+
+export PathComponent
+
+proc dirExists*(dir: Path): bool {.inline, tags: [ReadDirEffect], sideEffect.} =
+  ## Returns true if the directory `dir` exists. If `dir` is a file, false
+  ## is returned. Follows symlinks.
+  result = dirExists(dir.string)
+
+proc createDir*(dir: Path) {.inline, tags: [WriteDirEffect, ReadDirEffect].} =
+  ## Creates the `directory`:idx: `dir`.
+  ##
+  ## The directory may contain several subdirectories that do not exist yet.
+  ## The full path is created. If this fails, `OSError` is raised.
+  ##
+  ## It does **not** fail if the directory already exists because for
+  ## most usages this does not indicate an error.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `removeDir proc`_
+  ## * `existsOrCreateDir proc`_
+  ## * `moveDir proc`_
+  createDir(dir.string)
+
+proc existsOrCreateDir*(dir: Path): bool {.inline, tags: [WriteDirEffect, ReadDirEffect].} =
+  ## Checks if a `directory`:idx: `dir` exists, and creates it otherwise.
+  ##
+  ## Does not create parent directories (raises `OSError` if parent directories do not exist).
+  ## Returns `true` if the directory already exists, and `false` otherwise.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `removeDir proc`_
+  ## * `createDir proc`_
+  ## * `moveDir proc`_
+  result = existsOrCreateDir(dir.string)
+
+proc removeDir*(dir: Path, checkDir = false
+                ) {.inline, tags: [WriteDirEffect, ReadDirEffect].} =
+  ## Removes the directory `dir` including all subdirectories and files
+  ## in `dir` (recursively).
+  ##
+  ## If this fails, `OSError` is raised. This does not fail if the directory never
+  ## existed in the first place, unless `checkDir` = true.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `removeFile proc <files.html#removeFile>`_
+  ## * `existsOrCreateDir proc`_
+  ## * `createDir proc`_
+  ## * `moveDir proc`_
+  removeDir(dir.string, checkDir)
+
+proc moveDir*(source, dest: Path) {.inline, tags: [ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect].} =
+  ## Moves a directory from `source` to `dest`.
+  ##
+  ## Symlinks are not followed: if `source` contains symlinks, they themself are
+  ## moved, not their target.
+  ##
+  ## If this fails, `OSError` is raised.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `moveFile proc <files.html#moveFile>`_
+  ## * `removeDir proc`_
+  ## * `existsOrCreateDir proc`_
+  ## * `createDir proc`_
+  moveDir(source.string, dest.string)
+
+iterator walkDir*(dir: Path; relative = false, checkDir = false,
+                 skipSpecial = false):
+    tuple[kind: PathComponent, path: Path] {.tags: [ReadDirEffect].} =
+  ## Walks over the directory `dir` and yields for each directory or file in
+  ## `dir`. The component type and full path for each item are returned.
+  ##
+  ## Walking is not recursive.
+  ## * If `relative` is true (default: false)
+  ##   the resulting path is shortened to be relative to ``dir``,
+  ##   otherwise the full path is returned.
+  ## * If `checkDir` is true, `OSError` is raised when `dir`
+  ##   doesn't exist.
+  ## * If `skipSpecial` is true, then (besides all directories) only *regular*
+  ##   files (**without** special "file" objects like FIFOs, device files,
+  ##   etc) will be yielded on Unix.
+  for (k, p) in walkDir(dir.string, relative, checkDir, skipSpecial):
+    yield (k, Path(p))
+
+iterator walkDirRec*(dir: Path,
+                     yieldFilter = {pcFile}, followFilter = {pcDir},
+                     relative = false, checkDir = false, skipSpecial = false):
+                    Path {.tags: [ReadDirEffect].} =
+  ## Recursively walks over the directory `dir` and yields for each file
+  ## or directory in `dir`.
+  ##
+  ## Options `relative`, `checkdir`, `skipSpecial` are explained in
+  ## [walkDir iterator] description.
+  ##
+  ## .. warning:: Modifying the directory structure while the iterator
+  ##   is traversing may result in undefined behavior!
+  ##
+  ## Walking is recursive. `followFilter` controls the behaviour of the iterator:
+  ##
+  ## =====================   =============================================
+  ## yieldFilter             meaning
+  ## =====================   =============================================
+  ## ``pcFile``              yield real files (default)
+  ## ``pcLinkToFile``        yield symbolic links to files
+  ## ``pcDir``               yield real directories
+  ## ``pcLinkToDir``         yield symbolic links to directories
+  ## =====================   =============================================
+  ##
+  ## =====================   =============================================
+  ## followFilter            meaning
+  ## =====================   =============================================
+  ## ``pcDir``               follow real directories (default)
+  ## ``pcLinkToDir``         follow symbolic links to directories
+  ## =====================   =============================================
+  ##
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `walkDir iterator`_
+  for p in walkDirRec(dir.string, yieldFilter, followFilter, relative,
+                      checkDir, skipSpecial):
+    yield Path(p)
+
+proc setCurrentDir*(newDir: Path) {.inline, tags: [].} =
+  ## Sets the `current working directory`:idx:; `OSError`
+  ## is raised if `newDir` cannot been set.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `getCurrentDir proc <paths.html#getCurrentDir>`_
+  osdirs.setCurrentDir(newDir.string)
diff --git a/lib/std/editdistance.nim b/lib/std/editdistance.nim
index 9f29c5c05..40c0017ae 100644
--- a/lib/std/editdistance.nim
+++ b/lib/std/editdistance.nim
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 ## This module implements an algorithm to compute the
 ## `edit distance`:idx: between two Unicode strings.
 
-import unicode
+import std/unicode
 
 proc editDistance*(a, b: string): int {.noSideEffect.} =
   ## Returns the **unicode-rune** edit distance between `a` and `b`.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ proc editDistance*(a, b: string): int {.noSideEffect.} =
   ## This uses the `Levenshtein`:idx: distance algorithm with only a linear
   ## memory overhead.
   runnableExamples: static: doAssert editdistance("Kitten", "Bitten") == 1
-  if len(a) > len(b):
+  if runeLen(a) > runeLen(b):
     # make `b` the longer string
     return editDistance(b, a)
   # strip common prefix
diff --git a/lib/std/effecttraits.nim b/lib/std/effecttraits.nim
index 358280db0..3d1b4ffd3 100644
--- a/lib/std/effecttraits.nim
+++ b/lib/std/effecttraits.nim
@@ -11,13 +11,14 @@
 ## for Nim's macro system.
 ## **Since**: Version 1.4.
 ##
-## One can test for the existance of this standard module
+## One can test for the existence of this standard module
 ## via `defined(nimHasEffectTraitsModule)`.
 
-import macros
+import std/macros
 
 proc getRaisesListImpl(n: NimNode): NimNode = discard "see compiler/vmops.nim"
 proc getTagsListImpl(n: NimNode): NimNode = discard "see compiler/vmops.nim"
+proc getForbidsListImpl(n: NimNode): NimNode = discard "see compiler/vmops.nim"
 proc isGcSafeImpl(n: NimNode): bool = discard "see compiler/vmops.nim"
 proc hasNoSideEffectsImpl(n: NimNode): bool = discard "see compiler/vmops.nim"
 
@@ -37,6 +38,14 @@ proc getTagsList*(fn: NimNode): NimNode =
   expectKind fn, nnkSym
   result = getTagsListImpl(fn)
 
+proc getForbidsList*(fn: NimNode): NimNode =
+  ## Extracts the `.forbids` list of the func/proc/etc `fn`.
+  ## `fn` has to be a resolved symbol of kind `nnkSym`. This
+  ## implies that the macro that calls this proc should accept `typed`
+  ## arguments and not `untyped` arguments.
+  expectKind fn, nnkSym
+  result = getForbidsListImpl(fn)
+
 proc isGcSafe*(fn: NimNode): bool =
   ## Return true if the func/proc/etc `fn` is `gcsafe`.
   ## `fn` has to be a resolved symbol of kind `nnkSym`. This
diff --git a/lib/std/enumerate.nim b/lib/std/enumerate.nim
index a8f0e1ba7..beb65ed30 100644
--- a/lib/std/enumerate.nim
+++ b/lib/std/enumerate.nim
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 ## macro system.
 
 import std/private/since
-import macros
+import std/macros
 
 
 macro enumerate*(x: ForLoopStmt): untyped {.since: (1, 3).} =
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ macro enumerate*(x: ForLoopStmt): untyped {.since: (1, 3).} =
   ## The default starting count `0` can be manually overridden if needed.
   runnableExamples:
     let a = [10, 20, 30]
-    var b: seq[(int, int)]
+    var b: seq[(int, int)] = @[]
     for i, x in enumerate(a):
       b.add((i, x))
     assert b == @[(0, 10), (1, 20), (2, 30)]
diff --git a/lib/std/enumutils.nim b/lib/std/enumutils.nim
index 16dab9d1a..9c338817d 100644
--- a/lib/std/enumutils.nim
+++ b/lib/std/enumutils.nim
@@ -10,48 +10,63 @@
 import std/macros
 from std/typetraits import OrdinalEnum, HoleyEnum
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+
 # xxx `genEnumCaseStmt` needs tests and runnableExamples
 
-macro genEnumCaseStmt*(typ: typedesc, argSym: typed, default: typed, 
+macro genEnumCaseStmt*(typ: typedesc, argSym: typed, default: typed,
             userMin, userMax: static[int], normalizer: static[proc(s :string): string]): untyped =
-  # generates a case stmt, which assigns the correct enum field given
+  # Generates a case stmt, which assigns the correct enum field given
   # a normalized string comparison to the `argSym` input.
-  # string normalization is done using passed normalizer. 
-  # NOTE: for an enum with fields Foo, Bar, ... we cannot generate
-  # `of "Foo".nimIdentNormalize: Foo`.
-  # This will fail, if the enum is not defined at top level (e.g. in a block).
-  # Thus we check for the field value of the (possible holed enum) and convert
-  # the integer value to the generic argument `typ`.
+  # string normalization is done using passed normalizer.
   let typ = typ.getTypeInst[1]
-  let impl = typ.getImpl[2]
+  let typSym = typ.getTypeImpl.getTypeInst # skip aliases etc to get type sym
+  let impl = typSym.getImpl[2]
   expectKind impl, nnkEnumTy
   let normalizerNode = quote: `normalizer`
   expectKind normalizerNode, nnkSym
   result = nnkCaseStmt.newTree(newCall(normalizerNode, argSym))
   # stores all processed field strings to give error msg for ambiguous enums
   var foundFields: seq[string] = @[]
+  var fVal = ""
   var fStr = "" # string of current field
   var fNum = BiggestInt(0) # int value of current field
   for f in impl:
     case f.kind
     of nnkEmpty: continue # skip first node of `enumTy`
-    of nnkSym, nnkIdent: fStr = f.strVal
+    of nnkSym, nnkIdent:
+      fVal = f.strVal
+      fStr = fVal
+    of nnkAccQuoted:
+      fVal = ""
+      for ch in f:
+        fVal.add ch.strVal
+      fStr = fVal
     of nnkEnumFieldDef:
+      fVal = f[0].strVal
       case f[1].kind
-      of nnkStrLit: fStr = f[1].strVal
+      of nnkStrLit:
+        fStr = f[1].strVal
       of nnkTupleConstr:
         fStr = f[1][1].strVal
         fNum = f[1][0].intVal
       of nnkIntLit:
         fStr = f[0].strVal
         fNum = f[1].intVal
-      else: error("Invalid tuple syntax!", f[1])
-    else: error("Invalid node for enum type!", f)
+      else:
+        let fAst = f[0].getImpl
+        if fAst.kind == nnkStrLit:
+          fStr = fAst.strVal
+        else:
+          error("Invalid tuple syntax!", f[1])
+    else: error("Invalid node for enum type `" & $f.kind & "`!", f)
     # add field if string not already added
     if fNum >= userMin and fNum <= userMax:
       fStr = normalizer(fStr)
       if fStr notin foundFields:
-        result.add nnkOfBranch.newTree(newLit fStr,  nnkCall.newTree(typ, newLit fNum))
+        result.add nnkOfBranch.newTree(newLit fStr, newDotExpr(typ, ident fVal))
         foundFields.add fStr
       else:
         error("Ambiguous enums cannot be parsed, field " & $fStr &
@@ -67,7 +82,7 @@ macro genEnumCaseStmt*(typ: typedesc, argSym: typed, default: typed,
     result.add nnkElse.newTree(default)
 
 macro enumFullRange(a: typed): untyped =
-  newNimNode(nnkCurly).add(a.getType[1][1..^1])
+  newNimNode(nnkBracket).add(a.getType[1][1..^1])
 
 macro enumNames(a: typed): untyped =
   # this could be exported too; in particular this could be useful for enum with holes.
@@ -79,15 +94,93 @@ macro enumNames(a: typed): untyped =
 iterator items*[T: HoleyEnum](E: typedesc[T]): T =
   ## Iterates over an enum with holes.
   runnableExamples:
-    type A = enum a0 = 2, a1 = 4, a2
-    type B[T] = enum b0 = 2, b1 = 4
+    type
+      A = enum
+        a0 = 2
+        a1 = 4
+        a2
+      B[T] = enum
+        b0 = 2
+        b1 = 4
     from std/sequtils import toSeq
     assert A.toSeq == [a0, a1, a2]
     assert B[float].toSeq == [B[float].b0, B[float].b1]
   for a in enumFullRange(E): yield a
 
-func symbolName*[T: OrdinalEnum](a: T): string =
+func span(T: typedesc[HoleyEnum]): int =
+  (T.high.ord - T.low.ord) + 1
+
+const invalidSlot = uint8.high
+
+proc genLookup[T: typedesc[HoleyEnum]](_: T): auto =
+  const n = span(T)
+  var i = 0
+  assert n <= invalidSlot.int
+  var ret {.noinit.}: array[n, uint8]
+  for ai in mitems(ret): ai = invalidSlot
+  for ai in items(T):
+    ret[ai.ord - T.low.ord] = uint8(i)
+    inc(i)
+  return ret
+
+func symbolRankImpl[T](a: T): int {.inline.} =
+  const n = T.span
+  const thres = 255 # must be <= `invalidSlot`, but this should be tuned.
+  when n <= thres:
+    const lookup = genLookup(T)
+    let lookup2 {.global.} = lookup # xxx improve pending https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/553
+    #[
+    This could be optimized using a hash adapted to `T` (possible since it's known at CT)
+    to get better key distribution before indexing into the lookup table table.
+    ]#
+    {.noSideEffect.}: # because it's immutable
+      let ret = lookup2[ord(a) - T.low.ord]
+    if ret != invalidSlot: return ret.int
+  else:
+    var i = 0
+    # we could also generate a case statement as optimization
+    for ai in items(T):
+      if ai == a: return i
+      inc(i)
+  raise newException(IndexDefect, $ord(a) & " invalid for " & $T)
+
+template symbolRank*[T: enum](a: T): int =
+  ## Returns the index in which `a` is listed in `T`.
+  ##
+  ## The cost for a `HoleyEnum` is implementation defined, currently optimized
+  ## for small enums, otherwise is `O(T.enumLen)`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    type
+      A = enum # HoleyEnum
+        a0 = -3
+        a1 = 10
+        a2
+        a3 = (20, "f3Alt")
+      B = enum # OrdinalEnum
+        b0
+        b1
+        b2
+      C = enum # OrdinalEnum
+        c0 = 10
+        c1
+        c2
+    assert a2.symbolRank == 2
+    assert b2.symbolRank == 2
+    assert c2.symbolRank == 2
+    assert c2.ord == 12
+    assert a2.ord == 11
+    var invalid = 7.A
+    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect): discard invalid.symbolRank
+  when T is Ordinal: ord(a) - T.low.ord.static
+  else: symbolRankImpl(a)
+
+proc rangeBase(T: typedesc): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait".}
+  # skip one level of range; return the base type of a range type
+
+func symbolName*[T: enum](a: T): string =
   ## Returns the symbol name of an enum.
+  ##
+  ## This uses `symbolRank`.
   runnableExamples:
     type B = enum
       b0 = (10, "kb0")
@@ -97,5 +190,13 @@ func symbolName*[T: OrdinalEnum](a: T): string =
     assert b.symbolName == "b0"
     assert $b == "kb0"
     static: assert B.high.symbolName == "b2"
-  const names = enumNames(T)
-  names[a.ord - T.low.ord]
+    type C = enum # HoleyEnum
+      c0 = -3
+      c1 = 4
+      c2 = 20
+    assert c1.symbolName == "c1"
+  when T is range:
+    const names = enumNames(rangeBase T)
+  else:
+    const names = enumNames(T)
+  names[a.symbolRank]
diff --git a/lib/std/envvars.nim b/lib/std/envvars.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a955077ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/envvars.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+#
+#
+#            Nim's Runtime Library
+#        (c) Copyright 2022 Nim contributors
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+
+## The `std/envvars` module implements environment variable handling.
+import std/oserrors
+
+type
+  ReadEnvEffect* = object of ReadIOEffect   ## Effect that denotes a read
+                                            ## from an environment variable.
+  WriteEnvEffect* = object of WriteIOEffect ## Effect that denotes a write
+                                            ## to an environment variable.
+
+
+when not defined(nimscript):
+  when defined(nodejs):
+    proc getEnv*(key: string, default = ""): string {.tags: [ReadEnvEffect].} =
+      var ret = default.cstring
+      let key2 = key.cstring
+      {.emit: "const value = process.env[`key2`];".}
+      {.emit: "if (value !== undefined) { `ret` = value };".}
+      result = $ret
+
+    proc existsEnv*(key: string): bool {.tags: [ReadEnvEffect].} =
+      var key2 = key.cstring
+      var ret: bool
+      {.emit: "`ret` = `key2` in process.env;".}
+      result = ret
+
+    proc putEnv*(key, val: string) {.tags: [WriteEnvEffect].} =
+      var key2 = key.cstring
+      var val2 = val.cstring
+      {.emit: "process.env[`key2`] = `val2`;".}
+
+    proc delEnv*(key: string) {.tags: [WriteEnvEffect].} =
+      var key2 = key.cstring
+      {.emit: "delete process.env[`key2`];".}
+
+    iterator envPairsImpl(): tuple[key, value: string] {.tags: [ReadEnvEffect].} =
+      var num: int
+      var keys: RootObj
+      {.emit: "`keys` = Object.keys(process.env); `num` = `keys`.length;".}
+      for i in 0..<num:
+        var key, value: cstring
+        {.emit: "`key` = `keys`[`i`]; `value` = process.env[`key`];".}
+        yield ($key, $value)
+
+  # commented because it must keep working with js+VM
+  # elif defined(js):
+  #   {.error: "requires -d:nodejs".}
+
+  else:
+
+    when defined(windows):
+      proc c_putenv(envstring: cstring): cint {.importc: "_putenv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+      from std/private/win_setenv import setEnvImpl
+      import std/winlean
+      when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+        import std/widestrs
+
+      type wchar_t {.importc: "wchar_t", header: "<stdlib.h>".} = int16
+      proc c_wgetenv(varname: ptr wchar_t): ptr wchar_t {.importc: "_wgetenv",
+          header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+      proc getEnvImpl(env: cstring): WideCString =
+        let r: WideCString = env.newWideCString
+        cast[WideCString](c_wgetenv(cast[ptr wchar_t](r)))
+    else:
+      proc c_getenv(env: cstring): cstring {.
+        importc: "getenv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+      proc c_setenv(envname: cstring, envval: cstring, overwrite: cint): cint {.importc: "setenv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+      proc c_unsetenv(env: cstring): cint {.importc: "unsetenv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+      proc getEnvImpl(env: cstring): cstring = c_getenv(env)
+
+    proc getEnv*(key: string, default = ""): string {.tags: [ReadEnvEffect].} =
+      ## Returns the value of the `environment variable`:idx: named `key`.
+      ##
+      ## If the variable does not exist, `""` is returned. To distinguish
+      ## whether a variable exists or it's value is just `""`, call
+      ## `existsEnv(key) proc`_.
+      ##
+      ## See also:
+      ## * `existsEnv proc`_
+      ## * `putEnv proc`_
+      ## * `delEnv proc`_
+      ## * `envPairs iterator`_
+      runnableExamples:
+        assert getEnv("unknownEnv") == ""
+        assert getEnv("unknownEnv", "doesn't exist") == "doesn't exist"
+
+      let env = getEnvImpl(key)
+      if env == nil:
+        result = default
+      else:
+        result = $env
+
+    proc existsEnv*(key: string): bool {.tags: [ReadEnvEffect].} =
+      ## Checks whether the environment variable named `key` exists.
+      ## Returns true if it exists, false otherwise.
+      ##
+      ## See also:
+      ## * `getEnv proc`_
+      ## * `putEnv proc`_
+      ## * `delEnv proc`_
+      ## * `envPairs iterator`_
+      runnableExamples:
+        assert not existsEnv("unknownEnv")
+
+      result = getEnvImpl(key) != nil
+
+    proc putEnv*(key, val: string) {.tags: [WriteEnvEffect].} =
+      ## Sets the value of the `environment variable`:idx: named `key` to `val`.
+      ## If an error occurs, `OSError` is raised.
+      ##
+      ## See also:
+      ## * `getEnv proc`_
+      ## * `existsEnv proc`_
+      ## * `delEnv proc`_
+      ## * `envPairs iterator`_
+      when defined(windows):
+        if key.len == 0 or '=' in key:
+          raise newException(OSError, "invalid key, got: " & $(key, val))
+        if setEnvImpl(key, val, 1'i32) != 0'i32:
+          raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(key, val))
+      else:
+        if c_setenv(key, val, 1'i32) != 0'i32:
+          raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(key, val))
+
+    proc delEnv*(key: string) {.tags: [WriteEnvEffect].} =
+      ## Deletes the `environment variable`:idx: named `key`.
+      ## If an error occurs, `OSError` is raised.
+      ##
+      ## See also:ven
+      ## * `getEnv proc`_
+      ## * `existsEnv proc`_
+      ## * `putEnv proc`_
+      ## * `envPairs iterator`_
+      template bail = raiseOSError(osLastError(), key)
+      when defined(windows):
+        #[
+        # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/c-runtime-library/reference/putenv-s-wputenv-s?view=msvc-160
+        > You can remove a variable from the environment by specifying an empty string (that is, "") for value_string
+        note that nil is not legal
+        ]#
+        if key.len == 0 or '=' in key:
+          raise newException(OSError, "invalid key, got: " & key)
+        let envToDel = key & "="
+        if c_putenv(cstring envToDel) != 0'i32: bail
+      else:
+        if c_unsetenv(key) != 0'i32: bail
+
+    when defined(windows):
+      when defined(cpp):
+        proc strEnd(cstr: WideCString, c = 0'i32): WideCString {.importcpp: "(NI16*)wcschr((const wchar_t *)#, #)",
+            header: "<string.h>".}
+      else:
+        proc strEnd(cstr: WideCString, c = 0'i32): WideCString {.importc: "wcschr",
+            header: "<string.h>".}
+    elif defined(macosx) and not defined(ios) and not defined(emscripten):
+      # From the manual:
+      # Shared libraries and bundles don't have direct access to environ,
+      # which is only available to the loader ld(1) when a complete program
+      # is being linked.
+      # The environment routines can still be used, but if direct access to
+      # environ is needed, the _NSGetEnviron() routine, defined in
+      # <crt_externs.h>, can be used to retrieve the address of environ
+      # at runtime.
+      proc NSGetEnviron(): ptr cstringArray {.importc: "_NSGetEnviron",
+          header: "<crt_externs.h>".}
+    elif defined(haiku):
+      var gEnv {.importc: "environ", header: "<stdlib.h>".}: cstringArray
+    else:
+      var gEnv {.importc: "environ".}: cstringArray
+
+    iterator envPairsImpl(): tuple[key, value: string] {.tags: [ReadEnvEffect].} =
+      when defined(windows):
+        let env = getEnvironmentStringsW()
+        var e = env
+        if e != nil:
+          while true:
+            let eend = strEnd(e)
+            let kv = $e
+            let p = find(kv, '=')
+            yield (substr(kv, 0, p-1), substr(kv, p+1))
+            e = cast[WideCString](cast[ByteAddress](eend)+2)
+            if int(eend[1]) == 0: break
+          discard freeEnvironmentStringsW(env)
+      else:
+        var i = 0
+        when defined(macosx) and not defined(ios) and not defined(emscripten):
+          var gEnv = NSGetEnviron()[]
+        while gEnv[i] != nil:
+          let kv = $gEnv[i]
+          inc(i)
+          let p = find(kv, '=')
+          yield (substr(kv, 0, p-1), substr(kv, p+1))
+
+proc envPairsImplSeq(): seq[tuple[key, value: string]] = discard # vmops
+
+iterator envPairs*(): tuple[key, value: string] {.tags: [ReadEnvEffect].} =
+  ## Iterate over all `environments variables`:idx:.
+  ##
+  ## In the first component of the tuple is the name of the current variable stored,
+  ## in the second its value.
+  ##
+  ## Works in native backends, nodejs and vm, like the following APIs:
+  ## * `getEnv proc`_
+  ## * `existsEnv proc`_
+  ## * `putEnv proc`_
+  ## * `delEnv proc`_
+  when nimvm:
+    for ai in envPairsImplSeq(): yield ai
+  else:
+    when defined(nimscript): discard
+    else:
+      for ai in envPairsImpl(): yield ai
diff --git a/lib/std/exitprocs.nim b/lib/std/exitprocs.nim
index c6537f7f8..f26368f42 100644
--- a/lib/std/exitprocs.nim
+++ b/lib/std/exitprocs.nim
@@ -7,7 +7,11 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-import locks
+## This module allows adding hooks to program exit.
+
+import std/locks
+when defined(js) and not defined(nodejs):
+  import std/assertions
 
 type
   FunKind = enum kClosure, kNoconv # extend as needed
@@ -18,20 +22,20 @@ type
 
 var
   gFunsLock: Lock
-  gFuns: seq[Fun]
+  gFuns {.cursor.}: seq[Fun] #Intentionally use the cursor to break up the lifetime trace and make it compatible with JS.
 
 initLock(gFunsLock)
 
 when defined(js):
   proc addAtExit(quitProc: proc() {.noconv.}) =
     when defined(nodejs):
-      asm """
+      {.emit: """
         process.on('exit', `quitProc`);
-      """
+      """.}
     elif defined(js):
-      asm """
+      {.emit: """
         window.onbeforeunload = `quitProc`;
-      """
+      """.}
 else:
   proc addAtExit(quitProc: proc() {.noconv.}) {.
     importc: "atexit", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
@@ -43,6 +47,7 @@ proc callClosures() {.noconv.} =
       case fun.kind
       of kClosure: fun.fun1()
       of kNoconv: fun.fun2()
+    gFuns.setLen(0)
 
 template fun() =
   if gFuns.len == 0:
@@ -64,24 +69,19 @@ proc addExitProc*(cl: proc() {.noconv.}) =
     fun()
     gFuns.add Fun(kind: kNoconv, fun2: cl)
 
-when not defined(nimscript):
+when not defined(nimscript) and (not defined(js) or defined(nodejs)):
   proc getProgramResult*(): int =
     when defined(js) and defined(nodejs):
-      asm """
+      {.emit: """
 `result` = process.exitCode;
-"""
-    elif not defined(js):
-      result = programResult
+""".}
     else:
-      doAssert false
+      result = programResult
 
   proc setProgramResult*(a: int) =
-    # pending https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/14674
     when defined(js) and defined(nodejs):
-      asm """
+      {.emit: """
 process.exitCode = `a`;
-"""
-    elif not defined(js):
-      programResult = a
+""".}
     else:
-      doAssert false
+      programResult = a
diff --git a/lib/std/files.nim b/lib/std/files.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4e0491c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/files.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+## This module implements file handling.
+##
+## **See also:**
+## * `paths module <paths.html>`_ for path manipulation
+
+from std/paths import Path, ReadDirEffect, WriteDirEffect
+
+from std/private/osfiles import fileExists, removeFile,
+                                moveFile
+
+
+proc fileExists*(filename: Path): bool {.inline, tags: [ReadDirEffect], sideEffect.} =
+  ## Returns true if `filename` exists and is a regular file or symlink.
+  ##
+  ## Directories, device files, named pipes and sockets return false.
+  result = fileExists(filename.string)
+
+proc removeFile*(file: Path) {.inline, tags: [WriteDirEffect].} =
+  ## Removes the `file`.
+  ##
+  ## If this fails, `OSError` is raised. This does not fail
+  ## if the file never existed in the first place.
+  ##
+  ## On Windows, ignores the read-only attribute.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `removeDir proc <dirs.html#removeDir>`_
+  ## * `moveFile proc`_
+  removeFile(file.string)
+
+proc moveFile*(source, dest: Path) {.inline,
+    tags: [ReadDirEffect, ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect].} =
+  ## Moves a file from `source` to `dest`.
+  ##
+  ## Symlinks are not followed: if `source` is a symlink, it is itself moved,
+  ## not its target.
+  ##
+  ## If this fails, `OSError` is raised.
+  ## If `dest` already exists, it will be overwritten.
+  ##
+  ## Can be used to `rename files`:idx:.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `moveDir proc <dirs.html#moveDir>`_
+  ## * `removeFile proc`_
+  moveFile(source.string, dest.string)
diff --git a/lib/std/formatfloat.nim b/lib/std/formatfloat.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9258245f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/formatfloat.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+#
+#
+#            Nim's Runtime Library
+#        (c) Copyright 2022 Nim contributors
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+## This module implements formatting floats as strings.
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+proc c_memcpy(a, b: pointer, size: csize_t): pointer {.importc: "memcpy", header: "<string.h>", discardable.}
+
+proc addCstringN(result: var string, buf: cstring; buflen: int) =
+  # no nimvm support needed, so it doesn't need to be fast here either
+  let oldLen = result.len
+  let newLen = oldLen + buflen
+  result.setLen newLen
+  c_memcpy(result[oldLen].addr, buf, buflen.csize_t)
+
+import std/private/[dragonbox, schubfach]
+
+proc writeFloatToBufferRoundtrip*(buf: var array[65, char]; value: BiggestFloat): int =
+  ## This is the implementation to format floats.
+  ##
+  ## returns the amount of bytes written to `buf` not counting the
+  ## terminating '\0' character.
+  result = toChars(buf, value, forceTrailingDotZero=true).int
+  buf[result] = '\0'
+
+proc writeFloatToBufferRoundtrip*(buf: var array[65, char]; value: float32): int =
+  result = float32ToChars(buf, value, forceTrailingDotZero=true).int
+  buf[result] = '\0'
+
+proc c_snprintf(buf: cstring, n: csize_t, frmt: cstring): cint {.header: "<stdio.h>",
+                                    importc: "snprintf", varargs, noSideEffect.}
+
+proc writeToBuffer(buf: var array[65, char]; value: cstring) =
+  var i = 0
+  while value[i] != '\0':
+    buf[i] = value[i]
+    inc i
+
+proc writeFloatToBufferSprintf*(buf: var array[65, char]; value: BiggestFloat): int =
+  ## This is the implementation to format floats.
+  ##
+  ## returns the amount of bytes written to `buf` not counting the
+  ## terminating '\0' character.
+  var n = c_snprintf(cast[cstring](addr buf), 65, "%.16g", value).int
+  var hasDot = false
+  for i in 0..n-1:
+    if buf[i] == ',':
+      buf[i] = '.'
+      hasDot = true
+    elif buf[i] in {'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', '.'}:
+      hasDot = true
+  if not hasDot:
+    buf[n] = '.'
+    buf[n+1] = '0'
+    buf[n+2] = '\0'
+    result = n + 2
+  else:
+    result = n
+  # On Windows nice numbers like '1.#INF', '-1.#INF' or '1.#NAN' or 'nan(ind)'
+  # of '-1.#IND' are produced.
+  # We want to get rid of these here:
+  if buf[n-1] in {'n', 'N', 'D', 'd', ')'}:
+    writeToBuffer(buf, "nan")
+    result = 3
+  elif buf[n-1] == 'F':
+    if buf[0] == '-':
+      writeToBuffer(buf, "-inf")
+      result = 4
+    else:
+      writeToBuffer(buf, "inf")
+      result = 3
+
+proc writeFloatToBuffer*(buf: var array[65, char]; value: BiggestFloat | float32): int {.inline.} =
+  when defined(nimPreviewFloatRoundtrip) or defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+    writeFloatToBufferRoundtrip(buf, value)
+  else:
+    writeFloatToBufferSprintf(buf, value)
+
+proc addFloatRoundtrip*(result: var string; x: float | float32) =
+  when nimvm:
+    raiseAssert "unreachable"
+  else:
+    var buffer {.noinit.}: array[65, char]
+    let n = writeFloatToBufferRoundtrip(buffer, x)
+    result.addCstringN(cast[cstring](buffer[0].addr), n)
+
+proc addFloatSprintf*(result: var string; x: float) =
+  when nimvm:
+    raiseAssert "unreachable"
+  else:
+    var buffer {.noinit.}: array[65, char]
+    let n = writeFloatToBufferSprintf(buffer, x)
+    result.addCstringN(cast[cstring](buffer[0].addr), n)
+
+when defined(js):
+  proc nimFloatToString(a: float): cstring =
+    ## ensures the result doesn't print like an integer, i.e. return 2.0, not 2
+    # print `-0.0` properly
+    {.emit: """
+      function nimOnlyDigitsOrMinus(n) {
+        return n.toString().match(/^-?\d+$/);
+      }
+      if (Number.isSafeInteger(`a`))
+        `result` = `a` === 0 && 1 / `a` < 0 ? "-0.0" : `a`+".0";
+      else {
+        `result` = `a`+"";
+        if(nimOnlyDigitsOrMinus(`result`)){
+          `result` = `a`+".0";
+        }
+      }
+    """.}
+
+proc addFloat*(result: var string; x: float | float32) {.inline.} =
+  ## Converts float to its string representation and appends it to `result`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var
+      s = "foo:"
+      b = 45.67
+    s.addFloat(45.67)
+    assert s == "foo:45.67"
+  template impl =
+    when defined(nimPreviewFloatRoundtrip) or defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+      addFloatRoundtrip(result, x)
+    else:
+      addFloatSprintf(result, x)
+  when defined(js):
+    when nimvm: impl()
+    else:
+      result.add nimFloatToString(x)
+  else: impl()
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  func `$`*(x: float | float32): string =
+    ## Outplace version of `addFloat`.
+    result.addFloat(x)
diff --git a/lib/std/genasts.nim b/lib/std/genasts.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0f07c527
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/genasts.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+## This module implements AST generation using captured variables for macros.
+
+import std/macros
+
+type GenAstOpt* = enum
+  kDirtyTemplate,
+    # When set, uses a dirty template in implementation of `genAst`. This
+    # is occasionally useful as workaround for issues such as #8220, see
+    # `strformat limitations <strformat.html#limitations>`_ for details.
+    # Default is unset, to avoid hijacking of uncaptured local symbols by
+    # symbols in caller scope.
+  kNoNewLit,
+    # don't call call newLit automatically in `genAst` capture parameters
+
+macro genAstOpt*(options: static set[GenAstOpt], args: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
+  ## Accepts a list of captured variables `a=b` or `a` and a block and returns the
+  ## AST that represents it. Local `{.inject.}` symbols (e.g. procs) are captured
+  ## unless `kDirtyTemplate in options`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    # This example shows how one could write a simplified version of `unittest.check`.
+    import std/[macros, strutils]
+    macro check2(cond: bool): untyped =
+      assert cond.kind == nnkInfix, "$# not implemented" % $cond.kind
+      result = genAst(cond, s = repr(cond), lhs = cond[1], rhs = cond[2]):
+        # each local symbol we access must be explicitly captured
+        if not cond:
+          raiseAssert "'$#'' failed: lhs: '$#', rhs: '$#'" % [s, $lhs, $rhs]
+    let a = 3
+    check2 a*2 == a+3
+    if false: check2 a*2 < a+1 # would error with: 'a * 2 < a + 1'' failed: lhs: '6', rhs: '4'
+
+  runnableExamples:
+    # This example goes in more details about the capture semantics.
+    macro fun(a: string, b: static bool): untyped =
+      let c = 'z'
+      var d = 11 # implicitly {.gensym.} and needs to be captured for use in `genAst`.
+      proc localFun(): auto = 12 # implicitly {.inject.}, doesn't need to be captured.
+      genAst(a, b, c = true):
+        # `a`, `b` are captured explicitly, `c` is a local definition masking `c = 'z'`.
+        const b2 = b # macro static param `b` is forwarded here as a static param.
+        # `echo d` would give: `var not init` because `d` is not captured.
+        (a & a, b, c, localFun()) # localFun can be called without capture.
+    assert fun("ab", false) == ("abab", false, true, 12)
+
+  let params = newTree(nnkFormalParams, newEmptyNode())
+  let pragmas =
+    if kDirtyTemplate in options:
+      nnkPragma.newTree(ident"dirty")
+    else:
+      newEmptyNode()
+
+  template newLitMaybe(a): untyped =
+    when (a is type) or (typeof(a) is (proc | iterator | func | NimNode)):
+      a # `proc` actually also covers template, macro
+    else: newLit(a)
+
+  # using `_` as workaround, see https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/2465#issuecomment-511076669
+  let name = genSym(nskTemplate, "_fun")
+  let call = newCall(name)
+  for a in args[0..^2]:
+    var varName: NimNode
+    var varVal: NimNode
+    case a.kind
+    of nnkExprEqExpr:
+      varName = a[0]
+      varVal = a[1]
+    of nnkIdent:
+      varName = a
+      varVal = a
+    else: error("invalid argument kind: " & $a.kind, a)
+    if kNoNewLit notin options: varVal = newCall(bindSym"newLitMaybe", varVal)
+
+    params.add newTree(nnkIdentDefs, varName, newEmptyNode(), newEmptyNode())
+    call.add varVal
+
+  result = newStmtList()
+  result.add nnkTemplateDef.newTree(
+      name,
+      newEmptyNode(),
+      newEmptyNode(),
+      params,
+      pragmas,
+      newEmptyNode(),
+      args[^1])
+  result.add newCall(bindSym"getAst", call)
+
+template genAst*(args: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
+  ## Convenience wrapper around `genAstOpt`.
+  genAstOpt({}, args)
diff --git a/lib/std/importutils.nim b/lib/std/importutils.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d2da76ea8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/importutils.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+##[
+Utilities related to import and symbol resolution.
+
+Experimental API, subject to change.
+]##
+
+#[
+Possible future APIs:
+* module symbols (https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/9560)
+* whichModule (subsumes canImport / moduleExists) (https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/376)
+* getCurrentPkgDir (https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/10530)
+* import from a computed string + related APIs (https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/10527)
+]#
+
+when defined(nimImportutilsExample):
+  type
+    Foo = object
+      f0: int # private
+    Goo*[T] = object
+      g0: int # private
+  proc initFoo*(): auto = Foo()
+
+proc privateAccess*(t: typedesc) {.magic: "PrivateAccess".} =
+  ## Enables access to private fields of `t` in current scope.
+  runnableExamples("-d:nimImportutilsExample"):
+    # here we're importing a module containing:
+    # type
+    #   Foo = object
+    #     f0: int # private
+    #   Goo*[T] = object
+    #     g0: int # private
+    # proc initFoo*(): auto = Foo()
+    var f = initFoo()
+    block:
+      assert not compiles(f.f0)
+      privateAccess(f.type)
+      f.f0 = 1 # accessible in this scope
+      block:
+        assert f.f0 == 1 # still in scope
+    assert not compiles(f.f0)
+
+    # this also works with generics
+    privateAccess(Goo)
+    assert Goo[float](g0: 1).g0 == 1
diff --git a/lib/std/isolation.nim b/lib/std/isolation.nim
index 8daca233b..b03e00651 100644
--- a/lib/std/isolation.nim
+++ b/lib/std/isolation.nim
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@
 ##
 
 type
-  Isolated*[T] = object ## Isolated data can only be moved, not copied.
+  Isolated*[T] {.sendable.} = object ## Isolated data can only be moved, not copied.
     value: T
 
-proc `=`*[T](dest: var Isolated[T]; src: Isolated[T]) {.error.}
+proc `=copy`*[T](dest: var Isolated[T]; src: Isolated[T]) {.error.}
 
 proc `=sink`*[T](dest: var Isolated[T]; src: Isolated[T]) {.inline.} =
   # delegate to value's sink operation
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ func isolate*[T](value: sink T): Isolated[T] {.magic: "Isolate".} =
 
 func unsafeIsolate*[T](value: sink T): Isolated[T] =
   ## Creates an isolated subgraph from the expression `value`.
-  ## 
+  ##
   ## .. warning:: The proc doesn't check whether `value` is isolated.
-  ## 
+  ##
   Isolated[T](value: value)
 
 func extract*[T](src: var Isolated[T]): T =
diff --git a/lib/std/jsbigints.nim b/lib/std/jsbigints.nim
index ccf14080b..4e996ea7b 100644
--- a/lib/std/jsbigints.nim
+++ b/lib/std/jsbigints.nim
@@ -3,27 +3,36 @@
 when not defined(js):
   {.fatal: "Module jsbigints is designed to be used with the JavaScript backend.".}
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 type JsBigIntImpl {.importjs: "bigint".} = int # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/16606
 type JsBigInt* = distinct JsBigIntImpl         ## Arbitrary precision integer for JavaScript target.
 
 func big*(integer: SomeInteger): JsBigInt {.importjs: "BigInt(#)".} =
   ## Constructor for `JsBigInt`.
-  when nimvm: doAssert false, "JsBigInt can not be used at compile-time nor static context" else: discard
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert big(1234567890) == big"1234567890"
     doAssert 0b1111100111.big == 0o1747.big and 0o1747.big == 999.big
+  when nimvm: raiseAssert "JsBigInt can not be used at compile-time nor static context" else: discard
 
-func big*(integer: cstring): JsBigInt {.importjs: "BigInt(#)".} =
+func `'big`*(num: cstring): JsBigInt {.importjs: "BigInt(#)".} =
   ## Constructor for `JsBigInt`.
-  when nimvm: doAssert false, "JsBigInt can not be used at compile-time nor static context" else: discard
   runnableExamples:
-    doAssert big"-1" == big"1" - big"2"
+    doAssert -1'big == 1'big - 2'big
     # supports decimal, binary, octal, hex:
-    doAssert big"12" == 12.big
-    doAssert big"0b101" == 0b101.big
-    doAssert big"0o701" == 0o701.big
-    doAssert big"0xdeadbeaf" == 0xdeadbeaf.big
-    doAssert big"0xffffffffffffffff" == (1.big shl 64.big) - 1.big
+    doAssert -12'big == big"-12"
+    doAssert 12'big == 12.big
+    doAssert 0b101'big == 0b101.big
+    doAssert 0o701'big == 0o701.big
+    doAssert 0xdeadbeaf'big == 0xdeadbeaf.big
+    doAssert 0xffffffffffffffff'big == (1'big shl 64'big) - 1'big
+    doAssert not compiles(static(12'big))
+  when nimvm: raiseAssert "JsBigInt can not be used at compile-time nor static context" else: discard
+
+func big*(integer: cstring): JsBigInt {.importjs: "BigInt(#)".} =
+  ## Alias for `'big`
+  when nimvm: raiseAssert "JsBigInt can not be used at compile-time nor static context" else: discard
 
 func toCstring*(this: JsBigInt; radix: 2..36): cstring {.importjs: "#.toString(#)".} =
   ## Converts from `JsBigInt` to `cstring` representation.
@@ -55,10 +64,10 @@ func wrapToUint*(this: JsBigInt; bits: Natural): JsBigInt {.importjs:
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert (big("3") + big("2") ** big("66")).wrapToUint(66) == big("3")
 
-func toNumber*(this: JsBigInt): BiggestInt {.importjs: "Number(#)".} =
+func toNumber*(this: JsBigInt): int {.importjs: "Number(#)".} =
   ## Does not do any bounds check and may or may not return an inexact representation.
   runnableExamples:
-    doAssert toNumber(big"2147483647") == 2147483647.BiggestInt
+    doAssert toNumber(big"2147483647") == 2147483647.int
 
 func `+`*(x, y: JsBigInt): JsBigInt {.importjs: "(# $1 #)".} =
   runnableExamples:
@@ -101,7 +110,7 @@ func `==`*(x, y: JsBigInt): bool {.importjs: "(# == #)".} =
     doAssert big"42" == big"42"
 
 func `**`*(x, y: JsBigInt): JsBigInt {.importjs: "((#) $1 #)".} =
-  # (#) needed, refs https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/16409#issuecomment-760550812
+  # (#) needed due to unary minus
   runnableExamples:
     doAssert big"2" ** big"64" == big"18446744073709551616"
     doAssert big"-2" ** big"3" == big"-8"
@@ -111,8 +120,6 @@ func `**`*(x, y: JsBigInt): JsBigInt {.importjs: "((#) $1 #)".} =
     try: discard big"2" ** big"-1" # raises foreign `RangeError`
     except: ok = true
     doAssert ok
-  # pending https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/15940, simplify to:
-  # doAssertRaises: discard big"2" ** big"-1" # raises foreign `RangeError`
 
 func `and`*(x, y: JsBigInt): JsBigInt {.importjs: "(# & #)".} =
   runnableExamples:
diff --git a/lib/std/jsfetch.nim b/lib/std/jsfetch.nim
index 36bc772d5..219594619 100644
--- a/lib/std/jsfetch.nim
+++ b/lib/std/jsfetch.nim
@@ -1,122 +1,123 @@
 ## - Fetch for the JavaScript target: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API
-## .. Note:: jsfetch is Experimental. jsfetch module requires `-d:nimExperimentalJsfetch`
 when not defined(js):
   {.fatal: "Module jsfetch is designed to be used with the JavaScript backend.".}
 
-when defined(nimExperimentalJsfetch) or defined(nimdoc):
-  import std/[asyncjs, jsheaders, jsformdata]
-  from std/httpcore import HttpMethod
-  from std/jsffi import JsObject
-
-  type
-    FetchOptions* = ref object of JsRoot  ## Options for Fetch API.
-      keepalive*: bool
-      metod* {.importjs: "method".}: cstring
-      body*, integrity*, referrer*, mode*, credentials*, cache*, redirect*, referrerPolicy*: cstring
-
-    FetchModes* = enum  ## Mode options.
-      fmCors = "cors"
-      fmNoCors = "no-cors"
-      fmSameOrigin = "same-origin"
-
-    FetchCredentials* = enum  ## Credential options. See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request/credentials
-      fcInclude = "include"
-      fcSameOrigin = "same-origin"
-      fcOmit = "omit"
-
-    FetchCaches* = enum  ## https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Request/cache
-      fchDefault = "default"
-      fchNoStore = "no-store"
-      fchReload = "reload"
-      fchNoCache = "no-cache"
-      fchForceCache = "force-cache"
-
-    FetchRedirects* = enum  ## Redirects options.
-      frFollow = "follow"
-      frError = "error"
-      frManual = "manual"
-
-    FetchReferrerPolicies* = enum  ## Referrer Policy options.
-      frpNoReferrer = "no-referrer"
-      frpNoReferrerWhenDowngrade = "no-referrer-when-downgrade"
-      frpOrigin = "origin"
-      frpOriginWhenCrossOrigin = "origin-when-cross-origin"
-      frpUnsafeUrl = "unsafe-url"
-
-    Body* = ref object of JsRoot  ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Body
-      bodyUsed*: bool
-
-    Response* = ref object of JsRoot  ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response
-      bodyUsed*, ok*, redirected*: bool
-      typ* {.importjs: "type".}: cstring
-      url*, statusText*: cstring
-      status*: cint
-      headers*: Headers
-      body*: Body
-
-    Request* = ref object of JsRoot  ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request
-      bodyUsed*, ok*, redirected*: bool
-      typ* {.importjs: "type".}: cstring
-      url*, statusText*: cstring
-      status*: cint
-      headers*: Headers
-      body*: Body
-
-
-  func newResponse*(body: cstring | FormData): Response {.importjs: "(new Response(#))".}
-    ## Constructor for `Response`. This does *not* call `fetch()`. Same as `new Response()`.
-
-  func newRequest*(url: cstring): Request {.importjs: "(new Request(#))".}
-    ## Constructor for `Request`. This does *not* call `fetch()`. Same as `new Request()`.
-
-  func clone*(self: Response | Request): Response {.importjs: "#.$1()".}
-    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response/clone
-
-  proc text*(self: Response): Future[cstring] {.importjs: "#.$1()".}
-    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Body/text
-
-  proc json*(self: Response): Future[JsObject] {.importjs: "#.$1()".}
-    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Body/json
-
-  proc formData*(self: Body): Future[FormData] {.importjs: "#.$1()".}
-    ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Body/formData
-
-  proc unsafeNewFetchOptions*(metod, body, mode, credentials, cache, referrerPolicy: cstring;
-      keepalive: bool; redirect = "follow".cstring; referrer = "client".cstring; integrity = "".cstring): FetchOptions {.importjs:
-      "{method: #, body: #, mode: #, credentials: #, cache: #, referrerPolicy: #, keepalive: #, redirect: #, referrer: #, integrity: #}".}
-    ## .. warning:: Unsafe `newfetchOptions`.
-
-  func newfetchOptions*(metod: HttpMethod; body: cstring;
-      mode: FetchModes; credentials: FetchCredentials; cache: FetchCaches; referrerPolicy: FetchReferrerPolicies;
-      keepalive: bool; redirect = frFollow; referrer = "client".cstring; integrity = "".cstring): FetchOptions =
-    ## Constructor for `FetchOptions`.
-    result = FetchOptions(
-      body: body, mode: $mode, credentials: $credentials, cache: $cache, referrerPolicy: $referrerPolicy,
-      keepalive: keepalive, redirect: $redirect, referrer: referrer, integrity: integrity,
-      metod: (case metod
-        of HttpHead:   "HEAD".cstring
-        of HttpGet:    "GET".cstring
-        of HttpPost:   "POST".cstring
-        of HttpPut:    "PUT".cstring
-        of HttpDelete: "DELETE".cstring
-        of HttpPatch:  "PATCH".cstring
-        else:          "GET".cstring
-      )
+import std/[asyncjs, jsformdata, jsheaders]
+export jsformdata, jsheaders
+from std/httpcore import HttpMethod
+from std/jsffi import JsObject
+
+type
+  FetchOptions* = ref object of JsRoot  ## Options for Fetch API.
+    keepalive*: bool
+    metod* {.importjs: "method".}: cstring
+    body*, integrity*, referrer*, mode*, credentials*, cache*, redirect*, referrerPolicy*: cstring
+    headers*: Headers
+
+  FetchModes* = enum  ## Mode options.
+    fmCors = "cors"
+    fmNoCors = "no-cors"
+    fmSameOrigin = "same-origin"
+
+  FetchCredentials* = enum  ## Credential options. See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request/credentials
+    fcInclude = "include"
+    fcSameOrigin = "same-origin"
+    fcOmit = "omit"
+
+  FetchCaches* = enum  ## https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Request/cache
+    fchDefault = "default"
+    fchNoStore = "no-store"
+    fchReload = "reload"
+    fchNoCache = "no-cache"
+    fchForceCache = "force-cache"
+
+  FetchRedirects* = enum  ## Redirects options.
+    frFollow = "follow"
+    frError = "error"
+    frManual = "manual"
+
+  FetchReferrerPolicies* = enum  ## Referrer Policy options.
+    frpNoReferrer = "no-referrer"
+    frpNoReferrerWhenDowngrade = "no-referrer-when-downgrade"
+    frpOrigin = "origin"
+    frpOriginWhenCrossOrigin = "origin-when-cross-origin"
+    frpUnsafeUrl = "unsafe-url"
+
+  Response* = ref object of JsRoot  ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response
+    bodyUsed*, ok*, redirected*: bool
+    typ* {.importjs: "type".}: cstring
+    url*, statusText*: cstring
+    status*: cint
+    headers*: Headers
+    body*: cstring
+
+  Request* = ref object of JsRoot  ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request
+    bodyUsed*, ok*, redirected*: bool
+    typ* {.importjs: "type".}: cstring
+    url*, statusText*: cstring
+    status*: cint
+    headers*: Headers
+    body*: cstring
+
+func newResponse*(body: cstring | FormData): Response {.importjs: "(new Response(#))".}
+  ## Constructor for `Response`. This does *not* call `fetch()`. Same as `new Response()`.
+
+func newRequest*(url: cstring): Request {.importjs: "(new Request(#))".}
+  ## Constructor for `Request`. This does *not* call `fetch()`. Same as `new Request()`.
+
+func newRequest*(url: cstring; fetchOptions: FetchOptions): Request {.importjs: "(new Request(#, #))".}
+  ## Constructor for `Request` with `fetchOptions`. Same as `fetch(url, fetchOptions)`.
+
+func clone*(self: Response | Request): Response {.importjs: "#.$1()".}
+  ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response/clone
+
+proc text*(self: Response): Future[cstring] {.importjs: "#.$1()".}
+  ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response/text
+
+proc json*(self: Response): Future[JsObject] {.importjs: "#.$1()".}
+  ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response/json
+
+proc formData*(self: Response): Future[FormData] {.importjs: "#.$1()".}
+  ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response/formData
+
+proc unsafeNewFetchOptions*(metod, body, mode, credentials, cache, referrerPolicy: cstring;
+    keepalive: bool; redirect = "follow".cstring; referrer = "client".cstring; integrity = "".cstring; headers: Headers = newHeaders()): FetchOptions {.importjs:
+    "{method: #, body: #, mode: #, credentials: #, cache: #, referrerPolicy: #, keepalive: #, redirect: #, referrer: #, integrity: #, headers: #}".}
+  ## .. warning:: Unsafe `newfetchOptions`.
+
+func newfetchOptions*(metod = HttpGet; body: cstring = nil;
+    mode = fmCors; credentials = fcSameOrigin; cache = fchDefault; referrerPolicy = frpNoReferrerWhenDowngrade;
+    keepalive = false; redirect = frFollow; referrer = "client".cstring; integrity = "".cstring,
+    headers: Headers = newHeaders()): FetchOptions =
+  ## Constructor for `FetchOptions`.
+  result = FetchOptions(
+    body: if metod notin {HttpHead, HttpGet}: body else: nil, 
+    mode: cstring($mode), credentials: cstring($credentials), cache: cstring($cache), referrerPolicy: cstring($referrerPolicy),
+    keepalive: keepalive, redirect: cstring($redirect), referrer: referrer, integrity: integrity, headers: headers,
+    metod: (case metod
+      of HttpHead:   "HEAD".cstring
+      of HttpGet:    "GET".cstring
+      of HttpPost:   "POST".cstring
+      of HttpPut:    "PUT".cstring
+      of HttpDelete: "DELETE".cstring
+      of HttpPatch:  "PATCH".cstring
+      else:          "GET".cstring
     )
+  )
 
-  proc fetch*(url: cstring | Request): Future[Response] {.importjs: "$1(#)".}
-    ## `fetch()` API, simple `GET` only, returns a `Future[Response]`.
+proc fetch*(url: cstring | Request): Future[Response] {.importjs: "$1(#)".}
+  ## `fetch()` API, simple `GET` only, returns a `Future[Response]`.
 
-  proc fetch*(url: cstring | Request; options: FetchOptions): Future[Response] {.importjs: "$1(#, #)".}
-    ## `fetch()` API that takes a `FetchOptions`, returns a `Future[Response]`.
+proc fetch*(url: cstring | Request; options: FetchOptions): Future[Response] {.importjs: "$1(#, #)".}
+  ## `fetch()` API that takes a `FetchOptions`, returns a `Future[Response]`.
 
-  func toCstring*(self: Request | Response | Body | FetchOptions): cstring {.importjs: "JSON.stringify(#)".}
+func toCstring*(self: Request | Response | FetchOptions): cstring {.importjs: "JSON.stringify(#)".}
 
-  func `$`*(self: Request | Response | Body | FetchOptions): string = $toCstring(self)
+func `$`*(self: Request | Response | FetchOptions): string = $toCstring(self)
 
 
-runnableExamples("-d:nimExperimentalJsfetch -r:off"):
-  import std/[asyncjs, jsconsole, jsheaders, jsformdata]
+runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+  import std/[asyncjs, jsconsole, jsformdata, jsheaders]
   from std/httpcore import HttpMethod
   from std/jsffi import JsObject
   from std/sugar import `=>`
@@ -132,7 +133,8 @@ runnableExamples("-d:nimExperimentalJsfetch -r:off"):
       keepalive = false,
       redirect = "follow".cstring,
       referrer = "client".cstring,
-      integrity = "".cstring
+      integrity = "".cstring,
+      headers = newHeaders()
     )
     assert options0.keepalive == false
     assert options0.metod == "POST".cstring
@@ -144,6 +146,7 @@ runnableExamples("-d:nimExperimentalJsfetch -r:off"):
     assert options0.redirect == "follow".cstring
     assert options0.referrer == "client".cstring
     assert options0.integrity == "".cstring
+    assert options0.headers.len == 0
 
   block:
     let options1: FetchOptions = newFetchOptions(
@@ -156,7 +159,8 @@ runnableExamples("-d:nimExperimentalJsfetch -r:off"):
       keepalive = false,
       redirect = frFollow,
       referrer = "client".cstring,
-      integrity = "".cstring
+      integrity = "".cstring,
+      headers = newHeaders()
     )
     assert options1.keepalive == false
     assert options1.metod == $HttpPost
@@ -168,6 +172,7 @@ runnableExamples("-d:nimExperimentalJsfetch -r:off"):
     assert options1.redirect == $frFollow
     assert options1.referrer == "client".cstring
     assert options1.integrity == "".cstring
+    assert options1.headers.len == 0
 
   block:
     let response: Response = newResponse(body = "-. .. --".cstring)
@@ -183,16 +188,15 @@ runnableExamples("-d:nimExperimentalJsfetch -r:off"):
         assert response.ok
         assert response.status == 200.cint
         assert response.headers is Headers
-        assert response.body is Body
+        assert response.body is cstring
 
       discard example()
 
-    when defined(nimExperimentalAsyncjsThen):
-      block:
-        proc example2 {.async.} =
-          await fetch("https://api.github.com/users/torvalds".cstring)
-            .then((response: Response) => response.json())
-            .then((json: JsObject) => console.log(json))
-            .catch((err: Error) => console.log("Request Failed", err))
+    block:
+      proc example2 {.async.} =
+        await fetch("https://api.github.com/users/torvalds".cstring)
+          .then((response: Response) => response.json())
+          .then((json: JsObject) => console.log(json))
+          .catch((err: Error) => console.log("Request Failed", err))
 
-        discard example2()
+      discard example2()
diff --git a/lib/std/jsformdata.nim b/lib/std/jsformdata.nim
index 120f8742d..61dcc39a3 100644
--- a/lib/std/jsformdata.nim
+++ b/lib/std/jsformdata.nim
@@ -2,17 +2,21 @@
 when not defined(js):
   {.fatal: "Module jsformdata is designed to be used with the JavaScript backend.".}
 
+from std/dom import Blob
+
 type FormData* = ref object of JsRoot ## FormData API.
 
 func newFormData*(): FormData {.importjs: "new FormData()".}
 
-func add*(self: FormData; name: cstring; value: SomeNumber | bool | cstring) {.importjs: "#.append(#, #)".}
+func add*(self: FormData; name: cstring; value: SomeNumber | bool | cstring | Blob) {.importjs: "#.append(#, #)".}
   ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FormData/append
-  ## Duplicate keys are allowed and order is preserved.
+  ##
+  ## .. hint:: Duplicate keys are allowed and order is preserved.
 
-func add*(self: FormData; name: cstring; value: SomeNumber | bool | cstring, filename: cstring) {.importjs: "#.append(#, #, #)".}
+func add*(self: FormData; name: cstring; value: SomeNumber | bool | cstring | Blob; filename: cstring) {.importjs: "#.append(#, #, #)".}
   ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FormData/append
-  ## Duplicate keys are allowed and order is preserved.
+  ##
+  ## .. hint:: Duplicate keys are allowed and order is preserved.
 
 func delete*(self: FormData; name: cstring) {.importjs: "#.$1(#)".}
   ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FormData/delete
@@ -34,10 +38,10 @@ func values*(self: FormData): seq[cstring] {.importjs: "Array.from(#.$1())".}
 func pairs*(self: FormData): seq[tuple[key, val: cstring]] {.importjs: "Array.from(#.entries())".}
   ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FormData/entries
 
-func put*(self: FormData; name, value, filename: cstring) {.importjs: "#.set(#, #, #)".}
+func put*(self: FormData; name: cstring; value: SomeNumber | bool | cstring | Blob; filename: cstring) {.importjs: "#.set(#, #, #)".}
   ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FormData/set
 
-func `[]=`*(self: FormData; name, value: cstring) {.importjs: "#.set(#, #)".}
+func `[]=`*(self: FormData; name: cstring; value: SomeNumber | bool | cstring | Blob) {.importjs: "#.set(#, #)".}
   ## https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FormData/set
 
 func `[]`*(self: FormData; name: cstring): cstring {.importjs: "#.get(#)".}
diff --git a/lib/std/jsonutils.nim b/lib/std/jsonutils.nim
index fa61d79db..2d28748ce 100644
--- a/lib/std/jsonutils.nim
+++ b/lib/std/jsonutils.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ##[
-This module implements a hookable (de)serialization for arbitrary types.
+This module implements a hookable (de)serialization for arbitrary types using JSON.
 Design goal: avoid importing modules where a custom serialization is needed;
 see strtabs.fromJsonHook,toJsonHook for an example.
 ]##
@@ -11,9 +11,12 @@ runnableExamples:
     z1: int8
   let a = (1.5'f32, (b: "b2", a: "a2"), 'x', @[Foo(t: true, z1: -3), nil], [{"name": "John"}.newStringTable])
   let j = a.toJson
-  doAssert j.jsonTo(typeof(a)).toJson == j
+  assert j.jsonTo(typeof(a)).toJson == j
+  assert $[NaN, Inf, -Inf, 0.0, -0.0, 1.0, 1e-2].toJson == """["nan","inf","-inf",0.0,-0.0,1.0,0.01]"""
+  assert 0.0.toJson.kind == JFloat
+  assert Inf.toJson.kind == JString
 
-import std/[json,strutils,tables,sets,strtabs,options]
+import std/[json, strutils, tables, sets, strtabs, options, strformat]
 
 #[
 Future directions:
@@ -28,9 +31,17 @@ add a way to customize serialization, for e.g.:
 ]#
 
 import std/macros
+from std/enumutils import symbolName
+from std/typetraits import OrdinalEnum, tupleLen
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+
+proc isNamedTuple(T: typedesc): bool {.magic: "TypeTrait".}
 
 type
-  Joptions* = object
+  Joptions* = object # xxx rename FromJsonOptions
     ## Options controlling the behavior of `fromJson`.
     allowExtraKeys*: bool
       ## If `true` Nim's object to which the JSON is parsed is not required to
@@ -39,10 +50,25 @@ type
       ## If `true` Nim's object to which JSON is parsed is allowed to have
       ## fields without corresponding JSON keys.
     # in future work: a key rename could be added
-
-proc isNamedTuple(T: typedesc): bool {.magic: "TypeTrait".}
-proc distinctBase(T: typedesc): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait".}
-template distinctBase[T](a: T): untyped = distinctBase(typeof(a))(a)
+  EnumMode* = enum
+    joptEnumOrd
+    joptEnumSymbol
+    joptEnumString
+  JsonNodeMode* = enum ## controls `toJson` for JsonNode types
+    joptJsonNodeAsRef ## returns the ref as is
+    joptJsonNodeAsCopy ## returns a deep copy of the JsonNode
+    joptJsonNodeAsObject ## treats JsonNode as a regular ref object
+  ToJsonOptions* = object
+    enumMode*: EnumMode
+    jsonNodeMode*: JsonNodeMode
+    # xxx charMode, etc
+
+proc initToJsonOptions*(): ToJsonOptions =
+  ## initializes `ToJsonOptions` with sane options.
+  ToJsonOptions(enumMode: joptEnumOrd, jsonNodeMode: joptJsonNodeAsRef)
+
+proc distinctBase(T: typedesc, recursive: static bool = true): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait".}
+template distinctBase[T](a: T, recursive: static bool = true): untyped = distinctBase(typeof(a), recursive)(a)
 
 macro getDiscriminants(a: typedesc): seq[string] =
   ## return the discriminant keys
@@ -52,19 +78,24 @@ macro getDiscriminants(a: typedesc): seq[string] =
   let sym = a[1]
   let t = sym.getTypeImpl
   let t2 = t[2]
-  doAssert t2.kind == nnkRecList
-  result = newTree(nnkBracket)
-  for ti in t2:
-    if ti.kind == nnkRecCase:
-      let key = ti[0][0]
-      let typ = ti[0][1]
-      result.add newLit key.strVal
-  if result.len > 0:
+  case t2.kind
+  of nnkEmpty: # allow empty objects
     result = quote do:
-      @`result`
+        seq[string].default
+  of nnkRecList:
+    result = newTree(nnkBracket)
+    for ti in t2:
+      if ti.kind == nnkRecCase:
+        let key = ti[0][0]
+        result.add newLit key.strVal
+    if result.len > 0:
+      result = quote do:
+        @`result`
+    else:
+      result = quote do:
+        seq[string].default
   else:
-    result = quote do:
-      seq[string].default
+    raiseAssert "unexpected kind: " & $t2.kind
 
 macro initCaseObject(T: typedesc, fun: untyped): untyped =
   ## does the minimum to construct a valid case object, only initializing
@@ -78,7 +109,7 @@ macro initCaseObject(T: typedesc, fun: untyped): untyped =
   case t.kind
   of nnkObjectTy: t2 = t[2]
   of nnkRefTy: t2 = t[0].getTypeImpl[2]
-  else: doAssert false, $t.kind # xxx `nnkPtrTy` could be handled too
+  else: raiseAssert $t.kind # xxx `nnkPtrTy` could be handled too
   doAssert t2.kind == nnkRecList
   result = newTree(nnkObjConstr)
   result.add sym
@@ -91,14 +122,14 @@ macro initCaseObject(T: typedesc, fun: untyped): untyped =
         `fun`(`key2`, typedesc[`typ`])
       result.add newTree(nnkExprColonExpr, key, val)
 
-proc checkJsonImpl(cond: bool, condStr: string, msg = "") =
-  if not cond:
-    # just pick 1 exception type for simplicity; other choices would be:
-    # JsonError, JsonParser, JsonKindError
-    raise newException(ValueError, msg)
+proc raiseJsonException(condStr: string, msg: string) {.noinline.} =
+  # just pick 1 exception type for simplicity; other choices would be:
+  # JsonError, JsonParser, JsonKindError
+  raise newException(ValueError, condStr & " failed: " & msg)
 
 template checkJson(cond: untyped, msg = "") =
-  checkJsonImpl(cond, astToStr(cond), msg)
+  if not cond:
+    raiseJsonException(astToStr(cond), msg)
 
 proc hasField[T](obj: T, field: string): bool =
   for k, _ in fieldPairs(obj):
@@ -106,7 +137,7 @@ proc hasField[T](obj: T, field: string): bool =
       return true
   return false
 
-macro accessField(obj: typed, name: static string): untyped = 
+macro accessField(obj: typed, name: static string): untyped =
   newDotExpr(obj, ident(name))
 
 template fromJsonFields(newObj, oldObj, json, discKeys, opt) =
@@ -128,7 +159,7 @@ template fromJsonFields(newObj, oldObj, json, discKeys, opt) =
           if discKeys.len == 0 or hasField(oldObj, key):
             val = accessField(oldObj, key)
       else:
-        checkJson false, $($T, key, json)
+        checkJson false, "key '$1' for $2 not in $3" % [key, $T, json.pretty()]
     else:
       if json.hasKey key:
         numMatched.inc
@@ -146,8 +177,8 @@ template fromJsonFields(newObj, oldObj, json, discKeys, opt) =
       json.len == numMatched
     else:
       json.len == num and num == numMatched
-  
-  checkJson ok, $(json.len, num, numMatched, $T, json)
+
+  checkJson ok, "There were $1 keys (expecting $2) for $3 with $4" % [$json.len, $num, $T, json.pretty()]
 
 proc fromJson*[T](a: var T, b: JsonNode, opt = Joptions())
 
@@ -180,23 +211,24 @@ proc fromJson*[T](a: var T, b: JsonNode, opt = Joptions()) =
   adding "json path" leading to `b` can be added in future work.
   ]#
   checkJson b != nil, $($T, b)
-  when compiles(fromJsonHook(a, b)): fromJsonHook(a, b)
+  when compiles(fromJsonHook(a, b, opt)): fromJsonHook(a, b, opt)
+  elif compiles(fromJsonHook(a, b)): fromJsonHook(a, b)
   elif T is bool: a = to(b,T)
   elif T is enum:
     case b.kind
     of JInt: a = T(b.getBiggestInt())
     of JString: a = parseEnum[T](b.getStr())
-    else: checkJson false, $($T, " ", b)
+    else: checkJson false, fmt"Expecting int/string for {$T} got {b.pretty()}"
   elif T is uint|uint64: a = T(to(b, uint64))
   elif T is Ordinal: a = cast[T](to(b, int))
   elif T is pointer: a = cast[pointer](to(b, int))
-  elif T is distinct:
-    when nimvm:
-      # bug, potentially related to https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/12282
-      a = T(jsonTo(b, distinctBase(T)))
-    else:
-      a.distinctBase.fromJson(b)
+  elif T is distinct: a.distinctBase.fromJson(b)
   elif T is string|SomeNumber: a = to(b,T)
+  elif T is cstring:
+    case b.kind
+    of JNull: a = nil
+    of JString: a = b.str
+    else: checkJson false, fmt"Expecting null/string for {$T} got {b.pretty()}"
   elif T is JsonNode: a = b
   elif T is ref | ptr:
     if b.kind == JNull: a = nil
@@ -204,11 +236,15 @@ proc fromJson*[T](a: var T, b: JsonNode, opt = Joptions()) =
       a = T()
       fromJson(a[], b, opt)
   elif T is array:
-    checkJson a.len == b.len, $(a.len, b.len, $T)
+    checkJson a.len == b.len, fmt"Json array size doesn't match for {$T}"
     var i = 0
     for ai in mitems(a):
       fromJson(ai, b[i], opt)
       i.inc
+  elif T is set:
+    type E = typeof(for ai in a: ai)
+    for val in b.getElems:
+      incl a, jsonTo(val, E)
   elif T is seq:
     a.setLen b.len
     for i, val in b.getElems:
@@ -236,49 +272,83 @@ proc fromJson*[T](a: var T, b: JsonNode, opt = Joptions()) =
       fromJsonFields(a, nil, b, seq[string].default, opt)
     else:
       checkJson b.kind == JArray, $(b.kind) # we could customize whether to allow JNull
+
+      when compiles(tupleLen(T)):
+        let tupleSize = tupleLen(T)
+      else:
+        # Tuple len isn't in csources_v1 so using tupleLen would fail.
+        # Else branch basically never runs (tupleLen added in 1.1 and jsonutils in 1.4), but here for consistency
+        var tupleSize = 0
+        for val in fields(a):
+          tupleSize.inc
+
+      checkJson b.len == tupleSize, fmt"Json doesn't match expected length of {tupleSize}, got {b.pretty()}"
       var i = 0
       for val in fields(a):
         fromJson(val, b[i], opt)
         i.inc
-      checkJson b.len == i, $(b.len, i, $T, b) # could customize
   else:
     # checkJson not appropriate here
-    static: doAssert false, "not yet implemented: " & $T
+    static: raiseAssert "not yet implemented: " & $T
 
 proc jsonTo*(b: JsonNode, T: typedesc, opt = Joptions()): T =
   ## reverse of `toJson`
   fromJson(result, b, opt)
 
-proc toJson*[T](a: T): JsonNode =
+proc toJson*[T](a: T, opt = initToJsonOptions()): JsonNode =
   ## serializes `a` to json; uses `toJsonHook(a: T)` if it's in scope to
   ## customize serialization, see strtabs.toJsonHook for an example.
-  when compiles(toJsonHook(a)): result = toJsonHook(a)
+  ##
+  ## .. note:: With `-d:nimPreviewJsonutilsHoleyEnum`, `toJson` now can 
+  ##    serialize/deserialize holey enums as regular enums (via `ord`) instead of as strings.
+  ##    It is expected that this behavior becomes the new default in upcoming versions.
+  when compiles(toJsonHook(a, opt)): result = toJsonHook(a, opt)
+  elif compiles(toJsonHook(a)): result = toJsonHook(a)
   elif T is object | tuple:
     when T is object or isNamedTuple(T):
       result = newJObject()
-      for k, v in a.fieldPairs: result[k] = toJson(v)
+      for k, v in a.fieldPairs: result[k] = toJson(v, opt)
     else:
       result = newJArray()
-      for v in a.fields: result.add toJson(v)
+      for v in a.fields: result.add toJson(v, opt)
   elif T is ref | ptr:
-    if system.`==`(a, nil): result = newJNull()
-    else: result = toJson(a[])
-  elif T is array | seq:
+    template impl =
+      if system.`==`(a, nil): result = newJNull()
+      else: result = toJson(a[], opt)
+    when T is JsonNode:
+      case opt.jsonNodeMode
+      of joptJsonNodeAsRef: result = a
+      of joptJsonNodeAsCopy: result = copy(a)
+      of joptJsonNodeAsObject: impl()
+    else: impl()
+  elif T is array | seq | set:
     result = newJArray()
-    for ai in a: result.add toJson(ai)
-  elif T is pointer: result = toJson(cast[int](a))
+    for ai in a: result.add toJson(ai, opt)
+  elif T is pointer: result = toJson(cast[int](a), opt)
     # edge case: `a == nil` could've also led to `newJNull()`, but this results
     # in simpler code for `toJson` and `fromJson`.
-  elif T is distinct: result = toJson(a.distinctBase)
+  elif T is distinct: result = toJson(a.distinctBase, opt)
   elif T is bool: result = %(a)
   elif T is SomeInteger: result = %a
+  elif T is enum:
+    case opt.enumMode
+    of joptEnumOrd:
+      when T is Ordinal or defined(nimPreviewJsonutilsHoleyEnum): %(a.ord)
+      else: toJson($a, opt)
+    of joptEnumSymbol:
+      when T is OrdinalEnum:
+        toJson(symbolName(a), opt)
+      else:
+        toJson($a, opt)
+    of joptEnumString: toJson($a, opt)
   elif T is Ordinal: result = %(a.ord)
+  elif T is cstring: (if a == nil: result = newJNull() else: result = % $a)
   else: result = %a
 
-proc fromJsonHook*[K, V](t: var (Table[K, V] | OrderedTable[K, V]),
-                         jsonNode: JsonNode) =
+proc fromJsonHook*[K: string|cstring, V](t: var (Table[K, V] | OrderedTable[K, V]),
+                         jsonNode: JsonNode, opt = Joptions()) =
   ## Enables `fromJson` for `Table` and `OrderedTable` types.
-  ## 
+  ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `toJsonHook proc<#toJsonHook>`_
   runnableExamples:
@@ -294,27 +364,32 @@ proc fromJsonHook*[K, V](t: var (Table[K, V] | OrderedTable[K, V]),
           "type is `" & $jsonNode.kind & "`."
   clear(t)
   for k, v in jsonNode:
-    t[k] = jsonTo(v, V)
+    t[k] = jsonTo(v, V, opt)
 
-proc toJsonHook*[K, V](t: (Table[K, V] | OrderedTable[K, V])): JsonNode =
+proc toJsonHook*[K: string|cstring, V](t: (Table[K, V] | OrderedTable[K, V]), opt = initToJsonOptions()): JsonNode =
   ## Enables `toJson` for `Table` and `OrderedTable` types.
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `fromJsonHook proc<#fromJsonHook,,JsonNode>`_
   runnableExamples:
-    import std/[tables, json]
+    import std/[tables, json, sugar]
     let foo = (
       t: [("two", 2)].toTable,
       ot: [("one", 1), ("three", 3)].toOrderedTable)
     assert $toJson(foo) == """{"t":{"two":2},"ot":{"one":1,"three":3}}"""
+    # if keys are not string|cstring, you can use this:
+    let a = {10: "foo", 11: "bar"}.newOrderedTable
+    let a2 = collect: (for k,v in a: (k,v))
+    assert $toJson(a2) == """[[10,"foo"],[11,"bar"]]"""
 
   result = newJObject()
   for k, v in pairs(t):
-    result[k] = toJson(v)
+    # not sure if $k has overhead for string
+    result[(when K is string: k else: $k)] = toJson(v, opt)
 
-proc fromJsonHook*[A](s: var SomeSet[A], jsonNode: JsonNode) =
+proc fromJsonHook*[A](s: var SomeSet[A], jsonNode: JsonNode, opt = Joptions()) =
   ## Enables `fromJson` for `HashSet` and `OrderedSet` types.
-  ## 
+  ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `toJsonHook proc<#toJsonHook,SomeSet[A]>`_
   runnableExamples:
@@ -330,9 +405,9 @@ proc fromJsonHook*[A](s: var SomeSet[A], jsonNode: JsonNode) =
           "type is `" & $jsonNode.kind & "`."
   clear(s)
   for v in jsonNode:
-    incl(s, jsonTo(v, A))
+    incl(s, jsonTo(v, A, opt))
 
-proc toJsonHook*[A](s: SomeSet[A]): JsonNode =
+proc toJsonHook*[A](s: SomeSet[A], opt = initToJsonOptions()): JsonNode =
   ## Enables `toJson` for `HashSet` and `OrderedSet` types.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -344,11 +419,11 @@ proc toJsonHook*[A](s: SomeSet[A]): JsonNode =
 
   result = newJArray()
   for k in s:
-    add(result, toJson(k))
+    add(result, toJson(k, opt))
 
-proc fromJsonHook*[T](self: var Option[T], jsonNode: JsonNode) =
+proc fromJsonHook*[T](self: var Option[T], jsonNode: JsonNode, opt = Joptions()) =
   ## Enables `fromJson` for `Option` types.
-  ## 
+  ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `toJsonHook proc<#toJsonHook,Option[T]>`_
   runnableExamples:
@@ -360,11 +435,11 @@ proc fromJsonHook*[T](self: var Option[T], jsonNode: JsonNode) =
     assert isNone(opt)
 
   if jsonNode.kind != JNull:
-    self = some(jsonTo(jsonNode, T))
+    self = some(jsonTo(jsonNode, T, opt))
   else:
     self = none[T]()
 
-proc toJsonHook*[T](self: Option[T]): JsonNode =
+proc toJsonHook*[T](self: Option[T], opt = initToJsonOptions()): JsonNode =
   ## Enables `toJson` for `Option` types.
   ##
   ## See also:
@@ -377,13 +452,13 @@ proc toJsonHook*[T](self: Option[T]): JsonNode =
     assert $toJson(optNone) == "null"
 
   if isSome(self):
-    toJson(get(self))
+    toJson(get(self), opt)
   else:
     newJNull()
 
 proc fromJsonHook*(a: var StringTableRef, b: JsonNode) =
   ## Enables `fromJson` for `StringTableRef` type.
-  ## 
+  ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `toJsonHook proc<#toJsonHook,StringTableRef>`_
   runnableExamples:
@@ -401,7 +476,7 @@ proc fromJsonHook*(a: var StringTableRef, b: JsonNode) =
 
 proc toJsonHook*(a: StringTableRef): JsonNode =
   ## Enables `toJson` for `StringTableRef` type.
-  ## 
+  ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `fromJsonHook proc<#fromJsonHook,StringTableRef,JsonNode>`_
   runnableExamples:
diff --git a/lib/std/monotimes.nim b/lib/std/monotimes.nim
index 78736d719..bf6dc776b 100644
--- a/lib/std/monotimes.nim
+++ b/lib/std/monotimes.nim
@@ -10,17 +10,14 @@
 ##[
 The `std/monotimes` module implements monotonic timestamps. A monotonic
 timestamp represents the time that has passed since some system defined
-point in time. The monotonic timestamps are guaranteed to always increase,
+point in time. The monotonic timestamps are guaranteed not to decrease,
 meaning that that the following is guaranteed to work:
 ]##
 
 runnableExamples:
-  import std/os
-
   let a = getMonoTime()
-  sleep(10)
   let b = getMonoTime()
-  assert a < b
+  assert a <= b
 
 ##[
 This is not guaranteed for the `times.Time` type! This means that the
@@ -79,6 +76,10 @@ when defined(js):
 elif defined(posix) and not defined(osx):
   import std/posix
 
+when defined(zephyr):
+  proc k_uptime_ticks(): int64 {.importc: "k_uptime_ticks", header: "<kernel.h>".}
+  proc k_ticks_to_ns_floor64(ticks: int64): int64 {.importc: "k_ticks_to_ns_floor64", header: "<kernel.h>".}
+
 elif defined(windows):
   proc QueryPerformanceCounter(res: var uint64) {.
     importc: "QueryPerformanceCounter", stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32".}
@@ -101,6 +102,9 @@ proc getMonoTime*(): MonoTime {.tags: [TimeEffect].} =
     mach_timebase_info(machAbsoluteTimeFreq)
     result = MonoTime(ticks: ticks * machAbsoluteTimeFreq.numer div
       machAbsoluteTimeFreq.denom)
+  elif defined(zephyr):
+    let ticks = k_ticks_to_ns_floor64(k_uptime_ticks())
+    result = MonoTime(ticks: ticks)
   elif defined(posix):
     var ts: Timespec
     discard clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, ts)
diff --git a/lib/std/objectdollar.nim b/lib/std/objectdollar.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86ce9afc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/objectdollar.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+## This module implements a generic `$` operator to convert objects to strings.
+
+import std/private/miscdollars
+
+proc `$`*[T: object](x: T): string =
+  ## Generic `$` operator for objects with similar output to
+  ## `$` for named tuples.
+  runnableExamples:
+    type Foo = object
+      a, b: int
+    let x = Foo(a: 23, b: 45)
+    assert $x == "(a: 23, b: 45)"
+  tupleObjectDollar(result, x)
diff --git a/lib/pure/includes/oserr.nim b/lib/std/oserrors.nim
index b0740cbe6..7b11c5e8e 100644
--- a/lib/pure/includes/oserr.nim
+++ b/lib/std/oserrors.nim
@@ -1,16 +1,28 @@
-# Include file that implements 'osErrorMsg' and friends. Do not import it!
+#
+#
+#            Nim's Runtime Library
+#        (c) Copyright 2022 Nim contributors
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
 
-when not declared(os) and not declared(ospaths):
-  {.error: "This is an include file for os.nim!".}
 
-when not defined(nimscript):
-  var errno {.importc, header: "<errno.h>".}: cint
+## The `std/oserrors` module implements OS error reporting.
 
-  proc c_strerror(errnum: cint): cstring {.
-    importc: "strerror", header: "<string.h>".}
+type
+  OSErrorCode* = distinct int32 ## Specifies an OS Error Code.
 
+when not defined(nimscript):
   when defined(windows):
-    import winlean
+    import std/winlean
+    when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+      import std/widestrs
+  else:
+    var errno {.importc, header: "<errno.h>".}: cint
+
+    proc c_strerror(errnum: cint): cstring {.
+      importc: "strerror", header: "<string.h>".}
 
 proc `==`*(err1, err2: OSErrorCode): bool {.borrow.}
 proc `$`*(err: OSErrorCode): string {.borrow.}
@@ -18,18 +30,14 @@ proc `$`*(err: OSErrorCode): string {.borrow.}
 proc osErrorMsg*(errorCode: OSErrorCode): string =
   ## Converts an OS error code into a human readable string.
   ##
-  ## The error code can be retrieved using the `osLastError proc <#osLastError>`_.
+  ## The error code can be retrieved using the `osLastError proc`_.
   ##
   ## If conversion fails, or `errorCode` is `0` then `""` will be
   ## returned.
   ##
-  ## On Windows, the `-d:useWinAnsi` compilation flag can be used to
-  ## make this procedure use the non-unicode Win API calls to retrieve the
-  ## message.
-  ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `raiseOSError proc <#raiseOSError,OSErrorCode,string>`_
-  ## * `osLastError proc <#osLastError>`_
+  ## * `raiseOSError proc`_
+  ## * `osLastError proc`_
   runnableExamples:
     when defined(linux):
       assert osErrorMsg(OSErrorCode(0)) == ""
@@ -41,18 +49,11 @@ proc osErrorMsg*(errorCode: OSErrorCode): string =
     discard
   elif defined(windows):
     if errorCode != OSErrorCode(0'i32):
-      when useWinUnicode:
-        var msgbuf: WideCString
-        if formatMessageW(0x00000100 or 0x00001000 or 0x00000200,
-                        nil, errorCode.int32, 0, addr(msgbuf), 0, nil) != 0'i32:
-          result = $msgbuf
-          if msgbuf != nil: localFree(cast[pointer](msgbuf))
-      else:
-        var msgbuf: cstring
-        if formatMessageA(0x00000100 or 0x00001000 or 0x00000200,
-                        nil, errorCode.int32, 0, addr(msgbuf), 0, nil) != 0'i32:
-          result = $msgbuf
-          if msgbuf != nil: localFree(msgbuf)
+      var msgbuf: WideCString
+      if formatMessageW(0x00000100 or 0x00001000 or 0x00000200,
+                      nil, errorCode.int32, 0, addr(msgbuf), 0, nil) != 0'i32:
+        result = $msgbuf
+        if msgbuf != nil: localFree(cast[pointer](msgbuf))
   else:
     if errorCode != OSErrorCode(0'i32):
       result = $c_strerror(errorCode.int32)
@@ -63,33 +64,30 @@ proc newOSError*(
   ## Creates a new `OSError exception <system.html#OSError>`_.
   ##
   ## The `errorCode` will determine the
-  ## message, `osErrorMsg proc <#osErrorMsg,OSErrorCode>`_ will be used
+  ## message, `osErrorMsg proc`_ will be used
   ## to get this message.
   ##
-  ## The error code can be retrieved using the `osLastError proc
-  ## <#osLastError>`_.
+  ## The error code can be retrieved using the `osLastError proc`_.
   ##
   ## If the error code is `0` or an error message could not be retrieved,
   ## the message `unknown OS error` will be used.
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `osErrorMsg proc <#osErrorMsg,OSErrorCode>`_
-  ## * `osLastError proc <#osLastError>`_
-  var e: owned(ref OSError); new(e)
-  e.errorCode = errorCode.int32
-  e.msg = osErrorMsg(errorCode)
+  ## * `osErrorMsg proc`_
+  ## * `osLastError proc`_
+  result = (ref OSError)(errorCode: errorCode.int32, msg: osErrorMsg(errorCode))
   if additionalInfo.len > 0:
-    if e.msg.len > 0 and e.msg[^1] != '\n': e.msg.add '\n'
-    e.msg.add  "Additional info: "
-    e.msg.addQuoted additionalInfo
-  if e.msg == "":
-    e.msg = "unknown OS error"
-  return e
+    if result.msg.len > 0 and result.msg[^1] != '\n': result.msg.add '\n'
+    result.msg.add "Additional info: "
+    result.msg.add additionalInfo
+      # don't add trailing `.` etc, which negatively impacts "jump to file" in IDEs.
+  if result.msg == "":
+    result.msg = "unknown OS error"
 
 proc raiseOSError*(errorCode: OSErrorCode, additionalInfo = "") {.noinline.} =
   ## Raises an `OSError exception <system.html#OSError>`_.
   ##
-  ## Read the description of the `newOSError proc <#newOSError,OSErrorCode,string>`_ to learn
+  ## Read the description of the `newOSError proc`_ to learn
   ## how the exception object is created.
   raise newOSError(errorCode, additionalInfo)
 
@@ -108,8 +106,8 @@ proc osLastError*(): OSErrorCode {.sideEffect.} =
   ##   immediately after an OS call fails. On POSIX systems this is not a problem.
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `osErrorMsg proc <#osErrorMsg,OSErrorCode>`_
-  ## * `raiseOSError proc <#raiseOSError,OSErrorCode,string>`_
+  ## * `osErrorMsg proc`_
+  ## * `raiseOSError proc`_
   when defined(nimscript):
     discard
   elif defined(windows):
diff --git a/lib/std/outparams.nim b/lib/std/outparams.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a471fbaa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/outparams.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#
+#
+#            Nim's Runtime Library
+#        (c) Copyright 2022 Nim contributors
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+## `outParamsAt` macro for easy writing code that works with both 2.0 and 1.x.
+
+import std/macros
+
+macro outParamsAt*(positions: static openArray[int]; n: untyped): untyped =
+  ## Use this macro to annotate `out` parameters in a portable way.
+  runnableExamples:
+    proc p(x: var int) {.outParamsAt: [1].} =
+      discard "x is really an 'out int' if the Nim compiler supports 'out' parameters"
+
+  result = n
+  when defined(nimHasOutParams):
+    var p = n.params
+    for po in positions:
+      p[po][^2].expectKind nnkVarTy
+      p[po][^2] = newTree(nnkOutTy, p[po][^2][0])
+
+when isMainModule:
+  {.experimental: "strictDefs".}
+
+  proc main(x: var int) {.outParamsAt: [1].} =
+    x = 3
+
+  proc us =
+    var x: int
+    main x
+    echo x
+
+  us()
diff --git a/lib/std/packedsets.nim b/lib/std/packedsets.nim
index 2b5896be0..3320558f2 100644
--- a/lib/std/packedsets.nim
+++ b/lib/std/packedsets.nim
@@ -12,17 +12,15 @@
 ##
 ## Supports any Ordinal type.
 ##
-## **Note**: Currently the assignment operator `=` for `PackedSet[A]`
-## performs some rather meaningless shallow copy. Since Nim currently does
-## not allow the assignment operator to be overloaded, use the `assign proc
-## <#assign,PackedSet[A],PackedSet[A]>`_ to get a deep copy.
-##
 ## See also
 ## ========
 ## * `sets module <sets.html>`_ for more general hash sets
 
 import std/private/since
-import hashes
+import std/hashes
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 type
   BitScalar = uint
@@ -38,7 +36,7 @@ const
   IntMask = 1 shl IntShift - 1
 
 type
-  Trunk = ref object
+  Trunk {.acyclic.} = ref object
     next: Trunk                                 # all nodes are connected with this pointer
     key: int                                    # start address at bit 0
     bits: array[0..IntsPerTrunk - 1, BitScalar] # a bit vector
@@ -111,7 +109,6 @@ proc intSetPut[A](t: var PackedSet[A], key: int): Trunk =
   t.data[h] = result
 
 proc bitincl[A](s: var PackedSet[A], key: int) {.inline.} =
-  var ret: Trunk
   var t = intSetPut(s, key shr TrunkShift)
   var u = key and TrunkMask
   t.bits[u shr IntShift] = t.bits[u shr IntShift] or
@@ -201,6 +198,7 @@ proc contains*[A](s: PackedSet[A], key: A): bool =
     assert B notin letters
 
   if s.elems <= s.a.len:
+    result = false
     for i in 0..<s.elems:
       if s.a[i] == ord(key): return true
   else:
@@ -409,18 +407,9 @@ proc isNil*[A](x: PackedSet[A]): bool {.inline.} =
 
   x.head.isNil and x.elems == 0
 
-proc assign*[A](dest: var PackedSet[A], src: PackedSet[A]) =
+proc `=copy`*[A](dest: var PackedSet[A], src: PackedSet[A]) =
   ## Copies `src` to `dest`.
   ## `dest` does not need to be initialized by the `initPackedSet proc <#initPackedSet>`_.
-  runnableExamples:
-    var
-      a = initPackedSet[int]()
-      b = initPackedSet[int]()
-    b.incl(5)
-    b.incl(7)
-    a.assign(b)
-    assert len(a) == 2
-
   if src.elems <= src.a.len:
     dest.data = @[]
     dest.max = 0
@@ -449,6 +438,19 @@ proc assign*[A](dest: var PackedSet[A], src: PackedSet[A]) =
       dest.data[h] = n
       it = it.next
 
+proc assign*[A](dest: var PackedSet[A], src: PackedSet[A]) {.inline, deprecated.} =
+  ## Copies `src` to `dest`.
+  ## `dest` does not need to be initialized by the `initPackedSet proc <#initPackedSet>`_.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var
+      a = initPackedSet[int]()
+      b = initPackedSet[int]()
+    b.incl(5)
+    b.incl(7)
+    a.assign(b)
+    assert len(a) == 2
+  `=copy`(dest, src)
+
 proc union*[A](s1, s2: PackedSet[A]): PackedSet[A] =
   ## Returns the union of the sets `s1` and `s2`.
   ##
diff --git a/lib/std/paths.nim b/lib/std/paths.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..664dedd31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/paths.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+## This module implements path handling.
+##
+## **See also:**
+## * `files module <files.html>`_ for file access
+
+import std/private/osseps
+export osseps
+
+import std/envvars
+import std/private/osappdirs
+
+import std/[pathnorm, hashes, sugar, strutils]
+
+from std/private/ospaths2 import  joinPath, splitPath,
+                                  ReadDirEffect, WriteDirEffect,
+                                  isAbsolute, relativePath,
+                                  normalizePathEnd, isRelativeTo, parentDir,
+                                  tailDir, isRootDir, parentDirs, `/../`,
+                                  extractFilename, lastPathPart,
+                                  changeFileExt, addFileExt, cmpPaths, splitFile,
+                                  unixToNativePath, absolutePath, normalizeExe,
+                                  normalizePath
+export ReadDirEffect, WriteDirEffect
+
+type
+  Path* = distinct string
+
+func hash*(x: Path): Hash =
+  let x = x.string.dup(normalizePath)
+  if FileSystemCaseSensitive:
+    result = x.hash
+  else:
+    result = x.toLowerAscii.hash
+
+template `$`*(x: Path): string =
+  string(x)
+
+func `==`*(x, y: Path): bool {.inline.} =
+  ## Compares two paths.
+  ##
+  ## On a case-sensitive filesystem this is done
+  ## case-sensitively otherwise case-insensitively.
+  result = cmpPaths(x.string, y.string) == 0
+
+template endsWith(a: string, b: set[char]): bool =
+  a.len > 0 and a[^1] in b
+
+func add(x: var string, tail: string) =
+  var state = 0
+  let trailingSep = tail.endsWith({DirSep, AltSep}) or tail.len == 0 and x.endsWith({DirSep, AltSep})
+  normalizePathEnd(x, trailingSep=false)
+  addNormalizePath(tail, x, state, DirSep)
+  normalizePathEnd(x, trailingSep=trailingSep)
+
+func add*(x: var Path, y: Path) {.borrow.}
+
+func `/`*(head, tail: Path): Path {.inline.} =
+  ## Joins two directory names to one.
+  ##
+  ## returns normalized path concatenation of `head` and `tail`, preserving
+  ## whether or not `tail` has a trailing slash (or, if tail if empty, whether
+  ## head has one).
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `splitPath proc`_
+  ## * `uri.combine proc <uri.html#combine,Uri,Uri>`_
+  ## * `uri./ proc <uri.html#/,Uri,string>`_
+  Path(joinPath(head.string, tail.string))
+
+func splitPath*(path: Path): tuple[head, tail: Path] {.inline.} =
+  ## Splits a directory into `(head, tail)` tuple, so that
+  ## ``head / tail == path`` (except for edge cases like "/usr").
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `add proc`_
+  ## * `/ proc`_
+  ## * `/../ proc`_
+  ## * `relativePath proc`_
+  let res = splitPath(path.string)
+  result = (Path(res.head), Path(res.tail))
+
+func splitFile*(path: Path): tuple[dir, name: Path, ext: string] {.inline.} =
+  ## Splits a filename into `(dir, name, extension)` tuple.
+  ##
+  ## `dir` does not end in DirSep unless it's `/`.
+  ## `extension` includes the leading dot.
+  ##
+  ## If `path` has no extension, `ext` is the empty string.
+  ## If `path` has no directory component, `dir` is the empty string.
+  ## If `path` has no filename component, `name` and `ext` are empty strings.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `extractFilename proc`_
+  ## * `lastPathPart proc`_
+  ## * `changeFileExt proc`_
+  ## * `addFileExt proc`_
+  let res = splitFile(path.string)
+  result = (Path(res.dir), Path(res.name), res.ext)
+
+func isAbsolute*(path: Path): bool {.inline, raises: [].} =
+  ## Checks whether a given `path` is absolute.
+  ##
+  ## On Windows, network paths are considered absolute too.
+  result = isAbsolute(path.string)
+
+proc relativePath*(path, base: Path, sep = DirSep): Path {.inline.} =
+  ## Converts `path` to a path relative to `base`.
+  ##
+  ## The `sep` (default: DirSep) is used for the path normalizations,
+  ## this can be useful to ensure the relative path only contains `'/'`
+  ## so that it can be used for URL constructions.
+  ##
+  ## On Windows, if a root of `path` and a root of `base` are different,
+  ## returns `path` as is because it is impossible to make a relative path.
+  ## That means an absolute path can be returned.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `splitPath proc`_
+  ## * `parentDir proc`_
+  ## * `tailDir proc`_
+  result = Path(relativePath(path.string, base.string, sep))
+
+proc isRelativeTo*(path: Path, base: Path): bool {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns true if `path` is relative to `base`.
+  result = isRelativeTo(path.string, base.string)
+
+
+func parentDir*(path: Path): Path {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the parent directory of `path`.
+  ##
+  ## This is similar to ``splitPath(path).head`` when ``path`` doesn't end
+  ## in a dir separator, but also takes care of path normalizations.
+  ## The remainder can be obtained with `lastPathPart(path) proc`_.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `relativePath proc`_
+  ## * `splitPath proc`_
+  ## * `tailDir proc`_
+  ## * `parentDirs iterator`_
+  result = Path(parentDir(path.string))
+
+func tailDir*(path: Path): Path {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the tail part of `path`.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `relativePath proc`_
+  ## * `splitPath proc`_
+  ## * `parentDir proc`_
+  result = Path(tailDir(path.string))
+
+func isRootDir*(path: Path): bool {.inline.} =
+  ## Checks whether a given `path` is a root directory.
+  result = isRootDir(path.string)
+
+iterator parentDirs*(path: Path, fromRoot=false, inclusive=true): Path =
+  ## Walks over all parent directories of a given `path`.
+  ##
+  ## If `fromRoot` is true (default: false), the traversal will start from
+  ## the file system root directory.
+  ## If `inclusive` is true (default), the original argument will be included
+  ## in the traversal.
+  ##
+  ## Relative paths won't be expanded by this iterator. Instead, it will traverse
+  ## only the directories appearing in the relative path.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `parentDir proc`_
+  ##
+  for p in parentDirs(path.string, fromRoot, inclusive):
+    yield Path(p)
+
+func `/../`*(head, tail: Path): Path {.inline.} =
+  ## The same as ``parentDir(head) / tail``, unless there is no parent
+  ## directory. Then ``head / tail`` is performed instead.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `/ proc`_
+  ## * `parentDir proc`_
+  Path(`/../`(head.string, tail.string))
+
+func extractFilename*(path: Path): Path {.inline.} =
+  ## Extracts the filename of a given `path`.
+  ##
+  ## This is the same as ``name & ext`` from `splitFile(path) proc`_.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `splitFile proc`_
+  ## * `lastPathPart proc`_
+  ## * `changeFileExt proc`_
+  ## * `addFileExt proc`_
+  result = Path(extractFilename(path.string))
+
+func lastPathPart*(path: Path): Path {.inline.} =
+  ## Like `extractFilename proc`_, but ignores
+  ## trailing dir separator; aka: `baseName`:idx: in some other languages.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `splitFile proc`_
+  ## * `extractFilename proc`_
+  ## * `changeFileExt proc`_
+  ## * `addFileExt proc`_
+  result = Path(lastPathPart(path.string))
+
+func changeFileExt*(filename: Path, ext: string): Path {.inline.} =
+  ## Changes the file extension to `ext`.
+  ##
+  ## If the `filename` has no extension, `ext` will be added.
+  ## If `ext` == "" then any extension is removed.
+  ##
+  ## `Ext` should be given without the leading `'.'`, because some
+  ## filesystems may use a different character. (Although I know
+  ## of none such beast.)
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `splitFile proc`_
+  ## * `extractFilename proc`_
+  ## * `lastPathPart proc`_
+  ## * `addFileExt proc`_
+  result = Path(changeFileExt(filename.string, ext))
+
+func addFileExt*(filename: Path, ext: string): Path {.inline.} =
+  ## Adds the file extension `ext` to `filename`, unless
+  ## `filename` already has an extension.
+  ##
+  ## `Ext` should be given without the leading `'.'`, because some
+  ## filesystems may use a different character.
+  ## (Although I know of none such beast.)
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `splitFile proc`_
+  ## * `extractFilename proc`_
+  ## * `lastPathPart proc`_
+  ## * `changeFileExt proc`_
+  result = Path(addFileExt(filename.string, ext))
+
+func unixToNativePath*(path: Path, drive=Path("")): Path {.inline.} =
+  ## Converts an UNIX-like path to a native one.
+  ##
+  ## On an UNIX system this does nothing. Else it converts
+  ## `'/'`, `'.'`, `'..'` to the appropriate things.
+  ##
+  ## On systems with a concept of "drives", `drive` is used to determine
+  ## which drive label to use during absolute path conversion.
+  ## `drive` defaults to the drive of the current working directory, and is
+  ## ignored on systems that do not have a concept of "drives".
+  result = Path(unixToNativePath(path.string, drive.string))
+
+proc getCurrentDir*(): Path {.inline, tags: [].} =
+  ## Returns the `current working directory`:idx: i.e. where the built
+  ## binary is run.
+  ##
+  ## So the path returned by this proc is determined at run time.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `getHomeDir proc <appdirs.html#getHomeDir>`_
+  ## * `getConfigDir proc <appdirs.html#getConfigDir>`_
+  ## * `getTempDir proc <appdirs.html#getTempDir>`_
+  ## * `setCurrentDir proc <dirs.html#setCurrentDir>`_
+  ## * `currentSourcePath template <system.html#currentSourcePath.t>`_
+  ## * `getProjectPath proc <macros.html#getProjectPath>`_
+  result = Path(ospaths2.getCurrentDir())
+
+proc normalizeExe*(file: var Path) {.borrow.}
+
+proc normalizePath*(path: var Path) {.borrow.}
+
+proc normalizePathEnd*(path: var Path, trailingSep = false) {.borrow.}
+
+proc absolutePath*(path: Path, root = getCurrentDir()): Path =
+  ## Returns the absolute path of `path`, rooted at `root` (which must be absolute;
+  ## default: current directory).
+  ## If `path` is absolute, return it, ignoring `root`.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `normalizePath proc`_
+  result = Path(absolutePath(path.string, root.string))
+
+proc expandTildeImpl(path: string): string {.
+  tags: [ReadEnvEffect, ReadIOEffect].} =
+  if len(path) == 0 or path[0] != '~':
+    result = path
+  elif len(path) == 1:
+    result = getHomeDir()
+  elif (path[1] in {DirSep, AltSep}):
+    result = joinPath(getHomeDir(), path.substr(2))
+  else:
+    # TODO: handle `~bob` and `~bob/` which means home of bob
+    result = path
+
+proc expandTilde*(path: Path): Path {.inline,
+  tags: [ReadEnvEffect, ReadIOEffect].} =
+  ## Expands ``~`` or a path starting with ``~/`` to a full path, replacing
+  ## ``~`` with `getHomeDir() <appdirs.html#getHomeDir>`_ (otherwise returns ``path`` unmodified).
+  ##
+  ## Windows: this is still supported despite the Windows platform not having this
+  ## convention; also, both ``~/`` and ``~\`` are handled.
+  runnableExamples:
+    import std/appdirs
+    assert expandTilde(Path("~") / Path("appname.cfg")) == getHomeDir() / Path("appname.cfg")
+    assert expandTilde(Path("~/foo/bar")) == getHomeDir() / Path("foo/bar")
+    assert expandTilde(Path("/foo/bar")) == Path("/foo/bar")
+  result = Path(expandTildeImpl(path.string))
diff --git a/lib/std/private/bitops_utils.nim b/lib/std/private/bitops_utils.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b9484416
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/private/bitops_utils.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+template forwardImpl*(impl, arg) {.dirty.} =
+  when sizeof(x) <= 4:
+    when x is SomeSignedInt:
+      impl(cast[uint32](x.int32))
+    else:
+      impl(x.uint32)
+  else:
+    when x is SomeSignedInt:
+      impl(cast[uint64](x.int64))
+    else:
+      impl(x.uint64)
+
+# this could also be implemented via:
+# import std/typetraits
+# template castToUnsigned*(x: SomeInteger): auto = cast[toUnsigned(typeof(x))](x)
+
+template castToUnsigned*(x: int8): uint8 = cast[uint8](x)
+template castToUnsigned*(x: int16): uint16 = cast[uint16](x)
+template castToUnsigned*(x: int32): uint32 = cast[uint32](x)
+template castToUnsigned*(x: int64): uint64 = cast[uint64](x)
+template castToUnsigned*(x: int): uint = cast[uint](x)
+template castToUnsigned*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](x: T): T = x
diff --git a/lib/std/private/digitsutils.nim b/lib/std/private/digitsutils.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2d0d25cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/private/digitsutils.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+const
+  trailingZeros100: array[100, int8] = [2'i8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0,
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
+
+  digits100: array[200, char] = ['0', '0', '0', '1', '0', '2', '0', '3', '0', '4', '0', '5',
+    '0', '6', '0', '7', '0', '8', '0', '9', '1', '0', '1', '1', '1', '2', '1', '3', '1', '4',
+    '1', '5', '1', '6', '1', '7', '1', '8', '1', '9', '2', '0', '2', '1', '2', '2', '2', '3',
+    '2', '4', '2', '5', '2', '6', '2', '7', '2', '8', '2', '9', '3', '0', '3', '1', '3', '2',
+    '3', '3', '3', '4', '3', '5', '3', '6', '3', '7', '3', '8', '3', '9', '4', '0', '4', '1',
+    '4', '2', '4', '3', '4', '4', '4', '5', '4', '6', '4', '7', '4', '8', '4', '9', '5', '0',
+    '5', '1', '5', '2', '5', '3', '5', '4', '5', '5', '5', '6', '5', '7', '5', '8', '5', '9',
+    '6', '0', '6', '1', '6', '2', '6', '3', '6', '4', '6', '5', '6', '6', '6', '7', '6', '8',
+    '6', '9', '7', '0', '7', '1', '7', '2', '7', '3', '7', '4', '7', '5', '7', '6', '7', '7',
+    '7', '8', '7', '9', '8', '0', '8', '1', '8', '2', '8', '3', '8', '4', '8', '5', '8', '6',
+    '8', '7', '8', '8', '8', '9', '9', '0', '9', '1', '9', '2', '9', '3', '9', '4', '9', '5',
+    '9', '6', '9', '7', '9', '8', '9', '9']
+
+# Inspired by https://engineering.fb.com/2013/03/15/developer-tools/three-optimization-tips-for-c
+# Generates:
+#   ```nim
+#   var res = ""
+#   for i in 0 .. 99:
+#     if i < 10:
+#       res.add "0" & $i
+#     else:
+#       res.add $i
+#   doAssert res == digits100
+#   ```
+
+proc utoa2Digits*(buf: var openArray[char]; pos: int; digits: uint32) {.inline.} =
+  buf[pos] = digits100[2 * digits]
+  buf[pos+1] = digits100[2 * digits + 1]
+  #copyMem(buf, unsafeAddr(digits100[2 * digits]), 2 * sizeof((char)))
+
+proc trailingZeros2Digits*(digits: uint32): int {.inline.} =
+  trailingZeros100[digits]
+
+when defined(js):
+  proc numToString(a: SomeInteger): cstring {.importjs: "((#) + \"\")".}
+
+func addChars[T](result: var string, x: T, start: int, n: int) {.inline.} =
+  let old = result.len
+  result.setLen old + n
+  template impl =
+    for i in 0..<n: result[old + i] = x[start + i]
+  when nimvm: impl
+  else:
+    when defined(js) or defined(nimscript): impl
+    else:
+      {.noSideEffect.}:
+        copyMem result[old].addr, x[start].unsafeAddr, n
+
+func addChars[T](result: var string, x: T) {.inline.} =
+  addChars(result, x, 0, x.len)
+
+func addIntImpl(result: var string, x: uint64) {.inline.} =
+  var tmp {.noinit.}: array[24, char]
+  var num = x
+  var next = tmp.len - 1
+  const nbatch = 100
+
+  while num >= nbatch:
+    let originNum = num
+    num = num div nbatch
+    let index = int16((originNum - num * nbatch) shl 1)
+    tmp[next] = digits100[index + 1]
+    tmp[next - 1] = digits100[index]
+    dec(next, 2)
+
+  # process last 1-2 digits
+  if num < 10:
+    tmp[next] = chr(ord('0') + num.uint8)
+  else:
+    let index = num * 2
+    tmp[next] = digits100[index + 1]
+    tmp[next - 1] = digits100[index]
+    dec next
+  addChars(result, tmp, next, tmp.len - next)
+
+when not defined(nimHasEnforceNoRaises):
+  {.pragma: enforceNoRaises.}
+
+func addInt*(result: var string, x: uint64) {.enforceNoRaises.} =
+  when nimvm: addIntImpl(result, x)
+  else:
+    when not defined(js): addIntImpl(result, x)
+    else:
+      addChars(result, numToString(x))
+
+proc addInt*(result: var string; x: int64) {.enforceNoRaises.} =
+  ## Converts integer to its string representation and appends it to `result`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var s = "foo"
+    s.addInt(45)
+    assert s == "foo45"
+  template impl =
+    var num: uint64
+    if x < 0:
+      if x == low(int64):
+        num = cast[uint64](x)
+      else:
+        num = uint64(-x)
+      result.add '-'
+    else:
+      num = uint64(x)
+    addInt(result, num)
+  when nimvm: impl()
+  else:
+    when defined(js):
+      addChars(result, numToString(x))
+    else: impl()
+
+proc addInt*(result: var string; x: int) {.inline, enforceNoRaises.} =
+  addInt(result, int64(x))
diff --git a/lib/std/private/dragonbox.nim b/lib/std/private/dragonbox.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85ffea84a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/private/dragonbox.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,1325 @@
+##  Copyright 2020 Junekey Jeon
+##  Copyright 2020 Alexander Bolz
+##
+##  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+##   (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+##  char* output_end = Dtoa(buffer, value);
+##
+##  Converts the given double-precision number into decimal form and stores the result in the given
+##  buffer.
+##
+##  The buffer must be large enough, i.e. >= DtoaMinBufferLength.
+##  The output format is similar to printf("%g").
+##  The output is _not_ null-terminted.
+##
+##  The output is optimal, i.e. the output string
+##   1. rounds back to the input number when read in (using round-to-nearest-even)
+##   2. is as short as possible,
+##   3. is as close to the input number as possible.
+##
+##  Note:
+##  This function may temporarily write up to DtoaMinBufferLength characters into the buffer.
+
+
+import std/private/digitsutils
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+const
+  dtoaMinBufferLength*: cint = 64
+
+##  This file contains an implementation of Junekey Jeon's Dragonbox algorithm.
+##
+##  It is a simplified version of the reference implementation found here:
+##  https://github.com/jk-jeon/dragonbox
+##
+##  The reference implementation also works with single-precision floating-point numbers and
+##  has options to configure the rounding mode.
+
+template dragonbox_Assert*(x: untyped): untyped =
+  assert(x)
+
+# ==================================================================================================
+#
+# ==================================================================================================
+
+type
+  ValueType* = float
+  BitsType* = uint64
+
+type
+  Double* = object
+    bits*: BitsType
+
+const                         ##  = p   (includes the hidden bit)
+  significandSize*: int32 = 53
+
+const ##   static constexpr int32_t   MaxExponent     = 1024 - 1 - (SignificandSize - 1);
+     ##   static constexpr int32_t   MinExponent     = std::numeric_limits<value_type>::min_exponent - 1 - (SignificandSize - 1);
+  exponentBias*: int32 = 1024 - 1 + (significandSize - 1)
+
+const
+  maxIeeeExponent*: BitsType = BitsType(2 * 1024 - 1)
+
+const                         ##  = 2^(p-1)
+  hiddenBit*: BitsType = BitsType(1) shl (significandSize - 1)
+
+const                         ##  = 2^(p-1) - 1
+  significandMask*: BitsType = hiddenBit - 1
+
+const
+  exponentMask*: BitsType = maxIeeeExponent shl (significandSize - 1)
+
+const
+  signMask*: BitsType = not (not BitsType(0) shr 1)
+
+proc constructDouble*(bits: BitsType): Double  =
+  result.bits = bits
+
+proc constructDouble*(value: ValueType): Double  =
+  result.bits = cast[typeof(result.bits)](value)
+
+proc physicalSignificand*(this: Double): BitsType {.noSideEffect.} =
+  return this.bits and significandMask
+
+proc physicalExponent*(this: Double): BitsType {.noSideEffect.} =
+  return (this.bits and exponentMask) shr (significandSize - 1)
+
+proc isFinite*(this: Double): bool {.noSideEffect.} =
+  return (this.bits and exponentMask) != exponentMask
+
+proc isInf*(this: Double): bool {.noSideEffect.} =
+  return (this.bits and exponentMask) == exponentMask and
+      (this.bits and significandMask) == 0
+
+proc isNaN*(this: Double): bool {.noSideEffect.} =
+  return (this.bits and exponentMask) == exponentMask and
+      (this.bits and significandMask) != 0
+
+proc isZero*(this: Double): bool {.noSideEffect.} =
+  return (this.bits and not signMask) == 0
+
+proc signBit*(this: Double): int {.noSideEffect.} =
+  return ord((this.bits and signMask) != 0)
+
+
+# ==================================================================================================
+#
+# ==================================================================================================
+##  namespace
+##  Returns floor(x / 2^n).
+##
+##  Technically, right-shift of negative integers is implementation defined...
+##  Should easily be optimized into SAR (or equivalent) instruction.
+
+proc floorDivPow2*(x: int32; n: int32): int32 {.inline.} =
+  return x shr n
+
+proc floorLog2Pow10*(e: int32): int32 {.inline.} =
+  dragonbox_Assert(e >= -1233)
+  dragonbox_Assert(e <= 1233)
+  return floorDivPow2(e * 1741647, 19)
+
+proc floorLog10Pow2*(e: int32): int32 {.inline.} =
+  dragonbox_Assert(e >= -1500)
+  dragonbox_Assert(e <= 1500)
+  return floorDivPow2(e * 1262611, 22)
+
+proc floorLog10ThreeQuartersPow2*(e: int32): int32 {.inline.} =
+  dragonbox_Assert(e >= -1500)
+  dragonbox_Assert(e <= 1500)
+  return floorDivPow2(e * 1262611 - 524031, 22)
+
+# ==================================================================================================
+#
+# ==================================================================================================
+
+type
+  uint64x2* {.bycopy.} = object
+    hi*: uint64
+    lo*: uint64
+
+
+proc computePow10*(k: int32): uint64x2 {.inline.} =
+  const
+    kMin: int32 = -292
+  const
+    kMax: int32 = 326
+  const
+    pow10: array[kMax - kMin + 1, uint64x2] = [
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFF77B1FCBEBCDC4F'u, lo: 0x25E8E89C13BB0F7B'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9FAACF3DF73609B1'u, lo: 0x77B191618C54E9AD'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC795830D75038C1D'u, lo: 0xD59DF5B9EF6A2418'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF97AE3D0D2446F25'u, lo: 0x4B0573286B44AD1E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9BECCE62836AC577'u, lo: 0x4EE367F9430AEC33'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC2E801FB244576D5'u, lo: 0x229C41F793CDA740'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF3A20279ED56D48A'u, lo: 0x6B43527578C11110'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9845418C345644D6'u, lo: 0x830A13896B78AAAA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBE5691EF416BD60C'u, lo: 0x23CC986BC656D554'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEDEC366B11C6CB8F'u, lo: 0x2CBFBE86B7EC8AA9'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x94B3A202EB1C3F39'u, lo: 0x7BF7D71432F3D6AA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB9E08A83A5E34F07'u, lo: 0xDAF5CCD93FB0CC54'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE858AD248F5C22C9'u, lo: 0xD1B3400F8F9CFF69'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x91376C36D99995BE'u, lo: 0x23100809B9C21FA2'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB58547448FFFFB2D'u, lo: 0xABD40A0C2832A78B'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE2E69915B3FFF9F9'u, lo: 0x16C90C8F323F516D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8DD01FAD907FFC3B'u, lo: 0xAE3DA7D97F6792E4'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB1442798F49FFB4A'u, lo: 0x99CD11CFDF41779D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDD95317F31C7FA1D'u, lo: 0x40405643D711D584'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8A7D3EEF7F1CFC52'u, lo: 0x482835EA666B2573'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAD1C8EAB5EE43B66'u, lo: 0xDA3243650005EED0'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD863B256369D4A40'u, lo: 0x90BED43E40076A83'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x873E4F75E2224E68'u, lo: 0x5A7744A6E804A292'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA90DE3535AAAE202'u, lo: 0x711515D0A205CB37'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD3515C2831559A83'u, lo: 0x0D5A5B44CA873E04'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8412D9991ED58091'u, lo: 0xE858790AFE9486C3'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA5178FFF668AE0B6'u, lo: 0x626E974DBE39A873'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCE5D73FF402D98E3'u, lo: 0xFB0A3D212DC81290'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x80FA687F881C7F8E'u, lo: 0x7CE66634BC9D0B9A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA139029F6A239F72'u, lo: 0x1C1FFFC1EBC44E81'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC987434744AC874E'u, lo: 0xA327FFB266B56221'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFBE9141915D7A922'u, lo: 0x4BF1FF9F0062BAA9'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9D71AC8FADA6C9B5'u, lo: 0x6F773FC3603DB4AA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC4CE17B399107C22'u, lo: 0xCB550FB4384D21D4'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF6019DA07F549B2B'u, lo: 0x7E2A53A146606A49'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x99C102844F94E0FB'u, lo: 0x2EDA7444CBFC426E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC0314325637A1939'u, lo: 0xFA911155FEFB5309'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF03D93EEBC589F88'u, lo: 0x793555AB7EBA27CB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x96267C7535B763B5'u, lo: 0x4BC1558B2F3458DF'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBBB01B9283253CA2'u, lo: 0x9EB1AAEDFB016F17'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEA9C227723EE8BCB'u, lo: 0x465E15A979C1CADD'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x92A1958A7675175F'u, lo: 0x0BFACD89EC191ECA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB749FAED14125D36'u, lo: 0xCEF980EC671F667C'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE51C79A85916F484'u, lo: 0x82B7E12780E7401B'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8F31CC0937AE58D2'u, lo: 0xD1B2ECB8B0908811'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB2FE3F0B8599EF07'u, lo: 0x861FA7E6DCB4AA16'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDFBDCECE67006AC9'u, lo: 0x67A791E093E1D49B'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8BD6A141006042BD'u, lo: 0xE0C8BB2C5C6D24E1'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAECC49914078536D'u, lo: 0x58FAE9F773886E19'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDA7F5BF590966848'u, lo: 0xAF39A475506A899F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x888F99797A5E012D'u, lo: 0x6D8406C952429604'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAAB37FD7D8F58178'u, lo: 0xC8E5087BA6D33B84'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD5605FCDCF32E1D6'u, lo: 0xFB1E4A9A90880A65'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x855C3BE0A17FCD26'u, lo: 0x5CF2EEA09A550680'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA6B34AD8C9DFC06F'u, lo: 0xF42FAA48C0EA481F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD0601D8EFC57B08B'u, lo: 0xF13B94DAF124DA27'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x823C12795DB6CE57'u, lo: 0x76C53D08D6B70859'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA2CB1717B52481ED'u, lo: 0x54768C4B0C64CA6F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCB7DDCDDA26DA268'u, lo: 0xA9942F5DCF7DFD0A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFE5D54150B090B02'u, lo: 0xD3F93B35435D7C4D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9EFA548D26E5A6E1'u, lo: 0xC47BC5014A1A6DB0'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC6B8E9B0709F109A'u, lo: 0x359AB6419CA1091C'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF867241C8CC6D4C0'u, lo: 0xC30163D203C94B63'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9B407691D7FC44F8'u, lo: 0x79E0DE63425DCF1E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC21094364DFB5636'u, lo: 0x985915FC12F542E5'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF294B943E17A2BC4'u, lo: 0x3E6F5B7B17B2939E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x979CF3CA6CEC5B5A'u, lo: 0xA705992CEECF9C43'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBD8430BD08277231'u, lo: 0x50C6FF782A838354'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xECE53CEC4A314EBD'u, lo: 0xA4F8BF5635246429'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x940F4613AE5ED136'u, lo: 0x871B7795E136BE9A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB913179899F68584'u, lo: 0x28E2557B59846E40'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE757DD7EC07426E5'u, lo: 0x331AEADA2FE589D0'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9096EA6F3848984F'u, lo: 0x3FF0D2C85DEF7622'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB4BCA50B065ABE63'u, lo: 0x0FED077A756B53AA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE1EBCE4DC7F16DFB'u, lo: 0xD3E8495912C62895'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8D3360F09CF6E4BD'u, lo: 0x64712DD7ABBBD95D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB080392CC4349DEC'u, lo: 0xBD8D794D96AACFB4'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDCA04777F541C567'u, lo: 0xECF0D7A0FC5583A1'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x89E42CAAF9491B60'u, lo: 0xF41686C49DB57245'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAC5D37D5B79B6239'u, lo: 0x311C2875C522CED6'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD77485CB25823AC7'u, lo: 0x7D633293366B828C'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x86A8D39EF77164BC'u, lo: 0xAE5DFF9C02033198'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA8530886B54DBDEB'u, lo: 0xD9F57F830283FDFD'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD267CAA862A12D66'u, lo: 0xD072DF63C324FD7C'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8380DEA93DA4BC60'u, lo: 0x4247CB9E59F71E6E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA46116538D0DEB78'u, lo: 0x52D9BE85F074E609'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCD795BE870516656'u, lo: 0x67902E276C921F8C'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x806BD9714632DFF6'u, lo: 0x00BA1CD8A3DB53B7'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA086CFCD97BF97F3'u, lo: 0x80E8A40ECCD228A5'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC8A883C0FDAF7DF0'u, lo: 0x6122CD128006B2CE'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFAD2A4B13D1B5D6C'u, lo: 0x796B805720085F82'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9CC3A6EEC6311A63'u, lo: 0xCBE3303674053BB1'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC3F490AA77BD60FC'u, lo: 0xBEDBFC4411068A9D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF4F1B4D515ACB93B'u, lo: 0xEE92FB5515482D45'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x991711052D8BF3C5'u, lo: 0x751BDD152D4D1C4B'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBF5CD54678EEF0B6'u, lo: 0xD262D45A78A0635E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEF340A98172AACE4'u, lo: 0x86FB897116C87C35'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9580869F0E7AAC0E'u, lo: 0xD45D35E6AE3D4DA1'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBAE0A846D2195712'u, lo: 0x8974836059CCA10A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE998D258869FACD7'u, lo: 0x2BD1A438703FC94C'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x91FF83775423CC06'u, lo: 0x7B6306A34627DDD0'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB67F6455292CBF08'u, lo: 0x1A3BC84C17B1D543'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE41F3D6A7377EECA'u, lo: 0x20CABA5F1D9E4A94'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8E938662882AF53E'u, lo: 0x547EB47B7282EE9D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB23867FB2A35B28D'u, lo: 0xE99E619A4F23AA44'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDEC681F9F4C31F31'u, lo: 0x6405FA00E2EC94D5'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8B3C113C38F9F37E'u, lo: 0xDE83BC408DD3DD05'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAE0B158B4738705E'u, lo: 0x9624AB50B148D446'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD98DDAEE19068C76'u, lo: 0x3BADD624DD9B0958'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x87F8A8D4CFA417C9'u, lo: 0xE54CA5D70A80E5D7'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA9F6D30A038D1DBC'u, lo: 0x5E9FCF4CCD211F4D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD47487CC8470652B'u, lo: 0x7647C32000696720'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x84C8D4DFD2C63F3B'u, lo: 0x29ECD9F40041E074'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA5FB0A17C777CF09'u, lo: 0xF468107100525891'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCF79CC9DB955C2CC'u, lo: 0x7182148D4066EEB5'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x81AC1FE293D599BF'u, lo: 0xC6F14CD848405531'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA21727DB38CB002F'u, lo: 0xB8ADA00E5A506A7D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCA9CF1D206FDC03B'u, lo: 0xA6D90811F0E4851D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFD442E4688BD304A'u, lo: 0x908F4A166D1DA664'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9E4A9CEC15763E2E'u, lo: 0x9A598E4E043287FF'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC5DD44271AD3CDBA'u, lo: 0x40EFF1E1853F29FE'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF7549530E188C128'u, lo: 0xD12BEE59E68EF47D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9A94DD3E8CF578B9'u, lo: 0x82BB74F8301958CF'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC13A148E3032D6E7'u, lo: 0xE36A52363C1FAF02'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF18899B1BC3F8CA1'u, lo: 0xDC44E6C3CB279AC2'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x96F5600F15A7B7E5'u, lo: 0x29AB103A5EF8C0BA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBCB2B812DB11A5DE'u, lo: 0x7415D448F6B6F0E8'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEBDF661791D60F56'u, lo: 0x111B495B3464AD22'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x936B9FCEBB25C995'u, lo: 0xCAB10DD900BEEC35'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB84687C269EF3BFB'u, lo: 0x3D5D514F40EEA743'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE65829B3046B0AFA'u, lo: 0x0CB4A5A3112A5113'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8FF71A0FE2C2E6DC'u, lo: 0x47F0E785EABA72AC'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB3F4E093DB73A093'u, lo: 0x59ED216765690F57'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE0F218B8D25088B8'u, lo: 0x306869C13EC3532D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8C974F7383725573'u, lo: 0x1E414218C73A13FC'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAFBD2350644EEACF'u, lo: 0xE5D1929EF90898FB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDBAC6C247D62A583'u, lo: 0xDF45F746B74ABF3A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x894BC396CE5DA772'u, lo: 0x6B8BBA8C328EB784'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAB9EB47C81F5114F'u, lo: 0x066EA92F3F326565'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD686619BA27255A2'u, lo: 0xC80A537B0EFEFEBE'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8613FD0145877585'u, lo: 0xBD06742CE95F5F37'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA798FC4196E952E7'u, lo: 0x2C48113823B73705'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD17F3B51FCA3A7A0'u, lo: 0xF75A15862CA504C6'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x82EF85133DE648C4'u, lo: 0x9A984D73DBE722FC'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA3AB66580D5FDAF5'u, lo: 0xC13E60D0D2E0EBBB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCC963FEE10B7D1B3'u, lo: 0x318DF905079926A9'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFFBBCFE994E5C61F'u, lo: 0xFDF17746497F7053'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9FD561F1FD0F9BD3'u, lo: 0xFEB6EA8BEDEFA634'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC7CABA6E7C5382C8'u, lo: 0xFE64A52EE96B8FC1'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF9BD690A1B68637B'u, lo: 0x3DFDCE7AA3C673B1'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9C1661A651213E2D'u, lo: 0x06BEA10CA65C084F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC31BFA0FE5698DB8'u, lo: 0x486E494FCFF30A63'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF3E2F893DEC3F126'u, lo: 0x5A89DBA3C3EFCCFB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x986DDB5C6B3A76B7'u, lo: 0xF89629465A75E01D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBE89523386091465'u, lo: 0xF6BBB397F1135824'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEE2BA6C0678B597F'u, lo: 0x746AA07DED582E2D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x94DB483840B717EF'u, lo: 0xA8C2A44EB4571CDD'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBA121A4650E4DDEB'u, lo: 0x92F34D62616CE414'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE896A0D7E51E1566'u, lo: 0x77B020BAF9C81D18'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x915E2486EF32CD60'u, lo: 0x0ACE1474DC1D122F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB5B5ADA8AAFF80B8'u, lo: 0x0D819992132456BB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE3231912D5BF60E6'u, lo: 0x10E1FFF697ED6C6A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8DF5EFABC5979C8F'u, lo: 0xCA8D3FFA1EF463C2'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB1736B96B6FD83B3'u, lo: 0xBD308FF8A6B17CB3'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDDD0467C64BCE4A0'u, lo: 0xAC7CB3F6D05DDBDF'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8AA22C0DBEF60EE4'u, lo: 0x6BCDF07A423AA96C'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAD4AB7112EB3929D'u, lo: 0x86C16C98D2C953C7'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD89D64D57A607744'u, lo: 0xE871C7BF077BA8B8'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x87625F056C7C4A8B'u, lo: 0x11471CD764AD4973'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA93AF6C6C79B5D2D'u, lo: 0xD598E40D3DD89BD0'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD389B47879823479'u, lo: 0x4AFF1D108D4EC2C4'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x843610CB4BF160CB'u, lo: 0xCEDF722A585139BB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA54394FE1EEDB8FE'u, lo: 0xC2974EB4EE658829'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCE947A3DA6A9273E'u, lo: 0x733D226229FEEA33'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x811CCC668829B887'u, lo: 0x0806357D5A3F5260'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA163FF802A3426A8'u, lo: 0xCA07C2DCB0CF26F8'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC9BCFF6034C13052'u, lo: 0xFC89B393DD02F0B6'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFC2C3F3841F17C67'u, lo: 0xBBAC2078D443ACE3'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9D9BA7832936EDC0'u, lo: 0xD54B944B84AA4C0E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC5029163F384A931'u, lo: 0x0A9E795E65D4DF12'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF64335BCF065D37D'u, lo: 0x4D4617B5FF4A16D6'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x99EA0196163FA42E'u, lo: 0x504BCED1BF8E4E46'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC06481FB9BCF8D39'u, lo: 0xE45EC2862F71E1D7'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF07DA27A82C37088'u, lo: 0x5D767327BB4E5A4D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x964E858C91BA2655'u, lo: 0x3A6A07F8D510F870'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBBE226EFB628AFEA'u, lo: 0x890489F70A55368C'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEADAB0ABA3B2DBE5'u, lo: 0x2B45AC74CCEA842F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x92C8AE6B464FC96F'u, lo: 0x3B0B8BC90012929E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB77ADA0617E3BBCB'u, lo: 0x09CE6EBB40173745'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE55990879DDCAABD'u, lo: 0xCC420A6A101D0516'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8F57FA54C2A9EAB6'u, lo: 0x9FA946824A12232E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB32DF8E9F3546564'u, lo: 0x47939822DC96ABFA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDFF9772470297EBD'u, lo: 0x59787E2B93BC56F8'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8BFBEA76C619EF36'u, lo: 0x57EB4EDB3C55B65B'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAEFAE51477A06B03'u, lo: 0xEDE622920B6B23F2'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDAB99E59958885C4'u, lo: 0xE95FAB368E45ECEE'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x88B402F7FD75539B'u, lo: 0x11DBCB0218EBB415'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAAE103B5FCD2A881'u, lo: 0xD652BDC29F26A11A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD59944A37C0752A2'u, lo: 0x4BE76D3346F04960'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x857FCAE62D8493A5'u, lo: 0x6F70A4400C562DDC'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA6DFBD9FB8E5B88E'u, lo: 0xCB4CCD500F6BB953'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD097AD07A71F26B2'u, lo: 0x7E2000A41346A7A8'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x825ECC24C873782F'u, lo: 0x8ED400668C0C28C9'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA2F67F2DFA90563B'u, lo: 0x728900802F0F32FB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCBB41EF979346BCA'u, lo: 0x4F2B40A03AD2FFBA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFEA126B7D78186BC'u, lo: 0xE2F610C84987BFA9'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9F24B832E6B0F436'u, lo: 0x0DD9CA7D2DF4D7CA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC6EDE63FA05D3143'u, lo: 0x91503D1C79720DBC'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF8A95FCF88747D94'u, lo: 0x75A44C6397CE912B'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9B69DBE1B548CE7C'u, lo: 0xC986AFBE3EE11ABB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC24452DA229B021B'u, lo: 0xFBE85BADCE996169'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF2D56790AB41C2A2'u, lo: 0xFAE27299423FB9C4'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x97C560BA6B0919A5'u, lo: 0xDCCD879FC967D41B'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBDB6B8E905CB600F'u, lo: 0x5400E987BBC1C921'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xED246723473E3813'u, lo: 0x290123E9AAB23B69'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9436C0760C86E30B'u, lo: 0xF9A0B6720AAF6522'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB94470938FA89BCE'u, lo: 0xF808E40E8D5B3E6A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE7958CB87392C2C2'u, lo: 0xB60B1D1230B20E05'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x90BD77F3483BB9B9'u, lo: 0xB1C6F22B5E6F48C3'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB4ECD5F01A4AA828'u, lo: 0x1E38AEB6360B1AF4'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE2280B6C20DD5232'u, lo: 0x25C6DA63C38DE1B1'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8D590723948A535F'u, lo: 0x579C487E5A38AD0F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB0AF48EC79ACE837'u, lo: 0x2D835A9DF0C6D852'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDCDB1B2798182244'u, lo: 0xF8E431456CF88E66'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8A08F0F8BF0F156B'u, lo: 0x1B8E9ECB641B5900'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAC8B2D36EED2DAC5'u, lo: 0xE272467E3D222F40'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD7ADF884AA879177'u, lo: 0x5B0ED81DCC6ABB10'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x86CCBB52EA94BAEA'u, lo: 0x98E947129FC2B4EA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA87FEA27A539E9A5'u, lo: 0x3F2398D747B36225'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD29FE4B18E88640E'u, lo: 0x8EEC7F0D19A03AAE'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x83A3EEEEF9153E89'u, lo: 0x1953CF68300424AD'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA48CEAAAB75A8E2B'u, lo: 0x5FA8C3423C052DD8'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCDB02555653131B6'u, lo: 0x3792F412CB06794E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x808E17555F3EBF11'u, lo: 0xE2BBD88BBEE40BD1'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA0B19D2AB70E6ED6'u, lo: 0x5B6ACEAEAE9D0EC5'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC8DE047564D20A8B'u, lo: 0xF245825A5A445276'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFB158592BE068D2E'u, lo: 0xEED6E2F0F0D56713'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9CED737BB6C4183D'u, lo: 0x55464DD69685606C'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC428D05AA4751E4C'u, lo: 0xAA97E14C3C26B887'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF53304714D9265DF'u, lo: 0xD53DD99F4B3066A9'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x993FE2C6D07B7FAB'u, lo: 0xE546A8038EFE402A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBF8FDB78849A5F96'u, lo: 0xDE98520472BDD034'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEF73D256A5C0F77C'u, lo: 0x963E66858F6D4441'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x95A8637627989AAD'u, lo: 0xDDE7001379A44AA9'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBB127C53B17EC159'u, lo: 0x5560C018580D5D53'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE9D71B689DDE71AF'u, lo: 0xAAB8F01E6E10B4A7'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9226712162AB070D'u, lo: 0xCAB3961304CA70E9'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB6B00D69BB55C8D1'u, lo: 0x3D607B97C5FD0D23'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE45C10C42A2B3B05'u, lo: 0x8CB89A7DB77C506B'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8EB98A7A9A5B04E3'u, lo: 0x77F3608E92ADB243'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB267ED1940F1C61C'u, lo: 0x55F038B237591ED4'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDF01E85F912E37A3'u, lo: 0x6B6C46DEC52F6689'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8B61313BBABCE2C6'u, lo: 0x2323AC4B3B3DA016'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAE397D8AA96C1B77'u, lo: 0xABEC975E0A0D081B'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD9C7DCED53C72255'u, lo: 0x96E7BD358C904A22'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x881CEA14545C7575'u, lo: 0x7E50D64177DA2E55'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAA242499697392D2'u, lo: 0xDDE50BD1D5D0B9EA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD4AD2DBFC3D07787'u, lo: 0x955E4EC64B44E865'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x84EC3C97DA624AB4'u, lo: 0xBD5AF13BEF0B113F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA6274BBDD0FADD61'u, lo: 0xECB1AD8AEACDD58F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCFB11EAD453994BA'u, lo: 0x67DE18EDA5814AF3'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x81CEB32C4B43FCF4'u, lo: 0x80EACF948770CED8'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA2425FF75E14FC31'u, lo: 0xA1258379A94D028E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCAD2F7F5359A3B3E'u, lo: 0x096EE45813A04331'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFD87B5F28300CA0D'u, lo: 0x8BCA9D6E188853FD'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9E74D1B791E07E48'u, lo: 0x775EA264CF55347E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC612062576589DDA'u, lo: 0x95364AFE032A819E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF79687AED3EEC551'u, lo: 0x3A83DDBD83F52205'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9ABE14CD44753B52'u, lo: 0xC4926A9672793543'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC16D9A0095928A27'u, lo: 0x75B7053C0F178294'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF1C90080BAF72CB1'u, lo: 0x5324C68B12DD6339'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x971DA05074DA7BEE'u, lo: 0xD3F6FC16EBCA5E04'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBCE5086492111AEA'u, lo: 0x88F4BB1CA6BCF585'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEC1E4A7DB69561A5'u, lo: 0x2B31E9E3D06C32E6'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9392EE8E921D5D07'u, lo: 0x3AFF322E62439FD0'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB877AA3236A4B449'u, lo: 0x09BEFEB9FAD487C3'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE69594BEC44DE15B'u, lo: 0x4C2EBE687989A9B4'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x901D7CF73AB0ACD9'u, lo: 0x0F9D37014BF60A11'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB424DC35095CD80F'u, lo: 0x538484C19EF38C95'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE12E13424BB40E13'u, lo: 0x2865A5F206B06FBA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8CBCCC096F5088CB'u, lo: 0xF93F87B7442E45D4'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAFEBFF0BCB24AAFE'u, lo: 0xF78F69A51539D749'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDBE6FECEBDEDD5BE'u, lo: 0xB573440E5A884D1C'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x89705F4136B4A597'u, lo: 0x31680A88F8953031'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xABCC77118461CEFC'u, lo: 0xFDC20D2B36BA7C3E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD6BF94D5E57A42BC'u, lo: 0x3D32907604691B4D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8637BD05AF6C69B5'u, lo: 0xA63F9A49C2C1B110'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA7C5AC471B478423'u, lo: 0x0FCF80DC33721D54'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD1B71758E219652B'u, lo: 0xD3C36113404EA4A9'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x83126E978D4FDF3B'u, lo: 0x645A1CAC083126EA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA3D70A3D70A3D70A'u, lo: 0x3D70A3D70A3D70A4'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC'u, lo: 0xCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCD'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8000000000000000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA000000000000000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC800000000000000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFA00000000000000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9C40000000000000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC350000000000000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF424000000000000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9896800000000000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBEBC200000000000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEE6B280000000000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9502F90000000000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBA43B74000000000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE8D4A51000000000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9184E72A00000000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB5E620F480000000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE35FA931A0000000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8E1BC9BF04000000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB1A2BC2EC5000000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDE0B6B3A76400000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8AC7230489E80000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAD78EBC5AC620000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD8D726B7177A8000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x878678326EAC9000'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA968163F0A57B400'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD3C21BCECCEDA100'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x84595161401484A0'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA56FA5B99019A5C8'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCECB8F27F4200F3A'u, lo: 0x0000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x813F3978F8940984'u, lo: 0x4000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA18F07D736B90BE5'u, lo: 0x5000000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC9F2C9CD04674EDE'u, lo: 0xA400000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFC6F7C4045812296'u, lo: 0x4D00000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9DC5ADA82B70B59D'u, lo: 0xF020000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC5371912364CE305'u, lo: 0x6C28000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF684DF56C3E01BC6'u, lo: 0xC732000000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9A130B963A6C115C'u, lo: 0x3C7F400000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC097CE7BC90715B3'u, lo: 0x4B9F100000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF0BDC21ABB48DB20'u, lo: 0x1E86D40000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x96769950B50D88F4'u, lo: 0x1314448000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBC143FA4E250EB31'u, lo: 0x17D955A000000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEB194F8E1AE525FD'u, lo: 0x5DCFAB0800000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x92EFD1B8D0CF37BE'u, lo: 0x5AA1CAE500000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB7ABC627050305AD'u, lo: 0xF14A3D9E40000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE596B7B0C643C719'u, lo: 0x6D9CCD05D0000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8F7E32CE7BEA5C6F'u, lo: 0xE4820023A2000000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB35DBF821AE4F38B'u, lo: 0xDDA2802C8A800000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE0352F62A19E306E'u, lo: 0xD50B2037AD200000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8C213D9DA502DE45'u, lo: 0x4526F422CC340000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAF298D050E4395D6'u, lo: 0x9670B12B7F410000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDAF3F04651D47B4C'u, lo: 0x3C0CDD765F114000'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x88D8762BF324CD0F'u, lo: 0xA5880A69FB6AC800'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAB0E93B6EFEE0053'u, lo: 0x8EEA0D047A457A00'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD5D238A4ABE98068'u, lo: 0x72A4904598D6D880'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x85A36366EB71F041'u, lo: 0x47A6DA2B7F864750'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA70C3C40A64E6C51'u, lo: 0x999090B65F67D924'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD0CF4B50CFE20765'u, lo: 0xFFF4B4E3F741CF6D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x82818F1281ED449F'u, lo: 0xBFF8F10E7A8921A4'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA321F2D7226895C7'u, lo: 0xAFF72D52192B6A0D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCBEA6F8CEB02BB39'u, lo: 0x9BF4F8A69F764490'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFEE50B7025C36A08'u, lo: 0x02F236D04753D5B4'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9F4F2726179A2245'u, lo: 0x01D762422C946590'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC722F0EF9D80AAD6'u, lo: 0x424D3AD2B7B97EF5'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF8EBAD2B84E0D58B'u, lo: 0xD2E0898765A7DEB2'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9B934C3B330C8577'u, lo: 0x63CC55F49F88EB2F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC2781F49FFCFA6D5'u, lo: 0x3CBF6B71C76B25FB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF316271C7FC3908A'u, lo: 0x8BEF464E3945EF7A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x97EDD871CFDA3A56'u, lo: 0x97758BF0E3CBB5AC'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBDE94E8E43D0C8EC'u, lo: 0x3D52EEED1CBEA317'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xED63A231D4C4FB27'u, lo: 0x4CA7AAA863EE4BDD'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x945E455F24FB1CF8'u, lo: 0x8FE8CAA93E74EF6A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB975D6B6EE39E436'u, lo: 0xB3E2FD538E122B44'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE7D34C64A9C85D44'u, lo: 0x60DBBCA87196B616'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x90E40FBEEA1D3A4A'u, lo: 0xBC8955E946FE31CD'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB51D13AEA4A488DD'u, lo: 0x6BABAB6398BDBE41'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE264589A4DCDAB14'u, lo: 0xC696963C7EED2DD1'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8D7EB76070A08AEC'u, lo: 0xFC1E1DE5CF543CA2'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB0DE65388CC8ADA8'u, lo: 0x3B25A55F43294BCB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDD15FE86AFFAD912'u, lo: 0x49EF0EB713F39EBE'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8A2DBF142DFCC7AB'u, lo: 0x6E3569326C784337'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xACB92ED9397BF996'u, lo: 0x49C2C37F07965404'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD7E77A8F87DAF7FB'u, lo: 0xDC33745EC97BE906'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x86F0AC99B4E8DAFD'u, lo: 0x69A028BB3DED71A3'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA8ACD7C0222311BC'u, lo: 0xC40832EA0D68CE0C'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD2D80DB02AABD62B'u, lo: 0xF50A3FA490C30190'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x83C7088E1AAB65DB'u, lo: 0x792667C6DA79E0FA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA4B8CAB1A1563F52'u, lo: 0x577001B891185938'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCDE6FD5E09ABCF26'u, lo: 0xED4C0226B55E6F86'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x80B05E5AC60B6178'u, lo: 0x544F8158315B05B4'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA0DC75F1778E39D6'u, lo: 0x696361AE3DB1C721'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC913936DD571C84C'u, lo: 0x03BC3A19CD1E38E9'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFB5878494ACE3A5F'u, lo: 0x04AB48A04065C723'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9D174B2DCEC0E47B'u, lo: 0x62EB0D64283F9C76'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC45D1DF942711D9A'u, lo: 0x3BA5D0BD324F8394'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF5746577930D6500'u, lo: 0xCA8F44EC7EE36479'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9968BF6ABBE85F20'u, lo: 0x7E998B13CF4E1ECB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBFC2EF456AE276E8'u, lo: 0x9E3FEDD8C321A67E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEFB3AB16C59B14A2'u, lo: 0xC5CFE94EF3EA101E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x95D04AEE3B80ECE5'u, lo: 0xBBA1F1D158724A12'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBB445DA9CA61281F'u, lo: 0x2A8A6E45AE8EDC97'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEA1575143CF97226'u, lo: 0xF52D09D71A3293BD'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x924D692CA61BE758'u, lo: 0x593C2626705F9C56'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB6E0C377CFA2E12E'u, lo: 0x6F8B2FB00C77836C'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE498F455C38B997A'u, lo: 0x0B6DFB9C0F956447'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8EDF98B59A373FEC'u, lo: 0x4724BD4189BD5EAC'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB2977EE300C50FE7'u, lo: 0x58EDEC91EC2CB657'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDF3D5E9BC0F653E1'u, lo: 0x2F2967B66737E3ED'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8B865B215899F46C'u, lo: 0xBD79E0D20082EE74'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAE67F1E9AEC07187'u, lo: 0xECD8590680A3AA11'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDA01EE641A708DE9'u, lo: 0xE80E6F4820CC9495'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x884134FE908658B2'u, lo: 0x3109058D147FDCDD'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAA51823E34A7EEDE'u, lo: 0xBD4B46F0599FD415'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD4E5E2CDC1D1EA96'u, lo: 0x6C9E18AC7007C91A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x850FADC09923329E'u, lo: 0x03E2CF6BC604DDB0'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA6539930BF6BFF45'u, lo: 0x84DB8346B786151C'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCFE87F7CEF46FF16'u, lo: 0xE612641865679A63'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x81F14FAE158C5F6E'u, lo: 0x4FCB7E8F3F60C07E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA26DA3999AEF7749'u, lo: 0xE3BE5E330F38F09D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCB090C8001AB551C'u, lo: 0x5CADF5BFD3072CC5'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFDCB4FA002162A63'u, lo: 0x73D9732FC7C8F7F6'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9E9F11C4014DDA7E'u, lo: 0x2867E7FDDCDD9AFA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC646D63501A1511D'u, lo: 0xB281E1FD541501B8'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF7D88BC24209A565'u, lo: 0x1F225A7CA91A4226'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9AE757596946075F'u, lo: 0x3375788DE9B06958'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC1A12D2FC3978937'u, lo: 0x0052D6B1641C83AE'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF209787BB47D6B84'u, lo: 0xC0678C5DBD23A49A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9745EB4D50CE6332'u, lo: 0xF840B7BA963646E0'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBD176620A501FBFF'u, lo: 0xB650E5A93BC3D898'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEC5D3FA8CE427AFF'u, lo: 0xA3E51F138AB4CEBE'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x93BA47C980E98CDF'u, lo: 0xC66F336C36B10137'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB8A8D9BBE123F017'u, lo: 0xB80B0047445D4184'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE6D3102AD96CEC1D'u, lo: 0xA60DC059157491E5'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9043EA1AC7E41392'u, lo: 0x87C89837AD68DB2F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB454E4A179DD1877'u, lo: 0x29BABE4598C311FB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE16A1DC9D8545E94'u, lo: 0xF4296DD6FEF3D67A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8CE2529E2734BB1D'u, lo: 0x1899E4A65F58660C'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB01AE745B101E9E4'u, lo: 0x5EC05DCFF72E7F8F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDC21A1171D42645D'u, lo: 0x76707543F4FA1F73'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x899504AE72497EBA'u, lo: 0x6A06494A791C53A8'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xABFA45DA0EDBDE69'u, lo: 0x0487DB9D17636892'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD6F8D7509292D603'u, lo: 0x45A9D2845D3C42B6'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x865B86925B9BC5C2'u, lo: 0x0B8A2392BA45A9B2'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA7F26836F282B732'u, lo: 0x8E6CAC7768D7141E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD1EF0244AF2364FF'u, lo: 0x3207D795430CD926'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8335616AED761F1F'u, lo: 0x7F44E6BD49E807B8'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA402B9C5A8D3A6E7'u, lo: 0x5F16206C9C6209A6'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCD036837130890A1'u, lo: 0x36DBA887C37A8C0F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x802221226BE55A64'u, lo: 0xC2494954DA2C9789'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA02AA96B06DEB0FD'u, lo: 0xF2DB9BAA10B7BD6C'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC83553C5C8965D3D'u, lo: 0x6F92829494E5ACC7'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFA42A8B73ABBF48C'u, lo: 0xCB772339BA1F17F9'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9C69A97284B578D7'u, lo: 0xFF2A760414536EFB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC38413CF25E2D70D'u, lo: 0xFEF5138519684ABA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF46518C2EF5B8CD1'u, lo: 0x7EB258665FC25D69'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x98BF2F79D5993802'u, lo: 0xEF2F773FFBD97A61'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBEEEFB584AFF8603'u, lo: 0xAAFB550FFACFD8FA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEEAABA2E5DBF6784'u, lo: 0x95BA2A53F983CF38'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x952AB45CFA97A0B2'u, lo: 0xDD945A747BF26183'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBA756174393D88DF'u, lo: 0x94F971119AEEF9E4'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE912B9D1478CEB17'u, lo: 0x7A37CD5601AAB85D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x91ABB422CCB812EE'u, lo: 0xAC62E055C10AB33A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB616A12B7FE617AA'u, lo: 0x577B986B314D6009'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE39C49765FDF9D94'u, lo: 0xED5A7E85FDA0B80B'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8E41ADE9FBEBC27D'u, lo: 0x14588F13BE847307'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB1D219647AE6B31C'u, lo: 0x596EB2D8AE258FC8'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDE469FBD99A05FE3'u, lo: 0x6FCA5F8ED9AEF3BB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8AEC23D680043BEE'u, lo: 0x25DE7BB9480D5854'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xADA72CCC20054AE9'u, lo: 0xAF561AA79A10AE6A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD910F7FF28069DA4'u, lo: 0x1B2BA1518094DA04'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x87AA9AFF79042286'u, lo: 0x90FB44D2F05D0842'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA99541BF57452B28'u, lo: 0x353A1607AC744A53'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD3FA922F2D1675F2'u, lo: 0x42889B8997915CE8'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x847C9B5D7C2E09B7'u, lo: 0x69956135FEBADA11'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA59BC234DB398C25'u, lo: 0x43FAB9837E699095'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCF02B2C21207EF2E'u, lo: 0x94F967E45E03F4BB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8161AFB94B44F57D'u, lo: 0x1D1BE0EEBAC278F5'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA1BA1BA79E1632DC'u, lo: 0x6462D92A69731732'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCA28A291859BBF93'u, lo: 0x7D7B8F7503CFDCFE'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFCB2CB35E702AF78'u, lo: 0x5CDA735244C3D43E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9DEFBF01B061ADAB'u, lo: 0x3A0888136AFA64A7'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC56BAEC21C7A1916'u, lo: 0x088AAA1845B8FDD0'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF6C69A72A3989F5B'u, lo: 0x8AAD549E57273D45'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9A3C2087A63F6399'u, lo: 0x36AC54E2F678864B'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC0CB28A98FCF3C7F'u, lo: 0x84576A1BB416A7DD'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF0FDF2D3F3C30B9F'u, lo: 0x656D44A2A11C51D5'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x969EB7C47859E743'u, lo: 0x9F644AE5A4B1B325'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBC4665B596706114'u, lo: 0x873D5D9F0DDE1FEE'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEB57FF22FC0C7959'u, lo: 0xA90CB506D155A7EA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9316FF75DD87CBD8'u, lo: 0x09A7F12442D588F2'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB7DCBF5354E9BECE'u, lo: 0x0C11ED6D538AEB2F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE5D3EF282A242E81'u, lo: 0x8F1668C8A86DA5FA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8FA475791A569D10'u, lo: 0xF96E017D694487BC'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB38D92D760EC4455'u, lo: 0x37C981DCC395A9AC'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE070F78D3927556A'u, lo: 0x85BBE253F47B1417'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8C469AB843B89562'u, lo: 0x93956D7478CCEC8E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAF58416654A6BABB'u, lo: 0x387AC8D1970027B2'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDB2E51BFE9D0696A'u, lo: 0x06997B05FCC0319E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x88FCF317F22241E2'u, lo: 0x441FECE3BDF81F03'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAB3C2FDDEEAAD25A'u, lo: 0xD527E81CAD7626C3'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD60B3BD56A5586F1'u, lo: 0x8A71E223D8D3B074'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x85C7056562757456'u, lo: 0xF6872D5667844E49'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA738C6BEBB12D16C'u, lo: 0xB428F8AC016561DB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD106F86E69D785C7'u, lo: 0xE13336D701BEBA52'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x82A45B450226B39C'u, lo: 0xECC0024661173473'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA34D721642B06084'u, lo: 0x27F002D7F95D0190'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCC20CE9BD35C78A5'u, lo: 0x31EC038DF7B441F4'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFF290242C83396CE'u, lo: 0x7E67047175A15271'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9F79A169BD203E41'u, lo: 0x0F0062C6E984D386'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC75809C42C684DD1'u, lo: 0x52C07B78A3E60868'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF92E0C3537826145'u, lo: 0xA7709A56CCDF8A82'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9BBCC7A142B17CCB'u, lo: 0x88A66076400BB691'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC2ABF989935DDBFE'u, lo: 0x6ACFF893D00EA435'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF356F7EBF83552FE'u, lo: 0x0583F6B8C4124D43'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x98165AF37B2153DE'u, lo: 0xC3727A337A8B704A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBE1BF1B059E9A8D6'u, lo: 0x744F18C0592E4C5C'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEDA2EE1C7064130C'u, lo: 0x1162DEF06F79DF73'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9485D4D1C63E8BE7'u, lo: 0x8ADDCB5645AC2BA8'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB9A74A0637CE2EE1'u, lo: 0x6D953E2BD7173692'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE8111C87C5C1BA99'u, lo: 0xC8FA8DB6CCDD0437'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x910AB1D4DB9914A0'u, lo: 0x1D9C9892400A22A2'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB54D5E4A127F59C8'u, lo: 0x2503BEB6D00CAB4B'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE2A0B5DC971F303A'u, lo: 0x2E44AE64840FD61D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8DA471A9DE737E24'u, lo: 0x5CEAECFED289E5D2'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB10D8E1456105DAD'u, lo: 0x7425A83E872C5F47'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDD50F1996B947518'u, lo: 0xD12F124E28F77719'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8A5296FFE33CC92F'u, lo: 0x82BD6B70D99AAA6F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xACE73CBFDC0BFB7B'u, lo: 0x636CC64D1001550B'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD8210BEFD30EFA5A'u, lo: 0x3C47F7E05401AA4E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8714A775E3E95C78'u, lo: 0x65ACFAEC34810A71'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA8D9D1535CE3B396'u, lo: 0x7F1839A741A14D0D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD31045A8341CA07C'u, lo: 0x1EDE48111209A050'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x83EA2B892091E44D'u, lo: 0x934AED0AAB460432'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA4E4B66B68B65D60'u, lo: 0xF81DA84D5617853F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCE1DE40642E3F4B9'u, lo: 0x36251260AB9D668E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x80D2AE83E9CE78F3'u, lo: 0xC1D72B7C6B426019'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA1075A24E4421730'u, lo: 0xB24CF65B8612F81F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC94930AE1D529CFC'u, lo: 0xDEE033F26797B627'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFB9B7CD9A4A7443C'u, lo: 0x169840EF017DA3B1'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9D412E0806E88AA5'u, lo: 0x8E1F289560EE864E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC491798A08A2AD4E'u, lo: 0xF1A6F2BAB92A27E2'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF5B5D7EC8ACB58A2'u, lo: 0xAE10AF696774B1DB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9991A6F3D6BF1765'u, lo: 0xACCA6DA1E0A8EF29'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBFF610B0CC6EDD3F'u, lo: 0x17FD090A58D32AF3'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEFF394DCFF8A948E'u, lo: 0xDDFC4B4CEF07F5B0'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x95F83D0A1FB69CD9'u, lo: 0x4ABDAF101564F98E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBB764C4CA7A4440F'u, lo: 0x9D6D1AD41ABE37F1'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEA53DF5FD18D5513'u, lo: 0x84C86189216DC5ED'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x92746B9BE2F8552C'u, lo: 0x32FD3CF5B4E49BB4'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB7118682DBB66A77'u, lo: 0x3FBC8C33221DC2A1'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE4D5E82392A40515'u, lo: 0x0FABAF3FEAA5334A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8F05B1163BA6832D'u, lo: 0x29CB4D87F2A7400E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB2C71D5BCA9023F8'u, lo: 0x743E20E9EF511012'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDF78E4B2BD342CF6'u, lo: 0x914DA9246B255416'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8BAB8EEFB6409C1A'u, lo: 0x1AD089B6C2F7548E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAE9672ABA3D0C320'u, lo: 0xA184AC2473B529B1'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDA3C0F568CC4F3E8'u, lo: 0xC9E5D72D90A2741E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8865899617FB1871'u, lo: 0x7E2FA67C7A658892'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAA7EEBFB9DF9DE8D'u, lo: 0xDDBB901B98FEEAB7'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD51EA6FA85785631'u, lo: 0x552A74227F3EA565'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8533285C936B35DE'u, lo: 0xD53A88958F87275F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA67FF273B8460356'u, lo: 0x8A892ABAF368F137'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD01FEF10A657842C'u, lo: 0x2D2B7569B0432D85'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8213F56A67F6B29B'u, lo: 0x9C3B29620E29FC73'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA298F2C501F45F42'u, lo: 0x8349F3BA91B47B8F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCB3F2F7642717713'u, lo: 0x241C70A936219A73'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFE0EFB53D30DD4D7'u, lo: 0xED238CD383AA0110'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9EC95D1463E8A506'u, lo: 0xF4363804324A40AA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC67BB4597CE2CE48'u, lo: 0xB143C6053EDCD0D5'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF81AA16FDC1B81DA'u, lo: 0xDD94B7868E94050A'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9B10A4E5E9913128'u, lo: 0xCA7CF2B4191C8326'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC1D4CE1F63F57D72'u, lo: 0xFD1C2F611F63A3F0'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF24A01A73CF2DCCF'u, lo: 0xBC633B39673C8CEC'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x976E41088617CA01'u, lo: 0xD5BE0503E085D813'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBD49D14AA79DBC82'u, lo: 0x4B2D8644D8A74E18'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEC9C459D51852BA2'u, lo: 0xDDF8E7D60ED1219E'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x93E1AB8252F33B45'u, lo: 0xCABB90E5C942B503'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB8DA1662E7B00A17'u, lo: 0x3D6A751F3B936243'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE7109BFBA19C0C9D'u, lo: 0x0CC512670A783AD4'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x906A617D450187E2'u, lo: 0x27FB2B80668B24C5'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB484F9DC9641E9DA'u, lo: 0xB1F9F660802DEDF6'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE1A63853BBD26451'u, lo: 0x5E7873F8A0396973'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8D07E33455637EB2'u, lo: 0xDB0B487B6423E1E8'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB049DC016ABC5E5F'u, lo: 0x91CE1A9A3D2CDA62'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDC5C5301C56B75F7'u, lo: 0x7641A140CC7810FB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x89B9B3E11B6329BA'u, lo: 0xA9E904C87FCB0A9D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xAC2820D9623BF429'u, lo: 0x546345FA9FBDCD44'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD732290FBACAF133'u, lo: 0xA97C177947AD4095'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x867F59A9D4BED6C0'u, lo: 0x49ED8EABCCCC485D'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA81F301449EE8C70'u, lo: 0x5C68F256BFFF5A74'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD226FC195C6A2F8C'u, lo: 0x73832EEC6FFF3111'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x83585D8FD9C25DB7'u, lo: 0xC831FD53C5FF7EAB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA42E74F3D032F525'u, lo: 0xBA3E7CA8B77F5E55'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCD3A1230C43FB26F'u, lo: 0x28CE1BD2E55F35EB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x80444B5E7AA7CF85'u, lo: 0x7980D163CF5B81B3'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA0555E361951C366'u, lo: 0xD7E105BCC332621F'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC86AB5C39FA63440'u, lo: 0x8DD9472BF3FEFAA7'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFA856334878FC150'u, lo: 0xB14F98F6F0FEB951'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9C935E00D4B9D8D2'u, lo: 0x6ED1BF9A569F33D3'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC3B8358109E84F07'u, lo: 0x0A862F80EC4700C8'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF4A642E14C6262C8'u, lo: 0xCD27BB612758C0FA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x98E7E9CCCFBD7DBD'u, lo: 0x8038D51CB897789C'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBF21E44003ACDD2C'u, lo: 0xE0470A63E6BD56C3'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xEEEA5D5004981478'u, lo: 0x1858CCFCE06CAC74'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x95527A5202DF0CCB'u, lo: 0x0F37801E0C43EBC8'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xBAA718E68396CFFD'u, lo: 0xD30560258F54E6BA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE950DF20247C83FD'u, lo: 0x47C6B82EF32A2069'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x91D28B7416CDD27E'u, lo: 0x4CDC331D57FA5441'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB6472E511C81471D'u, lo: 0xE0133FE4ADF8E952'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xE3D8F9E563A198E5'u, lo: 0x58180FDDD97723A6'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8E679C2F5E44FF8F'u, lo: 0x570F09EAA7EA7648'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xB201833B35D63F73'u, lo: 0x2CD2CC6551E513DA'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xDE81E40A034BCF4F'u, lo: 0xF8077F7EA65E58D1'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x8B112E86420F6191'u, lo: 0xFB04AFAF27FAF782'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xADD57A27D29339F6'u, lo: 0x79C5DB9AF1F9B563'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD94AD8B1C7380874'u, lo: 0x18375281AE7822BC'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x87CEC76F1C830548'u, lo: 0x8F2293910D0B15B5'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA9C2794AE3A3C69A'u, lo: 0xB2EB3875504DDB22'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xD433179D9C8CB841'u, lo: 0x5FA60692A46151EB'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x849FEEC281D7F328'u, lo: 0xDBC7C41BA6BCD333'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA5C7EA73224DEFF3'u, lo: 0x12B9B522906C0800'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCF39E50FEAE16BEF'u, lo: 0xD768226B34870A00'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x81842F29F2CCE375'u, lo: 0xE6A1158300D46640'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xA1E53AF46F801C53'u, lo: 0x60495AE3C1097FD0'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xCA5E89B18B602368'u, lo: 0x385BB19CB14BDFC4'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xFCF62C1DEE382C42'u, lo: 0x46729E03DD9ED7B5'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0x9E19DB92B4E31BA9'u, lo: 0x6C07A2C26A8346D1'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xC5A05277621BE293'u, lo: 0xC7098B7305241885'u),
+      uint64x2(hi: 0xF70867153AA2DB38'u, lo: 0xB8CBEE4FC66D1EA7'u)]
+  dragonbox_Assert(k >= kMin)
+  dragonbox_Assert(k <= kMax)
+  return pow10[k - kMin]
+
+##  Returns whether value is divisible by 2^e2
+
+proc multipleOfPow2*(value: uint64; e2: int32): bool {.inline.} =
+  dragonbox_Assert(e2 >= 0)
+  return e2 < 64 and (value and ((uint64(1) shl e2) - 1)) == 0
+
+##  Returns whether value is divisible by 5^e5
+
+proc multipleOfPow5*(value: uint64; e5: int32): bool {.inline.} =
+  type
+    MulCmp {.bycopy.} = object
+      mul: uint64
+      cmp: uint64
+
+  const
+    mod5 = [MulCmp(mul: 0x0000000000000001'u, cmp: 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0xCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCD'u, cmp: 0x3333333333333333'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0x8F5C28F5C28F5C29'u, cmp: 0x0A3D70A3D70A3D70'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0x1CAC083126E978D5'u, cmp: 0x020C49BA5E353F7C'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0xD288CE703AFB7E91'u, cmp: 0x0068DB8BAC710CB2'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0x5D4E8FB00BCBE61D'u, cmp: 0x0014F8B588E368F0'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0x790FB65668C26139'u, cmp: 0x000431BDE82D7B63'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0xE5032477AE8D46A5'u, cmp: 0x0000D6BF94D5E57A'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0xC767074B22E90E21'u, cmp: 0x00002AF31DC46118'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0x8E47CE423A2E9C6D'u, cmp: 0x0000089705F4136B'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0x4FA7F60D3ED61F49'u, cmp: 0x000001B7CDFD9D7B'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0x0FEE64690C913975'u, cmp: 0x00000057F5FF85E5'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0x3662E0E1CF503EB1'u, cmp: 0x000000119799812D'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0xA47A2CF9F6433FBD'u, cmp: 0x0000000384B84D09'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0x54186F653140A659'u, cmp: 0x00000000B424DC35'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0x7738164770402145'u, cmp: 0x0000000024075F3D'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0xE4A4D1417CD9A041'u, cmp: 0x000000000734ACA5'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0xC75429D9E5C5200D'u, cmp: 0x000000000170EF54'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0xC1773B91FAC10669'u, cmp: 0x000000000049C977'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0x26B172506559CE15'u, cmp: 0x00000000000EC1E4'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0xD489E3A9ADDEC2D1'u, cmp: 0x000000000002F394'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0x90E860BB892C8D5D'u, cmp: 0x000000000000971D'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0x502E79BF1B6F4F79'u, cmp: 0x0000000000001E39'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0xDCD618596BE30FE5'u, cmp: 0x000000000000060B'u),
+      MulCmp(mul: 0x2C2AD1AB7BFA3661'u, cmp: 0x0000000000000135'u)]
+  dragonbox_Assert(e5 >= 0)
+  dragonbox_Assert(e5 <= 24)
+  let m5: MulCmp = mod5[e5]
+  return value * m5.mul <= m5.cmp
+
+type
+  FloatingDecimal64* {.bycopy.} = object
+    significand*: uint64
+    exponent*: int32
+
+
+proc toDecimal64AsymmetricInterval*(e2: int32): FloatingDecimal64 {.inline.} =
+  ##  NB:
+  ##  accept_lower_endpoint = true
+  ##  accept_upper_endpoint = true
+  const
+    P: int32 = significandSize
+  ##  Compute k and beta
+  let minusK: int32 = floorLog10ThreeQuartersPow2(e2)
+  let betaMinus1: int32 = e2 + floorLog2Pow10(-minusK)
+  ##  Compute xi and zi
+  let pow10: uint64x2 = computePow10(-minusK)
+  let lowerEndpoint: uint64 = (pow10.hi - (pow10.hi shr (P + 1))) shr
+      (64 - P - betaMinus1)
+  let upperEndpoint: uint64 = (pow10.hi + (pow10.hi shr (P + 0))) shr
+      (64 - P - betaMinus1)
+  ##  If we don't accept the left endpoint (but we do!) or
+  ##  if the left endpoint is not an integer, increase it
+  let lowerEndpointIsInteger: bool = (2 <= e2 and e2 <= 3)
+  let xi: uint64 = lowerEndpoint + uint64(not lowerEndpointIsInteger)
+  let zi: uint64 = upperEndpoint
+  ##  Try bigger divisor
+  var q: uint64 = zi div 10
+  if q * 10 >= xi:
+    return FloatingDecimal64(significand: q, exponent: minusK + 1)
+  q = ((pow10.hi shr (64 - (P + 1) - betaMinus1)) + 1) div 2
+  ##  When tie occurs, choose one of them according to the rule
+  if e2 == -77:
+    dec(q, ord(q mod 2 != 0))
+    ##  Round to even.
+  else:
+    inc(q, ord(q < xi))
+  return FloatingDecimal64(significand: q, exponent: minusK)
+
+proc computeDelta*(pow10: uint64x2; betaMinus1: int32): uint32 {.inline.} =
+  dragonbox_Assert(betaMinus1 >= 0)
+  dragonbox_Assert(betaMinus1 <= 63)
+  return cast[uint32](pow10.hi shr (64 - 1 - betaMinus1))
+
+when defined(sizeof_Int128):
+  proc mul128*(x: uint64; y: uint64): uint64x2 {.inline.} =
+    ##  1 mulx
+    type
+      uint128T = uint128
+    let p: uint128T = uint128T(x) * y
+    let hi: uint64 = cast[uint64](p shr 64)
+    let lo: uint64 = cast[uint64](p)
+    return (hi, lo)
+
+elif defined(vcc) and defined(cpu64):
+  proc umul128(x, y: uint64, z: ptr uint64): uint64 {.importc: "_umul128", header: "<intrin.h>".}
+  proc mul128*(x: uint64; y: uint64): uint64x2 {.inline.} =
+    var hi: uint64 = 0
+    var lo: uint64 = umul128(x, y, addr(hi))
+    return uint64x2(hi: hi, lo: lo)
+
+else:
+  proc lo32*(x: uint64): uint32 {.inline.} =
+    return cast[uint32](x)
+
+  proc hi32*(x: uint64): uint32 {.inline.} =
+    return cast[uint32](x shr 32)
+
+  proc mul128*(a: uint64; b: uint64): uint64x2 {.inline.} =
+    let b00: uint64 = uint64(lo32(a)) * lo32(b)
+    let b01: uint64 = uint64(lo32(a)) * hi32(b)
+    let b10: uint64 = uint64(hi32(a)) * lo32(b)
+    let b11: uint64 = uint64(hi32(a)) * hi32(b)
+    let mid1: uint64 = b10 + hi32(b00)
+    let mid2: uint64 = b01 + lo32(mid1)
+    let hi: uint64 = b11 + hi32(mid1) + hi32(mid2)
+    let lo: uint64 = lo32(b00) or uint64(lo32(mid2)) shl 32
+    return uint64x2(hi: hi, lo: lo)
+
+##  Returns (x * y) / 2^128
+
+proc mulShift*(x: uint64; y: uint64x2): uint64 {.inline.} =
+  ##  2 mulx
+  var p1: uint64x2 = mul128(x, y.hi)
+  var p0: uint64x2 = mul128(x, y.lo)
+  p1.lo += p0.hi
+  inc(p1.hi, ord(p1.lo < p0.hi))
+  return p1.hi
+
+proc mulParity*(twoF: uint64; pow10: uint64x2; betaMinus1: int32): bool {.inline.} =
+  ##  1 mulx, 1 mul
+  dragonbox_Assert(betaMinus1 >= 1)
+  dragonbox_Assert(betaMinus1 <= 63)
+  let p01: uint64 = twoF * pow10.hi
+  let p10: uint64 = mul128(twoF, pow10.lo).hi
+  let mid: uint64 = p01 + p10
+  return (mid and (uint64(1) shl (64 - betaMinus1))) != 0
+
+proc isIntegralEndpoint*(twoF: uint64; e2: int32; minusK: int32): bool {.inline.} =
+  if e2 < -2:
+    return false
+  if e2 <= 9:
+    return true
+  if e2 <= 86:
+    return multipleOfPow5(twoF, minusK)
+  return false
+
+proc isIntegralMidpoint*(twoF: uint64; e2: int32; minusK: int32): bool {.inline.} =
+  if e2 < -4:
+    return multipleOfPow2(twoF, minusK - e2 + 1)
+  if e2 <= 9:
+    return true
+  if e2 <= 86:
+    return multipleOfPow5(twoF, minusK)
+  return false
+
+proc toDecimal64*(ieeeSignificand: uint64; ieeeExponent: uint64): FloatingDecimal64 {.
+    inline.} =
+  const
+    kappa: int32 = 2
+  const
+    bigDivisor: uint32 = 1000
+  ##  10^(kappa + 1)
+  const
+    smallDivisor: uint32 = 100
+  ##  10^(kappa)
+  ##
+  ##  Step 1:
+  ##  integer promotion & Schubfach multiplier calculation.
+  ##
+  var m2: uint64
+  var e2: int32
+  if ieeeExponent != 0:
+    m2 = hiddenBit or ieeeSignificand
+    e2 = cast[int32](ieeeExponent) - exponentBias
+    if 0 <= -e2 and -e2 < significandSize and multipleOfPow2(m2, -e2):
+      ##  Small integer.
+      return FloatingDecimal64(significand: m2 shr -e2, exponent: 0)
+    if ieeeSignificand == 0 and ieeeExponent > 1:
+      ##  Shorter interval case; proceed like Schubfach.
+      return toDecimal64AsymmetricInterval(e2)
+  else:
+    ##  Subnormal case; interval is always regular.
+    m2 = ieeeSignificand
+    e2 = 1 - exponentBias
+  let isEven: bool = (m2 mod 2 == 0)
+  let acceptLower: bool = isEven
+  let acceptUpper: bool = isEven
+  ##  Compute k and beta.
+  let minusK: int32 = floorLog10Pow2(e2) - kappa
+  let betaMinus1: int32 = e2 + floorLog2Pow10(-minusK)
+  dragonbox_Assert(betaMinus1 >= 6)
+  dragonbox_Assert(betaMinus1 <= 9)
+  let pow10: uint64x2 = computePow10(-minusK)
+  ##  Compute delta
+  ##  10^kappa <= delta < 10^(kappa + 1)
+  ##       100 <= delta < 1000
+  let delta: uint32 = computeDelta(pow10, betaMinus1)
+  dragonbox_Assert(delta >= smallDivisor)
+  dragonbox_Assert(delta < bigDivisor)
+  let twoFl: uint64 = 2 * m2 - 1
+  let twoFc: uint64 = 2 * m2
+  let twoFr: uint64 = 2 * m2 + 1
+  ##  (54 bits)
+  ##  Compute zi
+  ##   (54 + 9 = 63 bits)
+  let zi: uint64 = mulShift(twoFr shl betaMinus1, pow10)
+  ##  2 mulx
+  ##
+  ##  Step 2:
+  ##  Try larger divisor.
+  ##
+  var q: uint64 = zi div bigDivisor
+  ##   uint64_t q = Mul128(zi, 0x83126E978D4FDF3Cu).hi >> 9; // 1 mulx
+  var r: uint32 = cast[uint32](zi) - bigDivisor * cast[uint32](q)
+  ##  r = zi % BigDivisor
+  ##  0 <= r < 1000
+  if r < delta:                  ## likely ~50% ?!
+            ##  (r > deltai)
+    ##  Exclude the right endpoint if necessary
+    if r != 0 or acceptUpper or not isIntegralEndpoint(twoFr, e2, minusK):
+      return FloatingDecimal64(significand: q, exponent: minusK + kappa + 1)
+    dragonbox_Assert(q != 0)
+    dec(q)
+    r = bigDivisor
+  elif r == delta:               ## unlikely
+    ##  Compare fractional parts.
+    ##  Check conditions in the order different from the paper
+    ##  to take advantage of short-circuiting
+    if (acceptLower and isIntegralEndpoint(twoFl, e2, minusK)) or
+        mulParity(twoFl, pow10, betaMinus1):
+      return FloatingDecimal64(significand: q, exponent: minusK + kappa + 1)
+  else:
+    discard
+  ##
+  ##  Step 3:
+  ##  Find the significand with the smaller divisor
+  ##
+  q = q * 10
+  ##  1 hmul
+  ##  0 <= r <= 1000
+  let dist: uint32 = r - (delta div 2) + (smallDivisor div 2)
+  let distQ: uint32 = dist div 100
+  ##  1 mul
+  ##   const uint32_t dist_r = dist % 100;
+  q += distQ
+  ##   if /*likely*/ (dist_r == 0)
+  if dist == distQ * 100:
+    ##       const bool approx_y_parity = ((dist ^ (SmallDivisor / 2)) & 1) != 0;
+    let approxYParity: bool = (dist and 1) != 0
+    ##  Check z^(f) >= epsilon^(f)
+    ##  We have either yi == zi - epsiloni or yi == (zi - epsiloni) - 1,
+    ##  where yi == zi - epsiloni if and only if z^(f) >= epsilon^(f)
+    ##  Since there are only 2 possibilities, we only need to care about the
+    ##  parity. Also, zi and r should have the same parity since the divisor
+    ##  is an even number
+    if mulParity(twoFc, pow10, betaMinus1) != approxYParity:
+      dec(q)
+    elif q mod 2 != 0 and isIntegralMidpoint(twoFc, e2, minusK):
+      dec(q)
+  return FloatingDecimal64(significand: q, exponent: minusK + kappa)
+
+# ==================================================================================================
+#  ToChars
+# ==================================================================================================
+
+when false:
+  template `+!`(x: cstring; offset: int): cstring = cast[cstring](cast[uint](x) + uint(offset))
+
+  template dec(x: cstring; offset=1) = x = cast[cstring](cast[uint](x) - uint(offset))
+  template inc(x: cstring; offset=1) = x = cast[cstring](cast[uint](x) + uint(offset))
+
+  proc memset(x: cstring; ch: char; L: int) {.importc, nodecl.}
+  proc memmove(a, b: cstring; L: int) {.importc, nodecl.}
+
+proc utoa8DigitsSkipTrailingZeros*(buf: var openArray[char]; pos: int; digits: uint32): int {.inline.} =
+  dragonbox_Assert(digits >= 1)
+  dragonbox_Assert(digits <= 99999999'u32)
+  let q: uint32 = digits div 10000
+  let r: uint32 = digits mod 10000
+  let qH: uint32 = q div 100
+  let qL: uint32 = q mod 100
+  utoa2Digits(buf, pos, qH)
+  utoa2Digits(buf, pos + 2, qL)
+  if r == 0:
+    return trailingZeros2Digits(if qL == 0: qH else: qL) + (if qL == 0: 6 else: 4)
+  else:
+    let rH: uint32 = r div 100
+    let rL: uint32 = r mod 100
+    utoa2Digits(buf, pos + 4, rH)
+    utoa2Digits(buf, pos + 6, rL)
+    return trailingZeros2Digits(if rL == 0: rH else: rL) + (if rL == 0: 2 else: 0)
+
+proc printDecimalDigitsBackwards*(buf: var openArray[char]; pos: int; output64: uint64): int {.inline.} =
+  var pos = pos
+  var output64 = output64
+  var tz = 0
+  ##  number of trailing zeros removed.
+  var nd = 0
+  ##  number of decimal digits processed.
+  ##  At most 17 digits remaining
+  if output64 >= 100000000'u64:
+    let q: uint64 = output64 div 100000000'u64
+    let r: uint32 = cast[uint32](output64 mod 100000000'u64)
+    output64 = q
+    dec(pos, 8)
+    if r != 0:
+      tz = utoa8DigitsSkipTrailingZeros(buf, pos, r)
+      dragonbox_Assert(tz >= 0)
+      dragonbox_Assert(tz <= 7)
+    else:
+      tz = 8
+    nd = 8
+  dragonbox_Assert(output64 <= high(uint32))
+  var output = cast[uint32](output64)
+  if output >= 10000:
+    let q: uint32 = output div 10000
+    let r: uint32 = output mod 10000
+    output = q
+    dec(pos, 4)
+    if r != 0:
+      let rH: uint32 = r div 100
+      let rL: uint32 = r mod 100
+      utoa2Digits(buf, pos, rH)
+      utoa2Digits(buf, pos + 2, rL)
+      if tz == nd:
+        inc(tz, trailingZeros2Digits(if rL == 0: rH else: rL) +
+            (if rL == 0: 2 else: 0))
+    else:
+      if tz == nd:
+        inc(tz, 4)
+      else:
+        for i in 0..3: buf[pos+i] = '0'
+      ##  (actually not required...)
+    inc(nd, 4)
+  if output >= 100:
+    let q: uint32 = output div 100
+    let r: uint32 = output mod 100
+    output = q
+    dec(pos, 2)
+    utoa2Digits(buf, pos, r)
+    if tz == nd:
+      inc(tz, trailingZeros2Digits(r))
+    inc(nd, 2)
+    if output >= 100:
+      let q2: uint32 = output div 100
+      let r2: uint32 = output mod 100
+      output = q2
+      dec(pos, 2)
+      utoa2Digits(buf, pos, r2)
+      if tz == nd:
+        inc(tz, trailingZeros2Digits(r2))
+      inc(nd, 2)
+  dragonbox_Assert(output >= 1)
+  dragonbox_Assert(output <= 99)
+  if output >= 10:
+    let q: uint32 = output
+    dec(pos, 2)
+    utoa2Digits(buf, pos, q)
+    if tz == nd:
+      inc(tz, trailingZeros2Digits(q))
+  else:
+    let q: uint32 = output
+    dragonbox_Assert(q >= 1)
+    dragonbox_Assert(q <= 9)
+    dec(pos)
+    buf[pos] = chr(ord('0') + q)
+  return tz
+
+proc decimalLength*(v: uint64): int {.inline.} =
+  dragonbox_Assert(v >= 1)
+  dragonbox_Assert(v <= 99999999999999999'u64)
+  if cast[uint32](v shr 32) != 0:
+    if v >= 10000000000000000'u64:
+      return 17
+    if v >= 1000000000000000'u64:
+      return 16
+    if v >= 100000000000000'u64:
+      return 15
+    if v >= 10000000000000'u64:
+      return 14
+    if v >= 1000000000000'u64:
+      return 13
+    if v >= 100000000000'u64:
+      return 12
+    if v >= 10000000000'u64:
+      return 11
+    return 10
+  let v32: uint32 = cast[uint32](v)
+  if v32 >= 1000000000'u32:
+    return 10
+  if v32 >= 100000000'u32:
+    return 9
+  if v32 >= 10000000'u32:
+    return 8
+  if v32 >= 1000000'u32:
+    return 7
+  if v32 >= 100000'u32:
+    return 6
+  if v32 >= 10000'u32:
+    return 5
+  if v32 >= 1000'u32:
+    return 4
+  if v32 >= 100'u32:
+    return 3
+  if v32 >= 10'u32:
+    return 2
+  return 1
+
+proc formatDigits*[T: Ordinal](buffer: var openArray[char]; pos: T; digits: uint64; decimalExponent: int;
+                  forceTrailingDotZero = false): int {.inline.} =
+  const
+    minFixedDecimalPoint = -6
+  const
+    maxFixedDecimalPoint = 17
+  var pos:int = pos.int
+  assert(minFixedDecimalPoint <= -1, "internal error")
+  assert(maxFixedDecimalPoint >= 17, "internal error")
+  dragonbox_Assert(digits >= 1)
+  dragonbox_Assert(digits <= 99999999999999999'u64)
+  dragonbox_Assert(decimalExponent >= -999)
+  dragonbox_Assert(decimalExponent <= 999)
+  var numDigits = decimalLength(digits)
+  let decimalPoint = numDigits + decimalExponent
+  let useFixed: bool = minFixedDecimalPoint <= decimalPoint and
+      decimalPoint <= maxFixedDecimalPoint
+  ## Prepare the buffer.
+  for i in 0..<32: buffer[pos+i] = '0'
+  assert(minFixedDecimalPoint >= -30, "internal error")
+  assert(maxFixedDecimalPoint <= 32, "internal error")
+  var decimalDigitsPosition: int
+  if useFixed:
+    if decimalPoint <= 0:
+      ##  0.[000]digits
+      decimalDigitsPosition = 2 - decimalPoint
+    else:
+      ##  dig.its
+      ##  digits[000]
+      decimalDigitsPosition = 0
+  else:
+    ##  dE+123 or d.igitsE+123
+    decimalDigitsPosition = 1
+  var digitsEnd = pos + int(decimalDigitsPosition + numDigits)
+  let tz = printDecimalDigitsBackwards(buffer, digitsEnd, digits)
+  dec(digitsEnd, tz)
+  dec(numDigits, tz)
+  ##   decimal_exponent += tz; // => decimal_point unchanged.
+  if useFixed:
+    if decimalPoint <= 0:
+      ##  0.[000]digits
+      buffer[pos+1] = '.'
+      pos = digitsEnd
+    elif decimalPoint < numDigits:
+      ##  dig.its
+      when true: #defined(vcc) and not defined(clang):
+        ##  VC does not inline the memmove call below. (Even if compiled with /arch:AVX2.)
+        ##  However, memcpy will be inlined.
+        var tmp: array[16, char]
+        for i in 0..<16: tmp[i] = buffer[i+pos+decimalPoint]
+        for i in 0..<16: buffer[i+pos+decimalPoint+1] = tmp[i]
+      else:
+        memmove(buffer +! (decimalPoint + 1), buffer +! decimalPoint, 16)
+      buffer[pos+decimalPoint] = '.'
+      pos = digitsEnd + 1
+    else:
+      ##  digits[000]
+      inc(pos, decimalPoint)
+      if forceTrailingDotZero:
+        buffer[pos] = '.'
+        buffer[pos+1] = '0'
+        inc(pos, 2)
+  else:
+    ##  Copy the first digit one place to the left.
+    buffer[pos] = buffer[pos+1]
+    if numDigits == 1:
+      ##  dE+123
+      inc(pos)
+    else:
+      ##  d.igitsE+123
+      buffer[pos+1] = '.'
+      pos = digitsEnd
+    let scientificExponent: int = decimalPoint - 1
+    ##       SF_ASSERT(scientific_exponent != 0);
+    buffer[pos] = 'e'
+    buffer[pos+1] = if scientificExponent < 0: '-' else: '+'
+    inc(pos, 2)
+    let k: uint32 = cast[uint32](if scientificExponent < 0: -scientificExponent else: scientificExponent)
+    if k < 10:
+      buffer[pos] = chr(ord('0') + k)
+      inc(pos)
+    elif k < 100:
+      utoa2Digits(buffer, pos, k)
+      inc(pos, 2)
+    else:
+      let q: uint32 = k div 100
+      let r: uint32 = k mod 100
+      buffer[pos] = chr(ord('0') + q)
+      inc(pos)
+      utoa2Digits(buffer, pos, r)
+      inc(pos, 2)
+  return pos
+
+proc toChars*(buffer: var openArray[char]; v: float; forceTrailingDotZero = false): int {.
+    inline.} =
+  var pos = 0
+  let significand: uint64 = physicalSignificand(constructDouble(v))
+  let exponent: uint64 = physicalExponent(constructDouble(v))
+  if exponent != maxIeeeExponent:
+    ##  Finite
+    buffer[pos] = '-'
+    inc(pos, signBit(constructDouble(v)))
+    if exponent != 0 or significand != 0:
+      ##  != 0
+      let dec = toDecimal64(significand, exponent)
+      return formatDigits(buffer, pos, dec.significand, dec.exponent.int,
+                         forceTrailingDotZero)
+    else:
+      buffer[pos] = '0'
+      buffer[pos+1] = '.'
+      buffer[pos+2] = '0'
+      buffer[pos+3] = ' '
+      inc(pos, if forceTrailingDotZero: 3 else: 1)
+      return pos
+  if significand == 0:
+    buffer[pos] = '-'
+    inc(pos, signBit(constructDouble(v)))
+    buffer[pos] = 'i'
+    buffer[pos+1] = 'n'
+    buffer[pos+2] = 'f'
+    buffer[pos+3] = ' '
+    return pos + 3
+  else:
+    buffer[pos] = 'n'
+    buffer[pos+1] = 'a'
+    buffer[pos+2] = 'n'
+    buffer[pos+3] = ' '
+    return pos + 3
+
+when false:
+  proc toString*(value: float): string =
+    var buffer: array[dtoaMinBufferLength, char]
+    let last = toChars(addr buffer, value)
+    let L = cast[int](last) - cast[int](addr(buffer))
+    result = newString(L)
+    copyMem(addr result[0], addr buffer[0], L)
+
diff --git a/lib/std/private/gitutils.nim b/lib/std/private/gitutils.nim
index bf5e7cb1f..6dc9c8f3b 100644
--- a/lib/std/private/gitutils.nim
+++ b/lib/std/private/gitutils.nim
@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ internal API for now, API subject to change
 
 # xxx move other git utilities here; candidate for stdlib.
 
-import std/[os, osproc, strutils]
+import std/[os, paths, osproc, strutils, tempfiles]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, syncio]
 
 const commitHead* = "HEAD"
 
@@ -29,12 +32,43 @@ template retryCall*(maxRetry = 3, backoffDuration = 1.0, call: untyped): bool =
   result
 
 proc isGitRepo*(dir: string): bool =
-  ## This command is used to get the relative path to the root of the repository.
-  ## Using this, we can verify whether a folder is a git repository by checking
-  ## whether the command success and if the output is empty.
-  let (output, status) = execCmdEx("git rev-parse --show-cdup", workingDir = dir)
-  # On Windows there will be a trailing newline on success, remove it.
-  # The value of a successful call typically won't have a whitespace (it's
-  # usually a series of ../), so we know that it's safe to unconditionally
-  # remove trailing whitespaces from the result.
-  result = status == 0 and output.strip() == ""
+  ## Avoid calling git since it depends on /bin/sh existing and fails in Nix.
+  return fileExists(dir/".git/HEAD")
+
+proc diffFiles*(path1, path2: string): tuple[output: string, same: bool] =
+  ## Returns a human readable diff of files `path1`, `path2`, the exact form of
+  ## which is implementation defined.
+  # This could be customized, e.g. non-git diff with `diff -uNdr`, or with
+  # git diff options (e.g. --color-moved, --word-diff).
+  # in general, `git diff` has more options than `diff`.
+  var status = 0
+  (result.output, status) = execCmdEx("git diff --no-index $1 $2" % [path1.quoteShell, path2.quoteShell])
+  doAssert (status == 0) or (status == 1)
+  result.same = status == 0
+
+proc diffStrings*(a, b: string): tuple[output: string, same: bool] =
+  ## Returns a human readable diff of `a`, `b`, the exact form of which is
+  ## implementation defined.
+  ## See also `experimental.diff`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    let a = "ok1\nok2\nok3\n"
+    let b = "ok1\nok2 alt\nok3\nok4\n"
+    let (c, same) = diffStrings(a, b)
+    doAssert not same
+    let (c2, same2) = diffStrings(a, a)
+    doAssert same2
+  runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+    let a = "ok1\nok2\nok3\n"
+    let b = "ok1\nok2 alt\nok3\nok4\n"
+    echo diffStrings(a, b).output
+
+  template tmpFileImpl(prefix, str): auto =
+    let path = genTempPath(prefix, "")
+    writeFile(path, str)
+    path
+  let patha = tmpFileImpl("diffStrings_a_", a)
+  let pathb = tmpFileImpl("diffStrings_b_", b)
+  defer:
+    removeFile(patha)
+    removeFile(pathb)
+  result = diffFiles(patha, pathb)
diff --git a/lib/std/private/globs.nim b/lib/std/private/globs.nim
index b98a7808b..a6d088558 100644
--- a/lib/std/private/globs.nim
+++ b/lib/std/private/globs.nim
@@ -4,9 +4,18 @@ this can eventually be moved to std/os and `walkDirRec` can be implemented in te
 to avoid duplication
 ]##
 
-import std/[os]
+import std/os
 when defined(windows):
-  from strutils import replace
+  from std/strutils import replace
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, objectdollar]
+
+
+when defined(nimHasEffectsOf):
+  {.experimental: "strictEffects".}
+else:
+  {.pragma: effectsOf.}
 
 type
   PathEntry* = object
@@ -14,7 +23,7 @@ type
     path*: string
 
 iterator walkDirRecFilter*(dir: string, follow: proc(entry: PathEntry): bool = nil,
-    relative = false, checkDir = true): PathEntry {.tags: [ReadDirEffect].} =
+    relative = false, checkDir = true): PathEntry {.tags: [ReadDirEffect], effectsOf: follow.} =
   ## Improved `os.walkDirRec`.
   #[
   note: a yieldFilter isn't needed because caller can filter at call site, without
@@ -45,12 +54,17 @@ iterator walkDirRecFilter*(dir: string, follow: proc(entry: PathEntry): bool = n
 
 proc nativeToUnixPath*(path: string): string =
   # pending https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/13265
-  doAssert not path.isAbsolute # not implemented here; absolute files need more care for the drive
+  result = path
+  when defined(windows):
+    if path.len >= 2 and path[0] in {'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z'} and path[1] == ':':
+      result[0] = '/'
+      result[1] = path[0]
+      if path.len > 2 and path[2] != '\\':
+        raiseAssert "paths like `C:foo` are currently unsupported, path: " & path
   when DirSep == '\\':
-    result = replace(path, '\\', '/')
-  else: result = path
+    result = replace(result, '\\', '/')
 
 when isMainModule:
-  import sugar
-  for a in walkDirRecFilter(".", follow = a=>a.path.lastPathPart notin ["nimcache", ".git", ".csources", "bin"]):
+  import std/sugar
+  for a in walkDirRecFilter(".", follow = a=>a.path.lastPathPart notin ["nimcache", ".git", "csources_v1", "csources", "bin"]):
     echo a
diff --git a/lib/std/private/jsutils.nim b/lib/std/private/jsutils.nim
index 836b3512a..5f79eab27 100644
--- a/lib/std/private/jsutils.nim
+++ b/lib/std/private/jsutils.nim
@@ -37,13 +37,13 @@ when defined(js):
       let a = array[2, float64].default
       assert jsConstructorName(a) == "Float64Array"
       assert jsConstructorName(a.toJs) == "Float64Array"
-    asm """`result` = `a`.constructor.name"""
+    {.emit: """`result` = `a`.constructor.name;""".}
 
   proc hasJsBigInt*(): bool =
-    asm """`result` = typeof BigInt != 'undefined'"""
+    {.emit: """`result` = typeof BigInt != 'undefined';""".}
 
   proc hasBigUint64Array*(): bool =
-    asm """`result` = typeof BigUint64Array != 'undefined'"""
+    {.emit: """`result` = typeof BigUint64Array != 'undefined';""".}
 
   proc getProtoName*[T](a: T): cstring {.importjs: "Object.prototype.toString.call(#)".} =
     runnableExamples:
@@ -79,5 +79,18 @@ when defined(js):
       assert not "123".toJs.isSafeInteger
       assert 123.isSafeInteger
       assert 123.toJs.isSafeInteger
-      assert 9007199254740991.toJs.isSafeInteger
-      assert not 9007199254740992.toJs.isSafeInteger
+      when false:
+        assert 9007199254740991.toJs.isSafeInteger
+        assert not 9007199254740992.toJs.isSafeInteger
+
+template whenJsNoBigInt64*(no64, yes64): untyped =
+  when defined(js):
+    when compiles(compileOption("jsbigint64")):
+      when compileOption("jsbigint64"):
+        yes64
+      else:
+        no64
+    else:
+      no64
+  else:
+    no64
diff --git a/lib/std/private/miscdollars.nim b/lib/std/private/miscdollars.nim
index a41cf1bc1..06fda6fa1 100644
--- a/lib/std/private/miscdollars.nim
+++ b/lib/std/private/miscdollars.nim
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from std/private/digitsutils import addInt
+
 template toLocation*(result: var string, file: string | cstring, line: int, col: int) =
   ## avoids spurious allocations
   # Hopefully this can be re-used everywhere so that if a user needs to customize,
@@ -5,11 +7,33 @@ template toLocation*(result: var string, file: string | cstring, line: int, col:
   result.add file
   if line > 0:
     result.add "("
-    # simplify this after moving moving `include strmantle` above import assertions`
-    when declared(addInt): result.addInt line
-    else: result.add $line
+    addInt(result, line)
     if col > 0:
       result.add ", "
-      when declared(addInt): result.addInt col
-      else: result.add $col
+      addInt(result, col)
     result.add ")"
+
+proc isNamedTuple(T: typedesc): bool {.magic: "TypeTrait".}
+
+template tupleObjectDollar*[T: tuple | object](result: var string, x: T) =
+  result = "("
+  const isNamed = T is object or isNamedTuple(typeof(T))
+  var count {.used.} = 0
+  for name, value in fieldPairs(x):
+    if count > 0: result.add(", ")
+    when isNamed:
+      result.add(name)
+      result.add(": ")
+    count.inc
+    when compiles($value):
+      when value isnot string and value isnot seq and compiles(value.isNil):
+        if value.isNil: result.add "nil"
+        else: result.addQuoted(value)
+      else:
+        result.addQuoted(value)
+    else:
+      result.add("...")
+  when not isNamed:
+    if count == 1:
+      result.add(",") # $(1,) should print as the semantically legal (1,)
+  result.add(")")
diff --git a/lib/std/private/ntpath.nim b/lib/std/private/ntpath.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c8661bb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/private/ntpath.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# This module is inspired by Python's `ntpath.py` module.
+
+import std/[
+  strutils,
+]
+
+# Adapted `splitdrive` function from the following commits in Python source
+# code:
+# 5a607a3ee5e81bdcef3f886f9d20c1376a533df4 (2009): Initial UNC handling (by Mark Hammond)
+# 2ba0fd5767577954f331ecbd53596cd8035d7186 (2022): Support for "UNC"-device paths (by Barney Gale)
+#
+# FAQ: Why use `strip` below? `\\?\UNC` is the start of a "UNC symbolic link",
+# which is a special UNC form. Running `strip` differentiates `\\?\UNC\` (a UNC
+# symbolic link) from e.g. `\\?\UNCD` (UNCD is the server in the UNC path).
+func splitDrive*(p: string): tuple[drive, path: string] =
+  ## Splits a Windows path into a drive and path part. The drive can be e.g.
+  ## `C:`. It can also be a UNC path (`\\server\drive\path`).
+  ##
+  ## The equivalent `splitDrive` for POSIX systems always returns empty drive.
+  ## Therefore this proc is only necessary on DOS-like file systems (together
+  ## with Nim's `doslikeFileSystem` conditional variable).
+  ##
+  ## This proc's use case is to extract `path` such that it can be manipulated
+  ## like a POSIX path.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert splitDrive("C:") == ("C:", "")
+    doAssert splitDrive(r"C:\") == (r"C:", r"\")
+    doAssert splitDrive(r"\\server\drive\foo\bar") == (r"\\server\drive", r"\foo\bar")
+    doAssert splitDrive(r"\\?\UNC\server\share\dir") == (r"\\?\UNC\server\share", r"\dir")
+
+  result = ("", p)
+  if p.len < 2:
+    return
+  const sep = '\\'
+  let normp = p.replace('/', sep)
+  if p.len > 2 and normp[0] == sep and normp[1] == sep and normp[2] != sep:
+
+    # is a UNC path:
+    # vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv drive letter or UNC path
+    # \\machine\mountpoint\directory\etc\...
+    #           directory ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+    let start = block:
+      const unc = "\\\\?\\UNC" # Length is 7
+      let idx = min(8, normp.len)
+      if unc == normp[0..<idx].strip(chars = {sep}, leading = false).toUpperAscii:
+        8
+      else:
+        2
+    let index = normp.find(sep, start)
+    if index == -1:
+      return
+    var index2 = normp.find(sep, index + 1)
+
+    # a UNC path can't have two slashes in a row (after the initial two)
+    if index2 == index + 1:
+      return
+    if index2 == -1:
+      index2 = p.len
+    return (p[0..<index2], p[index2..^1])
+  if p[1] == ':':
+    return (p[0..1], p[2..^1])
diff --git a/lib/std/private/osappdirs.nim b/lib/std/private/osappdirs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07a6809bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/private/osappdirs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+## .. importdoc:: paths.nim, dirs.nim
+
+include system/inclrtl
+import std/envvars
+import std/private/ospaths2
+
+proc getHomeDir*(): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
+  tags: [ReadEnvEffect, ReadIOEffect].} =
+  ## Returns the home directory of the current user.
+  ##
+  ## This proc is wrapped by the `expandTilde proc`_
+  ## for the convenience of processing paths coming from user configuration files.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `getDataDir proc`_
+  ## * `getConfigDir proc`_
+  ## * `getTempDir proc`_
+  ## * `expandTilde proc`_
+  ## * `getCurrentDir proc`_
+  ## * `setCurrentDir proc`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    import std/os
+    assert getHomeDir() == expandTilde("~")
+
+  when defined(windows): return getEnv("USERPROFILE") & "\\"
+  else: return getEnv("HOME") & "/"
+
+proc getDataDir*(): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1"
+  tags: [ReadEnvEffect, ReadIOEffect].} =
+  ## Returns the data directory of the current user for applications.
+  ## 
+  ## On non-Windows OSs, this proc conforms to the XDG Base Directory
+  ## spec. Thus, this proc returns the value of the `XDG_DATA_HOME` environment
+  ## variable if it is set, otherwise it returns the default configuration
+  ## directory ("~/.local/share" or "~/Library/Application Support" on macOS).
+  ## 
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `getHomeDir proc`_
+  ## * `getConfigDir proc`_
+  ## * `getTempDir proc`_
+  ## * `expandTilde proc`_
+  ## * `getCurrentDir proc`_
+  ## * `setCurrentDir proc`_
+  when defined(windows):
+    result = getEnv("APPDATA")
+  elif defined(macosx):
+    result = getEnv("XDG_DATA_HOME", getEnv("HOME") / "Library" / "Application Support")
+  else:
+    result = getEnv("XDG_DATA_HOME", getEnv("HOME") / ".local" / "share")
+  result.normalizePathEnd(trailingSep = true)
+
+proc getConfigDir*(): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
+  tags: [ReadEnvEffect, ReadIOEffect].} =
+  ## Returns the config directory of the current user for applications.
+  ##
+  ## On non-Windows OSs, this proc conforms to the XDG Base Directory
+  ## spec. Thus, this proc returns the value of the `XDG_CONFIG_HOME` environment
+  ## variable if it is set, otherwise it returns the default configuration
+  ## directory ("~/.config/").
+  ##
+  ## An OS-dependent trailing slash is always present at the end of the
+  ## returned string: `\\` on Windows and `/` on all other OSs.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `getHomeDir proc`_
+  ## * `getDataDir proc`_
+  ## * `getTempDir proc`_
+  ## * `expandTilde proc`_
+  ## * `getCurrentDir proc`_
+  ## * `setCurrentDir proc`_
+  when defined(windows):
+    result = getEnv("APPDATA")
+  else:
+    result = getEnv("XDG_CONFIG_HOME", getEnv("HOME") / ".config")
+  result.normalizePathEnd(trailingSep = true)
+
+proc getCacheDir*(): string =
+  ## Returns the cache directory of the current user for applications.
+  ##
+  ## This makes use of the following environment variables:
+  ##
+  ## * On Windows: `getEnv("LOCALAPPDATA")`
+  ##
+  ## * On macOS: `getEnv("XDG_CACHE_HOME", getEnv("HOME") / "Library/Caches")`
+  ##
+  ## * On other platforms: `getEnv("XDG_CACHE_HOME", getEnv("HOME") / ".cache")`
+  ##
+  ## **See also:**
+  ## * `getHomeDir proc`_
+  ## * `getTempDir proc`_
+  ## * `getConfigDir proc`_
+  ## * `getDataDir proc`_
+  # follows https://crates.io/crates/platform-dirs
+  when defined(windows):
+    result = getEnv("LOCALAPPDATA")
+  elif defined(osx):
+    result = getEnv("XDG_CACHE_HOME", getEnv("HOME") / "Library/Caches")
+  else:
+    result = getEnv("XDG_CACHE_HOME", getEnv("HOME") / ".cache")
+  result.normalizePathEnd(false)
+
+proc getCacheDir*(app: string): string =
+  ## Returns the cache directory for an application `app`.
+  ##
+  ## * On Windows, this uses: `getCacheDir() / app / "cache"`
+  ## * On other platforms, this uses: `getCacheDir() / app`
+  when defined(windows):
+    getCacheDir() / app / "cache"
+  else:
+    getCacheDir() / app
+
+
+when defined(windows):
+  type DWORD = uint32
+
+  when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+    import std/widestrs
+
+  proc getTempPath(
+    nBufferLength: DWORD, lpBuffer: WideCString
+  ): DWORD {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32.dll", importc: "GetTempPathW".} =
+    ## Retrieves the path of the directory designated for temporary files.
+
+template getEnvImpl(result: var string, tempDirList: openArray[string]) =
+  for dir in tempDirList:
+    if existsEnv(dir):
+      result = getEnv(dir)
+      break
+
+template getTempDirImpl(result: var string) =
+  when defined(windows):
+    getEnvImpl(result, ["TMP", "TEMP", "USERPROFILE"])
+  else:
+    getEnvImpl(result, ["TMPDIR", "TEMP", "TMP", "TEMPDIR"])
+
+proc getTempDir*(): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
+  tags: [ReadEnvEffect, ReadIOEffect].} =
+  ## Returns the temporary directory of the current user for applications to
+  ## save temporary files in.
+  ##
+  ## On Windows, it calls [GetTempPath](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/fileapi/nf-fileapi-gettemppathw).
+  ## On Posix based platforms, it will check `TMPDIR`, `TEMP`, `TMP` and `TEMPDIR` environment variables in order.
+  ## On all platforms, `/tmp` will be returned if the procs fails.
+  ##
+  ## You can override this implementation
+  ## by adding `-d:tempDir=mytempname` to your compiler invocation.
+  ##
+  ## **Note:** This proc does not check whether the returned path exists.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `getHomeDir proc`_
+  ## * `getConfigDir proc`_
+  ## * `expandTilde proc`_
+  ## * `getCurrentDir proc`_
+  ## * `setCurrentDir proc`_
+  const tempDirDefault = "/tmp"
+  when defined(tempDir):
+    const tempDir {.strdefine.}: string = tempDirDefault
+    result = tempDir
+  else:
+    when nimvm:
+      getTempDirImpl(result)
+    else:
+      when defined(windows):
+        let size = getTempPath(0, nil)
+        # If the function fails, the return value is zero.
+        if size > 0:
+          let buffer = newWideCString(size.int)
+          if getTempPath(size, buffer) > 0:
+            result = $buffer
+      elif defined(android): result = "/data/local/tmp"
+      else:
+        getTempDirImpl(result)
+    if result.len == 0:
+      result = tempDirDefault
+  normalizePathEnd(result, trailingSep=true)
diff --git a/lib/std/private/oscommon.nim b/lib/std/private/oscommon.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c49d52ef2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/private/oscommon.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+include system/inclrtl
+
+import std/[oserrors]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions, widestrs]
+
+## .. importdoc:: osdirs.nim, os.nim
+
+const weirdTarget* = defined(nimscript) or defined(js)
+
+
+type
+  ReadDirEffect* = object of ReadIOEffect   ## Effect that denotes a read
+                                            ## operation from the directory
+                                            ## structure.
+  WriteDirEffect* = object of WriteIOEffect ## Effect that denotes a write
+                                            ## operation to
+                                            ## the directory structure.
+
+
+when weirdTarget:
+  discard
+elif defined(windows):
+  import std/[winlean, times]
+elif defined(posix):
+  import std/posix
+  proc c_rename(oldname, newname: cstring): cint {.
+    importc: "rename", header: "<stdio.h>".}
+else:
+  {.error: "OS module not ported to your operating system!".}
+
+
+when weirdTarget:
+  {.pragma: noWeirdTarget, error: "this proc is not available on the NimScript/js target".}
+else:
+  {.pragma: noWeirdTarget.}
+
+
+when defined(nimscript):
+  # for procs already defined in scriptconfig.nim
+  template noNimJs(body): untyped = discard
+elif defined(js):
+  {.pragma: noNimJs, error: "this proc is not available on the js target".}
+else:
+  {.pragma: noNimJs.}
+
+
+when defined(windows) and not weirdTarget:
+  template wrapUnary*(varname, winApiProc, arg: untyped) =
+    var varname = winApiProc(newWideCString(arg))
+
+  template wrapBinary*(varname, winApiProc, arg, arg2: untyped) =
+    var varname = winApiProc(newWideCString(arg), arg2)
+  proc findFirstFile*(a: string, b: var WIN32_FIND_DATA): Handle =
+    result = findFirstFileW(newWideCString(a), b)
+  template findNextFile*(a, b: untyped): untyped = findNextFileW(a, b)
+
+  template getFilename*(f: untyped): untyped =
+    $cast[WideCString](addr(f.cFileName[0]))
+
+  proc skipFindData*(f: WIN32_FIND_DATA): bool {.inline.} =
+    # Note - takes advantage of null delimiter in the cstring
+    const dot = ord('.')
+    result = f.cFileName[0].int == dot and (f.cFileName[1].int == 0 or
+             f.cFileName[1].int == dot and f.cFileName[2].int == 0)
+
+
+type
+  PathComponent* = enum   ## Enumeration specifying a path component.
+    ##
+    ## See also:
+    ## * `walkDirRec iterator`_
+    ## * `FileInfo object`_
+    pcFile,               ## path refers to a file
+    pcLinkToFile,         ## path refers to a symbolic link to a file
+    pcDir,                ## path refers to a directory
+    pcLinkToDir           ## path refers to a symbolic link to a directory
+
+
+when defined(posix) and not weirdTarget:
+  proc getSymlinkFileKind*(path: string):
+      tuple[pc: PathComponent, isSpecial: bool] =
+    # Helper function.
+    var s: Stat
+    assert(path != "")
+    result = (pcLinkToFile, false)
+    if stat(path, s) == 0'i32:
+      if S_ISDIR(s.st_mode):
+        result = (pcLinkToDir, false)
+      elif not S_ISREG(s.st_mode):
+        result = (pcLinkToFile, true)
+
+proc tryMoveFSObject*(source, dest: string, isDir: bool): bool {.noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Moves a file (or directory if `isDir` is true) from `source` to `dest`.
+  ##
+  ## Returns false in case of `EXDEV` error or `AccessDeniedError` on Windows (if `isDir` is true).
+  ## In case of other errors `OSError` is raised.
+  ## Returns true in case of success.
+  when defined(windows):
+    let s = newWideCString(source)
+    let d = newWideCString(dest)
+    result = moveFileExW(s, d, MOVEFILE_COPY_ALLOWED or MOVEFILE_REPLACE_EXISTING) != 0'i32
+  else:
+    result = c_rename(source, dest) == 0'i32
+
+  if not result:
+    let err = osLastError()
+    let isAccessDeniedError =
+      when defined(windows):
+        const AccessDeniedError = OSErrorCode(5)
+        isDir and err == AccessDeniedError
+      else:
+        err == EXDEV.OSErrorCode
+    if not isAccessDeniedError:
+      raiseOSError(err, $(source, dest))
+
+when not defined(windows):
+  const maxSymlinkLen* = 1024
+
+proc fileExists*(filename: string): bool {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
+                                          tags: [ReadDirEffect], noNimJs, sideEffect.} =
+  ## Returns true if `filename` exists and is a regular file or symlink.
+  ##
+  ## Directories, device files, named pipes and sockets return false.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `dirExists proc`_
+  ## * `symlinkExists proc`_
+  when defined(windows):
+    wrapUnary(a, getFileAttributesW, filename)
+    if a != -1'i32:
+      result = (a and FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) == 0'i32
+  else:
+    var res: Stat
+    return stat(filename, res) >= 0'i32 and S_ISREG(res.st_mode)
+
+
+proc dirExists*(dir: string): bool {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [ReadDirEffect],
+                                     noNimJs, sideEffect.} =
+  ## Returns true if the directory `dir` exists. If `dir` is a file, false
+  ## is returned. Follows symlinks.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `fileExists proc`_
+  ## * `symlinkExists proc`_
+  when defined(windows):
+    wrapUnary(a, getFileAttributesW, dir)
+    if a != -1'i32:
+      result = (a and FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) != 0'i32
+  else:
+    var res: Stat
+    result = stat(dir, res) >= 0'i32 and S_ISDIR(res.st_mode)
+
+
+proc symlinkExists*(link: string): bool {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
+                                          tags: [ReadDirEffect],
+                                          noWeirdTarget, sideEffect.} =
+  ## Returns true if the symlink `link` exists. Will return true
+  ## regardless of whether the link points to a directory or file.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `fileExists proc`_
+  ## * `dirExists proc`_
+  when defined(windows):
+    wrapUnary(a, getFileAttributesW, link)
+    if a != -1'i32:
+      # xxx see: bug #16784 (bug9); checking `IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK`
+      # may also be needed.
+      result = (a and FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT) != 0'i32
+  else:
+    var res: Stat
+    result = lstat(link, res) >= 0'i32 and S_ISLNK(res.st_mode)
+
+when defined(windows) and not weirdTarget:
+  proc openHandle*(path: string, followSymlink=true, writeAccess=false): Handle =
+    var flags = FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS or FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL
+    if not followSymlink:
+      flags = flags or FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT
+    let access = if writeAccess: GENERIC_WRITE else: 0'i32
+
+    result = createFileW(
+      newWideCString(path), access,
+      FILE_SHARE_DELETE or FILE_SHARE_READ or FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
+      nil, OPEN_EXISTING, flags, 0
+      )
diff --git a/lib/std/private/osdirs.nim b/lib/std/private/osdirs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a44cad7d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/private/osdirs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,570 @@
+## .. importdoc:: osfiles.nim, appdirs.nim, paths.nim
+
+include system/inclrtl
+import std/oserrors
+
+
+import ospaths2, osfiles
+import oscommon
+export dirExists, PathComponent
+
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions, widestrs]
+
+
+when weirdTarget:
+  discard
+elif defined(windows):
+  import std/[winlean, times]
+elif defined(posix):
+  import std/[posix, times]
+
+else:
+  {.error: "OS module not ported to your operating system!".}
+
+
+when weirdTarget:
+  {.pragma: noWeirdTarget, error: "this proc is not available on the NimScript/js target".}
+else:
+  {.pragma: noWeirdTarget.}
+
+
+when defined(nimscript):
+  # for procs already defined in scriptconfig.nim
+  template noNimJs(body): untyped = discard
+elif defined(js):
+  {.pragma: noNimJs, error: "this proc is not available on the js target".}
+else:
+  {.pragma: noNimJs.}
+
+# Templates for filtering directories and files
+when defined(windows) and not weirdTarget:
+  template isDir(f: WIN32_FIND_DATA): bool =
+    (f.dwFileAttributes and FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) != 0'i32
+  template isFile(f: WIN32_FIND_DATA): bool =
+    not isDir(f)
+else:
+  template isDir(f: string): bool {.dirty.} =
+    dirExists(f)
+  template isFile(f: string): bool {.dirty.} =
+    fileExists(f)
+
+template defaultWalkFilter(item): bool =
+  ## Walk filter used to return true on both
+  ## files and directories
+  true
+
+template walkCommon(pattern: string, filter) =
+  ## Common code for getting the files and directories with the
+  ## specified `pattern`
+  when defined(windows):
+    var
+      f: WIN32_FIND_DATA
+      res: int
+    res = findFirstFile(pattern, f)
+    if res != -1:
+      defer: findClose(res)
+      let dotPos = searchExtPos(pattern)
+      while true:
+        if not skipFindData(f) and filter(f):
+          # Windows bug/gotcha: 't*.nim' matches 'tfoo.nims' -.- so we check
+          # that the file extensions have the same length ...
+          let ff = getFilename(f)
+          let idx = ff.len - pattern.len + dotPos
+          if dotPos < 0 or idx >= ff.len or (idx >= 0 and ff[idx] == '.') or
+              (dotPos >= 0 and dotPos+1 < pattern.len and pattern[dotPos+1] == '*'):
+            yield splitFile(pattern).dir / extractFilename(ff)
+        if findNextFile(res, f) == 0'i32:
+          let errCode = getLastError()
+          if errCode == ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES: break
+          else: raiseOSError(errCode.OSErrorCode)
+  else: # here we use glob
+    var
+      f: Glob
+      res: int
+    f.gl_offs = 0
+    f.gl_pathc = 0
+    f.gl_pathv = nil
+    res = glob(pattern, 0, nil, addr(f))
+    defer: globfree(addr(f))
+    if res == 0:
+      for i in 0.. f.gl_pathc - 1:
+        assert(f.gl_pathv[i] != nil)
+        let path = $f.gl_pathv[i]
+        if filter(path):
+          yield path
+
+iterator walkPattern*(pattern: string): string {.tags: [ReadDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Iterate over all the files and directories that match the `pattern`.
+  ##
+  ## On POSIX this uses the `glob`:idx: call.
+  ## `pattern` is OS dependent, but at least the `"*.ext"`
+  ## notation is supported.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `walkFiles iterator`_
+  ## * `walkDirs iterator`_
+  ## * `walkDir iterator`_
+  ## * `walkDirRec iterator`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    import std/os
+    import std/sequtils
+    let paths = toSeq(walkPattern("lib/pure/*")) # works on Windows too
+    assert "lib/pure/concurrency".unixToNativePath in paths
+    assert "lib/pure/os.nim".unixToNativePath in paths
+  walkCommon(pattern, defaultWalkFilter)
+
+iterator walkFiles*(pattern: string): string {.tags: [ReadDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Iterate over all the files that match the `pattern`.
+  ##
+  ## On POSIX this uses the `glob`:idx: call.
+  ## `pattern` is OS dependent, but at least the `"*.ext"`
+  ## notation is supported.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `walkPattern iterator`_
+  ## * `walkDirs iterator`_
+  ## * `walkDir iterator`_
+  ## * `walkDirRec iterator`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    import std/os
+    import std/sequtils
+    assert "lib/pure/os.nim".unixToNativePath in toSeq(walkFiles("lib/pure/*.nim")) # works on Windows too
+  walkCommon(pattern, isFile)
+
+iterator walkDirs*(pattern: string): string {.tags: [ReadDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Iterate over all the directories that match the `pattern`.
+  ##
+  ## On POSIX this uses the `glob`:idx: call.
+  ## `pattern` is OS dependent, but at least the `"*.ext"`
+  ## notation is supported.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `walkPattern iterator`_
+  ## * `walkFiles iterator`_
+  ## * `walkDir iterator`_
+  ## * `walkDirRec iterator`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    import std/os
+    import std/sequtils
+    let paths = toSeq(walkDirs("lib/pure/*")) # works on Windows too
+    assert "lib/pure/concurrency".unixToNativePath in paths
+  walkCommon(pattern, isDir)
+
+proc staticWalkDir(dir: string; relative: bool): seq[
+                  tuple[kind: PathComponent, path: string]] =
+  discard
+
+iterator walkDir*(dir: string; relative = false, checkDir = false,
+                  skipSpecial = false):
+  tuple[kind: PathComponent, path: string] {.tags: [ReadDirEffect].} =
+  ## Walks over the directory `dir` and yields for each directory or file in
+  ## `dir`. The component type and full path for each item are returned.
+  ##
+  ## Walking is not recursive.
+  ## * If `relative` is true (default: false)
+  ##   the resulting path is shortened to be relative to ``dir``,
+  ##   otherwise the full path is returned.
+  ## * If `checkDir` is true, `OSError` is raised when `dir`
+  ##   doesn't exist.
+  ## * If `skipSpecial` is true, then (besides all directories) only *regular*
+  ##   files (**without** special "file" objects like FIFOs, device files,
+  ##   etc) will be yielded on Unix.
+  ##
+  ## **Example:**
+  ##
+  ## This directory structure:
+  ##
+  ##     dirA / dirB / fileB1.txt
+  ##          / dirC
+  ##          / fileA1.txt
+  ##          / fileA2.txt
+  ##
+  ## and this code:
+  runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+    import std/[strutils, sugar]
+    # note: order is not guaranteed
+    # this also works at compile time
+    assert collect(for k in walkDir("dirA"): k.path).join(" ") ==
+                          "dirA/dirB dirA/dirC dirA/fileA2.txt dirA/fileA1.txt"
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `walkPattern iterator`_
+  ## * `walkFiles iterator`_
+  ## * `walkDirs iterator`_
+  ## * `walkDirRec iterator`_
+
+  when nimvm:
+    for k, v in items(staticWalkDir(dir, relative)):
+      yield (k, v)
+  else:
+    when weirdTarget:
+      for k, v in items(staticWalkDir(dir, relative)):
+        yield (k, v)
+    elif defined(windows):
+      var f: WIN32_FIND_DATA
+      var h = findFirstFile(dir / "*", f)
+      if h == -1:
+        if checkDir:
+          raiseOSError(osLastError(), dir)
+      else:
+        defer: findClose(h)
+        while true:
+          var k = pcFile
+          if not skipFindData(f):
+            if (f.dwFileAttributes and FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) != 0'i32:
+              k = pcDir
+            if (f.dwFileAttributes and FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT) != 0'i32:
+              k = succ(k)
+            let xx = if relative: extractFilename(getFilename(f))
+                     else: dir / extractFilename(getFilename(f))
+            yield (k, xx)
+          if findNextFile(h, f) == 0'i32:
+            let errCode = getLastError()
+            if errCode == ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES: break
+            else: raiseOSError(errCode.OSErrorCode)
+    else:
+      var d = opendir(dir)
+      if d == nil:
+        if checkDir:
+          raiseOSError(osLastError(), dir)
+      else:
+        defer: discard closedir(d)
+        while true:
+          var x = readdir(d)
+          if x == nil: break
+          var y = $cast[cstring](addr x.d_name)
+          if y != "." and y != "..":
+            var s: Stat
+            let path = dir / y
+            if not relative:
+              y = path
+            var k = pcFile
+
+            template resolveSymlink() =
+              var isSpecial: bool
+              (k, isSpecial) = getSymlinkFileKind(path)
+              if skipSpecial and isSpecial: continue
+
+            template kSetGeneric() =  # pure Posix component `k` resolution
+              if lstat(path.cstring, s) < 0'i32: continue  # don't yield
+              elif S_ISDIR(s.st_mode):
+                k = pcDir
+              elif S_ISLNK(s.st_mode):
+                resolveSymlink()
+              elif skipSpecial and not S_ISREG(s.st_mode): continue
+
+            when defined(linux) or defined(macosx) or
+                 defined(bsd) or defined(genode) or defined(nintendoswitch):
+              case x.d_type
+              of DT_DIR: k = pcDir
+              of DT_LNK:
+                resolveSymlink()
+              of DT_UNKNOWN:
+                kSetGeneric()
+              else: # DT_REG or special "files" like FIFOs
+                if skipSpecial and x.d_type != DT_REG: continue
+                else: discard # leave it as pcFile
+            else:  # assuming that field `d_type` is not present
+              kSetGeneric()
+
+            yield (k, y)
+
+iterator walkDirRec*(dir: string,
+                     yieldFilter = {pcFile}, followFilter = {pcDir},
+                     relative = false, checkDir = false, skipSpecial = false):
+                    string {.tags: [ReadDirEffect].} =
+  ## Recursively walks over the directory `dir` and yields for each file
+  ## or directory in `dir`.
+  ##
+  ## Options `relative`, `checkdir`, `skipSpecial` are explained in
+  ## [walkDir iterator] description.
+  ##
+  ## .. warning:: Modifying the directory structure while the iterator
+  ##   is traversing may result in undefined behavior!
+  ##
+  ## Walking is recursive. `followFilter` controls the behaviour of the iterator:
+  ##
+  ## =====================   =============================================
+  ## yieldFilter             meaning
+  ## =====================   =============================================
+  ## ``pcFile``              yield real files (default)
+  ## ``pcLinkToFile``        yield symbolic links to files
+  ## ``pcDir``               yield real directories
+  ## ``pcLinkToDir``         yield symbolic links to directories
+  ## =====================   =============================================
+  ##
+  ## =====================   =============================================
+  ## followFilter            meaning
+  ## =====================   =============================================
+  ## ``pcDir``               follow real directories (default)
+  ## ``pcLinkToDir``         follow symbolic links to directories
+  ## =====================   =============================================
+  ##
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `walkPattern iterator`_
+  ## * `walkFiles iterator`_
+  ## * `walkDirs iterator`_
+  ## * `walkDir iterator`_
+
+  var stack = @[""]
+  var checkDir = checkDir
+  while stack.len > 0:
+    let d = stack.pop()
+    for k, p in walkDir(dir / d, relative = true, checkDir = checkDir,
+                        skipSpecial = skipSpecial):
+      let rel = d / p
+      if k in {pcDir, pcLinkToDir} and k in followFilter:
+        stack.add rel
+      if k in yieldFilter:
+        yield if relative: rel else: dir / rel
+    checkDir = false
+      # We only check top-level dir, otherwise if a subdir is invalid (eg. wrong
+      # permissions), it'll abort iteration and there would be no way to
+      # continue iteration.
+      # Future work can provide a way to customize this and do error reporting.
+
+
+proc rawRemoveDir(dir: string) {.noWeirdTarget.} =
+  when defined(windows):
+    wrapUnary(res, removeDirectoryW, dir)
+    let lastError = osLastError()
+    if res == 0'i32 and lastError.int32 != 3'i32 and
+        lastError.int32 != 18'i32 and lastError.int32 != 2'i32:
+      raiseOSError(lastError, dir)
+  else:
+    if rmdir(dir) != 0'i32 and errno != ENOENT: raiseOSError(osLastError(), dir)
+
+proc removeDir*(dir: string, checkDir = false) {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [
+  WriteDirEffect, ReadDirEffect], benign, noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Removes the directory `dir` including all subdirectories and files
+  ## in `dir` (recursively).
+  ##
+  ## If this fails, `OSError` is raised. This does not fail if the directory never
+  ## existed in the first place, unless `checkDir` = true.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `tryRemoveFile proc`_
+  ## * `removeFile proc`_
+  ## * `existsOrCreateDir proc`_
+  ## * `createDir proc`_
+  ## * `copyDir proc`_
+  ## * `copyDirWithPermissions proc`_
+  ## * `moveDir proc`_
+  for kind, path in walkDir(dir, checkDir = checkDir):
+    case kind
+    of pcFile, pcLinkToFile, pcLinkToDir: removeFile(path)
+    of pcDir: removeDir(path, true)
+      # for subdirectories there is no benefit in `checkDir = false`
+      # (unless perhaps for edge case of concurrent processes also deleting
+      # the same files)
+  rawRemoveDir(dir)
+
+proc rawCreateDir(dir: string): bool {.noWeirdTarget.} =
+  # Try to create one directory (not the whole path).
+  # returns `true` for success, `false` if the path has previously existed
+  #
+  # This is a thin wrapper over mkDir (or alternatives on other systems),
+  # so in case of a pre-existing path we don't check that it is a directory.
+  when defined(solaris):
+    let res = mkdir(dir, 0o777)
+    if res == 0'i32:
+      result = true
+    elif errno in {EEXIST, ENOSYS}:
+      result = false
+    else:
+      raiseOSError(osLastError(), dir)
+  elif defined(haiku):
+    let res = mkdir(dir, 0o777)
+    if res == 0'i32:
+      result = true
+    elif errno == EEXIST or errno == EROFS:
+      result = false
+    else:
+      raiseOSError(osLastError(), dir)
+  elif defined(posix):
+    let res = mkdir(dir, 0o777)
+    if res == 0'i32:
+      result = true
+    elif errno == EEXIST:
+      result = false
+    else:
+      #echo res
+      raiseOSError(osLastError(), dir)
+  else:
+    wrapUnary(res, createDirectoryW, dir)
+
+    if res != 0'i32:
+      result = true
+    elif getLastError() == 183'i32:
+      result = false
+    else:
+      raiseOSError(osLastError(), dir)
+
+proc existsOrCreateDir*(dir: string): bool {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
+  tags: [WriteDirEffect, ReadDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Checks if a `directory`:idx: `dir` exists, and creates it otherwise.
+  ##
+  ## Does not create parent directories (raises `OSError` if parent directories do not exist).
+  ## Returns `true` if the directory already exists, and `false` otherwise.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `removeDir proc`_
+  ## * `createDir proc`_
+  ## * `copyDir proc`_
+  ## * `copyDirWithPermissions proc`_
+  ## * `moveDir proc`_
+  result = not rawCreateDir(dir)
+  if result:
+    # path already exists - need to check that it is indeed a directory
+    if not dirExists(dir):
+      raise newException(IOError, "Failed to create '" & dir & "'")
+
+proc createDir*(dir: string) {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
+  tags: [WriteDirEffect, ReadDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Creates the `directory`:idx: `dir`.
+  ##
+  ## The directory may contain several subdirectories that do not exist yet.
+  ## The full path is created. If this fails, `OSError` is raised.
+  ##
+  ## It does **not** fail if the directory already exists because for
+  ## most usages this does not indicate an error.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `removeDir proc`_
+  ## * `existsOrCreateDir proc`_
+  ## * `copyDir proc`_
+  ## * `copyDirWithPermissions proc`_
+  ## * `moveDir proc`_
+  if dir == "":
+    return
+  var omitNext = isAbsolute(dir)
+  for p in parentDirs(dir, fromRoot=true):
+    if omitNext:
+      omitNext = false
+    else:
+      discard existsOrCreateDir(p)
+
+proc copyDir*(source, dest: string, skipSpecial = false) {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
+  tags: [ReadDirEffect, WriteIOEffect, ReadIOEffect], benign, noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Copies a directory from `source` to `dest`.
+  ##
+  ## On non-Windows OSes, symlinks are copied as symlinks. On Windows, symlinks
+  ## are skipped.
+  ##
+  ## If `skipSpecial` is true, then (besides all directories) only *regular*
+  ## files (**without** special "file" objects like FIFOs, device files,
+  ## etc) will be copied on Unix.
+  ##
+  ## If this fails, `OSError` is raised.
+  ##
+  ## On the Windows platform this proc will copy the attributes from
+  ## `source` into `dest`.
+  ##
+  ## On other platforms created files and directories will inherit the
+  ## default permissions of a newly created file/directory for the user.
+  ## Use `copyDirWithPermissions proc`_
+  ## to preserve attributes recursively on these platforms.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `copyDirWithPermissions proc`_
+  ## * `copyFile proc`_
+  ## * `copyFileWithPermissions proc`_
+  ## * `removeDir proc`_
+  ## * `existsOrCreateDir proc`_
+  ## * `createDir proc`_
+  ## * `moveDir proc`_
+  createDir(dest)
+  for kind, path in walkDir(source, skipSpecial = skipSpecial):
+    var noSource = splitPath(path).tail
+    if kind == pcDir:
+      copyDir(path, dest / noSource, skipSpecial = skipSpecial)
+    else:
+      copyFile(path, dest / noSource, {cfSymlinkAsIs})
+
+
+proc copyDirWithPermissions*(source, dest: string,
+                             ignorePermissionErrors = true,
+                             skipSpecial = false)
+  {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [ReadDirEffect, WriteIOEffect, ReadIOEffect],
+   benign, noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Copies a directory from `source` to `dest` preserving file permissions.
+  ##
+  ## On non-Windows OSes, symlinks are copied as symlinks. On Windows, symlinks
+  ## are skipped.
+  ##
+  ## If `skipSpecial` is true, then (besides all directories) only *regular*
+  ## files (**without** special "file" objects like FIFOs, device files,
+  ## etc) will be copied on Unix.
+  ##
+  ## If this fails, `OSError` is raised. This is a wrapper proc around
+  ## `copyDir`_ and `copyFileWithPermissions`_ procs
+  ## on non-Windows platforms.
+  ##
+  ## On Windows this proc is just a wrapper for `copyDir proc`_ since
+  ## that proc already copies attributes.
+  ##
+  ## On non-Windows systems permissions are copied after the file or directory
+  ## itself has been copied, which won't happen atomically and could lead to a
+  ## race condition. If `ignorePermissionErrors` is true (default), errors while
+  ## reading/setting file attributes will be ignored, otherwise will raise
+  ## `OSError`.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `copyDir proc`_
+  ## * `copyFile proc`_
+  ## * `copyFileWithPermissions proc`_
+  ## * `removeDir proc`_
+  ## * `moveDir proc`_
+  ## * `existsOrCreateDir proc`_
+  ## * `createDir proc`_
+  createDir(dest)
+  when not defined(windows):
+    try:
+      setFilePermissions(dest, getFilePermissions(source), followSymlinks =
+                         false)
+    except:
+      if not ignorePermissionErrors:
+        raise
+  for kind, path in walkDir(source, skipSpecial = skipSpecial):
+    var noSource = splitPath(path).tail
+    if kind == pcDir:
+      copyDirWithPermissions(path, dest / noSource, ignorePermissionErrors, skipSpecial = skipSpecial)
+    else:
+      copyFileWithPermissions(path, dest / noSource, ignorePermissionErrors, {cfSymlinkAsIs})
+
+proc moveDir*(source, dest: string) {.tags: [ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Moves a directory from `source` to `dest`.
+  ##
+  ## Symlinks are not followed: if `source` contains symlinks, they themself are
+  ## moved, not their target.
+  ##
+  ## If this fails, `OSError` is raised.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `moveFile proc`_
+  ## * `copyDir proc`_
+  ## * `copyDirWithPermissions proc`_
+  ## * `removeDir proc`_
+  ## * `existsOrCreateDir proc`_
+  ## * `createDir proc`_
+  if not tryMoveFSObject(source, dest, isDir = true):
+    # Fallback to copy & del
+    copyDir(source, dest)
+    removeDir(source)
+
+proc setCurrentDir*(newDir: string) {.inline, tags: [], noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Sets the `current working directory`:idx:; `OSError`
+  ## is raised if `newDir` cannot been set.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `getHomeDir proc`_
+  ## * `getConfigDir proc`_
+  ## * `getTempDir proc`_
+  ## * `getCurrentDir proc`_
+  when defined(windows):
+    if setCurrentDirectoryW(newWideCString(newDir)) == 0'i32:
+      raiseOSError(osLastError(), newDir)
+  else:
+    if chdir(newDir) != 0'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError(), newDir)
diff --git a/lib/std/private/osfiles.nim b/lib/std/private/osfiles.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37d8eabca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/private/osfiles.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+include system/inclrtl
+import std/private/since
+import std/oserrors
+
+import oscommon
+export fileExists
+
+import ospaths2, ossymlinks
+
+## .. importdoc:: osdirs.nim, os.nim
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions, widestrs]
+
+when weirdTarget:
+  discard
+elif defined(windows):
+  import std/winlean
+elif defined(posix):
+  import std/[posix, times]
+
+  proc toTime(ts: Timespec): times.Time {.inline.} =
+    result = initTime(ts.tv_sec.int64, ts.tv_nsec.int)
+else:
+  {.error: "OS module not ported to your operating system!".}
+
+
+when weirdTarget:
+  {.pragma: noWeirdTarget, error: "this proc is not available on the NimScript/js target".}
+else:
+  {.pragma: noWeirdTarget.}
+
+
+when defined(nimscript):
+  # for procs already defined in scriptconfig.nim
+  template noNimJs(body): untyped = discard
+elif defined(js):
+  {.pragma: noNimJs, error: "this proc is not available on the js target".}
+else:
+  {.pragma: noNimJs.}
+
+
+type
+  FilePermission* = enum   ## File access permission, modelled after UNIX.
+    ##
+    ## See also:
+    ## * `getFilePermissions`_
+    ## * `setFilePermissions`_
+    ## * `FileInfo object`_
+    fpUserExec,            ## execute access for the file owner
+    fpUserWrite,           ## write access for the file owner
+    fpUserRead,            ## read access for the file owner
+    fpGroupExec,           ## execute access for the group
+    fpGroupWrite,          ## write access for the group
+    fpGroupRead,           ## read access for the group
+    fpOthersExec,          ## execute access for others
+    fpOthersWrite,         ## write access for others
+    fpOthersRead           ## read access for others
+
+proc getFilePermissions*(filename: string): set[FilePermission] {.
+  rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [ReadDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Retrieves file permissions for `filename`.
+  ##
+  ## `OSError` is raised in case of an error.
+  ## On Windows, only the ``readonly`` flag is checked, every other
+  ## permission is available in any case.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `setFilePermissions proc`_
+  ## * `FilePermission enum`_
+  when defined(posix):
+    var a: Stat
+    if stat(filename, a) < 0'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError(), filename)
+    result = {}
+    if (a.st_mode and S_IRUSR.Mode) != 0.Mode: result.incl(fpUserRead)
+    if (a.st_mode and S_IWUSR.Mode) != 0.Mode: result.incl(fpUserWrite)
+    if (a.st_mode and S_IXUSR.Mode) != 0.Mode: result.incl(fpUserExec)
+
+    if (a.st_mode and S_IRGRP.Mode) != 0.Mode: result.incl(fpGroupRead)
+    if (a.st_mode and S_IWGRP.Mode) != 0.Mode: result.incl(fpGroupWrite)
+    if (a.st_mode and S_IXGRP.Mode) != 0.Mode: result.incl(fpGroupExec)
+
+    if (a.st_mode and S_IROTH.Mode) != 0.Mode: result.incl(fpOthersRead)
+    if (a.st_mode and S_IWOTH.Mode) != 0.Mode: result.incl(fpOthersWrite)
+    if (a.st_mode and S_IXOTH.Mode) != 0.Mode: result.incl(fpOthersExec)
+  else:
+    wrapUnary(res, getFileAttributesW, filename)
+    if res == -1'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError(), filename)
+    if (res and FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY) != 0'i32:
+      result = {fpUserExec, fpUserRead, fpGroupExec, fpGroupRead,
+                fpOthersExec, fpOthersRead}
+    else:
+      result = {fpUserExec..fpOthersRead}
+
+proc setFilePermissions*(filename: string, permissions: set[FilePermission],
+                         followSymlinks = true)
+  {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [ReadDirEffect, WriteDirEffect],
+   noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Sets the file permissions for `filename`.
+  ##
+  ## If `followSymlinks` set to true (default) and ``filename`` points to a
+  ## symlink, permissions are set to the file symlink points to.
+  ## `followSymlinks` set to false is a noop on Windows and some POSIX
+  ## systems (including Linux) on which `lchmod` is either unavailable or always
+  ## fails, given that symlinks permissions there are not observed.
+  ##
+  ## `OSError` is raised in case of an error.
+  ## On Windows, only the ``readonly`` flag is changed, depending on
+  ## ``fpUserWrite`` permission.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `getFilePermissions proc`_
+  ## * `FilePermission enum`_
+  when defined(posix):
+    var p = 0.Mode
+    if fpUserRead in permissions: p = p or S_IRUSR.Mode
+    if fpUserWrite in permissions: p = p or S_IWUSR.Mode
+    if fpUserExec in permissions: p = p or S_IXUSR.Mode
+
+    if fpGroupRead in permissions: p = p or S_IRGRP.Mode
+    if fpGroupWrite in permissions: p = p or S_IWGRP.Mode
+    if fpGroupExec in permissions: p = p or S_IXGRP.Mode
+
+    if fpOthersRead in permissions: p = p or S_IROTH.Mode
+    if fpOthersWrite in permissions: p = p or S_IWOTH.Mode
+    if fpOthersExec in permissions: p = p or S_IXOTH.Mode
+
+    if not followSymlinks and filename.symlinkExists:
+      when declared(lchmod):
+        if lchmod(filename, cast[Mode](p)) != 0:
+          raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(filename, permissions))
+    else:
+      if chmod(filename, cast[Mode](p)) != 0:
+        raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(filename, permissions))
+  else:
+    wrapUnary(res, getFileAttributesW, filename)
+    if res == -1'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError(), filename)
+    if fpUserWrite in permissions:
+      res = res and not FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY
+    else:
+      res = res or FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY
+    wrapBinary(res2, setFileAttributesW, filename, res)
+    if res2 == - 1'i32: raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(filename, permissions))
+
+
+const hasCCopyfile = defined(osx) and not defined(nimLegacyCopyFile)
+  # xxx instead of `nimLegacyCopyFile`, support something like: `when osxVersion >= (10, 5)`
+
+when hasCCopyfile:
+  # `copyfile` API available since osx 10.5.
+  {.push nodecl, header: "<copyfile.h>".}
+  type
+    copyfile_state_t {.nodecl.} = pointer
+    copyfile_flags_t = cint
+  proc copyfile_state_alloc(): copyfile_state_t
+  proc copyfile_state_free(state: copyfile_state_t): cint
+  proc c_copyfile(src, dst: cstring,  state: copyfile_state_t, flags: copyfile_flags_t): cint {.importc: "copyfile".}
+  when (NimMajor, NimMinor) >= (1, 4):
+    let
+      COPYFILE_DATA {.nodecl.}: copyfile_flags_t
+      COPYFILE_XATTR {.nodecl.}: copyfile_flags_t
+  else:
+    var
+      COPYFILE_DATA {.nodecl.}: copyfile_flags_t
+      COPYFILE_XATTR {.nodecl.}: copyfile_flags_t
+  {.pop.}
+
+type
+  CopyFlag* = enum    ## Copy options.
+    cfSymlinkAsIs,    ## Copy symlinks as symlinks
+    cfSymlinkFollow,  ## Copy the files symlinks point to
+    cfSymlinkIgnore   ## Ignore symlinks
+
+const copyFlagSymlink = {cfSymlinkAsIs, cfSymlinkFollow, cfSymlinkIgnore}
+
+proc copyFile*(source, dest: string, options = {cfSymlinkFollow}; bufferSize = 16_384) {.rtl,
+  extern: "nos$1", tags: [ReadDirEffect, ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect],
+  noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Copies a file from `source` to `dest`, where `dest.parentDir` must exist.
+  ##
+  ## On non-Windows OSes, `options` specify the way file is copied; by default,
+  ## if `source` is a symlink, copies the file symlink points to. `options` is
+  ## ignored on Windows: symlinks are skipped.
+  ##
+  ## If this fails, `OSError` is raised.
+  ##
+  ## On the Windows platform this proc will
+  ## copy the source file's attributes into dest.
+  ##
+  ## On other platforms you need
+  ## to use `getFilePermissions`_ and
+  ## `setFilePermissions`_
+  ## procs
+  ## to copy them by hand (or use the convenience `copyFileWithPermissions
+  ## proc`_),
+  ## otherwise `dest` will inherit the default permissions of a newly
+  ## created file for the user.
+  ##
+  ## If `dest` already exists, the file attributes
+  ## will be preserved and the content overwritten.
+  ##
+  ## On OSX, `copyfile` C api will be used (available since OSX 10.5) unless
+  ## `-d:nimLegacyCopyFile` is used.
+  ##
+  ## `copyFile` allows to specify `bufferSize` to improve I/O performance.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `CopyFlag enum`_
+  ## * `copyDir proc`_
+  ## * `copyFileWithPermissions proc`_
+  ## * `tryRemoveFile proc`_
+  ## * `removeFile proc`_
+  ## * `moveFile proc`_
+
+  doAssert card(copyFlagSymlink * options) == 1, "There should be exactly one cfSymlink* in options"
+  let isSymlink = source.symlinkExists
+  if isSymlink and (cfSymlinkIgnore in options or defined(windows)):
+    return
+  when defined(windows):
+    let s = newWideCString(source)
+    let d = newWideCString(dest)
+    if copyFileW(s, d, 0'i32) == 0'i32:
+      raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(source, dest))
+  else:
+    if isSymlink and cfSymlinkAsIs in options:
+      createSymlink(expandSymlink(source), dest)
+    else:
+      when hasCCopyfile:
+        let state = copyfile_state_alloc()
+        # xxx `COPYFILE_STAT` could be used for one-shot
+        # `copyFileWithPermissions`.
+        let status = c_copyfile(source.cstring, dest.cstring, state,
+                                COPYFILE_DATA)
+        if status != 0:
+          let err = osLastError()
+          discard copyfile_state_free(state)
+          raiseOSError(err, $(source, dest))
+        let status2 = copyfile_state_free(state)
+        if status2 != 0: raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(source, dest))
+      else:
+        # generic version of copyFile which works for any platform:
+        var d, s: File
+        if not open(s, source): raiseOSError(osLastError(), source)
+        if not open(d, dest, fmWrite):
+          close(s)
+          raiseOSError(osLastError(), dest)
+
+        # Hints for kernel-level aggressive sequential low-fragmentation read-aheads:
+        # https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/posix_fadvise.html
+        when defined(linux) or defined(osx):
+          discard posix_fadvise(getFileHandle(d), 0.cint, 0.cint, POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL)
+          discard posix_fadvise(getFileHandle(s), 0.cint, 0.cint, POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL)
+
+        var buf = alloc(bufferSize)
+        while true:
+          var bytesread = readBuffer(s, buf, bufferSize)
+          if bytesread > 0:
+            var byteswritten = writeBuffer(d, buf, bytesread)
+            if bytesread != byteswritten:
+              dealloc(buf)
+              close(s)
+              close(d)
+              raiseOSError(osLastError(), dest)
+          if bytesread != bufferSize: break
+        dealloc(buf)
+        close(s)
+        flushFile(d)
+        close(d)
+
+proc copyFileToDir*(source, dir: string, options = {cfSymlinkFollow}; bufferSize = 16_384)
+  {.noWeirdTarget, since: (1,3,7).} =
+  ## Copies a file `source` into directory `dir`, which must exist.
+  ##
+  ## On non-Windows OSes, `options` specify the way file is copied; by default,
+  ## if `source` is a symlink, copies the file symlink points to. `options` is
+  ## ignored on Windows: symlinks are skipped.
+  ##
+  ## `copyFileToDir` allows to specify `bufferSize` to improve I/O performance.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `CopyFlag enum`_
+  ## * `copyFile proc`_
+  if dir.len == 0: # treating "" as "." is error prone
+    raise newException(ValueError, "dest is empty")
+  copyFile(source, dir / source.lastPathPart, options, bufferSize)
+
+
+proc copyFileWithPermissions*(source, dest: string,
+                              ignorePermissionErrors = true,
+                              options = {cfSymlinkFollow}) {.noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Copies a file from `source` to `dest` preserving file permissions.
+  ##
+  ## On non-Windows OSes, `options` specify the way file is copied; by default,
+  ## if `source` is a symlink, copies the file symlink points to. `options` is
+  ## ignored on Windows: symlinks are skipped.
+  ##
+  ## This is a wrapper proc around `copyFile`_,
+  ## `getFilePermissions`_ and `setFilePermissions`_
+  ## procs on non-Windows platforms.
+  ##
+  ## On Windows this proc is just a wrapper for `copyFile proc`_ since
+  ## that proc already copies attributes.
+  ##
+  ## On non-Windows systems permissions are copied after the file itself has
+  ## been copied, which won't happen atomically and could lead to a race
+  ## condition. If `ignorePermissionErrors` is true (default), errors while
+  ## reading/setting file attributes will be ignored, otherwise will raise
+  ## `OSError`.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `CopyFlag enum`_
+  ## * `copyFile proc`_
+  ## * `copyDir proc`_
+  ## * `tryRemoveFile proc`_
+  ## * `removeFile proc`_
+  ## * `moveFile proc`_
+  ## * `copyDirWithPermissions proc`_
+  copyFile(source, dest, options)
+  when not defined(windows):
+    try:
+      setFilePermissions(dest, getFilePermissions(source), followSymlinks =
+                         (cfSymlinkFollow in options))
+    except:
+      if not ignorePermissionErrors:
+        raise
+
+when not declared(ENOENT) and not defined(windows):
+  when defined(nimscript):
+    when not defined(haiku):
+      const ENOENT = cint(2) # 2 on most systems including Solaris
+    else:
+      const ENOENT = cint(-2147459069)
+  else:
+    var ENOENT {.importc, header: "<errno.h>".}: cint
+
+when defined(windows) and not weirdTarget:
+  template deleteFile(file: untyped): untyped  = deleteFileW(file)
+  template setFileAttributes(file, attrs: untyped): untyped =
+    setFileAttributesW(file, attrs)
+
+proc tryRemoveFile*(file: string): bool {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [WriteDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Removes the `file`.
+  ##
+  ## If this fails, returns `false`. This does not fail
+  ## if the file never existed in the first place.
+  ##
+  ## On Windows, ignores the read-only attribute.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `copyFile proc`_
+  ## * `copyFileWithPermissions proc`_
+  ## * `removeFile proc`_
+  ## * `moveFile proc`_
+  result = true
+  when defined(windows):
+    let f = newWideCString(file)
+    if deleteFile(f) == 0:
+      result = false
+      let err = getLastError()
+      if err == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND or err == ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND:
+        result = true
+      elif err == ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED and
+         setFileAttributes(f, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL) != 0 and
+         deleteFile(f) != 0:
+        result = true
+  else:
+    if unlink(file) != 0'i32 and errno != ENOENT:
+      result = false
+
+proc removeFile*(file: string) {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [WriteDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Removes the `file`.
+  ##
+  ## If this fails, `OSError` is raised. This does not fail
+  ## if the file never existed in the first place.
+  ##
+  ## On Windows, ignores the read-only attribute.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `removeDir proc`_
+  ## * `copyFile proc`_
+  ## * `copyFileWithPermissions proc`_
+  ## * `tryRemoveFile proc`_
+  ## * `moveFile proc`_
+  if not tryRemoveFile(file):
+    raiseOSError(osLastError(), file)
+
+proc moveFile*(source, dest: string) {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
+  tags: [ReadDirEffect, ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Moves a file from `source` to `dest`.
+  ##
+  ## Symlinks are not followed: if `source` is a symlink, it is itself moved,
+  ## not its target.
+  ##
+  ## If this fails, `OSError` is raised.
+  ## If `dest` already exists, it will be overwritten.
+  ##
+  ## Can be used to `rename files`:idx:.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `moveDir proc`_
+  ## * `copyFile proc`_
+  ## * `copyFileWithPermissions proc`_
+  ## * `removeFile proc`_
+  ## * `tryRemoveFile proc`_
+
+  if not tryMoveFSObject(source, dest, isDir = false):
+    when defined(windows):
+      raiseAssert "unreachable"
+    else:
+      # Fallback to copy & del
+      copyFileWithPermissions(source, dest, options={cfSymlinkAsIs})
+      try:
+        removeFile(source)
+      except:
+        discard tryRemoveFile(dest)
+        raise
diff --git a/lib/std/private/ospaths2.nim b/lib/std/private/ospaths2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc69ff725
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/private/ospaths2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,1030 @@
+include system/inclrtl
+import std/private/since
+
+import std/[strutils, pathnorm]
+import std/oserrors
+
+import oscommon
+export ReadDirEffect, WriteDirEffect
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions, widestrs]
+
+## .. importdoc:: osappdirs.nim, osdirs.nim, osseps.nim, os.nim
+
+const weirdTarget = defined(nimscript) or defined(js)
+
+when weirdTarget:
+  discard
+elif defined(windows):
+  import std/winlean
+elif defined(posix):
+  import std/posix, system/ansi_c
+else:
+  {.error: "OS module not ported to your operating system!".}
+
+when weirdTarget:
+  {.pragma: noWeirdTarget, error: "this proc is not available on the NimScript/js target".}
+else:
+  {.pragma: noWeirdTarget.}
+
+when defined(nimscript):
+  # for procs already defined in scriptconfig.nim
+  template noNimJs(body): untyped = discard
+elif defined(js):
+  {.pragma: noNimJs, error: "this proc is not available on the js target".}
+else:
+  {.pragma: noNimJs.}
+
+
+proc normalizePathAux(path: var string){.inline, raises: [], noSideEffect.}
+
+
+import std/private/osseps
+export osseps
+
+proc absolutePathInternal(path: string): string {.gcsafe.}
+
+proc normalizePathEnd*(path: var string, trailingSep = false) =
+  ## Ensures ``path`` has exactly 0 or 1 trailing `DirSep`, depending on
+  ## ``trailingSep``, and taking care of edge cases: it preservers whether
+  ## a path is absolute or relative, and makes sure trailing sep is `DirSep`,
+  ## not `AltSep`. Trailing `/.` are compressed, see examples.
+  if path.len == 0: return
+  var i = path.len
+  while i >= 1:
+    if path[i-1] in {DirSep, AltSep}: dec(i)
+    elif path[i-1] == '.' and i >= 2 and path[i-2] in {DirSep, AltSep}: dec(i)
+    else: break
+  if trailingSep:
+    # foo// => foo
+    path.setLen(i)
+    # foo => foo/
+    path.add DirSep
+  elif i > 0:
+    # foo// => foo
+    path.setLen(i)
+  else:
+    # // => / (empty case was already taken care of)
+    path = $DirSep
+
+proc normalizePathEnd*(path: string, trailingSep = false): string =
+  ## outplace overload
+  runnableExamples:
+    when defined(posix):
+      assert normalizePathEnd("/lib//.//", trailingSep = true) == "/lib/"
+      assert normalizePathEnd("lib/./.", trailingSep = false) == "lib"
+      assert normalizePathEnd(".//./.", trailingSep = false) == "."
+      assert normalizePathEnd("", trailingSep = true) == "" # not / !
+      assert normalizePathEnd("/", trailingSep = false) == "/" # not "" !
+  result = path
+  result.normalizePathEnd(trailingSep)
+
+template endsWith(a: string, b: set[char]): bool =
+  a.len > 0 and a[^1] in b
+
+proc joinPathImpl(result: var string, state: var int, tail: string) =
+  let trailingSep = tail.endsWith({DirSep, AltSep}) or tail.len == 0 and result.endsWith({DirSep, AltSep})
+  normalizePathEnd(result, trailingSep=false)
+  addNormalizePath(tail, result, state, DirSep)
+  normalizePathEnd(result, trailingSep=trailingSep)
+
+proc joinPath*(head, tail: string): string {.
+  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
+  ## Joins two directory names to one.
+  ##
+  ## returns normalized path concatenation of `head` and `tail`, preserving
+  ## whether or not `tail` has a trailing slash (or, if tail if empty, whether
+  ## head has one).
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `joinPath(parts: varargs[string]) proc`_
+  ## * `/ proc`_
+  ## * `splitPath proc`_
+  ## * `uri.combine proc <uri.html#combine,Uri,Uri>`_
+  ## * `uri./ proc <uri.html#/,Uri,string>`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    when defined(posix):
+      assert joinPath("usr", "lib") == "usr/lib"
+      assert joinPath("usr", "lib/") == "usr/lib/"
+      assert joinPath("usr", "") == "usr"
+      assert joinPath("usr/", "") == "usr/"
+      assert joinPath("", "") == ""
+      assert joinPath("", "lib") == "lib"
+      assert joinPath("", "/lib") == "/lib"
+      assert joinPath("usr/", "/lib") == "usr/lib"
+      assert joinPath("usr/lib", "../bin") == "usr/bin"
+
+  result = newStringOfCap(head.len + tail.len)
+  var state = 0
+  joinPathImpl(result, state, head)
+  joinPathImpl(result, state, tail)
+  when false:
+    if len(head) == 0:
+      result = tail
+    elif head[len(head)-1] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
+      if tail.len > 0 and tail[0] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
+        result = head & substr(tail, 1)
+      else:
+        result = head & tail
+    else:
+      if tail.len > 0 and tail[0] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
+        result = head & tail
+      else:
+        result = head & DirSep & tail
+
+proc joinPath*(parts: varargs[string]): string {.noSideEffect,
+  rtl, extern: "nos$1OpenArray".} =
+  ## The same as `joinPath(head, tail) proc`_,
+  ## but works with any number of directory parts.
+  ##
+  ## You need to pass at least one element or the proc
+  ## will assert in debug builds and crash on release builds.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `joinPath(head, tail) proc`_
+  ## * `/ proc`_
+  ## * `/../ proc`_
+  ## * `splitPath proc`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    when defined(posix):
+      assert joinPath("a") == "a"
+      assert joinPath("a", "b", "c") == "a/b/c"
+      assert joinPath("usr/lib", "../../var", "log") == "var/log"
+
+  var estimatedLen = 0
+  for p in parts: estimatedLen += p.len
+  result = newStringOfCap(estimatedLen)
+  var state = 0
+  for i in 0..high(parts):
+    joinPathImpl(result, state, parts[i])
+
+proc `/`*(head, tail: string): string {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+  ## The same as `joinPath(head, tail) proc`_.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `/../ proc`_
+  ## * `joinPath(head, tail) proc`_
+  ## * `joinPath(parts: varargs[string]) proc`_
+  ## * `splitPath proc`_
+  ## * `uri.combine proc <uri.html#combine,Uri,Uri>`_
+  ## * `uri./ proc <uri.html#/,Uri,string>`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    when defined(posix):
+      assert "usr" / "" == "usr"
+      assert "" / "lib" == "lib"
+      assert "" / "/lib" == "/lib"
+      assert "usr/" / "/lib/" == "usr/lib/"
+      assert "usr" / "lib" / "../bin" == "usr/bin"
+
+  result = joinPath(head, tail)
+
+when doslikeFileSystem:
+  import std/private/ntpath
+
+proc splitPath*(path: string): tuple[head, tail: string] {.
+  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
+  ## Splits a directory into `(head, tail)` tuple, so that
+  ## ``head / tail == path`` (except for edge cases like "/usr").
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `joinPath(head, tail) proc`_
+  ## * `joinPath(parts: varargs[string]) proc`_
+  ## * `/ proc`_
+  ## * `/../ proc`_
+  ## * `relativePath proc`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert splitPath("usr/local/bin") == ("usr/local", "bin")
+    assert splitPath("usr/local/bin/") == ("usr/local/bin", "")
+    assert splitPath("/bin/") == ("/bin", "")
+    when (NimMajor, NimMinor) <= (1, 0):
+      assert splitPath("/bin") == ("", "bin")
+    else:
+      assert splitPath("/bin") == ("/", "bin")
+    assert splitPath("bin") == ("", "bin")
+    assert splitPath("") == ("", "")
+
+  when doslikeFileSystem:
+    let (drive, splitpath) = splitDrive(path)
+    let stop = drive.len
+  else:
+    const stop = 0
+
+  var sepPos = -1
+  for i in countdown(len(path)-1, stop):
+    if path[i] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
+      sepPos = i
+      break
+  if sepPos >= 0:
+    result.head = substr(path, 0,
+      when (NimMajor, NimMinor) <= (1, 0):
+        sepPos-1
+      else:
+        if likely(sepPos >= 1): sepPos-1 else: 0
+    )
+    result.tail = substr(path, sepPos+1)
+  else:
+    when doslikeFileSystem:
+      result.head = drive
+      result.tail = splitpath
+    else:
+      result.head = ""
+      result.tail = path
+
+proc isAbsolute*(path: string): bool {.rtl, noSideEffect, extern: "nos$1", raises: [].} =
+  ## Checks whether a given `path` is absolute.
+  ##
+  ## On Windows, network paths are considered absolute too.
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert not "".isAbsolute
+    assert not ".".isAbsolute
+    when defined(posix):
+      assert "/".isAbsolute
+      assert not "a/".isAbsolute
+      assert "/a/".isAbsolute
+
+  if len(path) == 0: return false
+
+  when doslikeFileSystem:
+    var len = len(path)
+    result = (path[0] in {'/', '\\'}) or
+              (len > 1 and path[0] in {'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z'} and path[1] == ':')
+  elif defined(macos):
+    # according to https://perldoc.perl.org/File/Spec/Mac.html `:a` is a relative path
+    result = path[0] != ':'
+  elif defined(RISCOS):
+    result = path[0] == '$'
+  elif defined(posix):
+    result = path[0] == '/'
+  elif defined(nodejs):
+    {.emit: [result," = require(\"path\").isAbsolute(",path.cstring,");"].}
+  else:
+    raiseAssert "unreachable" # if ever hits here, adapt as needed
+
+when FileSystemCaseSensitive:
+  template `!=?`(a, b: char): bool = a != b
+else:
+  template `!=?`(a, b: char): bool = toLowerAscii(a) != toLowerAscii(b)
+
+when doslikeFileSystem:
+  proc isAbsFromCurrentDrive(path: string): bool {.noSideEffect, raises: [].} =
+    ## An absolute path from the root of the current drive (e.g. "\foo")
+    path.len > 0 and
+    (path[0] == AltSep or
+     (path[0] == DirSep and
+      (path.len == 1 or path[1] notin {DirSep, AltSep, ':'})))
+
+  proc sameRoot(path1, path2: string): bool {.noSideEffect, raises: [].} =
+    ## Return true if path1 and path2 have a same root.
+    ##
+    ## Detail of Windows path formats:
+    ## https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/standard/io/file-path-formats
+
+    assert(isAbsolute(path1))
+    assert(isAbsolute(path2))
+
+    if isAbsFromCurrentDrive(path1) and isAbsFromCurrentDrive(path2):
+      result = true
+    elif cmpIgnoreCase(splitDrive(path1).drive, splitDrive(path2).drive) == 0:
+      result = true
+    else:
+      result = false
+
+proc relativePath*(path, base: string, sep = DirSep): string {.
+  rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
+  ## Converts `path` to a path relative to `base`.
+  ##
+  ## The `sep` (default: DirSep_) is used for the path normalizations,
+  ## this can be useful to ensure the relative path only contains `'/'`
+  ## so that it can be used for URL constructions.
+  ##
+  ## On Windows, if a root of `path` and a root of `base` are different,
+  ## returns `path` as is because it is impossible to make a relative path.
+  ## That means an absolute path can be returned.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `splitPath proc`_
+  ## * `parentDir proc`_
+  ## * `tailDir proc`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert relativePath("/Users/me/bar/z.nim", "/Users/other/bad", '/') == "../../me/bar/z.nim"
+    assert relativePath("/Users/me/bar/z.nim", "/Users/other", '/') == "../me/bar/z.nim"
+    when not doslikeFileSystem: # On Windows, UNC-paths start with `//`
+      assert relativePath("/Users///me/bar//z.nim", "//Users/", '/') == "me/bar/z.nim"
+    assert relativePath("/Users/me/bar/z.nim", "/Users/me", '/') == "bar/z.nim"
+    assert relativePath("", "/users/moo", '/') == ""
+    assert relativePath("foo", ".", '/') == "foo"
+    assert relativePath("foo", "foo", '/') == "."
+
+  if path.len == 0: return ""
+  var base = if base == ".": "" else: base
+  var path = path
+  path.normalizePathAux
+  base.normalizePathAux
+  let a1 = isAbsolute(path)
+  let a2 = isAbsolute(base)
+  if a1 and not a2:
+    base = absolutePathInternal(base)
+  elif a2 and not a1:
+    path = absolutePathInternal(path)
+
+  when doslikeFileSystem:
+    if isAbsolute(path) and isAbsolute(base):
+      if not sameRoot(path, base):
+        return path
+
+  var f = default PathIter
+  var b = default PathIter
+  var ff = (0, -1)
+  var bb = (0, -1) # (int, int)
+  result = newStringOfCap(path.len)
+  # skip the common prefix:
+  while f.hasNext(path) and b.hasNext(base):
+    ff = next(f, path)
+    bb = next(b, base)
+    let diff = ff[1] - ff[0]
+    if diff != bb[1] - bb[0]: break
+    var same = true
+    for i in 0..diff:
+      if path[i + ff[0]] !=? base[i + bb[0]]:
+        same = false
+        break
+    if not same: break
+    ff = (0, -1)
+    bb = (0, -1)
+  #  for i in 0..diff:
+  #    result.add base[i + bb[0]]
+
+  # /foo/bar/xxx/ -- base
+  # /foo/bar/baz  -- path path
+  #   ../baz
+  # every directory that is in 'base', needs to add '..'
+  while true:
+    if bb[1] >= bb[0]:
+      if result.len > 0 and result[^1] != sep:
+        result.add sep
+      result.add ".."
+    if not b.hasNext(base): break
+    bb = b.next(base)
+
+  # add the rest of 'path':
+  while true:
+    if ff[1] >= ff[0]:
+      if result.len > 0 and result[^1] != sep:
+        result.add sep
+      for i in 0..ff[1] - ff[0]:
+        result.add path[i + ff[0]]
+    if not f.hasNext(path): break
+    ff = f.next(path)
+
+  when not defined(nimOldRelativePathBehavior):
+    if result.len == 0: result.add "."
+
+proc isRelativeTo*(path: string, base: string): bool {.since: (1, 1).} =
+  ## Returns true if `path` is relative to `base`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert isRelativeTo("./foo//bar", "foo")
+    doAssert isRelativeTo("foo/bar", ".")
+    doAssert isRelativeTo("/foo/bar.nim", "/foo/bar.nim")
+    doAssert not isRelativeTo("foo/bar.nims", "foo/bar.nim")
+  let path = path.normalizePath
+  let base = base.normalizePath
+  let ret = relativePath(path, base)
+  result = path.len > 0 and not ret.startsWith ".."
+
+proc parentDirPos(path: string): int =
+  var q = 1
+  if len(path) >= 1 and path[len(path)-1] in {DirSep, AltSep}: q = 2
+  for i in countdown(len(path)-q, 0):
+    if path[i] in {DirSep, AltSep}: return i
+  result = -1
+
+proc parentDir*(path: string): string {.
+  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
+  ## Returns the parent directory of `path`.
+  ##
+  ## This is similar to ``splitPath(path).head`` when ``path`` doesn't end
+  ## in a dir separator, but also takes care of path normalizations.
+  ## The remainder can be obtained with `lastPathPart(path) proc`_.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `relativePath proc`_
+  ## * `splitPath proc`_
+  ## * `tailDir proc`_
+  ## * `parentDirs iterator`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert parentDir("") == ""
+    when defined(posix):
+      assert parentDir("/usr/local/bin") == "/usr/local"
+      assert parentDir("foo/bar//") == "foo"
+      assert parentDir("//foo//bar//.") == "/foo"
+      assert parentDir("./foo") == "."
+      assert parentDir("/./foo//./") == "/"
+      assert parentDir("a//./") == "."
+      assert parentDir("a/b/c/..") == "a"
+  result = pathnorm.normalizePath(path)
+  when doslikeFileSystem:
+    let (drive, splitpath) = splitDrive(result)
+    result = splitpath
+  var sepPos = parentDirPos(result)
+  if sepPos >= 0:
+    result = substr(result, 0, sepPos)
+    normalizePathEnd(result)
+  elif result == ".." or result == "." or result.len == 0 or result[^1] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
+    # `.` => `..` and .. => `../..`(etc) would be a sensible alternative
+    # `/` => `/` (as done with splitFile) would be a sensible alternative
+    result = ""
+  else:
+    result = "."
+  when doslikeFileSystem:
+    if result.len == 0:
+      discard
+    elif drive.len > 0 and result.len == 1 and result[0] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
+      result = drive
+    else:
+      result = drive & result
+
+proc tailDir*(path: string): string {.
+  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
+  ## Returns the tail part of `path`.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `relativePath proc`_
+  ## * `splitPath proc`_
+  ## * `parentDir proc`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert tailDir("/bin") == "bin"
+    assert tailDir("bin") == ""
+    assert tailDir("bin/") == ""
+    assert tailDir("/usr/local/bin") == "usr/local/bin"
+    assert tailDir("//usr//local//bin//") == "usr//local//bin//"
+    assert tailDir("./usr/local/bin") == "usr/local/bin"
+    assert tailDir("usr/local/bin") == "local/bin"
+
+  var i = 0
+  when doslikeFileSystem:
+    let (drive, splitpath) = path.splitDrive
+    if drive != "":
+      return splitpath.strip(chars = {DirSep, AltSep}, trailing = false)
+  while i < len(path):
+    if path[i] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
+      while i < len(path) and path[i] in {DirSep, AltSep}: inc i
+      return substr(path, i)
+    inc i
+  result = ""
+
+proc isRootDir*(path: string): bool {.
+  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
+  ## Checks whether a given `path` is a root directory.
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert isRootDir("")
+    assert isRootDir(".")
+    assert isRootDir("/")
+    assert isRootDir("a")
+    assert not isRootDir("/a")
+    assert not isRootDir("a/b/c")
+
+  when doslikeFileSystem:
+    if splitDrive(path).path == "":
+      return true
+  result = parentDirPos(path) < 0
+
+iterator parentDirs*(path: string, fromRoot=false, inclusive=true): string =
+  ## Walks over all parent directories of a given `path`.
+  ##
+  ## If `fromRoot` is true (default: false), the traversal will start from
+  ## the file system root directory.
+  ## If `inclusive` is true (default), the original argument will be included
+  ## in the traversal.
+  ##
+  ## Relative paths won't be expanded by this iterator. Instead, it will traverse
+  ## only the directories appearing in the relative path.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `parentDir proc`_
+  ##
+  runnableExamples:
+    let g = "a/b/c"
+
+    for p in g.parentDirs:
+      echo p
+      # a/b/c
+      # a/b
+      # a
+
+    for p in g.parentDirs(fromRoot=true):
+      echo p
+      # a/
+      # a/b/
+      # a/b/c
+
+    for p in g.parentDirs(inclusive=false):
+      echo p
+      # a/b
+      # a
+
+  if not fromRoot:
+    var current = path
+    if inclusive: yield path
+    while true:
+      if current.isRootDir: break
+      current = current.parentDir
+      yield current
+  else:
+    when doslikeFileSystem:
+      let start = path.splitDrive.drive.len
+    else:
+      const start = 0
+    for i in countup(start, path.len - 2): # ignore the last /
+      # deal with non-normalized paths such as /foo//bar//baz
+      if path[i] in {DirSep, AltSep} and
+          (i == 0 or path[i-1] notin {DirSep, AltSep}):
+        yield path.substr(0, i)
+
+    if inclusive: yield path
+
+proc `/../`*(head, tail: string): string {.noSideEffect.} =
+  ## The same as ``parentDir(head) / tail``, unless there is no parent
+  ## directory. Then ``head / tail`` is performed instead.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `/ proc`_
+  ## * `parentDir proc`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    when defined(posix):
+      assert "a/b/c" /../ "d/e" == "a/b/d/e"
+      assert "a" /../ "d/e" == "a/d/e"
+
+  when doslikeFileSystem:
+    let (drive, head) = splitDrive(head)
+  let sepPos = parentDirPos(head)
+  if sepPos >= 0:
+    result = substr(head, 0, sepPos-1) / tail
+  else:
+    result = head / tail
+  when doslikeFileSystem:
+    result = drive / result
+
+proc normExt(ext: string): string =
+  if ext == "" or ext[0] == ExtSep: result = ext # no copy needed here
+  else: result = ExtSep & ext
+
+proc searchExtPos*(path: string): int =
+  ## Returns index of the `'.'` char in `path` if it signifies the beginning
+  ## of the file extension. Returns -1 otherwise.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `splitFile proc`_
+  ## * `extractFilename proc`_
+  ## * `lastPathPart proc`_
+  ## * `changeFileExt proc`_
+  ## * `addFileExt proc`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert searchExtPos("a/b/c") == -1
+    assert searchExtPos("c.nim") == 1
+    assert searchExtPos("a/b/c.nim") == 5
+    assert searchExtPos("a.b.c.nim") == 5
+    assert searchExtPos(".nim") == -1
+    assert searchExtPos("..nim") == -1
+    assert searchExtPos("a..nim") == 2
+
+  # Unless there is any char that is not `ExtSep` before last `ExtSep` in the file name,
+  # it is not a file extension.
+  const DirSeps = when doslikeFileSystem: {DirSep, AltSep, ':'} else: {DirSep, AltSep}
+  result = -1
+  var i = path.high
+  while i >= 1:
+    if path[i] == ExtSep:
+      break
+    elif path[i] in DirSeps:
+      return -1 # do not skip over path
+    dec i
+
+  for j in countdown(i - 1, 0):
+    if path[j] in DirSeps:
+      return -1
+    elif path[j] != ExtSep:
+      result = i
+      break
+
+proc splitFile*(path: string): tuple[dir, name, ext: string] {.
+  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
+  ## Splits a filename into `(dir, name, extension)` tuple.
+  ##
+  ## `dir` does not end in DirSep_ unless it's `/`.
+  ## `extension` includes the leading dot.
+  ##
+  ## If `path` has no extension, `ext` is the empty string.
+  ## If `path` has no directory component, `dir` is the empty string.
+  ## If `path` has no filename component, `name` and `ext` are empty strings.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `searchExtPos proc`_
+  ## * `extractFilename proc`_
+  ## * `lastPathPart proc`_
+  ## * `changeFileExt proc`_
+  ## * `addFileExt proc`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    var (dir, name, ext) = splitFile("usr/local/nimc.html")
+    assert dir == "usr/local"
+    assert name == "nimc"
+    assert ext == ".html"
+    (dir, name, ext) = splitFile("/usr/local/os")
+    assert dir == "/usr/local"
+    assert name == "os"
+    assert ext == ""
+    (dir, name, ext) = splitFile("/usr/local/")
+    assert dir == "/usr/local"
+    assert name == ""
+    assert ext == ""
+    (dir, name, ext) = splitFile("/tmp.txt")
+    assert dir == "/"
+    assert name == "tmp"
+    assert ext == ".txt"
+
+  var namePos = 0
+  var dotPos = 0
+  when doslikeFileSystem:
+    let (drive, _) = splitDrive(path)
+    let stop = len(drive)
+    result.dir = drive
+  else:
+    const stop = 0
+  for i in countdown(len(path) - 1, stop):
+    if path[i] in {DirSep, AltSep} or i == 0:
+      if path[i] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
+        result.dir = substr(path, 0, if likely(i >= 1): i - 1 else: 0)
+        namePos = i + 1
+      if dotPos > i:
+        result.name = substr(path, namePos, dotPos - 1)
+        result.ext = substr(path, dotPos)
+      else:
+        result.name = substr(path, namePos)
+      break
+    elif path[i] == ExtSep and i > 0 and i < len(path) - 1 and
+         path[i - 1] notin {DirSep, AltSep} and
+         path[i + 1] != ExtSep and dotPos == 0:
+      dotPos = i
+
+proc extractFilename*(path: string): string {.
+  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
+  ## Extracts the filename of a given `path`.
+  ##
+  ## This is the same as ``name & ext`` from `splitFile(path) proc`_.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `searchExtPos proc`_
+  ## * `splitFile proc`_
+  ## * `lastPathPart proc`_
+  ## * `changeFileExt proc`_
+  ## * `addFileExt proc`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert extractFilename("foo/bar/") == ""
+    assert extractFilename("foo/bar") == "bar"
+    assert extractFilename("foo/bar.baz") == "bar.baz"
+
+  if path.len == 0 or path[path.len-1] in {DirSep, AltSep}:
+    result = ""
+  else:
+    result = splitPath(path).tail
+
+proc lastPathPart*(path: string): string {.
+  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
+  ## Like `extractFilename proc`_, but ignores
+  ## trailing dir separator; aka: `baseName`:idx: in some other languages.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `searchExtPos proc`_
+  ## * `splitFile proc`_
+  ## * `extractFilename proc`_
+  ## * `changeFileExt proc`_
+  ## * `addFileExt proc`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert lastPathPart("foo/bar/") == "bar"
+    assert lastPathPart("foo/bar") == "bar"
+
+  let path = path.normalizePathEnd(trailingSep = false)
+  result = extractFilename(path)
+
+proc changeFileExt*(filename, ext: string): string {.
+  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
+  ## Changes the file extension to `ext`.
+  ##
+  ## If the `filename` has no extension, `ext` will be added.
+  ## If `ext` == "" then any extension is removed.
+  ##
+  ## `Ext` should be given without the leading `'.'`, because some
+  ## filesystems may use a different character. (Although I know
+  ## of none such beast.)
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `searchExtPos proc`_
+  ## * `splitFile proc`_
+  ## * `extractFilename proc`_
+  ## * `lastPathPart proc`_
+  ## * `addFileExt proc`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert changeFileExt("foo.bar", "baz") == "foo.baz"
+    assert changeFileExt("foo.bar", "") == "foo"
+    assert changeFileExt("foo", "baz") == "foo.baz"
+
+  var extPos = searchExtPos(filename)
+  if extPos < 0: result = filename & normExt(ext)
+  else: result = substr(filename, 0, extPos-1) & normExt(ext)
+
+proc addFileExt*(filename, ext: string): string {.
+  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
+  ## Adds the file extension `ext` to `filename`, unless
+  ## `filename` already has an extension.
+  ##
+  ## `Ext` should be given without the leading `'.'`, because some
+  ## filesystems may use a different character.
+  ## (Although I know of none such beast.)
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `searchExtPos proc`_
+  ## * `splitFile proc`_
+  ## * `extractFilename proc`_
+  ## * `lastPathPart proc`_
+  ## * `changeFileExt proc`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert addFileExt("foo.bar", "baz") == "foo.bar"
+    assert addFileExt("foo.bar", "") == "foo.bar"
+    assert addFileExt("foo", "baz") == "foo.baz"
+
+  var extPos = searchExtPos(filename)
+  if extPos < 0: result = filename & normExt(ext)
+  else: result = filename
+
+proc cmpPaths*(pathA, pathB: string): int {.
+  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
+  ## Compares two paths.
+  ##
+  ## On a case-sensitive filesystem this is done
+  ## case-sensitively otherwise case-insensitively. Returns:
+  ##
+  ## | `0` if pathA == pathB
+  ## | `< 0` if pathA < pathB
+  ## | `> 0` if pathA > pathB
+  runnableExamples:
+    when defined(macosx):
+      assert cmpPaths("foo", "Foo") == 0
+    elif defined(posix):
+      assert cmpPaths("foo", "Foo") > 0
+
+  let a = normalizePath(pathA)
+  let b = normalizePath(pathB)
+  if FileSystemCaseSensitive:
+    result = cmp(a, b)
+  else:
+    when defined(nimscript):
+      result = cmpic(a, b)
+    elif defined(nimdoc): discard
+    else:
+      result = cmpIgnoreCase(a, b)
+
+proc unixToNativePath*(path: string, drive=""): string {.
+  noSideEffect, rtl, extern: "nos$1".} =
+  ## Converts an UNIX-like path to a native one.
+  ##
+  ## On an UNIX system this does nothing. Else it converts
+  ## `'/'`, `'.'`, `'..'` to the appropriate things.
+  ##
+  ## On systems with a concept of "drives", `drive` is used to determine
+  ## which drive label to use during absolute path conversion.
+  ## `drive` defaults to the drive of the current working directory, and is
+  ## ignored on systems that do not have a concept of "drives".
+  when defined(unix):
+    result = path
+  else:
+    if path.len == 0: return ""
+
+    var start: int
+    if path[0] == '/':
+      # an absolute path
+      when doslikeFileSystem:
+        if drive != "":
+          result = drive & ":" & DirSep
+        else:
+          result = $DirSep
+      elif defined(macos):
+        result = "" # must not start with ':'
+      else:
+        result = $DirSep
+      start = 1
+    elif path[0] == '.' and (path.len == 1 or path[1] == '/'):
+      # current directory
+      result = $CurDir
+      start = when doslikeFileSystem: 1 else: 2
+    else:
+      result = ""
+      start = 0
+
+    var i = start
+    while i < len(path): # ../../../ --> ::::
+      if i+2 < path.len and path[i] == '.' and path[i+1] == '.' and path[i+2] == '/':
+        # parent directory
+        when defined(macos):
+          if result[high(result)] == ':':
+            add result, ':'
+          else:
+            add result, ParDir
+        else:
+          add result, ParDir & DirSep
+        inc(i, 3)
+      elif path[i] == '/':
+        add result, DirSep
+        inc(i)
+      else:
+        add result, path[i]
+        inc(i)
+
+
+when not defined(nimscript):
+  proc getCurrentDir*(): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [].} =
+    ## Returns the `current working directory`:idx: i.e. where the built
+    ## binary is run.
+    ##
+    ## So the path returned by this proc is determined at run time.
+    ##
+    ## See also:
+    ## * `getHomeDir proc`_
+    ## * `getConfigDir proc`_
+    ## * `getTempDir proc`_
+    ## * `setCurrentDir proc`_
+    ## * `currentSourcePath template <system.html#currentSourcePath.t>`_
+    ## * `getProjectPath proc <macros.html#getProjectPath>`_
+    when defined(nodejs):
+      var ret: cstring
+      {.emit: "`ret` = process.cwd();".}
+      return $ret
+    elif defined(js):
+      raiseAssert "use -d:nodejs to have `getCurrentDir` defined"
+    elif defined(windows):
+      var bufsize = MAX_PATH.int32
+      var res = newWideCString(bufsize)
+      while true:
+        var L = getCurrentDirectoryW(bufsize, res)
+        if L == 0'i32:
+          raiseOSError(osLastError())
+        elif L > bufsize:
+          res = newWideCString(L)
+          bufsize = L
+        else:
+          result = res$L
+          break
+    else:
+      var bufsize = 1024 # should be enough
+      result = newString(bufsize)
+      while true:
+        if getcwd(result.cstring, bufsize) != nil:
+          setLen(result, c_strlen(result.cstring))
+          break
+        else:
+          let err = osLastError()
+          if err.int32 == ERANGE:
+            bufsize = bufsize shl 1
+            doAssert(bufsize >= 0)
+            result = newString(bufsize)
+          else:
+            raiseOSError(osLastError())
+
+proc absolutePath*(path: string, root = getCurrentDir()): string =
+  ## Returns the absolute path of `path`, rooted at `root` (which must be absolute;
+  ## default: current directory).
+  ## If `path` is absolute, return it, ignoring `root`.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `normalizedPath proc`_
+  ## * `normalizePath proc`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert absolutePath("a") == getCurrentDir() / "a"
+
+  if isAbsolute(path): path
+  else:
+    if not root.isAbsolute:
+      raise newException(ValueError, "The specified root is not absolute: " & root)
+    joinPath(root, path)
+
+proc absolutePathInternal(path: string): string =
+  absolutePath(path, getCurrentDir())
+
+
+proc normalizePath*(path: var string) {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [].} =
+  ## Normalize a path.
+  ##
+  ## Consecutive directory separators are collapsed, including an initial double slash.
+  ##
+  ## On relative paths, double dot (`..`) sequences are collapsed if possible.
+  ## On absolute paths they are always collapsed.
+  ##
+  ## .. warning:: URL-encoded and Unicode attempts at directory traversal are not detected.
+  ##   Triple dot is not handled.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `absolutePath proc`_
+  ## * `normalizedPath proc`_ for outplace version
+  ## * `normalizeExe proc`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    when defined(posix):
+      var a = "a///b//..//c///d"
+      a.normalizePath()
+      assert a == "a/c/d"
+
+  path = pathnorm.normalizePath(path)
+  when false:
+    let isAbs = isAbsolute(path)
+    var stack: seq[string] = @[]
+    for p in split(path, {DirSep}):
+      case p
+      of "", ".":
+        continue
+      of "..":
+        if stack.len == 0:
+          if isAbs:
+            discard  # collapse all double dots on absoluta paths
+          else:
+            stack.add(p)
+        elif stack[^1] == "..":
+          stack.add(p)
+        else:
+          discard stack.pop()
+      else:
+        stack.add(p)
+
+    if isAbs:
+      path = DirSep & join(stack, $DirSep)
+    elif stack.len > 0:
+      path = join(stack, $DirSep)
+    else:
+      path = "."
+
+proc normalizePathAux(path: var string) = normalizePath(path)
+
+proc normalizedPath*(path: string): string {.rtl, extern: "nos$1", tags: [].} =
+  ## Returns a normalized path for the current OS.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `absolutePath proc`_
+  ## * `normalizePath proc`_ for the in-place version
+  runnableExamples:
+    when defined(posix):
+      assert normalizedPath("a///b//..//c///d") == "a/c/d"
+  result = pathnorm.normalizePath(path)
+
+proc normalizeExe*(file: var string) {.since: (1, 3, 5).} =
+  ## on posix, prepends `./` if `file` doesn't contain `/` and is not `"", ".", ".."`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    import std/sugar
+    when defined(posix):
+      doAssert "foo".dup(normalizeExe) == "./foo"
+      doAssert "foo/../bar".dup(normalizeExe) == "foo/../bar"
+    doAssert "".dup(normalizeExe) == ""
+  when defined(posix):
+    if file.len > 0 and DirSep notin file and file != "." and file != "..":
+      file = "./" & file
+
+proc sameFile*(path1, path2: string): bool {.rtl, extern: "nos$1",
+  tags: [ReadDirEffect], noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Returns true if both pathname arguments refer to the same physical
+  ## file or directory.
+  ##
+  ## Raises `OSError` if any of the files does not
+  ## exist or information about it can not be obtained.
+  ##
+  ## This proc will return true if given two alternative hard-linked or
+  ## sym-linked paths to the same file or directory.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `sameFileContent proc`_
+  when defined(windows):
+    var success = true
+    var f1 = openHandle(path1)
+    var f2 = openHandle(path2)
+
+    var lastErr: OSErrorCode
+    if f1 != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE and f2 != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE:
+      var fi1, fi2: BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION
+
+      if getFileInformationByHandle(f1, addr(fi1)) != 0 and
+         getFileInformationByHandle(f2, addr(fi2)) != 0:
+        result = fi1.dwVolumeSerialNumber == fi2.dwVolumeSerialNumber and
+                 fi1.nFileIndexHigh == fi2.nFileIndexHigh and
+                 fi1.nFileIndexLow == fi2.nFileIndexLow
+      else:
+        lastErr = osLastError()
+        success = false
+    else:
+      lastErr = osLastError()
+      success = false
+
+    discard closeHandle(f1)
+    discard closeHandle(f2)
+
+    if not success: raiseOSError(lastErr, $(path1, path2))
+  else:
+    var a, b: Stat
+    if stat(path1, a) < 0'i32 or stat(path2, b) < 0'i32:
+      raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(path1, path2))
+    else:
+      result = a.st_dev == b.st_dev and a.st_ino == b.st_ino
diff --git a/lib/pure/includes/osseps.nim b/lib/std/private/osseps.nim
index 10c85047b..f2d49d886 100644
--- a/lib/pure/includes/osseps.nim
+++ b/lib/std/private/osseps.nim
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 
 # Improved based on info in 'compiler/platform.nim'
 
+## .. importdoc:: ospaths2.nim
+
 const
   doslikeFileSystem* = defined(windows) or defined(OS2) or defined(DOS)
 
@@ -37,9 +39,9 @@ const
     when doslikeFileSystem: '/'
     else: DirSep
     ## An alternative character used by the operating system to separate
-    ## pathname components, or the same as `DirSep <#DirSep>`_ if only one separator
+    ## pathname components, or the same as DirSep_ if only one separator
     ## character exists. This is set to `'/'` on Windows systems
-    ## where `DirSep <#DirSep>`_ is a backslash (`'\\'`).
+    ## where DirSep_ is a backslash (`'\\'`).
 
   PathSep* =
     when defined(macos) or defined(RISCOS): ','
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ const
          defined(PalmOS) or defined(MorphOS): false
     else: true
     ## True if the file system is case sensitive, false otherwise. Used by
-    ## `cmpPaths proc <#cmpPaths,string,string>`_ to compare filenames properly.
+    ## `cmpPaths proc`_ to compare filenames properly.
 
   ExeExt* =
     when doslikeFileSystem: "exe"
diff --git a/lib/std/private/ossymlinks.nim b/lib/std/private/ossymlinks.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1760c42e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/private/ossymlinks.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+include system/inclrtl
+import std/oserrors
+
+import oscommon
+export symlinkExists
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[syncio, assertions, widestrs]
+
+when weirdTarget:
+  discard
+elif defined(windows):
+  import std/[winlean, times]
+elif defined(posix):
+  import std/posix
+else:
+  {.error: "OS module not ported to your operating system!".}
+
+
+when weirdTarget:
+  {.pragma: noWeirdTarget, error: "this proc is not available on the NimScript/js target".}
+else:
+  {.pragma: noWeirdTarget.}
+
+
+when defined(nimscript):
+  # for procs already defined in scriptconfig.nim
+  template noNimJs(body): untyped = discard
+elif defined(js):
+  {.pragma: noNimJs, error: "this proc is not available on the js target".}
+else:
+  {.pragma: noNimJs.}
+
+## .. importdoc:: os.nim
+
+proc createSymlink*(src, dest: string) {.noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Create a symbolic link at `dest` which points to the item specified
+  ## by `src`. On most operating systems, will fail if a link already exists.
+  ##
+  ## .. warning:: Some OS's (such as Microsoft Windows) restrict the creation
+  ##   of symlinks to root users (administrators) or users with developer mode enabled.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `createHardlink proc`_
+  ## * `expandSymlink proc`_
+
+  when defined(windows):
+    const SYMBOLIC_LINK_FLAG_ALLOW_UNPRIVILEGED_CREATE = 2
+    # allows anyone with developer mode on to create a link
+    let flag = dirExists(src).int32 or SYMBOLIC_LINK_FLAG_ALLOW_UNPRIVILEGED_CREATE
+    var wSrc = newWideCString(src)
+    var wDst = newWideCString(dest)
+    if createSymbolicLinkW(wDst, wSrc, flag) == 0 or getLastError() != 0:
+      raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(src, dest))
+  else:
+    if symlink(src, dest) != 0:
+      raiseOSError(osLastError(), $(src, dest))
+
+proc expandSymlink*(symlinkPath: string): string {.noWeirdTarget.} =
+  ## Returns a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points.
+  ##
+  ## On Windows this is a noop, `symlinkPath` is simply returned.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `createSymlink proc`_
+  when defined(windows) or defined(nintendoswitch):
+    result = symlinkPath
+  else:
+    var bufLen = 1024
+    while true:
+      result = newString(bufLen)
+      let len = readlink(symlinkPath.cstring, result.cstring, bufLen)
+      if len < 0:
+        raiseOSError(osLastError(), symlinkPath)
+      if len < bufLen:
+        result.setLen(len)
+        break
+      bufLen = bufLen shl 1
diff --git a/lib/std/private/schubfach.nim b/lib/std/private/schubfach.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b8c85d2bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/private/schubfach.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,436 @@
+##  Copyright 2020 Alexander Bolz
+##
+##  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+##   (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+##  This file contains an implementation of the Schubfach algorithm as described in
+##
+##  \[1] Raffaello Giulietti, "The Schubfach way to render doubles",
+##      https://drive.google.com/open?id=1luHhyQF9zKlM8yJ1nebU0OgVYhfC6CBN
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+import std/private/digitsutils
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+
+template sf_Assert(x: untyped): untyped =
+  assert(x)
+
+# ==================================================================================================
+#
+# ==================================================================================================
+
+type
+  ValueType = float32
+  BitsType = uint32
+  Single {.bycopy.} = object
+    bits: BitsType
+
+const
+  significandSize: int32 = 24
+  MaxExponent = 128
+  exponentBias: int32 = MaxExponent - 1 + (significandSize - 1)
+  maxIeeeExponent: BitsType = BitsType(2 * MaxExponent - 1)
+  hiddenBit: BitsType = BitsType(1) shl (significandSize - 1)
+  significandMask: BitsType = hiddenBit - 1
+  exponentMask: BitsType = maxIeeeExponent shl (significandSize - 1)
+  signMask: BitsType = not (not BitsType(0) shr 1)
+
+proc constructSingle(bits: BitsType): Single  =
+  result.bits = bits
+
+proc constructSingle(value: ValueType): Single  =
+  result.bits = cast[typeof(result.bits)](value)
+
+proc physicalSignificand(this: Single): BitsType {.noSideEffect.} =
+  return this.bits and significandMask
+
+proc physicalExponent(this: Single): BitsType {.noSideEffect.} =
+  return (this.bits and exponentMask) shr (significandSize - 1)
+
+proc isFinite(this: Single): bool {.noSideEffect.} =
+  return (this.bits and exponentMask) != exponentMask
+
+proc isInf(this: Single): bool {.noSideEffect.} =
+  return (this.bits and exponentMask) == exponentMask and
+      (this.bits and significandMask) == 0
+
+proc isNaN(this: Single): bool {.noSideEffect.} =
+  return (this.bits and exponentMask) == exponentMask and
+      (this.bits and significandMask) != 0
+
+proc isZero(this: Single): bool {.noSideEffect.} =
+  return (this.bits and not signMask) == 0
+
+proc signBit(this: Single): int {.noSideEffect.} =
+  return int((this.bits and signMask) != 0)
+
+# ==================================================================================================
+##  Returns floor(x / 2^n).
+##
+##  Technically, right-shift of negative integers is implementation defined...
+##  Should easily be optimized into SAR (or equivalent) instruction.
+
+proc floorDivPow2(x: int32; n: int32): int32 {.inline.} =
+  return x shr n
+
+##  Returns floor(log_10(2^e))
+##  ```c
+##  static inline int32_t FloorLog10Pow2(int32_t e)
+##  {
+##      SF_ASSERT(e >= -1500);
+##      SF_ASSERT(e <=  1500);
+##      return FloorDivPow2(e * 1262611, 22);
+##  }
+##  ```
+##  Returns floor(log_10(3/4 2^e))
+##  ```c
+##  static inline int32_t FloorLog10ThreeQuartersPow2(int32_t e)
+##  {
+##      SF_ASSERT(e >= -1500);
+##      SF_ASSERT(e <=  1500);
+##      return FloorDivPow2(e * 1262611 - 524031, 22);
+##  }
+##  ```
+##  Returns floor(log_2(10^e))
+
+proc floorLog2Pow10(e: int32): int32 {.inline.} =
+  sf_Assert(e >= -1233)
+  sf_Assert(e <= 1233)
+  return floorDivPow2(e * 1741647, 19)
+
+const
+  kMin: int32 = -31
+  kMax: int32 = 45
+  g: array[kMax - kMin + 1, uint64] = [0x81CEB32C4B43FCF5'u64, 0xA2425FF75E14FC32'u64,
+    0xCAD2F7F5359A3B3F'u64, 0xFD87B5F28300CA0E'u64, 0x9E74D1B791E07E49'u64,
+    0xC612062576589DDB'u64, 0xF79687AED3EEC552'u64, 0x9ABE14CD44753B53'u64,
+    0xC16D9A0095928A28'u64, 0xF1C90080BAF72CB2'u64, 0x971DA05074DA7BEF'u64,
+    0xBCE5086492111AEB'u64, 0xEC1E4A7DB69561A6'u64, 0x9392EE8E921D5D08'u64,
+    0xB877AA3236A4B44A'u64, 0xE69594BEC44DE15C'u64, 0x901D7CF73AB0ACDA'u64,
+    0xB424DC35095CD810'u64, 0xE12E13424BB40E14'u64, 0x8CBCCC096F5088CC'u64,
+    0xAFEBFF0BCB24AAFF'u64, 0xDBE6FECEBDEDD5BF'u64, 0x89705F4136B4A598'u64,
+    0xABCC77118461CEFD'u64, 0xD6BF94D5E57A42BD'u64, 0x8637BD05AF6C69B6'u64,
+    0xA7C5AC471B478424'u64, 0xD1B71758E219652C'u64, 0x83126E978D4FDF3C'u64,
+    0xA3D70A3D70A3D70B'u64, 0xCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCD'u64, 0x8000000000000000'u64,
+    0xA000000000000000'u64, 0xC800000000000000'u64, 0xFA00000000000000'u64,
+    0x9C40000000000000'u64, 0xC350000000000000'u64, 0xF424000000000000'u64,
+    0x9896800000000000'u64, 0xBEBC200000000000'u64, 0xEE6B280000000000'u64,
+    0x9502F90000000000'u64, 0xBA43B74000000000'u64, 0xE8D4A51000000000'u64,
+    0x9184E72A00000000'u64, 0xB5E620F480000000'u64, 0xE35FA931A0000000'u64,
+    0x8E1BC9BF04000000'u64, 0xB1A2BC2EC5000000'u64, 0xDE0B6B3A76400000'u64,
+    0x8AC7230489E80000'u64, 0xAD78EBC5AC620000'u64, 0xD8D726B7177A8000'u64,
+    0x878678326EAC9000'u64, 0xA968163F0A57B400'u64, 0xD3C21BCECCEDA100'u64,
+    0x84595161401484A0'u64, 0xA56FA5B99019A5C8'u64, 0xCECB8F27F4200F3A'u64,
+    0x813F3978F8940985'u64, 0xA18F07D736B90BE6'u64, 0xC9F2C9CD04674EDF'u64,
+    0xFC6F7C4045812297'u64, 0x9DC5ADA82B70B59E'u64, 0xC5371912364CE306'u64,
+    0xF684DF56C3E01BC7'u64, 0x9A130B963A6C115D'u64, 0xC097CE7BC90715B4'u64,
+    0xF0BDC21ABB48DB21'u64, 0x96769950B50D88F5'u64, 0xBC143FA4E250EB32'u64,
+    0xEB194F8E1AE525FE'u64, 0x92EFD1B8D0CF37BF'u64, 0xB7ABC627050305AE'u64,
+    0xE596B7B0C643C71A'u64, 0x8F7E32CE7BEA5C70'u64, 0xB35DBF821AE4F38C'u64]
+
+proc computePow10Single(k: int32): uint64 {.inline.} =
+  ##  There are unique beta and r such that 10^k = beta 2^r and
+  ##  2^63 <= beta < 2^64, namely r = floor(log_2 10^k) - 63 and
+  ##  beta = 2^-r 10^k.
+  ##  Let g = ceil(beta), so (g-1) 2^r < 10^k <= g 2^r, with the latter
+  ##  value being a pretty good overestimate for 10^k.
+  ##  NB: Since for all the required exponents k, we have g < 2^64,
+  ##      all constants can be stored in 128-bit integers.
+  sf_Assert(k >= kMin)
+  sf_Assert(k <= kMax)
+  return g[k - kMin]
+
+proc lo32(x: uint64): uint32 {.inline.} =
+  return cast[uint32](x)
+
+proc hi32(x: uint64): uint32 {.inline.} =
+  return cast[uint32](x shr 32)
+
+when defined(sizeof_Int128):
+  proc roundToOdd(g: uint64; cp: uint32): uint32 {.inline.} =
+    let p: uint128 = uint128(g) * cp
+    let y1: uint32 = lo32(cast[uint64](p shr 64))
+    let y0: uint32 = hi32(cast[uint64](p))
+    return y1 or uint32(y0 > 1)
+
+elif defined(vcc) and defined(cpu64):
+  proc umul128(x, y: uint64, z: ptr uint64): uint64 {.importc: "_umul128", header: "<intrin.h>".}
+  proc roundToOdd(g: uint64; cpHi: uint32): uint32 {.inline.} =
+    var p1: uint64 = 0
+    var p0: uint64 = umul128(g, cpHi, addr(p1))
+    let y1: uint32 = lo32(p1)
+    let y0: uint32 = hi32(p0)
+    return y1 or uint32(y0 > 1)
+
+else:
+  proc roundToOdd(g: uint64; cp: uint32): uint32 {.inline.} =
+    let b01: uint64 = uint64(lo32(g)) * cp
+    let b11: uint64 = uint64(hi32(g)) * cp
+    let hi: uint64 = b11 + hi32(b01)
+    let y1: uint32 = hi32(hi)
+    let y0: uint32 = lo32(hi)
+    return y1 or uint32(y0 > 1)
+
+##  Returns whether value is divisible by 2^e2
+
+proc multipleOfPow2(value: uint32; e2: int32): bool {.inline.} =
+  sf_Assert(e2 >= 0)
+  sf_Assert(e2 <= 31)
+  return (value and ((uint32(1) shl e2) - 1)) == 0
+
+type
+  FloatingDecimal32 {.bycopy.} = object
+    digits: uint32            ##  num_digits <= 9
+    exponent: int32
+
+proc toDecimal32(ieeeSignificand: uint32; ieeeExponent: uint32): FloatingDecimal32 {.
+    inline.} =
+  var c: uint32
+  var q: int32
+  if ieeeExponent != 0:
+    c = hiddenBit or ieeeSignificand
+    q = cast[int32](ieeeExponent) - exponentBias
+    if 0 <= -q and -q < significandSize and multipleOfPow2(c, -q):
+      return FloatingDecimal32(digits: c shr -q, exponent: 0'i32)
+  else:
+    c = ieeeSignificand
+    q = 1 - exponentBias
+  let isEven: bool = (c mod 2 == 0)
+  let lowerBoundaryIsCloser: bool = (ieeeSignificand == 0 and ieeeExponent > 1)
+  ##   const int32_t qb = q - 2;
+  let cbl: uint32 = 4 * c - 2 + uint32(lowerBoundaryIsCloser)
+  let cb: uint32 = 4 * c
+  let cbr: uint32 = 4 * c + 2
+  ##  (q * 1262611         ) >> 22 == floor(log_10(    2^q))
+  ##  (q * 1262611 - 524031) >> 22 == floor(log_10(3/4 2^q))
+  sf_Assert(q >= -1500)
+  sf_Assert(q <= 1500)
+  let k: int32 = floorDivPow2(q * 1262611 - (if lowerBoundaryIsCloser: 524031 else: 0), 22)
+  let h: int32 = q + floorLog2Pow10(-k) + 1
+  sf_Assert(h >= 1)
+  sf_Assert(h <= 4)
+  let pow10: uint64 = computePow10Single(-k)
+  let vbl: uint32 = roundToOdd(pow10, cbl shl h)
+  let vb: uint32 = roundToOdd(pow10, cb shl h)
+  let vbr: uint32 = roundToOdd(pow10, cbr shl h)
+  let lower: uint32 = vbl + uint32(not isEven)
+  let upper: uint32 = vbr - uint32(not isEven)
+  ##  See Figure 4 in [1].
+  ##  And the modifications in Figure 6.
+  let s: uint32 = vb div 4
+  ##  NB: 4 * s == vb & ~3 == vb & -4
+  if s >= 10:
+    let sp: uint32 = s div 10
+    ##  = vb / 40
+    let upInside: bool = lower <= 40 * sp
+    let wpInside: bool = 40 * sp + 40 <= upper
+    ##       if (up_inside || wp_inside) // NB: At most one of u' and w' is in R_v.
+    if upInside != wpInside:
+      return FloatingDecimal32(digits: sp + uint32(wpInside), exponent: k + 1)
+  let uInside: bool = lower <= 4 * s
+  let wInside: bool = 4 * s + 4 <= upper
+  if uInside != wInside:
+    return FloatingDecimal32(digits: s + uint32(wInside), exponent: k)
+  let mid: uint32 = 4 * s + 2
+  ##  = 2(s + t)
+  let roundUp: bool = vb > mid or (vb == mid and (s and 1) != 0)
+  return FloatingDecimal32(digits: s + uint32(roundUp), exponent: k)
+
+## ==================================================================================================
+##  ToChars
+## ==================================================================================================
+
+proc printDecimalDigitsBackwards[T: Ordinal](buf: var openArray[char]; pos: T; output: uint32): int {.inline.} =
+  var output = output
+  var pos = pos
+  var tz = 0
+  ##  number of trailing zeros removed.
+  var nd = 0
+  ##  number of decimal digits processed.
+  ##  At most 9 digits remaining
+  if output >= 10000:
+    let q: uint32 = output div 10000
+    let r: uint32 = output mod 10000
+    output = q
+    dec(pos, 4)
+    if r != 0:
+      let rH: uint32 = r div 100
+      let rL: uint32 = r mod 100
+      utoa2Digits(buf, pos, rH)
+      utoa2Digits(buf, pos + 2, rL)
+      tz = trailingZeros2Digits(if rL == 0: rH else: rL) + (if rL == 0: 2 else: 0)
+    else:
+      tz = 4
+    nd = 4
+  if output >= 100:
+    let q: uint32 = output div 100
+    let r: uint32 = output mod 100
+    output = q
+    dec(pos, 2)
+    utoa2Digits(buf, pos, r)
+    if tz == nd:
+      inc(tz, trailingZeros2Digits(r))
+    inc(nd, 2)
+    if output >= 100:
+      let q2: uint32 = output div 100
+      let r2: uint32 = output mod 100
+      output = q2
+      dec(pos, 2)
+      utoa2Digits(buf, pos, r2)
+      if tz == nd:
+        inc(tz, trailingZeros2Digits(r2))
+      inc(nd, 2)
+  sf_Assert(output >= 1)
+  sf_Assert(output <= 99)
+  if output >= 10:
+    let q: uint32 = output
+    dec(pos, 2)
+    utoa2Digits(buf, pos, q)
+    if tz == nd:
+      inc(tz, trailingZeros2Digits(q))
+  else:
+    let q: uint32 = output
+    sf_Assert(q >= 1)
+    sf_Assert(q <= 9)
+    dec(pos)
+    buf[pos] = chr(uint32('0') + q)
+  return tz
+
+proc decimalLength(v: uint32): int {.inline.} =
+  sf_Assert(v >= 1)
+  sf_Assert(v <= 999999999'u)
+  if v >= 100000000'u:
+    return 9
+  if v >= 10000000'u:
+    return 8
+  if v >= 1000000'u:
+    return 7
+  if v >= 100000'u:
+    return 6
+  if v >= 10000'u:
+    return 5
+  if v >= 1000'u:
+    return 4
+  if v >= 100'u:
+    return 3
+  if v >= 10'u:
+    return 2
+  return 1
+
+proc formatDigits[T: Ordinal](buffer: var openArray[char]; pos: T; digits: uint32; decimalExponent: int;
+                  forceTrailingDotZero: bool = false): int {.inline.} =
+  const
+    minFixedDecimalPoint: int32 = -4
+    maxFixedDecimalPoint: int32 = 9
+  var pos = pos
+  assert(minFixedDecimalPoint <= -1, "internal error")
+  assert(maxFixedDecimalPoint >= 1, "internal error")
+  sf_Assert(digits >= 1)
+  sf_Assert(digits <= 999999999'u)
+  sf_Assert(decimalExponent >= -99)
+  sf_Assert(decimalExponent <= 99)
+  var numDigits = decimalLength(digits)
+  let decimalPoint = numDigits + decimalExponent
+  let useFixed: bool = minFixedDecimalPoint <= decimalPoint and
+      decimalPoint <= maxFixedDecimalPoint
+  ##  Prepare the buffer.
+  ##  Avoid calling memset/memcpy with variable arguments below...
+  for i in 0..<32: buffer[pos+i] = '0'
+  assert(minFixedDecimalPoint >= -30, "internal error")
+  assert(maxFixedDecimalPoint <= 32, "internal error")
+  var decimalDigitsPosition: int
+  if useFixed:
+    if decimalPoint <= 0:
+      ##  0.[000]digits
+      decimalDigitsPosition = 2 - decimalPoint
+    else:
+      ##  dig.its
+      ##  digits[000]
+      decimalDigitsPosition = 0
+  else:
+    ##  dE+123 or d.igitsE+123
+    decimalDigitsPosition = 1
+  var digitsEnd = pos + decimalDigitsPosition + numDigits
+  let tz = printDecimalDigitsBackwards(buffer, digitsEnd, digits)
+  dec(digitsEnd, tz)
+  dec(numDigits, tz)
+  ##   decimal_exponent += tz; // => decimal_point unchanged.
+  if useFixed:
+    if decimalPoint <= 0:
+      ##  0.[000]digits
+      buffer[pos+1] = '.'
+      pos = digitsEnd
+    elif decimalPoint < numDigits:
+      ##  dig.its
+      for i in countdown(7, 0):
+        buffer[i + decimalPoint + 1] = buffer[i + decimalPoint]
+      buffer[pos+decimalPoint] = '.'
+      pos = digitsEnd + 1
+    else:
+      ##  digits[000]
+      inc(pos, decimalPoint)
+      if forceTrailingDotZero:
+        buffer[pos] = '.'
+        buffer[pos+1] = '0'
+        inc(pos, 2)
+  else:
+    buffer[pos] = buffer[pos+1]
+    if numDigits == 1:
+      ##  dE+123
+      inc(pos)
+    else:
+      ##  d.igitsE+123
+      buffer[pos+1] = '.'
+      pos = digitsEnd
+    let scientificExponent = decimalPoint - 1
+    ##       SF_ASSERT(scientific_exponent != 0);
+    buffer[pos] = 'e'
+    buffer[pos+1] = if scientificExponent < 0: '-' else: '+'
+    inc(pos, 2)
+    let k: uint32 = cast[uint32](if scientificExponent < 0: -scientificExponent else: scientificExponent)
+    if k < 10:
+      buffer[pos] = chr(uint32('0') + k)
+      inc pos
+    else:
+      utoa2Digits(buffer, pos, k)
+      inc(pos, 2)
+  return pos
+
+proc float32ToChars*(buffer: var openArray[char]; v: float32; forceTrailingDotZero = false): int {.
+    inline.} =
+  let significand: uint32 = physicalSignificand(constructSingle(v))
+  let exponent: uint32 = physicalExponent(constructSingle(v))
+  var pos = 0
+  if exponent != maxIeeeExponent:
+    ##  Finite
+    buffer[pos] = '-'
+    inc(pos, signBit(constructSingle(v)))
+    if exponent != 0 or significand != 0:
+      ##  != 0
+      let dec: auto = toDecimal32(significand, exponent)
+      return formatDigits(buffer, pos, dec.digits, dec.exponent.int, forceTrailingDotZero)
+    else:
+      buffer[pos] = '0'
+      buffer[pos+1] = '.'
+      buffer[pos+2] = '0'
+      buffer[pos+3] = ' '
+      inc(pos, if forceTrailingDotZero: 3 else: 1)
+      return pos
+  if significand == 0:
+    buffer[pos] = '-'
+    inc(pos, signBit(constructSingle(v)))
+    buffer[pos] = 'i'
+    buffer[pos+1] = 'n'
+    buffer[pos+2] = 'f'
+    buffer[pos+3] = ' '
+    return pos + 3
+  else:
+    buffer[pos] = 'n'
+    buffer[pos+1] = 'a'
+    buffer[pos+2] = 'n'
+    buffer[pos+3] = ' '
+    return pos + 3
diff --git a/lib/std/private/since.nim b/lib/std/private/since.nim
index 5b22b6391..720120f11 100644
--- a/lib/std/private/since.nim
+++ b/lib/std/private/since.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ##[
-`since` is used to emulate older versions of nim stdlib with `--useVersion`,
+`since` is used to emulate older versions of nim stdlib,
 see `tuse_version.nim`.
 
 If a symbol `foo` is added in version `(1,3,5)`, use `{.since: (1.3.5).}`, not
@@ -15,19 +15,19 @@ The emulation cannot be 100% faithful and to avoid adding too much complexity,
 template since*(version: (int, int), body: untyped) {.dirty.} =
   ## Evaluates `body` if the ``(NimMajor, NimMinor)`` is greater than
   ## or equal to `version`. Usage:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   proc fun*() {.since: (1, 3).}
   ##   since (1, 3): fun()
+  ##   ```
   when (NimMajor, NimMinor) >= version:
     body
 
 template since*(version: (int, int, int), body: untyped) {.dirty.} =
   ## Evaluates `body` if ``(NimMajor, NimMinor, NimPatch)`` is greater than 
   ## or equal to `version`. Usage:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   proc fun*() {.since: (1, 3, 1).}
   ##   since (1, 3, 1): fun()
+  ##   ```
   when (NimMajor, NimMinor, NimPatch) >= version:
     body
diff --git a/lib/std/private/strimpl.nim b/lib/std/private/strimpl.nim
index 7d42a7cf8..f8c9236a5 100644
--- a/lib/std/private/strimpl.nim
+++ b/lib/std/private/strimpl.nim
@@ -74,3 +74,40 @@ template endsWithImpl*[T: string | cstring](s, suffix: T) =
 
 func cmpNimIdentifier*[T: string | cstring](a, b: T): int =
   cmpIgnoreStyleImpl(a, b, true)
+
+func c_memchr(cstr: pointer, c: char, n: csize_t): pointer {.
+              importc: "memchr", header: "<string.h>".}
+func c_strstr(haystack, needle: cstring): cstring {.
+  importc: "strstr", header: "<string.h>".}
+
+
+func find*(s: cstring, sub: char, start: Natural = 0, last = 0): int =
+  ## Searches for `sub` in `s` inside the range `start..last` (both ends included).
+  ## If `last` is unspecified, it defaults to `s.high` (the last element).
+  ##
+  ## Searching is case-sensitive. If `sub` is not in `s`, -1 is returned.
+  ## Otherwise the index returned is relative to `s[0]`, not `start`.
+  ## Use `s[start..last].rfind` for a `start`-origin index.
+  let last = if last == 0: s.high else: last
+  let L = last-start+1
+  if L > 0:
+    let found = c_memchr(s[start].unsafeAddr, sub, cast[csize_t](L))
+    if not found.isNil:
+      return cast[int](found) -% cast[int](s)
+  return -1
+
+func find*(s, sub: cstring, start: Natural = 0, last = 0): int =
+  ## Searches for `sub` in `s` inside the range `start..last` (both ends included).
+  ## If `last` is unspecified, it defaults to `s.high` (the last element).
+  ##
+  ## Searching is case-sensitive. If `sub` is not in `s`, -1 is returned.
+  ## Otherwise the index returned is relative to `s[0]`, not `start`.
+  ## Use `s[start..last].find` for a `start`-origin index.
+  if sub.len > s.len - start: return -1
+  if sub.len == 1: return find(s, sub[0], start, last)
+  if last == 0 and s.len > start:
+    let found = c_strstr(cast[cstring](s[start].unsafeAddr), sub)
+    if not found.isNil:
+      result = cast[int](found) -% cast[int](s)
+    else:
+      result = -1
diff --git a/lib/std/private/syslocks.nim b/lib/std/private/syslocks.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e19ec2c04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/private/syslocks.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+#
+#
+#            Nim's Runtime Library
+#        (c) Copyright 2012 Andreas Rumpf
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+# Low level system locks and condition vars.
+
+{.push stackTrace: off.}
+
+when defined(windows):
+  type
+    Handle = int
+
+    SysLock* {.importc: "CRITICAL_SECTION",
+              header: "<windows.h>", final, pure, byref.} = object # CRITICAL_SECTION in WinApi
+      DebugInfo: pointer
+      LockCount: int32
+      RecursionCount: int32
+      OwningThread: int
+      LockSemaphore: int
+      SpinCount: int
+
+    SysCond* {.importc: "RTL_CONDITION_VARIABLE", header: "<windows.h>", byref.} = object
+      thePtr {.importc: "Ptr".} : Handle
+
+  proc initSysLock*(L: var SysLock) {.importc: "InitializeCriticalSection",
+                                     header: "<windows.h>".}
+    ## Initializes the lock `L`.
+
+  proc tryAcquireSysAux(L: var SysLock): int32 {.importc: "TryEnterCriticalSection",
+                                                 header: "<windows.h>".}
+    ## Tries to acquire the lock `L`.
+
+  proc tryAcquireSys*(L: var SysLock): bool {.inline.} =
+    result = tryAcquireSysAux(L) != 0'i32
+
+  proc acquireSys*(L: var SysLock) {.importc: "EnterCriticalSection",
+                                    header: "<windows.h>".}
+    ## Acquires the lock `L`.
+
+  proc releaseSys*(L: var SysLock) {.importc: "LeaveCriticalSection",
+                                    header: "<windows.h>".}
+    ## Releases the lock `L`.
+
+  proc deinitSys*(L: SysLock) {.importc: "DeleteCriticalSection",
+                                   header: "<windows.h>".}
+
+  proc initializeConditionVariable(
+    conditionVariable: var SysCond
+  ) {.stdcall, noSideEffect, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "InitializeConditionVariable".}
+
+  proc sleepConditionVariableCS(
+    conditionVariable: var SysCond,
+    PCRITICAL_SECTION: var SysLock,
+    dwMilliseconds: int
+  ): int32 {.stdcall, noSideEffect, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "SleepConditionVariableCS".}
+
+
+  proc signalSysCond*(hEvent: var SysCond) {.stdcall, noSideEffect,
+    dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "WakeConditionVariable".}
+
+  proc broadcastSysCond*(hEvent: var SysCond) {.stdcall, noSideEffect,
+    dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "WakeAllConditionVariable".}
+
+  proc initSysCond*(cond: var SysCond) {.inline.} =
+    initializeConditionVariable(cond)
+  proc deinitSysCond*(cond: SysCond) {.inline.} =
+    discard
+  proc waitSysCond*(cond: var SysCond, lock: var SysLock) =
+    discard sleepConditionVariableCS(cond, lock, -1'i32)
+
+elif defined(genode):
+  const
+    Header = "genode_cpp/syslocks.h"
+  type
+    SysLock* {.importcpp: "Nim::SysLock", pure, final,
+              header: Header.} = object
+    SysCond* {.importcpp: "Nim::SysCond", pure, final,
+              header: Header.} = object
+
+  proc initSysLock*(L: var SysLock) = discard
+  proc deinitSys*(L: SysLock) = discard
+  proc acquireSys*(L: var SysLock) {.noSideEffect, importcpp.}
+  proc tryAcquireSys*(L: var SysLock): bool {.noSideEffect, importcpp.}
+  proc releaseSys*(L: var SysLock) {.noSideEffect, importcpp.}
+
+  proc initSysCond*(L: var SysCond) = discard
+  proc deinitSysCond*(L: SysCond) = discard
+  proc waitSysCond*(cond: var SysCond, lock: var SysLock) {.
+    noSideEffect, importcpp.}
+  proc signalSysCond*(cond: var SysCond) {.
+    noSideEffect, importcpp.}
+  proc broadcastSysCond*(cond: var SysCond) {.
+    noSideEffect, importcpp.}
+
+else:
+  type
+    SysLockObj {.importc: "pthread_mutex_t", pure, final,
+               header: """#include <sys/types.h>
+                          #include <pthread.h>""", byref.} = object
+      when defined(linux) and defined(amd64):
+        abi: array[40 div sizeof(clong), clong]
+
+    SysLockAttr* {.importc: "pthread_mutexattr_t", pure, final
+               header: """#include <sys/types.h>
+                          #include <pthread.h>""".} = object
+      when defined(linux) and defined(amd64):
+        abi: array[4 div sizeof(cint), cint]  # actually a cint
+
+    SysCondObj {.importc: "pthread_cond_t", pure, final,
+               header: """#include <sys/types.h>
+                          #include <pthread.h>""", byref.} = object
+      when defined(linux) and defined(amd64):
+        abi: array[48 div sizeof(clonglong), clonglong]
+
+    SysCondAttr {.importc: "pthread_condattr_t", pure, final
+               header: """#include <sys/types.h>
+                          #include <pthread.h>""".} = object
+      when defined(linux) and defined(amd64):
+        abi: array[4 div sizeof(cint), cint]  # actually a cint
+
+    SysLockType = distinct cint
+
+  proc initSysLockAux(L: var SysLockObj, attr: ptr SysLockAttr) {.
+    importc: "pthread_mutex_init", header: "<pthread.h>", noSideEffect.}
+  proc deinitSysAux(L: SysLockObj) {.noSideEffect,
+    importc: "pthread_mutex_destroy", header: "<pthread.h>".}
+
+  proc acquireSysAux(L: var SysLockObj) {.noSideEffect,
+    importc: "pthread_mutex_lock", header: "<pthread.h>".}
+  proc tryAcquireSysAux(L: var SysLockObj): cint {.noSideEffect,
+    importc: "pthread_mutex_trylock", header: "<pthread.h>".}
+
+  proc releaseSysAux(L: var SysLockObj) {.noSideEffect,
+    importc: "pthread_mutex_unlock", header: "<pthread.h>".}
+
+  when defined(ios):
+    # iOS will behave badly if sync primitives are moved in memory. In order
+    # to prevent this once and for all, we're doing an extra malloc when
+    # initializing the primitive.
+    type
+      SysLock* = ptr SysLockObj
+      SysCond* = ptr SysCondObj
+
+    when not declared(c_malloc):
+      proc c_malloc(size: csize_t): pointer {.
+        importc: "malloc", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+      proc c_free(p: pointer) {.
+        importc: "free", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+
+    proc initSysLock*(L: var SysLock, attr: ptr SysLockAttr = nil) =
+      L = cast[SysLock](c_malloc(csize_t(sizeof(SysLockObj))))
+      initSysLockAux(L[], attr)
+
+    proc deinitSys*(L: SysLock) =
+      deinitSysAux(L[])
+      c_free(L)
+
+    template acquireSys*(L: var SysLock) =
+      acquireSysAux(L[])
+    template tryAcquireSys*(L: var SysLock): bool =
+      tryAcquireSysAux(L[]) == 0'i32
+    template releaseSys*(L: var SysLock) =
+      releaseSysAux(L[])
+  else:
+    type
+      SysLock* = SysLockObj
+      SysCond* = SysCondObj
+
+    template initSysLock*(L: var SysLock, attr: ptr SysLockAttr = nil) =
+      initSysLockAux(L, attr)
+    template deinitSys*(L: SysLock) =
+      deinitSysAux(L)
+    template acquireSys*(L: var SysLock) =
+      acquireSysAux(L)
+    template tryAcquireSys*(L: var SysLock): bool =
+      tryAcquireSysAux(L) == 0'i32
+    template releaseSys*(L: var SysLock) =
+      releaseSysAux(L)
+
+  # rlocks
+  var SysLockType_Reentrant* {.importc: "PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE",
+    header: "<pthread.h>".}: SysLockType
+  proc initSysLockAttr*(a: var SysLockAttr) {.
+    importc: "pthread_mutexattr_init", header: "<pthread.h>", noSideEffect.}
+  proc setSysLockType*(a: var SysLockAttr, t: SysLockType) {.
+    importc: "pthread_mutexattr_settype", header: "<pthread.h>", noSideEffect.}
+
+  # locks
+  proc initSysCondAux(cond: var SysCondObj, cond_attr: ptr SysCondAttr = nil) {.
+    importc: "pthread_cond_init", header: "<pthread.h>", noSideEffect.}
+  proc deinitSysCondAux(cond: SysCondObj) {.noSideEffect,
+    importc: "pthread_cond_destroy", header: "<pthread.h>".}
+
+  proc waitSysCondAux(cond: var SysCondObj, lock: var SysLockObj): cint {.
+    importc: "pthread_cond_wait", header: "<pthread.h>", noSideEffect.}
+  proc signalSysCondAux(cond: var SysCondObj) {.
+    importc: "pthread_cond_signal", header: "<pthread.h>", noSideEffect.}
+  proc broadcastSysCondAux(cond: var SysCondObj) {.
+    importc: "pthread_cond_broadcast", header: "<pthread.h>", noSideEffect.}
+
+  when defined(ios):
+    proc initSysCond*(cond: var SysCond, cond_attr: ptr SysCondAttr = nil) =
+      cond = cast[SysCond](c_malloc(csize_t(sizeof(SysCondObj))))
+      initSysCondAux(cond[], cond_attr)
+
+    proc deinitSysCond*(cond: SysCond) =
+      deinitSysCondAux(cond[])
+      c_free(cond)
+
+    template waitSysCond*(cond: var SysCond, lock: var SysLock) =
+      discard waitSysCondAux(cond[], lock[])
+    template signalSysCond*(cond: var SysCond) =
+      signalSysCondAux(cond[])
+    template broadcastSysCond*(cond: var SysCond) =
+      broadcastSysCondAux(cond[])
+  else:
+    template initSysCond*(cond: var SysCond, cond_attr: ptr SysCondAttr = nil) =
+      initSysCondAux(cond, cond_attr)
+    template deinitSysCond*(cond: SysCond) =
+      deinitSysCondAux(cond)
+
+    template waitSysCond*(cond: var SysCond, lock: var SysLock) =
+      discard waitSysCondAux(cond, lock)
+    template signalSysCond*(cond: var SysCond) =
+      signalSysCondAux(cond)
+    template broadcastSysCond*(cond: var SysCond) =
+      broadcastSysCondAux(cond)
+
+{.pop.}
diff --git a/lib/std/private/threadtypes.nim b/lib/std/private/threadtypes.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1cdf21dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/private/threadtypes.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+include system/inclrtl
+
+const hasSharedHeap* = defined(boehmgc) or defined(gogc) # don't share heaps; every thread has its own
+
+when defined(windows):
+  type
+    Handle* = int
+    SysThread* = Handle
+    WinThreadProc* = proc (x: pointer): int32 {.stdcall.}
+
+  proc createThread*(lpThreadAttributes: pointer, dwStackSize: int32,
+                     lpStartAddress: WinThreadProc,
+                     lpParameter: pointer,
+                     dwCreationFlags: int32,
+                     lpThreadId: var int32): SysThread {.
+    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "CreateThread".}
+
+  proc winSuspendThread*(hThread: SysThread): int32 {.
+    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "SuspendThread".}
+
+  proc winResumeThread*(hThread: SysThread): int32 {.
+    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "ResumeThread".}
+
+  proc waitForSingleObject*(hHandle: SysThread, dwMilliseconds: int32): int32 {.
+    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "WaitForSingleObject".}
+
+  proc waitForMultipleObjects*(nCount: int32,
+                              lpHandles: ptr SysThread,
+                              bWaitAll: int32,
+                              dwMilliseconds: int32): int32 {.
+    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "WaitForMultipleObjects".}
+
+  proc terminateThread*(hThread: SysThread, dwExitCode: int32): int32 {.
+    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "TerminateThread".}
+
+  proc setThreadAffinityMask*(hThread: SysThread, dwThreadAffinityMask: uint) {.
+    importc: "SetThreadAffinityMask", stdcall, header: "<windows.h>".}
+
+elif defined(genode):
+  const
+    GenodeHeader* = "genode_cpp/threads.h"
+  type
+    SysThread* {.importcpp: "Nim::SysThread",
+                 header: GenodeHeader, final, pure.} = object
+    GenodeThreadProc* = proc (x: pointer) {.noconv.}
+
+  proc initThread*(s: var SysThread,
+                  env: GenodeEnv,
+                  stackSize: culonglong,
+                  entry: GenodeThreadProc,
+                  arg: pointer,
+                  affinity: cuint) {.
+    importcpp: "#.initThread(@)".}
+
+
+else:
+  when not (defined(macosx) or defined(haiku)):
+    {.passl: "-pthread".}
+
+  when not defined(haiku):
+    {.passc: "-pthread".}
+
+  const
+    schedh = "#define _GNU_SOURCE\n#include <sched.h>"
+    pthreadh* = "#define _GNU_SOURCE\n#include <pthread.h>"
+
+  when not declared(Time):
+    when defined(linux):
+      type Time = clong
+    else:
+      type Time = int
+
+  when (defined(linux) or defined(nintendoswitch)) and defined(amd64):
+    type
+      SysThread* {.importc: "pthread_t",
+                  header: "<sys/types.h>" .} = distinct culong
+      Pthread_attr* {.importc: "pthread_attr_t",
+                    header: "<sys/types.h>".} = object
+        abi: array[56 div sizeof(clong), clong]
+  elif defined(openbsd) and defined(amd64):
+    type
+      SysThread* {.importc: "pthread_t", header: "<pthread.h>".} = object
+      Pthread_attr* {.importc: "pthread_attr_t",
+                       header: "<pthread.h>".} = object
+  else:
+    type
+      SysThread* {.importc: "pthread_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
+      Pthread_attr* {.importc: "pthread_attr_t",
+                       header: "<sys/types.h>".} = object
+  type
+    Timespec* {.importc: "struct timespec", header: "<time.h>".} = object
+      tv_sec*: Time
+      tv_nsec*: clong
+
+  proc pthread_attr_init*(a1: var Pthread_attr): cint {.
+    importc, header: pthreadh.}
+  proc pthread_attr_setstack*(a1: ptr Pthread_attr, a2: pointer, a3: int): cint {.
+    importc, header: pthreadh.}
+  proc pthread_attr_setstacksize*(a1: var Pthread_attr, a2: int): cint {.
+    importc, header: pthreadh.}
+  proc pthread_attr_destroy*(a1: var Pthread_attr): cint {.
+    importc, header: pthreadh.}
+
+  proc pthread_create*(a1: var SysThread, a2: var Pthread_attr,
+            a3: proc (x: pointer): pointer {.noconv.},
+            a4: pointer): cint {.importc: "pthread_create",
+            header: pthreadh.}
+  proc pthread_join*(a1: SysThread, a2: ptr pointer): cint {.
+    importc, header: pthreadh.}
+
+  proc pthread_cancel*(a1: SysThread): cint {.
+    importc: "pthread_cancel", header: pthreadh.}
+
+  type CpuSet* {.importc: "cpu_set_t", header: schedh.} = object
+     when defined(linux) and defined(amd64):
+       abi: array[1024 div (8 * sizeof(culong)), culong]
+
+  proc cpusetZero*(s: var CpuSet) {.importc: "CPU_ZERO", header: schedh.}
+  proc cpusetIncl*(cpu: cint; s: var CpuSet) {.
+    importc: "CPU_SET", header: schedh.}
+
+  when defined(android):
+    # libc of android doesn't implement pthread_setaffinity_np,
+    # it exposes pthread_gettid_np though, so we can use that in combination
+    # with sched_setaffinity to set the thread affinity.
+    type Pid* {.importc: "pid_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int32 # From posix_other.nim
+
+    proc setAffinityTID*(tid: Pid; setsize: csize_t; s: var CpuSet) {.
+      importc: "sched_setaffinity", header: schedh.}
+
+    proc pthread_gettid_np*(thread: SysThread): Pid {.
+      importc: "pthread_gettid_np", header: pthreadh.}
+
+    proc setAffinity*(thread: SysThread; setsize: csize_t; s: var CpuSet) =
+      setAffinityTID(pthread_gettid_np(thread), setsize, s)
+  else:
+    proc setAffinity*(thread: SysThread; setsize: csize_t; s: var CpuSet) {.
+      importc: "pthread_setaffinity_np", header: pthreadh.}
+
+
+const
+  emulatedThreadVars* = compileOption("tlsEmulation")
+# we preallocate a fixed size for thread local storage, so that no heap
+# allocations are needed. Currently less than 16K are used on a 64bit machine.
+# We use `float` for proper alignment:
+const nimTlsSize {.intdefine.} = 16000
+type
+  ThreadLocalStorage* = array[0..(nimTlsSize div sizeof(float)), float]
+  PGcThread* = ptr GcThread
+  GcThread* {.pure, inheritable.} = object
+    when emulatedThreadVars:
+      tls*: ThreadLocalStorage
+    else:
+      nil
+    when hasSharedHeap:
+      next*, prev*: PGcThread
+      stackBottom*, stackTop*: pointer
+      stackSize*: int
+    else:
+      nil
+
+const hasAllocStack* = defined(zephyr) # maybe freertos too?
+
+type
+  Thread*[TArg] = object
+    core*: PGcThread
+    sys*: SysThread
+    when TArg is void:
+      dataFn*: proc () {.nimcall, gcsafe.}
+    else:
+      dataFn*: proc (m: TArg) {.nimcall, gcsafe.}
+      data*: TArg
+    when hasAllocStack:
+      rawStack*: pointer
+
+proc `=copy`*[TArg](x: var Thread[TArg], y: Thread[TArg]) {.error.}
diff --git a/lib/std/private/underscored_calls.nim b/lib/std/private/underscored_calls.nim
index 6d0a99ab5..f853572b5 100644
--- a/lib/std/private/underscored_calls.nim
+++ b/lib/std/private/underscored_calls.nim
@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@
 
 ## This is an internal helper module. Do not use.
 
-import macros
+import std/macros
+
+proc underscoredCalls*(result, calls, arg0: NimNode)
 
 proc underscoredCall(n, arg0: NimNode): NimNode =
   proc underscorePos(n: NimNode): int =
@@ -19,13 +21,19 @@ proc underscoredCall(n, arg0: NimNode): NimNode =
     return 0
 
   if n.kind in nnkCallKinds:
-    result = copyNimNode(n)
-    result.add n[0]
+    if n[0].kind in {nnkIdent, nnkSym} and n[0].eqIdent("with"):
+      expectKind n[1], {nnkIdent, nnkSym}
 
-    let u = underscorePos(n)
-    for i in 1..u-1: result.add n[i]
-    result.add arg0
-    for i in u+1..n.len-1: result.add n[i]
+      result = newStmtList()
+      underscoredCalls(result, n[2 .. ^1].newStmtList, newDotExpr(arg0, n[1]))
+    else:
+      result = copyNimNode(n)
+      result.add n[0]
+
+      let u = underscorePos(n)
+      for i in 1..u-1: result.add n[i]
+      result.add arg0
+      for i in u+1..n.len-1: result.add n[i]
   elif n.kind in {nnkAsgn, nnkExprEqExpr}:
     var field = n[0]
     if n[0].kind == nnkDotExpr and n[0][0].eqIdent("_"):
@@ -39,7 +47,7 @@ proc underscoredCall(n, arg0: NimNode): NimNode =
     result.add arg0
 
 proc underscoredCalls*(result, calls, arg0: NimNode) =
-  expectKind calls, {nnkArglist, nnkStmtList, nnkStmtListExpr}
+  expectKind calls, {nnkArgList, nnkStmtList, nnkStmtListExpr}
 
   for call in calls:
     if call.kind in {nnkStmtList, nnkStmtListExpr}:
diff --git a/lib/std/private/vmutils.nim b/lib/std/private/vmutils.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index d54977b4e..000000000
--- a/lib/std/private/vmutils.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-template forwardImpl*(impl, arg) {.dirty.} =
-  when sizeof(x) <= 4:
-    when x is SomeSignedInt:
-      impl(cast[uint32](x.int32))
-    else:
-      impl(x.uint32)
-  else:
-    when x is SomeSignedInt:
-      impl(cast[uint64](x.int64))
-    else:
-      impl(x.uint64)
-
-template toUnsigned*(x: int8): uint8 = cast[uint8](x)
-template toUnsigned*(x: int16): uint16 = cast[uint16](x)
-template toUnsigned*(x: int32): uint32 = cast[uint32](x)
-template toUnsigned*(x: int64): uint64 = cast[uint64](x)
-template toUnsigned*(x: int): uint = cast[uint](x)
diff --git a/lib/std/private/win_getsysteminfo.nim b/lib/std/private/win_getsysteminfo.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b98478231
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/private/win_getsysteminfo.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+type
+  SystemInfo* = object
+    u1: uint32
+    dwPageSize: uint32
+    lpMinimumApplicationAddress: pointer
+    lpMaximumApplicationAddress: pointer
+    dwActiveProcessorMask: ptr uint32
+    dwNumberOfProcessors*: uint32
+    dwProcessorType: uint32
+    dwAllocationGranularity*: uint32
+    wProcessorLevel: uint16
+    wProcessorRevision: uint16
+
+proc getSystemInfo*(lpSystemInfo: ptr SystemInfo) {.stdcall,
+    dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "GetSystemInfo".}
diff --git a/lib/std/private/win_setenv.nim b/lib/std/private/win_setenv.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66e199dfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/private/win_setenv.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+#[
+Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+
+Adapted `setenv` from https://github.com/facebook/folly/blob/master/folly/portability/Stdlib.cpp
+translated from C to nim.
+]#
+
+#[
+Introduced in https://github.com/facebook/folly/commit/5d8ca09a3f96afefb44e35808f03651a096ab9c7
+
+TODO:
+check errno_t vs cint
+]#
+
+when not defined(windows): discard
+else:
+  when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+    import std/widestrs
+
+  type wchar_t  {.importc: "wchar_t".} = int16
+
+  proc setEnvironmentVariableW*(lpName, lpValue: WideCString): int32 {.
+    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "SetEnvironmentVariableW", sideEffect.}
+    # same as winlean.setEnvironmentVariableA
+
+  proc c_getenv(varname: cstring): cstring {.importc: "getenv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+  proc c_wputenv(envstring: ptr wchar_t): cint {.importc: "_wputenv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+  proc c_wgetenv(varname: ptr wchar_t): ptr wchar_t {.importc: "_wgetenv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+
+  var errno {.importc, header: "<errno.h>".}: cint
+  var genviron {.importc: "_environ".}: ptr ptr char
+    # xxx `ptr UncheckedArray[WideCString]` did not work
+
+  proc wcstombs(wcstr: ptr char, mbstr: ptr wchar_t, count: csize_t): csize_t {.importc, header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+    # xxx cint vs errno_t?
+
+  proc setEnvImpl*(name: string, value: string, overwrite: cint): cint =
+    const EINVAL = cint(22)
+    let wideName: WideCString = newWideCString(name)
+    if overwrite == 0 and c_wgetenv(cast[ptr wchar_t](wideName)) != nil:
+      return 0
+
+    if value != "":
+      let envstring: WideCString = newWideCString(name & "=" & value)
+      let e = c_wputenv(cast[ptr wchar_t](envstring))
+      if e != 0:
+        errno = EINVAL
+        return -1
+      return 0
+    #[
+    We are trying to set the value to an empty string, but `_putenv` deletes
+    entries if the value is an empty string, and just calling
+    SetEnvironmentVariableA doesn't update `_environ`,
+    so we have to do these terrible things.
+    ]#
+    let envstring: WideCString = newWideCString(name & "=  ")
+    if c_wputenv(cast[ptr wchar_t](envstring)) != 0:
+      errno = EINVAL
+      return -1
+    # Here lies the documentation we blatently ignore to make this work.
+    var s = cast[WideCString](c_wgetenv(cast[ptr wchar_t](wideName)))
+    s[0] = Utf16Char('\0')
+    #[
+    This would result in a double null termination, which normally signifies the
+    end of the environment variable list, so we stick a completely empty
+    environment variable into the list instead.
+    ]#
+    s = cast[WideCString](c_wgetenv(cast[ptr wchar_t](wideName)))
+    s[1] = Utf16Char('=')
+    #[
+    If genviron is null, the MBCS environment has not been initialized
+    yet, and we don't need to try to update it. We have to do this otherwise
+    we'd be forcing the initialization and maintenance of the MBCS environment
+    even though it's never actually used in most programs.
+    ]#
+    if genviron != nil:
+
+      # wcstombs returns `high(csize_t)` if any characters cannot be represented
+      # in the current codepage. Skip updating MBCS environment in this case.
+      # For some reason, second `wcstombs` can find non-convertible characters
+      # that the first `wcstombs` cannot.
+      let requiredSizeS = wcstombs(nil, cast[ptr wchar_t](wideName), 0)
+      if requiredSizeS != high(csize_t):
+        let requiredSize = requiredSizeS.int
+        var buf = newSeq[char](requiredSize + 1)
+        let buf2 = buf[0].addr
+        if wcstombs(buf2, cast[ptr wchar_t](wideName), csize_t(requiredSize + 1)) != high(csize_t):
+          var ptrToEnv = c_getenv(cast[cstring](buf2))
+          ptrToEnv[0] = '\0'
+          ptrToEnv = c_getenv(cast[cstring](buf2))
+          ptrToEnv[1] = '='
+
+    # And now, we have to update the outer environment to have a proper empty value.
+    if setEnvironmentVariableW(wideName, value.newWideCString) == 0:
+      errno = EINVAL
+      return -1
+    return 0
diff --git a/lib/std/setutils.nim b/lib/std/setutils.nim
index c7fac0a54..8e7bc6a92 100644
--- a/lib/std/setutils.nim
+++ b/lib/std/setutils.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #
 #
-#           The Nim Compiler
+#              Nim's Runtime Library
 #        (c) Copyright 2020 Nim Contributors
 #
 #    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ template toSet*(iter: untyped): untyped =
     incl(result, x)
   result
 
-macro enmRange(enm: typed): untyped = result = newNimNode(nnkCurly).add(enm.getType[1][1..^1])
+macro enumElementsAsSet(enm: typed): untyped = result = newNimNode(nnkCurly).add(enm.getType[1][1..^1])
 
 # func fullSet*(T: typedesc): set[T] {.inline.} = # xxx would give: Error: ordinal type expected
 func fullSet*[T](U: typedesc[T]): set[T] {.inline.} =
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func fullSet*[T](U: typedesc[T]): set[T] {.inline.} =
   when T is Ordinal:
     {T.low..T.high}
   else: # Hole filled enum
-    enmRange(T)
+    enumElementsAsSet(T)
 
 func complement*[T](s: set[T]): set[T] {.inline.} =
   ## Returns the set complement of `a`.
diff --git a/lib/std/sha1.nim b/lib/std/sha1.nim
index b74b285f8..213af4229 100644
--- a/lib/std/sha1.nim
+++ b/lib/std/sha1.nim
@@ -1,41 +1,40 @@
 #
 #
-#           The Nim Compiler
+#              Nim's Runtime Library
 #        (c) Copyright 2015 Nim Contributors
 #
 #    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
-## **Note:** Import `std/sha1` to use this module.
-##
 ## [SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-1)
 ## is a cryptographic hash function which takes an input and produces
 ## a 160-bit (20-byte) hash value known as a message digest.
 ##
-## Basic usage
-## ===========
-##
+## See also
+## ========
+## * `base64 module<base64.html>`_ for a Base64 encoder and decoder
+## * `hashes module<hashes.html>`_ for efficient computations of hash values for diverse Nim types
+## * `md5 module<md5.html>`_ for the MD5 checksum algorithm
+
 runnableExamples:
   let accessName = secureHash("John Doe")
   assert $accessName == "AE6E4D1209F17B460503904FAD297B31E9CF6362"
 
-## .. code-block::
-##   let
-##     a = secureHashFile("myFile.nim")
-##     b = parseSecureHash("10DFAEBF6BFDBC7939957068E2EFACEC4972933C")
-##
-##   if a == b:
-##     echo "Files match"
-##
-## See also
-## ========
-## * `base64 module<base64.html>`_ implements a Base64 encoder and decoder
-## * `hashes module<hashes.html>`_ for efficient computations of hash values for diverse Nim types
-## * `md5 module<md5.html>`_ implements the MD5 checksum algorithm
+runnableExamples("-r:off"):
+  let
+    a = secureHashFile("myFile.nim")
+    b = parseSecureHash("10DFAEBF6BFDBC7939957068E2EFACEC4972933C")
+  assert a == b, "files don't match"
+
+
+{.deprecated: "use command `nimble install checksums` and import `checksums/sha1` instead".}
 
 import std/strutils
 from std/endians import bigEndian32, bigEndian64
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
+
 const Sha1DigestSize = 20
 
 type
@@ -282,3 +281,7 @@ proc `==`*(a, b: SecureHash): bool =
 
   # Not a constant-time comparison, but that's acceptable in this context
   Sha1Digest(a) == Sha1Digest(b)
+
+proc isValidSha1Hash*(s: string): bool =
+  ## Checks if a string is a valid sha1 hash sum.
+  s.len == 40 and allCharsInSet(s, HexDigits)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/std/socketstreams.nim b/lib/std/socketstreams.nim
index 5c882858d..45e906795 100644
--- a/lib/std/socketstreams.nim
+++ b/lib/std/socketstreams.nim
@@ -31,39 +31,40 @@
 ## Examples
 ## ========
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##  import std/socketstreams
+##   ```Nim
+##   import std/socketstreams
 ##
-##  var
-##    socket = newSocket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP)
-##    stream = newReadSocketStream(socket)
-##  socket.sendTo("127.0.0.1", Port(12345), "SOME REQUEST")
-##  echo stream.readLine() # Will call `recv`
-##  stream.setPosition(0)
-##  echo stream.readLine() # Will return the read line from the buffer
-##  stream.resetStream() # Buffer is now empty, position is 0
-##  echo stream.readLine() # Will call `recv` again
-##  stream.close() # Closes the socket
+##   var
+##     socket = newSocket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP)
+##     stream = newReadSocketStream(socket)
+##   socket.sendTo("127.0.0.1", Port(12345), "SOME REQUEST")
+##   echo stream.readLine() # Will call `recv`
+##   stream.setPosition(0)
+##   echo stream.readLine() # Will return the read line from the buffer
+##   stream.resetStream() # Buffer is now empty, position is 0
+##   echo stream.readLine() # Will call `recv` again
+##   stream.close() # Closes the socket
+##   ```
 ##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
+##   ```Nim
+##   import std/socketstreams
 ##
-##  import std/socketstreams
-##
-##  var socket = newSocket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP)
-##  socket.connect("127.0.0.1", Port(12345))
-##  var sendStream = newWriteSocketStream(socket)
-##  sendStream.write "NOM"
-##  sendStream.setPosition(1)
-##  echo sendStream.peekStr(2) # OM
-##  sendStream.write "I"
-##  sendStream.setPosition(0)
-##  echo sendStream.readStr(3) # NIM
-##  echo sendStream.getPosition() # 3
-##  sendStream.flush() # This actually performs the writing to the socket
-##  sendStream.setPosition(1)
-##  sendStream.write "I" # Throws an error as we can't write into an already sent buffer
-
-import net, streams
+##   var socket = newSocket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP)
+##   socket.connect("127.0.0.1", Port(12345))
+##   var sendStream = newWriteSocketStream(socket)
+##   sendStream.write "NOM"
+##   sendStream.setPosition(1)
+##   echo sendStream.peekStr(2) # OM
+##   sendStream.write "I"
+##   sendStream.setPosition(0)
+##   echo sendStream.readStr(3) # NIM
+##   echo sendStream.getPosition() # 3
+##   sendStream.flush() # This actually performs the writing to the socket
+##   sendStream.setPosition(1)
+##   sendStream.write "I" # Throws an error as we can't write into an already sent buffer
+##   ```
+
+import std/[net, streams]
 
 type
   ReadSocketStream* = ref ReadSocketStreamObj
@@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ proc wsFlush(s: Stream) =
   s.lastFlush = s.buf.len
 
 proc rsClose(s: Stream) =
-  {.cast(tags: []).}:
+  {.cast(raises: [IOError, OSError]), cast(tags: []).}: # todo fixme maybe do something?
     var s = ReadSocketStream(s)
     s.data.close()
 
diff --git a/lib/std/staticos.nim b/lib/std/staticos.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2617c6913
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/staticos.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+## This module implements path handling like os module but works at only compile-time.
+## This module works even when cross compiling to OS that is not supported by os module.
+
+proc staticFileExists*(filename: string): bool {.compileTime.} =
+  ## Returns true if `filename` exists and is a regular file or symlink.
+  ##
+  ## Directories, device files, named pipes and sockets return false.
+  discard
+
+proc staticDirExists*(dir: string): bool {.compileTime.} =
+  ## Returns true if the directory `dir` exists. If `dir` is a file, false
+  ## is returned. Follows symlinks.
+  discard
diff --git a/lib/std/strbasics.nim b/lib/std/strbasics.nim
index 9232204ab..b2c36a4be 100644
--- a/lib/std/strbasics.nim
+++ b/lib/std/strbasics.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #
 #
-#           The Nim Compiler
+#              Nim's Runtime Library
 #        (c) Copyright 2021 Nim Contributors
 #
 #    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@
 ##
 ## Experimental API, subject to change.
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+
 const whitespaces = {' ', '\t', '\v', '\r', '\l', '\f'}
 
 proc add*(x: var string, y: openArray[char]) =
@@ -19,8 +23,8 @@ proc add*(x: var string, y: openArray[char]) =
   # Use `{.noalias.}` ?
   let n = x.len
   x.setLen n + y.len
-    # pending https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/14655#issuecomment-643671397
-    # use x.setLen(n + y.len, isInit = false)
+    # pending #19727
+    # setLen unnecessarily zeros memory
   var i = 0
   while i < y.len:
     x[n + i] = y[i]
@@ -46,7 +50,7 @@ func setSlice*(s: var string, slice: Slice[int]) =
     import std/sugar
 
     var a = "Hello, Nim!"
-    doassert a.dup(setSlice(7 .. 9)) == "Nim"
+    doAssert a.dup(setSlice(7 .. 9)) == "Nim"
     doAssert a.dup(setSlice(0 .. 0)) == "H"
     doAssert a.dup(setSlice(0 .. 1)) == "He"
     doAssert a.dup(setSlice(0 .. 10)) == a
diff --git a/lib/std/symlinks.nim b/lib/std/symlinks.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dbe908612
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/symlinks.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+## This module implements symlink (symbolic link) handling.
+
+## .. importdoc:: os.nim
+
+from std/paths import Path, ReadDirEffect
+
+from std/private/ossymlinks import symlinkExists, createSymlink, expandSymlink
+
+proc symlinkExists*(link: Path): bool {.inline, tags: [ReadDirEffect], sideEffect.} =
+  ## Returns true if the symlink `link` exists. Will return true
+  ## regardless of whether the link points to a directory or file.
+  result = symlinkExists(link.string)
+
+proc createSymlink*(src, dest: Path) {.inline.} =
+  ## Create a symbolic link at `dest` which points to the item specified
+  ## by `src`. On most operating systems, will fail if a link already exists.
+  ##
+  ## .. warning:: Some OS's (such as Microsoft Windows) restrict the creation
+  ##   of symlinks to root users (administrators) or users with developer mode enabled.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `createHardlink proc`_
+  ## * `expandSymlink proc`_
+  createSymlink(src.string, dest.string)
+
+proc expandSymlink*(symlinkPath: Path): Path {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points.
+  ##
+  ## On Windows this is a noop, `symlinkPath` is simply returned.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `createSymlink proc`_
+  result = Path(expandSymlink(symlinkPath.string))
diff --git a/lib/system/io.nim b/lib/std/syncio.nim
index 300e7ea3f..c34a025af 100644
--- a/lib/system/io.nim
+++ b/lib/std/syncio.nim
@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
 #
 #
 #            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2019 Nim contributors
+#        (c) Copyright 2022 Nim contributors
 #
 #    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-## This is a part of `system.nim`, you should not manually import it.
+## This module implements various synchronized I/O operations.
 
-
-include inclrtl
+include system/inclrtl
 import std/private/since
-import formatfloat
+import std/formatfloat
+when defined(windows):
+  import std/widestrs
 
 # ----------------- IO Part ------------------------------------------------
 type
@@ -20,27 +21,38 @@ type
           incompleteStruct.} = object
   File* = ptr CFile ## The type representing a file handle.
 
-  FileMode* = enum           ## The file mode when opening a file.
-    fmRead,                   ## Open the file for read access only.
-    fmWrite,                  ## Open the file for write access only.
-                              ## If the file does not exist, it will be
-                              ## created. Existing files will be cleared!
-    fmReadWrite,              ## Open the file for read and write access.
-                              ## If the file does not exist, it will be
-                              ## created. Existing files will be cleared!
-    fmReadWriteExisting,      ## Open the file for read and write access.
-                              ## If the file does not exist, it will not be
-                              ## created. The existing file will not be cleared.
-    fmAppend                  ## Open the file for writing only; append data
-                              ## at the end.
-
-  FileHandle* = cint ## type that represents an OS file handle; this is
-                      ## useful for low-level file access
+  FileMode* = enum       ## The file mode when opening a file.
+    fmRead,              ## Open the file for read access only.
+                         ## If the file does not exist, it will not
+                         ## be created.
+    fmWrite,             ## Open the file for write access only.
+                         ## If the file does not exist, it will be
+                         ## created. Existing files will be cleared!
+    fmReadWrite,         ## Open the file for read and write access.
+                         ## If the file does not exist, it will be
+                         ## created. Existing files will be cleared!
+    fmReadWriteExisting, ## Open the file for read and write access.
+                         ## If the file does not exist, it will not be
+                         ## created. The existing file will not be cleared.
+    fmAppend             ## Open the file for writing only; append data
+                         ## at the end. If the file does not exist, it
+                         ## will be created.
+
+  FileHandle* = cint ## The type that represents an OS file handle; this is
+                      ## useful for low-level file access.
+
+  FileSeekPos* = enum ## Position relative to which seek should happen.
+                      # The values are ordered so that they match with stdio
+                      # SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR and SEEK_END respectively.
+    fspSet            ## Seek to absolute value
+    fspCur            ## Seek relative to current position
+    fspEnd            ## Seek relative to end
 
 # text file handling:
 when not defined(nimscript) and not defined(js):
   # duplicated between io and ansi_c
-  const stdioUsesMacros = (defined(osx) or defined(freebsd) or defined(dragonfly)) and not defined(emscripten)
+  const stdioUsesMacros = (defined(osx) or defined(freebsd) or defined(
+      dragonfly)) and not defined(emscripten)
   const stderrName = when stdioUsesMacros: "__stderrp" else: "stderr"
   const stdoutName = when stdioUsesMacros: "__stdoutp" else: "stdout"
   const stdinName = when stdioUsesMacros: "__stdinp" else: "stdin"
@@ -78,7 +90,7 @@ proc c_fputs(c: cstring, f: File): cint {.
 proc c_fgets(c: cstring, n: cint, f: File): cstring {.
   importc: "fgets", header: "<stdio.h>", tags: [ReadIOEffect].}
 proc c_fgetc(stream: File): cint {.
-  importc: "fgetc", header: "<stdio.h>", tags: [ReadIOEffect].}
+  importc: "fgetc", header: "<stdio.h>", tags: [].}
 proc c_ungetc(c: cint, f: File): cint {.
   importc: "ungetc", header: "<stdio.h>", tags: [].}
 proc c_putc(c: cint, stream: File): cint {.
@@ -93,7 +105,7 @@ proc c_feof(f: File): cint {.
   importc: "feof", header: "<stdio.h>".}
 
 when not declared(c_fwrite):
-  proc c_fwrite(buf: pointer, size, n: csize_t, f: File): cint {.
+  proc c_fwrite(buf: pointer, size, n: csize_t, f: File): csize_t {.
     importc: "fwrite", header: "<stdio.h>".}
 
 # C routine that is used here:
@@ -108,8 +120,22 @@ when defined(windows):
   else:
     proc c_fseek(f: File, offset: int64, whence: cint): cint {.
       importc: "_fseeki64", header: "<stdio.h>", tags: [].}
-    proc c_ftell(f: File): int64 {.
-      importc: "_ftelli64", header: "<stdio.h>", tags: [].}
+    when defined(tcc):
+      proc c_fsetpos(f: File, pos: var int64): int32 {.
+        importc: "fsetpos", header: "<stdio.h>", tags: [].}
+      proc c_fgetpos(f: File, pos: var int64): int32 {.
+        importc: "fgetpos", header: "<stdio.h>", tags: [].}
+      proc c_telli64(f: cint): int64 {.
+        importc: "_telli64", header: "<io.h>", tags: [].}
+      proc c_ftell(f: File): int64 =
+        # Taken from https://pt.osdn.net/projects/mingw/scm/git/mingw-org-wsl/blobs/5.4-trunk/mingwrt/mingwex/stdio/ftelli64.c
+        result = -1'i64
+        var pos: int64
+        if c_fgetpos(f, pos) == 0 and c_fsetpos(f, pos) == 0:
+          result = c_telli64(c_fileno(f))
+    else:
+      proc c_ftell(f: File): int64 {.
+        importc: "_ftelli64", header: "<stdio.h>", tags: [].}
 else:
   proc c_fseek(f: File, offset: int64, whence: cint): cint {.
     importc: "fseeko", header: "<stdio.h>", tags: [].}
@@ -125,21 +151,11 @@ proc c_fprintf(f: File, frmt: cstring): cint {.
 proc c_fputc(c: char, f: File): cint {.
   importc: "fputc", header: "<stdio.h>".}
 
-# When running nim in android app, stdout goes nowhere, so echo gets ignored
-# To redirect echo to the android logcat, use -d:androidNDK
-when defined(androidNDK):
-  const ANDROID_LOG_VERBOSE = 2.cint
-  proc android_log_print(prio: cint, tag: cstring, fmt: cstring): cint
-    {.importc: "__android_log_print", header: "<android/log.h>", varargs, discardable.}
-
-template sysFatal(exc, msg) =
-  raise newException(exc, msg)
-
 proc raiseEIO(msg: string) {.noinline, noreturn.} =
-  sysFatal(IOError, msg)
+  raise newException(IOError, msg)
 
 proc raiseEOF() {.noinline, noreturn.} =
-  sysFatal(EOFError, "EOF reached")
+  raise newException(EOFError, "EOF reached")
 
 proc strerror(errnum: cint): cstring {.importc, header: "<string.h>".}
 
@@ -158,24 +174,25 @@ proc checkErr(f: File) =
     # shouldn't happen
     quit(1)
 
-{.push stackTrace:off, profiler:off.}
+{.push stackTrace: off, profiler: off.}
 proc readBuffer*(f: File, buffer: pointer, len: Natural): int {.
   tags: [ReadIOEffect], benign.} =
-  ## reads `len` bytes into the buffer pointed to by `buffer`. Returns
+  ## Reads `len` bytes into the buffer pointed to by `buffer`. Returns
   ## the actual number of bytes that have been read which may be less than
   ## `len` (if not as many bytes are remaining), but not greater.
   result = cast[int](c_fread(buffer, 1, cast[csize_t](len), f))
   if result != len: checkErr(f)
 
-proc readBytes*(f: File, a: var openArray[int8|uint8], start, len: Natural): int {.
+proc readBytes*(f: File, a: var openArray[int8|uint8], start,
+    len: Natural): int {.
   tags: [ReadIOEffect], benign.} =
-  ## reads `len` bytes into the buffer `a` starting at `a[start]`. Returns
+  ## Reads `len` bytes into the buffer `a` starting at `a[start]`. Returns
   ## the actual number of bytes that have been read which may be less than
   ## `len` (if not as many bytes are remaining), but not greater.
   result = readBuffer(f, addr(a[start]), len)
 
 proc readChars*(f: File, a: var openArray[char]): int {.tags: [ReadIOEffect], benign.} =
-  ## reads up to `a.len` bytes into the buffer `a`. Returns
+  ## Reads up to `a.len` bytes into the buffer `a`. Returns
   ## the actual number of bytes that have been read which may be less than
   ## `a.len` (if not as many bytes are remaining), but not greater.
   result = readBuffer(f, addr(a[0]), a.len)
@@ -183,7 +200,7 @@ proc readChars*(f: File, a: var openArray[char]): int {.tags: [ReadIOEffect], be
 proc readChars*(f: File, a: var openArray[char], start, len: Natural): int {.
   tags: [ReadIOEffect], benign, deprecated:
     "use other `readChars` overload, possibly via: readChars(toOpenArray(buf, start, len-1))".} =
-  ## reads `len` bytes into the buffer `a` starting at `a[start]`. Returns
+  ## Reads `len` bytes into the buffer `a` starting at `a[start]`. Returns
   ## the actual number of bytes that have been read which may be less than
   ## `len` (if not as many bytes are remaining), but not greater.
   if (start + len) > len(a):
@@ -197,7 +214,7 @@ proc write*(f: File, c: cstring) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.} =
 
 proc writeBuffer*(f: File, buffer: pointer, len: Natural): int {.
   tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.} =
-  ## writes the bytes of buffer pointed to by the parameter `buffer` to the
+  ## Writes the bytes of buffer pointed to by the parameter `buffer` to the
   ## file `f`. Returns the number of actual written bytes, which may be less
   ## than `len` in case of an error.
   result = cast[int](c_fwrite(buffer, 1, cast[csize_t](len), f))
@@ -205,7 +222,7 @@ proc writeBuffer*(f: File, buffer: pointer, len: Natural): int {.
 
 proc writeBytes*(f: File, a: openArray[int8|uint8], start, len: Natural): int {.
   tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.} =
-  ## writes the bytes of `a[start..start+len-1]` to the file `f`. Returns
+  ## Writes the bytes of `a[start..start+len-1]` to the file `f`. Returns
   ## the number of actual written bytes, which may be less than `len` in case
   ## of an error.
   var x = cast[ptr UncheckedArray[int8]](a)
@@ -213,7 +230,7 @@ proc writeBytes*(f: File, a: openArray[int8|uint8], start, len: Natural): int {.
 
 proc writeChars*(f: File, a: openArray[char], start, len: Natural): int {.
   tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.} =
-  ## writes the bytes of `a[start..start+len-1]` to the file `f`. Returns
+  ## Writes the bytes of `a[start..start+len-1]` to the file `f`. Returns
   ## the number of actual written bytes, which may be less than `len` in case
   ## of an error.
   var x = cast[ptr UncheckedArray[int8]](a)
@@ -226,10 +243,7 @@ when defined(windows):
     # machine. We also enable `setConsoleOutputCP(65001)` now by default.
     # But we cannot call printf directly as the string might contain \0.
     # So we have to loop over all the sections separated by potential \0s.
-    var i = c_fprintf(f, "%s", s)
-    if i < 0:
-      if doRaise: raiseEIO("cannot write string to file")
-      return
+    var i = int c_fprintf(f, "%s", s)
     while i < s.len:
       if s[i] == '\0':
         let w = c_fputc('\0', f)
@@ -252,7 +266,7 @@ proc write*(f: File, s: string) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.} =
       raiseEIO("cannot write string to file")
 {.pop.}
 
-when NoFakeVars:
+when defined(nimscript):
   when defined(windows):
     const
       IOFBF = cint(0)
@@ -306,7 +320,7 @@ elif defined(windows):
 const
   BufSize = 4000
 
-proc close*(f: File) {.tags: [], gcsafe.} =
+proc close*(f: File) {.tags: [], gcsafe, sideEffect.} =
   ## Closes the file.
   if not f.isNil:
     discard c_fclose(f)
@@ -325,7 +339,7 @@ proc flushFile*(f: File) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect].} =
   discard c_fflush(f)
 
 proc getFileHandle*(f: File): FileHandle =
-  ## returns the file handle of the file `f`. This is only useful for
+  ## Returns the file handle of the file `f`. This is only useful for
   ## platform specific programming.
   ## Note that on Windows this doesn't return the Windows-specific handle,
   ## but the C library's notion of a handle, whatever that means.
@@ -333,7 +347,7 @@ proc getFileHandle*(f: File): FileHandle =
   c_fileno(f)
 
 proc getOsFileHandle*(f: File): FileHandle =
-  ## returns the OS file handle of the file `f`. This is only useful for
+  ## Returns the OS file handle of the file `f`. This is only useful for
   ## platform specific programming.
   when defined(windows):
     result = FileHandle getOsfhandle(cint getFileHandle(f))
@@ -342,15 +356,15 @@ proc getOsFileHandle*(f: File): FileHandle =
 
 when defined(nimdoc) or (defined(posix) and not defined(nimscript)) or defined(windows):
   proc setInheritable*(f: FileHandle, inheritable: bool): bool =
-    ## control whether a file handle can be inherited by child processes. Returns
+    ## Controls whether a file handle can be inherited by child processes. Returns
     ## `true` on success. This requires the OS file handle, which can be
     ## retrieved via `getOsFileHandle <#getOsFileHandle,File>`_.
     ##
     ## This procedure is not guaranteed to be available for all platforms. Test for
-    ## availability with `declared() <system.html#declared,untyped>`.
+    ## availability with `declared() <system.html#declared,untyped>`_.
     when SupportIoctlInheritCtl:
       result = c_ioctl(f, if inheritable: FIONCLEX else: FIOCLEX) != -1
-    elif defined(freertos):
+    elif defined(freertos) or defined(zephyr):
       result = true
     elif defined(posix):
       var flags = c_fcntl(f, F_GETFD)
@@ -364,7 +378,7 @@ when defined(nimdoc) or (defined(posix) and not defined(nimscript)) or defined(w
 
 proc readLine*(f: File, line: var string): bool {.tags: [ReadIOEffect],
               benign.} =
-  ## reads a line of text from the file `f` into `line`. May throw an IO
+  ## Reads a line of text from the file `f` into `line`. May throw an IO
   ## exception.
   ## A line of text may be delimited by `LF` or `CRLF`. The newline
   ## character(s) are not part of the returned string. Returns `false`
@@ -373,7 +387,7 @@ proc readLine*(f: File, line: var string): bool {.tags: [ReadIOEffect],
   proc c_memchr(s: pointer, c: cint, n: csize_t): pointer {.
     importc: "memchr", header: "<string.h>".}
 
-  when defined(windows) and not defined(useWinAnsi):
+  when defined(windows):
     proc readConsole(hConsoleInput: FileHandle, lpBuffer: pointer,
                      nNumberOfCharsToRead: int32,
                      lpNumberOfCharsRead: ptr int32,
@@ -405,7 +419,7 @@ proc readLine*(f: File, line: var string): bool {.tags: [ReadIOEffect],
     if f.isatty:
       const numberOfCharsToRead = 2048
       var numberOfCharsRead = 0'i32
-      var buffer = newWideCString("", numberOfCharsToRead)
+      var buffer = newWideCString(numberOfCharsToRead)
       if readConsole(getOsFileHandle(f), addr(buffer[0]),
         numberOfCharsToRead, addr(numberOfCharsRead), nil) == 0:
         var error = getLastError()
@@ -421,8 +435,8 @@ proc readLine*(f: File, line: var string): bool {.tags: [ReadIOEffect],
       numberOfCharsRead -= 2
       # handle Ctrl+Z as EOF
       for i in 0..<numberOfCharsRead:
-        if buffer[i].uint16 == 26:  #Ctrl+Z
-          close(f)  #has the same effect as setting EOF
+        if buffer[i].uint16 == 26: #Ctrl+Z
+          close(f) #has the same effect as setting EOF
           if i == 0:
             line = ""
             return false
@@ -450,7 +464,7 @@ proc readLine*(f: File, line: var string): bool {.tags: [ReadIOEffect],
     while true:
       # fixes #9634; this pattern may need to be abstracted as a template if reused;
       # likely other io procs need this for correctness.
-      fgetsSuccess = c_fgets(addr line[pos], sp.cint, f) != nil
+      fgetsSuccess = c_fgets(cast[cstring](addr line[pos]), sp.cint, f) != nil
       if fgetsSuccess: break
       when not defined(nimscript):
         if errno == EINTR:
@@ -463,15 +477,16 @@ proc readLine*(f: File, line: var string): bool {.tags: [ReadIOEffect],
     let m = c_memchr(addr line[pos], '\L'.ord, cast[csize_t](sp))
     if m != nil:
       # \l found: Could be our own or the one by fgets, in any case, we're done
-      var last = cast[ByteAddress](m) - cast[ByteAddress](addr line[0])
+      var last = cast[int](m) - cast[int](addr line[0])
       if last > 0 and line[last-1] == '\c':
         line.setLen(last-1)
         return last > 1 or fgetsSuccess
-        # We have to distinguish between two possible cases:
+      elif last > 0 and line[last-1] == '\0':
+        # We have to distinguish among three possible cases:
         # \0\l\0 => line ending in a null character.
         # \0\l\l => last line without newline, null was put there by fgets.
-      elif last > 0 and line[last-1] == '\0':
-        if last < pos + sp - 1 and line[last+1] != '\0':
+        #   \0\l => last line without newline, null was put there by fgets.
+        if last >= pos + sp - 1 or line[last+1] != '\0': # bug #21273
           dec last
       line.setLen(last)
       return last > 0 or fgetsSuccess
@@ -483,8 +498,8 @@ proc readLine*(f: File, line: var string): bool {.tags: [ReadIOEffect],
     sp = 128 # read in 128 bytes at a time
     line.setLen(pos+sp)
 
-proc readLine*(f: File): string  {.tags: [ReadIOEffect], benign.} =
-  ## reads a line of text from the file `f`. May throw an IO exception.
+proc readLine*(f: File): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect], benign.} =
+  ## Reads a line of text from the file `f`. May throw an IO exception.
   ## A line of text may be delimited by `LF` or `CRLF`. The newline
   ## character(s) are not part of the returned string.
   result = newStringOfCap(80)
@@ -556,7 +571,7 @@ proc readAllFile(file: File, len: int64): string =
   result = newString(len)
   let bytes = readBuffer(file, addr(result[0]), len)
   if endOfFile(file):
-    if bytes < len:
+    if bytes.int64 < len:
       result.setLen(bytes)
   else:
     # We read all the bytes but did not reach the EOF
@@ -586,7 +601,7 @@ proc readAll*(file: File): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect], benign.} =
 
 proc writeLine*[Ty](f: File, x: varargs[Ty, `$`]) {.inline,
                           tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.} =
-  ## writes the values `x` to `f` and then writes "\\n".
+  ## Writes the values `x` to `f` and then writes "\\n".
   ## May throw an IO exception.
   for i in items(x):
     write(f, i)
@@ -594,7 +609,7 @@ proc writeLine*[Ty](f: File, x: varargs[Ty, `$`]) {.inline,
 
 # interface to the C procs:
 
-when defined(windows) and not defined(useWinAnsi):
+when defined(windows):
   when defined(cpp):
     proc wfopen(filename, mode: WideCString): pointer {.
       importcpp: "_wfopen((const wchar_t*)#, (const wchar_t*)#)", nodecl.}
@@ -633,8 +648,11 @@ const
         ""
     else:
       ""
-  FormatOpen: array[FileMode, string] = [
-    "rb" & NoInheritFlag, "wb" & NoInheritFlag, "w+b" & NoInheritFlag,
+  RawFormatOpen: array[FileMode, cstring] = [
+    # used for open by FileHandle, which calls `fdopen`
+    cstring("rb"), "wb", "w+b", "r+b", "ab"]
+  FormatOpen: array[FileMode, cstring] = [
+    cstring("rb" & NoInheritFlag), "wb" & NoInheritFlag, "w+b" & NoInheritFlag,
     "r+b" & NoInheritFlag, "ab" & NoInheritFlag
   ]
     #"rt", "wt", "w+t", "r+t", "at"
@@ -650,7 +668,7 @@ when defined(posix) and not defined(nimscript):
       Stat {.importc: "struct stat",
               header: "<sys/stat.h>", final, pure.} = object ## struct stat
         filler_1: array[24, char]
-        st_mode: Mode        ## Mode of file
+        st_mode: Mode ## Mode of file
         filler_2: array[144 - 24 - 4, char]
 
     proc modeIsDir(m: Mode): bool =
@@ -663,7 +681,7 @@ when defined(posix) and not defined(nimscript):
 
       Stat {.importc: "struct stat",
                header: "<sys/stat.h>", final, pure.} = object ## struct stat
-        st_mode: Mode        ## Mode of file
+        st_mode: Mode ## Mode of file
 
     proc modeIsDir(m: Mode): bool {.importc: "S_ISDIR", header: "<sys/stat.h>".}
       ## Test for a directory.
@@ -681,7 +699,7 @@ proc open*(f: var File, filename: string,
   ## This throws no exception if the file could not be opened.
   ##
   ## The file handle associated with the resulting `File` is not inheritable.
-  var p = fopen(filename, FormatOpen[mode])
+  var p = fopen(filename.cstring, FormatOpen[mode])
   if p != nil:
     var f2 = cast[File](p)
     when defined(posix) and not defined(nimscript):
@@ -700,21 +718,21 @@ proc open*(f: var File, filename: string,
 
     result = true
     f = cast[File](p)
-    if bufSize > 0 and bufSize <= high(cint).int:
+    if bufSize > 0 and bufSize.uint <= high(uint):
       discard c_setvbuf(f, nil, IOFBF, cast[csize_t](bufSize))
     elif bufSize == 0:
       discard c_setvbuf(f, nil, IONBF, 0)
 
 proc reopen*(f: File, filename: string, mode: FileMode = fmRead): bool {.
   tags: [], benign.} =
-  ## reopens the file `f` with given `filename` and `mode`. This
+  ## Reopens the file `f` with given `filename` and `mode`. This
   ## is often used to redirect the `stdin`, `stdout` or `stderr`
   ## file variables.
   ##
   ## Default mode is readonly. Returns true if the file could be reopened.
   ##
   ## The file handle associated with `f` won't be inheritable.
-  if freopen(filename, FormatOpen[mode], f) != nil:
+  if freopen(filename.cstring, FormatOpen[mode], f) != nil:
     when not defined(nimInheritHandles) and declared(setInheritable) and
          NoInheritFlag.len == 0:
       if not setInheritable(getOsFileHandle(f), false):
@@ -730,10 +748,11 @@ proc open*(f: var File, filehandle: FileHandle,
   ##
   ## The passed file handle will no longer be inheritable.
   when not defined(nimInheritHandles) and declared(setInheritable):
-    let oshandle = when defined(windows): FileHandle getOsfhandle(filehandle) else: filehandle
+    let oshandle = when defined(windows): FileHandle getOsfhandle(
+        filehandle) else: filehandle
     if not setInheritable(oshandle, false):
       return false
-  f = c_fdopen(filehandle, FormatOpen[mode])
+  f = c_fdopen(filehandle, RawFormatOpen[mode])
   result = f != nil
 
 proc open*(filename: string,
@@ -745,22 +764,22 @@ proc open*(filename: string,
   ##
   ## The file handle associated with the resulting `File` is not inheritable.
   if not open(result, filename, mode, bufSize):
-    sysFatal(IOError, "cannot open: " & filename)
+    raise newException(IOError, "cannot open: " & filename)
 
-proc setFilePos*(f: File, pos: int64, relativeTo: FileSeekPos = fspSet) {.benign.} =
-  ## sets the position of the file pointer that is used for read/write
+proc setFilePos*(f: File, pos: int64, relativeTo: FileSeekPos = fspSet) {.benign, sideEffect.} =
+  ## Sets the position of the file pointer that is used for read/write
   ## operations. The file's first byte has the index zero.
   if c_fseek(f, pos, cint(relativeTo)) != 0:
     raiseEIO("cannot set file position")
 
 proc getFilePos*(f: File): int64 {.benign.} =
-  ## retrieves the current position of the file pointer that is used to
+  ## Retrieves the current position of the file pointer that is used to
   ## read from the file `f`. The file's first byte has the index zero.
   result = c_ftell(f)
   if result < 0: raiseEIO("cannot retrieve file position")
 
 proc getFileSize*(f: File): int64 {.tags: [ReadIOEffect], benign.} =
-  ## retrieves the file size (in bytes) of `f`.
+  ## Retrieves the file size (in bytes) of `f`.
   let oldPos = getFilePos(f)
   discard c_fseek(f, 0, 2) # seek the end of the file
   result = getFilePos(f)
@@ -775,50 +794,6 @@ proc setStdIoUnbuffered*() {.tags: [], benign.} =
   when declared(stdin):
     discard c_setvbuf(stdin, nil, IONBF, 0)
 
-when declared(stdout):
-  when defined(windows) and compileOption("threads"):
-    const insideRLocksModule = false
-    include "system/syslocks"
-
-    var echoLock: SysLock
-    initSysLock echoLock
-
-  const stdOutLock = not defined(windows) and not defined(android) and
-                     not defined(nintendoswitch) and not defined(freertos) and
-                     hostOS != "any"
-
-  const echoDoRaise = not defined(nimLegacyEchoNoRaise) and not defined(guiapp) # see PR #16366
-
-  template checkErrMaybe(succeeded: bool): untyped =
-    if not succeeded:
-      when echoDoRaise:
-        checkErr(stdout)
-
-  proc echoBinSafe(args: openArray[string]) {.compilerproc.} =
-    when defined(androidNDK):
-      var s = ""
-      for arg in args:
-        s.add arg
-      android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_VERBOSE, "nim", s)
-    else:
-      # flockfile deadlocks some versions of Android 5.x.x
-      when stdOutLock:
-        proc flockfile(f: File) {.importc, nodecl.}
-        proc funlockfile(f: File) {.importc, nodecl.}
-        flockfile(stdout)
-        defer: funlockfile(stdout)
-      when defined(windows) and compileOption("threads"):
-        acquireSys echoLock
-        defer: releaseSys echoLock
-      for s in args:
-        when defined(windows):
-          writeWindows(stdout, s, doRaise = echoDoRaise)
-        else:
-          checkErrMaybe(c_fwrite(s.cstring, cast[csize_t](s.len), 1, stdout) == s.len)
-      const linefeed = "\n"
-      checkErrMaybe(c_fwrite(linefeed.cstring, linefeed.len, 1, stdout) == linefeed.len)
-      checkErrMaybe(c_fflush(stdout) == 0)
-
 
 when defined(windows) and not defined(nimscript) and not defined(js):
   # work-around C's sucking abstraction:
@@ -836,14 +811,33 @@ when defined(windows) and not defined(nimscript) and not defined(js):
 
 when defined(windows) and appType == "console" and
     not defined(nimDontSetUtf8CodePage) and not defined(nimscript):
+  import std/exitprocs
+
   proc setConsoleOutputCP(codepage: cuint): int32 {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32",
     importc: "SetConsoleOutputCP".}
   proc setConsoleCP(wCodePageID: cuint): int32 {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32",
     importc: "SetConsoleCP".}
+  proc getConsoleOutputCP(): cuint {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32",
+    importc: "GetConsoleOutputCP".}
+  proc getConsoleCP(): cuint {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32",
+    importc: "GetConsoleCP".}
+
+  const Utf8codepage = 65001'u32
+
+  let
+    consoleOutputCP = getConsoleOutputCP()
+    consoleCP = getConsoleCP()
 
-  const Utf8codepage = 65001
-  discard setConsoleOutputCP(Utf8codepage)
-  discard setConsoleCP(Utf8codepage)
+  proc restoreConsoleOutputCP() = discard setConsoleOutputCP(consoleOutputCP)
+  proc restoreConsoleCP() = discard setConsoleCP(consoleCP)
+
+  if consoleOutputCP != Utf8codepage:
+    discard setConsoleOutputCP(Utf8codepage)
+    addExitProc(restoreConsoleOutputCP)
+
+  if consoleCP != Utf8codepage:
+    discard setConsoleCP(Utf8codepage)
+    addExitProc(restoreConsoleCP)
 
 proc readFile*(filename: string): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect], benign.} =
   ## Opens a file named `filename` for reading, calls `readAll
@@ -858,7 +852,7 @@ proc readFile*(filename: string): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect], benign.} =
     finally:
       close(f)
   else:
-    sysFatal(IOError, "cannot open: " & filename)
+    raise newException(IOError, "cannot open: " & filename)
 
 proc writeFile*(filename, content: string) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.} =
   ## Opens a file named `filename` for writing. Then writes the
@@ -871,7 +865,7 @@ proc writeFile*(filename, content: string) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.} =
     finally:
       close(f)
   else:
-    sysFatal(IOError, "cannot open: " & filename)
+    raise newException(IOError, "cannot open: " & filename)
 
 proc writeFile*(filename: string, content: openArray[byte]) {.since: (1, 1).} =
   ## Opens a file named `filename` for writing. Then writes the
@@ -880,14 +874,14 @@ proc writeFile*(filename: string, content: openArray[byte]) {.since: (1, 1).} =
   var f: File = nil
   if open(f, filename, fmWrite):
     try:
-      f.writeBuffer(unsafeAddr content[0], content.len)
+      discard f.writeBuffer(unsafeAddr content[0], content.len)
     finally:
       close(f)
   else:
     raise newException(IOError, "cannot open: " & filename)
 
 proc readLines*(filename: string, n: Natural): seq[string] =
-  ## read `n` lines from the file named `filename`. Raises an IO exception
+  ## Reads `n` lines from the file named `filename`. Raises an IO exception
   ## in case of an error. Raises EOF if file does not contain at least `n` lines.
   ## Available at compile time. A line of text may be delimited by `LF` or `CRLF`.
   ## The newline character(s) are not part of the returned strings.
@@ -901,9 +895,10 @@ proc readLines*(filename: string, n: Natural): seq[string] =
     finally:
       close(f)
   else:
-    sysFatal(IOError, "cannot open: " & filename)
+    raise newException(IOError, "cannot open: " & filename)
 
-template readLines*(filename: string): seq[string] {.deprecated: "use readLines with two arguments".} =
+template readLines*(filename: string): seq[
+    string] {.deprecated: "use readLines with two arguments".} =
   readLines(filename, 1)
 
 iterator lines*(filename: string): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
@@ -912,15 +907,15 @@ iterator lines*(filename: string): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
   ## If the file does not exist `IOError` is raised. The trailing newline
   ## character(s) are removed from the iterated lines. Example:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##   import std/strutils
-  ##
-  ##   proc transformLetters(filename: string) =
-  ##     var buffer = ""
-  ##     for line in filename.lines:
-  ##       buffer.add(line.replace("a", "0") & '\n')
-  ##     writeFile(filename, buffer)
-  var f = open(filename, bufSize=8000)
+  runnableExamples:
+    import std/strutils
+
+    proc transformLetters(filename: string) =
+      var buffer = ""
+      for line in filename.lines:
+        buffer.add(line.replace("a", "0") & '\n')
+      writeFile(filename, buffer)
+  var f = open(filename, bufSize = 8000)
   try:
     var res = newStringOfCap(80)
     while f.readLine(res): yield res
@@ -928,17 +923,20 @@ iterator lines*(filename: string): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
     close(f)
 
 iterator lines*(f: File): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
-  ## Iterate over any line in the file `f`.
+  ## Iterates over any line in the file `f`.
   ##
   ## The trailing newline character(s) are removed from the iterated lines.
-  ## Example:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##   proc countZeros(filename: File): tuple[lines, zeros: int] =
-  ##     for line in filename.lines:
-  ##       for letter in line:
-  ##         if letter == '0':
-  ##           result.zeros += 1
-  ##       result.lines += 1
+  runnableExamples:
+    proc countZeros(filename: File): tuple[lines, zeros: int] =
+      for line in filename.lines:
+        for letter in line:
+          if letter == '0':
+            result.zeros += 1
+        result.lines += 1
   var res = newStringOfCap(80)
   while f.readLine(res): yield res
+
+template `&=`*(f: File, x: typed) =
+  ## An alias for `write`.
+  write(f, x)
diff --git a/lib/system/atomics.nim b/lib/std/sysatomics.nim
index f69cb753d..2f203b3eb 100644
--- a/lib/system/atomics.nim
+++ b/lib/std/sysatomics.nim
@@ -7,17 +7,22 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  {.deprecated: "use `std/atomics` instead".}
+
 # Atomic operations for Nim.
 {.push stackTrace:off, profiler:off.}
 
-const someGcc = defined(gcc) or defined(llvm_gcc) or defined(clang)
+const
+  hasThreadSupport = compileOption("threads") and not defined(nimscript)
+const someGcc = defined(gcc) or defined(llvm_gcc) or defined(clang) or defined(nintendoswitch)
 const someVcc = defined(vcc) or defined(clang_cl)
 
 type
   AtomType* = SomeNumber|pointer|ptr|char|bool
     ## Type Class representing valid types for use with atomic procs
 
-when someGcc and hasThreadSupport:
+when someGcc:
   type AtomMemModel* = distinct cint
 
   var ATOMIC_RELAXED* {.importc: "__ATOMIC_RELAXED", nodecl.}: AtomMemModel
@@ -73,7 +78,7 @@ when someGcc and hasThreadSupport:
 
   proc atomicCompareExchangeN*[T: AtomType](p, expected: ptr T, desired: T,
     weak: bool, success_memmodel: AtomMemModel, failure_memmodel: AtomMemModel): bool {.
-    importc: "__atomic_compare_exchange_n ", nodecl.}
+    importc: "__atomic_compare_exchange_n", nodecl.}
     ## This proc implements an atomic compare and exchange operation. This compares the
     ## contents at p with the contents at expected and if equal, writes desired at p.
     ## If they are not equal, the current contents at p is written into expected.
@@ -100,13 +105,13 @@ when someGcc and hasThreadSupport:
   proc atomicSubFetch*[T: AtomType](p: ptr T, val: T, mem: AtomMemModel): T {.
     importc: "__atomic_sub_fetch", nodecl.}
   proc atomicOrFetch*[T: AtomType](p: ptr T, val: T, mem: AtomMemModel): T {.
-    importc: "__atomic_or_fetch ", nodecl.}
+    importc: "__atomic_or_fetch", nodecl.}
   proc atomicAndFetch*[T: AtomType](p: ptr T, val: T, mem: AtomMemModel): T {.
     importc: "__atomic_and_fetch", nodecl.}
   proc atomicXorFetch*[T: AtomType](p: ptr T, val: T, mem: AtomMemModel): T {.
     importc: "__atomic_xor_fetch", nodecl.}
   proc atomicNandFetch*[T: AtomType](p: ptr T, val: T, mem: AtomMemModel): T {.
-    importc: "__atomic_nand_fetch ", nodecl.}
+    importc: "__atomic_nand_fetch", nodecl.}
 
   ## Perform the operation return the old value, all memory models are valid
   proc atomicFetchAdd*[T: AtomType](p: ptr T, val: T, mem: AtomMemModel): T {.
@@ -164,23 +169,48 @@ when someGcc and hasThreadSupport:
     ## ignore this parameter.
 
   template fence*() = atomicThreadFence(ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
-elif someVcc and hasThreadSupport:
+elif someVcc:
   type AtomMemModel* = distinct cint
 
   const
-    ATOMIC_RELAXED = 0.AtomMemModel
-    ATOMIC_CONSUME = 1.AtomMemModel
-    ATOMIC_ACQUIRE = 2.AtomMemModel
-    ATOMIC_RELEASE = 3.AtomMemModel
-    ATOMIC_ACQ_REL = 4.AtomMemModel
-    ATOMIC_SEQ_CST = 5.AtomMemModel
+    ATOMIC_RELAXED* = 0.AtomMemModel
+    ATOMIC_CONSUME* = 1.AtomMemModel
+    ATOMIC_ACQUIRE* = 2.AtomMemModel
+    ATOMIC_RELEASE* = 3.AtomMemModel
+    ATOMIC_ACQ_REL* = 4.AtomMemModel
+    ATOMIC_SEQ_CST* = 5.AtomMemModel
 
   proc `==`(x1, x2: AtomMemModel): bool {.borrow.}
 
-  proc readBarrier() {.importc: "_ReadBarrier",  header: "<intrin.h>".}
-  proc writeBarrier() {.importc: "_WriteBarrier",  header: "<intrin.h>".}
+  proc readBarrier() {.importc: "_ReadBarrier", header: "<intrin.h>".}
+  proc writeBarrier() {.importc: "_WriteBarrier", header: "<intrin.h>".}
   proc fence*() {.importc: "_ReadWriteBarrier", header: "<intrin.h>".}
 
+  when defined(cpp):
+    proc interlockedCompareExchange64(p: pointer; exchange, comparand: int64): int64
+      {.importcpp: "_InterlockedCompareExchange64(static_cast<NI64 volatile *>(#), #, #)", header: "<intrin.h>".}
+    proc interlockedCompareExchange32(p: pointer; exchange, comparand: int32): int32
+      {.importcpp: "_InterlockedCompareExchange(static_cast<long volatile *>(#), #, #)", header: "<intrin.h>".}
+    proc interlockedCompareExchange8(p: pointer; exchange, comparand: byte): byte
+      {.importcpp: "_InterlockedCompareExchange8(static_cast<char volatile *>(#), #, #)", header: "<intrin.h>".}
+    proc interlockedExchange8(location: pointer; desired: int8): int8 {.importcpp: "_InterlockedExchange8(static_cast<NI8 volatile *>(#), #)", header: "<intrin.h>".}
+    proc interlockedExchange16(location: pointer; desired: int16): int16 {.importcpp: "_InterlockedExchange16(static_cast<NI16 volatile *>(#), #)", header: "<intrin.h>".}
+    proc interlockedExchange32(location: pointer; desired: int32): int32 {.importcpp: "_InterlockedExchange(static_cast<long volatile *>(#), #)", header: "<intrin.h>".}
+    proc interlockedExchange64(location: pointer; desired: int64): int64 {.importcpp: "_InterlockedExchange64(static_cast<NI64 volatile *>(#), #)", header: "<intrin.h>".}
+  else:
+    proc interlockedCompareExchange64(p: pointer; exchange, comparand: int64): int64
+      {.importc: "_InterlockedCompareExchange64", header: "<intrin.h>".}
+    proc interlockedCompareExchange32(p: pointer; exchange, comparand: int32): int32
+      {.importc: "_InterlockedCompareExchange", header: "<intrin.h>".}
+    proc interlockedCompareExchange8(p: pointer; exchange, comparand: byte): byte
+      {.importc: "_InterlockedCompareExchange8", header: "<intrin.h>".}
+
+    proc interlockedExchange8(location: pointer; desired: int8): int8 {.importc: "_InterlockedExchange8", header: "<intrin.h>".}
+    proc interlockedExchange16(location: pointer; desired: int16): int16 {.importc: "_InterlockedExchange16", header: "<intrin.h>".}
+    proc interlockedExchange32(location: pointer; desired: int32): int32 {.importc: "_InterlockedExchange", header: "<intrin.h>".}
+    proc interlockedExchange64(location: pointer; desired: int64): int64 {.importc: "_InterlockedExchange64", header: "<intrin.h>".}
+
+
   template barrier(mem: AtomMemModel) =
     when mem == ATOMIC_RELAXED: discard
     elif mem == ATOMIC_CONSUME: readBarrier()
@@ -189,10 +219,28 @@ elif someVcc and hasThreadSupport:
     elif mem == ATOMIC_ACQ_REL: fence()
     elif mem == ATOMIC_SEQ_CST: fence()
 
+  proc atomicStoreN*[T: AtomType](p: ptr T, val: T, mem: static[AtomMemModel]) =
+    barrier(mem)
+    p[] = val
+
   proc atomicLoadN*[T: AtomType](p: ptr T, mem: static[AtomMemModel]): T =
     result = p[]
     barrier(mem)
 
+  proc atomicCompareExchangeN*[T: ptr](p, expected: ptr T, desired: T,
+    weak: bool, success_memmodel: AtomMemModel, failure_memmodel: AtomMemModel): bool =
+    when sizeof(T) == 8:
+      interlockedCompareExchange64(p, cast[int64](desired), cast[int64](expected)) ==
+        cast[int64](expected)
+    elif sizeof(T) == 4:
+      interlockedCompareExchange32(p, cast[int32](desired), cast[int32](expected)) ==
+        cast[int32](expected)
+
+  proc atomicExchangeN*[T: ptr](p: ptr T, val: T, mem: AtomMemModel): T =
+    when sizeof(T) == 8:
+      cast[T](interlockedExchange64(p, cast[int64](val)))
+    elif sizeof(T) == 4:
+      cast[T](interlockedExchange32(p, cast[int32](val)))
   when defined(cpp):
     when sizeof(int) == 8:
       proc addAndFetch*(p: ptr int, val: int): int {.
@@ -215,9 +263,11 @@ else:
     inc(p[], val)
     result = p[]
 
-proc atomicInc*(memLoc: var int, x: int = 1): int =
+
+proc atomicInc*(memLoc: var int, x: int = 1): int {.inline, discardable, raises: [], tags: [].} =
+  ## Atomically increments the integer by some `x`. It returns the new value.
   when someGcc and hasThreadSupport:
-    result = atomicAddFetch(memLoc.addr, x, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
+    result = atomicAddFetch(memLoc.addr, x, ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
   elif someVcc and hasThreadSupport:
     result = addAndFetch(memLoc.addr, x)
     inc(result, x)
@@ -225,12 +275,13 @@ proc atomicInc*(memLoc: var int, x: int = 1): int =
     inc(memLoc, x)
     result = memLoc
 
-proc atomicDec*(memLoc: var int, x: int = 1): int =
+proc atomicDec*(memLoc: var int, x: int = 1): int {.inline, discardable, raises: [], tags: [].} =
+  ## Atomically decrements the integer by some `x`. It returns the new value.
   when someGcc and hasThreadSupport:
     when declared(atomicSubFetch):
-      result = atomicSubFetch(memLoc.addr, x, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
+      result = atomicSubFetch(memLoc.addr, x, ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
     else:
-      result = atomicAddFetch(memLoc.addr, -x, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
+      result = atomicAddFetch(memLoc.addr, -x, ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)
   elif someVcc and hasThreadSupport:
     result = addAndFetch(memLoc.addr, -x)
     dec(result, x)
@@ -239,21 +290,6 @@ proc atomicDec*(memLoc: var int, x: int = 1): int =
     result = memLoc
 
 when someVcc:
-  when defined(cpp):
-    proc interlockedCompareExchange64(p: pointer; exchange, comparand: int64): int64
-      {.importcpp: "_InterlockedCompareExchange64(static_cast<NI64 volatile *>(#), #, #)", header: "<intrin.h>".}
-    proc interlockedCompareExchange32(p: pointer; exchange, comparand: int32): int32
-      {.importcpp: "_InterlockedCompareExchange(static_cast<NI volatile *>(#), #, #)", header: "<intrin.h>".}
-    proc interlockedCompareExchange8(p: pointer; exchange, comparand: byte): byte
-      {.importcpp: "_InterlockedCompareExchange8(static_cast<char volatile *>(#), #, #)", header: "<intrin.h>".}
-  else:
-    proc interlockedCompareExchange64(p: pointer; exchange, comparand: int64): int64
-      {.importc: "_InterlockedCompareExchange64", header: "<intrin.h>".}
-    proc interlockedCompareExchange32(p: pointer; exchange, comparand: int32): int32
-      {.importc: "_InterlockedCompareExchange", header: "<intrin.h>".}
-    proc interlockedCompareExchange8(p: pointer; exchange, comparand: byte): byte
-      {.importc: "_InterlockedCompareExchange8", header: "<intrin.h>".}
-
   proc cas*[T: bool|int|ptr](p: ptr T; oldValue, newValue: T): bool =
     when sizeof(T) == 8:
       interlockedCompareExchange64(p, cast[int64](newValue), cast[int64](oldValue)) ==
@@ -327,7 +363,7 @@ elif someGcc or defined(tcc):
 elif defined(icl):
   proc cpuRelax* {.importc: "_mm_pause", header: "xmmintrin.h".}
 elif false:
-  from os import sleep
+  from std/os import sleep
 
   proc cpuRelax* {.inline.} = os.sleep(1)
 
diff --git a/lib/std/sysrand.nim b/lib/std/sysrand.nim
index c9908143c..6f2c6b0c1 100644
--- a/lib/std/sysrand.nim
+++ b/lib/std/sysrand.nim
@@ -10,23 +10,23 @@
 ## .. warning:: This module was added in Nim 1.6. If you are using it for cryptographic purposes,
 ##   keep in mind that so far this has not been audited by any security professionals,
 ##   therefore may not be secure.
-## 
+##
 ## `std/sysrand` generates random numbers from a secure source provided by the operating system.
-## It is also called Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator.
-## It should be unpredictable enough for cryptographic applications,
+## It is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
+## and should be unpredictable enough for cryptographic applications,
 ## though its exact quality depends on the OS implementation.
 ##
-## | Targets    | Implementation|
-## | :---         | ----:       |
-## | Windows | `BCryptGenRandom`_ |
-## | Linux | `getrandom`_ |
-## | MacOSX | `getentropy`_ |
-## | IOS | `SecRandomCopyBytes`_ |
-## | OpenBSD | `getentropy openbsd`_ |
-## | FreeBSD | `getrandom freebsd`_ |
-## | JS(Web Browser) | `getRandomValues`_ |
-## | Nodejs | `randomFillSync`_ |
-## | Other Unix platforms | `/dev/urandom`_ |
+## | Targets              | Implementation        |
+## | :---                 | ----:                 |
+## | Windows              | `BCryptGenRandom`_    |
+## | Linux                | `getrandom`_          |
+## | MacOSX               | `SecRandomCopyBytes`_ |
+## | iOS                  | `SecRandomCopyBytes`_ |
+## | OpenBSD              | `getentropy openbsd`_ |
+## | FreeBSD              | `getrandom freebsd`_  |
+## | JS (Web Browser)     | `getRandomValues`_    |
+## | Node.js              | `randomFillSync`_     |
+## | Other Unix platforms | `/dev/urandom`_       |
 ##
 ## .. _BCryptGenRandom: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/bcrypt/nf-bcrypt-bcryptgenrandom
 ## .. _getrandom: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/getrandom.2.html
@@ -38,6 +38,11 @@
 ## .. _randomFillSync: https://nodejs.org/api/crypto.html#crypto_crypto_randomfillsync_buffer_offset_size
 ## .. _/dev/urandom: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//dev/random
 ##
+## On a Linux target, a call to the `getrandom` syscall can be avoided (e.g.
+## for targets running kernel version < 3.17) by passing a compile flag of
+## `-d:nimNoGetRandom`. If this flag is passed, sysrand will use `/dev/urandom`
+## as with any other POSIX compliant OS.
+##
 
 runnableExamples:
   doAssert urandom(0).len == 0
@@ -52,13 +57,16 @@ runnableExamples:
 
 
 when not defined(js):
-  import std/os
+  import std/oserrors
 
 when defined(posix):
   import std/posix
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 const
-  batchImplOS = defined(freebsd) or defined(openbsd) or (defined(macosx) and not defined(ios))
+  batchImplOS = defined(freebsd) or defined(openbsd) or defined(zephyr)
   batchSize {.used.} = 256
 
 when batchImplOS:
@@ -132,7 +140,7 @@ elif defined(windows):
   type
     PVOID = pointer
     BCRYPT_ALG_HANDLE = PVOID
-    PUCHAR = ptr cuchar
+    PUCHAR = ptr uint8
     NTSTATUS = clong
     ULONG = culong
 
@@ -159,15 +167,16 @@ elif defined(windows):
 
     result = randomBytes(addr dest[0], size)
 
-elif defined(linux):
-  # TODO using let, pending bootstrap >= 1.4.0
-  var SYS_getrandom {.importc: "SYS_getrandom", header: "<sys/syscall.h>".}: clong
+elif defined(linux) and not defined(nimNoGetRandom) and not defined(emscripten):
+  when (NimMajor, NimMinor) >= (1, 4):
+    let SYS_getrandom {.importc: "SYS_getrandom", header: "<sys/syscall.h>".}: clong
+  else:
+    var SYS_getrandom {.importc: "SYS_getrandom", header: "<sys/syscall.h>".}: clong
   const syscallHeader = """#include <unistd.h>
 #include <sys/syscall.h>"""
 
-  proc syscall(
-    n: clong, buf: pointer, bufLen: cint, flags: cuint
-  ): clong {.importc: "syscall", header: syscallHeader.}
+  proc syscall(n: clong): clong {.
+      importc: "syscall", varargs, header: syscallHeader.}
     #  When reading from the urandom source (GRND_RANDOM is not set),
     #  getrandom() will block until the entropy pool has been
     #  initialized (unless the GRND_NONBLOCK flag was specified).  If a
@@ -183,25 +192,34 @@ elif defined(linux):
     while result < size:
       let readBytes = syscall(SYS_getrandom, addr dest[result], cint(size - result), 0).int
       if readBytes == 0:
-        doAssert false
+        raiseAssert "unreachable"
       elif readBytes > 0:
         inc(result, readBytes)
       else:
-        if osLastError().int in {EINTR, EAGAIN}:
-          discard
+        if osLastError().cint in [EINTR, EAGAIN]: discard
         else:
           result = -1
           break
 
 elif defined(openbsd):
   proc getentropy(p: pointer, size: cint): cint {.importc: "getentropy", header: "<unistd.h>".}
-    # fills a buffer with high-quality entropy,
+    # Fills a buffer with high-quality entropy,
     # which can be used as input for process-context pseudorandom generators like `arc4random`.
     # The maximum buffer size permitted is 256 bytes.
 
   proc getRandomImpl(p: pointer, size: int): int {.inline.} =
     result = getentropy(p, cint(size)).int
 
+elif defined(zephyr):
+  proc sys_csrand_get(dst: pointer, length: csize_t): cint {.importc: "sys_csrand_get", header: "<random/rand32.h>".}
+    # Fill the destination buffer with cryptographically secure
+    # random data values
+    #
+
+  proc getRandomImpl(p: pointer, size: int): int {.inline.} =
+    # 0 if success, -EIO if entropy reseed error
+    result = sys_csrand_get(p, csize_t(size)).int
+
 elif defined(freebsd):
   type cssize_t {.importc: "ssize_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = int
 
@@ -214,8 +232,8 @@ elif defined(freebsd):
   proc getRandomImpl(p: pointer, size: int): int {.inline.} =
     result = getrandom(p, csize_t(size), 0)
 
-elif defined(ios):
-  {.passL: "-framework Security".}
+elif defined(ios) or defined(macosx):
+  {.passl: "-framework Security".}
 
   const errSecSuccess = 0 ## No error.
 
@@ -227,7 +245,7 @@ elif defined(ios):
 
   proc secRandomCopyBytes(
     rnd: SecRandomRef, count: csize_t, bytes: pointer
-    ): cint {.importc: "SecRandomCopyBytes", header: "<Security/SecRandom.h>".}
+  ): cint {.importc: "SecRandomCopyBytes", header: "<Security/SecRandom.h>".}
     ## https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/1399291-secrandomcopybytes
 
   template urandomImpl(result: var int, dest: var openArray[byte]) =
@@ -237,19 +255,6 @@ elif defined(ios):
 
     result = secRandomCopyBytes(nil, csize_t(size), addr dest[0])
 
-elif defined(macosx):
-  const sysrandomHeader = """#include <Availability.h>
-#include <sys/random.h>
-"""
-
-  proc getentropy(p: pointer, size: csize_t): cint {.importc: "getentropy", header: sysrandomHeader.}
-    # getentropy() fills a buffer with random data, which can be used as input 
-    # for process-context pseudorandom generators like arc4random(3).
-    # The maximum buffer size permitted is 256 bytes.
-
-  proc getRandomImpl(p: pointer, size: int): int {.inline.} =
-    result = getentropy(p, csize_t(size)).int
-
 else:
   template urandomImpl(result: var int, dest: var openArray[byte]) =
     let size = dest.len
@@ -292,7 +297,7 @@ proc urandom*(dest: var openArray[byte]): bool =
   ## If the call succeeds, returns `true`.
   ##
   ## If `dest` is empty, `urandom` immediately returns success,
-  ## without calling underlying operating system api.
+  ## without calling the underlying operating system API.
   ##
   ## .. warning:: The code hasn't been audited by cryptography experts and
   ##   is provided as-is without guarantees. Use at your own risks. For production
@@ -310,7 +315,7 @@ proc urandom*(dest: var openArray[byte]): bool =
 
 proc urandom*(size: Natural): seq[byte] {.inline.} =
   ## Returns random bytes suitable for cryptographic use.
-  ## 
+  ##
   ## .. warning:: The code hasn't been audited by cryptography experts and
   ##   is provided as-is without guarantees. Use at your own risks. For production
   ##   systems we advise you to request an external audit.
diff --git a/lib/std/tasks.nim b/lib/std/tasks.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e59747f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/tasks.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+#
+#
+#            Nim's Runtime Library
+#        (c) Copyright 2021 Nim contributors
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+## This module provides basic primitives for creating parallel programs.
+## A `Task` should be only owned by a single Thread, it cannot be shared by threads.
+
+import std/[macros, isolation, typetraits]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+export isolation
+
+
+when compileOption("threads"):
+  from std/effecttraits import isGcSafe
+
+
+#
+# proc hello(a: int, b: string) =
+#   echo $a & b
+#
+# let literal = "Nim"
+# let t = toTask(hello(521, literal))
+#
+#
+# is roughly converted to
+#
+# type
+#   ScratchObj_369098780 = object
+#     a: int
+#     b: string
+#
+# let scratch_369098762 = cast[ptr ScratchObj_369098780](c_calloc(csize_t 1,
+#     csize_t sizeof(ScratchObj_369098780)))
+# if scratch_369098762.isNil:
+#   raise newException(OutOfMemDefect, "Could not allocate memory")
+# block:
+#   var isolate_369098776 = isolate(521)
+#   scratch_369098762.a = extract(isolate_369098776)
+#   var isolate_369098778 = isolate(literal)
+#   scratch_369098762.b = extract(isolate_369098778)
+# proc hello_369098781(args`gensym3: pointer) {.nimcall.} =
+#   let objTemp_369098775 = cast[ptr ScratchObj_369098780](args`gensym3)
+#   let :tmp_369098777 = objTemp_369098775.a
+#   let :tmp_369098779 = objTemp_369098775.b
+#   hello(a = :tmp_369098777, b = :tmp_369098779)
+#
+# proc destroyScratch_369098782(args`gensym3: pointer) {.nimcall.} =
+#   let obj_369098783 = cast[ptr ScratchObj_369098780](args`gensym3)
+#   =destroy(obj_369098783[])
+# let t = Task(callback: hello_369098781, args: scratch_369098762, destroy: destroyScratch_369098782)
+#
+
+
+type
+  Task* = object ## `Task` contains the callback and its arguments.
+    callback: proc (args, res: pointer) {.nimcall, gcsafe.}
+    args: pointer
+    destroy: proc (args: pointer) {.nimcall, gcsafe.}
+
+
+proc `=copy`*(x: var Task, y: Task) {.error.}
+
+const arcLike = defined(gcArc) or defined(gcAtomicArc) or defined(gcOrc)
+when defined(nimAllowNonVarDestructor) and arcLike:
+  proc `=destroy`*(t: Task) {.inline, gcsafe.} =
+    ## Frees the resources allocated for a `Task`.
+    if t.args != nil:
+      if t.destroy != nil:
+        t.destroy(t.args)
+      deallocShared(t.args)
+else:
+  proc `=destroy`*(t: var Task) {.inline, gcsafe.} =
+    ## Frees the resources allocated for a `Task`.
+    if t.args != nil:
+      if t.destroy != nil:
+        t.destroy(t.args)
+      deallocShared(t.args)
+
+proc invoke*(task: Task; res: pointer = nil) {.inline, gcsafe.} =
+  ## Invokes the `task`.
+  assert task.callback != nil
+  task.callback(task.args, res)
+
+template checkIsolate(scratchAssignList: seq[NimNode], procParam, scratchDotExpr: NimNode) =
+  # block:
+  #   var isoTempA = isolate(521)
+  #   scratch.a = extract(isolateA)
+  #   var isoTempB = isolate(literal)
+  #   scratch.b = extract(isolateB)
+  let isolatedTemp = genSym(nskTemp, "isoTemp")
+  scratchAssignList.add newVarStmt(isolatedTemp, newCall(newIdentNode("isolate"), procParam))
+  scratchAssignList.add newAssignment(scratchDotExpr,
+      newCall(newIdentNode("extract"), isolatedTemp))
+
+template addAllNode(assignParam: NimNode, procParam: NimNode) =
+  let scratchDotExpr = newDotExpr(scratchIdent, formalParams[i][0])
+
+  checkIsolate(scratchAssignList, procParam, scratchDotExpr)
+
+  let tempNode = genSym(kind = nskTemp, ident = formalParams[i][0].strVal)
+  callNode.add nnkExprEqExpr.newTree(formalParams[i][0], tempNode)
+  tempAssignList.add newLetStmt(tempNode, newDotExpr(objTemp, formalParams[i][0]))
+  scratchRecList.add newIdentDefs(newIdentNode(formalParams[i][0].strVal), assignParam)
+
+proc analyseRootSym(s: NimNode): NimNode =
+  result = s
+  while true:
+    case result.kind
+    of nnkBracketExpr, nnkDerefExpr, nnkHiddenDeref,
+        nnkAddr, nnkHiddenAddr,
+        nnkObjDownConv, nnkObjUpConv:
+      result = result[0]
+    of nnkDotExpr, nnkCheckedFieldExpr, nnkHiddenStdConv, nnkHiddenSubConv:
+      result = result[1]
+    else:
+      break
+
+macro toTask*(e: typed{nkCall | nkInfix | nkPrefix | nkPostfix | nkCommand | nkCallStrLit}): Task =
+  ## Converts the call and its arguments to `Task`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    proc hello(a: int) = echo a
+
+    let b = toTask hello(13)
+    assert b is Task
+
+  let retType = getTypeInst(e)
+  let returnsVoid = retType.typeKind == ntyVoid
+
+  let rootSym = analyseRootSym(e[0])
+  expectKind rootSym, nnkSym
+
+  when compileOption("threads"):
+    if not isGcSafe(rootSym):
+      error("'toTask' takes a GC safe call expression", e)
+
+  if hasClosure(rootSym):
+    error("closure call is not allowed", e)
+
+  if e.len > 1:
+    let scratchIdent = genSym(kind = nskTemp, ident = "scratch")
+    let impl = e[0].getTypeInst
+
+    when defined(nimTasksDebug):
+      echo impl.treeRepr
+      echo e.treeRepr
+    let formalParams = impl[0]
+
+    var
+      scratchRecList = newNimNode(nnkRecList)
+      scratchAssignList: seq[NimNode]
+      tempAssignList: seq[NimNode]
+      callNode: seq[NimNode]
+
+    let
+      objTemp = genSym(nskTemp, ident = "objTemp")
+
+    for i in 1 ..< formalParams.len:
+      var param = formalParams[i][1]
+
+      if param.kind == nnkBracketExpr and param[0].eqIdent("sink"):
+        param = param[0]
+
+      if param.typeKind in {ntyExpr, ntyStmt}:
+        error("'toTask'ed function cannot have a 'typed' or 'untyped' parameter", e)
+
+      case param.kind
+      of nnkVarTy:
+        error("'toTask'ed function cannot have a 'var' parameter", e)
+      of nnkBracketExpr:
+        if param[0].typeKind == ntyTypeDesc:
+          callNode.add nnkExprEqExpr.newTree(formalParams[i][0], e[i])
+        elif param[0].typeKind in {ntyVarargs, ntyOpenArray}:
+          if param[1].typeKind in {ntyExpr, ntyStmt}:
+            error("'toTask'ed function cannot have a 'typed' or 'untyped' parameter", e)
+          let
+            seqType = nnkBracketExpr.newTree(newIdentNode("seq"), param[1])
+            seqCallNode = newCall("@", e[i])
+          addAllNode(seqType, seqCallNode)
+        else:
+          addAllNode(param, e[i])
+      of nnkBracket, nnkObjConstr:
+        # passing by static parameters
+        # so we pass them directly instead of passing by scratchObj
+        callNode.add nnkExprEqExpr.newTree(formalParams[i][0], e[i])
+      of nnkSym, nnkPtrTy, nnkProcTy, nnkTupleConstr:
+        addAllNode(param, e[i])
+      of nnkCharLit..nnkNilLit:
+        callNode.add nnkExprEqExpr.newTree(formalParams[i][0], e[i])
+      else:
+        error("'toTask'ed function cannot have a parameter of " & $param.kind & " kind", e)
+
+    let scratchObjType = genSym(kind = nskType, ident = "ScratchObj")
+    let scratchObj = nnkTypeSection.newTree(
+                      nnkTypeDef.newTree(
+                        scratchObjType,
+                        newEmptyNode(),
+                        nnkObjectTy.newTree(
+                          newEmptyNode(),
+                          newEmptyNode(),
+                          scratchRecList
+                        )
+                      )
+                    )
+
+
+    let scratchObjPtrType = quote do:
+      cast[ptr `scratchObjType`](allocShared0(sizeof(`scratchObjType`)))
+
+    let scratchLetSection = newLetStmt(scratchIdent, scratchObjPtrType)
+
+    var stmtList = newStmtList()
+    stmtList.add(scratchObj)
+    stmtList.add(scratchLetSection)
+    stmtList.add(nnkBlockStmt.newTree(newEmptyNode(), newStmtList(scratchAssignList)))
+
+    var functionStmtList = newStmtList()
+    let funcCall = newCall(e[0], callNode)
+    functionStmtList.add tempAssignList
+
+    let funcName = genSym(nskProc, rootSym.strVal)
+    let destroyName = genSym(nskProc, "destroyScratch")
+    let objTemp2 = genSym(ident = "obj")
+    let tempNode = quote("@") do:
+        `=destroy`(@objTemp2[])
+
+    var funcDecl: NimNode
+    if returnsVoid:
+      funcDecl = quote do:
+        proc `funcName`(args, res: pointer) {.gcsafe, nimcall.} =
+          let `objTemp` = cast[ptr `scratchObjType`](args)
+          `functionStmtList`
+          `funcCall`
+    else:
+      funcDecl = quote do:
+        proc `funcName`(args, res: pointer) {.gcsafe, nimcall.} =
+          let `objTemp` = cast[ptr `scratchObjType`](args)
+          `functionStmtList`
+          cast[ptr `retType`](res)[] = `funcCall`
+
+    result = quote do:
+      `stmtList`
+
+      `funcDecl`
+
+      proc `destroyName`(args: pointer) {.gcsafe, nimcall.} =
+        let `objTemp2` = cast[ptr `scratchObjType`](args)
+        `tempNode`
+
+      Task(callback: `funcName`, args: `scratchIdent`, destroy: `destroyName`)
+  else:
+    let funcCall = newCall(e[0])
+    let funcName = genSym(nskProc, rootSym.strVal)
+
+    if returnsVoid:
+      result = quote do:
+        proc `funcName`(args, res: pointer) {.gcsafe, nimcall.} =
+          `funcCall`
+
+        Task(callback: `funcName`, args: nil)
+    else:
+      result = quote do:
+        proc `funcName`(args, res: pointer) {.gcsafe, nimcall.} =
+          cast[ptr `retType`](res)[] = `funcCall`
+
+        Task(callback: `funcName`, args: nil)
+
+
+  when defined(nimTasksDebug):
+    echo result.repr
+
+runnableExamples:
+  block:
+    var num = 0
+    proc hello(a: int) = inc num, a
+
+    let b = toTask hello(13)
+    b.invoke()
+    assert num == 13
+    # A task can be invoked multiple times
+    b.invoke()
+    assert num == 26
+
+  block:
+    type
+      Runnable = ref object
+        data: int
+
+    var data: int
+    proc hello(a: Runnable) {.nimcall.} =
+      a.data += 2
+      data = a.data
+
+
+    when false:
+      # the parameters of call must be isolated.
+      let x = Runnable(data: 12)
+      let b = toTask hello(x) # error ----> expression cannot be isolated: x
+      b.invoke()
+
+    let b = toTask(hello(Runnable(data: 12)))
+    b.invoke()
+    assert data == 14
+    b.invoke()
+    assert data == 16
diff --git a/lib/std/tempfiles.nim b/lib/std/tempfiles.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..539305bde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/tempfiles.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+#
+#
+#            Nim's Runtime Library
+#        (c) Copyright 2021 Nim contributors
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+## This module creates temporary files and directories.
+##
+## Experimental API, subject to change.
+
+#[
+See also:
+* `GetTempFileName` (on windows), refs https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/fileapi/nf-fileapi-gettempfilenamea
+* `mkstemp` (posix), refs https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/mkstemp.3.html
+]#
+
+import std / [os, random]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
+
+const
+  maxRetry = 10000
+  letters = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789"
+  nimTempPathLength {.intdefine.} = 8
+
+
+when defined(windows):
+  import std/winlean
+  when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+    import std/widestrs
+
+  var O_RDWR {.importc: "_O_RDWR", header: "<fcntl.h>".}: cint
+
+  proc c_fdopen(
+    filehandle: cint,
+    mode: cstring
+  ): File {.importc: "_fdopen",header: "<stdio.h>".}
+
+  proc open_osfhandle(osh: Handle, mode: cint): cint {.
+    importc: "_open_osfhandle", header: "<io.h>".}
+
+  proc close_osfandle(fd: cint): cint {.
+    importc: "_close", header: "<io.h>".}
+else:
+  import std/posix
+
+  proc c_fdopen(
+    filehandle: cint,
+    mode: cstring
+  ): File {.importc: "fdopen",header: "<stdio.h>".}
+
+
+proc safeOpen(filename: string): File =
+  ## Open files exclusively; returns `nil` if the file already exists.
+  # xxx this should be clarified; it doesn't in particular prevent other processes
+  # from opening the file, at least currently.
+  when defined(windows):
+    let dwShareMode = FILE_SHARE_DELETE or FILE_SHARE_READ or FILE_SHARE_WRITE
+    let dwCreation = CREATE_NEW
+    let dwFlags = FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS or FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL
+    let handle = createFileW(newWideCString(filename), GENERIC_READ or GENERIC_WRITE, dwShareMode,
+                              nil, dwCreation, dwFlags, Handle(0))
+
+    if handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE:
+      if getLastError() == ERROR_FILE_EXISTS:
+        return nil
+      else:
+        raiseOSError(osLastError(), filename)
+
+    let fileHandle = open_osfhandle(handle, O_RDWR)
+    if fileHandle == -1:
+      discard closeHandle(handle)
+      raiseOSError(osLastError(), filename)
+
+    result = c_fdopen(fileHandle, "w+")
+    if result == nil:
+      discard close_osfandle(fileHandle)
+      raiseOSError(osLastError(), filename)
+  else:
+    # xxx we need a `proc toMode(a: FilePermission): Mode`, possibly by
+    # exposing fusion/filepermissions.fromFilePermissions to stdlib; then we need
+    # to expose a `perm` param so users can customize this (e.g. the temp file may
+    # need execute permissions), and figure out how to make the API cross platform.
+    let mode = Mode(S_IRUSR or S_IWUSR)
+    let flags = posix.O_RDWR or posix.O_CREAT or posix.O_EXCL
+    let fileHandle = posix.open(filename, flags, mode)
+    if fileHandle == -1:
+      if errno == EEXIST:
+        # xxx `getLastError()` should be defined on posix too and resolve to `errno`?
+        return nil
+      else:
+        raiseOSError(osLastError(), filename)
+
+    result = c_fdopen(fileHandle, "w+")
+    if result == nil:
+      discard posix.close(fileHandle) # TODO handles failure when closing file
+      raiseOSError(osLastError(), filename)
+
+
+type
+  NimTempPathState = object
+    state: Rand
+    isInit: bool
+
+var nimTempPathState {.threadvar.}: NimTempPathState
+
+template randomPathName(length: Natural): string =
+  var res = newString(length)
+  if not nimTempPathState.isInit:
+    nimTempPathState.isInit = true
+    nimTempPathState.state = initRand()
+
+  for i in 0 ..< length:
+    res[i] = nimTempPathState.state.sample(letters)
+  res
+
+proc getTempDirImpl(dir: string): string {.inline.} =
+  result = dir
+  if result.len == 0:
+    result = getTempDir()
+
+proc genTempPath*(prefix, suffix: string, dir = ""): string =
+  ## Generates a path name in `dir`.
+  ##
+  ## The path begins with `prefix` and ends with `suffix`.
+  ##
+  ## .. note:: `dir` must exist (empty `dir` will resolve to `getTempDir <os.html#getTempDir>`_).
+  let dir = getTempDirImpl(dir)
+  result = dir / (prefix & randomPathName(nimTempPathLength) & suffix)
+
+proc createTempFile*(prefix, suffix: string, dir = ""): tuple[cfile: File, path: string] =
+  ## Creates a new temporary file in the directory `dir`.
+  ##
+  ## This generates a path name using `genTempPath(prefix, suffix, dir)` and
+  ## returns a file handle to an open file and the path of that file, possibly after
+  ## retrying to ensure it doesn't already exist.
+  ##
+  ## If failing to create a temporary file, `OSError` will be raised.
+  ##
+  ## .. note:: It is the caller's responsibility to close `result.cfile` and
+  ##    remove `result.file` when no longer needed.
+  ## .. note:: `dir` must exist (empty `dir` will resolve to `getTempDir <os.html#getTempDir>`_).
+  runnableExamples:
+    import std/os
+    doAssertRaises(OSError): discard createTempFile("", "", "nonexistent")
+    let (cfile, path) = createTempFile("tmpprefix_", "_end.tmp")
+    # path looks like: getTempDir() / "tmpprefix_FDCIRZA0_end.tmp"
+    cfile.write "foo"
+    cfile.setFilePos 0
+    assert readAll(cfile) == "foo"
+    close cfile
+    assert readFile(path) == "foo"
+    removeFile(path)
+  # xxx why does above work without `cfile.flushFile` ?
+  let dir = getTempDirImpl(dir)
+  for i in 0 ..< maxRetry:
+    result.path = genTempPath(prefix, suffix, dir)
+    result.cfile = safeOpen(result.path)
+    if result.cfile != nil:
+      return
+
+  raise newException(OSError, "Failed to create a temporary file under directory " & dir)
+
+proc createTempDir*(prefix, suffix: string, dir = ""): string =
+  ## Creates a new temporary directory in the directory `dir`.
+  ##
+  ## This generates a dir name using `genTempPath(prefix, suffix, dir)`, creates
+  ## the directory and returns it, possibly after retrying to ensure it doesn't
+  ## already exist.
+  ##
+  ## If failing to create a temporary directory, `OSError` will be raised.
+  ##
+  ## .. note:: It is the caller's responsibility to remove the directory when no longer needed.
+  ## .. note:: `dir` must exist (empty `dir` will resolve to `getTempDir <os.html#getTempDir>`_).
+  runnableExamples:
+    import std/os
+    doAssertRaises(OSError): discard createTempDir("", "", "nonexistent")
+    let dir = createTempDir("tmpprefix_", "_end")
+    # dir looks like: getTempDir() / "tmpprefix_YEl9VuVj_end"
+    assert dirExists(dir)
+    removeDir(dir)
+  let dir = getTempDirImpl(dir)
+  for i in 0 ..< maxRetry:
+    result = genTempPath(prefix, suffix, dir)
+    if not existsOrCreateDir(result):
+      return
+
+  raise newException(OSError, "Failed to create a temporary directory under directory " & dir)
diff --git a/lib/std/time_t.nim b/lib/std/time_t.nim
index 7fb6e6d46..de051b135 100644
--- a/lib/std/time_t.nim
+++ b/lib/std/time_t.nim
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ when defined(nimdoc):
       ## Wrapper for `time_t`. On posix, this is an alias to `posix.Time`.
 elif defined(windows):
   when defined(i386) and defined(gcc):
-    type Time* {.importc: "time_t", header: "<time.h>".} = distinct int32
+    type Time* {.importc: "time_t", header: "<time.h>".} = distinct clong
   else:
     # newest version of Visual C++ defines time_t to be of 64 bits
     type Time* {.importc: "time_t", header: "<time.h>".} = distinct int64
 elif defined(posix):
-  import posix
+  import std/posix
   export posix.Time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/std/typedthreads.nim b/lib/std/typedthreads.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b0b81968
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/typedthreads.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+#
+#
+#            Nim's Runtime Library
+#        (c) Copyright 2012 Andreas Rumpf
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+##[
+Thread support for Nim. Threads allow multiple functions to execute concurrently.
+ 
+In Nim, threads are a low-level construct and using a library like `malebolgia`, `taskpools` or `weave` is recommended.
+ 
+When creating a thread, you can pass arguments to it. As Nim's garbage collector does not use atomic references, sharing
+`ref` and other variables managed by the garbage collector between threads is not supported.
+Use global variables to do so, or pointers.
+ 
+Memory allocated using [`sharedAlloc`](./system.html#allocShared.t%2CNatural) can be used and shared between threads.
+
+To communicate between threads, consider using [channels](./system.html#Channel)
+
+Examples
+========
+
+```Nim
+import std/locks
+
+var
+  thr: array[0..4, Thread[tuple[a,b: int]]]
+  L: Lock
+
+proc threadFunc(interval: tuple[a,b: int]) {.thread.} =
+  for i in interval.a..interval.b:
+    acquire(L) # lock stdout
+    echo i
+    release(L)
+
+initLock(L)
+
+for i in 0..high(thr):
+  createThread(thr[i], threadFunc, (i*10, i*10+5))
+joinThreads(thr)
+
+deinitLock(L)
+```
+ 
+When using a memory management strategy that supports shared heaps like `arc` or `boehm`,
+you can pass pointer to threads and share memory between them, but the memory must outlive the thread.
+The default memory management strategy, `orc`, supports this.
+The example below is **not valid** for memory management strategies that use local heaps like `refc`!
+
+```Nim
+import locks
+ 
+var l: Lock
+ 
+proc threadFunc(obj: ptr seq[int]) {.thread.} =
+  withLock l:
+    for i in 0..<100:
+      obj[].add(obj[].len * obj[].len)
+ 
+proc threadHandler() =
+  var thr: array[0..4, Thread[ptr seq[int]]]
+  var s = newSeq[int]()
+    
+  for i in 0..high(thr):
+    createThread(thr[i], threadFunc, s.addr)
+  joinThreads(thr)
+  echo s
+ 
+initLock(l)
+threadHandler()
+deinitLock(l)
+```
+]##
+
+
+import std/private/[threadtypes]
+export Thread
+
+import system/ansi_c
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+when defined(genode):
+  import genode/env
+
+when hostOS == "any":
+  {.error: "Threads not implemented for os:any. Please compile with --threads:off.".}
+
+when hasAllocStack or defined(zephyr) or defined(freertos) or defined(nuttx) or
+    defined(cpu16) or defined(cpu8):
+  const
+    nimThreadStackSize {.intdefine.} = 8192
+    nimThreadStackGuard {.intdefine.} = 128
+
+    StackGuardSize = nimThreadStackGuard
+    ThreadStackSize = nimThreadStackSize - nimThreadStackGuard
+else:
+  const
+    StackGuardSize = 4096
+    ThreadStackMask =
+      when defined(genode):
+        1024*64*sizeof(int)-1
+      else:
+        1024*256*sizeof(int)-1
+
+    ThreadStackSize = ThreadStackMask+1 - StackGuardSize
+
+
+when defined(gcDestructors):
+  proc allocThreadStorage(size: int): pointer =
+    result = c_malloc(csize_t size)
+    zeroMem(result, size)
+else:
+  template allocThreadStorage(size: untyped): untyped = allocShared0(size)
+
+#const globalsSlot = ThreadVarSlot(0)
+#sysAssert checkSlot.int == globalsSlot.int
+
+# Zephyr doesn't include this properly without some help
+when defined(zephyr):
+  {.emit: """/*INCLUDESECTION*/
+  #include <pthread.h>
+  """.}
+
+
+# We jump through some hops here to ensure that Nim thread procs can have
+# the Nim calling convention. This is needed because thread procs are
+# ``stdcall`` on Windows and ``noconv`` on UNIX. Alternative would be to just
+# use ``stdcall`` since it is mapped to ``noconv`` on UNIX anyway.
+
+
+
+{.push stack_trace:off.}
+when defined(windows):
+  proc threadProcWrapper[TArg](closure: pointer): int32 {.stdcall.} =
+    nimThreadProcWrapperBody(closure)
+    # implicitly return 0
+elif defined(genode):
+  proc threadProcWrapper[TArg](closure: pointer) {.noconv.} =
+    nimThreadProcWrapperBody(closure)
+else:
+  proc threadProcWrapper[TArg](closure: pointer): pointer {.noconv.} =
+    nimThreadProcWrapperBody(closure)
+{.pop.}
+
+proc running*[TArg](t: Thread[TArg]): bool {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns true if `t` is running.
+  result = t.dataFn != nil
+
+proc handle*[TArg](t: Thread[TArg]): SysThread {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the thread handle of `t`.
+  result = t.sys
+
+when hostOS == "windows":
+  const MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS = 64
+
+  proc joinThread*[TArg](t: Thread[TArg]) {.inline.} =
+    ## Waits for the thread `t` to finish.
+    discard waitForSingleObject(t.sys, -1'i32)
+
+  proc joinThreads*[TArg](t: varargs[Thread[TArg]]) =
+    ## Waits for every thread in `t` to finish.
+    var a: array[MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS, SysThread]
+    var k = 0
+    while k < len(t):
+      var count = min(len(t) - k, MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS)
+      for i in 0..(count - 1): a[i] = t[i + k].sys
+      discard waitForMultipleObjects(int32(count),
+                                     cast[ptr SysThread](addr(a)), 1, -1)
+      inc(k, MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS)
+
+elif defined(genode):
+  proc joinThread*[TArg](t: Thread[TArg]) {.importcpp.}
+    ## Waits for the thread `t` to finish.
+
+  proc joinThreads*[TArg](t: varargs[Thread[TArg]]) =
+    ## Waits for every thread in `t` to finish.
+    for i in 0..t.high: joinThread(t[i])
+
+else:
+  proc joinThread*[TArg](t: Thread[TArg]) {.inline.} =
+    ## Waits for the thread `t` to finish.
+    discard pthread_join(t.sys, nil)
+
+  proc joinThreads*[TArg](t: varargs[Thread[TArg]]) =
+    ## Waits for every thread in `t` to finish.
+    for i in 0..t.high: joinThread(t[i])
+
+when false:
+  # XXX a thread should really release its heap here somehow:
+  proc destroyThread*[TArg](t: var Thread[TArg]) =
+    ## Forces the thread `t` to terminate. This is potentially dangerous if
+    ## you don't have full control over `t` and its acquired resources.
+    when hostOS == "windows":
+      discard TerminateThread(t.sys, 1'i32)
+    else:
+      discard pthread_cancel(t.sys)
+    when declared(registerThread): unregisterThread(addr(t))
+    t.dataFn = nil
+    ## if thread `t` already exited, `t.core` will be `null`.
+    if not isNil(t.core):
+      deallocThreadStorage(t.core)
+      t.core = nil
+
+when hostOS == "windows":
+  proc createThread*[TArg](t: var Thread[TArg],
+                           tp: proc (arg: TArg) {.thread, nimcall.},
+                           param: TArg) =
+    ## Creates a new thread `t` and starts its execution.
+    ##
+    ## Entry point is the proc `tp`.
+    ## `param` is passed to `tp`. `TArg` can be `void` if you
+    ## don't need to pass any data to the thread.
+    t.core = cast[PGcThread](allocThreadStorage(sizeof(GcThread)))
+
+    when TArg isnot void: t.data = param
+    t.dataFn = tp
+    when hasSharedHeap: t.core.stackSize = ThreadStackSize
+    var dummyThreadId: int32
+    t.sys = createThread(nil, ThreadStackSize, threadProcWrapper[TArg],
+                         addr(t), 0'i32, dummyThreadId)
+    if t.sys <= 0:
+      raise newException(ResourceExhaustedError, "cannot create thread")
+
+  proc pinToCpu*[Arg](t: var Thread[Arg]; cpu: Natural) =
+    ## Pins a thread to a `CPU`:idx:.
+    ##
+    ## In other words sets a thread's `affinity`:idx:.
+    ## If you don't know what this means, you shouldn't use this proc.
+    setThreadAffinityMask(t.sys, uint(1 shl cpu))
+
+elif defined(genode):
+  var affinityOffset: cuint = 1
+    ## CPU affinity offset for next thread, safe to roll-over.
+
+  proc createThread*[TArg](t: var Thread[TArg],
+                           tp: proc (arg: TArg) {.thread, nimcall.},
+                           param: TArg) =
+    t.core = cast[PGcThread](allocThreadStorage(sizeof(GcThread)))
+
+    when TArg isnot void: t.data = param
+    t.dataFn = tp
+    when hasSharedHeap: t.stackSize = ThreadStackSize
+    t.sys.initThread(
+      runtimeEnv,
+      ThreadStackSize.culonglong,
+      threadProcWrapper[TArg], addr(t), affinityOffset)
+    inc affinityOffset
+
+  proc pinToCpu*[Arg](t: var Thread[Arg]; cpu: Natural) =
+    {.hint: "cannot change Genode thread CPU affinity after initialization".}
+    discard
+
+else:
+  proc createThread*[TArg](t: var Thread[TArg],
+                           tp: proc (arg: TArg) {.thread, nimcall.},
+                           param: TArg) =
+    ## Creates a new thread `t` and starts its execution.
+    ##
+    ## Entry point is the proc `tp`. `param` is passed to `tp`.
+    ## `TArg` can be `void` if you
+    ## don't need to pass any data to the thread.
+    t.core = cast[PGcThread](allocThreadStorage(sizeof(GcThread)))
+
+    when TArg isnot void: t.data = param
+    t.dataFn = tp
+    when hasSharedHeap: t.core.stackSize = ThreadStackSize
+    var a {.noinit.}: Pthread_attr
+    doAssert pthread_attr_init(a) == 0
+    when hasAllocStack:
+      var
+        rawstk = allocThreadStorage(ThreadStackSize + StackGuardSize)
+        stk = cast[pointer](cast[uint](rawstk) + StackGuardSize)
+      let setstacksizeResult = pthread_attr_setstack(addr a, stk, ThreadStackSize)
+      t.rawStack = rawstk
+    else:
+      let setstacksizeResult = pthread_attr_setstacksize(a, ThreadStackSize)
+
+    when not defined(ios):
+      # This fails on iOS
+      doAssert(setstacksizeResult == 0)
+    if pthread_create(t.sys, a, threadProcWrapper[TArg], addr(t)) != 0:
+      raise newException(ResourceExhaustedError, "cannot create thread")
+    doAssert pthread_attr_destroy(a) == 0
+
+  proc pinToCpu*[Arg](t: var Thread[Arg]; cpu: Natural) =
+    ## Pins a thread to a `CPU`:idx:.
+    ##
+    ## In other words sets a thread's `affinity`:idx:.
+    ## If you don't know what this means, you shouldn't use this proc.
+    when not defined(macosx):
+      var s {.noinit.}: CpuSet
+      cpusetZero(s)
+      cpusetIncl(cpu.cint, s)
+      setAffinity(t.sys, csize_t(sizeof(s)), s)
+
+proc createThread*(t: var Thread[void], tp: proc () {.thread, nimcall.}) =
+  createThread[void](t, tp)
+
+when not defined(gcOrc):
+  include system/threadids
diff --git a/lib/std/varints.nim b/lib/std/varints.nim
index 0d18b9069..32fe2fffb 100644
--- a/lib/std/varints.nim
+++ b/lib/std/varints.nim
@@ -82,29 +82,29 @@ proc writeVu64*(z: var openArray[byte], x: uint64): int =
       z[3] = cast[uint8](y)
       return 4
     z[0] = 251
-    varintWrite32(toOpenArray(z, 1, z.high-1), y)
+    varintWrite32(toOpenArray(z, 1, 4), y)
     return 5
   if w <= 255:
     z[0] = 252
     z[1] = cast[uint8](w)
-    varintWrite32(toOpenArray(z, 2, z.high-2), y)
+    varintWrite32(toOpenArray(z, 2, 5), y)
     return 6
   if w <= 65535:
     z[0] = 253
     z[1] = cast[uint8](w shr 8)
     z[2] = cast[uint8](w)
-    varintWrite32(toOpenArray(z, 3, z.high-3), y)
+    varintWrite32(toOpenArray(z, 3, 6), y)
     return 7
   if w <= 16777215:
     z[0] = 254
     z[1] = cast[uint8](w shr 16)
     z[2] = cast[uint8](w shr 8)
     z[3] = cast[uint8](w)
-    varintWrite32(toOpenArray(z, 4, z.high-4), y)
+    varintWrite32(toOpenArray(z, 4, 7), y)
     return 8
   z[0] = 255
-  varintWrite32(toOpenArray(z, 1, z.high-1), w)
-  varintWrite32(toOpenArray(z, 5, z.high-5), y)
+  varintWrite32(toOpenArray(z, 1, 4), w)
+  varintWrite32(toOpenArray(z, 5, 8), y)
   return 9
 
 proc sar(a, b: int64): int64 =
diff --git a/lib/std/vmutils.nim b/lib/std/vmutils.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e16912a3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/vmutils.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+##[
+Experimental API, subject to change.
+]##
+
+proc vmTrace*(on: bool) {.compileTime.} =
+  runnableExamples:
+    static: vmTrace(true)
+    proc fn =
+      var a = 1
+      vmTrace(false)
+    static: fn()
diff --git a/lib/std/widestrs.nim b/lib/std/widestrs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ddf80d14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/std/widestrs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+#
+#
+#            Nim's Runtime Library
+#        (c) Copyright 2012 Andreas Rumpf
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+## Nim support for C/C++'s `wide strings`:idx:.
+
+#when not declared(ThisIsSystem):
+#  {.error: "You must not import this module explicitly".}
+
+type
+  Utf16Char* = distinct int16
+
+when not (defined(cpu16) or defined(cpu8)):
+  when defined(nimv2):
+
+    type
+      WideCString* = ptr UncheckedArray[Utf16Char]
+
+      WideCStringObj* = object
+        bytes: int
+        data: WideCString
+
+    const arcLike = defined(gcArc) or defined(gcAtomicArc) or defined(gcOrc)
+    when defined(nimAllowNonVarDestructor) and arcLike:
+      proc `=destroy`(a: WideCStringObj) =
+        if a.data != nil:
+          when compileOption("threads"):
+            deallocShared(a.data)
+          else:
+            dealloc(a.data)
+    else:
+      proc `=destroy`(a: var WideCStringObj) =
+        if a.data != nil:
+          when compileOption("threads"):
+            deallocShared(a.data)
+          else:
+            dealloc(a.data)
+
+    proc `=copy`(a: var WideCStringObj; b: WideCStringObj) {.error.}
+
+    proc `=sink`(a: var WideCStringObj; b: WideCStringObj) =
+      a.bytes = b.bytes
+      a.data = b.data
+
+    proc createWide(a: var WideCStringObj; bytes: int) =
+      a.bytes = bytes
+      when compileOption("threads"):
+        a.data = cast[typeof(a.data)](allocShared0(bytes))
+      else:
+        a.data = cast[typeof(a.data)](alloc0(bytes))
+
+    template `[]`*(a: WideCStringObj; idx: int): Utf16Char = a.data[idx]
+    template `[]=`*(a: WideCStringObj; idx: int; val: Utf16Char) = a.data[idx] = val
+
+    template nullWide(): untyped = WideCStringObj(bytes: 0, data: nil)
+
+    converter toWideCString*(x: WideCStringObj): WideCString {.inline.} =
+      result = x.data
+
+  else:
+    template nullWide(): untyped = nil
+
+    type
+      WideCString* = ref UncheckedArray[Utf16Char]
+      WideCStringObj* = WideCString
+
+    template createWide(a; L) =
+      unsafeNew(a, L)
+
+  proc ord(arg: Utf16Char): int = int(cast[uint16](arg))
+
+  proc len*(w: WideCString): int =
+    ## returns the length of a widestring. This traverses the whole string to
+    ## find the binary zero end marker!
+    result = 0
+    while int16(w[result]) != 0'i16: inc result
+
+  const
+    UNI_REPLACEMENT_CHAR = Utf16Char(0xFFFD'i16)
+    UNI_MAX_BMP = 0x0000FFFF
+    UNI_MAX_UTF16 = 0x0010FFFF
+    # UNI_MAX_UTF32 = 0x7FFFFFFF
+    # UNI_MAX_LEGAL_UTF32 = 0x0010FFFF
+
+    halfShift = 10
+    halfBase = 0x0010000
+    halfMask = 0x3FF
+
+    UNI_SUR_HIGH_START = 0xD800
+    UNI_SUR_HIGH_END = 0xDBFF
+    UNI_SUR_LOW_START = 0xDC00
+    UNI_SUR_LOW_END = 0xDFFF
+    UNI_REPL = 0xFFFD
+
+  template ones(n: untyped): untyped = ((1 shl n)-1)
+
+  template fastRuneAt(s: cstring, i, L: int, result: untyped, doInc = true) =
+    ## Returns the unicode character `s[i]` in `result`. If `doInc == true`
+    ## `i` is incremented by the number of bytes that have been processed.
+    bind ones
+
+    if ord(s[i]) <= 127:
+      result = ord(s[i])
+      when doInc: inc(i)
+    elif ord(s[i]) shr 5 == 0b110:
+      #assert(ord(s[i+1]) shr 6 == 0b10)
+      if i <= L - 2:
+        result = (ord(s[i]) and (ones(5))) shl 6 or (ord(s[i+1]) and ones(6))
+        when doInc: inc(i, 2)
+      else:
+        result = UNI_REPL
+        when doInc: inc(i)
+    elif ord(s[i]) shr 4 == 0b1110:
+      if i <= L - 3:
+        #assert(ord(s[i+1]) shr 6 == 0b10)
+        #assert(ord(s[i+2]) shr 6 == 0b10)
+        result = (ord(s[i]) and ones(4)) shl 12 or
+                (ord(s[i+1]) and ones(6)) shl 6 or
+                (ord(s[i+2]) and ones(6))
+        when doInc: inc(i, 3)
+      else:
+        result = UNI_REPL
+        when doInc: inc(i)
+    elif ord(s[i]) shr 3 == 0b11110:
+      if i <= L - 4:
+        #assert(ord(s[i+1]) shr 6 == 0b10)
+        #assert(ord(s[i+2]) shr 6 == 0b10)
+        #assert(ord(s[i+3]) shr 6 == 0b10)
+        result = (ord(s[i]) and ones(3)) shl 18 or
+                (ord(s[i+1]) and ones(6)) shl 12 or
+                (ord(s[i+2]) and ones(6)) shl 6 or
+                (ord(s[i+3]) and ones(6))
+        when doInc: inc(i, 4)
+      else:
+        result = UNI_REPL
+        when doInc: inc(i)
+    else:
+      result = 0xFFFD
+      when doInc: inc(i)
+
+  iterator runes(s: cstring, L: int): int =
+    var
+      i = 0
+      result: int
+    while i < L:
+      fastRuneAt(s, i, L, result, true)
+      yield result
+
+  proc newWideCString*(size: int): WideCStringObj =
+    createWide(result, size * 2 + 2)
+
+  proc newWideCString*(source: cstring, L: int): WideCStringObj =
+    ## Warning:: `source` needs to be preallocated with the length `L`
+    createWide(result, L * 2 + 2)
+    var d = 0
+    for ch in runes(source, L):
+
+      if ch <= UNI_MAX_BMP:
+        if ch >= UNI_SUR_HIGH_START and ch <= UNI_SUR_LOW_END:
+          result[d] = UNI_REPLACEMENT_CHAR
+        else:
+          result[d] = cast[Utf16Char](uint16(ch))
+      elif ch > UNI_MAX_UTF16:
+        result[d] = UNI_REPLACEMENT_CHAR
+      else:
+        let ch = ch - halfBase
+        result[d] = cast[Utf16Char](uint16((ch shr halfShift) + UNI_SUR_HIGH_START))
+        inc d
+        result[d] = cast[Utf16Char](uint16((ch and halfMask) + UNI_SUR_LOW_START))
+      inc d
+    result[d] = Utf16Char(0)
+
+  proc newWideCString*(s: cstring): WideCStringObj =
+    if s.isNil: return nullWide
+
+    result = newWideCString(s, s.len)
+
+  proc newWideCString*(s: string): WideCStringObj =
+    result = newWideCString(cstring s, s.len)
+
+  proc `$`*(w: WideCString, estimate: int, replacement: int = 0xFFFD): string =
+    result = newStringOfCap(estimate + estimate shr 2)
+
+    var i = 0
+    while w[i].int16 != 0'i16:
+      var ch = ord(w[i])
+      inc i
+      if ch >= UNI_SUR_HIGH_START and ch <= UNI_SUR_HIGH_END:
+        # If the 16 bits following the high surrogate are in the source buffer...
+        let ch2 = ord(w[i])
+
+        # If it's a low surrogate, convert to UTF32:
+        if ch2 >= UNI_SUR_LOW_START and ch2 <= UNI_SUR_LOW_END:
+          ch = (((ch and halfMask) shl halfShift) + (ch2 and halfMask)) + halfBase
+          inc i
+        else:
+          #invalid UTF-16
+          ch = replacement
+      elif ch >= UNI_SUR_LOW_START and ch <= UNI_SUR_LOW_END:
+        #invalid UTF-16
+        ch = replacement
+
+      if ch < 0x80:
+        result.add chr(ch)
+      elif ch < 0x800:
+        result.add chr((ch shr 6) or 0xc0)
+        result.add chr((ch and 0x3f) or 0x80)
+      elif ch < 0x10000:
+        result.add chr((ch shr 12) or 0xe0)
+        result.add chr(((ch shr 6) and 0x3f) or 0x80)
+        result.add chr((ch and 0x3f) or 0x80)
+      elif ch <= 0x10FFFF:
+        result.add chr((ch shr 18) or 0xf0)
+        result.add chr(((ch shr 12) and 0x3f) or 0x80)
+        result.add chr(((ch shr 6) and 0x3f) or 0x80)
+        result.add chr((ch and 0x3f) or 0x80)
+      else:
+        # replacement char(in case user give very large number):
+        result.add chr(0xFFFD shr 12 or 0b1110_0000)
+        result.add chr(0xFFFD shr 6 and ones(6) or 0b10_0000_00)
+        result.add chr(0xFFFD and ones(6) or 0b10_0000_00)
+
+  proc `$`*(s: WideCString): string =
+    result = s $ 80
+
+  when defined(nimv2):
+    proc `$`*(s: WideCStringObj, estimate: int, replacement: int = 0xFFFD): string =
+      `$`(s.data, estimate, replacement)
+
+    proc `$`*(s: WideCStringObj): string =
+      $(s.data)
+
+    proc len*(w: WideCStringObj): int {.inline.} =
+      len(w.data)
diff --git a/lib/std/with.nim b/lib/std/with.nim
index 79afd61a4..c2eaa4bef 100644
--- a/lib/std/with.nim
+++ b/lib/std/with.nim
@@ -12,15 +12,16 @@
 ## and https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/192 for details leading to this
 ## particular design.
 ##
-## **Since** version 1.2.
+## **Since:** version 1.2.
 
-import macros, private / underscored_calls
+import std/[macros, private / underscored_calls]
 
 macro with*(arg: typed; calls: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
-  ## This macro provides the `chaining`:idx: of function calls.
+  ## This macro provides `chaining`:idx: of function calls.
   ## It does so by patching every call in `calls` to
   ## use `arg` as the first argument.
-  ## **This evaluates `arg` multiple times!**
+  ##
+  ## .. caution:: This evaluates `arg` multiple times!
   runnableExamples:
     var x = "yay"
     with x:
@@ -34,5 +35,14 @@ macro with*(arg: typed; calls: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
       -= 5
     doAssert a == 43
 
+    # Nesting works for object types too!
+    var foo = (bar: 1, qux: (baz: 2))
+    with foo:
+      bar = 2
+      with qux:
+        baz = 3
+    doAssert foo.bar == 2
+    doAssert foo.qux.baz == 3
+
   result = newNimNode(nnkStmtList, arg)
   underscoredCalls(result, calls, arg)
diff --git a/lib/std/wordwrap.nim b/lib/std/wordwrap.nim
index 7dcfc7f59..9333f880b 100644
--- a/lib/std/wordwrap.nim
+++ b/lib/std/wordwrap.nim
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 ## This module contains an algorithm to wordwrap a Unicode string.
 
-import strutils, unicode
+import std/[strutils, unicode]
 
 proc olen(s: string; start, lastExclusive: int): int =
   var i = start
diff --git a/lib/std/wrapnils.nim b/lib/std/wrapnils.nim
index 3ff48fbfe..0b75c270e 100644
--- a/lib/std/wrapnils.nim
+++ b/lib/std/wrapnils.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,20 @@
-## This module allows chains of field-access and indexing where the LHS can be nil.
-## This simplifies code by reducing need for if-else branches around intermediate values
-## that may be nil.
+## This module allows evaluating expressions safely against the following conditions:
+## * nil dereferences
+## * field accesses with incorrect discriminant in case objects
+##
+## `default(T)` is returned in those cases when evaluating an expression of type `T`.
+## This simplifies code by reducing need for if-else branches.
 ##
 ## Note: experimental module, unstable API.
 
+#[
+TODO:
+consider handling indexing operations, eg:
+doAssert ?.default(seq[int])[3] == default(int)
+]#
+
+import std/macros
+
 runnableExamples:
   type Foo = ref object
     x1: string
@@ -24,8 +35,125 @@ runnableExamples:
 
   assert (?.f2.x2.x2).x3 == nil  # this terminates ?. early
 
+runnableExamples:
+  # ?. also allows case object
+  type B = object
+    b0: int
+    case cond: bool
+    of false: discard
+    of true:
+      b1: float
+
+  var b = B(cond: false, b0: 3)
+  doAssertRaises(FieldDefect): discard b.b1 # wrong discriminant
+  doAssert ?.b.b1 == 0.0 # safe
+  b = B(cond: true, b1: 4.5)
+  doAssert ?.b.b1 == 4.5
+
+  # lvalue semantics are preserved:
+  if (let p = ?.b.b1.addr; p != nil): p[] = 4.7
+  doAssert b.b1 == 4.7
+
+proc finalize(n: NimNode, lhs: NimNode, level: int): NimNode =
+  if level == 0:
+    result = quote: `lhs` = `n`
+  else:
+    result = quote: (let `lhs` = `n`)
+
+proc process(n: NimNode, lhs: NimNode, label: NimNode, level: int): NimNode =
+  var n = n.copyNimTree
+  var it = n
+  let addr2 = bindSym"addr"
+  var old: tuple[n: NimNode, index: int]
+  while true:
+    if it.len == 0:
+      result = finalize(n, lhs, level)
+      break
+    elif it.kind == nnkCheckedFieldExpr:
+      let dot = it[0]
+      let obj = dot[0]
+      let objRef = quote do: `addr2`(`obj`)
+        # avoids a copy and preserves lvalue semantics, see tests
+      let check = it[1]
+      let okSet = check[1]
+      let kind1 = check[2]
+      let tmp = genSym(nskLet, "tmpCase")
+      let body = process(objRef, tmp, label, level + 1)
+      let tmp3 = nnkDerefExpr.newTree(tmp)
+      it[0][0] = tmp3
+      let dot2 = nnkDotExpr.newTree(@[tmp, dot[1]])
+      if old.n != nil: old.n[old.index] = dot2
+      else: n = dot2
+      let assgn = finalize(n, lhs, level)
+      result = quote do:
+        `body`
+        if `tmp3`.`kind1` notin `okSet`: break `label`
+        `assgn`
+      break
+    elif it.kind in {nnkHiddenDeref, nnkDerefExpr}:
+      let tmp = genSym(nskLet, "tmp")
+      let body = process(it[0], tmp, label, level + 1)
+      it[0] = tmp
+      let assgn = finalize(n, lhs, level)
+      result = quote do:
+        `body`
+        if `tmp` == nil: break `label`
+        `assgn`
+      break
+    elif it.kind == nnkCall: # consider extending to `nnkCallKinds`
+      # `copyNimTree` needed to avoid `typ = nil` issues
+      old = (it, 1)
+      it = it[1].copyNimTree
+    else:
+      old = (it, 0)
+      it = it[0]
+
+macro `?.`*(a: typed): auto =
+  ## Transforms `a` into an expression that can be safely evaluated even in
+  ## presence of intermediate nil pointers/references, in which case a default
+  ## value is produced.
+  let lhs = genSym(nskVar, "lhs")
+  let label = genSym(nskLabel, "label")
+  let body = process(a, lhs, label, 0)
+  result = quote do:
+    var `lhs`: type(`a`)
+    block `label`:
+      `body`
+    `lhs`
+
+# the code below is not needed for `?.`
 from std/options import Option, isSome, get, option, unsafeGet, UnpackDefect
-export options.get, options.isSome, options.isNone
+
+macro `??.`*(a: typed): Option =
+  ## Same as `?.` but returns an `Option`.
+  runnableExamples:
+    import std/options
+    type Foo = ref object
+      x1: ref int
+      x2: int
+    # `?.` can't distinguish between a valid vs invalid default value, but `??.` can:
+    var f1 = Foo(x1: int.new, x2: 2)
+    doAssert (??.f1.x1[]).get == 0 # not enough to tell when the chain was valid.
+    doAssert (??.f1.x1[]).isSome # a nil didn't occur in the chain
+    doAssert (??.f1.x2).get == 2
+
+    var f2: Foo
+    doAssert not (??.f2.x1[]).isSome # f2 was nil
+
+    doAssertRaises(UnpackDefect): discard (??.f2.x1[]).get
+    doAssert ?.f2.x1[] == 0 # in contrast, this returns default(int)
+
+  let lhs = genSym(nskVar, "lhs")
+  let lhs2 = genSym(nskVar, "lhs")
+  let label = genSym(nskLabel, "label")
+  let body = process(a, lhs2, label, 0)
+  result = quote do:
+    var `lhs`: Option[type(`a`)]
+    block `label`:
+      var `lhs2`: type(`a`)
+      `body`
+      `lhs` = option(`lhs2`)
+    `lhs`
 
 template fakeDot*(a: Option, b): untyped =
   ## See top-level example.
@@ -59,50 +187,7 @@ func `[]`*[U](a: Option[U]): auto {.inline.} =
     if a2 != nil:
       result = option(a2[])
 
-import std/macros
-
-func replace(n: NimNode): NimNode =
-  if n.kind == nnkDotExpr:
-    result = newCall(bindSym"fakeDot", replace(n[0]), n[1])
-  elif n.kind == nnkPar:
-    doAssert n.len == 1
-    result = newCall(bindSym"option", n[0])
-  elif n.kind in {nnkCall, nnkObjConstr}:
-    result = newCall(bindSym"option", n)
-  elif n.len == 0:
-    result = newCall(bindSym"option", n)
-  else:
-    n[0] = replace(n[0])
-    result = n
-
-proc safeGet[T](a: Option[T]): T {.inline.} =
-  get(a, default(T))
-
-macro `?.`*(a: untyped): auto =
-  ## Transforms `a` into an expression that can be safely evaluated even in
-  ## presence of intermediate nil pointers/references, in which case a default
-  ## value is produced.
-  result = replace(a)
-  result = quote do:
-    # `result`.val # TODO: expose a way to do this directly in std/options, e.g.: `getAsIs`
-    safeGet(`result`)
-
-macro `??.`*(a: untyped): Option =
-  ## Same as `?.` but returns an `Option`.
-  runnableExamples:
-    type Foo = ref object
-      x1: ref int
-      x2: int
-    # `?.` can't distinguish between a valid vs invalid default value, but `??.` can:
-    var f1 = Foo(x1: int.new, x2: 2)
-    doAssert (??.f1.x1[]).get == 0 # not enough to tell when the chain was valid.
-    doAssert (??.f1.x1[]).isSome # a nil didn't occur in the chain
-    doAssert (??.f1.x2).get == 2
-
-    var f2: Foo
-    doAssert not (??.f2.x1[]).isSome # f2 was nil
-    from std/options import UnpackDefect
-    doAssertRaises(UnpackDefect): discard (??.f2.x1[]).get
-    doAssert ?.f2.x1[] == 0 # in contrast, this returns default(int)
-
-  result = replace(a)
+when false:
+  # xxx: expose a way to do this directly in std/options, e.g.: `getAsIs`
+  proc safeGet[T](a: Option[T]): T {.inline.} =
+    get(a, default(T))
diff --git a/lib/system.nim b/lib/system.nim
index 574043125..2f9cdc5f9 100644
--- a/lib/system.nim
+++ b/lib/system.nim
@@ -22,201 +22,19 @@
 ## .. include:: ./system_overview.rst
 
 
-type
-  float* {.magic: Float.}     ## Default floating point type.
-  float32* {.magic: Float32.} ## 32 bit floating point type.
-  float64* {.magic: Float.}   ## 64 bit floating point type.
-
-# 'float64' is now an alias to 'float'; this solves many problems
-
-type
-  char* {.magic: Char.}         ## Built-in 8 bit character type (unsigned).
-  string* {.magic: String.}     ## Built-in string type.
-  cstring* {.magic: Cstring.}   ## Built-in cstring (*compatible string*) type.
-  pointer* {.magic: Pointer.}   ## Built-in pointer type, use the `addr`
-                                ## operator to get a pointer to a variable.
-
-  typedesc* {.magic: TypeDesc.} ## Meta type to denote a type description.
-
-type
-  `ptr`*[T] {.magic: Pointer.}   ## Built-in generic untraced pointer type.
-  `ref`*[T] {.magic: Pointer.}   ## Built-in generic traced pointer type.
-
-  `nil` {.magic: "Nil".}
-
-  void* {.magic: "VoidType".}    ## Meta type to denote the absence of any type.
-  auto* {.magic: Expr.}          ## Meta type for automatic type determination.
-  any* {.deprecated: "Deprecated since v1.5; Use auto instead.".} = distinct auto  ## Deprecated; Use `auto` instead. See https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/281
-  untyped* {.magic: Expr.}       ## Meta type to denote an expression that
-                                 ## is not resolved (for templates).
-  typed* {.magic: Stmt.}         ## Meta type to denote an expression that
-                                 ## is resolved (for templates).
-
 include "system/basic_types"
 
-
-proc compileOption*(option: string): bool {.
-  magic: "CompileOption", noSideEffect.}
-  ## Can be used to determine an `on|off` compile-time option.
+func zeroDefault*[T](_: typedesc[T]): T {.magic: "ZeroDefault".} =
+  ## Returns the binary zeros representation of the type `T`. It ignores
+  ## default fields of an object.
   ##
   ## See also:
-  ## * `compileOption <#compileOption,string,string>`_ for enum options
-  ## * `defined <#defined,untyped>`_
-  ## * `std/compilesettings module <compilesettings.html>`_
-  ##
-  ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##   when compileOption("floatchecks"):
-  ##     echo "compiled with floating point NaN and Inf checks"
+  ## * `default <#default,typedesc[T]>`_
 
-proc compileOption*(option, arg: string): bool {.
-  magic: "CompileOptionArg", noSideEffect.}
-  ## Can be used to determine an enum compile-time option.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `compileOption <#compileOption,string>`_ for `on|off` options
-  ## * `defined <#defined,untyped>`_
-  ## * `std/compilesettings module <compilesettings.html>`_
-  ##
-  ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##   when compileOption("opt", "size") and compileOption("gc", "boehm"):
-  ##     echo "compiled with optimization for size and uses Boehm's GC"
+include "system/compilation"
 
 {.push warning[GcMem]: off, warning[Uninit]: off.}
-{.push hints: off.}
-
-proc `or`*(a, b: typedesc): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait", noSideEffect.}
-  ## Constructs an `or` meta class.
-
-proc `and`*(a, b: typedesc): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait", noSideEffect.}
-  ## Constructs an `and` meta class.
-
-proc `not`*(a: typedesc): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait", noSideEffect.}
-  ## Constructs an `not` meta class.
-
-
-type
-  SomeFloat* = float|float32|float64
-    ## Type class matching all floating point number types.
-
-  SomeNumber* = SomeInteger|SomeFloat
-    ## Type class matching all number types.
-
-proc defined*(x: untyped): bool {.magic: "Defined", noSideEffect, compileTime.}
-  ## Special compile-time procedure that checks whether `x` is
-  ## defined.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `compileOption <#compileOption,string>`_ for `on|off` options
-  ## * `compileOption <#compileOption,string,string>`_ for enum options
-  ## * `define pragmas <manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-compileminustime-define-pragmas>`_
-  ##
-  ## `x` is an external symbol introduced through the compiler's
-  ## `-d:x switch <nimc.html#compiler-usage-compileminustime-symbols>`_ to enable
-  ## build time conditionals:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##   when not defined(release):
-  ##     # Do here programmer friendly expensive sanity checks.
-  ##   # Put here the normal code
-
-when defined(nimHashOrdinalFixed):
-  type
-    Ordinal*[T] {.magic: Ordinal.} ## Generic ordinal type. Includes integer,
-                                   ## bool, character, and enumeration types
-                                   ## as well as their subtypes. See also
-                                   ## `SomeOrdinal`.
-else:
-  # bootstrap <= 0.20.0
-  type
-    OrdinalImpl[T] {.magic: Ordinal.}
-    Ordinal* = OrdinalImpl | uint | uint64
-
-proc runnableExamples*(rdoccmd = "", body: untyped) {.magic: "RunnableExamples".}
-  ## A section you should use to mark `runnable example`:idx: code with.
-  ##
-  ## - In normal debug and release builds code within
-  ##   a `runnableExamples` section is ignored.
-  ## - The documentation generator is aware of these examples and considers them
-  ##   part of the `##` doc comment. As the last step of documentation
-  ##   generation each runnableExample is put in its own file `$file_examples$i.nim`,
-  ##   compiled and tested. The collected examples are
-  ##   put into their own module to ensure the examples do not refer to
-  ##   non-exported symbols.
-  ##
-  ## Usage:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##   proc double*(x: int): int =
-  ##     ## This proc doubles a number.
-  ##     runnableExamples:
-  ##       ## at module scope
-  ##       assert double(5) == 10
-  ##       block: ## at block scope
-  ##         defer: echo "done"
-  ##     result = 2 * x
-  ##     runnableExamples "-d:foo -b:cpp":
-  ##       import std/compilesettings
-  ##       doAssert querySetting(backend) == "cpp"
-  ##     runnableExamples "-r:off": ## this one is only compiled
-  ##        import std/browsers
-  ##        openDefaultBrowser "https://forum.nim-lang.org/"
-
-when defined(nimHasDeclaredMagic):
-  proc declared*(x: untyped): bool {.magic: "Declared", noSideEffect, compileTime.}
-    ## Special compile-time procedure that checks whether `x` is
-    ## declared. `x` has to be an identifier or a qualified identifier.
-    ##
-    ## See also:
-    ## * `declaredInScope <#declaredInScope,untyped>`_
-    ##
-    ## This can be used to check whether a library provides a certain
-    ## feature or not:
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: Nim
-    ##   when not declared(strutils.toUpper):
-    ##     # provide our own toUpper proc here, because strutils is
-    ##     # missing it.
-else:
-  proc declared*(x: untyped): bool {.magic: "Defined", noSideEffect, compileTime.}
-
-when defined(nimHasDeclaredMagic):
-  proc declaredInScope*(x: untyped): bool {.magic: "DeclaredInScope", noSideEffect, compileTime.}
-    ## Special compile-time procedure that checks whether `x` is
-    ## declared in the current scope. `x` has to be an identifier.
-else:
-  proc declaredInScope*(x: untyped): bool {.magic: "DefinedInScope", noSideEffect, compileTime.}
-
-proc `addr`*[T](x: var T): ptr T {.magic: "Addr", noSideEffect.} =
-  ## Builtin `addr` operator for taking the address of a memory location.
-  ## Cannot be overloaded.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `unsafeAddr <#unsafeAddr,T>`_
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  var
-  ##    buf: seq[char] = @['a','b','c']
-  ##    p = buf[1].addr
-  ##  echo p.repr # ref 0x7faa35c40059 --> 'b'
-  ##  echo p[]    # b
-  discard
-
-proc unsafeAddr*[T](x: T): ptr T {.magic: "Addr", noSideEffect.} =
-  ## Builtin `addr` operator for taking the address of a memory
-  ## location. This works even for `let` variables or parameters
-  ## for better interop with C and so it is considered even more
-  ## unsafe than the ordinary `addr <#addr,T>`_.
-  ##
-  ## **Note**: When you use it to write a wrapper for a C library, you should
-  ## always check that the original library does never write to data behind the
-  ## pointer that is returned from this procedure.
-  ##
-  ## Cannot be overloaded.
-  discard
+# {.push hints: off.}
 
 type
   `static`*[T] {.magic: "Static".}
@@ -248,44 +66,104 @@ proc typeof*(x: untyped; mode = typeOfIter): typedesc {.
     doAssert type(myFoo()) is string
     doAssert typeof(myFoo()) is string
     doAssert typeof(myFoo(), typeOfIter) is string
-    doAssert typeof(myFoo3) is "iterator"
+    doAssert typeof(myFoo3) is iterator
 
     doAssert typeof(myFoo(), typeOfProc) is float
     doAssert typeof(0.0, typeOfProc) is float
-    doAssert typeof(myFoo3, typeOfProc) is "iterator"
+    doAssert typeof(myFoo3, typeOfProc) is iterator
     doAssert not compiles(typeof(myFoo2(), typeOfProc))
       # this would give: Error: attempting to call routine: 'myFoo2'
       # since `typeOfProc` expects a typed expression and `myFoo2()` can
       # only be used in a `for` context.
 
+proc `or`*(a, b: typedesc): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait", noSideEffect.}
+  ## Constructs an `or` meta class.
+
+proc `and`*(a, b: typedesc): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait", noSideEffect.}
+  ## Constructs an `and` meta class.
+
+proc `not`*(a: typedesc): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait", noSideEffect.}
+  ## Constructs an `not` meta class.
+
+when defined(nimHasIterable):
+  type
+    iterable*[T] {.magic: IterableType.}  ## Represents an expression that yields `T`
+
+type
+  Ordinal*[T] {.magic: Ordinal.} ## Generic ordinal type. Includes integer,
+                                  ## bool, character, and enumeration types
+                                  ## as well as their subtypes. See also
+                                  ## `SomeOrdinal`.
+
+
+proc `addr`*[T](x: T): ptr T {.magic: "Addr", noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Builtin `addr` operator for taking the address of a memory location.
+  ##
+  ## .. note:: This works for `let` variables or parameters
+  ##   for better interop with C. When you use it to write a wrapper
+  ##   for a C library and take the address of `let` variables or parameters,
+  ##   you should always check that the original library
+  ##   does never write to data behind the pointer that is returned from
+  ##   this procedure.
+  ##
+  ## Cannot be overloaded.
+  ##
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   var
+  ##     buf: seq[char] = @['a','b','c']
+  ##     p = buf[1].addr
+  ##   echo p.repr # ref 0x7faa35c40059 --> 'b'
+  ##   echo p[]    # b
+  ##   ```
+  discard
+
+proc unsafeAddr*[T](x: T): ptr T {.magic: "Addr", noSideEffect.} =
+  ## .. warning:: `unsafeAddr` is a deprecated alias for `addr`,
+  ##    use `addr` instead.
+  discard
+
+
 const ThisIsSystem = true
 
-proc internalNew*[T](a: var ref T) {.magic: "New", noSideEffect.}
-  ## Leaked implementation detail. Do not use.
+proc new*[T](a: var ref T, finalizer: proc (x: ref T) {.nimcall.}) {.
+  magic: "NewFinalize", noSideEffect.}
+  ## Creates a new object of type `T` and returns a safe (traced)
+  ## reference to it in `a`.
+  ##
+  ## When the garbage collector frees the object, `finalizer` is called.
+  ## The `finalizer` may not keep a reference to the
+  ## object pointed to by `x`. The `finalizer` cannot prevent the GC from
+  ## freeing the object.
+  ##
+  ## **Note**: The `finalizer` refers to the type `T`, not to the object!
+  ## This means that for each object of type `T` the finalizer will be called!
 
-when true:
-  proc new*[T](a: var ref T, finalizer: proc (x: ref T) {.nimcall.}) {.
-    magic: "NewFinalize", noSideEffect.}
-    ## Creates a new object of type `T` and returns a safe (traced)
-    ## reference to it in `a`.
-    ##
-    ## When the garbage collector frees the object, `finalizer` is called.
-    ## The `finalizer` may not keep a reference to the
-    ## object pointed to by `x`. The `finalizer` cannot prevent the GC from
-    ## freeing the object.
-    ##
-    ## **Note**: The `finalizer` refers to the type `T`, not to the object!
-    ## This means that for each object of type `T` the finalizer will be called!
+proc `=wasMoved`*[T](obj: var T) {.magic: "WasMoved", noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Generic `wasMoved`:idx: implementation that can be overridden.
 
-proc wasMoved*[T](obj: var T) {.magic: "WasMoved", noSideEffect.} =
+proc wasMoved*[T](obj: var T) {.inline, noSideEffect.} =
   ## Resets an object `obj` to its initial (binary zero) value to signify
   ## it was "moved" and to signify its destructor should do nothing and
   ## ideally be optimized away.
-  discard
+  {.cast(raises: []), cast(tags: []).}:
+    `=wasMoved`(obj)
 
 proc move*[T](x: var T): T {.magic: "Move", noSideEffect.} =
   result = x
-  wasMoved(x)
+  {.cast(raises: []), cast(tags: []).}:
+    `=wasMoved`(x)
+
+when defined(nimHasEnsureMove):
+  proc ensureMove*[T](x: T): T {.magic: "EnsureMove", noSideEffect.} =
+    ## Ensures that `x` is moved to the new location, otherwise it gives
+    ## an error at the compile time.
+    runnableExamples:
+      proc foo =
+        var x = "Hello"
+        let y = ensureMove(x)
+        doAssert y == "Hello"
+      foo()
+    discard "implemented in injectdestructors"
 
 type
   range*[T]{.magic: "Range".}         ## Generic type to construct range types.
@@ -315,52 +193,57 @@ proc high*[T: Ordinal|enum|range](x: T): T {.magic: "High", noSideEffect,
   ## **This proc is deprecated**, use this one instead:
   ## * `high(typedesc) <#high,typedesc[T]>`_
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  high(2) # => 9223372036854775807
+  ## ```nim
+  ## high(2) # => 9223372036854775807
+  ## ```
 
 proc high*[T: Ordinal|enum|range](x: typedesc[T]): T {.magic: "High", noSideEffect.}
   ## Returns the highest possible value of an ordinal or enum type.
   ##
   ## `high(int)` is Nim's way of writing `INT_MAX`:idx: or `MAX_INT`:idx:.
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   high(int) # => 9223372036854775807
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `low(typedesc) <#low,typedesc[T]>`_
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  high(int) # => 9223372036854775807
 
 proc high*[T](x: openArray[T]): int {.magic: "High", noSideEffect.}
   ## Returns the highest possible index of a sequence `x`.
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   var s = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
+  ##   high(s) # => 6
+  ##   for i in low(s)..high(s):
+  ##     echo s[i]
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `low(openArray) <#low,openArray[T]>`_
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  var s = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
-  ##  high(s) # => 6
-  ##  for i in low(s)..high(s):
-  ##    echo s[i]
 
 proc high*[I, T](x: array[I, T]): I {.magic: "High", noSideEffect.}
   ## Returns the highest possible index of an array `x`.
   ##
+  ## For empty arrays, the return type is `int`.
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
+  ##   high(arr) # => 6
+  ##   for i in low(arr)..high(arr):
+  ##     echo arr[i]
+  ##   ```
+  ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `low(array) <#low,array[I,T]>`_
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
-  ##  high(arr) # => 6
-  ##  for i in low(arr)..high(arr):
-  ##    echo arr[i]
 
 proc high*[I, T](x: typedesc[array[I, T]]): I {.magic: "High", noSideEffect.}
   ## Returns the highest possible index of an array type.
   ##
+  ## For empty arrays, the return type is `int`.
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   high(array[7, int]) # => 6
+  ##   ```
+  ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `low(typedesc[array]) <#low,typedesc[array[I,T]]>`_
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  high(array[7, int]) # => 6
 
 proc high*(x: cstring): int {.magic: "High", noSideEffect.}
   ## Returns the highest possible index of a compatible string `x`.
@@ -371,13 +254,13 @@ proc high*(x: cstring): int {.magic: "High", noSideEffect.}
 
 proc high*(x: string): int {.magic: "High", noSideEffect.}
   ## Returns the highest possible index of a string `x`.
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   var str = "Hello world!"
+  ##   high(str) # => 11
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `low(string) <#low,string>`_
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  var str = "Hello world!"
-  ##  high(str) # => 11
 
 proc low*[T: Ordinal|enum|range](x: T): T {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect,
   deprecated: "Deprecated since v1.4; there should not be `low(value)`. Use `low(type)`.".}
@@ -387,52 +270,57 @@ proc low*[T: Ordinal|enum|range](x: T): T {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect,
   ## **This proc is deprecated**, use this one instead:
   ## * `low(typedesc) <#low,typedesc[T]>`_
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  low(2) # => -9223372036854775808
+  ## ```nim
+  ## low(2) # => -9223372036854775808
+  ## ```
 
 proc low*[T: Ordinal|enum|range](x: typedesc[T]): T {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect.}
   ## Returns the lowest possible value of an ordinal or enum type.
   ##
   ## `low(int)` is Nim's way of writing `INT_MIN`:idx: or `MIN_INT`:idx:.
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   low(int) # => -9223372036854775808
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `high(typedesc) <#high,typedesc[T]>`_
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  low(int) # => -9223372036854775808
 
 proc low*[T](x: openArray[T]): int {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect.}
   ## Returns the lowest possible index of a sequence `x`.
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   var s = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
+  ##   low(s) # => 0
+  ##   for i in low(s)..high(s):
+  ##     echo s[i]
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `high(openArray) <#high,openArray[T]>`_
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  var s = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
-  ##  low(s) # => 0
-  ##  for i in low(s)..high(s):
-  ##    echo s[i]
 
 proc low*[I, T](x: array[I, T]): I {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect.}
   ## Returns the lowest possible index of an array `x`.
   ##
+  ## For empty arrays, the return type is `int`.
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
+  ##   low(arr) # => 0
+  ##   for i in low(arr)..high(arr):
+  ##     echo arr[i]
+  ##   ```
+  ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `high(array) <#high,array[I,T]>`_
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
-  ##  low(arr) # => 0
-  ##  for i in low(arr)..high(arr):
-  ##    echo arr[i]
 
 proc low*[I, T](x: typedesc[array[I, T]]): I {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect.}
   ## Returns the lowest possible index of an array type.
   ##
+  ## For empty arrays, the return type is `int`.
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   low(array[7, int]) # => 0
+  ##   ```
+  ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `high(typedesc[array]) <#high,typedesc[array[I,T]]>`_
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  low(array[7, int]) # => 0
 
 proc low*(x: cstring): int {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect.}
   ## Returns the lowest possible index of a compatible string `x`.
@@ -442,23 +330,24 @@ proc low*(x: cstring): int {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect.}
 
 proc low*(x: string): int {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect.}
   ## Returns the lowest possible index of a string `x`.
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   var str = "Hello world!"
+  ##   low(str) # => 0
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `high(string) <#high,string>`_
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  var str = "Hello world!"
-  ##  low(str) # => 0
 
-proc shallowCopy*[T](x: var T, y: T) {.noSideEffect, magic: "ShallowCopy".}
-  ## Use this instead of `=` for a `shallow copy`:idx:.
-  ##
-  ## The shallow copy only changes the semantics for sequences and strings
-  ## (and types which contain those).
-  ##
-  ## Be careful with the changed semantics though!
-  ## There is a reason why the default assignment does a deep copy of sequences
-  ## and strings.
+when not defined(gcArc) and not defined(gcOrc) and not defined(gcAtomicArc):
+  proc shallowCopy*[T](x: var T, y: T) {.noSideEffect, magic: "ShallowCopy".}
+    ## Use this instead of `=` for a `shallow copy`:idx:.
+    ##
+    ## The shallow copy only changes the semantics for sequences and strings
+    ## (and types which contain those).
+    ##
+    ## Be careful with the changed semantics though!
+    ## There is a reason why the default assignment does a deep copy of sequences
+    ## and strings.
 
 # :array|openArray|string|seq|cstring|tuple
 proc `[]`*[I: Ordinal;T](a: T; i: I): T {.
@@ -466,18 +355,51 @@ proc `[]`*[I: Ordinal;T](a: T; i: I): T {.
 proc `[]=`*[I: Ordinal;T,S](a: T; i: I;
   x: sink S) {.noSideEffect, magic: "ArrPut".}
 proc `=`*[T](dest: var T; src: T) {.noSideEffect, magic: "Asgn".}
+proc `=copy`*[T](dest: var T; src: T) {.noSideEffect, magic: "Asgn".}
 
 proc arrGet[I: Ordinal;T](a: T; i: I): T {.
   noSideEffect, magic: "ArrGet".}
 proc arrPut[I: Ordinal;T,S](a: T; i: I;
   x: S) {.noSideEffect, magic: "ArrPut".}
 
-proc `=destroy`*[T](x: var T) {.inline, magic: "Destroy".} =
-  ## Generic `destructor`:idx: implementation that can be overridden.
-  discard
-proc `=sink`*[T](x: var T; y: T) {.inline, magic: "Asgn".} =
+const arcLikeMem = defined(gcArc) or defined(gcAtomicArc) or defined(gcOrc)
+
+
+when defined(nimAllowNonVarDestructor) and arcLikeMem and defined(nimPreviewNonVarDestructor):
+  proc `=destroy`*[T](x: T) {.inline, magic: "Destroy".} =
+    ## Generic `destructor`:idx: implementation that can be overridden.
+    discard
+else:
+  proc `=destroy`*[T](x: var T) {.inline, magic: "Destroy".} =
+    ## Generic `destructor`:idx: implementation that can be overridden.
+    discard
+
+  when defined(nimAllowNonVarDestructor) and arcLikeMem:
+    proc `=destroy`*(x: string) {.inline, magic: "Destroy", enforceNoRaises.} =
+      discard
+
+    proc `=destroy`*[T](x: seq[T]) {.inline, magic: "Destroy".} =
+      discard
+
+    proc `=destroy`*[T](x: ref T) {.inline, magic: "Destroy".} =
+      discard
+
+when defined(nimHasDup):
+  proc `=dup`*[T](x: T): T {.inline, magic: "Dup".} =
+    ## Generic `dup`:idx: implementation that can be overridden.
+    discard
+
+proc `=sink`*[T](x: var T; y: T) {.inline, nodestroy, magic: "Asgn".} =
   ## Generic `sink`:idx: implementation that can be overridden.
-  shallowCopy(x, y)
+  when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc) or defined(gcAtomicArc):
+    x = y
+  else:
+    shallowCopy(x, y)
+
+when defined(nimHasTrace):
+  proc `=trace`*[T](x: var T; env: pointer) {.inline, magic: "Trace".} =
+    ## Generic `trace`:idx: implementation that can be overridden.
+    discard
 
 type
   HSlice*[T, U] = object   ## "Heterogeneous" slice type.
@@ -491,18 +413,19 @@ proc `..`*[T, U](a: sink T, b: sink U): HSlice[T, U] {.noSideEffect, inline, mag
   ##
   ## Slices can also be used in the set constructor and in ordinal case
   ## statements, but then they are special-cased by the compiler.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   let a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
   ##   echo a[2 .. 3] # @[30, 40]
+  ##   ```
   result = HSlice[T, U](a: a, b: b)
 
-proc `..`*[T](b: sink T): HSlice[int, T] {.noSideEffect, inline, magic: "DotDot".} =
+proc `..`*[T](b: sink T): HSlice[int, T]
+  {.noSideEffect, inline, magic: "DotDot", deprecated: "replace `..b` with `0..b`".} =
   ## Unary `slice`:idx: operator that constructs an interval `[default(int), b]`.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   let a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
   ##   echo a[.. 2] # @[10, 20, 30]
+  ##   ```
   result = HSlice[int, T](a: 0, b: b)
 
 when defined(hotCodeReloading):
@@ -510,23 +433,17 @@ when defined(hotCodeReloading):
 else:
   {.pragma: hcrInline.}
 
-{.push profiler: off.}
-let nimvm* {.magic: "Nimvm", compileTime.}: bool = false
-  ## May be used only in `when` expression.
-  ## It is true in Nim VM context and false otherwise.
-{.pop.}
-
 include "system/arithmetics"
 include "system/comparisons"
 
 const
-  appType* {.magic: "AppType"}: string = ""
+  appType* {.magic: "AppType".}: string = ""
     ## A string that describes the application type. Possible values:
     ## `"console"`, `"gui"`, `"lib"`.
 
 include "system/inclrtl"
 
-const NoFakeVars* = defined(nimscript) ## `true` if the backend doesn't support \
+const NoFakeVars = defined(nimscript) ## `true` if the backend doesn't support \
   ## "fake variables" like `var EBADF {.importc.}: cint`.
 
 const notJSnotNims = not defined(js) and not defined(nimscript)
@@ -544,10 +461,6 @@ when not defined(js) and not defined(nimSeqsV2):
       data: UncheckedArray[char]
     NimString = ptr NimStringDesc
 
-when notJSnotNims and not defined(nimSeqsV2):
-  template space(s: PGenericSeq): int {.dirty.} =
-    s.reserved and not (seqShallowFlag or strlitFlag)
-
 when notJSnotNims:
   include "system/hti"
 
@@ -563,6 +476,7 @@ type
     ## is an `int` type ranging from one to the maximum value
     ## of an `int`. This type is often useful for documentation and debugging.
 
+type
   RootObj* {.compilerproc, inheritable.} =
     object ## The root of Nim's object hierarchy.
            ##
@@ -570,8 +484,64 @@ type
            ## However, objects that have no ancestor are also allowed.
   RootRef* = ref RootObj ## Reference to `RootObj`.
 
+const NimStackTraceMsgs = compileOption("stacktraceMsgs")
+
+type
+  RootEffect* {.compilerproc.} = object of RootObj ## \
+    ## Base effect class.
+    ##
+    ## Each effect should inherit from `RootEffect` unless you know what
+    ## you're doing.
+
+type
+  StackTraceEntry* = object ## In debug mode exceptions store the stack trace that led
+                            ## to them. A `StackTraceEntry` is a single entry of the
+                            ## stack trace.
+    procname*: cstring      ## Name of the proc that is currently executing.
+    line*: int              ## Line number of the proc that is currently executing.
+    filename*: cstring      ## Filename of the proc that is currently executing.
+    when NimStackTraceMsgs:
+      frameMsg*: string     ## When a stacktrace is generated in a given frame and
+                            ## rendered at a later time, we should ensure the stacktrace
+                            ## data isn't invalidated; any pointer into PFrame is
+                            ## subject to being invalidated so shouldn't be stored.
+    when defined(nimStackTraceOverride):
+      programCounter*: uint ## Program counter - will be used to get the rest of the info,
+                            ## when `$` is called on this type. We can't use
+                            ## "cuintptr_t" in here.
+      procnameStr*, filenameStr*: string ## GC-ed alternatives to "procname" and "filename"
+
+  Exception* {.compilerproc, magic: "Exception".} = object of RootObj ## \
+    ## Base exception class.
+    ##
+    ## Each exception has to inherit from `Exception`. See the full `exception
+    ## hierarchy <manual.html#exception-handling-exception-hierarchy>`_.
+    parent*: ref Exception ## Parent exception (can be used as a stack).
+    name*: cstring         ## The exception's name is its Nim identifier.
+                           ## This field is filled automatically in the
+                           ## `raise` statement.
+    msg* {.exportc: "message".}: string ## The exception's message. Not
+                                        ## providing an exception message
+                                        ## is bad style.
+    when defined(js):
+      trace*: string
+    else:
+      trace*: seq[StackTraceEntry]
+    up: ref Exception # used for stacking exceptions. Not exported!
+
+  Defect* = object of Exception ## \
+    ## Abstract base class for all exceptions that Nim's runtime raises
+    ## but that are strictly uncatchable as they can also be mapped to
+    ## a `quit` / `trap` / `exit` operation.
+
+  CatchableError* = object of Exception ## \
+    ## Abstract class for all exceptions that are catchable.
 
-include "system/exceptions"
+when defined(nimIcIntegrityChecks):
+  include "system/exceptions"
+else:
+  import system/exceptions
+  export exceptions
 
 when defined(js) or defined(nimdoc):
   type
@@ -603,10 +573,10 @@ proc sizeof*[T](x: T): int {.magic: "SizeOf", noSideEffect.}
   ## sizeof should fallback to the `sizeof` in the C compiler. The
   ## result isn't available for the Nim compiler and therefore can't
   ## be used inside of macros.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  sizeof('A') # => 1
-  ##  sizeof(2) # => 8
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   sizeof('A') # => 1
+  ##   sizeof(2) # => 8
+  ##   ```
 
 proc alignof*[T](x: T): int {.magic: "AlignOf", noSideEffect.}
 proc alignof*(x: typedesc): int {.magic: "AlignOf", noSideEffect.}
@@ -634,8 +604,7 @@ proc newSeq*[T](s: var seq[T], len: Natural) {.magic: "NewSeq", noSideEffect.}
   ## Note that the sequence will be filled with zeroed entries.
   ## After the creation of the sequence you should assign entries to
   ## the sequence instead of adding them. Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   var inputStrings: seq[string]
   ##   newSeq(inputStrings, 3)
   ##   assert len(inputStrings) == 3
@@ -643,6 +612,7 @@ proc newSeq*[T](s: var seq[T], len: Natural) {.magic: "NewSeq", noSideEffect.}
   ##   inputStrings[1] = "assignment"
   ##   inputStrings[2] = "would crash"
   ##   #inputStrings[3] = "out of bounds"
+  ##   ```
 
 proc newSeq*[T](len = 0.Natural): seq[T] =
   ## Creates a new sequence of type `seq[T]` with length `len`.
@@ -650,51 +620,32 @@ proc newSeq*[T](len = 0.Natural): seq[T] =
   ## Note that the sequence will be filled with zeroed entries.
   ## After the creation of the sequence you should assign entries to
   ## the sequence instead of adding them.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `newSeqOfCap <#newSeqOfCap,Natural>`_
-  ## * `newSeqUninitialized <#newSeqUninitialized,Natural>`_
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   var inputStrings = newSeq[string](3)
   ##   assert len(inputStrings) == 3
   ##   inputStrings[0] = "The fourth"
   ##   inputStrings[1] = "assignment"
   ##   inputStrings[2] = "would crash"
   ##   #inputStrings[3] = "out of bounds"
+  ##   ```
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `newSeqOfCap <#newSeqOfCap,Natural>`_
+  ## * `newSeqUninit <#newSeqUninit,Natural>`_
   newSeq(result, len)
 
 proc newSeqOfCap*[T](cap: Natural): seq[T] {.
   magic: "NewSeqOfCap", noSideEffect.} =
   ## Creates a new sequence of type `seq[T]` with length zero and capacity
-  ## `cap`.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ## `cap`. Example:
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   var x = newSeqOfCap[int](5)
   ##   assert len(x) == 0
   ##   x.add(10)
   ##   assert len(x) == 1
+  ##   ```
   discard
 
-when not defined(js):
-  proc newSeqUninitialized*[T: SomeNumber](len: Natural): seq[T] =
-    ## Creates a new sequence of type `seq[T]` with length `len`.
-    ##
-    ## Only available for numbers types. Note that the sequence will be
-    ## uninitialized. After the creation of the sequence you should assign
-    ## entries to the sequence instead of adding them.
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: Nim
-    ##   var x = newSeqUninitialized[int](3)
-    ##   assert len(x) == 3
-    ##   x[0] = 10
-    result = newSeqOfCap[T](len)
-    when defined(nimSeqsV2):
-      cast[ptr int](addr result)[] = len
-    else:
-      var s = cast[PGenericSeq](result)
-      s.len = len
-
 func len*[TOpenArray: openArray|varargs](x: TOpenArray): int {.magic: "LengthOpenArray".} =
   ## Returns the length of an openArray.
   runnableExamples:
@@ -770,62 +721,42 @@ func chr*(u: range[0..255]): char {.magic: "Chr".} =
     doAssertRaises(RangeDefect): discard chr(x)
     doAssertRaises(RangeDefect): discard char(x)
 
-# floating point operations:
-proc `+`*(x: float32): float32 {.magic: "UnaryPlusF64", noSideEffect.}
-proc `-`*(x: float32): float32 {.magic: "UnaryMinusF64", noSideEffect.}
-proc `+`*(x, y: float32): float32 {.magic: "AddF64", noSideEffect.}
-proc `-`*(x, y: float32): float32 {.magic: "SubF64", noSideEffect.}
-proc `*`*(x, y: float32): float32 {.magic: "MulF64", noSideEffect.}
-proc `/`*(x, y: float32): float32 {.magic: "DivF64", noSideEffect.}
-
-proc `+`*(x: float): float {.magic: "UnaryPlusF64", noSideEffect.}
-proc `-`*(x: float): float {.magic: "UnaryMinusF64", noSideEffect.}
-proc `+`*(x, y: float): float {.magic: "AddF64", noSideEffect.}
-proc `-`*(x, y: float): float {.magic: "SubF64", noSideEffect.}
-proc `*`*(x, y: float): float {.magic: "MulF64", noSideEffect.}
-proc `/`*(x, y: float): float {.magic: "DivF64", noSideEffect.}
-
-proc `==`*(x, y: float32): bool {.magic: "EqF64", noSideEffect.}
-proc `<=`*(x, y: float32): bool {.magic: "LeF64", noSideEffect.}
-proc `<`  *(x, y: float32): bool {.magic: "LtF64", noSideEffect.}
-
-proc `==`*(x, y: float): bool {.magic: "EqF64", noSideEffect.}
-proc `<=`*(x, y: float): bool {.magic: "LeF64", noSideEffect.}
-proc `<`*(x, y: float): bool {.magic: "LtF64", noSideEffect.}
-
 
 include "system/setops"
 
 
 proc contains*[U, V, W](s: HSlice[U, V], value: W): bool {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
   ## Checks if `value` is within the range of `s`; returns true if
-  ## `value >= s.a and value <= s.b`
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ## `value >= s.a and value <= s.b`.
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   assert((1..3).contains(1) == true)
   ##   assert((1..3).contains(2) == true)
   ##   assert((1..3).contains(4) == false)
+  ##   ```
   result = s.a <= value and value <= s.b
 
-template `in`*(x, y: untyped): untyped {.dirty.} = contains(y, x)
+when not defined(nimHasCallsitePragma):
+  {.pragma: callsite.}
+
+template `in`*(x, y: untyped): untyped {.dirty, callsite.} = contains(y, x)
   ## Sugar for `contains`.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   assert(1 in (1..3) == true)
   ##   assert(5 in (1..3) == false)
-template `notin`*(x, y: untyped): untyped {.dirty.} = not contains(y, x)
+  ##   ```
+template `notin`*(x, y: untyped): untyped {.dirty, callsite.} = not contains(y, x)
   ## Sugar for `not contains`.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   assert(1 notin (1..3) == false)
   ##   assert(5 notin (1..3) == true)
+  ##   ```
 
 proc `is`*[T, S](x: T, y: S): bool {.magic: "Is", noSideEffect.}
   ## Checks if `T` is of the same type as `S`.
   ##
   ## For a negated version, use `isnot <#isnot.t,untyped,untyped>`_.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   assert 42 is int
   ##   assert @[1, 2] is seq
   ##
@@ -837,12 +768,13 @@ proc `is`*[T, S](x: T, y: S): bool {.magic: "Is", noSideEffect.}
   ##
   ##   assert(test[int](3) == 3)
   ##   assert(test[string]("xyz") == 0)
-template `isnot`*(x, y: untyped): untyped = not (x is y)
+  ##   ```
+template `isnot`*(x, y: untyped): untyped {.callsite.} = not (x is y)
   ## Negated version of `is <#is,T,S>`_. Equivalent to `not(x is y)`.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   assert 42 isnot float
   ##   assert @[1, 2] isnot enum
+  ##   ```
 
 when (defined(nimOwnedEnabled) and not defined(nimscript)) or defined(nimFixedOwned):
   type owned*[T]{.magic: "BuiltinType".} ## type constructor to mark a ref/ptr or a closure as `owned`.
@@ -870,8 +802,6 @@ when defined(nimOwnedEnabled) and not defined(nimscript):
   proc unown*[T](x: T): T {.magic: "Unown", noSideEffect.}
     ## Use the expression `x` ignoring its ownership attribute.
 
-  # This is only required to make 0.20 compile with the 0.19 line.
-  template `<//>`*(t: untyped): untyped = owned(t)
 
 else:
   template unown*(x: typed): untyped = x
@@ -893,8 +823,6 @@ else:
     new(r)
     return r
 
-  # This is only required to make 0.20 compile with the 0.19 line.
-  template `<//>`*(t: untyped): untyped = t
 
 template disarm*(x: typed) =
   ## Useful for `disarming` dangling pointers explicitly for `--newruntime`.
@@ -939,10 +867,10 @@ proc cmp*[T](x, y: T): int =
   ##
   ## This is useful for writing generic algorithms without performance loss.
   ## This generic implementation uses the `==` and `<` operators.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  import std/algorithm
-  ##  echo sorted(@[4, 2, 6, 5, 8, 7], cmp[int])
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   import std/algorithm
+  ##   echo sorted(@[4, 2, 6, 5, 8, 7], cmp[int])
+  ##   ```
   if x == y: return 0
   if x < y: return -1
   return 1
@@ -960,50 +888,56 @@ proc `@`* [IDX, T](a: sink array[IDX, T]): seq[T] {.magic: "ArrToSeq", noSideEff
   ## sequences with the array constructor: `@[1, 2, 3]` has the type
   ## `seq[int]`, while `[1, 2, 3]` has the type `array[0..2, int]`.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   let
   ##     a = [1, 3, 5]
   ##     b = "foo"
   ##
   ##   echo @a # => @[1, 3, 5]
   ##   echo @b # => @['f', 'o', 'o']
+  ##   ```
 
-proc default*(T: typedesc): T {.magic: "Default", noSideEffect.} =
-  ## returns the default value of the type `T`.
-  runnableExamples:
+proc default*[T](_: typedesc[T]): T {.magic: "Default", noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Returns the default value of the type `T`. Contrary to `zeroDefault`, it takes default fields
+  ## of an object into consideration.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `zeroDefault <#zeroDefault,typedesc[T]>`_
+  ##
+  runnableExamples("-d:nimPreviewRangeDefault"):
     assert (int, float).default == (0, 0.0)
-    # note: `var a = default(T)` is usually the same as `var a: T` and (currently) generates
-    # a value whose binary representation is all 0, regardless of whether this
-    # would violate type constraints such as `range`, `not nil`, etc. This
-    # property is required to implement certain algorithms efficiently which
-    # may require intermediate invalid states.
     type Foo = object
       a: range[2..6]
-    var a1: range[2..6] # currently, this compiles
-    # var a2: Foo # currently, this errors: Error: The Foo type doesn't have a default value.
-    # var a3 = Foo() # ditto
-    var a3 = Foo.default # this works, but generates a `UnsafeDefault` warning.
-  # note: the doc comment also explains why `default` can't be implemented
-  # via: `template default*[T](t: typedesc[T]): T = (var v: T; v)`
+    var x = Foo.default
+    assert x.a == 2
+
 
 proc reset*[T](obj: var T) {.noSideEffect.} =
   ## Resets an object `obj` to its default value.
-  obj = default(typeof(obj))
+  when nimvm:
+    obj = default(typeof(obj))
+  else:
+    when defined(gcDestructors):
+      {.cast(noSideEffect), cast(raises: []), cast(tags: []).}:
+        `=destroy`(obj)
+        `=wasMoved`(obj)
+    else:
+      obj = default(typeof(obj))
 
 proc setLen*[T](s: var seq[T], newlen: Natural) {.
-  magic: "SetLengthSeq", noSideEffect.}
+  magic: "SetLengthSeq", noSideEffect, nodestroy.}
   ## Sets the length of seq `s` to `newlen`. `T` may be any sequence type.
   ##
   ## If the current length is greater than the new length,
   ## `s` will be truncated.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   var x = @[10, 20]
   ##   x.setLen(5)
   ##   x[4] = 50
   ##   assert x == @[10, 20, 0, 0, 50]
   ##   x.setLen(1)
   ##   assert x == @[10]
+  ##   ```
 
 proc setLen*(s: var string, newlen: Natural) {.
   magic: "SetLengthStr", noSideEffect.}
@@ -1011,16 +945,16 @@ proc setLen*(s: var string, newlen: Natural) {.
   ##
   ## If the current length is greater than the new length,
   ## `s` will be truncated.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  var myS = "Nim is great!!"
-  ##  myS.setLen(3) # myS <- "Nim"
-  ##  echo myS, " is fantastic!!"
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   var myS = "Nim is great!!"
+  ##   myS.setLen(3) # myS <- "Nim"
+  ##   echo myS, " is fantastic!!"
+  ##   ```
 
 proc newString*(len: Natural): string {.
   magic: "NewString", importc: "mnewString", noSideEffect.}
-  ## Returns a new string of length `len` but with uninitialized
-  ## content. One needs to fill the string character after character
+  ## Returns a new string of length `len`.
+  ## One needs to fill the string character after character
   ## with the index operator `s[i]`.
   ##
   ## This procedure exists only for optimization purposes;
@@ -1034,41 +968,41 @@ proc newStringOfCap*(cap: Natural): string {.
   ## be achieved with the `&` operator or with `add`.
 
 proc `&`*(x: string, y: char): string {.
-  magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect, merge.}
+  magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect.}
   ## Concatenates `x` with `y`.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   assert("ab" & 'c' == "abc")
+  ##   ```
 proc `&`*(x, y: char): string {.
-  magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect, merge.}
+  magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect.}
   ## Concatenates characters `x` and `y` into a string.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   assert('a' & 'b' == "ab")
+  ##   ```
 proc `&`*(x, y: string): string {.
-  magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect, merge.}
+  magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect.}
   ## Concatenates strings `x` and `y`.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   assert("ab" & "cd" == "abcd")
+  ##   ```
 proc `&`*(x: char, y: string): string {.
-  magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect, merge.}
+  magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect.}
   ## Concatenates `x` with `y`.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   assert('a' & "bc" == "abc")
+  ##   ```
 
 # implementation note: These must all have the same magic value "ConStrStr" so
 # that the merge optimization works properly.
 
 proc add*(x: var string, y: char) {.magic: "AppendStrCh", noSideEffect.}
   ## Appends `y` to `x` in place.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   var tmp = ""
   ##   tmp.add('a')
   ##   tmp.add('b')
   ##   assert(tmp == "ab")
+  ##   ```
 
 proc add*(x: var string, y: string) {.magic: "AppendStrStr", noSideEffect.} =
   ## Concatenates `x` and `y` in place.
@@ -1085,19 +1019,7 @@ type
     littleEndian, bigEndian
 
 const
-  isMainModule* {.magic: "IsMainModule".}: bool = false
-    ## True only when accessed in the main module. This works thanks to
-    ## compiler magic. It is useful to embed testing code in a module.
-
-  CompileDate* {.magic: "CompileDate"}: string = "0000-00-00"
-    ## The date (in UTC) of compilation as a string of the form
-    ## `YYYY-MM-DD`. This works thanks to compiler magic.
-
-  CompileTime* {.magic: "CompileTime"}: string = "00:00:00"
-    ## The time (in UTC) of compilation as a string of the form
-    ## `HH:MM:SS`. This works thanks to compiler magic.
-
-  cpuEndian* {.magic: "CpuEndian"}: Endianness = littleEndian
+  cpuEndian* {.magic: "CpuEndian".}: Endianness = littleEndian
     ## The endianness of the target CPU. This is a valuable piece of
     ## information for low-level code only. This works thanks to compiler
     ## magic.
@@ -1115,7 +1037,7 @@ const
     ## Possible values:
     ## `"i386"`, `"alpha"`, `"powerpc"`, `"powerpc64"`, `"powerpc64el"`,
     ## `"sparc"`, `"amd64"`, `"mips"`, `"mipsel"`, `"arm"`, `"arm64"`,
-    ## `"mips64"`, `"mips64el"`, `"riscv32"`, `"riscv64"`.
+    ## `"mips64"`, `"mips64el"`, `"riscv32"`, `"riscv64"`, `"loongarch64"`.
 
   seqShallowFlag = low(int)
   strlitFlag = 1 shl (sizeof(int)*8 - 2) # later versions of the codegen \
@@ -1125,7 +1047,10 @@ const
 const
   hasThreadSupport = compileOption("threads") and not defined(nimscript)
   hasSharedHeap = defined(boehmgc) or defined(gogc) # don't share heaps; every thread has its own
-  nimEnableCovariance* = defined(nimEnableCovariance) # or true
+
+when notJSnotNims and not defined(nimSeqsV2):
+  template space(s: PGenericSeq): int =
+    s.reserved and not (seqShallowFlag or strlitFlag)
 
 when hasThreadSupport and defined(tcc) and not compileOption("tlsEmulation"):
   # tcc doesn't support TLS
@@ -1140,14 +1065,15 @@ when defined(boehmgc):
   elif defined(macosx):
     const boehmLib = "libgc.dylib"
   elif defined(openbsd):
-    const boehmLib = "libgc.so.4.0"
+    const boehmLib = "libgc.so.(4|5).0"
   elif defined(freebsd):
     const boehmLib = "libgc-threaded.so.1"
   else:
     const boehmLib = "libgc.so.1"
   {.pragma: boehmGC, noconv, dynlib: boehmLib.}
 
-type TaintedString* {.deprecated: "Deprecated since 1.5".} = string
+when not defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  type TaintedString* {.deprecated: "Deprecated since 1.5".} = string
 
 
 when defined(profiler) and not defined(nimscript):
@@ -1171,6 +1097,8 @@ when not defined(js) and hostOS != "standalone":
     ## deprecated, prefer `quit` or `exitprocs.getProgramResult`, `exitprocs.setProgramResult`.
 
 import std/private/since
+import system/ctypes
+export ctypes
 
 proc align(address, alignment: int): int =
   if alignment == 0: # Actually, this is illegal. This branch exists to actively
@@ -1179,49 +1107,9 @@ proc align(address, alignment: int): int =
   else:
     result = (address + (alignment - 1)) and not (alignment - 1)
 
-when defined(nimdoc):
-  proc quit*(errorcode: int = QuitSuccess) {.magic: "Exit", noreturn.}
-    ## Stops the program immediately with an exit code.
-    ##
-    ## Before stopping the program the "exit procedures" are called in the
-    ## opposite order they were added with `addExitProc <exitprocs.html#addExitProc,proc)>`_.
-    ## `quit` never returns and ignores any exception that may have been raised
-    ## by the quit procedures.  It does *not* call the garbage collector to free
-    ## all the memory, unless a quit procedure calls `GC_fullCollect
-    ## <#GC_fullCollect>`_.
-    ##
-    ## The proc `quit(QuitSuccess)` is called implicitly when your nim
-    ## program finishes without incident for platforms where this is the
-    ## expected behavior. A raised unhandled exception is
-    ## equivalent to calling `quit(QuitFailure)`.
-    ##
-    ## Note that this is a *runtime* call and using `quit` inside a macro won't
-    ## have any compile time effect. If you need to stop the compiler inside a
-    ## macro, use the `error <manual.html#pragmas-error-pragma>`_ or `fatal
-    ## <manual.html#pragmas-fatal-pragma>`_ pragmas.
-
-elif defined(genode):
-  include genode/env
-
-  var systemEnv {.exportc: runtimeEnvSym.}: GenodeEnvPtr
-
-  type GenodeEnv* = GenodeEnvPtr
-    ## Opaque type representing Genode environment.
-
-  proc quit*(env: GenodeEnv; errorcode: int) {.magic: "Exit", noreturn,
-    importcpp: "#->parent().exit(@); Genode::sleep_forever()", header: "<base/sleep.h>".}
-
-  proc quit*(errorcode: int = QuitSuccess) =
-    systemEnv.quit(errorcode)
-
-elif defined(js) and defined(nodejs) and not defined(nimscript):
-  proc quit*(errorcode: int = QuitSuccess) {.magic: "Exit",
-    importc: "process.exit", noreturn.}
-
-else:
-  proc quit*(errorcode: int = QuitSuccess) {.
-    magic: "Exit", importc: "exit", header: "<stdlib.h>", noreturn.}
-
+include system/rawquits
+when defined(genode):
+  export GenodeEnv
 
 template sysAssert(cond: bool, msg: string) =
   when defined(useSysAssert):
@@ -1229,12 +1117,10 @@ template sysAssert(cond: bool, msg: string) =
       cstderr.rawWrite "[SYSASSERT] "
       cstderr.rawWrite msg
       cstderr.rawWrite "\n"
-      quit 1
+      rawQuit 1
 
 const hasAlloc = (hostOS != "standalone" or not defined(nogc)) and not defined(nimscript)
 
-when notJSnotNims and hostOS != "standalone" and hostOS != "any":
-  include "system/cgprocs"
 when notJSnotNims and hasAlloc and not defined(nimSeqsV2):
   proc addChar(s: NimString, c: char): NimString {.compilerproc, benign.}
 
@@ -1246,6 +1132,11 @@ when defined(nimscript) or not defined(nimSeqsV2):
     ## containers should also call their adding proc `add` for consistency.
     ## Generic code becomes much easier to write if the Nim naming scheme is
     ## respected.
+    ##   ```nim
+    ##   var s: seq[string] = @["test2","test2"]
+    ##   s.add("test")
+    ##   assert s == @["test2", "test2", "test"]
+    ##   ```
 
 when false: # defined(gcDestructors):
   proc add*[T](x: var seq[T], y: sink openArray[T]) {.noSideEffect.} =
@@ -1255,13 +1146,13 @@ when false: # defined(gcDestructors):
     ## containers should also call their adding proc `add` for consistency.
     ## Generic code becomes much easier to write if the Nim naming scheme is
     ## respected.
+    ##   ```nim
+    ##   var s: seq[string] = @["test2","test2"]
+    ##   s.add("test") # s <- @[test2, test2, test]
+    ##   ```
     ##
     ## See also:
     ## * `& proc <#&,seq[T],seq[T]>`_
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: Nim
-    ##   var s: seq[string] = @["test2","test2"]
-    ##   s.add("test") # s <- @[test2, test2, test]
     {.noSideEffect.}:
       let xl = x.len
       setLen(x, xl + y.len)
@@ -1283,10 +1174,14 @@ else:
     ##
     ## See also:
     ## * `& proc <#&,seq[T],seq[T]>`_
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: Nim
-    ##   var s: seq[string] = @["test2","test2"]
-    ##   s.add("test") # s <- @[test2, test2, test]
+    runnableExamples:
+      var a = @["a1", "a2"]
+      a.add(["b1", "b2"])
+      assert a == @["a1", "a2", "b1", "b2"]
+      var c = @["c0", "c1", "c2", "c3"]
+      a.add(c.toOpenArray(1, 2))
+      assert a == @["a1", "a2", "b1", "b2", "c1", "c2"]
+
     {.noSideEffect.}:
       let xl = x.len
       setLen(x, xl + y.len)
@@ -1294,10 +1189,10 @@ else:
 
 
 when defined(nimSeqsV2):
-  template movingCopy(a, b) =
+  template movingCopy(a, b: typed) =
     a = move(b)
 else:
-  template movingCopy(a, b) =
+  template movingCopy(a, b: typed) =
     shallowCopy(a, b)
 
 proc del*[T](x: var seq[T], i: Natural) {.noSideEffect.} =
@@ -1307,44 +1202,20 @@ proc del*[T](x: var seq[T], i: Natural) {.noSideEffect.} =
   ##
   ## See also:
   ## * `delete <#delete,seq[T],Natural>`_ for preserving the order
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  var i = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-  ##  i.del(2) # => @[1, 2, 5, 4]
+  runnableExamples:
+    var a = @[10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
+    a.del(2)
+    assert a == @[10, 11, 14, 13]
   let xl = x.len - 1
   movingCopy(x[i], x[xl])
   setLen(x, xl)
 
-proc delete*[T](x: var seq[T], i: Natural) {.noSideEffect.} =
-  ## Deletes the item at index `i` by moving all `x[i+1..]` items by one position.
-  ##
-  ## This is an `O(n)` operation.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `del <#delete,seq[T],Natural>`_ for O(1) operation
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  var i = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-  ##  i.delete(2) # => @[1, 2, 4, 5]
-  template defaultImpl =
-    let xl = x.len
-    for j in i.int..xl-2: movingCopy(x[j], x[j+1])
-    setLen(x, xl-1)
-
-  when nimvm:
-    defaultImpl()
-  else:
-    when defined(js):
-      {.emit: "`x`.splice(`i`, 1);".}
-    else:
-      defaultImpl()
-
 proc insert*[T](x: var seq[T], item: sink T, i = 0.Natural) {.noSideEffect.} =
   ## Inserts `item` into `x` at position `i`.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  var i = @[1, 3, 5]
-  ##  i.insert(99, 0) # i <- @[99, 1, 3, 5]
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   var i = @[1, 3, 5]
+  ##   i.insert(99, 0) # i <- @[99, 1, 3, 5]
+  ##   ```
   {.noSideEffect.}:
     template defaultImpl =
       let xl = x.len
@@ -1372,102 +1243,46 @@ when not defined(nimV2):
     ##
     ## It works even for complex data graphs with cycles. This is a great
     ## debugging tool.
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: Nim
-    ##  var s: seq[string] = @["test2", "test2"]
-    ##  var i = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-    ##  echo repr(s) # => 0x1055eb050[0x1055ec050"test2", 0x1055ec078"test2"]
-    ##  echo repr(i) # => 0x1055ed050[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-
-type
-  ByteAddress* = int
-    ## is the signed integer type that should be used for converting
-    ## pointers to integer addresses for readability.
-
-  BiggestFloat* = float64
-    ## is an alias for the biggest floating point type the Nim
-    ## compiler supports. Currently this is `float64`, but it is
-    ## platform-dependent in general.
+    ##   ```nim
+    ##   var s: seq[string] = @["test2", "test2"]
+    ##   var i = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    ##   echo repr(s) # => 0x1055eb050[0x1055ec050"test2", 0x1055ec078"test2"]
+    ##   echo repr(i) # => 0x1055ed050[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    ##   ```
+
+when not defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  type
+    csize* {.importc: "size_t", nodecl, deprecated: "use `csize_t` instead".} = int
+      ## This isn't the same as `size_t` in *C*. Don't use it.
 
-when defined(js):
-  type BiggestUInt* = uint32
-    ## is an alias for the biggest unsigned integer type the Nim compiler
-    ## supports. Currently this is `uint32` for JS and `uint64` for other
-    ## targets.
-else:
-  type BiggestUInt* = uint64
-    ## is an alias for the biggest unsigned integer type the Nim compiler
-    ## supports. Currently this is `uint32` for JS and `uint64` for other
-    ## targets.
+const
+  Inf* = 0x7FF0000000000000'f64
+    ## Contains the IEEE floating point value of positive infinity.
+  NegInf* = 0xFFF0000000000000'f64
+    ## Contains the IEEE floating point value of negative infinity.
+  NaN* = 0x7FF7FFFFFFFFFFFF'f64
+    ## Contains an IEEE floating point value of *Not A Number*.
+    ##
+    ## Note that you cannot compare a floating point value to this value
+    ## and expect a reasonable result - use the `isNaN` or `classify` procedure
+    ## in the `math module <math.html>`_ for checking for NaN.
 
-when defined(windows):
-  type
-    clong* {.importc: "long", nodecl.} = int32
-      ## This is the same as the type `long` in *C*.
-    culong* {.importc: "unsigned long", nodecl.} = uint32
-      ## This is the same as the type `unsigned long` in *C*.
-else:
-  type
-    clong* {.importc: "long", nodecl.} = int
-      ## This is the same as the type `long` in *C*.
-    culong* {.importc: "unsigned long", nodecl.} = uint
-      ## This is the same as the type `unsigned long` in *C*.
-
-type # these work for most platforms:
-  cchar* {.importc: "char", nodecl.} = char
-    ## This is the same as the type `char` in *C*.
-  cschar* {.importc: "signed char", nodecl.} = int8
-    ## This is the same as the type `signed char` in *C*.
-  cshort* {.importc: "short", nodecl.} = int16
-    ## This is the same as the type `short` in *C*.
-  cint* {.importc: "int", nodecl.} = int32
-    ## This is the same as the type `int` in *C*.
-  csize* {.importc: "size_t", nodecl, deprecated: "use `csize_t` instead".} = int
-    ## This isn't the same as `size_t` in *C*. Don't use it.
-  csize_t* {.importc: "size_t", nodecl.} = uint
-    ## This is the same as the type `size_t` in *C*.
-  clonglong* {.importc: "long long", nodecl.} = int64
-    ## This is the same as the type `long long` in *C*.
-  cfloat* {.importc: "float", nodecl.} = float32
-    ## This is the same as the type `float` in *C*.
-  cdouble* {.importc: "double", nodecl.} = float64
-    ## This is the same as the type `double` in *C*.
-  clongdouble* {.importc: "long double", nodecl.} = BiggestFloat
-    ## This is the same as the type `long double` in *C*.
-    ## This C type is not supported by Nim's code generator.
-
-  cuchar* {.importc: "unsigned char", nodecl.} = char
-    ## This is the same as the type `unsigned char` in *C*.
-  cushort* {.importc: "unsigned short", nodecl.} = uint16
-    ## This is the same as the type `unsigned short` in *C*.
-  cuint* {.importc: "unsigned int", nodecl.} = uint32
-    ## This is the same as the type `unsigned int` in *C*.
-  culonglong* {.importc: "unsigned long long", nodecl.} = uint64
-    ## This is the same as the type `unsigned long long` in *C*.
-
-  cstringArray* {.importc: "char**", nodecl.} = ptr UncheckedArray[cstring]
-    ## This is binary compatible to the type `char**` in *C*. The array's
-    ## high value is large enough to disable bounds checking in practice.
-    ## Use `cstringArrayToSeq proc <#cstringArrayToSeq,cstringArray,Natural>`_
-    ## to convert it into a `seq[string]`.
-
-  PFloat32* = ptr float32    ## An alias for `ptr float32`.
-  PFloat64* = ptr float64    ## An alias for `ptr float64`.
-  PInt64* = ptr int64        ## An alias for `ptr int64`.
-  PInt32* = ptr int32        ## An alias for `ptr int32`.
+proc high*(T: typedesc[SomeFloat]): T = Inf
+proc low*(T: typedesc[SomeFloat]): T = NegInf
 
 proc toFloat*(i: int): float {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
-  ## Converts an integer `i` into a `float`.
+  ## Converts an integer `i` into a `float`. Same as `float(i)`.
   ##
   ## If the conversion fails, `ValueError` is raised.
   ## However, on most platforms the conversion cannot fail.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   let
   ##     a = 2
   ##     b = 3.7
   ##
   ##   echo a.toFloat + b # => 5.7
+  ##   ```
   float(i)
 
 proc toBiggestFloat*(i: BiggestInt): BiggestFloat {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
@@ -1479,33 +1294,84 @@ proc toInt*(f: float): int {.noSideEffect.} =
   ##
   ## Conversion rounds `f` half away from 0, see
   ## `Round half away from zero
-  ## <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding#Round_half_away_from_zero>`_.
+  ## <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding#Round_half_away_from_zero>`_,
+  ## as opposed to a type conversion which rounds towards zero.
   ##
   ## Note that some floating point numbers (e.g. infinity or even 1e19)
   ## cannot be accurately converted.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   doAssert toInt(0.49) == 0
   ##   doAssert toInt(0.5) == 1
   ##   doAssert toInt(-0.5) == -1 # rounding is symmetrical
+  ##   ```
   if f >= 0: int(f+0.5) else: int(f-0.5)
 
 proc toBiggestInt*(f: BiggestFloat): BiggestInt {.noSideEffect.} =
   ## Same as `toInt <#toInt,float>`_ but for `BiggestFloat` to `BiggestInt`.
   if f >= 0: BiggestInt(f+0.5) else: BiggestInt(f-0.5)
 
-proc addQuitProc*(quitProc: proc() {.noconv.}) {.
-  importc: "atexit", header: "<stdlib.h>", deprecated: "use exitprocs.addExitProc".}
-  ## Adds/registers a quit procedure.
+proc `/`*(x, y: int): float {.inline, noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Division of integers that results in a float.
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   echo 7 / 5 # => 1.4
+  ##   ```
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `div <system.html#div,int,int>`_
+  ## * `mod <system.html#mod,int,int>`_
+  result = toFloat(x) / toFloat(y)
+
+{.push stackTrace: off.}
+
+when defined(js):
+  proc js_abs[T: SomeNumber](x: T): T {.importc: "Math.abs".}
+else:
+  proc c_fabs(x: cdouble): cdouble {.importc: "fabs", header: "<math.h>".}
+  proc c_fabsf(x: cfloat): cfloat {.importc: "fabsf", header: "<math.h>".}
+
+proc abs*[T: float64 | float32](x: T): T {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+  when nimvm:
+    if x < 0.0: result = -x
+    elif x == 0.0: result = 0.0 # handle 0.0, -0.0
+    else: result = x # handle NaN, > 0
+  else:
+    when defined(js): result = js_abs(x)
+    else:
+      when T is float64:
+        result = c_fabs(x)
+      else:
+        result = c_fabsf(x)
+
+func abs*(x: int): int {.magic: "AbsI", inline.} =
+  if x < 0: -x else: x
+func abs*(x: int8): int8 {.magic: "AbsI", inline.} =
+  if x < 0: -x else: x
+func abs*(x: int16): int16 {.magic: "AbsI", inline.} =
+  if x < 0: -x else: x
+func abs*(x: int32): int32 {.magic: "AbsI", inline.} =
+  if x < 0: -x else: x
+func abs*(x: int64): int64 {.magic: "AbsI", inline.} =
+  ## Returns the absolute value of `x`.
   ##
-  ## Each call to `addQuitProc` registers another quit procedure. Up to 30
-  ## procedures can be registered. They are executed on a last-in, first-out
-  ## basis (that is, the last function registered is the first to be executed).
-  ## `addQuitProc` raises an EOutOfIndex exception if `quitProc` cannot be
-  ## registered.
-  # Support for addQuitProc() is done by Ansi C's facilities here.
-  # In case of an unhandled exception the exit handlers should
-  # not be called explicitly! The user may decide to do this manually though.
+  ## If `x` is `low(x)` (that is -MININT for its type),
+  ## an overflow exception is thrown (if overflow checking is turned on).
+  result = if x < 0: -x else: x
+
+{.pop.} # stackTrace: off
+
+when not defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  proc addQuitProc*(quitProc: proc() {.noconv.}) {.
+    importc: "atexit", header: "<stdlib.h>", deprecated: "use exitprocs.addExitProc".}
+    ## Adds/registers a quit procedure.
+    ##
+    ## Each call to `addQuitProc` registers another quit procedure. Up to 30
+    ## procedures can be registered. They are executed on a last-in, first-out
+    ## basis (that is, the last function registered is the first to be executed).
+    ## `addQuitProc` raises an EOutOfIndex exception if `quitProc` cannot be
+    ## registered.
+    # Support for addQuitProc() is done by Ansi C's facilities here.
+    # In case of an unhandled exception the exit handlers should
+    # not be called explicitly! The user may decide to do this manually though.
 
 proc swap*[T](a, b: var T) {.magic: "Swap", noSideEffect.}
   ## Swaps the values `a` and `b`.
@@ -1513,7 +1379,7 @@ proc swap*[T](a, b: var T) {.magic: "Swap", noSideEffect.}
   ## This is often more efficient than `tmp = a; a = b; b = tmp`.
   ## Particularly useful for sorting algorithms.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   var
   ##     a = 5
   ##     b = 9
@@ -1522,6 +1388,7 @@ proc swap*[T](a, b: var T) {.magic: "Swap", noSideEffect.}
   ##
   ##   assert a == 9
   ##   assert b == 5
+  ##   ```
 
 when not defined(js) and not defined(booting) and defined(nimTrMacros):
   template swapRefsInArray*{swap(arr[a], arr[b])}(arr: openArray[ref], a, b: int) =
@@ -1530,18 +1397,16 @@ when not defined(js) and not defined(booting) and defined(nimTrMacros):
     # unnecessary slow down in this case.
     swap(cast[ptr pointer](addr arr[a])[], cast[ptr pointer](addr arr[b])[])
 
-const
-  Inf* = 0x7FF0000000000000'f64
-    ## Contains the IEEE floating point value of positive infinity.
-  NegInf* = 0xFFF0000000000000'f64
-    ## Contains the IEEE floating point value of negative infinity.
-  NaN* = 0x7FF7FFFFFFFFFFFF'f64
-    ## Contains an IEEE floating point value of *Not A Number*.
-    ##
-    ## Note that you cannot compare a floating point value to this value
-    ## and expect a reasonable result - use the `isNaN` or `classify` procedure
-    ## in the `math module <math.html>`_ for checking for NaN.
+when not defined(nimscript):
+  {.push stackTrace: off, profiler: off.}
 
+  when not defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+    import std/sysatomics
+    export sysatomics
+  else:
+    import std/sysatomics
+
+  {.pop.}
 
 include "system/memalloc"
 
@@ -1551,84 +1416,40 @@ proc `|`*(a, b: typedesc): typedesc = discard
 include "system/iterators_1"
 
 
-{.push stackTrace: off.}
-
-
-when defined(js):
-  proc js_abs[T: SomeNumber](x: T): T {.importc: "Math.abs".}
-else:
-  proc c_fabs(x: cdouble): cdouble {.importc: "fabs", header: "<math.h>".}
-  proc c_fabsf(x: cfloat): cfloat {.importc: "fabsf", header: "<math.h>".}
-
-proc abs*[T: float64 | float32](x: T): T {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
-  when nimvm:
-    if x < 0.0: result = -x
-    elif x == 0.0: result = 0.0 # handle 0.0, -0.0
-    else: result = x # handle NaN, > 0
-  else:
-    when defined(js): result = js_abs(x)
-    else:
-      when T is float64:
-        result = c_fabs(x)
-      else:
-        result = c_fabsf(x)
-
-proc min*(x, y: float32): float32 {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
-  if x <= y or y != y: x else: y
-proc min*(x, y: float64): float64 {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
-  if x <= y or y != y: x else: y
-proc max*(x, y: float32): float32 {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
-  if y <= x or y != y: x else: y
-proc max*(x, y: float64): float64 {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
-  if y <= x or y != y: x else: y
-proc min*[T: not SomeFloat](x, y: T): T {.inline.} =
-  if x <= y: x else: y
-proc max*[T: not SomeFloat](x, y: T): T {.inline.} =
-  if y <= x: x else: y
-
-{.pop.} # stackTrace: off
-
-
-proc high*(T: typedesc[SomeFloat]): T = Inf
-proc low*(T: typedesc[SomeFloat]): T = NegInf
-
 proc len*[U: Ordinal; V: Ordinal](x: HSlice[U, V]): int {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
   ## Length of ordinal slice. When x.b < x.a returns zero length.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   assert((0..5).len == 6)
   ##   assert((5..2).len == 0)
+  ##   ```
   result = max(0, ord(x.b) - ord(x.a) + 1)
 
-when true: # PRTEMP: remove?
-  proc isNil*[T](x: seq[T]): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil", error.}
-    ## Seqs are no longer nil by default, but set and empty.
-    ## Check for zero length instead.
-    ##
-    ## See also:
-    ## * `isNil(string) <#isNil,string>`_
-
-  proc isNil*(x: string): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil", error.}
-    ## See also:
-    ## * `isNil(seq[T]) <#isNil,seq[T]>`_
-
 proc isNil*[T](x: ref T): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil".}
 
 proc isNil*[T](x: ptr T): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil".}
 proc isNil*(x: pointer): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil".}
 proc isNil*(x: cstring): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil".}
-proc isNil*[T: proc](x: T): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil".}
+proc isNil*[T: proc | iterator {.closure.}](x: T): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil".}
   ## Fast check whether `x` is nil. This is sometimes more efficient than
   ## `== nil`.
 
-
-proc `@`*[T](a: openArray[T]): seq[T] =
-  ## Turns an *openArray* into a sequence.
-  ##
-  ## This is not as efficient as turning a fixed length array into a sequence
-  ## as it always copies every element of `a`.
-  newSeq(result, a.len)
-  for i in 0..a.len-1: result[i] = a[i]
+when defined(nimHasTopDownInference):
+  # magic used for seq type inference
+  proc `@`*[T](a: openArray[T]): seq[T] {.magic: "OpenArrayToSeq".} =
+    ## Turns an *openArray* into a sequence.
+    ##
+    ## This is not as efficient as turning a fixed length array into a sequence
+    ## as it always copies every element of `a`.
+    newSeq(result, a.len)
+    for i in 0..a.len-1: result[i] = a[i]
+else:
+  proc `@`*[T](a: openArray[T]): seq[T] =
+    ## Turns an *openArray* into a sequence.
+    ##
+    ## This is not as efficient as turning a fixed length array into a sequence
+    ## as it always copies every element of `a`.
+    newSeq(result, a.len)
+    for i in 0..a.len-1: result[i] = a[i]
 
 
 when defined(nimSeqsV2):
@@ -1637,12 +1458,12 @@ when defined(nimSeqsV2):
     ## Concatenates two sequences.
     ##
     ## Requires copying of the sequences.
+    ##   ```nim
+    ##   assert(@[1, 2, 3, 4] & @[5, 6] == @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+    ##   ```
     ##
     ## See also:
     ## * `add(var seq[T], openArray[T]) <#add,seq[T],openArray[T]>`_
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: Nim
-    ##   assert(@[1, 2, 3, 4] & @[5, 6] == @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
     newSeq(result, x.len + y.len)
     for i in 0..x.len-1:
       result[i] = move(x[i])
@@ -1653,12 +1474,12 @@ when defined(nimSeqsV2):
     ## Appends element y to the end of the sequence.
     ##
     ## Requires copying of the sequence.
+    ##   ```nim
+    ##   assert(@[1, 2, 3] & 4 == @[1, 2, 3, 4])
+    ##   ```
     ##
     ## See also:
     ## * `add(var seq[T], T) <#add,seq[T],sinkT>`_
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: Nim
-    ##   assert(@[1, 2, 3] & 4 == @[1, 2, 3, 4])
     newSeq(result, x.len + 1)
     for i in 0..x.len-1:
       result[i] = move(x[i])
@@ -1668,9 +1489,9 @@ when defined(nimSeqsV2):
     ## Prepends the element x to the beginning of the sequence.
     ##
     ## Requires copying of the sequence.
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: Nim
+    ##   ```nim
     ##   assert(1 & @[2, 3, 4] == @[1, 2, 3, 4])
+    ##   ```
     newSeq(result, y.len + 1)
     result[0] = move(x)
     for i in 0..y.len-1:
@@ -1682,12 +1503,12 @@ else:
     ## Concatenates two sequences.
     ##
     ## Requires copying of the sequences.
+    ##   ```nim
+    ##   assert(@[1, 2, 3, 4] & @[5, 6] == @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+    ##   ```
     ##
     ## See also:
     ## * `add(var seq[T], openArray[T]) <#add,seq[T],openArray[T]>`_
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: Nim
-    ##   assert(@[1, 2, 3, 4] & @[5, 6] == @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
     newSeq(result, x.len + y.len)
     for i in 0..x.len-1:
       result[i] = x[i]
@@ -1698,12 +1519,12 @@ else:
     ## Appends element y to the end of the sequence.
     ##
     ## Requires copying of the sequence.
+    ##   ```nim
+    ##   assert(@[1, 2, 3] & 4 == @[1, 2, 3, 4])
+    ##   ```
     ##
     ## See also:
     ## * `add(var seq[T], T) <#add,seq[T],sinkT>`_
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: Nim
-    ##   assert(@[1, 2, 3] & 4 == @[1, 2, 3, 4])
     newSeq(result, x.len + 1)
     for i in 0..x.len-1:
       result[i] = x[i]
@@ -1713,19 +1534,15 @@ else:
     ## Prepends the element x to the beginning of the sequence.
     ##
     ## Requires copying of the sequence.
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: Nim
+    ##   ```nim
     ##   assert(1 & @[2, 3, 4] == @[1, 2, 3, 4])
+    ##   ```
     newSeq(result, y.len + 1)
     result[0] = x
     for i in 0..y.len-1:
       result[i+1] = y[i]
 
 
-proc astToStr*[T](x: T): string {.magic: "AstToStr", noSideEffect.}
-  ## Converts the AST of `x` into a string representation. This is very useful
-  ## for debugging.
-
 proc instantiationInfo*(index = -1, fullPaths = false): tuple[
   filename: string, line: int, column: int] {.magic: "InstantiationInfo", noSideEffect.}
   ## Provides access to the compiler's instantiation stack line information
@@ -1738,7 +1555,7 @@ proc instantiationInfo*(index = -1, fullPaths = false): tuple[
   ## to retrieve information about the current filename and line number.
   ## Example:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   import std/strutils
   ##
   ##   template testException(exception, code: untyped): typed =
@@ -1760,16 +1577,8 @@ proc instantiationInfo*(index = -1, fullPaths = false): tuple[
   ##     testException(IndexDefect, tester(30))
   ##     testException(IndexDefect, tester(1))
   ##     # --> Test failure at example.nim:20 with 'tester(1)'
+  ##   ```
 
-proc compiles*(x: untyped): bool {.magic: "Compiles", noSideEffect, compileTime.} =
-  ## Special compile-time procedure that checks whether `x` can be compiled
-  ## without any semantic error.
-  ## This can be used to check whether a type supports some operation:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##   when compiles(3 + 4):
-  ##     echo "'+' for integers is available"
-  discard
 
 when notJSnotNims:
   import system/ansi_c
@@ -1779,8 +1588,7 @@ when notJSnotNims:
 {.push stackTrace: off.}
 
 when not defined(js) and hasThreadSupport and hostOS != "standalone":
-  const insideRLocksModule = false
-  include "system/syslocks"
+  import std/private/syslocks
   include "system/threadlocalstorage"
 
 when not defined(js) and defined(nimV2):
@@ -1789,17 +1597,100 @@ when not defined(js) and defined(nimV2):
     TNimTypeV2 {.compilerproc.} = object
       destructor: pointer
       size: int
-      align: int
-      name: cstring
+      align: int16
+      depth: int16
+      display: ptr UncheckedArray[uint32] # classToken
+      when defined(nimTypeNames) or defined(nimArcIds):
+        name: cstring
       traceImpl: pointer
-      disposeImpl: pointer
       typeInfoV1: pointer # for backwards compat, usually nil
+      flags: int
+      when defined(gcDestructors):
+        when defined(cpp):
+          vTable: ptr UncheckedArray[pointer] # vtable for types
+        else:
+          vTable: UncheckedArray[pointer] # vtable for types
     PNimTypeV2 = ptr TNimTypeV2
 
+proc supportsCopyMem(t: typedesc): bool {.magic: "TypeTrait".}
+
 when notJSnotNims and defined(nimSeqsV2):
   include "system/strs_v2"
   include "system/seqs_v2"
 
+when not defined(js):
+  template newSeqImpl(T, len) =
+    result = newSeqOfCap[T](len)
+    {.cast(noSideEffect).}:
+      when defined(nimSeqsV2):
+        cast[ptr int](addr result)[] = len
+      else:
+        var s = cast[PGenericSeq](result)
+        s.len = len
+
+  proc newSeqUninitialized*[T: SomeNumber](len: Natural): seq[T] {.deprecated: "Use `newSeqUninit` instead".} =
+    ## Creates a new sequence of type `seq[T]` with length `len`.
+    ##
+    ## Only available for numbers types. Note that the sequence will be
+    ## uninitialized. After the creation of the sequence you should assign
+    ## entries to the sequence instead of adding them.
+    ## Example:
+    ##   ```nim
+    ##   var x = newSeqUninitialized[int](3)
+    ##   assert len(x) == 3
+    ##   x[0] = 10
+    ##   ```
+    result = newSeqOfCap[T](len)
+    when defined(nimSeqsV2):
+      cast[ptr int](addr result)[] = len
+    else:
+      var s = cast[PGenericSeq](result)
+      s.len = len
+
+  func newSeqUninit*[T](len: Natural): seq[T] =
+    ## Creates a new sequence of type `seq[T]` with length `len`.
+    ##
+    ## Only available for types, which don't contain
+    ## managed memory or have destructors.
+    ## Note that the sequence will be uninitialized.
+    ## After the creation of the sequence you should assign
+    ## entries to the sequence instead of adding them.
+    runnableExamples:
+      var x = newSeqUninit[int](3)
+      assert len(x) == 3
+      x[0] = 10
+    when supportsCopyMem(T):
+      when nimvm:
+        result = newSeq[T](len)
+      else:
+        newSeqImpl(T, len)
+    else:
+      {.error: "The type T cannot contain managed memory or have destructors".}
+
+  proc newStringUninit*(len: Natural): string =
+    ## Returns a new string of length `len` but with uninitialized
+    ## content. One needs to fill the string character after character
+    ## with the index operator `s[i]`.
+    ##
+    ## This procedure exists only for optimization purposes;
+    ## the same effect can be achieved with the `&` operator or with `add`.
+    when nimvm:
+      result = newString(len)
+    else:
+      result = newStringOfCap(len)
+      when defined(nimSeqsV2):
+        let s = cast[ptr NimStringV2](addr result)
+        if len > 0:
+          s.len = len
+          s.p.data[len] = '\0'
+      else:
+        let s = cast[NimString](result)
+        s.len = len
+        s.data[len] = '\0'
+else:
+  proc newStringUninit*(len: Natural): string {.
+    magic: "NewString", importc: "mnewString", noSideEffect.}
+
 {.pop.}
 
 when not defined(nimscript):
@@ -1811,27 +1702,35 @@ when not defined(nimscript):
 when not declared(sysFatal):
   include "system/fatal"
 
-when not defined(nimscript):
-  {.push stackTrace: off, profiler: off.}
-
-  proc atomicInc*(memLoc: var int, x: int = 1): int {.inline,
-    discardable, benign.}
-    ## Atomic increment of `memLoc`. Returns the value after the operation.
-
-  proc atomicDec*(memLoc: var int, x: int = 1): int {.inline,
-    discardable, benign.}
-    ## Atomic decrement of `memLoc`. Returns the value after the operation.
-
-  include "system/atomics"
-
-  {.pop.}
-
+type
+  PFrame* = ptr TFrame  ## Represents a runtime frame of the call stack;
+                        ## part of the debugger API.
+  # keep in sync with nimbase.h `struct TFrame_`
+  TFrame* {.importc, nodecl, final.} = object ## The frame itself.
+    prev*: PFrame       ## Previous frame; used for chaining the call stack.
+    procname*: cstring  ## Name of the proc that is currently executing.
+    line*: int          ## Line number of the proc that is currently executing.
+    filename*: cstring  ## Filename of the proc that is currently executing.
+    len*: int16         ## Length of the inspectable slots.
+    calldepth*: int16   ## Used for max call depth checking.
+    when NimStackTraceMsgs:
+      frameMsgLen*: int   ## end position in frameMsgBuf for this frame.
 
 when defined(nimV2):
+  var
+    framePtr {.threadvar.}: PFrame
+
   include system/arc
 
-import system/assertions
-export assertions
+template newException*(exceptn: typedesc, message: string;
+                       parentException: ref Exception = nil): untyped =
+  ## Creates an exception object of type `exceptn` and sets its `msg` field
+  ## to `message`. Returns the new exception object.
+  (ref exceptn)(msg: message, parent: parentException)
+
+when not defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+  export assertions
 
 import system/iterators
 export iterators
@@ -1852,17 +1751,19 @@ proc contains*[T](a: openArray[T], item: T): bool {.inline.}=
   ##
   ## This allows the `in` operator: `a.contains(item)` is the same as
   ## `item in a`.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   var a = @[1, 3, 5]
   ##   assert a.contains(5)
   ##   assert 3 in a
   ##   assert 99 notin a
+  ##   ```
   return find(a, item) >= 0
 
 proc pop*[T](s: var seq[T]): T {.inline, noSideEffect.} =
   ## Returns the last item of `s` and decreases `s.len` by one. This treats
   ## `s` as a stack and implements the common *pop* operation.
+  ##
+  ## Raises `IndexDefect` if `s` is empty.
   runnableExamples:
     var a = @[1, 3, 5, 7]
     let b = pop(a)
@@ -1908,24 +1809,7 @@ include "system/gc_interface"
 # we have to compute this here before turning it off in except.nim anyway ...
 const NimStackTrace = compileOption("stacktrace")
 
-template coroutinesSupportedPlatform(): bool =
-  when defined(sparc) or defined(ELATE) or defined(boehmgc) or defined(gogc) or
-    defined(nogc) or defined(gcRegions) or defined(gcMarkAndSweep):
-    false
-  else:
-    true
-
-when defined(nimCoroutines):
-  # Explicit opt-in.
-  when not coroutinesSupportedPlatform():
-    {.error: "Coroutines are not supported on this architecture and/or garbage collector.".}
-  const nimCoroutines* = true
-elif defined(noNimCoroutines):
-  # Explicit opt-out.
-  const nimCoroutines* = false
-else:
-  # Autodetect coroutine support.
-  const nimCoroutines* = false
+import system/coro_detection
 
 {.push checks: off.}
 # obviously we cannot generate checking operations here :-)
@@ -1961,8 +1845,7 @@ when notJSnotNims:
       ##
       ## `outOfMemHook` can be used to raise an exception in case of OOM like so:
       ##
-      ## .. code-block:: Nim
-      ##
+      ##   ```nim
       ##   var gOutOfMem: ref EOutOfMemory
       ##   new(gOutOfMem) # need to be allocated *before* OOM really happened!
       ##   gOutOfMem.msg = "out of memory"
@@ -1971,6 +1854,7 @@ when notJSnotNims:
       ##     raise gOutOfMem
       ##
       ##   system.outOfMemHook = handleOOM
+      ##   ```
       ##
       ## If the handler does not raise an exception, ordinary control flow
       ## continues and the program is terminated.
@@ -1980,20 +1864,6 @@ when notJSnotNims:
       ## writes an error message and terminates the program, except when
       ## using `--os:any`
 
-type
-  PFrame* = ptr TFrame  ## Represents a runtime frame of the call stack;
-                        ## part of the debugger API.
-  # keep in sync with nimbase.h `struct TFrame_`
-  TFrame* {.importc, nodecl, final.} = object ## The frame itself.
-    prev*: PFrame       ## Previous frame; used for chaining the call stack.
-    procname*: cstring  ## Name of the proc that is currently executing.
-    line*: int          ## Line number of the proc that is currently executing.
-    filename*: cstring  ## Filename of the proc that is currently executing.
-    len*: int16         ## Length of the inspectable slots.
-    calldepth*: int16   ## Used for max call depth checking.
-    when NimStackTraceMsgs:
-      frameMsgLen*: int   ## end position in frameMsgBuf for this frame.
-
 when defined(js) or defined(nimdoc):
   proc add*(x: var string, y: cstring) {.asmNoStackFrame.} =
     ## Appends `y` to `x` in place.
@@ -2002,14 +1872,14 @@ when defined(js) or defined(nimdoc):
       tmp.add(cstring("ab"))
       tmp.add(cstring("cd"))
       doAssert tmp == "abcd"
-    asm """
+    {.emit: """
       if (`x` === null) { `x` = []; }
       var off = `x`.length;
       `x`.length += `y`.length;
       for (var i = 0; i < `y`.length; ++i) {
         `x`[off+i] = `y`.charCodeAt(i);
       }
-    """
+    """.}
   proc add*(x: var cstring, y: cstring) {.magic: "AppendStrStr".} =
     ## Appends `y` to `x` in place.
     ## Only implemented for JS backend.
@@ -2030,8 +1900,7 @@ elif hasAlloc:
         inc(i)
   {.pop.}
 
-proc echo*(x: varargs[typed, `$`]) {.magic: "Echo", tags: [WriteIOEffect],
-  benign, sideEffect.}
+proc echo*(x: varargs[typed, `$`]) {.magic: "Echo", benign, sideEffect.}
   ## Writes and flushes the parameters to the standard output.
   ##
   ## Special built-in that takes a variable number of arguments. Each argument
@@ -2053,16 +1922,10 @@ proc debugEcho*(x: varargs[typed, `$`]) {.magic: "Echo", noSideEffect,
   ## for debugging routines marked as `noSideEffect
   ## <manual.html#pragmas-nosideeffect-pragma>`_.
 
-template newException*(exceptn: typedesc, message: string;
-                       parentException: ref Exception = nil): untyped =
-  ## Creates an exception object of type `exceptn` and sets its `msg` field
-  ## to `message`. Returns the new exception object.
-  (ref exceptn)(msg: message, parent: parentException)
-
 when hostOS == "standalone" and defined(nogc):
   proc nimToCStringConv(s: NimString): cstring {.compilerproc, inline.} =
     if s == nil or s.len == 0: result = cstring""
-    else: result = cstring(addr s.data)
+    else: result = cast[cstring](addr s.data)
 
 proc getTypeInfo*[T](x: T): pointer {.magic: "GetTypeInfo", benign.}
   ## Get type information for `x`.
@@ -2070,22 +1933,6 @@ proc getTypeInfo*[T](x: T): pointer {.magic: "GetTypeInfo", benign.}
   ## Ordinary code should not use this, but the `typeinfo module
   ## <typeinfo.html>`_ instead.
 
-{.push stackTrace: off.}
-func abs*(x: int): int {.magic: "AbsI", inline.} =
-  if x < 0: -x else: x
-func abs*(x: int8): int8 {.magic: "AbsI", inline.} =
-  if x < 0: -x else: x
-func abs*(x: int16): int16 {.magic: "AbsI", inline.} =
-  if x < 0: -x else: x
-func abs*(x: int32): int32 {.magic: "AbsI", inline.} =
-  if x < 0: -x else: x
-func abs*(x: int64): int64 {.magic: "AbsI", inline.} =
-  ## Returns the absolute value of `x`.
-  ##
-  ## If `x` is `low(x)` (that is -MININT for its type),
-  ## an overflow exception is thrown (if overflow checking is turned on).
-  result = if x < 0: -x else: x
-{.pop.}
 
 when not defined(js):
 
@@ -2098,13 +1945,13 @@ template likely*(val: bool): bool =
   ## You can use this template to decorate a branch condition. On certain
   ## platforms this can help the processor predict better which branch is
   ## going to be run. Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   for value in inputValues:
   ##     if likely(value <= 100):
   ##       process(value)
   ##     else:
   ##       echo "Value too big!"
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## On backends without branch prediction (JS and the nimscript VM), this
   ## template will not affect code execution.
@@ -2122,13 +1969,13 @@ template unlikely*(val: bool): bool =
   ## You can use this proc to decorate a branch condition. On certain
   ## platforms this can help the processor predict better which branch is
   ## going to be run. Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   for value in inputValues:
   ##     if unlikely(value > 100):
   ##       echo "Value too big!"
   ##     else:
   ##       process(value)
+  ##   ```
   ##
   ## On backends without branch prediction (JS and the nimscript VM), this
   ## template will not affect code execution.
@@ -2140,38 +1987,49 @@ template unlikely*(val: bool): bool =
     else:
       unlikelyProc(val)
 
-const
-  NimMajor* {.intdefine.}: int = 1
-    ## is the major number of Nim's version. Example:
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: Nim
-    ##   when (NimMajor, NimMinor, NimPatch) >= (1, 3, 1): discard
-    # see also std/private/since
+import system/dollars
+export dollars
 
-  NimMinor* {.intdefine.}: int = 5
-    ## is the minor number of Nim's version.
-    ## Odd for devel, even for releases.
+when defined(nimAuditDelete):
+  {.pragma: auditDelete, deprecated: "review this call for out of bounds behavior".}
+else:
+  {.pragma: auditDelete.}
 
-  NimPatch* {.intdefine.}: int = 1
-    ## is the patch number of Nim's version.
-    ## Odd for devel, even for releases.
+proc delete*[T](x: var seq[T], i: Natural) {.noSideEffect, systemRaisesDefect, auditDelete.} =
+  ## Deletes the item at index `i` by moving all `x[i+1..^1]` items by one position.
+  ##
+  ## This is an `O(n)` operation.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `del <#del,seq[T],Natural>`_ for O(1) operation
+  ##
+  runnableExamples:
+    var s = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    s.delete(2)
+    doAssert s == @[1, 2, 4, 5]
 
-import system/dollars
-export dollars
+  when not defined(nimAuditDelete):
+    if i > high(x):
+      # xxx this should call `raiseIndexError2(i, high(x))` after some refactoring
+      raise (ref IndexDefect)(msg: "index out of bounds: '" & $i & "' < '" & $x.len & "' failed")
 
-const
-  NimVersion*: string = $NimMajor & "." & $NimMinor & "." & $NimPatch
-    ## is the version of Nim as a string.
+  template defaultImpl =
+    let xl = x.len
+    for j in i.int..xl-2: movingCopy(x[j], x[j+1])
+    setLen(x, xl-1)
 
+  when nimvm:
+    defaultImpl()
+  else:
+    when defined(js):
+      {.emit: "`x`.splice(`i`, 1);".}
+    else:
+      defaultImpl()
 
-type
-  FileSeekPos* = enum ## Position relative to which seek should happen.
-                      # The values are ordered so that they match with stdio
-                      # SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR and SEEK_END respectively.
-    fspSet            ## Seek to absolute value
-    fspCur            ## Seek relative to current position
-    fspEnd            ## Seek relative to end
 
+const
+  NimVersion*: string = $NimMajor & "." & $NimMinor & "." & $NimPatch
+    ## is the version of Nim as a string.
 
 when not defined(js):
   {.push stackTrace: off, profiler: off.}
@@ -2225,9 +2083,10 @@ when notJSnotNims:
   proc equalMem(a, b: pointer, size: Natural): bool =
     nimCmpMem(a, b, size) == 0
   proc cmpMem(a, b: pointer, size: Natural): int =
-    nimCmpMem(a, b, size)
+    nimCmpMem(a, b, size).int
 
-when not defined(js):
+when not defined(js) or defined(nimscript):
+  # nimscript can be defined if config file for js compilation
   proc cmp(x, y: string): int =
     when nimvm:
       if x < y: result = -1
@@ -2244,12 +2103,14 @@ when not defined(js):
     proc cstringArrayToSeq*(a: cstringArray, len: Natural): seq[string] =
       ## Converts a `cstringArray` to a `seq[string]`. `a` is supposed to be
       ## of length `len`.
+      if a == nil: return @[]
       newSeq(result, len)
       for i in 0..len-1: result[i] = $a[i]
 
     proc cstringArrayToSeq*(a: cstringArray): seq[string] =
       ## Converts a `cstringArray` to a `seq[string]`. `a` is supposed to be
       ## terminated by `nil`.
+      if a == nil: return @[]
       var L = 0
       while a[L] != nil: inc(L)
       result = cstringArrayToSeq(a, L)
@@ -2274,7 +2135,7 @@ when not defined(js) and declared(alloc0) and declared(dealloc):
       inc(i)
     dealloc(a)
 
-when notJSnotNims:
+when notJSnotNims and not gotoBasedExceptions:
   type
     PSafePoint = ptr TSafePoint
     TSafePoint {.compilerproc, final.} = object
@@ -2287,7 +2148,12 @@ when not defined(js):
   when declared(initAllocator):
     initAllocator()
   when hasThreadSupport:
-    when hostOS != "standalone": include "system/threads"
+    when hostOS != "standalone":
+      include system/threadimpl
+      when not defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+        import std/typedthreads
+        export typedthreads
+
   elif not defined(nogc) and not defined(nimscript):
     when not defined(useNimRtl) and not defined(createNimRtl): initStackBottom()
     when declared(initGC): initGC()
@@ -2296,6 +2162,16 @@ when notJSnotNims:
   proc setControlCHook*(hook: proc () {.noconv.})
     ## Allows you to override the behaviour of your application when CTRL+C
     ## is pressed. Only one such hook is supported.
+    ## Example:
+    ##
+    ##   ```nim
+    ##   proc ctrlc() {.noconv.} =
+    ##     echo "Ctrl+C fired!"
+    ##     # do clean up stuff
+    ##     quit()
+    ##
+    ##   setControlCHook(ctrlc)
+    ##   ```
 
   when not defined(noSignalHandler) and not defined(useNimRtl):
     proc unsetControlCHook*()
@@ -2321,10 +2197,7 @@ when notJSnotNims:
 
   # we cannot compile this with stack tracing on
   # as it would recurse endlessly!
-  when defined(nimNewIntegerOps):
-    include "system/integerops"
-  else:
-    include "system/arithm"
+  include "system/integerops"
   {.pop.}
 
 
@@ -2337,6 +2210,16 @@ when not defined(js):
 
 when notJSnotNims:
   when hostOS != "standalone" and hostOS != "any":
+    type
+      LibHandle = pointer       # private type
+      ProcAddr = pointer        # library loading and loading of procs:
+
+    proc nimLoadLibrary(path: string): LibHandle {.compilerproc, hcrInline, nonReloadable.}
+    proc nimUnloadLibrary(lib: LibHandle) {.compilerproc, hcrInline, nonReloadable.}
+    proc nimGetProcAddr(lib: LibHandle, name: cstring): ProcAddr {.compilerproc, hcrInline, nonReloadable.}
+
+    proc nimLoadLibraryError(path: string) {.compilerproc, hcrInline, nonReloadable.}
+
     include "system/dyncalls"
 
   import system/countbits_impl
@@ -2386,7 +2269,8 @@ when notJSnotNims and hasAlloc:
     include "system/repr"
 
 when notJSnotNims and hasThreadSupport and hostOS != "standalone":
-  include "system/channels_builtin"
+  when not defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+    include "system/channels_builtin"
 
 
 when notJSnotNims and hostOS != "standalone":
@@ -2418,45 +2302,132 @@ when notJSnotNims:
     include "system/profiler"
   {.pop.}
 
-  proc rawProc*[T: proc](x: T): pointer {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+  proc rawProc*[T: proc {.closure.} | iterator {.closure.}](x: T): pointer {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
     ## Retrieves the raw proc pointer of the closure `x`. This is
-    ## useful for interfacing closures with C.
-    when T is "closure":
-      {.emit: """
-      `result` = `x`.ClP_0;
-      """.}
-    else:
-      {.error: "Only closure function and iterator are allowed!".}
-
-  proc rawEnv*[T: proc](x: T): pointer {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
-    ## Retrieves the raw environment pointer of the closure `x`. This is
-    ## useful for interfacing closures with C.
-    when T is "closure":
-      {.emit: """
-      `result` = `x`.ClE_0;
-      """.}
-    else:
-      {.error: "Only closure function and iterator are allowed!".}
-
-  proc finished*[T: proc](x: T): bool {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
-    ## It can be used to determine if a first class iterator has finished.
-    when T is "iterator":
-      {.emit: """
-      `result` = ((NI*) `x`.ClE_0)[1] < 0;
-      """.}
-    else:
-      {.error: "Only closure iterator is allowed!".}
+    ## useful for interfacing closures with C/C++, hash computations, etc.
+    ## If `rawEnv(x)` returns `nil`, the proc which the result points to
+    ## takes as many parameters as `x`, but with `{.nimcall.}` as its calling
+    ## convention instead of `{.closure.}`, otherwise it takes one more parameter
+    ## which is a `pointer`, and it still has `{.nimcall.}` as its calling convention.
+    ## To invoke the resulted proc, what this returns has to be casted into a `proc`,
+    ## not a `ptr proc`, and, in a case where `rawEnv(x)` returns non-`nil`,
+    ## the last and additional argument has to be the result of `rawEnv(x)`.
+    ## This is not available for the JS target.
+    #[
+    The conversion from function pointer to `void*` is a tricky topic, but this
+    should work at least for c++ >= c++11, e.g. for `dlsym` support.
+    refs: https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=57869,
+    https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14125474/casts-between-pointer-to-function-and-pointer-to-object-in-c-and-c
+    ]#
+    runnableExamples:
+      proc makeClosure(x: int): (proc(y: int): int) =
+        var n = x
+        result = (
+          proc(y: int): int =
+            n += y
+            return n
+        )
 
-when defined(js):
+      var
+        c1 = makeClosure(10)
+        e = c1.rawEnv()
+        p = c1.rawProc()
+
+      if e.isNil():
+        let c2 = cast[proc(y: int): int {.nimcall.}](p)
+        echo c2(2)
+      else:
+        let c3 = cast[proc(y: int; env: pointer): int {.nimcall.}](p)
+        echo c3(3, e)
+
+    {.emit: """
+    `result` = (void*)`x`.ClP_0;
+    """.}
+
+  proc rawEnv*[T: proc {.closure.} | iterator {.closure.}](x: T): pointer {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+    ## Retrieves the raw environment pointer of the closure `x`. See also `rawProc`.
+    ## This is not available for the JS target.
+    {.emit: """
+    `result` = `x`.ClE_0;
+    """.}
+
+proc finished*[T: iterator {.closure.}](x: T): bool {.noSideEffect, inline, magic: "Finished".} =
+  ## It can be used to determine if a first class iterator has finished.
+  when defined(js):
+    # TODO: mangle `:state`
+    {.emit: """
+    `result` = (`x`.ClE_0).HEX3Astate < 0;
+    """.}
+  else:
+    {.emit: """
+    `result` = ((NI*) `x`.ClE_0)[1] < 0;
+    """.}
+
+from std/private/digitsutils import addInt
+export addInt
+
+when defined(js) and not defined(nimscript):
+  # nimscript can be defined if config file for js compilation
   include "system/jssys"
   include "system/reprjs"
 
-when defined(js) or defined(nimscript):
-  proc addInt*(result: var string; x: int64) =
-    result.add $x
 
-  proc addFloat*(result: var string; x: float) =
-    result.add $x
+when defined(nimNoQuit):
+  proc quit*(errorcode: int = QuitSuccess) = discard "ignoring quit"
+
+elif defined(nimdoc):
+  proc quit*(errorcode: int = QuitSuccess) {.magic: "Exit", noreturn.}
+    ## Stops the program immediately with an exit code.
+    ##
+    ## Before stopping the program the "exit procedures" are called in the
+    ## opposite order they were added with `addExitProc <exitprocs.html#addExitProc,proc)>`_.
+    ##
+    ## The proc `quit(QuitSuccess)` is called implicitly when your nim
+    ## program finishes without incident for platforms where this is the
+    ## expected behavior. A raised unhandled exception is
+    ## equivalent to calling `quit(QuitFailure)`.
+    ##
+    ## Note that this is a *runtime* call and using `quit` inside a macro won't
+    ## have any compile time effect. If you need to stop the compiler inside a
+    ## macro, use the `error <manual.html#pragmas-error-pragma>`_ or `fatal
+    ## <manual.html#pragmas-fatal-pragma>`_ pragmas.
+    ##
+    ## .. warning:: `errorcode` gets saturated when it exceeds the valid range
+    ##    on the specific platform. On Posix, the valid range is `low(int8)..high(int8)`.
+    ##    On Windows, the valid range is `low(int32)..high(int32)`. For instance,
+    ##    `quit(int(0x100000000))` is equal to `quit(127)` on Linux.
+    ##
+    ## .. danger:: In almost all cases, in particular in library code, prefer
+    ##   alternatives, e.g. `raiseAssert` or raise a `Defect`.
+    ##   `quit` bypasses regular control flow in particular `defer`,
+    ##   `try`, `catch`, `finally` and `destructors`, and exceptions that may have been
+    ##   raised by an `addExitProc` proc, as well as cleanup code in other threads.
+    ##   It does *not* call the garbage collector to free all the memory,
+    ##   unless an `addExitProc` proc calls `GC_fullCollect <#GC_fullCollect>`_.
+
+elif defined(genode):
+  proc quit*(errorcode: int = QuitSuccess) {.inline, noreturn.} =
+    rawQuit(errorcode)
+
+elif defined(js) and defined(nodejs) and not defined(nimscript):
+  proc quit*(errorcode: int = QuitSuccess) {.magic: "Exit",
+    importc: "process.exit", noreturn.}
+
+else:
+  proc quit*(errorcode: int = QuitSuccess) {.inline, noreturn.} =
+    when defined(posix): # posix uses low 8 bits
+      type ExitCodeRange = int8
+    else: # win32 uses low 32 bits
+      type ExitCodeRange = cint
+    when sizeof(errorcode) > sizeof(ExitCodeRange):
+      if errorcode < low(ExitCodeRange):
+        rawQuit(low(ExitCodeRange).cint)
+      elif errorcode > high(ExitCodeRange):
+        rawQuit(high(ExitCodeRange).cint)
+      else:
+        rawQuit(errorcode.cint)
+    else:
+      rawQuit(errorcode.cint)
 
 proc quit*(errormsg: string, errorcode = QuitFailure) {.noreturn.} =
   ## A shorthand for `echo(errormsg); quit(errorcode)`.
@@ -2471,281 +2442,22 @@ proc quit*(errormsg: string, errorcode = QuitFailure) {.noreturn.} =
   quit(errorcode)
 
 {.pop.} # checks: off
-{.pop.} # hints: off
-
-proc `/`*(x, y: int): float {.inline, noSideEffect.} =
-  ## Division of integers that results in a float.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `div <#div,int,int>`_
-  ## * `mod <#mod,int,int>`_
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##   echo 7 / 5 # => 1.4
-  result = toFloat(x) / toFloat(y)
-
-type
-  BackwardsIndex* = distinct int ## Type that is constructed by `^` for
-                                 ## reversed array accesses.
-                                 ## (See `^ template <#^.t,int>`_)
-
-template `^`*(x: int): BackwardsIndex = BackwardsIndex(x)
-  ## Builtin `roof`:idx: operator that can be used for convenient array access.
-  ## `a[^x]` is a shortcut for `a[a.len-x]`.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##   let
-  ##     a = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
-  ##     b = "abcdefgh"
-  ##
-  ##   echo a[^1] # => 9
-  ##   echo b[^2] # => g
-
-template `..^`*(a, b: untyped): untyped =
-  ## A shortcut for `.. ^` to avoid the common gotcha that a space between
-  ## '..' and '^' is required.
-  a .. ^b
-
-template `..<`*(a, b: untyped): untyped =
-  ## A shortcut for `a .. pred(b)`.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##   for i in 5 ..< 9:
-  ##     echo i # => 5; 6; 7; 8
-  a .. (when b is BackwardsIndex: succ(b) else: pred(b))
-
-template spliceImpl(s, a, L, b: untyped): untyped =
-  # make room for additional elements or cut:
-  var shift = b.len - max(0,L)  # ignore negative slice size
-  var newLen = s.len + shift
-  if shift > 0:
-    # enlarge:
-    setLen(s, newLen)
-    for i in countdown(newLen-1, a+b.len): movingCopy(s[i], s[i-shift])
-  else:
-    for i in countup(a+b.len, newLen-1): movingCopy(s[i], s[i-shift])
-    # cut down:
-    setLen(s, newLen)
-  # fill the hole:
-  for i in 0 ..< b.len: s[a+i] = b[i]
-
-template `^^`(s, i: untyped): untyped =
-  (when i is BackwardsIndex: s.len - int(i) else: int(i))
-
-template `[]`*(s: string; i: int): char = arrGet(s, i)
-template `[]=`*(s: string; i: int; val: char) = arrPut(s, i, val)
-
-proc `[]`*[T, U: Ordinal](s: string, x: HSlice[T, U]): string {.inline.} =
-  ## Slice operation for strings.
-  ## Returns the inclusive range `[s[x.a], s[x.b]]`:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##    var s = "abcdef"
-  ##    assert s[1..3] == "bcd"
-  let a = s ^^ x.a
-  let L = (s ^^ x.b) - a + 1
-  result = newString(L)
-  for i in 0 ..< L: result[i] = s[i + a]
-
-proc `[]=`*[T, U: Ordinal](s: var string, x: HSlice[T, U], b: string) =
-  ## Slice assignment for strings.
-  ##
-  ## If `b.len` is not exactly the number of elements that are referred to
-  ## by `x`, a `splice`:idx: is performed:
-  ##
-  runnableExamples:
-    var s = "abcdefgh"
-    s[1 .. ^2] = "xyz"
-    assert s == "axyzh"
-
-  var a = s ^^ x.a
-  var L = (s ^^ x.b) - a + 1
-  if L == b.len:
-    for i in 0..<L: s[i+a] = b[i]
-  else:
-    spliceImpl(s, a, L, b)
-
-proc `[]`*[Idx, T; U, V: Ordinal](a: array[Idx, T], x: HSlice[U, V]): seq[T] =
-  ## Slice operation for arrays.
-  ## Returns the inclusive range `[a[x.a], a[x.b]]`:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##    var a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
-  ##    assert a[0..2] == @[1, 2, 3]
-  let xa = a ^^ x.a
-  let L = (a ^^ x.b) - xa + 1
-  result = newSeq[T](L)
-  for i in 0..<L: result[i] = a[Idx(i + xa)]
-
-proc `[]=`*[Idx, T; U, V: Ordinal](a: var array[Idx, T], x: HSlice[U, V], b: openArray[T]) =
-  ## Slice assignment for arrays.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##   var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
-  ##   a[1..2] = @[99, 88]
-  ##   assert a == [10, 99, 88, 40, 50]
-  let xa = a ^^ x.a
-  let L = (a ^^ x.b) - xa + 1
-  if L == b.len:
-    for i in 0..<L: a[Idx(i + xa)] = b[i]
-  else:
-    sysFatal(RangeDefect, "different lengths for slice assignment")
-
-proc `[]`*[T; U, V: Ordinal](s: openArray[T], x: HSlice[U, V]): seq[T] =
-  ## Slice operation for sequences.
-  ## Returns the inclusive range `[s[x.a], s[x.b]]`:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##    var s = @[1, 2, 3, 4]
-  ##    assert s[0..2] == @[1, 2, 3]
-  let a = s ^^ x.a
-  let L = (s ^^ x.b) - a + 1
-  newSeq(result, L)
-  for i in 0 ..< L: result[i] = s[i + a]
-
-proc `[]=`*[T; U, V: Ordinal](s: var seq[T], x: HSlice[U, V], b: openArray[T]) =
-  ## Slice assignment for sequences.
-  ##
-  ## If `b.len` is not exactly the number of elements that are referred to
-  ## by `x`, a `splice`:idx: is performed.
-  runnableExamples:
-    var s = @"abcdefgh"
-    s[1 .. ^2] = @"xyz"
-    assert s == @"axyzh"
-
-  let a = s ^^ x.a
-  let L = (s ^^ x.b) - a + 1
-  if L == b.len:
-    for i in 0 ..< L: s[i+a] = b[i]
-  else:
-    spliceImpl(s, a, L, b)
-
-proc `[]`*[T](s: openArray[T]; i: BackwardsIndex): T {.inline.} =
-  system.`[]`(s, s.len - int(i))
-
-proc `[]`*[Idx, T](a: array[Idx, T]; i: BackwardsIndex): T {.inline.} =
-  a[Idx(a.len - int(i) + int low(a))]
-proc `[]`*(s: string; i: BackwardsIndex): char {.inline.} = s[s.len - int(i)]
-
-proc `[]`*[T](s: var openArray[T]; i: BackwardsIndex): var T {.inline.} =
-  system.`[]`(s, s.len - int(i))
-proc `[]`*[Idx, T](a: var array[Idx, T]; i: BackwardsIndex): var T {.inline.} =
-  a[Idx(a.len - int(i) + int low(a))]
-proc `[]`*(s: var string; i: BackwardsIndex): var char {.inline.} = s[s.len - int(i)]
-
-proc `[]=`*[T](s: var openArray[T]; i: BackwardsIndex; x: T) {.inline.} =
-  system.`[]=`(s, s.len - int(i), x)
-proc `[]=`*[Idx, T](a: var array[Idx, T]; i: BackwardsIndex; x: T) {.inline.} =
-  a[Idx(a.len - int(i) + int low(a))] = x
-proc `[]=`*(s: var string; i: BackwardsIndex; x: char) {.inline.} =
-  s[s.len - int(i)] = x
-
-proc slurp*(filename: string): string {.magic: "Slurp".}
-  ## This is an alias for `staticRead <#staticRead,string>`_.
-
-proc staticRead*(filename: string): string {.magic: "Slurp".}
-  ## Compile-time `readFile <io.html#readFile,string>`_ proc for easy
-  ## `resource`:idx: embedding:
-  ##
-  ## The maximum file size limit that `staticRead` and `slurp` can read is
-  ## near or equal to the *free* memory of the device you are using to compile.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##     const myResource = staticRead"mydatafile.bin"
-  ##
-  ## `slurp <#slurp,string>`_ is an alias for `staticRead`.
-
-proc gorge*(command: string, input = "", cache = ""): string {.
-  magic: "StaticExec".} = discard
-  ## This is an alias for `staticExec <#staticExec,string,string,string>`_.
-
-proc staticExec*(command: string, input = "", cache = ""): string {.
-  magic: "StaticExec".} = discard
-  ## Executes an external process at compile-time and returns its text output
-  ## (stdout + stderr).
-  ##
-  ## If `input` is not an empty string, it will be passed as a standard input
-  ## to the executed program.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##     const buildInfo = "Revision " & staticExec("git rev-parse HEAD") &
-  ##                       "\nCompiled on " & staticExec("uname -v")
-  ##
-  ## `gorge <#gorge,string,string,string>`_ is an alias for `staticExec`.
-  ##
-  ## Note that you can use this proc inside a pragma like
-  ## `passc <manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-passc-pragma>`_ or
-  ## `passl <manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-passl-pragma>`_.
-  ##
-  ## If `cache` is not empty, the results of `staticExec` are cached within
-  ## the `nimcache` directory. Use `--forceBuild` to get rid of this caching
-  ## behaviour then. `command & input & cache` (the concatenated string) is
-  ## used to determine whether the entry in the cache is still valid. You can
-  ## use versioning information for `cache`:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##     const stateMachine = staticExec("dfaoptimizer", "input", "0.8.0")
-
-proc gorgeEx*(command: string, input = "", cache = ""): tuple[output: string,
-                                                              exitCode: int] =
-  ## Similar to `gorge <#gorge,string,string,string>`_ but also returns the
-  ## precious exit code.
-  discard
-
-
-proc `+=`*[T: float|float32|float64] (x: var T, y: T) {.
-  inline, noSideEffect.} =
-  ## Increments in place a floating point number.
-  x = x + y
+# {.pop.} # hints: off
 
-proc `-=`*[T: float|float32|float64] (x: var T, y: T) {.
-  inline, noSideEffect.} =
-  ## Decrements in place a floating point number.
-  x = x - y
-
-proc `*=`*[T: float|float32|float64] (x: var T, y: T) {.
-  inline, noSideEffect.} =
-  ## Multiplies in place a floating point number.
-  x = x * y
-
-proc `/=`*(x: var float64, y: float64) {.inline, noSideEffect.} =
-  ## Divides in place a floating point number.
-  x = x / y
-
-proc `/=`*[T: float|float32](x: var T, y: T) {.inline, noSideEffect.} =
-  ## Divides in place a floating point number.
-  x = x / y
+include "system/indices"
 
 proc `&=`*(x: var string, y: string) {.magic: "AppendStrStr", noSideEffect.}
   ## Appends in place to a string.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   var a = "abc"
   ##   a &= "de" # a <- "abcde"
+  ##   ```
 
 template `&=`*(x, y: typed) =
   ## Generic 'sink' operator for Nim.
   ##
-  ## For files an alias for `write`.
   ## If not specialized further, an alias for `add`.
   add(x, y)
-when declared(File):
-  template `&=`*(f: File, x: typed) = write(f, x)
-
-template currentSourcePath*: string = instantiationInfo(-1, true).filename
-  ## Returns the full file-system path of the current source.
-  ##
-  ## To get the directory containing the current source, use it with
-  ## `os.parentDir() <os.html#parentDir%2Cstring>`_ as `currentSourcePath.parentDir()`.
-  ##
-  ## The path returned by this template is set at compile time.
-  ##
-  ## See the docstring of `macros.getProjectPath() <macros.html#getProjectPath>`_
-  ## for an example to see the distinction between the `currentSourcePath`
-  ## and `getProjectPath`.
-  ##
-  ## See also:
-  ## * `getCurrentDir proc <os.html#getCurrentDir>`_
 
 when compileOption("rangechecks"):
   template rangeCheck*(cond) =
@@ -2756,28 +2468,31 @@ when compileOption("rangechecks"):
 else:
   template rangeCheck*(cond) = discard
 
-proc shallow*[T](s: var seq[T]) {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
-  ## Marks a sequence `s` as `shallow`:idx:. Subsequent assignments will not
-  ## perform deep copies of `s`.
-  ##
-  ## This is only useful for optimization purposes.
-  if s.len == 0: return
-  when not defined(js) and not defined(nimscript) and not defined(nimSeqsV2):
-    var s = cast[PGenericSeq](s)
-    s.reserved = s.reserved or seqShallowFlag
-
-proc shallow*(s: var string) {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
-  ## Marks a string `s` as `shallow`:idx:. Subsequent assignments will not
-  ## perform deep copies of `s`.
-  ##
-  ## This is only useful for optimization purposes.
-  when not defined(js) and not defined(nimscript) and not defined(nimSeqsV2):
-    var s = cast[PGenericSeq](s)
-    if s == nil:
-      s = cast[PGenericSeq](newString(0))
-    # string literals cannot become 'shallow':
-    if (s.reserved and strlitFlag) == 0:
-      s.reserved = s.reserved or seqShallowFlag
+when not defined(gcArc) and not defined(gcOrc) and not defined(gcAtomicArc):
+  proc shallow*[T](s: var seq[T]) {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+    ## Marks a sequence `s` as `shallow`:idx:. Subsequent assignments will not
+    ## perform deep copies of `s`.
+    ##
+    ## This is only useful for optimization purposes.
+    if s.len == 0: return
+    when not defined(js) and not defined(nimscript) and not defined(nimSeqsV2):
+      var s = cast[PGenericSeq](s)
+      {.noSideEffect.}:
+        s.reserved = s.reserved or seqShallowFlag
+
+  proc shallow*(s: var string) {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+    ## Marks a string `s` as `shallow`:idx:. Subsequent assignments will not
+    ## perform deep copies of `s`.
+    ##
+    ## This is only useful for optimization purposes.
+    when not defined(js) and not defined(nimscript) and not defined(nimSeqsV2):
+      var s = cast[PGenericSeq](s)
+      if s == nil:
+        s = cast[PGenericSeq](newString(0))
+      # string literals cannot become 'shallow':
+      if (s.reserved and strlitFlag) == 0:
+        {.noSideEffect.}:
+          s.reserved = s.reserved or seqShallowFlag
 
 type
   NimNodeObj = object
@@ -2785,36 +2500,47 @@ type
   NimNode* {.magic: "PNimrodNode".} = ref NimNodeObj
     ## Represents a Nim AST node. Macros operate on this type.
 
-when defined(nimV2):
-  import system/repr_v2
-  export repr_v2
+type
+  ForLoopStmt* {.compilerproc.} = object ## \
+    ## A special type that marks a macro as a `for-loop macro`:idx:.
+    ## See `"For Loop Macro" <manual.html#macros-for-loop-macro>`_.
 
 macro varargsLen*(x: varargs[untyped]): int {.since: (1, 1).} =
   ## returns number of variadic arguments in `x`
   proc varargsLenImpl(x: NimNode): NimNode {.magic: "LengthOpenArray", noSideEffect.}
   varargsLenImpl(x)
 
-when false:
-  template eval*(blk: typed): typed =
-    ## Executes a block of code at compile time just as if it was a macro.
-    ##
-    ## Optionally, the block can return an AST tree that will replace the
-    ## eval expression.
-    macro payload: typed {.gensym.} = blk
-    payload()
+when defined(nimV2):
+  import system/repr_v2
+  export repr_v2
+
+proc repr*[T, U](x: HSlice[T, U]): string =
+  ## Generic `repr` operator for slices that is lifted from the components
+  ## of `x`. Example:
+  ##   ```Nim
+  ##   $(1 .. 5) == "1 .. 5"
+  ##   ```
+  result = repr(x.a)
+  result.add(" .. ")
+  result.add(repr(x.b))
 
 when hasAlloc or defined(nimscript):
   proc insert*(x: var string, item: string, i = 0.Natural) {.noSideEffect.} =
     ## Inserts `item` into `x` at position `i`.
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: Nim
+    ##   ```nim
     ##   var a = "abc"
     ##   a.insert("zz", 0) # a <- "zzabc"
+    ##   ```
+    if item.len == 0: # prevents self-assignment
+      return
     var xl = x.len
     setLen(x, xl+item.len)
     var j = xl-1
     while j >= i:
-      shallowCopy(x[j+item.len], x[j])
+      when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc) or defined(gcAtomicArc):
+        x[j+item.len] = move x[j]
+      else:
+        shallowCopy(x[j+item.len], x[j])
       dec(j)
     j = 0
     while j < item.len:
@@ -2827,7 +2553,7 @@ when declared(initDebugger):
 proc addEscapedChar*(s: var string, c: char) {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
   ## Adds a char to string `s` and applies the following escaping:
   ##
-  ## * replaces any `\` by `\\`
+  ## * replaces any ``\`` by `\\`
   ## * replaces any `'` by `\'`
   ## * replaces any `"` by `\"`
   ## * replaces any `\a` by `\\a`
@@ -2838,13 +2564,14 @@ proc addEscapedChar*(s: var string, c: char) {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
   ## * replaces any `\f` by `\\f`
   ## * replaces any `\r` by `\\r`
   ## * replaces any `\e` by `\\e`
-  ## * replaces any other character not in the set `{'\21..'\126'}
-  ##   by `\xHH` where `HH` is its hexadecimal value.
+  ## * replaces any other character not in the set `{\21..\126}`
+  ##   by `\xHH` where `HH` is its hexadecimal value
   ##
   ## The procedure has been designed so that its output is usable for many
   ## different common syntaxes.
   ##
-  ## **Note**: This is **not correct** for producing Ansi C code!
+  ## .. warning:: This is **not correct** for producing ANSI C code!
+  ##
   case c
   of '\a': s.add "\\a" # \x07
   of '\b': s.add "\\b" # \x08
@@ -2881,7 +2608,7 @@ proc addQuoted*[T](s: var string, x: T) =
   ## Users may overload `addQuoted` for custom (string-like) types if
   ## they want to implement a customized element representation.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   var tmp = ""
   ##   tmp.addQuoted(1)
   ##   tmp.add(", ")
@@ -2889,6 +2616,7 @@ proc addQuoted*[T](s: var string, x: T) =
   ##   tmp.add(", ")
   ##   tmp.addQuoted('c')
   ##   assert(tmp == """1, "string", 'c'""")
+  ##   ```
   when T is string or T is cstring:
     s.add("\"")
     for c in x:
@@ -2904,7 +2632,7 @@ proc addQuoted*[T](s: var string, x: T) =
     s.addEscapedChar(x)
     s.add("'")
   # prevent temporary string allocation
-  elif T is SomeSignedInt:
+  elif T is SomeInteger:
     s.addInt(x)
   elif T is SomeFloat:
     s.addFloat(x)
@@ -2922,7 +2650,7 @@ proc locals*(): RootObj {.magic: "Plugin", noSideEffect.} =
   ## the official signature says, the return type is *not* `RootObj` but a
   ## tuple of a structure that depends on the current scope. Example:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   proc testLocals() =
   ##     var
   ##       a = "something"
@@ -2937,6 +2665,7 @@ proc locals*(): RootObj {.magic: "Plugin", noSideEffect.} =
   ##   # -> name a with value something
   ##   # -> name b with value 4
   ##   # -> B is 1
+  ##   ```
   discard
 
 when hasAlloc and notJSnotNims:
@@ -2947,7 +2676,7 @@ when hasAlloc and notJSnotNims:
     ## This is also used by the code generator
     ## for the implementation of `spawn`.
     ##
-    ## For `--gc:arc` or `--gc:orc` deepcopy support has to be enabled
+    ## For `--mm:arc` or `--mm:orc` deepcopy support has to be enabled
     ## via `--deepcopy:on`.
     discard
 
@@ -2960,10 +2689,10 @@ when hasAlloc and notJSnotNims:
 proc procCall*(x: untyped) {.magic: "ProcCall", compileTime.} =
   ## Special magic to prohibit dynamic binding for `method`:idx: calls.
   ## This is similar to `super`:idx: in ordinary OO languages.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   # 'someMethod' will be resolved fully statically:
   ##   procCall someMethod(a, b)
+  ##   ```
   discard
 
 
@@ -2973,20 +2702,9 @@ proc `==`*(x, y: cstring): bool {.magic: "EqCString", noSideEffect,
   proc strcmp(a, b: cstring): cint {.noSideEffect,
     importc, header: "<string.h>".}
   if pointer(x) == pointer(y): result = true
-  elif x.isNil or y.isNil: result = false
+  elif pointer(x) == nil or pointer(y) == nil: result = false
   else: result = strcmp(x, y) == 0
 
-when true: # xxx PRTEMP remove
-  # bug #9149; ensure that 'typeof(nil)' does not match *too* well by using 'typeof(nil) | typeof(nil)',
-  # especially for converters, see tests/overload/tconverter_to_string.nim
-  # Eventually we will be able to remove this hack completely.
-  proc `==`*(x: string; y: typeof(nil) | typeof(nil)): bool {.
-      error: "'nil' is now invalid for 'string'".} =
-    discard
-  proc `==`*(x: typeof(nil) | typeof(nil); y: string): bool {.
-      error: "'nil' is now invalid for 'string'".} =
-    discard
-
 template closureScope*(body: untyped): untyped =
   ## Useful when creating a closure in a loop to capture local loop variables by
   ## their current iteration values.
@@ -2996,7 +2714,7 @@ template closureScope*(body: untyped): untyped =
   ##
   ## Example:
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   var myClosure : proc()
   ##   # without closureScope:
   ##   for i in 0 .. 5:
@@ -3011,20 +2729,19 @@ template closureScope*(body: untyped): untyped =
   ##       if j == 3:
   ##         myClosure = proc() = echo j
   ##   myClosure() # outputs 3
+  ##   ```
   (proc() = body)()
 
 template once*(body: untyped): untyped =
   ## Executes a block of code only once (the first time the block is reached).
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##
-  ##  proc draw(t: Triangle) =
-  ##    once:
-  ##      graphicsInit()
-  ##    line(t.p1, t.p2)
-  ##    line(t.p2, t.p3)
-  ##    line(t.p3, t.p1)
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   proc draw(t: Triangle) =
+  ##     once:
+  ##       graphicsInit()
+  ##     line(t.p1, t.p2)
+  ##     line(t.p2, t.p3)
+  ##     line(t.p3, t.p1)
+  ##   ```
   var alreadyExecuted {.global.} = false
   if not alreadyExecuted:
     alreadyExecuted = true
@@ -3032,7 +2749,19 @@ template once*(body: untyped): untyped =
 
 {.pop.} # warning[GcMem]: off, warning[Uninit]: off
 
-proc substr*(s: string, first, last: int): string =
+proc substr*(s: openArray[char]): string =
+  ## Copies a slice of `s` into a new string and returns this new
+  ## string.
+  runnableExamples:
+    let a = "abcdefgh"
+    assert a.substr(2, 5) == "cdef"
+    assert a.substr(2) == "cdefgh"
+    assert a.substr(5, 99) == "fgh"
+  result = newString(s.len)
+  for i, ch in s:
+    result[i] = ch
+
+proc substr*(s: string, first, last: int): string = # A bug with `magic: Slice` requires this to exist this way
   ## Copies a slice of `s` into a new string and returns this new
   ## string.
   ##
@@ -3062,14 +2791,25 @@ when defined(nimconfig):
 when not defined(js):
   proc toOpenArray*[T](x: ptr UncheckedArray[T]; first, last: int): openArray[T] {.
     magic: "Slice".}
-  when defined(nimToOpenArrayCString):
-    proc toOpenArray*(x: cstring; first, last: int): openArray[char] {.
-      magic: "Slice".}
-    proc toOpenArrayByte*(x: cstring; first, last: int): openArray[byte] {.
-      magic: "Slice".}
+  proc toOpenArray*(x: cstring; first, last: int): openArray[char] {.
+    magic: "Slice".}
+  proc toOpenArrayByte*(x: cstring; first, last: int): openArray[byte] {.
+    magic: "Slice".}
 
 proc toOpenArray*[T](x: seq[T]; first, last: int): openArray[T] {.
   magic: "Slice".}
+  ## Allows passing the slice of `x` from the element at `first` to the element
+  ## at `last` to `openArray[T]` parameters without copying it.
+  ##
+  ## Example:
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   proc test(x: openArray[int]) =
+  ##     doAssert x == [1, 2, 3]
+  ##
+  ##   let s = @[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+  ##   s.toOpenArray(1, 3).test
+  ##   ```
+
 proc toOpenArray*[T](x: openArray[T]; first, last: int): openArray[T] {.
   magic: "Slice".}
 proc toOpenArray*[I, T](x: array[I, T]; first, last: I): openArray[T] {.
@@ -3084,10 +2824,8 @@ proc toOpenArrayByte*(x: openArray[char]; first, last: int): openArray[byte] {.
 proc toOpenArrayByte*(x: seq[char]; first, last: int): openArray[byte] {.
   magic: "Slice".}
 
-type
-  ForLoopStmt* {.compilerproc.} = object ## \
-    ## A special type that marks a macro as a `for-loop macro`:idx:.
-    ## See `"For Loop Macro" <manual.html#macros-for-loop-macro>`_.
+proc toOpenArrayChar*(x: openArray[byte]; first, last: int): openArray[char] {.
+  magic: "Slice".}
 
 when defined(genode):
   var componentConstructHook*: proc (env: GenodeEnv) {.nimcall.}
@@ -3101,7 +2839,7 @@ when defined(genode):
   proc nim_component_construct(env: GenodeEnv) {.exportc.} =
     ## Procedure called during `Component::construct` by the loader.
     if componentConstructHook.isNil:
-      env.quit(programResult)
+      env.rawQuit(programResult)
         # No native Genode application initialization,
         # exit as would POSIX.
     else:
@@ -3110,11 +2848,86 @@ when defined(genode):
         # and return to thread entrypoint.
 
 
-import system/widestrs
-export widestrs
+when not defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/widestrs
+  export widestrs
 
-import system/io
-export io
+when notJSnotNims:
+  when defined(windows) and compileOption("threads"):
+    when not declared(addSysExitProc):
+      proc addSysExitProc(quitProc: proc() {.noconv.}) {.importc: "atexit", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+    var echoLock: SysLock
+    initSysLock echoLock
+    addSysExitProc(proc() {.noconv.} = deinitSys(echoLock))
+
+  const stdOutLock = compileOption("threads") and
+                    not defined(windows) and
+                    not defined(android) and
+                    not defined(nintendoswitch) and
+                    not defined(freertos) and
+                    not defined(zephyr) and
+                    not defined(nuttx) and
+                    hostOS != "any"
+
+  proc raiseEIO(msg: string) {.noinline, noreturn.} =
+    raise newException(IOError, msg)
+
+  proc echoBinSafe(args: openArray[string]) {.compilerproc.} =
+    when defined(androidNDK):
+      # When running nim in android app, stdout goes nowhere, so echo gets ignored
+      # To redirect echo to the android logcat, use -d:androidNDK
+      const ANDROID_LOG_VERBOSE = 2.cint
+      proc android_log_print(prio: cint, tag: cstring, fmt: cstring): cint
+        {.importc: "__android_log_print", header: "<android/log.h>", varargs, discardable.}
+      var s = ""
+      for arg in args:
+        s.add arg
+      android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_VERBOSE, "nim", s)
+    else:
+      # flockfile deadlocks some versions of Android 5.x.x
+      when stdOutLock:
+        proc flockfile(f: CFilePtr) {.importc, nodecl.}
+        proc funlockfile(f: CFilePtr) {.importc, nodecl.}
+        flockfile(cstdout)
+      when defined(windows) and compileOption("threads"):
+        acquireSys echoLock
+      for s in args:
+        when defined(windows):
+          # equivalent to syncio.writeWindows
+          proc writeWindows(f: CFilePtr; s: string; doRaise = false) =
+            # Don't ask why but the 'printf' family of function is the only thing
+            # that writes utf-8 strings reliably on Windows. At least on my Win 10
+            # machine. We also enable `setConsoleOutputCP(65001)` now by default.
+            # But we cannot call printf directly as the string might contain \0.
+            # So we have to loop over all the sections separated by potential \0s.
+            var i = int c_fprintf(f, "%s", s)
+            while i < s.len:
+              if s[i] == '\0':
+                let w = c_fputc('\0', f)
+                if w != 0:
+                  if doRaise: raiseEIO("cannot write string to file")
+                  break
+                inc i
+              else:
+                let w = c_fprintf(f, "%s", unsafeAddr s[i])
+                if w <= 0:
+                  if doRaise: raiseEIO("cannot write string to file")
+                  break
+                inc i, w
+          writeWindows(cstdout, s)
+        else:
+          discard c_fwrite(s.cstring, cast[csize_t](s.len), 1, cstdout)
+      const linefeed = "\n"
+      discard c_fwrite(linefeed.cstring, linefeed.len, 1, cstdout)
+      discard c_fflush(cstdout)
+      when stdOutLock:
+        funlockfile(cstdout)
+      when defined(windows) and compileOption("threads"):
+        releaseSys echoLock
+
+when not defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
+  export syncio
 
 when not defined(createNimHcr) and not defined(nimscript):
   include nimhcr
@@ -3124,10 +2937,19 @@ when notJSnotNims and not defined(nimSeqsV2):
     ## String literals (e.g. "abc", etc) in the ARC/ORC mode are "copy on write",
     ## therefore you should call `prepareMutation` before modifying the strings
     ## via `addr`.
-    runnableExamples("--gc:arc"):
+    runnableExamples:
       var x = "abc"
       var y = "defgh"
       prepareMutation(y) # without this, you may get a `SIGBUS` or `SIGSEGV`
       moveMem(addr y[0], addr x[0], x.len)
       assert y == "abcgh"
     discard
+
+proc arrayWith*[T](y: T, size: static int): array[size, T] {.raises: [].} =
+  ## Creates a new array filled with `y`.
+  for i in 0..size-1:
+    when nimvm:
+      result[i] = y
+    else:
+      # TODO: fixme it should be `=dup`
+      result[i] = y
diff --git a/lib/system/alloc.nim b/lib/system/alloc.nim
index 76c744f59..3de6d8713 100644
--- a/lib/system/alloc.nim
+++ b/lib/system/alloc.nim
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 {.push profiler:off.}
 
 include osalloc
+import std/private/syslocks
+import std/sysatomics
 
 template track(op, address, size) =
   when defined(memTracker):
@@ -18,11 +20,42 @@ template track(op, address, size) =
 
 # We manage *chunks* of memory. Each chunk is a multiple of the page size.
 # Each chunk starts at an address that is divisible by the page size.
+# Small chunks may be divided into smaller cells of reusable pointers to reduce the number of page allocations.
+
+# An allocation of a small pointer looks approximately like this
+#[
+
+  alloc -> rawAlloc -> No free chunk available > Request a new page from tslf -> result = chunk.data -------------+
+              |                                                                                                   |
+              v                                                                                                   |
+    Free chunk available                                                                                          |
+              |                                                                                                   |
+              v                                                                                                   v
+      Fetch shared cells -> No free cells available -> Advance acc -> result = chunk.data + chunk.acc -------> return
+    (may not add new cells)                                                                                       ^
+              |                                                                                                   |
+              v                                                                                                   |
+     Free cells available -> result = chunk.freeList -> Advance chunk.freeList -----------------------------------+
+]#
+# so it is split into 3 paths, where the last path is preferred to prevent unnecessary allocations.
+#
+#
+# A deallocation of a small pointer then looks like this
+#[
+  dealloc -> rawDealloc -> chunk.owner == addr(a) --------------> This thread owns the chunk ------> The current chunk is active    -> Chunk is completely unused -----> Chunk references no foreign cells
+                                      |                                       |                   (Add cell into the current chunk)                 |                  Return the current chunk back to tlsf
+                                      |                                       |                                   |                                 |
+                                      v                                       v                                   v                                 v
+                      A different thread owns this chunk.     The current chunk is not active.          chunk.free was < size      Chunk references foreign cells, noop
+                      Add the cell to a.sharedFreeLists      Add the cell into the active chunk          Activate the chunk                       (end)
+                                    (end)                                    (end)                              (end)
+]#
+# So "true" deallocation is delayed for as long as possible in favor of reusing cells.
 
 const
   nimMinHeapPages {.intdefine.} = 128 # 0.5 MB
   SmallChunkSize = PageSize
-  MaxFli = 30
+  MaxFli = when sizeof(int) > 2: 30 else: 14
   MaxLog2Sli = 5 # 32, this cannot be increased without changing 'uint32'
                  # everywhere!
   MaxSli = 1 shl MaxLog2Sli
@@ -30,7 +63,7 @@ const
   RealFli = MaxFli - FliOffset
 
   # size of chunks in last matrix bin
-  MaxBigChunkSize = 1 shl MaxFli - 1 shl (MaxFli-MaxLog2Sli-1)
+  MaxBigChunkSize = int(1'i32 shl MaxFli - 1'i32 shl (MaxFli-MaxLog2Sli-1))
   HugeChunkSize = MaxBigChunkSize + 1
 
 type
@@ -44,8 +77,33 @@ type
   IntSet = object
     data: TrunkBuckets
 
+# ------------- chunk table ---------------------------------------------------
+# We use a PtrSet of chunk starts and a table[Page, chunksize] for chunk
+# endings of big chunks. This is needed by the merging operation. The only
+# remaining operation is best-fit for big chunks. Since there is a size-limit
+# for big chunks (because greater than the limit means they are returned back
+# to the OS), a fixed size array can be used.
+
+type
+  PLLChunk = ptr LLChunk
+  LLChunk = object ## *low-level* chunk
+    size: int                # remaining size
+    acc: int                 # accumulator
+    next: PLLChunk           # next low-level chunk; only needed for dealloc
+
+  PAvlNode = ptr AvlNode
+  AvlNode = object
+    link: array[0..1, PAvlNode] # Left (0) and right (1) links
+    key, upperBound: int
+    level: int
+
+const
+  RegionHasLock = false # hasThreadSupport and defined(gcDestructors)
+
 type
   FreeCell {.final, pure.} = object
+    # A free cell is a pointer that has been freed, meaning it became available for reuse.
+    # It may become foreign if it is lent to a chunk that did not create it, doing so reduces the amount of needed pages.
     next: ptr FreeCell  # next free cell in chunk (overlaid with refcount)
     when not defined(gcDestructors):
       zeroField: int       # 0 means cell is not used (overlaid with typ field)
@@ -61,46 +119,27 @@ type
     prevSize: int        # size of previous chunk; for coalescing
                          # 0th bit == 1 if 'used
     size: int            # if < PageSize it is a small chunk
+    owner: ptr MemRegion
 
   SmallChunk = object of BaseChunk
     next, prev: PSmallChunk  # chunks of the same size
-    freeList: ptr FreeCell
-    free: int            # how many bytes remain
-    acc: int             # accumulator for small object allocation
-    when defined(nimAlignPragma):
-      data {.align: MemAlign.}: UncheckedArray[byte]      # start of usable memory
-    else:
-      data: UncheckedArray[byte]
+    freeList: ptr FreeCell   # Singly linked list of cells. They may be from foreign chunks or from the current chunk.
+                             #  Should be `nil` when the chunk isn't active in `a.freeSmallChunks`.
+    free: int32              # Bytes this chunk is able to provide using both the accumulator and free cells.
+                             # When a cell is considered foreign, its source chunk's free field is NOT adjusted until it
+                             #  reaches dealloc while the source chunk is active.
+                             # Instead, the receiving chunk gains the capacity and thus reserves space in the foreign chunk.
+    acc: uint32              # Offset from data, used when there are no free cells available but the chunk is considered free.
+    foreignCells: int        # When a free cell is given to a chunk that is not its origin,
+                             #  both the cell and the source chunk are considered foreign.
+                             # Receiving a foreign cell can happen both when deallocating from another thread or when
+                             #  the active chunk in `a.freeSmallChunks` is not the current chunk.
+                             # Freeing a chunk while `foreignCells > 0` leaks memory as all references to it become lost.
+    data {.align: MemAlign.}: UncheckedArray[byte]      # start of usable memory
 
   BigChunk = object of BaseChunk # not necessarily > PageSize!
     next, prev: PBigChunk    # chunks of the same (or bigger) size
-    when defined(nimAlignPragma):
-      data {.align: MemAlign.}: UncheckedArray[byte]      # start of usable memory
-    else:
-      data: UncheckedArray[byte]
-
-template smallChunkOverhead(): untyped = sizeof(SmallChunk)
-template bigChunkOverhead(): untyped = sizeof(BigChunk)
-
-# ------------- chunk table ---------------------------------------------------
-# We use a PtrSet of chunk starts and a table[Page, chunksize] for chunk
-# endings of big chunks. This is needed by the merging operation. The only
-# remaining operation is best-fit for big chunks. Since there is a size-limit
-# for big chunks (because greater than the limit means they are returned back
-# to the OS), a fixed size array can be used.
-
-type
-  PLLChunk = ptr LLChunk
-  LLChunk = object ## *low-level* chunk
-    size: int                # remaining size
-    acc: int                 # accumulator
-    next: PLLChunk           # next low-level chunk; only needed for dealloc
-
-  PAvlNode = ptr AvlNode
-  AvlNode = object
-    link: array[0..1, PAvlNode] # Left (0) and right (1) links
-    key, upperBound: int
-    level: int
+    data {.align: MemAlign.}: UncheckedArray[byte]      # start of usable memory
 
   HeapLinks = object
     len: int
@@ -108,23 +147,54 @@ type
     next: ptr HeapLinks
 
   MemRegion = object
-    minLargeObj, maxLargeObj: int
-    freeSmallChunks: array[0..SmallChunkSize div MemAlign-1, PSmallChunk]
+    when not defined(gcDestructors):
+      minLargeObj, maxLargeObj: int
+    freeSmallChunks: array[0..max(1, SmallChunkSize div MemAlign-1), PSmallChunk]
+      # List of available chunks per size class. Only one is expected to be active per class.
+    when defined(gcDestructors):
+      sharedFreeLists: array[0..max(1, SmallChunkSize div MemAlign-1), ptr FreeCell]
+        # When a thread frees a pointer it did not create, it must not adjust the counters.
+        # Instead, the cell is placed here and deferred until the next allocation.
     flBitmap: uint32
     slBitmap: array[RealFli, uint32]
     matrix: array[RealFli, array[MaxSli, PBigChunk]]
     llmem: PLLChunk
     currMem, maxMem, freeMem, occ: int # memory sizes (allocated from OS)
     lastSize: int # needed for the case that OS gives us pages linearly
+    when RegionHasLock:
+      lock: SysLock
+    when defined(gcDestructors):
+      sharedFreeListBigChunks: PBigChunk # make no attempt at avoiding false sharing for now for this object field
+
     chunkStarts: IntSet
-    root, deleted, last, freeAvlNodes: PAvlNode
-    locked, blockChunkSizeIncrease: bool # if locked, we cannot free pages.
+    when not defined(gcDestructors):
+      root, deleted, last, freeAvlNodes: PAvlNode
+    lockActive, locked, blockChunkSizeIncrease: bool # if locked, we cannot free pages.
     nextChunkSize: int
-    bottomData: AvlNode
+    when not defined(gcDestructors):
+      bottomData: AvlNode
     heapLinks: HeapLinks
     when defined(nimTypeNames):
       allocCounter, deallocCounter: int
 
+template smallChunkOverhead(): untyped = sizeof(SmallChunk)
+template bigChunkOverhead(): untyped = sizeof(BigChunk)
+
+when hasThreadSupport:
+  template loada(x: untyped): untyped = atomicLoadN(unsafeAddr x, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
+  template storea(x, y: untyped) = atomicStoreN(unsafeAddr x, y, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
+
+  when false:
+    # not yet required
+    template atomicStatDec(x, diff: untyped) = discard atomicSubFetch(unsafeAddr x, diff, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
+    template atomicStatInc(x, diff: untyped) = discard atomicAddFetch(unsafeAddr x, diff, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
+else:
+  template loada(x: untyped): untyped = x
+  template storea(x, y: untyped) = x = y
+
+template atomicStatDec(x, diff: untyped) = dec x, diff
+template atomicStatInc(x, diff: untyped) = inc x, diff
+
 const
   fsLookupTable: array[byte, int8] = [
     -1'i8, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
@@ -165,7 +235,7 @@ proc mappingSearch(r, fl, sl: var int) {.inline.} =
   let t = roundup((1 shl (msbit(uint32 r) - MaxLog2Sli)), PageSize) - 1
   r = r + t
   r = r and not t
-  r = min(r, MaxBigChunkSize)
+  r = min(r, MaxBigChunkSize).int
   fl = msbit(uint32 r)
   sl = (r shr (fl - MaxLog2Sli)) - MaxSli
   dec fl, FliOffset
@@ -231,11 +301,11 @@ proc addChunkToMatrix(a: var MemRegion; b: PBigChunk) =
   setBit(fl, a.flBitmap)
 
 proc incCurrMem(a: var MemRegion, bytes: int) {.inline.} =
-  inc(a.currMem, bytes)
+  atomicStatInc(a.currMem, bytes)
 
 proc decCurrMem(a: var MemRegion, bytes: int) {.inline.} =
   a.maxMem = max(a.maxMem, a.currMem)
-  dec(a.currMem, bytes)
+  atomicStatDec(a.currMem, bytes)
 
 proc getMaxMem(a: var MemRegion): int =
   # Since we update maxPagesCount only when freeing pages,
@@ -243,6 +313,20 @@ proc getMaxMem(a: var MemRegion): int =
   # maximum of these both values here:
   result = max(a.currMem, a.maxMem)
 
+const nimMaxHeap {.intdefine.} = 0
+
+proc allocPages(a: var MemRegion, size: int): pointer =
+  when nimMaxHeap != 0:
+    if a.occ + size > nimMaxHeap * 1024 * 1024:
+      raiseOutOfMem()
+  osAllocPages(size)
+
+proc tryAllocPages(a: var MemRegion, size: int): pointer =
+  when nimMaxHeap != 0:
+    if a.occ + size > nimMaxHeap * 1024 * 1024:
+      raiseOutOfMem()
+  osTryAllocPages(size)
+
 proc llAlloc(a: var MemRegion, size: int): pointer =
   # *low-level* alloc for the memory managers data structures. Deallocation
   # is done at the end of the allocator's life time.
@@ -252,49 +336,50 @@ proc llAlloc(a: var MemRegion, size: int): pointer =
     # is one page:
     sysAssert roundup(size+sizeof(LLChunk), PageSize) == PageSize, "roundup 6"
     var old = a.llmem # can be nil and is correct with nil
-    a.llmem = cast[PLLChunk](osAllocPages(PageSize))
+    a.llmem = cast[PLLChunk](allocPages(a, PageSize))
     when defined(nimAvlcorruption):
       trackLocation(a.llmem, PageSize)
     incCurrMem(a, PageSize)
     a.llmem.size = PageSize - sizeof(LLChunk)
     a.llmem.acc = sizeof(LLChunk)
     a.llmem.next = old
-  result = cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](a.llmem) + a.llmem.acc)
+  result = cast[pointer](cast[int](a.llmem) + a.llmem.acc)
   dec(a.llmem.size, size)
   inc(a.llmem.acc, size)
   zeroMem(result, size)
 
-proc getBottom(a: var MemRegion): PAvlNode =
-  result = addr(a.bottomData)
-  if result.link[0] == nil:
-    result.link[0] = result
-    result.link[1] = result
-
-proc allocAvlNode(a: var MemRegion, key, upperBound: int): PAvlNode =
-  if a.freeAvlNodes != nil:
-    result = a.freeAvlNodes
-    a.freeAvlNodes = a.freeAvlNodes.link[0]
-  else:
-    result = cast[PAvlNode](llAlloc(a, sizeof(AvlNode)))
-    when defined(nimAvlcorruption):
-      cprintf("tracking location: %p\n", result)
-  result.key = key
-  result.upperBound = upperBound
-  let bottom = getBottom(a)
-  result.link[0] = bottom
-  result.link[1] = bottom
-  result.level = 1
-  #when defined(nimAvlcorruption):
-  #  track("allocAvlNode", result, sizeof(AvlNode))
-  sysAssert(bottom == addr(a.bottomData), "bottom data")
-  sysAssert(bottom.link[0] == bottom, "bottom link[0]")
-  sysAssert(bottom.link[1] == bottom, "bottom link[1]")
-
-proc deallocAvlNode(a: var MemRegion, n: PAvlNode) {.inline.} =
-  n.link[0] = a.freeAvlNodes
-  a.freeAvlNodes = n
-
-proc addHeapLink(a: var MemRegion; p: PBigChunk, size: int) =
+when not defined(gcDestructors):
+  proc getBottom(a: var MemRegion): PAvlNode =
+    result = addr(a.bottomData)
+    if result.link[0] == nil:
+      result.link[0] = result
+      result.link[1] = result
+
+  proc allocAvlNode(a: var MemRegion, key, upperBound: int): PAvlNode =
+    if a.freeAvlNodes != nil:
+      result = a.freeAvlNodes
+      a.freeAvlNodes = a.freeAvlNodes.link[0]
+    else:
+      result = cast[PAvlNode](llAlloc(a, sizeof(AvlNode)))
+      when defined(nimAvlcorruption):
+        cprintf("tracking location: %p\n", result)
+    result.key = key
+    result.upperBound = upperBound
+    let bottom = getBottom(a)
+    result.link[0] = bottom
+    result.link[1] = bottom
+    result.level = 1
+    #when defined(nimAvlcorruption):
+    #  track("allocAvlNode", result, sizeof(AvlNode))
+    sysAssert(bottom == addr(a.bottomData), "bottom data")
+    sysAssert(bottom.link[0] == bottom, "bottom link[0]")
+    sysAssert(bottom.link[1] == bottom, "bottom link[1]")
+
+  proc deallocAvlNode(a: var MemRegion, n: PAvlNode) {.inline.} =
+    n.link[0] = a.freeAvlNodes
+    a.freeAvlNodes = n
+
+proc addHeapLink(a: var MemRegion; p: PBigChunk, size: int): ptr HeapLinks =
   var it = addr(a.heapLinks)
   while it != nil and it.len >= it.chunks.len: it = it.next
   if it == nil:
@@ -303,12 +388,15 @@ proc addHeapLink(a: var MemRegion; p: PBigChunk, size: int) =
     a.heapLinks.next = n
     n.chunks[0] = (p, size)
     n.len = 1
+    result = n
   else:
     let L = it.len
     it.chunks[L] = (p, size)
     inc it.len
+    result = it
 
-include "system/avltree"
+when not defined(gcDestructors):
+  include "system/avltree"
 
 proc llDeallocAll(a: var MemRegion) =
   var it = a.llmem
@@ -373,7 +461,7 @@ iterator elements(t: IntSet): int {.inline.} =
       r = r.next
 
 proc isSmallChunk(c: PChunk): bool {.inline.} =
-  return c.size <= SmallChunkSize-smallChunkOverhead()
+  result = c.size <= SmallChunkSize-smallChunkOverhead()
 
 proc chunkUnused(c: PChunk): bool {.inline.} =
   result = (c.prevSize and 1) == 0
@@ -389,8 +477,8 @@ iterator allObjects(m: var MemRegion): pointer {.inline.} =
           var c = cast[PSmallChunk](c)
 
           let size = c.size
-          var a = cast[ByteAddress](addr(c.data))
-          let limit = a + c.acc
+          var a = cast[int](addr(c.data))
+          let limit = a + c.acc.int
           while a <% limit:
             yield cast[pointer](a)
             a = a +% size
@@ -408,13 +496,13 @@ when not defined(gcDestructors):
 
 # ------------- chunk management ----------------------------------------------
 proc pageIndex(c: PChunk): int {.inline.} =
-  result = cast[ByteAddress](c) shr PageShift
+  result = cast[int](c) shr PageShift
 
 proc pageIndex(p: pointer): int {.inline.} =
-  result = cast[ByteAddress](p) shr PageShift
+  result = cast[int](p) shr PageShift
 
 proc pageAddr(p: pointer): PChunk {.inline.} =
-  result = cast[PChunk](cast[ByteAddress](p) and not PageMask)
+  result = cast[PChunk](cast[int](p) and not PageMask)
   #sysAssert(Contains(allocator.chunkStarts, pageIndex(result)))
 
 when false:
@@ -426,49 +514,44 @@ when false:
                 it, it.next, it.prev, it.size)
       it = it.next
 
-const nimMaxHeap {.intdefine.} = 0
-
 proc requestOsChunks(a: var MemRegion, size: int): PBigChunk =
   when not defined(emscripten):
     if not a.blockChunkSizeIncrease:
       let usedMem = a.occ #a.currMem # - a.freeMem
-      when nimMaxHeap != 0:
-        if usedMem > nimMaxHeap * 1024 * 1024:
-          raiseOutOfMem()
       if usedMem < 64 * 1024:
         a.nextChunkSize = PageSize*4
       else:
         a.nextChunkSize = min(roundup(usedMem shr 2, PageSize), a.nextChunkSize * 2)
-        a.nextChunkSize = min(a.nextChunkSize, MaxBigChunkSize)
+        a.nextChunkSize = min(a.nextChunkSize, MaxBigChunkSize).int
 
   var size = size
   if size > a.nextChunkSize:
-    result = cast[PBigChunk](osAllocPages(size))
+    result = cast[PBigChunk](allocPages(a, size))
   else:
-    result = cast[PBigChunk](osTryAllocPages(a.nextChunkSize))
+    result = cast[PBigChunk](tryAllocPages(a, a.nextChunkSize))
     if result == nil:
-      result = cast[PBigChunk](osAllocPages(size))
+      result = cast[PBigChunk](allocPages(a, size))
       a.blockChunkSizeIncrease = true
     else:
       size = a.nextChunkSize
 
   incCurrMem(a, size)
   inc(a.freeMem, size)
-  a.addHeapLink(result, size)
+  let heapLink = a.addHeapLink(result, size)
   when defined(debugHeapLinks):
     cprintf("owner: %p; result: %p; next pointer %p; size: %ld\n", addr(a),
-      result, result.heapLink, result.size)
+      result, heapLink, size)
 
   when defined(memtracker):
     trackLocation(addr result.size, sizeof(int))
 
-  sysAssert((cast[ByteAddress](result) and PageMask) == 0, "requestOsChunks 1")
+  sysAssert((cast[int](result) and PageMask) == 0, "requestOsChunks 1")
   #zeroMem(result, size)
   result.next = nil
   result.prev = nil
   result.size = size
   # update next.prevSize:
-  var nxt = cast[ByteAddress](result) +% size
+  var nxt = cast[int](result) +% size
   sysAssert((nxt and PageMask) == 0, "requestOsChunks 2")
   var next = cast[PChunk](nxt)
   if pageIndex(next) in a.chunkStarts:
@@ -476,7 +559,7 @@ proc requestOsChunks(a: var MemRegion, size: int): PBigChunk =
     next.prevSize = size or (next.prevSize and 1)
   # set result.prevSize:
   var lastSize = if a.lastSize != 0: a.lastSize else: PageSize
-  var prv = cast[ByteAddress](result) -% lastSize
+  var prv = cast[int](result) -% lastSize
   sysAssert((nxt and PageMask) == 0, "requestOsChunks 3")
   var prev = cast[PChunk](prv)
   if pageIndex(prev) in a.chunkStarts and prev.size == lastSize:
@@ -522,21 +605,22 @@ proc listRemove[T](head: var T, c: T) {.inline.} =
 
 proc updatePrevSize(a: var MemRegion, c: PBigChunk,
                     prevSize: int) {.inline.} =
-  var ri = cast[PChunk](cast[ByteAddress](c) +% c.size)
-  sysAssert((cast[ByteAddress](ri) and PageMask) == 0, "updatePrevSize")
+  var ri = cast[PChunk](cast[int](c) +% c.size)
+  sysAssert((cast[int](ri) and PageMask) == 0, "updatePrevSize")
   if isAccessible(a, ri):
     ri.prevSize = prevSize or (ri.prevSize and 1)
 
 proc splitChunk2(a: var MemRegion, c: PBigChunk, size: int): PBigChunk =
-  result = cast[PBigChunk](cast[ByteAddress](c) +% size)
+  result = cast[PBigChunk](cast[int](c) +% size)
   result.size = c.size - size
   track("result.size", addr result.size, sizeof(int))
-  # XXX check if these two nil assignments are dead code given
-  # addChunkToMatrix's implementation:
-  result.next = nil
-  result.prev = nil
+  when not defined(nimOptimizedSplitChunk):
+    # still active because of weird codegen issue on some of our CIs:
+    result.next = nil
+    result.prev = nil
   # size and not used:
   result.prevSize = size
+  result.owner = addr a
   sysAssert((size and 1) == 0, "splitChunk 2")
   sysAssert((size and PageMask) == 0,
       "splitChunk: size is not a multiple of the PageSize")
@@ -556,8 +640,8 @@ proc freeBigChunk(a: var MemRegion, c: PBigChunk) =
   when coalescLeft:
     let prevSize = c.prevSize
     if prevSize != 0:
-      var le = cast[PChunk](cast[ByteAddress](c) -% prevSize)
-      sysAssert((cast[ByteAddress](le) and PageMask) == 0, "freeBigChunk 4")
+      var le = cast[PChunk](cast[int](c) -% prevSize)
+      sysAssert((cast[int](le) and PageMask) == 0, "freeBigChunk 4")
       if isAccessible(a, le) and chunkUnused(le):
         sysAssert(not isSmallChunk(le), "freeBigChunk 5")
         if not isSmallChunk(le) and le.size < MaxBigChunkSize:
@@ -567,11 +651,14 @@ proc freeBigChunk(a: var MemRegion, c: PBigChunk) =
           c = cast[PBigChunk](le)
           if c.size > MaxBigChunkSize:
             let rest = splitChunk2(a, c, MaxBigChunkSize)
+            when defined(nimOptimizedSplitChunk):
+              rest.next = nil
+              rest.prev = nil
             addChunkToMatrix(a, c)
             c = rest
   when coalescRight:
-    var ri = cast[PChunk](cast[ByteAddress](c) +% c.size)
-    sysAssert((cast[ByteAddress](ri) and PageMask) == 0, "freeBigChunk 2")
+    var ri = cast[PChunk](cast[int](c) +% c.size)
+    sysAssert((cast[int](ri) and PageMask) == 0, "freeBigChunk 2")
     if isAccessible(a, ri) and chunkUnused(ri):
       sysAssert(not isSmallChunk(ri), "freeBigChunk 3")
       if not isSmallChunk(ri) and c.size < MaxBigChunkSize:
@@ -591,6 +678,13 @@ proc getBigChunk(a: var MemRegion, size: int): PBigChunk =
   mappingSearch(size, fl, sl)
   sysAssert((size and PageMask) == 0, "getBigChunk: unaligned chunk")
   result = findSuitableBlock(a, fl, sl)
+
+  when RegionHasLock:
+    if not a.lockActive:
+      a.lockActive = true
+      initSysLock(a.lock)
+    acquireSys a.lock
+
   if result == nil:
     if size < nimMinHeapPages * PageSize:
       result = requestOsChunks(a, nimMinHeapPages * PageSize)
@@ -600,6 +694,7 @@ proc getBigChunk(a: var MemRegion, size: int): PBigChunk =
       # if we over allocated split the chunk:
       if result.size > size:
         splitChunk(a, result, size)
+    result.owner = addr a
   else:
     removeChunkFromMatrix2(a, result, fl, sl)
     if result.size >= size + PageSize:
@@ -607,22 +702,33 @@ proc getBigChunk(a: var MemRegion, size: int): PBigChunk =
   # set 'used' to to true:
   result.prevSize = 1
   track("setUsedToFalse", addr result.size, sizeof(int))
+  sysAssert result.owner == addr a, "getBigChunk: No owner set!"
 
   incl(a, a.chunkStarts, pageIndex(result))
   dec(a.freeMem, size)
+  when RegionHasLock:
+    releaseSys a.lock
 
 proc getHugeChunk(a: var MemRegion; size: int): PBigChunk =
-  result = cast[PBigChunk](osAllocPages(size))
+  result = cast[PBigChunk](allocPages(a, size))
+  when RegionHasLock:
+    if not a.lockActive:
+      a.lockActive = true
+      initSysLock(a.lock)
+    acquireSys a.lock
   incCurrMem(a, size)
   # XXX add this to the heap links. But also remove it from it later.
   when false: a.addHeapLink(result, size)
-  sysAssert((cast[ByteAddress](result) and PageMask) == 0, "getHugeChunk")
+  sysAssert((cast[int](result) and PageMask) == 0, "getHugeChunk")
   result.next = nil
   result.prev = nil
   result.size = size
   # set 'used' to to true:
   result.prevSize = 1
+  result.owner = addr a
   incl(a, a.chunkStarts, pageIndex(result))
+  when RegionHasLock:
+    releaseSys a.lock
 
 proc freeHugeChunk(a: var MemRegion; c: PBigChunk) =
   let size = c.size
@@ -686,119 +792,180 @@ else:
   template trackSize(x) = discard
   template untrackSize(x) = discard
 
-when false:
-  # not yet used by the GCs
-  proc rawTryAlloc(a: var MemRegion; requestedSize: int): pointer =
-    sysAssert(allocInv(a), "rawAlloc: begin")
-    sysAssert(roundup(65, 8) == 72, "rawAlloc: roundup broken")
-    sysAssert(requestedSize >= sizeof(FreeCell), "rawAlloc: requested size too small")
-    var size = roundup(requestedSize, MemAlign)
-    inc a.occ, size
-    trackSize(size)
-    sysAssert(size >= requestedSize, "insufficient allocated size!")
-    #c_fprintf(stdout, "alloc; size: %ld; %ld\n", requestedSize, size)
-    if size <= SmallChunkSize-smallChunkOverhead():
-      # allocate a small block: for small chunks, we use only its next pointer
-      var s = size div MemAlign
-      var c = a.freeSmallChunks[s]
-      if c == nil:
-        result = nil
-      else:
-        sysAssert c.size == size, "rawAlloc 6"
-        if c.freeList == nil:
-          sysAssert(c.acc + smallChunkOverhead() + size <= SmallChunkSize,
-                    "rawAlloc 7")
-          result = cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](addr(c.data)) +% c.acc)
-          inc(c.acc, size)
-        else:
-          result = c.freeList
-          sysAssert(c.freeList.zeroField == 0, "rawAlloc 8")
-          c.freeList = c.freeList.next
-        dec(c.free, size)
-        sysAssert((cast[ByteAddress](result) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "rawAlloc 9")
-        if c.free < size:
-          listRemove(a.freeSmallChunks[s], c)
-          sysAssert(allocInv(a), "rawAlloc: end listRemove test")
-        sysAssert(((cast[ByteAddress](result) and PageMask) - smallChunkOverhead()) %%
-                  size == 0, "rawAlloc 21")
-        sysAssert(allocInv(a), "rawAlloc: end small size")
+proc deallocBigChunk(a: var MemRegion, c: PBigChunk) =
+  when RegionHasLock:
+    acquireSys a.lock
+  dec a.occ, c.size
+  untrackSize(c.size)
+  sysAssert a.occ >= 0, "rawDealloc: negative occupied memory (case B)"
+  when not defined(gcDestructors):
+    a.deleted = getBottom(a)
+    del(a, a.root, cast[int](addr(c.data)))
+  if c.size >= HugeChunkSize: freeHugeChunk(a, c)
+  else: freeBigChunk(a, c)
+  when RegionHasLock:
+    releaseSys a.lock
+
+when defined(gcDestructors):
+  template atomicPrepend(head, elem: untyped) =
+    # see also https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/atomic/atomic_compare_exchange
+    when hasThreadSupport:
+      while true:
+        elem.next.storea head.loada
+        if atomicCompareExchangeN(addr head, addr elem.next, elem, weak = true, ATOMIC_RELEASE, ATOMIC_RELAXED):
+          break
     else:
-      inc size, bigChunkOverhead()
-      var fl, sl: int
-      mappingSearch(size, fl, sl)
-      sysAssert((size and PageMask) == 0, "getBigChunk: unaligned chunk")
-      let c = findSuitableBlock(a, fl, sl)
-      if c != nil:
-        removeChunkFromMatrix2(a, c, fl, sl)
-        if c.size >= size + PageSize:
-          splitChunk(a, c, size)
-        # set 'used' to to true:
-        c.prevSize = 1
-        incl(a, a.chunkStarts, pageIndex(c))
-        dec(a.freeMem, size)
-        result = addr(c.data)
-        sysAssert((cast[ByteAddress](c) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "rawAlloc 13")
-        sysAssert((cast[ByteAddress](c) and PageMask) == 0, "rawAlloc: Not aligned on a page boundary")
-        if a.root == nil: a.root = getBottom(a)
-        add(a, a.root, cast[ByteAddress](result), cast[ByteAddress](result)+%size)
-      else:
-        result = nil
+      elem.next.storea head.loada
+      head.storea elem
+
+  proc addToSharedFreeListBigChunks(a: var MemRegion; c: PBigChunk) {.inline.} =
+    sysAssert c.next == nil, "c.next pointer must be nil"
+    atomicPrepend a.sharedFreeListBigChunks, c
+
+  proc addToSharedFreeList(c: PSmallChunk; f: ptr FreeCell; size: int) {.inline.} =
+    atomicPrepend c.owner.sharedFreeLists[size], f
+
+  const MaxSteps = 20
+
+  proc compensateCounters(a: var MemRegion; c: PSmallChunk; size: int) =
+    # rawDealloc did NOT do the usual:
+    # `inc(c.free, size); dec(a.occ, size)` because it wasn't the owner of these
+    # memory locations. We have to compensate here for these for the entire list.
+    var it = c.freeList
+    var total = 0
+    while it != nil:
+      inc total, size
+      let chunk = cast[PSmallChunk](pageAddr(it))
+      if c != chunk:
+        # The cell is foreign, potentially even from a foreign thread.
+        # It must block the current chunk from being freed, as doing so would leak memory.
+        inc c.foreignCells
+      it = it.next
+    # By not adjusting the foreign chunk we reserve space in it to prevent deallocation
+    inc(c.free, total)
+    dec(a.occ, total)
+
+  proc freeDeferredObjects(a: var MemRegion; root: PBigChunk) =
+    var it = root
+    var maxIters = MaxSteps # make it time-bounded
+    while true:
+      let rest = it.next.loada
+      it.next.storea nil
+      deallocBigChunk(a, cast[PBigChunk](it))
+      if maxIters == 0:
+        if rest != nil:
+          addToSharedFreeListBigChunks(a, rest)
+          sysAssert a.sharedFreeListBigChunks != nil, "re-enqueing failed"
+        break
+      it = rest
+      dec maxIters
+      if it == nil: break
 
 proc rawAlloc(a: var MemRegion, requestedSize: int): pointer =
   when defined(nimTypeNames):
     inc(a.allocCounter)
   sysAssert(allocInv(a), "rawAlloc: begin")
   sysAssert(roundup(65, 8) == 72, "rawAlloc: roundup broken")
-  sysAssert(requestedSize >= sizeof(FreeCell), "rawAlloc: requested size too small")
   var size = roundup(requestedSize, MemAlign)
+  sysAssert(size >= sizeof(FreeCell), "rawAlloc: requested size too small")
   sysAssert(size >= requestedSize, "insufficient allocated size!")
   #c_fprintf(stdout, "alloc; size: %ld; %ld\n", requestedSize, size)
+
   if size <= SmallChunkSize-smallChunkOverhead():
+    template fetchSharedCells(tc: PSmallChunk) =
+      # Consumes cells from (potentially) foreign threads from `a.sharedFreeLists[s]`
+      when defined(gcDestructors):
+        if tc.freeList == nil:
+          when hasThreadSupport:
+            # Steal the entire list from `sharedFreeList`:
+            tc.freeList = atomicExchangeN(addr a.sharedFreeLists[s], nil, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
+          else:
+            tc.freeList = a.sharedFreeLists[s]
+            a.sharedFreeLists[s] = nil
+          # if `tc.freeList` isn't nil, `tc` will gain capacity.
+          # We must calculate how much it gained and how many foreign cells are included.
+          compensateCounters(a, tc, size)
+
     # allocate a small block: for small chunks, we use only its next pointer
-    var s = size div MemAlign
+    let s = size div MemAlign
     var c = a.freeSmallChunks[s]
     if c == nil:
+      # There is no free chunk of the requested size available, we need a new one.
       c = getSmallChunk(a)
+      # init all fields in case memory didn't get zeroed
       c.freeList = nil
+      c.foreignCells = 0
       sysAssert c.size == PageSize, "rawAlloc 3"
       c.size = size
-      c.acc = size
-      c.free = SmallChunkSize - smallChunkOverhead() - size
+      c.acc = size.uint32
+      c.free = SmallChunkSize - smallChunkOverhead() - size.int32
+      sysAssert c.owner == addr(a), "rawAlloc: No owner set!"
       c.next = nil
       c.prev = nil
-      listAdd(a.freeSmallChunks[s], c)
+      # Shared cells are fetched here in case `c.size * 2 >= SmallChunkSize - smallChunkOverhead()`.
+      # For those single cell chunks, we would otherwise have to allocate a new one almost every time.
+      fetchSharedCells(c)
+      if c.free >= size:
+        # Because removals from `a.freeSmallChunks[s]` only happen in the other alloc branch and during dealloc,
+        #  we must not add it to the list if it cannot be used the next time a pointer of `size` bytes is needed.
+        listAdd(a.freeSmallChunks[s], c)
       result = addr(c.data)
-      sysAssert((cast[ByteAddress](result) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "rawAlloc 4")
+      sysAssert((cast[int](result) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "rawAlloc 4")
     else:
+      # There is a free chunk of the requested size available, use it.
       sysAssert(allocInv(a), "rawAlloc: begin c != nil")
       sysAssert c.next != c, "rawAlloc 5"
       #if c.size != size:
       #  c_fprintf(stdout, "csize: %lld; size %lld\n", c.size, size)
       sysAssert c.size == size, "rawAlloc 6"
       if c.freeList == nil:
-        sysAssert(c.acc + smallChunkOverhead() + size <= SmallChunkSize,
+        sysAssert(c.acc.int + smallChunkOverhead() + size <= SmallChunkSize,
                   "rawAlloc 7")
-        result = cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](addr(c.data)) +% c.acc)
+        result = cast[pointer](cast[int](addr(c.data)) +% c.acc.int)
         inc(c.acc, size)
       else:
+        # There are free cells available, prefer them over the accumulator
         result = c.freeList
         when not defined(gcDestructors):
           sysAssert(c.freeList.zeroField == 0, "rawAlloc 8")
         c.freeList = c.freeList.next
+        if cast[PSmallChunk](pageAddr(result)) != c:
+          # This cell isn't a blocker for the current chunk's deallocation anymore
+          dec(c.foreignCells)
+        else:
+          sysAssert(c == cast[PSmallChunk](pageAddr(result)), "rawAlloc: Bad cell")
+      # Even if the cell we return is foreign, the local chunk's capacity decreases.
+      # The capacity was previously reserved in the source chunk (when it first got allocated),
+      #  then added into the current chunk during dealloc,
+      #  so the source chunk will not be freed or leak memory because of this.
       dec(c.free, size)
-      sysAssert((cast[ByteAddress](result) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "rawAlloc 9")
+      sysAssert((cast[int](result) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "rawAlloc 9")
       sysAssert(allocInv(a), "rawAlloc: end c != nil")
-    sysAssert(allocInv(a), "rawAlloc: before c.free < size")
-    if c.free < size:
-      sysAssert(allocInv(a), "rawAlloc: before listRemove test")
-      listRemove(a.freeSmallChunks[s], c)
-      sysAssert(allocInv(a), "rawAlloc: end listRemove test")
-    sysAssert(((cast[ByteAddress](result) and PageMask) - smallChunkOverhead()) %%
+      # We fetch deferred cells *after* advancing `c.freeList`/`acc` to adjust `c.free`.
+      # If after the adjustment it turns out there's free cells available,
+      #  the chunk stays in `a.freeSmallChunks[s]` and the need for a new chunk is delayed.
+      fetchSharedCells(c)
+      sysAssert(allocInv(a), "rawAlloc: before c.free < size")
+      if c.free < size:
+        # Even after fetching shared cells the chunk has no usable memory left. It is no longer the active chunk
+        sysAssert(allocInv(a), "rawAlloc: before listRemove test")
+        listRemove(a.freeSmallChunks[s], c)
+        sysAssert(allocInv(a), "rawAlloc: end listRemove test")
+    sysAssert(((cast[int](result) and PageMask) - smallChunkOverhead()) %%
                size == 0, "rawAlloc 21")
     sysAssert(allocInv(a), "rawAlloc: end small size")
     inc a.occ, size
     trackSize(c.size)
   else:
+    when defined(gcDestructors):
+      when hasThreadSupport:
+        let deferredFrees = atomicExchangeN(addr a.sharedFreeListBigChunks, nil, ATOMIC_RELAXED)
+      else:
+        let deferredFrees = a.sharedFreeListBigChunks
+        a.sharedFreeListBigChunks = nil
+      if deferredFrees != nil:
+        freeDeferredObjects(a, deferredFrees)
+
     size = requestedSize + bigChunkOverhead() #  roundup(requestedSize+bigChunkOverhead(), PageSize)
     # allocate a large block
     var c = if size >= HugeChunkSize: getHugeChunk(a, size)
@@ -806,15 +973,16 @@ proc rawAlloc(a: var MemRegion, requestedSize: int): pointer =
     sysAssert c.prev == nil, "rawAlloc 10"
     sysAssert c.next == nil, "rawAlloc 11"
     result = addr(c.data)
-    sysAssert((cast[ByteAddress](c) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "rawAlloc 13")
-    sysAssert((cast[ByteAddress](c) and PageMask) == 0, "rawAlloc: Not aligned on a page boundary")
-    if a.root == nil: a.root = getBottom(a)
-    add(a, a.root, cast[ByteAddress](result), cast[ByteAddress](result)+%size)
+    sysAssert((cast[int](c) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "rawAlloc 13")
+    sysAssert((cast[int](c) and PageMask) == 0, "rawAlloc: Not aligned on a page boundary")
+    when not defined(gcDestructors):
+      if a.root == nil: a.root = getBottom(a)
+      add(a, a.root, cast[int](result), cast[int](result)+%size)
     inc a.occ, c.size
     trackSize(c.size)
   sysAssert(isAccessible(a, result), "rawAlloc 14")
   sysAssert(allocInv(a), "rawAlloc: end")
-  when logAlloc: cprintf("var pointer_%p = alloc(%ld)\n", result, requestedSize)
+  when logAlloc: cprintf("var pointer_%p = alloc(%ld) # %p\n", result, requestedSize, addr a)
 
 proc rawAlloc0(a: var MemRegion, requestedSize: int): pointer =
   result = rawAlloc(a, requestedSize)
@@ -826,53 +994,77 @@ proc rawDealloc(a: var MemRegion, p: pointer) =
   #sysAssert(isAllocatedPtr(a, p), "rawDealloc: no allocated pointer")
   sysAssert(allocInv(a), "rawDealloc: begin")
   var c = pageAddr(p)
+  sysAssert(c != nil, "rawDealloc: begin")
   if isSmallChunk(c):
     # `p` is within a small chunk:
     var c = cast[PSmallChunk](c)
-    var s = c.size
-    dec a.occ, s
-    untrackSize(s)
-    sysAssert a.occ >= 0, "rawDealloc: negative occupied memory (case A)"
-    sysAssert(((cast[ByteAddress](p) and PageMask) - smallChunkOverhead()) %%
-               s == 0, "rawDealloc 3")
+    let s = c.size
+    #       ^ We might access thread foreign storage here.
+    # The other thread cannot possibly free this block as it's still alive.
     var f = cast[ptr FreeCell](p)
-    when not defined(gcDestructors):
-      #echo("setting to nil: ", $cast[ByteAddress](addr(f.zeroField)))
-      sysAssert(f.zeroField != 0, "rawDealloc 1")
-      f.zeroField = 0
-    f.next = c.freeList
-    c.freeList = f
-    when overwriteFree:
-      # set to 0xff to check for usage after free bugs:
-      nimSetMem(cast[pointer](cast[int](p) +% sizeof(FreeCell)), -1'i32,
-               s -% sizeof(FreeCell))
-    # check if it is not in the freeSmallChunks[s] list:
-    if c.free < s:
-      # add it to the freeSmallChunks[s] array:
-      listAdd(a.freeSmallChunks[s div MemAlign], c)
-      inc(c.free, s)
+    if c.owner == addr(a):
+      # We own the block, there is no foreign thread involved.
+      dec a.occ, s
+      untrackSize(s)
+      sysAssert a.occ >= 0, "rawDealloc: negative occupied memory (case A)"
+      sysAssert(((cast[int](p) and PageMask) - smallChunkOverhead()) %%
+                s == 0, "rawDealloc 3")
+      when not defined(gcDestructors):
+        #echo("setting to nil: ", $cast[int](addr(f.zeroField)))
+        sysAssert(f.zeroField != 0, "rawDealloc 1")
+        f.zeroField = 0
+      when overwriteFree:
+        # set to 0xff to check for usage after free bugs:
+        nimSetMem(cast[pointer](cast[int](p) +% sizeof(FreeCell)), -1'i32,
+                s -% sizeof(FreeCell))
+      let activeChunk = a.freeSmallChunks[s div MemAlign]
+      if activeChunk != nil and c != activeChunk:
+        # This pointer is not part of the active chunk, lend it out
+        #  and do not adjust the current chunk (same logic as compensateCounters.)
+        # Put the cell into the active chunk,
+        #  may prevent a queue of available chunks from forming in a.freeSmallChunks[s div MemAlign].
+        #  This queue would otherwise waste memory in the form of free cells until we return to those chunks.
+        f.next = activeChunk.freeList
+        activeChunk.freeList = f # lend the cell
+        inc(activeChunk.free, s) # By not adjusting the current chunk's capacity it is prevented from being freed
+        inc(activeChunk.foreignCells) # The cell is now considered foreign from the perspective of the active chunk
+      else:
+        f.next = c.freeList
+        c.freeList = f
+        if c.free < s:
+          # The chunk could not have been active as it didn't have enough space to give
+          listAdd(a.freeSmallChunks[s div MemAlign], c)
+          inc(c.free, s)
+        else:
+          inc(c.free, s)
+          # Free only if the entire chunk is unused and there are no borrowed cells.
+          # If the chunk were to be freed while it references foreign cells,
+          #  the foreign chunks will leak memory and can never be freed.
+          if c.free == SmallChunkSize-smallChunkOverhead() and c.foreignCells == 0:
+            listRemove(a.freeSmallChunks[s div MemAlign], c)
+            c.size = SmallChunkSize
+            freeBigChunk(a, cast[PBigChunk](c))
     else:
-      inc(c.free, s)
-      if c.free == SmallChunkSize-smallChunkOverhead():
-        listRemove(a.freeSmallChunks[s div MemAlign], c)
-        c.size = SmallChunkSize
-        freeBigChunk(a, cast[PBigChunk](c))
-    sysAssert(((cast[ByteAddress](p) and PageMask) - smallChunkOverhead()) %%
+      when logAlloc: cprintf("dealloc(pointer_%p) # SMALL FROM %p CALLER %p\n", p, c.owner, addr(a))
+
+      when defined(gcDestructors):
+        addToSharedFreeList(c, f, s div MemAlign)
+    sysAssert(((cast[int](p) and PageMask) - smallChunkOverhead()) %%
                s == 0, "rawDealloc 2")
   else:
     # set to 0xff to check for usage after free bugs:
     when overwriteFree: nimSetMem(p, -1'i32, c.size -% bigChunkOverhead())
-    # free big chunk
-    var c = cast[PBigChunk](c)
-    dec a.occ, c.size
-    untrackSize(c.size)
-    sysAssert a.occ >= 0, "rawDealloc: negative occupied memory (case B)"
-    a.deleted = getBottom(a)
-    del(a, a.root, cast[int](addr(c.data)))
-    if c.size >= HugeChunkSize: freeHugeChunk(a, c)
-    else: freeBigChunk(a, c)
+    when logAlloc: cprintf("dealloc(pointer_%p) # BIG %p\n", p, c.owner)
+    when defined(gcDestructors):
+      if c.owner == addr(a):
+        deallocBigChunk(a, cast[PBigChunk](c))
+      else:
+        addToSharedFreeListBigChunks(c.owner[], cast[PBigChunk](c))
+    else:
+      deallocBigChunk(a, cast[PBigChunk](c))
+
   sysAssert(allocInv(a), "rawDealloc: end")
-  when logAlloc: cprintf("dealloc(pointer_%p)\n", p)
+  #when logAlloc: cprintf("dealloc(pointer_%p)\n", p)
 
 when not defined(gcDestructors):
   proc isAllocatedPtr(a: MemRegion, p: pointer): bool =
@@ -881,9 +1073,9 @@ when not defined(gcDestructors):
       if not chunkUnused(c):
         if isSmallChunk(c):
           var c = cast[PSmallChunk](c)
-          var offset = (cast[ByteAddress](p) and (PageSize-1)) -%
+          var offset = (cast[int](p) and (PageSize-1)) -%
                       smallChunkOverhead()
-          result = (c.acc >% offset) and (offset %% c.size == 0) and
+          result = (c.acc.int >% offset) and (offset %% c.size == 0) and
             (cast[ptr FreeCell](p).zeroField >% 1)
         else:
           var c = cast[PBigChunk](c)
@@ -899,12 +1091,12 @@ when not defined(gcDestructors):
       if not chunkUnused(c):
         if isSmallChunk(c):
           var c = cast[PSmallChunk](c)
-          var offset = (cast[ByteAddress](p) and (PageSize-1)) -%
+          var offset = (cast[int](p) and (PageSize-1)) -%
                       smallChunkOverhead()
-          if c.acc >% offset:
-            sysAssert(cast[ByteAddress](addr(c.data)) +% offset ==
-                      cast[ByteAddress](p), "offset is not what you think it is")
-            var d = cast[ptr FreeCell](cast[ByteAddress](addr(c.data)) +%
+          if c.acc.int >% offset:
+            sysAssert(cast[int](addr(c.data)) +% offset ==
+                      cast[int](p), "offset is not what you think it is")
+            var d = cast[ptr FreeCell](cast[int](addr(c.data)) +%
                       offset -% (offset %% c.size))
             if d.zeroField >% 1:
               result = d
@@ -931,7 +1123,7 @@ when not defined(gcDestructors):
 
 proc ptrSize(p: pointer): int =
   when not defined(gcDestructors):
-    var x = cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](p) -% sizeof(FreeCell))
+    var x = cast[pointer](cast[int](p) -% sizeof(FreeCell))
     var c = pageAddr(p)
     sysAssert(not chunkUnused(c), "ptrSize")
     result = c.size -% sizeof(FreeCell)
@@ -949,7 +1141,7 @@ proc alloc(allocator: var MemRegion, size: Natural): pointer {.gcsafe.} =
     result = rawAlloc(allocator, size+sizeof(FreeCell))
     cast[ptr FreeCell](result).zeroField = 1 # mark it as used
     sysAssert(not isAllocatedPtr(allocator, result), "alloc")
-    result = cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](result) +% sizeof(FreeCell))
+    result = cast[pointer](cast[int](result) +% sizeof(FreeCell))
     track("alloc", result, size)
   else:
     result = rawAlloc(allocator, size)
@@ -961,7 +1153,7 @@ proc alloc0(allocator: var MemRegion, size: Natural): pointer =
 proc dealloc(allocator: var MemRegion, p: pointer) =
   when not defined(gcDestructors):
     sysAssert(p != nil, "dealloc: p is nil")
-    var x = cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](p) -% sizeof(FreeCell))
+    var x = cast[pointer](cast[int](p) -% sizeof(FreeCell))
     sysAssert(x != nil, "dealloc: x is nil")
     sysAssert(isAccessible(allocator, x), "is not accessible")
     sysAssert(cast[ptr FreeCell](x).zeroField == 1, "dealloc: object header corrupted")
@@ -994,7 +1186,7 @@ proc deallocOsPages(a: var MemRegion) =
       let (p, size) = it.chunks[i]
       when defined(debugHeapLinks):
         cprintf("owner %p; dealloc A: %p size: %ld; next: %p\n", addr(a),
-          it, it.size, next)
+          it, size, next)
       sysAssert size >= PageSize, "origSize too small"
       osDeallocPages(p, size)
     it = next
@@ -1022,7 +1214,7 @@ template instantiateForRegion(allocator: untyped) {.dirty.} =
       result = interiorAllocatedPtr(allocator, p)
 
     proc isAllocatedPtr*(p: pointer): bool =
-      let p = cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](p)-%ByteAddress(sizeof(Cell)))
+      let p = cast[pointer](cast[int](p)-%ByteAddress(sizeof(Cell)))
       result = isAllocatedPtr(allocator, p)
 
   proc deallocOsPages = deallocOsPages(allocator)
@@ -1042,7 +1234,7 @@ template instantiateForRegion(allocator: untyped) {.dirty.} =
   proc realloc0Impl(p: pointer, oldSize, newSize: Natural): pointer =
     result = realloc(allocator, p, newSize)
     if newSize > oldSize:
-      zeroMem(cast[pointer](cast[int](result) + oldSize), newSize - oldSize)
+      zeroMem(cast[pointer](cast[uint](result) + uint(oldSize)), newSize - oldSize)
 
   when false:
     proc countFreeMem(): int =
@@ -1052,25 +1244,34 @@ template instantiateForRegion(allocator: untyped) {.dirty.} =
         inc(result, it.size)
         it = it.next
 
+  when hasThreadSupport and not defined(gcDestructors):
+    proc addSysExitProc(quitProc: proc() {.noconv.}) {.importc: "atexit", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+
+    var sharedHeap: MemRegion
+    var heapLock: SysLock
+    initSysLock(heapLock)
+    addSysExitProc(proc() {.noconv.} = deinitSys(heapLock))
+
   proc getFreeMem(): int =
-    result = allocator.freeMem
     #sysAssert(result == countFreeMem())
+    result = allocator.freeMem
 
-  proc getTotalMem(): int = return allocator.currMem
-  proc getOccupiedMem(): int = return allocator.occ #getTotalMem() - getFreeMem()
-  proc getMaxMem*(): int = return getMaxMem(allocator)
+  proc getTotalMem(): int =
+    result = allocator.currMem
+
+  proc getOccupiedMem(): int =
+    result = allocator.occ #getTotalMem() - getFreeMem()
+
+  proc getMaxMem*(): int =
+    result = getMaxMem(allocator)
 
   when defined(nimTypeNames):
     proc getMemCounters*(): (int, int) = getMemCounters(allocator)
 
   # -------------------- shared heap region ----------------------------------
-  when hasThreadSupport:
-    var sharedHeap: MemRegion
-    var heapLock: SysLock
-    initSysLock(heapLock)
 
   proc allocSharedImpl(size: Natural): pointer =
-    when hasThreadSupport:
+    when hasThreadSupport and not defined(gcDestructors):
       acquireSys(heapLock)
       result = alloc(sharedHeap, size)
       releaseSys(heapLock)
@@ -1082,7 +1283,7 @@ template instantiateForRegion(allocator: untyped) {.dirty.} =
     zeroMem(result, size)
 
   proc deallocSharedImpl(p: pointer) =
-    when hasThreadSupport:
+    when hasThreadSupport and not defined(gcDestructors):
       acquireSys(heapLock)
       dealloc(sharedHeap, p)
       releaseSys(heapLock)
@@ -1090,7 +1291,7 @@ template instantiateForRegion(allocator: untyped) {.dirty.} =
       deallocImpl(p)
 
   proc reallocSharedImpl(p: pointer, newSize: Natural): pointer =
-    when hasThreadSupport:
+    when hasThreadSupport and not defined(gcDestructors):
       acquireSys(heapLock)
       result = realloc(sharedHeap, p, newSize)
       releaseSys(heapLock)
@@ -1098,7 +1299,7 @@ template instantiateForRegion(allocator: untyped) {.dirty.} =
       result = reallocImpl(p, newSize)
 
   proc reallocShared0Impl(p: pointer, oldSize, newSize: Natural): pointer =
-    when hasThreadSupport:
+    when hasThreadSupport and not defined(gcDestructors):
       acquireSys(heapLock)
       result = realloc0(sharedHeap, p, oldSize, newSize)
       releaseSys(heapLock)
@@ -1106,20 +1307,31 @@ template instantiateForRegion(allocator: untyped) {.dirty.} =
       result = realloc0Impl(p, oldSize, newSize)
 
   when hasThreadSupport:
-    template sharedMemStatsShared(v: int) =
-      acquireSys(heapLock)
-      result = v
-      releaseSys(heapLock)
+    when defined(gcDestructors):
+      proc getFreeSharedMem(): int =
+        allocator.freeMem
+
+      proc getTotalSharedMem(): int =
+        allocator.currMem
+
+      proc getOccupiedSharedMem(): int =
+        allocator.occ
+
+    else:
+      template sharedMemStatsShared(v: int) =
+        acquireSys(heapLock)
+        result = v
+        releaseSys(heapLock)
 
-    proc getFreeSharedMem(): int =
-      sharedMemStatsShared(sharedHeap.freeMem)
+      proc getFreeSharedMem(): int =
+        sharedMemStatsShared(sharedHeap.freeMem)
 
-    proc getTotalSharedMem(): int =
-      sharedMemStatsShared(sharedHeap.currMem)
+      proc getTotalSharedMem(): int =
+        sharedMemStatsShared(sharedHeap.currMem)
 
-    proc getOccupiedSharedMem(): int =
-      sharedMemStatsShared(sharedHeap.occ)
-      #sharedMemStatsShared(sharedHeap.currMem - sharedHeap.freeMem)
+      proc getOccupiedSharedMem(): int =
+        sharedMemStatsShared(sharedHeap.occ)
+        #sharedMemStatsShared(sharedHeap.currMem - sharedHeap.freeMem)
   {.pop.}
 
 {.pop.}
diff --git a/lib/system/ansi_c.nim b/lib/system/ansi_c.nim
index 7e156eaab..3098e17d6 100644
--- a/lib/system/ansi_c.nim
+++ b/lib/system/ansi_c.nim
@@ -31,7 +31,10 @@ proc c_abort*() {.
   importc: "abort", header: "<stdlib.h>", noSideEffect, noreturn.}
 
 
-when defined(linux) and defined(amd64):
+when defined(nimBuiltinSetjmp):
+  type
+    C_JmpBuf* = array[5, pointer]
+elif defined(linux) and defined(amd64):
   type
     C_JmpBuf* {.importc: "jmp_buf", header: "<setjmp.h>", bycopy.} = object
         abi: array[200 div sizeof(clong), clong]
@@ -62,7 +65,7 @@ elif defined(macosx) or defined(linux) or defined(freebsd) or
     SIGSEGV* = cint(11)
     SIGTERM* = cint(15)
     SIGPIPE* = cint(13)
-    SIG_DFL* = cast[CSighandlerT](0)
+    SIG_DFL* = CSighandlerT(nil)
 elif defined(haiku):
   const
     SIGABRT* = cint(6)
@@ -72,9 +75,9 @@ elif defined(haiku):
     SIGSEGV* = cint(11)
     SIGTERM* = cint(15)
     SIGPIPE* = cint(7)
-    SIG_DFL* = cast[CSighandlerT](0)
+    SIG_DFL* = CSighandlerT(nil)
 else:
-  when NoFakeVars:
+  when defined(nimscript):
     {.error: "SIGABRT not ported to your platform".}
   else:
     var
@@ -92,18 +95,58 @@ when defined(macosx):
 elif defined(haiku):
   const SIGBUS* = cint(30)
 
-when defined(nimSigSetjmp) and not defined(nimStdSetjmp):
+# "nimRawSetjmp" is defined by default for certain platforms, so we need the
+# "nimStdSetjmp" escape hatch with it.
+when defined(nimSigSetjmp):
   proc c_longjmp*(jmpb: C_JmpBuf, retval: cint) {.
     header: "<setjmp.h>", importc: "siglongjmp".}
-  template c_setjmp*(jmpb: C_JmpBuf): cint =
+  proc c_setjmp*(jmpb: C_JmpBuf): cint =
     proc c_sigsetjmp(jmpb: C_JmpBuf, savemask: cint): cint {.
       header: "<setjmp.h>", importc: "sigsetjmp".}
     c_sigsetjmp(jmpb, 0)
+elif defined(nimBuiltinSetjmp):
+  proc c_longjmp*(jmpb: C_JmpBuf, retval: cint) =
+    # Apple's Clang++ has trouble converting array names to pointers, so we need
+    # to be very explicit here.
+    proc c_builtin_longjmp(jmpb: ptr pointer, retval: cint) {.
+      importc: "__builtin_longjmp", nodecl.}
+    # The second parameter needs to be 1 and sometimes the C/C++ compiler checks it.
+    c_builtin_longjmp(unsafeAddr jmpb[0], 1)
+  proc c_setjmp*(jmpb: C_JmpBuf): cint =
+    proc c_builtin_setjmp(jmpb: ptr pointer): cint {.
+      importc: "__builtin_setjmp", nodecl.}
+    c_builtin_setjmp(unsafeAddr jmpb[0])
+
 elif defined(nimRawSetjmp) and not defined(nimStdSetjmp):
-  proc c_longjmp*(jmpb: C_JmpBuf, retval: cint) {.
-    header: "<setjmp.h>", importc: "_longjmp".}
-  proc c_setjmp*(jmpb: C_JmpBuf): cint {.
-    header: "<setjmp.h>", importc: "_setjmp".}
+  when defined(windows):
+    # No `_longjmp()` on Windows.
+    proc c_longjmp*(jmpb: C_JmpBuf, retval: cint) {.
+      header: "<setjmp.h>", importc: "longjmp".}
+    when defined(vcc) or defined(clangcl):
+      proc c_setjmp*(jmpb: C_JmpBuf): cint {.
+        header: "<setjmp.h>", importc: "setjmp".}
+    else:
+      # The Windows `_setjmp()` takes two arguments, with the second being an
+      # undocumented buffer used by the SEH mechanism for stack unwinding.
+      # Mingw-w64 has been trying to get it right for years, but it's still
+      # prone to stack corruption during unwinding, so we disable that by setting
+      # it to NULL.
+      # More details: https://github.com/status-im/nimbus-eth2/issues/3121
+      when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
+        {.push styleChecks: off.}
+
+      proc c_setjmp*(jmpb: C_JmpBuf): cint =
+        proc c_setjmp_win(jmpb: C_JmpBuf, ctx: pointer): cint {.
+          header: "<setjmp.h>", importc: "_setjmp".}
+        c_setjmp_win(jmpb, nil)
+
+      when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
+        {.pop.}
+  else:
+    proc c_longjmp*(jmpb: C_JmpBuf, retval: cint) {.
+      header: "<setjmp.h>", importc: "_longjmp".}
+    proc c_setjmp*(jmpb: C_JmpBuf): cint {.
+      header: "<setjmp.h>", importc: "_setjmp".}
 else:
   proc c_longjmp*(jmpb: C_JmpBuf, retval: cint) {.
     header: "<setjmp.h>", importc: "longjmp".}
@@ -137,24 +180,44 @@ proc c_printf*(frmt: cstring): cint {.
 
 proc c_fputs*(c: cstring, f: CFilePtr): cint {.
   importc: "fputs", header: "<stdio.h>", discardable.}
+proc c_fputc*(c: char, f: CFilePtr): cint {.
+  importc: "fputc", header: "<stdio.h>", discardable.}
 
 proc c_sprintf*(buf, frmt: cstring): cint {.
   importc: "sprintf", header: "<stdio.h>", varargs, noSideEffect.}
   # we use it only in a way that cannot lead to security issues
 
-proc c_malloc*(size: csize_t): pointer {.
-  importc: "malloc", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
-proc c_calloc*(nmemb, size: csize_t): pointer {.
-  importc: "calloc", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
-proc c_free*(p: pointer) {.
-  importc: "free", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
-proc c_realloc*(p: pointer, newsize: csize_t): pointer {.
-  importc: "realloc", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
-
-proc c_fwrite*(buf: pointer, size, n: csize_t, f: CFilePtr): cint {.
+proc c_snprintf*(buf: cstring, n: csize_t, frmt: cstring): cint {.
+  importc: "snprintf", header: "<stdio.h>", varargs, noSideEffect.}
+
+when defined(zephyr) and not defined(zephyrUseLibcMalloc):
+  proc c_malloc*(size: csize_t): pointer {.
+    importc: "k_malloc", header: "<kernel.h>".}
+  proc c_calloc*(nmemb, size: csize_t): pointer {.
+    importc: "k_calloc", header: "<kernel.h>".}
+  proc c_free*(p: pointer) {.
+    importc: "k_free", header: "<kernel.h>".}
+  proc c_realloc*(p: pointer, newsize: csize_t): pointer =
+    # Zephyr's kernel malloc doesn't support realloc
+    result = c_malloc(newSize)
+    # match the ansi c behavior
+    if not result.isNil():
+      copyMem(result, p, newSize)
+      c_free(p)
+else:
+  proc c_malloc*(size: csize_t): pointer {.
+    importc: "malloc", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+  proc c_calloc*(nmemb, size: csize_t): pointer {.
+    importc: "calloc", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+  proc c_free*(p: pointer) {.
+    importc: "free", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+  proc c_realloc*(p: pointer, newsize: csize_t): pointer {.
+    importc: "realloc", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+
+proc c_fwrite*(buf: pointer, size, n: csize_t, f: CFilePtr): csize_t {.
   importc: "fwrite", header: "<stdio.h>".}
 
-proc c_fflush(f: CFilePtr): cint {.
+proc c_fflush*(f: CFilePtr): cint {.
   importc: "fflush", header: "<stdio.h>".}
 
 proc rawWriteString*(f: CFilePtr, s: cstring, length: int) {.compilerproc, nonReloadable, inline.} =
@@ -164,7 +227,7 @@ proc rawWriteString*(f: CFilePtr, s: cstring, length: int) {.compilerproc, nonRe
 
 proc rawWrite*(f: CFilePtr, s: cstring) {.compilerproc, nonReloadable, inline.} =
   # we cannot throw an exception here!
-  discard c_fwrite(s, 1, cast[csize_t](s.len), f)
+  discard c_fwrite(s, 1, c_strlen(s), f)
   discard c_fflush(f)
 
 {.pop.}
diff --git a/lib/system/arc.nim b/lib/system/arc.nim
index ed5e9f5ca..d001fcaa5 100644
--- a/lib/system/arc.nim
+++ b/lib/system/arc.nim
@@ -12,26 +12,6 @@ In this new runtime we simplify the object layouts a bit: The runtime type
 information is only accessed for the objects that have it and it's always
 at offset 0 then. The ``ref`` object header is independent from the
 runtime type and only contains a reference count.
-
-Object subtyping is checked via the generated 'name'. This should have
-comparable overhead to the old pointer chasing approach but has the benefit
-that it works across DLL boundaries.
-
-The generated name is a concatenation of the object names in the hierarchy
-so that a subtype check becomes a substring check. For example::
-
-  type
-    ObjectA = object of RootObj
-    ObjectB = object of ObjectA
-
-ObjectA's ``name`` is "|ObjectA|RootObj|".
-ObjectB's ``name`` is "|ObjectB|ObjectA|RootObj|".
-
-Now to check for ``x of ObjectB`` we need to check
-for ``x.typ.name.hasSubstring("|ObjectB|")``. In the actual implementation,
-however, we could also use a
-hash of ``package & "." & module & "." & name`` to save space.
-
 ]#
 
 when defined(gcOrc):
@@ -46,6 +26,9 @@ else:
     rcMask = 0b111
     rcShift = 3      # shift by rcShift to get the reference counter
 
+const
+  orcLeakDetector = defined(nimOrcLeakDetector)
+
 type
   RefHeader = object
     rc: int # the object header is now a single RC field.
@@ -56,9 +39,21 @@ type
                    # in O(1) without doubly linked lists
     when defined(nimArcDebug) or defined(nimArcIds):
       refId: int
+    when defined(gcOrc) and orcLeakDetector:
+      filename: cstring
+      line: int
 
   Cell = ptr RefHeader
 
+template setFrameInfo(c: Cell) =
+  when orcLeakDetector:
+    if framePtr != nil and framePtr.prev != nil:
+      c.filename = framePtr.prev.filename
+      c.line = framePtr.prev.line
+    else:
+      c.filename = nil
+      c.line = 0
+
 template head(p: pointer): Cell =
   cast[Cell](cast[int](p) -% sizeof(RefHeader))
 
@@ -77,6 +72,21 @@ elif defined(nimArcIds):
 
   const traceId = -1
 
+when defined(gcAtomicArc) and hasThreadSupport:
+  template decrement(cell: Cell): untyped =
+    discard atomicDec(cell.rc, rcIncrement)
+  template increment(cell: Cell): untyped =
+    discard atomicInc(cell.rc, rcIncrement)
+  template count(x: Cell): untyped =
+    atomicLoadN(x.rc.addr, ATOMIC_ACQUIRE) shr rcShift
+else:
+  template decrement(cell: Cell): untyped =
+    dec(cell.rc, rcIncrement)
+  template increment(cell: Cell): untyped =
+    inc(cell.rc, rcIncrement)
+  template count(x: Cell): untyped =
+    x.rc shr rcShift
+
 proc nimNewObj(size, alignment: int): pointer {.compilerRtl.} =
   let hdrSize = align(sizeof(RefHeader), alignment)
   let s = size + hdrSize
@@ -89,9 +99,10 @@ proc nimNewObj(size, alignment: int): pointer {.compilerRtl.} =
     atomicInc gRefId
     if head(result).refId == traceId:
       writeStackTrace()
-      cfprintf(cstderr, "[nimNewObj] %p %ld\n", result, head(result).rc shr rcShift)
+      cfprintf(cstderr, "[nimNewObj] %p %ld\n", result, head(result).count)
   when traceCollector:
     cprintf("[Allocated] %p result: %p\n", result -! sizeof(RefHeader), result)
+  setFrameInfo head(result)
 
 proc nimNewObjUninit(size, alignment: int): pointer {.compilerRtl.} =
   # Same as 'newNewObj' but do not initialize the memory to zero.
@@ -110,21 +121,34 @@ proc nimNewObjUninit(size, alignment: int): pointer {.compilerRtl.} =
     atomicInc gRefId
     if head(result).refId == traceId:
       writeStackTrace()
-      cfprintf(cstderr, "[nimNewObjUninit] %p %ld\n", result, head(result).rc shr rcShift)
+      cfprintf(cstderr, "[nimNewObjUninit] %p %ld\n", result, head(result).count)
 
   when traceCollector:
     cprintf("[Allocated] %p result: %p\n", result -! sizeof(RefHeader), result)
+  setFrameInfo head(result)
 
 proc nimDecWeakRef(p: pointer) {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
-  dec head(p).rc, rcIncrement
+  decrement head(p)
+
+proc isUniqueRef*[T](x: ref T): bool {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns true if the object `x` points to is uniquely referenced. Such
+  ## an object can potentially be passed over to a different thread safely,
+  ## if great care is taken. This queries the internal reference count of
+  ## the object which is subject to lots of optimizations! In other words
+  ## the value of `isUniqueRef` can depend on the used compiler version and
+  ## optimizer setting.
+  ## Nevertheless it can be used as a very valuable debugging tool and can
+  ## be used to specify the constraints of a threading related API
+  ## via `assert isUniqueRef(x)`.
+  head(cast[pointer](x)).rc == 0
 
 proc nimIncRef(p: pointer) {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
   when defined(nimArcDebug):
     if head(p).refId == traceId:
       writeStackTrace()
-      cfprintf(cstderr, "[IncRef] %p %ld\n", p, head(p).rc shr rcShift)
+      cfprintf(cstderr, "[IncRef] %p %ld\n", p, head(p).count)
 
-  inc head(p).rc, rcIncrement
+  increment head(p)
   when traceCollector:
     cprintf("[INCREF] %p\n", head(p))
 
@@ -154,7 +178,7 @@ proc nimRawDispose(p: pointer, alignment: int) {.compilerRtl.} =
     when defined(nimOwnedEnabled):
       if head(p).rc >= rcIncrement:
         cstderr.rawWrite "[FATAL] dangling references exist\n"
-        quit 1
+        rawQuit 1
     when defined(nimArcDebug):
       # we do NOT really free the memory here in order to reliably detect use-after-frees
       if freedCells.data == nil: init(freedCells)
@@ -193,24 +217,29 @@ proc nimDecRefIsLast(p: pointer): bool {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
     when defined(nimArcDebug):
       if cell.refId == traceId:
         writeStackTrace()
-        cfprintf(cstderr, "[DecRef] %p %ld\n", p, cell.rc shr rcShift)
-
-    if (cell.rc and not rcMask) == 0:
-      result = true
-      when traceCollector:
-        cprintf("[ABOUT TO DESTROY] %p\n", cell)
+        cfprintf(cstderr, "[DecRef] %p %ld\n", p, cell.count)
+
+    when defined(gcAtomicArc) and hasThreadSupport:
+      # `atomicDec` returns the new value
+      if atomicDec(cell.rc, rcIncrement) == -rcIncrement:
+        result = true
+        when traceCollector:
+          cprintf("[ABOUT TO DESTROY] %p\n", cell)
     else:
-      dec cell.rc, rcIncrement
-      # According to Lins it's correct to do nothing else here.
-      when traceCollector:
-        cprintf("[DeCREF] %p\n", cell)
+      if cell.count == 0:
+        result = true
+        when traceCollector:
+          cprintf("[ABOUT TO DESTROY] %p\n", cell)
+      else:
+        decrement cell
+        # According to Lins it's correct to do nothing else here.
+        when traceCollector:
+          cprintf("[DECREF] %p\n", cell)
 
 proc GC_unref*[T](x: ref T) =
   ## New runtime only supports this operation for 'ref T'.
-  if nimDecRefIsLast(cast[pointer](x)):
-    # XXX this does NOT work for virtual destructors!
-    `=destroy`(x[])
-    nimRawDispose(cast[pointer](x), T.alignOf)
+  var y {.cursor.} = x
+  `=destroy`(y)
 
 proc GC_ref*[T](x: ref T) =
   ## New runtime only supports this operation for 'ref T'.
@@ -218,22 +247,21 @@ proc GC_ref*[T](x: ref T) =
 
 when not defined(gcOrc):
   template GC_fullCollect* =
-    ## Forces a full garbage collection pass. With `--gc:arc` a nop.
+    ## Forces a full garbage collection pass. With `--mm:arc` a nop.
     discard
 
 template setupForeignThreadGc* =
-  ## With `--gc:arc` a nop.
+  ## With `--mm:arc` a nop.
   discard
 
 template tearDownForeignThreadGc* =
-  ## With `--gc:arc` a nop.
+  ## With `--mm:arc` a nop.
   discard
 
-proc isObj(obj: PNimTypeV2, subclass: cstring): bool {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
-  proc strstr(s, sub: cstring): cstring {.header: "<string.h>", importc.}
-
-  result = strstr(obj.name, subclass) != nil
+proc isObjDisplayCheck(source: PNimTypeV2, targetDepth: int16, token: uint32): bool {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
+  result = targetDepth <= source.depth and source.display[targetDepth] == token
 
-proc chckObj(obj: PNimTypeV2, subclass: cstring) {.compilerRtl.} =
-  # checks if obj is of type subclass:
-  if not isObj(obj, subclass): sysFatal(ObjectConversionDefect, "invalid object conversion")
+when defined(gcDestructors):
+  proc nimGetVTable(p: pointer, index: int): pointer
+        {.compilerRtl, inline, raises: [].} =
+    result = cast[ptr PNimTypeV2](p).vTable[index]
diff --git a/lib/system/arithm.nim b/lib/system/arithm.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 158f40177..000000000
--- a/lib/system/arithm.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,425 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2012 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-
-# simple integer arithmetic with overflow checking
-
-proc raiseOverflow {.compilerproc, noinline.} =
-  # a single proc to reduce code size to a minimum
-  sysFatal(OverflowDefect, "over- or underflow")
-
-proc raiseDivByZero {.compilerproc, noinline.} =
-  sysFatal(DivByZeroDefect, "division by zero")
-
-when defined(builtinOverflow):
-  # Builtin compiler functions for improved performance
-  when sizeof(clong) == 8:
-    proc addInt64Overflow[T: int64|int](a, b: T, c: var T): bool {.
-      importc: "__builtin_saddl_overflow", nodecl, nosideeffect.}
-
-    proc subInt64Overflow[T: int64|int](a, b: T, c: var T): bool {.
-      importc: "__builtin_ssubl_overflow", nodecl, nosideeffect.}
-
-    proc mulInt64Overflow[T: int64|int](a, b: T, c: var T): bool {.
-      importc: "__builtin_smull_overflow", nodecl, nosideeffect.}
-
-  elif sizeof(clonglong) == 8:
-    proc addInt64Overflow[T: int64|int](a, b: T, c: var T): bool {.
-      importc: "__builtin_saddll_overflow", nodecl, nosideeffect.}
-
-    proc subInt64Overflow[T: int64|int](a, b: T, c: var T): bool {.
-      importc: "__builtin_ssubll_overflow", nodecl, nosideeffect.}
-
-    proc mulInt64Overflow[T: int64|int](a, b: T, c: var T): bool {.
-      importc: "__builtin_smulll_overflow", nodecl, nosideeffect.}
-
-  when sizeof(int) == 8:
-    proc addIntOverflow(a, b: int, c: var int): bool {.inline.} =
-      addInt64Overflow(a, b, c)
-
-    proc subIntOverflow(a, b: int, c: var int): bool {.inline.} =
-      subInt64Overflow(a, b, c)
-
-    proc mulIntOverflow(a, b: int, c: var int): bool {.inline.} =
-      mulInt64Overflow(a, b, c)
-
-  elif sizeof(int) == 4 and sizeof(cint) == 4:
-    proc addIntOverflow(a, b: int, c: var int): bool {.
-      importc: "__builtin_sadd_overflow", nodecl, nosideeffect.}
-
-    proc subIntOverflow(a, b: int, c: var int): bool {.
-      importc: "__builtin_ssub_overflow", nodecl, nosideeffect.}
-
-    proc mulIntOverflow(a, b: int, c: var int): bool {.
-      importc: "__builtin_smul_overflow", nodecl, nosideeffect.}
-
-  proc addInt64(a, b: int64): int64 {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    if addInt64Overflow(a, b, result):
-      raiseOverflow()
-
-  proc subInt64(a, b: int64): int64 {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    if subInt64Overflow(a, b, result):
-      raiseOverflow()
-
-  proc mulInt64(a, b: int64): int64 {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    if mulInt64Overflow(a, b, result):
-      raiseOverflow()
-else:
-  proc addInt64(a, b: int64): int64 {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    result = a +% b
-    if (result xor a) >= int64(0) or (result xor b) >= int64(0):
-      return result
-    raiseOverflow()
-
-  proc subInt64(a, b: int64): int64 {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    result = a -% b
-    if (result xor a) >= int64(0) or (result xor not b) >= int64(0):
-      return result
-    raiseOverflow()
-
-  #
-  # This code has been inspired by Python's source code.
-  # The native int product x*y is either exactly right or *way* off, being
-  # just the last n bits of the true product, where n is the number of bits
-  # in an int (the delivered product is the true product plus i*2**n for
-  # some integer i).
-  #
-  # The native float64 product x*y is subject to three
-  # rounding errors: on a sizeof(int)==8 box, each cast to double can lose
-  # info, and even on a sizeof(int)==4 box, the multiplication can lose info.
-  # But, unlike the native int product, it's not in *range* trouble:  even
-  # if sizeof(int)==32 (256-bit ints), the product easily fits in the
-  # dynamic range of a float64. So the leading 50 (or so) bits of the float64
-  # product are correct.
-  #
-  # We check these two ways against each other, and declare victory if they're
-  # approximately the same. Else, because the native int product is the only
-  # one that can lose catastrophic amounts of information, it's the native int
-  # product that must have overflowed.
-  #
-  proc mulInt64(a, b: int64): int64 {.compilerproc.} =
-    var
-      resAsFloat, floatProd: float64
-    result = a *% b
-    floatProd = toBiggestFloat(a) # conversion
-    floatProd = floatProd * toBiggestFloat(b)
-    resAsFloat = toBiggestFloat(result)
-
-    # Fast path for normal case: small multiplicands, and no info
-    # is lost in either method.
-    if resAsFloat == floatProd: return result
-
-    # Somebody somewhere lost info. Close enough, or way off? Note
-    # that a != 0 and b != 0 (else resAsFloat == floatProd == 0).
-    # The difference either is or isn't significant compared to the
-    # true value (of which floatProd is a good approximation).
-
-    # abs(diff)/abs(prod) <= 1/32 iff
-    #   32 * abs(diff) <= abs(prod) -- 5 good bits is "close enough"
-    if 32.0 * abs(resAsFloat - floatProd) <= abs(floatProd):
-      return result
-    raiseOverflow()
-
-proc negInt64(a: int64): int64 {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-  if a != low(int64): return -a
-  raiseOverflow()
-
-proc absInt64(a: int64): int64 {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-  if a != low(int64):
-    if a >= 0: return a
-    else: return -a
-  raiseOverflow()
-
-proc divInt64(a, b: int64): int64 {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-  if b == int64(0):
-    raiseDivByZero()
-  if a == low(int64) and b == int64(-1):
-    raiseOverflow()
-  return a div b
-
-proc modInt64(a, b: int64): int64 {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-  if b == int64(0):
-    raiseDivByZero()
-  return a mod b
-
-proc absInt(a: int): int {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-  if a != low(int):
-    if a >= 0: return a
-    else: return -a
-  raiseOverflow()
-
-const
-  asmVersion = defined(i386) and (defined(vcc) or defined(wcc) or
-               defined(dmc) or defined(gcc) or defined(llvm_gcc))
-    # my Version of Borland C++Builder does not have
-    # tasm32, which is needed for assembler blocks
-    # this is why Borland is not included in the 'when'
-
-when asmVersion and not defined(gcc) and not defined(llvm_gcc):
-  # assembler optimized versions for compilers that
-  # have an intel syntax assembler:
-  proc addInt(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, asmNoStackFrame.} =
-    # a in eax, and b in edx
-    asm """
-        mov eax, ecx
-        add eax, edx
-        jno theEnd
-        call `raiseOverflow`
-      theEnd:
-        ret
-    """
-
-  proc subInt(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, asmNoStackFrame.} =
-    asm """
-        mov eax, ecx
-        sub eax, edx
-        jno theEnd
-        call `raiseOverflow`
-      theEnd:
-        ret
-    """
-
-  proc negInt(a: int): int {.compilerproc, asmNoStackFrame.} =
-    asm """
-        mov eax, ecx
-        neg eax
-        jno theEnd
-        call `raiseOverflow`
-      theEnd:
-        ret
-    """
-
-  proc divInt(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, asmNoStackFrame.} =
-    asm """
-        test  edx, edx
-        jne   L_NOT_ZERO
-        call  `raiseDivByZero`
-      L_NOT_ZERO:
-        cmp   ecx, 0x80000000
-        jne   L_DO_DIV
-        cmp   edx, -1
-        jne   L_DO_DIV
-        call  `raiseOverflow`
-      L_DO_DIV:
-        mov   eax, ecx
-        mov   ecx, edx
-        cdq
-        idiv  ecx
-        ret
-    """
-
-  proc modInt(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, asmNoStackFrame.} =
-    asm """
-        test  edx, edx
-        jne   L_NOT_ZERO
-        call  `raiseDivByZero`
-      L_NOT_ZERO:
-        cmp   ecx, 0x80000000
-        jne   L_DO_DIV
-        cmp   edx, -1
-        jne   L_DO_DIV
-        call  `raiseOverflow`
-      L_DO_DIV:
-        mov   eax, ecx
-        mov   ecx, edx
-        cdq
-        idiv  ecx
-        mov   eax, edx
-        ret
-    """
-
-  proc mulInt(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, asmNoStackFrame.} =
-    asm """
-        mov eax, ecx
-        mov ecx, edx
-        xor edx, edx
-        imul ecx
-        jno theEnd
-        call `raiseOverflow`
-      theEnd:
-        ret
-    """
-
-elif false: # asmVersion and (defined(gcc) or defined(llvm_gcc)):
-  proc addInt(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    # don't use a pure proc here!
-    asm """
-      "addl %%ecx, %%eax\n"
-      "jno 1\n"
-      "call _raiseOverflow\n"
-      "1: \n"
-      :"=a"(`result`)
-      :"a"(`a`), "c"(`b`)
-    """
-    #".intel_syntax noprefix"
-    #/* Intel syntax here */
-    #".att_syntax"
-
-  proc subInt(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    asm """ "subl %%ecx,%%eax\n"
-            "jno 1\n"
-            "call _raiseOverflow\n"
-            "1: \n"
-           :"=a"(`result`)
-           :"a"(`a`), "c"(`b`)
-    """
-
-  proc mulInt(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    asm """  "xorl %%edx, %%edx\n"
-             "imull %%ecx\n"
-             "jno 1\n"
-             "call _raiseOverflow\n"
-             "1: \n"
-            :"=a"(`result`)
-            :"a"(`a`), "c"(`b`)
-            :"%edx"
-    """
-
-  proc negInt(a: int): int {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    asm """ "negl %%eax\n"
-            "jno 1\n"
-            "call _raiseOverflow\n"
-            "1: \n"
-           :"=a"(`result`)
-           :"a"(`a`)
-    """
-
-  proc divInt(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    asm """  "xorl %%edx, %%edx\n"
-             "idivl %%ecx\n"
-             "jno 1\n"
-             "call _raiseOverflow\n"
-             "1: \n"
-            :"=a"(`result`)
-            :"a"(`a`), "c"(`b`)
-            :"%edx"
-    """
-
-  proc modInt(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    asm """  "xorl %%edx, %%edx\n"
-             "idivl %%ecx\n"
-             "jno 1\n"
-             "call _raiseOverflow\n"
-             "1: \n"
-             "movl %%edx, %%eax"
-            :"=a"(`result`)
-            :"a"(`a`), "c"(`b`)
-            :"%edx"
-    """
-
-when not declared(addInt) and defined(builtinOverflow):
-  proc addInt(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    if addIntOverflow(a, b, result):
-      raiseOverflow()
-
-when not declared(subInt) and defined(builtinOverflow):
-  proc subInt(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    if subIntOverflow(a, b, result):
-      raiseOverflow()
-
-when not declared(mulInt) and defined(builtinOverflow):
-  proc mulInt(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    if mulIntOverflow(a, b, result):
-      raiseOverflow()
-
-# Platform independent versions of the above (slower!)
-when not declared(addInt):
-  proc addInt(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    result = a +% b
-    if (result xor a) >= 0 or (result xor b) >= 0:
-      return result
-    raiseOverflow()
-
-when not declared(subInt):
-  proc subInt(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    result = a -% b
-    if (result xor a) >= 0 or (result xor not b) >= 0:
-      return result
-    raiseOverflow()
-
-when not declared(negInt):
-  proc negInt(a: int): int {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    if a != low(int): return -a
-    raiseOverflow()
-
-when not declared(divInt):
-  proc divInt(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    if b == 0:
-      raiseDivByZero()
-    if a == low(int) and b == -1:
-      raiseOverflow()
-    return a div b
-
-when not declared(modInt):
-  proc modInt(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-    if b == 0:
-      raiseDivByZero()
-    return a mod b
-
-when not declared(mulInt):
-  #
-  # This code has been inspired by Python's source code.
-  # The native int product x*y is either exactly right or *way* off, being
-  # just the last n bits of the true product, where n is the number of bits
-  # in an int (the delivered product is the true product plus i*2**n for
-  # some integer i).
-  #
-  # The native float64 product x*y is subject to three
-  # rounding errors: on a sizeof(int)==8 box, each cast to double can lose
-  # info, and even on a sizeof(int)==4 box, the multiplication can lose info.
-  # But, unlike the native int product, it's not in *range* trouble:  even
-  # if sizeof(int)==32 (256-bit ints), the product easily fits in the
-  # dynamic range of a float64. So the leading 50 (or so) bits of the float64
-  # product are correct.
-  #
-  # We check these two ways against each other, and declare victory if
-  # they're approximately the same. Else, because the native int product is
-  # the only one that can lose catastrophic amounts of information, it's the
-  # native int product that must have overflowed.
-  #
-  proc mulInt(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc.} =
-    var
-      resAsFloat, floatProd: float
-
-    result = a *% b
-    floatProd = toFloat(a) * toFloat(b)
-    resAsFloat = toFloat(result)
-
-    # Fast path for normal case: small multiplicands, and no info
-    # is lost in either method.
-    if resAsFloat == floatProd: return result
-
-    # Somebody somewhere lost info. Close enough, or way off? Note
-    # that a != 0 and b != 0 (else resAsFloat == floatProd == 0).
-    # The difference either is or isn't significant compared to the
-    # true value (of which floatProd is a good approximation).
-
-    # abs(diff)/abs(prod) <= 1/32 iff
-    #   32 * abs(diff) <= abs(prod) -- 5 good bits is "close enough"
-    if 32.0 * abs(resAsFloat - floatProd) <= abs(floatProd):
-      return result
-    raiseOverflow()
-
-# We avoid setting the FPU control word here for compatibility with libraries
-# written in other languages.
-
-proc raiseFloatInvalidOp {.compilerproc, noinline.} =
-  sysFatal(FloatInvalidOpDefect, "FPU operation caused a NaN result")
-
-proc nanCheck(x: float64) {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-  if x != x: raiseFloatInvalidOp()
-
-proc raiseFloatOverflow(x: float64) {.compilerproc, noinline.} =
-  if x > 0.0:
-    sysFatal(FloatOverflowDefect, "FPU operation caused an overflow")
-  else:
-    sysFatal(FloatUnderflowDefect, "FPU operations caused an underflow")
-
-proc infCheck(x: float64) {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-  if x != 0.0 and x*0.5 == x: raiseFloatOverflow(x)
diff --git a/lib/system/arithmetics.nim b/lib/system/arithmetics.nim
index 0dd329495..e229a0f4b 100644
--- a/lib/system/arithmetics.nim
+++ b/lib/system/arithmetics.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-proc succ*[T: Ordinal](x: T, y = 1): T {.magic: "Succ", noSideEffect.} =
+proc succ*[T, V: Ordinal](x: T, y: V = 1): T {.magic: "Succ", noSideEffect.} =
   ## Returns the `y`-th successor (default: 1) of the value `x`.
   ##
   ## If such a value does not exist, `OverflowDefect` is raised
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ proc succ*[T: Ordinal](x: T, y = 1): T {.magic: "Succ", noSideEffect.} =
     assert succ(5) == 6
     assert succ(5, 3) == 8
 
-proc pred*[T: Ordinal](x: T, y = 1): T {.magic: "Pred", noSideEffect.} =
+proc pred*[T, V: Ordinal](x: T, y: V = 1): T {.magic: "Pred", noSideEffect.} =
   ## Returns the `y`-th predecessor (default: 1) of the value `x`.
   ##
   ## If such a value does not exist, `OverflowDefect` is raised
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ proc pred*[T: Ordinal](x: T, y = 1): T {.magic: "Pred", noSideEffect.} =
     assert pred(5) == 4
     assert pred(5, 3) == 2
 
-proc inc*[T: Ordinal](x: var T, y = 1) {.magic: "Inc", noSideEffect.} =
+proc inc*[T, V: Ordinal](x: var T, y: V = 1) {.magic: "Inc", noSideEffect.} =
   ## Increments the ordinal `x` by `y`.
   ##
   ## If such a value does not exist, `OverflowDefect` is raised or a compile
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ proc inc*[T: Ordinal](x: var T, y = 1) {.magic: "Inc", noSideEffect.} =
     inc(i, 3)
     assert i == 6
 
-proc dec*[T: Ordinal](x: var T, y = 1) {.magic: "Dec", noSideEffect.} =
+proc dec*[T, V: Ordinal](x: var T, y: V = 1) {.magic: "Dec", noSideEffect.} =
   ## Decrements the ordinal `x` by `y`.
   ##
   ## If such a value does not exist, `OverflowDefect` is raised or a compile
@@ -45,109 +45,6 @@ proc dec*[T: Ordinal](x: var T, y = 1) {.magic: "Dec", noSideEffect.} =
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # built-in operators
 
-when defined(nimNoZeroExtendMagic):
-  proc ze*(x: int8): int {.deprecated.} =
-    ## zero extends a smaller integer type to `int`. This treats `x` as
-    ## unsigned.
-    ## **Deprecated since version 0.19.9**: Use unsigned integers instead.
-    cast[int](uint(cast[uint8](x)))
-
-  proc ze*(x: int16): int {.deprecated.} =
-    ## zero extends a smaller integer type to `int`. This treats `x` as
-    ## unsigned.
-    ## **Deprecated since version 0.19.9**: Use unsigned integers instead.
-    cast[int](uint(cast[uint16](x)))
-
-  proc ze64*(x: int8): int64 {.deprecated.} =
-    ## zero extends a smaller integer type to `int64`. This treats `x` as
-    ## unsigned.
-    ## **Deprecated since version 0.19.9**: Use unsigned integers instead.
-    cast[int64](uint64(cast[uint8](x)))
-
-  proc ze64*(x: int16): int64 {.deprecated.} =
-    ## zero extends a smaller integer type to `int64`. This treats `x` as
-    ## unsigned.
-    ## **Deprecated since version 0.19.9**: Use unsigned integers instead.
-    cast[int64](uint64(cast[uint16](x)))
-
-  proc ze64*(x: int32): int64 {.deprecated.} =
-    ## zero extends a smaller integer type to `int64`. This treats `x` as
-    ## unsigned.
-    ## **Deprecated since version 0.19.9**: Use unsigned integers instead.
-    cast[int64](uint64(cast[uint32](x)))
-
-  proc ze64*(x: int): int64 {.deprecated.} =
-    ## zero extends a smaller integer type to `int64`. This treats `x` as
-    ## unsigned. Does nothing if the size of an `int` is the same as `int64`.
-    ## (This is the case on 64 bit processors.)
-    ## **Deprecated since version 0.19.9**: Use unsigned integers instead.
-    cast[int64](uint64(cast[uint](x)))
-
-  proc toU8*(x: int): int8 {.deprecated.} =
-    ## treats `x` as unsigned and converts it to a byte by taking the last 8 bits
-    ## from `x`.
-    ## **Deprecated since version 0.19.9**: Use unsigned integers instead.
-    cast[int8](x)
-
-  proc toU16*(x: int): int16 {.deprecated.} =
-    ## treats `x` as unsigned and converts it to an `int16` by taking the last
-    ## 16 bits from `x`.
-    ## **Deprecated since version 0.19.9**: Use unsigned integers instead.
-    cast[int16](x)
-
-  proc toU32*(x: int64): int32 {.deprecated.} =
-    ## treats `x` as unsigned and converts it to an `int32` by taking the
-    ## last 32 bits from `x`.
-    ## **Deprecated since version 0.19.9**: Use unsigned integers instead.
-    cast[int32](x)
-
-elif not defined(js):
-  proc ze*(x: int8): int {.magic: "Ze8ToI", noSideEffect, deprecated.}
-    ## zero extends a smaller integer type to `int`. This treats `x` as
-    ## unsigned.
-    ## **Deprecated since version 0.19.9**: Use unsigned integers instead.
-
-  proc ze*(x: int16): int {.magic: "Ze16ToI", noSideEffect, deprecated.}
-    ## zero extends a smaller integer type to `int`. This treats `x` as
-    ## unsigned.
-    ## **Deprecated since version 0.19.9**: Use unsigned integers instead.
-
-  proc ze64*(x: int8): int64 {.magic: "Ze8ToI64", noSideEffect, deprecated.}
-    ## zero extends a smaller integer type to `int64`. This treats `x` as
-    ## unsigned.
-    ## **Deprecated since version 0.19.9**: Use unsigned integers instead.
-
-  proc ze64*(x: int16): int64 {.magic: "Ze16ToI64", noSideEffect, deprecated.}
-    ## zero extends a smaller integer type to `int64`. This treats `x` as
-    ## unsigned.
-    ## **Deprecated since version 0.19.9**: Use unsigned integers instead.
-
-  proc ze64*(x: int32): int64 {.magic: "Ze32ToI64", noSideEffect, deprecated.}
-    ## zero extends a smaller integer type to `int64`. This treats `x` as
-    ## unsigned.
-    ## **Deprecated since version 0.19.9**: Use unsigned integers instead.
-
-  proc ze64*(x: int): int64 {.magic: "ZeIToI64", noSideEffect, deprecated.}
-    ## zero extends a smaller integer type to `int64`. This treats `x` as
-    ## unsigned. Does nothing if the size of an `int` is the same as `int64`.
-    ## (This is the case on 64 bit processors.)
-    ## **Deprecated since version 0.19.9**: Use unsigned integers instead.
-
-  proc toU8*(x: int): int8 {.magic: "ToU8", noSideEffect, deprecated.}
-    ## treats `x` as unsigned and converts it to a byte by taking the last 8 bits
-    ## from `x`.
-    ## **Deprecated since version 0.19.9**: Use unsigned integers instead.
-
-  proc toU16*(x: int): int16 {.magic: "ToU16", noSideEffect, deprecated.}
-    ## treats `x` as unsigned and converts it to an `int16` by taking the last
-    ## 16 bits from `x`.
-    ## **Deprecated since version 0.19.9**: Use unsigned integers instead.
-
-  proc toU32*(x: int64): int32 {.magic: "ToU32", noSideEffect, deprecated.}
-    ## treats `x` as unsigned and converts it to an `int32` by taking the
-    ## last 32 bits from `x`.
-    ## **Deprecated since version 0.19.9**: Use unsigned integers instead.
-
 # integer calculations:
 proc `+`*(x: int): int {.magic: "UnaryPlusI", noSideEffect.}
   ## Unary `+` operator for an integer. Has no effect.
@@ -196,7 +93,7 @@ proc `*`*(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "MulI", noSideEffect.}
 proc `*`*(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "MulI", noSideEffect.}
 proc `*`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "MulI", noSideEffect.}
 
-proc `div`*(x, y: int): int {.magic: "DivI", noSideEffect.} = 
+proc `div`*(x, y: int): int {.magic: "DivI", noSideEffect.} =
   ## Computes the integer division.
   ##
   ## This is roughly the same as `math.trunc(x/y).int`.
@@ -399,6 +296,59 @@ proc `mod`*(x, y: uint16): uint16 {.magic: "ModU", noSideEffect.}
 proc `mod`*(x, y: uint32): uint32 {.magic: "ModU", noSideEffect.}
 proc `mod`*(x, y: uint64): uint64 {.magic: "ModU", noSideEffect.}
 
+proc `+=`*[T: SomeInteger](x: var T, y: T) {.
+  magic: "Inc", noSideEffect.}
+  ## Increments an integer.
+
+proc `-=`*[T: SomeInteger](x: var T, y: T) {.
+  magic: "Dec", noSideEffect.}
+  ## Decrements an integer.
+
+proc `*=`*[T: SomeInteger](x: var T, y: T) {.
+  inline, noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Binary `*=` operator for integers.
+  x = x * y
+
+# floating point operations:
+proc `+`*(x: float32): float32 {.magic: "UnaryPlusF64", noSideEffect.}
+proc `-`*(x: float32): float32 {.magic: "UnaryMinusF64", noSideEffect.}
+proc `+`*(x, y: float32): float32 {.magic: "AddF64", noSideEffect.}
+proc `-`*(x, y: float32): float32 {.magic: "SubF64", noSideEffect.}
+proc `*`*(x, y: float32): float32 {.magic: "MulF64", noSideEffect.}
+proc `/`*(x, y: float32): float32 {.magic: "DivF64", noSideEffect.}
+
+proc `+`*(x: float): float {.magic: "UnaryPlusF64", noSideEffect.}
+proc `-`*(x: float): float {.magic: "UnaryMinusF64", noSideEffect.}
+proc `+`*(x, y: float): float {.magic: "AddF64", noSideEffect.}
+proc `-`*(x, y: float): float {.magic: "SubF64", noSideEffect.}
+proc `*`*(x, y: float): float {.magic: "MulF64", noSideEffect.}
+proc `/`*(x, y: float): float {.magic: "DivF64", noSideEffect.}
+
+proc `+=`*[T: float|float32|float64] (x: var T, y: T) {.
+  inline, noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Increments in place a floating point number.
+  x = x + y
+
+proc `-=`*[T: float|float32|float64] (x: var T, y: T) {.
+  inline, noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Decrements in place a floating point number.
+  x = x - y
+
+proc `*=`*[T: float|float32|float64] (x: var T, y: T) {.
+  inline, noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Multiplies in place a floating point number.
+  x = x * y
+
+proc `/=`*(x: var float64, y: float64) {.inline, noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Divides in place a floating point number.
+  x = x / y
+
+proc `/=`*[T: float|float32](x: var T, y: T) {.inline, noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Divides in place a floating point number.
+  x = x / y
+
+# the following have to be included in system, not imported for some reason:
+
 proc `+%`*(x, y: int): int {.inline.} =
   ## Treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and adds them.
   ##
@@ -453,16 +403,3 @@ proc `%%`*(x, y: int8): int8 {.inline.}   = cast[int8](cast[uint8](x) mod cast[u
 proc `%%`*(x, y: int16): int16 {.inline.} = cast[int16](cast[uint16](x) mod cast[uint16](y))
 proc `%%`*(x, y: int32): int32 {.inline.} = cast[int32](cast[uint32](x) mod cast[uint32](y))
 proc `%%`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.inline.} = cast[int64](cast[uint64](x) mod cast[uint64](y))
-
-proc `+=`*[T: SomeInteger](x: var T, y: T) {.
-  magic: "Inc", noSideEffect.}
-  ## Increments an integer.
-
-proc `-=`*[T: SomeInteger](x: var T, y: T) {.
-  magic: "Dec", noSideEffect.}
-  ## Decrements an integer.
-
-proc `*=`*[T: SomeInteger](x: var T, y: T) {.
-  inline, noSideEffect.} =
-  ## Binary `*=` operator for integers.
-  x = x * y
diff --git a/lib/system/assign.nim b/lib/system/assign.nim
index faf16fc90..9f4cbc0fe 100644
--- a/lib/system/assign.nim
+++ b/lib/system/assign.nim
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ proc genericAssignAux(dest, src: pointer, mt: PNimType, shallow: bool) {.benign.
 proc genericAssignAux(dest, src: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode,
                       shallow: bool) {.benign.} =
   var
-    d = cast[ByteAddress](dest)
-    s = cast[ByteAddress](src)
+    d = cast[int](dest)
+    s = cast[int](src)
   case n.kind
   of nkSlot:
     genericAssignAux(cast[pointer](d +% n.offset),
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ template deepSeqAssignImpl(operation, additionalArg) {.dirty.} =
 
 proc genericAssignAux(dest, src: pointer, mt: PNimType, shallow: bool) =
   var
-    d = cast[ByteAddress](dest)
-    s = cast[ByteAddress](src)
+    d = cast[int](dest)
+    s = cast[int](src)
   sysAssert(mt != nil, "genericAssignAux 2")
   case mt.kind
   of tyString:
@@ -89,17 +89,17 @@ proc genericAssignAux(dest, src: pointer, mt: PNimType, shallow: bool) =
         var ss = nimNewSeqOfCap(mt, seq.len)
         cast[PGenericSeq](ss).len = seq.len
         unsureAsgnRef(x, ss)
-        var dst = cast[ByteAddress](cast[PPointer](dest)[])
+        var dst = cast[int](cast[PPointer](dest)[])
         copyMem(cast[pointer](dst +% align(GenericSeqSize, mt.base.align)),
-                cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](s2) +% align(GenericSeqSize, mt.base.align)),
+                cast[pointer](cast[int](s2) +% align(GenericSeqSize, mt.base.align)),
                 seq.len *% mt.base.size)
       else:
         unsureAsgnRef(x, newSeq(mt, seq.len))
-        var dst = cast[ByteAddress](cast[PPointer](dest)[])
+        var dst = cast[int](cast[PPointer](dest)[])
         for i in 0..seq.len-1:
           genericAssignAux(
             cast[pointer](dst +% align(GenericSeqSize, mt.base.align) +% i *% mt.base.size ),
-            cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](s2) +% align(GenericSeqSize, mt.base.align) +% i *% mt.base.size ),
+            cast[pointer](cast[int](s2) +% align(GenericSeqSize, mt.base.align) +% i *% mt.base.size ),
             mt.base, shallow)
   of tyObject:
     var it = mt.base
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ when false:
     of tyPointer: k = "range"
     of tyOpenArray: k = "openarray"
     of tyString: k = "string"
-    of tyCString: k = "cstring"
+    of tyCstring: k = "cstring"
     of tyInt: k = "int"
     of tyInt32: k = "int32"
     else: k = "other"
@@ -181,15 +181,15 @@ proc genericSeqAssign(dest, src: pointer, mt: PNimType) {.compilerproc.} =
 proc genericAssignOpenArray(dest, src: pointer, len: int,
                             mt: PNimType) {.compilerproc.} =
   var
-    d = cast[ByteAddress](dest)
-    s = cast[ByteAddress](src)
+    d = cast[int](dest)
+    s = cast[int](src)
   for i in 0..len-1:
     genericAssign(cast[pointer](d +% i *% mt.base.size),
                   cast[pointer](s +% i *% mt.base.size), mt.base)
 
 proc objectInit(dest: pointer, typ: PNimType) {.compilerproc, benign.}
 proc objectInitAux(dest: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode) {.benign.} =
-  var d = cast[ByteAddress](dest)
+  var d = cast[int](dest)
   case n.kind
   of nkNone: sysAssert(false, "objectInitAux")
   of nkSlot: objectInit(cast[pointer](d +% n.offset), n.typ)
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ proc objectInitAux(dest: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode) {.benign.} =
 proc objectInit(dest: pointer, typ: PNimType) =
   # the generic init proc that takes care of initialization of complex
   # objects on the stack or heap
-  var d = cast[ByteAddress](dest)
+  var d = cast[int](dest)
   case typ.kind
   of tyObject:
     # iterate over any structural type
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ proc objectInit(dest: pointer, typ: PNimType) =
 
 proc genericReset(dest: pointer, mt: PNimType) {.compilerproc, benign.}
 proc genericResetAux(dest: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode) =
-  var d = cast[ByteAddress](dest)
+  var d = cast[int](dest)
   case n.kind
   of nkNone: sysAssert(false, "genericResetAux")
   of nkSlot: genericReset(cast[pointer](d +% n.offset), n.typ)
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ proc genericResetAux(dest: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode) =
     zeroMem(cast[pointer](d +% n.offset), n.typ.size)
 
 proc genericReset(dest: pointer, mt: PNimType) =
-  var d = cast[ByteAddress](dest)
+  var d = cast[int](dest)
   sysAssert(mt != nil, "genericReset 2")
   case mt.kind
   of tyRef:
@@ -275,10 +275,12 @@ proc genericReset(dest: pointer, mt: PNimType) =
 
 proc selectBranch(discVal, L: int,
                   a: ptr array[0x7fff, ptr TNimNode]): ptr TNimNode =
-  result = a[L] # a[L] contains the ``else`` part (but may be nil)
   if discVal <% L:
-    let x = a[discVal]
-    if x != nil: result = x
+    result = a[discVal]
+    if result == nil:
+      result = a[L]
+  else:
+    result = a[L] # a[L] contains the ``else`` part (but may be nil)
 
 proc FieldDiscriminantCheck(oldDiscVal, newDiscVal: int,
                             a: ptr array[0x7fff, ptr TNimNode],
diff --git a/lib/system/basic_types.nim b/lib/system/basic_types.nim
index 7779e1ce9..bf81b9b6a 100644
--- a/lib/system/basic_types.nim
+++ b/lib/system/basic_types.nim
@@ -1,15 +1,45 @@
 type
-  int* {.magic: "Int".}         ## Default integer type; bitwidth depends on
+  int* {.magic: Int.}         ## Default integer type; bitwidth depends on
                               ## architecture, but is always the same as a pointer.
-  int8* {.magic: "Int8".}       ## Signed 8 bit integer type.
-  int16* {.magic: "Int16".}     ## Signed 16 bit integer type.
-  int32* {.magic: "Int32".}     ## Signed 32 bit integer type.
-  int64* {.magic: "Int64".}     ## Signed 64 bit integer type.
-  uint* {.magic: "UInt".}       ## Unsigned default integer type.
-  uint8* {.magic: "UInt8".}     ## Unsigned 8 bit integer type.
-  uint16* {.magic: "UInt16".}   ## Unsigned 16 bit integer type.
-  uint32* {.magic: "UInt32".}   ## Unsigned 32 bit integer type.
-  uint64* {.magic: "UInt64".}   ## Unsigned 64 bit integer type.
+  int8* {.magic: Int8.}       ## Signed 8 bit integer type.
+  int16* {.magic: Int16.}     ## Signed 16 bit integer type.
+  int32* {.magic: Int32.}     ## Signed 32 bit integer type.
+  int64* {.magic: Int64.}     ## Signed 64 bit integer type.
+  uint* {.magic: UInt.}       ## Unsigned default integer type.
+  uint8* {.magic: UInt8.}     ## Unsigned 8 bit integer type.
+  uint16* {.magic: UInt16.}   ## Unsigned 16 bit integer type.
+  uint32* {.magic: UInt32.}   ## Unsigned 32 bit integer type.
+  uint64* {.magic: UInt64.}   ## Unsigned 64 bit integer type.
+
+type
+  float* {.magic: Float.}     ## Default floating point type.
+  float32* {.magic: Float32.} ## 32 bit floating point type.
+  float64* {.magic: Float.}   ## 64 bit floating point type.
+
+# 'float64' is now an alias to 'float'; this solves many problems
+
+type
+  char* {.magic: Char.}         ## Built-in 8 bit character type (unsigned).
+  string* {.magic: String.}     ## Built-in string type.
+  cstring* {.magic: Cstring.}   ## Built-in cstring (*compatible string*) type.
+  pointer* {.magic: Pointer.}   ## Built-in pointer type, use the `addr`
+                                ## operator to get a pointer to a variable.
+
+  typedesc* {.magic: TypeDesc.} ## Meta type to denote a type description.
+
+type
+  `ptr`*[T] {.magic: Pointer.}   ## Built-in generic untraced pointer type.
+  `ref`*[T] {.magic: Pointer.}   ## Built-in generic traced pointer type.
+
+  `nil` {.magic: "Nil".}
+
+  void* {.magic: "VoidType".}    ## Meta type to denote the absence of any type.
+  auto* {.magic: Expr.}          ## Meta type for automatic type determination.
+  any* {.deprecated: "Deprecated since v1.5; Use auto instead.".} = distinct auto  ## Deprecated; Use `auto` instead. See https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/281
+  untyped* {.magic: Expr.}       ## Meta type to denote an expression that
+                                 ## is not resolved (for templates).
+  typed* {.magic: Stmt.}         ## Meta type to denote an expression that
+                                 ## is resolved (for templates).
 
 type # we need to start a new type section here, so that ``0`` can have a type
   bool* {.magic: "Bool".} = enum ## Built-in boolean type.
@@ -29,15 +59,16 @@ type
   SomeInteger* = SomeSignedInt|SomeUnsignedInt
     ## Type class matching all integer types.
 
+  SomeFloat* = float|float32|float64
+    ## Type class matching all floating point number types.
+
+  SomeNumber* = SomeInteger|SomeFloat
+    ## Type class matching all number types.
+
   SomeOrdinal* = int|int8|int16|int32|int64|bool|enum|uint|uint8|uint16|uint32|uint64
     ## Type class matching all ordinal types; however this includes enums with
     ## holes. See also `Ordinal`
 
-  BiggestInt* = int64
-    ## is an alias for the biggest signed integer type the Nim compiler
-    ## supports. Currently this is `int64`, but it is platform-dependent
-    ## in general.
-
 
 {.push warning[GcMem]: off, warning[Uninit]: off.}
 {.push hints: off.}
diff --git a/lib/system/bitmasks.nim b/lib/system/bitmasks.nim
index d7c55a4d9..0663247c2 100644
--- a/lib/system/bitmasks.nim
+++ b/lib/system/bitmasks.nim
@@ -10,13 +10,18 @@
 # Page size of the system; in most cases 4096 bytes. For exotic OS or
 # CPU this needs to be changed:
 const
-  PageShift = when defined(cpu16): 8 else: 12 # \
-    # my tests showed no improvements for using larger page sizes.
+  PageShift = when defined(nimPage256) or defined(cpu16): 3
+              elif defined(nimPage512): 9
+              elif defined(nimPage1k): 10
+              else: 12 # \ # my tests showed no improvements for using larger page sizes.
+
   PageSize = 1 shl PageShift
   PageMask = PageSize-1
 
+
   MemAlign = # also minimal allocatable memory block
-    when defined(useMalloc):
+    when defined(nimMemAlignTiny): 4
+    elif defined(useMalloc):
       when defined(amd64): 16 
       else: 8
     else: 16
diff --git a/lib/system/cellseqs_v1.nim b/lib/system/cellseqs_v1.nim
index 1952491b3..1a305aa42 100644
--- a/lib/system/cellseqs_v1.nim
+++ b/lib/system/cellseqs_v1.nim
@@ -16,18 +16,21 @@ type
     d: PCellArray
 
 proc contains(s: CellSeq, c: PCell): bool {.inline.} =
-  for i in 0 .. s.len-1:
-    if s.d[i] == c: return true
+  for i in 0 ..< s.len:
+    if s.d[i] == c:
+      return true
   return false
 
+proc resize(s: var CellSeq) =
+  s.cap = s.cap * 3 div 2
+  let d = cast[PCellArray](alloc(s.cap * sizeof(PCell)))
+  copyMem(d, s.d, s.len * sizeof(PCell))
+  dealloc(s.d)
+  s.d = d
+
 proc add(s: var CellSeq, c: PCell) {.inline.} =
   if s.len >= s.cap:
-    s.cap = s.cap * 3 div 2
-    var d = cast[PCellArray](alloc(s.cap * sizeof(PCell)))
-    copyMem(d, s.d, s.len * sizeof(PCell))
-    dealloc(s.d)
-    s.d = d
-    # XXX: realloc?
+    resize(s)
   s.d[s.len] = c
   inc(s.len)
 
diff --git a/lib/system/cellseqs_v2.nim b/lib/system/cellseqs_v2.nim
index 59cf67dcd..c6c7b1a8e 100644
--- a/lib/system/cellseqs_v2.nim
+++ b/lib/system/cellseqs_v2.nim
@@ -10,38 +10,35 @@
 # Cell seqs for cyclebreaker and cyclicrefs_v2.
 
 type
-  CellTuple = (PT, PNimTypeV2)
-  CellArray = ptr UncheckedArray[CellTuple]
-  CellSeq = object
+  CellTuple[T] = (T, PNimTypeV2)
+  CellArray[T] = ptr UncheckedArray[CellTuple[T]]
+  CellSeq[T] = object
     len, cap: int
-    d: CellArray
+    d: CellArray[T]
 
-proc add(s: var CellSeq, c: PT; t: PNimTypeV2) {.inline.} =
+proc resize[T](s: var CellSeq[T]) =
+  s.cap = s.cap * 3 div 2
+  var newSize = s.cap * sizeof(CellTuple[T])
+  when compileOption("threads"):
+    s.d = cast[CellArray[T]](reallocShared(s.d, newSize))
+  else:
+    s.d = cast[CellArray[T]](realloc(s.d, newSize))
+
+proc add[T](s: var CellSeq[T], c: T, t: PNimTypeV2) {.inline.} =
   if s.len >= s.cap:
-    s.cap = s.cap * 3 div 2
-    when compileOption("threads"):
-      var d = cast[CellArray](allocShared(uint(s.cap * sizeof(CellTuple))))
-    else:
-      var d = cast[CellArray](alloc(s.cap * sizeof(CellTuple)))
-    copyMem(d, s.d, s.len * sizeof(CellTuple))
-    when compileOption("threads"):
-      deallocShared(s.d)
-    else:
-      dealloc(s.d)
-    s.d = d
-    # XXX: realloc?
+    s.resize()
   s.d[s.len] = (c, t)
   inc(s.len)
 
-proc init(s: var CellSeq, cap: int = 1024) =
+proc init[T](s: var CellSeq[T], cap: int = 1024) =
   s.len = 0
   s.cap = cap
   when compileOption("threads"):
-    s.d = cast[CellArray](allocShared(uint(s.cap * sizeof(CellTuple))))
+    s.d = cast[CellArray[T]](allocShared(uint(s.cap * sizeof(CellTuple[T]))))
   else:
-    s.d = cast[CellArray](alloc(s.cap * sizeof(CellTuple)))
+    s.d = cast[CellArray[T]](alloc(s.cap * sizeof(CellTuple[T])))
 
-proc deinit(s: var CellSeq) =
+proc deinit[T](s: var CellSeq[T]) =
   if s.d != nil:
     when compileOption("threads"):
       deallocShared(s.d)
@@ -51,6 +48,6 @@ proc deinit(s: var CellSeq) =
   s.len = 0
   s.cap = 0
 
-proc pop(s: var CellSeq): (PT, PNimTypeV2) =
+proc pop[T](s: var CellSeq[T]): (T, PNimTypeV2) =
   result = s.d[s.len-1]
   dec s.len
diff --git a/lib/system/cellsets.nim b/lib/system/cellsets.nim
index 779f1a91f..92036c226 100644
--- a/lib/system/cellsets.nim
+++ b/lib/system/cellsets.nim
@@ -7,9 +7,42 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-# Efficient set of pointers for the GC (and repr)
 
-when defined(gcOrc) or defined(gcArc):
+#[
+
+Efficient set of pointers for the GC (and repr)
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+The GC depends on an extremely efficient datastructure for storing a
+set of pointers - this is called a `CellSet` in the source code.
+Inserting, deleting and searching are done in constant time. However,
+modifying a `CellSet` during traversal leads to undefined behaviour.
+
+All operations on a CellSet have to perform efficiently. Because a Cellset can
+become huge a hash table alone is not suitable for this.
+
+We use a mixture of bitset and hash table for this. The hash table maps *pages*
+to a page descriptor. The page descriptor contains a bit for any possible cell
+address within this page. So including a cell is done as follows:
+
+- Find the page descriptor for the page the cell belongs to.
+- Set the appropriate bit in the page descriptor indicating that the
+  cell points to the start of a memory block.
+
+Removing a cell is analogous - the bit has to be set to zero.
+Single page descriptors are never deleted from the hash table. This is not
+needed as the data structures needs to be rebuilt periodically anyway.
+
+Complete traversal is done in this way::
+
+  for each page descriptor d:
+    for each bit in d:
+      if bit == 1:
+        traverse the pointer belonging to this bit
+
+]#
+
+when defined(gcOrc) or defined(gcArc) or defined(gcAtomicArc):
   type
     PCell = Cell
 
@@ -45,7 +78,7 @@ type
     head: PPageDesc
     data: PPageDescArray
 
-when defined(gcOrc) or defined(gcArc):
+when defined(gcOrc) or defined(gcArc) or defined(gcAtomicArc):
   discard
 else:
   include cellseqs_v1
diff --git a/lib/system/cgprocs.nim b/lib/system/cgprocs.nim
index 9d0d248c3..9a7645f9b 100644
--- a/lib/system/cgprocs.nim
+++ b/lib/system/cgprocs.nim
@@ -8,13 +8,3 @@
 #
 
 # Headers for procs that the code generator depends on ("compilerprocs")
-
-type
-  LibHandle = pointer       # private type
-  ProcAddr = pointer        # library loading and loading of procs:
-
-proc nimLoadLibrary(path: string): LibHandle {.compilerproc, hcrInline, nonReloadable.}
-proc nimUnloadLibrary(lib: LibHandle) {.compilerproc, hcrInline, nonReloadable.}
-proc nimGetProcAddr(lib: LibHandle, name: cstring): ProcAddr {.compilerproc, hcrInline, nonReloadable.}
-
-proc nimLoadLibraryError(path: string) {.compilerproc, hcrInline, nonReloadable.}
diff --git a/lib/system/channels_builtin.nim b/lib/system/channels_builtin.nim
index c7a445766..02b4d8cbf 100644
--- a/lib/system/channels_builtin.nim
+++ b/lib/system/channels_builtin.nim
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 ## The following is a simple example of two different ways to use channels:
 ## blocking and non-blocking.
 ##
-## .. code-block :: Nim
+##   ```Nim
 ##   # Be sure to compile with --threads:on.
 ##   # The channels and threads modules are part of system and should not be
 ##   # imported.
@@ -87,18 +87,20 @@
 ##
 ##   # Clean up the channel.
 ##   chan.close()
+##   ```
 ##
 ## Sample output
 ## -------------
 ## The program should output something similar to this, but keep in mind that
-## exact results may vary in the real world::
-##   Hello World!
-##   Pretend I'm doing useful work...
-##   Pretend I'm doing useful work...
-##   Pretend I'm doing useful work...
-##   Pretend I'm doing useful work...
-##   Pretend I'm doing useful work...
-##   Another message
+## exact results may vary in the real world:
+##
+##     Hello World!
+##     Pretend I'm doing useful work...
+##     Pretend I'm doing useful work...
+##     Pretend I'm doing useful work...
+##     Pretend I'm doing useful work...
+##     Pretend I'm doing useful work...
+##     Another message
 ##
 ## Passing Channels Safely
 ## -----------------------
@@ -112,7 +114,7 @@
 ## using e.g. `system.allocShared0` and pass these pointers through thread
 ## arguments:
 ##
-## .. code-block :: Nim
+##   ```Nim
 ##   proc worker(channel: ptr Channel[string]) =
 ##     let greeting = channel[].recv()
 ##     echo greeting
@@ -134,10 +136,13 @@
 ##     deallocShared(channel)
 ##
 ##   localChannelExample() # "Hello from the main thread!"
+##   ```
 
 when not declared(ThisIsSystem):
   {.error: "You must not import this module explicitly".}
 
+import std/private/syslocks
+
 type
   pbytes = ptr UncheckedArray[byte]
   RawChannel {.pure, final.} = object ## msg queue for a thread
@@ -182,8 +187,8 @@ when not usesDestructors:
   proc storeAux(dest, src: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode, t: PRawChannel,
                 mode: LoadStoreMode) {.benign.} =
     var
-      d = cast[ByteAddress](dest)
-      s = cast[ByteAddress](src)
+      d = cast[int](dest)
+      s = cast[int](src)
     case n.kind
     of nkSlot: storeAux(cast[pointer](d +% n.offset),
                         cast[pointer](s +% n.offset), n.typ, t, mode)
@@ -202,8 +207,8 @@ when not usesDestructors:
       cast[pointer](cast[int](p) +% x)
 
     var
-      d = cast[ByteAddress](dest)
-      s = cast[ByteAddress](src)
+      d = cast[int](dest)
+      s = cast[int](src)
     sysAssert(mt != nil, "mt == nil")
     case mt.kind
     of tyString:
@@ -242,14 +247,14 @@ when not usesDestructors:
           x[] = alloc0(t.region, align(GenericSeqSize, mt.base.align) +% seq.len *% mt.base.size)
         else:
           unsureAsgnRef(x, newSeq(mt, seq.len))
-        var dst = cast[ByteAddress](cast[PPointer](dest)[])
+        var dst = cast[int](cast[PPointer](dest)[])
         var dstseq = cast[PGenericSeq](dst)
         dstseq.len = seq.len
         dstseq.reserved = seq.len
         for i in 0..seq.len-1:
           storeAux(
             cast[pointer](dst +% align(GenericSeqSize, mt.base.align) +% i *% mt.base.size),
-            cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](s2) +% align(GenericSeqSize, mt.base.align) +%
+            cast[pointer](cast[int](s2) +% align(GenericSeqSize, mt.base.align) +%
                           i *% mt.base.size),
             mt.base, t, mode)
         if mode != mStore: dealloc(t.region, s2)
@@ -360,8 +365,8 @@ proc sendImpl(q: PRawChannel, typ: PNimType, msg: pointer, noBlock: bool): bool
 
   rawSend(q, msg, typ)
   q.elemType = typ
-  releaseSys(q.lock)
   signalSysCond(q.cond)
+  releaseSys(q.lock)
   result = true
 
 proc send*[TMsg](c: var Channel[TMsg], msg: sink TMsg) {.inline.} =
@@ -389,7 +394,7 @@ proc llRecv(q: PRawChannel, res: pointer, typ: PNimType) =
   q.ready = false
   if typ != q.elemType:
     releaseSys(q.lock)
-    sysFatal(ValueError, "cannot receive message of wrong type")
+    raise newException(ValueError, "cannot receive message of wrong type")
   rawRecv(q, res, typ)
   if q.maxItems > 0 and q.count == q.maxItems - 1:
     # Parent thread is awaiting in send. Wake it up.
diff --git a/lib/system/chcks.nim b/lib/system/chcks.nim
index e0a8bd78e..b48855964 100644
--- a/lib/system/chcks.nim
+++ b/lib/system/chcks.nim
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 
 # Implementation of some runtime checks.
 include system/indexerrors
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/formatfloat
 
 proc raiseRangeError(val: BiggestInt) {.compilerproc, noinline.} =
   when hostOS == "standalone":
@@ -16,6 +18,9 @@ proc raiseRangeError(val: BiggestInt) {.compilerproc, noinline.} =
   else:
     sysFatal(RangeDefect, "value out of range: ", $val)
 
+proc raiseIndexError4(l1, h1, h2: int) {.compilerproc, noinline.} =
+  sysFatal(IndexDefect, "index out of bounds: " & $l1 & ".." & $h1 & " notin 0.." & $(h2 - 1))
+
 proc raiseIndexError3(i, a, b: int) {.compilerproc, noinline.} =
   sysFatal(IndexDefect, formatErrorIndexBound(i, a, b))
 
@@ -26,13 +31,33 @@ proc raiseIndexError() {.compilerproc, noinline.} =
   sysFatal(IndexDefect, "index out of bounds")
 
 proc raiseFieldError(f: string) {.compilerproc, noinline.} =
+  ## remove after bootstrap > 1.5.1
   sysFatal(FieldDefect, f)
 
+when defined(nimV2):
+  proc raiseFieldError2(f: string, discVal: int) {.compilerproc, noinline.} =
+    ## raised when field is inaccessible given runtime value of discriminant
+    sysFatal(FieldDefect, f & $discVal & "'")
+
+  proc raiseFieldErrorStr(f: string, discVal: string) {.compilerproc, noinline.} =
+    ## raised when field is inaccessible given runtime value of discriminant
+    sysFatal(FieldDefect, formatFieldDefect(f, discVal))
+else:
+  proc raiseFieldError2(f: string, discVal: string) {.compilerproc, noinline.} =
+    ## raised when field is inaccessible given runtime value of discriminant
+    sysFatal(FieldDefect, formatFieldDefect(f, discVal))
+
 proc raiseRangeErrorI(i, a, b: BiggestInt) {.compilerproc, noinline.} =
-  sysFatal(RangeDefect, "value out of range: " & $i & " notin " & $a & " .. " & $b)
+  when defined(standalone):
+    sysFatal(RangeDefect, "value out of range")
+  else:
+    sysFatal(RangeDefect, "value out of range: " & $i & " notin " & $a & " .. " & $b)
 
 proc raiseRangeErrorF(i, a, b: float) {.compilerproc, noinline.} =
-  sysFatal(RangeDefect, "value out of range: " & $i & " notin " & $a & " .. " & $b)
+  when defined(standalone):
+    sysFatal(RangeDefect, "value out of range")
+  else:
+    sysFatal(RangeDefect, "value out of range: " & $i & " notin " & $a & " .. " & $b)
 
 proc raiseRangeErrorU(i, a, b: uint64) {.compilerproc, noinline.} =
   # todo: better error reporting
diff --git a/lib/system/comparisons.nim b/lib/system/comparisons.nim
index 2e5664a95..a8d78bb93 100644
--- a/lib/system/comparisons.nim
+++ b/lib/system/comparisons.nim
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ proc `==`*[Enum: enum](x, y: Enum): bool {.magic: "EqEnum", noSideEffect.} =
         place1, place2 = 3
     var
       e1 = field1
-      e2 = Enum1(place2)
+      e2 = place2.ord.Enum1
     assert e1 == e2
     assert not compiles(e1 == place2) # raises error
 proc `==`*(x, y: pointer): bool {.magic: "EqRef", noSideEffect.} =
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ proc `==`*[T](x, y: ref T): bool {.magic: "EqRef", noSideEffect.}
   ## Checks that two `ref` variables refer to the same item.
 proc `==`*[T](x, y: ptr T): bool {.magic: "EqRef", noSideEffect.}
   ## Checks that two `ptr` variables refer to the same item.
-proc `==`*[T: proc](x, y: T): bool {.magic: "EqProc", noSideEffect.}
+proc `==`*[T: proc | iterator](x, y: T): bool {.magic: "EqProc", noSideEffect.}
   ## Checks that two `proc` variables refer to the same procedure.
 
 proc `<=`*[Enum: enum](x, y: Enum): bool {.magic: "LeEnum", noSideEffect.}
@@ -125,15 +125,18 @@ proc `<`*[T](x, y: ref T): bool {.magic: "LtPtr", noSideEffect.}
 proc `<`*[T](x, y: ptr T): bool {.magic: "LtPtr", noSideEffect.}
 proc `<`*(x, y: pointer): bool {.magic: "LtPtr", noSideEffect.}
 
-template `!=`*(x, y: untyped): untyped =
+when not defined(nimHasCallsitePragma):
+  {.pragma: callsite.}
+
+template `!=`*(x, y: untyped): untyped {.callsite.} =
   ## Unequals operator. This is a shorthand for `not (x == y)`.
   not (x == y)
 
-template `>=`*(x, y: untyped): untyped =
+template `>=`*(x, y: untyped): untyped {.callsite.} =
   ## "is greater or equals" operator. This is the same as `y <= x`.
   y <= x
 
-template `>`*(x, y: untyped): untyped =
+template `>`*(x, y: untyped): untyped {.callsite.} =
   ## "is greater" operator. This is the same as `y < x`.
   y < x
 
@@ -206,6 +209,14 @@ proc `==`*(x, y: uint16): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect.}
 proc `==`*(x, y: uint32): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect.}
 proc `==`*(x, y: uint64): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect.}
 
+proc `<=`*(x, y: float32): bool {.magic: "LeF64", noSideEffect.}
+proc `<=`*(x, y: float): bool {.magic: "LeF64", noSideEffect.}
+
+proc `<`*(x, y: float32): bool {.magic: "LtF64", noSideEffect.}
+proc `<`*(x, y: float): bool {.magic: "LtF64", noSideEffect.}
+
+proc `==`*(x, y: float32): bool {.magic: "EqF64", noSideEffect.}
+proc `==`*(x, y: float): bool {.magic: "EqF64", noSideEffect.}
 
 {.push stackTrace: off.}
 
@@ -220,6 +231,13 @@ proc min*(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "MinI", noSideEffect.} =
 proc min*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "MinI", noSideEffect.} =
   ## The minimum value of two integers.
   if x <= y: x else: y
+proc min*(x, y: float32): float32 {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+  if x <= y or y != y: x else: y
+proc min*(x, y: float64): float64 {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+  if x <= y or y != y: x else: y
+proc min*[T: not SomeFloat](x, y: T): T {.inline.} =
+  ## Generic minimum operator of 2 values based on `<=`.
+  if x <= y: x else: y
 
 proc max*(x, y: int): int {.magic: "MaxI", noSideEffect.} =
   if y <= x: x else: y
@@ -232,6 +250,13 @@ proc max*(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "MaxI", noSideEffect.} =
 proc max*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "MaxI", noSideEffect.} =
   ## The maximum value of two integers.
   if y <= x: x else: y
+proc max*(x, y: float32): float32 {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+  if y <= x or y != y: x else: y
+proc max*(x, y: float64): float64 {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
+  if y <= x or y != y: x else: y
+proc max*[T: not SomeFloat](x, y: T): T {.inline.} =
+  ## Generic maximum operator of 2 values based on `<=`.
+  if y <= x: x else: y
 
 
 proc min*[T](x: openArray[T]): T =
@@ -250,7 +275,7 @@ proc max*[T](x: openArray[T]): T =
 
 
 proc clamp*[T](x, a, b: T): T =
-  ## Limits the value `x` within the interval [a, b].
+  ## Limits the value `x` within the interval \[a, b].
   ## This proc is equivalent to but faster than `max(a, min(b, x))`.
   ## 
   ## .. warning:: `a <= b` is assumed and will not be checked (currently).
@@ -299,7 +324,7 @@ proc `==`*[T](x, y: seq[T]): bool {.noSideEffect.} =
         return true
     else:
       var sameObject = false
-      asm """`sameObject` = `x` === `y`"""
+      {.emit: """`sameObject` = `x` === `y`;""".}
       if sameObject: return true
 
   if x.len != y.len:
diff --git a/lib/system/compilation.nim b/lib/system/compilation.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cdb976ed5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/system/compilation.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+const
+  NimMajor* {.intdefine.}: int = 2
+    ## is the major number of Nim's version. Example:
+    ##   ```nim
+    ##   when (NimMajor, NimMinor, NimPatch) >= (1, 3, 1): discard
+    ##   ```
+    # see also std/private/since
+
+  NimMinor* {.intdefine.}: int = 2
+    ## is the minor number of Nim's version.
+    ## Odd for devel, even for releases.
+
+  NimPatch* {.intdefine.}: int = 1
+    ## is the patch number of Nim's version.
+    ## Odd for devel, even for releases.
+
+{.push profiler: off.}
+let nimvm* {.magic: "Nimvm", compileTime.}: bool = false
+  ## May be used only in `when` expression.
+  ## It is true in Nim VM context and false otherwise.
+{.pop.}
+
+const
+  isMainModule* {.magic: "IsMainModule".}: bool = false
+    ## True only when accessed in the main module. This works thanks to
+    ## compiler magic. It is useful to embed testing code in a module.
+
+  CompileDate* {.magic: "CompileDate".}: string = "0000-00-00"
+    ## The date (in UTC) of compilation as a string of the form
+    ## `YYYY-MM-DD`. This works thanks to compiler magic.
+
+  CompileTime* {.magic: "CompileTime".}: string = "00:00:00"
+    ## The time (in UTC) of compilation as a string of the form
+    ## `HH:MM:SS`. This works thanks to compiler magic.
+
+proc defined*(x: untyped): bool {.magic: "Defined", noSideEffect, compileTime.}
+  ## Special compile-time procedure that checks whether `x` is
+  ## defined.
+  ##
+  ## `x` is an external symbol introduced through the compiler's
+  ## `-d:x switch <nimc.html#compiler-usage-compileminustime-symbols>`_ to enable
+  ## build time conditionals:
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   when not defined(release):
+  ##     # Do here programmer friendly expensive sanity checks.
+  ##   # Put here the normal code
+  ##   ```
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `compileOption <#compileOption,string>`_ for `on|off` options
+  ## * `compileOption <#compileOption,string,string>`_ for enum options
+  ## * `define pragmas <manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-compileminustime-define-pragmas>`_
+
+proc declared*(x: untyped): bool {.magic: "Declared", noSideEffect, compileTime.}
+  ## Special compile-time procedure that checks whether `x` is
+  ## declared. `x` has to be an identifier or a qualified identifier.
+  ##
+  ## This can be used to check whether a library provides a certain
+  ## feature or not:
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   when not declared(strutils.toUpper):
+  ##     # provide our own toUpper proc here, because strutils is
+  ##     # missing it.
+  ##   ```
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `declaredInScope <#declaredInScope,untyped>`_
+
+proc declaredInScope*(x: untyped): bool {.magic: "DeclaredInScope", noSideEffect, compileTime.}
+  ## Special compile-time procedure that checks whether `x` is
+  ## declared in the current scope. `x` has to be an identifier.
+
+proc compiles*(x: untyped): bool {.magic: "Compiles", noSideEffect, compileTime.} =
+  ## Special compile-time procedure that checks whether `x` can be compiled
+  ## without any semantic error.
+  ## This can be used to check whether a type supports some operation:
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   when compiles(3 + 4):
+  ##     echo "'+' for integers is available"
+  ##   ```
+  discard
+
+proc astToStr*[T](x: T): string {.magic: "AstToStr", noSideEffect.}
+  ## Converts the AST of `x` into a string representation. This is very useful
+  ## for debugging.
+
+proc runnableExamples*(rdoccmd = "", body: untyped) {.magic: "RunnableExamples".} =
+  ## A section you should use to mark `runnable example`:idx: code with.
+  ##
+  ## - In normal debug and release builds code within
+  ##   a `runnableExamples` section is ignored.
+  ## - The documentation generator is aware of these examples and considers them
+  ##   part of the `##` doc comment. As the last step of documentation
+  ##   generation each runnableExample is put in its own file `$file_examples$i.nim`,
+  ##   compiled and tested. The collected examples are
+  ##   put into their own module to ensure the examples do not refer to
+  ##   non-exported symbols.
+  runnableExamples:
+    proc timesTwo*(x: int): int =
+      ## This proc doubles a number.
+      runnableExamples:
+        # at module scope
+        const exported* = 123
+        assert timesTwo(5) == 10
+        block: # at block scope
+          defer: echo "done"
+      runnableExamples "-d:foo -b:cpp":
+        import std/compilesettings
+        assert querySetting(backend) == "cpp"
+        assert defined(foo)
+      runnableExamples "-r:off": ## this one is only compiled
+         import std/browsers
+         openDefaultBrowser "https://forum.nim-lang.org/"
+      2 * x
+
+proc compileOption*(option: string): bool {.
+  magic: "CompileOption", noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Can be used to determine an `on|off` compile-time option.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `compileOption <#compileOption,string,string>`_ for enum options
+  ## * `defined <#defined,untyped>`_
+  ## * `std/compilesettings module <compilesettings.html>`_
+  runnableExamples("--floatChecks:off"):
+    static: doAssert not compileOption("floatchecks")
+    {.push floatChecks: on.}
+    static: doAssert compileOption("floatchecks")
+    # floating point NaN and Inf checks enabled in this scope
+    {.pop.}
+
+proc compileOption*(option, arg: string): bool {.
+  magic: "CompileOptionArg", noSideEffect.} =
+  ## Can be used to determine an enum compile-time option.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `compileOption <#compileOption,string>`_ for `on|off` options
+  ## * `defined <#defined,untyped>`_
+  ## * `std/compilesettings module <compilesettings.html>`_
+  runnableExamples:
+    when compileOption("opt", "size") and compileOption("gc", "boehm"):
+      discard "compiled with optimization for size and uses Boehm's GC"
+
+template currentSourcePath*: string = instantiationInfo(-1, true).filename
+  ## Returns the full file-system path of the current source.
+  ##
+  ## To get the directory containing the current source, use it with
+  ## `ospaths2.parentDir() <ospaths2.html#parentDir%2Cstring>`_ as
+  ## `currentSourcePath.parentDir()`.
+  ##
+  ## The path returned by this template is set at compile time.
+  ##
+  ## See the docstring of `macros.getProjectPath() <macros.html#getProjectPath>`_
+  ## for an example to see the distinction between the `currentSourcePath()`
+  ## and `getProjectPath()`.
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `ospaths2.getCurrentDir() proc <ospaths2.html#getCurrentDir>`_
+
+proc slurp*(filename: string): string {.magic: "Slurp".}
+  ## This is an alias for `staticRead <#staticRead,string>`_.
+
+proc staticRead*(filename: string): string {.magic: "Slurp".}
+  ## Compile-time `readFile <syncio.html#readFile,string>`_ proc for easy
+  ## `resource`:idx: embedding:
+  ##
+  ## The maximum file size limit that `staticRead` and `slurp` can read is
+  ## near or equal to the *free* memory of the device you are using to compile.
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   const myResource = staticRead"mydatafile.bin"
+  ##   ```
+  ##
+  ## `slurp <#slurp,string>`_ is an alias for `staticRead`.
+
+proc gorge*(command: string, input = "", cache = ""): string {.
+  magic: "StaticExec".} = discard
+  ## This is an alias for `staticExec <#staticExec,string,string,string>`_.
+
+proc staticExec*(command: string, input = "", cache = ""): string {.
+  magic: "StaticExec".} = discard
+  ## Executes an external process at compile-time and returns its text output
+  ## (stdout + stderr).
+  ##
+  ## If `input` is not an empty string, it will be passed as a standard input
+  ## to the executed program.
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   const buildInfo = "Revision " & staticExec("git rev-parse HEAD") &
+  ##                     "\nCompiled on " & staticExec("uname -v")
+  ##   ```
+  ##
+  ## `gorge <#gorge,string,string,string>`_ is an alias for `staticExec`.
+  ##
+  ## Note that you can use this proc inside a pragma like
+  ## `passc <manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-passc-pragma>`_ or
+  ## `passl <manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-passl-pragma>`_.
+  ##
+  ## If `cache` is not empty, the results of `staticExec` are cached within
+  ## the `nimcache` directory. Use `--forceBuild` to get rid of this caching
+  ## behaviour then. `command & input & cache` (the concatenated string) is
+  ## used to determine whether the entry in the cache is still valid. You can
+  ## use versioning information for `cache`:
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   const stateMachine = staticExec("dfaoptimizer", "input", "0.8.0")
+  ##   ```
+
+proc gorgeEx*(command: string, input = "", cache = ""): tuple[output: string,
+                                                              exitCode: int] =
+  ## Similar to `gorge <#gorge,string,string,string>`_ but also returns the
+  ## precious exit code.
+  discard
diff --git a/lib/system/coro_detection.nim b/lib/system/coro_detection.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f6c1b5c15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/system/coro_detection.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+## Coroutine detection logic
+
+template coroutinesSupportedPlatform(): bool =
+  when defined(sparc) or defined(ELATE) or defined(boehmgc) or defined(gogc) or
+    defined(nogc) or defined(gcRegions) or defined(gcMarkAndSweep):
+    false
+  else:
+    true
+
+when defined(nimCoroutines):
+  # Explicit opt-in.
+  when not coroutinesSupportedPlatform():
+    {.error: "Coroutines are not supported on this architecture and/or garbage collector.".}
+  const nimCoroutines* = true
+elif defined(noNimCoroutines):
+  # Explicit opt-out.
+  const nimCoroutines* = false
+else:
+  # Autodetect coroutine support.
+  const nimCoroutines* = false
diff --git a/lib/system/countbits_impl.nim b/lib/system/countbits_impl.nim
index d3c003ff7..34969cb32 100644
--- a/lib/system/countbits_impl.nim
+++ b/lib/system/countbits_impl.nim
@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@
 
 ## Contains the used algorithms for counting bits.
 
-from std/private/vmutils import forwardImpl, toUnsigned
-
+from std/private/bitops_utils import forwardImpl, castToUnsigned
 
 const useBuiltins* = not defined(noIntrinsicsBitOpts)
 const noUndefined* = defined(noUndefinedBitOpts)
@@ -18,6 +17,7 @@ const useGCC_builtins* = (defined(gcc) or defined(llvm_gcc) or
                          defined(clang)) and useBuiltins
 const useICC_builtins* = defined(icc) and useBuiltins
 const useVCC_builtins* = defined(vcc) and useBuiltins
+const arch64* = sizeof(int) == 8
 
 template countBitsImpl(n: uint32): int =
   # generic formula is from: https://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#CountBitsSetParallel
@@ -64,8 +64,7 @@ func countSetBitsImpl*(x: SomeInteger): int {.inline.} =
   ## Counts the set bits in an integer (also called `Hamming weight`:idx:).
   # TODO: figure out if ICC support _popcnt32/_popcnt64 on platform without POPCNT.
   # like GCC and MSVC
-  when x is SomeSignedInt:
-    let x = x.toUnsigned
+  let x = x.castToUnsigned
   when nimvm:
     result = forwardImpl(countBitsImpl, x)
   else:
diff --git a/lib/system/ctypes.nim b/lib/system/ctypes.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b788274bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/system/ctypes.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+## Some type definitions for compatibility between different
+## backends and platforms.
+
+type
+  BiggestInt* = int64
+    ## is an alias for the biggest signed integer type the Nim compiler
+    ## supports. Currently this is `int64`, but it is platform-dependent
+    ## in general.
+
+  BiggestFloat* = float64
+    ## is an alias for the biggest floating point type the Nim
+    ## compiler supports. Currently this is `float64`, but it is
+    ## platform-dependent in general.
+
+  BiggestUInt* = uint64
+    ## is an alias for the biggest unsigned integer type the Nim compiler
+    ## supports. Currently this is `uint64`, but it is platform-dependent
+    ## in general.
+
+when defined(windows):
+  type
+    clong* {.importc: "long", nodecl.} = int32
+      ## This is the same as the type `long` in *C*.
+    culong* {.importc: "unsigned long", nodecl.} = uint32
+      ## This is the same as the type `unsigned long` in *C*.
+else:
+  type
+    clong* {.importc: "long", nodecl.} = int
+      ## This is the same as the type `long` in *C*.
+    culong* {.importc: "unsigned long", nodecl.} = uint
+      ## This is the same as the type `unsigned long` in *C*.
+
+type # these work for most platforms:
+  cchar* {.importc: "char", nodecl.} = char
+    ## This is the same as the type `char` in *C*.
+  cschar* {.importc: "signed char", nodecl.} = int8
+    ## This is the same as the type `signed char` in *C*.
+  cshort* {.importc: "short", nodecl.} = int16
+    ## This is the same as the type `short` in *C*.
+  cint* {.importc: "int", nodecl.} = int32
+    ## This is the same as the type `int` in *C*.
+  csize_t* {.importc: "size_t", nodecl.} = uint
+    ## This is the same as the type `size_t` in *C*.
+  clonglong* {.importc: "long long", nodecl.} = int64
+    ## This is the same as the type `long long` in *C*.
+  cfloat* {.importc: "float", nodecl.} = float32
+    ## This is the same as the type `float` in *C*.
+  cdouble* {.importc: "double", nodecl.} = float64
+    ## This is the same as the type `double` in *C*.
+  clongdouble* {.importc: "long double", nodecl.} = BiggestFloat
+    ## This is the same as the type `long double` in *C*.
+    ## This C type is not supported by Nim's code generator.
+
+  cuchar* {.importc: "unsigned char", nodecl, deprecated: "use `char` or `uint8` instead".} = char
+    ## Deprecated: Use `uint8` instead.
+  cushort* {.importc: "unsigned short", nodecl.} = uint16
+    ## This is the same as the type `unsigned short` in *C*.
+  cuint* {.importc: "unsigned int", nodecl.} = uint32
+    ## This is the same as the type `unsigned int` in *C*.
+  culonglong* {.importc: "unsigned long long", nodecl.} = uint64
+    ## This is the same as the type `unsigned long long` in *C*.
+
+type
+  ByteAddress* {.deprecated: "use `uint`".} = int
+    ## is the signed integer type that should be used for converting
+    ## pointers to integer addresses for readability.
+
+  cstringArray* {.importc: "char**", nodecl.} = ptr UncheckedArray[cstring]
+    ## This is binary compatible to the type `char**` in *C*. The array's
+    ## high value is large enough to disable bounds checking in practice.
+    ## Use `cstringArrayToSeq proc <#cstringArrayToSeq,cstringArray,Natural>`_
+    ## to convert it into a `seq[string]`.
+
+when not defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  # pollutes namespace
+  type
+    PFloat32* {.deprecated: "use `ptr float32`".} = ptr float32
+      ## An alias for `ptr float32`.
+    PFloat64* {.deprecated: "use `ptr float64`".} = ptr float64
+      ## An alias for `ptr float64`.
+    PInt64* {.deprecated: "use `ptr int64`".} = ptr int64
+      ## An alias for `ptr int64`.
+    PInt32* {.deprecated: "use `ptr int32`".} = ptr int32
+      ## An alias for `ptr int32`.
diff --git a/lib/system/cyclebreaker.nim b/lib/system/cyclebreaker.nim
index a3159f95c..45b0a5a65 100644
--- a/lib/system/cyclebreaker.nim
+++ b/lib/system/cyclebreaker.nim
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@ depth-first traversal suffices.
 
 ]#
 
-type PT = ptr pointer
 include cellseqs_v2
 
 const
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ proc nimMarkCyclic(p: pointer) {.compilerRtl, inl.} = discard
 
 type
   GcEnv = object
-    traceStack: CellSeq
+    traceStack: CellSeq[ptr pointer]
 
 proc trace(p: pointer; desc: PNimTypeV2; j: var GcEnv) {.inline.} =
   when false:
@@ -139,7 +138,8 @@ proc breakCycles(s: Cell; desc: PNimTypeV2) =
       else:
         # anyhow as a link that the produced destructor does not have to follow:
         u[] = nil
-        cprintf("[Bug] %p %s RC %ld\n", t, desc.name, t.rc shr rcShift)
+        when traceCollector:
+          cprintf("[Bug] %p %s RC %ld\n", t, desc.name, t.rc shr rcShift)
   deinit j.traceStack
 
 proc thinout*[T](x: ref T) {.inline.} =
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ proc thinout*[T](x: ref T) {.inline.} =
   ## and thus would keep the graph from being freed are `nil`'ed.
   ## This is a form of cycle collection that works well with Nim's ARC
   ## and its associated cost model.
-  proc getDynamicTypeInfo[T](x: T): PNimTypeV2 {.magic: "GetTypeInfoV2", noSideEffect, locks: 0.}
+  proc getDynamicTypeInfo[T](x: T): PNimTypeV2 {.magic: "GetTypeInfoV2", noSideEffect.}
 
   breakCycles(head(cast[pointer](x)), getDynamicTypeInfo(x[]))
 
diff --git a/lib/system/deepcopy.nim b/lib/system/deepcopy.nim
index 1f30b8427..72d35f518 100644
--- a/lib/system/deepcopy.nim
+++ b/lib/system/deepcopy.nim
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ proc genericDeepCopyAux(dest, src: pointer, mt: PNimType;
 proc genericDeepCopyAux(dest, src: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode;
                         tab: var PtrTable) {.benign.} =
   var
-    d = cast[ByteAddress](dest)
-    s = cast[ByteAddress](src)
+    d = cast[int](dest)
+    s = cast[int](src)
   case n.kind
   of nkSlot:
     genericDeepCopyAux(cast[pointer](d +% n.offset),
@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ proc genericDeepCopyAux(dest, src: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode;
 
 proc genericDeepCopyAux(dest, src: pointer, mt: PNimType; tab: var PtrTable) =
   var
-    d = cast[ByteAddress](dest)
-    s = cast[ByteAddress](src)
+    d = cast[int](dest)
+    s = cast[int](src)
   sysAssert(mt != nil, "genericDeepCopyAux 2")
   case mt.kind
   of tyString:
@@ -113,11 +113,11 @@ proc genericDeepCopyAux(dest, src: pointer, mt: PNimType; tab: var PtrTable) =
         return
       sysAssert(dest != nil, "genericDeepCopyAux 3")
       unsureAsgnRef(x, newSeq(mt, seq.len))
-      var dst = cast[ByteAddress](cast[PPointer](dest)[])
+      var dst = cast[int](cast[PPointer](dest)[])
       for i in 0..seq.len-1:
         genericDeepCopyAux(
           cast[pointer](dst +% align(GenericSeqSize, mt.base.align) +% i *% mt.base.size),
-          cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](s2) +% align(GenericSeqSize, mt.base.align) +% i *% mt.base.size),
+          cast[pointer](cast[int](s2) +% align(GenericSeqSize, mt.base.align) +% i *% mt.base.size),
           mt.base, tab)
   of tyObject:
     # we need to copy m_type field for tyObject, as it could be empty for
@@ -199,8 +199,8 @@ proc genericSeqDeepCopy(dest, src: pointer, mt: PNimType) {.compilerproc.} =
 proc genericDeepCopyOpenArray(dest, src: pointer, len: int,
                             mt: PNimType) {.compilerproc.} =
   var
-    d = cast[ByteAddress](dest)
-    s = cast[ByteAddress](src)
+    d = cast[int](dest)
+    s = cast[int](src)
   for i in 0..len-1:
     genericDeepCopy(cast[pointer](d +% i *% mt.base.size),
                     cast[pointer](s +% i *% mt.base.size), mt.base)
diff --git a/lib/system/dollars.nim b/lib/system/dollars.nim
index ce4e8e0ca..89a739d5a 100644
--- a/lib/system/dollars.nim
+++ b/lib/system/dollars.nim
@@ -1,62 +1,38 @@
-proc `$`*(x: int): string {.magic: "IntToStr", noSideEffect.}
-  ## The stringify operator for an integer argument. Returns `x`
-  ## converted to a decimal string. `$` is Nim's general way of
-  ## spelling `toString`:idx:.
-
-template dollarImpl(x: uint | uint64, result: var string) =
-  type destTyp = typeof(x)
-  if x == 0:
-    result = "0"
-  else:
-    result = newString(60)
-    var i = 0
-    var n = x
-    while n != 0:
-      let nn = n div destTyp(10)
-      result[i] = char(n - destTyp(10) * nn + ord('0'))
-      inc i
-      n = nn
-    result.setLen i
-
-    let half = i div 2
-    # Reverse
-    for t in 0 .. half-1: swap(result[t], result[i-t-1])
-
-
-when defined(js):
-  import std/private/since
-  since (1, 3):
-    proc `$`*(x: uint): string =
-      ## Caveat: currently implemented as $(cast[int](x)), tied to current
-      ## semantics of js' Number type.
-      # for c, see strmantle.`$`
-      when nimvm:
-        dollarImpl(x, result)
-      else:
-        result = $(int(x))
-
-    proc `$`*(x: uint64): string =
-      ## Compatibility note:
-      ## the results may change in future releases if/when js target implements
-      ## 64bit ints.
-      # pending https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/187
-      when nimvm:
-        dollarImpl(x, result)
-      else:
-        result = $(cast[int](x))
-else:
-  proc `$`*(x: uint64): string {.noSideEffect, raises: [].} =
-    ## The stringify operator for an unsigned integer argument. Returns `x`
-    ## converted to a decimal string.
-    dollarImpl(x, result)
+## `$` is Nim's general way of spelling `toString`:idx:.
+runnableExamples:
+  assert $0.1 == "0.1"
+  assert $(-2*3) == "-6"
+
+import std/private/[digitsutils, miscdollars]
+
+when not defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/formatfloat
+  export addFloat
+
+  func `$`*(x: float | float32): string =
+    ## Outplace version of `addFloat`.
+    result.addFloat(x)
 
-proc `$`*(x: int64): string {.magic: "Int64ToStr", noSideEffect.}
-  ## The stringify operator for an integer argument. Returns `x`
-  ## converted to a decimal string.
+proc `$`*(x: int): string {.raises: [].} =
+  ## Outplace version of `addInt`.
+  result.addInt(x)
+
+proc `$`*(x: int64): string {.raises: [].} =
+  ## Outplace version of `addInt`.
+  result.addInt(x)
+
+proc `$`*(x: uint64): string {.raises: [].} =
+  ## Outplace version of `addInt`.
+  addInt(result, x)
+
+# same as old `ctfeWhitelist` behavior, whether or not this is a good idea.
+template gen(T) =
+  # xxx simplify this by supporting this in compiler: int{lit} | uint64{lit} | int64{lit}
+  func `$`*(x: T{lit}): string {.compileTime.} = result.addInt(x)
+gen(int)
+gen(uint64)
+gen(int64)
 
-proc `$`*(x: float): string {.magic: "FloatToStr", noSideEffect.}
-  ## The stringify operator for a float argument. Returns `x`
-  ## converted to a decimal string.
 
 proc `$`*(x: bool): string {.magic: "BoolToStr", noSideEffect.}
   ## The stringify operator for a boolean argument. Returns `x`
@@ -65,9 +41,9 @@ proc `$`*(x: bool): string {.magic: "BoolToStr", noSideEffect.}
 proc `$`*(x: char): string {.magic: "CharToStr", noSideEffect.}
   ## The stringify operator for a character argument. Returns `x`
   ## converted to a string.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   assert $'c' == "c"
+  ##   ```
 
 proc `$`*(x: cstring): string {.magic: "CStrToStr", noSideEffect.}
   ## The stringify operator for a CString argument. Returns `x`
@@ -91,58 +67,25 @@ proc `$`*(t: typedesc): string {.magic: "TypeTrait".}
   ## For more procedures dealing with `typedesc`, see
   ## `typetraits module <typetraits.html>`_.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   doAssert $(typeof(42)) == "int"
   ##   doAssert $(typeof("Foo")) == "string"
   ##   static: doAssert $(typeof(@['A', 'B'])) == "seq[char]"
+  ##   ```
 
-when defined(nimHasIsNamedTuple):
-  proc isNamedTuple(T: typedesc): bool {.magic: "TypeTrait".}
-else:
-  # for bootstrap; remove after release 1.2
-  proc isNamedTuple(T: typedesc): bool =
-    # Taken from typetraits.
-    when T isnot tuple: result = false
-    else:
-      var t: T
-      for name, _ in t.fieldPairs:
-        when name == "Field0":
-          return compiles(t.Field0)
-        else:
-          return true
-      return false
-
-
-proc `$`*[T: tuple|object](x: T): string =
+proc `$`*[T: tuple](x: T): string =
   ## Generic `$` operator for tuples that is lifted from the components
   ## of `x`. Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   $(23, 45) == "(23, 45)"
   ##   $(a: 23, b: 45) == "(a: 23, b: 45)"
   ##   $() == "()"
-  result = "("
-  const isNamed = T is object or isNamedTuple(T)
-  var count = 0
-  for name, value in fieldPairs(x):
-    if count > 0: result.add(", ")
-    when isNamed:
-      result.add(name)
-      result.add(": ")
-    count.inc
-    when compiles($value):
-      when value isnot string and value isnot seq and compiles(value.isNil):
-        if value.isNil: result.add "nil"
-        else: result.addQuoted(value)
-      else:
-        result.addQuoted(value)
-    else:
-      result.add("...")
-  when not isNamed:
-    if count == 1:
-      result.add(",") # $(1,) should print as the semantically legal (1,)
-  result.add(")")
+  ##   ```
+  tupleObjectDollar(result, x)
 
+when not defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/objectdollar
+  export objectdollar
 
 proc collectionToString[T](x: T, prefix, separator, suffix: string): string =
   result = prefix
@@ -166,25 +109,25 @@ proc collectionToString[T](x: T, prefix, separator, suffix: string): string =
 proc `$`*[T](x: set[T]): string =
   ## Generic `$` operator for sets that is lifted from the components
   ## of `x`. Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   ${23, 45} == "{23, 45}"
+  ##   ```
   collectionToString(x, "{", ", ", "}")
 
 proc `$`*[T](x: seq[T]): string =
   ## Generic `$` operator for seqs that is lifted from the components
   ## of `x`. Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   $(@[23, 45]) == "@[23, 45]"
+  ##   ```
   collectionToString(x, "@[", ", ", "]")
 
 proc `$`*[T, U](x: HSlice[T, U]): string =
   ## Generic `$` operator for slices that is lifted from the components
   ## of `x`. Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##  $(1 .. 5) == "1 .. 5"
+  ##  ```
   result = $x.a
   result.add(" .. ")
   result.add($x.b)
@@ -198,7 +141,7 @@ when not defined(nimNoArrayToString):
 proc `$`*[T](x: openArray[T]): string =
   ## Generic `$` operator for openarrays that is lifted from the components
   ## of `x`. Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   $(@[23, 45].toOpenArray(0, 1)) == "[23, 45]"
+  ##   ```
   collectionToString(x, "[", ", ", "]")
diff --git a/lib/system/dyncalls.nim b/lib/system/dyncalls.nim
index b0f326bb5..2162b234f 100644
--- a/lib/system/dyncalls.nim
+++ b/lib/system/dyncalls.nim
@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ proc nimLoadLibraryError(path: string) =
         copyMem(msg[msgIdx].addr, badExe.cstring, badExe.len)
       discard MessageBoxA(nil, msg[0].addr, nil, 0)
   cstderr.rawWrite("\n")
-  quit(1)
+  rawQuit(1)
 
 proc procAddrError(name: cstring) {.compilerproc, nonReloadable, hcrInline.} =
   # carefully written to avoid memory allocation:
   cstderr.rawWrite("could not import: ")
   cstderr.rawWrite(name)
   cstderr.rawWrite("\n")
-  quit(1)
+  rawQuit(1)
 
 # this code was inspired from Lua's source code:
 # Lua - An Extensible Extension Language
@@ -161,38 +161,38 @@ elif defined(windows) or defined(dos):
         dec(m)
         k = k div 10
         if k == 0: break
-      result = getProcAddress(cast[THINSTANCE](lib), addr decorated)
+      result = getProcAddress(cast[THINSTANCE](lib), cast[cstring](addr decorated))
       if result != nil: return
     procAddrError(name)
 
 elif defined(genode):
 
-  proc nimUnloadLibrary(lib: LibHandle) {.
-    error: "nimUnloadLibrary not implemented".}
+  proc nimUnloadLibrary(lib: LibHandle) =
+    raiseAssert("nimUnloadLibrary not implemented")
 
-  proc nimLoadLibrary(path: string): LibHandle {.
-    error: "nimLoadLibrary not implemented".}
+  proc nimLoadLibrary(path: string): LibHandle =
+    raiseAssert("nimLoadLibrary not implemented")
 
-  proc nimGetProcAddr(lib: LibHandle, name: cstring): ProcAddr {.
-    error: "nimGetProcAddr not implemented".}
+  proc nimGetProcAddr(lib: LibHandle, name: cstring): ProcAddr =
+    raiseAssert("nimGetProcAddr not implemented")
 
-elif defined(nintendoswitch) or defined(freertos):
+elif defined(nintendoswitch) or defined(freertos) or defined(zephyr) or defined(nuttx):
   proc nimUnloadLibrary(lib: LibHandle) =
     cstderr.rawWrite("nimUnLoadLibrary not implemented")
     cstderr.rawWrite("\n")
-    quit(1)
+    rawQuit(1)
 
   proc nimLoadLibrary(path: string): LibHandle =
     cstderr.rawWrite("nimLoadLibrary not implemented")
     cstderr.rawWrite("\n")
-    quit(1)
+    rawQuit(1)
 
 
   proc nimGetProcAddr(lib: LibHandle, name: cstring): ProcAddr =
     cstderr.rawWrite("nimGetProAddr not implemented")
     cstderr.rawWrite(name)
     cstderr.rawWrite("\n")
-    quit(1)
+    rawQuit(1)
 
 else:
   {.error: "no implementation for dyncalls".}
diff --git a/lib/system/embedded.nim b/lib/system/embedded.nim
index 258558c3f..ea6776f58 100644
--- a/lib/system/embedded.nim
+++ b/lib/system/embedded.nim
@@ -19,8 +19,9 @@ proc nimFrame(s: PFrame) {.compilerRtl, inl, exportc: "nimFrame".} = discard
 proc popFrame {.compilerRtl, inl.} = discard
 
 proc setFrame(s: PFrame) {.compilerRtl, inl.} = discard
-proc pushSafePoint(s: PSafePoint) {.compilerRtl, inl.} = discard
-proc popSafePoint {.compilerRtl, inl.} = discard
+when not gotoBasedExceptions:
+  proc pushSafePoint(s: PSafePoint) {.compilerRtl, inl.} = discard
+  proc popSafePoint {.compilerRtl, inl.} = discard
 proc pushCurrentException(e: ref Exception) {.compilerRtl, inl.} = discard
 proc popCurrentException {.compilerRtl, inl.} = discard
 
@@ -34,6 +35,10 @@ proc quitOrDebug() {.noreturn, importc: "abort", header: "<stdlib.h>", nodecl.}
 proc raiseException(e: ref Exception, ename: cstring) {.compilerRtl.} =
   sysFatal(ReraiseDefect, "exception handling is not available")
 
+proc raiseExceptionEx(e: sink(ref Exception), ename, procname, filename: cstring,
+                      line: int) {.compilerRtl.} =
+  sysFatal(ReraiseDefect, "exception handling is not available")
+
 proc reraiseException() {.compilerRtl.} =
   sysFatal(ReraiseDefect, "no exception to reraise")
 
diff --git a/lib/system/exceptions.nim b/lib/system/exceptions.nim
index b5f4fc325..63588f858 100644
--- a/lib/system/exceptions.nim
+++ b/lib/system/exceptions.nim
@@ -1,61 +1,13 @@
-const NimStackTraceMsgs =
-  when defined(nimHasStacktraceMsgs): compileOption("stacktraceMsgs")
-  else: false
+## Exception and effect types used in Nim code.
 
 type
-  RootEffect* {.compilerproc.} = object of RootObj ## \
-    ## Base effect class.
-    ##
-    ## Each effect should inherit from `RootEffect` unless you know what
-    ## you're doing.
   TimeEffect* = object of RootEffect   ## Time effect.
   IOEffect* = object of RootEffect     ## IO effect.
   ReadIOEffect* = object of IOEffect   ## Effect describing a read IO operation.
   WriteIOEffect* = object of IOEffect  ## Effect describing a write IO operation.
   ExecIOEffect* = object of IOEffect   ## Effect describing an executing IO operation.
 
-  StackTraceEntry* = object ## In debug mode exceptions store the stack trace that led
-                            ## to them. A `StackTraceEntry` is a single entry of the
-                            ## stack trace.
-    procname*: cstring      ## Name of the proc that is currently executing.
-    line*: int              ## Line number of the proc that is currently executing.
-    filename*: cstring      ## Filename of the proc that is currently executing.
-    when NimStackTraceMsgs:
-      frameMsg*: string     ## When a stacktrace is generated in a given frame and
-                            ## rendered at a later time, we should ensure the stacktrace
-                            ## data isn't invalidated; any pointer into PFrame is
-                            ## subject to being invalidated so shouldn't be stored.
-    when defined(nimStackTraceOverride):
-      programCounter*: uint ## Program counter - will be used to get the rest of the info,
-                            ## when `$` is called on this type. We can't use
-                            ## "cuintptr_t" in here.
-      procnameStr*, filenameStr*: string ## GC-ed objects holding the cstrings in "procname" and "filename"
-
-  Exception* {.compilerproc, magic: "Exception".} = object of RootObj ## \
-    ## Base exception class.
-    ##
-    ## Each exception has to inherit from `Exception`. See the full `exception
-    ## hierarchy <manual.html#exception-handling-exception-hierarchy>`_.
-    parent*: ref Exception ## Parent exception (can be used as a stack).
-    name*: cstring         ## The exception's name is its Nim identifier.
-                           ## This field is filled automatically in the
-                           ## `raise` statement.
-    msg* {.exportc: "message".}: string ## The exception's message. Not
-                                        ## providing an exception message
-                                        ## is bad style.
-    when defined(js):
-      trace: string
-    else:
-      trace: seq[StackTraceEntry]
-    up: ref Exception # used for stacking exceptions. Not exported!
-
-  Defect* = object of Exception ## \
-    ## Abstract base class for all exceptions that Nim's runtime raises
-    ## but that are strictly uncatchable as they can also be mapped to
-    ## a `quit` / `trap` / `exit` operation.
-
-  CatchableError* = object of Exception ## \
-    ## Abstract class for all exceptions that are catchable.
+type
   IOError* = object of CatchableError ## \
     ## Raised if an IO error occurred.
   EOFError* = object of IOError ## \
@@ -144,25 +96,27 @@ type
     ##
     ## This is only raised if the `segfaults module <segfaults.html>`_ was imported!
 
-  ArithmeticError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = ArithmeticDefect
-  DivByZeroError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = DivByZeroDefect
-  OverflowError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = OverflowDefect
-  AccessViolationError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = AccessViolationDefect
-  AssertionError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = AssertionDefect
-  OutOfMemError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = OutOfMemDefect
-  IndexError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = IndexDefect
+when not defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  type
+    ArithmeticError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = ArithmeticDefect
+    DivByZeroError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = DivByZeroDefect
+    OverflowError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = OverflowDefect
+    AccessViolationError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = AccessViolationDefect
+    AssertionError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = AssertionDefect
+    OutOfMemError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = OutOfMemDefect
+    IndexError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = IndexDefect
 
-  FieldError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = FieldDefect
-  RangeError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = RangeDefect
-  StackOverflowError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = StackOverflowDefect
-  ReraiseError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = ReraiseDefect
-  ObjectAssignmentError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = ObjectAssignmentDefect
-  ObjectConversionError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = ObjectConversionDefect
-  FloatingPointError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = FloatingPointDefect
-  FloatInvalidOpError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = FloatInvalidOpDefect
-  FloatDivByZeroError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = FloatDivByZeroDefect
-  FloatOverflowError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = FloatOverflowDefect
-  FloatUnderflowError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = FloatUnderflowDefect
-  FloatInexactError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = FloatInexactDefect
-  DeadThreadError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = DeadThreadDefect
-  NilAccessError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = NilAccessDefect
+    FieldError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = FieldDefect
+    RangeError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = RangeDefect
+    StackOverflowError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = StackOverflowDefect
+    ReraiseError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = ReraiseDefect
+    ObjectAssignmentError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = ObjectAssignmentDefect
+    ObjectConversionError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = ObjectConversionDefect
+    FloatingPointError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = FloatingPointDefect
+    FloatInvalidOpError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = FloatInvalidOpDefect
+    FloatDivByZeroError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = FloatDivByZeroDefect
+    FloatOverflowError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = FloatOverflowDefect
+    FloatUnderflowError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = FloatUnderflowDefect
+    FloatInexactError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = FloatInexactDefect
+    DeadThreadError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = DeadThreadDefect
+    NilAccessError* {.deprecated: "See corresponding Defect".} = NilAccessDefect
diff --git a/lib/system/excpt.nim b/lib/system/excpt.nim
index 06fa45097..dae5c4a4a 100644
--- a/lib/system/excpt.nim
+++ b/lib/system/excpt.nim
@@ -73,26 +73,45 @@ type
 
 when NimStackTraceMsgs:
   var frameMsgBuf* {.threadvar.}: string
+
+when not defined(nimV2):
+  var
+    framePtr {.threadvar.}: PFrame
+
 var
-  framePtr {.threadvar.}: PFrame
-  excHandler {.threadvar.}: PSafePoint
-    # list of exception handlers
-    # a global variable for the root of all try blocks
   currException {.threadvar.}: ref Exception
-  gcFramePtr {.threadvar.}: GcFrame
 
-type
-  FrameState = tuple[gcFramePtr: GcFrame, framePtr: PFrame,
-                     excHandler: PSafePoint, currException: ref Exception]
+when not gotoBasedExceptions:
+  var
+    excHandler {.threadvar.}: PSafePoint
+      # list of exception handlers
+      # a global variable for the root of all try blocks
+    gcFramePtr {.threadvar.}: GcFrame
+
+when gotoBasedExceptions:
+  type
+    FrameState = tuple[framePtr: PFrame,
+                      currException: ref Exception]
+else:
+  type
+    FrameState = tuple[gcFramePtr: GcFrame, framePtr: PFrame,
+                      excHandler: PSafePoint, currException: ref Exception]
 
 proc getFrameState*(): FrameState {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
-  return (gcFramePtr, framePtr, excHandler, currException)
+  when gotoBasedExceptions:
+    return (framePtr, currException)
+  else:
+    return (gcFramePtr, framePtr, excHandler, currException)
 
 proc setFrameState*(state: FrameState) {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
-  gcFramePtr = state.gcFramePtr
-  framePtr = state.framePtr
-  excHandler = state.excHandler
-  currException = state.currException
+  when gotoBasedExceptions:
+    framePtr = state.framePtr
+    currException = state.currException
+  else:
+    gcFramePtr = state.gcFramePtr
+    framePtr = state.framePtr
+    excHandler = state.excHandler
+    currException = state.currException
 
 proc getFrame*(): PFrame {.compilerRtl, inl.} = framePtr
 
@@ -114,20 +133,21 @@ when false:
 proc setFrame*(s: PFrame) {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
   framePtr = s
 
-proc getGcFrame*(): GcFrame {.compilerRtl, inl.} = gcFramePtr
-proc popGcFrame*() {.compilerRtl, inl.} = gcFramePtr = gcFramePtr.prev
-proc setGcFrame*(s: GcFrame) {.compilerRtl, inl.} = gcFramePtr = s
-proc pushGcFrame*(s: GcFrame) {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
-  s.prev = gcFramePtr
-  zeroMem(cast[pointer](cast[int](s)+%sizeof(GcFrameHeader)), s.len*sizeof(pointer))
-  gcFramePtr = s
+when not gotoBasedExceptions:
+  proc getGcFrame*(): GcFrame {.compilerRtl, inl.} = gcFramePtr
+  proc popGcFrame*() {.compilerRtl, inl.} = gcFramePtr = gcFramePtr.prev
+  proc setGcFrame*(s: GcFrame) {.compilerRtl, inl.} = gcFramePtr = s
+  proc pushGcFrame*(s: GcFrame) {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
+    s.prev = gcFramePtr
+    zeroMem(cast[pointer](cast[int](s)+%sizeof(GcFrameHeader)), s.len*sizeof(pointer))
+    gcFramePtr = s
 
-proc pushSafePoint(s: PSafePoint) {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
-  s.prev = excHandler
-  excHandler = s
+  proc pushSafePoint(s: PSafePoint) {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
+    s.prev = excHandler
+    excHandler = s
 
-proc popSafePoint {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
-  excHandler = excHandler.prev
+  proc popSafePoint {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
+    excHandler = excHandler.prev
 
 proc pushCurrentException(e: sink(ref Exception)) {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
   e.up = currException
@@ -146,7 +166,7 @@ proc closureIterSetupExc(e: ref Exception) {.compilerproc, inline.} =
 
 # some platforms have native support for stack traces:
 const
-  nativeStackTraceSupported* = (defined(macosx) or defined(linux)) and
+  nativeStackTraceSupported = (defined(macosx) or defined(linux)) and
                               not NimStackTrace
   hasSomeStackTrace = NimStackTrace or defined(nimStackTraceOverride) or
     (defined(nativeStackTrace) and nativeStackTraceSupported)
@@ -354,7 +374,7 @@ var onUnhandledException*: (proc (errorMsg: string) {.
   ## The default is to write a stacktrace to `stderr` and then call `quit(1)`.
   ## Unstable API.
 
-proc reportUnhandledErrorAux(e: ref Exception) {.nodestroy.} =
+proc reportUnhandledErrorAux(e: ref Exception) {.nodestroy, gcsafe.} =
   when hasSomeStackTrace:
     var buf = newStringOfCap(2000)
     if e.trace.len == 0:
@@ -362,7 +382,8 @@ proc reportUnhandledErrorAux(e: ref Exception) {.nodestroy.} =
     else:
       var trace = $e.trace
       add(buf, trace)
-      `=destroy`(trace)
+      {.gcsafe.}:
+        `=destroy`(trace)
     add(buf, "Error: unhandled exception: ")
     add(buf, e.msg)
     add(buf, " [")
@@ -373,7 +394,8 @@ proc reportUnhandledErrorAux(e: ref Exception) {.nodestroy.} =
       onUnhandledException(buf)
     else:
       showErrorMessage2(buf)
-    `=destroy`(buf)
+    {.gcsafe.}:
+      `=destroy`(buf)
   else:
     # ugly, but avoids heap allocations :-)
     template xadd(buf, s, slen) =
@@ -387,32 +409,34 @@ proc reportUnhandledErrorAux(e: ref Exception) {.nodestroy.} =
     if e.trace.len != 0:
       var trace = $e.trace
       add(buf, trace)
-      `=destroy`(trace)
+      {.gcsafe.}:
+        `=destroy`(trace)
     add(buf, "Error: unhandled exception: ")
     add(buf, e.msg)
     add(buf, " [")
     xadd(buf, e.name, e.name.len)
     add(buf, "]\n")
     if onUnhandledException != nil:
-      onUnhandledException($buf.addr)
+      onUnhandledException($cast[cstring](buf.addr))
     else:
-      showErrorMessage(buf.addr, L)
+      showErrorMessage(cast[cstring](buf.addr), L)
 
-proc reportUnhandledError(e: ref Exception) {.nodestroy.} =
+proc reportUnhandledError(e: ref Exception) {.nodestroy, gcsafe.} =
   if unhandledExceptionHook != nil:
     unhandledExceptionHook(e)
   when hostOS != "any":
     reportUnhandledErrorAux(e)
 
-proc nimLeaveFinally() {.compilerRtl.} =
-  when defined(cpp) and not defined(noCppExceptions) and not gotoBasedExceptions:
-    {.emit: "throw;".}
-  else:
-    if excHandler != nil:
-      c_longjmp(excHandler.context, 1)
+when not gotoBasedExceptions:
+  proc nimLeaveFinally() {.compilerRtl.} =
+    when defined(cpp) and not defined(noCppExceptions) and not gotoBasedExceptions:
+      {.emit: "throw;".}
     else:
-      reportUnhandledError(currException)
-      quit(1)
+      if excHandler != nil:
+        c_longjmp(excHandler.context, 1)
+      else:
+        reportUnhandledError(currException)
+        rawQuit(1)
 
 when gotoBasedExceptions:
   var nimInErrorMode {.threadvar.}: bool
@@ -427,13 +451,13 @@ when gotoBasedExceptions:
     if nimInErrorMode and currException != nil:
       reportUnhandledError(currException)
       currException = nil
-      quit(1)
+      rawQuit(1)
 
 proc raiseExceptionAux(e: sink(ref Exception)) {.nodestroy.} =
   when defined(nimPanics):
     if e of Defect:
       reportUnhandledError(e)
-      quit(1)
+      rawQuit(1)
 
   if localRaiseHook != nil:
     if not localRaiseHook(e): return
@@ -444,11 +468,9 @@ proc raiseExceptionAux(e: sink(ref Exception)) {.nodestroy.} =
       {.emit: "throw;".}
     else:
       pushCurrentException(e)
-      {.emit: "throw e;".}
-  elif defined(nimQuirky) or gotoBasedExceptions:
-    # XXX This check should likely also be done in the setjmp case below.
-    if e != currException:
-      pushCurrentException(e)
+      {.emit: "throw `e`;".}
+  elif quirkyExceptions or gotoBasedExceptions:
+    pushCurrentException(e)
     when gotoBasedExceptions:
       inc nimInErrorMode
   else:
@@ -457,7 +479,7 @@ proc raiseExceptionAux(e: sink(ref Exception)) {.nodestroy.} =
       c_longjmp(excHandler.context, 1)
     else:
       reportUnhandledError(e)
-      quit(1)
+      rawQuit(1)
 
 proc raiseExceptionEx(e: sink(ref Exception), ename, procname, filename: cstring,
                       line: int) {.compilerRtl, nodestroy.} =
@@ -500,7 +522,7 @@ proc threadTrouble() =
     if currException != nil: reportUnhandledError(currException)
   except:
     discard
-  quit 1
+  rawQuit 1
 
 proc writeStackTrace() =
   when hasSomeStackTrace:
@@ -523,13 +545,10 @@ proc getStackTrace(e: ref Exception): string =
   else:
     result = ""
 
-proc getStackTraceEntries*(e: ref Exception): seq[StackTraceEntry] =
+proc getStackTraceEntries*(e: ref Exception): lent seq[StackTraceEntry] =
   ## Returns the attached stack trace to the exception `e` as
   ## a `seq`. This is not yet available for the JS backend.
-  when not defined(nimSeqsV2):
-    shallowCopy(result, e.trace)
-  else:
-    result = move(e.trace)
+  e.trace
 
 proc getStackTraceEntries*(): seq[StackTraceEntry] =
   ## Returns the stack trace entries for the current stack trace.
@@ -546,7 +565,7 @@ proc callDepthLimitReached() {.noinline.} =
       "-d:nimCallDepthLimit=<int> but really try to avoid deep " &
       "recursions instead.\n"
   showErrorMessage2(msg)
-  quit(1)
+  rawQuit(1)
 
 proc nimFrame(s: PFrame) {.compilerRtl, inl, raises: [].} =
   if framePtr == nil:
@@ -562,7 +581,7 @@ proc nimFrame(s: PFrame) {.compilerRtl, inl, raises: [].} =
 when defined(cpp) and appType != "lib" and not gotoBasedExceptions and
     not defined(js) and not defined(nimscript) and
     hostOS != "standalone" and hostOS != "any" and not defined(noCppExceptions) and
-    not defined(nimQuirky):
+    not quirkyExceptions:
 
   type
     StdException {.importcpp: "std::exception", header: "<exception>".} = object
@@ -599,9 +618,12 @@ when defined(cpp) and appType != "lib" and not gotoBasedExceptions and
     else:
       writeToStdErr msg & "\n"
 
-    quit 1
+    rawQuit 1
 
 when not defined(noSignalHandler) and not defined(useNimRtl):
+  type Sighandler = proc (a: cint) {.noconv, benign.}
+    # xxx factor with ansi_c.CSighandlerT, posix.Sighandler
+
   proc signalHandler(sign: cint) {.exportc: "signalHandler", noconv.} =
     template processSignal(s, action: untyped) {.dirty.} =
       if s == SIGINT: action("SIGINT: Interrupted by Ctrl-C.\n")
@@ -650,9 +672,13 @@ when not defined(noSignalHandler) and not defined(useNimRtl):
       # also return the correct exit code to the shell.
       discard c_raise(sign)
     else:
-      quit(1)
+      rawQuit(1)
+
+  var SIG_IGN {.importc: "SIG_IGN", header: "<signal.h>".}: Sighandler
 
   proc registerSignalHandler() =
+    # xxx `signal` is deprecated and has many caveats, we should use `sigaction` instead, e.g.
+    # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/231912/what-is-the-difference-between-sigaction-and-signal
     c_signal(SIGINT, signalHandler)
     c_signal(SIGSEGV, signalHandler)
     c_signal(SIGABRT, signalHandler)
@@ -661,14 +687,17 @@ when not defined(noSignalHandler) and not defined(useNimRtl):
     when declared(SIGBUS):
       c_signal(SIGBUS, signalHandler)
     when declared(SIGPIPE):
-      c_signal(SIGPIPE, signalHandler)
+      when defined(nimLegacySigpipeHandler):
+        c_signal(SIGPIPE, signalHandler)
+      else:
+        c_signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN)
 
   registerSignalHandler() # call it in initialization section
 
 proc setControlCHook(hook: proc () {.noconv.}) =
   # ugly cast, but should work on all architectures:
-  type SignalHandler = proc (sign: cint) {.noconv, benign.}
-  c_signal(SIGINT, cast[SignalHandler](hook))
+  when declared(Sighandler):
+    c_signal(SIGINT, cast[Sighandler](hook))
 
 when not defined(noSignalHandler) and not defined(useNimRtl):
   proc unsetControlCHook() =
diff --git a/lib/system/fatal.nim b/lib/system/fatal.nim
index 64ec9cda3..25c05e52d 100644
--- a/lib/system/fatal.nim
+++ b/lib/system/fatal.nim
@@ -9,50 +9,50 @@
 
 {.push profiler: off.}
 
-when defined(nimHasExceptionsQuery):
-  const gotoBasedExceptions = compileOption("exceptions", "goto")
-else:
-  const gotoBasedExceptions = false
+const
+  gotoBasedExceptions = compileOption("exceptions", "goto")
+  quirkyExceptions = compileOption("exceptions", "quirky")
 
 when hostOS == "standalone":
   include "$projectpath/panicoverride"
 
-  proc sysFatal(exceptn: typedesc, message: string) {.inline.} =
+  func sysFatal(exceptn: typedesc[Defect], message: string) {.inline.} =
     panic(message)
 
-  proc sysFatal(exceptn: typedesc, message, arg: string) {.inline.} =
+  func sysFatal(exceptn: typedesc[Defect], message, arg: string) {.inline.} =
     rawoutput(message)
     panic(arg)
 
-elif (defined(nimQuirky) or defined(nimPanics)) and not defined(nimscript):
+elif quirkyExceptions and not defined(nimscript):
   import ansi_c
 
-  proc name(t: typedesc): string {.magic: "TypeTrait".}
+  func name(t: typedesc): string {.magic: "TypeTrait".}
 
-  proc sysFatal(exceptn: typedesc, message, arg: string) {.inline, noreturn.} =
+  func sysFatal(exceptn: typedesc[Defect], message, arg: string) {.inline, noreturn.} =
     when nimvm:
       # TODO when doAssertRaises works in CT, add a test for it
       raise (ref exceptn)(msg: message & arg)
     else:
-      writeStackTrace()
-      var buf = newStringOfCap(200)
-      add(buf, "Error: unhandled exception: ")
-      add(buf, message)
-      add(buf, arg)
-      add(buf, " [")
-      add(buf, name exceptn)
-      add(buf, "]\n")
-      cstderr.rawWrite buf
-      quit 1
-
-  proc sysFatal(exceptn: typedesc, message: string) {.inline, noreturn.} =
+      {.noSideEffect.}:
+        writeStackTrace()
+        var buf = newStringOfCap(200)
+        add(buf, "Error: unhandled exception: ")
+        add(buf, message)
+        add(buf, arg)
+        add(buf, " [")
+        add(buf, name exceptn)
+        add(buf, "]\n")
+        cstderr.rawWrite buf
+      rawQuit 1
+
+  func sysFatal(exceptn: typedesc[Defect], message: string) {.inline, noreturn.} =
     sysFatal(exceptn, message, "")
 
 else:
-  proc sysFatal(exceptn: typedesc, message: string) {.inline, noreturn.} =
+  func sysFatal(exceptn: typedesc[Defect], message: string) {.inline, noreturn.} =
     raise (ref exceptn)(msg: message)
 
-  proc sysFatal(exceptn: typedesc, message, arg: string) {.inline, noreturn.} =
+  func sysFatal(exceptn: typedesc[Defect], message, arg: string) {.inline, noreturn.} =
     raise (ref exceptn)(msg: message & arg)
 
 {.pop.}
diff --git a/lib/system/formatfloat.nim b/lib/system/formatfloat.nim
index cb46c8c36..70dd857d5 100644
--- a/lib/system/formatfloat.nim
+++ b/lib/system/formatfloat.nim
@@ -1,59 +1,6 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2019 Nim contributors
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-proc c_sprintf(buf, frmt: cstring): cint {.header: "<stdio.h>",
-                                    importc: "sprintf", varargs, noSideEffect.}
-
-proc writeToBuffer(buf: var array[65, char]; value: cstring) =
-  var i = 0
-  while value[i] != '\0':
-    buf[i] = value[i]
-    inc i
-
-proc writeFloatToBuffer*(buf: var array[65, char]; value: BiggestFloat): int =
-  ## This is the implementation to format floats in the Nim
-  ## programming language. The specific format for floating point
-  ## numbers is not specified in the Nim programming language and
-  ## might change slightly in the future, but at least wherever you
-  ## format a float, it should be consistent.
-  ##
-  ## returns the amount of bytes written to `buf` not counting the
-  ## terminating '\0' character.
-  ##
-  ## * `buf` - A buffer to write into. The buffer does not need to be
-  ##           initialized and it will be overridden.
-  ##
-  var n: int = c_sprintf(addr buf, "%.16g", value)
-  var hasDot = false
-  for i in 0..n-1:
-    if buf[i] == ',':
-      buf[i] = '.'
-      hasDot = true
-    elif buf[i] in {'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', '.'}:
-      hasDot = true
-  if not hasDot:
-    buf[n] = '.'
-    buf[n+1] = '0'
-    buf[n+2] = '\0'
-    result = n + 2
-  else:
-    result = n
-  # On Windows nice numbers like '1.#INF', '-1.#INF' or '1.#NAN' or 'nan(ind)'
-  # of '-1.#IND' are produced.
-  # We want to get rid of these here:
-  if buf[n-1] in {'n', 'N', 'D', 'd', ')'}:
-    writeToBuffer(buf, "nan")
-    result = 3
-  elif buf[n-1] == 'F':
-    if buf[0] == '-':
-      writeToBuffer(buf, "-inf")
-      result = 4
-    else:
-      writeToBuffer(buf, "inf")
-      result = 3
+when not defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/formatfloat
+  export formatfloat
+  {.deprecated: "use `std/formatfloat`".}
+else:
+  {.error: "use `std/formatfloat`".}
diff --git a/lib/system/gc.nim b/lib/system/gc.nim
index 1f7164266..9289c7f55 100644
--- a/lib/system/gc.nim
+++ b/lib/system/gc.nim
@@ -12,6 +12,55 @@
 # Refcounting + Mark&Sweep. Complex algorithms avoided.
 # Been there, done that, didn't work.
 
+#[
+
+A *cell* is anything that is traced by the GC
+(sequences, refs, strings, closures).
+
+The basic algorithm is *Deferrent Reference Counting* with cycle detection.
+References on the stack are not counted for better performance and easier C
+code generation.
+
+Each cell has a header consisting of a RC and a pointer to its type
+descriptor. However the program does not know about these, so they are placed at
+negative offsets. In the GC code the type `PCell` denotes a pointer
+decremented by the right offset, so that the header can be accessed easily. It
+is extremely important that `pointer` is not confused with a `PCell`.
+
+In Nim the compiler cannot always know if a reference
+is stored on the stack or not. This is caused by var parameters.
+Consider this example:
+
+  ```Nim
+  proc setRef(r: var ref TNode) =
+    new(r)
+
+  proc usage =
+    var
+      r: ref TNode
+    setRef(r) # here we should not update the reference counts, because
+              # r is on the stack
+    setRef(r.left) # here we should update the refcounts!
+  ```
+
+We have to decide at runtime whether the reference is on the stack or not.
+The generated code looks roughly like this:
+
+  ```C
+  void setref(TNode** ref) {
+    unsureAsgnRef(ref, newObj(TNode_TI, sizeof(TNode)))
+  }
+  void usage(void) {
+    setRef(&r)
+    setRef(&r->left)
+  }
+  ```
+
+Note that for systems with a continuous stack (which most systems have)
+the check whether the ref is on the stack is very cheap (only two
+comparisons).
+]#
+
 {.push profiler:off.}
 
 const
@@ -29,7 +78,7 @@ when defined(memProfiler):
   proc nimProfile(requestedSize: int) {.benign.}
 
 when hasThreadSupport:
-  import sharedlist
+  import std/sharedlist
 
 const
   rcIncrement = 0b1000 # so that lowest 3 bits are not touched
@@ -47,7 +96,7 @@ type
     waZctDecRef, waPush
     #, waDebug
 
-  Finalizer {.compilerproc.} = proc (self: pointer) {.nimcall, benign.}
+  Finalizer {.compilerproc.} = proc (self: pointer) {.nimcall, benign, raises: [].}
     # A ref type can have a finalizer that is called before the object's
     # storage is freed.
 
@@ -114,7 +163,7 @@ template gcAssert(cond: bool, msg: string) =
       writeStackTrace()
       #var x: ptr int
       #echo x[]
-      quit 1
+      rawQuit 1
 
 proc addZCT(s: var CellSeq, c: PCell) {.noinline.} =
   if (c.refcount and ZctFlag) == 0:
@@ -123,11 +172,11 @@ proc addZCT(s: var CellSeq, c: PCell) {.noinline.} =
 
 proc cellToUsr(cell: PCell): pointer {.inline.} =
   # convert object (=pointer to refcount) to pointer to userdata
-  result = cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](cell)+%ByteAddress(sizeof(Cell)))
+  result = cast[pointer](cast[int](cell)+%ByteAddress(sizeof(Cell)))
 
 proc usrToCell(usr: pointer): PCell {.inline.} =
   # convert pointer to userdata to object (=pointer to refcount)
-  result = cast[PCell](cast[ByteAddress](usr)-%ByteAddress(sizeof(Cell)))
+  result = cast[PCell](cast[int](usr)-%ByteAddress(sizeof(Cell)))
 
 proc extGetCellType(c: pointer): PNimType {.compilerproc.} =
   # used for code generation concerning debugging
@@ -172,11 +221,11 @@ template gcTrace(cell, state: untyped) =
   when traceGC: traceCell(cell, state)
 
 # forward declarations:
-proc collectCT(gch: var GcHeap) {.benign.}
-proc isOnStack(p: pointer): bool {.noinline, benign.}
-proc forAllChildren(cell: PCell, op: WalkOp) {.benign.}
-proc doOperation(p: pointer, op: WalkOp) {.benign.}
-proc forAllChildrenAux(dest: pointer, mt: PNimType, op: WalkOp) {.benign.}
+proc collectCT(gch: var GcHeap) {.benign, raises: [].}
+proc isOnStack(p: pointer): bool {.noinline, benign, raises: [].}
+proc forAllChildren(cell: PCell, op: WalkOp) {.benign, raises: [].}
+proc doOperation(p: pointer, op: WalkOp) {.benign, raises: [].}
+proc forAllChildrenAux(dest: pointer, mt: PNimType, op: WalkOp) {.benign, raises: [].}
 # we need the prototype here for debugging purposes
 
 proc incRef(c: PCell) {.inline.} =
@@ -289,7 +338,7 @@ proc cellsetReset(s: var CellSet) =
 {.push stacktrace:off.}
 
 proc forAllSlotsAux(dest: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode, op: WalkOp) {.benign.} =
-  var d = cast[ByteAddress](dest)
+  var d = cast[int](dest)
   case n.kind
   of nkSlot: forAllChildrenAux(cast[pointer](d +% n.offset), n.typ, op)
   of nkList:
@@ -309,7 +358,7 @@ proc forAllSlotsAux(dest: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode, op: WalkOp) {.benign.} =
   of nkNone: sysAssert(false, "forAllSlotsAux")
 
 proc forAllChildrenAux(dest: pointer, mt: PNimType, op: WalkOp) =
-  var d = cast[ByteAddress](dest)
+  var d = cast[int](dest)
   if dest == nil: return # nothing to do
   if ntfNoRefs notin mt.flags:
     case mt.kind
@@ -335,7 +384,7 @@ proc forAllChildren(cell: PCell, op: WalkOp) =
     of tyRef: # common case
       forAllChildrenAux(cellToUsr(cell), cell.typ.base, op)
     of tySequence:
-      var d = cast[ByteAddress](cellToUsr(cell))
+      var d = cast[int](cellToUsr(cell))
       var s = cast[PGenericSeq](d)
       if s != nil:
         for i in 0..s.len-1:
@@ -410,7 +459,7 @@ proc rawNewObj(typ: PNimType, size: int, gch: var GcHeap): pointer =
   collectCT(gch)
   var res = cast[PCell](rawAlloc(gch.region, size + sizeof(Cell)))
   #gcAssert typ.kind in {tyString, tySequence} or size >= typ.base.size, "size too small"
-  gcAssert((cast[ByteAddress](res) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "newObj: 2")
+  gcAssert((cast[int](res) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "newObj: 2")
   # now it is buffered in the ZCT
   res.typ = typ
   setFrameInfo(res)
@@ -435,7 +484,7 @@ proc newObjNoInit(typ: PNimType, size: int): pointer {.compilerRtl.} =
   result = rawNewObj(typ, size, gch)
   when defined(memProfiler): nimProfile(size)
 
-proc newObj(typ: PNimType, size: int): pointer {.compilerRtl.} =
+proc newObj(typ: PNimType, size: int): pointer {.compilerRtl, noinline.} =
   result = rawNewObj(typ, size, gch)
   zeroMem(result, size)
   when defined(memProfiler): nimProfile(size)
@@ -450,7 +499,7 @@ proc newSeq(typ: PNimType, len: int): pointer {.compilerRtl.} =
   when defined(memProfiler): nimProfile(size)
 {.pop.}
 
-proc newObjRC1(typ: PNimType, size: int): pointer {.compilerRtl.} =
+proc newObjRC1(typ: PNimType, size: int): pointer {.compilerRtl, noinline.} =
   # generates a new object and sets its reference counter to 1
   incTypeSize typ, size
   sysAssert(allocInv(gch.region), "newObjRC1 begin")
@@ -460,7 +509,7 @@ proc newObjRC1(typ: PNimType, size: int): pointer {.compilerRtl.} =
 
   var res = cast[PCell](rawAlloc(gch.region, size + sizeof(Cell)))
   sysAssert(allocInv(gch.region), "newObjRC1 after rawAlloc")
-  sysAssert((cast[ByteAddress](res) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "newObj: 2")
+  sysAssert((cast[int](res) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "newObj: 2")
   # now it is buffered in the ZCT
   res.typ = typ
   setFrameInfo(res)
@@ -502,9 +551,9 @@ proc growObj(old: pointer, newsize: int, gch: var GcHeap): pointer =
 
   var oldsize = align(GenericSeqSize, elemAlign) + cast[PGenericSeq](old).len * elemSize
   copyMem(res, ol, oldsize + sizeof(Cell))
-  zeroMem(cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](res) +% oldsize +% sizeof(Cell)),
+  zeroMem(cast[pointer](cast[int](res) +% oldsize +% sizeof(Cell)),
           newsize-oldsize)
-  sysAssert((cast[ByteAddress](res) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "growObj: 3")
+  sysAssert((cast[int](res) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "growObj: 3")
   # This can be wrong for intermediate temps that are nevertheless on the
   # heap because of lambda lifting:
   #gcAssert(res.refcount shr rcShift <=% 1, "growObj: 4")
@@ -514,35 +563,8 @@ proc growObj(old: pointer, newsize: int, gch: var GcHeap): pointer =
   gcTrace(res, csAllocated)
   track("growObj old", ol, 0)
   track("growObj new", res, newsize)
-  when defined(nimIncrSeqV3):
-    # since we steal the old seq's contents, we set the old length to 0.
-    cast[PGenericSeq](old).len = 0
-  elif reallyDealloc:
-    sysAssert(allocInv(gch.region), "growObj before dealloc")
-    if ol.refcount shr rcShift <=% 1:
-      # free immediately to save space:
-      if (ol.refcount and ZctFlag) != 0:
-        var j = gch.zct.len-1
-        var d = gch.zct.d
-        while j >= 0:
-          if d[j] == ol:
-            d[j] = res
-            break
-          dec(j)
-      beforeDealloc(gch, ol, "growObj stack trash")
-      decTypeSize(ol, ol.typ)
-      rawDealloc(gch.region, ol)
-    else:
-      # we split the old refcount in 2 parts. XXX This is still not entirely
-      # correct if the pointer that receives growObj's result is on the stack.
-      # A better fix would be to emit the location specific write barrier for
-      # 'growObj', but this is lots of more work and who knows what new problems
-      # this would create.
-      res.refcount = rcIncrement
-      decRef(ol)
-  else:
-    sysAssert(ol.typ != nil, "growObj: 5")
-    zeroMem(ol, sizeof(Cell))
+  # since we steal the old seq's contents, we set the old length to 0.
+  cast[PGenericSeq](old).len = 0
   when useCellIds:
     inc gch.idGenerator
     res.id = gch.idGenerator * 1000_000 + gch.gcThreadId
@@ -589,7 +611,7 @@ proc markS(gch: var GcHeap, c: PCell) =
     if not containsOrIncl(gch.marked, d):
       forAllChildren(d, waMarkPrecise)
 
-proc markGlobals(gch: var GcHeap) =
+proc markGlobals(gch: var GcHeap) {.raises: [].} =
   if gch.gcThreadId == 0:
     for i in 0 .. globalMarkersLen-1: globalMarkers[i]()
   for i in 0 .. threadLocalMarkersLen-1: threadLocalMarkers[i]()
@@ -606,7 +628,7 @@ when logGC:
       if cycleCheckA[i] == c: return true
     if cycleCheckALen == len(cycleCheckA):
       gcAssert(false, "cycle detection overflow")
-      quit 1
+      rawQuit 1
     cycleCheckA[cycleCheckALen] = c
     inc cycleCheckALen
 
@@ -644,9 +666,9 @@ proc doOperation(p: pointer, op: WalkOp) =
 proc nimGCvisit(d: pointer, op: int) {.compilerRtl.} =
   doOperation(d, WalkOp(op))
 
-proc collectZCT(gch: var GcHeap): bool {.benign.}
+proc collectZCT(gch: var GcHeap): bool {.benign, raises: [].}
 
-proc collectCycles(gch: var GcHeap) =
+proc collectCycles(gch: var GcHeap) {.raises: [].} =
   when hasThreadSupport:
     for c in gch.toDispose:
       nimGCunref(c)
@@ -663,16 +685,16 @@ proc collectCycles(gch: var GcHeap) =
 proc gcMark(gch: var GcHeap, p: pointer) {.inline.} =
   # the addresses are not as cells on the stack, so turn them to cells:
   sysAssert(allocInv(gch.region), "gcMark begin")
-  var cell = usrToCell(p)
-  var c = cast[ByteAddress](cell)
+  var c = cast[int](p)
   if c >% PageSize:
     # fast check: does it look like a cell?
-    var objStart = cast[PCell](interiorAllocatedPtr(gch.region, cell))
+    var objStart = cast[PCell](interiorAllocatedPtr(gch.region, p))
     if objStart != nil:
       # mark the cell:
       incRef(objStart)
       add(gch.decStack, objStart)
     when false:
+      let cell = usrToCell(p)
       if isAllocatedPtr(gch.region, cell):
         sysAssert false, "allocated pointer but not interior?"
         # mark the cell:
@@ -753,7 +775,7 @@ proc unmarkStackAndRegisters(gch: var GcHeap) =
     decRef(d[i])
   gch.decStack.len = 0
 
-proc collectCTBody(gch: var GcHeap) =
+proc collectCTBody(gch: var GcHeap) {.raises: [].} =
   when withRealTime:
     let t0 = getticks()
   sysAssert(allocInv(gch.region), "collectCT: begin")
@@ -828,10 +850,10 @@ when withRealTime:
         stack.bottomSaved = stack.bottom
         when stackIncreases:
           stack.bottom = cast[pointer](
-            cast[ByteAddress](stack.pos) - sizeof(pointer) * 6 - stackSize)
+            cast[int](stack.pos) - sizeof(pointer) * 6 - stackSize)
         else:
           stack.bottom = cast[pointer](
-            cast[ByteAddress](stack.pos) + sizeof(pointer) * 6 + stackSize)
+            cast[int](stack.pos) + sizeof(pointer) * 6 + stackSize)
 
     GC_step(gch, us, strongAdvice)
 
diff --git a/lib/system/gc2.nim b/lib/system/gc2.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 45d467051..000000000
--- a/lib/system/gc2.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,749 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2017 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-# xxx deadcode, consider removing unless something could be reused.
-
-
-#            Garbage Collector
-#
-# The basic algorithm is an incremental mark
-# and sweep GC to free cycles. It is hard realtime in that if you play
-# according to its rules, no deadline will ever be missed.
-# Since this kind of collector is very bad at recycling dead objects
-# early, Nim's codegen emits ``nimEscape`` calls at strategic
-# places. For this to work even 'unsureAsgnRef' needs to mark things
-# so that only return values need to be considered in ``nimEscape``.
-
-{.push profiler:off.}
-
-const
-  CycleIncrease = 2 # is a multiplicative increase
-  InitialCycleThreshold = 512*1024 # start collecting after 500KB
-  ZctThreshold = 500  # we collect garbage if the ZCT's size
-                      # reaches this threshold
-                      # this seems to be a good value
-  withRealTime = defined(useRealtimeGC)
-
-when withRealTime and not declared(getTicks):
-  include "system/timers"
-when defined(memProfiler):
-  proc nimProfile(requestedSize: int) {.benign.}
-
-when hasThreadSupport:
-  include sharedlist
-
-type
-  ObjectSpaceIter = object
-    state: range[-1..0]
-
-iterToProc(allObjects, ptr ObjectSpaceIter, allObjectsAsProc)
-
-const
-  escapedBit = 0b1000 # so that lowest 3 bits are not touched
-  rcBlackOrig = 0b000
-  rcWhiteOrig = 0b001
-  rcGrey = 0b010   # traditional color for incremental mark&sweep
-  rcUnused = 0b011
-  colorMask = 0b011
-type
-  WalkOp = enum
-    waMarkGlobal,    # part of the backup mark&sweep
-    waMarkGrey,
-    waZctDecRef,
-    waDebug
-
-  Phase {.pure.} = enum
-    None, Marking, Sweeping
-  Finalizer {.compilerproc.} = proc (self: pointer) {.nimcall, benign.}
-    # A ref type can have a finalizer that is called before the object's
-    # storage is freed.
-
-  GcStat = object
-    stackScans: int          # number of performed stack scans (for statistics)
-    completedCollections: int    # number of performed full collections
-    maxThreshold: int        # max threshold that has been set
-    maxStackSize: int        # max stack size
-    maxStackCells: int       # max stack cells in ``decStack``
-    cycleTableSize: int      # max entries in cycle table
-    maxPause: int64          # max measured GC pause in nanoseconds
-
-  GcStack {.final, pure.} = object
-    when nimCoroutines:
-      prev: ptr GcStack
-      next: ptr GcStack
-      maxStackSize: int      # Used to track statistics because we can not use
-                             # GcStat.maxStackSize when multiple stacks exist.
-    bottom: pointer
-
-    when withRealTime or nimCoroutines:
-      pos: pointer           # Used with `withRealTime` only for code clarity, see GC_Step().
-    when withRealTime:
-      bottomSaved: pointer
-
-  GcHeap = object # this contains the zero count and
-                  # non-zero count table
-    black, red: int # either 0 or 1.
-    stack: GcStack
-    when nimCoroutines:
-      activeStack: ptr GcStack    # current executing coroutine stack.
-    phase: Phase
-    cycleThreshold: int
-    when useCellIds:
-      idGenerator: int
-    greyStack: CellSeq
-    recGcLock: int           # prevent recursion via finalizers; no thread lock
-    when withRealTime:
-      maxPause: Nanos        # max allowed pause in nanoseconds; active if > 0
-    region: MemRegion        # garbage collected region
-    stat: GcStat
-    additionalRoots: CellSeq # explicit roots for GC_ref/unref
-    spaceIter: ObjectSpaceIter
-    pDumpHeapFile: pointer # File that is used for GC_dumpHeap
-    when hasThreadSupport:
-      toDispose: SharedList[pointer]
-    gcThreadId: int
-
-var
-  gch {.rtlThreadVar.}: GcHeap
-
-when not defined(useNimRtl):
-  instantiateForRegion(gch.region)
-
-# Which color to use for new objects is tricky: When we're marking,
-# they have to be *white* so that everything is marked that is only
-# reachable from them. However, when we are sweeping, they have to
-# be black, so that we don't free them prematuredly. In order to save
-# a comparison gch.phase == Phase.Marking, we use the pseudo-color
-# 'red' for new objects.
-template allocColor(): untyped = gch.red
-
-template gcAssert(cond: bool, msg: string) =
-  when defined(useGcAssert):
-    if not cond:
-      echo "[GCASSERT] ", msg
-      GC_disable()
-      writeStackTrace()
-      quit 1
-
-proc cellToUsr(cell: PCell): pointer {.inline.} =
-  # convert object (=pointer to refcount) to pointer to userdata
-  result = cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](cell)+%ByteAddress(sizeof(Cell)))
-
-proc usrToCell(usr: pointer): PCell {.inline.} =
-  # convert pointer to userdata to object (=pointer to refcount)
-  result = cast[PCell](cast[ByteAddress](usr)-%ByteAddress(sizeof(Cell)))
-
-proc extGetCellType(c: pointer): PNimType {.compilerproc.} =
-  # used for code generation concerning debugging
-  result = usrToCell(c).typ
-
-proc internRefcount(p: pointer): int {.exportc: "getRefcount".} =
-  result = 0
-
-# this that has to equals zero, otherwise we have to round up UnitsPerPage:
-when BitsPerPage mod (sizeof(int)*8) != 0:
-  {.error: "(BitsPerPage mod BitsPerUnit) should be zero!".}
-
-template color(c): untyped = c.refCount and colorMask
-template setColor(c, col) =
-  c.refcount = c.refcount and not colorMask or col
-
-template markAsEscaped(c: PCell) =
-  c.refcount = c.refcount or escapedBit
-
-template didEscape(c: PCell): bool =
-  (c.refCount and escapedBit) != 0
-
-proc writeCell(file: File; msg: cstring, c: PCell) =
-  var kind = -1
-  if c.typ != nil: kind = ord(c.typ.kind)
-  let col = if c.color == rcGrey: 'g'
-            elif c.color == gch.black: 'b'
-            else: 'w'
-  when useCellIds:
-    let id = c.id
-  else:
-    let id = c
-  when defined(nimTypeNames):
-    c_fprintf(file, "%s %p %d escaped=%ld color=%c of type %s\n",
-              msg, id, kind, didEscape(c), col, c.typ.name)
-  elif leakDetector:
-    c_fprintf(file, "%s %p %d escaped=%ld color=%c from %s(%ld)\n",
-              msg, id, kind, didEscape(c), col, c.filename, c.line)
-  else:
-    c_fprintf(file, "%s %p %d escaped=%ld color=%c\n",
-              msg, id, kind, didEscape(c), col)
-
-proc writeCell(msg: cstring, c: PCell) =
-  stdout.writeCell(msg, c)
-
-proc myastToStr[T](x: T): string {.magic: "AstToStr", noSideEffect.}
-
-template gcTrace(cell, state: untyped) =
-  when traceGC: writeCell(myastToStr(state), cell)
-
-# forward declarations:
-proc collectCT(gch: var GcHeap) {.benign.}
-proc isOnStack(p: pointer): bool {.noinline, benign.}
-proc forAllChildren(cell: PCell, op: WalkOp) {.benign.}
-proc doOperation(p: pointer, op: WalkOp) {.benign.}
-proc forAllChildrenAux(dest: pointer, mt: PNimType, op: WalkOp) {.benign.}
-# we need the prototype here for debugging purposes
-
-proc nimGCref(p: pointer) {.compilerproc.} =
-  let cell = usrToCell(p)
-  markAsEscaped(cell)
-  add(gch.additionalRoots, cell)
-
-proc nimGCunref(p: pointer) {.compilerproc.} =
-  let cell = usrToCell(p)
-  var L = gch.additionalRoots.len-1
-  var i = L
-  let d = gch.additionalRoots.d
-  while i >= 0:
-    if d[i] == cell:
-      d[i] = d[L]
-      dec gch.additionalRoots.len
-      break
-    dec(i)
-
-proc nimGCunrefNoCycle(p: pointer) {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-  discard "can we do some freeing here?"
-
-proc nimGCunrefRC1(p: pointer) {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-  discard "can we do some freeing here?"
-
-template markGrey(x: PCell) =
-  if x.color != 1-gch.black and gch.phase == Phase.Marking:
-    if not isAllocatedPtr(gch.region, x):
-      c_fprintf(stdout, "[GC] markGrey proc: %p\n", x)
-      #GC_dumpHeap()
-      sysAssert(false, "wtf")
-    x.setColor(rcGrey)
-    add(gch.greyStack, x)
-
-proc asgnRef(dest: PPointer, src: pointer) {.compilerproc, inline.} =
-  # the code generator calls this proc!
-  gcAssert(not isOnStack(dest), "asgnRef")
-  # BUGFIX: first incRef then decRef!
-  if src != nil:
-    let s = usrToCell(src)
-    markAsEscaped(s)
-    markGrey(s)
-  dest[] = src
-
-proc asgnRefNoCycle(dest: PPointer, src: pointer) {.compilerproc, inline,
-  deprecated: "old compiler compat".} = asgnRef(dest, src)
-
-proc unsureAsgnRef(dest: PPointer, src: pointer) {.compilerproc.} =
-  # unsureAsgnRef marks 'src' as grey only if dest is not on the
-  # stack. It is used by the code generator if it cannot decide whether a
-  # reference is in the stack or not (this can happen for var parameters).
-  if src != nil:
-    let s = usrToCell(src)
-    markAsEscaped(s)
-    if not isOnStack(dest): markGrey(s)
-  dest[] = src
-
-proc forAllSlotsAux(dest: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode, op: WalkOp) {.benign.} =
-  var d = cast[ByteAddress](dest)
-  case n.kind
-  of nkSlot: forAllChildrenAux(cast[pointer](d +% n.offset), n.typ, op)
-  of nkList:
-    for i in 0..n.len-1:
-      forAllSlotsAux(dest, n.sons[i], op)
-  of nkCase:
-    var m = selectBranch(dest, n)
-    if m != nil: forAllSlotsAux(dest, m, op)
-  of nkNone: sysAssert(false, "forAllSlotsAux")
-
-proc forAllChildrenAux(dest: pointer, mt: PNimType, op: WalkOp) =
-  var d = cast[ByteAddress](dest)
-  if dest == nil: return # nothing to do
-  if ntfNoRefs notin mt.flags:
-    case mt.kind
-    of tyRef, tyString, tySequence: # leaf:
-      doOperation(cast[PPointer](d)[], op)
-    of tyObject, tyTuple:
-      forAllSlotsAux(dest, mt.node, op)
-    of tyArray, tyArrayConstr, tyOpenArray:
-      for i in 0..(mt.size div mt.base.size)-1:
-        forAllChildrenAux(cast[pointer](d +% i *% mt.base.size), mt.base, op)
-    else: discard
-
-proc forAllChildren(cell: PCell, op: WalkOp) =
-  gcAssert(cell != nil, "forAllChildren: 1")
-  gcAssert(isAllocatedPtr(gch.region, cell), "forAllChildren: 2")
-  gcAssert(cell.typ != nil, "forAllChildren: 3")
-  gcAssert cell.typ.kind in {tyRef, tySequence, tyString}, "forAllChildren: 4"
-  let marker = cell.typ.marker
-  if marker != nil:
-    marker(cellToUsr(cell), op.int)
-  else:
-    case cell.typ.kind
-    of tyRef: # common case
-      forAllChildrenAux(cellToUsr(cell), cell.typ.base, op)
-    of tySequence:
-      var d = cast[ByteAddress](cellToUsr(cell))
-      var s = cast[PGenericSeq](d)
-      if s != nil:
-        for i in 0..s.len-1:
-          forAllChildrenAux(cast[pointer](d +% align(GenericSeqSize, cell.typ.base.align) +% i *% cell.typ.base.size), cell.typ.base, op)
-    else: discard
-
-{.push stackTrace: off, profiler:off.}
-proc gcInvariant*() =
-  sysAssert(allocInv(gch.region), "injected")
-  when declared(markForDebug):
-    markForDebug(gch)
-{.pop.}
-
-include gc_common
-
-proc initGC() =
-  when not defined(useNimRtl):
-    gch.red = (1-gch.black)
-    gch.cycleThreshold = InitialCycleThreshold
-    gch.stat.stackScans = 0
-    gch.stat.completedCollections = 0
-    gch.stat.maxThreshold = 0
-    gch.stat.maxStackSize = 0
-    gch.stat.maxStackCells = 0
-    gch.stat.cycleTableSize = 0
-    # init the rt
-    init(gch.additionalRoots)
-    init(gch.greyStack)
-    when hasThreadSupport:
-      init(gch.toDispose)
-    gch.gcThreadId = atomicInc(gHeapidGenerator) - 1
-    gcAssert(gch.gcThreadId >= 0, "invalid computed thread ID")
-
-proc rawNewObj(typ: PNimType, size: int, gch: var GcHeap): pointer =
-  # generates a new object and sets its reference counter to 0
-  sysAssert(allocInv(gch.region), "rawNewObj begin")
-  gcAssert(typ.kind in {tyRef, tyString, tySequence}, "newObj: 1")
-  collectCT(gch)
-  var res = cast[PCell](rawAlloc(gch.region, size + sizeof(Cell)))
-  gcAssert((cast[ByteAddress](res) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "newObj: 2")
-  # now it is buffered in the ZCT
-  res.typ = typ
-  when leakDetector and not hasThreadSupport:
-    if framePtr != nil and framePtr.prev != nil:
-      res.filename = framePtr.prev.filename
-      res.line = framePtr.prev.line
-  # refcount is zero, color is black, but mark it to be in the ZCT
-  res.refcount = allocColor()
-  sysAssert(isAllocatedPtr(gch.region, res), "newObj: 3")
-  when logGC: writeCell("new cell", res)
-  gcTrace(res, csAllocated)
-  when useCellIds:
-    inc gch.idGenerator
-    res.id = gch.idGenerator
-  result = cellToUsr(res)
-  sysAssert(allocInv(gch.region), "rawNewObj end")
-
-{.pop.}
-
-proc newObjNoInit(typ: PNimType, size: int): pointer {.compilerRtl.} =
-  result = rawNewObj(typ, size, gch)
-  when defined(memProfiler): nimProfile(size)
-
-proc newObj(typ: PNimType, size: int): pointer {.compilerRtl.} =
-  result = rawNewObj(typ, size, gch)
-  zeroMem(result, size)
-  when defined(memProfiler): nimProfile(size)
-
-proc newSeq(typ: PNimType, len: int): pointer {.compilerRtl.} =
-  # `newObj` already uses locks, so no need for them here.
-  let size = addInt(align(GenericSeqSize, typ.base.align), mulInt(len, typ.base.size))
-  result = newObj(typ, size)
-  cast[PGenericSeq](result).len = len
-  cast[PGenericSeq](result).reserved = len
-  when defined(memProfiler): nimProfile(size)
-
-proc newObjRC1(typ: PNimType, size: int): pointer {.compilerRtl.} =
-  result = newObj(typ, size)
-
-proc newSeqRC1(typ: PNimType, len: int): pointer {.compilerRtl.} =
-  result = newSeq(typ, len)
-
-proc growObj(old: pointer, newsize: int, gch: var GcHeap): pointer =
-  collectCT(gch)
-  var ol = usrToCell(old)
-  sysAssert(ol.typ != nil, "growObj: 1")
-  gcAssert(ol.typ.kind in {tyString, tySequence}, "growObj: 2")
-
-  var res = cast[PCell](rawAlloc(gch.region, newsize + sizeof(Cell)))
-  var elemSize, elemAlign = 1
-  if ol.typ.kind != tyString:
-    elemSize = ol.typ.base.size
-    elemAlign = ol.typ.base.align
-  incTypeSize ol.typ, newsize
-
-  var oldsize = align(GenericSeqSize, elemAlign) + cast[PGenericSeq](old).len*elemSize
-  copyMem(res, ol, oldsize + sizeof(Cell))
-  zeroMem(cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](res)+% oldsize +% sizeof(Cell)),
-          newsize-oldsize)
-  sysAssert((cast[ByteAddress](res) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "growObj: 3")
-  when false:
-    # this is wrong since seqs can be shared via 'shallow':
-    when reallyDealloc: rawDealloc(gch.region, ol)
-    else:
-      zeroMem(ol, sizeof(Cell))
-  when useCellIds:
-    inc gch.idGenerator
-    res.id = gch.idGenerator
-  result = cellToUsr(res)
-  when defined(memProfiler): nimProfile(newsize-oldsize)
-
-proc growObj(old: pointer, newsize: int): pointer {.rtl.} =
-  result = growObj(old, newsize, gch)
-
-{.push profiler:off.}
-
-
-template takeStartTime(workPackageSize) {.dirty.} =
-  const workPackage = workPackageSize
-  var debugticker = 1000
-  when withRealTime:
-    var steps = workPackage
-    var t0: Ticks
-    if gch.maxPause > 0: t0 = getticks()
-
-template takeTime {.dirty.} =
-  when withRealTime: dec steps
-  dec debugticker
-
-template checkTime {.dirty.} =
-  if debugticker <= 0:
-    #echo "in loop"
-    debugticker = 1000
-  when withRealTime:
-    if steps == 0:
-      steps = workPackage
-      if gch.maxPause > 0:
-        let duration = getticks() - t0
-        # the GC's measuring is not accurate and needs some cleanup actions
-        # (stack unmarking), so subtract some short amount of time in
-        # order to miss deadlines less often:
-        if duration >= gch.maxPause - 50_000:
-          return false
-
-# ---------------- dump heap ----------------
-
-template dumpHeapFile(gch: var GcHeap): File =
-  cast[File](gch.pDumpHeapFile)
-
-proc debugGraph(s: PCell) =
-  c_fprintf(gch.dumpHeapFile, "child %p\n", s)
-
-proc dumpRoot(gch: var GcHeap; s: PCell) =
-  if isAllocatedPtr(gch.region, s):
-    c_fprintf(gch.dumpHeapFile, "global_root %p\n", s)
-  else:
-    c_fprintf(gch.dumpHeapFile, "global_root_invalid %p\n", s)
-
-proc GC_dumpHeap*(file: File) =
-  ## Dumps the GCed heap's content to a file. Can be useful for
-  ## debugging. Produces an undocumented text file format that
-  ## can be translated into "dot" syntax via the "heapdump2dot" tool.
-  gch.pDumpHeapFile = file
-  var spaceIter: ObjectSpaceIter
-  when false:
-    var d = gch.decStack.d
-    for i in 0 .. gch.decStack.len-1:
-      if isAllocatedPtr(gch.region, d[i]):
-        c_fprintf(file, "onstack %p\n", d[i])
-      else:
-        c_fprintf(file, "onstack_invalid %p\n", d[i])
-  if gch.gcThreadId == 0:
-    for i in 0 .. globalMarkersLen-1: globalMarkers[i]()
-  for i in 0 .. threadLocalMarkersLen-1: threadLocalMarkers[i]()
-  while true:
-    let x = allObjectsAsProc(gch.region, addr spaceIter)
-    if spaceIter.state < 0: break
-    if isCell(x):
-      # cast to PCell is correct here:
-      var c = cast[PCell](x)
-      writeCell(file, "cell ", c)
-      forAllChildren(c, waDebug)
-      c_fprintf(file, "end\n")
-  gch.pDumpHeapFile = nil
-
-proc GC_dumpHeap() =
-  var f: File
-  if open(f, "heap.txt", fmWrite):
-    GC_dumpHeap(f)
-    f.close()
-  else:
-    c_fprintf(stdout, "cannot write heap.txt")
-
-# ---------------- cycle collector -------------------------------------------
-
-proc freeCyclicCell(gch: var GcHeap, c: PCell) =
-  gcAssert(isAllocatedPtr(gch.region, c), "freeCyclicCell: freed pointer?")
-  prepareDealloc(c)
-  gcTrace(c, csCycFreed)
-  when logGC: writeCell("cycle collector dealloc cell", c)
-  when reallyDealloc:
-    sysAssert(allocInv(gch.region), "free cyclic cell")
-    rawDealloc(gch.region, c)
-  else:
-    gcAssert(c.typ != nil, "freeCyclicCell")
-    zeroMem(c, sizeof(Cell))
-
-proc sweep(gch: var GcHeap): bool =
-  takeStartTime(100)
-  #echo "loop start"
-  let white = 1-gch.black
-  #c_fprintf(stdout, "black is %d\n", black)
-  while true:
-    let x = allObjectsAsProc(gch.region, addr gch.spaceIter)
-    if gch.spaceIter.state < 0: break
-    takeTime()
-    if isCell(x):
-      # cast to PCell is correct here:
-      var c = cast[PCell](x)
-      gcAssert c.color != rcGrey, "cell is still grey?"
-      if c.color == white: freeCyclicCell(gch, c)
-      # Since this is incremental, we MUST not set the object to 'white' here.
-      # We could set all the remaining objects to white after the 'sweep'
-      # completed but instead we flip the meaning of black/white to save one
-      # traversal over the heap!
-    checkTime()
-  # prepare for next iteration:
-  #echo "loop end"
-  gch.spaceIter = ObjectSpaceIter()
-  result = true
-
-proc markRoot(gch: var GcHeap, c: PCell) {.inline.} =
-  if c.color == 1-gch.black:
-    c.setColor(rcGrey)
-    add(gch.greyStack, c)
-
-proc markIncremental(gch: var GcHeap): bool =
-  var L = addr(gch.greyStack.len)
-  takeStartTime(100)
-  while L[] > 0:
-    var c = gch.greyStack.d[0]
-    if not isAllocatedPtr(gch.region, c):
-      c_fprintf(stdout, "[GC] not allocated anymore: %p\n", c)
-      #GC_dumpHeap()
-      sysAssert(false, "wtf")
-
-    #sysAssert(isAllocatedPtr(gch.region, c), "markIncremental: isAllocatedPtr")
-    gch.greyStack.d[0] = gch.greyStack.d[L[] - 1]
-    dec(L[])
-    takeTime()
-    if c.color == rcGrey:
-      c.setColor(gch.black)
-      forAllChildren(c, waMarkGrey)
-    elif c.color == (1-gch.black):
-      gcAssert false, "wtf why are there white objects in the greystack?"
-    checkTime()
-  gcAssert gch.greyStack.len == 0, "markIncremental: greystack not empty "
-  result = true
-
-proc markGlobals(gch: var GcHeap) =
-  if gch.gcThreadId == 0:
-    for i in 0 .. globalMarkersLen-1: globalMarkers[i]()
-  for i in 0 .. threadLocalMarkersLen-1: threadLocalMarkers[i]()
-
-proc doOperation(p: pointer, op: WalkOp) =
-  if p == nil: return
-  var c: PCell = usrToCell(p)
-  gcAssert(c != nil, "doOperation: 1")
-  # the 'case' should be faster than function pointers because of easy
-  # prediction:
-  case op
-  of waZctDecRef:
-    #if not isAllocatedPtr(gch.region, c):
-    #  c_fprintf(stdout, "[GC] decref bug: %p", c)
-    gcAssert(isAllocatedPtr(gch.region, c), "decRef: waZctDecRef")
-    discard "use me for nimEscape?"
-  of waMarkGlobal:
-    template handleRoot =
-      if gch.dumpHeapFile.isNil:
-        markRoot(gch, c)
-      else:
-        dumpRoot(gch, c)
-    handleRoot()
-    discard allocInv(gch.region)
-  of waMarkGrey:
-    when false:
-      if not isAllocatedPtr(gch.region, c):
-        c_fprintf(stdout, "[GC] not allocated anymore: MarkGrey %p\n", c)
-        #GC_dumpHeap()
-        sysAssert(false, "wtf")
-    if c.color == 1-gch.black:
-      c.setColor(rcGrey)
-      add(gch.greyStack, c)
-  of waDebug: debugGraph(c)
-
-proc nimGCvisit(d: pointer, op: int) {.compilerRtl.} =
-  doOperation(d, WalkOp(op))
-
-proc gcMark(gch: var GcHeap, p: pointer) {.inline.} =
-  # the addresses are not as cells on the stack, so turn them to cells:
-  sysAssert(allocInv(gch.region), "gcMark begin")
-  var cell = usrToCell(p)
-  var c = cast[ByteAddress](cell)
-  if c >% PageSize:
-    # fast check: does it look like a cell?
-    var objStart = cast[PCell](interiorAllocatedPtr(gch.region, cell))
-    if objStart != nil:
-      # mark the cell:
-      markRoot(gch, objStart)
-  sysAssert(allocInv(gch.region), "gcMark end")
-
-proc markStackAndRegisters(gch: var GcHeap) {.noinline, cdecl.} =
-  forEachStackSlot(gch, gcMark)
-
-proc collectALittle(gch: var GcHeap): bool =
-  case gch.phase
-  of Phase.None:
-    if getOccupiedMem(gch.region) >= gch.cycleThreshold:
-      gch.phase = Phase.Marking
-      markGlobals(gch)
-      result = collectALittle(gch)
-      #when false: c_fprintf(stdout, "collectALittle: introduced bug E %ld\n", gch.phase)
-      #discard allocInv(gch.region)
-  of Phase.Marking:
-    when hasThreadSupport:
-      for c in gch.toDispose:
-        nimGCunref(c)
-    prepareForInteriorPointerChecking(gch.region)
-    markStackAndRegisters(gch)
-    inc(gch.stat.stackScans)
-    if markIncremental(gch):
-      gch.phase = Phase.Sweeping
-      gch.red = 1 - gch.red
-  of Phase.Sweeping:
-    gcAssert gch.greyStack.len == 0, "greystack not empty"
-    when hasThreadSupport:
-      for c in gch.toDispose:
-        nimGCunref(c)
-    if sweep(gch):
-      gch.phase = Phase.None
-      # flip black/white meanings:
-      gch.black = 1 - gch.black
-      gcAssert gch.red == 1 - gch.black, "red color is wrong"
-      inc(gch.stat.completedCollections)
-      result = true
-
-proc collectCTBody(gch: var GcHeap) =
-  when withRealTime:
-    let t0 = getticks()
-  sysAssert(allocInv(gch.region), "collectCT: begin")
-
-  when not nimCoroutines:
-    gch.stat.maxStackSize = max(gch.stat.maxStackSize, stackSize())
-  #gch.stat.maxStackCells = max(gch.stat.maxStackCells, gch.decStack.len)
-  if collectALittle(gch):
-    gch.cycleThreshold = max(InitialCycleThreshold, getOccupiedMem() *
-                              CycleIncrease)
-    gch.stat.maxThreshold = max(gch.stat.maxThreshold, gch.cycleThreshold)
-  sysAssert(allocInv(gch.region), "collectCT: end")
-  when withRealTime:
-    let duration = getticks() - t0
-    gch.stat.maxPause = max(gch.stat.maxPause, duration)
-    when defined(reportMissedDeadlines):
-      if gch.maxPause > 0 and duration > gch.maxPause:
-        c_fprintf(stdout, "[GC] missed deadline: %ld\n", duration)
-
-when nimCoroutines:
-  proc currentStackSizes(): int =
-    for stack in items(gch.stack):
-      result = result + stack.stackSize()
-
-proc collectCT(gch: var GcHeap) =
-  # stackMarkCosts prevents some pathological behaviour: Stack marking
-  # becomes more expensive with large stacks and large stacks mean that
-  # cells with RC=0 are more likely to be kept alive by the stack.
-  when nimCoroutines:
-    let stackMarkCosts = max(currentStackSizes() div (16*sizeof(int)), ZctThreshold)
-  else:
-    let stackMarkCosts = max(stackSize() div (16*sizeof(int)), ZctThreshold)
-  if (gch.greyStack.len >= stackMarkCosts or (cycleGC and
-      getOccupiedMem(gch.region)>=gch.cycleThreshold) or alwaysGC) and
-      gch.recGcLock == 0:
-    collectCTBody(gch)
-
-when withRealTime:
-  proc toNano(x: int): Nanos {.inline.} =
-    result = x * 1000
-
-  proc GC_setMaxPause*(MaxPauseInUs: int) =
-    gch.maxPause = MaxPauseInUs.toNano
-
-  proc GC_step(gch: var GcHeap, us: int, strongAdvice: bool) =
-    gch.maxPause = us.toNano
-    #if (getOccupiedMem(gch.region)>=gch.cycleThreshold) or
-    #    alwaysGC or strongAdvice:
-    collectCTBody(gch)
-
-  proc GC_step*(us: int, strongAdvice = false, stackSize = -1) {.noinline.} =
-    if stackSize >= 0:
-      var stackTop {.volatile.}: pointer
-      gch.getActiveStack().pos = addr(stackTop)
-
-      for stack in gch.stack.items():
-        stack.bottomSaved = stack.bottom
-        when stackIncreases:
-          stack.bottom = cast[pointer](
-            cast[ByteAddress](stack.pos) - sizeof(pointer) * 6 - stackSize)
-        else:
-          stack.bottom = cast[pointer](
-            cast[ByteAddress](stack.pos) + sizeof(pointer) * 6 + stackSize)
-
-    GC_step(gch, us, strongAdvice)
-
-    if stackSize >= 0:
-      for stack in gch.stack.items():
-        stack.bottom = stack.bottomSaved
-
-when not defined(useNimRtl):
-  proc GC_disable() =
-    inc(gch.recGcLock)
-  proc GC_enable() =
-    if gch.recGcLock > 0:
-      dec(gch.recGcLock)
-
-  proc GC_setStrategy(strategy: GC_Strategy) =
-    discard
-
-  proc GC_enableMarkAndSweep() = discard
-  proc GC_disableMarkAndSweep() = discard
-
-  proc GC_fullCollect() =
-    var oldThreshold = gch.cycleThreshold
-    gch.cycleThreshold = 0 # forces cycle collection
-    collectCT(gch)
-    gch.cycleThreshold = oldThreshold
-
-  proc GC_getStatistics(): string =
-    GC_disable()
-    result = "[GC] total memory: " & $(getTotalMem()) & "\n" &
-             "[GC] occupied memory: " & $(getOccupiedMem()) & "\n" &
-             "[GC] stack scans: " & $gch.stat.stackScans & "\n" &
-             "[GC] stack cells: " & $gch.stat.maxStackCells & "\n" &
-             "[GC] completed collections: " & $gch.stat.completedCollections & "\n" &
-             "[GC] max threshold: " & $gch.stat.maxThreshold & "\n" &
-             "[GC] grey stack capacity: " & $gch.greyStack.cap & "\n" &
-             "[GC] max cycle table size: " & $gch.stat.cycleTableSize & "\n" &
-             "[GC] max pause time [ms]: " & $(gch.stat.maxPause div 1000_000) & "\n"
-    when nimCoroutines:
-      result.add "[GC] number of stacks: " & $gch.stack.len & "\n"
-      for stack in items(gch.stack):
-        result.add "[GC]   stack " & stack.bottom.repr & "[GC]     max stack size " & $stack.maxStackSize & "\n"
-    else:
-      result.add "[GC] max stack size: " & $gch.stat.maxStackSize & "\n"
-    GC_enable()
-
-{.pop.}
diff --git a/lib/system/gc_common.nim b/lib/system/gc_common.nim
index 7596de6fb..eb0884560 100644
--- a/lib/system/gc_common.nim
+++ b/lib/system/gc_common.nim
@@ -222,9 +222,9 @@ proc stackSize(stack: ptr GcStack): int {.noinline.} =
 
   if pos != nil:
     when stackIncreases:
-      result = cast[ByteAddress](pos) -% cast[ByteAddress](stack.bottom)
+      result = cast[int](pos) -% cast[int](stack.bottom)
     else:
-      result = cast[ByteAddress](stack.bottom) -% cast[ByteAddress](pos)
+      result = cast[int](stack.bottom) -% cast[int](pos)
   else:
     result = 0
 
@@ -295,8 +295,8 @@ when not defined(useNimRtl):
       # the first init must be the one that defines the stack bottom:
       gch.stack.bottom = theStackBottom
     elif theStackBottom != gch.stack.bottom:
-      var a = cast[ByteAddress](theStackBottom) # and not PageMask - PageSize*2
-      var b = cast[ByteAddress](gch.stack.bottom)
+      var a = cast[int](theStackBottom) # and not PageMask - PageSize*2
+      var b = cast[int](gch.stack.bottom)
       #c_fprintf(stdout, "old: %p new: %p;\n",gch.stack.bottom,theStackBottom)
       when stackIncreases:
         gch.stack.bottom = cast[pointer](min(a, b))
@@ -312,11 +312,11 @@ when not defined(useNimRtl):
 proc isOnStack(p: pointer): bool =
   var stackTop {.volatile, noinit.}: pointer
   stackTop = addr(stackTop)
-  var a = cast[ByteAddress](gch.getActiveStack().bottom)
-  var b = cast[ByteAddress](stackTop)
+  var a = cast[int](gch.getActiveStack().bottom)
+  var b = cast[int](stackTop)
   when not stackIncreases:
     swap(a, b)
-  var x = cast[ByteAddress](p)
+  var x = cast[int](p)
   result = a <=% x and x <=% b
 
 when defined(sparc): # For SPARC architecture.
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ when defined(sparc): # For SPARC architecture.
     # Addresses decrease as the stack grows.
     while sp <= max:
       gcMark(gch, sp[])
-      sp = cast[PPointer](cast[ByteAddress](sp) +% sizeof(pointer))
+      sp = cast[PPointer](cast[int](sp) +% sizeof(pointer))
 
 elif defined(ELATE):
   {.error: "stack marking code is to be written for this architecture".}
@@ -354,8 +354,8 @@ elif stackIncreases:
 
   template forEachStackSlotAux(gch, gcMark: untyped) {.dirty.} =
     for stack in gch.stack.items():
-      var max = cast[ByteAddress](gch.stack.bottom)
-      var sp = cast[ByteAddress](addr(registers)) -% sizeof(pointer)
+      var max = cast[int](gch.stack.bottom)
+      var sp = cast[int](addr(registers)) -% sizeof(pointer)
       while sp >=% max:
         gcMark(gch, cast[PPointer](sp)[])
         sp = sp -% sizeof(pointer)
@@ -383,15 +383,14 @@ else:
     gch.getActiveStack().setPosition(addr(registers))
     if c_setjmp(registers) == 0'i32: # To fill the C stack with registers.
       for stack in gch.stack.items():
-        var max = cast[ByteAddress](stack.bottom)
-        var sp = cast[ByteAddress](addr(registers))
+        var max = cast[int](stack.bottom)
+        var sp = cast[int](addr(registers))
         when defined(amd64):
           if stack.isActiveStack():
             # words within the jmp_buf structure may not be properly aligned.
             let regEnd = sp +% sizeof(registers)
             while sp <% regEnd:
               gcMark(gch, cast[PPointer](sp)[])
-              gcMark(gch, cast[PPointer](sp +% sizeof(pointer) div 2)[])
               sp = sp +% sizeof(pointer)
         # Make sure sp is word-aligned
         sp = sp and not (sizeof(pointer) - 1)
@@ -415,7 +414,7 @@ else:
 # end of non-portable code
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-proc prepareDealloc(cell: PCell) =
+proc prepareDealloc(cell: PCell) {.raises: [].} =
   when declared(useMarkForDebug):
     when useMarkForDebug:
       gcAssert(cell notin gch.marked, "Cell still alive!")
@@ -458,7 +457,7 @@ proc deallocHeap*(runFinalizers = true; allowGcAfterwards = true) =
     initGC()
 
 type
-  GlobalMarkerProc = proc () {.nimcall, benign.}
+  GlobalMarkerProc = proc () {.nimcall, benign, raises: [].}
 var
   globalMarkersLen {.exportc.}: int
   globalMarkers {.exportc.}: array[0..3499, GlobalMarkerProc]
@@ -472,7 +471,7 @@ proc nimRegisterGlobalMarker(markerProc: GlobalMarkerProc) {.compilerproc.} =
     inc globalMarkersLen
   else:
     cstderr.rawWrite("[GC] cannot register global variable; too many global variables")
-    quit 1
+    rawQuit 1
 
 proc nimRegisterThreadLocalMarker(markerProc: GlobalMarkerProc) {.compilerproc.} =
   if threadLocalMarkersLen <= high(threadLocalMarkers):
@@ -480,4 +479,4 @@ proc nimRegisterThreadLocalMarker(markerProc: GlobalMarkerProc) {.compilerproc.}
     inc threadLocalMarkersLen
   else:
     cstderr.rawWrite("[GC] cannot register thread local variable; too many thread local variables")
-    quit 1
+    rawQuit 1
diff --git a/lib/system/gc_hooks.nim b/lib/system/gc_hooks.nim
index 70f02e657..ace62eea0 100644
--- a/lib/system/gc_hooks.nim
+++ b/lib/system/gc_hooks.nim
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ proc nimRegisterGlobalMarker(markerProc: GlobalMarkerProc) {.compilerproc.} =
     inc globalMarkersLen
   else:
     cstderr.rawWrite("[GC] cannot register global variable; too many global variables")
-    quit 1
+    rawQuit 1
 
 proc nimRegisterThreadLocalMarker(markerProc: GlobalMarkerProc) {.compilerproc.} =
   if threadLocalMarkersLen <= high(threadLocalMarkers):
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ proc nimRegisterThreadLocalMarker(markerProc: GlobalMarkerProc) {.compilerproc.}
     inc threadLocalMarkersLen
   else:
     cstderr.rawWrite("[GC] cannot register thread local variable; too many thread local variables")
-    quit 1
+    rawQuit 1
 
 proc traverseGlobals*() =
   for i in 0..globalMarkersLen-1:
diff --git a/lib/system/gc_ms.nim b/lib/system/gc_ms.nim
index 852f5d7aa..c885a6893 100644
--- a/lib/system/gc_ms.nim
+++ b/lib/system/gc_ms.nim
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ when defined(memProfiler):
   proc nimProfile(requestedSize: int)
 
 when hasThreadSupport:
-  import sharedlist
+  import std/sharedlist
 
 type
   WalkOp = enum
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ type
                    # local
     waMarkPrecise  # fast precise marking
 
-  Finalizer {.compilerproc.} = proc (self: pointer) {.nimcall, benign.}
+  Finalizer {.compilerproc.} = proc (self: pointer) {.nimcall, benign, raises: [].}
     # A ref type can have a finalizer that is called before the object's
     # storage is freed.
 
@@ -90,15 +90,15 @@ template gcAssert(cond: bool, msg: string) =
     if not cond:
       cstderr.rawWrite "[GCASSERT] "
       cstderr.rawWrite msg
-      quit 1
+      rawQuit 1
 
 proc cellToUsr(cell: PCell): pointer {.inline.} =
   # convert object (=pointer to refcount) to pointer to userdata
-  result = cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](cell)+%ByteAddress(sizeof(Cell)))
+  result = cast[pointer](cast[int](cell)+%ByteAddress(sizeof(Cell)))
 
 proc usrToCell(usr: pointer): PCell {.inline.} =
   # convert pointer to userdata to object (=pointer to refcount)
-  result = cast[PCell](cast[ByteAddress](usr)-%ByteAddress(sizeof(Cell)))
+  result = cast[PCell](cast[int](usr)-%ByteAddress(sizeof(Cell)))
 
 proc extGetCellType(c: pointer): PNimType {.compilerproc.} =
   # used for code generation concerning debugging
@@ -115,10 +115,10 @@ when BitsPerPage mod (sizeof(int)*8) != 0:
   {.error: "(BitsPerPage mod BitsPerUnit) should be zero!".}
 
 # forward declarations:
-proc collectCT(gch: var GcHeap; size: int) {.benign.}
-proc forAllChildren(cell: PCell, op: WalkOp) {.benign.}
-proc doOperation(p: pointer, op: WalkOp) {.benign.}
-proc forAllChildrenAux(dest: pointer, mt: PNimType, op: WalkOp) {.benign.}
+proc collectCT(gch: var GcHeap; size: int) {.benign, raises: [].}
+proc forAllChildren(cell: PCell, op: WalkOp) {.benign, raises: [].}
+proc doOperation(p: pointer, op: WalkOp) {.benign, raises: [].}
+proc forAllChildrenAux(dest: pointer, mt: PNimType, op: WalkOp) {.benign, raises: [].}
 # we need the prototype here for debugging purposes
 
 when defined(nimGcRefLeak):
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ proc initGC() =
     gcAssert(gch.gcThreadId >= 0, "invalid computed thread ID")
 
 proc forAllSlotsAux(dest: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode, op: WalkOp) {.benign.} =
-  var d = cast[ByteAddress](dest)
+  var d = cast[int](dest)
   case n.kind
   of nkSlot: forAllChildrenAux(cast[pointer](d +% n.offset), n.typ, op)
   of nkList:
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ proc forAllSlotsAux(dest: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode, op: WalkOp) {.benign.} =
   of nkNone: sysAssert(false, "forAllSlotsAux")
 
 proc forAllChildrenAux(dest: pointer, mt: PNimType, op: WalkOp) =
-  var d = cast[ByteAddress](dest)
+  var d = cast[int](dest)
   if dest == nil: return # nothing to do
   if ntfNoRefs notin mt.flags:
     case mt.kind
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ proc forAllChildren(cell: PCell, op: WalkOp) =
       forAllChildrenAux(cellToUsr(cell), cell.typ.base, op)
     of tySequence:
       when not defined(nimSeqsV2):
-        var d = cast[ByteAddress](cellToUsr(cell))
+        var d = cast[int](cellToUsr(cell))
         var s = cast[PGenericSeq](d)
         if s != nil:
           for i in 0..s.len-1:
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ proc rawNewObj(typ: PNimType, size: int, gch: var GcHeap): pointer =
   gcAssert(typ.kind in {tyRef, tyString, tySequence}, "newObj: 1")
   collectCT(gch, size + sizeof(Cell))
   var res = cast[PCell](rawAlloc(gch.region, size + sizeof(Cell)))
-  gcAssert((cast[ByteAddress](res) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "newObj: 2")
+  gcAssert((cast[int](res) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "newObj: 2")
   # now it is buffered in the ZCT
   res.typ = typ
   when leakDetector and not hasThreadSupport:
@@ -336,9 +336,9 @@ when not defined(nimSeqsV2):
 
     var oldsize = align(GenericSeqSize, elemAlign) + cast[PGenericSeq](old).len*elemSize
     copyMem(res, ol, oldsize + sizeof(Cell))
-    zeroMem(cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](res)+% oldsize +% sizeof(Cell)),
+    zeroMem(cast[pointer](cast[int](res)+% oldsize +% sizeof(Cell)),
             newsize-oldsize)
-    sysAssert((cast[ByteAddress](res) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "growObj: 3")
+    sysAssert((cast[int](res) and (MemAlign-1)) == 0, "growObj: 3")
     when withBitvectors: incl(gch.allocated, res)
     when useCellIds:
       inc gch.idGenerator
@@ -428,15 +428,6 @@ proc sweep(gch: var GcHeap) =
         if c.refcount == rcBlack: c.refcount = rcWhite
         else: freeCyclicCell(gch, c)
 
-when false:
-  proc newGcInvariant*() =
-    for x in allObjects(gch.region):
-      if isCell(x):
-        var c = cast[PCell](x)
-        if c.typ == nil:
-          writeStackTrace()
-          quit 1
-
 proc markGlobals(gch: var GcHeap) =
   if gch.gcThreadId == 0:
     when defined(nimTracing):
@@ -455,11 +446,10 @@ proc markGlobals(gch: var GcHeap) =
 
 proc gcMark(gch: var GcHeap, p: pointer) {.inline.} =
   # the addresses are not as cells on the stack, so turn them to cells:
-  var cell = usrToCell(p)
-  var c = cast[ByteAddress](cell)
+  var c = cast[int](p)
   if c >% PageSize:
     # fast check: does it look like a cell?
-    var objStart = cast[PCell](interiorAllocatedPtr(gch.region, cell))
+    var objStart = cast[PCell](interiorAllocatedPtr(gch.region, p))
     if objStart != nil:
       mark(gch, objStart)
 
diff --git a/lib/system/gc_regions.nim b/lib/system/gc_regions.nim
index 6ced04c99..d96de7eac 100644
--- a/lib/system/gc_regions.nim
+++ b/lib/system/gc_regions.nim
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #
 
 # "Stack GC" for embedded devices or ultra performance requirements.
+import std/private/syslocks
 
 when defined(memProfiler):
   proc nimProfile(requestedSize: int) {.benign.}
diff --git a/lib/system/hti.nim b/lib/system/hti.nim
index 3dbcd7615..a26aff982 100644
--- a/lib/system/hti.nim
+++ b/lib/system/hti.nim
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ type
     tyPointer,
     tyOpenArray,
     tyString,
-    tyCString,
+    tyCstring,
     tyForward,
     tyInt,
     tyInt8,
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ type
     tyOwned, tyUnused1, tyUnused2,
     tyVarargsHidden,
     tyUncheckedArray,
-    tyProxyHidden,
+    tyErrorHidden,
     tyBuiltInTypeClassHidden,
     tyUserTypeClassHidden,
     tyUserTypeClassInstHidden,
diff --git a/lib/system/inclrtl.nim b/lib/system/inclrtl.nim
index 0bc51d693..3bf0b9893 100644
--- a/lib/system/inclrtl.nim
+++ b/lib/system/inclrtl.nim
@@ -30,12 +30,13 @@ when defined(createNimRtl):
   {.pragma: inl.}
   {.pragma: compilerRtl, compilerproc, exportc: "nimrtl_$1", dynlib.}
 elif defined(useNimRtl):
-  when defined(windows):
-    const nimrtl* = "nimrtl.dll"
-  elif defined(macosx):
-    const nimrtl* = "libnimrtl.dylib"
-  else:
-    const nimrtl* = "libnimrtl.so"
+  #[
+  `{.rtl.}` should only be used for non-generic procs.
+  ]#
+  const nimrtl* =
+    when defined(windows): "nimrtl.dll"
+    elif defined(macosx): "libnimrtl.dylib"
+    else: "libnimrtl.so"
   {.pragma: rtl, importc: "nimrtl_$1", dynlib: nimrtl, gcsafe.}
   {.pragma: inl.}
   {.pragma: compilerRtl, compilerproc, importc: "nimrtl_$1", dynlib: nimrtl.}
@@ -44,7 +45,6 @@ else:
   {.pragma: inl, inline.}
   {.pragma: compilerRtl, compilerproc.}
 
-{.pragma: benign, gcsafe, locks: 0.}
+{.pragma: benign, gcsafe.}
 
-when defined(nimHasSinkInference):
-  {.push sinkInference: on.}
+{.push sinkInference: on.}
diff --git a/lib/system/indexerrors.nim b/lib/system/indexerrors.nim
index 1b91789bd..6a8cb8a0a 100644
--- a/lib/system/indexerrors.nim
+++ b/lib/system/indexerrors.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # imported by other modules, unlike helpers.nim which is included
+# xxx this is now included instead of imported, we should import instead
 
 template formatErrorIndexBound*[T](i, a, b: T): string =
   when defined(standalone):
@@ -9,3 +10,6 @@ template formatErrorIndexBound*[T](i, a, b: T): string =
 
 template formatErrorIndexBound*[T](i, n: T): string =
   formatErrorIndexBound(i, 0, n)
+
+template formatFieldDefect*(f, discVal): string =
+  f & discVal & "'"
diff --git a/lib/system/indices.nim b/lib/system/indices.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2bad2528
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/system/indices.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+when not defined(nimHasSystemRaisesDefect):
+  {.pragma: systemRaisesDefect.}
+
+type
+  BackwardsIndex* = distinct int ## Type that is constructed by `^` for
+                                 ## reversed array accesses.
+                                 ## (See `^ template <#^.t,int>`_)
+
+template `^`*(x: int): BackwardsIndex = BackwardsIndex(x)
+  ## Builtin `roof`:idx: operator that can be used for convenient array access.
+  ## `a[^x]` is a shortcut for `a[a.len-x]`.
+  ##
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   let
+  ##     a = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
+  ##     b = "abcdefgh"
+  ##
+  ##   echo a[^1] # => 9
+  ##   echo b[^2] # => g
+  ##   ```
+
+proc `[]`*[T](s: openArray[T]; i: BackwardsIndex): T {.inline, systemRaisesDefect.} =
+  system.`[]`(s, s.len - int(i))
+
+proc `[]`*[Idx, T](a: array[Idx, T]; i: BackwardsIndex): T {.inline, systemRaisesDefect.} =
+  a[Idx(a.len - int(i) + int low(a))]
+proc `[]`*(s: string; i: BackwardsIndex): char {.inline, systemRaisesDefect.} = s[s.len - int(i)]
+
+proc `[]`*[T](s: var openArray[T]; i: BackwardsIndex): var T {.inline, systemRaisesDefect.} =
+  system.`[]`(s, s.len - int(i))
+proc `[]`*[Idx, T](a: var array[Idx, T]; i: BackwardsIndex): var T {.inline, systemRaisesDefect.} =
+  a[Idx(a.len - int(i) + int low(a))]
+proc `[]`*(s: var string; i: BackwardsIndex): var char {.inline, systemRaisesDefect.} = s[s.len - int(i)]
+
+proc `[]=`*[T](s: var openArray[T]; i: BackwardsIndex; x: T) {.inline, systemRaisesDefect.} =
+  system.`[]=`(s, s.len - int(i), x)
+proc `[]=`*[Idx, T](a: var array[Idx, T]; i: BackwardsIndex; x: T) {.inline, systemRaisesDefect.} =
+  a[Idx(a.len - int(i) + int low(a))] = x
+proc `[]=`*(s: var string; i: BackwardsIndex; x: char) {.inline, systemRaisesDefect.} =
+  s[s.len - int(i)] = x
+
+template `..^`*(a, b: untyped): untyped =
+  ## A shortcut for `.. ^` to avoid the common gotcha that a space between
+  ## '..' and '^' is required.
+  a .. ^b
+
+template `..<`*(a, b: untyped): untyped =
+  ## A shortcut for `a .. pred(b)`.
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   for i in 5 ..< 9:
+  ##     echo i # => 5; 6; 7; 8
+  ##   ```
+  a .. (when b is BackwardsIndex: succ(b) else: pred(b))
+
+template `[]`*(s: string; i: int): char = arrGet(s, i)
+template `[]=`*(s: string; i: int; val: char) = arrPut(s, i, val)
+
+template `^^`(s, i: untyped): untyped =
+  (when i is BackwardsIndex: s.len - int(i) else: int(i))
+
+template spliceImpl(s, a, L, b: typed): untyped =
+  # make room for additional elements or cut:
+  var shift = b.len - max(0,L)  # ignore negative slice size
+  var newLen = s.len + shift
+  if shift > 0:
+    # enlarge:
+    setLen(s, newLen)
+    for i in countdown(newLen-1, a+b.len): movingCopy(s[i], s[i-shift])
+  else:
+    for i in countup(a+b.len, newLen-1): movingCopy(s[i], s[i-shift])
+    # cut down:
+    setLen(s, newLen)
+  # fill the hole:
+  for i in 0 ..< b.len: s[a+i] = b[i]
+
+proc `[]`*[T, U: Ordinal](s: string, x: HSlice[T, U]): string {.inline, systemRaisesDefect.} =
+  ## Slice operation for strings.
+  ## Returns the inclusive range `[s[x.a], s[x.b]]`:
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   var s = "abcdef"
+  ##   assert s[1..3] == "bcd"
+  ##   ```
+  let a = s ^^ x.a
+  let L = (s ^^ x.b) - a + 1
+  result = newString(L)
+  for i in 0 ..< L: result[i] = s[i + a]
+
+proc `[]=`*[T, U: Ordinal](s: var string, x: HSlice[T, U], b: string) {.systemRaisesDefect.} =
+  ## Slice assignment for strings.
+  ##
+  ## If `b.len` is not exactly the number of elements that are referred to
+  ## by `x`, a `splice`:idx: is performed:
+  ##
+  runnableExamples:
+    var s = "abcdefgh"
+    s[1 .. ^2] = "xyz"
+    assert s == "axyzh"
+
+  var a = s ^^ x.a
+  var L = (s ^^ x.b) - a + 1
+  if L == b.len:
+    for i in 0..<L: s[i+a] = b[i]
+  else:
+    spliceImpl(s, a, L, b)
+
+proc `[]`*[Idx, T; U, V: Ordinal](a: array[Idx, T], x: HSlice[U, V]): seq[T] {.systemRaisesDefect.} =
+  ## Slice operation for arrays.
+  ## Returns the inclusive range `[a[x.a], a[x.b]]`:
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   var a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+  ##   assert a[0..2] == @[1, 2, 3]
+  ##   ```
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `toOpenArray(array[I, T];I,I) <#toOpenArray,array[I,T],I,I>`_
+  let xa = a ^^ x.a
+  let L = (a ^^ x.b) - xa + 1
+  result = newSeq[T](L)
+  for i in 0..<L: result[i] = a[Idx(i + xa)]
+
+proc `[]=`*[Idx, T; U, V: Ordinal](a: var array[Idx, T], x: HSlice[U, V], b: openArray[T]) {.systemRaisesDefect.} =
+  ## Slice assignment for arrays.
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
+  ##   a[1..2] = @[99, 88]
+  ##   assert a == [10, 99, 88, 40, 50]
+  ##   ```
+  let xa = a ^^ x.a
+  let L = (a ^^ x.b) - xa + 1
+  if L == b.len:
+    for i in 0..<L: a[Idx(i + xa)] = b[i]
+  else:
+    sysFatal(RangeDefect, "different lengths for slice assignment")
+
+proc `[]`*[T; U, V: Ordinal](s: openArray[T], x: HSlice[U, V]): seq[T] {.systemRaisesDefect.} =
+  ## Slice operation for sequences.
+  ## Returns the inclusive range `[s[x.a], s[x.b]]`:
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   var s = @[1, 2, 3, 4]
+  ##   assert s[0..2] == @[1, 2, 3]
+  ##   ```
+  ##
+  ## See also:
+  ## * `toOpenArray(openArray[T];int,int) <#toOpenArray,openArray[T],int,int>`_
+  let a = s ^^ x.a
+  let L = (s ^^ x.b) - a + 1
+  newSeq(result, L)
+  for i in 0 ..< L: result[i] = s[i + a]
+
+proc `[]=`*[T; U, V: Ordinal](s: var seq[T], x: HSlice[U, V], b: openArray[T]) {.systemRaisesDefect.} =
+  ## Slice assignment for sequences.
+  ##
+  ## If `b.len` is not exactly the number of elements that are referred to
+  ## by `x`, a `splice`:idx: is performed.
+  runnableExamples:
+    var s = @"abcdefgh"
+    s[1 .. ^2] = @"xyz"
+    assert s == @"axyzh"
+  let a = s ^^ x.a
+  let L = (s ^^ x.b) - a + 1
+  if L == b.len:
+    for i in 0 ..< L: s[i+a] = b[i]
+  else:
+    spliceImpl(s, a, L, b)
diff --git a/lib/system/iterators.nim b/lib/system/iterators.nim
index d8af4eed5..125bee98f 100644
--- a/lib/system/iterators.nim
+++ b/lib/system/iterators.nim
@@ -1,14 +1,24 @@
-when defined(nimHasLentIterators) and not defined(nimWorkaround14447):
+## Default iterators for some Nim types.
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+when not defined(nimNoLentIterators):
   template lent2(T): untyped = lent T
 else:
   template lent2(T): untyped = T
 
+template unCheckedInc(x) =
+  {.push overflowChecks: off.}
+  inc(x)
+  {.pop.}
+
 iterator items*[T: not char](a: openArray[T]): lent2 T {.inline.} =
   ## Iterates over each item of `a`.
   var i = 0
   while i < len(a):
     yield a[i]
-    inc(i)
+    unCheckedInc(i)
 
 iterator items*[T: char](a: openArray[T]): T {.inline.} =
   ## Iterates over each item of `a`.
@@ -18,32 +28,32 @@ iterator items*[T: char](a: openArray[T]): T {.inline.} =
   var i = 0
   while i < len(a):
     yield a[i]
-    inc(i)
+    unCheckedInc(i)
 
 iterator mitems*[T](a: var openArray[T]): var T {.inline.} =
   ## Iterates over each item of `a` so that you can modify the yielded value.
   var i = 0
   while i < len(a):
     yield a[i]
-    inc(i)
+    unCheckedInc(i)
 
 iterator items*[IX, T](a: array[IX, T]): T {.inline.} =
   ## Iterates over each item of `a`.
-  var i = low(IX)
-  if i <= high(IX):
+  when a.len > 0:
+    var i = low(IX)
     while true:
       yield a[i]
       if i >= high(IX): break
-      inc(i)
+      unCheckedInc(i)
 
 iterator mitems*[IX, T](a: var array[IX, T]): var T {.inline.} =
   ## Iterates over each item of `a` so that you can modify the yielded value.
-  var i = low(IX)
-  if i <= high(IX):
+  when a.len > 0:
+    var i = low(IX)
     while true:
       yield a[i]
       if i >= high(IX): break
-      inc(i)
+      unCheckedInc(i)
 
 iterator items*[T](a: set[T]): T {.inline.} =
   ## Iterates over each element of `a`. `items` iterates only over the
@@ -51,8 +61,11 @@ iterator items*[T](a: set[T]): T {.inline.} =
   ## able to hold).
   var i = low(T).int
   while i <= high(T).int:
-    if T(i) in a: yield T(i)
-    inc(i)
+    when T is enum and not defined(js):
+      if cast[T](i) in a: yield cast[T](i)
+    else:
+      if T(i) in a: yield T(i)
+    unCheckedInc(i)
 
 iterator items*(a: cstring): char {.inline.} =
   ## Iterates over each item of `a`.
@@ -71,7 +84,7 @@ iterator items*(a: cstring): char {.inline.} =
     let n = len(a)
     while i < n:
       yield a[i]
-      inc(i)
+      unCheckedInc(i)
   when defined(js): impl()
   else:
     when nimvm:
@@ -81,7 +94,7 @@ iterator items*(a: cstring): char {.inline.} =
       var i = 0
       while a[i] != '\0':
         yield a[i]
-        inc(i)
+        unCheckedInc(i)
 
 iterator mitems*(a: var cstring): var char {.inline.} =
   ## Iterates over each item of `a` so that you can modify the yielded value.
@@ -89,6 +102,7 @@ iterator mitems*(a: var cstring): var char {.inline.} =
   runnableExamples:
     from std/sugar import collect
     var a = "abc\0def"
+    prepareMutation(a)
     var b = a.cstring
     let s = collect:
       for bi in mitems(b):
@@ -103,7 +117,7 @@ iterator mitems*(a: var cstring): var char {.inline.} =
     let n = len(a)
     while i < n:
       yield a[i]
-      inc(i)
+      unCheckedInc(i)
   when defined(js): impl()
   else:
     when nimvm: impl()
@@ -111,7 +125,7 @@ iterator mitems*(a: var cstring): var char {.inline.} =
       var i = 0
       while a[i] != '\0':
         yield a[i]
-        inc(i)
+        unCheckedInc(i)
 
 iterator items*[T: enum and Ordinal](E: typedesc[T]): T =
   ## Iterates over the values of `E`.
@@ -134,7 +148,7 @@ iterator pairs*[T](a: openArray[T]): tuple[key: int, val: T] {.inline.} =
   var i = 0
   while i < len(a):
     yield (i, a[i])
-    inc(i)
+    unCheckedInc(i)
 
 iterator mpairs*[T](a: var openArray[T]): tuple[key: int, val: var T]{.inline.} =
   ## Iterates over each item of `a`. Yields `(index, a[index])` pairs.
@@ -142,26 +156,26 @@ iterator mpairs*[T](a: var openArray[T]): tuple[key: int, val: var T]{.inline.}
   var i = 0
   while i < len(a):
     yield (i, a[i])
-    inc(i)
+    unCheckedInc(i)
 
 iterator pairs*[IX, T](a: array[IX, T]): tuple[key: IX, val: T] {.inline.} =
   ## Iterates over each item of `a`. Yields `(index, a[index])` pairs.
-  var i = low(IX)
-  if i <= high(IX):
+  when a.len > 0:
+    var i = low(IX)
     while true:
       yield (i, a[i])
       if i >= high(IX): break
-      inc(i)
+      unCheckedInc(i)
 
 iterator mpairs*[IX, T](a: var array[IX, T]): tuple[key: IX, val: var T] {.inline.} =
   ## Iterates over each item of `a`. Yields `(index, a[index])` pairs.
   ## `a[index]` can be modified.
-  var i = low(IX)
-  if i <= high(IX):
+  when a.len > 0:
+    var i = low(IX)
     while true:
       yield (i, a[i])
       if i >= high(IX): break
-      inc(i)
+      unCheckedInc(i)
 
 iterator pairs*[T](a: seq[T]): tuple[key: int, val: T] {.inline.} =
   ## Iterates over each item of `a`. Yields `(index, a[index])` pairs.
@@ -169,7 +183,7 @@ iterator pairs*[T](a: seq[T]): tuple[key: int, val: T] {.inline.} =
   let L = len(a)
   while i < L:
     yield (i, a[i])
-    inc(i)
+    unCheckedInc(i)
     assert(len(a) == L, "the length of the seq changed while iterating over it")
 
 iterator mpairs*[T](a: var seq[T]): tuple[key: int, val: var T] {.inline.} =
@@ -179,7 +193,7 @@ iterator mpairs*[T](a: var seq[T]): tuple[key: int, val: var T] {.inline.} =
   let L = len(a)
   while i < L:
     yield (i, a[i])
-    inc(i)
+    unCheckedInc(i)
     assert(len(a) == L, "the length of the seq changed while iterating over it")
 
 iterator pairs*(a: string): tuple[key: int, val: char] {.inline.} =
@@ -188,7 +202,7 @@ iterator pairs*(a: string): tuple[key: int, val: char] {.inline.} =
   let L = len(a)
   while i < L:
     yield (i, a[i])
-    inc(i)
+    unCheckedInc(i)
     assert(len(a) == L, "the length of the string changed while iterating over it")
 
 iterator mpairs*(a: var string): tuple[key: int, val: var char] {.inline.} =
@@ -198,7 +212,7 @@ iterator mpairs*(a: var string): tuple[key: int, val: var char] {.inline.} =
   let L = len(a)
   while i < L:
     yield (i, a[i])
-    inc(i)
+    unCheckedInc(i)
     assert(len(a) == L, "the length of the string changed while iterating over it")
 
 iterator pairs*(a: cstring): tuple[key: int, val: char] {.inline.} =
@@ -208,12 +222,12 @@ iterator pairs*(a: cstring): tuple[key: int, val: char] {.inline.} =
     var L = len(a)
     while i < L:
       yield (i, a[i])
-      inc(i)
+      unCheckedInc(i)
   else:
     var i = 0
     while a[i] != '\0':
       yield (i, a[i])
-      inc(i)
+      unCheckedInc(i)
 
 iterator mpairs*(a: var cstring): tuple[key: int, val: var char] {.inline.} =
   ## Iterates over each item of `a`. Yields `(index, a[index])` pairs.
@@ -223,12 +237,12 @@ iterator mpairs*(a: var cstring): tuple[key: int, val: var char] {.inline.} =
     var L = len(a)
     while i < L:
       yield (i, a[i])
-      inc(i)
+      unCheckedInc(i)
   else:
     var i = 0
     while a[i] != '\0':
       yield (i, a[i])
-      inc(i)
+      unCheckedInc(i)
 
 iterator items*[T](a: seq[T]): lent2 T {.inline.} =
   ## Iterates over each item of `a`.
@@ -236,7 +250,7 @@ iterator items*[T](a: seq[T]): lent2 T {.inline.} =
   let L = len(a)
   while i < L:
     yield a[i]
-    inc(i)
+    unCheckedInc(i)
     assert(len(a) == L, "the length of the seq changed while iterating over it")
 
 iterator mitems*[T](a: var seq[T]): var T {.inline.} =
@@ -245,7 +259,7 @@ iterator mitems*[T](a: var seq[T]): var T {.inline.} =
   let L = len(a)
   while i < L:
     yield a[i]
-    inc(i)
+    unCheckedInc(i)
     assert(len(a) == L, "the length of the seq changed while iterating over it")
 
 iterator items*(a: string): char {.inline.} =
@@ -254,7 +268,7 @@ iterator items*(a: string): char {.inline.} =
   let L = len(a)
   while i < L:
     yield a[i]
-    inc(i)
+    unCheckedInc(i)
     assert(len(a) == L, "the length of the string changed while iterating over it")
 
 iterator mitems*(a: var string): var char {.inline.} =
@@ -263,7 +277,7 @@ iterator mitems*(a: var string): var char {.inline.} =
   let L = len(a)
   while i < L:
     yield a[i]
-    inc(i)
+    unCheckedInc(i)
     assert(len(a) == L, "the length of the string changed while iterating over it")
 
 
@@ -304,7 +318,7 @@ iterator fieldPairs*[T: tuple|object](x: T): tuple[key: string, val: RootObj] {.
   ## picking the appropriate code to a secondary proc which you overload for
   ## each field type and pass the `value` to.
   ##
-  ## .. warning::: This really transforms the 'for' and unrolls the loop. The
+  ## .. warning:: This really transforms the 'for' and unrolls the loop. The
   ##   current implementation also has a bug that affects symbol binding in the
   ##   loop body.
   runnableExamples:
diff --git a/lib/system/iterators_1.nim b/lib/system/iterators_1.nim
index be61fd62c..d00e3f823 100644
--- a/lib/system/iterators_1.nim
+++ b/lib/system/iterators_1.nim
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ iterator countdown*[T](a, b: T, step: Positive = 1): T {.inline.} =
     let x = collect(newSeq):
       for i in countdown(7, 3):
         i
-    
+
     assert x == @[7, 6, 5, 4, 3]
 
     let y = collect(newseq):
@@ -32,7 +32,10 @@ iterator countdown*[T](a, b: T, step: Positive = 1): T {.inline.} =
   elif T is IntLikeForCount and T is Ordinal:
     var res = int(a)
     while res >= int(b):
-      yield T(res)
+      when defined(nimHasCastExtendedVm):
+        yield cast[T](res)
+      else:
+        yield T(res)
       dec(res, step)
   else:
     var res = a
@@ -64,7 +67,10 @@ iterator countup*[T](a, b: T, step: Positive = 1): T {.inline.} =
   when T is IntLikeForCount and T is Ordinal:
     var res = int(a)
     while res <= int(b):
-      yield T(res)
+      when defined(nimHasCastExtendedVm):
+        yield cast[T](res)
+      else:
+        yield T(res)
       inc(res, step)
   else:
     var res = a
@@ -89,7 +95,10 @@ iterator `..`*[T](a, b: T): T {.inline.} =
   when T is IntLikeForCount and T is Ordinal:
     var res = int(a)
     while res <= int(b):
-      yield T(res)
+      when defined(nimHasCastExtendedVm):
+        yield cast[T](res)
+      else:
+        yield T(res)
       inc(res)
   else:
     var res = a
diff --git a/lib/system/jssys.nim b/lib/system/jssys.nim
index ef06437e5..5599240fd 100644
--- a/lib/system/jssys.nim
+++ b/lib/system/jssys.nim
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ proc nimCharToStr(x: char): string {.compilerproc.} =
   result[0] = x
 
 proc isNimException(): bool {.asmNoStackFrame.} =
-  asm "return `lastJSError` && `lastJSError`.m_type;"
+  {.emit: "return `lastJSError` && `lastJSError`.m_type;".}
 
 proc getCurrentException*(): ref Exception {.compilerRtl, benign.} =
   if isNimException(): result = cast[ref Exception](lastJSError)
@@ -69,6 +69,13 @@ proc getCurrentExceptionMsg*(): string =
         return $msg
   return ""
 
+proc setCurrentException*(exc: ref Exception) =
+  lastJSError = cast[PJSError](exc)
+
+proc closureIterSetupExc(e: ref Exception) {.compilerproc, inline.} =
+  ## Used to set up exception handling for closure iterators
+  setCurrentException(e)
+
 proc auxWriteStackTrace(f: PCallFrame): string =
   type
     TempFrame = tuple[procname: cstring, line: int, filename: cstring]
@@ -127,7 +134,8 @@ proc unhandledException(e: ref Exception) {.
   when NimStackTrace:
     add(buf, rawWriteStackTrace())
   let cbuf = cstring(buf)
-  framePtr = nil
+  when NimStackTrace:
+    framePtr = nil
   {.emit: """
   if (typeof(Error) !== "undefined") {
     throw new Error(`cbuf`);
@@ -144,7 +152,7 @@ proc raiseException(e: ref Exception, ename: cstring) {.
     unhandledException(e)
   when NimStackTrace:
     e.trace = rawWriteStackTrace()
-  asm "throw `e`;"
+  {.emit: "throw `e`;".}
 
 proc reraiseException() {.compilerproc, asmNoStackFrame.} =
   if lastJSError == nil:
@@ -154,7 +162,7 @@ proc reraiseException() {.compilerproc, asmNoStackFrame.} =
       if isNimException():
         unhandledException(cast[ref Exception](lastJSError))
 
-    asm "throw lastJSError;"
+    {.emit: "throw lastJSError;".}
 
 proc raiseOverflow {.exportc: "raiseOverflow", noreturn, compilerproc.} =
   raise newException(OverflowDefect, "over- or underflow")
@@ -168,11 +176,11 @@ proc raiseRangeError() {.compilerproc, noreturn.} =
 proc raiseIndexError(i, a, b: int) {.compilerproc, noreturn.} =
   raise newException(IndexDefect, formatErrorIndexBound(int(i), int(a), int(b)))
 
-proc raiseFieldError(f: string) {.compilerproc, noreturn.} =
-  raise newException(FieldDefect, f)
+proc raiseFieldError2(f: string, discVal: string) {.compilerproc, noreturn.} =
+  raise newException(FieldDefect, formatFieldDefect(f, discVal))
 
 proc setConstr() {.varargs, asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-  asm """
+  {.emit: """
     var result = {};
     for (var i = 0; i < arguments.length; ++i) {
       var x = arguments[i];
@@ -185,7 +193,7 @@ proc setConstr() {.varargs, asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
       }
     }
     return result;
-  """
+  """.}
 
 proc makeNimstrLit(c: cstring): string {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
   {.emit: """
@@ -273,62 +281,64 @@ proc toJSStr(s: string): cstring {.compilerproc.} =
   result = join(res)
 
 proc mnewString(len: int): string {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-  asm """
-    return new Array(`len`);
-  """
+  {.emit: """
+    var result = new Array(`len`);
+    for (var i = 0; i < `len`; i++) {result[i] = 0;}
+    return result;
+  """.}
 
 proc SetCard(a: int): int {.compilerproc, asmNoStackFrame.} =
   # argument type is a fake
-  asm """
+  {.emit: """
     var result = 0;
     for (var elem in `a`) { ++result; }
     return result;
-  """
+  """.}
 
 proc SetEq(a, b: int): bool {.compilerproc, asmNoStackFrame.} =
-  asm """
+  {.emit: """
     for (var elem in `a`) { if (!`b`[elem]) return false; }
     for (var elem in `b`) { if (!`a`[elem]) return false; }
     return true;
-  """
+  """.}
 
 proc SetLe(a, b: int): bool {.compilerproc, asmNoStackFrame.} =
-  asm """
+  {.emit: """
     for (var elem in `a`) { if (!`b`[elem]) return false; }
     return true;
-  """
+  """.}
 
 proc SetLt(a, b: int): bool {.compilerproc.} =
   result = SetLe(a, b) and not SetEq(a, b)
 
 proc SetMul(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, asmNoStackFrame.} =
-  asm """
+  {.emit: """
     var result = {};
     for (var elem in `a`) {
       if (`b`[elem]) { result[elem] = true; }
     }
     return result;
-  """
+  """.}
 
 proc SetPlus(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, asmNoStackFrame.} =
-  asm """
+  {.emit: """
     var result = {};
     for (var elem in `a`) { result[elem] = true; }
     for (var elem in `b`) { result[elem] = true; }
     return result;
-  """
+  """.}
 
 proc SetMinus(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc, asmNoStackFrame.} =
-  asm """
+  {.emit: """
     var result = {};
     for (var elem in `a`) {
       if (!`b`[elem]) { result[elem] = true; }
     }
     return result;
-  """
+  """.}
 
 proc cmpStrings(a, b: string): int {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-  asm """
+  {.emit: """
     if (`a` == `b`) return 0;
     if (!`a`) return -1;
     if (!`b`) return 1;
@@ -337,7 +347,7 @@ proc cmpStrings(a, b: string): int {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
       if (result != 0) return result;
     }
     return `a`.length - `b`.length;
-  """
+  """.}
 
 proc cmp(x, y: string): int =
   when nimvm:
@@ -348,7 +358,7 @@ proc cmp(x, y: string): int =
     result = cmpStrings(x, y)
 
 proc eqStrings(a, b: string): bool {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-  asm """
+  {.emit: """
     if (`a` == `b`) return true;
     if (`a` === null && `b`.length == 0) return true;
     if (`b` === null && `a`.length == 0) return true;
@@ -358,29 +368,29 @@ proc eqStrings(a, b: string): bool {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
     for (var i = 0; i < alen; ++i)
       if (`a`[i] != `b`[i]) return false;
     return true;
-  """
+  """.}
 
 when defined(kwin):
   proc rawEcho {.compilerproc, asmNoStackFrame.} =
-    asm """
+    {.emit: """
       var buf = "";
       for (var i = 0; i < arguments.length; ++i) {
         buf += `toJSStr`(arguments[i]);
       }
       print(buf);
-    """
+    """.}
 
 elif not defined(nimOldEcho):
   proc ewriteln(x: cstring) = log(x)
 
   proc rawEcho {.compilerproc, asmNoStackFrame.} =
-    asm """
+    {.emit: """
       var buf = "";
       for (var i = 0; i < arguments.length; ++i) {
         buf += `toJSStr`(arguments[i]);
       }
       console.log(buf);
-    """
+    """.}
 
 else:
   proc ewriteln(x: cstring) =
@@ -408,84 +418,84 @@ else:
 
 # Arithmetic:
 proc checkOverflowInt(a: int) {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-  asm """
+  {.emit: """
     if (`a` > 2147483647 || `a` < -2147483648) `raiseOverflow`();
-  """
+  """.}
 
 proc addInt(a, b: int): int {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-  asm """
+  {.emit: """
     var result = `a` + `b`;
     `checkOverflowInt`(result);
     return result;
-  """
+  """.}
 
 proc subInt(a, b: int): int {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-  asm """
+  {.emit: """
     var result = `a` - `b`;
     `checkOverflowInt`(result);
     return result;
-  """
+  """.}
 
 proc mulInt(a, b: int): int {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-  asm """
+  {.emit: """
     var result = `a` * `b`;
     `checkOverflowInt`(result);
     return result;
-  """
+  """.}
 
 proc divInt(a, b: int): int {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-  asm """
+  {.emit: """
     if (`b` == 0) `raiseDivByZero`();
     if (`b` == -1 && `a` == 2147483647) `raiseOverflow`();
     return Math.trunc(`a` / `b`);
-  """
+  """.}
 
 proc modInt(a, b: int): int {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-  asm """
+  {.emit: """
     if (`b` == 0) `raiseDivByZero`();
     if (`b` == -1 && `a` == 2147483647) `raiseOverflow`();
     return Math.trunc(`a` % `b`);
-  """
+  """.}
 
-proc checkOverflowInt64(a: int) {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-  asm """
-    if (`a` > 9223372036854775807 || `a` < -9223372036854775808) `raiseOverflow`();
-  """
+proc checkOverflowInt64(a: int64) {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
+  {.emit: """
+    if (`a` > 9223372036854775807n || `a` < -9223372036854775808n) `raiseOverflow`();
+  """.}
 
-proc addInt64(a, b: int): int {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-  asm """
+proc addInt64(a, b: int64): int64 {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
+  {.emit: """
     var result = `a` + `b`;
     `checkOverflowInt64`(result);
     return result;
-  """
+  """.}
 
-proc subInt64(a, b: int): int {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-  asm """
+proc subInt64(a, b: int64): int64 {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
+  {.emit: """
     var result = `a` - `b`;
     `checkOverflowInt64`(result);
     return result;
-  """
+  """.}
 
-proc mulInt64(a, b: int): int {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-  asm """
+proc mulInt64(a, b: int64): int64 {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
+  {.emit: """
     var result = `a` * `b`;
     `checkOverflowInt64`(result);
     return result;
-  """
+  """.}
 
-proc divInt64(a, b: int): int {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-  asm """
-    if (`b` == 0) `raiseDivByZero`();
-    if (`b` == -1 && `a` == 9223372036854775807) `raiseOverflow`();
-    return Math.trunc(`a` / `b`);
-  """
+proc divInt64(a, b: int64): int64 {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
+  {.emit: """
+    if (`b` == 0n) `raiseDivByZero`();
+    if (`b` == -1n && `a` == 9223372036854775807n) `raiseOverflow`();
+    return `a` / `b`;
+  """.}
 
-proc modInt64(a, b: int): int {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-  asm """
-    if (`b` == 0) `raiseDivByZero`();
-    if (`b` == -1 && `a` == 9223372036854775807) `raiseOverflow`();
-    return Math.trunc(`a` % `b`);
-  """
+proc modInt64(a, b: int64): int64 {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
+  {.emit: """
+    if (`b` == 0n) `raiseDivByZero`();
+    if (`b` == -1n && `a` == 9223372036854775807n) `raiseOverflow`();
+    return `a` % `b`;
+  """.}
 
 proc negInt(a: int): int {.compilerproc.} =
   result = a*(-1)
@@ -493,55 +503,16 @@ proc negInt(a: int): int {.compilerproc.} =
 proc negInt64(a: int64): int64 {.compilerproc.} =
   result = a*(-1)
 
-proc nimFloatToString(a: float): cstring {.compilerproc.} =
-  ## ensures the result doesn't print like an integer, i.e. return 2.0, not 2
-  # print `-0.0` properly
-  asm """
-    function nimOnlyDigitsOrMinus(n) {
-      return n.toString().match(/^-?\d+$/);
-    }
-    if (Number.isSafeInteger(`a`))
-      `result` = `a` === 0 && 1 / `a` < 0 ? "-0.0" : `a`+".0"
-    else {
-      `result` = `a`+""
-      if(nimOnlyDigitsOrMinus(`result`)){
-        `result` = `a`+".0"
-      }
-    }
-  """
-
 proc absInt(a: int): int {.compilerproc.} =
   result = if a < 0: a*(-1) else: a
 
 proc absInt64(a: int64): int64 {.compilerproc.} =
   result = if a < 0: a*(-1) else: a
 
-when not defined(nimNoZeroExtendMagic):
-  proc ze*(a: int): int {.compilerproc.} =
-    result = a
-
-  proc ze64*(a: int64): int64 {.compilerproc.} =
-    result = a
-
-  proc toU8*(a: int): int8 {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-    asm """
-      return `a`;
-    """
-
-  proc toU16*(a: int): int16 {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-    asm """
-      return `a`;
-    """
-
-  proc toU32*(a: int64): int32 {.asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
-    asm """
-      return `a`;
-    """
-
 proc nimMin(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc.} = return if a <= b: a else: b
 proc nimMax(a, b: int): int {.compilerproc.} = return if a >= b: a else: b
 
-proc chckNilDisp(p: pointer) {.compilerproc.} =
+proc chckNilDisp(p: JSRef) {.compilerproc.} =
   if p == nil:
     sysFatal(NilAccessDefect, "cannot dispatch; dispatcher is nil")
 
@@ -559,22 +530,22 @@ proc nimCopyAux(dest, src: JSRef, n: ptr TNimNode) {.compilerproc.} =
   case n.kind
   of nkNone: sysAssert(false, "nimCopyAux")
   of nkSlot:
-    asm """
+    {.emit: """
       `dest`[`n`.offset] = nimCopy(`dest`[`n`.offset], `src`[`n`.offset], `n`.typ);
-    """
+    """.}
   of nkList:
-    asm """
+    {.emit: """
     for (var i = 0; i < `n`.sons.length; i++) {
       nimCopyAux(`dest`, `src`, `n`.sons[i]);
     }
-    """
+    """.}
   of nkCase:
-    asm """
+    {.emit: """
       `dest`[`n`.offset] = nimCopy(`dest`[`n`.offset], `src`[`n`.offset], `n`.typ);
       for (var i = 0; i < `n`.sons.length; ++i) {
         nimCopyAux(`dest`, `src`, `n`.sons[i][1]);
       }
-    """
+    """.}
 
 proc nimCopy(dest, src: JSRef, ti: PNimType): JSRef =
   case ti.kind
@@ -582,9 +553,9 @@ proc nimCopy(dest, src: JSRef, ti: PNimType): JSRef =
     if not isFatPointer(ti):
       result = src
     else:
-      asm "`result` = [`src`[0], `src`[1]];"
+      {.emit: "`result` = [`src`[0], `src`[1]];".}
   of tySet:
-    asm """
+    {.emit: """
       if (`dest` === null || `dest` === undefined) {
         `dest` = {};
       }
@@ -593,80 +564,72 @@ proc nimCopy(dest, src: JSRef, ti: PNimType): JSRef =
       }
       for (var key in `src`) { `dest`[key] = `src`[key]; }
       `result` = `dest`;
-    """
+    """.}
   of tyTuple, tyObject:
     if ti.base != nil: result = nimCopy(dest, src, ti.base)
     elif ti.kind == tyObject:
-      asm "`result` = (`dest` === null || `dest` === undefined) ? {m_type: `ti`} : `dest`;"
+      {.emit: "`result` = (`dest` === null || `dest` === undefined) ? {m_type: `ti`} : `dest`;".}
     else:
-      asm "`result` = (`dest` === null || `dest` === undefined) ? {} : `dest`;"
+      {.emit: "`result` = (`dest` === null || `dest` === undefined) ? {} : `dest`;".}
     nimCopyAux(result, src, ti.node)
-  of tySequence, tyArrayConstr, tyOpenArray, tyArray:
-    asm """
+  of tyArrayConstr, tyArray:
+    # In order to prevent a type change (TypedArray -> Array) and to have better copying performance,
+    # arrays constructors are considered separately
+    {.emit: """
+      if(ArrayBuffer.isView(`src`)) { 
+        if(`dest` === null || `dest` === undefined || `dest`.length != `src`.length) {
+          `dest` = new `src`.constructor(`src`);
+        } else {
+          `dest`.set(`src`, 0);
+        }
+        `result` = `dest`;
+      } else {
+        if (`src` === null) {
+          `result` = null;
+        }
+        else {
+          if (`dest` === null || `dest` === undefined || `dest`.length != `src`.length) {
+            `dest` = new Array(`src`.length);
+          }
+          `result` = `dest`;
+          for (var i = 0; i < `src`.length; ++i) {
+            `result`[i] = nimCopy(`result`[i], `src`[i], `ti`.base);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    """.}
+  of tySequence, tyOpenArray:
+    {.emit: """
       if (`src` === null) {
         `result` = null;
       }
       else {
-        if (`dest` === null || `dest` === undefined) {
+        if (`dest` === null || `dest` === undefined || `dest`.length != `src`.length) {
           `dest` = new Array(`src`.length);
         }
-        else {
-          `dest`.length = `src`.length;
-        }
         `result` = `dest`;
         for (var i = 0; i < `src`.length; ++i) {
           `result`[i] = nimCopy(`result`[i], `src`[i], `ti`.base);
         }
       }
-    """
+    """.}
   of tyString:
-    asm """
+    {.emit: """
       if (`src` !== null) {
         `result` = `src`.slice(0);
       }
-    """
+    """.}
   else:
     result = src
 
-proc genericReset(x: JSRef, ti: PNimType): JSRef {.compilerproc.} =
-  asm "`result` = null;"
-  case ti.kind
-  of tyPtr, tyRef, tyVar, tyNil:
-    if isFatPointer(ti):
-      asm """
-        `result` = [null, 0];
-      """
-  of tySet:
-    asm """
-      `result` = {};
-    """
-  of tyTuple, tyObject:
-    if ti.kind == tyObject:
-      asm "`result` = {m_type: `ti`};"
-    else:
-      asm "`result` = {};"
-  of tySequence, tyOpenArray, tyString:
-    asm """
-      `result` = [];
-    """
-  of tyArrayConstr, tyArray:
-    asm """
-      `result` = new Array(`x`.length);
-      for (var i = 0; i < `x`.length; ++i) {
-        `result`[i] = genericReset(`x`[i], `ti`.base);
-      }
-    """
-  else:
-    discard
-
 proc arrayConstr(len: int, value: JSRef, typ: PNimType): JSRef {.
                 asmNoStackFrame, compilerproc.} =
   # types are fake
-  asm """
+  {.emit: """
     var result = new Array(`len`);
     for (var i = 0; i < `len`; ++i) result[i] = nimCopy(null, `value`, `typ`);
     return result;
-  """
+  """.}
 
 proc chckIndx(i, a, b: int): int {.compilerproc.} =
   if i >= a and i <= b: return i
@@ -695,11 +658,12 @@ proc isObj(obj, subclass: PNimType): bool {.compilerproc.} =
   return true
 
 proc addChar(x: string, c: char) {.compilerproc, asmNoStackFrame.} =
-  asm "`x`.push(`c`);"
+  {.emit: "`x`.push(`c`);".}
 
 {.pop.}
 
 proc tenToThePowerOf(b: int): BiggestFloat =
+  # xxx deadcode
   var b = b
   var a = 10.0
   result = 1.0
@@ -713,80 +677,75 @@ proc tenToThePowerOf(b: int): BiggestFloat =
 const
   IdentChars = {'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', '0'..'9', '_'}
 
-# XXX use JS's native way here
-proc nimParseBiggestFloat(s: string, number: var BiggestFloat, start = 0): int {.
-                          compilerproc.} =
-  var
-    esign = 1.0
-    sign = 1.0
-    i = start
-    exponent: int
-    flags: int
-  number = 0.0
+
+proc parseFloatNative(a: openarray[char]): float =
+  var str = ""
+  for x in a:
+    str.add x
+
+  let cstr = cstring str
+
+  {.emit: """
+  `result` = Number(`cstr`);
+  """.}
+
+proc nimParseBiggestFloat(s: openarray[char], number: var BiggestFloat): int {.compilerproc.} =
+  var sign: bool
+  var i = 0
   if s[i] == '+': inc(i)
   elif s[i] == '-':
-    sign = -1.0
+    sign = true
     inc(i)
   if s[i] == 'N' or s[i] == 'n':
     if s[i+1] == 'A' or s[i+1] == 'a':
       if s[i+2] == 'N' or s[i+2] == 'n':
         if s[i+3] notin IdentChars:
           number = NaN
-          return i+3 - start
+          return i+3
     return 0
   if s[i] == 'I' or s[i] == 'i':
     if s[i+1] == 'N' or s[i+1] == 'n':
       if s[i+2] == 'F' or s[i+2] == 'f':
         if s[i+3] notin IdentChars:
-          number = Inf*sign
-          return i+3 - start
+          number = if sign: -Inf else: Inf
+          return i+3
     return 0
-  while s[i] in {'0'..'9'}:
-    # Read integer part
-    flags = flags or 1
-    number = number * 10.0 + toFloat(ord(s[i]) - ord('0'))
+
+  var buf: string
+    # we could also use an `array[char, N]` buffer to avoid reallocs, or
+    # use a 2-pass algorithm that first computes the length.
+  if sign: buf.add '-'
+  template addInc =
+    buf.add s[i]
     inc(i)
+  template eatUnderscores =
     while s[i] == '_': inc(i)
-  # Decimal?
-  if s[i] == '.':
-    var hd = 1.0
+  while s[i] in {'0'..'9'}: # Read integer part
+    buf.add s[i]
     inc(i)
-    while s[i] in {'0'..'9'}:
-      # Read fractional part
-      flags = flags or 2
-      number = number * 10.0 + toFloat(ord(s[i]) - ord('0'))
-      hd = hd * 10.0
-      inc(i)
-      while s[i] == '_': inc(i)
-    number = number / hd # this complicated way preserves precision
+    eatUnderscores()
+  if s[i] == '.': # Decimal?
+    addInc()
+    while s[i] in {'0'..'9'}: # Read fractional part
+      addInc()
+      eatUnderscores()
   # Again, read integer and fractional part
-  if flags == 0: return 0
-  # Exponent?
-  if s[i] in {'e', 'E'}:
-    inc(i)
-    if s[i] == '+':
-      inc(i)
-    elif s[i] == '-':
-      esign = -1.0
-      inc(i)
-    if s[i] notin {'0'..'9'}:
-      return 0
+  if buf.len == ord(sign): return 0
+  if s[i] in {'e', 'E'}: # Exponent?
+    addInc()
+    if s[i] == '+': inc(i)
+    elif s[i] == '-': addInc()
+    if s[i] notin {'0'..'9'}: return 0
     while s[i] in {'0'..'9'}:
-      exponent = exponent * 10 + ord(s[i]) - ord('0')
-      inc(i)
-      while s[i] == '_': inc(i)
-  # Calculate Exponent
-  let hd = tenToThePowerOf(exponent)
-  if esign > 0.0: number = number * hd
-  else:           number = number / hd
-  # evaluate sign
-  number = number * sign
-  result = i - start
-
+      addInc()
+      eatUnderscores()
+  number = parseFloatNative(buf)
+  result = i
 
 # Workaround for IE, IE up to version 11 lacks 'Math.trunc'. We produce
 # 'Math.trunc' for Nim's ``div`` and ``mod`` operators:
-const jsMathTrunc = """
+when defined(nimJsMathTruncPolyfill):
+  {.emit: """
 if (!Math.trunc) {
   Math.trunc = function(v) {
     v = +v;
@@ -794,5 +753,16 @@ if (!Math.trunc) {
     return (v - v % 1) || (v < 0 ? -0 : v === 0 ? v : 0);
   };
 }
-"""
-when not defined(nodejs): {.emit: jsMathTrunc .}
+""".}
+
+proc cmpClosures(a, b: JSRef): bool {.compilerproc, asmNoStackFrame.} =
+  # Both `a` and `b` need to be a closure
+  {.emit: """
+    if (`a` !== null && `a`.ClP_0 !== undefined &&
+        `b` !== null && `b`.ClP_0 !== undefined) {
+      return `a`.ClP_0 == `b`.ClP_0 && `a`.ClE_0 == `b`.ClE_0;
+    } else {
+      return `a` == `b`;
+    }
+  """
+  .}
diff --git a/lib/system/memalloc.nim b/lib/system/memalloc.nim
index fca1db91d..a94d0995c 100644
--- a/lib/system/memalloc.nim
+++ b/lib/system/memalloc.nim
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 when notJSnotNims:
   proc zeroMem*(p: pointer, size: Natural) {.inline, noSideEffect,
-    tags: [], locks: 0, raises: [].}
+    tags: [], raises: [].}
     ## Overwrites the contents of the memory at `p` with the value 0.
     ##
     ## Exactly `size` bytes will be overwritten. Like any procedure
     ## dealing with raw memory this is **unsafe**.
 
   proc copyMem*(dest, source: pointer, size: Natural) {.inline, benign,
-    tags: [], locks: 0, raises: [].}
+    tags: [], raises: [].}
     ## Copies the contents from the memory at `source` to the memory
     ## at `dest`.
     ## Exactly `size` bytes will be copied. The memory
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ when notJSnotNims:
     ## memory this is **unsafe**.
 
   proc moveMem*(dest, source: pointer, size: Natural) {.inline, benign,
-    tags: [], locks: 0, raises: [].}
+    tags: [], raises: [].}
     ## Copies the contents from the memory at `source` to the memory
     ## at `dest`.
     ##
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ when notJSnotNims:
     ## dealing with raw memory this is still **unsafe**, though.
 
   proc equalMem*(a, b: pointer, size: Natural): bool {.inline, noSideEffect,
-    tags: [], locks: 0, raises: [].}
+    tags: [], raises: [].}
     ## Compares the memory blocks `a` and `b`. `size` bytes will
     ## be compared.
     ##
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ when notJSnotNims:
     ## **unsafe**.
 
   proc cmpMem*(a, b: pointer, size: Natural): int {.inline, noSideEffect,
-    tags: [], locks: 0, raises: [].}
+    tags: [], raises: [].}
     ## Compares the memory blocks `a` and `b`. `size` bytes will
     ## be compared.
     ##
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ when hasAlloc and not defined(js):
 
   when defined(nimAllocStats):
     var stats: AllocStats
-    template incStat(what: untyped) = inc stats.what
+    template incStat(what: untyped) = atomicInc stats.what
     proc getAllocStats*(): AllocStats = stats
 
   else:
@@ -188,8 +188,8 @@ when hasAlloc and not defined(js):
     cast[ptr T](realloc(p, T.sizeof * newSize))
 
   proc dealloc*(p: pointer) {.noconv, compilerproc, rtl, benign, raises: [], tags: [].} =
-    ## Frees the memory allocated with `alloc`, `alloc0` or
-    ## `realloc`.
+    ## Frees the memory allocated with `alloc`, `alloc0`,
+    ## `realloc`, `create` or `createU`.
     ##
     ## **This procedure is dangerous!**
     ## If one forgets to free the memory a leak occurs; if one tries to
diff --git a/lib/system/memory.nim b/lib/system/memory.nim
index ebda60d8d..156773c48 100644
--- a/lib/system/memory.nim
+++ b/lib/system/memory.nim
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ proc nimCmpMem*(a, b: pointer, size: Natural): cint {.compilerproc, nonReloadabl
       inc i
 
 proc nimCStrLen*(a: cstring): int {.compilerproc, nonReloadable, inline.} =
+  if a.isNil: return 0
   when useLibC:
     cast[int](c_strlen(a))
   else:
diff --git a/lib/system/memtracker.nim b/lib/system/memtracker.nim
index f0c83f1fa..289f4e024 100644
--- a/lib/system/memtracker.nim
+++ b/lib/system/memtracker.nim
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ type
     count*: int
     disabled: bool
     data*: array[400, LogEntry]
-  TrackLogger* = proc (log: TrackLog) {.nimcall, tags: [], locks: 0, gcsafe.}
+  TrackLogger* = proc (log: TrackLog) {.nimcall, tags: [], gcsafe.}
 
 var
   gLog*: TrackLog
@@ -70,9 +70,9 @@ proc addEntry(entry: LogEntry) =
     if interesting:
       gLog.disabled = true
       cprintf("interesting %s:%ld %s\n", entry.file, entry.line, entry.op)
-      let x = cast[proc() {.nimcall, tags: [], gcsafe, locks: 0, raises: [].}](writeStackTrace)
+      let x = cast[proc() {.nimcall, tags: [], gcsafe, raises: [].}](writeStackTrace)
       x()
-      quit 1
+      rawQuit 1
       #if gLog.count > high(gLog.data):
       #  gLogger(gLog)
       #  gLog.count = 0
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ proc memTrackerWrite(address: pointer; size: int; file: cstring; line: int) {.co
       size: size, file: file, line: line, thread: myThreadId())
 
 proc memTrackerOp*(op: cstring; address: pointer; size: int) {.tags: [],
-         locks: 0, gcsafe.} =
+         gcsafe.} =
   addEntry LogEntry(op: op, address: address, size: size,
       file: "", line: 0, thread: myThreadId())
 
diff --git a/lib/system/mm/go.nim b/lib/system/mm/go.nim
index 9ec25fb65..8f3aeb964 100644
--- a/lib/system/mm/go.nim
+++ b/lib/system/mm/go.nim
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ proc newSeqRC1(typ: PNimType, len: int): pointer {.compilerRtl.} =
   writebarrierptr(addr(result), newSeq(typ, len))
 
 proc nimNewSeqOfCap(typ: PNimType, cap: int): pointer {.compilerproc.} =
-  result = newObj(typ, align(GenericSeqSize, typ.base.align) + cap * typ.base.size)
+  result = newObjNoInit(typ, align(GenericSeqSize, typ.base.align) + cap * typ.base.size)
   cast[PGenericSeq](result).len = 0
   cast[PGenericSeq](result).reserved = cap
   cast[PGenericSeq](result).elemSize = typ.base.size
diff --git a/lib/system/mm/malloc.nim b/lib/system/mm/malloc.nim
index 2ba5c0fec..47f1a95ae 100644
--- a/lib/system/mm/malloc.nim
+++ b/lib/system/mm/malloc.nim
@@ -2,18 +2,27 @@
 {.push stackTrace: off.}
 
 proc allocImpl(size: Natural): pointer =
-  c_malloc(size.csize_t)
+  result = c_malloc(size.csize_t)
+  when defined(zephyr):
+    if result == nil:
+      raiseOutOfMem()
 
 proc alloc0Impl(size: Natural): pointer =
-  c_calloc(size.csize_t, 1)
+  result = c_calloc(size.csize_t, 1)
+  when defined(zephyr):
+    if result == nil:
+      raiseOutOfMem()
 
 proc reallocImpl(p: pointer, newSize: Natural): pointer =
-  c_realloc(p, newSize.csize_t)
+  result = c_realloc(p, newSize.csize_t)
+  when defined(zephyr):
+    if result == nil:
+      raiseOutOfMem()
 
 proc realloc0Impl(p: pointer, oldsize, newSize: Natural): pointer =
   result = realloc(p, newSize.csize_t)
   if newSize > oldSize:
-    zeroMem(cast[pointer](cast[int](result) + oldSize), newSize - oldSize)
+    zeroMem(cast[pointer](cast[uint](result) + uint(oldSize)), newSize - oldSize)
 
 proc deallocImpl(p: pointer) =
   c_free(p)
@@ -79,7 +88,7 @@ type
 
 proc alloc(r: var MemRegion, size: int): pointer =
   result = alloc(size)
-proc alloc0Impl(r: var MemRegion, size: int): pointer =
+proc alloc0(r: var MemRegion, size: int): pointer =
   result = alloc0Impl(size)
 proc dealloc(r: var MemRegion, p: pointer) = dealloc(p)
 proc deallocOsPages(r: var MemRegion) = discard
diff --git a/lib/system/mmdisp.nim b/lib/system/mmdisp.nim
index 96dc86bfd..26f2f0bbf 100644
--- a/lib/system/mmdisp.nim
+++ b/lib/system/mmdisp.nim
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ else:
 proc raiseOutOfMem() {.noinline.} =
   if outOfMemHook != nil: outOfMemHook()
   cstderr.rawWrite("out of memory\n")
-  quit(1)
+  rawQuit(1)
 
 when defined(boehmgc):
   include system / mm / boehm
@@ -57,6 +57,16 @@ elif defined(gogc):
 elif (defined(nogc) or defined(gcDestructors)) and defined(useMalloc):
   include system / mm / malloc
 
+  when defined(nogc):
+    proc GC_getStatistics(): string = ""
+    proc newObj(typ: PNimType, size: int): pointer {.compilerproc.} =
+      result = alloc0(size)
+
+    proc newSeq(typ: PNimType, len: int): pointer {.compilerproc.} =
+      result = newObj(typ, align(GenericSeqSize, typ.align) + len * typ.base.size)
+      cast[PGenericSeq](result).len = len
+      cast[PGenericSeq](result).reserved = len
+
 elif defined(nogc):
   include system / mm / none
 
@@ -72,8 +82,9 @@ else:
     # XXX due to bootstrapping reasons, we cannot use  compileOption("gc", "stack") here
     include "system/gc_regions"
   elif defined(nimV2) or usesDestructors:
-    var allocator {.rtlThreadVar.}: MemRegion
-    instantiateForRegion(allocator)
+    when not defined(useNimRtl):
+      var allocator {.rtlThreadVar.}: MemRegion
+      instantiateForRegion(allocator)
     when defined(gcHooks):
       include "system/gc_hooks"
   elif defined(gcMarkAndSweep):
diff --git a/lib/system/nimscript.nim b/lib/system/nimscript.nim
index 9ece10e3e..cf81f6d86 100644
--- a/lib/system/nimscript.nim
+++ b/lib/system/nimscript.nim
@@ -86,12 +86,12 @@ proc patchFile*(package, filename, replacement: string) =
   ## is interpreted to be local to the Nimscript file that contains
   ## the call to `patchFile`, Nim's `--path` is not used at all
   ## to resolve the filename!
+  ## The compiler also performs `path substitution <nimc.html#compiler-usage-commandminusline-switches>`_ on `replacement`.
   ##
   ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   patchFile("stdlib", "asyncdispatch", "patches/replacement")
+  ##   ```
   discard
 
 proc getCommand*(): string =
@@ -136,17 +136,8 @@ proc dirExists*(dir: string): bool {.
   ## Checks if the directory `dir` exists.
   builtin
 
-template existsFile*(args: varargs[untyped]): untyped {.deprecated: "use fileExists".} =
-  # xxx: warning won't be shown for nimsscript because of current logic handling
-  # `foreignPackageNotes`
-  fileExists(args)
-
-template existsDir*(args: varargs[untyped]): untyped {.deprecated: "use dirExists".} =
-  dirExists(args)
-
-proc selfExe*(): string =
+proc selfExe*(): string {.deprecated: "Deprecated since v1.7; Use getCurrentCompilerExe".} =
   ## Returns the currently running nim or nimble executable.
-  # TODO: consider making this as deprecated alias of `getCurrentCompilerExe`
   builtin
 
 proc toExe*(filename: string): string =
@@ -167,20 +158,19 @@ proc strip(s: string): string =
 template `--`*(key, val: untyped) =
   ## A shortcut for `switch <#switch,string,string>`_
   ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   --path:somePath # same as switch("path", "somePath")
   ##   --path:"someOtherPath" # same as switch("path", "someOtherPath")
+  ##   --hint:"[Conf]:off" # same as switch("hint", "[Conf]:off")
+  ##   ```
   switch(strip(astToStr(key)), strip(astToStr(val)))
 
 template `--`*(key: untyped) =
   ## A shortcut for `switch <#switch,string,string>`_
   ## Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
-  ##
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   --listCmd # same as switch("listCmd")
+  ##   ```
   switch(strip(astToStr(key)))
 
 type
@@ -261,30 +251,37 @@ proc cpDir*(`from`, to: string) {.raises: [OSError].} =
     checkOsError()
 
 proc exec*(command: string) {.
-  raises: [OSError], tags: [ExecIOEffect].} =
+  raises: [OSError], tags: [ExecIOEffect, WriteIOEffect].} =
   ## Executes an external process. If the external process terminates with
-  ## a non-zero exit code, an OSError exception is raised.
+  ## a non-zero exit code, an OSError exception is raised. The command is
+  ## executed relative to the current source path.
   ##
-  ## **Note:** If you need a version of `exec` that returns the exit code
-  ## and text output of the command, you can use `system.gorgeEx
-  ## <system.html#gorgeEx,string,string,string>`_.
+  ## .. note:: If you need a version of `exec` that returns the exit code
+  ##   and text output of the command, you can use `system.gorgeEx
+  ##   <system.html#gorgeEx,string,string,string>`_.
   log "exec: " & command:
     if rawExec(command) != 0:
       raise newException(OSError, "FAILED: " & command)
     checkOsError()
 
 proc exec*(command: string, input: string, cache = "") {.
-  raises: [OSError], tags: [ExecIOEffect].} =
+  raises: [OSError], tags: [ExecIOEffect, WriteIOEffect].} =
   ## Executes an external process. If the external process terminates with
   ## a non-zero exit code, an OSError exception is raised.
+  ##
+  ## .. warning:: This version of `exec` is executed relative to the nimscript
+  ##   module path, which affects how the command resolves relative paths. Thus
+  ##   it is generally better to use `gorgeEx` directly when you need more
+  ##   control over the execution environment or when working with commands
+  ##   that deal with relative paths.
   log "exec: " & command:
     let (output, exitCode) = gorgeEx(command, input, cache)
+    echo output
     if exitCode != 0:
       raise newException(OSError, "FAILED: " & command)
-    echo output
 
 proc selfExec*(command: string) {.
-  raises: [OSError], tags: [ExecIOEffect].} =
+  raises: [OSError], tags: [ExecIOEffect, WriteIOEffect].} =
   ## Executes an external command with the current nim/nimble executable.
   ## `Command` must not contain the "nim " part.
   let c = selfExe() & " " & command
@@ -349,19 +346,19 @@ template withDir*(dir: string; body: untyped): untyped =
   ##
   ## If you need a permanent change, use the `cd() <#cd,string>`_ proc.
   ## Usage example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   # inside /some/path/
   ##   withDir "foo":
-  ##     # inside foo
-  ##   #back to last dir
-  var curDir = getCurrentDir()
+  ##     # move to /some/path/foo/
+  ##   # back in /some/path/
+  ##   ```
+  let curDir = getCurrentDir()
   try:
     cd(dir)
     body
   finally:
     cd(curDir)
 
-
 proc writeTask(name, desc: string) =
   if desc.len > 0:
     var spaces = " "
@@ -399,10 +396,10 @@ when not defined(nimble):
     ## Defines a task. Hidden tasks are supported via an empty description.
     ##
     ## Example:
-    ##
-    ## .. code-block:: nim
-    ##  task build, "default build is via the C backend":
-    ##    setCommand "c"
+    ##   ```nim
+    ##   task build, "default build is via the C backend":
+    ##     setCommand "c"
+    ##   ```
     ##
     ## For a task named `foo`, this template generates a `proc` named
     ## `fooTask`.  This is useful if you need to call one task in
@@ -410,13 +407,14 @@ when not defined(nimble):
     ##
     ## Example:
     ##
-    ## .. code-block:: nim
-    ##  task foo, "foo":        # > nim foo
-    ##    echo "Running foo"    # Running foo
+    ##   ```nim
+    ##   task foo, "foo":        # > nim foo
+    ##     echo "Running foo"    # Running foo
     ##
-    ##  task bar, "bar":        # > nim bar
-    ##    echo "Running bar"    # Running bar
-    ##    fooTask()             # Running foo
+    ##   task bar, "bar":        # > nim bar
+    ##     echo "Running bar"    # Running bar
+    ##     fooTask()             # Running foo
+    ##   ```
     proc `name Task`*() =
       setCommand "nop"
       body
diff --git a/lib/system/orc.nim b/lib/system/orc.nim
index 8a62ef4bb..c02a24989 100644
--- a/lib/system/orc.nim
+++ b/lib/system/orc.nim
@@ -8,13 +8,12 @@
 #
 
 # Cycle collector based on
-# https://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/files/us-bacon/Bacon01Concurrent.pdf
+# https://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/hosking/690M/Bacon01Concurrent.pdf
 # And ideas from Lins' in 2008 by the notion of "critical links", see
 # "Cyclic reference counting" by Rafael Dueire Lins
 # R.D. Lins / Information Processing Letters 109 (2008) 71–78
 #
 
-type PT = Cell
 include cellseqs_v2
 
 const
@@ -68,10 +67,10 @@ const
 
 type
   GcEnv = object
-    traceStack: CellSeq
+    traceStack: CellSeq[ptr pointer]
     when useJumpStack:
-      jumpStack: CellSeq   # Lins' jump stack in order to speed up traversals
-    toFree: CellSeq
+      jumpStack: CellSeq[ptr pointer]   # Lins' jump stack in order to speed up traversals
+    toFree: CellSeq[Cell]
     freed, touched, edges, rcSum: int
     keepThreshold: bool
 
@@ -80,10 +79,16 @@ proc trace(s: Cell; desc: PNimTypeV2; j: var GcEnv) {.inline.} =
     var p = s +! sizeof(RefHeader)
     cast[TraceProc](desc.traceImpl)(p, addr(j))
 
-when logOrc:
+include threadids
+
+when logOrc or orcLeakDetector:
   proc writeCell(msg: cstring; s: Cell; desc: PNimTypeV2) =
-    cfprintf(cstderr, "%s %s %ld root index: %ld; RC: %ld; color: %ld\n",
-      msg, desc.name, s.refId, s.rootIdx, s.rc shr rcShift, s.color)
+    when orcLeakDetector:
+      cfprintf(cstderr, "%s %s file: %s:%ld; color: %ld; thread: %ld\n",
+        msg, desc.name, s.filename, s.line, s.color, getThreadId())
+    else:
+      cfprintf(cstderr, "%s %s %ld root index: %ld; RC: %ld; color: %ld; thread: %ld\n",
+        msg, desc.name, s.refId, s.rootIdx, s.rc shr rcShift, s.color, getThreadId())
 
 proc free(s: Cell; desc: PNimTypeV2) {.inline.} =
   when traceCollector:
@@ -92,13 +97,13 @@ proc free(s: Cell; desc: PNimTypeV2) {.inline.} =
 
   when logOrc: writeCell("free", s, desc)
 
-  if desc.disposeImpl != nil:
-    cast[DisposeProc](desc.disposeImpl)(p)
+  if desc.destructor != nil:
+    cast[DestructorProc](desc.destructor)(p)
 
   when false:
     cstderr.rawWrite desc.name
     cstderr.rawWrite " "
-    if desc.disposeImpl == nil:
+    if desc.destructor == nil:
       cstderr.rawWrite "lacks dispose"
       if desc.traceImpl != nil:
         cstderr.rawWrite ", but has trace\n"
@@ -109,34 +114,40 @@ proc free(s: Cell; desc: PNimTypeV2) {.inline.} =
 
   nimRawDispose(p, desc.align)
 
-proc nimTraceRef(q: pointer; desc: PNimTypeV2; env: pointer) {.compilerRtl, inline.} =
+template orcAssert(cond, msg) =
+  when logOrc:
+    if not cond:
+      cfprintf(cstderr, "[Bug!] %s\n", msg)
+      rawQuit 1
+
+when logOrc:
+  proc strstr(s, sub: cstring): cstring {.header: "<string.h>", importc.}
+
+proc nimTraceRef(q: pointer; desc: PNimTypeV2; env: pointer) {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
   let p = cast[ptr pointer](q)
   if p[] != nil:
+
+    orcAssert strstr(desc.name, "TType") == nil, "following a TType but it's acyclic!"
+
     var j = cast[ptr GcEnv](env)
-    j.traceStack.add(head p[], desc)
+    j.traceStack.add(p, desc)
 
-proc nimTraceRefDyn(q: pointer; env: pointer) {.compilerRtl, inline.} =
+proc nimTraceRefDyn(q: pointer; env: pointer) {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
   let p = cast[ptr pointer](q)
   if p[] != nil:
     var j = cast[ptr GcEnv](env)
-    j.traceStack.add(head p[], cast[ptr PNimTypeV2](p[])[])
-
-template orcAssert(cond, msg) =
-  when logOrc:
-    if not cond:
-      cfprintf(cstderr, "[Bug!] %s\n", msg)
-      quit 1
+    j.traceStack.add(p, cast[ptr PNimTypeV2](p[])[])
 
 var
-  roots {.threadvar.}: CellSeq
+  roots {.threadvar.}: CellSeq[Cell]
 
 proc unregisterCycle(s: Cell) =
   # swap with the last element. O(1)
   let idx = s.rootIdx-1
   when false:
     if idx >= roots.len or idx < 0:
-      cprintf("[Bug!] %ld\n", idx)
-      quit 1
+      cprintf("[Bug!] %ld %ld\n", idx, roots.len)
+      rawQuit 1
   roots.d[idx] = roots.d[roots.len-1]
   roots.d[idx][0].rootIdx = idx+1
   dec roots.len
@@ -156,7 +167,8 @@ proc scanBlack(s: Cell; desc: PNimTypeV2; j: var GcEnv) =
   trace(s, desc, j)
   when logOrc: writeCell("root still alive", s, desc)
   while j.traceStack.len > until:
-    let (t, desc) = j.traceStack.pop()
+    let (entry, desc) = j.traceStack.pop()
+    let t = head entry[]
     inc t.rc, rcIncrement
     if t.color != colBlack:
       t.setColor colBlack
@@ -181,7 +193,8 @@ proc markGray(s: Cell; desc: PNimTypeV2; j: var GcEnv) =
     orcAssert(j.traceStack.len == 0, "markGray: trace stack not empty")
     trace(s, desc, j)
     while j.traceStack.len > 0:
-      let (t, desc) = j.traceStack.pop()
+      let (entry, desc) = j.traceStack.pop()
+      let t = head entry[]
       dec t.rc, rcIncrement
       inc j.edges
       when useJumpStack:
@@ -189,7 +202,7 @@ proc markGray(s: Cell; desc: PNimTypeV2; j: var GcEnv) =
           t.rc = t.rc or jumpStackFlag
           when traceCollector:
             cprintf("[Now in jumpstack] %p %ld color %ld in jumpstack %ld\n", t, t.rc shr rcShift, t.color, t.rc and jumpStackFlag)
-          j.jumpStack.add(t, desc)
+          j.jumpStack.add(entry, desc)
       if t.color != colGray:
         t.setColor colGray
         inc j.touched
@@ -219,7 +232,8 @@ proc scan(s: Cell; desc: PNimTypeV2; j: var GcEnv) =
         # that are still alive; we also need to mark what they
         # refer to as alive:
         while j.jumpStack.len > 0:
-          let (t, desc) = j.jumpStack.pop
+          let (entry, desc) = j.jumpStack.pop
+          let t = head entry[]
           # not in jump stack anymore!
           t.rc = t.rc and not jumpStackFlag
           if t.color == colGray and (t.rc shr rcShift) >= 0:
@@ -233,7 +247,8 @@ proc scan(s: Cell; desc: PNimTypeV2; j: var GcEnv) =
       s.setColor(colWhite)
       trace(s, desc, j)
       while j.traceStack.len > 0:
-        let (t, desc) = j.traceStack.pop()
+        let (entry, desc) = j.traceStack.pop()
+        let t = head entry[]
         if t.color == colGray:
           if (t.rc shr rcShift) >= 0:
             scanBlack(t, desc, j)
@@ -243,7 +258,8 @@ proc scan(s: Cell; desc: PNimTypeV2; j: var GcEnv) =
               # that are still alive; we also need to mark what they
               # refer to as alive:
               while j.jumpStack.len > 0:
-                let (t, desc) = j.jumpStack.pop
+                let (entry, desc) = j.jumpStack.pop
+                let t = head entry[]
                 # not in jump stack anymore!
                 t.rc = t.rc and not jumpStackFlag
                 if t.color == colGray and (t.rc shr rcShift) >= 0:
@@ -279,12 +295,22 @@ proc collectColor(s: Cell; desc: PNimTypeV2; col: int; j: var GcEnv) =
     j.toFree.add(s, desc)
     trace(s, desc, j)
     while j.traceStack.len > 0:
-      let (t, desc) = j.traceStack.pop()
+      let (entry, desc) = j.traceStack.pop()
+      let t = head entry[]
+      entry[] = nil # ensure that the destructor does touch moribund objects!
       if t.color == col and t.rootIdx == 0:
         j.toFree.add(t, desc)
         t.setColor(colBlack)
         trace(t, desc, j)
 
+const
+  defaultThreshold = when defined(nimFixedOrc): 10_000 else: 128
+
+when defined(nimStressOrc):
+  const rootsThreshold = 10 # broken with -d:nimStressOrc: 10 and for havlak iterations 1..8
+else:
+  var rootsThreshold {.threadvar.}: int
+
 proc collectCyclesBacon(j: var GcEnv; lowMark: int) =
   # pretty direct translation from
   # https://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/files/us-bacon/Bacon01Concurrent.pdf
@@ -323,20 +349,28 @@ proc collectCyclesBacon(j: var GcEnv; lowMark: int) =
     s.rootIdx = 0
     collectColor(s, roots.d[i][1], colToCollect, j)
 
+  # Bug #22927: `free` calls destructors which can append to `roots`.
+  # We protect against this here by setting `roots.len` to 0 and also
+  # setting the threshold so high that no cycle collection can be triggered
+  # until we are out of this critical section:
+  when not defined(nimStressOrc):
+    let oldThreshold = rootsThreshold
+    rootsThreshold = high(int)
+  roots.len = 0
+
   for i in 0 ..< j.toFree.len:
+    when orcLeakDetector:
+      writeCell("CYCLIC OBJECT FREED", j.toFree.d[i][0], j.toFree.d[i][1])
     free(j.toFree.d[i][0], j.toFree.d[i][1])
 
+  when not defined(nimStressOrc):
+    rootsThreshold = oldThreshold
+
   inc j.freed, j.toFree.len
   deinit j.toFree
-  #roots.len = 0
-
-const
-  defaultThreshold = when defined(nimFixedOrc): 10_000 else: 128
 
-when defined(nimStressOrc):
-  const rootsThreshold = 10 # broken with -d:nimStressOrc: 10 and for havlak iterations 1..8
-else:
-  var rootsThreshold = defaultThreshold
+when defined(nimOrcStats):
+  var freedCyclicObjects {.threadvar.}: int
 
 proc partialCollect(lowMark: int) =
   when false:
@@ -351,6 +385,8 @@ proc partialCollect(lowMark: int) =
       roots.len - lowMark)
   roots.len = lowMark
   deinit j.traceStack
+  when defined(nimOrcStats):
+    inc freedCyclicObjects, j.freed
 
 proc collectCycles() =
   ## Collect cycles.
@@ -371,49 +407,63 @@ proc collectCycles() =
     collectCyclesBacon(j, 0)
 
   deinit j.traceStack
-  deinit roots
+  if roots.len == 0:
+    deinit roots
 
   when not defined(nimStressOrc):
     # compute the threshold based on the previous history
     # of the cycle collector's effectiveness:
     # we're effective when we collected 50% or more of the nodes
     # we touched. If we're effective, we can reset the threshold:
-    if j.keepThreshold and rootsThreshold <= defaultThreshold:
+    if j.keepThreshold:
       discard
     elif j.freed * 2 >= j.touched:
       when not defined(nimFixedOrc):
         rootsThreshold = max(rootsThreshold div 3 * 2, 16)
       else:
-        rootsThreshold = defaultThreshold
+        rootsThreshold = 0
       #cfprintf(cstderr, "[collectCycles] freed %ld, touched %ld new threshold %ld\n", j.freed, j.touched, rootsThreshold)
     elif rootsThreshold < high(int) div 4:
-      rootsThreshold = rootsThreshold * 3 div 2
+      rootsThreshold = (if rootsThreshold <= 0: defaultThreshold else: rootsThreshold) * 3 div 2
   when logOrc:
     cfprintf(cstderr, "[collectCycles] end; freed %ld new threshold %ld touched: %ld mem: %ld rcSum: %ld edges: %ld\n", j.freed, rootsThreshold, j.touched,
       getOccupiedMem(), j.rcSum, j.edges)
+  when defined(nimOrcStats):
+    inc freedCyclicObjects, j.freed
+
+when defined(nimOrcStats):
+  type
+    OrcStats* = object ## Statistics of the cycle collector subsystem.
+      freedCyclicObjects*: int ## Number of freed cyclic objects.
+  proc GC_orcStats*(): OrcStats =
+    ## Returns the statistics of the cycle collector subsystem.
+    result = OrcStats(freedCyclicObjects: freedCyclicObjects)
 
 proc registerCycle(s: Cell; desc: PNimTypeV2) =
   s.rootIdx = roots.len+1
   if roots.d == nil: init(roots)
   add(roots, s, desc)
 
-  if roots.len >= rootsThreshold:
+  if roots.len - defaultThreshold >= rootsThreshold:
     collectCycles()
   when logOrc:
     writeCell("[added root]", s, desc)
 
+  orcAssert strstr(desc.name, "TType") == nil, "added a TType as a root!"
+
 proc GC_runOrc* =
   ## Forces a cycle collection pass.
   collectCycles()
+  orcAssert roots.len == 0, "roots not empty!"
 
 proc GC_enableOrc*() =
-  ## Enables the cycle collector subsystem of `--gc:orc`. This is a `--gc:orc`
+  ## Enables the cycle collector subsystem of `--mm:orc`. This is a `--mm:orc`
   ## specific API. Check with `when defined(gcOrc)` for its existence.
   when not defined(nimStressOrc):
-    rootsThreshold = defaultThreshold
+    rootsThreshold = 0
 
 proc GC_disableOrc*() =
-  ## Disables the cycle collector subsystem of `--gc:orc`. This is a `--gc:orc`
+  ## Disables the cycle collector subsystem of `--mm:orc`. This is a `--mm:orc`
   ## specific API. Check with `when defined(gcOrc)` for its existence.
   when not defined(nimStressOrc):
     rootsThreshold = high(int)
@@ -424,22 +474,27 @@ proc GC_partialCollect*(limit: int) =
   partialCollect(limit)
 
 proc GC_fullCollect* =
-  ## Forces a full garbage collection pass. With `--gc:orc` triggers the cycle
+  ## Forces a full garbage collection pass. With `--mm:orc` triggers the cycle
   ## collector. This is an alias for `GC_runOrc`.
   collectCycles()
 
 proc GC_enableMarkAndSweep*() =
-  ## For `--gc:orc` an alias for `GC_enableOrc`.
+  ## For `--mm:orc` an alias for `GC_enableOrc`.
   GC_enableOrc()
 
 proc GC_disableMarkAndSweep*() =
-  ## For `--gc:orc` an alias for `GC_disableOrc`.
+  ## For `--mm:orc` an alias for `GC_disableOrc`.
   GC_disableOrc()
 
+const
+  acyclicFlag = 1 # see also cggtypes.nim, proc genTypeInfoV2Impl
+
 when optimizedOrc:
-  template markedAsCyclic(s: Cell): bool = (s.rc and maybeCycle) != 0
+  template markedAsCyclic(s: Cell; desc: PNimTypeV2): bool =
+    (desc.flags and acyclicFlag) == 0 and (s.rc and maybeCycle) != 0
 else:
-  template markedAsCyclic(s: Cell): bool = true
+  template markedAsCyclic(s: Cell; desc: PNimTypeV2): bool =
+    (desc.flags and acyclicFlag) == 0
 
 proc rememberCycle(isDestroyAction: bool; s: Cell; desc: PNimTypeV2) {.noinline.} =
   if isDestroyAction:
@@ -448,7 +503,7 @@ proc rememberCycle(isDestroyAction: bool; s: Cell; desc: PNimTypeV2) {.noinline.
   else:
     # do not call 'rememberCycle' again unless this cell
     # got an 'incRef' event:
-    if s.rootIdx == 0 and markedAsCyclic(s):
+    if s.rootIdx == 0 and markedAsCyclic(s, desc):
       s.setColor colBlack
       registerCycle(s, desc)
 
@@ -463,6 +518,19 @@ proc nimDecRefIsLastCyclicDyn(p: pointer): bool {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
     #if cell.color == colPurple:
     rememberCycle(result, cell, cast[ptr PNimTypeV2](p)[])
 
+proc nimDecRefIsLastDyn(p: pointer): bool {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
+  if p != nil:
+    var cell = head(p)
+    if (cell.rc and not rcMask) == 0:
+      result = true
+      #cprintf("[DESTROY] %p\n", p)
+    else:
+      dec cell.rc, rcIncrement
+    #if cell.color == colPurple:
+    if result:
+      if cell.rootIdx > 0:
+        unregisterCycle(cell)
+
 proc nimDecRefIsLastCyclicStatic(p: pointer; desc: PNimTypeV2): bool {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
   if p != nil:
     var cell = head(p)
diff --git a/lib/system/osalloc.nim b/lib/system/osalloc.nim
index 32d3b166d..5509d0070 100644
--- a/lib/system/osalloc.nim
+++ b/lib/system/osalloc.nim
@@ -28,7 +28,30 @@ const doNotUnmap = not (defined(amd64) or defined(i386)) or
                    defined(windows) or defined(nimAllocNoUnmap)
 
 
-when defined(emscripten) and not defined(StandaloneHeapSize):
+when defined(nimAllocPagesViaMalloc):
+  when not defined(gcArc) and not defined(gcOrc) and not defined(gcAtomicArc):
+    {.error: "-d:nimAllocPagesViaMalloc is only supported with --mm:arc or --mm:atomicArc or --mm:orc".}
+
+  proc osTryAllocPages(size: int): pointer {.inline.} =
+    let base = c_malloc(csize_t size + PageSize - 1 + sizeof(uint32))
+    if base == nil: raiseOutOfMem()
+    # memory layout: padding + offset (4 bytes) + user_data
+    # in order to deallocate: read offset at user_data - 4 bytes,
+    # then deallocate user_data - offset
+    let offset = PageSize - (cast[int](base) and (PageSize - 1))
+    cast[ptr uint32](base +! (offset - sizeof(uint32)))[] = uint32(offset)
+    result = base +! offset
+
+  proc osAllocPages(size: int): pointer {.inline.} =
+    result = osTryAllocPages(size)
+    if result == nil: raiseOutOfMem()
+
+  proc osDeallocPages(p: pointer, size: int) {.inline.} =
+    # read offset at p - 4 bytes, then deallocate (p - offset) pointer
+    let offset = cast[ptr uint32](p -! sizeof(uint32))[]
+    c_free(p -! offset)
+
+elif defined(emscripten) and not defined(StandaloneHeapSize):
   const
     PROT_READ  = 1             # page can be read
     PROT_WRITE = 2             # page can be written
@@ -57,12 +80,12 @@ when defined(emscripten) and not defined(StandaloneHeapSize):
     let pos = cast[int](result)
 
     # Convert pointer to PageSize correct one.
-    var new_pos = cast[ByteAddress](pos) +% (PageSize - (pos %% PageSize))
+    var new_pos = cast[int](pos) +% (PageSize - (pos %% PageSize))
     if (new_pos-pos) < sizeof(EmscriptenMMapBlock):
       new_pos = new_pos +% PageSize
     result = cast[pointer](new_pos)
 
-    var mmapDescrPos = cast[ByteAddress](result) -% sizeof(EmscriptenMMapBlock)
+    var mmapDescrPos = cast[int](result) -% sizeof(EmscriptenMMapBlock)
 
     var mmapDescr = cast[EmscriptenMMapBlock](mmapDescrPos)
     mmapDescr.realSize = realSize
@@ -73,135 +96,24 @@ when defined(emscripten) and not defined(StandaloneHeapSize):
   proc osTryAllocPages(size: int): pointer = osAllocPages(size)
 
   proc osDeallocPages(p: pointer, size: int) {.inline.} =
-    var mmapDescrPos = cast[ByteAddress](p) -% sizeof(EmscriptenMMapBlock)
+    var mmapDescrPos = cast[int](p) -% sizeof(EmscriptenMMapBlock)
     var mmapDescr = cast[EmscriptenMMapBlock](mmapDescrPos)
     munmap(mmapDescr.realPointer, mmapDescr.realSize)
 
 elif defined(genode) and not defined(StandaloneHeapSize):
   include genode/alloc # osAllocPages, osTryAllocPages, osDeallocPages
 
-elif defined(nintendoswitch) and not defined(StandaloneHeapSize):
-
-  import nintendoswitch/switch_memory
-
-  type
-    PSwitchBlock = ptr NSwitchBlock
-    ## This will hold the heap pointer data in a separate
-    ## block of memory that is PageSize bytes above
-    ## the requested memory. It's the only good way
-    ## to pass around data with heap allocations
-    NSwitchBlock {.pure, inheritable.} = object
-      realSize: int
-      heap: pointer           # pointer to main heap alloc
-      heapMirror: pointer     # pointer to virtmem mapped heap
-
-  proc alignSize(size: int): int {.inline.} =
-    ## Align a size integer to be in multiples of PageSize
-    ## The nintendo switch will not allocate memory that is not
-    ## aligned to 0x1000 bytes and will just crash.
-    (size + (PageSize - 1)) and not (PageSize - 1)
-
-  proc deallocate(heapMirror: pointer, heap: pointer, size: int) =
-    # Unmap the allocated memory
-    discard svcUnmapMemory(heapMirror, heap, size.uint64)
-    # These should be called (theoretically), but referencing them crashes the switch.
-    # The above call seems to free all heap memory, so these are not needed.
-    # virtmemFreeMap(nswitchBlock.heapMirror, nswitchBlock.realSize.csize)
-    # free(nswitchBlock.heap)
-
-  proc freeMem(p: pointer) =
-    # Retrieve the switch block data from the pointer we set before
-    # The data is located just sizeof(NSwitchBlock) bytes below
-    # the top of the pointer to the heap
-    let
-      nswitchDescrPos = cast[ByteAddress](p) -% sizeof(NSwitchBlock)
-      nswitchBlock = cast[PSwitchBlock](nswitchDescrPos)
-
-    deallocate(
-      nswitchBlock.heapMirror, nswitchBlock.heap, nswitchBlock.realSize
-    )
-
-  proc storeHeapData(address, heapMirror, heap: pointer, size: int) {.inline.} =
-    ## Store data in the heap for deallocation purposes later
-
-    # the position of our heap pointer data. Since we allocated PageSize extra
-    # bytes, we should have a buffer on top of the requested size of at least
-    # PageSize bytes, which is much larger than sizeof(NSwitchBlock). So we
-    # decrement the address by sizeof(NSwitchBlock) and use that address
-    # to store our pointer data
-    let nswitchBlockPos = cast[ByteAddress](address) -% sizeof(NSwitchBlock)
-
-    # We need to store this in a pointer obj (PSwitchBlock) so that the data sticks
-    # at the address we've chosen. If NSwitchBlock is used here, the data will
-    # be all 0 when we try to retrieve it later.
-    var nswitchBlock = cast[PSwitchBlock](nswitchBlockPos)
-    nswitchBlock.realSize = size
-    nswitchBlock.heap = heap
-    nswitchBlock.heapMirror = heapMirror
-
-  proc getOriginalHeapPosition(address: pointer, difference: int): pointer {.inline.} =
-    ## This function sets the heap back to the originally requested
-    ## size
-    let
-      pos = cast[int](address)
-      newPos = cast[ByteAddress](pos) +% difference
-
-    return cast[pointer](newPos)
-
-  template allocPages(size: int, outOfMemoryStmt: untyped): untyped =
-    # This is to ensure we get a block of memory the requested
-    # size, as well as space to store our structure
-    let realSize = alignSize(size + sizeof(NSwitchBlock))
-
-    let heap = memalign(PageSize, realSize)
-
-    if heap.isNil:
-      outOfMemoryStmt
-
-    let heapMirror = virtmemReserveMap(realSize.csize)
-    result = heapMirror
-
-    let rc = svcMapMemory(heapMirror, heap, realSize.uint64)
-    # Any return code not equal 0 means an error in libnx
-    if rc.uint32 != 0:
-      deallocate(heapMirror, heap, realSize)
-      outOfMemoryStmt
-
-    # set result to be the original size requirement
-    result = getOriginalHeapPosition(result, realSize - size)
-
-    storeHeapData(result, heapMirror, heap, realSize)
-
-  proc osAllocPages(size: int): pointer {.inline.} =
-    allocPages(size):
-      raiseOutOfMem()
-
-  proc osTryAllocPages(size: int): pointer =
-    allocPages(size):
-      return nil
-
-  proc osDeallocPages(p: pointer, size: int) =
-    # Note that in order for the Switch not to crash, a call to
-    # deallocHeap(runFinalizers = true, allowGcAfterwards = false)
-    # must be run before gfxExit(). The Switch requires all memory
-    # to be deallocated before the graphics application has exited.
-    #
-    # gfxExit() can be found in <switch/gfx/gfx.h> in the github
-    # repo https://github.com/switchbrew/libnx
-    when reallyOsDealloc:
-      freeMem(p)
-
 elif defined(posix) and not defined(StandaloneHeapSize):
   const
     PROT_READ  = 1             # page can be read
     PROT_WRITE = 2             # page can be written
 
   when defined(netbsd) or defined(openbsd):
-      # OpenBSD security for setjmp/longjmp coroutines
-      var MAP_STACK {.importc: "MAP_STACK", header: "<sys/mman.h>".}: cint
+    # OpenBSD security for setjmp/longjmp coroutines
+    var MAP_STACK {.importc: "MAP_STACK", header: "<sys/mman.h>".}: cint
   else:
     const MAP_STACK = 0             # avoid sideeffects
-    
+
   when defined(macosx) or defined(freebsd):
     const MAP_ANONYMOUS = 0x1000
     const MAP_PRIVATE = 0x02        # Changes are private
@@ -277,7 +189,7 @@ elif defined(windows) and not defined(StandaloneHeapSize):
     when reallyOsDealloc:
       if virtualFree(p, 0, MEM_RELEASE) == 0:
         cprintf "virtualFree failing!"
-        quit 1
+        rawQuit 1
     #VirtualFree(p, size, MEM_DECOMMIT)
 
 elif hostOS == "standalone" or defined(StandaloneHeapSize):
diff --git a/lib/system/platforms.nim b/lib/system/platforms.nim
index 59a1333f1..0619f3fca 100644
--- a/lib/system/platforms.nim
+++ b/lib/system/platforms.nim
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
 ## Platform detection for NimScript. This module is included by the system module!
 ## Do not import it directly!
 
+# CPU architectures have alias names mapped in tools/niminst/makefile.nimf
+
 type
   CpuPlatform* {.pure.} = enum ## the CPU this program will run on.
     none,                      ## unknown CPU
@@ -35,13 +37,15 @@ type
     msp430,                    ## TI MSP430 microcontroller
     riscv32,                   ## RISC-V 32-bit processor
     riscv64,                   ## RISC-V 64-bit processor
-    wasm32                     ## WASM, 32-bit
+    wasm32,                    ## WASM, 32-bit
+    e2k,                       ## MCST Elbrus 2000
+    loongarch64,               ## LoongArch 64-bit processor
+    s390x                      ## IBM Z
 
   OsPlatform* {.pure.} = enum ## the OS this program will run on.
     none, dos, windows, os2, linux, morphos, skyos, solaris,
     irix, netbsd, freebsd, openbsd, aix, palmos, qnx, amiga,
-    atari, netware, macos, macosx, haiku, android, js, nimVM,
-    standalone, nintendoswitch
+    atari, netware, macos, macosx, haiku, android, js, standalone, nintendoswitch
 
 const
   targetOS* = when defined(windows): OsPlatform.windows
@@ -66,7 +70,6 @@ const
               elif defined(haiku): OsPlatform.haiku
               elif defined(android): OsPlatform.android
               elif defined(js): OsPlatform.js
-              elif defined(nimVM): OsPlatform.nimVM
               elif defined(standalone): OsPlatform.standalone
               elif defined(nintendoswitch): OsPlatform.nintendoswitch
               else: OsPlatform.none
@@ -95,5 +98,8 @@ const
                elif defined(riscv32): CpuPlatform.riscv32
                elif defined(riscv64): CpuPlatform.riscv64
                elif defined(wasm32): CpuPlatform.wasm32
+               elif defined(e2k): CpuPlatform.e2k
+               elif defined(loongarch64): CpuPlatform.loongarch64
+               elif defined(s390x): CpuPlatform.s390x
                else: CpuPlatform.none
     ## the CPU this program will run on.
diff --git a/lib/system/profiler.nim b/lib/system/profiler.nim
index 0649f1176..e7eb6ac82 100644
--- a/lib/system/profiler.nim
+++ b/lib/system/profiler.nim
@@ -60,13 +60,13 @@ proc captureStackTrace(f: PFrame, st: var StackTrace) =
     b = b.prev
 
 var
-  profilingRequestedHook*: proc (): bool {.nimcall, locks: 0, gcsafe.}
+  profilingRequestedHook*: proc (): bool {.nimcall, gcsafe.}
     ## set this variable to provide a procedure that implements a profiler in
     ## user space. See the `nimprof` module for a reference implementation.
 
 when defined(memProfiler):
   type
-    MemProfilerHook* = proc (st: StackTrace, requestedSize: int) {.nimcall, locks: 0, gcsafe.}
+    MemProfilerHook* = proc (st: StackTrace, requestedSize: int) {.nimcall, gcsafe.}
 
   var
     profilerHook*: MemProfilerHook
diff --git a/lib/system/rawquits.nim b/lib/system/rawquits.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f0ead10c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/system/rawquits.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import system/ctypes
+
+when defined(nimNoQuit):
+  proc rawQuit(errorcode: int = QuitSuccess) = discard "ignoring quit"
+
+elif defined(genode):
+  import genode/env
+
+  var systemEnv {.exportc: runtimeEnvSym.}: GenodeEnvPtr
+
+  type GenodeEnv = GenodeEnvPtr
+    ## Opaque type representing Genode environment.
+
+  proc rawQuit(env: GenodeEnv; errorcode: int) {.magic: "Exit", noreturn,
+    importcpp: "#->parent().exit(@); Genode::sleep_forever()", header: "<base/sleep.h>".}
+
+  proc rawQuit(errorcode: int = QuitSuccess) {.inline, noreturn.} =
+    systemEnv.rawQuit(errorcode)
+
+
+elif defined(js) and defined(nodejs) and not defined(nimscript):
+  proc rawQuit(errorcode: int = QuitSuccess) {.magic: "Exit",
+    importc: "process.exit", noreturn.}
+
+else:
+  proc rawQuit(errorcode: cint) {.
+    magic: "Exit", importc: "exit", header: "<stdlib.h>", noreturn.}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/system/repr.nim b/lib/system/repr.nim
index 7424500eb..13118e40b 100644
--- a/lib/system/repr.nim
+++ b/lib/system/repr.nim
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ proc reprFloat(x: float): string {.compilerproc.} = return $x
 
 proc reprPointer(x: pointer): string {.compilerproc.} =
   result = newString(60)
-  let n = c_sprintf(addr result[0], "%p", x)
+  let n = c_snprintf(cast[cstring](addr result[0]), csize_t(60), "%p", x)
   setLen(result, n)
 
 proc reprStrAux(result: var string, s: cstring; len: int) =
@@ -72,6 +72,8 @@ proc reprEnum(e: int, typ: PNimType): string {.compilerRtl.} =
 
   result = $e & " (invalid data!)"
 
+include system/repr_impl
+
 type
   PByteArray = ptr UncheckedArray[byte] # array[0xffff, byte]
 
@@ -153,7 +155,7 @@ when not defined(useNimRtl):
     var bs = typ.base.size
     for i in 0..typ.size div bs - 1:
       if i > 0: add result, ", "
-      reprAux(result, cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](p) + i*bs), typ.base, cl)
+      reprAux(result, cast[pointer](cast[int](p) + i*bs), typ.base, cl)
     add result, "]"
 
   when defined(nimSeqsV2):
@@ -181,7 +183,7 @@ when not defined(useNimRtl):
     var bs = typ.base.size
     for i in 0..cast[PGenericSeq](p).len-1:
       if i > 0: add result, ", "
-      reprAux(result, cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](payloadPtr(p)) + align(payloadOffset, typ.align) + i*bs),
+      reprAux(result, cast[pointer](cast[int](payloadPtr(p)) + align(payloadOffset, typ.align) + i*bs),
               typ.base, cl)
     add result, "]"
 
@@ -192,14 +194,14 @@ when not defined(useNimRtl):
     of nkSlot:
       add result, $n.name
       add result, " = "
-      reprAux(result, cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](p) + n.offset), n.typ, cl)
+      reprAux(result, cast[pointer](cast[int](p) + n.offset), n.typ, cl)
     of nkList:
       for i in 0..n.len-1:
         if i > 0: add result, ",\n"
         reprRecordAux(result, p, n.sons[i], cl)
     of nkCase:
       var m = selectBranch(p, n)
-      reprAux(result, cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](p) + n.offset), n.typ, cl)
+      reprAux(result, cast[pointer](cast[int](p) + n.offset), n.typ, cl)
       if m != nil: reprRecordAux(result, p, m, cl)
 
   proc reprRecord(result: var string, p: pointer, typ: PNimType,
@@ -281,7 +283,7 @@ when not defined(useNimRtl):
     of tyString:
       let sp = cast[ptr string](p)
       reprStrAux(result, sp[].cstring, sp[].len)
-    of tyCString:
+    of tyCstring:
       let cs = cast[ptr cstring](p)[]
       if cs.isNil: add result, "nil"
       else: reprStrAux(result, cs, cs.len)
@@ -305,7 +307,7 @@ when not defined(useNimRtl):
     var bs = elemtyp.size
     for i in 0..length - 1:
       if i > 0: add result, ", "
-      reprAux(result, cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](p) + i*bs), elemtyp, cl)
+      reprAux(result, cast[pointer](cast[int](p) + i*bs), elemtyp, cl)
     add result, "]"
     deinitReprClosure(cl)
 
diff --git a/lib/system/repr_impl.nim b/lib/system/repr_impl.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b9ec1890f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/system/repr_impl.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#[
+other APIs common to system/repr and system/reprjs could be refactored here, eg:
+* reprChar
+* reprBool
+* reprStr
+
+Another possibility in future work would be to have a single include file instead
+of system/repr and system/reprjs, and use `when defined(js)` inside it.
+]#
+
+proc reprDiscriminant*(e: int, typ: PNimType): string {.compilerRtl.} =
+  case typ.kind
+  of tyEnum: reprEnum(e, typ)
+  of tyBool: $(e != 0)
+  else: $e
diff --git a/lib/system/repr_v2.nim b/lib/system/repr_v2.nim
index d456f4454..d2aef536c 100644
--- a/lib/system/repr_v2.nim
+++ b/lib/system/repr_v2.nim
@@ -1,39 +1,47 @@
+include system/inclrtl
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/formatfloat
+
 proc isNamedTuple(T: typedesc): bool {.magic: "TypeTrait".}
   ## imported from typetraits
 
-proc distinctBase(T: typedesc): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait".}
+proc distinctBase(T: typedesc, recursive: static bool = true): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait".}
   ## imported from typetraits
 
+proc rangeBase(T: typedesc): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait".}
+  # skip one level of range; return the base type of a range type
+
 proc repr*(x: NimNode): string {.magic: "Repr", noSideEffect.}
 
-proc repr*(x: int): string {.magic: "IntToStr", noSideEffect.}
-  ## repr for an integer argument. Returns `x`
-  ## converted to a decimal string.
+proc repr*(x: int): string =
+  ## Same as $x
+  $x
 
-proc repr*(x: int64): string {.magic: "Int64ToStr", noSideEffect.}
-  ## repr for an integer argument. Returns `x`
-  ## converted to a decimal string.
+proc repr*(x: int64): string =
+  ## Same as $x
+  $x
 
 proc repr*(x: uint64): string {.noSideEffect.} =
-  ## repr for an unsigned integer argument. Returns `x`
-  ## converted to a decimal string.
-  $x #Calls `$` from system/strmantle.nim
+  ## Same as $x
+  $x
 
-proc repr*(x: float): string {.magic: "FloatToStr", noSideEffect.}
-  ## repr for a float argument. Returns `x`
-  ## converted to a decimal string.
+proc repr*(x: float): string =
+  ## Same as $x
+  $x
 
 proc repr*(x: bool): string {.magic: "BoolToStr", noSideEffect.}
   ## repr for a boolean argument. Returns `x`
   ## converted to the string "false" or "true".
 
-proc repr*(x: char): string {.noSideEffect.} =
+proc repr*(x: char): string {.noSideEffect, raises: [].} =
   ## repr for a character argument. Returns `x`
   ## converted to an escaped string.
   ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   assert repr('c') == "'c'"
-  result.add '\''
+  ##   ```
+  result = "'"
   # Elides string creations if not needed
   if x in {'\\', '\0'..'\31', '\127'..'\255'}:
     result.add '\\'
@@ -43,10 +51,10 @@ proc repr*(x: char): string {.noSideEffect.} =
     result.add x
   result.add '\''
 
-proc repr*(x: string | cstring): string {.noSideEffect.} =
+proc repr*(x: string | cstring): string {.noSideEffect, raises: [].} =
   ## repr for a string argument. Returns `x`
   ## converted to a quoted and escaped string.
-  result.add '\"'
+  result = "\""
   for i in 0..<x.len:
     if x[i] in {'"', '\\', '\0'..'\31', '\127'..'\255'}:
       result.add '\\'
@@ -59,13 +67,18 @@ proc repr*(x: string | cstring): string {.noSideEffect.} =
       result.add x[i]
   result.add '\"'
 
-proc repr*[Enum: enum](x: Enum): string {.magic: "EnumToStr", noSideEffect.}
+proc repr*[Enum: enum](x: Enum): string {.magic: "EnumToStr", noSideEffect, raises: [].}
   ## repr for an enumeration argument. This works for
   ## any enumeration type thanks to compiler magic.
   ##
   ## If a `repr` operator for a concrete enumeration is provided, this is
   ## used instead. (In other words: *Overwriting* is possible.)
 
+proc reprDiscriminant*(e: int): string {.compilerproc.} =
+  # repr and reprjs can use `PNimType` to symbolize `e`; making this work here
+  # would require a way to pass the set of enum stringified values to cgen.
+  $e
+
 proc repr*(p: pointer): string =
   ## repr of pointer as its hexadecimal value
   if p == nil:
@@ -82,16 +95,21 @@ proc repr*(p: pointer): string =
         result[j] = HexChars[n and 0xF]
         n = n shr 4
 
-proc repr*(p: proc): string =
+proc repr*(p: proc | iterator {.closure.}): string =
   ## repr of a proc as its address
-  repr(cast[pointer](p))
+  repr(cast[ptr pointer](unsafeAddr p)[])
 
-template repr*(x: distinct): string =
-  repr(distinctBase(typeof(x))(x))
+template repr*[T: distinct|(range and not enum)](x: T): string =
+  when T is range: # add a branch to handle range
+    repr(rangeBase(typeof(x))(x))
+  elif T is distinct:
+    repr(distinctBase(typeof(x))(x))
+  else:
+    {.error: "cannot happen".}
 
 template repr*(t: typedesc): string = $t
 
-proc reprObject[T: tuple|object](res: var string, x: T) =
+proc reprObject[T: tuple|object](res: var string, x: T) {.noSideEffect, raises: [].} =
   res.add '('
   var firstElement = true
   const isNamed = T is object or isNamedTuple(T)
@@ -112,19 +130,19 @@ proc reprObject[T: tuple|object](res: var string, x: T) =
   res.add(')')
 
 
-proc repr*[T: tuple|object](x: T): string =
+proc repr*[T: tuple|object](x: T): string {.noSideEffect, raises: [].} =
   ## Generic `repr` operator for tuples that is lifted from the components
   ## of `x`. Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   $(23, 45) == "(23, 45)"
   ##   $(a: 23, b: 45) == "(a: 23, b: 45)"
   ##   $() == "()"
+  ##   ```
   when T is object:
     result = $typeof(x)
   reprObject(result, x)
 
-proc repr*[T](x: ref T | ptr T): string =
+proc repr*[T](x: ref T | ptr T): string {.noSideEffect, raises: [].} =
   if isNil(x): return "nil"
   when T is object:
     result = $typeof(x)
@@ -133,7 +151,7 @@ proc repr*[T](x: ref T | ptr T): string =
     result = when typeof(x) is ref: "ref " else: "ptr "
     result.add repr(x[])
 
-proc collectionToRepr[T](x: T, prefix, separator, suffix: string): string =
+proc collectionToRepr[T](x: T, prefix, separator, suffix: string): string {.noSideEffect, raises: [].} =
   result = prefix
   var firstElement = true
   for value in items(x):
@@ -147,29 +165,19 @@ proc collectionToRepr[T](x: T, prefix, separator, suffix: string): string =
 proc repr*[T](x: set[T]): string =
   ## Generic `repr` operator for sets that is lifted from the components
   ## of `x`. Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   ${23, 45} == "{23, 45}"
+  ##   ```
   collectionToRepr(x, "{", ", ", "}")
 
 proc repr*[T](x: seq[T]): string =
   ## Generic `repr` operator for seqs that is lifted from the components
   ## of `x`. Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   $(@[23, 45]) == "@[23, 45]"
+  ##   ```
   collectionToRepr(x, "@[", ", ", "]")
 
-proc repr*[T, U](x: HSlice[T, U]): string =
-  ## Generic `repr` operator for slices that is lifted from the components
-  ## of `x`. Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##  $(1 .. 5) == "1 .. 5"
-  result = repr(x.a)
-  result.add(" .. ")
-  result.add(repr(x.b))
-
 proc repr*[T, IDX](x: array[IDX, T]): string =
   ## Generic `repr` operator for arrays that is lifted from the components.
   collectionToRepr(x, "[", ", ", "]")
@@ -177,7 +185,10 @@ proc repr*[T, IDX](x: array[IDX, T]): string =
 proc repr*[T](x: openArray[T]): string =
   ## Generic `repr` operator for openarrays that is lifted from the components
   ## of `x`. Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
+  ##   ```Nim
   ##   $(@[23, 45].toOpenArray(0, 1)) == "[23, 45]"
+  ##   ```
   collectionToRepr(x, "[", ", ", "]")
+
+proc repr*[T](x: UncheckedArray[T]): string =
+  "[...]"
diff --git a/lib/system/reprjs.nim b/lib/system/reprjs.nim
index 36972024a..761d66aec 100644
--- a/lib/system/reprjs.nim
+++ b/lib/system/reprjs.nim
@@ -8,7 +8,12 @@
 #
 # The generic ``repr`` procedure for the javascript backend.
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/formatfloat
+
 proc reprInt(x: int64): string {.compilerproc.} = $x
+proc reprInt(x: uint64): string {.compilerproc.} = $x
+proc reprInt(x: int): string {.compilerproc.} = $x
 proc reprFloat(x: float): string {.compilerproc.} = $x
 
 proc reprPointer(p: pointer): string {.compilerproc.} =
@@ -24,12 +29,14 @@ proc reprBool(x: bool): string {.compilerRtl.} =
 proc reprEnum(e: int, typ: PNimType): string {.compilerRtl.} =
   var tmp: bool
   let item = typ.node.sons[e]
-  {.emit: "`tmp` = `item` !== undefined".}
+  {.emit: "`tmp` = `item` !== undefined;".}
   if tmp:
     result = makeNimstrLit(item.name)
   else:
     result = $e & " (invalid data!)"
 
+include system/repr_impl
+
 proc reprChar(x: char): string {.compilerRtl.} =
   result = "\'"
   case x
@@ -113,7 +120,6 @@ proc reprArray(a: pointer, typ: PNimType,
   # We prepend @ to seq, the C backend prepends the pointer to the seq.
   result = if typ.kind == tySequence: "@[" else: "["
   var len: int = 0
-  var i: int = 0
 
   {. emit: "`len` = `a`.length;\n" .}
   var dereffed: pointer = a
@@ -130,7 +136,7 @@ proc reprArray(a: pointer, typ: PNimType,
   add(result, "]")
 
 proc isPointedToNil(p: pointer): bool =
-  {. emit: "if (`p` === null) {`result` = true};\n" .}
+  {. emit: "if (`p` === null) {`result` = true;}\n" .}
 
 proc reprRef(result: var string, p: pointer, typ: PNimType,
           cl: var ReprClosure) =
@@ -188,8 +194,12 @@ proc reprAux(result: var string, p: pointer, typ: PNimType,
     return
   dec(cl.recDepth)
   case typ.kind
-  of tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64:
+  of tyInt..tyInt32, tyUInt..tyUInt32:
     add(result, reprInt(cast[int](p)))
+  of tyInt64:
+    add(result, reprInt(cast[int64](p)))
+  of tyUInt64:
+    add(result, reprInt(cast[uint64](p)))
   of tyChar:
     add(result, reprChar(cast[char](p)))
   of tyBool:
@@ -200,7 +210,7 @@ proc reprAux(result: var string, p: pointer, typ: PNimType,
     var fp: int
     {. emit: "`fp` = `p`;\n" .}
     add(result, reprStr(cast[string](p)))
-  of tyCString:
+  of tyCstring:
     var fp: cstring
     {. emit: "`fp` = `p`;\n" .}
     if fp.isNil:
diff --git a/lib/system/seqs_v2.nim b/lib/system/seqs_v2.nim
index b7f24ecd5..572e77408 100644
--- a/lib/system/seqs_v2.nim
+++ b/lib/system/seqs_v2.nim
@@ -8,10 +8,13 @@
 #
 
 
-# import typetraits
+# import std/typetraits
 # strs already imported allocateds for us.
 
-proc supportsCopyMem(t: typedesc): bool {.magic: "TypeTrait".}
+
+# Some optimizations here may be not to empty-seq-initialize some symbols, then StrictNotNil complains.
+{.push warning[StrictNotNil]: off.}  # See https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/21401
+
 
 ## Default seq implementation used by Nim's core.
 type
@@ -27,6 +30,10 @@ type
     len: int
     p: ptr NimSeqPayload[T]
 
+  NimRawSeq = object
+    len: int
+    p: pointer
+
 const nimSeqVersion {.core.} = 2
 
 # XXX make code memory safe for overflows in '*'
@@ -41,6 +48,15 @@ proc newSeqPayload(cap, elemSize, elemAlign: int): pointer {.compilerRtl, raises
   else:
     result = nil
 
+proc newSeqPayloadUninit(cap, elemSize, elemAlign: int): pointer {.compilerRtl, raises: [].} =
+  # Used in `newSeqOfCap()`.
+  if cap > 0:
+    var p = cast[ptr NimSeqPayloadBase](alignedAlloc(align(sizeof(NimSeqPayloadBase), elemAlign) + cap * elemSize, elemAlign))
+    p.cap = cap
+    result = p
+  else:
+    result = nil
+
 template `+!`(p: pointer, s: int): pointer =
   cast[pointer](cast[int](p) +% s)
 
@@ -48,7 +64,7 @@ template `-!`(p: pointer, s: int): pointer =
   cast[pointer](cast[int](p) -% s)
 
 proc prepareSeqAdd(len: int; p: pointer; addlen, elemSize, elemAlign: int): pointer {.
-    noSideEffect, raises: [], compilerRtl.} =
+    noSideEffect, tags: [], raises: [], compilerRtl.} =
   {.noSideEffect.}:
     let headerSize = align(sizeof(NimSeqPayloadBase), elemAlign)
     if addlen <= 0:
@@ -61,59 +77,142 @@ proc prepareSeqAdd(len: int; p: pointer; addlen, elemSize, elemAlign: int): poin
       var p = cast[ptr NimSeqPayloadBase](p)
       let oldCap = p.cap and not strlitFlag
       let newCap = max(resize(oldCap), len+addlen)
+      var q: ptr NimSeqPayloadBase
       if (p.cap and strlitFlag) == strlitFlag:
-        var q = cast[ptr NimSeqPayloadBase](alignedAlloc0(headerSize + elemSize * newCap, elemAlign))
+        q = cast[ptr NimSeqPayloadBase](alignedAlloc(headerSize + elemSize * newCap, elemAlign))
+        copyMem(q +! headerSize, p +! headerSize, len * elemSize)
+      else:
+        let oldSize = headerSize + elemSize * oldCap
+        let newSize = headerSize + elemSize * newCap
+        q = cast[ptr NimSeqPayloadBase](alignedRealloc(p, oldSize, newSize, elemAlign))
+
+      zeroMem(q +! headerSize +! len * elemSize, addlen * elemSize)
+      q.cap = newCap
+      result = q
+
+proc zeroNewElements(len: int; q: pointer; addlen, elemSize, elemAlign: int) {.
+    noSideEffect, tags: [], raises: [], compilerRtl.} =
+  {.noSideEffect.}:
+    let headerSize = align(sizeof(NimSeqPayloadBase), elemAlign)
+    zeroMem(q +! headerSize +! len * elemSize, addlen * elemSize)
+
+proc prepareSeqAddUninit(len: int; p: pointer; addlen, elemSize, elemAlign: int): pointer {.
+    noSideEffect, tags: [], raises: [], compilerRtl.} =
+  {.noSideEffect.}:
+    let headerSize = align(sizeof(NimSeqPayloadBase), elemAlign)
+    if addlen <= 0:
+      result = p
+    elif p == nil:
+      result = newSeqPayloadUninit(len+addlen, elemSize, elemAlign)
+    else:
+      # Note: this means we cannot support things that have internal pointers as
+      # they get reallocated here. This needs to be documented clearly.
+      var p = cast[ptr NimSeqPayloadBase](p)
+      let oldCap = p.cap and not strlitFlag
+      let newCap = max(resize(oldCap), len+addlen)
+      if (p.cap and strlitFlag) == strlitFlag:
+        var q = cast[ptr NimSeqPayloadBase](alignedAlloc(headerSize + elemSize * newCap, elemAlign))
         copyMem(q +! headerSize, p +! headerSize, len * elemSize)
         q.cap = newCap
         result = q
       else:
         let oldSize = headerSize + elemSize * oldCap
         let newSize = headerSize + elemSize * newCap
-        var q = cast[ptr NimSeqPayloadBase](alignedRealloc0(p, oldSize, newSize, elemAlign))
+        var q = cast[ptr NimSeqPayloadBase](alignedRealloc(p, oldSize, newSize, elemAlign))
         q.cap = newCap
         result = q
 
-proc shrink*[T](x: var seq[T]; newLen: Natural) =
+proc shrink*[T](x: var seq[T]; newLen: Natural) {.tags: [], raises: [].} =
   when nimvm:
-    setLen(x, newLen)
+    {.cast(tags: []).}:
+      setLen(x, newLen)
   else:
     #sysAssert newLen <= x.len, "invalid newLen parameter for 'shrink'"
     when not supportsCopyMem(T):
       for i in countdown(x.len - 1, newLen):
         reset x[i]
     # XXX This is wrong for const seqs that were moved into 'x'!
-    cast[ptr NimSeqV2[T]](addr x).len = newLen
+    {.noSideEffect.}:
+      cast[ptr NimSeqV2[T]](addr x).len = newLen
 
-proc grow*[T](x: var seq[T]; newLen: Natural; value: T) =
+proc grow*[T](x: var seq[T]; newLen: Natural; value: T) {.nodestroy.} =
   let oldLen = x.len
   #sysAssert newLen >= x.len, "invalid newLen parameter for 'grow'"
   if newLen <= oldLen: return
   var xu = cast[ptr NimSeqV2[T]](addr x)
-  if xu.p == nil or xu.p.cap < newLen:
-    xu.p = cast[typeof(xu.p)](prepareSeqAdd(oldLen, xu.p, newLen - oldLen, sizeof(T), alignof(T)))
+  if xu.p == nil or (xu.p.cap and not strlitFlag) < newLen:
+    xu.p = cast[typeof(xu.p)](prepareSeqAddUninit(oldLen, xu.p, newLen - oldLen, sizeof(T), alignof(T)))
   xu.len = newLen
   for i in oldLen .. newLen-1:
-    xu.p.data[i] = value
+    wasMoved(xu.p.data[i])
+    `=copy`(xu.p.data[i], value)
 
-proc add*[T](x: var seq[T]; value: sink T) {.magic: "AppendSeqElem", noSideEffect, nodestroy.} =
+proc add*[T](x: var seq[T]; y: sink T) {.magic: "AppendSeqElem", noSideEffect, nodestroy.} =
   ## Generic proc for adding a data item `y` to a container `x`.
   ##
   ## For containers that have an order, `add` means *append*. New generic
   ## containers should also call their adding proc `add` for consistency.
   ## Generic code becomes much easier to write if the Nim naming scheme is
   ## respected.
-  let oldLen = x.len
-  var xu = cast[ptr NimSeqV2[T]](addr x)
-  if xu.p == nil or xu.p.cap < oldLen+1:
-    xu.p = cast[typeof(xu.p)](prepareSeqAdd(oldLen, xu.p, 1, sizeof(T), alignof(T)))
-  xu.len = oldLen+1
-  # .nodestroy means `xu.p.data[oldLen] = value` is compiled into a
-  # copyMem(). This is fine as know by construction that
-  # in `xu.p.data[oldLen]` there is nothing to destroy.
-  # We also save the `wasMoved + destroy` pair for the sink parameter.
-  xu.p.data[oldLen] = value
-
-proc setLen[T](s: var seq[T], newlen: Natural) =
+  {.cast(noSideEffect).}:
+    let oldLen = x.len
+    var xu = cast[ptr NimSeqV2[T]](addr x)
+    if xu.p == nil or (xu.p.cap and not strlitFlag) < oldLen+1:
+      xu.p = cast[typeof(xu.p)](prepareSeqAddUninit(oldLen, xu.p, 1, sizeof(T), alignof(T)))
+    xu.len = oldLen+1
+    # .nodestroy means `xu.p.data[oldLen] = value` is compiled into a
+    # copyMem(). This is fine as know by construction that
+    # in `xu.p.data[oldLen]` there is nothing to destroy.
+    # We also save the `wasMoved + destroy` pair for the sink parameter.
+    xu.p.data[oldLen] = y
+
+proc setLen[T](s: var seq[T], newlen: Natural) {.nodestroy.} =
+  {.noSideEffect.}:
+    if newlen < s.len:
+      shrink(s, newlen)
+    else:
+      let oldLen = s.len
+      if newlen <= oldLen: return
+      var xu = cast[ptr NimSeqV2[T]](addr s)
+      if xu.p == nil or (xu.p.cap and not strlitFlag) < newlen:
+        xu.p = cast[typeof(xu.p)](prepareSeqAddUninit(oldLen, xu.p, newlen - oldLen, sizeof(T), alignof(T)))
+      xu.len = newlen
+      for i in oldLen..<newlen:
+        xu.p.data[i] = default(T)
+
+proc newSeq[T](s: var seq[T], len: Natural) =
+  shrink(s, 0)
+  setLen(s, len)
+
+proc sameSeqPayload(x: pointer, y: pointer): bool {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
+  result = cast[ptr NimRawSeq](x)[].p == cast[ptr NimRawSeq](y)[].p
+
+
+func capacity*[T](self: seq[T]): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the current capacity of the seq.
+  # See https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/460
+  runnableExamples:
+    var lst = newSeqOfCap[string](cap = 42)
+    lst.add "Nim"
+    assert lst.capacity == 42
+
+  let sek = cast[ptr NimSeqV2[T]](unsafeAddr self)
+  result = if sek.p != nil: sek.p.cap and not strlitFlag else: 0
+
+func setLenUninit*[T](s: var seq[T], newlen: Natural) {.nodestroy.} =
+  ## Sets the length of seq `s` to `newlen`. `T` may be any sequence type.
+  ## New slots will not be initialized.
+  ##
+  ## If the current length is greater than the new length,
+  ## `s` will be truncated.
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   var x = @[10, 20]
+  ##   x.setLenUninit(5)
+  ##   x[4] = 50
+  ##   assert x[4] == 50
+  ##   x.setLenUninit(1)
+  ##   assert x == @[10]
+  ##   ```
   {.noSideEffect.}:
     if newlen < s.len:
       shrink(s, newlen)
@@ -121,6 +220,8 @@ proc setLen[T](s: var seq[T], newlen: Natural) =
       let oldLen = s.len
       if newlen <= oldLen: return
       var xu = cast[ptr NimSeqV2[T]](addr s)
-      if xu.p == nil or xu.p.cap < newlen:
-        xu.p = cast[typeof(xu.p)](prepareSeqAdd(oldLen, xu.p, newlen - oldLen, sizeof(T), alignof(T)))
+      if xu.p == nil or (xu.p.cap and not strlitFlag) < newlen:
+        xu.p = cast[typeof(xu.p)](prepareSeqAddUninit(oldLen, xu.p, newlen - oldLen, sizeof(T), alignof(T)))
       xu.len = newlen
+
+{.pop.}  # See https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/21401
diff --git a/lib/system/setops.nim b/lib/system/setops.nim
index 755eafdb8..67aa3097a 100644
--- a/lib/system/setops.nim
+++ b/lib/system/setops.nim
@@ -9,7 +9,10 @@ func incl*[T](x: var set[T], y: T) {.magic: "Incl".} =
     a.incl(4)
     assert a == {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
 
-template incl*[T](x: var set[T], y: set[T]) =
+when not defined(nimHasCallsitePragma):
+  {.pragma: callsite.}
+
+template incl*[T](x: var set[T], y: set[T]) {.callsite.} =
   ## Includes the set `y` in the set `x`.
   runnableExamples:
     var a = {1, 3, 5, 7}
@@ -23,11 +26,11 @@ func excl*[T](x: var set[T], y: T) {.magic: "Excl".} =
   ##
   ## This is the same as `x = x - {y}`, but it might be more efficient.
   runnableExamples:
-    var b = {2, 3, 5, 6, 12, 545}
+    var b = {2, 3, 5, 6, 12, 54}
     b.excl(5)
-    assert b == {2, 3, 6, 12, 545}
+    assert b == {2, 3, 6, 12, 54}
 
-template excl*[T](x: var set[T], y: set[T]) =
+template excl*[T](x: var set[T], y: set[T]) {.callsite.} =
   ## Excludes the set `y` from the set `x`.
   runnableExamples:
     var a = {1, 3, 5, 7}
diff --git a/lib/system/sets.nim b/lib/system/sets.nim
index 103c8d343..97431c296 100644
--- a/lib/system/sets.nim
+++ b/lib/system/sets.nim
@@ -9,18 +9,20 @@
 
 # set handling
 
-type
-  NimSet = array[0..4*2048-1, uint8]
 
-
-proc cardSet(s: NimSet, len: int): int {.compilerproc, inline.} =
+proc cardSetImpl(s: ptr UncheckedArray[uint8], len: int): int {.inline.} =
   var i = 0
   result = 0
+  var num = 0'u64
   when defined(x86) or defined(amd64):
     while i < len - 8:
-      inc(result, countBits64((cast[ptr uint64](s[i].unsafeAddr))[]))
+      copyMem(addr num, addr s[i], 8)
+      inc(result, countBits64(num))
       inc(i, 8)
 
   while i < len:
     inc(result, countBits32(uint32(s[i])))
     inc(i, 1)
+
+proc cardSet(s: ptr UncheckedArray[uint8], len: int): int {.compilerproc, inline.} =
+  result = cardSetImpl(s, len)
diff --git a/lib/system/stacktraces.nim b/lib/system/stacktraces.nim
index 8142f8c7b..42be9d94f 100644
--- a/lib/system/stacktraces.nim
+++ b/lib/system/stacktraces.nim
@@ -22,26 +22,26 @@ when defined(nimStackTraceOverride):
       ## This is the same as the type `uintptr_t` in C.
 
     StackTraceOverrideGetTracebackProc* = proc (): string {.
-      nimcall, gcsafe, locks: 0, raises: [], tags: [], noinline.}
+      nimcall, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], noinline.}
     StackTraceOverrideGetProgramCountersProc* = proc (maxLength: cint): seq[cuintptr_t] {.
-      nimcall, gcsafe, locks: 0, raises: [], tags: [], noinline.}
+      nimcall, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], noinline.}
     StackTraceOverrideGetDebuggingInfoProc* =
       proc (programCounters: seq[cuintptr_t], maxLength: cint): seq[StackTraceEntry] {.
-        nimcall, gcsafe, locks: 0, raises: [], tags: [], noinline.}
+        nimcall, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], noinline.}
 
   # Default procedures (not normally used, because people opting in on this
   # override are supposed to register their own versions).
   var
     stackTraceOverrideGetTraceback: StackTraceOverrideGetTracebackProc =
-      proc (): string {.nimcall, gcsafe, locks: 0, raises: [], tags: [], noinline.} =
+      proc (): string {.nimcall, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], noinline.} =
         discard
         #result = "Stack trace override procedure not registered.\n"
     stackTraceOverrideGetProgramCounters: StackTraceOverrideGetProgramCountersProc =
-      proc (maxLength: cint): seq[cuintptr_t] {.nimcall, gcsafe, locks: 0, raises: [], tags: [], noinline.} =
+      proc (maxLength: cint): seq[cuintptr_t] {.nimcall, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], noinline.} =
         discard
     stackTraceOverrideGetDebuggingInfo: StackTraceOverrideGetDebuggingInfoProc =
       proc (programCounters: seq[cuintptr_t], maxLength: cint): seq[StackTraceEntry] {.
-        nimcall, gcsafe, locks: 0, raises: [], tags: [], noinline.} =
+        nimcall, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], noinline.} =
           discard
 
   # Custom procedure registration.
diff --git a/lib/system/strmantle.nim b/lib/system/strmantle.nim
index 42ea9d226..89046253b 100644
--- a/lib/system/strmantle.nim
+++ b/lib/system/strmantle.nim
@@ -9,83 +9,28 @@
 
 # Compilerprocs for strings that do not depend on the string implementation.
 
-const digitsTable = "0001020304050607080910111213141516171819" &
-    "2021222324252627282930313233343536373839" &
-    "4041424344454647484950515253545556575859" &
-    "6061626364656667686970717273747576777879" &
-    "8081828384858687888990919293949596979899"
-  # Inspired by https://engineering.fb.com/2013/03/15/developer-tools/three-optimization-tips-for-c
-  # Generates:
-  # .. code-block:: nim
-  #   var res = ""
-  #   for i in 0 .. 99:
-  #     if i < 10:
-  #       res.add "0" & $i
-  #     else:
-  #       res.add $i
-  #   doAssert res == digitsTable
-
-
-func digits10(num: uint64): int {.noinline.} =
-  if num < 10'u64:
-    result = 1
-  elif num < 100'u64:
-    result = 2
-  elif num < 1_000'u64:
-    result = 3
-  elif num < 10_000'u64:
-    result = 4
-  elif num < 100_000'u64:
-    result = 5
-  elif num < 1_000_000'u64:
-    result = 6
-  elif num < 10_000_000'u64:
-    result = 7
-  elif num < 100_000_000'u64:
-    result = 8
-  elif num < 1_000_000_000'u64:
-    result = 9
-  elif num < 10_000_000_000'u64:
-    result = 10
-  elif num < 100_000_000_000'u64:
-    result = 11
-  elif num < 1_000_000_000_000'u64:
-    result = 12
-  else:
-    result = 12 + digits10(num div 1_000_000_000_000'u64)
-
-template numToString(result: var string, origin: uint64, length: int) =
-  var num = origin
-  var next = length - 1
-  const nbatch = 100
-
-  while num >= nbatch:
-    let originNum = num
-    num = num div nbatch
-    let index = (originNum - num * nbatch) shl 1
-    result[next] = digitsTable[index + 1]
-    result[next - 1] = digitsTable[index]
-    dec(next, 2)
-
-  # process last 1-2 digits
-  if num < 10:
-    result[next] = chr(ord('0') + num)
-  else:
-    let index = num * 2
-    result[next] = digitsTable[index + 1]
-    result[next - 1] = digitsTable[index]
+import std/private/digitsutils
+
 
 proc cmpStrings(a, b: string): int {.inline, compilerproc.} =
   let alen = a.len
   let blen = b.len
   let minlen = min(alen, blen)
   if minlen > 0:
-    result = c_memcmp(unsafeAddr a[0], unsafeAddr b[0], cast[csize_t](minlen))
+    result = c_memcmp(unsafeAddr a[0], unsafeAddr b[0], cast[csize_t](minlen)).int
     if result == 0:
       result = alen - blen
   else:
     result = alen - blen
 
+proc leStrings(a, b: string): bool {.inline, compilerproc.} =
+  # required by upcoming backends (NIR).
+  cmpStrings(a, b) <= 0
+
+proc ltStrings(a, b: string): bool {.inline, compilerproc.} =
+  # required by upcoming backends (NIR).
+  cmpStrings(a, b) < 0
+
 proc eqStrings(a, b: string): bool {.inline, compilerproc.} =
   let alen = a.len
   let blen = b.len
@@ -96,7 +41,7 @@ proc eqStrings(a, b: string): bool {.inline, compilerproc.} =
 proc hashString(s: string): int {.compilerproc.} =
   # the compiler needs exactly the same hash function!
   # this used to be used for efficient generation of string case statements
-  var h : uint = 0
+  var h = 0'u
   for i in 0..len(s)-1:
     h = h + uint(s[i])
     h = h + h shl 10
@@ -106,63 +51,28 @@ proc hashString(s: string): int {.compilerproc.} =
   h = h + h shl 15
   result = cast[int](h)
 
-proc addInt*(result: var string; x: int64) =
-  ## Converts integer to its string representation and appends it to `result`.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##   var
-  ##     a = "123"
-  ##     b = 45
-  ##   a.addInt(b) # a <- "12345"
-  let base = result.len
-  var length: int
-  var num: uint64
-
-  if x < 0:
-    if x == low(int64):
-      num = uint64(x)
-    else:
-      num = uint64(-x)
-    length = base + digits10(num) + 1
-    setLen(result, length)
-    result[base] = '-'
-  else:
-    num = uint64(x)
-    length = base + digits10(num)
-    setLen(result, length)
-  numToString(result, num, length)
-
-proc nimIntToStr(x: int): string {.compilerRtl.} =
-  result = newStringOfCap(sizeof(x)*4)
-  result.addInt x
-
-proc addCstringN(result: var string, buf: cstring; buflen: int) =
-  # no nimvm support needed, so it doesn't need to be fast here either
-  let oldLen = result.len
-  let newLen = oldLen + buflen
-  result.setLen newLen
-  copyMem(result[oldLen].addr, buf, buflen)
-
-import formatfloat
-
-proc addFloat*(result: var string; x: float) =
-  ## Converts float to its string representation and appends it to `result`.
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: Nim
-  ##   var
-  ##     a = "123"
-  ##     b = 45.67
-  ##   a.addFloat(b) # a <- "12345.67"
-  when nimvm:
-    result.add $x
-  else:
-    var buffer {.noinit.}: array[65, char]
-    let n = writeFloatToBuffer(buffer, x)
-    result.addCstringN(cstring(buffer[0].addr), n)
+proc eqCstrings(a, b: cstring): bool {.inline, compilerproc.} =
+  if pointer(a) == pointer(b): result = true
+  elif a.isNil or b.isNil: result = false
+  else: result = c_strcmp(a, b) == 0
 
-proc nimFloatToStr(f: float): string {.compilerproc.} =
-  result = newStringOfCap(8)
-  result.addFloat f
+proc hashCstring(s: cstring): int {.compilerproc.} =
+  # the compiler needs exactly the same hash function!
+  # this used to be used for efficient generation of cstring case statements
+  if s.isNil: return 0
+  var h : uint = 0
+  var i = 0
+  while true:
+    let c = s[i]
+    if c == '\0': break
+    h = h + uint(c)
+    h = h + h shl 10
+    h = h xor (h shr 6)
+    inc i
+  h = h + h shl 3
+  h = h xor (h shr 11)
+  h = h + h shl 15
+  result = cast[int](h)
 
 proc c_strtod(buf: cstring, endptr: ptr cstring): float64 {.
   importc: "strtod", header: "<stdlib.h>", noSideEffect.}
@@ -173,11 +83,11 @@ const
               1e10, 1e11, 1e12, 1e13, 1e14, 1e15, 1e16, 1e17, 1e18, 1e19,
               1e20, 1e21, 1e22]
 
-when defined(nimHasInvariant):
-  {.push staticBoundChecks: off.}
 
-proc nimParseBiggestFloat(s: string, number: var BiggestFloat,
-                          start = 0): int {.compilerproc.} =
+{.push staticBoundChecks: off.}
+
+proc nimParseBiggestFloat(s: openArray[char], number: var BiggestFloat,
+                         ): int {.compilerproc.} =
   # This routine attempt to parse float that can parsed quickly.
   # i.e. whose integer part can fit inside a 53bits integer.
   # their real exponent must also be <= 22. If the float doesn't follow
@@ -186,7 +96,7 @@ proc nimParseBiggestFloat(s: string, number: var BiggestFloat,
   # This avoid the problems of decimal character portability.
   # see: http://www.exploringbinary.com/fast-path-decimal-to-floating-point-conversion/
   var
-    i = start
+    i = 0
     sign = 1.0
     kdigits, fdigits = 0
     exponent = 0
@@ -209,7 +119,7 @@ proc nimParseBiggestFloat(s: string, number: var BiggestFloat,
       if s[i+2] == 'N' or s[i+2] == 'n':
         if i+3 >= s.len or s[i+3] notin IdentChars:
           number = NaN
-          return i+3 - start
+          return i+3
     return 0
 
   # Inf?
@@ -218,7 +128,7 @@ proc nimParseBiggestFloat(s: string, number: var BiggestFloat,
       if s[i+2] == 'F' or s[i+2] == 'f':
         if i+3 >= s.len or s[i+3] notin IdentChars:
           number = Inf*sign
-          return i+3 - start
+          return i+3
     return 0
 
   if i < s.len and s[i] in {'0'..'9'}:
@@ -252,8 +162,8 @@ proc nimParseBiggestFloat(s: string, number: var BiggestFloat,
 
   # if has no digits: return error
   if kdigits + fdigits <= 0 and
-     (i == start or # no char consumed (empty string).
-     (i == start + 1 and hasSign)): # or only '+' or '-
+     (i == 0 or # no char consumed (empty string).
+     (i == 1 and hasSign)): # or only '+' or '-
     return 0
 
   if i+1 < s.len and s[i] in {'e', 'E'}:
@@ -276,11 +186,13 @@ proc nimParseBiggestFloat(s: string, number: var BiggestFloat,
 
   # if exponent greater than can be represented: +/- zero or infinity
   if absExponent > 999:
-    if expNegative:
+    if integer == 0:
+      number = 0.0
+    elif expNegative:
       number = 0.0*sign
     else:
       number = Inf*sign
-    return i - start
+    return i
 
   # if integer is representable in 53 bits:  fast path
   # max fast path integer is  1<<53 - 1 or  8999999999999999 (16 digits)
@@ -292,29 +204,30 @@ proc nimParseBiggestFloat(s: string, number: var BiggestFloat,
         number = sign * integer.float / powtens[absExponent]
       else:
         number = sign * integer.float * powtens[absExponent]
-      return i - start
+      return i
 
     # if exponent is greater try to fit extra exponent above 22 by multiplying
     # integer part is there is space left.
     let slop = 15 - kdigits - fdigits
     if absExponent <= 22 + slop and not expNegative:
       number = sign * integer.float * powtens[slop] * powtens[absExponent-slop]
-      return i - start
+      return i
 
   # if failed: slow path with strtod.
   var t: array[500, char] # flaviu says: 325 is the longest reasonable literal
   var ti = 0
   let maxlen = t.high - "e+000".len # reserve enough space for exponent
 
-  result = i - start
-  i = start
+  let endPos = i
+  result = endPos
+  i = 0
   # re-parse without error checking, any error should be handled by the code above.
-  if i < s.len and s[i] == '.': i.inc
-  while i < s.len and s[i] in {'0'..'9','+','-'}:
+  if i < endPos and s[i] == '.': i.inc
+  while i < endPos and s[i] in {'0'..'9','+','-'}:
     if ti < maxlen:
       t[ti] = s[i]; inc(ti)
     inc(i)
-    while i < s.len and s[i] in {'.', '_'}: # skip underscore and decimal point
+    while i < endPos and s[i] in {'.', '_'}: # skip underscore and decimal point
       inc(i)
 
   # insert exponent
@@ -329,14 +242,9 @@ proc nimParseBiggestFloat(s: string, number: var BiggestFloat,
   t[ti-2] = ('0'.ord + absExponent mod 10).char
   absExponent = absExponent div 10
   t[ti-3] = ('0'.ord + absExponent mod 10).char
-  number = c_strtod(addr t, nil)
-
-when defined(nimHasInvariant):
-  {.pop.} # staticBoundChecks
+  number = c_strtod(cast[cstring](addr t), nil)
 
-proc nimInt64ToStr(x: int64): string {.compilerRtl.} =
-  result = newStringOfCap(sizeof(x)*4)
-  result.addInt x
+{.pop.} # staticBoundChecks
 
 proc nimBoolToStr(x: bool): string {.compilerRtl.} =
   return if x: "true" else: "false"
diff --git a/lib/system/strs_v2.nim b/lib/system/strs_v2.nim
index 6944cdc58..404b4f78d 100644
--- a/lib/system/strs_v2.nim
+++ b/lib/system/strs_v2.nim
@@ -34,53 +34,72 @@ template frees(s) =
     else:
       dealloc(s.p)
 
+template allocPayload(newLen: int): ptr NimStrPayload =
+  when compileOption("threads"):
+    cast[ptr NimStrPayload](allocShared(contentSize(newLen)))
+  else:
+    cast[ptr NimStrPayload](alloc(contentSize(newLen)))
+
+template allocPayload0(newLen: int): ptr NimStrPayload =
+  when compileOption("threads"):
+    cast[ptr NimStrPayload](allocShared0(contentSize(newLen)))
+  else:
+    cast[ptr NimStrPayload](alloc0(contentSize(newLen)))
+
+template reallocPayload(p: pointer, newLen: int): ptr NimStrPayload =
+  when compileOption("threads"):
+    cast[ptr NimStrPayload](reallocShared(p, contentSize(newLen)))
+  else:
+    cast[ptr NimStrPayload](realloc(p, contentSize(newLen)))
+
+template reallocPayload0(p: pointer; oldLen, newLen: int): ptr NimStrPayload =
+  when compileOption("threads"):
+    cast[ptr NimStrPayload](reallocShared0(p, contentSize(oldLen), contentSize(newLen)))
+  else:
+    cast[ptr NimStrPayload](realloc0(p, contentSize(oldLen), contentSize(newLen)))
+
 proc resize(old: int): int {.inline.} =
   if old <= 0: result = 4
-  elif old < 65536: result = old * 2
+  elif old <= high(int16): result = old * 2
   else: result = old * 3 div 2 # for large arrays * 3/2 is better
 
-proc prepareAdd(s: var NimStringV2; addlen: int) {.compilerRtl.} =
-  let newLen = s.len + addlen
+proc prepareAdd(s: var NimStringV2; addLen: int) {.compilerRtl.} =
+  let newLen = s.len + addLen
   if isLiteral(s):
     let oldP = s.p
     # can't mutate a literal, so we need a fresh copy here:
-    when compileOption("threads"):
-      s.p = cast[ptr NimStrPayload](allocShared0(contentSize(newLen)))
-    else:
-      s.p = cast[ptr NimStrPayload](alloc0(contentSize(newLen)))
+    s.p = allocPayload(newLen)
     s.p.cap = newLen
     if s.len > 0:
       # we are about to append, so there is no need to copy the \0 terminator:
       copyMem(unsafeAddr s.p.data[0], unsafeAddr oldP.data[0], min(s.len, newLen))
+    elif oldP == nil:
+      # In the case of `newString(0) & ""`, since `src.len == 0`, `appendString`
+      # will not set the `\0` terminator, so we set it here.
+      s.p.data[0] = '\0'
   else:
     let oldCap = s.p.cap and not strlitFlag
     if newLen > oldCap:
       let newCap = max(newLen, resize(oldCap))
-      when compileOption("threads"):
-        s.p = cast[ptr NimStrPayload](reallocShared0(s.p, contentSize(oldCap), contentSize(newCap)))
-      else:
-        s.p = cast[ptr NimStrPayload](realloc0(s.p, contentSize(oldCap), contentSize(newCap)))
+      s.p = reallocPayload(s.p, newCap)
       s.p.cap = newCap
+      if newLen < newCap:
+        zeroMem(cast[pointer](addr s.p.data[newLen+1]), newCap - newLen)
 
-proc nimAddCharV1(s: var NimStringV2; c: char) {.compilerRtl, inline.} =
+proc nimAddCharV1(s: var NimStringV2; c: char) {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
   #if (s.p == nil) or (s.len+1 > s.p.cap and not strlitFlag):
   prepareAdd(s, 1)
   s.p.data[s.len] = c
-  s.p.data[s.len+1] = '\0'
   inc s.len
+  s.p.data[s.len] = '\0'
 
 proc toNimStr(str: cstring, len: int): NimStringV2 {.compilerproc.} =
   if len <= 0:
     result = NimStringV2(len: 0, p: nil)
   else:
-    when compileOption("threads"):
-      var p = cast[ptr NimStrPayload](allocShared0(contentSize(len)))
-    else:
-      var p = cast[ptr NimStrPayload](alloc0(contentSize(len)))
+    var p = allocPayload(len)
     p.cap = len
-    if len > 0:
-      # we are about to append, so there is no need to copy the \0 terminator:
-      copyMem(unsafeAddr p.data[0], str, len)
+    copyMem(unsafeAddr p.data[0], str, len+1)
     result = NimStringV2(len: len, p: p)
 
 proc cstrToNimstr(str: cstring): NimStringV2 {.compilerRtl.} =
@@ -89,7 +108,7 @@ proc cstrToNimstr(str: cstring): NimStringV2 {.compilerRtl.} =
 
 proc nimToCStringConv(s: NimStringV2): cstring {.compilerproc, nonReloadable, inline.} =
   if s.len == 0: result = cstring""
-  else: result = cstring(unsafeAddr s.p.data)
+  else: result = cast[cstring](unsafeAddr s.p.data)
 
 proc appendString(dest: var NimStringV2; src: NimStringV2) {.compilerproc, inline.} =
   if src.len > 0:
@@ -99,29 +118,24 @@ proc appendString(dest: var NimStringV2; src: NimStringV2) {.compilerproc, inlin
 
 proc appendChar(dest: var NimStringV2; c: char) {.compilerproc, inline.} =
   dest.p.data[dest.len] = c
-  dest.p.data[dest.len+1] = '\0'
   inc dest.len
+  dest.p.data[dest.len] = '\0'
 
 proc rawNewString(space: int): NimStringV2 {.compilerproc.} =
   # this is also 'system.newStringOfCap'.
   if space <= 0:
     result = NimStringV2(len: 0, p: nil)
   else:
-    when compileOption("threads"):
-      var p = cast[ptr NimStrPayload](allocShared0(contentSize(space)))
-    else:
-      var p = cast[ptr NimStrPayload](alloc0(contentSize(space)))
+    var p = allocPayload(space)
     p.cap = space
+    p.data[0] = '\0'
     result = NimStringV2(len: 0, p: p)
 
 proc mnewString(len: int): NimStringV2 {.compilerproc.} =
   if len <= 0:
     result = NimStringV2(len: 0, p: nil)
   else:
-    when compileOption("threads"):
-      var p = cast[ptr NimStrPayload](allocShared0(contentSize(len)))
-    else:
-      var p = cast[ptr NimStrPayload](alloc0(contentSize(len)))
+    var p = allocPayload0(len)
     p.cap = len
     result = NimStringV2(len: len, p: p)
 
@@ -129,13 +143,30 @@ proc setLengthStrV2(s: var NimStringV2, newLen: int) {.compilerRtl.} =
   if newLen == 0:
     discard "do not free the buffer here, pattern 's.setLen 0' is common for avoiding allocations"
   else:
-    if newLen > s.len or isLiteral(s):
-      prepareAdd(s, newLen - s.len)
+    if isLiteral(s):
+      let oldP = s.p
+      s.p = allocPayload(newLen)
+      s.p.cap = newLen
+      if s.len > 0:
+        copyMem(unsafeAddr s.p.data[0], unsafeAddr oldP.data[0], min(s.len, newLen))
+        if newLen > s.len:
+          zeroMem(cast[pointer](addr s.p.data[s.len]), newLen - s.len + 1)
+        else:
+          s.p.data[newLen] = '\0'
+      else:
+        zeroMem(cast[pointer](addr s.p.data[0]), newLen + 1)
+    elif newLen > s.len:
+      let oldCap = s.p.cap and not strlitFlag
+      if newLen > oldCap:
+        let newCap = max(newLen, resize(oldCap))
+        s.p = reallocPayload0(s.p, oldCap, newCap)
+        s.p.cap = newCap
+
     s.p.data[newLen] = '\0'
   s.len = newLen
 
 proc nimAsgnStrV2(a: var NimStringV2, b: NimStringV2) {.compilerRtl.} =
-  if a.p == b.p: return
+  if a.p == b.p and a.len == b.len: return
   if isLiteral(b):
     # we can shallow copy literals:
     frees(a)
@@ -147,10 +178,7 @@ proc nimAsgnStrV2(a: var NimStringV2, b: NimStringV2) {.compilerRtl.} =
       # 'let y = newStringOfCap(); var x = y'
       # on the other hand... These get turned into moves now.
       frees(a)
-      when compileOption("threads"):
-        a.p = cast[ptr NimStrPayload](allocShared0(contentSize(b.len)))
-      else:
-        a.p = cast[ptr NimStrPayload](alloc0(contentSize(b.len)))
+      a.p = allocPayload(b.len)
       a.p.cap = b.len
     a.len = b.len
     copyMem(unsafeAddr a.p.data[0], unsafeAddr b.p.data[0], b.len+1)
@@ -158,14 +186,11 @@ proc nimAsgnStrV2(a: var NimStringV2, b: NimStringV2) {.compilerRtl.} =
 proc nimPrepareStrMutationImpl(s: var NimStringV2) =
   let oldP = s.p
   # can't mutate a literal, so we need a fresh copy here:
-  when compileOption("threads"):
-    s.p = cast[ptr NimStrPayload](allocShared0(contentSize(s.len)))
-  else:
-    s.p = cast[ptr NimStrPayload](alloc0(contentSize(s.len)))
+  s.p = allocPayload(s.len)
   s.p.cap = s.len
   copyMem(unsafeAddr s.p.data[0], unsafeAddr oldP.data[0], s.len+1)
 
-proc nimPrepareStrMutationV2(s: var NimStringV2) {.compilerRtl, inline.} =
+proc nimPrepareStrMutationV2(s: var NimStringV2) {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
   if s.p != nil and (s.p.cap and strlitFlag) == strlitFlag:
     nimPrepareStrMutationImpl(s)
 
@@ -175,3 +200,25 @@ proc prepareMutation*(s: var string) {.inline.} =
   {.cast(noSideEffect).}:
     let s = unsafeAddr s
     nimPrepareStrMutationV2(cast[ptr NimStringV2](s)[])
+
+proc nimAddStrV1(s: var NimStringV2; src: NimStringV2) {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
+  #if (s.p == nil) or (s.len+1 > s.p.cap and not strlitFlag):
+  prepareAdd(s, src.len)
+  appendString s, src
+
+proc nimDestroyStrV1(s: NimStringV2) {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
+  frees(s)
+
+proc nimStrAtLe(s: string; idx: int; ch: char): bool {.compilerRtl, inl.} =
+  result = idx < s.len and s[idx] <= ch
+
+func capacity*(self: string): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the current capacity of the string.
+  # See https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/460
+  runnableExamples:
+    var str = newStringOfCap(cap = 42)
+    str.add "Nim"
+    assert str.capacity == 42
+
+  let str = cast[ptr NimStringV2](unsafeAddr self)
+  result = if str.p != nil: str.p.cap and not strlitFlag else: 0
diff --git a/lib/system/syslocks.nim b/lib/system/syslocks.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 51dbfd3a2..000000000
--- a/lib/system/syslocks.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,226 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2012 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-# Low level system locks and condition vars.
-
-{.push stackTrace: off.}
-
-when defined(windows):
-  type
-    Handle = int
-
-    SysLock {.importc: "CRITICAL_SECTION",
-              header: "<windows.h>", final, pure.} = object # CRITICAL_SECTION in WinApi
-      DebugInfo: pointer
-      LockCount: int32
-      RecursionCount: int32
-      OwningThread: int
-      LockSemaphore: int
-      SpinCount: int
-
-    SysCond = Handle
-
-  proc initSysLock(L: var SysLock) {.importc: "InitializeCriticalSection",
-                                     header: "<windows.h>".}
-    ## Initializes the lock `L`.
-
-  proc tryAcquireSysAux(L: var SysLock): int32 {.importc: "TryEnterCriticalSection",
-                                                 header: "<windows.h>".}
-    ## Tries to acquire the lock `L`.
-
-  proc tryAcquireSys(L: var SysLock): bool {.inline.} =
-    result = tryAcquireSysAux(L) != 0'i32
-
-  proc acquireSys(L: var SysLock) {.importc: "EnterCriticalSection",
-                                    header: "<windows.h>".}
-    ## Acquires the lock `L`.
-
-  proc releaseSys(L: var SysLock) {.importc: "LeaveCriticalSection",
-                                    header: "<windows.h>".}
-    ## Releases the lock `L`.
-
-  proc deinitSys(L: var SysLock) {.importc: "DeleteCriticalSection",
-                                   header: "<windows.h>".}
-
-  proc createEvent(lpEventAttributes: pointer,
-                   bManualReset, bInitialState: int32,
-                   lpName: cstring): SysCond {.stdcall, noSideEffect,
-    dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "CreateEventA".}
-
-  proc closeHandle(hObject: Handle) {.stdcall, noSideEffect,
-    dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "CloseHandle".}
-  proc waitForSingleObject(hHandle: Handle, dwMilliseconds: int32): int32 {.
-    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "WaitForSingleObject", noSideEffect.}
-
-  proc signalSysCond(hEvent: SysCond) {.stdcall, noSideEffect,
-    dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "SetEvent".}
-
-  proc initSysCond(cond: var SysCond) {.inline.} =
-    cond = createEvent(nil, 0'i32, 0'i32, nil)
-  proc deinitSysCond(cond: var SysCond) {.inline.} =
-    closeHandle(cond)
-  proc waitSysCond(cond: var SysCond, lock: var SysLock) =
-    releaseSys(lock)
-    discard waitForSingleObject(cond, -1'i32)
-    acquireSys(lock)
-
-  proc waitSysCondWindows(cond: var SysCond) =
-    discard waitForSingleObject(cond, -1'i32)
-
-elif defined(genode):
-  const
-    Header = "genode_cpp/syslocks.h"
-  type
-    SysLock {.importcpp: "Nim::SysLock", pure, final,
-              header: Header.} = object
-    SysCond {.importcpp: "Nim::SysCond", pure, final,
-              header: Header.} = object
-
-  proc initSysLock(L: var SysLock) = discard
-  proc deinitSys(L: var SysLock) = discard
-  proc acquireSys(L: var SysLock) {.noSideEffect, importcpp.}
-  proc tryAcquireSys(L: var SysLock): bool {.noSideEffect, importcpp.}
-  proc releaseSys(L: var SysLock) {.noSideEffect, importcpp.}
-
-  proc initSysCond(L: var SysCond) = discard
-  proc deinitSysCond(L: var SysCond) = discard
-  proc waitSysCond(cond: var SysCond, lock: var SysLock) {.
-    noSideEffect, importcpp.}
-  proc signalSysCond(cond: var SysCond) {.
-    noSideEffect, importcpp.}
-
-else:
-  type
-    SysLockObj {.importc: "pthread_mutex_t", pure, final,
-               header: """#include <sys/types.h>
-                          #include <pthread.h>""".} = object
-      when defined(linux) and defined(amd64):
-        abi: array[40 div sizeof(clong), clong]
-
-    SysLockAttr {.importc: "pthread_mutexattr_t", pure, final
-               header: """#include <sys/types.h>
-                          #include <pthread.h>""".} = object
-      when defined(linux) and defined(amd64):
-        abi: array[4 div sizeof(cint), cint]  # actually a cint
-
-    SysCondObj {.importc: "pthread_cond_t", pure, final,
-               header: """#include <sys/types.h>
-                          #include <pthread.h>""".} = object
-      when defined(linux) and defined(amd64):
-        abi: array[48 div sizeof(clonglong), clonglong]
-
-    SysCondAttr {.importc: "pthread_condattr_t", pure, final
-               header: """#include <sys/types.h>
-                          #include <pthread.h>""".} = object
-      when defined(linux) and defined(amd64):
-        abi: array[4 div sizeof(cint), cint]  # actually a cint
-
-    SysLockType = distinct cint
-
-  proc initSysLockAux(L: var SysLockObj, attr: ptr SysLockAttr) {.
-    importc: "pthread_mutex_init", header: "<pthread.h>", noSideEffect.}
-  proc deinitSysAux(L: var SysLockObj) {.noSideEffect,
-    importc: "pthread_mutex_destroy", header: "<pthread.h>".}
-
-  proc acquireSysAux(L: var SysLockObj) {.noSideEffect,
-    importc: "pthread_mutex_lock", header: "<pthread.h>".}
-  proc tryAcquireSysAux(L: var SysLockObj): cint {.noSideEffect,
-    importc: "pthread_mutex_trylock", header: "<pthread.h>".}
-
-  proc releaseSysAux(L: var SysLockObj) {.noSideEffect,
-    importc: "pthread_mutex_unlock", header: "<pthread.h>".}
-
-  when defined(ios):
-    # iOS will behave badly if sync primitives are moved in memory. In order
-    # to prevent this once and for all, we're doing an extra malloc when
-    # initializing the primitive.
-    type
-      SysLock = ptr SysLockObj
-      SysCond = ptr SysCondObj
-
-    when not declared(c_malloc):
-      proc c_malloc(size: csize_t): pointer {.
-        importc: "malloc", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
-      proc c_free(p: pointer) {.
-        importc: "free", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
-
-    proc initSysLock(L: var SysLock, attr: ptr SysLockAttr = nil) =
-      L = cast[SysLock](c_malloc(csize_t(sizeof(SysLockObj))))
-      initSysLockAux(L[], attr)
-
-    proc deinitSys(L: var SysLock) =
-      deinitSysAux(L[])
-      c_free(L)
-
-    template acquireSys(L: var SysLock) =
-      acquireSysAux(L[])
-    template tryAcquireSys(L: var SysLock): bool =
-      tryAcquireSysAux(L[]) == 0'i32
-    template releaseSys(L: var SysLock) =
-      releaseSysAux(L[])
-  else:
-    type
-      SysLock = SysLockObj
-      SysCond = SysCondObj
-
-    template initSysLock(L: var SysLock, attr: ptr SysLockAttr = nil) =
-      initSysLockAux(L, attr)
-    template deinitSys(L: var SysLock) =
-      deinitSysAux(L)
-    template acquireSys(L: var SysLock) =
-      acquireSysAux(L)
-    template tryAcquireSys(L: var SysLock): bool =
-      tryAcquireSysAux(L) == 0'i32
-    template releaseSys(L: var SysLock) =
-      releaseSysAux(L)
-
-  when insideRLocksModule:
-    let SysLockType_Reentrant{.importc: "PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE",
-      header: "<pthread.h>".}: SysLockType
-    proc initSysLockAttr(a: var SysLockAttr) {.
-      importc: "pthread_mutexattr_init", header: "<pthread.h>", noSideEffect.}
-    proc setSysLockType(a: var SysLockAttr, t: SysLockType) {.
-      importc: "pthread_mutexattr_settype", header: "<pthread.h>", noSideEffect.}
-
-  else:
-    proc initSysCondAux(cond: var SysCondObj, cond_attr: ptr SysCondAttr = nil) {.
-      importc: "pthread_cond_init", header: "<pthread.h>", noSideEffect.}
-    proc deinitSysCondAux(cond: var SysCondObj) {.noSideEffect,
-      importc: "pthread_cond_destroy", header: "<pthread.h>".}
-
-    proc waitSysCondAux(cond: var SysCondObj, lock: var SysLockObj) {.
-      importc: "pthread_cond_wait", header: "<pthread.h>", noSideEffect.}
-    proc signalSysCondAux(cond: var SysCondObj) {.
-      importc: "pthread_cond_signal", header: "<pthread.h>", noSideEffect.}
-
-    when defined(ios):
-      proc initSysCond(cond: var SysCond, cond_attr: ptr SysCondAttr = nil) =
-        cond = cast[SysCond](c_malloc(csize_t(sizeof(SysCondObj))))
-        initSysCondAux(cond[], cond_attr)
-
-      proc deinitSysCond(cond: var SysCond) =
-        deinitSysCondAux(cond[])
-        c_free(cond)
-
-      template waitSysCond(cond: var SysCond, lock: var SysLock) =
-        waitSysCondAux(cond[], lock[])
-      template signalSysCond(cond: var SysCond) =
-        signalSysCondAux(cond[])
-    else:
-      template initSysCond(cond: var SysCond, cond_attr: ptr SysCondAttr = nil) =
-        initSysCondAux(cond, cond_attr)
-      template deinitSysCond(cond: var SysCond) =
-        deinitSysCondAux(cond)
-
-      template waitSysCond(cond: var SysCond, lock: var SysLock) =
-        waitSysCondAux(cond, lock)
-      template signalSysCond(cond: var SysCond) =
-        signalSysCondAux(cond)
-
-{.pop.}
diff --git a/lib/system/sysspawn.nim b/lib/system/sysspawn.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index d1f5803f4..000000000
--- a/lib/system/sysspawn.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,194 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2015 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-## Implements Nim's 'spawn'.
-
-when not declared(NimString):
-  {.error: "You must not import this module explicitly".}
-
-{.push stackTrace:off.}
-
-# We declare our own condition variables here to get rid of the dummy lock
-# on Windows:
-
-type
-  CondVar = object
-    c: SysCond
-    when defined(posix):
-      stupidLock: SysLock
-      counter: int
-
-proc createCondVar(): CondVar =
-  initSysCond(result.c)
-  when defined(posix):
-    initSysLock(result.stupidLock)
-    #acquireSys(result.stupidLock)
-
-proc destroyCondVar(c: var CondVar) {.inline.} =
-  deinitSysCond(c.c)
-
-proc await(cv: var CondVar) =
-  when defined(posix):
-    acquireSys(cv.stupidLock)
-    while cv.counter <= 0:
-      waitSysCond(cv.c, cv.stupidLock)
-    dec cv.counter
-    releaseSys(cv.stupidLock)
-  else:
-    waitSysCondWindows(cv.c)
-
-proc signal(cv: var CondVar) =
-  when defined(posix):
-    acquireSys(cv.stupidLock)
-    inc cv.counter
-    releaseSys(cv.stupidLock)
-  signalSysCond(cv.c)
-
-type
-  FastCondVar = object
-    event, slowPath: bool
-    slow: CondVar
-
-proc createFastCondVar(): FastCondVar =
-  initSysCond(result.slow.c)
-  when defined(posix):
-    initSysLock(result.slow.stupidLock)
-    #acquireSys(result.slow.stupidLock)
-  result.event = false
-  result.slowPath = false
-
-proc await(cv: var FastCondVar) =
-  #for i in 0 .. 50:
-  #  if cas(addr cv.event, true, false):
-  #    # this is a HIT: Triggers > 95% in my tests.
-  #    return
-  #  cpuRelax()
-  #cv.slowPath = true
-  # XXX For some reason this crashes some test programs
-  await(cv.slow)
-  cv.event = false
-
-proc signal(cv: var FastCondVar) =
-  cv.event = true
-  #if cas(addr cv.slowPath, true, false):
-  signal(cv.slow)
-
-type
-  Barrier* {.compilerproc.} = object
-    counter: int
-    cv: CondVar
-
-proc barrierEnter*(b: ptr Barrier) {.compilerproc.} =
-  atomicInc b.counter
-
-proc barrierLeave*(b: ptr Barrier) {.compilerproc.} =
-  atomicDec b.counter
-  if b.counter <= 0: signal(b.cv)
-
-proc openBarrier*(b: ptr Barrier) {.compilerproc.} =
-  b.counter = 0
-  b.cv = createCondVar()
-
-proc closeBarrier*(b: ptr Barrier) {.compilerproc.} =
-  await(b.cv)
-  destroyCondVar(b.cv)
-
-{.pop.}
-
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-type
-  WorkerProc = proc (thread, args: pointer) {.nimcall, gcsafe.}
-  Worker = object
-    taskArrived: CondVar
-    taskStarted: FastCondVar #\
-    # task data:
-    f: WorkerProc
-    data: pointer
-    ready: bool # put it here for correct alignment!
-
-proc nimArgsPassingDone(p: pointer) {.compilerproc.} =
-  let w = cast[ptr Worker](p)
-  signal(w.taskStarted)
-
-var gSomeReady = createFastCondVar()
-
-proc slave(w: ptr Worker) {.thread.} =
-  while true:
-    w.ready = true # If we instead signal "workerReady" we need the scheduler
-                   # to notice this. The scheduler could then optimize the
-                   # layout of the worker threads (e.g. keep the list sorted)
-                   # so that no search for a "ready" thread is necessary.
-                   # This might be implemented later, but is more tricky than
-                   # it looks because 'spawn' itself can run concurrently.
-    signal(gSomeReady)
-    await(w.taskArrived)
-    assert(not w.ready)
-    # shield against spurious wakeups:
-    if w.data != nil:
-      w.f(w, w.data)
-      w.data = nil
-
-const NumThreads = 4
-
-var
-  workers: array[NumThreads, Thread[ptr Worker]]
-  workersData: array[NumThreads, Worker]
-
-proc setup() =
-  for i in 0 ..< NumThreads:
-    workersData[i].taskArrived = createCondVar()
-    workersData[i].taskStarted = createFastCondVar()
-    createThread(workers[i], slave, addr(workersData[i]))
-
-proc preferSpawn*(): bool =
-  ## Use this proc to determine quickly if a 'spawn' or a direct call is
-  ## preferable. If it returns 'true' a 'spawn' may make sense. In general
-  ## it is not necessary to call this directly; use 'spawnX' instead.
-  result = gSomeReady.event
-
-proc spawn*(call: typed) {.magic: "Spawn".}
-  ## always spawns a new task, so that the 'call' is never executed on
-  ## the calling thread. 'call' has to be proc call 'p(...)' where 'p'
-  ## is gcsafe and has 'void' as the return type.
-
-template spawnX*(call: typed) =
-  ## spawns a new task if a CPU core is ready, otherwise executes the
-  ## call in the calling thread. Usually it is advised to
-  ## use 'spawn' in order to not block the producer for an unknown
-  ## amount of time. 'call' has to be proc call 'p(...)' where 'p'
-  ## is gcsafe and has 'void' as the return type.
-  if preferSpawn(): spawn call
-  else: call
-
-proc nimSpawn(fn: WorkerProc; data: pointer) {.compilerproc.} =
-  # implementation of 'spawn' that is used by the code generator.
-  while true:
-    for i in 0.. high(workers):
-      let w = addr(workersData[i])
-      if cas(addr w.ready, true, false):
-        w.data = data
-        w.f = fn
-        signal(w.taskArrived)
-        await(w.taskStarted)
-        return
-    await(gSomeReady)
-
-proc sync*() =
-  ## a simple barrier to wait for all spawn'ed tasks. If you need more elaborate
-  ## waiting, you have to use an explicit barrier.
-  while true:
-    var allReady = true
-    for i in 0 .. high(workers):
-      if not allReady: break
-      allReady = allReady and workersData[i].ready
-    if allReady: break
-    await(gSomeReady)
-
-setup()
diff --git a/lib/system/sysstr.nim b/lib/system/sysstr.nim
index 49fff41e9..3621c4960 100644
--- a/lib/system/sysstr.nim
+++ b/lib/system/sysstr.nim
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@
 
 
 proc dataPointer(a: PGenericSeq, elemAlign: int): pointer =
-  cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](a) +% align(GenericSeqSize, elemAlign))
+  cast[pointer](cast[int](a) +% align(GenericSeqSize, elemAlign))
 
 proc dataPointer(a: PGenericSeq, elemAlign, elemSize, index: int): pointer =
-  cast[pointer](cast[ByteAddress](a) +% align(GenericSeqSize, elemAlign) +% (index*%elemSize))
+  cast[pointer](cast[int](a) +% align(GenericSeqSize, elemAlign) +% (index*%elemSize))
 
 proc resize(old: int): int {.inline.} =
   if old <= 0: result = 4
@@ -47,27 +47,22 @@ else:
   template allocStrNoInit(size: untyped): untyped =
     cast[NimString](newObjNoInit(addr(strDesc), size))
 
-proc rawNewStringNoInit(space: int): NimString {.compilerproc.} =
-  var s = space
-  if s < 7: s = 7
+proc rawNewStringNoInit(space: int): NimString =
+  let s = max(space, 7)
   result = allocStrNoInit(sizeof(TGenericSeq) + s + 1)
   result.reserved = s
-  result.len = 0
   when defined(gogc):
     result.elemSize = 1
 
 proc rawNewString(space: int): NimString {.compilerproc.} =
-  var s = space
-  if s < 7: s = 7
-  result = allocStr(sizeof(TGenericSeq) + s + 1)
-  result.reserved = s
+  result = rawNewStringNoInit(space)
   result.len = 0
-  when defined(gogc):
-    result.elemSize = 1
+  result.data[0] = '\0'
 
 proc mnewString(len: int): NimString {.compilerproc.} =
-  result = rawNewString(len)
+  result = rawNewStringNoInit(len)
   result.len = len
+  zeroMem(addr result.data[0], len + 1)
 
 proc copyStrLast(s: NimString, start, last: int): NimString {.compilerproc.} =
   # This is not used by most recent versions of the compiler anymore, but
@@ -75,13 +70,10 @@ proc copyStrLast(s: NimString, start, last: int): NimString {.compilerproc.} =
   let start = max(start, 0)
   if s == nil: return nil
   let len = min(last, s.len-1) - start + 1
-  if len > 0:
-    result = rawNewStringNoInit(len)
-    result.len = len
-    copyMem(addr(result.data), addr(s.data[start]), len)
-    result.data[len] = '\0'
-  else:
-    result = rawNewString(len)
+  result = rawNewStringNoInit(len)
+  result.len = len
+  copyMem(addr(result.data), addr(s.data[start]), len)
+  result.data[len] = '\0'
 
 proc copyStr(s: NimString, start: int): NimString {.compilerproc.} =
   # This is not used by most recent versions of the compiler anymore, but
@@ -91,12 +83,13 @@ proc copyStr(s: NimString, start: int): NimString {.compilerproc.} =
 
 proc nimToCStringConv(s: NimString): cstring {.compilerproc, nonReloadable, inline.} =
   if s == nil or s.len == 0: result = cstring""
-  else: result = cstring(addr s.data)
+  else: result = cast[cstring](addr s.data)
 
 proc toNimStr(str: cstring, len: int): NimString {.compilerproc.} =
   result = rawNewStringNoInit(len)
   result.len = len
-  copyMem(addr(result.data), str, len + 1)
+  copyMem(addr(result.data), str, len)
+  result.data[len] = '\0'
 
 proc cstrToNimstr(str: cstring): NimString {.compilerRtl.} =
   if str == nil: NimString(nil)
@@ -160,13 +153,9 @@ proc addChar(s: NimString, c: char): NimString =
     result = s
     if result.len >= result.space:
       let r = resize(result.space)
-      when defined(nimIncrSeqV3):
-        result = rawNewStringNoInit(r)
-        result.len = s.len
-        copyMem(addr result.data[0], unsafeAddr(s.data[0]), s.len+1)
-      else:
-        result = cast[NimString](growObj(result,
-          sizeof(TGenericSeq) + r + 1))
+      result = rawNewStringNoInit(r)
+      result.len = s.len
+      copyMem(addr result.data[0], unsafeAddr(s.data[0]), s.len+1)
       result.reserved = r
   result.data[result.len] = c
   result.data[result.len+1] = '\0'
@@ -205,17 +194,14 @@ proc addChar(s: NimString, c: char): NimString =
 
 proc resizeString(dest: NimString, addlen: int): NimString {.compilerRtl.} =
   if dest == nil:
-    result = rawNewStringNoInit(addlen)
+    result = rawNewString(addlen)
   elif dest.len + addlen <= dest.space:
     result = dest
   else: # slow path:
     let sp = max(resize(dest.space), dest.len + addlen)
-    when defined(nimIncrSeqV3):
-      result = rawNewStringNoInit(sp)
-      result.len = dest.len
-      copyMem(addr result.data[0], unsafeAddr(dest.data[0]), dest.len+1)
-    else:
-      result = cast[NimString](growObj(dest, sizeof(TGenericSeq) + sp + 1))
+    result = rawNewStringNoInit(sp)
+    result.len = dest.len
+    copyMem(addr result.data[0], unsafeAddr(dest.data[0]), dest.len+1)
     result.reserved = sp
     #result = rawNewString(sp)
     #copyMem(result, dest, dest.len + sizeof(TGenericSeq))
@@ -234,19 +220,19 @@ proc appendChar(dest: NimString, c: char) {.compilerproc, inline.} =
 proc setLengthStr(s: NimString, newLen: int): NimString {.compilerRtl.} =
   let n = max(newLen, 0)
   if s == nil:
-    result = mnewString(newLen)
+    if n == 0:
+      return s
+    else:
+      result = mnewString(n)
   elif n <= s.space:
     result = s
   else:
-    let sp = max(resize(s.space), newLen)
-    when defined(nimIncrSeqV3):
-      result = rawNewStringNoInit(sp)
-      result.len = s.len
-      copyMem(addr result.data[0], unsafeAddr(s.data[0]), s.len+1)
-      zeroMem(addr result.data[s.len], newLen - s.len)
-      result.reserved = sp
-    else:
-      result = resizeString(s, n)
+    let sp = max(resize(s.space), n)
+    result = rawNewStringNoInit(sp)
+    result.len = s.len
+    copyMem(addr result.data[0], unsafeAddr(s.data[0]), s.len)
+    zeroMem(addr result.data[s.len], n - s.len)
+    result.reserved = sp
   result.len = n
   result.data[n] = '\0'
 
@@ -282,15 +268,11 @@ proc incrSeqV3(s: PGenericSeq, typ: PNimType): PGenericSeq {.compilerproc.} =
     result = s
     if result.len >= result.space:
       let r = resize(result.space)
-      when defined(nimIncrSeqV3):
-        result = cast[PGenericSeq](newSeq(typ, r))
-        result.len = s.len
-        copyMem(dataPointer(result, typ.base.align), dataPointer(s, typ.base.align), s.len * typ.base.size)
-        # since we steal the content from 's', it's crucial to set s's len to 0.
-        s.len = 0
-      else:
-        result = cast[PGenericSeq](growObj(result, align(GenericSeqSize, typ.base.align) + typ.base.size * r))
-        result.reserved = r
+      result = cast[PGenericSeq](newSeq(typ, r))
+      result.len = s.len
+      copyMem(dataPointer(result, typ.base.align), dataPointer(s, typ.base.align), s.len * typ.base.size)
+      # since we steal the content from 's', it's crucial to set s's len to 0.
+      s.len = 0
 
 proc setLengthSeq(seq: PGenericSeq, elemSize, elemAlign, newLen: int): PGenericSeq {.
     compilerRtl, inl.} =
@@ -304,20 +286,10 @@ proc setLengthSeq(seq: PGenericSeq, elemSize, elemAlign, newLen: int): PGenericS
     when not defined(boehmGC) and not defined(nogc) and
          not defined(gcMarkAndSweep) and not defined(gogc) and
          not defined(gcRegions):
-      when false: # deadcode: was used by `compileOption("gc", "v2")`
+      if ntfNoRefs notin extGetCellType(result).base.flags:
         for i in newLen..result.len-1:
-          let len0 = gch.tempStack.len
           forAllChildrenAux(dataPointer(result, elemAlign, elemSize, i),
-                            extGetCellType(result).base, waPush)
-          let len1 = gch.tempStack.len
-          for i in len0 ..< len1:
-            doDecRef(gch.tempStack.d[i], LocalHeap, MaybeCyclic)
-          gch.tempStack.len = len0
-      else:
-        if ntfNoRefs notin extGetCellType(result).base.flags:
-          for i in newLen..result.len-1:
-            forAllChildrenAux(dataPointer(result, elemAlign, elemSize, i),
-                              extGetCellType(result).base, waZctDecRef)
+                            extGetCellType(result).base, waZctDecRef)
 
     # XXX: zeroing out the memory can still result in crashes if a wiped-out
     # cell is aliased by another pointer (ie proc parameter or a let variable).
@@ -332,38 +304,60 @@ proc setLengthSeqV2(s: PGenericSeq, typ: PNimType, newLen: int): PGenericSeq {.
     compilerRtl.} =
   sysAssert typ.kind == tySequence, "setLengthSeqV2: type is not a seq"
   if s == nil:
-    result = cast[PGenericSeq](newSeq(typ, newLen))
+    if newLen == 0:
+      result = s
+    else:
+      result = cast[PGenericSeq](newSeq(typ, newLen))
   else:
-    when defined(nimIncrSeqV3):
-      let elemSize = typ.base.size
-      let elemAlign = typ.base.align
-      if s.space < newLen:
-        let r = max(resize(s.space), newLen)
-        result = cast[PGenericSeq](newSeq(typ, r))
-        copyMem(dataPointer(result, elemAlign), dataPointer(s, elemAlign), s.len * elemSize)
-        # since we steal the content from 's', it's crucial to set s's len to 0.
-        s.len = 0
-      elif newLen < s.len:
-        result = s
-        # we need to decref here, otherwise the GC leaks!
-        when not defined(boehmGC) and not defined(nogc) and
-            not defined(gcMarkAndSweep) and not defined(gogc) and
-            not defined(gcRegions):
-          if ntfNoRefs notin typ.base.flags:
-            for i in newLen..result.len-1:
-              forAllChildrenAux(dataPointer(result, elemAlign, elemSize, i),
-                                extGetCellType(result).base, waZctDecRef)
-
-        # XXX: zeroing out the memory can still result in crashes if a wiped-out
-        # cell is aliased by another pointer (ie proc parameter or a let variable).
-        # This is a tough problem, because even if we don't zeroMem here, in the
-        # presence of user defined destructors, the user will expect the cell to be
-        # "destroyed" thus creating the same problem. We can destroy the cell in the
-        # finalizer of the sequence, but this makes destruction non-deterministic.
-        zeroMem(dataPointer(result, elemAlign, elemSize, newLen), (result.len-%newLen) *% elemSize)
-      else:
-        result = s
-        zeroMem(dataPointer(result, elemAlign, elemSize, result.len), (newLen-%result.len) *% elemSize)
-      result.len = newLen
+    let elemSize = typ.base.size
+    let elemAlign = typ.base.align
+    if s.space < newLen:
+      let r = max(resize(s.space), newLen)
+      result = cast[PGenericSeq](newSeq(typ, r))
+      copyMem(dataPointer(result, elemAlign), dataPointer(s, elemAlign), s.len * elemSize)
+      # since we steal the content from 's', it's crucial to set s's len to 0.
+      s.len = 0
+    elif newLen < s.len:
+      result = s
+      # we need to decref here, otherwise the GC leaks!
+      when not defined(boehmGC) and not defined(nogc) and
+          not defined(gcMarkAndSweep) and not defined(gogc) and
+          not defined(gcRegions):
+        if ntfNoRefs notin typ.base.flags:
+          for i in newLen..result.len-1:
+            forAllChildrenAux(dataPointer(result, elemAlign, elemSize, i),
+                              extGetCellType(result).base, waZctDecRef)
+
+      # XXX: zeroing out the memory can still result in crashes if a wiped-out
+      # cell is aliased by another pointer (ie proc parameter or a let variable).
+      # This is a tough problem, because even if we don't zeroMem here, in the
+      # presence of user defined destructors, the user will expect the cell to be
+      # "destroyed" thus creating the same problem. We can destroy the cell in the
+      # finalizer of the sequence, but this makes destruction non-deterministic.
+      zeroMem(dataPointer(result, elemAlign, elemSize, newLen), (result.len-%newLen) *% elemSize)
     else:
-      result = setLengthSeq(s, typ.base.size, newLen)
+      result = s
+      zeroMem(dataPointer(result, elemAlign, elemSize, result.len), (newLen-%result.len) *% elemSize)
+    result.len = newLen
+
+func capacity*(self: string): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the current capacity of the string.
+  # See https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/460
+  runnableExamples:
+    var str = newStringOfCap(cap = 42)
+    str.add "Nim"
+    assert str.capacity == 42
+
+  let str = cast[NimString](self)
+  result = if str != nil: str.space else: 0
+
+func capacity*[T](self: seq[T]): int {.inline.} =
+  ## Returns the current capacity of the seq.
+  # See https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/460
+  runnableExamples:
+    var lst = newSeqOfCap[string](cap = 42)
+    lst.add "Nim"
+    assert lst.capacity == 42
+
+  let sek = cast[PGenericSeq](self)
+  result = if sek != nil: sek.space else: 0
diff --git a/lib/system/threadids.nim b/lib/system/threadids.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a6eadcbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/system/threadids.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+#
+#
+#            Nim's Runtime Library
+#        (c) Copyright 2020 Andreas Rumpf
+#
+#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
+#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
+#
+
+# we need to cache current threadId to not perform syscall all the time
+var threadId {.threadvar.}: int
+
+when defined(windows):
+  proc getCurrentThreadId(): int32 {.
+    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "GetCurrentThreadId".}
+
+  proc getThreadId*(): int =
+    ## Gets the ID of the currently running thread.
+    if threadId == 0:
+      threadId = int(getCurrentThreadId())
+    result = threadId
+
+elif defined(linux):
+  proc syscall(arg: clong): clong {.varargs, importc: "syscall", header: "<unistd.h>".}
+  when defined(amd64):
+    const NR_gettid = clong(186)
+  else:
+    var NR_gettid {.importc: "__NR_gettid", header: "<sys/syscall.h>".}: clong
+
+  proc getThreadId*(): int =
+    ## Gets the ID of the currently running thread.
+    if threadId == 0:
+      threadId = int(syscall(NR_gettid))
+    result = threadId
+
+elif defined(dragonfly):
+  proc lwp_gettid(): int32 {.importc, header: "unistd.h".}
+
+  proc getThreadId*(): int =
+    ## Gets the ID of the currently running thread.
+    if threadId == 0:
+      threadId = int(lwp_gettid())
+    result = threadId
+
+elif defined(openbsd):
+  proc getthrid(): int32 {.importc: "getthrid", header: "<unistd.h>".}
+
+  proc getThreadId*(): int =
+    ## Gets the ID of the currently running thread.
+    if threadId == 0:
+      threadId = int(getthrid())
+    result = threadId
+
+elif defined(netbsd):
+  proc lwp_self(): int32 {.importc: "_lwp_self", header: "<lwp.h>".}
+
+  proc getThreadId*(): int =
+    ## Gets the ID of the currently running thread.
+    if threadId == 0:
+      threadId = int(lwp_self())
+    result = threadId
+
+elif defined(freebsd):
+  proc syscall(arg: cint, arg0: ptr cint): cint {.varargs, importc: "syscall", header: "<unistd.h>".}
+  var SYS_thr_self {.importc:"SYS_thr_self", header:"<sys/syscall.h>".}: cint
+
+  proc getThreadId*(): int =
+    ## Gets the ID of the currently running thread.
+    var tid = 0.cint
+    if threadId == 0:
+      discard syscall(SYS_thr_self, addr tid)
+      threadId = tid
+    result = threadId
+
+elif defined(macosx):
+  proc syscall(arg: cint): cint {.varargs, importc: "syscall", header: "<unistd.h>".}
+  var SYS_thread_selfid {.importc:"SYS_thread_selfid", header:"<sys/syscall.h>".}: cint
+
+  proc getThreadId*(): int =
+    ## Gets the ID of the currently running thread.
+    if threadId == 0:
+      threadId = int(syscall(SYS_thread_selfid))
+    result = threadId
+
+elif defined(solaris):
+  type thread_t {.importc: "thread_t", header: "<thread.h>".} = distinct int
+  proc thr_self(): thread_t {.importc, header: "<thread.h>".}
+
+  proc getThreadId*(): int =
+    ## Gets the ID of the currently running thread.
+    if threadId == 0:
+      threadId = int(thr_self())
+    result = threadId
+
+elif defined(haiku):
+  type thr_id {.importc: "thread_id", header: "<OS.h>".} = distinct int32
+  proc find_thread(name: cstring): thr_id {.importc, header: "<OS.h>".}
+
+  proc getThreadId*(): int =
+    ## Gets the ID of the currently running thread.
+    if threadId == 0:
+      threadId = int(find_thread(nil))
+    result = threadId
diff --git a/lib/system/threadimpl.nim b/lib/system/threadimpl.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..285b8f5e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/system/threadimpl.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+var
+  nimThreadDestructionHandlers* {.rtlThreadVar.}: seq[proc () {.closure, gcsafe, raises: [].}]
+when not defined(boehmgc) and not hasSharedHeap and not defined(gogc) and not defined(gcRegions):
+  proc deallocOsPages() {.rtl, raises: [].}
+proc threadTrouble() {.raises: [], gcsafe.}
+# create for the main thread. Note: do not insert this data into the list
+# of all threads; it's not to be stopped etc.
+when not defined(useNimRtl):
+  #when not defined(createNimRtl): initStackBottom()
+  when declared(initGC):
+    initGC()
+    when not emulatedThreadVars:
+      type ThreadType {.pure.} = enum
+        None = 0,
+        NimThread = 1,
+        ForeignThread = 2
+      var
+        threadType {.rtlThreadVar.}: ThreadType
+
+      threadType = ThreadType.NimThread
+
+when defined(gcDestructors):
+  proc deallocThreadStorage(p: pointer) = c_free(p)
+else:
+  template deallocThreadStorage(p: pointer) = deallocShared(p)
+
+template afterThreadRuns() =
+  for i in countdown(nimThreadDestructionHandlers.len-1, 0):
+    nimThreadDestructionHandlers[i]()
+
+proc onThreadDestruction*(handler: proc () {.closure, gcsafe, raises: [].}) =
+  ## Registers a *thread local* handler that is called at the thread's
+  ## destruction.
+  ##
+  ## A thread is destructed when the `.thread` proc returns
+  ## normally or when it raises an exception. Note that unhandled exceptions
+  ## in a thread nevertheless cause the whole process to die.
+  nimThreadDestructionHandlers.add handler
+
+when defined(boehmgc):
+  type GCStackBaseProc = proc(sb: pointer, t: pointer) {.noconv.}
+  proc boehmGC_call_with_stack_base(sbp: GCStackBaseProc, p: pointer)
+    {.importc: "GC_call_with_stack_base", boehmGC.}
+  proc boehmGC_register_my_thread(sb: pointer)
+    {.importc: "GC_register_my_thread", boehmGC.}
+  proc boehmGC_unregister_my_thread()
+    {.importc: "GC_unregister_my_thread", boehmGC.}
+
+  proc threadProcWrapDispatch[TArg](sb: pointer, thrd: pointer) {.noconv, raises: [].} =
+    boehmGC_register_my_thread(sb)
+    try:
+      let thrd = cast[ptr Thread[TArg]](thrd)
+      when TArg is void:
+        thrd.dataFn()
+      else:
+        thrd.dataFn(thrd.data)
+    except:
+      threadTrouble()
+    finally:
+      afterThreadRuns()
+    boehmGC_unregister_my_thread()
+else:
+  proc threadProcWrapDispatch[TArg](thrd: ptr Thread[TArg]) {.raises: [].} =
+    try:
+      when TArg is void:
+        thrd.dataFn()
+      else:
+        when defined(nimV2):
+          thrd.dataFn(thrd.data)
+        else:
+          var x: TArg
+          deepCopy(x, thrd.data)
+          thrd.dataFn(x)
+    except:
+      threadTrouble()
+    finally:
+      afterThreadRuns()
+      when hasAllocStack:
+        deallocThreadStorage(thrd.rawStack)
+
+proc threadProcWrapStackFrame[TArg](thrd: ptr Thread[TArg]) {.raises: [].} =
+  when defined(boehmgc):
+    boehmGC_call_with_stack_base(threadProcWrapDispatch[TArg], thrd)
+  elif not defined(nogc) and not defined(gogc) and not defined(gcRegions) and not usesDestructors:
+    var p {.volatile.}: pointer
+    # init the GC for refc/markandsweep
+    nimGC_setStackBottom(addr(p))
+    when declared(initGC):
+      initGC()
+    when declared(threadType):
+      threadType = ThreadType.NimThread
+    threadProcWrapDispatch[TArg](thrd)
+    when declared(deallocOsPages): deallocOsPages()
+  else:
+    threadProcWrapDispatch(thrd)
+
+template nimThreadProcWrapperBody*(closure: untyped): untyped =
+  var thrd = cast[ptr Thread[TArg]](closure)
+  var core = thrd.core
+  when declared(globalsSlot): threadVarSetValue(globalsSlot, thrd.core)
+  threadProcWrapStackFrame(thrd)
+  # Since an unhandled exception terminates the whole process (!), there is
+  # no need for a ``try finally`` here, nor would it be correct: The current
+  # exception is tried to be re-raised by the code-gen after the ``finally``!
+  # However this is doomed to fail, because we already unmapped every heap
+  # page!
+
+  # mark as not running anymore:
+  thrd.core = nil
+  thrd.dataFn = nil
+  deallocThreadStorage(cast[pointer](core))
diff --git a/lib/system/threadlocalstorage.nim b/lib/system/threadlocalstorage.nim
index 922150fff..e6ad9dca5 100644
--- a/lib/system/threadlocalstorage.nim
+++ b/lib/system/threadlocalstorage.nim
@@ -1,83 +1,33 @@
+import std/private/threadtypes
 
 when defined(windows):
   type
-    SysThread* = Handle
-    WinThreadProc = proc (x: pointer): int32 {.stdcall.}
-
-  proc createThread(lpThreadAttributes: pointer, dwStackSize: int32,
-                     lpStartAddress: WinThreadProc,
-                     lpParameter: pointer,
-                     dwCreationFlags: int32,
-                     lpThreadId: var int32): SysThread {.
-    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "CreateThread".}
-
-  proc winSuspendThread(hThread: SysThread): int32 {.
-    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "SuspendThread".}
-
-  proc winResumeThread(hThread: SysThread): int32 {.
-    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "ResumeThread".}
-
-  proc waitForMultipleObjects(nCount: int32,
-                              lpHandles: ptr SysThread,
-                              bWaitAll: int32,
-                              dwMilliseconds: int32): int32 {.
-    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "WaitForMultipleObjects".}
-
-  proc terminateThread(hThread: SysThread, dwExitCode: int32): int32 {.
-    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "TerminateThread".}
-
-  proc getCurrentThreadId(): int32 {.
-    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "GetCurrentThreadId".}
-
-  type
     ThreadVarSlot = distinct int32
 
-  when true:
-    proc threadVarAlloc(): ThreadVarSlot {.
-      importc: "TlsAlloc", stdcall, header: "<windows.h>".}
-    proc threadVarSetValue(dwTlsIndex: ThreadVarSlot, lpTlsValue: pointer) {.
-      importc: "TlsSetValue", stdcall, header: "<windows.h>".}
-    proc tlsGetValue(dwTlsIndex: ThreadVarSlot): pointer {.
-      importc: "TlsGetValue", stdcall, header: "<windows.h>".}
-
-    proc getLastError(): uint32 {.
-      importc: "GetLastError", stdcall, header: "<windows.h>".}
-    proc setLastError(x: uint32) {.
-      importc: "SetLastError", stdcall, header: "<windows.h>".}
-
-    proc threadVarGetValue(dwTlsIndex: ThreadVarSlot): pointer =
-      let realLastError = getLastError()
-      result = tlsGetValue(dwTlsIndex)
-      setLastError(realLastError)
-  else:
-    proc threadVarAlloc(): ThreadVarSlot {.
-      importc: "TlsAlloc", stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32".}
-    proc threadVarSetValue(dwTlsIndex: ThreadVarSlot, lpTlsValue: pointer) {.
-      importc: "TlsSetValue", stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32".}
-    proc threadVarGetValue(dwTlsIndex: ThreadVarSlot): pointer {.
-      importc: "TlsGetValue", stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32".}
+  proc threadVarAlloc(): ThreadVarSlot {.
+    importc: "TlsAlloc", stdcall, header: "<windows.h>".}
+  proc threadVarSetValue(dwTlsIndex: ThreadVarSlot, lpTlsValue: pointer) {.
+    importc: "TlsSetValue", stdcall, header: "<windows.h>".}
+  proc tlsGetValue(dwTlsIndex: ThreadVarSlot): pointer {.
+    importc: "TlsGetValue", stdcall, header: "<windows.h>".}
 
-  proc setThreadAffinityMask(hThread: SysThread, dwThreadAffinityMask: uint) {.
-    importc: "SetThreadAffinityMask", stdcall, header: "<windows.h>".}
+  proc getLastError(): uint32 {.
+    importc: "GetLastError", stdcall, header: "<windows.h>".}
+  proc setLastError(x: uint32) {.
+    importc: "SetLastError", stdcall, header: "<windows.h>".}
+
+  proc threadVarGetValue(dwTlsIndex: ThreadVarSlot): pointer =
+    let realLastError = getLastError()
+    result = tlsGetValue(dwTlsIndex)
+    setLastError(realLastError)
 
 elif defined(genode):
-  import genode/env
   const
     GenodeHeader = "genode_cpp/threads.h"
+
   type
-    SysThread* {.importcpp: "Nim::SysThread",
-                 header: GenodeHeader, final, pure.} = object
-    GenodeThreadProc = proc (x: pointer) {.noconv.}
     ThreadVarSlot = int
 
-  proc initThread(s: var SysThread,
-                  env: GenodeEnv,
-                  stackSize: culonglong,
-                  entry: GenodeThreadProc,
-                  arg: pointer,
-                  affinity: cuint) {.
-    importcpp: "#.initThread(@)".}
-
   proc threadVarAlloc(): ThreadVarSlot = 0
 
   proc offMainThread(): bool {.
@@ -113,60 +63,18 @@ else:
   when not defined(haiku):
     {.passc: "-pthread".}
 
-  const
-    schedh = "#define _GNU_SOURCE\n#include <sched.h>"
-    pthreadh = "#define _GNU_SOURCE\n#include <pthread.h>"
-
-  when not declared(Time):
-    when defined(linux):
-      type Time = clong
-    else:
-      type Time = int
-
   when (defined(linux) or defined(nintendoswitch)) and defined(amd64):
     type
-      SysThread* {.importc: "pthread_t",
-                  header: "<sys/types.h>" .} = distinct culong
-      Pthread_attr {.importc: "pthread_attr_t",
-                    header: "<sys/types.h>".} = object
-        abi: array[56 div sizeof(clong), clong]
       ThreadVarSlot {.importc: "pthread_key_t",
                     header: "<sys/types.h>".} = distinct cuint
   elif defined(openbsd) and defined(amd64):
     type
-      SysThread* {.importc: "pthread_t", header: "<pthread.h>".} = object
-      Pthread_attr {.importc: "pthread_attr_t",
-                       header: "<pthread.h>".} = object
       ThreadVarSlot {.importc: "pthread_key_t",
                      header: "<pthread.h>".} = cint
   else:
     type
-      SysThread* {.importc: "pthread_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = object
-      Pthread_attr {.importc: "pthread_attr_t",
-                       header: "<sys/types.h>".} = object
       ThreadVarSlot {.importc: "pthread_key_t",
                      header: "<sys/types.h>".} = object
-  type
-    Timespec {.importc: "struct timespec", header: "<time.h>".} = object
-      tv_sec: Time
-      tv_nsec: clong
-
-  proc pthread_attr_init(a1: var Pthread_attr): cint {.
-    importc, header: pthreadh.}
-  proc pthread_attr_setstacksize(a1: var Pthread_attr, a2: int): cint {.
-    importc, header: pthreadh.}
-  proc pthread_attr_destroy(a1: var Pthread_attr): cint {.
-    importc, header: pthreadh.}
-
-  proc pthread_create(a1: var SysThread, a2: var Pthread_attr,
-            a3: proc (x: pointer): pointer {.noconv.},
-            a4: pointer): cint {.importc: "pthread_create",
-            header: pthreadh.}
-  proc pthread_join(a1: SysThread, a2: ptr pointer): cint {.
-    importc, header: pthreadh.}
-
-  proc pthread_cancel(a1: SysThread): cint {.
-    importc: "pthread_cancel", header: pthreadh.}
 
   proc pthread_getspecific(a1: ThreadVarSlot): pointer {.
     importc: "pthread_getspecific", header: pthreadh.}
@@ -186,44 +94,13 @@ else:
   proc threadVarGetValue(s: ThreadVarSlot): pointer {.inline.} =
     result = pthread_getspecific(s)
 
-  type CpuSet {.importc: "cpu_set_t", header: schedh.} = object
-     when defined(linux) and defined(amd64):
-       abi: array[1024 div (8 * sizeof(culong)), culong]
-
-  proc cpusetZero(s: var CpuSet) {.importc: "CPU_ZERO", header: schedh.}
-  proc cpusetIncl(cpu: cint; s: var CpuSet) {.
-    importc: "CPU_SET", header: schedh.}
-
-  proc setAffinity(thread: SysThread; setsize: csize_t; s: var CpuSet) {.
-    importc: "pthread_setaffinity_np", header: pthreadh.}
-
-
-const
-  emulatedThreadVars = compileOption("tlsEmulation")
 
 when emulatedThreadVars:
   # the compiler generates this proc for us, so that we can get the size of
   # the thread local var block; we use this only for sanity checking though
   proc nimThreadVarsSize(): int {.noconv, importc: "NimThreadVarsSize".}
 
-# we preallocate a fixed size for thread local storage, so that no heap
-# allocations are needed. Currently less than 16K are used on a 64bit machine.
-# We use `float` for proper alignment:
-const nimTlsSize {.intdefine.} = 16000
-type
-  ThreadLocalStorage = array[0..(nimTlsSize div sizeof(float)), float]
-  PGcThread = ptr GcThread
-  GcThread {.pure, inheritable.} = object
-    when emulatedThreadVars:
-      tls: ThreadLocalStorage
-    else:
-      nil
-    when hasSharedHeap:
-      next, prev: PGcThread
-      stackBottom, stackTop: pointer
-      stackSize: int
-    else:
-      nil
+
 
 when emulatedThreadVars:
   var globalsSlot: ThreadVarSlot
@@ -245,4 +122,4 @@ when not defined(useNimRtl):
     if nimThreadVarsSize() > sizeof(ThreadLocalStorage):
       c_fprintf(cstderr, """too large thread local storage size requested,
 use -d:\"nimTlsSize=X\" to setup even more or stop using unittest.nim""")
-      quit 1
+      rawQuit 1
diff --git a/lib/system/threads.nim b/lib/system/threads.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index def35c238..000000000
--- a/lib/system/threads.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,434 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2012 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-## Thread support for Nim.
-##
-## **Note**: This is part of the system module. Do not import it directly.
-## To activate thread support you need to compile
-## with the `--threads:on` command line switch.
-##
-## Nim's memory model for threads is quite different from other common
-## programming languages (C, Pascal): Each thread has its own
-## (garbage collected) heap and sharing of memory is restricted. This helps
-## to prevent race conditions and improves efficiency. See `the manual for
-## details of this memory model <manual.html#threads>`_.
-##
-## Examples
-## ========
-##
-## .. code-block:: Nim
-##
-##  import std/locks
-##
-##  var
-##    thr: array[0..4, Thread[tuple[a,b: int]]]
-##    L: Lock
-##
-##  proc threadFunc(interval: tuple[a,b: int]) {.thread.} =
-##    for i in interval.a..interval.b:
-##      acquire(L) # lock stdout
-##      echo i
-##      release(L)
-##
-##  initLock(L)
-##
-##  for i in 0..high(thr):
-##    createThread(thr[i], threadFunc, (i*10, i*10+5))
-##  joinThreads(thr)
-## 
-##  deinitLock(L)
-
-when not declared(ThisIsSystem):
-  {.error: "You must not import this module explicitly".}
-
-const
-  StackGuardSize = 4096
-  ThreadStackMask =
-    when defined(genode):
-      1024*64*sizeof(int)-1
-    else:
-      1024*256*sizeof(int)-1
-  ThreadStackSize = ThreadStackMask+1 - StackGuardSize
-
-#const globalsSlot = ThreadVarSlot(0)
-#sysAssert checkSlot.int == globalsSlot.int
-
-# create for the main thread. Note: do not insert this data into the list
-# of all threads; it's not to be stopped etc.
-when not defined(useNimRtl):
-  #when not defined(createNimRtl): initStackBottom()
-  when declared(initGC):
-    initGC()
-    when not emulatedThreadVars:
-      type ThreadType {.pure.} = enum
-        None = 0,
-        NimThread = 1,
-        ForeignThread = 2
-      var
-        threadType {.rtlThreadVar.}: ThreadType
-
-      threadType = ThreadType.NimThread
-
-# We jump through some hops here to ensure that Nim thread procs can have
-# the Nim calling convention. This is needed because thread procs are
-# ``stdcall`` on Windows and ``noconv`` on UNIX. Alternative would be to just
-# use ``stdcall`` since it is mapped to ``noconv`` on UNIX anyway.
-
-type
-  Thread*[TArg] = object
-    core: PGcThread
-    sys: SysThread
-    when TArg is void:
-      dataFn: proc () {.nimcall, gcsafe.}
-    else:
-      dataFn: proc (m: TArg) {.nimcall, gcsafe.}
-      data: TArg
-
-var
-  threadDestructionHandlers {.rtlThreadVar.}: seq[proc () {.closure, gcsafe, raises: [].}]
-
-proc onThreadDestruction*(handler: proc () {.closure, gcsafe, raises: [].}) =
-  ## Registers a *thread local* handler that is called at the thread's
-  ## destruction.
-  ##
-  ## A thread is destructed when the `.thread` proc returns
-  ## normally or when it raises an exception. Note that unhandled exceptions
-  ## in a thread nevertheless cause the whole process to die.
-  threadDestructionHandlers.add handler
-
-template afterThreadRuns() =
-  for i in countdown(threadDestructionHandlers.len-1, 0):
-    threadDestructionHandlers[i]()
-
-when not defined(boehmgc) and not hasSharedHeap and not defined(gogc) and not defined(gcRegions):
-  proc deallocOsPages() {.rtl, raises: [].}
-
-proc threadTrouble() {.raises: [], gcsafe.}
-  ## defined in system/excpt.nim
-
-when defined(boehmgc):
-  type GCStackBaseProc = proc(sb: pointer, t: pointer) {.noconv.}
-  proc boehmGC_call_with_stack_base(sbp: GCStackBaseProc, p: pointer)
-    {.importc: "GC_call_with_stack_base", boehmGC.}
-  proc boehmGC_register_my_thread(sb: pointer)
-    {.importc: "GC_register_my_thread", boehmGC.}
-  proc boehmGC_unregister_my_thread()
-    {.importc: "GC_unregister_my_thread", boehmGC.}
-
-  proc threadProcWrapDispatch[TArg](sb: pointer, thrd: pointer) {.noconv, raises: [].} =
-    boehmGC_register_my_thread(sb)
-    try:
-      let thrd = cast[ptr Thread[TArg]](thrd)
-      when TArg is void:
-        thrd.dataFn()
-      else:
-        thrd.dataFn(thrd.data)
-    except:
-      threadTrouble()
-    finally:
-      afterThreadRuns()
-    boehmGC_unregister_my_thread()
-else:
-  proc threadProcWrapDispatch[TArg](thrd: ptr Thread[TArg]) {.raises: [].} =
-    try:
-      when TArg is void:
-        thrd.dataFn()
-      else:
-        when defined(nimV2):
-          thrd.dataFn(thrd.data)
-        else:
-          var x: TArg
-          deepCopy(x, thrd.data)
-          thrd.dataFn(x)
-    except:
-      threadTrouble()
-    finally:
-      afterThreadRuns()
-
-proc threadProcWrapStackFrame[TArg](thrd: ptr Thread[TArg]) {.raises: [].} =
-  when defined(boehmgc):
-    boehmGC_call_with_stack_base(threadProcWrapDispatch[TArg], thrd)
-  elif not defined(nogc) and not defined(gogc) and not defined(gcRegions) and not usesDestructors:
-    var p {.volatile.}: pointer
-    # init the GC for refc/markandsweep
-    nimGC_setStackBottom(addr(p))
-    initGC()
-    when declared(threadType):
-      threadType = ThreadType.NimThread
-    threadProcWrapDispatch[TArg](thrd)
-    when declared(deallocOsPages): deallocOsPages()
-  else:
-    threadProcWrapDispatch(thrd)
-
-template threadProcWrapperBody(closure: untyped): untyped =
-  var thrd = cast[ptr Thread[TArg]](closure)
-  var core = thrd.core
-  when declared(globalsSlot): threadVarSetValue(globalsSlot, thrd.core)
-  threadProcWrapStackFrame(thrd)
-  # Since an unhandled exception terminates the whole process (!), there is
-  # no need for a ``try finally`` here, nor would it be correct: The current
-  # exception is tried to be re-raised by the code-gen after the ``finally``!
-  # However this is doomed to fail, because we already unmapped every heap
-  # page!
-
-  # mark as not running anymore:
-  thrd.core = nil
-  thrd.dataFn = nil
-  deallocShared(cast[pointer](core))
-
-{.push stack_trace:off.}
-when defined(windows):
-  proc threadProcWrapper[TArg](closure: pointer): int32 {.stdcall.} =
-    threadProcWrapperBody(closure)
-    # implicitly return 0
-elif defined(genode):
-   proc threadProcWrapper[TArg](closure: pointer) {.noconv.} =
-    threadProcWrapperBody(closure)
-else:
-  proc threadProcWrapper[TArg](closure: pointer): pointer {.noconv.} =
-    threadProcWrapperBody(closure)
-{.pop.}
-
-proc running*[TArg](t: Thread[TArg]): bool {.inline.} =
-  ## Returns true if `t` is running.
-  result = t.dataFn != nil
-
-proc handle*[TArg](t: Thread[TArg]): SysThread {.inline.} =
-  ## Returns the thread handle of `t`.
-  result = t.sys
-
-when hostOS == "windows":
-  const MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS = 64
-
-  proc joinThread*[TArg](t: Thread[TArg]) {.inline.} =
-    ## Waits for the thread `t` to finish.
-    discard waitForSingleObject(t.sys, -1'i32)
-
-  proc joinThreads*[TArg](t: varargs[Thread[TArg]]) =
-    ## Waits for every thread in `t` to finish.
-    var a: array[MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS, SysThread]
-    var k = 0
-    while k < len(t):
-      var count = min(len(t) - k, MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS)
-      for i in 0..(count - 1): a[i] = t[i + k].sys
-      discard waitForMultipleObjects(int32(count),
-                                     cast[ptr SysThread](addr(a)), 1, -1)
-      inc(k, MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS)
-
-elif defined(genode):
-  proc joinThread*[TArg](t: Thread[TArg]) {.importcpp.}
-    ## Waits for the thread `t` to finish.
-
-  proc joinThreads*[TArg](t: varargs[Thread[TArg]]) =
-    ## Waits for every thread in `t` to finish.
-    for i in 0..t.high: joinThread(t[i])
-
-else:
-  proc joinThread*[TArg](t: Thread[TArg]) {.inline.} =
-    ## Waits for the thread `t` to finish.
-    discard pthread_join(t.sys, nil)
-
-  proc joinThreads*[TArg](t: varargs[Thread[TArg]]) =
-    ## Waits for every thread in `t` to finish.
-    for i in 0..t.high: joinThread(t[i])
-
-when false:
-  # XXX a thread should really release its heap here somehow:
-  proc destroyThread*[TArg](t: var Thread[TArg]) =
-    ## Forces the thread `t` to terminate. This is potentially dangerous if
-    ## you don't have full control over `t` and its acquired resources.
-    when hostOS == "windows":
-      discard TerminateThread(t.sys, 1'i32)
-    else:
-      discard pthread_cancel(t.sys)
-    when declared(registerThread): unregisterThread(addr(t))
-    t.dataFn = nil
-    ## if thread `t` already exited, `t.core` will be `null`.
-    if not isNil(t.core):
-      deallocShared(t.core)
-      t.core = nil
-
-when hostOS == "windows":
-  proc createThread*[TArg](t: var Thread[TArg],
-                           tp: proc (arg: TArg) {.thread, nimcall.},
-                           param: TArg) =
-    ## Creates a new thread `t` and starts its execution.
-    ##
-    ## Entry point is the proc `tp`.
-    ## `param` is passed to `tp`. `TArg` can be `void` if you
-    ## don't need to pass any data to the thread.
-    t.core = cast[PGcThread](allocShared0(sizeof(GcThread)))
-
-    when TArg isnot void: t.data = param
-    t.dataFn = tp
-    when hasSharedHeap: t.core.stackSize = ThreadStackSize
-    var dummyThreadId: int32
-    t.sys = createThread(nil, ThreadStackSize, threadProcWrapper[TArg],
-                         addr(t), 0'i32, dummyThreadId)
-    if t.sys <= 0:
-      raise newException(ResourceExhaustedError, "cannot create thread")
-
-  proc pinToCpu*[Arg](t: var Thread[Arg]; cpu: Natural) =
-    ## Pins a thread to a `CPU`:idx:.
-    ##
-    ## In other words sets a thread's `affinity`:idx:.
-    ## If you don't know what this means, you shouldn't use this proc.
-    setThreadAffinityMask(t.sys, uint(1 shl cpu))
-
-elif defined(genode):
-  var affinityOffset: cuint = 1
-    ## CPU affinity offset for next thread, safe to roll-over.
-
-  proc createThread*[TArg](t: var Thread[TArg],
-                           tp: proc (arg: TArg) {.thread, nimcall.},
-                           param: TArg) =
-    t.core = cast[PGcThread](allocShared0(sizeof(GcThread)))
-
-    when TArg isnot void: t.data = param
-    t.dataFn = tp
-    when hasSharedHeap: t.stackSize = ThreadStackSize
-    t.sys.initThread(
-      runtimeEnv,
-      ThreadStackSize.culonglong,
-      threadProcWrapper[TArg], addr(t), affinityOffset)
-    inc affinityOffset
-
-  proc pinToCpu*[Arg](t: var Thread[Arg]; cpu: Natural) =
-    {.hint: "cannot change Genode thread CPU affinity after initialization".}
-    discard
-
-else:
-  proc createThread*[TArg](t: var Thread[TArg],
-                           tp: proc (arg: TArg) {.thread, nimcall.},
-                           param: TArg) =
-    ## Creates a new thread `t` and starts its execution.
-    ##
-    ## Entry point is the proc `tp`. `param` is passed to `tp`.
-    ## `TArg` can be `void` if you
-    ## don't need to pass any data to the thread.
-    t.core = cast[PGcThread](allocShared0(sizeof(GcThread)))
-
-    when TArg isnot void: t.data = param
-    t.dataFn = tp
-    when hasSharedHeap: t.core.stackSize = ThreadStackSize
-    var a {.noinit.}: Pthread_attr
-    doAssert pthread_attr_init(a) == 0
-    let setstacksizeResult = pthread_attr_setstacksize(a, ThreadStackSize)
-    when not defined(ios):
-      # This fails on iOS
-      doAssert(setstacksizeResult == 0)
-    if pthread_create(t.sys, a, threadProcWrapper[TArg], addr(t)) != 0:
-      raise newException(ResourceExhaustedError, "cannot create thread")
-    doAssert pthread_attr_destroy(a) == 0
-
-  proc pinToCpu*[Arg](t: var Thread[Arg]; cpu: Natural) =
-    ## Pins a thread to a `CPU`:idx:.
-    ##
-    ## In other words sets a thread's `affinity`:idx:.
-    ## If you don't know what this means, you shouldn't use this proc.
-    when not defined(macosx):
-      var s {.noinit.}: CpuSet
-      cpusetZero(s)
-      cpusetIncl(cpu.cint, s)
-      setAffinity(t.sys, csize_t(sizeof(s)), s)
-
-proc createThread*(t: var Thread[void], tp: proc () {.thread, nimcall.}) =
-  createThread[void](t, tp)
-
-# we need to cache current threadId to not perform syscall all the time
-var threadId {.threadvar.}: int
-
-when defined(windows):
-  proc getThreadId*(): int =
-    ## Gets the ID of the currently running thread.
-    if threadId == 0:
-      threadId = int(getCurrentThreadId())
-    result = threadId
-
-elif defined(linux):
-  proc syscall(arg: clong): clong {.varargs, importc: "syscall", header: "<unistd.h>".}
-  when defined(amd64):
-    const NR_gettid = clong(186)
-  else:
-    var NR_gettid {.importc: "__NR_gettid", header: "<sys/syscall.h>".}: clong
-
-  proc getThreadId*(): int =
-    ## Gets the ID of the currently running thread.
-    if threadId == 0:
-      threadId = int(syscall(NR_gettid))
-    result = threadId
-
-elif defined(dragonfly):
-  proc lwp_gettid(): int32 {.importc, header: "unistd.h".}
-
-  proc getThreadId*(): int =
-    ## Gets the ID of the currently running thread.
-    if threadId == 0:
-      threadId = int(lwp_gettid())
-    result = threadId
-
-elif defined(openbsd):
-  proc getthrid(): int32 {.importc: "getthrid", header: "<unistd.h>".}
-
-  proc getThreadId*(): int =
-    ## get the ID of the currently running thread.
-    if threadId == 0:
-      threadId = int(getthrid())
-    result = threadId
-
-elif defined(netbsd):
-  proc lwp_self(): int32 {.importc: "_lwp_self", header: "<lwp.h>".}
-
-  proc getThreadId*(): int =
-    ## Gets the ID of the currently running thread.
-    if threadId == 0:
-      threadId = int(lwp_self())
-    result = threadId
-
-elif defined(freebsd):
-  proc syscall(arg: cint, arg0: ptr cint): cint {.varargs, importc: "syscall", header: "<unistd.h>".}
-  var SYS_thr_self {.importc:"SYS_thr_self", header:"<sys/syscall.h>"}: cint
-
-  proc getThreadId*(): int =
-    ## Gets the ID of the currently running thread.
-    var tid = 0.cint
-    if threadId == 0:
-      discard syscall(SYS_thr_self, addr tid)
-      threadId = tid
-    result = threadId
-
-elif defined(macosx):
-  proc syscall(arg: cint): cint {.varargs, importc: "syscall", header: "<unistd.h>".}
-  var SYS_thread_selfid {.importc:"SYS_thread_selfid", header:"<sys/syscall.h>".}: cint
-
-  proc getThreadId*(): int =
-    ## Gets the ID of the currently running thread.
-    if threadId == 0:
-      threadId = int(syscall(SYS_thread_selfid))
-    result = threadId
-
-elif defined(solaris):
-  type thread_t {.importc: "thread_t", header: "<thread.h>".} = distinct int
-  proc thr_self(): thread_t {.importc, header: "<thread.h>".}
-
-  proc getThreadId*(): int =
-    ## Gets the ID of the currently running thread.
-    if threadId == 0:
-      threadId = int(thr_self())
-    result = threadId
-
-elif defined(haiku):
-  type thr_id {.importc: "thread_id", header: "<OS.h>".} = distinct int32
-  proc find_thread(name: cstring): thr_id {.importc, header: "<OS.h>".}
-
-  proc getThreadId*(): int =
-    ## Gets the ID of the currently running thread.
-    if threadId == 0:
-      threadId = int(find_thread(nil))
-    result = threadId
diff --git a/lib/system/widestrs.nim b/lib/system/widestrs.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 16bc3f3ca..000000000
--- a/lib/system/widestrs.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,226 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2012 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-# Nim support for C/C++'s `wide strings`:idx:. This is part of the system
-# module! Do not import it directly!
-
-#when not declared(ThisIsSystem):
-#  {.error: "You must not import this module explicitly".}
-
-type
-  Utf16Char* = distinct int16
-
-when defined(nimv2):
-
-  type
-    WideCString* = ptr UncheckedArray[Utf16Char]
-
-    WideCStringObj* = object
-      bytes: int
-      data: WideCString
-
-  proc `=destroy`(a: var WideCStringObj) =
-    if a.data != nil:
-      when compileOption("threads"):
-        deallocShared(a.data)
-      else:
-        dealloc(a.data)
-
-  proc `=`(a: var WideCStringObj; b: WideCStringObj) {.error.}
-
-  proc `=sink`(a: var WideCStringObj; b: WideCStringObj) =
-    a.bytes = b.bytes
-    a.data = b.data
-
-  proc createWide(a: var WideCStringObj; bytes: int) =
-    a.bytes = bytes
-    when compileOption("threads"):
-      a.data = cast[typeof(a.data)](allocShared0(bytes))
-    else:
-      a.data = cast[typeof(a.data)](alloc0(bytes))
-
-  template `[]`*(a: WideCStringObj; idx: int): Utf16Char = a.data[idx]
-  template `[]=`*(a: WideCStringObj; idx: int; val: Utf16Char) = a.data[idx] = val
-
-  template nullWide(): untyped = WideCStringObj(bytes: 0, data: nil)
-
-  converter toWideCString*(x: WideCStringObj): WideCString {.inline.} =
-    result = x.data
-
-else:
-  template nullWide(): untyped = nil
-
-  type
-    WideCString* = ref UncheckedArray[Utf16Char]
-    WideCStringObj* = WideCString
-
-  template createWide(a; L) =
-    unsafeNew(a, L)
-
-proc ord(arg: Utf16Char): int = int(cast[uint16](arg))
-
-proc len*(w: WideCString): int =
-  ## returns the length of a widestring. This traverses the whole string to
-  ## find the binary zero end marker!
-  result = 0
-  while int16(w[result]) != 0'i16: inc result
-
-const
-  UNI_REPLACEMENT_CHAR = Utf16Char(0xFFFD'i16)
-  UNI_MAX_BMP = 0x0000FFFF
-  UNI_MAX_UTF16 = 0x0010FFFF
-  # UNI_MAX_UTF32 = 0x7FFFFFFF
-  # UNI_MAX_LEGAL_UTF32 = 0x0010FFFF
-
-  halfShift = 10
-  halfBase = 0x0010000
-  halfMask = 0x3FF
-
-  UNI_SUR_HIGH_START = 0xD800
-  UNI_SUR_HIGH_END = 0xDBFF
-  UNI_SUR_LOW_START = 0xDC00
-  UNI_SUR_LOW_END = 0xDFFF
-  UNI_REPL = 0xFFFD
-
-template ones(n: untyped): untyped = ((1 shl n)-1)
-
-template fastRuneAt(s: cstring, i, L: int, result: untyped, doInc = true) =
-  ## Returns the unicode character `s[i]` in `result`. If `doInc == true`
-  ## `i` is incremented by the number of bytes that have been processed.
-  bind ones
-
-  if ord(s[i]) <= 127:
-    result = ord(s[i])
-    when doInc: inc(i)
-  elif ord(s[i]) shr 5 == 0b110:
-    #assert(ord(s[i+1]) shr 6 == 0b10)
-    if i <= L - 2:
-      result = (ord(s[i]) and (ones(5))) shl 6 or (ord(s[i+1]) and ones(6))
-      when doInc: inc(i, 2)
-    else:
-      result = UNI_REPL
-      when doInc: inc(i)
-  elif ord(s[i]) shr 4 == 0b1110:
-    if i <= L - 3:
-      #assert(ord(s[i+1]) shr 6 == 0b10)
-      #assert(ord(s[i+2]) shr 6 == 0b10)
-      result = (ord(s[i]) and ones(4)) shl 12 or
-               (ord(s[i+1]) and ones(6)) shl 6 or
-               (ord(s[i+2]) and ones(6))
-      when doInc: inc(i, 3)
-    else:
-      result = UNI_REPL
-      when doInc: inc(i)
-  elif ord(s[i]) shr 3 == 0b11110:
-    if i <= L - 4:
-      #assert(ord(s[i+1]) shr 6 == 0b10)
-      #assert(ord(s[i+2]) shr 6 == 0b10)
-      #assert(ord(s[i+3]) shr 6 == 0b10)
-      result = (ord(s[i]) and ones(3)) shl 18 or
-               (ord(s[i+1]) and ones(6)) shl 12 or
-               (ord(s[i+2]) and ones(6)) shl 6 or
-               (ord(s[i+3]) and ones(6))
-      when doInc: inc(i, 4)
-    else:
-      result = UNI_REPL
-      when doInc: inc(i)
-  else:
-    result = 0xFFFD
-    when doInc: inc(i)
-
-iterator runes(s: cstring, L: int): int =
-  var
-    i = 0
-    result: int
-  while i < L:
-    fastRuneAt(s, i, L, result, true)
-    yield result
-
-proc newWideCString*(size: int): WideCStringObj =
-  createWide(result, size * 2 + 2)
-
-proc newWideCString*(source: cstring, L: int): WideCStringObj =
-  createWide(result, L * 2 + 2)
-  var d = 0
-  for ch in runes(source, L):
-
-    if ch <= UNI_MAX_BMP:
-      if ch >= UNI_SUR_HIGH_START and ch <= UNI_SUR_LOW_END:
-        result[d] = UNI_REPLACEMENT_CHAR
-      else:
-        result[d] = cast[Utf16Char](uint16(ch))
-    elif ch > UNI_MAX_UTF16:
-      result[d] = UNI_REPLACEMENT_CHAR
-    else:
-      let ch = ch - halfBase
-      result[d] = cast[Utf16Char](uint16((ch shr halfShift) + UNI_SUR_HIGH_START))
-      inc d
-      result[d] = cast[Utf16Char](uint16((ch and halfMask) + UNI_SUR_LOW_START))
-    inc d
-  result[d] = Utf16Char(0)
-
-proc newWideCString*(s: cstring): WideCStringObj =
-  if s.isNil: return nullWide
-
-  result = newWideCString(s, s.len)
-
-proc newWideCString*(s: string): WideCStringObj =
-  result = newWideCString(s, s.len)
-
-proc `$`*(w: WideCString, estimate: int, replacement: int = 0xFFFD): string =
-  result = newStringOfCap(estimate + estimate shr 2)
-
-  var i = 0
-  while w[i].int16 != 0'i16:
-    var ch = ord(w[i])
-    inc i
-    if ch >= UNI_SUR_HIGH_START and ch <= UNI_SUR_HIGH_END:
-      # If the 16 bits following the high surrogate are in the source buffer...
-      let ch2 = ord(w[i])
-
-      # If it's a low surrogate, convert to UTF32:
-      if ch2 >= UNI_SUR_LOW_START and ch2 <= UNI_SUR_LOW_END:
-        ch = (((ch and halfMask) shl halfShift) + (ch2 and halfMask)) + halfBase
-        inc i
-      else:
-        #invalid UTF-16
-        ch = replacement
-    elif ch >= UNI_SUR_LOW_START and ch <= UNI_SUR_LOW_END:
-      #invalid UTF-16
-      ch = replacement
-
-    if ch < 0x80:
-      result.add chr(ch)
-    elif ch < 0x800:
-      result.add chr((ch shr 6) or 0xc0)
-      result.add chr((ch and 0x3f) or 0x80)
-    elif ch < 0x10000:
-      result.add chr((ch shr 12) or 0xe0)
-      result.add chr(((ch shr 6) and 0x3f) or 0x80)
-      result.add chr((ch and 0x3f) or 0x80)
-    elif ch <= 0x10FFFF:
-      result.add chr((ch shr 18) or 0xf0)
-      result.add chr(((ch shr 12) and 0x3f) or 0x80)
-      result.add chr(((ch shr 6) and 0x3f) or 0x80)
-      result.add chr((ch and 0x3f) or 0x80)
-    else:
-      # replacement char(in case user give very large number):
-      result.add chr(0xFFFD shr 12 or 0b1110_0000)
-      result.add chr(0xFFFD shr 6 and ones(6) or 0b10_0000_00)
-      result.add chr(0xFFFD and ones(6) or 0b10_0000_00)
-
-proc `$`*(s: WideCString): string =
-  result = s $ 80
-
-when defined(nimv2):
-  proc `$`*(s: WideCStringObj, estimate: int, replacement: int = 0xFFFD): string =
-    `$`(s.data, estimate, replacement)
-
-  proc `$`*(s: WideCStringObj): string =
-    $(s.data)
diff --git a/lib/system_overview.rst b/lib/system_overview.rst
index d6cbe1a35..cc0643bf1 100644
--- a/lib/system_overview.rst
+++ b/lib/system_overview.rst
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 .. default-role:: code
+.. include:: ../doc/rstcommon.rst
 
 The System module imports several separate modules, and their documentation
 is in separate files:
 
 * `iterators <iterators.html>`_
+* `exceptions <exceptions.html>`_
 * `assertions <assertions.html>`_
 * `dollars <dollars.html>`_
-* `io <io.html>`_
-* `widestrs <widestrs.html>`_
+* `ctypes <ctypes.html>`_
 
 
 Here is a short overview of the most commonly used functions from the
@@ -48,27 +49,27 @@ Proc                              Usage
 Seqs
 ----
 
-==============================================     ==========================================
-Proc                                               Usage
-==============================================     ==========================================
-`newSeq<#newSeq>`_                                 Create a new sequence of a given length
-`newSeqOfCap<#newSeqOfCap,Natural>`_               Create a new sequence with zero length
-                                                   and a given capacity
-`setLen<#setLen,seq[T],Natural>`_                  Set the length of a sequence
-`len<#len,seq[T]>`_                                Return the length of a sequence
-`@<#@,openArray[T]>`_                              Turn an array into a sequence
-`add<#add,seq[T],sinkT>`_                          Add an item to the sequence
-`insert<#insert,seq[T],sinkT>`_                    Insert an item at a specific position
-`delete<#delete,seq[T],Natural>`_                  Delete an item while preserving the
-                                                   order of elements (`O(n)` operation)
-`del<#del,seq[T],Natural>`_                        `O(1)` removal, doesn't preserve the order
-`pop<#pop,seq[T]>`_                                Remove and return last item of a sequence
-`x & y<#&,seq[T],seq[T]>`_                         Concatenate two sequences
-`x[a .. b]<#[],openArray[T],HSlice[U,V]>`_         Slice of a sequence (both ends included)
-`x[a .. ^b]<#[],openArray[T],HSlice[U,V]>`_        Slice of a sequence but `b` is a 
-                                                   reversed index (both ends included)
-`x[a ..\< b]<#[],openArray[T],HSlice[U,V]>`_       Slice of a sequence (excluded upper bound)
-==============================================     ==========================================
+=============================================================  ==========================================
+Proc                                                           Usage
+=============================================================  ==========================================
+`newSeq<#newSeq>`_                                             Create a new sequence of a given length
+`newSeqOfCap<#newSeqOfCap,Natural>`_                           Create a new sequence with zero length
+                                                               and a given capacity
+`setLen<#setLen,seq[T],Natural>`_                              Set the length of a sequence
+`len<#len,seq[T]>`_                                            Return the length of a sequence
+`@<#@,openArray[T]>`_                                          Turn an array into a sequence
+`add<#add,seq[T],sinkT>`_                                      Add an item to the sequence
+`insert<#insert,seq[T],sinkT>`_                                Insert an item at a specific position
+`delete<#delete,seq[T],Natural>`_                              Delete an item while preserving the
+                                                               order of elements (`O(n)` operation)
+`del<#del,seq[T],Natural>`_                                    `O(1)` removal, doesn't preserve the order
+`pop<#pop,seq[T]>`_                                            Remove and return last item of a sequence
+`x & y<#&,seq[T],seq[T]>`_                                     Concatenate two sequences
+`x[a .. b]<#[],openArray[T],HSlice[U: Ordinal,V: Ordinal]>`_   Slice of a sequence (both ends included)
+`x[a .. ^b]<#[],openArray[T],HSlice[U: Ordinal,V: Ordinal]>`_  Slice of a sequence but `b` is a 
+                                                               reversed index (both ends included)
+`x[a ..< b]<#[],openArray[T],HSlice[U: Ordinal,V: Ordinal]>`_  Slice of a sequence (excluded upper bound)
+=============================================================  ==========================================
 
 **See also:**
 * `sequtils module <sequtils.html>`_ for operations on container
@@ -98,6 +99,7 @@ Proc                                Usage
 ===============================     ======================================
 
 **See also:**
+* `setutils module <setutils.html>`_ for bit set convenience functions
 * `sets module <sets.html>`_ for hash sets
 * `intsets module <intsets.html>`_ for efficient int sets
 
diff --git a/lib/windows/registry.nim b/lib/windows/registry.nim
index c17f2f455..207172f8c 100644
--- a/lib/windows/registry.nim
+++ b/lib/windows/registry.nim
@@ -9,7 +9,10 @@
 
 ## This module is experimental and its interface may change.
 
-import winlean, os
+import std/oserrors
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/widestrs
 
 type
   HKEY* = uint
@@ -46,24 +49,26 @@ template call(f) =
 proc getUnicodeValue*(path, key: string; handle: HKEY): string =
   let hh = newWideCString path
   let kk = newWideCString key
-  var bufsize: int32
+  var bufSize: int32
   # try a couple of different flag settings:
   var flags: int32 = RRF_RT_ANY
-  let err = regGetValue(handle, hh, kk, flags, nil, nil, addr bufsize)
+  let err = regGetValue(handle, hh, kk, flags, nil, nil, addr bufSize)
   if err != 0:
     var newHandle: HKEY
     call regOpenKeyEx(handle, hh, 0, KEY_READ or KEY_WOW64_64KEY, newHandle)
-    call regGetValue(newHandle, nil, kk, flags, nil, nil, addr bufsize)
-    var res = newWideCString("", bufsize)
-    call regGetValue(newHandle, nil, kk, flags, nil, cast[pointer](res),
-                   addr bufsize)
-    result = res $ bufsize
+    call regGetValue(newHandle, nil, kk, flags, nil, nil, addr bufSize)
+    if bufSize > 0:
+      var res = newWideCString(bufSize)
+      call regGetValue(newHandle, nil, kk, flags, nil, addr res[0],
+                    addr bufSize)
+      result = res $ bufSize
     call regCloseKey(newHandle)
   else:
-    var res = newWideCString("", bufsize)
-    call regGetValue(handle, hh, kk, flags, nil, cast[pointer](res),
-                   addr bufsize)
-    result = res $ bufsize
+    if bufSize > 0:
+      var res = newWideCString(bufSize)
+      call regGetValue(handle, hh, kk, flags, nil, addr res[0],
+                    addr bufSize)
+      result = res $ bufSize
 
 proc regSetValue(key: HKEY, lpSubKey, lpValueName: WideCString,
                  dwType: int32; lpData: WideCString; cbData: int32): int32 {.
diff --git a/lib/windows/winlean.nim b/lib/windows/winlean.nim
index 6e4c438e6..79681376b 100644
--- a/lib/windows/winlean.nim
+++ b/lib/windows/winlean.nim
@@ -10,20 +10,18 @@
 ## This module implements a small wrapper for some needed Win API procedures,
 ## so that the Nim compiler does not depend on the huge Windows module.
 
-import dynlib
+import std/dynlib
 
 when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
   {.push styleChecks: off.}
 
 {.passc: "-DWIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN".}
 
-const
-  useWinUnicode* = not defined(useWinAnsi)
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  from std/syncio import FileHandle
+  import std/widestrs
 
-when useWinUnicode:
-  type WinChar* = Utf16Char
-else:
-  type WinChar* = char
+type WinChar* = Utf16Char
 
 # See https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/winprog/windows-data-types
 type
@@ -42,14 +40,14 @@ type
   PULONG_PTR* = ptr uint
   HDC* = Handle
   HGLRC* = Handle
-  BYTE* = cuchar
+  BYTE* = uint8
 
-  SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES* {.final, pure.} = object
+  SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES* = object
     nLength*: int32
     lpSecurityDescriptor*: pointer
     bInheritHandle*: WINBOOL
 
-  STARTUPINFO* {.final, pure.} = object
+  STARTUPINFO* = object
     cb*: int32
     lpReserved*: cstring
     lpDesktop*: cstring
@@ -69,17 +67,17 @@ type
     hStdOutput*: Handle
     hStdError*: Handle
 
-  PROCESS_INFORMATION* {.final, pure.} = object
+  PROCESS_INFORMATION* = object
     hProcess*: Handle
     hThread*: Handle
     dwProcessId*: int32
     dwThreadId*: int32
 
-  FILETIME* {.final, pure.} = object ## CANNOT BE int64 BECAUSE OF ALIGNMENT
+  FILETIME* = object ## CANNOT BE int64 BECAUSE OF ALIGNMENT
     dwLowDateTime*: DWORD
     dwHighDateTime*: DWORD
 
-  BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION* {.final, pure.} = object
+  BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION* = object
     dwFileAttributes*: DWORD
     ftCreationTime*: FILETIME
     ftLastAccessTime*: FILETIME
@@ -91,7 +89,7 @@ type
     nFileIndexHigh*: DWORD
     nFileIndexLow*: DWORD
 
-  OSVERSIONINFO* {.final, pure.} = object
+  OSVERSIONINFO* = object
     dwOSVersionInfoSize*: DWORD
     dwMajorVersion*: DWORD
     dwMinorVersion*: DWORD
@@ -180,26 +178,14 @@ proc peekNamedPipe*(hNamedPipe: Handle, lpBuffer: pointer=nil,
                     lpBytesLeftThisMessage: ptr int32 = nil): bool {.
     stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "PeekNamedPipe".}
 
-when useWinUnicode:
-  proc createProcessW*(lpApplicationName, lpCommandLine: WideCString,
-                     lpProcessAttributes: ptr SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES,
-                     lpThreadAttributes: ptr SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES,
-                     bInheritHandles: WINBOOL, dwCreationFlags: int32,
-                     lpEnvironment, lpCurrentDirectory: WideCString,
-                     lpStartupInfo: var STARTUPINFO,
-                     lpProcessInformation: var PROCESS_INFORMATION): WINBOOL{.
-    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "CreateProcessW", sideEffect.}
-
-else:
-  proc createProcessA*(lpApplicationName, lpCommandLine: cstring,
-                       lpProcessAttributes: ptr SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES,
-                       lpThreadAttributes: ptr SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES,
-                       bInheritHandles: WINBOOL, dwCreationFlags: int32,
-                       lpEnvironment: pointer, lpCurrentDirectory: cstring,
-                       lpStartupInfo: var STARTUPINFO,
-                       lpProcessInformation: var PROCESS_INFORMATION): WINBOOL{.
-      stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "CreateProcessA", sideEffect.}
-
+proc createProcessW*(lpApplicationName, lpCommandLine: WideCString,
+                   lpProcessAttributes: ptr SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES,
+                   lpThreadAttributes: ptr SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES,
+                   bInheritHandles: WINBOOL, dwCreationFlags: int32,
+                   lpEnvironment, lpCurrentDirectory: WideCString,
+                   lpStartupInfo: var STARTUPINFO,
+                   lpProcessInformation: var PROCESS_INFORMATION): WINBOOL{.
+  stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "CreateProcessW", sideEffect.}
 
 proc suspendThread*(hThread: Handle): int32 {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32",
     importc: "SuspendThread", sideEffect.}
@@ -228,67 +214,37 @@ proc getLastError*(): int32 {.importc: "GetLastError",
 proc setLastError*(error: int32) {.importc: "SetLastError",
     stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", sideEffect.}
 
-when useWinUnicode:
-  proc formatMessageW*(dwFlags: int32, lpSource: pointer,
-                      dwMessageId, dwLanguageId: int32,
-                      lpBuffer: pointer, nSize: int32,
-                      arguments: pointer): int32 {.
-                      importc: "FormatMessageW", stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32".}
-else:
-  proc formatMessageA*(dwFlags: int32, lpSource: pointer,
+proc formatMessageW*(dwFlags: int32, lpSource: pointer,
                     dwMessageId, dwLanguageId: int32,
                     lpBuffer: pointer, nSize: int32,
                     arguments: pointer): int32 {.
-                    importc: "FormatMessageA", stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32".}
+                    importc: "FormatMessageW", stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32".}
 
 proc localFree*(p: pointer) {.
   importc: "LocalFree", stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32".}
 
-when useWinUnicode:
-  proc getCurrentDirectoryW*(nBufferLength: int32,
-                             lpBuffer: WideCString): int32 {.
-    importc: "GetCurrentDirectoryW", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
-  proc setCurrentDirectoryW*(lpPathName: WideCString): int32 {.
-    importc: "SetCurrentDirectoryW", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
-  proc createDirectoryW*(pathName: WideCString, security: pointer=nil): int32 {.
-    importc: "CreateDirectoryW", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
-  proc removeDirectoryW*(lpPathName: WideCString): int32 {.
-    importc: "RemoveDirectoryW", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
-  proc setEnvironmentVariableW*(lpName, lpValue: WideCString): int32 {.
-    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "SetEnvironmentVariableW", sideEffect.}
-
-  proc getModuleFileNameW*(handle: Handle, buf: WideCString,
-                           size: int32): int32 {.importc: "GetModuleFileNameW",
-    dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall.}
-else:
-  proc getCurrentDirectoryA*(nBufferLength: int32, lpBuffer: cstring): int32 {.
-    importc: "GetCurrentDirectoryA", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
-  proc setCurrentDirectoryA*(lpPathName: cstring): int32 {.
-    importc: "SetCurrentDirectoryA", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
-  proc createDirectoryA*(pathName: cstring, security: pointer=nil): int32 {.
-    importc: "CreateDirectoryA", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
-  proc removeDirectoryA*(lpPathName: cstring): int32 {.
-    importc: "RemoveDirectoryA", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
-  proc setEnvironmentVariableA*(lpName, lpValue: cstring): int32 {.
-    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "SetEnvironmentVariableA", sideEffect.}
-
-  proc getModuleFileNameA*(handle: Handle, buf: cstring, size: int32): int32 {.
-    importc: "GetModuleFileNameA", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall.}
-
-when useWinUnicode:
-  proc createSymbolicLinkW*(lpSymlinkFileName, lpTargetFileName: WideCString,
-                         flags: DWORD): int32 {.
-    importc:"CreateSymbolicLinkW", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
-  proc createHardLinkW*(lpFileName, lpExistingFileName: WideCString,
-                         security: pointer=nil): int32 {.
-    importc:"CreateHardLinkW", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
-else:
-  proc createSymbolicLinkA*(lpSymlinkFileName, lpTargetFileName: cstring,
-                           flags: DWORD): int32 {.
-    importc:"CreateSymbolicLinkA", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
-  proc createHardLinkA*(lpFileName, lpExistingFileName: cstring,
-                           security: pointer=nil): int32 {.
-    importc:"CreateHardLinkA", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
+proc getCurrentDirectoryW*(nBufferLength: int32,
+                           lpBuffer: WideCString): int32 {.
+  importc: "GetCurrentDirectoryW", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
+proc setCurrentDirectoryW*(lpPathName: WideCString): int32 {.
+  importc: "SetCurrentDirectoryW", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
+proc createDirectoryW*(pathName: WideCString, security: pointer=nil): int32 {.
+  importc: "CreateDirectoryW", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
+proc removeDirectoryW*(lpPathName: WideCString): int32 {.
+  importc: "RemoveDirectoryW", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
+proc setEnvironmentVariableW*(lpName, lpValue: WideCString): int32 {.
+  stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "SetEnvironmentVariableW", sideEffect.}
+
+proc getModuleFileNameW*(handle: Handle, buf: WideCString,
+                         size: int32): int32 {.importc: "GetModuleFileNameW",
+  dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall.}
+
+proc createSymbolicLinkW*(lpSymlinkFileName, lpTargetFileName: WideCString,
+                       flags: DWORD): int32 {.
+  importc:"CreateSymbolicLinkW", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
+proc createHardLinkW*(lpFileName, lpExistingFileName: WideCString,
+                       security: pointer=nil): int32 {.
+  importc:"CreateHardLinkW", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
 
 const
   FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY* = 0x00000001'i32
@@ -339,90 +295,51 @@ type
     cFileName*: array[0..(MAX_PATH) - 1, WinChar]
     cAlternateFileName*: array[0..13, WinChar]
 
-when useWinUnicode:
-  proc findFirstFileW*(lpFileName: WideCString,
-                      lpFindFileData: var WIN32_FIND_DATA): Handle {.
-      stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "FindFirstFileW", sideEffect.}
-  proc findNextFileW*(hFindFile: Handle,
-                     lpFindFileData: var WIN32_FIND_DATA): int32 {.
-      stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "FindNextFileW", sideEffect.}
-else:
-  proc findFirstFileA*(lpFileName: cstring,
-                      lpFindFileData: var WIN32_FIND_DATA): Handle {.
-      stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "FindFirstFileA", sideEffect.}
-  proc findNextFileA*(hFindFile: Handle,
-                     lpFindFileData: var WIN32_FIND_DATA): int32 {.
-      stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "FindNextFileA", sideEffect.}
+proc findFirstFileW*(lpFileName: WideCString,
+                    lpFindFileData: var WIN32_FIND_DATA): Handle {.
+    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "FindFirstFileW", sideEffect.}
+proc findNextFileW*(hFindFile: Handle,
+                   lpFindFileData: var WIN32_FIND_DATA): int32 {.
+    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "FindNextFileW", sideEffect.}
 
 proc findClose*(hFindFile: Handle) {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32",
   importc: "FindClose".}
 
-when useWinUnicode:
-  proc getFullPathNameW*(lpFileName: WideCString, nBufferLength: int32,
-                        lpBuffer: WideCString,
-                        lpFilePart: var WideCString): int32 {.
+proc getFullPathNameW*(lpFileName: WideCString, nBufferLength: int32,
+                      lpBuffer: WideCString,
+                      lpFilePart: var WideCString): int32 {.
+                      stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32",
+                      importc: "GetFullPathNameW", sideEffect.}
+proc getFileAttributesW*(lpFileName: WideCString): int32 {.
                         stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32",
-                        importc: "GetFullPathNameW", sideEffect.}
-  proc getFileAttributesW*(lpFileName: WideCString): int32 {.
-                          stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32",
-                          importc: "GetFileAttributesW", sideEffect.}
-  proc setFileAttributesW*(lpFileName: WideCString,
-                           dwFileAttributes: int32): WINBOOL {.
-      stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "SetFileAttributesW", sideEffect.}
-
-  proc copyFileW*(lpExistingFileName, lpNewFileName: WideCString,
-                 bFailIfExists: WINBOOL): WINBOOL {.
-    importc: "CopyFileW", stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", sideEffect.}
-
-  proc moveFileW*(lpExistingFileName, lpNewFileName: WideCString): WINBOOL {.
-    importc: "MoveFileW", stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", sideEffect.}
-  proc moveFileExW*(lpExistingFileName, lpNewFileName: WideCString,
-                    flags: DWORD): WINBOOL {.
-    importc: "MoveFileExW", stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", sideEffect.}
-
-  proc getEnvironmentStringsW*(): WideCString {.
-    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "GetEnvironmentStringsW", sideEffect.}
-  proc freeEnvironmentStringsW*(para1: WideCString): int32 {.
-    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "FreeEnvironmentStringsW", sideEffect.}
-
-  proc getCommandLineW*(): WideCString {.importc: "GetCommandLineW",
-    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", sideEffect.}
+                        importc: "GetFileAttributesW", sideEffect.}
+proc setFileAttributesW*(lpFileName: WideCString,
+                         dwFileAttributes: int32): WINBOOL {.
+    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "SetFileAttributesW", sideEffect.}
 
-else:
-  proc getFullPathNameA*(lpFileName: cstring, nBufferLength: int32,
-                        lpBuffer: cstring, lpFilePart: var cstring): int32 {.
-                        stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32",
-                        importc: "GetFullPathNameA", sideEffect.}
-  proc getFileAttributesA*(lpFileName: cstring): int32 {.
-                          stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32",
-                          importc: "GetFileAttributesA", sideEffect.}
-  proc setFileAttributesA*(lpFileName: cstring,
-                           dwFileAttributes: int32): WINBOOL {.
-      stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "SetFileAttributesA", sideEffect.}
-
-  proc copyFileA*(lpExistingFileName, lpNewFileName: cstring,
-                 bFailIfExists: cint): cint {.
-    importc: "CopyFileA", stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", sideEffect.}
-
-  proc moveFileA*(lpExistingFileName, lpNewFileName: cstring): WINBOOL {.
-    importc: "MoveFileA", stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", sideEffect.}
-  proc moveFileExA*(lpExistingFileName, lpNewFileName: cstring,
-                    flags: DWORD): WINBOOL {.
-    importc: "MoveFileExA", stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", sideEffect.}
-
-  proc getEnvironmentStringsA*(): cstring {.
-    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "GetEnvironmentStringsA", sideEffect.}
-  proc freeEnvironmentStringsA*(para1: cstring): int32 {.
-    stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "FreeEnvironmentStringsA", sideEffect.}
-
-  proc getCommandLineA*(): cstring {.
-    importc: "GetCommandLineA", stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", sideEffect.}
+proc copyFileW*(lpExistingFileName, lpNewFileName: WideCString,
+               bFailIfExists: WINBOOL): WINBOOL {.
+  importc: "CopyFileW", stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", sideEffect.}
+
+proc moveFileW*(lpExistingFileName, lpNewFileName: WideCString): WINBOOL {.
+  importc: "MoveFileW", stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", sideEffect.}
+proc moveFileExW*(lpExistingFileName, lpNewFileName: WideCString,
+                  flags: DWORD): WINBOOL {.
+  importc: "MoveFileExW", stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", sideEffect.}
+
+proc getEnvironmentStringsW*(): WideCString {.
+  stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "GetEnvironmentStringsW", sideEffect.}
+proc freeEnvironmentStringsW*(para1: WideCString): int32 {.
+  stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "FreeEnvironmentStringsW", sideEffect.}
+
+proc getCommandLineW*(): WideCString {.importc: "GetCommandLineW",
+  stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", sideEffect.}
 
 proc rdFileTime*(f: FILETIME): int64 =
-  result = ze64(f.dwLowDateTime) or (ze64(f.dwHighDateTime) shl 32)
+  result = int64(cast[uint32](f.dwLowDateTime)) or (int64(cast[uint32](f.dwHighDateTime)) shl 32)
 
 proc rdFileSize*(f: WIN32_FIND_DATA): int64 =
-  result = ze64(f.nFileSizeLow) or (ze64(f.nFileSizeHigh) shl 32)
+  result = int64(cast[uint32](f.nFileSizeLow)) or (int64(cast[uint32](f.nFileSizeHigh)) shl 32)
 
 proc getSystemTimeAsFileTime*(lpSystemTimeAsFileTime: var FILETIME) {.
   importc: "GetSystemTimeAsFileTime", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
@@ -430,17 +347,10 @@ proc getSystemTimeAsFileTime*(lpSystemTimeAsFileTime: var FILETIME) {.
 proc sleep*(dwMilliseconds: int32){.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32",
                                     importc: "Sleep", sideEffect.}
 
-when useWinUnicode:
-  proc shellExecuteW*(hwnd: Handle, lpOperation, lpFile,
-                     lpParameters, lpDirectory: WideCString,
-                     nShowCmd: int32): Handle{.
-      stdcall, dynlib: "shell32.dll", importc: "ShellExecuteW", sideEffect.}
-
-else:
-  proc shellExecuteA*(hwnd: Handle, lpOperation, lpFile,
-                     lpParameters, lpDirectory: cstring,
-                     nShowCmd: int32): Handle{.
-      stdcall, dynlib: "shell32.dll", importc: "ShellExecuteA", sideEffect.}
+proc shellExecuteW*(hwnd: Handle, lpOperation, lpFile,
+                   lpParameters, lpDirectory: WideCString,
+                   nShowCmd: int32): Handle{.
+    stdcall, dynlib: "shell32.dll", importc: "ShellExecuteW", sideEffect.}
 
 proc getFileInformationByHandle*(hFile: Handle,
   lpFileInformation: ptr BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION): WINBOOL{.
@@ -478,7 +388,7 @@ type
 
   PSockAddr = ptr SockAddr
 
-  InAddr* {.importc: "IN_ADDR", header: "winsock2.h".} = object
+  InAddr* {.importc: "IN_ADDR", header: "winsock2.h", union.} = object
     s_addr*: uint32  # IP address
 
   Sockaddr_in* {.importc: "SOCKADDR_IN",
@@ -502,9 +412,9 @@ type
   Sockaddr_storage* {.importc: "SOCKADDR_STORAGE",
                       header: "winsock2.h".} = object
     ss_family*: uint16
-    ss_pad1: array[6, byte]
-    ss_align: int64
-    ss_pad2: array[112, byte]
+    ss_pad1 {.importc: "__ss_pad1".}: array[6, byte]
+    ss_align {.importc: "__ss_align".}: int64
+    ss_pad2 {.importc: "__ss_pad2".}: array[112, byte]
 
   Servent* = object
     s_name*: cstring
@@ -667,7 +577,7 @@ proc getaddrinfo*(nodename, servname: cstring, hints: ptr AddrInfo,
                   res: var ptr AddrInfo): cint {.
   stdcall, importc: "getaddrinfo", dynlib: ws2dll.}
 
-proc freeaddrinfo*(ai: ptr AddrInfo) {.
+proc freeAddrInfo*(ai: ptr AddrInfo) {.
   stdcall, importc: "freeaddrinfo", dynlib: ws2dll.}
 
 proc inet_ntoa*(i: InAddr): cstring {.
@@ -718,12 +628,13 @@ const
 
 # Error Constants
 const
-  ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND* = 2
+  ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND* = 2 ## https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/debug/system-error-codes--0-499-
   ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND* = 3
   ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED* = 5
   ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES* = 18
   ERROR_LOCK_VIOLATION* = 33
   ERROR_HANDLE_EOF* = 38
+  ERROR_FILE_EXISTS* = 80
   ERROR_BAD_ARGUMENTS* = 165
 
 proc duplicateHandle*(hSourceProcessHandle: Handle, hSourceHandle: Handle,
@@ -789,13 +700,6 @@ proc createFileMappingW*(hFile: Handle,
                        lpName: pointer): Handle {.
   stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "CreateFileMappingW".}
 
-when not useWinUnicode:
-  proc createFileMappingA*(hFile: Handle,
-                           lpFileMappingAttributes: pointer,
-                           flProtect, dwMaximumSizeHigh: DWORD,
-                           dwMaximumSizeLow: DWORD, lpName: cstring): Handle {.
-      stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "CreateFileMappingA".}
-
 proc unmapViewOfFile*(lpBaseAddress: pointer): WINBOOL {.stdcall,
     dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "UnmapViewOfFile".}
 
@@ -815,7 +719,7 @@ type
   POVERLAPPED_COMPLETION_ROUTINE* = proc (para1: DWORD, para2: DWORD,
       para3: POVERLAPPED){.stdcall.}
 
-  GUID* {.final, pure.} = object
+  GUID* = object
     D1*: int32
     D2*: int16
     D3*: int16
@@ -927,6 +831,9 @@ proc getProcessTimes*(hProcess: Handle; lpCreationTime, lpExitTime,
   lpKernelTime, lpUserTime: var FILETIME): WINBOOL {.stdcall,
   dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "GetProcessTimes".}
 
+proc getSystemTimePreciseAsFileTime*(lpSystemTimeAsFileTime: var FILETIME) {.
+  importc: "GetSystemTimePreciseAsFileTime", dynlib: "kernel32", stdcall, sideEffect.}
+
 type inet_ntop_proc = proc(family: cint, paddr: pointer, pStringBuffer: cstring,
                       stringBufSize: int32): cstring {.gcsafe, stdcall, tags: [].}
 
@@ -968,7 +875,7 @@ proc inet_ntop*(family: cint, paddr: pointer, pStringBuffer: cstring,
                   stringBufSize: int32): cstring {.stdcall.} =
   var ver: OSVERSIONINFO
   ver.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(ver).DWORD
-  let res = when useWinUnicode: getVersionExW(ver.addr) else: getVersionExA(ver.addr)
+  let res = getVersionExW(ver.addr)
   if res == 0:
     result = nil
   elif ver.dwMajorVersion >= 6:
@@ -1052,16 +959,10 @@ proc openProcess*(dwDesiredAccess: DWORD, bInheritHandle: WINBOOL,
                     dwProcessId: DWORD): Handle
      {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "OpenProcess".}
 
-when defined(useWinAnsi):
-  proc createEvent*(lpEventAttributes: ptr SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES,
-                    bManualReset: DWORD, bInitialState: DWORD,
-                    lpName: cstring): Handle
-       {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "CreateEventA".}
-else:
-  proc createEvent*(lpEventAttributes: ptr SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES,
-                    bManualReset: DWORD, bInitialState: DWORD,
-                    lpName: ptr Utf16Char): Handle
-       {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "CreateEventW".}
+proc createEvent*(lpEventAttributes: ptr SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES,
+                  bManualReset: DWORD, bInitialState: DWORD,
+                  lpName: ptr Utf16Char): Handle
+     {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "CreateEventW".}
 
 proc setEvent*(hEvent: Handle): cint
      {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "SetEvent".}
@@ -1093,7 +994,7 @@ proc wsaResetEvent*(hEvent: Handle): bool
      {.stdcall, importc: "WSAResetEvent", dynlib: "ws2_32.dll".}
 
 type
-  KEY_EVENT_RECORD* {.final, pure.} = object
+  KEY_EVENT_RECORD* = object
     eventType*: int16
     bKeyDown*: WINBOOL
     wRepeatCount*: int16
@@ -1102,14 +1003,9 @@ type
     uChar*: int16
     dwControlKeyState*: DWORD
 
-when defined(useWinAnsi):
-  proc readConsoleInput*(hConsoleInput: Handle, lpBuffer: pointer, nLength: cint,
-                        lpNumberOfEventsRead: ptr cint): cint
-       {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "ReadConsoleInputA".}
-else:
-  proc readConsoleInput*(hConsoleInput: Handle, lpBuffer: pointer, nLength: cint,
-                        lpNumberOfEventsRead: ptr cint): cint
-       {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "ReadConsoleInputW".}
+proc readConsoleInput*(hConsoleInput: Handle, lpBuffer: pointer, nLength: cint,
+                      lpNumberOfEventsRead: ptr cint): cint
+     {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32", importc: "ReadConsoleInputW".}
 
 type
   LPFIBER_START_ROUTINE* = proc (param: pointer) {.stdcall.}
@@ -1139,7 +1035,7 @@ proc setFileTime*(hFile: Handle, lpCreationTime: LPFILETIME,
 type
   # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winnt/ns-winnt-sid_identifier_authority
   SID_IDENTIFIER_AUTHORITY* {.importc, header: "<windows.h>".} = object
-    value* {.importc: "Value"}: array[6, BYTE]
+    value* {.importc: "Value".}: array[6, BYTE]
   # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winnt/ns-winnt-sid
   SID* {.importc, header: "<windows.h>".} = object
     Revision: BYTE
diff --git a/lib/wrappers/linenoise/linenoise.nim b/lib/wrappers/linenoise/linenoise.nim
index 5b1fa7190..186b3b252 100644
--- a/lib/wrappers/linenoise/linenoise.nim
+++ b/lib/wrappers/linenoise/linenoise.nim
@@ -32,17 +32,17 @@ proc printKeyCodes*() {.importc: "linenoisePrintKeyCodes".}
 
 proc free*(s: cstring) {.importc: "free", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
 
-when defined nimExperimentalLinenoiseExtra:
+when defined(nimExperimentalLinenoiseExtra) and not defined(windows):
   # C interface
-  type linenoiseStatus = enum
+  type LinenoiseStatus = enum
     linenoiseStatus_ctrl_unknown
     linenoiseStatus_ctrl_C
     linenoiseStatus_ctrl_D
 
-  type linenoiseData* = object
-    status: linenoiseStatus
+  type LinenoiseData* = object
+    status: LinenoiseStatus
 
-  proc linenoiseExtra(prompt: cstring, data: ptr linenoiseData): cstring {.importc.}
+  proc linenoiseExtra(prompt: cstring, data: ptr LinenoiseData): cstring {.importc.}
 
   # stable nim interface
   type Status* = enum
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ when defined nimExperimentalLinenoiseExtra:
         if ret.line.len > 0: echo ret.line
         if ret.status == lnCtrlD: break
       echo "exiting"
-    var data: linenoiseData
+    var data: LinenoiseData
     let buf = linenoiseExtra(prompt, data.addr)
     result.line = $buf
     free(buf)
diff --git a/lib/wrappers/mysql.nim b/lib/wrappers/mysql.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 2fefe4a8b..000000000
--- a/lib/wrappers/mysql.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1115 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2010 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-{.push, callconv: cdecl.}
-when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
-  {.push styleChecks: off.}
-
-when defined(unix):
-  when defined(macosx):
-    const
-      lib = "(libmysqlclient|libmariadbclient)(|.20|.19|.18|.17|.16|.15).dylib"
-  else:
-    const
-      lib = "(libmysqlclient|libmariadbclient).so(|.20|.19|.18|.17|.16|.15)"
-when defined(windows):
-  const
-    lib = "(libmysql.dll|libmariadb.dll)"
-type
-  my_bool* = bool
-  Pmy_bool* = ptr my_bool
-  PVIO* = pointer
-  Pgptr* = ptr gptr
-  gptr* = cstring
-  Pmy_socket* = ptr my_socket
-  my_socket* = cint
-  PPByte* = pointer
-  cuint* = cint
-
-#  ------------ Start of declaration in "mysql_com.h"   ---------------------
-#
-#  ** Common definition between mysql server & client
-#
-# Field/table name length
-
-const
-  NAME_LEN* = 64
-  HOSTNAME_LENGTH* = 60
-  USERNAME_LENGTH* = 16
-  SERVER_VERSION_LENGTH* = 60
-  SQLSTATE_LENGTH* = 5
-  LOCAL_HOST* = "localhost"
-  LOCAL_HOST_NAMEDPIPE* = '.'
-
-const
-  NAMEDPIPE* = "MySQL"
-  SERVICENAME* = "MySQL"
-
-type
-  Enum_server_command* = enum
-    COM_SLEEP, COM_QUIT, COM_INIT_DB, COM_QUERY, COM_FIELD_LIST, COM_CREATE_DB,
-    COM_DROP_DB, COM_REFRESH, COM_SHUTDOWN, COM_STATISTICS, COM_PROCESS_INFO,
-    COM_CONNECT, COM_PROCESS_KILL, COM_DEBUG, COM_PING, COM_TIME,
-    COM_DELAYED_INSERT, COM_CHANGE_USER, COM_BINLOG_DUMP, COM_TABLE_DUMP,
-    COM_CONNECT_OUT, COM_REGISTER_SLAVE, COM_STMT_PREPARE, COM_STMT_EXECUTE,
-    COM_STMT_SEND_LONG_DATA, COM_STMT_CLOSE, COM_STMT_RESET, COM_SET_OPTION,
-    COM_STMT_FETCH, COM_END
-{.deprecated: [Tenum_server_command: Enum_server_command].}
-
-const
-  SCRAMBLE_LENGTH* = 20 # Length of random string sent by server on handshake;
-                        # this is also length of obfuscated password,
-                        # received from client
-  SCRAMBLE_LENGTH_323* = 8    # length of password stored in the db:
-                              # new passwords are preceded with '*'
-  SCRAMBLED_PASSWORD_CHAR_LENGTH* = SCRAMBLE_LENGTH * 2 + 1
-  SCRAMBLED_PASSWORD_CHAR_LENGTH_323* = SCRAMBLE_LENGTH_323 * 2
-  NOT_NULL_FLAG* = 1          #  Field can't be NULL
-  PRI_KEY_FLAG* = 2           #  Field is part of a primary key
-  UNIQUE_KEY_FLAG* = 4        #  Field is part of a unique key
-  MULTIPLE_KEY_FLAG* = 8      #  Field is part of a key
-  BLOB_FLAG* = 16             #  Field is a blob
-  UNSIGNED_FLAG* = 32         #  Field is unsigned
-  ZEROFILL_FLAG* = 64         #  Field is zerofill
-  BINARY_FLAG* = 128          #  Field is binary
-                              # The following are only sent to new clients
-  ENUM_FLAG* = 256            # field is an enum
-  AUTO_INCREMENT_FLAG* = 512  # field is a autoincrement field
-  TIMESTAMP_FLAG* = 1024      # Field is a timestamp
-  SET_FLAG* = 2048            # field is a set
-  NO_DEFAULT_VALUE_FLAG* = 4096 # Field doesn't have default value
-  NUM_FLAG* = 32768           # Field is num (for clients)
-  PART_KEY_FLAG* = 16384      # Intern; Part of some key
-  GROUP_FLAG* = 32768         # Intern: Group field
-  UNIQUE_FLAG* = 65536        # Intern: Used by sql_yacc
-  BINCMP_FLAG* = 131072       # Intern: Used by sql_yacc
-  REFRESH_GRANT* = 1          # Refresh grant tables
-  REFRESH_LOG* = 2            # Start on new log file
-  REFRESH_TABLES* = 4         # close all tables
-  REFRESH_HOSTS* = 8          # Flush host cache
-  REFRESH_STATUS* = 16        # Flush status variables
-  REFRESH_THREADS* = 32       # Flush thread cache
-  REFRESH_SLAVE* = 64         # Reset master info and restart slave thread
-  REFRESH_MASTER* = 128 # Remove all bin logs in the index and truncate the index
-                        # The following can't be set with mysql_refresh()
-  REFRESH_READ_LOCK* = 16384  # Lock tables for read
-  REFRESH_FAST* = 32768       # Intern flag
-  REFRESH_QUERY_CACHE* = 65536 # RESET (remove all queries) from query cache
-  REFRESH_QUERY_CACHE_FREE* = 0x00020000 # pack query cache
-  REFRESH_DES_KEY_FILE* = 0x00040000
-  REFRESH_USER_RESOURCES* = 0x00080000
-  CLIENT_LONG_PASSWORD* = 1   # new more secure passwords
-  CLIENT_FOUND_ROWS* = 2      # Found instead of affected rows
-  CLIENT_LONG_FLAG* = 4       # Get all column flags
-  CLIENT_CONNECT_WITH_DB* = 8 # One can specify db on connect
-  CLIENT_NO_SCHEMA* = 16      # Don't allow database.table.column
-  CLIENT_COMPRESS* = 32       # Can use compression protocol
-  CLIENT_ODBC* = 64           # Odbc client
-  CLIENT_LOCAL_FILES* = 128   # Can use LOAD DATA LOCAL
-  CLIENT_IGNORE_SPACE* = 256  # Ignore spaces before '('
-  CLIENT_PROTOCOL_41* = 512   # New 4.1 protocol
-  CLIENT_INTERACTIVE* = 1024  # This is an interactive client
-  CLIENT_SSL* = 2048          # Switch to SSL after handshake
-  CLIENT_IGNORE_SIGPIPE* = 4096 # IGNORE sigpipes
-  CLIENT_TRANSACTIONS* = 8192 # Client knows about transactions
-  CLIENT_RESERVED* = 16384    # Old flag for 4.1 protocol
-  CLIENT_SECURE_CONNECTION* = 32768 # New 4.1 authentication
-  CLIENT_MULTI_STATEMENTS* = 65536 # Enable/disable multi-stmt support
-  CLIENT_MULTI_RESULTS* = 131072 # Enable/disable multi-results
-  CLIENT_REMEMBER_OPTIONS*: int = 1 shl 31
-  SERVER_STATUS_IN_TRANS* = 1 # Transaction has started
-  SERVER_STATUS_AUTOCOMMIT* = 2 # Server in auto_commit mode
-  SERVER_STATUS_MORE_RESULTS* = 4 # More results on server
-  SERVER_MORE_RESULTS_EXISTS* = 8 # Multi query - next query exists
-  SERVER_QUERY_NO_GOOD_INDEX_USED* = 16
-  SERVER_QUERY_NO_INDEX_USED* = 32 # The server was able to fulfill the clients request and opened a
-                                   #      read-only non-scrollable cursor for a query. This flag comes
-                                   #      in reply to COM_STMT_EXECUTE and COM_STMT_FETCH commands.
-  SERVER_STATUS_CURSOR_EXISTS* = 64 # This flag is sent when a read-only cursor is exhausted, in reply to
-                                    #      COM_STMT_FETCH command.
-  SERVER_STATUS_LAST_ROW_SENT* = 128
-  SERVER_STATUS_DB_DROPPED* = 256 # A database was dropped
-  SERVER_STATUS_NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES* = 512
-  ERRMSG_SIZE* = 200
-  NET_READ_TIMEOUT* = 30      # Timeout on read
-  NET_WRITE_TIMEOUT* = 60     # Timeout on write
-  NET_WAIT_TIMEOUT* = 8 * 60 * 60 # Wait for new query
-  ONLY_KILL_QUERY* = 1
-
-const
-  MAX_TINYINT_WIDTH* = 3      # Max width for a TINY w.o. sign
-  MAX_SMALLINT_WIDTH* = 5     # Max width for a SHORT w.o. sign
-  MAX_MEDIUMINT_WIDTH* = 8    # Max width for a INT24 w.o. sign
-  MAX_INT_WIDTH* = 10         # Max width for a LONG w.o. sign
-  MAX_BIGINT_WIDTH* = 20      # Max width for a LONGLONG
-  MAX_CHAR_WIDTH* = 255       # Max length for a CHAR column
-  MAX_BLOB_WIDTH* = 8192      # Default width for blob
-
-type
-  Pst_net* = ptr St_net
-  St_net*{.final.} = object
-    vio*: PVIO
-    buff*: cstring
-    buff_end*: cstring
-    write_pos*: cstring
-    read_pos*: cstring
-    fd*: my_socket            # For Perl DBI/dbd
-    max_packet*: int
-    max_packet_size*: int
-    pkt_nr*: cuint
-    compress_pkt_nr*: cuint
-    write_timeout*: cuint
-    read_timeout*: cuint
-    retry_count*: cuint
-    fcntl*: cint
-    compress*: my_bool #   The following variable is set if we are doing several queries in one
-                       #        command ( as in LOAD TABLE ... FROM MASTER ),
-                       #        and do not want to confuse the client with OK at the wrong time
-    remain_in_buf*: int
-    len*: int
-    buf_length*: int
-    where_b*: int
-    return_status*: ptr cint
-    reading_or_writing*: char
-    save_char*: cchar
-    no_send_ok*: my_bool      # For SPs and other things that do multiple stmts
-    no_send_eof*: my_bool     # For SPs' first version read-only cursors
-    no_send_error*: my_bool # Set if OK packet is already sent, and
-                            # we do not need to send error messages
-                            #   Pointer to query object in query cache, do not equal NULL (0) for
-                            #        queries in cache that have not stored its results yet
-                            # $endif
-    last_error*: array[0..(ERRMSG_SIZE) - 1, char]
-    sqlstate*: array[0..(SQLSTATE_LENGTH + 1) - 1, char]
-    last_errno*: cuint
-    error*: char
-    query_cache_query*: gptr
-    report_error*: my_bool    # We should report error (we have unreported error)
-    return_errno*: my_bool
-
-  NET* = St_net
-  PNET* = ptr NET
-{.deprecated: [Tst_net: St_net, TNET: NET].}
-
-const
-  packet_error* = - 1
-
-type
-  Enum_field_types* = enum    # For backward compatibility
-    TYPE_DECIMAL, TYPE_TINY, TYPE_SHORT, TYPE_LONG, TYPE_FLOAT, TYPE_DOUBLE,
-    TYPE_NULL, TYPE_TIMESTAMP, TYPE_LONGLONG, TYPE_INT24, TYPE_DATE, TYPE_TIME,
-    TYPE_DATETIME, TYPE_YEAR, TYPE_NEWDATE, TYPE_VARCHAR, TYPE_BIT,
-    TYPE_NEWDECIMAL = 246, TYPE_ENUM = 247, TYPE_SET = 248,
-    TYPE_TINY_BLOB = 249, TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB = 250, TYPE_LONG_BLOB = 251,
-    TYPE_BLOB = 252, TYPE_VAR_STRING = 253, TYPE_STRING = 254,
-    TYPE_GEOMETRY = 255
-{.deprecated: [Tenum_field_types: Enum_field_types].}
-
-const
-  CLIENT_MULTI_QUERIES* = CLIENT_MULTI_STATEMENTS
-  FIELD_TYPE_DECIMAL* = TYPE_DECIMAL
-  FIELD_TYPE_NEWDECIMAL* = TYPE_NEWDECIMAL
-  FIELD_TYPE_TINY* = TYPE_TINY
-  FIELD_TYPE_SHORT* = TYPE_SHORT
-  FIELD_TYPE_LONG* = TYPE_LONG
-  FIELD_TYPE_FLOAT* = TYPE_FLOAT
-  FIELD_TYPE_DOUBLE* = TYPE_DOUBLE
-  FIELD_TYPE_NULL* = TYPE_NULL
-  FIELD_TYPE_TIMESTAMP* = TYPE_TIMESTAMP
-  FIELD_TYPE_LONGLONG* = TYPE_LONGLONG
-  FIELD_TYPE_INT24* = TYPE_INT24
-  FIELD_TYPE_DATE* = TYPE_DATE
-  FIELD_TYPE_TIME* = TYPE_TIME
-  FIELD_TYPE_DATETIME* = TYPE_DATETIME
-  FIELD_TYPE_YEAR* = TYPE_YEAR
-  FIELD_TYPE_NEWDATE* = TYPE_NEWDATE
-  FIELD_TYPE_ENUM* = TYPE_ENUM
-  FIELD_TYPE_SET* = TYPE_SET
-  FIELD_TYPE_TINY_BLOB* = TYPE_TINY_BLOB
-  FIELD_TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB* = TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB
-  FIELD_TYPE_LONG_BLOB* = TYPE_LONG_BLOB
-  FIELD_TYPE_BLOB* = TYPE_BLOB
-  FIELD_TYPE_VAR_STRING* = TYPE_VAR_STRING
-  FIELD_TYPE_STRING* = TYPE_STRING
-  FIELD_TYPE_CHAR* = TYPE_TINY
-  FIELD_TYPE_INTERVAL* = TYPE_ENUM
-  FIELD_TYPE_GEOMETRY* = TYPE_GEOMETRY
-  FIELD_TYPE_BIT* = TYPE_BIT  # Shutdown/kill enums and constants
-                              # Bits for THD::killable.
-  SHUTDOWN_KILLABLE_CONNECT* = chr(1 shl 0)
-  SHUTDOWN_KILLABLE_TRANS* = chr(1 shl 1)
-  SHUTDOWN_KILLABLE_LOCK_TABLE* = chr(1 shl 2)
-  SHUTDOWN_KILLABLE_UPDATE* = chr(1 shl 3)
-
-type
-  Enum_shutdown_level* = enum
-    SHUTDOWN_DEFAULT = 0, SHUTDOWN_WAIT_CONNECTIONS = 1,
-    SHUTDOWN_WAIT_TRANSACTIONS = 2, SHUTDOWN_WAIT_UPDATES = 8,
-    SHUTDOWN_WAIT_ALL_BUFFERS = 16, SHUTDOWN_WAIT_CRITICAL_BUFFERS = 17,
-    KILL_QUERY = 254, KILL_CONNECTION = 255
-  Enum_cursor_type* = enum    # options for mysql_set_option
-    CURSOR_TYPE_NO_CURSOR = 0, CURSOR_TYPE_READ_ONLY = 1,
-    CURSOR_TYPE_FOR_UPDATE = 2, CURSOR_TYPE_SCROLLABLE = 4
-  Enum_mysql_set_option* = enum
-    OPTION_MULTI_STATEMENTS_ON, OPTION_MULTI_STATEMENTS_OFF
-{.deprecated: [Tenum_shutdown_level: Enum_shutdown_level,
-              Tenum_cursor_type: Enum_cursor_type,
-              Tenum_mysql_set_option: Enum_mysql_set_option].}
-
-proc my_net_init*(net: PNET, vio: PVIO): my_bool{.cdecl, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "my_net_init".}
-proc my_net_local_init*(net: PNET){.cdecl, dynlib: lib,
-                                    importc: "my_net_local_init".}
-proc net_end*(net: PNET){.cdecl, dynlib: lib, importc: "net_end".}
-proc net_clear*(net: PNET){.cdecl, dynlib: lib, importc: "net_clear".}
-proc net_realloc*(net: PNET, len: int): my_bool{.cdecl, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "net_realloc".}
-proc net_flush*(net: PNET): my_bool{.cdecl, dynlib: lib, importc: "net_flush".}
-proc my_net_write*(net: PNET, packet: cstring, length: int): my_bool{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "my_net_write".}
-proc net_write_command*(net: PNET, command: char, header: cstring,
-                        head_len: int, packet: cstring, length: int): my_bool{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: lib, importc: "net_write_command".}
-proc net_real_write*(net: PNET, packet: cstring, length: int): cint{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "net_real_write".}
-proc my_net_read*(net: PNET): int{.cdecl, dynlib: lib, importc: "my_net_read".}
-  # The following function is not meant for normal usage
-  #      Currently it's used internally by manager.c
-type
-  Psockaddr* = ptr Sockaddr
-  Sockaddr*{.final.} = object  # undefined structure
-{.deprecated: [Tsockaddr: Sockaddr].}
-
-proc my_connect*(s: my_socket, name: Psockaddr, namelen: cuint, timeout: cuint): cint{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: lib, importc: "my_connect".}
-type
-  Prand_struct* = ptr Rand_struct
-  Rand_struct*{.final.} = object # The following is for user defined functions
-    seed1*: int
-    seed2*: int
-    max_value*: int
-    max_value_dbl*: cdouble
-
-  Item_result* = enum
-    STRING_RESULT, REAL_RESULT, INT_RESULT, ROW_RESULT, DECIMAL_RESULT
-  PItem_result* = ptr Item_result
-  Pst_udf_args* = ptr St_udf_args
-  St_udf_args*{.final.} = object
-    arg_count*: cuint         # Number of arguments
-    arg_type*: PItem_result   # Pointer to item_results
-    args*: cstringArray       # Pointer to item_results
-    lengths*: ptr int         # Length of string arguments
-    maybe_null*: cstring      # Length of string arguments
-    attributes*: cstringArray # Pointer to attribute name
-    attribute_lengths*: ptr int # Length of attribute arguments
-
-  UDF_ARGS* = St_udf_args
-  PUDF_ARGS* = ptr UDF_ARGS   # This holds information about the result
-  Pst_udf_init* = ptr St_udf_init
-  St_udf_init*{.final.} = object
-    maybe_null*: my_bool      # 1 if function can return NULL
-    decimals*: cuint          # for real functions
-    max_length*: int          # For string functions
-    theptr*: cstring          # free pointer for function data
-    const_item*: my_bool      # free pointer for function data
-
-  UDF_INIT* = St_udf_init
-  PUDF_INIT* = ptr UDF_INIT   # Constants when using compression
-{.deprecated: [Trand_stuct: Rand_struct, TItem_result: Item_result,
-              Tst_udf_args: St_udf_args, TUDF_ARGS: UDF_ARGS,
-              Tst_udf_init: St_udf_init, TUDF_INIT: UDF_INIT].}
-
-const
-  NET_HEADER_SIZE* = 4        # standard header size
-  COMP_HEADER_SIZE* = 3 # compression header extra size
-                        # Prototypes to password functions
-                        # These functions are used for authentication by client and server and
-                        #      implemented in sql/password.c
-
-proc randominit*(para1: Prand_struct, seed1: int, seed2: int){.cdecl,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "randominit".}
-proc my_rnd*(para1: Prand_struct): cdouble{.cdecl, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "my_rnd".}
-proc create_random_string*(fto: cstring, len: cuint, rand_st: Prand_struct){.
-    cdecl, dynlib: lib, importc: "create_random_string".}
-proc hash_password*(fto: int, password: cstring, password_len: cuint){.cdecl,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "hash_password".}
-proc make_scrambled_password_323*(fto: cstring, password: cstring){.cdecl,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "make_scrambled_password_323".}
-proc scramble_323*(fto: cstring, message: cstring, password: cstring){.cdecl,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "scramble_323".}
-proc check_scramble_323*(para1: cstring, message: cstring, salt: int): my_bool{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: lib, importc: "check_scramble_323".}
-proc get_salt_from_password_323*(res: ptr int, password: cstring){.cdecl,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "get_salt_from_password_323".}
-proc make_password_from_salt_323*(fto: cstring, salt: ptr int){.cdecl,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "make_password_from_salt_323".}
-proc octet2hex*(fto: cstring, str: cstring, length: cuint): cstring{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "octet2hex".}
-proc make_scrambled_password*(fto: cstring, password: cstring){.cdecl,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "make_scrambled_password".}
-proc scramble*(fto: cstring, message: cstring, password: cstring){.cdecl,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "scramble".}
-proc check_scramble*(reply: cstring, message: cstring, hash_stage2: pointer): my_bool{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: lib, importc: "check_scramble".}
-proc get_salt_from_password*(res: pointer, password: cstring){.cdecl,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "get_salt_from_password".}
-proc make_password_from_salt*(fto: cstring, hash_stage2: pointer){.cdecl,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "make_password_from_salt".}
-  # end of password.c
-proc get_tty_password*(opt_message: cstring): cstring{.cdecl, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "get_tty_password".}
-proc errno_to_sqlstate*(errno: cuint): cstring{.cdecl, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_errno_to_sqlstate".}
-  # Some other useful functions
-proc modify_defaults_file*(file_location: cstring, option: cstring,
-                           option_value: cstring, section_name: cstring,
-                           remove_option: cint): cint{.cdecl, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "load_defaults".}
-proc load_defaults*(conf_file: cstring, groups: cstringArray, argc: ptr cint,
-                    argv: ptr cstringArray): cint{.cdecl, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "load_defaults".}
-proc my_init*(): my_bool{.cdecl, dynlib: lib, importc: "my_init".}
-proc my_thread_init*(): my_bool{.cdecl, dynlib: lib, importc: "my_thread_init".}
-proc my_thread_end*(){.cdecl, dynlib: lib, importc: "my_thread_end".}
-const
-  NULL_LENGTH*: int = int(not (0)) # For net_store_length
-
-const
-  STMT_HEADER* = 4
-  LONG_DATA_HEADER* = 6 #  ------------ Stop of declaration in "mysql_com.h"   -----------------------
-                        # $include "mysql_time.h"
-                        # $include "mysql_version.h"
-                        # $include "typelib.h"
-                        # $include "my_list.h" /* for LISTs used in 'MYSQL' and 'MYSQL_STMT' */
-                        #      var
-                        #         mysql_port : cuint;cvar;external;
-                        #         mysql_unix_port : Pchar;cvar;external;
-
-const
-  CLIENT_NET_READ_TIMEOUT* = 365 * 24 * 3600 # Timeout on read
-  CLIENT_NET_WRITE_TIMEOUT* = 365 * 24 * 3600 # Timeout on write
-
-type
-  Pst_mysql_field* = ptr St_mysql_field
-  St_mysql_field*{.final.} = object
-    name*: cstring            # Name of column
-    org_name*: cstring        # Original column name, if an alias
-    table*: cstring           # Table of column if column was a field
-    org_table*: cstring       # Org table name, if table was an alias
-    db*: cstring              # Database for table
-    catalog*: cstring         # Catalog for table
-    def*: cstring             # Default value (set by mysql_list_fields)
-    len*: int                 # Width of column (create length)
-    max_length*: int          # Max width for selected set
-    name_length*: cuint
-    org_name_length*: cuint
-    table_length*: cuint
-    org_table_length*: cuint
-    db_length*: cuint
-    catalog_length*: cuint
-    def_length*: cuint
-    flags*: cuint             # Div flags
-    decimals*: cuint          # Number of decimals in field
-    charsetnr*: cuint         # Character set
-    ftype*: Enum_field_types  # Type of field. See mysql_com.h for types
-    extension*: pointer
-
-  FIELD* = St_mysql_field
-  PFIELD* = ptr FIELD
-  PROW* = ptr ROW             # return data as array of strings
-  ROW* = cstringArray
-  PFIELD_OFFSET* = ptr FIELD_OFFSET # offset to current field
-  FIELD_OFFSET* = cuint
-{.deprecated: [Tst_mysql_field: St_mysql_field, TFIELD: FIELD, TROW: ROW,
-              TFIELD_OFFSET: FIELD_OFFSET].}
-
-proc IS_PRI_KEY*(n: int32): bool
-proc IS_NOT_NULL*(n: int32): bool
-proc IS_BLOB*(n: int32): bool
-proc IS_NUM*(t: Enum_field_types): bool
-proc INTERNAL_NUM_FIELD*(f: Pst_mysql_field): bool
-proc IS_NUM_FIELD*(f: Pst_mysql_field): bool
-type
-  my_ulonglong* = int64
-  Pmy_ulonglong* = ptr my_ulonglong
-
-const
-  COUNT_ERROR* = not (my_ulonglong(0))
-
-type
-  Pst_mysql_rows* = ptr St_mysql_rows
-  St_mysql_rows*{.final.} = object
-    next*: Pst_mysql_rows     # list of rows
-    data*: ROW
-    len*: int
-
-  ROWS* = St_mysql_rows
-  PROWS* = ptr ROWS
-  PROW_OFFSET* = ptr ROW_OFFSET # offset to current row
-  ROW_OFFSET* = ROWS
-{.deprecated: [Tst_mysql_rows: St_mysql_rows, TROWS: ROWS,
-              TROW_OFFSET: ROW_OFFSET].}
-
-const
-  ALLOC_MAX_BLOCK_TO_DROP* = 4096
-  ALLOC_MAX_BLOCK_USAGE_BEFORE_DROP* = 10 # struct for once_alloc (block)
-
-type
-  Pst_used_mem* = ptr St_used_mem
-  St_used_mem*{.final.} = object
-    next*: Pst_used_mem       # Next block in use
-    left*: cuint              # memory left in block
-    size*: cuint              # size of block
-
-  USED_MEM* = St_used_mem
-  PUSED_MEM* = ptr USED_MEM
-  Pst_mem_root* = ptr St_mem_root
-  St_mem_root*{.final.} = object
-    free*: PUSED_MEM          # blocks with free memory in it
-    used*: PUSED_MEM          # blocks almost without free memory
-    pre_alloc*: PUSED_MEM     # preallocated block
-    min_malloc*: cuint        # if block have less memory it will be put in 'used' list
-    block_size*: cuint        # initial block size
-    block_num*: cuint # allocated blocks counter
-                      #    first free block in queue test counter (if it exceed
-                      #       MAX_BLOCK_USAGE_BEFORE_DROP block will be dropped in 'used' list)
-    first_block_usage*: cuint
-    error_handler*: proc (){.cdecl.}
-
-  MEM_ROOT* = St_mem_root
-  PMEM_ROOT* = ptr MEM_ROOT   #  ------------ Stop of declaration in "my_alloc.h"    ----------------------
-{.deprecated: [Tst_used_mem: St_used_mem, TUSED_MEM: USED_MEM,
-              Tst_mem_root: St_mem_root, TMEM_ROOT: MEM_ROOT].}
-
-type
-  Pst_mysql_data* = ptr St_mysql_data
-  St_mysql_data*{.final.} = object
-    rows*: my_ulonglong
-    fields*: cuint
-    data*: PROWS
-    alloc*: MEM_ROOT
-    prev_ptr*: ptr PROWS
-
-  DATA* = St_mysql_data
-  PDATA* = ptr DATA
-  Option* = enum
-    OPT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT, OPT_COMPRESS, OPT_NAMED_PIPE, INIT_COMMAND,
-    READ_DEFAULT_FILE, READ_DEFAULT_GROUP, SET_CHARSET_DIR, SET_CHARSET_NAME,
-    OPT_LOCAL_INFILE, OPT_PROTOCOL, SHARED_MEMORY_BASE_NAME, OPT_READ_TIMEOUT,
-    OPT_WRITE_TIMEOUT, OPT_USE_RESULT, OPT_USE_REMOTE_CONNECTION,
-    OPT_USE_EMBEDDED_CONNECTION, OPT_GUESS_CONNECTION, SET_CLIENT_IP,
-    SECURE_AUTH, REPORT_DATA_TRUNCATION, OPT_RECONNECT
-{.deprecated: [Tst_mysql_data: St_mysql_data, TDATA: DATA, Toption: Option].}
-
-const
-  MAX_MYSQL_MANAGER_ERR* = 256
-  MAX_MYSQL_MANAGER_MSG* = 256
-  MANAGER_OK* = 200
-  MANAGER_INFO* = 250
-  MANAGER_ACCESS* = 401
-  MANAGER_CLIENT_ERR* = 450
-  MANAGER_INTERNAL_ERR* = 500
-
-type
-  St_dynamic_array*{.final.} = object
-    buffer*: cstring
-    elements*: cuint
-    max_element*: cuint
-    alloc_increment*: cuint
-    size_of_element*: cuint
-
-  DYNAMIC_ARRAY* = St_dynamic_array
-  Pst_dynamic_array* = ptr St_dynamic_array
-  Pst_mysql_options* = ptr St_mysql_options
-  St_mysql_options*{.final.} = object
-    connect_timeout*: cuint
-    read_timeout*: cuint
-    write_timeout*: cuint
-    port*: cuint
-    protocol*: cuint
-    client_flag*: int
-    host*: cstring
-    user*: cstring
-    password*: cstring
-    unix_socket*: cstring
-    db*: cstring
-    init_commands*: Pst_dynamic_array
-    my_cnf_file*: cstring
-    my_cnf_group*: cstring
-    charset_dir*: cstring
-    charset_name*: cstring
-    ssl_key*: cstring         # PEM key file
-    ssl_cert*: cstring        # PEM cert file
-    ssl_ca*: cstring          # PEM CA file
-    ssl_capath*: cstring      # PEM directory of CA-s?
-    ssl_cipher*: cstring      # cipher to use
-    shared_memory_base_name*: cstring
-    max_allowed_packet*: int
-    use_ssl*: my_bool         # if to use SSL or not
-    compress*: my_bool
-    named_pipe*: my_bool #  On connect, find out the replication role of the server, and
-                         #       establish connections to all the peers
-    rpl_probe*: my_bool #  Each call to mysql_real_query() will parse it to tell if it is a read
-                        #       or a write, and direct it to the slave or the master
-    rpl_parse*: my_bool #  If set, never read from a master, only from slave, when doing
-                        #       a read that is replication-aware
-    no_master_reads*: my_bool
-    separate_thread*: my_bool
-    methods_to_use*: Option
-    client_ip*: cstring
-    secure_auth*: my_bool     # Refuse client connecting to server if it uses old (pre-4.1.1) protocol
-    report_data_truncation*: my_bool # 0 - never report, 1 - always report (default)
-                                     # function pointers for local infile support
-    local_infile_init*: proc (para1: var pointer, para2: cstring, para3: pointer): cint{.
-        cdecl.}
-    local_infile_read*: proc (para1: pointer, para2: cstring, para3: cuint): cint
-    local_infile_end*: proc (para1: pointer)
-    local_infile_error*: proc (para1: pointer, para2: cstring, para3: cuint): cint
-    local_infile_userdata*: pointer
-
-  Status* = enum
-    STATUS_READY, STATUS_GET_RESULT, STATUS_USE_RESULT
-  Protocol_type* = enum  # There are three types of queries - the ones that have to go to
-                          # the master, the ones that go to a slave, and the administrative
-                          # type which must happen on the pivot connection
-    PROTOCOL_DEFAULT, PROTOCOL_TCP, PROTOCOL_SOCKET, PROTOCOL_PIPE,
-    PROTOCOL_MEMORY
-  Rpl_type* = enum
-    RPL_MASTER, RPL_SLAVE, RPL_ADMIN
-  Charset_info_st*{.final.} = object
-    number*: cuint
-    primary_number*: cuint
-    binary_number*: cuint
-    state*: cuint
-    csname*: cstring
-    name*: cstring
-    comment*: cstring
-    tailoring*: cstring
-    ftype*: cstring
-    to_lower*: cstring
-    to_upper*: cstring
-    sort_order*: cstring
-    contractions*: ptr int16
-    sort_order_big*: ptr ptr int16
-    tab_to_uni*: ptr int16
-    tab_from_uni*: pointer    # was ^MY_UNI_IDX
-    state_map*: cstring
-    ident_map*: cstring
-    strxfrm_multiply*: cuint
-    mbminlen*: cuint
-    mbmaxlen*: cuint
-    min_sort_char*: int16
-    max_sort_char*: int16
-    escape_with_backslash_is_dangerous*: my_bool
-    cset*: pointer            # was ^MY_CHARSET_HANDLER
-    coll*: pointer            # was ^MY_COLLATION_HANDLER;
-
-  CHARSET_INFO* = Charset_info_st
-  Pcharset_info_st* = ptr Charset_info_st
-  Pcharacter_set* = ptr Character_set
-  Character_set*{.final.} = object
-    number*: cuint
-    state*: cuint
-    csname*: cstring
-    name*: cstring
-    comment*: cstring
-    dir*: cstring
-    mbminlen*: cuint
-    mbmaxlen*: cuint
-
-  MY_CHARSET_INFO* = Character_set
-  PMY_CHARSET_INFO* = ptr MY_CHARSET_INFO
-  Pst_mysql_methods* = ptr St_mysql_methods
-  Pst_mysql* = ptr St_mysql
-  St_mysql*{.final.} = object
-    net*: NET                 # Communication parameters
-    connector_fd*: gptr       # ConnectorFd for SSL
-    host*: cstring
-    user*: cstring
-    passwd*: cstring
-    unix_socket*: cstring
-    server_version*: cstring
-    host_info*: cstring
-    info*: cstring
-    db*: cstring
-    charset*: Pcharset_info_st
-    fields*: PFIELD
-    field_alloc*: MEM_ROOT
-    affected_rows*: my_ulonglong
-    insert_id*: my_ulonglong  # id if insert on table with NEXTNR
-    extra_info*: my_ulonglong # Used by mysqlshow, not used by mysql 5.0 and up
-    thread_id*: int           # Id for connection in server
-    packet_length*: int
-    port*: cuint
-    client_flag*: int
-    server_capabilities*: int
-    protocol_version*: cuint
-    field_count*: cuint
-    server_status*: cuint
-    server_language*: cuint
-    warning_count*: cuint
-    options*: St_mysql_options
-    status*: Status
-    free_me*: my_bool         # If free in mysql_close
-    reconnect*: my_bool       # set to 1 if automatic reconnect
-    scramble*: array[0..(SCRAMBLE_LENGTH + 1) - 1, char] # session-wide random string
-                                                         #  Set if this is the original connection, not a master or a slave we have
-                                                         #       added though mysql_rpl_probe() or mysql_set_master()/ mysql_add_slave()
-    rpl_pivot*: my_bool #   Pointers to the master, and the next slave connections, points to
-                        #        itself if lone connection.
-    master*: Pst_mysql
-    next_slave*: Pst_mysql
-    last_used_slave*: Pst_mysql # needed for round-robin slave pick
-    last_used_con*: Pst_mysql # needed for send/read/store/use result to work correctly with replication
-    stmts*: pointer           # was PList, list of all statements
-    methods*: Pst_mysql_methods
-    thd*: pointer #   Points to boolean flag in MYSQL_RES  or MYSQL_STMT. We set this flag
-                  #        from mysql_stmt_close if close had to cancel result set of this object.
-    unbuffered_fetch_owner*: Pmy_bool
-
-  MySQL* = St_mysql
-  PMySQL* = ptr MySQL
-  Pst_mysql_res* = ptr St_mysql_res
-  St_mysql_res*{.final.} = object
-    row_count*: my_ulonglong
-    fields*: PFIELD
-    data*: PDATA
-    data_cursor*: PROWS
-    lengths*: ptr int         # column lengths of current row
-    handle*: PMySQL                # for unbuffered reads
-    field_alloc*: MEM_ROOT
-    field_count*: cuint
-    current_field*: cuint
-    row*: ROW                 # If unbuffered read
-    current_row*: ROW         # buffer to current row
-    eof*: my_bool             # Used by mysql_fetch_row
-    unbuffered_fetch_cancelled*: my_bool # mysql_stmt_close() had to cancel this result
-    methods*: Pst_mysql_methods
-
-  RES* = St_mysql_res
-  PRES* = ptr RES
-  Pst_mysql_stmt* = ptr St_mysql_stmt
-  PSTMT* = ptr STMT
-  St_mysql_methods*{.final.} = object
-    read_query_result*: proc (MySQL:  PMySQL): my_bool{.cdecl.}
-    advanced_command*: proc (MySQL: PMySQL, command: Enum_server_command, header: cstring,
-                             header_length: int, arg: cstring, arg_length: int,
-                             skip_check: my_bool): my_bool
-    read_rows*: proc (MySQL: PMySQL, fields: PFIELD, fields_count: cuint): PDATA
-    use_result*: proc (MySQL: PMySQL): PRES
-    fetch_lengths*: proc (fto: ptr int, column: ROW, field_count: cuint)
-    flush_use_result*: proc (MySQL: PMySQL)
-    list_fields*: proc (MySQL: PMySQL): PFIELD
-    read_prepare_result*: proc (MySQL: PMySQL, stmt: PSTMT): my_bool
-    stmt_execute*: proc (stmt: PSTMT): cint
-    read_binary_rows*: proc (stmt: PSTMT): cint
-    unbuffered_fetch*: proc (MySQL: PMySQL, row: cstringArray): cint
-    free_embedded_thd*: proc (MySQL: PMySQL)
-    read_statistics*: proc (MySQL: PMySQL): cstring
-    next_result*: proc (MySQL: PMySQL): my_bool
-    read_change_user_result*: proc (MySQL: PMySQL, buff: cstring, passwd: cstring): cint
-    read_rowsfrom_cursor*: proc (stmt: PSTMT): cint
-
-  METHODS* = St_mysql_methods
-  PMETHODS* = ptr METHODS
-  Pst_mysql_manager* = ptr St_mysql_manager
-  St_mysql_manager*{.final.} = object
-    net*: NET
-    host*: cstring
-    user*: cstring
-    passwd*: cstring
-    port*: cuint
-    free_me*: my_bool
-    eof*: my_bool
-    cmd_status*: cint
-    last_errno*: cint
-    net_buf*: cstring
-    net_buf_pos*: cstring
-    net_data_end*: cstring
-    net_buf_size*: cint
-    last_error*: array[0..(MAX_MYSQL_MANAGER_ERR) - 1, char]
-
-  MANAGER* = St_mysql_manager
-  PMANAGER* = ptr MANAGER
-  Pst_mysql_parameters* = ptr St_mysql_parameters
-  St_mysql_parameters*{.final.} = object
-    p_max_allowed_packet*: ptr int
-    p_net_buffer_length*: ptr int
-
-  PARAMETERS* = St_mysql_parameters
-  PPARAMETERS* = ptr PARAMETERS
-  Enum_mysql_stmt_state* = enum
-    STMT_INIT_DONE = 1, STMT_PREPARE_DONE, STMT_EXECUTE_DONE, STMT_FETCH_DONE
-  Pst_mysql_bind* = ptr St_mysql_bind
-  St_mysql_bind*{.final.} = object
-    len*: int                 # output length pointer
-    is_null*: Pmy_bool        # Pointer to null indicator
-    buffer*: pointer          # buffer to get/put data
-    error*: Pmy_bool          # set this if you want to track data truncations happened during fetch
-    buffer_type*: Enum_field_types # buffer type
-    buffer_length*: int       # buffer length, must be set for str/binary
-                              # Following are for internal use. Set by mysql_stmt_bind_param
-    row_ptr*: ptr byte        # for the current data position
-    offset*: int              # offset position for char/binary fetch
-    length_value*: int        #  Used if length is 0
-    param_number*: cuint      # For null count and error messages
-    pack_length*: cuint       # Internal length for packed data
-    error_value*: my_bool     # used if error is 0
-    is_unsigned*: my_bool     # set if integer type is unsigned
-    long_data_used*: my_bool  # If used with mysql_send_long_data
-    is_null_value*: my_bool   # Used if is_null is 0
-    store_param_func*: proc (net: PNET, param: Pst_mysql_bind){.cdecl.}
-    fetch_result*: proc (para1: Pst_mysql_bind, para2: PFIELD, row: PPByte)
-    skip_result*: proc (para1: Pst_mysql_bind, para2: PFIELD, row: PPByte)
-
-  BIND* = St_mysql_bind
-  PBIND* = ptr BIND           # statement handler
-  St_mysql_stmt*{.final.} = object
-    mem_root*: MEM_ROOT       # root allocations
-    mysql*: PMySQL                      # connection handle
-    params*: PBIND            # input parameters
-    `bind`*: PBIND            # input parameters
-    fields*: PFIELD           # result set metadata
-    result*: DATA             # cached result set
-    data_cursor*: PROWS       # current row in cached result
-    affected_rows*: my_ulonglong # copy of mysql->affected_rows after statement execution
-    insert_id*: my_ulonglong
-    read_row_func*: proc (stmt: Pst_mysql_stmt, row: PPByte): cint{.cdecl.}
-    stmt_id*: int             # Id for prepared statement
-    flags*: int               # i.e. type of cursor to open
-    prefetch_rows*: int       # number of rows per one COM_FETCH
-    server_status*: cuint # Copied from mysql->server_status after execute/fetch to know
-                          # server-side cursor status for this statement.
-    last_errno*: cuint        # error code
-    param_count*: cuint       # input parameter count
-    field_count*: cuint       # number of columns in result set
-    state*: Enum_mysql_stmt_state # statement state
-    last_error*: array[0..(ERRMSG_SIZE) - 1, char] # error message
-    sqlstate*: array[0..(SQLSTATE_LENGTH + 1) - 1, char]
-    send_types_to_server*: my_bool # Types of input parameters should be sent to server
-    bind_param_done*: my_bool # input buffers were supplied
-    bind_result_done*: char   # output buffers were supplied
-    unbuffered_fetch_cancelled*: my_bool
-    update_max_length*: my_bool
-
-  STMT* = St_mysql_stmt
-
-  Enum_stmt_attr_type* = enum
-    STMT_ATTR_UPDATE_MAX_LENGTH, STMT_ATTR_CURSOR_TYPE, STMT_ATTR_PREFETCH_ROWS
-{.deprecated: [Tst_dynamic_array: St_dynamic_array, Tst_mysql_options: St_mysql_options,
-              TDYNAMIC_ARRAY: DYNAMIC_ARRAY, Tprotocol_type: Protocol_type,
-              Trpl_type: Rpl_type, Tcharset_info_st: Charset_info_st,
-              TCHARSET_INFO: CHARSET_INFO, Tcharacter_set: Character_set,
-              TMY_CHARSET_INFO: MY_CHARSET_INFO, Tst_mysql: St_mysql,
-              Tst_mysql_methods: St_mysql_methods, TMySql: MySql,
-              Tst_mysql_res: St_mysql_res, TMETHODS: METHODS, TRES: RES,
-              Tst_mysql_manager: St_mysql_manager, TMANAGER: MANAGER,
-              Tst_mysql_parameters: St_mysql_parameters, TPARAMETERS: PARAMETERS,
-              Tenum_mysql_stmt_state: Enum_mysql_stmt_state,
-              Tst_mysql_bind: St_mysql_bind, TBIND: BIND, Tst_mysql_stmt: St_mysql_stmt,
-              TSTMT: STMT, Tenum_stmt_attr_type: Enum_stmt_attr_type,
-              Tstatus: Status].}
-
-proc server_init*(argc: cint, argv: cstringArray, groups: cstringArray): cint{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_server_init".}
-proc server_end*(){.cdecl, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_server_end".}
-  # mysql_server_init/end need to be called when using libmysqld or
-  #      libmysqlclient (exactly, mysql_server_init() is called by mysql_init() so
-  #      you don't need to call it explicitly; but you need to call
-  #      mysql_server_end() to free memory). The names are a bit misleading
-  #      (mysql_SERVER* to be used when using libmysqlCLIENT). So we add more general
-  #      names which suit well whether you're using libmysqld or libmysqlclient. We
-  #      intend to promote these aliases over the mysql_server* ones.
-proc library_init*(argc: cint, argv: cstringArray, groups: cstringArray): cint{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_server_init".}
-proc library_end*(){.cdecl, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_server_end".}
-proc get_parameters*(): PPARAMETERS{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                     importc: "mysql_get_parameters".}
-  # Set up and bring down a thread; these function should be called
-  #      for each thread in an application which opens at least one MySQL
-  #      connection.  All uses of the connection(s) should be between these
-  #      function calls.
-proc thread_init*(): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_thread_init".}
-proc thread_end*(){.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_thread_end".}
-  # Functions to get information from the MYSQL and MYSQL_RES structures
-  #      Should definitely be used if one uses shared libraries.
-proc num_rows*(res: PRES): my_ulonglong{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_num_rows".}
-proc num_fields*(res: PRES): cuint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                    importc: "mysql_num_fields".}
-proc eof*(res: PRES): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_eof".}
-proc fetch_field_direct*(res: PRES, fieldnr: cuint): PFIELD{.stdcall,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_fetch_field_direct".}
-proc fetch_fields*(res: PRES): PFIELD{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                       importc: "mysql_fetch_fields".}
-proc row_tell*(res: PRES): ROW_OFFSET{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                       importc: "mysql_row_tell".}
-proc field_tell*(res: PRES): FIELD_OFFSET{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_field_tell".}
-proc field_count*(MySQL: PMySQL): cuint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                               importc: "mysql_field_count".}
-proc affected_rows*(MySQL: PMySQL): my_ulonglong{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                        importc: "mysql_affected_rows".}
-proc insert_id*(MySQL: PMySQL): my_ulonglong{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                    importc: "mysql_insert_id".}
-proc errno*(MySQL: PMySQL): cuint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_errno".}
-proc error*(MySQL: PMySQL): cstring{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_error".}
-proc sqlstate*(MySQL: PMySQL): cstring{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_sqlstate".}
-proc warning_count*(MySQL: PMySQL): cuint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                 importc: "mysql_warning_count".}
-proc info*(MySQL: PMySQL): cstring{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_info".}
-proc thread_id*(MySQL: PMySQL): int{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_thread_id".}
-proc character_set_name*(MySQL: PMySQL): cstring{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                        importc: "mysql_character_set_name".}
-proc set_character_set*(MySQL: PMySQL, csname: cstring): int32{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_set_character_set".}
-proc init*(MySQL: PMySQL): PMySQL{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_init".}
-proc ssl_set*(MySQL: PMySQL, key: cstring, cert: cstring, ca: cstring, capath: cstring,
-              cipher: cstring): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_ssl_set".}
-proc change_user*(MySQL: PMySQL, user: cstring, passwd: cstring, db: cstring): my_bool{.
-    stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_change_user".}
-proc real_connect*(MySQL: PMySQL, host: cstring, user: cstring, passwd: cstring,
-                   db: cstring, port: cuint, unix_socket: cstring,
-                   clientflag: int): PMySQL{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                        importc: "mysql_real_connect".}
-proc select_db*(MySQL: PMySQL, db: cstring): cint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_select_db".}
-proc query*(MySQL: PMySQL, q: cstring): cint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_query".}
-proc send_query*(MySQL: PMySQL, q: cstring, len: int): cint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_send_query".}
-proc real_query*(MySQL: PMySQL, q: cstring, len: int): cint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_real_query".}
-proc store_result*(MySQL: PMySQL): PRES{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                               importc: "mysql_store_result".}
-proc use_result*(MySQL: PMySQL): PRES{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_use_result".}
-  # perform query on master
-proc master_query*(MySQL: PMySQL, q: cstring, len: int): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_master_query".}
-proc master_send_query*(MySQL: PMySQL, q: cstring, len: int): my_bool{.stdcall,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_master_send_query".}
-  # perform query on slave
-proc slave_query*(MySQL: PMySQL, q: cstring, len: int): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_slave_query".}
-proc slave_send_query*(MySQL: PMySQL, q: cstring, len: int): my_bool{.stdcall,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_slave_send_query".}
-proc get_character_set_info*(MySQL: PMySQL, charset: PMY_CHARSET_INFO){.stdcall,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_get_character_set_info".}
-  # local infile support
-const
-  LOCAL_INFILE_ERROR_LEN* = 512
-
-# procedure mysql_set_local_infile_handler(mysql:PMYSQL; local_infile_init:function (para1:Ppointer; para2:Pchar; para3:pointer):longint; local_infile_read:function (para1:pointer; para2:Pchar; para3:dword):longint; local_infile_end:procedure (_pa
-# para6:pointer);cdecl;external mysqllib name 'mysql_set_local_infile_handler';
-
-proc set_local_infile_default*(MySQL: PMySQL){.cdecl, dynlib: lib,
-                                     importc: "mysql_set_local_infile_default".}
-  # enable/disable parsing of all queries to decide if they go on master or
-  #      slave
-proc enable_rpl_parse*(MySQL: PMySQL){.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                             importc: "mysql_enable_rpl_parse".}
-proc disable_rpl_parse*(MySQL: PMySQL){.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                              importc: "mysql_disable_rpl_parse".}
-  # get the value of the parse flag
-proc rpl_parse_enabled*(MySQL: PMySQL): cint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                    importc: "mysql_rpl_parse_enabled".}
-  #  enable/disable reads from master
-proc enable_reads_from_master*(MySQL: PMySQL){.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                     importc: "mysql_enable_reads_from_master".}
-proc disable_reads_from_master*(MySQL: PMySQL){.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_disable_reads_from_master".}
-  # get the value of the master read flag
-proc reads_from_master_enabled*(MySQL: PMySQL): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_reads_from_master_enabled".}
-proc rpl_query_type*(q: cstring, length: cint): Rpl_type{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_rpl_query_type".}
-  # discover the master and its slaves
-proc rpl_probe*(MySQL: PMySQL): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_rpl_probe".}
-  # set the master, close/free the old one, if it is not a pivot
-proc set_master*(MySQL: PMySQL, host: cstring, port: cuint, user: cstring, passwd: cstring): cint{.
-    stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_set_master".}
-proc add_slave*(MySQL: PMySQL, host: cstring, port: cuint, user: cstring, passwd: cstring): cint{.
-    stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_add_slave".}
-proc shutdown*(MySQL: PMySQL, shutdown_level: Enum_shutdown_level): cint{.stdcall,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_shutdown".}
-proc dump_debug_info*(MySQL: PMySQL): cint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                  importc: "mysql_dump_debug_info".}
-proc refresh*(sql: PMySQL, refresh_options: cuint): cint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_refresh".}
-proc kill*(MySQL: PMySQL, pid: int): cint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_kill".}
-proc set_server_option*(MySQL: PMySQL, option: Enum_mysql_set_option): cint{.stdcall,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_set_server_option".}
-proc ping*(MySQL: PMySQL): cint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_ping".}
-proc stat*(MySQL: PMySQL): cstring{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_stat".}
-proc get_server_info*(MySQL: PMySQL): cstring{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                     importc: "mysql_get_server_info".}
-proc get_client_info*(): cstring{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                  importc: "mysql_get_client_info".}
-proc get_client_version*(): int{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                 importc: "mysql_get_client_version".}
-proc get_host_info*(MySQL: PMySQL): cstring{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                   importc: "mysql_get_host_info".}
-proc get_server_version*(MySQL: PMySQL): int{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                    importc: "mysql_get_server_version".}
-proc get_proto_info*(MySQL: PMySQL): cuint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                  importc: "mysql_get_proto_info".}
-proc list_dbs*(MySQL: PMySQL, wild: cstring): PRES{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_list_dbs".}
-proc list_tables*(MySQL: PMySQL, wild: cstring): PRES{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_list_tables".}
-proc list_processes*(MySQL: PMySQL): PRES{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                 importc: "mysql_list_processes".}
-proc options*(MySQL: PMySQL, option: Option, arg: cstring): cint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_options".}
-proc free_result*(result: PRES){.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                 importc: "mysql_free_result".}
-proc data_seek*(result: PRES, offset: my_ulonglong){.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_data_seek".}
-proc row_seek*(result: PRES, offset: ROW_OFFSET): ROW_OFFSET{.stdcall,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_row_seek".}
-proc field_seek*(result: PRES, offset: FIELD_OFFSET): FIELD_OFFSET{.stdcall,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_field_seek".}
-proc fetch_row*(result: PRES): ROW{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                    importc: "mysql_fetch_row".}
-proc fetch_lengths*(result: PRES): ptr int{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_fetch_lengths".}
-proc fetch_field*(result: PRES): PFIELD{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_fetch_field".}
-proc list_fields*(MySQL: PMySQL, table: cstring, wild: cstring): PRES{.stdcall,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_list_fields".}
-proc escape_string*(fto: cstring, `from`: cstring, from_length: int): int{.
-    stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_escape_string".}
-proc hex_string*(fto: cstring, `from`: cstring, from_length: int): int{.stdcall,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_hex_string".}
-proc real_escape_string*(MySQL: PMySQL, fto: cstring, `from`: cstring, len: int): int{.
-    stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_real_escape_string".}
-proc debug*(debug: cstring){.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_debug".}
-  #    function mysql_odbc_escape_string(mysql:PMYSQL; fto:Pchar; to_length:dword; from:Pchar; from_length:dword;
-  #               param:pointer; extend_buffer:function (para1:pointer; to:Pchar; length:Pdword):Pchar):Pchar;stdcall;external mysqllib name 'mysql_odbc_escape_string';
-proc myodbc_remove_escape*(MySQL: PMySQL, name: cstring){.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "myodbc_remove_escape".}
-proc thread_safe*(): cuint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_thread_safe".}
-proc embedded*(): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_embedded".}
-proc manager_init*(con: PMANAGER): PMANAGER{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_manager_init".}
-proc manager_connect*(con: PMANAGER, host: cstring, user: cstring,
-                      passwd: cstring, port: cuint): PMANAGER{.stdcall,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_manager_connect".}
-proc manager_close*(con: PMANAGER){.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                    importc: "mysql_manager_close".}
-proc manager_command*(con: PMANAGER, cmd: cstring, cmd_len: cint): cint{.
-    stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_manager_command".}
-proc manager_fetch_line*(con: PMANAGER, res_buf: cstring, res_buf_size: cint): cint{.
-    stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_manager_fetch_line".}
-proc read_query_result*(MySQL: PMySQL): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                       importc: "mysql_read_query_result".}
-proc stmt_init*(MySQL: PMySQL): PSTMT{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_stmt_init".}
-proc stmt_prepare*(stmt: PSTMT, query: cstring, len: int): cint{.stdcall,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_stmt_prepare".}
-proc stmt_execute*(stmt: PSTMT): cint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                       importc: "mysql_stmt_execute".}
-proc stmt_fetch*(stmt: PSTMT): cint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                     importc: "mysql_stmt_fetch".}
-proc stmt_fetch_column*(stmt: PSTMT, `bind`: PBIND, column: cuint, offset: int): cint{.
-    stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_stmt_fetch_column".}
-proc stmt_store_result*(stmt: PSTMT): cint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_stmt_store_result".}
-proc stmt_param_count*(stmt: PSTMT): int{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_stmt_param_count".}
-proc stmt_attr_set*(stmt: PSTMT, attr_type: Enum_stmt_attr_type, attr: pointer): my_bool{.
-    stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_stmt_attr_set".}
-proc stmt_attr_get*(stmt: PSTMT, attr_type: Enum_stmt_attr_type, attr: pointer): my_bool{.
-    stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_stmt_attr_get".}
-proc stmt_bind_param*(stmt: PSTMT, bnd: PBIND): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_stmt_bind_param".}
-proc stmt_bind_result*(stmt: PSTMT, bnd: PBIND): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_stmt_bind_result".}
-proc stmt_close*(stmt: PSTMT): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                        importc: "mysql_stmt_close".}
-proc stmt_reset*(stmt: PSTMT): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                        importc: "mysql_stmt_reset".}
-proc stmt_free_result*(stmt: PSTMT): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_stmt_free_result".}
-proc stmt_send_long_data*(stmt: PSTMT, param_number: cuint, data: cstring,
-                          len: int): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_stmt_send_long_data".}
-proc stmt_result_metadata*(stmt: PSTMT): PRES{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_stmt_result_metadata".}
-proc stmt_param_metadata*(stmt: PSTMT): PRES{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_stmt_param_metadata".}
-proc stmt_errno*(stmt: PSTMT): cuint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                      importc: "mysql_stmt_errno".}
-proc stmt_error*(stmt: PSTMT): cstring{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                        importc: "mysql_stmt_error".}
-proc stmt_sqlstate*(stmt: PSTMT): cstring{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_stmt_sqlstate".}
-proc stmt_row_seek*(stmt: PSTMT, offset: ROW_OFFSET): ROW_OFFSET{.stdcall,
-    dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_stmt_row_seek".}
-proc stmt_row_tell*(stmt: PSTMT): ROW_OFFSET{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_stmt_row_tell".}
-proc stmt_data_seek*(stmt: PSTMT, offset: my_ulonglong){.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_stmt_data_seek".}
-proc stmt_num_rows*(stmt: PSTMT): my_ulonglong{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_stmt_num_rows".}
-proc stmt_affected_rows*(stmt: PSTMT): my_ulonglong{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_stmt_affected_rows".}
-proc stmt_insert_id*(stmt: PSTMT): my_ulonglong{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_stmt_insert_id".}
-proc stmt_field_count*(stmt: PSTMT): cuint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_stmt_field_count".}
-proc commit*(MySQL: PMySQL): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_commit".}
-proc rollback*(MySQL: PMySQL): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_rollback".}
-proc autocommit*(MySQL: PMySQL, auto_mode: my_bool): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-    importc: "mysql_autocommit".}
-proc more_results*(MySQL: PMySQL): my_bool{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-                                  importc: "mysql_more_results".}
-proc next_result*(MySQL: PMySQL): cint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_next_result".}
-proc close*(sock: PMySQL){.stdcall, dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_close".}
-  # status return codes
-const
-  NO_DATA* = 100
-  DATA_TRUNCATED* = 101
-
-proc reload*(x: PMySQL): cint
-when defined(USE_OLD_FUNCTIONS):
-  proc connect*(MySQL: PMySQL, host: cstring, user: cstring, passwd: cstring): PMySQL{.stdcall,
-      dynlib: lib, importc: "mysql_connect".}
-  proc create_db*(MySQL: PMySQL, DB: cstring): cint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-      importc: "mysql_create_db".}
-  proc drop_db*(MySQL: PMySQL, DB: cstring): cint{.stdcall, dynlib: lib,
-      importc: "mysql_drop_db".}
-proc net_safe_read*(MySQL: PMySQL): cuint{.cdecl, dynlib: lib, importc: "net_safe_read".}
-
-proc IS_PRI_KEY(n: int32): bool =
-  result = (n and PRI_KEY_FLAG) != 0
-
-proc IS_NOT_NULL(n: int32): bool =
-  result = (n and NOT_NULL_FLAG) != 0
-
-proc IS_BLOB(n: int32): bool =
-  result = (n and BLOB_FLAG) != 0
-
-proc IS_NUM_FIELD(f: Pst_mysql_field): bool =
-  result = (f.flags and NUM_FLAG) != 0
-
-proc IS_NUM(t: Enum_field_types): bool =
-  result = (t <= FIELD_TYPE_INT24) or (t == FIELD_TYPE_YEAR) or
-      (t == FIELD_TYPE_NEWDECIMAL)
-
-proc INTERNAL_NUM_FIELD(f: Pst_mysql_field): bool =
-  result = (f.ftype <= FIELD_TYPE_INT24) and
-      ((f.ftype != FIELD_TYPE_TIMESTAMP) or (f.len == 14) or (f.len == 8)) or
-      (f.ftype == FIELD_TYPE_YEAR)
-
-proc reload(x: PMySQL): cint =
-  result = refresh(x, REFRESH_GRANT)
-
-{.pop.}
-when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
-  {.pop.}
diff --git a/lib/wrappers/odbcsql.nim b/lib/wrappers/odbcsql.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 4e37e1a17..000000000
--- a/lib/wrappers/odbcsql.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,841 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2015 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-when not defined(ODBCVER):
-  const
-    ODBCVER = 0x0351 ## define ODBC version 3.51 by default
-
-when defined(windows):
-  {.push callconv: stdcall.}
-  const odbclib = "odbc32.dll"
-else:
-  {.push callconv: cdecl.}
-  const odbclib = "libodbc.so"
-
-when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
-  {.push styleChecks: off.}
-
-# DATA TYPES CORRESPONDENCE
-#   BDE fields  ODBC types
-#   ----------  ------------------
-#   ftBlob      SQL_BINARY
-#   ftBoolean   SQL_BIT
-#   ftDate      SQL_TYPE_DATE
-#   ftTime      SQL_TYPE_TIME
-#   ftDateTime  SQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP
-#   ftInteger   SQL_INTEGER
-#   ftSmallint  SQL_SMALLINT
-#   ftFloat     SQL_DOUBLE
-#   ftString    SQL_CHAR
-#   ftMemo      SQL_BINARY // SQL_VARCHAR
-#
-
-type
-  TSqlChar* = char
-  TSqlSmallInt* = int16
-  SqlUSmallInt* = int16
-  SqlHandle* = pointer
-  SqlHEnv* = SqlHandle
-  SqlHDBC* = SqlHandle
-  SqlHStmt* = SqlHandle
-  SqlHDesc* = SqlHandle
-  TSqlInteger* = int32
-  SqlUInteger* = int32
-  TSqlLen* = int
-  TSqlULen* = uint
-  SqlPointer* = pointer
-  TSqlReal* = cfloat
-  TSqlDouble* = cdouble
-  TSqlFloat* = cdouble
-  SqlHWND* = pointer
-  PSQLCHAR* = cstring
-  PSQLINTEGER* = ptr TSqlInteger
-  PSQLUINTEGER* = ptr SqlUInteger
-  PSQLSMALLINT* = ptr TSqlSmallInt
-  PSQLUSMALLINT* = ptr SqlUSmallInt
-  PSQLREAL* = ptr TSqlReal
-  PSQLDOUBLE* = ptr TSqlDouble
-  PSQLFLOAT* = ptr TSqlFloat
-  PSQLHANDLE* = ptr SqlHandle
-
-const                         # SQL data type codes
-  SQL_UNKNOWN_TYPE* = 0
-  SQL_LONGVARCHAR* = (- 1)
-  SQL_BINARY* = (- 2)
-  SQL_VARBINARY* = (- 3)
-  SQL_LONGVARBINARY* = (- 4)
-  SQL_BIGINT* = (- 5)
-  SQL_TINYINT* = (- 6)
-  SQL_BIT* = (- 7)
-  SQL_WCHAR* = (- 8)
-  SQL_WVARCHAR* = (- 9)
-  SQL_WLONGVARCHAR* = (- 10)
-  SQL_CHAR* = 1
-  SQL_NUMERIC* = 2
-  SQL_DECIMAL* = 3
-  SQL_INTEGER* = 4
-  SQL_SMALLINT* = 5
-  SQL_FLOAT* = 6
-  SQL_REAL* = 7
-  SQL_DOUBLE* = 8
-  SQL_DATETIME* = 9
-  SQL_VARCHAR* = 12
-  SQL_TYPE_DATE* = 91
-  SQL_TYPE_TIME* = 92
-  SQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP* = 93
-  SQL_DATE* = 9
-  SQL_TIME* = 10
-  SQL_TIMESTAMP* = 11
-  SQL_INTERVAL* = 10
-  SQL_GUID* = - 11            # interval codes
-
-when ODBCVER >= 0x0300:
-  const
-    SQL_CODE_YEAR* = 1
-    SQL_CODE_MONTH* = 2
-    SQL_CODE_DAY* = 3
-    SQL_CODE_HOUR* = 4
-    SQL_CODE_MINUTE* = 5
-    SQL_CODE_SECOND* = 6
-    SQL_CODE_YEAR_TO_MONTH* = 7
-    SQL_CODE_DAY_TO_HOUR* = 8
-    SQL_CODE_DAY_TO_MINUTE* = 9
-    SQL_CODE_DAY_TO_SECOND* = 10
-    SQL_CODE_HOUR_TO_MINUTE* = 11
-    SQL_CODE_HOUR_TO_SECOND* = 12
-    SQL_CODE_MINUTE_TO_SECOND* = 13
-    SQL_INTERVAL_YEAR* = 100 + SQL_CODE_YEAR
-    SQL_INTERVAL_MONTH* = 100 + SQL_CODE_MONTH
-    SQL_INTERVAL_DAY* = 100 + SQL_CODE_DAY
-    SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR* = 100 + SQL_CODE_HOUR
-    SQL_INTERVAL_MINUTE* = 100 + SQL_CODE_MINUTE
-    SQL_INTERVAL_SECOND* = 100 + SQL_CODE_SECOND
-    SQL_INTERVAL_YEAR_TO_MONTH* = 100 + SQL_CODE_YEAR_TO_MONTH
-    SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_HOUR* = 100 + SQL_CODE_DAY_TO_HOUR
-    SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_MINUTE* = 100 + SQL_CODE_DAY_TO_MINUTE
-    SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_SECOND* = 100 + SQL_CODE_DAY_TO_SECOND
-    SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR_TO_MINUTE* = 100 + SQL_CODE_HOUR_TO_MINUTE
-    SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR_TO_SECOND* = 100 + SQL_CODE_HOUR_TO_SECOND
-    SQL_INTERVAL_MINUTE_TO_SECOND* = 100 + SQL_CODE_MINUTE_TO_SECOND
-else:
-  const
-    SQL_INTERVAL_YEAR* = - 80
-    SQL_INTERVAL_MONTH* = - 81
-    SQL_INTERVAL_YEAR_TO_MONTH* = - 82
-    SQL_INTERVAL_DAY* = - 83
-    SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR* = - 84
-    SQL_INTERVAL_MINUTE* = - 85
-    SQL_INTERVAL_SECOND* = - 86
-    SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_HOUR* = - 87
-    SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_MINUTE* = - 88
-    SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_SECOND* = - 89
-    SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR_TO_MINUTE* = - 90
-    SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR_TO_SECOND* = - 91
-    SQL_INTERVAL_MINUTE_TO_SECOND* = - 92
-
-
-when ODBCVER < 0x0300:
-  const
-    SQL_UNICODE* = - 95
-    SQL_UNICODE_VARCHAR* = - 96
-    SQL_UNICODE_LONGVARCHAR* = - 97
-    SQL_UNICODE_CHAR* = SQL_UNICODE
-else:
-  # The previous definitions for SQL_UNICODE_ are historical and obsolete
-  const
-    SQL_UNICODE* = SQL_WCHAR
-    SQL_UNICODE_VARCHAR* = SQL_WVARCHAR
-    SQL_UNICODE_LONGVARCHAR* = SQL_WLONGVARCHAR
-    SQL_UNICODE_CHAR* = SQL_WCHAR
-const                         # C datatype to SQL datatype mapping
-  SQL_C_CHAR* = SQL_CHAR
-  SQL_C_LONG* = SQL_INTEGER
-  SQL_C_SHORT* = SQL_SMALLINT
-  SQL_C_FLOAT* = SQL_REAL
-  SQL_C_DOUBLE* = SQL_DOUBLE
-  SQL_C_NUMERIC* = SQL_NUMERIC
-  SQL_C_DEFAULT* = 99
-  SQL_SIGNED_OFFSET* = - 20
-  SQL_UNSIGNED_OFFSET* = - 22
-  SQL_C_DATE* = SQL_DATE
-  SQL_C_TIME* = SQL_TIME
-  SQL_C_TIMESTAMP* = SQL_TIMESTAMP
-  SQL_C_TYPE_DATE* = SQL_TYPE_DATE
-  SQL_C_TYPE_TIME* = SQL_TYPE_TIME
-  SQL_C_TYPE_TIMESTAMP* = SQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP
-  SQL_C_INTERVAL_YEAR* = SQL_INTERVAL_YEAR
-  SQL_C_INTERVAL_MONTH* = SQL_INTERVAL_MONTH
-  SQL_C_INTERVAL_DAY* = SQL_INTERVAL_DAY
-  SQL_C_INTERVAL_HOUR* = SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR
-  SQL_C_INTERVAL_MINUTE* = SQL_INTERVAL_MINUTE
-  SQL_C_INTERVAL_SECOND* = SQL_INTERVAL_SECOND
-  SQL_C_INTERVAL_YEAR_TO_MONTH* = SQL_INTERVAL_YEAR_TO_MONTH
-  SQL_C_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_HOUR* = SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_HOUR
-  SQL_C_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_MINUTE* = SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_MINUTE
-  SQL_C_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_SECOND* = SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_SECOND
-  SQL_C_INTERVAL_HOUR_TO_MINUTE* = SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR_TO_MINUTE
-  SQL_C_INTERVAL_HOUR_TO_SECOND* = SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR_TO_SECOND
-  SQL_C_INTERVAL_MINUTE_TO_SECOND* = SQL_INTERVAL_MINUTE_TO_SECOND
-  SQL_C_BINARY* = SQL_BINARY
-  SQL_C_BIT* = SQL_BIT
-  SQL_C_SBIGINT* = SQL_BIGINT + SQL_SIGNED_OFFSET # SIGNED BIGINT
-  SQL_C_UBIGINT* = SQL_BIGINT + SQL_UNSIGNED_OFFSET # UNSIGNED BIGINT
-  SQL_C_TINYINT* = SQL_TINYINT
-  SQL_C_SLONG* = SQL_C_LONG + SQL_SIGNED_OFFSET # SIGNED INTEGER
-  SQL_C_SSHORT* = SQL_C_SHORT + SQL_SIGNED_OFFSET # SIGNED SMALLINT
-  SQL_C_STINYINT* = SQL_TINYINT + SQL_SIGNED_OFFSET # SIGNED TINYINT
-  SQL_C_ULONG* = SQL_C_LONG + SQL_UNSIGNED_OFFSET # UNSIGNED INTEGER
-  SQL_C_USHORT* = SQL_C_SHORT + SQL_UNSIGNED_OFFSET # UNSIGNED SMALLINT
-  SQL_C_UTINYINT* = SQL_TINYINT + SQL_UNSIGNED_OFFSET # UNSIGNED TINYINT
-  SQL_C_BOOKMARK* = SQL_C_ULONG # BOOKMARK
-  SQL_C_GUID* = SQL_GUID
-  SQL_TYPE_NULL* = 0
-
-when ODBCVER < 0x0300:
-  const
-    SQL_TYPE_MIN* = SQL_BIT
-    SQL_TYPE_MAX* = SQL_VARCHAR
-
-const
-  SQL_C_VARBOOKMARK* = SQL_C_BINARY
-  SQL_API_SQLDESCRIBEPARAM* = 58
-  SQL_NO_TOTAL* = - 4
-
-type
-  SQL_DATE_STRUCT* {.final, pure.} = object
-    Year*: TSqlSmallInt
-    Month*: SqlUSmallInt
-    Day*: SqlUSmallInt
-
-  PSQL_DATE_STRUCT* = ptr SQL_DATE_STRUCT
-  SQL_TIME_STRUCT* {.final, pure.} = object
-    Hour*: SqlUSmallInt
-    Minute*: SqlUSmallInt
-    Second*: SqlUSmallInt
-
-  PSQL_TIME_STRUCT* = ptr SQL_TIME_STRUCT
-  SQL_TIMESTAMP_STRUCT* {.final, pure.} = object
-    Year*: SqlUSmallInt
-    Month*: SqlUSmallInt
-    Day*: SqlUSmallInt
-    Hour*: SqlUSmallInt
-    Minute*: SqlUSmallInt
-    Second*: SqlUSmallInt
-    Fraction*: SqlUInteger
-
-  PSQL_TIMESTAMP_STRUCT* = ptr SQL_TIMESTAMP_STRUCT
-
-const
-  SQL_NAME_LEN* = 128
-  SQL_OV_ODBC3* = 3
-  SQL_OV_ODBC2* = 2
-  SQL_ATTR_ODBC_VERSION* = 200 # Options for SQLDriverConnect
-  SQL_DRIVER_NOPROMPT* = 0
-  SQL_DRIVER_COMPLETE* = 1
-  SQL_DRIVER_PROMPT* = 2
-  SQL_DRIVER_COMPLETE_REQUIRED* = 3
-  SQL_IS_POINTER* = (- 4)  # whether an attribute is a pointer or not
-  SQL_IS_UINTEGER* = (- 5)
-  SQL_IS_INTEGER* = (- 6)
-  SQL_IS_USMALLINT* = (- 7)
-  SQL_IS_SMALLINT* = (- 8)    # SQLExtendedFetch "fFetchType" values
-  SQL_FETCH_BOOKMARK* = 8
-  SQL_SCROLL_OPTIONS* = 44    # SQL_USE_BOOKMARKS options
-  SQL_UB_OFF* = 0
-  SQL_UB_ON* = 1
-  SQL_UB_DEFAULT* = SQL_UB_OFF
-  SQL_UB_FIXED* = SQL_UB_ON
-  SQL_UB_VARIABLE* = 2        # SQL_SCROLL_OPTIONS masks
-  SQL_SO_FORWARD_ONLY* = 0x00000001
-  SQL_SO_KEYSET_DRIVEN* = 0x00000002
-  SQL_SO_DYNAMIC* = 0x00000004
-  SQL_SO_MIXED* = 0x00000008
-  SQL_SO_STATIC* = 0x00000010
-  SQL_BOOKMARK_PERSISTENCE* = 82
-  SQL_STATIC_SENSITIVITY* = 83 # SQL_BOOKMARK_PERSISTENCE values
-  SQL_BP_CLOSE* = 0x00000001
-  SQL_BP_DELETE* = 0x00000002
-  SQL_BP_DROP* = 0x00000004
-  SQL_BP_TRANSACTION* = 0x00000008
-  SQL_BP_UPDATE* = 0x00000010
-  SQL_BP_OTHER_HSTMT* = 0x00000020
-  SQL_BP_SCROLL* = 0x00000040
-  SQL_DYNAMIC_CURSOR_ATTRIBUTES1* = 144
-  SQL_DYNAMIC_CURSOR_ATTRIBUTES2* = 145
-  SQL_FORWARD_ONLY_CURSOR_ATTRIBUTES1* = 146
-  SQL_FORWARD_ONLY_CURSOR_ATTRIBUTES2* = 147
-  SQL_INDEX_KEYWORDS* = 148
-  SQL_INFO_SCHEMA_VIEWS* = 149
-  SQL_KEYSET_CURSOR_ATTRIBUTES1* = 150
-  SQL_KEYSET_CURSOR_ATTRIBUTES2* = 151
-  SQL_STATIC_CURSOR_ATTRIBUTES1* = 167
-  SQL_STATIC_CURSOR_ATTRIBUTES2* = 168 # supported SQLFetchScroll FetchOrientation's
-  SQL_CA1_NEXT* = 1
-  SQL_CA1_ABSOLUTE* = 2
-  SQL_CA1_RELATIVE* = 4
-  SQL_CA1_BOOKMARK* = 8       # supported SQLSetPos LockType's
-  SQL_CA1_LOCK_NO_CHANGE* = 0x00000040
-  SQL_CA1_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE* = 0x00000080
-  SQL_CA1_LOCK_UNLOCK* = 0x00000100 # supported SQLSetPos Operations
-  SQL_CA1_POS_POSITION* = 0x00000200
-  SQL_CA1_POS_UPDATE* = 0x00000400
-  SQL_CA1_POS_DELETE* = 0x00000800
-  SQL_CA1_POS_REFRESH* = 0x00001000 # positioned updates and deletes
-  SQL_CA1_POSITIONED_UPDATE* = 0x00002000
-  SQL_CA1_POSITIONED_DELETE* = 0x00004000
-  SQL_CA1_SELECT_FOR_UPDATE* = 0x00008000 # supported SQLBulkOperations operations
-  SQL_CA1_BULK_ADD* = 0x00010000
-  SQL_CA1_BULK_UPDATE_BY_BOOKMARK* = 0x00020000
-  SQL_CA1_BULK_DELETE_BY_BOOKMARK* = 0x00040000
-  SQL_CA1_BULK_FETCH_BY_BOOKMARK* = 0x00080000 # supported values for SQL_ATTR_SCROLL_CONCURRENCY
-  SQL_CA2_READ_ONLY_CONCURRENCY* = 1
-  SQL_CA2_LOCK_CONCURRENCY* = 2
-  SQL_CA2_OPT_ROWVER_CONCURRENCY* = 4
-  SQL_CA2_OPT_VALUES_CONCURRENCY* = 8 # sensitivity of the cursor to its own inserts, deletes, and updates
-  SQL_CA2_SENSITIVITY_ADDITIONS* = 0x00000010
-  SQL_CA2_SENSITIVITY_DELETIONS* = 0x00000020
-  SQL_CA2_SENSITIVITY_UPDATES* = 0x00000040 #  semantics of SQL_ATTR_MAX_ROWS
-  SQL_CA2_MAX_ROWS_SELECT* = 0x00000080
-  SQL_CA2_MAX_ROWS_INSERT* = 0x00000100
-  SQL_CA2_MAX_ROWS_DELETE* = 0x00000200
-  SQL_CA2_MAX_ROWS_UPDATE* = 0x00000400
-  SQL_CA2_MAX_ROWS_CATALOG* = 0x00000800
-  SQL_CA2_MAX_ROWS_AFFECTS_ALL* = (SQL_CA2_MAX_ROWS_SELECT or
-      SQL_CA2_MAX_ROWS_INSERT or SQL_CA2_MAX_ROWS_DELETE or
-      SQL_CA2_MAX_ROWS_UPDATE or SQL_CA2_MAX_ROWS_CATALOG) # semantics of
-                                                           # SQL_DIAG_CURSOR_ROW_COUNT
-  SQL_CA2_CRC_EXACT* = 0x00001000
-  SQL_CA2_CRC_APPROXIMATE* = 0x00002000 #  the kinds of positioned statements that can be simulated
-  SQL_CA2_SIMULATE_NON_UNIQUE* = 0x00004000
-  SQL_CA2_SIMULATE_TRY_UNIQUE* = 0x00008000
-  SQL_CA2_SIMULATE_UNIQUE* = 0x00010000 #  Operations in SQLBulkOperations
-  SQL_ADD* = 4
-  SQL_SETPOS_MAX_OPTION_VALUE* = SQL_ADD
-  SQL_UPDATE_BY_BOOKMARK* = 5
-  SQL_DELETE_BY_BOOKMARK* = 6
-  SQL_FETCH_BY_BOOKMARK* = 7  # Operations in SQLSetPos
-  SQL_POSITION* = 0
-  SQL_REFRESH* = 1
-  SQL_UPDATE* = 2
-  SQL_DELETE* = 3             # Lock options in SQLSetPos
-  SQL_LOCK_NO_CHANGE* = 0
-  SQL_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE* = 1
-  SQL_LOCK_UNLOCK* = 2        # SQLExtendedFetch "rgfRowStatus" element values
-  SQL_ROW_SUCCESS* = 0
-  SQL_ROW_DELETED* = 1
-  SQL_ROW_UPDATED* = 2
-  SQL_ROW_NOROW* = 3
-  SQL_ROW_ADDED* = 4
-  SQL_ROW_ERROR* = 5
-  SQL_ROW_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO* = 6
-  SQL_ROW_PROCEED* = 0
-  SQL_ROW_IGNORE* = 1
-  SQL_MAX_DSN_LENGTH* = 32    # maximum data source name size
-  SQL_MAX_OPTION_STRING_LENGTH* = 256
-  SQL_ODBC_CURSORS* = 110
-  SQL_ATTR_ODBC_CURSORS* = SQL_ODBC_CURSORS # SQL_ODBC_CURSORS options
-  SQL_CUR_USE_IF_NEEDED* = 0
-  SQL_CUR_USE_ODBC* = 1
-  SQL_CUR_USE_DRIVER* = 2
-  SQL_CUR_DEFAULT* = SQL_CUR_USE_DRIVER
-  SQL_PARAM_TYPE_UNKNOWN* = 0
-  SQL_PARAM_INPUT* = 1
-  SQL_PARAM_INPUT_OUTPUT* = 2
-  SQL_RESULT_COL* = 3
-  SQL_PARAM_OUTPUT* = 4
-  SQL_RETURN_VALUE* = 5       # special length/indicator values
-  SQL_NULL_DATA* = (- 1)
-  SQL_DATA_AT_EXEC* = (- 2)
-  SQL_SUCCESS* = 0
-  SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO* = 1
-  SQL_NO_DATA* = 100
-  SQL_ERROR* = (- 1)
-  SQL_INVALID_HANDLE* = (- 2)
-  SQL_STILL_EXECUTING* = 2
-  SQL_NEED_DATA* = 99         # flags for null-terminated string
-  SQL_NTS* = (- 3)            # maximum message length
-  SQL_MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH* = 512 # date/time length constants
-  SQL_DATE_LEN* = 10
-  SQL_TIME_LEN* = 8           # add P+1 if precision is nonzero
-  SQL_TIMESTAMP_LEN* = 19     # add P+1 if precision is nonzero
-                              # handle type identifiers
-  SQL_HANDLE_ENV* = 1
-  SQL_HANDLE_DBC* = 2
-  SQL_HANDLE_STMT* = 3
-  SQL_HANDLE_DESC* = 4        # environment attribute
-  SQL_ATTR_OUTPUT_NTS* = 10001 # connection attributes
-  SQL_ATTR_AUTO_IPD* = 10001
-  SQL_ATTR_METADATA_ID* = 10014 # statement attributes
-  SQL_ATTR_APP_ROW_DESC* = 10010
-  SQL_ATTR_APP_PARAM_DESC* = 10011
-  SQL_ATTR_IMP_ROW_DESC* = 10012
-  SQL_ATTR_IMP_PARAM_DESC* = 10013
-  SQL_ATTR_CURSOR_SCROLLABLE* = (- 1)
-  SQL_ATTR_CURSOR_SENSITIVITY* = (- 2)
-  SQL_QUERY_TIMEOUT* = 0
-  SQL_MAX_ROWS* = 1
-  SQL_NOSCAN* = 2
-  SQL_MAX_LENGTH* = 3
-  SQL_ASYNC_ENABLE* = 4       # same as SQL_ATTR_ASYNC_ENABLE */
-  SQL_BIND_TYPE* = 5
-  SQL_CURSOR_TYPE* = 6
-  SQL_CONCURRENCY* = 7
-  SQL_KEYSET_SIZE* = 8
-  SQL_ROWSET_SIZE* = 9
-  SQL_SIMULATE_CURSOR* = 10
-  SQL_RETRIEVE_DATA* = 11
-  SQL_USE_BOOKMARKS* = 12
-  SQL_GET_BOOKMARK* = 13      #      GetStmtOption Only */
-  SQL_ROW_NUMBER* = 14        #      GetStmtOption Only */
-  SQL_ATTR_CURSOR_TYPE* = SQL_CURSOR_TYPE
-  SQL_ATTR_CONCURRENCY* = SQL_CONCURRENCY
-  SQL_ATTR_FETCH_BOOKMARK_PTR* = 16
-  SQL_ATTR_ROW_STATUS_PTR* = 25
-  SQL_ATTR_ROWS_FETCHED_PTR* = 26
-  SQL_AUTOCOMMIT* = 102
-  SQL_ATTR_AUTOCOMMIT* = SQL_AUTOCOMMIT
-  SQL_ATTR_ROW_NUMBER* = SQL_ROW_NUMBER
-  SQL_TXN_ISOLATION* = 108
-  SQL_ATTR_TXN_ISOLATION* = SQL_TXN_ISOLATION
-  SQL_ATTR_MAX_ROWS* = SQL_MAX_ROWS
-  SQL_ATTR_USE_BOOKMARKS* = SQL_USE_BOOKMARKS #* connection attributes */
-  SQL_ACCESS_MODE* = 101      #  SQL_AUTOCOMMIT              =102;
-  SQL_LOGIN_TIMEOUT* = 103
-  SQL_OPT_TRACE* = 104
-  SQL_OPT_TRACEFILE* = 105
-  SQL_TRANSLATE_DLL* = 106
-  SQL_TRANSLATE_OPTION* = 107 #  SQL_TXN_ISOLATION           =108;
-  SQL_CURRENT_QUALIFIER* = 109 #  SQL_ODBC_CURSORS            =110;
-  SQL_QUIET_MODE* = 111
-  SQL_PACKET_SIZE* = 112      #* connection attributes with new names */
-  SQL_ATTR_ACCESS_MODE* = SQL_ACCESS_MODE #  SQL_ATTR_AUTOCOMMIT                       =SQL_AUTOCOMMIT;
-  SQL_ATTR_CONNECTION_DEAD* = 1209 #* GetConnectAttr only */
-  SQL_ATTR_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT* = 113
-  SQL_ATTR_CURRENT_CATALOG* = SQL_CURRENT_QUALIFIER
-  SQL_ATTR_DISCONNECT_BEHAVIOR* = 114
-  SQL_ATTR_ENLIST_IN_DTC* = 1207
-  SQL_ATTR_ENLIST_IN_XA* = 1208
-  SQL_ATTR_LOGIN_TIMEOUT* = SQL_LOGIN_TIMEOUT #  SQL_ATTR_ODBC_CURSORS             =SQL_ODBC_CURSORS;
-  SQL_ATTR_PACKET_SIZE* = SQL_PACKET_SIZE
-  SQL_ATTR_QUIET_MODE* = SQL_QUIET_MODE
-  SQL_ATTR_TRACE* = SQL_OPT_TRACE
-  SQL_ATTR_TRACEFILE* = SQL_OPT_TRACEFILE
-  SQL_ATTR_TRANSLATE_LIB* = SQL_TRANSLATE_DLL
-  SQL_ATTR_TRANSLATE_OPTION* = SQL_TRANSLATE_OPTION #  SQL_ATTR_TXN_ISOLATION                  =SQL_TXN_ISOLATION;
-                                                    #* SQL_ACCESS_MODE options */
-  SQL_MODE_READ_WRITE* = 0
-  SQL_MODE_READ_ONLY* = 1
-  SQL_MODE_DEFAULT* = SQL_MODE_READ_WRITE #* SQL_AUTOCOMMIT options */
-  SQL_AUTOCOMMIT_OFF* = 0
-  SQL_AUTOCOMMIT_ON* = 1
-  SQL_AUTOCOMMIT_DEFAULT* = SQL_AUTOCOMMIT_ON # SQL_ATTR_CURSOR_SCROLLABLE values
-  SQL_NONSCROLLABLE* = 0
-  SQL_SCROLLABLE* = 1         # SQL_CURSOR_TYPE options
-  SQL_CURSOR_FORWARD_ONLY* = 0
-  SQL_CURSOR_KEYSET_DRIVEN* = 1
-  SQL_CURSOR_DYNAMIC* = 2
-  SQL_CURSOR_STATIC* = 3
-  SQL_CURSOR_TYPE_DEFAULT* = SQL_CURSOR_FORWARD_ONLY # Default value
-                                                     # SQL_CONCURRENCY options
-  SQL_CONCUR_READ_ONLY* = 1
-  SQL_CONCUR_LOCK* = 2
-  SQL_CONCUR_ROWVER* = 3
-  SQL_CONCUR_VALUES* = 4
-  SQL_CONCUR_DEFAULT* = SQL_CONCUR_READ_ONLY # Default value
-                                             # identifiers of fields in the SQL descriptor
-  SQL_DESC_COUNT* = 1001
-  SQL_DESC_TYPE* = 1002
-  SQL_DESC_LENGTH* = 1003
-  SQL_DESC_OCTET_LENGTH_PTR* = 1004
-  SQL_DESC_PRECISION* = 1005
-  SQL_DESC_SCALE* = 1006
-  SQL_DESC_DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE* = 1007
-  SQL_DESC_NULLABLE* = 1008
-  SQL_DESC_INDICATOR_PTR* = 1009
-  SQL_DESC_DATA_PTR* = 1010
-  SQL_DESC_NAME* = 1011
-  SQL_DESC_UNNAMED* = 1012
-  SQL_DESC_OCTET_LENGTH* = 1013
-  SQL_DESC_ALLOC_TYPE* = 1099 # identifiers of fields in the diagnostics area
-  SQL_DIAG_RETURNCODE* = 1
-  SQL_DIAG_NUMBER* = 2
-  SQL_DIAG_ROW_COUNT* = 3
-  SQL_DIAG_SQLSTATE* = 4
-  SQL_DIAG_NATIVE* = 5
-  SQL_DIAG_MESSAGE_TEXT* = 6
-  SQL_DIAG_DYNAMIC_FUNCTION* = 7
-  SQL_DIAG_CLASS_ORIGIN* = 8
-  SQL_DIAG_SUBCLASS_ORIGIN* = 9
-  SQL_DIAG_CONNECTION_NAME* = 10
-  SQL_DIAG_SERVER_NAME* = 11
-  SQL_DIAG_DYNAMIC_FUNCTION_CODE* = 12 # dynamic function codes
-  SQL_DIAG_ALTER_TABLE* = 4
-  SQL_DIAG_CREATE_INDEX* = (- 1)
-  SQL_DIAG_CREATE_TABLE* = 77
-  SQL_DIAG_CREATE_VIEW* = 84
-  SQL_DIAG_DELETE_WHERE* = 19
-  SQL_DIAG_DROP_INDEX* = (- 2)
-  SQL_DIAG_DROP_TABLE* = 32
-  SQL_DIAG_DROP_VIEW* = 36
-  SQL_DIAG_DYNAMIC_DELETE_CURSOR* = 38
-  SQL_DIAG_DYNAMIC_UPDATE_CURSOR* = 81
-  SQL_DIAG_GRANT* = 48
-  SQL_DIAG_INSERT* = 50
-  SQL_DIAG_REVOKE* = 59
-  SQL_DIAG_SELECT_CURSOR* = 85
-  SQL_DIAG_UNKNOWN_STATEMENT* = 0
-  SQL_DIAG_UPDATE_WHERE* = 82 # Statement attribute values for cursor sensitivity
-  SQL_UNSPECIFIED* = 0
-  SQL_INSENSITIVE* = 1
-  SQL_SENSITIVE* = 2          # GetTypeInfo() request for all data types
-  SQL_ALL_TYPES* = 0          # Default conversion code for SQLBindCol(), SQLBindParam() and SQLGetData()
-  SQL_DEFAULT* = 99 # SQLGetData() code indicating that the application row descriptor
-                    #    specifies the data type
-  SQL_ARD_TYPE* = (- 99)      # SQL date/time type subcodes
-  SQL_CODE_DATE* = 1
-  SQL_CODE_TIME* = 2
-  SQL_CODE_TIMESTAMP* = 3     # CLI option values
-  SQL_FALSE* = 0
-  SQL_TRUE* = 1               # values of NULLABLE field in descriptor
-  SQL_NO_NULLS* = 0
-  SQL_NULLABLE* = 1 # Value returned by SQLGetTypeInfo() to denote that it is
-                    # not known whether or not a data type supports null values.
-  SQL_NULLABLE_UNKNOWN* = 2
-  SQL_CLOSE* = 0
-  SQL_DROP* = 1
-  SQL_UNBIND* = 2
-  SQL_RESET_PARAMS* = 3 # Codes used for FetchOrientation in SQLFetchScroll(),
-                        #   and in SQLDataSources()
-  SQL_FETCH_NEXT* = 1
-  SQL_FETCH_FIRST* = 2
-  SQL_FETCH_FIRST_USER* = 31
-  SQL_FETCH_FIRST_SYSTEM* = 32 # Other codes used for FetchOrientation in SQLFetchScroll()
-  SQL_FETCH_LAST* = 3
-  SQL_FETCH_PRIOR* = 4
-  SQL_FETCH_ABSOLUTE* = 5
-  SQL_FETCH_RELATIVE* = 6
-  SQL_NULL_HENV* = SqlHEnv(nil)
-  SQL_NULL_HDBC* = SqlHDBC(nil)
-  SQL_NULL_HSTMT* = SqlHStmt(nil)
-  SQL_NULL_HDESC* = SqlHDesc(nil) #* null handle used in place of parent handle when allocating HENV */
-  SQL_NULL_HANDLE* = SqlHandle(nil) #* Values that may appear in the result set of SQLSpecialColumns() */
-  SQL_SCOPE_CURROW* = 0
-  SQL_SCOPE_TRANSACTION* = 1
-  SQL_SCOPE_SESSION* = 2      #* Column types and scopes in SQLSpecialColumns.  */
-  SQL_BEST_ROWID* = 1
-  SQL_ROWVER* = 2
-  SQL_ROW_IDENTIFIER* = 1     #* Reserved values for UNIQUE argument of SQLStatistics() */
-  SQL_INDEX_UNIQUE* = 0
-  SQL_INDEX_ALL* = 1          #* Reserved values for RESERVED argument of SQLStatistics() */
-  SQL_QUICK* = 0
-  SQL_ENSURE* = 1             #* Values that may appear in the result set of SQLStatistics() */
-  SQL_TABLE_STAT* = 0
-  SQL_INDEX_CLUSTERED* = 1
-  SQL_INDEX_HASHED* = 2
-  SQL_INDEX_OTHER* = 3
-  SQL_SCROLL_CONCURRENCY* = 43
-  SQL_TXN_CAPABLE* = 46
-  SQL_TRANSACTION_CAPABLE* = SQL_TXN_CAPABLE
-  SQL_USER_NAME* = 47
-  SQL_TXN_ISOLATION_OPTION* = 72
-  SQL_TRANSACTION_ISOLATION_OPTION* = SQL_TXN_ISOLATION_OPTION
-  SQL_OJ_CAPABILITIES* = 115
-  SQL_OUTER_JOIN_CAPABILITIES* = SQL_OJ_CAPABILITIES
-  SQL_XOPEN_CLI_YEAR* = 10000
-  SQL_CURSOR_SENSITIVITY* = 10001
-  SQL_DESCRIBE_PARAMETER* = 10002
-  SQL_CATALOG_NAME* = 10003
-  SQL_COLLATION_SEQ* = 10004
-  SQL_MAX_IDENTIFIER_LEN* = 10005
-  SQL_MAXIMUM_IDENTIFIER_LENGTH* = SQL_MAX_IDENTIFIER_LEN
-  SQL_SCCO_READ_ONLY* = 1
-  SQL_SCCO_LOCK* = 2
-  SQL_SCCO_OPT_ROWVER* = 4
-  SQL_SCCO_OPT_VALUES* = 8    #* SQL_TXN_CAPABLE values */
-  SQL_TC_NONE* = 0
-  SQL_TC_DML* = 1
-  SQL_TC_ALL* = 2
-  SQL_TC_DDL_COMMIT* = 3
-  SQL_TC_DDL_IGNORE* = 4      #* SQL_TXN_ISOLATION_OPTION bitmasks */
-  SQL_TXN_READ_UNCOMMITTED* = 1
-  SQL_TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED* = SQL_TXN_READ_UNCOMMITTED
-  SQL_TXN_READ_COMMITTED* = 2
-  SQL_TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED* = SQL_TXN_READ_COMMITTED
-  SQL_TXN_REPEATABLE_READ* = 4
-  SQL_TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ* = SQL_TXN_REPEATABLE_READ
-  SQL_TXN_SERIALIZABLE* = 8
-  SQL_TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE* = SQL_TXN_SERIALIZABLE
-  SQL_SS_ADDITIONS* = 1
-  SQL_SS_DELETIONS* = 2
-  SQL_SS_UPDATES* = 4         # SQLColAttributes defines
-  SQL_COLUMN_COUNT* = 0
-  SQL_COLUMN_NAME* = 1
-  SQL_COLUMN_TYPE* = 2
-  SQL_COLUMN_LENGTH* = 3
-  SQL_COLUMN_PRECISION* = 4
-  SQL_COLUMN_SCALE* = 5
-  SQL_COLUMN_DISPLAY_SIZE* = 6
-  SQL_COLUMN_NULLABLE* = 7
-  SQL_COLUMN_UNSIGNED* = 8
-  SQL_COLUMN_MONEY* = 9
-  SQL_COLUMN_UPDATABLE* = 10
-  SQL_COLUMN_AUTO_INCREMENT* = 11
-  SQL_COLUMN_CASE_SENSITIVE* = 12
-  SQL_COLUMN_SEARCHABLE* = 13
-  SQL_COLUMN_TYPE_NAME* = 14
-  SQL_COLUMN_TABLE_NAME* = 15
-  SQL_COLUMN_OWNER_NAME* = 16
-  SQL_COLUMN_QUALIFIER_NAME* = 17
-  SQL_COLUMN_LABEL* = 18
-  SQL_COLATT_OPT_MAX* = SQL_COLUMN_LABEL
-  SQL_COLUMN_DRIVER_START* = 1000
-  SQL_DESC_ARRAY_SIZE* = 20
-  SQL_DESC_ARRAY_STATUS_PTR* = 21
-  SQL_DESC_AUTO_UNIQUE_VALUE* = SQL_COLUMN_AUTO_INCREMENT
-  SQL_DESC_BASE_COLUMN_NAME* = 22
-  SQL_DESC_BASE_TABLE_NAME* = 23
-  SQL_DESC_BIND_OFFSET_PTR* = 24
-  SQL_DESC_BIND_TYPE* = 25
-  SQL_DESC_CASE_SENSITIVE* = SQL_COLUMN_CASE_SENSITIVE
-  SQL_DESC_CATALOG_NAME* = SQL_COLUMN_QUALIFIER_NAME
-  SQL_DESC_CONCISE_TYPE* = SQL_COLUMN_TYPE
-  SQL_DESC_DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION* = 26
-  SQL_DESC_DISPLAY_SIZE* = SQL_COLUMN_DISPLAY_SIZE
-  SQL_DESC_FIXED_PREC_SCALE* = SQL_COLUMN_MONEY
-  SQL_DESC_LABEL* = SQL_COLUMN_LABEL
-  SQL_DESC_LITERAL_PREFIX* = 27
-  SQL_DESC_LITERAL_SUFFIX* = 28
-  SQL_DESC_LOCAL_TYPE_NAME* = 29
-  SQL_DESC_MAXIMUM_SCALE* = 30
-  SQL_DESC_MINIMUM_SCALE* = 31
-  SQL_DESC_NUM_PREC_RADIX* = 32
-  SQL_DESC_PARAMETER_TYPE* = 33
-  SQL_DESC_ROWS_PROCESSED_PTR* = 34
-  SQL_DESC_SCHEMA_NAME* = SQL_COLUMN_OWNER_NAME
-  SQL_DESC_SEARCHABLE* = SQL_COLUMN_SEARCHABLE
-  SQL_DESC_TYPE_NAME* = SQL_COLUMN_TYPE_NAME
-  SQL_DESC_TABLE_NAME* = SQL_COLUMN_TABLE_NAME
-  SQL_DESC_UNSIGNED* = SQL_COLUMN_UNSIGNED
-  SQL_DESC_UPDATABLE* = SQL_COLUMN_UPDATABLE #* SQLEndTran() options */
-  SQL_COMMIT* = 0
-  SQL_ROLLBACK* = 1
-  SQL_ATTR_ROW_ARRAY_SIZE* = 27 #* SQLConfigDataSource() options */
-  ODBC_ADD_DSN* = 1
-  ODBC_CONFIG_DSN* = 2
-  ODBC_REMOVE_DSN* = 3
-  ODBC_ADD_SYS_DSN* = 4
-  ODBC_CONFIG_SYS_DSN* = 5
-  ODBC_REMOVE_SYS_DSN* = 6
-
-  SQL_ACTIVE_CONNECTIONS* = 0   # SQLGetInfo
-  SQL_DATA_SOURCE_NAME* = 2
-  SQL_DATA_SOURCE_READ_ONLY* = 25
-  SQL_DATABASE_NAME* = 2
-  SQL_DBMS_NAME* = 17
-  SQL_DBMS_VERSION* = 18
-  SQL_DRIVER_HDBC* = 3
-  SQL_DRIVER_HENV* = 4
-  SQL_DRIVER_HSTMT* = 5
-  SQL_DRIVER_NAME* = 6
-  SQL_DRIVER_VER* = 7
-  SQL_FETCH_DIRECTION* = 8
-  SQL_ODBC_VER* = 10
-  SQL_DRIVER_ODBC_VER* = 77
-  SQL_SERVER_NAME* = 13
-  SQL_ACTIVE_ENVIRONMENTS* = 116
-  SQL_ACTIVE_STATEMENTS* = 1
-  SQL_SQL_CONFORMANCE* = 118
-  SQL_DATETIME_LITERALS* = 119
-  SQL_ASYNC_MODE* = 10021
-  SQL_BATCH_ROW_COUNT* = 120
-  SQL_BATCH_SUPPORT* = 121
-  SQL_CATALOG_LOCATION* = 114
-  #SQL_CATALOG_NAME* = 10003
-  SQL_CATALOG_NAME_SEPARATOR* = 41
-  SQL_CATALOG_TERM* = 42
-  SQL_CATALOG_USAGE* = 92
-  #SQL_COLLATION_SEQ* = 10004
-  SQL_COLUMN_ALIAS* = 87
-  #SQL_USER_NAME* = 47
-
-proc SQLAllocHandle*(HandleType: TSqlSmallInt, InputHandle: SqlHandle,
-                     OutputHandlePtr: var SqlHandle): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLSetEnvAttr*(EnvironmentHandle: SqlHEnv, Attribute: TSqlInteger,
-                    Value: SqlPointer, StringLength: TSqlInteger): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLGetEnvAttr*(EnvironmentHandle: SqlHEnv, Attribute: TSqlInteger,
-                    Value: SqlPointer, BufferLength: TSqlInteger,
-                    StringLength: PSQLINTEGER): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib,
-    importc.}
-proc SQLFreeHandle*(HandleType: TSqlSmallInt, Handle: SqlHandle): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLGetDiagRec*(HandleType: TSqlSmallInt, Handle: SqlHandle,
-                    RecNumber: TSqlSmallInt, Sqlstate: PSQLCHAR,
-                    NativeError: var TSqlInteger, MessageText: PSQLCHAR,
-                    BufferLength: TSqlSmallInt, TextLength: var TSqlSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLGetDiagField*(HandleType: TSqlSmallInt, Handle: SqlHandle,
-                      RecNumber: TSqlSmallInt, DiagIdentifier: TSqlSmallInt,
-                      DiagInfoPtr: SqlPointer, BufferLength: TSqlSmallInt,
-                      StringLengthPtr: var TSqlSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLConnect*(ConnectionHandle: SqlHDBC, ServerName: PSQLCHAR,
-                 NameLength1: TSqlSmallInt, UserName: PSQLCHAR,
-                 NameLength2: TSqlSmallInt, Authentication: PSQLCHAR,
-                 NameLength3: TSqlSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLDisconnect*(ConnectionHandle: SqlHDBC): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib,
-    importc.}
-proc SQLDriverConnect*(hdbc: SqlHDBC, hwnd: SqlHWND, szCsin: cstring,
-                       szCLen: TSqlSmallInt, szCsout: cstring,
-                       cbCSMax: TSqlSmallInt, cbCsOut: var TSqlSmallInt,
-                       f: SqlUSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLBrowseConnect*(hdbc: SqlHDBC, szConnStrIn: PSQLCHAR,
-                       cbConnStrIn: TSqlSmallInt, szConnStrOut: PSQLCHAR,
-                       cbConnStrOutMax: TSqlSmallInt,
-                       cbConnStrOut: var TSqlSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLExecDirect*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, StatementText: PSQLCHAR,
-                    TextLength: TSqlInteger): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLExecDirectW*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, StatementText: WideCString,
-                    TextLength: TSqlInteger): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLPrepare*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, StatementText: PSQLCHAR,
-                 TextLength: TSqlInteger): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLPrepareW*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, StatementText: WideCString,
-                 TextLength: TSqlInteger): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLCloseCursor*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib,
-    importc.}
-proc SQLExecute*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLFetch*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLNumResultCols*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, ColumnCount: var TSqlSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLDescribeCol*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, ColumnNumber: SqlUSmallInt,
-                     ColumnName: PSQLCHAR, BufferLength: TSqlSmallInt,
-                     NameLength: var TSqlSmallInt, DataType: var TSqlSmallInt,
-                     ColumnSize: var TSqlULen,
-                     DecimalDigits: var TSqlSmallInt, Nullable: var TSqlSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLFetchScroll*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, FetchOrientation: TSqlSmallInt,
-                     FetchOffset: TSqlLen): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib,
-    importc.}
-proc SQLExtendedFetch*(hstmt: SqlHStmt, fFetchType: SqlUSmallInt,
-                       irow: TSqlLen, pcrow: var TSqlULen,
-                       rgfRowStatus: PSQLUSMALLINT): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib,
-    importc.}
-proc SQLGetData*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, ColumnNumber: SqlUSmallInt,
-                 TargetType: TSqlSmallInt, TargetValue: SqlPointer,
-                 BufferLength: TSqlLen, StrLen_or_Ind: ptr TSqlLen): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLSetStmtAttr*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, Attribute: TSqlInteger,
-                     Value: SqlPointer, StringLength: TSqlInteger): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLGetStmtAttr*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, Attribute: TSqlInteger,
-                     Value: SqlPointer, BufferLength: TSqlInteger,
-                     StringLength: PSQLINTEGER): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib,
-    importc.}
-proc SQLGetInfo*(ConnectionHandle: SqlHDBC, InfoType: SqlUSmallInt,
-                 InfoValue: SqlPointer, BufferLength: TSqlSmallInt,
-                 StringLength: PSQLSMALLINT): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib,
-    importc.}
-proc SQLBulkOperations*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, Operation: SqlUSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLPutData*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, Data: SqlPointer,
-                 StrLen_or_Ind: TSQLLEN): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLBindCol*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, ColumnNumber: SqlUSmallInt,
-                 TargetType: TSqlSmallInt, TargetValue: SqlPointer,
-                 BufferLength: TSqlLEN, StrLen_or_Ind: PSQLINTEGER): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLSetPos*(hstmt: SqlHStmt, irow: SqlUSmallInt, fOption: SqlUSmallInt,
-                fLock: SqlUSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLDataSources*(EnvironmentHandle: SqlHEnv, Direction: SqlUSmallInt,
-                     ServerName: PSQLCHAR, BufferLength1: TSqlSmallInt,
-                     NameLength1: PSQLSMALLINT, Description: PSQLCHAR,
-                     BufferLength2: TSqlSmallInt, NameLength2: PSQLSMALLINT): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLDrivers*(EnvironmentHandle: SqlHEnv, Direction: SqlUSmallInt,
-                 DriverDescription: PSQLCHAR, BufferLength1: TSqlSmallInt,
-                 DescriptionLength1: PSQLSMALLINT, DriverAttributes: PSQLCHAR,
-                 BufferLength2: TSqlSmallInt, AttributesLength2: PSQLSMALLINT): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLSetConnectAttr*(ConnectionHandle: SqlHDBC, Attribute: TSqlInteger,
-                        Value: SqlPointer, StringLength: TSqlInteger): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLGetCursorName*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, CursorName: PSQLCHAR,
-                       BufferLength: TSqlSmallInt, NameLength: PSQLSMALLINT): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLSetCursorName*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, CursorName: PSQLCHAR,
-                       NameLength: TSqlSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib,
-    importc.}
-proc SQLRowCount*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, RowCount: var TSQLLEN): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLBindParameter*(hstmt: SqlHStmt, ipar: SqlUSmallInt,
-                       fParamType: TSqlSmallInt, fCType: TSqlSmallInt,
-                       fSqlType: TSqlSmallInt, cbColDef: TSQLULEN,
-                       ibScale: TSqlSmallInt, rgbValue: SqlPointer,
-                       cbValueMax: TSQLLEN, pcbValue: var TSQLLEN): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLFreeStmt*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, Option: SqlUSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLColAttribute*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, ColumnNumber: SqlUSmallInt,
-                      FieldIdentifier: SqlUSmallInt,
-                      CharacterAttribute: PSQLCHAR, BufferLength: TSqlSmallInt,
-                      StringLength: PSQLSMALLINT,
-                      NumericAttribute: TSQLLEN): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLEndTran*(HandleType: TSqlSmallInt, Handle: SqlHandle,
-                 CompletionType: TSqlSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib,
-    importc.}
-proc SQLTables*(hstmt: SqlHStmt, szTableQualifier: PSQLCHAR,
-                cbTableQualifier: TSqlSmallInt, szTableOwner: PSQLCHAR,
-                cbTableOwner: TSqlSmallInt, szTableName: PSQLCHAR,
-                cbTableName: TSqlSmallInt, szTableType: PSQLCHAR,
-                cbTableType: TSqlSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLColumns*(hstmt: SqlHStmt, szTableQualifier: PSQLCHAR,
-                 cbTableQualifier: TSqlSmallInt, szTableOwner: PSQLCHAR,
-                 cbTableOwner: TSqlSmallInt, szTableName: PSQLCHAR,
-                 cbTableName: TSqlSmallInt, szColumnName: PSQLCHAR,
-                 cbColumnName: TSqlSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLSpecialColumns*(StatementHandle: SqlHStmt, IdentifierType: SqlUSmallInt,
-                        CatalogName: PSQLCHAR, NameLength1: TSqlSmallInt,
-                        SchemaName: PSQLCHAR, NameLength2: TSqlSmallInt,
-                        TableName: PSQLCHAR, NameLength3: TSqlSmallInt,
-                        Scope: SqlUSmallInt,
-                        Nullable: SqlUSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt{.
-    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLProcedures*(hstmt: SqlHStmt, szTableQualifier: PSQLCHAR,
-                    cbTableQualifier: TSqlSmallInt, szTableOwner: PSQLCHAR,
-                    cbTableOwner: TSqlSmallInt, szTableName: PSQLCHAR,
-                    cbTableName: TSqlSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib,
-    importc.}
-proc SQLPrimaryKeys*(hstmt: SqlHStmt, CatalogName: PSQLCHAR,
-                     NameLength1: TSqlSmallInt, SchemaName: PSQLCHAR,
-                     NameLength2: TSqlSmallInt, TableName: PSQLCHAR,
-                     NameLength3: TSqlSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib,
-    importc.}
-proc SQLProcedureColumns*(hstmt: SqlHStmt, CatalogName: PSQLCHAR,
-                          NameLength1: TSqlSmallInt, SchemaName: PSQLCHAR,
-                          NameLength2: TSqlSmallInt, ProcName: PSQLCHAR,
-                          NameLength3: TSqlSmallInt, ColumnName: PSQLCHAR,
-                          NameLength4: TSqlSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt{.dynlib: odbclib,
-    importc.}
-proc SQLStatistics*(hstmt: SqlHStmt, CatalogName: PSQLCHAR,
-                    NameLength1: TSqlSmallInt, SchemaName: PSQLCHAR,
-                    NameLength2: TSqlSmallInt, TableName: PSQLCHAR,
-                    NameLength3: TSqlSmallInt, Unique: SqlUSmallInt,
-                    Reserved: SqlUSmallInt): TSqlSmallInt {.
-                    dynlib: odbclib, importc.}
-proc SQLErr*(henv: SqlHEnv, hdbc: SqlHDBC, hstmt: SqlHStmt,
-              szSqlState, pfNativeError, szErrorMsg: PSQLCHAR,
-              cbErrorMsgMax: TSqlSmallInt,
-              pcbErrorMsg: PSQLSMALLINT): TSqlSmallInt {.
-                    dynlib: odbclib, importc: "SQLError".}
-
-{.pop.}
-when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
-  {.pop.}
diff --git a/lib/wrappers/openssl.nim b/lib/wrappers/openssl.nim
index 313ce7d19..9921b7ffd 100644
--- a/lib/wrappers/openssl.nim
+++ b/lib/wrappers/openssl.nim
@@ -7,66 +7,88 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
-## OpenSSL support
+## OpenSSL wrapper. Supports OpenSSL >= 1.1.0 dynamically (as default) or statically linked
+## using `--dynlibOverride:ssl`.
 ##
-## When OpenSSL is dynamically linked, the wrapper provides partial forward and backward
-## compatibility for OpenSSL versions above and below 1.1.0
+## `-d:sslVersion=1.2.3` can be used to force an SSL version.
+## This version must be included in the library name.
+## `-d:useOpenssl3` may be set for OpenSSL 3 instead.
 ##
-## OpenSSL can also be statically linked using `--dynlibOverride:ssl` for OpenSSL >= 1.1.0.
-## If you want to statically link against OpenSSL 1.0.x, you now have to
-## define the `openssl10` symbol via `-d:openssl10`.
+## There is also limited support for OpenSSL 1.0.x which may require `-d:openssl10`.
 ##
 ## Build and test examples:
 ##
-## .. code-block::
+##   ```cmd
+##   ./bin/nim c -d:ssl -p:. -r tests/stdlib/tssl.nim
+##   ./bin/nim c -d:ssl --threads:on -p:. -r tests/stdlib/thttpclient_ssl.nim
 ##   ./bin/nim c -d:ssl -p:. -r tests/untestable/tssl.nim
 ##   ./bin/nim c -d:ssl -p:. --dynlibOverride:ssl --passl:-lcrypto --passl:-lssl -r tests/untestable/tssl.nim
+##   ./bin/nim r --putenv:NIM_TESTAMENT_REMOTE_NETWORKING:1 -d:ssl -p:testament/lib --threads:on tests/untestable/thttpclient_ssl_remotenetwork.nim
+##   ```
+
+# https://www.feistyduck.com/library/openssl-cookbook/online/ch-testing-with-openssl.html
+#
+from std/strutils import startsWith
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
 
 when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
   {.push styleChecks: off.}
 
 const useWinVersion = defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc)
 
-# To force openSSL version use -d:sslVersion=1.0.0
+# To force openSSL version use -d:sslVersion=1.2.3
 # See: #10281, #10230
 # General issue:
 # Other dynamic libraries (like libpg) load different openSSL version then what nim loads.
 # Having two different openSSL loaded version causes a crash.
 # Use this compile time define to force the openSSL version that your other dynamic libraries want.
 const sslVersion {.strdefine.}: string = ""
+const useOpenssl3* {.booldefine.} = sslVersion.startsWith('3')
 when sslVersion != "":
   when defined(macosx):
     const
       DLLSSLName* = "libssl." & sslVersion & ".dylib"
       DLLUtilName* = "libcrypto." & sslVersion & ".dylib"
-    from posix import SocketHandle
+    from std/posix import SocketHandle
   elif defined(windows):
     const
       DLLSSLName* = "libssl-" & sslVersion & ".dll"
       DLLUtilName* =  "libcrypto-" & sslVersion & ".dll"
-    from winlean import SocketHandle
+    from std/winlean import SocketHandle
   else:
     const
       DLLSSLName* = "libssl.so." & sslVersion
       DLLUtilName* = "libcrypto.so." & sslVersion
-    from posix import SocketHandle
+    from std/posix import SocketHandle
 
 elif useWinVersion:
-  when not defined(nimOldDlls) and defined(cpu64):
+  when defined(openssl10) or defined(nimOldDlls):
+    when defined(cpu64):
+      const
+        DLLSSLName* = "(ssleay32|ssleay64).dll"
+        DLLUtilName* = "(libeay32|libeay64).dll"
+    else:
+      const
+        DLLSSLName* = "ssleay32.dll"
+        DLLUtilName* = "libeay32.dll"
+  elif defined(cpu64):
     const
       DLLSSLName* = "(libssl-1_1-x64|ssleay64|libssl64).dll"
       DLLUtilName* = "(libcrypto-1_1-x64|libeay64).dll"
   else:
     const
       DLLSSLName* = "(libssl-1_1|ssleay32|libssl32).dll"
-      DLLUtilName* =  "(libcrypto-1_1|libeay32).dll"
+      DLLUtilName* = "(libcrypto-1_1|libeay32).dll"
 
-  from winlean import SocketHandle
+  from std/winlean import SocketHandle
 else:
+  # same list of versions but ordered differently?
   when defined(osx):
-    const versions = "(.1.1|.38|.39|.41|.43|.44|.45|.46|.47|.48|.10|.1.0.2|.1.0.1|.1.0.0|.0.9.9|.0.9.8|)"
+    const versions = "(.3|.1.1|.38|.39|.41|.43|.44|.45|.46|.47|.48|.10|.1.0.2|.1.0.1|.1.0.0|.0.9.9|.0.9.8|)"
   else:
-    const versions = "(.1.1|.1.0.2|.1.0.1|.1.0.0|.0.9.9|.0.9.8|.48|.47|.46|.45|.44|.43|.41|.39|.38|.10|)"
+    const versions = "(.3|.1.1|.1.0.2|.1.0.1|.1.0.0|.0.9.9|.0.9.8|.48|.47|.46|.45|.44|.43|.41|.39|.38|.10|)"
 
   when defined(macosx):
     const
@@ -80,9 +102,12 @@ else:
     const
       DLLSSLName* = "libssl.so" & versions
       DLLUtilName* = "libcrypto.so" & versions
-  from posix import SocketHandle
+  from std/posix import SocketHandle
+
+import std/dynlib
 
-import dynlib
+{.pragma: lcrypto, cdecl, dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
+{.pragma: lssl, cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
 
 type
   SslStruct {.final, pure.} = object
@@ -93,7 +118,6 @@ type
   PSTACK* = SslPtr
   PX509* = SslPtr
   PX509_NAME* = SslPtr
-  PEVP_MD* = SslPtr
   PBIO_METHOD* = SslPtr
   BIO* = SslPtr
   EVP_PKEY* = SslPtr
@@ -257,7 +281,9 @@ proc TLSv1_method*(): PSSL_METHOD{.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
 # and support SSLv3, TLSv1, TLSv1.1 and TLSv1.2
 # SSLv23_method(), SSLv23_server_method(), SSLv23_client_method() are removed in 1.1.0
 
-when compileOption("dynlibOverride", "ssl") or defined(noOpenSSLHacks):
+const useStaticLink = compileOption("dynlibOverride", "ssl") or defined(noOpenSSLHacks)
+
+when useStaticLink:
   # Static linking
 
   when defined(openssl10):
@@ -268,6 +294,8 @@ when compileOption("dynlibOverride", "ssl") or defined(noOpenSSLHacks):
 
     proc getOpenSSLVersion*(): culong =
       SSLeay()
+
+    proc ERR_load_BIO_strings*() {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
   else:
     proc OPENSSL_init_ssl*(opts: uint64, settings: uint8): cint {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc, discardable.}
     proc SSL_library_init*(): cint {.discardable.} =
@@ -290,10 +318,13 @@ when compileOption("dynlibOverride", "ssl") or defined(noOpenSSLHacks):
       # Static linking against OpenSSL < 1.1.0 is not supported
       discard
 
+    proc ERR_load_BIO_strings*() =
+      discard
+
   when defined(libressl) or defined(openssl10):
     proc SSL_state(ssl: SslPtr): cint {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
     proc SSL_in_init*(ssl: SslPtr): cint {.inline.} =
-      SSl_state(ssl) and SSL_ST_INIT
+      SSL_state(ssl) and SSL_ST_INIT
   else:
     proc SSL_in_init*(ssl: SslPtr): cint {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
     proc SSL_CTX_set_ciphersuites*(ctx: SslCtx, str: cstring): cint {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
@@ -303,9 +334,10 @@ when compileOption("dynlibOverride", "ssl") or defined(noOpenSSLHacks):
   proc SSLv23_client_method*(): PSSL_METHOD {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
   proc SSLv2_method*(): PSSL_METHOD {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
   proc SSLv3_method*(): PSSL_METHOD {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
+  proc CRYPTO_set_mem_functions(a,b,c: pointer){.cdecl, dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
 
 else:
-  # Here we're trying to stay compatible with openssl 1.0.* and 1.1.*. Some
+  # Here we're trying to stay compatible between openssl versions. Some
   # symbols are loaded dynamically and we don't use them if not found.
   proc thisModule(): LibHandle {.inline.} =
     var thisMod {.global.}: LibHandle
@@ -313,9 +345,12 @@ else:
 
     result = thisMod
 
-  proc sslModule(): LibHandle {.inline.} =
+  proc sslModule(): LibHandle {.inline, raises: [LibraryError], tags:[RootEffect].} =
     var sslMod {.global.}: LibHandle
-    if sslMod.isNil: sslMod = loadLibPattern(DLLSSLName)
+    try:
+      if sslMod.isNil: sslMod = loadLibPattern(DLLSSLName)
+    except:
+      raise newException(LibraryError, "Could not load SSL using " & DLLSSLName)
 
     result = sslMod
 
@@ -340,26 +375,30 @@ else:
       if result.isNil and alternativeName.len > 0:
         result = symAddr(thisDynlib, alternativeName)
 
-  proc sslSymNullable(name: string, alternativeName = ""): pointer =
+  proc sslSymNullable(name: string, alternativeName = ""): pointer {.raises: [LibraryError], tags:[RootEffect].} =
     sslModule().symNullable(name, alternativeName)
 
-  proc sslSymThrows(name: string, alternativeName = ""): pointer =
+  proc sslSymThrows(name: string, alternativeName = ""): pointer {.raises: [LibraryError].} =
     result = sslSymNullable(name, alternativeName)
     if result.isNil: raiseInvalidLibrary(name)
 
   proc utilSymNullable(name: string, alternativeName = ""): pointer =
     utilModule().symNullable(name, alternativeName)
 
-  proc loadPSSLMethod(method1, method2: string): PSSL_METHOD =
+  proc loadPSSLMethod(method1, method2: string): PSSL_METHOD {.raises: [LibraryError], tags:[RootEffect].} =
     ## Load <method1> from OpenSSL if available, otherwise <method2>
     ##
     let methodSym = sslSymNullable(method1, method2)
     if methodSym.isNil:
       raise newException(LibraryError, "Could not load " & method1 & " nor " & method2)
 
-    let method2Proc = cast[proc(): PSSL_METHOD {.cdecl, gcsafe.}](methodSym)
+    let method2Proc = cast[proc(): PSSL_METHOD {.cdecl, gcsafe, raises: [].}](methodSym)
     return method2Proc()
 
+  proc CRYPTO_set_mem_functions(a,b,c: pointer) =
+    let theProc = cast[proc(a,b,c: pointer) {.cdecl.}](utilModule().symNullable("CRYPTO_set_mem_functions"))
+    if not theProc.isNil: theProc(a, b, c)
+
   proc SSL_library_init*(): cint {.discardable.} =
     ## Initialize SSL using OPENSSL_init_ssl for OpenSSL >= 1.1.0 otherwise
     ## SSL_library_init
@@ -376,6 +415,10 @@ else:
     let theProc = cast[proc() {.cdecl.}](sslSymNullable("SSL_load_error_strings"))
     if not theProc.isNil: theProc()
 
+  proc ERR_load_BIO_strings*() =
+    let theProc = cast[proc() {.cdecl.}](utilModule().symNullable("ERR_load_BIO_strings"))
+    if not theProc.isNil: theProc()
+
   proc SSLv23_client_method*(): PSSL_METHOD =
     loadPSSLMethod("SSLv23_client_method", "TLS_client_method")
 
@@ -425,12 +468,10 @@ else:
       raiseInvalidLibrary MainProc
 
   proc SSL_CTX_set_ciphersuites*(ctx: SslCtx, str: cstring): cint =
-    var theProc {.global.}: proc(ctx: SslCtx, str: cstring) {.cdecl, gcsafe.}
+    var theProc {.global.}: proc(ctx: SslCtx, str: cstring): cint {.cdecl, gcsafe.}
     if theProc.isNil:
       theProc = cast[typeof(theProc)](sslSymThrows("SSL_CTX_set_ciphersuites"))
-    theProc(ctx, str)
-
-proc ERR_load_BIO_strings*(){.cdecl, dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
+    result = theProc(ctx, str)
 
 proc SSL_new*(context: SslCtx): SslPtr{.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
 proc SSL_free*(ssl: SslPtr){.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
@@ -489,11 +530,8 @@ proc BIO_do_handshake*(bio: BIO): int =
 proc BIO_do_connect*(bio: BIO): int =
   return BIO_do_handshake(bio)
 
-when not defined(nimfix):
-  proc BIO_read*(b: BIO, data: cstring, length: cint): cint{.cdecl,
-      dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
-  proc BIO_write*(b: BIO, data: cstring, length: cint): cint{.cdecl,
-      dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
+proc BIO_read*(b: BIO, data: cstring, length: cint): cint{.cdecl, dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
+proc BIO_write*(b: BIO, data: cstring, length: cint): cint{.cdecl, dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
 
 proc BIO_free*(b: BIO): cint{.cdecl, dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
 
@@ -511,16 +549,16 @@ proc OPENSSL_sk_num*(stack: PSTACK): int {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
 proc OPENSSL_sk_value*(stack: PSTACK, index: int): pointer {.cdecl,
     dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
 
-proc d2i_X509*(px: ptr PX509, i: ptr ptr cuchar, len: cint): PX509 {.cdecl,
+proc d2i_X509*(px: ptr PX509, i: ptr ptr uint8, len: cint): PX509 {.cdecl,
     dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
 
-proc i2d_X509*(cert: PX509; o: ptr ptr cuchar): cint {.cdecl,
+proc i2d_X509*(cert: PX509; o: ptr ptr uint8): cint {.cdecl,
     dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
 
 proc d2i_X509*(b: string): PX509 =
   ## decode DER/BER bytestring into X.509 certificate struct
   var bb = b.cstring
-  let i = cast[ptr ptr cuchar](addr bb)
+  let i = cast[ptr ptr uint8](addr bb)
   let ret = d2i_X509(addr result, i, b.len.cint)
   if ret.isNil:
     raise newException(Exception, "X.509 certificate decoding failed")
@@ -530,15 +568,15 @@ proc i2d_X509*(cert: PX509): string =
   let encoded_length = i2d_X509(cert, nil)
   result = newString(encoded_length)
   var q = result.cstring
-  let o = cast[ptr ptr cuchar](addr q)
+  let o = cast[ptr ptr uint8](addr q)
   let length = i2d_X509(cert, o)
   if length.int <= 0:
     raise newException(Exception, "X.509 certificate encoding failed")
 
-when not useWinVersion and not defined(macosx) and not defined(android) and not defined(nimNoAllocForSSL):
-  proc CRYPTO_set_mem_functions(a,b,c: pointer){.cdecl,
-    dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
+const
+  useNimsAlloc = not defined(nimNoAllocForSSL) and not defined(gcDestructors)
 
+when not useWinVersion and not defined(macosx) and not defined(android) and useNimsAlloc:
   proc allocWrapper(size: int): pointer {.cdecl.} = allocShared(size)
   proc reallocWrapper(p: pointer; newSize: int): pointer {.cdecl.} =
     if p == nil:
@@ -548,9 +586,11 @@ when not useWinVersion and not defined(macosx) and not defined(android) and not
   proc deallocWrapper(p: pointer) {.cdecl.} =
     if p != nil: deallocShared(p)
 
-proc CRYPTO_malloc_init*() =
-  when not useWinVersion and not defined(macosx) and not defined(android) and not defined(nimNoAllocForSSL):
-    CRYPTO_set_mem_functions(allocWrapper, reallocWrapper, deallocWrapper)
+  proc CRYPTO_malloc_init*() =
+    CRYPTO_set_mem_functions(cast[pointer](allocWrapper), cast[pointer](reallocWrapper), cast[pointer](deallocWrapper))
+else:
+  proc CRYPTO_malloc_init*() =
+    discard
 
 proc SSL_CTX_ctrl*(ctx: SslCtx, cmd: cint, larg: clong, parg: pointer): clong{.
   cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
@@ -565,10 +605,9 @@ proc SSL_ctrl*(ssl: SslPtr, cmd: cint, larg: int, parg: pointer): int{.
   cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
 
 proc SSL_set_tlsext_host_name*(ssl: SslPtr, name: cstring): int =
-  result = SSL_ctrl(ssl, SSL_CTRL_SET_TLSEXT_HOSTNAME, TLSEXT_NAMETYPE_host_name, name)
   ## Set the SNI server name extension to be used in a client hello.
   ## Returns 1 if SNI was set, 0 if current SSL configuration doesn't support SNI.
-
+  result = SSL_ctrl(ssl, SSL_CTRL_SET_TLSEXT_HOSTNAME, TLSEXT_NAMETYPE_host_name, name)
 
 proc SSL_get_servername*(ssl: SslPtr, typ: cint = TLSEXT_NAMETYPE_host_name): cstring {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
   ## Retrieve the server name requested in the client hello. This can be used
@@ -591,11 +630,11 @@ proc SSL_CTX_set_tlsext_servername_arg*(ctx: SslCtx, arg: pointer): int =
 
 type
   PskClientCallback* = proc (ssl: SslPtr;
-    hint: cstring; identity: cstring; max_identity_len: cuint; psk: ptr cuchar;
+    hint: cstring; identity: cstring; max_identity_len: cuint; psk: ptr uint8;
     max_psk_len: cuint): cuint {.cdecl.}
 
   PskServerCallback* = proc (ssl: SslPtr;
-    identity: cstring; psk: ptr cuchar; max_psk_len: cint): cuint {.cdecl.}
+    identity: cstring; psk: ptr uint8; max_psk_len: cint): cuint {.cdecl.}
 
 proc SSL_CTX_set_psk_client_callback*(ctx: SslCtx; callback: PskClientCallback) {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
   ## Set callback called when OpenSSL needs PSK (for client).
@@ -664,60 +703,60 @@ proc PEM_read_bio_RSAPublicKey*(bp: BIO, x: ptr PRSA, cb: pem_password_cb, u: po
     dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
 proc PEM_read_bio_RSAPrivateKey*(bp: BIO, x: ptr PRSA, cb: pem_password_cb, u: pointer): PRSA {.cdecl,
     dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
-proc RSA_private_encrypt*(flen: cint, fr: ptr cuchar, to: ptr cuchar, rsa: PRSA, padding: PaddingType): cint {.cdecl,
+proc RSA_private_encrypt*(flen: cint, fr: ptr uint8, to: ptr uint8, rsa: PRSA, padding: PaddingType): cint {.cdecl,
     dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
-proc RSA_public_encrypt*(flen: cint, fr: ptr cuchar, to: ptr cuchar, rsa: PRSA, padding: PaddingType): cint {.cdecl,
+proc RSA_public_encrypt*(flen: cint, fr: ptr uint8, to: ptr uint8, rsa: PRSA, padding: PaddingType): cint {.cdecl,
     dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
-proc RSA_private_decrypt*(flen: cint, fr: ptr cuchar, to: ptr cuchar, rsa: PRSA, padding: PaddingType): cint {.cdecl,
+proc RSA_private_decrypt*(flen: cint, fr: ptr uint8, to: ptr uint8, rsa: PRSA, padding: PaddingType): cint {.cdecl,
     dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
-proc RSA_public_decrypt*(flen: cint, fr: ptr cuchar, to: ptr cuchar, rsa: PRSA, padding: PaddingType): cint {.cdecl,
+proc RSA_public_decrypt*(flen: cint, fr: ptr uint8, to: ptr uint8, rsa: PRSA, padding: PaddingType): cint {.cdecl,
     dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
 proc RSA_free*(rsa: PRSA) {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
 proc RSA_size*(rsa: PRSA): cint {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLUtilName, importc.}
 
 # sha types
-proc EVP_md_null*(): EVP_MD   {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_md2*(): EVP_MD       {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_md4*(): EVP_MD       {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_md5*(): EVP_MD       {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_sha*(): EVP_MD       {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_sha1*(): EVP_MD      {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_dss*(): EVP_MD       {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_dss1*(): EVP_MD      {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_ecdsa*(): EVP_MD     {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_sha224*(): EVP_MD    {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_sha256*(): EVP_MD    {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_sha384*(): EVP_MD    {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_sha512*(): EVP_MD    {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_mdc2*(): EVP_MD      {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_ripemd160*(): EVP_MD {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_whirlpool*(): EVP_MD {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_MD_size*(md: EVP_MD): cint {.cdecl, importc.}
+proc EVP_md_null*(): EVP_MD   {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_md2*(): EVP_MD       {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_md4*(): EVP_MD       {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_md5*(): EVP_MD       {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_sha*(): EVP_MD       {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_sha1*(): EVP_MD      {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_dss*(): EVP_MD       {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_dss1*(): EVP_MD      {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_ecdsa*(): EVP_MD     {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_sha224*(): EVP_MD    {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_sha256*(): EVP_MD    {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_sha384*(): EVP_MD    {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_sha512*(): EVP_MD    {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_mdc2*(): EVP_MD      {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_ripemd160*(): EVP_MD {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_whirlpool*(): EVP_MD {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_MD_size*(md: EVP_MD): cint {.lcrypto.}
 
 # hmac functions
-proc HMAC*(evp_md: EVP_MD; key: pointer; key_len: cint; d: cstring; n: csize_t; md: cstring; md_len: ptr cuint): cstring {.cdecl, importc.}
+proc HMAC*(evp_md: EVP_MD; key: pointer; key_len: cint; d: cstring; n: csize_t; md: cstring; md_len: ptr cuint): cstring {.lcrypto.}
 
 # RSA key functions
-proc PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey*(bp: BIO, x: ptr EVP_PKEY, cb: pointer, u: pointer): EVP_PKEY {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_PKEY_free*(p: EVP_PKEY)  {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_DigestSignInit*(ctx: EVP_MD_CTX, pctx: ptr EVP_PKEY_CTX, typ: EVP_MD, e: ENGINE, pkey: EVP_PKEY): cint {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_DigestInit_ex*(ctx: EVP_MD_CTX, typ: PEVP_MD, engine: SslPtr = nil): cint {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_DigestUpdate*(ctx: EVP_MD_CTX, data: pointer, len: cuint): cint {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_DigestFinal_ex*(ctx: EVP_MD_CTX, buffer: pointer, size: ptr cuint): cint {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_DigestSignFinal*(ctx: EVP_MD_CTX, data: pointer, len: ptr csize_t): cint {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_PKEY_CTX_new*(pkey: EVP_PKEY, e: ENGINE): EVP_PKEY_CTX {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_PKEY_CTX_free*(pkeyCtx: EVP_PKEY_CTX) {.cdecl, importc.}
-proc EVP_PKEY_sign_init*(c: EVP_PKEY_CTX): cint {.cdecl, importc.}
+proc PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey*(bp: BIO, x: ptr EVP_PKEY, cb: pointer, u: pointer): EVP_PKEY {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_PKEY_free*(p: EVP_PKEY)  {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_DigestSignInit*(ctx: EVP_MD_CTX, pctx: ptr EVP_PKEY_CTX, typ: EVP_MD, e: ENGINE, pkey: EVP_PKEY): cint {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_DigestInit_ex*(ctx: EVP_MD_CTX, typ: EVP_MD, engine: SslPtr = nil): cint {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_DigestUpdate*(ctx: EVP_MD_CTX, data: pointer, len: cuint): cint {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_DigestFinal_ex*(ctx: EVP_MD_CTX, buffer: pointer, size: ptr cuint): cint {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_DigestSignFinal*(ctx: EVP_MD_CTX, data: pointer, len: ptr csize_t): cint {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_PKEY_CTX_new*(pkey: EVP_PKEY, e: ENGINE): EVP_PKEY_CTX {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_PKEY_CTX_free*(pkeyCtx: EVP_PKEY_CTX) {.lcrypto.}
+proc EVP_PKEY_sign_init*(c: EVP_PKEY_CTX): cint {.lcrypto.}
 
 when defined(macosx) or defined(windows):
-  proc EVP_MD_CTX_create*(): EVP_MD_CTX {.cdecl, importc.}
-  proc EVP_MD_CTX_destroy*(ctx: EVP_MD_CTX) {.cdecl, importc.}
-  proc EVP_MD_CTX_cleanup*(ctx: EVP_MD_CTX): cint {.cdecl, importc.}
+  proc EVP_MD_CTX_create*(): EVP_MD_CTX {.lcrypto.}
+  proc EVP_MD_CTX_destroy*(ctx: EVP_MD_CTX) {.lcrypto.}
+  proc EVP_MD_CTX_cleanup*(ctx: EVP_MD_CTX): cint {.lcrypto.}
 else:
   # some times you will need this instead:
-  proc EVP_MD_CTX_create*(): EVP_MD_CTX {.cdecl, importc: "EVP_MD_CTX_new".}
-  proc EVP_MD_CTX_destroy*(ctx: EVP_MD_CTX) {.cdecl, importc: "EVP_MD_CTX_free".}
-  proc EVP_MD_CTX_cleanup*(ctx: EVP_MD_CTX): cint {.cdecl, importc: "EVP_MD_CTX_cleanup".}
+  proc EVP_MD_CTX_create*(): EVP_MD_CTX {.cdecl, importc: "EVP_MD_CTX_new", dynlib: DLLUtilName.}
+  proc EVP_MD_CTX_destroy*(ctx: EVP_MD_CTX) {.cdecl, importc: "EVP_MD_CTX_free", dynlib: DLLUtilName.}
+  proc EVP_MD_CTX_cleanup*(ctx: EVP_MD_CTX): cint {.cdecl, importc: "EVP_MD_CTX_cleanup", dynlib: DLLUtilName.}
 
 # <openssl/md5.h>
 type
@@ -736,11 +775,11 @@ type
 proc md5_Init*(c: var MD5_CTX): cint{.importc: "MD5_Init".}
 proc md5_Update*(c: var MD5_CTX; data: pointer; len: csize_t): cint{.importc: "MD5_Update".}
 proc md5_Final*(md: cstring; c: var MD5_CTX): cint{.importc: "MD5_Final".}
-proc md5*(d: ptr cuchar; n: csize_t; md: ptr cuchar): ptr cuchar{.importc: "MD5".}
-proc md5_Transform*(c: var MD5_CTX; b: ptr cuchar){.importc: "MD5_Transform".}
+proc md5*(d: ptr uint8; n: csize_t; md: ptr uint8): ptr uint8{.importc: "MD5".}
+proc md5_Transform*(c: var MD5_CTX; b: ptr uint8){.importc: "MD5_Transform".}
 {.pop.}
 
-from strutils import toHex, toLowerAscii
+from std/strutils import toHex, toLowerAscii
 
 proc hexStr(buf: cstring): string =
   # turn md5s output into a nice hex str
@@ -763,10 +802,10 @@ proc md5_File*(file: string): string {.raises: [IOError,Exception].} =
   while (let bytes = f.readChars(buf); bytes > 0):
     discard md5_Update(ctx, buf[0].addr, cast[csize_t](bytes))
 
-  discard md5_Final(buf[0].addr, ctx)
+  discard md5_Final(cast[cstring](buf[0].addr), ctx)
   f.close
 
-  result = hexStr(addr buf)
+  result = hexStr(cast[cstring](addr buf))
 
 proc md5_Str*(str: string): string =
   ## Generate MD5 hash for a string. Result is a 32 character
@@ -783,8 +822,8 @@ proc md5_Str*(str: string): string =
     discard md5_Update(ctx, input[i].addr, cast[csize_t](L))
     i += L
 
-  discard md5_Final(addr res, ctx)
-  result = hexStr(addr res)
+  discard md5_Final(cast[cstring](addr res), ctx)
+  result = hexStr(cast[cstring](addr res))
 
 when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
   {.pop.}
@@ -794,8 +833,21 @@ when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
 # On old openSSL version some of these symbols are not available
 when not defined(nimDisableCertificateValidation) and not defined(windows):
 
-  proc SSL_get_peer_certificate*(ssl: SslCtx): PX509{.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName,
-      importc.}
+  # SSL_get_peer_certificate removed in 3.0
+  # SSL_get1_peer_certificate added in 3.0
+  when useOpenssl3:
+    proc SSL_get1_peer_certificate*(ssl: SslCtx): PX509 {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
+    proc SSL_get_peer_certificate*(ssl: SslCtx): PX509 =
+      SSL_get1_peer_certificate(ssl)
+  elif useStaticLink:
+    proc SSL_get_peer_certificate*(ssl: SslCtx): PX509 {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
+  else:
+    proc SSL_get_peer_certificate*(ssl: SslCtx): PX509 =
+      let methodSym = sslSymNullable("SSL_get_peer_certificate", "SSL_get1_peer_certificate")
+      if methodSym.isNil:
+        raise newException(LibraryError, "Could not load SSL_get_peer_certificate or SSL_get1_peer_certificate")
+      let method2Proc = cast[proc(ssl: SslCtx): PX509 {.cdecl, gcsafe, raises: [].}](methodSym)
+      return method2Proc(ssl)
 
   proc X509_get_subject_name*(a: PX509): PX509_NAME{.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
 
@@ -809,6 +861,8 @@ when not defined(nimDisableCertificateValidation) and not defined(windows):
 
   proc X509_check_host*(cert: PX509, name: cstring, namelen: cint, flags:cuint, peername: cstring): cint {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
 
+  proc X509_free*(cert: PX509) {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
+
   # Certificates store
 
   type PX509_STORE* = SslPtr
@@ -832,8 +886,24 @@ when not defined(nimDisableCertificateValidation) and not defined(windows):
   {.pop.}
 
   when isMainModule:
+    when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+      import std/assertions
     # A simple certificate test
     let certbytes = readFile("certificate.der")
     let cert = d2i_X509(certbytes)
     let encoded = cert.i2d_X509()
     assert encoded == certbytes
+
+# Application Layer Protocol Negociation extension (TLS-ALPN, RFC7301)
+# Available in at least OpenSSL 1.1.1 and later, not sure if earlier
+# --Iced Quinn
+
+proc SSL_CTX_set_alpn_protos*(ctx: SslCtx; protos: cstring; protos_len: cuint): cint {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
+proc SSL_set_alpn_protos*(ssl: SslPtr; protos: cstring; protos_len: cuint): cint {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
+proc SSL_CTX_set_alpn_select_cb*(ctx: SslCtx; cb: proc(ssl: SslPtr; out_proto: ptr cstring; outlen: cstring; in_proto: cstring; inlen: cuint; arg: pointer): cint {.cdecl.}; arg: pointer): cint {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
+proc SSL_get0_alpn_selected*(ssl: SslPtr; data: ptr cstring; len: ptr cuint) {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
+proc SSL_CTX_set_next_protos_advertised_cb*(ctx: SslCtx; cb: proc(ssl: SslPtr; out_proto: ptr cstring; outlen: ptr cuint; arg: pointer): cint {.cdecl.}; arg: pointer) {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
+proc SSL_CTX_set_next_proto_select_cb*(ctx: SslCtx; cb: proc(s: SslPtr; out_proto: cstring; outlen: cstring; in_proto: cstring; inlen: cuint; arg: pointer): cint {.cdecl.}; arg: pointer) {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
+proc SSL_select_next_proto*(out_proto: ptr cstring; outlen: cstring; server: cstring; server_len: cuint; client: cstring; client_len: cuint): cint {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
+proc SSL_get0_next_proto_negotiated*(s: SslPtr; data: ptr cstring; len: ptr cuint) {.cdecl, dynlib: DLLSSLName, importc.}
+
diff --git a/lib/wrappers/postgres.nim b/lib/wrappers/postgres.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 0bde3f1e6..000000000
--- a/lib/wrappers/postgres.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,378 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2015 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-# This module contains the definitions for structures and externs for
-# functions used by frontend postgres applications. It is based on
-# Postgresql's libpq-fe.h.
-#
-# It is for postgreSQL version 7.4 and higher with support for the v3.0
-# connection-protocol.
-#
-
-when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
-  {.push styleChecks: off.}
-
-when defined(windows):
-  const
-    dllName = "libpq.dll"
-elif defined(macosx):
-  const
-    dllName = "libpq.dylib"
-else:
-  const
-    dllName = "libpq.so(.5|)"
-type
-  POid* = ptr Oid
-  Oid* = int32
-
-const
-  ERROR_MSG_LENGTH* = 4096
-  CMDSTATUS_LEN* = 40
-
-type
-  SockAddr* = array[1..112, int8]
-  PGresAttDesc*{.pure, final.} = object
-    name*: cstring
-    adtid*: Oid
-    adtsize*: int
-
-  PPGresAttDesc* = ptr PGresAttDesc
-  PPPGresAttDesc* = ptr PPGresAttDesc
-  PGresAttValue*{.pure, final.} = object
-    length*: int32
-    value*: cstring
-
-  PPGresAttValue* = ptr PGresAttValue
-  PPPGresAttValue* = ptr PPGresAttValue
-  PExecStatusType* = ptr ExecStatusType
-  ExecStatusType* = enum
-    PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY = 0, PGRES_COMMAND_OK, PGRES_TUPLES_OK, PGRES_COPY_OUT,
-    PGRES_COPY_IN, PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE, PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR,
-    PGRES_COPY_BOTH, PGRES_SINGLE_TUPLE
-  PGlobjfuncs*{.pure, final.} = object
-    fn_lo_open*: Oid
-    fn_lo_close*: Oid
-    fn_lo_creat*: Oid
-    fn_lo_unlink*: Oid
-    fn_lo_lseek*: Oid
-    fn_lo_tell*: Oid
-    fn_lo_read*: Oid
-    fn_lo_write*: Oid
-
-  PPGlobjfuncs* = ptr PGlobjfuncs
-  PConnStatusType* = ptr ConnStatusType
-  ConnStatusType* = enum
-    CONNECTION_OK, CONNECTION_BAD, CONNECTION_STARTED, CONNECTION_MADE,
-    CONNECTION_AWAITING_RESPONSE, CONNECTION_AUTH_OK, CONNECTION_SETENV,
-    CONNECTION_SSL_STARTUP, CONNECTION_NEEDED, CONNECTION_CHECK_WRITABLE,
-    CONNECTION_CONSUME, CONNECTION_GSS_STARTUP, CONNECTION_CHECK_TARGET
-  PGconn*{.pure, final.} = object
-    pghost*: cstring
-    pgtty*: cstring
-    pgport*: cstring
-    pgoptions*: cstring
-    dbName*: cstring
-    status*: ConnStatusType
-    errorMessage*: array[0..(ERROR_MSG_LENGTH) - 1, char]
-    Pfin*: File
-    Pfout*: File
-    Pfdebug*: File
-    sock*: int32
-    laddr*: SockAddr
-    raddr*: SockAddr
-    salt*: array[0..(2) - 1, char]
-    asyncNotifyWaiting*: int32
-    notifyList*: pointer
-    pguser*: cstring
-    pgpass*: cstring
-    lobjfuncs*: PPGlobjfuncs
-
-  PPGconn* = ptr PGconn
-  PGresult*{.pure, final.} = object
-    ntups*: int32
-    numAttributes*: int32
-    attDescs*: PPGresAttDesc
-    tuples*: PPPGresAttValue
-    tupArrSize*: int32
-    resultStatus*: ExecStatusType
-    cmdStatus*: array[0..(CMDSTATUS_LEN) - 1, char]
-    binary*: int32
-    conn*: PPGconn
-
-  PPGresult* = ptr PGresult
-  PPostgresPollingStatusType* = ptr PostgresPollingStatusType
-  PostgresPollingStatusType* = enum
-    PGRES_POLLING_FAILED = 0, PGRES_POLLING_READING, PGRES_POLLING_WRITING,
-    PGRES_POLLING_OK, PGRES_POLLING_ACTIVE
-  PPGTransactionStatusType* = ptr PGTransactionStatusType
-  PGTransactionStatusType* = enum
-    PQTRANS_IDLE, PQTRANS_ACTIVE, PQTRANS_INTRANS, PQTRANS_INERROR,
-    PQTRANS_UNKNOWN
-  PPGVerbosity* = ptr PGVerbosity
-  PGVerbosity* = enum
-    PQERRORS_TERSE, PQERRORS_DEFAULT, PQERRORS_VERBOSE, PQERRORS_SQLSTATE
-  PPGNotify* = ptr pgNotify
-  pgNotify*{.pure, final.} = object
-    relname*: cstring
-    be_pid*: int32
-    extra*: cstring
-
-  PQnoticeReceiver* = proc (arg: pointer, res: PPGresult){.cdecl.}
-  PQnoticeProcessor* = proc (arg: pointer, message: cstring){.cdecl.}
-  Ppqbool* = ptr pqbool
-  pqbool* = char
-  PPQprintOpt* = ptr PQprintOpt
-  PQprintOpt*{.pure, final.} = object
-    header*: pqbool
-    align*: pqbool
-    standard*: pqbool
-    html3*: pqbool
-    expanded*: pqbool
-    pager*: pqbool
-    fieldSep*: cstring
-    tableOpt*: cstring
-    caption*: cstring
-    fieldName*: ptr cstring
-
-  PPQconninfoOption* = ptr PQconninfoOption
-  PQconninfoOption*{.pure, final.} = object
-    keyword*: cstring
-    envvar*: cstring
-    compiled*: cstring
-    val*: cstring
-    label*: cstring
-    dispchar*: cstring
-    dispsize*: int32
-
-  PPQArgBlock* = ptr PQArgBlock
-  PQArgBlock*{.pure, final.} = object
-    length*: int32
-    isint*: int32
-    p*: pointer
-
-proc pqinitOpenSSL*(do_ssl: int32, do_crypto: int32) {.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQinitOpenSSL".}
-proc pqconnectStart*(conninfo: cstring): PPGconn{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQconnectStart".}
-proc pqconnectPoll*(conn: PPGconn): PostgresPollingStatusType{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQconnectPoll".}
-proc pqconnectdb*(conninfo: cstring): PPGconn{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQconnectdb".}
-proc pqsetdbLogin*(pghost: cstring, pgport: cstring, pgoptions: cstring,
-                   pgtty: cstring, dbName: cstring, login: cstring, pwd: cstring): PPGconn{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQsetdbLogin".}
-proc pqsetdb*(M_PGHOST, M_PGPORT, M_PGOPT, M_PGTTY, M_DBNAME: cstring): PPGconn
-proc pqfinish*(conn: PPGconn){.cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQfinish".}
-proc pqconndefaults*(): PPQconninfoOption{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQconndefaults".}
-proc pqconninfoFree*(connOptions: PPQconninfoOption){.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQconninfoFree".}
-proc pqresetStart*(conn: PPGconn): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQresetStart".}
-proc pqresetPoll*(conn: PPGconn): PostgresPollingStatusType{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQresetPoll".}
-proc pqreset*(conn: PPGconn){.cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQreset".}
-proc pqrequestCancel*(conn: PPGconn): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQrequestCancel".}
-proc pqdb*(conn: PPGconn): cstring{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQdb".}
-proc pquser*(conn: PPGconn): cstring{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQuser".}
-proc pqpass*(conn: PPGconn): cstring{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQpass".}
-proc pqhost*(conn: PPGconn): cstring{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQhost".}
-proc pqport*(conn: PPGconn): cstring{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQport".}
-proc pqtty*(conn: PPGconn): cstring{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQtty".}
-proc pqoptions*(conn: PPGconn): cstring{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQoptions".}
-proc pqstatus*(conn: PPGconn): ConnStatusType{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQstatus".}
-proc pqtransactionStatus*(conn: PPGconn): PGTransactionStatusType{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQtransactionStatus".}
-proc pqparameterStatus*(conn: PPGconn, paramName: cstring): cstring{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQparameterStatus".}
-proc pqserverVersion*(conn: PPGconn): int32{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQserverVersion".}
-proc pqprotocolVersion*(conn: PPGconn): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQprotocolVersion".}
-proc pqerrorMessage*(conn: PPGconn): cstring{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQerrorMessage".}
-proc pqsocket*(conn: PPGconn): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-                                      importc: "PQsocket".}
-proc pqbackendPID*(conn: PPGconn): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQbackendPID".}
-proc pqconnectionNeedsPassword*(conn: PPGconn): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQconnectionNeedsPassword".}
-proc pqconnectionUsedPassword*(conn: PPGconn): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQconnectionUsedPassword".}
-proc pqclientEncoding*(conn: PPGconn): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQclientEncoding".}
-proc pqsetClientEncoding*(conn: PPGconn, encoding: cstring): int32{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQsetClientEncoding".}
-when defined(USE_SSL):
-  # Get the SSL structure associated with a connection
-  proc pqgetssl*(conn: PPGconn): PSSL{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-                                       importc: "PQgetssl".}
-proc pqsetErrorVerbosity*(conn: PPGconn, verbosity: PGVerbosity): PGVerbosity{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQsetErrorVerbosity".}
-proc pqtrace*(conn: PPGconn, debug_port: File){.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQtrace".}
-proc pquntrace*(conn: PPGconn){.cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQuntrace".}
-proc pqsetNoticeReceiver*(conn: PPGconn, theProc: PQnoticeReceiver, arg: pointer): PQnoticeReceiver{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQsetNoticeReceiver".}
-proc pqsetNoticeProcessor*(conn: PPGconn, theProc: PQnoticeProcessor,
-                           arg: pointer): PQnoticeProcessor{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQsetNoticeProcessor".}
-proc pqexec*(conn: PPGconn, query: cstring): PPGresult{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQexec".}
-proc pqexecParams*(conn: PPGconn, command: cstring, nParams: int32,
-                   paramTypes: POid, paramValues: cstringArray,
-                   paramLengths, paramFormats: ptr int32, resultFormat: int32): PPGresult{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQexecParams".}
-proc pqprepare*(conn: PPGconn, stmtName, query: cstring, nParams: int32,
-    paramTypes: POid): PPGresult{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQprepare".}
-proc pqexecPrepared*(conn: PPGconn, stmtName: cstring, nParams: int32,
-                     paramValues: cstringArray,
-                     paramLengths, paramFormats: ptr int32, resultFormat: int32): PPGresult{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQexecPrepared".}
-proc pqsendQuery*(conn: PPGconn, query: cstring): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQsendQuery".}
-  ## See also https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-async.html
-proc pqsendQueryParams*(conn: PPGconn, command: cstring, nParams: int32,
-                        paramTypes: POid, paramValues: cstringArray,
-                        paramLengths, paramFormats: ptr int32,
-                        resultFormat: int32): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQsendQueryParams".}
-proc pqsendQueryPrepared*(conn: PPGconn, stmtName: cstring, nParams: int32,
-                          paramValues: cstringArray,
-                          paramLengths, paramFormats: ptr int32,
-                          resultFormat: int32): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQsendQueryPrepared".}
-proc pqSetSingleRowMode*(conn: PPGconn): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQsetSingleRowMode".}
-  ## See also https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-single-row-mode.html
-proc pqgetResult*(conn: PPGconn): PPGresult{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQgetResult".}
-proc pqisBusy*(conn: PPGconn): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-                                      importc: "PQisBusy".}
-proc pqconsumeInput*(conn: PPGconn): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQconsumeInput".}
-proc pqnotifies*(conn: PPGconn): PPGNotify{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQnotifies".}
-proc pqputCopyData*(conn: PPGconn, buffer: cstring, nbytes: int32): int32{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQputCopyData".}
-proc pqputCopyEnd*(conn: PPGconn, errormsg: cstring): int32{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQputCopyEnd".}
-proc pqgetCopyData*(conn: PPGconn, buffer: cstringArray, async: int32): int32{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQgetCopyData".}
-proc pqgetline*(conn: PPGconn, str: cstring, len: int32): int32{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQgetline".}
-proc pqputline*(conn: PPGconn, str: cstring): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQputline".}
-proc pqgetlineAsync*(conn: PPGconn, buffer: cstring, bufsize: int32): int32{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQgetlineAsync".}
-proc pqputnbytes*(conn: PPGconn, buffer: cstring, nbytes: int32): int32{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQputnbytes".}
-proc pqendcopy*(conn: PPGconn): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-                                       importc: "PQendcopy".}
-proc pqsetnonblocking*(conn: PPGconn, arg: int32): int32{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQsetnonblocking".}
-proc pqisnonblocking*(conn: PPGconn): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQisnonblocking".}
-proc pqflush*(conn: PPGconn): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQflush".}
-proc pqfn*(conn: PPGconn, fnid: int32, result_buf, result_len: ptr int32,
-           result_is_int: int32, args: PPQArgBlock, nargs: int32): PPGresult{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQfn".}
-proc pqresultStatus*(res: PPGresult): ExecStatusType{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQresultStatus".}
-proc pqresStatus*(status: ExecStatusType): cstring{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQresStatus".}
-proc pqresultErrorMessage*(res: PPGresult): cstring{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQresultErrorMessage".}
-proc pqresultErrorField*(res: PPGresult, fieldcode: int32): cstring{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQresultErrorField".}
-proc pqntuples*(res: PPGresult): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-                                        importc: "PQntuples".}
-proc pqnfields*(res: PPGresult): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-                                        importc: "PQnfields".}
-proc pqbinaryTuples*(res: PPGresult): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQbinaryTuples".}
-proc pqfname*(res: PPGresult, field_num: int32): cstring{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQfname".}
-proc pqfnumber*(res: PPGresult, field_name: cstring): int32{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQfnumber".}
-proc pqftable*(res: PPGresult, field_num: int32): Oid{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQftable".}
-proc pqftablecol*(res: PPGresult, field_num: int32): int32{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQftablecol".}
-proc pqfformat*(res: PPGresult, field_num: int32): int32{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQfformat".}
-proc pqftype*(res: PPGresult, field_num: int32): Oid{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQftype".}
-proc pqfsize*(res: PPGresult, field_num: int32): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQfsize".}
-proc pqfmod*(res: PPGresult, field_num: int32): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQfmod".}
-proc pqcmdStatus*(res: PPGresult): cstring{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQcmdStatus".}
-proc pqoidStatus*(res: PPGresult): cstring{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQoidStatus".}
-proc pqoidValue*(res: PPGresult): Oid{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-                                       importc: "PQoidValue".}
-proc pqcmdTuples*(res: PPGresult): cstring{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQcmdTuples".}
-proc pqgetvalue*(res: PPGresult, tup_num: int32, field_num: int32): cstring{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQgetvalue".}
-proc pqgetlength*(res: PPGresult, tup_num: int32, field_num: int32): int32{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQgetlength".}
-proc pqgetisnull*(res: PPGresult, tup_num: int32, field_num: int32): int32{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQgetisnull".}
-proc pqclear*(res: PPGresult){.cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQclear".}
-proc pqfreemem*(p: pointer){.cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQfreemem".}
-proc pqmakeEmptyPGresult*(conn: PPGconn, status: ExecStatusType): PPGresult{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQmakeEmptyPGresult".}
-proc pqescapeString*(till, `from`: cstring, len: int): int{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQescapeString".}
-proc pqescapeBytea*(bintext: cstring, binlen: int, bytealen: var int): cstring{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQescapeBytea".}
-proc pqunescapeBytea*(strtext: cstring, retbuflen: var int): cstring{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQunescapeBytea".}
-proc pqprint*(fout: File, res: PPGresult, ps: PPQprintOpt){.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQprint".}
-proc pqdisplayTuples*(res: PPGresult, fp: File, fillAlign: int32,
-                      fieldSep: cstring, printHeader: int32, quiet: int32){.
-    cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQdisplayTuples".}
-proc pqprintTuples*(res: PPGresult, fout: File, printAttName: int32,
-                    terseOutput: int32, width: int32){.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQprintTuples".}
-proc lo_open*(conn: PPGconn, lobjId: Oid, mode: int32): int32{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "lo_open".}
-proc lo_close*(conn: PPGconn, fd: int32): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "lo_close".}
-proc lo_read*(conn: PPGconn, fd: int32, buf: cstring, length: int): int32{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "lo_read".}
-proc lo_write*(conn: PPGconn, fd: int32, buf: cstring, length: int): int32{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "lo_write".}
-proc lo_lseek*(conn: PPGconn, fd: int32, offset: int32, whence: int32): int32{.
-    cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "lo_lseek".}
-proc lo_creat*(conn: PPGconn, mode: int32): Oid{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "lo_creat".}
-proc lo_tell*(conn: PPGconn, fd: int32): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "lo_tell".}
-proc lo_unlink*(conn: PPGconn, lobjId: Oid): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "lo_unlink".}
-proc lo_import*(conn: PPGconn, filename: cstring): Oid{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "lo_import".}
-proc lo_export*(conn: PPGconn, lobjId: Oid, filename: cstring): int32{.cdecl,
-    dynlib: dllName, importc: "lo_export".}
-proc pqmblen*(s: cstring, encoding: int32): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName,
-    importc: "PQmblen".}
-proc pqenv2encoding*(): int32{.cdecl, dynlib: dllName, importc: "PQenv2encoding".}
-proc pqsetdb(M_PGHOST, M_PGPORT, M_PGOPT, M_PGTTY, M_DBNAME: cstring): PPGconn =
-  result = pqsetdbLogin(M_PGHOST, M_PGPORT, M_PGOPT, M_PGTTY, M_DBNAME, "", "")
-
-when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
-  {.pop.}
diff --git a/lib/wrappers/sqlite3.nim b/lib/wrappers/sqlite3.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 71921c10b..000000000
--- a/lib/wrappers/sqlite3.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,392 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#            Nim's Runtime Library
-#        (c) Copyright 2012 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
-  {.push styleChecks: off.}
-
-when defined(windows):
-  when defined(nimOldDlls):
-    const Lib = "sqlite3.dll"
-  elif defined(cpu64):
-    const Lib = "sqlite3_64.dll"
-  else:
-    const Lib = "sqlite3_32.dll"
-elif defined(macosx):
-  const
-    Lib = "libsqlite3(|.0).dylib"
-else:
-  const
-    Lib = "libsqlite3.so(|.0)"
-
-when defined(staticSqlite):
-  {.pragma: mylib.}
-  {.compile("sqlite3.c", "-O3").}
-else:
-  {.pragma: mylib, dynlib: Lib.}
-
-const
-  SQLITE_INTEGER* = 1
-  SQLITE_FLOAT* = 2
-  SQLITE_BLOB* = 4
-  SQLITE_NULL* = 5
-  SQLITE_TEXT* = 3
-  SQLITE_UTF8* = 1
-  SQLITE_UTF16LE* = 2
-  SQLITE_UTF16BE* = 3         # Use native byte order
-  SQLITE_UTF16* = 4           # sqlite3_create_function only
-  SQLITE_ANY* = 5             #sqlite_exec return values
-  SQLITE_OK* = 0
-  SQLITE_ERROR* = 1           # SQL error or missing database
-  SQLITE_INTERNAL* = 2        # An internal logic error in SQLite
-  SQLITE_PERM* = 3            # Access permission denied
-  SQLITE_ABORT* = 4           # Callback routine requested an abort
-  SQLITE_BUSY* = 5            # The database file is locked
-  SQLITE_LOCKED* = 6          # A table in the database is locked
-  SQLITE_NOMEM* = 7           # A malloc() failed
-  SQLITE_READONLY* = 8        # Attempt to write a readonly database
-  SQLITE_INTERRUPT* = 9       # Operation terminated by sqlite3_interrupt()
-  SQLITE_IOERR* = 10          # Some kind of disk I/O error occurred
-  SQLITE_CORRUPT* = 11        # The database disk image is malformed
-  SQLITE_NOTFOUND* = 12       # (Internal Only) Table or record not found
-  SQLITE_FULL* = 13           # Insertion failed because database is full
-  SQLITE_CANTOPEN* = 14       # Unable to open the database file
-  SQLITE_PROTOCOL* = 15       # Database lock protocol error
-  SQLITE_EMPTY* = 16          # Database is empty
-  SQLITE_SCHEMA* = 17         # The database schema changed
-  SQLITE_TOOBIG* = 18         # Too much data for one row of a table
-  SQLITE_CONSTRAINT* = 19     # Abort due to constraint violation
-  SQLITE_MISMATCH* = 20       # Data type mismatch
-  SQLITE_MISUSE* = 21         # Library used incorrectly
-  SQLITE_NOLFS* = 22          # Uses OS features not supported on host
-  SQLITE_AUTH* = 23           # Authorization denied
-  SQLITE_FORMAT* = 24         # Auxiliary database format error
-  SQLITE_RANGE* = 25          # 2nd parameter to sqlite3_bind out of range
-  SQLITE_NOTADB* = 26         # File opened that is not a database file
-  SQLITE_ROW* = 100           # sqlite3_step() has another row ready
-  SQLITE_DONE* = 101          # sqlite3_step() has finished executing
-  SQLITE_COPY* = 0
-  SQLITE_CREATE_INDEX* = 1
-  SQLITE_CREATE_TABLE* = 2
-  SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_INDEX* = 3
-  SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_TABLE* = 4
-  SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_TRIGGER* = 5
-  SQLITE_CREATE_TEMP_VIEW* = 6
-  SQLITE_CREATE_TRIGGER* = 7
-  SQLITE_CREATE_VIEW* = 8
-  SQLITE_DELETE* = 9
-  SQLITE_DROP_INDEX* = 10
-  SQLITE_DROP_TABLE* = 11
-  SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_INDEX* = 12
-  SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_TABLE* = 13
-  SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_TRIGGER* = 14
-  SQLITE_DROP_TEMP_VIEW* = 15
-  SQLITE_DROP_TRIGGER* = 16
-  SQLITE_DROP_VIEW* = 17
-  SQLITE_INSERT* = 18
-  SQLITE_PRAGMA* = 19
-  SQLITE_READ* = 20
-  SQLITE_SELECT* = 21
-  SQLITE_TRANSACTION* = 22
-  SQLITE_UPDATE* = 23
-  SQLITE_ATTACH* = 24
-  SQLITE_DETACH* = 25
-  SQLITE_ALTER_TABLE* = 26
-  SQLITE_REINDEX* = 27
-  SQLITE_DENY* = 1
-  SQLITE_IGNORE* = 2          # Original from sqlite3.h:
-                              #define SQLITE_STATIC      ((void(*)(void *))0)
-                              #define SQLITE_TRANSIENT   ((void(*)(void *))-1)
-  SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC* = 0x800
-
-type
-  Sqlite3 {.pure, final.} = object
-  PSqlite3* = ptr Sqlite3
-  PPSqlite3* = ptr PSqlite3
-  Sqlite3_Backup {.pure, final.} = object
-  PSqlite3_Backup* = ptr Sqlite3_Backup
-  PPSqlite3_Backup* = ptr PSqlite3_Backup
-  Context{.pure, final.} = object
-  Pcontext* = ptr Context
-  TStmt{.pure, final.} = object
-  PStmt* = ptr TStmt
-  Value{.pure, final.} = object
-  PValue* = ptr Value
-  PValueArg* = array[0..127, PValue]
-
-  Callback* = proc (para1: pointer, para2: int32, para3,
-                     para4: cstringArray): int32{.cdecl.}
-  Tbind_destructor_func* = proc (para1: pointer){.cdecl, locks: 0, tags: [], gcsafe.}
-  Create_function_step_func* = proc (para1: Pcontext, para2: int32,
-                                      para3: PValueArg){.cdecl.}
-  Create_function_func_func* = proc (para1: Pcontext, para2: int32,
-                                      para3: PValueArg){.cdecl.}
-  Create_function_final_func* = proc (para1: Pcontext){.cdecl.}
-  Result_func* = proc (para1: pointer){.cdecl.}
-  Create_collation_func* = proc (para1: pointer, para2: int32, para3: pointer,
-                                  para4: int32, para5: pointer): int32{.cdecl.}
-  Collation_needed_func* = proc (para1: pointer, para2: PSqlite3, eTextRep: int32,
-                                  para4: cstring){.cdecl.}
-
-const
-  SQLITE_STATIC* = nil
-  SQLITE_TRANSIENT* = cast[Tbind_destructor_func](-1)
-
-proc close*(para1: PSqlite3): int32{.cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_close".}
-proc exec*(para1: PSqlite3, sql: cstring, para3: Callback, para4: pointer,
-           errmsg: var cstring): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-                                        importc: "sqlite3_exec".}
-proc last_insert_rowid*(para1: PSqlite3): int64{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_last_insert_rowid".}
-proc changes*(para1: PSqlite3): int32{.cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_changes".}
-proc total_changes*(para1: PSqlite3): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-                                      importc: "sqlite3_total_changes".}
-proc interrupt*(para1: PSqlite3){.cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_interrupt".}
-proc complete*(sql: cstring): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-                                     importc: "sqlite3_complete".}
-proc complete16*(sql: pointer): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-                                       importc: "sqlite3_complete16".}
-proc busy_handler*(para1: PSqlite3,
-                   para2: proc (para1: pointer, para2: int32): int32{.cdecl.},
-                   para3: pointer): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_busy_handler".}
-proc busy_timeout*(para1: PSqlite3, ms: int32): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_busy_timeout".}
-proc get_table*(para1: PSqlite3, sql: cstring, resultp: var cstringArray,
-                nrow, ncolumn: var cint, errmsg: ptr cstring): int32{.cdecl,
-    mylib, importc: "sqlite3_get_table".}
-proc free_table*(result: cstringArray){.cdecl, mylib,
-                                        importc: "sqlite3_free_table".}
-  # Todo: see how translate sqlite3_mprintf, sqlite3_vmprintf, sqlite3_snprintf
-  # function sqlite3_mprintf(_para1:Pchar; args:array of const):Pchar;cdecl; external Sqlite3Lib name 'sqlite3_mprintf';
-proc mprintf*(para1: cstring): cstring{.cdecl, varargs, mylib,
-                                        importc: "sqlite3_mprintf".}
-  #function sqlite3_vmprintf(_para1:Pchar; _para2:va_list):Pchar;cdecl; external Sqlite3Lib name 'sqlite3_vmprintf';
-proc free*(z: cstring){.cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_free".}
-  #function sqlite3_snprintf(_para1:longint; _para2:Pchar; _para3:Pchar; args:array of const):Pchar;cdecl; external Sqlite3Lib name 'sqlite3_snprintf';
-proc snprintf*(para1: int32, para2: cstring, para3: cstring): cstring{.cdecl,
-    mylib, varargs, importc: "sqlite3_snprintf".}
-proc set_authorizer*(para1: PSqlite3, xAuth: proc (para1: pointer, para2: int32,
-    para3: cstring, para4: cstring, para5: cstring, para6: cstring): int32{.
-    cdecl.}, pUserData: pointer): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_set_authorizer".}
-proc trace*(para1: PSqlite3, xTrace: proc (para1: pointer, para2: cstring){.cdecl.},
-            para3: pointer): pointer{.cdecl, mylib,
-                                      importc: "sqlite3_trace".}
-proc progress_handler*(para1: PSqlite3, para2: int32,
-                       para3: proc (para1: pointer): int32{.cdecl.},
-                       para4: pointer){.cdecl, mylib,
-                                        importc: "sqlite3_progress_handler".}
-proc commit_hook*(para1: PSqlite3, para2: proc (para1: pointer): int32{.cdecl.},
-                  para3: pointer): pointer{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_commit_hook".}
-proc open*(filename: cstring, ppDb: var PSqlite3): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_open".}
-proc open16*(filename: pointer, ppDb: var PSqlite3): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_open16".}
-proc errcode*(db: PSqlite3): int32{.cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_errcode".}
-proc errmsg*(para1: PSqlite3): cstring{.cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_errmsg".}
-proc errmsg16*(para1: PSqlite3): pointer{.cdecl, mylib,
-                                   importc: "sqlite3_errmsg16".}
-proc prepare*(db: PSqlite3, zSql: cstring, nBytes: int32, ppStmt: var PStmt,
-              pzTail: ptr cstring): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_prepare".}
-
-proc prepare_v2*(db: PSqlite3, zSql: cstring, nByte: cint, ppStmt: var PStmt,
-                pzTail: ptr cstring): cint {.
-                importc: "sqlite3_prepare_v2", cdecl, mylib.}
-
-proc prepare16*(db: PSqlite3, zSql: pointer, nBytes: int32, ppStmt: var PStmt,
-                pzTail: var pointer): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_prepare16".}
-proc bind_blob*(para1: PStmt, para2: int32, para3: pointer, n: int32,
-                para5: Tbind_destructor_func): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_bind_blob".}
-proc bind_double*(para1: PStmt, para2: int32, para3: float64): int32{.cdecl,
-    mylib, importc: "sqlite3_bind_double".}
-proc bind_int*(para1: PStmt, para2: int32, para3: int32): int32{.cdecl,
-    mylib, importc: "sqlite3_bind_int".}
-proc bind_int64*(para1: PStmt, para2: int32, para3: int64): int32{.cdecl,
-    mylib, importc: "sqlite3_bind_int64".}
-proc bind_null*(para1: PStmt, para2: int32): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_bind_null".}
-proc bind_text*(para1: PStmt, para2: int32, para3: cstring, n: int32,
-                para5: Tbind_destructor_func): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_bind_text".}
-proc bind_text16*(para1: PStmt, para2: int32, para3: pointer, para4: int32,
-                  para5: Tbind_destructor_func): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_bind_text16".}
-  #function sqlite3_bind_value(_para1:Psqlite3_stmt; _para2:longint; _para3:Psqlite3_value):longint;cdecl; external Sqlite3Lib name 'sqlite3_bind_value';
-  #These overloaded functions were introduced to allow the use of SQLITE_STATIC and SQLITE_TRANSIENT
-  #It's the c world man ;-)
-proc bind_blob*(para1: PStmt, para2: int32, para3: pointer, n: int32,
-                para5: int32): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-                                      importc: "sqlite3_bind_blob".}
-proc bind_text*(para1: PStmt, para2: int32, para3: cstring, n: int32,
-                para5: int32): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-                                      importc: "sqlite3_bind_text".}
-proc bind_text16*(para1: PStmt, para2: int32, para3: pointer, para4: int32,
-                  para5: int32): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-                                        importc: "sqlite3_bind_text16".}
-proc bind_parameter_count*(para1: PStmt): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_bind_parameter_count".}
-proc bind_parameter_name*(para1: PStmt, para2: int32): cstring{.cdecl,
-    mylib, importc: "sqlite3_bind_parameter_name".}
-proc bind_parameter_index*(para1: PStmt, zName: cstring): int32{.cdecl,
-    mylib, importc: "sqlite3_bind_parameter_index".}
-proc clear_bindings*(para1: PStmt): int32 {.cdecl,
-    mylib, importc: "sqlite3_clear_bindings".}
-proc column_count*(PStmt: PStmt): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_column_count".}
-proc column_name*(para1: PStmt, para2: int32): cstring{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_column_name".}
-proc column_table_name*(para1: PStmt; para2: int32): cstring{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_column_table_name".}
-proc column_name16*(para1: PStmt, para2: int32): pointer{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_column_name16".}
-proc column_decltype*(para1: PStmt, i: int32): cstring{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_column_decltype".}
-proc column_decltype16*(para1: PStmt, para2: int32): pointer{.cdecl,
-    mylib, importc: "sqlite3_column_decltype16".}
-proc step*(para1: PStmt): int32{.cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_step".}
-proc data_count*(PStmt: PStmt): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-                                       importc: "sqlite3_data_count".}
-proc column_blob*(para1: PStmt, iCol: int32): pointer{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_column_blob".}
-proc column_bytes*(para1: PStmt, iCol: int32): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_column_bytes".}
-proc column_bytes16*(para1: PStmt, iCol: int32): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_column_bytes16".}
-proc column_double*(para1: PStmt, iCol: int32): float64{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_column_double".}
-proc column_int*(para1: PStmt, iCol: int32): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_column_int".}
-proc column_int64*(para1: PStmt, iCol: int32): int64{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_column_int64".}
-proc column_text*(para1: PStmt, iCol: int32): cstring{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_column_text".}
-proc column_text16*(para1: PStmt, iCol: int32): pointer{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_column_text16".}
-proc column_type*(para1: PStmt, iCol: int32): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_column_type".}
-proc finalize*(PStmt: PStmt): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-                                     importc: "sqlite3_finalize".}
-proc reset*(PStmt: PStmt): int32{.cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_reset".}
-proc create_function*(para1: PSqlite3, zFunctionName: cstring, nArg: int32,
-                      eTextRep: int32, para5: pointer,
-                      xFunc: Create_function_func_func,
-                      xStep: Create_function_step_func,
-                      xFinal: Create_function_final_func): int32{.cdecl,
-    mylib, importc: "sqlite3_create_function".}
-proc create_function16*(para1: PSqlite3, zFunctionName: pointer, nArg: int32,
-                        eTextRep: int32, para5: pointer,
-                        xFunc: Create_function_func_func,
-                        xStep: Create_function_step_func,
-                        xFinal: Create_function_final_func): int32{.cdecl,
-    mylib, importc: "sqlite3_create_function16".}
-proc aggregate_count*(para1: Pcontext): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_aggregate_count".}
-proc value_blob*(para1: PValue): pointer{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_value_blob".}
-proc value_bytes*(para1: PValue): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_value_bytes".}
-proc value_bytes16*(para1: PValue): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_value_bytes16".}
-proc value_double*(para1: PValue): float64{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_value_double".}
-proc value_int*(para1: PValue): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-                                       importc: "sqlite3_value_int".}
-proc value_int64*(para1: PValue): int64{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_value_int64".}
-proc value_text*(para1: PValue): cstring{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_value_text".}
-proc value_text16*(para1: PValue): pointer{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_value_text16".}
-proc value_text16le*(para1: PValue): pointer{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_value_text16le".}
-proc value_text16be*(para1: PValue): pointer{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_value_text16be".}
-proc value_type*(para1: PValue): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-                                        importc: "sqlite3_value_type".}
-proc aggregate_context*(para1: Pcontext, nBytes: int32): pointer{.cdecl,
-    mylib, importc: "sqlite3_aggregate_context".}
-proc user_data*(para1: Pcontext): pointer{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_user_data".}
-proc get_auxdata*(para1: Pcontext, para2: int32): pointer{.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_get_auxdata".}
-proc set_auxdata*(para1: Pcontext, para2: int32, para3: pointer,
-                  para4: proc (para1: pointer){.cdecl.}){.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_set_auxdata".}
-proc result_blob*(para1: Pcontext, para2: pointer, para3: int32,
-                  para4: Result_func){.cdecl, mylib,
-                                        importc: "sqlite3_result_blob".}
-proc result_double*(para1: Pcontext, para2: float64){.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_result_double".}
-proc result_error*(para1: Pcontext, para2: cstring, para3: int32){.cdecl,
-    mylib, importc: "sqlite3_result_error".}
-proc result_error16*(para1: Pcontext, para2: pointer, para3: int32){.cdecl,
-    mylib, importc: "sqlite3_result_error16".}
-proc result_int*(para1: Pcontext, para2: int32){.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_result_int".}
-proc result_int64*(para1: Pcontext, para2: int64){.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_result_int64".}
-proc result_null*(para1: Pcontext){.cdecl, mylib,
-                                    importc: "sqlite3_result_null".}
-proc result_text*(para1: Pcontext, para2: cstring, para3: int32,
-                  para4: Result_func){.cdecl, mylib,
-                                        importc: "sqlite3_result_text".}
-proc result_text16*(para1: Pcontext, para2: pointer, para3: int32,
-                    para4: Result_func){.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_result_text16".}
-proc result_text16le*(para1: Pcontext, para2: pointer, para3: int32,
-                      para4: Result_func){.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_result_text16le".}
-proc result_text16be*(para1: Pcontext, para2: pointer, para3: int32,
-                      para4: Result_func){.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_result_text16be".}
-proc result_value*(para1: Pcontext, para2: PValue){.cdecl, mylib,
-    importc: "sqlite3_result_value".}
-proc create_collation*(para1: PSqlite3, zName: cstring, eTextRep: int32,
-                       para4: pointer, xCompare: Create_collation_func): int32{.
-    cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_create_collation".}
-proc create_collation16*(para1: PSqlite3, zName: cstring, eTextRep: int32,
-                         para4: pointer, xCompare: Create_collation_func): int32{.
-    cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_create_collation16".}
-proc collation_needed*(para1: PSqlite3, para2: pointer, para3: Collation_needed_func): int32{.
-    cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_collation_needed".}
-proc collation_needed16*(para1: PSqlite3, para2: pointer, para3: Collation_needed_func): int32{.
-    cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_collation_needed16".}
-proc libversion*(): cstring{.cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_libversion".}
-  #Alias for allowing better code portability (win32 is not working with external variables)
-proc version*(): cstring{.cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_libversion".}
-  # Not published functions
-proc libversion_number*(): int32{.cdecl, mylib,
-                                  importc: "sqlite3_libversion_number".}
-
-proc backup_init*(pDest: PSqlite3, zDestName: cstring, pSource: PSqlite3, zSourceName: cstring): PSqlite3_Backup {.
-    cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_backup_init".}
-
-proc backup_step*(pBackup: PSqlite3_Backup, nPage: int32): int32 {.cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_backup_step".}
-
-proc backup_finish*(pBackup: PSqlite3_Backup): int32 {.cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_backup_finish".}
-
-proc backup_pagecount*(pBackup: PSqlite3_Backup): int32 {.cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_backup_pagecount".}
-
-proc backup_remaining*(pBackup: PSqlite3_Backup): int32 {.cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_backup_remaining".}
-
-proc sqlite3_sleep*(t: int64): int64 {.cdecl, mylib, importc: "sqlite3_sleep".}
-
-  #function sqlite3_key(db:Psqlite3; pKey:pointer; nKey:longint):longint;cdecl; external Sqlite3Lib name 'sqlite3_key';
-  #function sqlite3_rekey(db:Psqlite3; pKey:pointer; nKey:longint):longint;cdecl; external Sqlite3Lib name 'sqlite3_rekey';
-  #function sqlite3_sleep(_para1:longint):longint;cdecl; external Sqlite3Lib name 'sqlite3_sleep';
-  #function sqlite3_expired(_para1:Psqlite3_stmt):longint;cdecl; external Sqlite3Lib name 'sqlite3_expired';
-  #function sqlite3_global_recover:longint;cdecl; external Sqlite3Lib name 'sqlite3_global_recover';
-# implementation
-
-when defined(nimHasStyleChecks):
-  {.pop.}
diff --git a/nim.nimble b/nim.nimble
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf195b0fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nim.nimble
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+include "lib/system/compilation.nim"
+version = $NimMajor & "." & $NimMinor & "." & $NimPatch
+author = "Andreas Rumpf"
+description = "Nim package providing the compiler binary"
+license = "MIT"
+
+bin = @["compiler/nim", "nimsuggest/nimsuggest"]
+skipFiles = @["azure-pipelines.yml" , "build_all.bat" , "build_all.sh" , "build_nimble.bat" , "build_nimble.sh" , "changelog.md" , "koch.nim.cfg" , "nimblemeta.json" , "readme.md" , "security.md" ]
+skipDirs = @["build" , "changelogs" , "ci" , "csources_v2" , "drnim" , "nimdoc", "testament"]
+
+before install:
+  when defined(windows):
+    if not "bin\nim.exe".fileExists:
+      exec "build_all.bat"
+  else:
+    if not "bin/nim".fileExists:
+      exec "./build_all.sh"
diff --git a/nimdoc/extlinks/project/doc/manual.md b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/doc/manual.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d44b5ca39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/doc/manual.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+===================
+Nothing User Manual
+===================
+
+.. importdoc:: ../main.nim, .. / sub / submodule.nim, ../../util.nim
+
+First section
+=============
+
+Second *section* &
+==================
+
+Ref. [`</a>`] or [submoduleInt] from [module nimdoc/extlinks/project/sub/submodule].
+
+Ref. [proc mainfunction*(): int].
+
+Ref. [utilfunction(x: int)].
diff --git a/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/_._/util.html b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/_._/util.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32dab9216
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/_._/util.html
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<!--  This file is generated by Nim. -->
+<html xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" data-theme="auto">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+<title>nimdoc/extlinks/util</title>
+
+<!-- Google fonts -->
+<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,600,900' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
+<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro:400,500,600' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
+
+<!-- Favicon -->
+<link rel="shortcut icon" href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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"/>
+<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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">
+
+<!-- CSS -->
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../nimdoc.out.css">
+
+<!-- JS -->
+<script type="text/javascript" src="../dochack.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <div class="document" id="documentId">
+    <div class="container">
+      <h1 class="title">nimdoc/extlinks/util</h1>
+      <div class="row">
+  <div class="three columns">
+    <div class="theme-select-wrapper">
+      <label for="theme-select">Theme:&nbsp;</label>
+      <select id="theme-select" onchange="setTheme(this.value)">
+        <option value="auto">🌗 Match OS</option>
+        <option value="dark">🌑 Dark</option>
+        <option value="light">🌕 Light</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    <div id="global-links">
+      <ul class="simple">
+        <li><a id="indexLink" href="../theindex.html">Index</a></li>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div id="searchInputDiv">
+      Search: <input type="search" id="searchInput" oninput="search()"/>
+    </div>
+    <div>
+      Group by:
+      <select onchange="groupBy(this.value)">
+        <option value="section">Section</option>
+        <option value="type">Type</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc" id="toc-list">
+  <li>
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#12" id="62">Procs</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+      <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">utilfunction
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#utilfunction%2Cint" title="utilfunction(x: int): int">utilfunction(x: int): int</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+    </ul>
+  </details>
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+  </div>
+  <div class="nine columns" id="content">
+    
+    <div id="tocRoot"></div>
+    
+    <p class="module-desc"></p>
+    <div class="section" id="12">
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#12">Procs</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <div id="utilfunction-procs-all">
+  <div id="utilfunction,int">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#utilfunction%2Cint"><span class="Identifier">utilfunction</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+  </dl>
+</div>
+
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+      <div class="twelve-columns footer">
+        <span class="nim-sprite"></span>
+        <br>
+        <small style="color: var(--hint);">Made with Nim. Generated: 1970-01-02 03:46:40 UTC</small>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/_._/util.idx b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/_._/util.idx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d83d8c97d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/_._/util.idx
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+nimTitle	util	_._/util.html	module nimdoc/extlinks/util		0
+nim	utilfunction	_._/util.html#utilfunction,int	proc utilfunction(x: int): int		1
diff --git a/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/doc/manual.html b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/doc/manual.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2946f803a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/doc/manual.html
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<!--  This file is generated by Nim. -->
+<html xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" data-theme="auto">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+<title>Nothing User Manual</title>
+
+<!-- Google fonts -->
+<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,600,900' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
+<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro:400,500,600' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
+
+<!-- Favicon -->
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+<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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">
+
+<!-- CSS -->
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../nimdoc.out.css">
+
+<!-- JS -->
+<script type="text/javascript" src="../dochack.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <div class="document" id="documentId">
+    <div class="container">
+      <h1 class="title">Nothing User Manual</h1>
+      
+<h1 id="first-section">First section</h1>
+<h1 id="second-section-amp">Second <em>section</em> &amp;</h1><p>Ref. <a class="reference external" href="../sub/submodule.html#&lt;/a&gt;,int,int">submodule: `&lt;/a&gt;`</a> or <a class="reference external" href="../sub/submodule.html#submoduleInt">submodule: submoduleInt</a> from <a class="reference external" href="../sub/submodule.html">module nimdoc/extlinks/project/sub/submodule</a>.</p>
+<p>Ref. <a class="reference external" href="../main.html#mainfunction">main: proc mainfunction*(): int</a>.</p>
+<p>Ref. <a class="reference external" href="../_._/util.html#utilfunction,int">util: utilfunction(x: int)</a>. </p>
+
+
+
+      <div class="twelve-columns footer">
+        <span class="nim-sprite"></span>
+        <br>
+        <small style="color: var(--hint);">Made with Nim. Generated: 1970-01-02 03:46:40 UTC</small>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/doc/manual.idx b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/doc/manual.idx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..158a758f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/doc/manual.idx
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+markupTitle	Nothing User Manual	doc/manual.html	Nothing User Manual		0
+heading	First section	doc/manual.html#first-section	 First section		0
+heading	Second section &	doc/manual.html#second-section-amp	 Second <em>section</em> &amp;		0
diff --git a/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/main.html b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/main.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e7c9c126
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/main.html
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<!--  This file is generated by Nim. -->
+<html xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" data-theme="auto">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+<title>nimdoc/extlinks/project/main</title>
+
+<!-- Google fonts -->
+<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,600,900' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
+<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro:400,500,600' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
+
+<!-- Favicon -->
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+
+<!-- CSS -->
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="nimdoc.out.css">
+
+<!-- JS -->
+<script type="text/javascript" src="dochack.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <div class="document" id="documentId">
+    <div class="container">
+      <h1 class="title">nimdoc/extlinks/project/main</h1>
+      <div class="row">
+  <div class="three columns">
+    <div class="theme-select-wrapper">
+      <label for="theme-select">Theme:&nbsp;</label>
+      <select id="theme-select" onchange="setTheme(this.value)">
+        <option value="auto">🌗 Match OS</option>
+        <option value="dark">🌑 Dark</option>
+        <option value="light">🌕 Light</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    <div id="global-links">
+      <ul class="simple">
+        <li><a id="indexLink" href="theindex.html">Index</a></li>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div id="searchInputDiv">
+      Search: <input type="search" id="searchInput" oninput="search()"/>
+    </div>
+    <div>
+      Group by:
+      <select onchange="groupBy(this.value)">
+        <option value="section">Section</option>
+        <option value="type">Type</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc" id="toc-list">
+  <li><a class="reference" id="my-heading_toc" href="#my-heading">my heading</a></li>
+<li>
+  <a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#6" id="56">Imports</a>
+</li>
+<li>
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#7" id="57">Types</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+      <li><a class="reference" href="#A" title="A = object">A</a></li>
+
+    </ul>
+  </details>
+</li>
+<li>
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#12" id="62">Procs</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+      <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">mainfunction
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#mainfunction" title="mainfunction(): int">mainfunction(): int</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+    </ul>
+  </details>
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+  </div>
+  <div class="nine columns" id="content">
+    
+    <div id="tocRoot"></div>
+    
+    <p class="module-desc">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" id="my-heading" href="#my-heading">my heading</a></h1><p>See also <a class="reference external" href="_._/util.html">module nimdoc/extlinks/util</a> or <a class="reference external" href="sub/submodule.html">nimdoc/extlinks/project/sub/submodule module</a>.</p>
+<p>Ref. <a class="reference external" href="sub/submodule.html#&lt;/a&gt;,int,int">submodule: `&lt;/a&gt;` proc</a>.</p>
+<p>Ref. <a class="reference external" href="doc/manual.html#first-section">Nothing User Manual: First section</a> or <a class="reference external" href="doc/manual.html#second-section-amp">Nothing User Manual: Second section &amp;</a> from <a class="reference external" href="doc/manual.html">Nothing User Manual</a>.</p>
+</p>
+    <div class="section" id="6">
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#6">Imports</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <a class="reference external" href="_._/util.html">../util</a>, <a class="reference external" href="sub/submodule.html">sub/submodule</a>
+  </dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="7">
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#7">Types</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <div id="A">
+  <dt><pre><a href="main.html#A"><span class="Identifier">A</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="Keyword">object</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+  </dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="12">
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#12">Procs</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <div id="mainfunction-procs-all">
+  <div id="mainfunction">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#mainfunction"><span class="Identifier">mainfunction</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+  </dl>
+</div>
+
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+      <div class="twelve-columns footer">
+        <span class="nim-sprite"></span>
+        <br>
+        <small style="color: var(--hint);">Made with Nim. Generated: 1970-01-02 03:46:40 UTC</small>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/main.idx b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/main.idx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d01f2e4c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/main.idx
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+nimTitle	main	main.html	module nimdoc/extlinks/project/main		0
+nim	A	main.html#A	object A		17
+nim	mainfunction	main.html#mainfunction	proc mainfunction(): int		20
+heading	my heading	main.html#my-heading	 my heading		0
diff --git a/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/sub/submodule.html b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/sub/submodule.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..408ce2060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/sub/submodule.html
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<!--  This file is generated by Nim. -->
+<html xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" data-theme="auto">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+<title>nimdoc/extlinks/project/sub/submodule</title>
+
+<!-- Google fonts -->
+<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,600,900' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
+<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro:400,500,600' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
+
+<!-- Favicon -->
+<link rel="shortcut icon" href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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"/>
+<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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">
+
+<!-- CSS -->
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../nimdoc.out.css">
+
+<!-- JS -->
+<script type="text/javascript" src="../dochack.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <div class="document" id="documentId">
+    <div class="container">
+      <h1 class="title">nimdoc/extlinks/project/sub/submodule</h1>
+      <div class="row">
+  <div class="three columns">
+    <div class="theme-select-wrapper">
+      <label for="theme-select">Theme:&nbsp;</label>
+      <select id="theme-select" onchange="setTheme(this.value)">
+        <option value="auto">🌗 Match OS</option>
+        <option value="dark">🌑 Dark</option>
+        <option value="light">🌕 Light</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    <div id="global-links">
+      <ul class="simple">
+        <li><a id="indexLink" href="../theindex.html">Index</a></li>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div id="searchInputDiv">
+      Search: <input type="search" id="searchInput" oninput="search()"/>
+    </div>
+    <div>
+      Group by:
+      <select onchange="groupBy(this.value)">
+        <option value="section">Section</option>
+        <option value="type">Type</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc" id="toc-list">
+  <li>
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#7" id="57">Types</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+      <li><a class="reference" href="#submoduleInt" title="submoduleInt = distinct int">submoduleInt</a></li>
+
+    </ul>
+  </details>
+</li>
+<li>
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#12" id="62">Procs</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+      <ul class="simple nested-toc-section"></a>
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#%3C%2Fa%3E%2Cint%2Cint" title="`&lt;/a&gt;`(x, y: int): bool">`&lt;/a&gt;`(x, y: int): bool</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+    </ul>
+  </details>
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+  </div>
+  <div class="nine columns" id="content">
+    
+    <div id="tocRoot"></div>
+    
+    <p class="module-desc"><p>Ref. <a class="reference external" href="../main.html#A">main: object A</a> from <a class="reference external" href="../main.html">module nimdoc/extlinks/project/main</a>.</p>
+<p>Ref. <a class="reference external" href="../_._/util.html#utilfunction,int">util: utilfunction(x: int)</a>.</p>
+<p>Ref. <a class="reference external" href="../doc/manual.html#second-section-amp">Nothing User Manual: Second section &amp;</a> from <a class="reference external" href="../doc/manual.html">Nothing User Manual</a>.</p>
+</p>
+    <div class="section" id="7">
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#7">Types</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <div id="submoduleInt">
+  <dt><pre><a href="submodule.html#submoduleInt"><span class="Identifier">submoduleInt</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="Keyword">distinct</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+  </dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="12">
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#12">Procs</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <div id="&lt;/a&gt;-procs-all">
+  <div id="</a>,int,int">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#%3C%2Fa%3E%2Cint%2Cint"><span class="Identifier">`&lt;/a&gt;`</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">y</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">bool</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    Attempt to break HTML formatting.
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+  </dl>
+</div>
+
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+      <div class="twelve-columns footer">
+        <span class="nim-sprite"></span>
+        <br>
+        <small style="color: var(--hint);">Made with Nim. Generated: 1970-01-02 03:46:40 UTC</small>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/sub/submodule.idx b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/sub/submodule.idx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b02c889e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/sub/submodule.idx
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+nimTitle	submodule	sub/submodule.html	module nimdoc/extlinks/project/sub/submodule		0
+nim	`</a>`	sub/submodule.html#</a>,int,int	proc `</a>`(x, y: int): bool		9
+nim	submoduleInt	sub/submodule.html#submoduleInt	type submoduleInt		13
diff --git a/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/theindex.html b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/theindex.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf250edd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/expected/theindex.html
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<!--  This file is generated by Nim. -->
+<html xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" data-theme="auto">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+<title>Index</title>
+
+<!-- Google fonts -->
+<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,600,900' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
+<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro:400,500,600' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
+
+<!-- Favicon -->
+<link rel="shortcut icon" href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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"/>
+<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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">
+
+<!-- CSS -->
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="nimdoc.out.css">
+
+<!-- JS -->
+<script type="text/javascript" src="dochack.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <div class="document" id="documentId">
+    <div class="container">
+      <h1 class="title">Index</h1>
+      Documents: <a href="doc/manual.html">Nothing User Manual</a>.<br/><p />Modules: <a href="_._/util.html">../util</a>, <a href="main.html">main</a>, <a href="sub/submodule.html">sub/submodule</a>.<br/><p /><h2>API symbols</h2>
+<dl><dt><a name="%60%26lt%3B/a%26gt%3B%60" href="#%60%26lt%3B/a%26gt%3B%60"><span>`&lt;/a&gt;`:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="submodule: proc `&lt;/a&gt;`(x, y: int): bool" href="sub/submodule.html#%3C/a%3E%2Cint%2Cint">submodule: proc `&lt;/a&gt;`(x, y: int): bool</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="A" href="#A"><span>A:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="main: object A" href="main.html#A">main: object A</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="mainfunction" href="#mainfunction"><span>mainfunction:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="main: proc mainfunction(): int" href="main.html#mainfunction">main: proc mainfunction(): int</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="submoduleInt" href="#submoduleInt"><span>submoduleInt:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="submodule: type submoduleInt" href="sub/submodule.html#submoduleInt">submodule: type submoduleInt</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="utilfunction" href="#utilfunction"><span>utilfunction:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="util: proc utilfunction(x: int): int" href="_._/util.html#utilfunction%2Cint">util: proc utilfunction(x: int): int</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+</dl>
+      <div class="twelve-columns footer">
+        <span class="nim-sprite"></span>
+        <br>
+        <small style="color: var(--hint);">Made with Nim. Generated: 1970-01-02 03:46:40 UTC</small>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/nimdoc/extlinks/project/main.nim b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/main.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36b778af6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/main.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+## my heading
+## ==========
+##
+## .. importdoc:: sub/submodule.nim, ../util.nim, doc/manual.md
+##
+## .. See also [Second&&&] and particularly [first section] and [Second section &].
+## 
+## See also [module nimdoc/extlinks/util] or [nimdoc/extlinks/project/sub/submodule module].
+##
+## Ref. [`</a>` proc].
+##
+## Ref. [First section] or [Second section &] from [Nothing User Manual].
+
+
+import ../util, sub/submodule
+
+type A* = object
+  x: int
+
+proc mainfunction*(): int =
+  # just to suppress "not used" warnings:
+  if `</a>`(1, 2):
+    result = utilfunction(0)
diff --git a/nimdoc/extlinks/project/sub/submodule.nim b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/sub/submodule.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..876e00684
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimdoc/extlinks/project/sub/submodule.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+## .. importdoc:: ../../util.nim, ../main.nim, ../doc/manual.md
+##
+## Ref. [object A] from [module nimdoc/extlinks/project/main].
+##
+## Ref. [utilfunction(x: int)].
+##
+## Ref. [Second section &] from [Nothing User Manual].
+
+proc `</a>`*(x, y: int): bool =
+  ## Attempt to break HTML formatting.
+  result = x < y
+
+type submoduleInt* = distinct int
diff --git a/nimdoc/extlinks/util.nim b/nimdoc/extlinks/util.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f208f98c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimdoc/extlinks/util.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+proc utilfunction*(x: int): int =
+  x + 42
diff --git a/nimdoc/rst2html/expected/rst_examples.html b/nimdoc/rst2html/expected/rst_examples.html
index 23d192009..a26704133 100644
--- a/nimdoc/rst2html/expected/rst_examples.html
+++ b/nimdoc/rst2html/expected/rst_examples.html
@@ -1,99 +1,57 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
-  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
 <!--  This file is generated by Nim. -->
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<html xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" data-theme="auto">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-
-<!-- Favicon -->
-<link rel="shortcut icon" href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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"/>
-<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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">
+<title>Not a Nim Manual</title>
 
 <!-- Google fonts -->
 <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,600,900' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
 <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro:400,500,600' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
 
+<!-- Favicon -->
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+
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 <body>
-<div class="document" id="documentId">
-  <div class="container">
-    <h1 class="title">Not a Nim Manual</h1>
-    <div class="row">
+  <div class="document" id="documentId">
+    <div class="container">
+      <h1 class="title">Not a Nim Manual</h1>
+      <div class="row">
   <div class="three columns">
-  <div class="theme-switch-wrapper">
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-      <input type="checkbox" id="checkbox" />
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-    Search: <input type="text" id="searchInput"
-      onkeyup="search()" />
-  </div>
-  <div>
-    Group by:
-    <select onchange="groupBy(this.value)">
-      <option value="section">Section</option>
-      <option value="type">Type</option>
-    </select>
-  </div>
-  <ul class="simple simple-toc" id="toc-list">
-<li><a class="reference" id="about-this-document_toc" href="#about-this-document">About this document</a></li>
+    <div class="theme-select-wrapper">
+      <label for="theme-select">Theme:&nbsp;</label>
+      <select id="theme-select" onchange="setTheme(this.value)">
+        <option value="auto">🌗 Match OS</option>
+        <option value="dark">🌑 Dark</option>
+        <option value="light">🌕 Light</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    <div id="global-links">
+      <ul class="simple">
+        <li><a id="indexLink" href="theindex.html">Index</a></li>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div id="searchInputDiv">
+      Search: <input type="search" id="searchInput" oninput="search()"/>
+    </div>
+    <div>
+      Group by:
+      <select onchange="groupBy(this.value)">
+        <option value="section">Section</option>
+        <option value="type">Type</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc" id="toc-list">
+  <li><a class="reference" id="about-this-document_toc" href="#about-this-document">About this document</a></li>
 <ul class="simple"><li><a class="reference" id="about-this-document-encoding_toc" href="#about-this-document-encoding">Encoding</a></li>
 <li><a class="reference" id="about-this-document-indentation_toc" href="#about-this-document-indentation">Indentation</a></li>
 <li><a class="reference" id="about-this-document-operators_toc" href="#about-this-document-operators">Operators</a></li>
@@ -115,12 +73,12 @@ window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', main);
 </ul>
 
   </div>
-  
   <div class="nine columns" id="content">
-  <div id="tocRoot"></div>
-  
-  <p class="module-desc"><table class="docinfo" frame="void" rules="none"><col class="docinfo-name" /><col class="docinfo-content" /><tbody valign="top"><tr><th class="docinfo-name">Authors:</th><td> Andreas Rumpf, Zahary Karadjov</td></tr>
-<tr><th class="docinfo-name">Version:</th><td> |nimversion|</td></tr>
+    
+    <div id="tocRoot"></div>
+    
+    <p class="module-desc"><table class="docinfo" frame="void" rules="none"><col class="docinfo-name" /><col class="docinfo-content" /><tbody valign="top"><tr><th class="docinfo-name">Authors:</th><td>Andreas Rumpf, Zahary Karadjov</td></tr>
+<tr><th class="docinfo-name">Version:</th><td>|nimversion|</td></tr>
 </tbody></table><blockquote><p>&quot;Complexity&quot; seems to be a lot like &quot;energy&quot;: you can transfer it from the end-user to one/some of the other players, but the total amount seems to remain pretty much constant for a given task. -- Ran</p></blockquote>
 
 <h1><a class="toc-backref" id="about-this-document" href="#about-this-document">About this document</a></h1><p><strong>Note</strong>: This document is a draft! Several of Nim's features may need more precise wording. This manual is constantly evolving into a proper specification.</p>
@@ -128,8 +86,7 @@ window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', main);
 <p><strong>Note</strong>: Assignments, moves, and destruction are specified in the <a class="reference external" href="destructors.html">destructors</a> document.</p>
 <p>The language constructs are explained using an extended BNF, in which <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(a)*</span></tt> means 0 or more <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span></tt>'s, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a+</span></tt> means 1 or more <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span></tt>'s, and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(a)?</span></tt> means an optional <em>a</em>. Parentheses may be used to group elements.</p>
 <p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&amp;</span></tt> is the lookahead operator; <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&amp;a</span></tt> means that an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span></tt> is expected but not consumed. It will be consumed in the following rule.</p>
-<p>Non-terminals start with a lowercase letter, abstract terminal symbols are in UPPERCASE. Verbatim terminal symbols (including keywords) are quoted with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'</span></tt>. An example:<pre>
-ifStmt = 'if' expr ':' stmts ('elif' expr ':' stmts)* ('else' stmts)?</pre>
+<p>Non-terminals start with a lowercase letter, abstract terminal symbols are in UPPERCASE. Verbatim terminal symbols (including keywords) are quoted with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'</span></tt>. An example:<pre>ifStmt = 'if' expr ':' stmts ('elif' expr ':' stmts)* ('else' stmts)?</pre>
 </p>
 <p>In a typical Nim program, most of the code is compiled into the executable. However, some of the code may be executed at <span id="compileminustime_1">compile-time</span>. This can include constant expressions, macro definitions, and Nim procedures used by macro definitions. Most of the Nim language is supported at compile-time, but there are some restrictions -- see <a class="reference external" href="#restrictions-on-compileminustime-execution">Restrictions on Compile-Time Execution</a> for details. We use the term <span id="runtime_1">runtime</span> to cover both compile-time execution and code execution in the executable.</p>
 <pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">var</span> <span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">array</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="FloatNumber">0.</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">char</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span>
@@ -141,8 +98,7 @@ ifStmt = 'if' expr ':' stmts ('elif' expr ':' stmts)* ('else' stmts)?</pre>
 <h2><a class="toc-backref" id="about-this-document-encoding" href="#about-this-document-encoding">Encoding</a></h2><p>All Nim source files are in the UTF-8 encoding (or its ASCII subset). Other encodings are not supported. Any of the standard platform line termination sequences can be used - the Unix form using ASCII LF (linefeed), the Windows form using the ASCII sequence CR LF (return followed by linefeed), or the old Macintosh form using the ASCII CR (return) character. All of these forms can be used equally, regardless of the platform.</p>
 
 <h2><a class="toc-backref" id="about-this-document-indentation" href="#about-this-document-indentation">Indentation</a></h2><p>Nim's standard grammar describes an <span id="indentation-sensitive_1">indentation sensitive</span> language. This means that all the control structures are recognized by indentation. Indentation consists only of spaces; tabulators are not allowed.</p>
-<p>With this notation we can now easily define the core of the grammar: A block of statements (simplified example):<pre>
-ifStmt = 'if' expr ':' stmt
+<p>With this notation we can now easily define the core of the grammar: A block of statements (simplified example):<pre>ifStmt = 'if' expr ':' stmt
          (IND{=} 'elif' expr ':' stmt)*
          (IND{=} 'else' ':' stmt)?
 
@@ -169,18 +125,15 @@ stmt = IND{&gt;} stmt ^+ IND{=} DED  # list of statements
 <tr><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\x</span></tt> HH</td><td><span id="character-with-hex-value-hh_1">character with hex value HH</span>; exactly two hex digits are allowed</td></tr>
 <tr><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\u</span></tt> HHHH</td><td><span id="unicode-codepoint-with-hex-value-hhhh_1">unicode codepoint with hex value HHHH</span>; exactly four hex digits are allowed</td></tr>
 <tr><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\u</span></tt> {H+}</td><td><span id="unicode-codepoint_1">unicode codepoint</span>; all hex digits enclosed in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{}</span></tt> are used for the codepoint</td></tr>
-</table><pre class="listing"><span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;long string within quotes&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;</span></pre><p>Produces:<pre>
-&quot;long string within quotes&quot;</pre>
+</table><pre class="listing"><span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;long string within quotes&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;</span></pre><p>Produces:<pre>&quot;long string within quotes&quot;</pre>
 </p>
 
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" id="about-this-document-operators" href="#about-this-document-operators">Operators</a></h2><p>Nim allows user defined operators. An operator is any combination of the following characters:<pre>
-=     +     -     *     /     &lt;     &gt;
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" id="about-this-document-operators" href="#about-this-document-operators">Operators</a></h2><p>Nim allows user defined operators. An operator is any combination of the following characters:<pre>=     +     -     *     /     &lt;     &gt;
 @     $     ~     &amp;     %     |
 !     ?     ^     .     :     \</pre>
 </p>
 <p>(The grammar uses the terminal OPR to refer to operator symbols as defined here.)</p>
-<p>The following strings denote other tokens:<pre>
-`   (    )     {    }     [    ]    ,  ;   [.    .]  {.   .}  (.  .)  [:</pre>
+<p>The following strings denote other tokens:<pre>`   (    )     {    }     [    ]    ,  ;   [.    .]  {.   .}  (.  .)  [:</pre>
 </p>
 <p>Otherwise, precedence is determined by the first character.</p>
 <table border="1" class="docutils"><tr><th>Precedence level</th><th>Operators</th><th>First character</th><th>Terminal symbol</th></tr>
@@ -213,7 +166,7 @@ stmt = IND{&gt;} stmt ^+ IND{=} DED  # list of statements
 </dl>
 <p>Let <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">T</span></tt>'s be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">p</span></tt>'s return type. NRVO applies for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">T</span></tt> if <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sizeof(T) &gt;= N</span></tt> (where <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">N</span></tt> is implementation dependent), in other words, it applies for &quot;big&quot; structures.</p>
 <p>Apart from built-in operations like array indexing, memory allocation, etc. the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">raise</span></tt> statement is the only way to raise an exception.</p>
-<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">typedesc</span></tt> used as a parameter type also introduces an implicit generic. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">typedesc</span></tt> has its own set of rules:</p>
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><span class="Identifier">typedesc</span></span></tt> used as a parameter type also introduces an implicit generic. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><span class="Identifier">typedesc</span></span></tt> has its own set of rules:</p>
 <p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">!=</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&gt;</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&gt;=</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">in</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">notin</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isnot</span></tt> operators are in fact templates:</p>
 <p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a &gt; b</span></tt> is transformed into <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">b &lt; a</span></tt>.<br/><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a in b</span></tt> is transformed into <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">contains(b, a)</span></tt>.<br/><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">notin</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isnot</span></tt> have the obvious meanings.<br/></p><p>A template where every parameter is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">untyped</span></tt> is called an <span id="immediate_1">immediate</span> template. For historical reasons templates can be explicitly annotated with an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">immediate</span></tt> pragma and then these templates do not take part in overloading resolution and the parameters' types are <em>ignored</em> by the compiler. Explicit immediate templates are now deprecated.</p>
 
@@ -297,27 +250,25 @@ stmt = IND{&gt;} stmt ^+ IND{=} DED  # list of statements
 <h1><a class="toc-backref" id="introduction" href="#introduction">Introduction</a></h1><blockquote><p>
 "Der Mensch ist doch ein Augentier -- sch&ouml;ne Dinge w&uuml;nsch ich mir."
 </p></blockquote><p>This document is a tutorial for the programming language <em>Nim</em>. This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with basic programming concepts like variables, types, or statements but is kept very basic. The <a class="reference external" href="manual.html">manual</a> contains many more examples of the advanced language features. All code examples in this tutorial, as well as the ones found in the rest of Nim's documentation, follow the <a class="reference external" href="nep1.html">Nim style guide</a>.</p>
-<p>However, this does not work. The problem is that the procedure should not only <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">return</span></tt>, but return and <strong>continue</strong> after an iteration has finished. This <em>return and continue</em> is called a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">yield</span></tt> statement. Now the only thing left to do is to replace the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">proc</span></tt> keyword by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">iterator</span></tt> and here it is - our first iterator:</p>
+<p>However, this does not work. The problem is that the procedure should not only <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">return</span></tt>, but return and <strong>continue</strong> after an iteration has finished. This <em>return and continue</em> is called a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><span class="Keyword">yield</span></span></tt> statement. Now the only thing left to do is to replace the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">proc</span></tt> keyword by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">iterator</span></tt> and here it is - our first iterator:</p>
 <table border="1" class="docutils"><tr><th>A1 header</th><th>A2 | not fooled</th></tr>
 <tr><td>C1</td><td>C2 <strong>bold</strong></td></tr>
-<tr><td>D1 <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">code |</span></tt></td><td>D2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>D1 <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><span class="Identifier">code</span> <span class="Operator">\|</span></span></tt></td><td>D2</td></tr>
 <tr><td>E1 | text</td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td>F2 without pipe</td></tr>
 </table><p>not in table </p>
 </p>
-  
+    
   </div>
 </div>
 
-    <div class="row">
       <div class="twelve-columns footer">
         <span class="nim-sprite"></span>
-        <br/>
+        <br>
         <small style="color: var(--hint);">Made with Nim. Generated: 1970-01-02 03:46:40 UTC</small>
       </div>
     </div>
   </div>
-</div>
-
+  
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/nimdoc/rst2html/source/rst_examples.rst b/nimdoc/rst2html/source/rst_examples.rst
index 54f0124c8..7fa20de6c 100644
--- a/nimdoc/rst2html/source/rst_examples.rst
+++ b/nimdoc/rst2html/source/rst_examples.rst
@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ Not a Nim Manual
 :Authors: Andreas Rumpf, Zahary Karadjov
 :Version: |nimversion|
 
+.. role:: nim(code)
+   :language: nim
+.. default-role:: nim
+
 .. contents::
 
 
diff --git a/nimdoc/rsttester.nim b/nimdoc/rsttester.nim
index 6d41ffb86..be2b56c67 100644
--- a/nimdoc/rsttester.nim
+++ b/nimdoc/rsttester.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
+# To run this, cd to the git repo root, and run "nim r nimdoc/rsttester.nim".
+# to change expected results (after carefully verifying everything), use -d:nimTestsNimdocFixup
+
 import os, strutils
+from std/private/gitutils import diffFiles
 
 const
   baseDir = "nimdoc/rst2html"
 
+const fixup = defined(nimTestsNimdocFixup)
+
 var failures = 0
 
 proc exec(cmd: string) =
@@ -18,17 +24,19 @@ proc testRst2Html(fixup = false) =
     let sourceFile = expectedHtml.replace('\\', '/').replace("/expected/", "/source/").replace(".html", ".rst")
     exec("$1 rst2html $2" % [nimExe, sourceFile])
     let producedHtml = expectedHtml.replace('\\', '/').replace("/expected/", "/source/htmldocs/")
-    if readFile(expectedHtml) != readFile(producedHtml):
-      discard execShellCmd("diff -uNdr " & expectedHtml & " " & producedHtml)
+    let versionCacheParam = "?v=" & $NimMajor & "." & $NimMinor & "." & $NimPatch
+    let producedFile = readFile(producedHtml).replace(versionCacheParam,"") #remove version cache param used for cache invalidation
+    if readFile(expectedHtml) != producedFile:
+      echo diffFiles(expectedHtml, producedHtml).output
       inc failures
       if fixup:
-        copyFile(producedHtml, expectedHtml)
+        writeFile(expectedHtml, producedFile)
     else:
       echo "SUCCESS: files identical: ", producedHtml
     if failures == 0:
       removeDir(baseDir / "source/htmldocs")
 
-testRst2Html(defined(fixup))
+testRst2Html(fixup)
 
 # Check for failures
 if failures > 0: quit($failures & " failures occurred.")
diff --git a/nimdoc/test_doctype/expected/test_doctype.html b/nimdoc/test_doctype/expected/test_doctype.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2cbf6ec0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimdoc/test_doctype/expected/test_doctype.html
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<!--  This file is generated by Nim. -->
+<html xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" data-theme="auto">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+<title>nimdoc/test_doctype/test_doctype</title>
+
+<!-- Google fonts -->
+<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,600,900' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
+<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro:400,500,600' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
+
+<!-- Favicon -->
+<link rel="shortcut icon" href="data:image/x-icon;base64,AAABAAEAEBAAAAEAIABoBAAAFgAAACgAAAAQAAAAIAAAAAEAIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AAAAAAUAAAAF////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AAAAAAIAAABbAAAAlQAAAKIAAACbAAAAmwAAAKIAAACVAAAAWwAAAAL///8A////AP///wD///8A////AAAAABQAAADAAAAAYwAAAA3///8A////AP///wD///8AAAAADQAAAGMAAADAAAAAFP///wD///8A////AP///wAAAACdAAAAOv///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8AAAAAOgAAAJ3///8A////AP///wAAAAAnAAAAcP///wAAAAAoAAAASv///wD///8A////AP///wAAAABKAAAAKP///wAAAABwAAAAJ////wD///8AAAAAgQAAABwAAACIAAAAkAAAAJMAAACtAAAAFQAAABUAAACtAAAAkwAAAJAAAACIAAAAHAAAAIH///8A////AAAAAKQAAACrAAAAaP///wD///8AAAAARQAAANIAAADSAAAARf///wD///8AAAAAaAAAAKsAAACk////AAAAADMAAACcAAAAnQAAABj///8A////AP///wAAAAAYAAAAGP///wD///8A////AAAAABgAAACdAAAAnAAAADMAAAB1AAAAwwAAAP8AAADpAAAAsQAAAE4AAAAb////AP///wAAAAAbAAAATgAAALEAAADpAAAA/wAAAMMAAAB1AAAAtwAAAOkAAAD/AAAA/wAAAP8AAADvAAAA3gAAAN4AAADeAAAA3gAAAO8AAAD/AAAA/wAAAP8AAADpAAAAtwAAAGUAAAA/AAAA3wAAAP8AAAD/AAAA/wAAAP8AAAD/AAAA/wAAAP8AAAD/AAAA/wAAAP8AAADfAAAAPwAAAGX///8A////AAAAAEgAAADtAAAAvwAAAL0AAADGAAAA7wAAAO8AAADGAAAAvQAAAL8AAADtAAAASP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8AAAAAO////wD///8A////AAAAAIcAAACH////AP///wD///8AAAAAO////wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A////AP///wD///8A//8AAP//AAD4HwAA7/cAAN/7AAD//wAAoYUAAJ55AACf+QAAh+EAAAAAAADAAwAA4AcAAP5/AAD//wAA//8AAA=="/>
+<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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">
+
+<!-- CSS -->
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="nimdoc.out.css">
+
+<!-- JS -->
+<script type="text/javascript" src="dochack.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <div class="document" id="documentId">
+    <div class="container">
+      <h1 class="title">nimdoc/test_doctype/test_doctype</h1>
+      <div class="row">
+  <div class="three columns">
+    <div class="theme-select-wrapper">
+      <label for="theme-select">Theme:&nbsp;</label>
+      <select id="theme-select" onchange="setTheme(this.value)">
+        <option value="auto">🌗 Match OS</option>
+        <option value="dark">🌑 Dark</option>
+        <option value="light">🌕 Light</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    <div id="global-links">
+      <ul class="simple">
+        <li><a id="indexLink" href="theindex.html">Index</a></li>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div id="searchInputDiv">
+      Search: <input type="search" id="searchInput" oninput="search()"/>
+    </div>
+    <div>
+      Group by:
+      <select onchange="groupBy(this.value)">
+        <option value="section">Section</option>
+        <option value="type">Type</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc" id="toc-list">
+  <li><a class="reference" id="check_toc" href="#check">Check</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" id="text_toc" href="#text">text</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+  </div>
+  <div class="nine columns" id="content">
+    
+    <div id="tocRoot"></div>
+    
+    <p class="module-desc"><p>Check</p>
+<p><pre class="listing"><span class="Identifier">text</span></pre></p>
+
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" id="check" href="#check">Check</a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" id="text" href="#text">text</a></h1></p>
+    
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+      <div class="twelve-columns footer">
+        <span class="nim-sprite"></span>
+        <br>
+        <small style="color: var(--hint);">Made with Nim. Generated: 1970-01-02 03:46:40 UTC</small>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/nimdoc/test_doctype/test_doctype.nim b/nimdoc/test_doctype/test_doctype.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..28d35fc1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimdoc/test_doctype/test_doctype.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# Markdown (default) interpretes this as text + a Markdown code block:
+
+## Check
+## ~~~~~
+## text
+## ~~~~~
+
+{.doctype: RST.}
+
+# Now RST interpretes this as 2 headings:
+
+## Check
+## ~~~~~
+## text
+## ~~~~~
diff --git a/nimdoc/test_out_index_dot_html/expected/foo.idx b/nimdoc/test_out_index_dot_html/expected/foo.idx
index a8dabb67e..ac76aa532 100644
--- a/nimdoc/test_out_index_dot_html/expected/foo.idx
+++ b/nimdoc/test_out_index_dot_html/expected/foo.idx
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
-foo	index.html#foo	foo: foo()	
+nimTitle	foo	index.html	module nimdoc/test_out_index_dot_html/foo		0
+nim	foo	index.html#foo	proc foo()		1
diff --git a/nimdoc/test_out_index_dot_html/expected/index.html b/nimdoc/test_out_index_dot_html/expected/index.html
index db7470050..4370f0df8 100644
--- a/nimdoc/test_out_index_dot_html/expected/index.html
+++ b/nimdoc/test_out_index_dot_html/expected/index.html
@@ -1,143 +1,105 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
-  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
 <!--  This file is generated by Nim. -->
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<html xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" data-theme="auto">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-
-<!-- Favicon -->
-<link rel="shortcut icon" href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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"/>
-<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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">
+<title>nimdoc/test_out_index_dot_html/foo</title>
 
 <!-- Google fonts -->
 <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,600,900' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
 <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro:400,500,600' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
 
+<!-- Favicon -->
+<link rel="shortcut icon" href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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"/>
+<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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">
+
 <!-- CSS -->
-<title>nimdoc/test_out_index_dot_html/foo</title>
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="nimdoc.out.css">
 
+<!-- JS -->
 <script type="text/javascript" src="dochack.js"></script>
-
-<script type="text/javascript">
-function main() {
-  var pragmaDots = document.getElementsByClassName("pragmadots");
-  for (var i = 0; i < pragmaDots.length; i++) {
-    pragmaDots[i].onclick = function(event) {
-      // Hide tease
-      event.target.parentNode.style.display = "none";
-      // Show actual
-      event.target.parentNode.nextElementSibling.style.display = "inline";
-    }
-  }
-
-  const toggleSwitch = document.querySelector('.theme-switch input[type="checkbox"]');
-  function switchTheme(e) {
-      if (e.target.checked) {
-          document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', 'dark');
-          localStorage.setItem('theme', 'dark');
-      } else {
-          document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', 'light');
-          localStorage.setItem('theme', 'light');
-      }
-  }
-
-  toggleSwitch.addEventListener('change', switchTheme, false);
-
-  const currentTheme = localStorage.getItem('theme') ? localStorage.getItem('theme') : null;
-  if (currentTheme) {
-    document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', currentTheme);
-
-    if (currentTheme === 'dark') {
-      toggleSwitch.checked = true;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', main);
-</script>
-
 </head>
 <body>
-<div class="document" id="documentId">
-  <div class="container">
-    <h1 class="title">nimdoc/test_out_index_dot_html/foo</h1>
-    <div class="row">
+  <div class="document" id="documentId">
+    <div class="container">
+      <h1 class="title">nimdoc/test_out_index_dot_html/foo</h1>
+      <div class="row">
   <div class="three columns">
-  <div class="theme-switch-wrapper">
-    <label class="theme-switch" for="checkbox">
-      <input type="checkbox" id="checkbox" />
-      <div class="slider round"></div>
-    </label>
-    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>Dark Mode</em>
-  </div>
-  <div id="global-links">
-    <ul class="simple">
-    <li>
-      <a href="theindex.html">Index</a>
-    </li>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
-  <div id="searchInputDiv">
-    Search: <input type="text" id="searchInput"
-      onkeyup="search()" />
-  </div>
-  <div>
-    Group by:
-    <select onchange="groupBy(this.value)">
-      <option value="section">Section</option>
-      <option value="type">Type</option>
-    </select>
-  </div>
-  <ul class="simple simple-toc" id="toc-list">
-<li>
-  <a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#12" id="62">Procs</a>
-  <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+    <div class="theme-select-wrapper">
+      <label for="theme-select">Theme:&nbsp;</label>
+      <select id="theme-select" onchange="setTheme(this.value)">
+        <option value="auto">🌗 Match OS</option>
+        <option value="dark">🌑 Dark</option>
+        <option value="light">🌕 Light</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    <div id="global-links">
+      <ul class="simple">
+        <li><a id="indexLink" href="theindex.html">Index</a></li>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div id="searchInputDiv">
+      Search: <input type="search" id="searchInput" oninput="search()"/>
+    </div>
+    <div>
+      Group by:
+      <select onchange="groupBy(this.value)">
+        <option value="section">Section</option>
+        <option value="type">Type</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc" id="toc-list">
+  <li>
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#12" id="62">Procs</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
       <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">foo
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#foo"
-    title="foo()">foo()</a></li>
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#foo" title="foo()">foo()</a></li>
 
-  </ul>
+</ul>
 
-  </ul>
+    </ul>
+  </details>
 </li>
 
 </ul>
 
   </div>
-  
   <div class="nine columns" id="content">
-  <div id="tocRoot"></div>
-  
-  <p class="module-desc"></p>
-  <div class="section" id="12">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#12">Procs</a></h1>
-<dl class="item">
-<a id="foo"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#foo"><span class="Identifier">foo</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
-I do foo
+    
+    <div id="tocRoot"></div>
+    
+    <p class="module-desc"></p>
+    <div class="section" id="12">
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#12">Procs</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <div id="foo-procs-all">
+  <div id="foo">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#foo"><span class="Identifier">foo</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    I do foo
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
+</div>
 
-</dl></div>
+  </dl>
+</div>
 
   </div>
 </div>
 
-    <div class="row">
       <div class="twelve-columns footer">
         <span class="nim-sprite"></span>
-        <br/>
+        <br>
         <small style="color: var(--hint);">Made with Nim. Generated: 1970-01-02 03:46:40 UTC</small>
       </div>
     </div>
   </div>
-</div>
-
+  
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/nimdoc/test_out_index_dot_html/expected/theindex.html b/nimdoc/test_out_index_dot_html/expected/theindex.html
index aa9ca2645..ca7c2d7af 100644
--- a/nimdoc/test_out_index_dot_html/expected/theindex.html
+++ b/nimdoc/test_out_index_dot_html/expected/theindex.html
@@ -1,85 +1,43 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
-  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
 <!--  This file is generated by Nim. -->
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<html xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" data-theme="auto">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-
-<!-- Favicon -->
-<link rel="shortcut icon" href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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"/>
-<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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">
+<title>Index</title>
 
 <!-- Google fonts -->
 <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,600,900' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
 <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro:400,500,600' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
 
+<!-- Favicon -->
+<link rel="shortcut icon" href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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"/>
+<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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">
+
 <!-- CSS -->
-<title>Index</title>
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="nimdoc.out.css">
 
+<!-- JS -->
 <script type="text/javascript" src="dochack.js"></script>
-
-<script type="text/javascript">
-function main() {
-  var pragmaDots = document.getElementsByClassName("pragmadots");
-  for (var i = 0; i < pragmaDots.length; i++) {
-    pragmaDots[i].onclick = function(event) {
-      // Hide tease
-      event.target.parentNode.style.display = "none";
-      // Show actual
-      event.target.parentNode.nextElementSibling.style.display = "inline";
-    }
-  }
-
-  const toggleSwitch = document.querySelector('.theme-switch input[type="checkbox"]');
-  function switchTheme(e) {
-      if (e.target.checked) {
-          document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', 'dark');
-          localStorage.setItem('theme', 'dark');
-      } else {
-          document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', 'light');
-          localStorage.setItem('theme', 'light');
-      }
-  }
-
-  toggleSwitch.addEventListener('change', switchTheme, false);
-
-  const currentTheme = localStorage.getItem('theme') ? localStorage.getItem('theme') : null;
-  if (currentTheme) {
-    document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', currentTheme);
-
-    if (currentTheme === 'dark') {
-      toggleSwitch.checked = true;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', main);
-</script>
-
 </head>
 <body>
-<div class="document" id="documentId">
-  <div class="container">
-    <h1 class="title">Index</h1>
-    Modules: <a href="index.html">index</a>.<br/><p /><h2>API symbols</h2>
+  <div class="document" id="documentId">
+    <div class="container">
+      <h1 class="title">Index</h1>
+      Modules: <a href="index.html">index</a>.<br/><p /><h2>API symbols</h2>
 <dl><dt><a name="foo" href="#foo"><span>foo:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="foo: foo()" href="index.html#foo">foo: foo()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="foo: proc foo()" href="index.html#foo">foo: proc foo()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 </dl>
-    <div class="row">
       <div class="twelve-columns footer">
         <span class="nim-sprite"></span>
-        <br/>
+        <br>
         <small style="color: var(--hint);">Made with Nim. Generated: 1970-01-02 03:46:40 UTC</small>
       </div>
     </div>
   </div>
-</div>
-
+  
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/nimdoc/tester.nim b/nimdoc/tester.nim
index 526295222..0c0be3699 100644
--- a/nimdoc/tester.nim
+++ b/nimdoc/tester.nim
@@ -1,19 +1,27 @@
 # Small program that runs the test cases for 'nim doc'.
 # To run this, cd to the git repo root, and run "nim r nimdoc/tester.nim".
-# to change expected results (after carefully verifying everything), use -d:fixup
+# to change expected results (after carefully verifying everything), use -d:nimTestsNimdocFixup
 
 import strutils, os
+from std/private/gitutils import diffFiles
+
+const fixup = defined(nimTestsNimdocFixup)
 
 var
   failures = 0
 
 const
   baseDir = "nimdoc"
+let
+  baseDirAbs = getCurrentDir() / baseDir
 
 type
   NimSwitches = object
     doc: seq[string]
+    docStage2: seq[string]
     buildIndex: seq[string]
+    md2html: seq[string]
+    md2htmlStage2: seq[string]
 
 proc exec(cmd: string) =
   if execShellCmd(cmd) != 0:
@@ -22,6 +30,9 @@ proc exec(cmd: string) =
 proc testNimDoc(prjDir, docsDir: string; switches: NimSwitches; fixup = false) =
   let
     nimDocSwitches = switches.doc.join(" ")
+    nimDocStage2Switches = switches.docStage2.join(" ")
+    nimMd2HtmlSwitches = switches.md2html.join(" ")
+    nimMd2HtmlStage2Switches = switches.md2htmlStage2.join(" ")
     nimBuildIndexSwitches = switches.buildIndex.join(" ")
 
   putEnv("SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH", "100000")
@@ -29,21 +40,37 @@ proc testNimDoc(prjDir, docsDir: string; switches: NimSwitches; fixup = false) =
 
   if nimDocSwitches != "":
     exec("$1 doc $2" % [nimExe, nimDocSwitches])
+    echo("$1 doc $2" % [nimExe, nimDocSwitches])
+
+  if nimMd2HtmlSwitches != "":
+    exec("$1 md2html $2" % [nimExe, nimMd2HtmlSwitches])
+    echo("$1 md2html $2" % [nimExe, nimMd2HtmlSwitches])
+
+  if nimDocStage2Switches != "":
+    exec("$1 doc $2" % [nimExe, nimDocStage2Switches])
+    echo("$1 doc $2" % [nimExe, nimDocStage2Switches])
+
+  if nimMd2HtmlStage2Switches != "":
+    exec("$1 md2html $2" % [nimExe, nimMd2HtmlStage2Switches])
+    echo("$1 md2html $2" % [nimExe, nimMd2HtmlStage2Switches])
 
   if nimBuildIndexSwitches != "":
     exec("$1 buildIndex $2" % [nimExe, nimBuildIndexSwitches])
+    echo("$1 buildIndex $2" % [nimExe, nimBuildIndexSwitches])
 
-  for expected in walkDirRec(prjDir / "expected/"):
+  for expected in walkDirRec(prjDir / "expected/", checkDir=true):
+    let versionCacheParam = "?v=" & $NimMajor & "." & $NimMinor & "." & $NimPatch
     let produced = expected.replace('\\', '/').replace("/expected/", "/$1/" % [docsDir])
     if not fileExists(produced):
       echo "FAILURE: files not found: ", produced
       inc failures
-    elif readFile(expected) != readFile(produced):
+    let producedFile = readFile(produced).replace(versionCacheParam,"") #remove version cache param used for cache invalidation
+    if readFile(expected) != producedFile:
       echo "FAILURE: files differ: ", produced
-      discard execShellCmd("diff -uNdr " & expected & " " & produced)
+      echo diffFiles(expected, produced).output
       inc failures
       if fixup:
-        copyFile(produced, expected)
+        writeFile(expected, producedFile)
     else:
       echo "SUCCESS: files identical: ", produced
 
@@ -61,7 +88,7 @@ let
                                      "$1/$2.nim" % [test1Dir, test1PrjName]],
                               buildIndex: @["--out:$1/$2/theindex.html" % [test1Dir, test1DocsDir],
                                             "$1/$2" % [test1Dir, test1DocsDir]])
-testNimDoc(test1Dir, test1DocsDir, test1Switches, defined(fixup))
+testNimDoc(test1Dir, test1DocsDir, test1Switches, fixup)
 
 # Test "nim doc --out:.. --index:on .."
 let
@@ -74,7 +101,57 @@ let
                                      "$1/$2.nim" % [test2Dir, test2PrjName]],
                               buildIndex: @["--out:$1/$2/theindex.html" % [test2Dir, test2DocsDir],
                                             "$1/$2" % [test2Dir, test2DocsDir]])
-testNimDoc(test2Dir, test2DocsDir, test2Switches, defined(fixup))
+testNimDoc(test2Dir, test2DocsDir, test2Switches, fixup)
+
+# Test `nim doc` on file with `{.doctype.}` pragma
+let
+  test3PrjDir = "test_doctype"
+  test3PrjName = "test_doctype"
+  test3Dir = baseDir / test3PrjDir
+  test3DocsDir = "htmldocs"
+  test3Switches = NimSwitches(doc: @["$1/$2.nim" % [test3Dir, test3PrjName]])
+testNimDoc(test3Dir, test3DocsDir, test3Switches, fixup)
+
+
+# Test concise external links (RFC#125) that work with `.idx` files.
+# extlinks
+# ├── project
+# │   ├── main.nim
+# │   ├── manual.md
+# │   └── sub
+# │       └── submodule.nim
+# └── util.nim
+#
+# `main.nim` imports `submodule.nim` and `../utils.nim`.
+# `main.nim`, `submodule.nim`, `manual.md` do importdoc and reference each other.
+let
+  test4PrjName = "extlinks/project"
+  test4Dir = baseDir / test4PrjName
+  test4DirAbs = baseDirAbs / test4PrjName
+  test4MainModule = "main"
+  test4MarkupDoc = "doc" / "manual.md"
+  test4DocsDir = "htmldocs"
+  # 1st stage is with --index:only, 2nd is final
+  test4Switches = NimSwitches(
+      doc: @["--project",
+             "--outdir:$1/$2" % [test4Dir, test4DocsDir],
+             "--index:only",
+             "$1/$2.nim" % [test4Dir, test4MainModule]],
+      md2html:
+             @["--outdir:$1/$2" % [test4Dir, test4DocsDir],
+             "--docroot:$1" % [test4DirAbs],
+             "--index:only",
+             "$1/$2" % [test4Dir, test4MarkupDoc]],
+      docStage2:
+           @["--project",
+             "--outdir:$1/$2" % [test4Dir, test4DocsDir],
+             "$1/$2.nim" % [test4Dir, test4MainModule]],
+      md2htmlStage2:
+             @["--outdir:$1/$2" % [test4Dir, test4DocsDir],
+             "--docroot:$1" % [test4DirAbs],
+             "$1/$2" % [test4Dir, test4MarkupDoc]],
+  )
+testNimDoc(test4Dir, test4DocsDir, test4Switches, fixup)
 
-# Check for failures
-if failures > 0: quit($failures & " failures occurred.")
+if failures > 0:
+  quit "$# failures occurred; see note in nimdoc/tester.nim regarding -d:nimTestsNimdocFixup" %  $failures
diff --git a/nimdoc/testproject/expected/nimdoc.out.css b/nimdoc/testproject/expected/nimdoc.out.css
index db9a7ce97..0c399e4c1 100644
--- a/nimdoc/testproject/expected/nimdoc.out.css
+++ b/nimdoc/testproject/expected/nimdoc.out.css
@@ -35,7 +35,13 @@ Modified by Boyd Greenfield and narimiran
   --escapeSequence: #c4891b;

   --number: #252dbe;

   --literal: #a4255b;

+  --program: #6060c0;

+  --option: #508000;

   --raw-data: #a4255b;

+

+  --clipboard-image-normal: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' style='color: black' fill='none' viewBox='0 0 24 24' stroke='currentColor'%3E %3Cpath stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-width='2' d='M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2' /%3E %3C/svg%3E");

+  --clipboard-image-selected: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' style='color: black' viewBox='0 0 20 20' fill='currentColor'%3E %3Cpath d='M8 3a1 1 0 011-1h2a1 1 0 110 2H9a1 1 0 01-1-1z' /%3E %3Cpath d='M6 3a2 2 0 00-2 2v11a2 2 0 002 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V5a2 2 0 00-2-2 3 3 0 01-3 3H9a3 3 0 01-3-3z' /%3E %3C/svg%3E");

+  --clipboard-image: var(--clipboard-image-normal)

 }

 

 [data-theme="dark"] {

@@ -63,66 +69,54 @@ Modified by Boyd Greenfield and narimiran
   --escapeSequence: #bd93f9;

   --number: #bd93f9;

   --literal: #f1fa8c;

+  --program: #9090c0;

+  --option: #90b010;

   --raw-data: #8be9fd;

-}

 

-.theme-switch-wrapper {

-  display: flex;

-  align-items: center;

-}

-

-.theme-switch-wrapper em {

-  margin-left: 10px;

-  font-size: 1rem;

-}

-

-.theme-switch {

-  display: inline-block;

-  height: 22px;

-  position: relative;

-  width: 50px;

-}

-

-.theme-switch input {

-  display: none;

-}

-

-.slider {

-  background-color: #ccc;

-  bottom: 0;

-  cursor: pointer;

-  left: 0;

-  position: absolute;

-  right: 0;

-  top: 0;

-  transition: .4s;

+  --clipboard-image-normal: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' style='color: lightgray' fill='none' viewBox='0 0 24 24' stroke='currentColor'%3E %3Cpath stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-width='2' d='M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2' /%3E %3C/svg%3E");

+  --clipboard-image-selected: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' style='color: lightgray' viewBox='0 0 20 20' fill='currentColor'%3E %3Cpath d='M8 3a1 1 0 011-1h2a1 1 0 110 2H9a1 1 0 01-1-1z' /%3E %3Cpath d='M6 3a2 2 0 00-2 2v11a2 2 0 002 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V5a2 2 0 00-2-2 3 3 0 01-3 3H9a3 3 0 01-3-3z' /%3E %3C/svg%3E");

+  --clipboard-image: var(--clipboard-image-normal);

 }

 

-.slider:before {

-  background-color: #fff;

-  bottom: 4px;

-  content: "";

-  height: 13px;

-  left: 4px;

-  position: absolute;

-  transition: .4s;

-  width: 13px;

-}

-

-input:checked + .slider {

-  background-color: #66bb6a;

-}

-

-input:checked + .slider:before {

-  transform: translateX(26px);

-}

-

-.slider.round {

-  border-radius: 17px;

+@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {

+  [data-theme="auto"] {

+    --primary-background: #171921;

+    --secondary-background: #1e202a;

+    --third-background: #2b2e3b;

+    --info-background: #008000;

+    --warning-background: #807000;

+    --error-background: #c03000;

+    --border: #0e1014;

+    --text: #fff;

+    --anchor: #8be9fd;

+    --anchor-focus: #8be9fd;

+    --input-focus: #8be9fd;

+    --strong: #bd93f9;

+    --hint: #7A7C85;

+    --nim-sprite-base64: url("data:image/png;base64,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");

+

+    --keyword: #ff79c6;

+    --identifier: #f8f8f2;

+    --comment: #6272a4;

+    --operator: #ff79c6;

+    --punctuation: #f8f8f2;

+    --other: #f8f8f2;

+    --escapeSequence: #bd93f9;

+    --number: #bd93f9;

+    --literal: #f1fa8c;

+    --program: #9090c0;

+    --option: #90b010;

+    --raw-data: #8be9fd;

+

+    --clipboard-image-normal: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' style='color: lightgray' fill='none' viewBox='0 0 24 24' stroke='currentColor'%3E %3Cpath stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-width='2' d='M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2' /%3E %3C/svg%3E");

+    --clipboard-image-selected: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' style='color: lightgray' viewBox='0 0 20 20' fill='currentColor'%3E %3Cpath d='M8 3a1 1 0 011-1h2a1 1 0 110 2H9a1 1 0 01-1-1z' /%3E %3Cpath d='M6 3a2 2 0 00-2 2v11a2 2 0 002 2h8a2 2 0 002-2V5a2 2 0 00-2-2 3 3 0 01-3 3H9a3 3 0 01-3-3z' /%3E %3C/svg%3E");

+    --clipboard-image: var(--clipboard-image-normal);

+  }

 }

 

-.slider.round:before {

-  border-radius: 50%;

+.theme-select-wrapper {

+  display: flex;

+  align-items: center;

 }

 

 html {

@@ -147,24 +141,39 @@ body {
   padding: 0;

   box-sizing: border-box; }

 

-.column,

-.columns {

+.column, .columns {

   width: 100%;

   float: left;

   box-sizing: border-box;

-  margin-left: 1%;

+  margin-left: 1%; }

+

+@media print {

+  #global-links, .link-seesrc, .theme-switch-wrapper, #searchInputDiv, .search-groupby {

+    display:none;

+  }

+  .columns {

+    width:100% !important;

+  }

 }

 

-.column:first-child,

-.columns:first-child {

+.column:first-child, .columns:first-child {

   margin-left: 0; }

 

+.container .row {

+  display: flex; }

+

 .three.columns {

-  width: 22%;

+  width: 25.0%;

+  height: 100vh;

+  position: sticky;

+  top: 0px;

+  overflow-y: auto;

+  padding: 2px;

 }

 

 .nine.columns {

-  width: 77.0%; }

+  width: 75.0%;

+  padding-left: 1.5em; }

 

 .twelve.columns {

   width: 100%;

@@ -230,6 +239,12 @@ select:focus {
 }

 

 /* Docgen styles */

+

+:target {

+  border: 2px solid #B5651D;

+  border-style: dotted;

+}

+

 /* Links */

 a {

   color: var(--anchor);

@@ -245,27 +260,32 @@ a.reference-toplevel {
   font-weight: bold;

 }

 

+a.nimdoc {

+  word-spacing: 0.3em;

+}

+

 a.toc-backref {

   text-decoration: none;

-  color: var(--text); }

+  color: var(--text);

+}

 

 a.link-seesrc {

   color: #607c9f;

   font-size: 0.9em;

-  font-style: italic; }

+  font-style: italic;

+}

 

-a:hover,

-a:focus {

+a:hover, a:focus {

   color: var(--anchor-focus);

-  text-decoration: underline; }

+  text-decoration: underline;

+}

 

 a:hover span.Identifier {

   color: var(--anchor);

 }

 

 

-sub,

-sup {

+sub, sup {

   position: relative;

   font-size: 75%;

   line-height: 0;

@@ -292,8 +312,7 @@ img {
     background: transparent !important;

     box-shadow: none !important; }

 

-  a,

-  a:visited {

+  a, a:visited {

     text-decoration: underline; }

 

   a[href]:after {

@@ -307,16 +326,14 @@ img {
   a[href^="#"]:after {

     content: ""; }

 

-  pre,

-  blockquote {

+  pre, blockquote {

     border: 1px solid #999;

     page-break-inside: avoid; }

 

   thead {

     display: table-header-group; }

 

-  tr,

-  img {

+  tr, img {

     page-break-inside: avoid; }

 

   img {

@@ -331,22 +348,18 @@ img {
   h1.title {

     page-break-before: avoid; }

 

-  p,

-  h2,

-  h3 {

+  p, h2, h3 {

     orphans: 3;

     widows: 3; }

 

-  h2,

-  h3 {

+  h2, h3 {

     page-break-after: avoid; }

 }

 

 

 p {

   margin-top: 0.5em;

-  margin-bottom: 0.5em;

-}

+  margin-bottom: 0.5em; }

 

 small {

   font-size: 85%; }

@@ -354,8 +367,7 @@ small {
 strong {

   font-weight: 600;

   font-size: 0.95em;

-  color: var(--strong);

-}

+  color: var(--strong); }

 

 em {

   font-style: italic; }

@@ -376,8 +388,7 @@ h1.title {
   text-align: center;

   font-weight: 900;

   margin-top: 0.75em;

-  margin-bottom: 0em;

-}

+  margin-bottom: 0em; }

 

 h2 {

   font-size: 1.3em;

@@ -404,36 +415,29 @@ h6 {
   font-size: 1.1em; }

 

 

-ul,

-ol {

+ul, ol {

   padding: 0;

   margin-top: 0.5em;

   margin-left: 0.75em; }

 

-ul ul,

-ul ol,

-ol ol,

-ol ul {

+ul ul, ul ol, ol ol, ol ul {

   margin-bottom: 0;

   margin-left: 1.25em; }

 

 ul.simple > li {

-    list-style-type: circle;

-}

+  list-style-type: circle; }

 

 ul.simple-boot li {

-    list-style-type: none;

-    margin-left: 0em;

-    margin-bottom: 0.5em;

-}

+  list-style-type: none;

+  margin-left: 0em;

+  margin-bottom: 0.5em; }

 

 ol.simple > li, ul.simple > li {

   margin-bottom: 0.2em;

   margin-left: 0.4em }

 

 ul.simple.simple-toc > li {

-    margin-top: 1em;

-}

+  margin-top: 1em; }

 

 ul.simple-toc {

   list-style: none;

@@ -442,8 +446,7 @@ ul.simple-toc {
   margin-top: 1em; }

 

 ul.simple-toc > li {

-    list-style-type: none;

-}

+  list-style-type: none; }

 

 ul.simple-toc-section {

   list-style-type: circle;

@@ -453,12 +456,10 @@ ul.simple-toc-section {
 ul.nested-toc-section {

   list-style-type: circle;

   margin-left: -0.75em;

-  color: var(--text);

-}

+  color: var(--text); }

 

 ul.nested-toc-section > li {

-  margin-left: 1.25em;

-}

+  margin-left: 1.25em; }

 

 

 ol.arabic {

@@ -505,12 +506,39 @@ hr.footnote {
   margin-top: 0.15em;

 }

 div.footnote-group {

-  margin-left: 1em; }

+  margin-left: 1em;

+}

 div.footnote-label {

   display: inline-block;

   min-width: 1.7em;

 }

 

+div.option-list {

+  border: 0.1em solid var(--border);

+}

+div.option-list-item {

+  padding-left: 12em;

+  padding-right: 0;

+  padding-bottom: 0.3em;

+  padding-top: 0.3em;

+}

+div.odd {

+  background-color: var(--secondary-background);

+}

+div.option-list-label {

+  margin-left: -11.5em;

+  margin-right: 0em;

+  min-width: 11.5em;

+  display: inline-block;

+  vertical-align: top;

+}

+div.option-list-description {

+  width: calc(100% - 1em);

+  padding-left: 1em;

+  padding-right: 0;

+  display: inline-block;

+}

+

 blockquote {

   font-size: 0.9em;

   font-style: italic;

@@ -519,7 +547,12 @@ blockquote {
   border-left: 5px solid #bbc;

 }

 

-.pre {

+blockquote.markdown-quote {

+  font-size: 0.9rem;  /* use rem to avoid recursion */

+  font-style: normal;

+}

+

+.pre, span.tok {

   font-family: "Source Code Pro", Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace;

   font-weight: 500;

   font-size: 0.85em;

@@ -530,6 +563,16 @@ blockquote {
   border-radius: 4px;

 }

 

+span.tok {

+  border: 1px solid #808080;

+  padding-bottom: 0.1em;

+  margin-right: 0.2em;

+}

+

+.copyToClipBoard {

+  position: relative;

+}

+

 pre {

   font-family: "Source Code Pro", Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace;

   color: var(--text);

@@ -548,7 +591,25 @@ pre {
   border: 1px solid var(--border);

   -webkit-border-radius: 6px;

   -moz-border-radius: 6px;

-  border-radius: 6px; }

+  border-radius: 6px;

+}

+

+.copyToClipBoardBtn {

+  visibility: hidden;

+  position: absolute;

+  width: 24px;

+  border-radius: 4px;

+  background-image: var(--clipboard-image);

+  right: 5px;

+  top: 13px;

+  background-color: var(--secondary-background);

+  padding: 11px;

+  border: 0;

+}

+

+.copyToClipBoard:hover .copyToClipBoardBtn {

+  visibility: visible;

+}

 

 .pre-scrollable {

   max-height: 340px;

@@ -562,8 +623,8 @@ pre {
 

 table.line-nums-table {

   border-radius: 4px;

-  border: 1px solid #cccccc;

-  background-color: ghostwhite;

+  border: 1px solid var(--border);

+  background-color: var(--secondary-background);

   border-collapse: separate;

   margin-top: 15px;

   margin-bottom: 25px; }

@@ -599,6 +660,9 @@ table {
   border-collapse: collapse;

   border-color: var(--third-background);

   border-spacing: 0;

+}

+

+table:not(.line-nums-table) {

   font-size: 0.9em;

 }

 

@@ -613,11 +677,11 @@ table th {
   font-weight: bold; }

 

 table th.docinfo-name {

-    background-color: transparent;

-    text-align: right;

+  background-color: transparent;

+  text-align: right;

 }

 

-table tr:hover {

+table:not(.line-nums-table) tr:hover {

   background-color: var(--third-background); }

 

 

@@ -631,31 +695,31 @@ table.borderless td, table.borderless th {
   padding: 0 0.5em 0 0 !important; }

 

 .admonition {

-    padding: 0.3em;

-    background-color: var(--secondary-background);

-    border-left: 0.4em solid #7f7f84;

-    margin-bottom: 0.5em;

-    -webkit-box-shadow: 0 5px 8px -6px rgba(0,0,0,.2);

-       -moz-box-shadow: 0 5px 8px -6px rgba(0,0,0,.2);

-            box-shadow: 0 5px 8px -6px rgba(0,0,0,.2);

+  padding: 0.3em;

+  background-color: var(--secondary-background);

+  border-left: 0.4em solid #7f7f84;

+  margin-bottom: 0.5em;

+  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 5px 8px -6px rgba(0,0,0,.2);

+      -moz-box-shadow: 0 5px 8px -6px rgba(0,0,0,.2);

+          box-shadow: 0 5px 8px -6px rgba(0,0,0,.2);

 }

 .admonition-info {

-    border-color: var(--info-background);

+  border-color: var(--info-background);

 }

 .admonition-info-text {

-    color: var(--info-background);

+  color: var(--info-background);

 }

 .admonition-warning {

-    border-color: var(--warning-background);

+  border-color: var(--warning-background);

 }

 .admonition-warning-text {

-    color: var(--warning-background);

+  color: var(--warning-background);

 }

 .admonition-error {

-    border-color: var(--error-background);

+  border-color: var(--error-background);

 }

 .admonition-error-text {

-    color: var(--error-background);

+  color: var(--error-background);

 }

 

 .first {

@@ -689,8 +753,7 @@ div.footer, div.header {
   font-size: smaller; }

 

 div.footer {

-    padding-top: 5em;

-}

+  padding-top: 5em; }

 

 div.line-block {

   display: block;

@@ -707,19 +770,23 @@ div.topic {
 

 div.search_results {

   background-color: var(--third-background);

-  margin: 3em;

+  margin: 3vh 5vw;

   padding: 1em;

   border: 1px solid #4d4d4d;

-}

+  position: fixed;

+  top: 10px;

+  isolation: isolate;

+  max-width: calc(100vw - 6em);

+  z-index: 1;

+  max-height: calc(100vh - 6em);

+  overflow-y: scroll;}

 

 div#global-links ul {

   margin-left: 0;

-  list-style-type: none;

-}

+  list-style-type: none; }

 

 div#global-links > simple-boot {

-    margin-left: 3em;

-}

+  margin-left: 3em; }

 

 hr.docutils {

   width: 75%; }

@@ -817,9 +884,6 @@ span.classifier {
 span.classifier-delimiter {

   font-weight: bold; }

 

-span.option {

-  white-space: nowrap; }

-

 span.problematic {

   color: #b30000; }

 

@@ -899,8 +963,29 @@ span.Preprocessor {
 span.Directive {

   color: #252dbe; }

 

-span.Command, span.Rule, span.Hyperlink, span.Label, span.Reference,

-span.Other {

+span.option {

+  font-weight: bold;

+  font-family: "Source Code Pro", Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace;

+  color: var(--option); }

+

+span.Prompt {

+  font-weight: bold;

+  color: red; }

+

+span.ProgramOutput {

+  font-weight: bold;

+  color: #808080; }

+

+span.program {

+  font-weight: bold;

+  color: var(--program);

+  text-decoration: underline;

+  text-decoration-color: var(--hint);

+  text-decoration-thickness: 0.05em;

+  text-underline-offset: 0.15em; }

+

+span.Command, span.Rule, span.Hyperlink,

+span.Label, span.Reference, span.Other {

   color: var(--other); }

 

 /* Pop type, const, proc, and iterator defs in nim def blocks */

@@ -938,17 +1023,14 @@ span.pragmadots {
   border-radius: 4px;

   margin: 0 2px;

   cursor: pointer;

-  font-size: 0.8em;

-}

+  font-size: 0.8em; }

 

 span.pragmadots:hover {

-  background-color: var(--hint);

-}

+  background-color: var(--hint); }

+

 span.pragmawrap {

-  display: none;

-}

+  display: none; }

 

 span.attachedType {

   display: none;

-  visibility: hidden;

-}

+  visibility: hidden; }

diff --git a/nimdoc/testproject/expected/subdir/subdir_b/utils.html b/nimdoc/testproject/expected/subdir/subdir_b/utils.html
index cb80f2873..6decf79a3 100644
--- a/nimdoc/testproject/expected/subdir/subdir_b/utils.html
+++ b/nimdoc/testproject/expected/subdir/subdir_b/utils.html
@@ -1,153 +1,214 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
-  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
 <!--  This file is generated by Nim. -->
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<html xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" data-theme="auto">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-
-<!-- Favicon -->
-<link rel="shortcut icon" href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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"/>
-<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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">
+<title>subdir/subdir_b/utils</title>
 
 <!-- Google fonts -->
 <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,600,900' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
 <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro:400,500,600' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
 
+<!-- Favicon -->
+<link rel="shortcut icon" href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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"/>
+<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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">
+
 <!-- CSS -->
-<title>subdir/subdir_b/utils</title>
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../nimdoc.out.css">
 
+<!-- JS -->
 <script type="text/javascript" src="../../dochack.js"></script>
-
-<script type="text/javascript">
-function main() {
-  var pragmaDots = document.getElementsByClassName("pragmadots");
-  for (var i = 0; i < pragmaDots.length; i++) {
-    pragmaDots[i].onclick = function(event) {
-      // Hide tease
-      event.target.parentNode.style.display = "none";
-      // Show actual
-      event.target.parentNode.nextElementSibling.style.display = "inline";
-    }
-  }
-
-  const toggleSwitch = document.querySelector('.theme-switch input[type="checkbox"]');
-  function switchTheme(e) {
-      if (e.target.checked) {
-          document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', 'dark');
-          localStorage.setItem('theme', 'dark');
-      } else {
-          document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', 'light');
-          localStorage.setItem('theme', 'light');
-      }
-  }
-
-  toggleSwitch.addEventListener('change', switchTheme, false);
-
-  const currentTheme = localStorage.getItem('theme') ? localStorage.getItem('theme') : null;
-  if (currentTheme) {
-    document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', currentTheme);
-
-    if (currentTheme === 'dark') {
-      toggleSwitch.checked = true;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', main);
-</script>
-
 </head>
 <body>
-<div class="document" id="documentId">
-  <div class="container">
-    <h1 class="title">subdir/subdir_b/utils</h1>
-    <div class="row">
+  <div class="document" id="documentId">
+    <div class="container">
+      <h1 class="title">subdir/subdir_b/utils</h1>
+      <div class="row">
   <div class="three columns">
-  <div class="theme-switch-wrapper">
-    <label class="theme-switch" for="checkbox">
-      <input type="checkbox" id="checkbox" />
-      <div class="slider round"></div>
-    </label>
-    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>Dark Mode</em>
-  </div>
-  <div id="global-links">
-    <ul class="simple">
-    <li>
-      <a href="../../theindex.html">Index</a>
-    </li>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
-  <div id="searchInputDiv">
-    Search: <input type="text" id="searchInput"
-      onkeyup="search()" />
-  </div>
-  <div>
-    Group by:
-    <select onchange="groupBy(this.value)">
-      <option value="section">Section</option>
-      <option value="type">Type</option>
-    </select>
-  </div>
-  <ul class="simple simple-toc" id="toc-list">
-<li><a class="reference" id="this-is-now-a-header_toc" href="#this-is-now-a-header">This is now a header</a></li>
+    <div class="theme-select-wrapper">
+      <label for="theme-select">Theme:&nbsp;</label>
+      <select id="theme-select" onchange="setTheme(this.value)">
+        <option value="auto">🌗 Match OS</option>
+        <option value="dark">🌑 Dark</option>
+        <option value="light">🌕 Light</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    <div id="global-links">
+      <ul class="simple">
+        <li><a id="indexLink" href="../../theindex.html">Index</a></li>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div id="searchInputDiv">
+      Search: <input type="search" id="searchInput" oninput="search()"/>
+    </div>
+    <div>
+      Group by:
+      <select onchange="groupBy(this.value)">
+        <option value="section">Section</option>
+        <option value="type">Type</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc" id="toc-list">
+  <li><a class="reference" id="this-is-now-a-header_toc" href="#this-is-now-a-header">This is now a header</a></li>
 <ul class="simple"><li><a class="reference" id="this-is-now-a-header-next-header_toc" href="#this-is-now-a-header-next-header">Next header</a></li>
 <ul class="simple"><li><a class="reference" id="next-header-and-so-on_toc" href="#next-header-and-so-on">And so on</a></li>
 </ul></ul><li><a class="reference" id="more-headers_toc" href="#more-headers">More headers</a></li>
 <ul class="simple"><li><a class="reference" id="more-headers-up-to-level-6_toc" href="#more-headers-up-to-level-6">Up to level 6</a></li>
+</ul><li><a class="reference" id="pandoc-markdown_toc" href="#pandoc-markdown">Pandoc Markdown</a></li>
+<ul class="simple"><li><a class="reference" id="pandoc-markdown-link-name-syntax_toc" href="#pandoc-markdown-link-name-syntax">Link name syntax</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" id="pandoc-markdown-symbols-documentation_toc" href="#pandoc-markdown-symbols-documentation">Symbols documentation</a></li>
 </ul><li>
-  <a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#7" id="57">Types</a>
-  <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#SomeType"
-    title="SomeType = enum
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#7" id="57">Types</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+      <li><a class="reference" href="#G" title="G[T] = object">G</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#SomeType" title="SomeType = enum
   enumValueA, enumValueB, enumValueC">SomeType</a></li>
 
-  </ul>
+    </ul>
+  </details>
+</li>
+<li>
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#12" id="62">Procs</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+      <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">$
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#%24%2CG%5BT%5D" title="`$`[T](a: G[T]): string">`$`[T](a: G[T]): string</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#%24%2Cref.SomeType" title="`$`[T](a: ref SomeType): string">`$`[T](a: ref SomeType): string</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">'big
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#%27big%2Cstring" title="`'big`(a: string): SomeType">`'big`(a: string): SomeType</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">[]
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#%5B%5D%2CG%5BT%5D" title="`[]`[T](x: G[T]): T">`[]`[T](x: G[T]): T</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">[]=
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#%5B%5D%3D%2CG%5BT%5D%2Cint%2CT" title="`[]=`[T](a: var G[T]; index: int; value: T)">`[]=`[T](a: var G[T]; index: int; value: T)</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">binarySearch
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#binarySearch%2CopenArray%5BT%5D%2CK%2Cproc%28T%2CK%29" title="binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int">binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">f
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#f%2CG%5Bint%5D" title="f(x: G[int])">f(x: G[int])</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#f%2CG%5Bstring%5D" title="f(x: G[string])">f(x: G[string])</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fn
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#fn" title="fn[T; U, V: SomeFloat]()">fn[T; U, V: SomeFloat]()</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fn2
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#fn2" title="fn2()">fn2()</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#fn2%2Cint" title="fn2(x: int)">fn2(x: int)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#fn2%2Cint%2Cfloat" title="fn2(x: int; y: float)">fn2(x: int; y: float)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#fn2%2Cint%2Cfloat%2Cfloat" title="fn2(x: int; y: float; z: float)">fn2(x: int; y: float; z: float)</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fn3
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#fn3" title="fn3(): auto">fn3(): auto</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fn4
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#fn4" title="fn4(): auto">fn4(): auto</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fn5
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#fn5" title="fn5()">fn5()</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fn6
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#fn6" title="fn6()">fn6()</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fn7
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#fn7" title="fn7()">fn7()</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fn8
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#fn8" title="fn8(): auto">fn8(): auto</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fn9
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#fn9%2Cint" title="fn9(a: int): int">fn9(a: int): int</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fn10
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#fn10%2Cint" title="fn10(a: int): int">fn10(a: int): int</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fN11
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#fN11" title="fN11()">fN11()</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#fN11%2Cint" title="fN11(x: int)">fN11(x: int)</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">funWithGenerics
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#funWithGenerics%2CT%2CU" title="funWithGenerics[T, U: SomeFloat](a: T; b: U)">funWithGenerics[T, U: SomeFloat](a: T; b: U)</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">someType
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#someType_2" title="someType(): SomeType">someType(): SomeType</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+    </ul>
+  </details>
 </li>
 <li>
-  <a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#12" id="62">Procs</a>
-  <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
-      <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">someType
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#someType_2"
-    title="someType(): SomeType">someType(): SomeType</a></li>
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#15" id="65">Iterators</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+      <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fooBar
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#fooBar.i%2Cseq%5BSomeType%5D" title="fooBar(a: seq[SomeType]): int">fooBar(a: seq[SomeType]): int</a></li>
 
-  </ul>
+</ul>
 
-  </ul>
+    </ul>
+  </details>
 </li>
 <li>
-  <a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#18" id="68">Templates</a>
-  <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#18" id="68">Templates</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
       <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">aEnum
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#aEnum.t"
-    title="aEnum(): untyped">aEnum(): untyped</a></li>
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#aEnum.t" title="aEnum(): untyped">aEnum(): untyped</a></li>
 
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fromUtilsGen
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#fromUtilsGen.t"
-    title="fromUtilsGen(): untyped">fromUtilsGen(): untyped</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">bEnum
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#bEnum.t" title="bEnum(): untyped">bEnum(): untyped</a></li>
 
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">bEnum
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#bEnum.t"
-    title="bEnum(): untyped">bEnum(): untyped</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fromUtilsGen
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#fromUtilsGen.t" title="fromUtilsGen(): untyped">fromUtilsGen(): untyped</a></li>
 
-  </ul>
+</ul>
 
-  </ul>
+    </ul>
+  </details>
 </li>
 
 </ul>
 
   </div>
-  
   <div class="nine columns" id="content">
-  <div id="tocRoot"></div>
-  
-  <p class="module-desc">
+    
+    <div id="tocRoot"></div>
+    
+    <p class="module-desc"><p>This is a description of the utils module.</p>
+<p>Links work:</p>
+<ul class="simple"><li>other module: <a class="reference external" href="iterator.html">iterators</a> (not in this dir, just an example)</li>
+<li>internal: <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc fn2(x: int)" href="#fn2,int">fn2(x)</a></li>
+<li>internal included from another module: <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc funWithGenerics[T, U: SomeFloat](a: T; b: U)" href="#funWithGenerics,T,U">funWithGenerics*[T, U: SomeFloat](a: T, b: U)</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
 <h1><a class="toc-backref" id="this-is-now-a-header" href="#this-is-now-a-header">This is now a header</a></h1>
 <h2><a class="toc-backref" id="this-is-now-a-header-next-header" href="#this-is-now-a-header-next-header">Next header</a></h2>
 <h3><a class="toc-backref" id="next-header-and-so-on" href="#next-header-and-so-on">And so on</a></h3>
@@ -159,73 +220,395 @@ window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', main);
 <ol class="simple"><li>Other case value</li>
 <li>Second case.</li>
 </ol>
+<p>Ref group <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc fn2 (4 overloads)" href="#fn2-procs-all">fn2</a> or specific function like <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc fn2()" href="#fn2">fn2()</a> or <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc fn2(x: int)" href="#fn2,int">fn2( int )</a> or <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc fn2(x: int; y: float)" href="#fn2,int,float">fn2(int, float)</a>.</p>
+<p>Ref generics like this: <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int" href="#binarySearch,openArray[T],K,proc(T,K)">binarySearch</a> or <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int" href="#binarySearch,openArray[T],K,proc(T,K)">binarySearch(openArray[T], K, proc (T, K))</a> or <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int" href="#binarySearch,openArray[T],K,proc(T,K)">proc binarySearch(openArray[T], K, proc (T, K))</a> or in different style: <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int" href="#binarySearch,openArray[T],K,proc(T,K)">proc binarysearch(openarray[T], K, proc(T, K))</a>. Can be combined with export symbols and type parameters: <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int" href="#binarySearch,openArray[T],K,proc(T,K)">binarysearch*[T, K](openArray[T], K, proc (T, K))</a>. With spaces <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int" href="#binarySearch,openArray[T],K,proc(T,K)">binary search</a>.</p>
+<p>Note that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><span class="Keyword">proc</span></span></tt> can be used in postfix form: <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int" href="#binarySearch,openArray[T],K,proc(T,K)">binarySearch proc</a>.</p>
+<p>Ref. type like <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="object G" href="#G">G</a> and <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="object G" href="#G">type G</a> and <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="object G" href="#G">G[T]</a> and <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="object G" href="#G">type G*[T]</a>.</p>
+<p>Group ref. with capital letters works: <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc fN11 (2 overloads)" href="#fN11-procs-all">fN11</a> or <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc fN11 (2 overloads)" href="#fN11-procs-all">fn11</a> </p>
+Ref. <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `[]`[T](x: G[T]): T" href="#[],G[T]">[]</a> is the same as <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `[]`[T](x: G[T]): T" href="#[],G[T]">proc `[]`(G[T])</a> because there are no overloads. The full form: <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `[]`[T](x: G[T]): T" href="#[],G[T]">proc `[]`*[T](x: G[T]): T</a>Ref. <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `[]=`[T](a: var G[T]; index: int; value: T)" href="#[]=,G[T],int,T">[]=</a> aka <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `[]=`[T](a: var G[T]; index: int; value: T)" href="#[]=,G[T],int,T">`[]=`(G[T], int, T)</a>.Ref. <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc $ (2 overloads)" href="#$-procs-all">$</a> aka <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc $ (2 overloads)" href="#$-procs-all">proc $</a> or <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc $ (2 overloads)" href="#$-procs-all">proc `$`</a>.Ref. <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `$`[T](a: ref SomeType): string" href="#$,ref.SomeType">$(a: ref SomeType)</a>.Ref. <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="iterator fooBar(a: seq[SomeType]): int" href="#fooBar.i,seq[SomeType]">foo_bar</a> aka <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="iterator fooBar(a: seq[SomeType]): int" href="#fooBar.i,seq[SomeType]">iterator foo_bar_</a>.Ref. <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc fn[T; U, V: SomeFloat]()" href="#fn">fn[T; U,V: SomeFloat]()</a>.Ref. <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `'big`(a: string): SomeType" href="#'big,string">'big</a> or <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `'big`(a: string): SomeType" href="#'big,string">func `'big`</a> or <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `'big`(a: string): SomeType" href="#'big,string">`'big`(string)</a>.
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" id="pandoc-markdown" href="#pandoc-markdown">Pandoc Markdown</a></h1><p>Now repeat all the auto links of above in Pandoc Markdown Syntax.</p>
+<p>Ref group <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc fn2 (4 overloads)" href="#fn2-procs-all">fn2</a> or specific function like <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc fn2()" href="#fn2">fn2()</a> or <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc fn2(x: int)" href="#fn2,int">fn2(  int  )</a> or <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc fn2(x: int; y: float)" href="#fn2,int,float">fn2(int, float)</a>.</p>
+<p>Ref generics like this: <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int" href="#binarySearch,openArray[T],K,proc(T,K)">binarySearch</a> or <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int" href="#binarySearch,openArray[T],K,proc(T,K)">binarySearch(openArray[T], K, proc (T, K))</a> or <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int" href="#binarySearch,openArray[T],K,proc(T,K)">proc binarySearch(openArray[T], K,  proc (T, K))</a> or in different style: <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int" href="#binarySearch,openArray[T],K,proc(T,K)">proc binarysearch(openarray[T], K, proc(T, K))</a>. Can be combined with export symbols and type parameters: <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int" href="#binarySearch,openArray[T],K,proc(T,K)">binarysearch*[T, K](openArray[T], K, proc (T, K))</a>. With spaces <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int" href="#binarySearch,openArray[T],K,proc(T,K)">binary search</a>.</p>
+<p>Note that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><span class="Keyword">proc</span></span></tt> can be used in postfix form: <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int" href="#binarySearch,openArray[T],K,proc(T,K)">binarySearch proc</a>.</p>
+<p>Ref. type like <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="object G" href="#G">G</a> and <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="object G" href="#G">type G</a> and <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="object G" href="#G">G[T]</a> and <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="object G" href="#G">type G*[T]</a>.</p>
+<p>Group ref. with capital letters works: <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc fN11 (2 overloads)" href="#fN11-procs-all">fN11</a> or <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc fN11 (2 overloads)" href="#fN11-procs-all">fn11</a></p>
+<p>Ref. <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `[]`[T](x: G[T]): T" href="#[],G[T]">`[]`</a> is the same as <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `[]`[T](x: G[T]): T" href="#[],G[T]">proc `[]`(G[T])</a> because there are no overloads. The full form: <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `[]`[T](x: G[T]): T" href="#[],G[T]">proc `[]`*[T](x: G[T]): T</a> Ref. <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `[]=`[T](a: var G[T]; index: int; value: T)" href="#[]=,G[T],int,T">`[]=`</a> aka <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `[]=`[T](a: var G[T]; index: int; value: T)" href="#[]=,G[T],int,T">`[]=`(G[T], int, T)</a>. Ref. <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc $ (2 overloads)" href="#$-procs-all">$</a> aka <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc $ (2 overloads)" href="#$-procs-all">proc $</a> or <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc $ (2 overloads)" href="#$-procs-all">proc `$`</a>. Ref. <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `$`[T](a: ref SomeType): string" href="#$,ref.SomeType">$(a: ref SomeType)</a>. Ref. <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="iterator fooBar(a: seq[SomeType]): int" href="#fooBar.i,seq[SomeType]">foo_bar</a> aka <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="iterator fooBar(a: seq[SomeType]): int" href="#fooBar.i,seq[SomeType]">iterator foo_bar_</a>. Ref. <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc fn[T; U, V: SomeFloat]()" href="#fn">fn[T; U,V: SomeFloat]()</a>. Ref. <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `'big`(a: string): SomeType" href="#'big,string">'big</a> or <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `'big`(a: string): SomeType" href="#'big,string">func `'big`</a> or <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `'big`(a: string): SomeType" href="#'big,string">`'big`(string)</a>.</p>
+
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" id="pandoc-markdown-link-name-syntax" href="#pandoc-markdown-link-name-syntax">Link name syntax</a></h2><p>Pandoc Markdown has synax for changing text of links: Ref. <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc `[]`[T](x: G[T]): T" href="#[],G[T]">this proc</a> or <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="object G" href="#G">another symbol</a>.</p>
+
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" id="pandoc-markdown-symbols-documentation" href="#pandoc-markdown-symbols-documentation">Symbols documentation</a></h2><p>Let us repeat auto links from symbols section below:</p>
+<p>There is also variant <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc f(x: G[string])" href="#f,G[string]">f(G[string])</a>. See also <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc f(x: G[int])" href="#f,G[int]">f(G[int])</a>.</p>
 </p>
-  <div class="section" id="7">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#7">Types</a></h1>
-<dl class="item">
-<a id="SomeType"></a>
-<dt><pre><a href="utils.html#SomeType"><span class="Identifier">SomeType</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="Keyword">enum</span>
+    <div class="section" id="7">
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#7">Types</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <div id="G">
+  <dt><pre><a href="utils.html#G"><span class="Identifier">G</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">]</span> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="Keyword">object</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="SomeType">
+  <dt><pre><a href="utils.html#SomeType"><span class="Identifier">SomeType</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="Keyword">enum</span>
   <span class="Identifier">enumValueA</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">enumValueB</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">enumValueC</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
+  </dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="12">
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#12">Procs</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <div id="$-procs-all">
+  <div id="$,G[T]">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#%24%2CG%5BT%5D"><span class="Identifier">`$`</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Other">:</span> <a href="utils.html#G"><span class="Identifier">G</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">string</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="$,ref.SomeType">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#%24%2Cref.SomeType"><span class="Identifier">`$`</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Keyword">ref</span> <a href="utils.html#SomeType"><span class="Identifier">SomeType</span></a><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">string</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
+</div>
+<div id="'big-procs-all">
+  <div id="'big,string">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">func</span> <a href="#%27big%2Cstring"><span class="Identifier">`'big`</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">string</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <a href="utils.html#SomeType"><span class="Identifier">SomeType</span></a> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
+</div>
+<div id="[]-procs-all">
+  <div id="[],G[T]">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#%5B%5D%2CG%5BT%5D"><span class="Identifier">`[]`</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Other">:</span> <a href="utils.html#G"><span class="Identifier">G</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dl></div>
-<div class="section" id="12">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#12">Procs</a></h1>
-<dl class="item">
-<a id="someType_2"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#someType_2"><span class="Identifier">someType</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <a href="utils.html#SomeType"><span class="Identifier">SomeType</span></a> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</div>
+<div id="[]=-procs-all">
+  <div id="[]=,G[T],int,T">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#%5B%5D%3D%2CG%5BT%5D%2Cint%2CT"><span class="Identifier">`[]=`</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Keyword">var</span> <a href="utils.html#G"><span class="Identifier">G</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">;</span> <span class="Identifier">index</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">;</span> <span class="Identifier">value</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">)</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-constructor.
+</div>
+<div id="binarySearch-procs-all">
+  <div id="binarySearch,openArray[T],K,proc(T,K)">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#binarySearch%2CopenArray%5BT%5D%2CK%2Cproc%28T%2CK%29"><span class="Identifier">binarySearch</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">K</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">openArray</span><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">;</span> <span class="Identifier">key</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">K</span><span class="Other">;</span>
+                        <span class="Identifier">cmp</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Keyword">proc</span> <span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">;</span> <span class="Identifier">y</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">K</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> {.<span class="Identifier">closure</span>.}<span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
+</div>
+<div id="f-procs-all">
+  <div id="f,G[int]">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#f%2CG%5Bint%5D"><span class="Identifier">f</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Other">:</span> <a href="utils.html#G"><span class="Identifier">G</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    There is also variant <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc f(x: G[string])" href="#f,G[string]">f(G[string])</a>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="f,G[string]">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#f%2CG%5Bstring%5D"><span class="Identifier">f</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Other">:</span> <a href="utils.html#G"><span class="Identifier">G</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">string</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    See also <a class="reference internal nimdoc" title="proc f(x: G[int])" href="#f,G[int]">f(G[int])</a>.
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dl></div>
-<div class="section" id="18">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#18">Templates</a></h1>
-<dl class="item">
-<a id="aEnum.t"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#aEnum.t"><span class="Identifier">aEnum</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">untyped</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</div>
+<div id="fn-procs-all">
+  <div id="fn">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#fn"><span class="Identifier">fn</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">;</span> <span class="Identifier">U</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">V</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">SomeFloat</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
+</div>
+<div id="fn2-procs-all">
+  <div id="fn2">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#fn2"><span class="Identifier">fn2</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    comment
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="fn2,int">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#fn2%2Cint"><span class="Identifier">fn2</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    fn2 comment
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="fn2,int,float">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#fn2%2Cint%2Cfloat"><span class="Identifier">fn2</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">;</span> <span class="Identifier">y</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">float</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="fn2,int,float,float">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#fn2%2Cint%2Cfloat%2Cfloat"><span class="Identifier">fn2</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">;</span> <span class="Identifier">y</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">float</span><span class="Other">;</span> <span class="Identifier">z</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">float</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
+</div>
+<div id="fn3-procs-all">
+  <div id="fn3">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#fn3"><span class="Identifier">fn3</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">auto</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    comment
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="bEnum.t"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#bEnum.t"><span class="Identifier">bEnum</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">untyped</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</div>
+<div id="fn4-procs-all">
+  <div id="fn4">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#fn4"><span class="Identifier">fn4</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">auto</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    comment
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
+</div>
+<div id="fn5-procs-all">
+  <div id="fn5">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#fn5"><span class="Identifier">fn5</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    comment
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
+</div>
+<div id="fn6-procs-all">
+  <div id="fn6">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#fn6"><span class="Identifier">fn6</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    comment
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="fromUtilsGen.t"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#fromUtilsGen.t"><span class="Identifier">fromUtilsGen</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">untyped</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</div>
+<div id="fn7-procs-all">
+  <div id="fn7">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#fn7"><span class="Identifier">fn7</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    comment
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div id="fn8-procs-all">
+  <div id="fn8">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#fn8"><span class="Identifier">fn8</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">auto</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    comment
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-this should be shown in utils.html
+</div>
+<div id="fn9-procs-all">
+  <div id="fn9,int">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">func</span> <a href="#fn9%2Cint"><span class="Identifier">fn9</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    comment
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div id="fn10-procs-all">
+  <div id="fn10,int">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">func</span> <a href="#fn10%2Cint"><span class="Identifier">fn10</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    comment
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div id="fN11-procs-all">
+  <div id="fN11">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">func</span> <a href="#fN11"><span class="Identifier">fN11</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="fN11,int">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">func</span> <a href="#fN11%2Cint"><span class="Identifier">fN11</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div id="funWithGenerics-procs-all">
+  <div id="funWithGenerics,T,U">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#funWithGenerics%2CT%2CU"><span class="Identifier">funWithGenerics</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">U</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">SomeFloat</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">;</span> <span class="Identifier">b</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">U</span><span class="Other">)</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div id="someType-procs-all">
+  <div id="someType_2">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#someType_2"><span class="Identifier">someType</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <a href="utils.html#SomeType"><span class="Identifier">SomeType</span></a> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    constructor.
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+  </dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="15">
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#15">Iterators</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <div id="fooBar-iterators-all">
+  <div id="fooBar.i,seq[SomeType]">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">iterator</span> <a href="#fooBar.i%2Cseq%5BSomeType%5D"><span class="Identifier">fooBar</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">seq</span><span class="Other">[</span><a href="utils.html#SomeType"><span class="Identifier">SomeType</span></a><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+  </dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="18">
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#18">Templates</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <div id="aEnum-templates-all">
+  <div id="aEnum.t">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#aEnum.t"><span class="Identifier">aEnum</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">untyped</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div id="bEnum-templates-all">
+  <div id="bEnum.t">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#bEnum.t"><span class="Identifier">bEnum</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">untyped</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div id="fromUtilsGen-templates-all">
+  <div id="fromUtilsGen.t">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#fromUtilsGen.t"><span class="Identifier">fromUtilsGen</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">untyped</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    should be shown in utils.html only
 <p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Identifier">assert</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">3</span><span class="Operator">*</span><span class="DecNumber">2</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">==</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">6</span></pre>ditto
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;should be in utils.html only, not in module that calls fromUtilsGen&quot;</span></pre>ditto
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
+</div>
 
-</dl></div>
+  </dl>
+</div>
 
   </div>
 </div>
 
-    <div class="row">
       <div class="twelve-columns footer">
         <span class="nim-sprite"></span>
-        <br/>
+        <br>
         <small style="color: var(--hint);">Made with Nim. Generated: 1970-01-02 03:46:40 UTC</small>
       </div>
     </div>
   </div>
-</div>
-
+  
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/nimdoc/testproject/expected/subdir/subdir_b/utils.idx b/nimdoc/testproject/expected/subdir/subdir_b/utils.idx
index b49a777c8..81b27bcb9 100644
--- a/nimdoc/testproject/expected/subdir/subdir_b/utils.idx
+++ b/nimdoc/testproject/expected/subdir/subdir_b/utils.idx
@@ -1,13 +1,47 @@
-This is now a header	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#this-is-now-a-header	 This is now a header	
-Next header	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#this-is-now-a-header-next-header	  Next header	
-And so on	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#next-header-and-so-on	   And so on	
-More headers	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#more-headers	 More headers	
-Up to level 6	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#more-headers-up-to-level-6	      Up to level 6	
-enumValueA	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#enumValueA	SomeType.enumValueA	
-enumValueB	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#enumValueB	SomeType.enumValueB	
-enumValueC	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#enumValueC	SomeType.enumValueC	
-SomeType	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#SomeType	utils: SomeType	
-someType	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#someType_2	utils: someType(): SomeType	
-aEnum	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#aEnum.t	utils: aEnum(): untyped	
-bEnum	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#bEnum.t	utils: bEnum(): untyped	
-fromUtilsGen	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fromUtilsGen.t	utils: fromUtilsGen(): untyped	
+nimTitle	utils	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html	module subdir/subdir_b/utils		0
+nim	funWithGenerics	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#funWithGenerics,T,U	proc funWithGenerics[T, U: SomeFloat](a: T; b: U)		1
+nim	fn2	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn2,int,float,float	proc fn2(x: int; y: float; z: float)		5
+nim	enumValueA	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#enumValueA	SomeType.enumValueA		45
+nim	enumValueB	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#enumValueB	SomeType.enumValueB		45
+nim	enumValueC	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#enumValueC	SomeType.enumValueC		45
+nim	SomeType	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#SomeType	enum SomeType		45
+nim	G	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#G	object G		49
+nim	someType	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#someType_2	proc someType(): SomeType		52
+nim	fn2	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn2	proc fn2()		57
+nim	fn2	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn2,int	proc fn2(x: int)		58
+nim	fn2	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn2,int,float	proc fn2(x: int; y: float)		61
+nim	binarySearch	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#binarySearch,openArray[T],K,proc(T,K)	proc binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;\n                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int		63
+nim	fn3	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn3	proc fn3(): auto		66
+nim	fn4	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn4	proc fn4(): auto		67
+nim	fn5	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn5	proc fn5()		68
+nim	fn6	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn6	proc fn6()		70
+nim	fn7	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn7	proc fn7()		72
+nim	fn8	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn8	proc fn8(): auto		75
+nim	fn9	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn9,int	proc fn9(a: int): int		78
+nim	fn10	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn10,int	proc fn10(a: int): int		79
+nim	fN11	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fN11	proc fN11()		85
+nim	fN11	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fN11,int	proc fN11(x: int)		86
+nim	aEnum	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#aEnum.t	template aEnum(): untyped		90
+nim	bEnum	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#bEnum.t	template bEnum(): untyped		95
+nim	fromUtilsGen	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fromUtilsGen.t	template fromUtilsGen(): untyped		106
+nim	f	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#f,G[int]	proc f(x: G[int])		130
+nim	f	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#f,G[string]	proc f(x: G[string])		133
+nim	`[]`	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#[],G[T]	proc `[]`[T](x: G[T]): T		140
+nim	`[]=`	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#[]=,G[T],int,T	proc `[]=`[T](a: var G[T]; index: int; value: T)		144
+nim	`$`	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#$,G[T]	proc `$`[T](a: G[T]): string		148
+nim	`$`	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#$,ref.SomeType	proc `$`[T](a: ref SomeType): string		152
+nim	fooBar	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fooBar.i,seq[SomeType]	iterator fooBar(a: seq[SomeType]): int		156
+nim	fn	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn	proc fn[T; U, V: SomeFloat]()		160
+nim	`'big`	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#'big,string	proc `'big`(a: string): SomeType		164
+nimgrp	$	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#$-procs-all	proc		148
+nimgrp	fn11	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fN11-procs-all	proc		85
+nimgrp	fn2	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn2-procs-all	proc		5
+nimgrp	f	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#f-procs-all	proc		130
+heading	This is now a header	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#this-is-now-a-header	 This is now a header		0
+heading	Next header	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#this-is-now-a-header-next-header	  Next header		0
+heading	And so on	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#next-header-and-so-on	   And so on		0
+heading	More headers	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#more-headers	 More headers		0
+heading	Up to level 6	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#more-headers-up-to-level-6	      Up to level 6		0
+heading	Pandoc Markdown	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#pandoc-markdown	 Pandoc Markdown		0
+heading	Link name syntax	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#pandoc-markdown-link-name-syntax	  Link name syntax		0
+heading	Symbols documentation	subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#pandoc-markdown-symbols-documentation	  Symbols documentation		0
diff --git a/nimdoc/testproject/expected/testproject.html b/nimdoc/testproject/expected/testproject.html
index 48b3094e7..43a72d99d 100644
--- a/nimdoc/testproject/expected/testproject.html
+++ b/nimdoc/testproject/expected/testproject.html
@@ -1,736 +1,538 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
-  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
 <!--  This file is generated by Nim. -->
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<html xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" data-theme="auto">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-
-<!-- Favicon -->
-<link rel="shortcut icon" href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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"/>
-<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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">
+<title>testproject</title>
 
 <!-- Google fonts -->
 <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,600,900' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
 <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro:400,500,600' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
 
+<!-- Favicon -->
+<link rel="shortcut icon" href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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"/>
+<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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">
+
 <!-- CSS -->
-<title>testproject</title>
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="nimdoc.out.css">
 
+<!-- JS -->
 <script type="text/javascript" src="dochack.js"></script>
-
-<script type="text/javascript">
-function main() {
-  var pragmaDots = document.getElementsByClassName("pragmadots");
-  for (var i = 0; i < pragmaDots.length; i++) {
-    pragmaDots[i].onclick = function(event) {
-      // Hide tease
-      event.target.parentNode.style.display = "none";
-      // Show actual
-      event.target.parentNode.nextElementSibling.style.display = "inline";
-    }
-  }
-
-  const toggleSwitch = document.querySelector('.theme-switch input[type="checkbox"]');
-  function switchTheme(e) {
-      if (e.target.checked) {
-          document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', 'dark');
-          localStorage.setItem('theme', 'dark');
-      } else {
-          document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', 'light');
-          localStorage.setItem('theme', 'light');
-      }
-  }
-
-  toggleSwitch.addEventListener('change', switchTheme, false);
-
-  const currentTheme = localStorage.getItem('theme') ? localStorage.getItem('theme') : null;
-  if (currentTheme) {
-    document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', currentTheme);
-
-    if (currentTheme === 'dark') {
-      toggleSwitch.checked = true;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', main);
-</script>
-
 </head>
 <body>
-<div class="document" id="documentId">
-  <div class="container">
-    <h1 class="title">testproject</h1>
-    <div class="row">
+  <div class="document" id="documentId">
+    <div class="container">
+      <h1 class="title">testproject</h1>
+      <div class="row">
   <div class="three columns">
-  <div class="theme-switch-wrapper">
-    <label class="theme-switch" for="checkbox">
-      <input type="checkbox" id="checkbox" />
-      <div class="slider round"></div>
-    </label>
-    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>Dark Mode</em>
-  </div>
-  <div id="global-links">
-    <ul class="simple">
-    <li>
-      <a href="theindex.html">Index</a>
-    </li>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
-  <div id="searchInputDiv">
-    Search: <input type="text" id="searchInput"
-      onkeyup="search()" />
-  </div>
-  <div>
-    Group by:
-    <select onchange="groupBy(this.value)">
-      <option value="section">Section</option>
-      <option value="type">Type</option>
-    </select>
-  </div>
-  <ul class="simple simple-toc" id="toc-list">
-<li>
+    <div class="theme-select-wrapper">
+      <label for="theme-select">Theme:&nbsp;</label>
+      <select id="theme-select" onchange="setTheme(this.value)">
+        <option value="auto">🌗 Match OS</option>
+        <option value="dark">🌑 Dark</option>
+        <option value="light">🌕 Light</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    <div id="global-links">
+      <ul class="simple">
+        <li><a id="indexLink" href="theindex.html">Index</a></li>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div id="searchInputDiv">
+      Search: <input type="search" id="searchInput" oninput="search()"/>
+    </div>
+    <div>
+      Group by:
+      <select onchange="groupBy(this.value)">
+        <option value="section">Section</option>
+        <option value="type">Type</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc" id="toc-list">
+  <li><a class="reference" id="basic-usage_toc" href="#basic-usage">Basic usage</a></li>
+<ul class="simple"><li><a class="reference" id="basic-usage-encoding-data_toc" href="#basic-usage-encoding-data">Encoding data</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" id="basic-usage-decoding-data_toc" href="#basic-usage-decoding-data">Decoding data</a></li>
+</ul><li>
   <a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#6" id="56">Imports</a>
-  <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
-    
-  </ul>
 </li>
 <li>
-  <a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#7" id="57">Types</a>
-  <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#A"
-    title="A {.inject.} = enum
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#7" id="57">Types</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+      <li><a class="reference" href="#A" title="A {.inject.} = enum
   aA">A</a></li>
-  <li><a class="reference" href="#B"
-    title="B {.inject.} = enum
+<li><a class="reference" href="#AnotherObject" title="AnotherObject = object
+  case x*: bool
+  of true:
+    y*: proc (x: string)
+  of false:">AnotherObject</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#B" title="B {.inject.} = enum
   bB">B</a></li>
-  <li><a class="reference" href="#Foo"
-    title="Foo = enum
+<li><a class="reference" href="#Foo" title="Foo = enum
   enumValueA2">Foo</a></li>
-  <li><a class="reference" href="#Shapes"
-    title="Shapes = enum
+<li><a class="reference" href="#FooBuzz" title="FooBuzz {.deprecated: &quot;FooBuzz msg&quot;.} = int">FooBuzz</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#MyObject" title="MyObject = object
+  someString*: string        ## This is a string
+  annotated* {.somePragma.}: string ## This is an annotated string">MyObject</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#Shapes" title="Shapes = enum
   Circle,                   ## A circle
   Triangle,                 ## A three-sided shape
   Rectangle                  ## A four-sided shape">Shapes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#T19396" title="T19396 = object
+  a*: int">T19396</a></li>
 
-  </ul>
-</li>
-<li>
-  <a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#8" id="58">Vars</a>
-  <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#someVariable"
-    title="someVariable: bool">someVariable</a></li>
-  <li><a class="reference" href="#aVariable"
-    title="aVariable: array[1, int]">aVariable</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-</li>
-<li>
-  <a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#10" id="60">Consts</a>
-  <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#C_A"
-    title="C_A = 0x7FF0000000000000&apos;f64">C_A</a></li>
-  <li><a class="reference" href="#C_B"
-    title="C_B = 0o377&apos;i8">C_B</a></li>
-  <li><a class="reference" href="#C_C"
-    title="C_C = 0o277&apos;i8">C_C</a></li>
-  <li><a class="reference" href="#C_D"
-    title="C_D = 0o177777&apos;i16">C_D</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-</li>
-<li>
-  <a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#12" id="62">Procs</a>
-  <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
-      <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z10
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z10"
-    title="z10()">z10()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">tripleStrLitTest
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#tripleStrLitTest"
-    title="tripleStrLitTest()">tripleStrLitTest()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z17
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z17"
-    title="z17()">z17()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">asyncFun3
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#asyncFun3"
-    title="asyncFun3(): owned(Future[void])">asyncFun3(): owned(Future[void])</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z2
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z2"
-    title="z2()">z2()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">bar
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#bar%2CT%2CT"
-    title="bar[T](a, b: T): T">bar[T](a, b: T): T</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fromUtils3
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#fromUtils3"
-    title="fromUtils3()">fromUtils3()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">isValid
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#isValid%2CT"
-    title="isValid[T](x: T): bool">isValid[T](x: T): bool</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z6
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z6"
-    title="z6(): int">z6(): int</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">anything
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#anything"
-    title="anything()">anything()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">low
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#low%2CT"
-    title="low[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T">low[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">p1
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#p1"
-    title="p1()">p1()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z11
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z11"
-    title="z11()">z11()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">buzz
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#buzz%2CT%2CT"
-    title="buzz[T](a, b: T): T">buzz[T](a, b: T): T</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">low2
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#low2%2CT"
-    title="low2[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T">low2[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z7
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z7"
-    title="z7(): int">z7(): int</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z13
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z13"
-    title="z13()">z13()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">baz
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#baz%2CT%2CT"
-    title="baz[T](a, b: T): T">baz[T](a, b: T): T</a></li>
-  <li><a class="reference" href="#baz"
-    title="baz()">baz()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">addfBug14485
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#addfBug14485"
-    title="addfBug14485()">addfBug14485()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">c_printf
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#c_printf%2Ccstring"
-    title="c_printf(frmt: cstring): cint">c_printf(frmt: cstring): cint</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z12
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z12"
-    title="z12(): int">z12(): int</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z3
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z3"
-    title="z3()">z3()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z9
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z9"
-    title="z9()">z9()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z4
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z4"
-    title="z4()">z4()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">someFunc
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#someFunc"
-    title="someFunc()">someFunc()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z8
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z8"
-    title="z8(): int">z8(): int</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z1
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z1"
-    title="z1(): Foo">z1(): Foo</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z5
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z5"
-    title="z5(): int">z5(): int</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">asyncFun2
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#asyncFun2"
-    title="asyncFun2(): owned(Future[void])">asyncFun2(): owned(Future[void])</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">c_nonexistant
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#c_nonexistant%2Ccstring"
-    title="c_nonexistant(frmt: cstring): cint">c_nonexistant(frmt: cstring): cint</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">asyncFun1
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#asyncFun1"
-    title="asyncFun1(): Future[int]">asyncFun1(): Future[int]</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-
-  </ul>
-</li>
-<li>
-  <a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#14" id="64">Methods</a>
-  <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
-      <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">method2
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#method2.e%2CMoo"
-    title="method2(self: Moo): int">method2(self: Moo): int</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">method3
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#method3.e%2CMoo"
-    title="method3(self: Moo): int">method3(self: Moo): int</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">method1
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#method1.e%2CMoo"
-    title="method1(self: Moo)">method1(self: Moo)</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-
-  </ul>
+    </ul>
+  </details>
 </li>
 <li>
-  <a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#15" id="65">Iterators</a>
-  <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
-      <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">iter2
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#iter2.i%2Cint"
-    title="iter2(n: int): int">iter2(n: int): int</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fromUtils1
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#fromUtils1.i"
-    title="fromUtils1(): int">fromUtils1(): int</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">iter1
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#iter1.i%2Cint"
-    title="iter1(n: int): int">iter1(n: int): int</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#8" id="58">Vars</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+      <li><a class="reference" href="#aVariable" title="aVariable: array[1, int]">aVariable</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#someVariable" title="someVariable: bool">someVariable</a></li>
 
-  </ul>
+    </ul>
+  </details>
 </li>
 <li>
-  <a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#17" id="67">Macros</a>
-  <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
-      <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">bar
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#bar.m"
-    title="bar(): untyped">bar(): untyped</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z18
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z18.m"
-    title="z18(): int">z18(): int</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z16
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z16.m"
-    title="z16()">z16()</a></li>
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#10" id="60">Consts</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+      <li><a class="reference" href="#C_A" title="C_A = 0x7FF0000000000000'f64">C_A</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#C_B" title="C_B = 0o377'i8">C_B</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#C_C" title="C_C = 0o277'i8">C_C</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#C_D" title="C_D = 0o177777'i16">C_D</a></li>
 
-  </ul>
-
-  </ul>
+    </ul>
+  </details>
 </li>
 <li>
-  <a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#18" id="68">Templates</a>
-  <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
-      <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fromUtils2
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#fromUtils2.t"
-    title="fromUtils2()">fromUtils2()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z6t
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z6t.t"
-    title="z6t(): int">z6t(): int</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z14
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z14.t"
-    title="z14()">z14()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z15
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#z15.t"
-    title="z15()">z15()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">foo
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#foo.t%2CSomeType%2CSomeType"
-    title="foo(a, b: SomeType)">foo(a, b: SomeType)</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">myfn
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#myfn.t"
-    title="myfn()">myfn()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-  <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">testNimDocTrailingExample
-      <li><a class="reference" href="#testNimDocTrailingExample.t"
-    title="testNimDocTrailingExample()">testNimDocTrailingExample()</a></li>
-
-  </ul>
-
-  </ul>
-</li>
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#12" id="62">Procs</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+      <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">addfBug14485
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#addfBug14485" title="addfBug14485()">addfBug14485()</a></li>
 
 </ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">anything
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#anything" title="anything()">anything()</a></li>
 
-  </div>
-  
-  <div class="nine columns" id="content">
-  <div id="tocRoot"></div>
-  
-  <p class="module-desc">This is the top level module.
-<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">import</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">subdir</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">/</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">subdir_b</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">/</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">utils</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Identifier">doAssert</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">bar</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="DecNumber">3</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">4</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">==</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">7</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Identifier">foo</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">enumValueA</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">enumValueB</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Comment"># bug #11078</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Keyword">for</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Keyword">in</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="StringLit">&quot;xx&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Keyword">discard</span></pre>top2
-<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="StringLit">&quot;in top2&quot;</span></pre>top2 after
-<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="StringLit">&quot;in top3&quot;</span></pre>top3 after
-<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Identifier">assert</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">3</span><span class="Operator">*</span><span class="DecNumber">2</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">==</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">6</span></pre></p>
-  <div class="section" id="6">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#6">Imports</a></h1>
-<dl class="item">
-<a class="reference external" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html">subdir/subdir_b/utils</a>
-</dl></div>
-<div class="section" id="7">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#7">Types</a></h1>
-<dl class="item">
-<a id="A"></a>
-<dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#A"><span class="Identifier">A</span></a> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">inject</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="Keyword">enum</span>
-  <span class="Identifier">aA</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
-The enum A.
-
-</dd>
-<a id="B"></a>
-<dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#B"><span class="Identifier">B</span></a> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">inject</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="Keyword">enum</span>
-  <span class="Identifier">bB</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
-The enum B.
-
-</dd>
-<a id="Foo"></a>
-<dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#Foo"><span class="Identifier">Foo</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="Keyword">enum</span>
-  <span class="Identifier">enumValueA2</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
-
-
-</dd>
-<a id="Shapes"></a>
-<dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#Shapes"><span class="Identifier">Shapes</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="Keyword">enum</span>
-  <span class="Identifier">Circle</span><span class="Other">,</span>                   <span class="Comment">## A circle</span>
-  <span class="Identifier">Triangle</span><span class="Other">,</span>                 <span class="Comment">## A three-sided shape</span>
-  <span class="Identifier">Rectangle</span>                  <span class="Comment">## A four-sided shape</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
-Some shapes.
-
-</dd>
-
-</dl></div>
-<div class="section" id="8">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#8">Vars</a></h1>
-<dl class="item">
-<a id="someVariable"></a>
-<dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#someVariable"><span class="Identifier">someVariable</span></a><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">bool</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
-This should be visible.
-
-</dd>
-<a id="aVariable"></a>
-<dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#aVariable"><span class="Identifier">aVariable</span></a><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">array</span><span class="Other">[</span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">]</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
-
-
-</dd>
-
-</dl></div>
-<div class="section" id="10">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#10">Consts</a></h1>
-<dl class="item">
-<a id="C_A"></a>
-<dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#C_A"><span class="Identifier">C_A</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="FloatNumber">0x7FF0000000000000'f64</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">asyncFun1
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#asyncFun1" title="asyncFun1(): Future[int]">asyncFun1(): Future[int]</a></li>
 
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">asyncFun2
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#asyncFun2" title="asyncFun2(): owned(Future[void])">asyncFun2(): owned(Future[void])</a></li>
 
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">asyncFun3
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#asyncFun3" title="asyncFun3(): owned(Future[void])">asyncFun3(): owned(Future[void])</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="C_B"></a>
-<dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#C_B"><span class="Identifier">C_B</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="DecNumber">0o377'i8</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">bar
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#bar" title="bar(f: FooBuzz)">bar(f: FooBuzz)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#bar%2CT%2CT" title="bar[T](a, b: T): T">bar[T](a, b: T): T</a></li>
 
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">baz
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#baz" title="baz()">baz()</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference" href="#baz%2CT%2CT" title="baz[T](a, b: T): T">baz[T](a, b: T): T</a></li>
 
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">buzz
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#buzz%2CT%2CT" title="buzz[T](a, b: T): T">buzz[T](a, b: T): T</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="C_C"></a>
-<dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#C_C"><span class="Identifier">C_C</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="DecNumber">0o277'i8</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">c_nonexistent
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#c_nonexistent%2Ccstring" title="c_nonexistent(frmt: cstring): cint">c_nonexistent(frmt: cstring): cint</a></li>
 
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">c_printf
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#c_printf%2Ccstring" title="c_printf(frmt: cstring): cint">c_printf(frmt: cstring): cint</a></li>
 
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fromUtils3
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#fromUtils3" title="fromUtils3()">fromUtils3()</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="C_D"></a>
-<dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#C_D"><span class="Identifier">C_D</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="DecNumber">0o177777'i16</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">isValid
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#isValid%2CT" title="isValid[T](x: T): bool">isValid[T](x: T): bool</a></li>
 
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">low
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#low%2CT" title="low[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T">low[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T</a></li>
 
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">low2
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#low2%2CT" title="low2[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T">low2[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T</a></li>
 
-</dd>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">p1
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#p1" title="p1()">p1()</a></li>
 
-</dl></div>
-<div class="section" id="12">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#12">Procs</a></h1>
-<dl class="item">
-<a id="bar,T,T"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#bar%2CT%2CT"><span class="Identifier">bar</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">b</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">someFunc
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#someFunc" title="someFunc()">someFunc()</a></li>
 
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">tripleStrLitTest
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#tripleStrLitTest" title="tripleStrLitTest()">tripleStrLitTest()</a></li>
 
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z1
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z1" title="z1(): Foo">z1(): Foo</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="baz,T,T"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#baz%2CT%2CT"><span class="Identifier">baz</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">b</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">deprecated</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-  <div class="deprecation-message">
-    <b>Deprecated</b> 
-  </div>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z2
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z2" title="z2()">z2()</a></li>
 
-This is deprecated without message.
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z3
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z3" title="z3()">z3()</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="buzz,T,T"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#buzz%2CT%2CT"><span class="Identifier">buzz</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">b</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">deprecated</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;since v0.20&quot;</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-  <div class="deprecation-message">
-    <b>Deprecated:</b> since v0.20
-  </div>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z4
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z4" title="z4()">z4()</a></li>
 
-This is deprecated with a message.
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z5
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z5" title="z5(): int">z5(): int</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="someFunc"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">func</span> <a href="#someFunc"><span class="Identifier">someFunc</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z6
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z6" title="z6(): int">z6(): int</a></li>
 
-My someFunc. Stuff in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">quotes</span></tt> here. <a class="reference external" href="https://nim-lang.org">Some link</a>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z7
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z7" title="z7(): int">z7(): int</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="fromUtils3"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#fromUtils3"><span class="Identifier">fromUtils3</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z8
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z8" title="z8(): int">z8(): int</a></li>
 
-came form utils but should be shown where <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fromUtilsGen</span></tt> is called
-<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">1</span></pre>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z9
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z9" title="z9()">z9()</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="isValid,T"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#isValid%2CT"><span class="Identifier">isValid</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">bool</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z10
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z10" title="z10()">z10()</a></li>
 
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z11
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z11" title="z11()">z11()</a></li>
 
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z12
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z12" title="z12(): int">z12(): int</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="z1"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z1"><span class="Identifier">z1</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <a href="testproject.html#Foo"><span class="Identifier">Foo</span></a> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z13
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z13" title="z13()">z13()</a></li>
 
-cz1
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z17
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z17" title="z17()">z17()</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="z2"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z2"><span class="Identifier">z2</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
 
-cz2
-<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="StringLit">&quot;in cz2&quot;</span></pre>
+    </ul>
+  </details>
+</li>
+<li>
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#14" id="64">Methods</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+      <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">method1
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#method1.e%2CMoo" title="method1(self: Moo)">method1(self: Moo)</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="z3"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z3"><span class="Identifier">z3</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">method2
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#method2.e%2CMoo" title="method2(self: Moo): int">method2(self: Moo): int</a></li>
 
-cz3
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">method3
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#method3.e%2CMoo" title="method3(self: Moo): int">method3(self: Moo): int</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="z4"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z4"><span class="Identifier">z4</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
 
-cz4
+    </ul>
+  </details>
+</li>
+<li>
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#15" id="65">Iterators</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+      <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fromUtils1
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#fromUtils1.i" title="fromUtils1(): int">fromUtils1(): int</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="z5"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z5"><span class="Identifier">z5</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">iter1
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#iter1.i%2Cint" title="iter1(n: int): int">iter1(n: int): int</a></li>
 
-cz5
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">iter2
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#iter2.i%2Cint" title="iter2(n: int): int">iter2(n: int): int</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="z6"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z6"><span class="Identifier">z6</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
 
-cz6
+    </ul>
+  </details>
+</li>
+<li>
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#17" id="67">Macros</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+      <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">bar
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#bar.m" title="bar(): untyped">bar(): untyped</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="z7"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z7"><span class="Identifier">z7</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z16
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z16.m" title="z16()">z16()</a></li>
 
-cz7
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z18
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z18.m" title="z18(): int">z18(): int</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="z8"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z8"><span class="Identifier">z8</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
 
-cz8
+    </ul>
+  </details>
+</li>
+<li>
+  <details open>
+    <summary><a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#18" id="68">Templates</a></summary>
+    <ul class="simple simple-toc-section">
+      <ul class="simple nested-toc-section">foo
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#foo.t%2CSomeType%2CSomeType" title="foo(a, b: SomeType)">foo(a, b: SomeType)</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="z9"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z9"><span class="Identifier">z9</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">fromUtils2
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#fromUtils2.t" title="fromUtils2()">fromUtils2()</a></li>
 
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">myfn
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#myfn.t" title="myfn()">myfn()</a></li>
 
-<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Identifier">doAssert</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">+</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">==</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">2</span></pre>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">somePragma
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#somePragma.t" title="somePragma()">somePragma()</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="z10"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z10"><span class="Identifier">z10</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">testNimDocTrailingExample
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#testNimDocTrailingExample.t" title="testNimDocTrailingExample()">testNimDocTrailingExample()</a></li>
 
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z6t
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z6t.t" title="z6t(): int">z6t(): int</a></li>
 
-<p><strong class="examples_text">Example: cmd: -d:foobar</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">1</span></pre>cz10
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z14
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z14.t" title="z14()">z14()</a></li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="z11"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z11"><span class="Identifier">z11</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
+<ul class="simple nested-toc-section">z15
+  <li><a class="reference" href="#z15.t" title="z15()">z15()</a></li>
 
+</ul>
 
-<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">1</span></pre>
+    </ul>
+  </details>
+</li>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="z12"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z12"><span class="Identifier">z12</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</ul>
 
+  </div>
+  <div class="nine columns" id="content">
+    
+    <div id="tocRoot"></div>
+    
+    <p class="module-desc">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" id="basic-usage" href="#basic-usage">Basic usage</a></h1>
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" id="basic-usage-encoding-data" href="#basic-usage-encoding-data">Encoding data</a></h2><p>Apart from strings you can also encode lists of integers or characters:</p>
 
+<h2><a class="toc-backref" id="basic-usage-decoding-data" href="#basic-usage-decoding-data">Decoding data</a></h2>This is the top level module.
 <p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">1</span></pre>
-
-</dd>
-<a id="z13"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z13"><span class="Identifier">z13</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
-cz13
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">import</span> <span class="Identifier">testproject</span>
+<span class="Keyword">import</span> <span class="Identifier">subdir</span> <span class="Operator">/</span> <span class="Identifier">subdir_b</span> <span class="Operator">/</span> <span class="Identifier">utils</span>
+<span class="Identifier">doAssert</span> <span class="Identifier">bar</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="DecNumber">3</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="DecNumber">4</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span> <span class="Operator">==</span> <span class="DecNumber">7</span>
+<span class="Identifier">foo</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">enumValueA</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">enumValueB</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
+<span class="Comment"># bug #11078</span>
+<span class="Keyword">for</span> <span class="Identifier">x</span> <span class="Keyword">in</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;xx&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Keyword">discard</span></pre>top2
 <p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span></pre>
-
-</dd>
-<a id="baz"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#baz"><span class="Identifier">baz</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
-
-
-</dd>
-<a id="z17"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z17"><span class="Identifier">z17</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
-cz17 rest
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">import</span> <span class="Identifier">testproject</span>
+<span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;in top2&quot;</span></pre>top2 after
 <p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">1</span></pre>rest
-
-</dd>
-<a id="p1"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#p1"><span class="Identifier">p1</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">import</span> <span class="Identifier">testproject</span>
+<span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;in top3&quot;</span></pre>top3 after</p>
+    <div class="section" id="6">
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#6">Imports</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <a class="reference external" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html">subdir/subdir_b/utils</a>
+  </dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="7">
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#7">Types</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <div id="A">
+  <dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#A"><span class="Identifier">A</span></a> {.<span class="Identifier">inject</span>.} <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="Keyword">enum</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">aA</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    The enum A.
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="AnotherObject">
+  <dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#AnotherObject"><span class="Identifier">AnotherObject</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="Keyword">object</span>
+  <span class="Keyword">case</span> <span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Operator">*</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">bool</span>
+  <span class="Keyword">of</span> <span class="Identifier">true</span><span class="Other">:</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">y</span><span class="Operator">*</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Keyword">proc</span> <span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">string</span><span class="Other">)</span>
+  <span class="Keyword">of</span> <span class="Identifier">false</span><span class="Other">:</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="B">
+  <dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#B"><span class="Identifier">B</span></a> {.<span class="Identifier">inject</span>.} <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="Keyword">enum</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">bB</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    The enum B.
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="Foo">
+  <dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#Foo"><span class="Identifier">Foo</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="Keyword">enum</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">enumValueA2</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="FooBuzz">
+  <dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#FooBuzz"><span class="Identifier">FooBuzz</span></a> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">deprecated</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;FooBuzz msg&quot;</span></span>.} <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    <div class="deprecation-message">
+  <b>Deprecated:</b> FooBuzz msg
+</div>
 
-cp1
-<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Identifier">doAssert</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">==</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Comment"># regular comments work here</span></pre>c4
-<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Comment"># c5 regular comments before 1st token work</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Comment"># regular comment</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="LongComment">#[
-nested regular comment
-]#</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Identifier">doAssert</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">2</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">==</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">2</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Comment"># c8</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Comment">## this is a non-nested doc comment</span><span class="Whitespace">
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="MyObject">
+  <dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#MyObject"><span class="Identifier">MyObject</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="Keyword">object</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">someString</span><span class="Operator">*</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">string</span>        <span class="Comment">## This is a string</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">annotated</span><span class="Operator">*</span> {.<span class="Identifier">somePragma</span>.}<span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">string</span> <span class="Comment">## This is an annotated string</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="Shapes">
+  <dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#Shapes"><span class="Identifier">Shapes</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="Keyword">enum</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">Circle</span><span class="Other">,</span>                   <span class="Comment">## A circle</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">Triangle</span><span class="Other">,</span>                 <span class="Comment">## A three-sided shape</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">Rectangle</span>                  <span class="Comment">## A four-sided shape</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    Some shapes.
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="T19396">
+  <dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#T19396"><span class="Identifier">T19396</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="Keyword">object</span>
+  <span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Operator">*</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</span><span class="LongComment">##[
-this is a nested doc comment
-]##</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Keyword">discard</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="StringLit">&quot;c9&quot;</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Comment"># also work after</span></pre>
+  </dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="8">
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#8">Vars</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <div id="aVariable">
+  <dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#aVariable"><span class="Identifier">aVariable</span></a><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">array</span><span class="Other">[</span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">]</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="someVariable">
+  <dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#someVariable"><span class="Identifier">someVariable</span></a><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">bool</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    This should be visible.
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="addfBug14485"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#addfBug14485"><span class="Identifier">addfBug14485</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+  </dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="10">
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#10">Consts</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <div id="C_A">
+  <dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#C_A"><span class="Identifier">C_A</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="FloatNumber">0x7FF0000000000000'f64</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="C_B">
+  <dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#C_B"><span class="Identifier">C_B</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="DecNumber">0o377'i8</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="C_C">
+  <dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#C_C"><span class="Identifier">C_C</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="DecNumber">0o277'i8</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="C_D">
+  <dt><pre><a href="testproject.html#C_D"><span class="Identifier">C_D</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="DecNumber">0o177777'i16</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-Some proc
+  </dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="12">
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#12">Procs</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <div id="addfBug14485-procs-all">
+  <div id="addfBug14485">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#addfBug14485"><span class="Identifier">addfBug14485</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    Some proc
 <p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="StringLit">&quot;foo() = &quot;</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">&amp;</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">$</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="LongComment">#[
-0: let&apos;s also add some broken html to make sure this won&apos;t break in future
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;foo() = &quot;</span> <span class="Operator">&amp;</span> <span class="Operator">$</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span>
+<span class="LongComment">#[
+0: let's also add some broken html to make sure this won't break in future
 1: &lt;/span&gt;
 2: &lt;/span&gt;
 3: &lt;/span
@@ -739,306 +541,720 @@ Some proc
 6: &lt;/script
 7: end of broken html
 ]#</span></pre>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div id="anything-procs-all">
+  <div id="anything">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#anything"><span class="Identifier">anything</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    There is no block quote after blank lines at the beginning.
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div id="asyncFun1-procs-all">
+  <div id="asyncFun1">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#asyncFun1"><span class="Identifier">asyncFun1</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">Future</span><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">]</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">stackTrace</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="DecNumber">false</span><span class="Other">,</span>
+                                <span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">Exception</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">ValueError</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span>
+                                <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">RootEffect</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    ok1
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div id="asyncFun2-procs-all">
+  <div id="asyncFun2">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#asyncFun2"><span class="Identifier">asyncFun2</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">owned</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">Future</span><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">void</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">stackTrace</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="DecNumber">false</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">Exception</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span>
+                                        <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">RootEffect</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div id="asyncFun3-procs-all">
+  <div id="asyncFun3">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#asyncFun3"><span class="Identifier">asyncFun3</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">owned</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">Future</span><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">void</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">stackTrace</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="DecNumber">false</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">Exception</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span>
+                                        <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">RootEffect</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span></pre>ok1
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div id="bar-procs-all">
+  <div id="bar">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#bar"><span class="Identifier">bar</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">f</span><span class="Other">:</span> <a href="testproject.html#FooBuzz"><span class="Identifier">FooBuzz</span></a><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="bar,T,T">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#bar%2CT%2CT"><span class="Identifier">bar</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">b</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div id="baz-procs-all">
+  <div id="baz">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#baz"><span class="Identifier">baz</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+<div id="baz,T,T">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#baz%2CT%2CT"><span class="Identifier">baz</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">b</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">deprecated</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    <div class="deprecation-message">
+  <b>Deprecated</b> 
+</div>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="c_printf,cstring"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#c_printf%2Ccstring"><span class="Identifier">c_printf</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">frmt</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">cstring</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">cint</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">importc</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;printf&quot;</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">header</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;stdio.h&gt;&quot;</span><span class="Other">,</span>
-                                     <span class="Identifier">varargs</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">discardable</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+    This is deprecated without message.
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div id="buzz-procs-all">
+  <div id="buzz,T,T">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#buzz%2CT%2CT"><span class="Identifier">buzz</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">b</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">deprecated</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;since v0.20&quot;</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    <div class="deprecation-message">
+  <b>Deprecated:</b> since v0.20
+</div>
 
-the c printf. etc.
+    This is deprecated with a message.
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="c_nonexistant,cstring"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#c_nonexistant%2Ccstring"><span class="Identifier">c_nonexistant</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">frmt</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">cstring</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">cint</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">importc</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;nonexistant&quot;</span><span class="Other">,</span>
-    <span class="Identifier">header</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;stdio.h&gt;&quot;</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">varargs</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">discardable</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</div>
+<div id="c_nonexistent-procs-all">
+  <div id="c_nonexistent,cstring">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#c_nonexistent%2Ccstring"><span class="Identifier">c_nonexistent</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">frmt</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">cstring</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">cint</span> {.<span class="Identifier">importc</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;nonexistent&quot;</span><span class="Other">,</span>
+    <span class="Identifier">header</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;stdio.h&gt;&quot;</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">varargs</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">discardable</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
+</div>
+<div id="c_printf-procs-all">
+  <div id="c_printf,cstring">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#c_printf%2Ccstring"><span class="Identifier">c_printf</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">frmt</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">cstring</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">cint</span> {.<span class="Identifier">importc</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;printf&quot;</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">header</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;&lt;stdio.h&gt;&quot;</span><span class="Other">,</span>
+                                     <span class="Identifier">varargs</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">discardable</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span>
+                                     <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    the c printf. etc.
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
+</div>
+<div id="fromUtils3-procs-all">
+  <div id="fromUtils3">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#fromUtils3"><span class="Identifier">fromUtils3</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    came form utils but should be shown where <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><span class="Identifier">fromUtilsGen</span></span></tt> is called
+<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;should be shown as examples for fromUtils3
+       in module calling fromUtilsGen&quot;&quot;&quot;</span></pre>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="low,T"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#low%2CT"><span class="Identifier">low</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">Ordinal</span> <span class="Operator">|</span> <span class="Keyword">enum</span> <span class="Operator">|</span> <span class="Identifier">range</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">magic</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;Low&quot;</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">noSideEffect</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</div>
+<div id="isValid-procs-all">
+  <div id="isValid,T">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#isValid%2CT"><span class="Identifier">isValid</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">bool</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-<p>Returns the lowest possible value of an ordinal value <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span></tt>. As a special semantic rule, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span></tt> may also be a type identifier.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="low-procs-all">
+  <div id="low,T">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#low%2CT"><span class="Identifier">low</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">Ordinal</span> <span class="Operator">|</span> <span class="Keyword">enum</span> <span class="Operator">|</span> <span class="Identifier">range</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span> {.<span class="Identifier">magic</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;Low&quot;</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">noSideEffect</span><span class="Other">,</span>
+    <span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    <p>Returns the lowest possible value of an ordinal value <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><span class="Identifier">x</span></span></tt>. As a special semantic rule, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><span class="Identifier">x</span></span></tt> may also be a type identifier.</p>
 <p>See also:</p>
 <ul class="simple"><li><a class="reference external" href="#low2,T">low2(T)</a></li>
 </ul>
 <pre class="listing"><span class="Identifier">low</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="DecNumber">2</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span> <span class="Comment"># =&gt; -9223372036854775808</span></pre>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="low2,T"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#low2%2CT"><span class="Identifier">low2</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">Ordinal</span> <span class="Operator">|</span> <span class="Keyword">enum</span> <span class="Operator">|</span> <span class="Identifier">range</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">magic</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;Low&quot;</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">noSideEffect</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
-<p>Returns the lowest possible value of an ordinal value <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span></tt>. As a special semantic rule, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span></tt> may also be a type identifier.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="low2-procs-all">
+  <div id="low2,T">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#low2%2CT"><span class="Identifier">low2</span></a><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">Ordinal</span> <span class="Operator">|</span> <span class="Keyword">enum</span> <span class="Operator">|</span> <span class="Identifier">range</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">x</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">T</span> {.<span class="Identifier">magic</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;Low&quot;</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">noSideEffect</span><span class="Other">,</span>
+    <span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    <p>Returns the lowest possible value of an ordinal value <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><span class="Identifier">x</span></span></tt>. As a special semantic rule, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><span class="Identifier">x</span></span></tt> may also be a type identifier.</p>
 <p>See also:</p>
 <ul class="simple"><li><a class="reference external" href="#low,T">low(T)</a></li>
 </ul>
 <pre class="listing"><span class="Identifier">low2</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="DecNumber">2</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span> <span class="Comment"># =&gt; -9223372036854775808</span></pre>
 <p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="StringLit">&quot;in low2&quot;</span></pre>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;in low2&quot;</span></pre>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="tripleStrLitTest"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#tripleStrLitTest"><span class="Identifier">tripleStrLitTest</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</div>
+<div id="p1-procs-all">
+  <div id="p1">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#p1"><span class="Identifier">p1</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    cp1
+<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Identifier">doAssert</span> <span class="DecNumber">1</span> <span class="Operator">==</span> <span class="DecNumber">1</span> <span class="Comment"># regular comments work here</span></pre>c4
+<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Comment"># c5 regular comments before 1st token work</span>
+<span class="Comment"># regular comment</span>
+<span class="LongComment">#[
+nested regular comment
+]#</span>
+<span class="Identifier">doAssert</span> <span class="DecNumber">2</span> <span class="Operator">==</span> <span class="DecNumber">2</span> <span class="Comment"># c8</span>
+<span class="Comment">## this is a non-nested doc comment</span>
 
+<span class="LongComment">##[
+this is a nested doc comment
+]##</span>
+<span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;c9&quot;</span>
+<span class="Comment"># also work after</span></pre>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Comment">## mullitline string litterals are tricky as their indentation can span</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Comment">## below that of the runnableExamples</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Keyword">let</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">s1a</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">=</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;
+</div>
+<div id="someFunc-procs-all">
+  <div id="someFunc">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">func</span> <a href="#someFunc"><span class="Identifier">someFunc</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    My someFunc. Stuff in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><span class="Identifier">quotes</span></span></tt> here. <a class="reference external" href="https://nim-lang.org">Some link</a>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div id="tripleStrLitTest-procs-all">
+  <div id="tripleStrLitTest">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#tripleStrLitTest"><span class="Identifier">tripleStrLitTest</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+<p><strong class="examples_text">Example: cmd: --hint:XDeclaredButNotUsed:off</strong></p>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Comment">## mullitline string litterals are tricky as their indentation can span</span>
+<span class="Comment">## below that of the runnableExamples</span>
+<span class="Keyword">let</span> <span class="Identifier">s1a</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;
 should appear at indent 0
   at indent 2
 at indent 0
-&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Comment"># make sure this works too</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Keyword">let</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">s1b</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">=</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;start at same line
+&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="Comment"># make sure this works too</span>
+<span class="Keyword">let</span> <span class="Identifier">s1b</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;start at same line
   at indent 2
 at indent 0
-&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Comment"># comment after</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Keyword">let</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">s2</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">=</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;sandwich &quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Keyword">let</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">s3</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">=</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Keyword">when</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">false</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span><span class="Whitespace">
-  </span><span class="Keyword">let</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">s5</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">=</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;
-        in s5 &quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Whitespace">
-
-</span><span class="Keyword">let</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">s3b</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">=</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;
+&quot;&quot;&quot;</span> <span class="Comment"># comment after</span>
+<span class="Keyword">let</span> <span class="Identifier">s2</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;sandwich &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="Keyword">let</span> <span class="Identifier">s3</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="Keyword">when</span> <span class="Identifier">false</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
+  <span class="Keyword">let</span> <span class="Identifier">s5</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;
+        in s5 &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+
+<span class="Keyword">let</span> <span class="Identifier">s3b</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;
 %!? #[...] # inside a multiline ...
-&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="StringLit">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span><span class="Whitespace">
-
-</span><span class="Comment">## make sure handles trailing spaces</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Keyword">let</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">s4</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">=</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot; 
-&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Whitespace">
+&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span>
+
+<span class="Comment">## make sure handles trailing spaces</span>
+<span class="Keyword">let</span> <span class="Identifier">s4</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot; 
+&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+
+<span class="Keyword">let</span> <span class="Identifier">s5</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot; x
+&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="Keyword">let</span> <span class="Identifier">s6</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot; &quot;&quot;
+&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="Keyword">let</span> <span class="Identifier">s7</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<span class="Keyword">let</span> <span class="Identifier">s8</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;
+  &quot;&quot;&quot;</span> <span class="Punctuation">]</span>
+<span class="Keyword">discard</span>
+<span class="Comment"># should be in</span></pre>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</span><span class="Keyword">let</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">s5</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">=</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot; x
-&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Keyword">let</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">s6</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">=</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot; &quot;&quot;
-&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Keyword">let</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">s7</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">=</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Keyword">let</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">s8</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">=</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;
-  &quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Punctuation">]</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Keyword">discard</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Comment"># should be in</span></pre>
+</div>
+<div id="z1-procs-all">
+  <div id="z1">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z1"><span class="Identifier">z1</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <a href="testproject.html#Foo"><span class="Identifier">Foo</span></a> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    cz1
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="asyncFun1"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#asyncFun1"><span class="Identifier">asyncFun1</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">Future</span><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">]</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">Exception</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">ValueError</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span>
-                                <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">RootEffect</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</div>
+<div id="z2-procs-all">
+  <div id="z2">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z2"><span class="Identifier">z2</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    cz2
+<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;in cz2&quot;</span></pre>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-ok1
+</div>
+<div id="z3-procs-all">
+  <div id="z3">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z3"><span class="Identifier">z3</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    cz3
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="asyncFun2"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#asyncFun2"><span class="Identifier">asyncFun2</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">owned</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">Future</span><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">void</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">Exception</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">RootEffect</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</div>
+<div id="z4-procs-all">
+  <div id="z4">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z4"><span class="Identifier">z4</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    cz4
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
+</div>
+<div id="z5-procs-all">
+  <div id="z5">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z5"><span class="Identifier">z5</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    cz5
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
+</div>
+<div id="z6-procs-all">
+  <div id="z6">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z6"><span class="Identifier">z6</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    cz6
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="asyncFun3"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#asyncFun3"><span class="Identifier">asyncFun3</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">owned</span><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">Future</span><span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">void</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">Exception</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">RootEffect</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</div>
+<div id="z7-procs-all">
+  <div id="z7">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z7"><span class="Identifier">z7</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    cz7
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
+</div>
+<div id="z8-procs-all">
+  <div id="z8">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z8"><span class="Identifier">z8</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    cz8
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
+</div>
+<div id="z9-procs-all">
+  <div id="z9">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z9"><span class="Identifier">z9</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
 <p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span></pre>ok1
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Identifier">doAssert</span> <span class="DecNumber">1</span> <span class="Operator">+</span> <span class="DecNumber">1</span> <span class="Operator">==</span> <span class="DecNumber">2</span></pre>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="anything"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#anything"><span class="Identifier">anything</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</div>
+<div id="z10-procs-all">
+  <div id="z10">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z10"><span class="Identifier">z10</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+<p><strong class="examples_text">Example: cmd: -d:foobar</strong></p>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="DecNumber">1</span></pre>cz10
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-There is no block quote after blank lines at the beginning.
+</div>
+<div id="z11-procs-all">
+  <div id="z11">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z11"><span class="Identifier">z11</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="DecNumber">1</span></pre>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
+</div>
+<div id="z12-procs-all">
+  <div id="z12">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z12"><span class="Identifier">z12</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="DecNumber">1</span></pre>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dl></div>
-<div class="section" id="14">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#14">Methods</a></h1>
-<dl class="item">
-<a id="method1.e,Moo"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">method</span> <a href="#method1.e%2CMoo"><span class="Identifier">method1</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">self</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">Moo</span><span class="Other">)</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</div>
+<div id="z13-procs-all">
+  <div id="z13">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z13"><span class="Identifier">z13</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    cz13
+<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span></pre>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-foo1
+</div>
+<div id="z17-procs-all">
+  <div id="z17">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#z17"><span class="Identifier">z17</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    cz17 rest
+<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="DecNumber">1</span></pre>rest
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="method2.e,Moo"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">method</span> <a href="#method2.e%2CMoo"><span class="Identifier">method2</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">self</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">Moo</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</div>
 
-foo2
+  </dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="14">
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#14">Methods</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <div id="method1-methods-all">
+  <div id="method1.e,Moo">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">method</span> <a href="#method1.e%2CMoo"><span class="Identifier">method1</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">self</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">Moo</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span class="Identifier">base</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    foo1
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="method3.e,Moo"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">method</span> <a href="#method3.e%2CMoo"><span class="Identifier">method3</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">self</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">Moo</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</div>
+<div id="method2-methods-all">
+  <div id="method2.e,Moo">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">method</span> <a href="#method2.e%2CMoo"><span class="Identifier">method2</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">self</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">Moo</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> {.<span class="Identifier">base</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    foo2
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-foo3
+</div>
+<div id="method3-methods-all">
+  <div id="method3.e,Moo">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">method</span> <a href="#method3.e%2CMoo"><span class="Identifier">method3</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">self</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">Moo</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> {.<span class="Identifier">base</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    foo3
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
+</div>
 
-</dl></div>
+  </dl>
+</div>
 <div class="section" id="15">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#15">Iterators</a></h1>
-<dl class="item">
-<a id="fromUtils1.i"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">iterator</span> <a href="#fromUtils1.i"><span class="Identifier">fromUtils1</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
-
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#15">Iterators</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <div id="fromUtils1-iterators-all">
+  <div id="fromUtils1.i">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">iterator</span> <a href="#fromUtils1.i"><span class="Identifier">fromUtils1</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
 <p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Comment"># ok1</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Identifier">assert</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">==</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Comment"># ok2</span></pre>
-
-</dd>
-<a id="iter1.i,int"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">iterator</span> <a href="#iter1.i%2Cint"><span class="Identifier">iter1</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">n</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
-foo1
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Comment"># ok1</span>
+<span class="Identifier">assert</span> <span class="DecNumber">1</span> <span class="Operator">==</span> <span class="DecNumber">1</span>
+<span class="Comment"># ok2</span></pre>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="iter2.i,int"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">iterator</span> <a href="#iter2.i%2Cint"><span class="Identifier">iter2</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">n</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</div>
+<div id="iter1-iterators-all">
+  <div id="iter1.i,int">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">iterator</span> <a href="#iter1.i%2Cint"><span class="Identifier">iter1</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">n</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    foo1
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-foo2
+</div>
+<div id="iter2-iterators-all">
+  <div id="iter2.i,int">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">iterator</span> <a href="#iter2.i%2Cint"><span class="Identifier">iter2</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">n</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span> {.<span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">forbids</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Other">]</span></span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    foo2
 <p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Comment"># bar</span></pre>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="Comment"># bar</span></pre>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
+</div>
 
-</dl></div>
+  </dl>
+</div>
 <div class="section" id="17">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#17">Macros</a></h1>
-<dl class="item">
-<a id="bar.m"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">macro</span> <a href="#bar.m"><span class="Identifier">bar</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">untyped</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
-
-
-</dd>
-<a id="z16.m"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">macro</span> <a href="#z16.m"><span class="Identifier">z16</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#17">Macros</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <div id="bar-macros-all">
+  <div id="bar.m">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">macro</span> <a href="#bar.m"><span class="Identifier">bar</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">untyped</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
+</div>
+<div id="z16-macros-all">
+  <div id="z16.m">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">macro</span> <a href="#z16.m"><span class="Identifier">z16</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
 <p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">1</span></pre>cz16 after
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="DecNumber">1</span></pre>cz16 after
 <p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Identifier">doAssert</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">2</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">==</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">1</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">+</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">1</span></pre>
-
-</dd>
-<a id="z18.m"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">macro</span> <a href="#z18.m"><span class="Identifier">z18</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Identifier">doAssert</span> <span class="DecNumber">2</span> <span class="Operator">==</span> <span class="DecNumber">1</span> <span class="Operator">+</span> <span class="DecNumber">1</span></pre>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-cz18
+</div>
+<div id="z18-macros-all">
+  <div id="z18.m">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">macro</span> <a href="#z18.m"><span class="Identifier">z18</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    cz18
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
+</div>
 
-</dl></div>
+  </dl>
+</div>
 <div class="section" id="18">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#18">Templates</a></h1>
-<dl class="item">
-<a id="fromUtils2.t"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#fromUtils2.t"><span class="Identifier">fromUtils2</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
-ok3
-
-</dd>
-<a id="z6t.t"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#z6t.t"><span class="Identifier">z6t</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
-cz6t
-
-</dd>
-<a id="foo.t,SomeType,SomeType"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#foo.t%2CSomeType%2CSomeType"><span class="Identifier">foo</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">b</span><span class="Other">:</span> <a href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#SomeType"><span class="Identifier">SomeType</span></a><span class="Other">)</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
-This does nothing 
-
-</dd>
-<a id="myfn.t"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#myfn.t"><span class="Identifier">myfn</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+  <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#18">Templates</a></h1>
+  <dl class="item">
+    <div id="foo-templates-all">
+  <div id="foo.t,SomeType,SomeType">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#foo.t%2CSomeType%2CSomeType"><span class="Identifier">foo</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">a</span><span class="Other">,</span> <span class="Identifier">b</span><span class="Other">:</span> <a href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#SomeType"><span class="Identifier">SomeType</span></a><span class="Other">)</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    This does nothing 
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
+</div>
+<div id="fromUtils2-templates-all">
+  <div id="fromUtils2.t">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#fromUtils2.t"><span class="Identifier">fromUtils2</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    ok3
+<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="LongStringLit">&quot;&quot;&quot;should be shown as examples for fromUtils2
+       in module calling fromUtilsGen&quot;&quot;&quot;</span></pre>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
+</div>
+<div id="myfn-templates-all">
+  <div id="myfn.t">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#myfn.t"><span class="Identifier">myfn</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
 <p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">import</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">std</span><span class="Operator">/</span><span class="Identifier">strutils</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Comment">## issue #8871 preserve formatting</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Comment">## line doc comment</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Comment"># bar</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Identifier">doAssert</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&apos;foo&quot;</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Operator">==</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="StringLit">&quot;&apos;foo&quot;</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="LongComment">##[
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">import</span> <span class="Identifier">std</span><span class="Operator">/</span><span class="Identifier">strutils</span>
+<span class="Comment">## issue #8871 preserve formatting</span>
+<span class="Comment">## line doc comment</span>
+<span class="Comment"># bar</span>
+<span class="Identifier">doAssert</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;'foo&quot;</span> <span class="Operator">==</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;'foo&quot;</span>
+<span class="LongComment">##[
 foo
 bar
-]##</span><span class="Whitespace">
+]##</span>
 
-</span><span class="Identifier">doAssert</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Keyword">not</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="StringLit">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">startsWith</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="StringLit">&quot;ba&quot;</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Keyword">block</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span><span class="Whitespace">
-  </span><span class="Keyword">discard</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="HexNumber">0xff</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Comment"># elu par cette crapule</span><span class="Whitespace">
-</span><span class="Comment"># should be in</span></pre>should be still in
+<span class="Identifier">doAssert</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Keyword">not</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">startsWith</span> <span class="StringLit">&quot;ba&quot;</span>
+<span class="Keyword">block</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span>
+  <span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="HexNumber">0xff</span> <span class="Comment"># elu par cette crapule</span>
+<span class="Comment"># should be in</span></pre>should be still in
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="z14.t"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#z14.t"><span class="Identifier">z14</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</div>
+<div id="somePragma-templates-all">
+  <div id="somePragma.t">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#somePragma.t"><span class="Identifier">somePragma</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span> {.<span class="Identifier">pragma</span>.}</pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    Just some annotation
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-cz14
+</div>
+<div id="testNimDocTrailingExample-templates-all">
+  <div id="testNimDocTrailingExample.t">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#testNimDocTrailingExample.t"><span class="Identifier">testNimDocTrailingExample</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    
 <p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span></pre>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="DecNumber">2</span></pre>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
-<a id="z15.t"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#z15.t"><span class="Identifier">z15</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
+</div>
+<div id="z6t-templates-all">
+  <div id="z6t.t">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#z6t.t"><span class="Identifier">z6t</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    cz6t
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-cz15
+</div>
+<div id="z14-templates-all">
+  <div id="z14.t">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#z14.t"><span class="Identifier">z14</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    cz14
+<p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span></pre>
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div id="z15-templates-all">
+  <div id="z15.t">
+  <dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#z15.t"><span class="Identifier">z15</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span></pre></dt>
+  <dd>
+    
+    cz15
 <p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
 <pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span></pre>
 <p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">3</span></pre>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="DecNumber">3</span></pre>
 <p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">4</span></pre>ok5 ok5b
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="DecNumber">4</span></pre>ok5 ok5b
 <p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Identifier">assert</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="Identifier">true</span></pre>in or out?
-
-</dd>
-<a id="testNimDocTrailingExample.t"></a>
-<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">template</span> <a href="#testNimDocTrailingExample.t"><span class="Identifier">testNimDocTrailingExample</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Other">)</span></pre></dt>
-<dd>
-
-
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Identifier">assert</span> <span class="Identifier">true</span></pre>
 <p><strong class="examples_text">Example:</strong></p>
-<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span><span class="Whitespace"> </span><span class="DecNumber">2</span></pre>
+<pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">discard</span> <span class="DecNumber">1</span></pre>in or out?
+    
+  </dd>
+</div>
 
-</dd>
+</div>
 
-</dl></div>
+  </dl>
+</div>
 
   </div>
 </div>
 
-    <div class="row">
       <div class="twelve-columns footer">
         <span class="nim-sprite"></span>
-        <br/>
+        <br>
         <small style="color: var(--hint);">Made with Nim. Generated: 1970-01-02 03:46:40 UTC</small>
       </div>
     </div>
   </div>
-</div>
-
+  
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/nimdoc/testproject/expected/testproject.idx b/nimdoc/testproject/expected/testproject.idx
index 1d8be99da..81d65a05a 100644
--- a/nimdoc/testproject/expected/testproject.idx
+++ b/nimdoc/testproject/expected/testproject.idx
@@ -1,62 +1,74 @@
-someVariable	testproject.html#someVariable	testproject: someVariable	
-C_A	testproject.html#C_A	testproject: C_A	
-C_B	testproject.html#C_B	testproject: C_B	
-C_C	testproject.html#C_C	testproject: C_C	
-C_D	testproject.html#C_D	testproject: C_D	
-bar	testproject.html#bar,T,T	testproject: bar[T](a, b: T): T	
-baz	testproject.html#baz,T,T	testproject: baz[T](a, b: T): T	
-buzz	testproject.html#buzz,T,T	testproject: buzz[T](a, b: T): T	
-aVariable	testproject.html#aVariable	testproject: aVariable	
-A	testproject.html#A	testproject: A	
-B	testproject.html#B	testproject: B	
-someFunc	testproject.html#someFunc	testproject: someFunc()	
-fromUtils1	testproject.html#fromUtils1.i	testproject: fromUtils1(): int	
-fromUtils2	testproject.html#fromUtils2.t	testproject: fromUtils2()	
-fromUtils3	testproject.html#fromUtils3	testproject: fromUtils3()	
-isValid	testproject.html#isValid,T	testproject: isValid[T](x: T): bool	
-enumValueA2	testproject.html#enumValueA2	Foo.enumValueA2	
-Foo	testproject.html#Foo	testproject: Foo	
-z1	testproject.html#z1	testproject: z1(): Foo	
-z2	testproject.html#z2	testproject: z2()	
-z3	testproject.html#z3	testproject: z3()	
-z4	testproject.html#z4	testproject: z4()	
-z5	testproject.html#z5	testproject: z5(): int	
-z6	testproject.html#z6	testproject: z6(): int	
-z6t	testproject.html#z6t.t	testproject: z6t(): int	
-z7	testproject.html#z7	testproject: z7(): int	
-z8	testproject.html#z8	testproject: z8(): int	
-z9	testproject.html#z9	testproject: z9()	
-z10	testproject.html#z10	testproject: z10()	
-z11	testproject.html#z11	testproject: z11()	
-z12	testproject.html#z12	testproject: z12(): int	
-z13	testproject.html#z13	testproject: z13()	
-baz	testproject.html#baz	testproject: baz()	
-z17	testproject.html#z17	testproject: z17()	
-p1	testproject.html#p1	testproject: p1()	
-addfBug14485	testproject.html#addfBug14485	testproject: addfBug14485()	
-c_printf	testproject.html#c_printf,cstring	testproject: c_printf(frmt: cstring): cint	
-c_nonexistant	testproject.html#c_nonexistant,cstring	testproject: c_nonexistant(frmt: cstring): cint	
-low	testproject.html#low,T	testproject: low[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T	
-low2	testproject.html#low2,T	testproject: low2[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T	
-tripleStrLitTest	testproject.html#tripleStrLitTest	testproject: tripleStrLitTest()	
-method1	testproject.html#method1.e,Moo	testproject: method1(self: Moo)	
-method2	testproject.html#method2.e,Moo	testproject: method2(self: Moo): int	
-method3	testproject.html#method3.e,Moo	testproject: method3(self: Moo): int	
-iter1	testproject.html#iter1.i,int	testproject: iter1(n: int): int	
-iter2	testproject.html#iter2.i,int	testproject: iter2(n: int): int	
-bar	testproject.html#bar.m	testproject: bar(): untyped	
-z16	testproject.html#z16.m	testproject: z16()	
-z18	testproject.html#z18.m	testproject: z18(): int	
-foo	testproject.html#foo.t,SomeType,SomeType	testproject: foo(a, b: SomeType)	
-myfn	testproject.html#myfn.t	testproject: myfn()	
-z14	testproject.html#z14.t	testproject: z14()	
-z15	testproject.html#z15.t	testproject: z15()	
-asyncFun1	testproject.html#asyncFun1	testproject: asyncFun1(): Future[int]	
-asyncFun2	testproject.html#asyncFun2	testproject: asyncFun2(): owned(Future[void])	
-asyncFun3	testproject.html#asyncFun3	testproject: asyncFun3(): owned(Future[void])	
-testNimDocTrailingExample	testproject.html#testNimDocTrailingExample.t	testproject: testNimDocTrailingExample()	
-Circle	testproject.html#Circle	Shapes.Circle	
-Triangle	testproject.html#Triangle	Shapes.Triangle	
-Rectangle	testproject.html#Rectangle	Shapes.Rectangle	
-Shapes	testproject.html#Shapes	testproject: Shapes	
-anything	testproject.html#anything	testproject: anything()	
+nimTitle	testproject	testproject.html	module testproject		0
+nim	someVariable	testproject.html#someVariable	var someVariable		25
+nim	C_A	testproject.html#C_A	const C_A		38
+nim	C_B	testproject.html#C_B	const C_B		39
+nim	C_C	testproject.html#C_C	const C_C		40
+nim	C_D	testproject.html#C_D	const C_D		41
+nim	bar	testproject.html#bar,T,T	proc bar[T](a, b: T): T		43
+nim	baz	testproject.html#baz,T,T	proc baz[T](a, b: T): T		46
+nim	buzz	testproject.html#buzz,T,T	proc buzz[T](a, b: T): T		50
+nim	FooBuzz	testproject.html#FooBuzz	type FooBuzz		55
+nim	bar	testproject.html#bar	proc bar(f: FooBuzz)		59
+nim	aVariable	testproject.html#aVariable	var aVariable		64
+nim	A	testproject.html#A	enum A		92
+nim	B	testproject.html#B	enum B		97
+nim	someFunc	testproject.html#someFunc	proc someFunc()		68
+nim	fromUtils1	testproject.html#fromUtils1.i	iterator fromUtils1(): int		112
+nim	fromUtils2	testproject.html#fromUtils2.t	template fromUtils2()		119
+nim	fromUtils3	testproject.html#fromUtils3	proc fromUtils3()		69
+nim	isValid	testproject.html#isValid,T	proc isValid[T](x: T): bool		71
+nim	enumValueA2	testproject.html#enumValueA2	Foo.enumValueA2		78
+nim	Foo	testproject.html#Foo	enum Foo		78
+nim	z1	testproject.html#z1	proc z1(): Foo		81
+nim	z2	testproject.html#z2	proc z2()		85
+nim	z3	testproject.html#z3	proc z3()		90
+nim	z4	testproject.html#z4	proc z4()		93
+nim	z5	testproject.html#z5	proc z5(): int		99
+nim	z6	testproject.html#z6	proc z6(): int		103
+nim	z6t	testproject.html#z6t.t	template z6t(): int		107
+nim	z7	testproject.html#z7	proc z7(): int		111
+nim	z8	testproject.html#z8	proc z8(): int		115
+nim	z9	testproject.html#z9	proc z9()		123
+nim	z10	testproject.html#z10	proc z10()		126
+nim	z11	testproject.html#z11	proc z11()		131
+nim	z12	testproject.html#z12	proc z12(): int		136
+nim	z13	testproject.html#z13	proc z13()		141
+nim	baz	testproject.html#baz	proc baz()		146
+nim	z17	testproject.html#z17	proc z17()		156
+nim	p1	testproject.html#p1	proc p1()		168
+nim	addfBug14485	testproject.html#addfBug14485	proc addfBug14485()		189
+nim	c_printf	testproject.html#c_printf,cstring	proc c_printf(frmt: cstring): cint		205
+nim	c_nonexistent	testproject.html#c_nonexistent,cstring	proc c_nonexistent(frmt: cstring): cint		209
+nim	low	testproject.html#low,T	proc low[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T		212
+nim	low2	testproject.html#low2,T	proc low2[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T		222
+nim	tripleStrLitTest	testproject.html#tripleStrLitTest	proc tripleStrLitTest()		235
+nim	method1	testproject.html#method1.e,Moo	method method1(self: Moo)		276
+nim	method2	testproject.html#method2.e,Moo	method method2(self: Moo): int		278
+nim	method3	testproject.html#method3.e,Moo	method method3(self: Moo): int		281
+nim	iter1	testproject.html#iter1.i,int	iterator iter1(n: int): int		286
+nim	iter2	testproject.html#iter2.i,int	iterator iter2(n: int): int		290
+nim	bar	testproject.html#bar.m	macro bar(): untyped		297
+nim	z16	testproject.html#z16.m	macro z16()		300
+nim	z18	testproject.html#z18.m	macro z18(): int		309
+nim	foo	testproject.html#foo.t,SomeType,SomeType	template foo(a, b: SomeType)		314
+nim	myfn	testproject.html#myfn.t	template myfn()		319
+nim	z14	testproject.html#z14.t	template z14()		340
+nim	z15	testproject.html#z15.t	template z15()		345
+nim	asyncFun1	testproject.html#asyncFun1	proc asyncFun1(): Future[int]		370
+nim	asyncFun2	testproject.html#asyncFun2	proc asyncFun2(): owned(Future[void])		373
+nim	asyncFun3	testproject.html#asyncFun3	proc asyncFun3(): owned(Future[void])		374
+nim	testNimDocTrailingExample	testproject.html#testNimDocTrailingExample.t	template testNimDocTrailingExample()		383
+nim	Circle	testproject.html#Circle	Shapes.Circle		392
+nim	Triangle	testproject.html#Triangle	Shapes.Triangle		392
+nim	Rectangle	testproject.html#Rectangle	Shapes.Rectangle		392
+nim	Shapes	testproject.html#Shapes	enum Shapes		392
+nim	anything	testproject.html#anything	proc anything()		399
+nim	T19396	testproject.html#T19396	object T19396		404
+nim	somePragma	testproject.html#somePragma.t	template somePragma()		408
+nim	MyObject	testproject.html#MyObject	object MyObject		412
+nim	AnotherObject	testproject.html#AnotherObject	object AnotherObject		417
+nimgrp	bar	testproject.html#bar-procs-all	proc		43
+nimgrp	baz	testproject.html#baz-procs-all	proc		46
+heading	Basic usage	testproject.html#basic-usage	 Basic usage		0
+heading	Encoding data	testproject.html#basic-usage-encoding-data	  Encoding data		0
+heading	Decoding data	testproject.html#basic-usage-decoding-data	  Decoding data		0
diff --git a/nimdoc/testproject/expected/theindex.html b/nimdoc/testproject/expected/theindex.html
index 81370d115..71a487e0c 100644
--- a/nimdoc/testproject/expected/theindex.html
+++ b/nimdoc/testproject/expected/theindex.html
@@ -1,357 +1,431 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
-  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
 <!--  This file is generated by Nim. -->
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<html xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" data-theme="auto">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-
-<!-- Favicon -->
-<link rel="shortcut icon" href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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"/>
-<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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">
+<title>Index</title>
 
 <!-- Google fonts -->
 <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,600,900' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
 <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro:400,500,600' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
 
+<!-- Favicon -->
+<link rel="shortcut icon" href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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"/>
+<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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">
+
 <!-- CSS -->
-<title>Index</title>
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="nimdoc.out.css">
 
+<!-- JS -->
 <script type="text/javascript" src="dochack.js"></script>
-
-<script type="text/javascript">
-function main() {
-  var pragmaDots = document.getElementsByClassName("pragmadots");
-  for (var i = 0; i < pragmaDots.length; i++) {
-    pragmaDots[i].onclick = function(event) {
-      // Hide tease
-      event.target.parentNode.style.display = "none";
-      // Show actual
-      event.target.parentNode.nextElementSibling.style.display = "inline";
-    }
-  }
-
-  const toggleSwitch = document.querySelector('.theme-switch input[type="checkbox"]');
-  function switchTheme(e) {
-      if (e.target.checked) {
-          document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', 'dark');
-          localStorage.setItem('theme', 'dark');
-      } else {
-          document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', 'light');
-          localStorage.setItem('theme', 'light');
-      }
-  }
-
-  toggleSwitch.addEventListener('change', switchTheme, false);
-
-  const currentTheme = localStorage.getItem('theme') ? localStorage.getItem('theme') : null;
-  if (currentTheme) {
-    document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', currentTheme);
-
-    if (currentTheme === 'dark') {
-      toggleSwitch.checked = true;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', main);
-</script>
-
 </head>
 <body>
-<div class="document" id="documentId">
-  <div class="container">
-    <h1 class="title">Index</h1>
-    Modules: <a href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html">subdir/subdir_b/utils</a>, <a href="testproject.html">testproject</a>.<br/><p /><h2>API symbols</h2>
-<dl><dt><a name="A" href="#A"><span>A:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+  <div class="document" id="documentId">
+    <div class="container">
+      <h1 class="title">Index</h1>
+      Modules: <a href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html">subdir/subdir_b/utils</a>, <a href="testproject.html">testproject</a>.<br/><p /><h2>API symbols</h2>
+<dl><dt><a name="%60%24%60" href="#%60%24%60"><span>`$`:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc `$`[T](a: G[T]): string" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#%24%2CG%5BT%5D">utils: proc `$`[T](a: G[T]): string</a></li>
+          <li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc `$`[T](a: ref SomeType): string" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#%24%2Cref.SomeType">utils: proc `$`[T](a: ref SomeType): string</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="%60%27big%60" href="#%60%27big%60"><span>`'big`:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc `'big`(a: string): SomeType" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#%27big%2Cstring">utils: proc `'big`(a: string): SomeType</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="%60%5B%5D%3D%60" href="#%60%5B%5D%3D%60"><span>`[]=`:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc `[]=`[T](a: var G[T]; index: int; value: T)" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#%5B%5D%3D%2CG%5BT%5D%2Cint%2CT">utils: proc `[]=`[T](a: var G[T]; index: int; value: T)</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="%60%5B%5D%60" href="#%60%5B%5D%60"><span>`[]`:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc `[]`[T](x: G[T]): T" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#%5B%5D%2CG%5BT%5D">utils: proc `[]`[T](x: G[T]): T</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="A" href="#A"><span>A:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: A" href="testproject.html#A">testproject: A</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: enum A" href="testproject.html#A">testproject: enum A</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="addfBug14485" href="#addfBug14485"><span>addfBug14485:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: addfBug14485()" href="testproject.html#addfBug14485">testproject: addfBug14485()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc addfBug14485()" href="testproject.html#addfBug14485">testproject: proc addfBug14485()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="aEnum" href="#aEnum"><span>aEnum:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="utils: aEnum(): untyped" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#aEnum.t">utils: aEnum(): untyped</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: template aEnum(): untyped" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#aEnum.t">utils: template aEnum(): untyped</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="AnotherObject" href="#AnotherObject"><span>AnotherObject:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: object AnotherObject" href="testproject.html#AnotherObject">testproject: object AnotherObject</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="anything" href="#anything"><span>anything:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: anything()" href="testproject.html#anything">testproject: anything()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc anything()" href="testproject.html#anything">testproject: proc anything()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="asyncFun1" href="#asyncFun1"><span>asyncFun1:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: asyncFun1(): Future[int]" href="testproject.html#asyncFun1">testproject: asyncFun1(): Future[int]</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc asyncFun1(): Future[int]" href="testproject.html#asyncFun1">testproject: proc asyncFun1(): Future[int]</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="asyncFun2" href="#asyncFun2"><span>asyncFun2:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: asyncFun2(): owned(Future[void])" href="testproject.html#asyncFun2">testproject: asyncFun2(): owned(Future[void])</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc asyncFun2(): owned(Future[void])" href="testproject.html#asyncFun2">testproject: proc asyncFun2(): owned(Future[void])</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="asyncFun3" href="#asyncFun3"><span>asyncFun3:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: asyncFun3(): owned(Future[void])" href="testproject.html#asyncFun3">testproject: asyncFun3(): owned(Future[void])</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc asyncFun3(): owned(Future[void])" href="testproject.html#asyncFun3">testproject: proc asyncFun3(): owned(Future[void])</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="aVariable" href="#aVariable"><span>aVariable:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: aVariable" href="testproject.html#aVariable">testproject: aVariable</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: var aVariable" href="testproject.html#aVariable">testproject: var aVariable</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="B" href="#B"><span>B:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: B" href="testproject.html#B">testproject: B</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: enum B" href="testproject.html#B">testproject: enum B</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="bar" href="#bar"><span>bar:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: bar[T](a, b: T): T" href="testproject.html#bar%2CT%2CT">testproject: bar[T](a, b: T): T</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc bar(f: FooBuzz)" href="testproject.html#bar">testproject: proc bar(f: FooBuzz)</a></li>
           <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: bar(): untyped" href="testproject.html#bar.m">testproject: bar(): untyped</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc bar[T](a, b: T): T" href="testproject.html#bar%2CT%2CT">testproject: proc bar[T](a, b: T): T</a></li>
+          <li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: macro bar(): untyped" href="testproject.html#bar.m">testproject: macro bar(): untyped</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="baz" href="#baz"><span>baz:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: baz()" href="testproject.html#baz">testproject: baz()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc baz()" href="testproject.html#baz">testproject: proc baz()</a></li>
           <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: baz[T](a, b: T): T" href="testproject.html#baz%2CT%2CT">testproject: baz[T](a, b: T): T</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc baz[T](a, b: T): T" href="testproject.html#baz%2CT%2CT">testproject: proc baz[T](a, b: T): T</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="bEnum" href="#bEnum"><span>bEnum:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="utils: bEnum(): untyped" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#bEnum.t">utils: bEnum(): untyped</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: template bEnum(): untyped" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#bEnum.t">utils: template bEnum(): untyped</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="binarySearch" href="#binarySearch"><span>binarySearch:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#binarySearch%2CopenArray%5BT%5D%2CK%2Cproc%28T%2CK%29">utils: proc binarySearch[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                   cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="buzz" href="#buzz"><span>buzz:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: buzz[T](a, b: T): T" href="testproject.html#buzz%2CT%2CT">testproject: buzz[T](a, b: T): T</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc buzz[T](a, b: T): T" href="testproject.html#buzz%2CT%2CT">testproject: proc buzz[T](a, b: T): T</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="C_A" href="#C_A"><span>C_A:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: C_A" href="testproject.html#C_A">testproject: C_A</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: const C_A" href="testproject.html#C_A">testproject: const C_A</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="C_B" href="#C_B"><span>C_B:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: C_B" href="testproject.html#C_B">testproject: C_B</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: const C_B" href="testproject.html#C_B">testproject: const C_B</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="C_C" href="#C_C"><span>C_C:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: C_C" href="testproject.html#C_C">testproject: C_C</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: const C_C" href="testproject.html#C_C">testproject: const C_C</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="C_D" href="#C_D"><span>C_D:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: C_D" href="testproject.html#C_D">testproject: C_D</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: const C_D" href="testproject.html#C_D">testproject: const C_D</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="Circle" href="#Circle"><span>Circle:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="Shapes.Circle" href="testproject.html#Circle">Shapes.Circle</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: Shapes.Circle" href="testproject.html#Circle">testproject: Shapes.Circle</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
-<dt><a name="c_nonexistant" href="#c_nonexistant"><span>c_nonexistant:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<dt><a name="c_nonexistent" href="#c_nonexistent"><span>c_nonexistent:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: c_nonexistant(frmt: cstring): cint" href="testproject.html#c_nonexistant%2Ccstring">testproject: c_nonexistant(frmt: cstring): cint</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc c_nonexistent(frmt: cstring): cint" href="testproject.html#c_nonexistent%2Ccstring">testproject: proc c_nonexistent(frmt: cstring): cint</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="c_printf" href="#c_printf"><span>c_printf:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: c_printf(frmt: cstring): cint" href="testproject.html#c_printf%2Ccstring">testproject: c_printf(frmt: cstring): cint</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc c_printf(frmt: cstring): cint" href="testproject.html#c_printf%2Ccstring">testproject: proc c_printf(frmt: cstring): cint</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="enumValueA" href="#enumValueA"><span>enumValueA:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="SomeType.enumValueA" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#enumValueA">SomeType.enumValueA</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: SomeType.enumValueA" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#enumValueA">utils: SomeType.enumValueA</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="enumValueA2" href="#enumValueA2"><span>enumValueA2:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="Foo.enumValueA2" href="testproject.html#enumValueA2">Foo.enumValueA2</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: Foo.enumValueA2" href="testproject.html#enumValueA2">testproject: Foo.enumValueA2</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="enumValueB" href="#enumValueB"><span>enumValueB:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="SomeType.enumValueB" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#enumValueB">SomeType.enumValueB</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: SomeType.enumValueB" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#enumValueB">utils: SomeType.enumValueB</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="enumValueC" href="#enumValueC"><span>enumValueC:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="SomeType.enumValueC" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#enumValueC">SomeType.enumValueC</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: SomeType.enumValueC" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#enumValueC">utils: SomeType.enumValueC</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="f" href="#f"><span>f:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc f(x: G[int])" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#f%2CG%5Bint%5D">utils: proc f(x: G[int])</a></li>
+          <li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc f(x: G[string])" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#f%2CG%5Bstring%5D">utils: proc f(x: G[string])</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="fn" href="#fn"><span>fn:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc fn[T; U, V: SomeFloat]()" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn">utils: proc fn[T; U, V: SomeFloat]()</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="fn10" href="#fn10"><span>fn10:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc fn10(a: int): int" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn10%2Cint">utils: proc fn10(a: int): int</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="fN11" href="#fN11"><span>fN11:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc fN11()" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fN11">utils: proc fN11()</a></li>
+          <li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc fN11(x: int)" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fN11%2Cint">utils: proc fN11(x: int)</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="fn2" href="#fn2"><span>fn2:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc fn2()" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn2">utils: proc fn2()</a></li>
+          <li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc fn2(x: int)" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn2%2Cint">utils: proc fn2(x: int)</a></li>
+          <li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc fn2(x: int; y: float)" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn2%2Cint%2Cfloat">utils: proc fn2(x: int; y: float)</a></li>
+          <li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc fn2(x: int; y: float; z: float)" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn2%2Cint%2Cfloat%2Cfloat">utils: proc fn2(x: int; y: float; z: float)</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="fn3" href="#fn3"><span>fn3:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc fn3(): auto" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn3">utils: proc fn3(): auto</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="fn4" href="#fn4"><span>fn4:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc fn4(): auto" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn4">utils: proc fn4(): auto</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="fn5" href="#fn5"><span>fn5:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc fn5()" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn5">utils: proc fn5()</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="fn6" href="#fn6"><span>fn6:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc fn6()" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn6">utils: proc fn6()</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="fn7" href="#fn7"><span>fn7:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc fn7()" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn7">utils: proc fn7()</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="fn8" href="#fn8"><span>fn8:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc fn8(): auto" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn8">utils: proc fn8(): auto</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="fn9" href="#fn9"><span>fn9:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc fn9(a: int): int" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fn9%2Cint">utils: proc fn9(a: int): int</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="Foo" href="#Foo"><span>Foo:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: Foo" href="testproject.html#Foo">testproject: Foo</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: enum Foo" href="testproject.html#Foo">testproject: enum Foo</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="foo" href="#foo"><span>foo:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: foo(a, b: SomeType)" href="testproject.html#foo.t%2CSomeType%2CSomeType">testproject: foo(a, b: SomeType)</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: template foo(a, b: SomeType)" href="testproject.html#foo.t%2CSomeType%2CSomeType">testproject: template foo(a, b: SomeType)</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="fooBar" href="#fooBar"><span>fooBar:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: iterator fooBar(a: seq[SomeType]): int" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fooBar.i%2Cseq%5BSomeType%5D">utils: iterator fooBar(a: seq[SomeType]): int</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="FooBuzz" href="#FooBuzz"><span>FooBuzz:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: type FooBuzz" href="testproject.html#FooBuzz">testproject: type FooBuzz</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="fromUtils1" href="#fromUtils1"><span>fromUtils1:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: fromUtils1(): int" href="testproject.html#fromUtils1.i">testproject: fromUtils1(): int</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: iterator fromUtils1(): int" href="testproject.html#fromUtils1.i">testproject: iterator fromUtils1(): int</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="fromUtils2" href="#fromUtils2"><span>fromUtils2:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: fromUtils2()" href="testproject.html#fromUtils2.t">testproject: fromUtils2()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: template fromUtils2()" href="testproject.html#fromUtils2.t">testproject: template fromUtils2()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="fromUtils3" href="#fromUtils3"><span>fromUtils3:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: fromUtils3()" href="testproject.html#fromUtils3">testproject: fromUtils3()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc fromUtils3()" href="testproject.html#fromUtils3">testproject: proc fromUtils3()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="fromUtilsGen" href="#fromUtilsGen"><span>fromUtilsGen:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="utils: fromUtilsGen(): untyped" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fromUtilsGen.t">utils: fromUtilsGen(): untyped</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: template fromUtilsGen(): untyped" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#fromUtilsGen.t">utils: template fromUtilsGen(): untyped</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="funWithGenerics" href="#funWithGenerics"><span>funWithGenerics:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc funWithGenerics[T, U: SomeFloat](a: T; b: U)" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#funWithGenerics%2CT%2CU">utils: proc funWithGenerics[T, U: SomeFloat](a: T; b: U)</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="G" href="#G"><span>G:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: object G" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#G">utils: object G</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="isValid" href="#isValid"><span>isValid:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: isValid[T](x: T): bool" href="testproject.html#isValid%2CT">testproject: isValid[T](x: T): bool</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc isValid[T](x: T): bool" href="testproject.html#isValid%2CT">testproject: proc isValid[T](x: T): bool</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="iter1" href="#iter1"><span>iter1:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: iter1(n: int): int" href="testproject.html#iter1.i%2Cint">testproject: iter1(n: int): int</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: iterator iter1(n: int): int" href="testproject.html#iter1.i%2Cint">testproject: iterator iter1(n: int): int</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="iter2" href="#iter2"><span>iter2:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: iter2(n: int): int" href="testproject.html#iter2.i%2Cint">testproject: iter2(n: int): int</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: iterator iter2(n: int): int" href="testproject.html#iter2.i%2Cint">testproject: iterator iter2(n: int): int</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="low" href="#low"><span>low:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: low[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T" href="testproject.html#low%2CT">testproject: low[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc low[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T" href="testproject.html#low%2CT">testproject: proc low[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="low2" href="#low2"><span>low2:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: low2[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T" href="testproject.html#low2%2CT">testproject: low2[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc low2[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T" href="testproject.html#low2%2CT">testproject: proc low2[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="method1" href="#method1"><span>method1:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: method1(self: Moo)" href="testproject.html#method1.e%2CMoo">testproject: method1(self: Moo)</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: method method1(self: Moo)" href="testproject.html#method1.e%2CMoo">testproject: method method1(self: Moo)</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="method2" href="#method2"><span>method2:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: method2(self: Moo): int" href="testproject.html#method2.e%2CMoo">testproject: method2(self: Moo): int</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: method method2(self: Moo): int" href="testproject.html#method2.e%2CMoo">testproject: method method2(self: Moo): int</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="method3" href="#method3"><span>method3:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: method3(self: Moo): int" href="testproject.html#method3.e%2CMoo">testproject: method3(self: Moo): int</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: method method3(self: Moo): int" href="testproject.html#method3.e%2CMoo">testproject: method method3(self: Moo): int</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="myfn" href="#myfn"><span>myfn:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: myfn()" href="testproject.html#myfn.t">testproject: myfn()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: template myfn()" href="testproject.html#myfn.t">testproject: template myfn()</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="MyObject" href="#MyObject"><span>MyObject:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: object MyObject" href="testproject.html#MyObject">testproject: object MyObject</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="p1" href="#p1"><span>p1:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: p1()" href="testproject.html#p1">testproject: p1()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc p1()" href="testproject.html#p1">testproject: proc p1()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="Rectangle" href="#Rectangle"><span>Rectangle:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="Shapes.Rectangle" href="testproject.html#Rectangle">Shapes.Rectangle</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: Shapes.Rectangle" href="testproject.html#Rectangle">testproject: Shapes.Rectangle</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="Shapes" href="#Shapes"><span>Shapes:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: Shapes" href="testproject.html#Shapes">testproject: Shapes</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: enum Shapes" href="testproject.html#Shapes">testproject: enum Shapes</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="someFunc" href="#someFunc"><span>someFunc:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: someFunc()" href="testproject.html#someFunc">testproject: someFunc()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc someFunc()" href="testproject.html#someFunc">testproject: proc someFunc()</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="somePragma" href="#somePragma"><span>somePragma:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: template somePragma()" href="testproject.html#somePragma.t">testproject: template somePragma()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="SomeType" href="#SomeType"><span>SomeType:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="utils: SomeType" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#SomeType">utils: SomeType</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: enum SomeType" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#SomeType">utils: enum SomeType</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="someType" href="#someType"><span>someType:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="utils: someType(): SomeType" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#someType_2">utils: someType(): SomeType</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="utils: proc someType(): SomeType" href="subdir/subdir_b/utils.html#someType_2">utils: proc someType(): SomeType</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="someVariable" href="#someVariable"><span>someVariable:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: someVariable" href="testproject.html#someVariable">testproject: someVariable</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: var someVariable" href="testproject.html#someVariable">testproject: var someVariable</a></li>
+          </ul></dd>
+<dt><a name="T19396" href="#T19396"><span>T19396:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external"
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: object T19396" href="testproject.html#T19396">testproject: object T19396</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="testNimDocTrailingExample" href="#testNimDocTrailingExample"><span>testNimDocTrailingExample:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: testNimDocTrailingExample()" href="testproject.html#testNimDocTrailingExample.t">testproject: testNimDocTrailingExample()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: template testNimDocTrailingExample()" href="testproject.html#testNimDocTrailingExample.t">testproject: template testNimDocTrailingExample()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="Triangle" href="#Triangle"><span>Triangle:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="Shapes.Triangle" href="testproject.html#Triangle">Shapes.Triangle</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: Shapes.Triangle" href="testproject.html#Triangle">testproject: Shapes.Triangle</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="tripleStrLitTest" href="#tripleStrLitTest"><span>tripleStrLitTest:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: tripleStrLitTest()" href="testproject.html#tripleStrLitTest">testproject: tripleStrLitTest()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc tripleStrLitTest()" href="testproject.html#tripleStrLitTest">testproject: proc tripleStrLitTest()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z1" href="#z1"><span>z1:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z1(): Foo" href="testproject.html#z1">testproject: z1(): Foo</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc z1(): Foo" href="testproject.html#z1">testproject: proc z1(): Foo</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z10" href="#z10"><span>z10:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z10()" href="testproject.html#z10">testproject: z10()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc z10()" href="testproject.html#z10">testproject: proc z10()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z11" href="#z11"><span>z11:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z11()" href="testproject.html#z11">testproject: z11()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc z11()" href="testproject.html#z11">testproject: proc z11()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z12" href="#z12"><span>z12:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z12(): int" href="testproject.html#z12">testproject: z12(): int</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc z12(): int" href="testproject.html#z12">testproject: proc z12(): int</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z13" href="#z13"><span>z13:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z13()" href="testproject.html#z13">testproject: z13()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc z13()" href="testproject.html#z13">testproject: proc z13()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z14" href="#z14"><span>z14:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z14()" href="testproject.html#z14.t">testproject: z14()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: template z14()" href="testproject.html#z14.t">testproject: template z14()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z15" href="#z15"><span>z15:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z15()" href="testproject.html#z15.t">testproject: z15()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: template z15()" href="testproject.html#z15.t">testproject: template z15()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z16" href="#z16"><span>z16:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z16()" href="testproject.html#z16.m">testproject: z16()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: macro z16()" href="testproject.html#z16.m">testproject: macro z16()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z17" href="#z17"><span>z17:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z17()" href="testproject.html#z17">testproject: z17()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc z17()" href="testproject.html#z17">testproject: proc z17()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z18" href="#z18"><span>z18:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z18(): int" href="testproject.html#z18.m">testproject: z18(): int</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: macro z18(): int" href="testproject.html#z18.m">testproject: macro z18(): int</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z2" href="#z2"><span>z2:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z2()" href="testproject.html#z2">testproject: z2()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc z2()" href="testproject.html#z2">testproject: proc z2()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z3" href="#z3"><span>z3:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z3()" href="testproject.html#z3">testproject: z3()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc z3()" href="testproject.html#z3">testproject: proc z3()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z4" href="#z4"><span>z4:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z4()" href="testproject.html#z4">testproject: z4()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc z4()" href="testproject.html#z4">testproject: proc z4()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z5" href="#z5"><span>z5:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z5(): int" href="testproject.html#z5">testproject: z5(): int</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc z5(): int" href="testproject.html#z5">testproject: proc z5(): int</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z6" href="#z6"><span>z6:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z6(): int" href="testproject.html#z6">testproject: z6(): int</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc z6(): int" href="testproject.html#z6">testproject: proc z6(): int</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z6t" href="#z6t"><span>z6t:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z6t(): int" href="testproject.html#z6t.t">testproject: z6t(): int</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: template z6t(): int" href="testproject.html#z6t.t">testproject: template z6t(): int</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z7" href="#z7"><span>z7:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z7(): int" href="testproject.html#z7">testproject: z7(): int</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc z7(): int" href="testproject.html#z7">testproject: proc z7(): int</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z8" href="#z8"><span>z8:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z8(): int" href="testproject.html#z8">testproject: z8(): int</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc z8(): int" href="testproject.html#z8">testproject: proc z8(): int</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 <dt><a name="z9" href="#z9"><span>z9:</span></a></dt><dd><ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external"
-          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: z9()" href="testproject.html#z9">testproject: z9()</a></li>
+          data-doc-search-tag="testproject: proc z9()" href="testproject.html#z9">testproject: proc z9()</a></li>
           </ul></dd>
 </dl>
-    <div class="row">
       <div class="twelve-columns footer">
         <span class="nim-sprite"></span>
-        <br/>
+        <br>
         <small style="color: var(--hint);">Made with Nim. Generated: 1970-01-02 03:46:40 UTC</small>
       </div>
     </div>
   </div>
-</div>
-
+  
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/nimdoc/testproject/subdir/subdir_b/utils.nim b/nimdoc/testproject/subdir/subdir_b/utils.nim
index 128e8e481..f535d7f74 100644
--- a/nimdoc/testproject/subdir/subdir_b/utils.nim
+++ b/nimdoc/testproject/subdir/subdir_b/utils.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 ##[
 
+.. include:: ./utils_overview.rst
+
 # This is now a header
 
 ## Next header
@@ -19,18 +21,70 @@ More text.
 1. Other case value
 2. Second case.
 
+Ref group fn2_ or specific function like `fn2()`_
+or `fn2(  int  )`_ or `fn2(int,
+float)`_.
+
+Ref generics like this: binarySearch_ or `binarySearch(openArray[T], K,
+proc (T, K))`_ or `proc binarySearch(openArray[T], K,  proc (T, K))`_ or
+in different style: `proc binarysearch(openarray[T], K, proc(T, K))`_.
+Can be combined with export symbols and type parameters:
+`binarysearch*[T, K](openArray[T], K, proc (T, K))`_.
+With spaces `binary search`_.
+
+Note that `proc` can be used in postfix form: `binarySearch proc`_.
+
+Ref. type like G_ and `type G`_ and `G[T]`_ and `type G*[T]`_.
+
+Group ref. with capital letters works: fN11_ or fn11_
 ]##
 
+include ./utils_helpers
+
 type
   SomeType* = enum
     enumValueA,
     enumValueB,
     enumValueC
+  G*[T] = object
+    val: T
 
 proc someType*(): SomeType =
   ## constructor.
   SomeType(2)
 
+
+proc fn2*() = discard ## comment
+proc fn2*(x: int) =
+  ## fn2 comment
+  discard
+proc fn2*(x: int, y: float) =
+  discard
+proc binarySearch*[T, K](a: openArray[T]; key: K;
+                         cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.}): int =
+  discard
+proc fn3*(): auto = 1 ## comment
+proc fn4*(): auto = 2 * 3 + 4 ## comment
+proc fn5*() ## comment
+proc fn5*() = discard
+proc fn6*() =
+  ## comment
+proc fn7*() =
+  ## comment
+  discard
+proc fn8*(): auto =
+  ## comment
+  1+1
+func fn9*(a: int): int = 42  ## comment
+func fn10*(a: int): int = a  ## comment
+
+# Note capital letter N will be handled correctly in
+# group references like fN11_ or fn11_
+# (or [fN11] or [fn11] in Markdown Syntax):
+
+func fN11*() = discard
+func fN11*(x: int) = discard
+
 # bug #9235
 
 template aEnum*(): untyped =
@@ -50,9 +104,9 @@ template bEnum*(): untyped =
     discard
 
 template fromUtilsGen*(): untyped =
-  ## this should be shown in utils.html
+  ## should be shown in utils.html only
   runnableExamples:
-    assert 3*2 == 6
+    discard "should be in utils.html only, not in module that calls fromUtilsGen"
   ## ditto
 
   iterator fromUtils1*(): int =
@@ -64,7 +118,96 @@ template fromUtilsGen*(): untyped =
 
   template fromUtils2*() =
     ## ok3
+    runnableExamples:
+      discard """should be shown as examples for fromUtils2
+       in module calling fromUtilsGen"""
 
   proc fromUtils3*() =
     ## came form utils but should be shown where `fromUtilsGen` is called
-    runnableExamples: discard 1
+    runnableExamples: discard """should be shown as examples for fromUtils3
+       in module calling fromUtilsGen"""
+
+proc f*(x: G[int]) =
+  ## There is also variant `f(G[string])`_
+  discard
+proc f*(x: G[string]) =
+  ## See also `f(G[int])`_.
+  discard
+
+## Ref. `[]`_ is the same as `proc \`[]\`(G[T])`_ because there are no
+## overloads. The full form: `proc \`[]\`*[T](x: G[T]): T`_
+
+proc `[]`*[T](x: G[T]): T = x.val
+
+## Ref. `[]=`_ aka `\`[]=\`(G[T], int, T)`_.
+
+proc `[]=`*[T](a: var G[T], index: int, value: T) = discard
+
+## Ref. `$`_ aka `proc $`_ or `proc \`$\``_.
+
+proc `$`*[T](a: G[T]): string = ""
+
+## Ref. `$(a: ref SomeType)`_.
+
+proc `$`*[T](a: ref SomeType): string = ""
+
+## Ref. foo_bar_ aka `iterator foo_bar_`_.
+
+iterator fooBar*(a: seq[SomeType]): int = discard
+
+## Ref. `fn[T; U,V: SomeFloat]()`_.
+
+proc fn*[T; U, V: SomeFloat]() = discard
+
+## Ref. `'big`_ or `func \`'big\``_ or `\`'big\`(string)`_.
+
+func `'big`*(a: string): SomeType = discard
+
+##[
+
+Pandoc Markdown
+===============
+
+Now repeat all the auto links of above in Pandoc Markdown Syntax.
+
+Ref group [fn2] or specific function like [fn2()]
+or [fn2(  int  )] or [fn2(int,
+float)].
+
+Ref generics like this: [binarySearch] or [binarySearch(openArray[T], K,
+proc (T, K))] or [proc binarySearch(openArray[T], K,  proc (T, K))] or
+in different style: [proc binarysearch(openarray[T], K, proc(T, K))].
+Can be combined with export symbols and type parameters:
+[binarysearch*[T, K](openArray[T], K, proc (T, K))].
+With spaces [binary search].
+
+Note that `proc` can be used in postfix form: [binarySearch proc].
+
+Ref. type like [G] and [type G] and [G[T]] and [type G*[T]].
+
+Group ref. with capital letters works: [fN11] or [fn11]
+
+Ref. [`[]`] is the same as [proc `[]`(G[T])] because there are no
+overloads. The full form: [proc `[]`*[T](x: G[T]): T]
+Ref. [`[]=`] aka [`[]=`(G[T], int, T)].
+Ref. [$] aka [proc $] or [proc `$`].
+Ref. [$(a: ref SomeType)].
+Ref. [foo_bar] aka [iterator foo_bar_].
+Ref. [fn[T; U,V: SomeFloat]()].
+Ref. ['big] or [func `'big`] or [`'big`(string)].
+
+Link name syntax
+----------------
+
+Pandoc Markdown has synax for changing text of links:
+Ref. [this proc][`[]`] or [another symbol][G[T]].
+
+Symbols documentation
+---------------------
+
+Let us repeat auto links from symbols section below:
+
+There is also variant [f(G[string])].
+See also [f(G[int])].
+
+]##
diff --git a/nimdoc/testproject/subdir/subdir_b/utils_helpers.nim b/nimdoc/testproject/subdir/subdir_b/utils_helpers.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3f5edd29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimdoc/testproject/subdir/subdir_b/utils_helpers.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+proc funWithGenerics*[T, U: SomeFloat](a: T, b: U) = discard
+
+# We check that presence of overloaded `fn2` here does not break
+# referencing in the "parent" file (the one that includes this one)
+proc fn2*(x: int, y: float, z: float) =
+  discard
diff --git a/nimdoc/testproject/subdir/subdir_b/utils_overview.rst b/nimdoc/testproject/subdir/subdir_b/utils_overview.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58ce930bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimdoc/testproject/subdir/subdir_b/utils_overview.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+This is a description of the utils module.
+
+Links work:
+
+* other module: `iterators <iterator.html>`_ (not in this dir, just an example)
+* internal: `fn2(x)`_
+* internal included from another module: `funWithGenerics*[T, U:
+  SomeFloat](a: T, b: U)`_.
diff --git a/nimdoc/testproject/testproject.nim b/nimdoc/testproject/testproject.nim
index 69edb0d23..383c4c827 100644
--- a/nimdoc/testproject/testproject.nim
+++ b/nimdoc/testproject/testproject.nim
@@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
+## Basic usage
+## ===========
+##
+## Encoding data
+## -------------
+##
+## Apart from strings you can also encode lists of integers or characters:
+
+## Decoding data
+## -------------
+##
+
 
 import subdir / subdir_b / utils
 
@@ -39,6 +51,14 @@ proc buzz*[T](a, b: T): T {.deprecated: "since v0.20".} =
   ## This is deprecated with a message.
   result = a + b
 
+type
+  FooBuzz* {.deprecated: "FooBuzz msg".} = int
+
+using f: FooBuzz
+
+proc bar*(f) = # `f` should be expanded to `f: FooBuzz`
+  discard
+
 import std/macros
 
 var aVariable*: array[1, int]
@@ -131,6 +151,7 @@ when true:
       # BUG: this currently this won't be run since not exported
       # but probably should
       doAssert false
+  if false: bazNonExported() # silence XDeclaredButNotUsed
 
   proc z17*() =
     # BUG: a comment before 1st doc comment currently doesn't prevent
@@ -185,7 +206,7 @@ when true: # procs without `=` (using comment field)
     ## the c printf.
     ## etc.
 
-  proc c_nonexistant*(frmt: cstring): cint {.importc: "nonexistant", header: "<stdio.h>", varargs, discardable.}
+  proc c_nonexistent*(frmt: cstring): cint {.importc: "nonexistent", header: "<stdio.h>", varargs, discardable.}
 
 when true: # tests RST inside comments
   proc low*[T: Ordinal|enum|range](x: T): T {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect.}
@@ -212,7 +233,7 @@ when true: # tests RST inside comments
 
 when true: # multiline string litterals
   proc tripleStrLitTest*() =
-    runnableExamples:
+    runnableExamples("--hint:XDeclaredButNotUsed:off"):
       ## mullitline string litterals are tricky as their indentation can span
       ## below that of the runnableExamples
       let s1a = """
@@ -252,12 +273,12 @@ at indent 0
 
 when true: # methods; issue #14691
   type Moo = object
-  method method1*(self: Moo) =
+  method method1*(self: Moo) {.base.} =
     ## foo1
-  method method2*(self: Moo): int =
+  method method2*(self: Moo): int {.base.} =
     ## foo2
     result = 1
-  method method3*(self: Moo): int =
+  method method3*(self: Moo): int {.base.} =
     ## foo3
     1
 
@@ -330,20 +351,18 @@ when true: # (most) templates
     ## ok5
     ## ok5b
     runnableExamples: assert true
+    runnableExamples: discard 1
 
     ## in or out?
-    # this is an edge case; a newline separate last runnableExamples from 
-    # next doc comment but AST isnt' aware of it; this could change in future
     discard 8
     ## out
-    runnableExamples: discard 1
 
 when true: # issue #14473
   import std/[sequtils]
   template doit(): untyped =
     ## doit
     ## return output only
-    toSeq([1,2])
+    toSeq(["D20210427T172228"]) # make it searcheable at least until we figure out a way to avoid echo
   echo doit() # using doAssert or similar to avoid echo would "hide" the original bug
 
 when true: # issue #14846
@@ -381,3 +400,23 @@ when true: # issue #15184
     ##
     ##  There is no block quote after blank lines at the beginning.
   discard
+
+type T19396* = object # bug #19396
+   a*: int
+   b: float
+
+template somePragma*() {.pragma.}
+  ## Just some annotation
+
+type # bug #21483
+   MyObject* = object
+      someString*: string ## This is a string
+      annotated* {.somePragma.}: string ## This is an annotated string
+
+type
+  AnotherObject* = object
+    case x*: bool
+    of true:
+      y*: proc (x: string)
+    of false:
+      hidden: string
diff --git a/nimpretty/nimpretty.nim b/nimpretty/nimpretty.nim
index a7940349d..e5abf0d2d 100644
--- a/nimpretty/nimpretty.nim
+++ b/nimpretty/nimpretty.nim
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 when not defined(nimpretty):
   {.error: "This needs to be compiled with --define:nimPretty".}
 
-import ../compiler / [idents, msgs, syntaxes, options, pathutils, layouter]
+import ../compiler / [idents, llstream, ast, msgs, syntaxes, options, pathutils, layouter]
 
 import parseopt, strutils, os, sequtils
 
@@ -48,6 +48,42 @@ type
     indWidth*: Natural
     maxLineLen*: Positive
 
+proc goodEnough(a, b: PNode): bool =
+  if a.kind == b.kind and a.safeLen == b.safeLen:
+    case a.kind
+    of nkNone, nkEmpty, nkNilLit: result = true
+    of nkIdent: result = a.ident.id == b.ident.id
+    of nkSym: result = a.sym == b.sym
+    of nkType: result = true
+    of nkCharLit, nkIntLit..nkInt64Lit, nkUIntLit..nkUInt64Lit:
+      result = a.intVal == b.intVal
+    of nkFloatLit..nkFloat128Lit:
+      result = a.floatVal == b.floatVal
+    of nkStrLit, nkRStrLit, nkTripleStrLit:
+      result = a.strVal == b.strVal
+    else:
+      for i in 0 ..< a.len:
+        if not goodEnough(a[i], b[i]): return false
+      return true
+  elif a.kind == nkStmtList and a.len == 1:
+    result = goodEnough(a[0], b)
+  elif b.kind == nkStmtList and b.len == 1:
+    result = goodEnough(a, b[0])
+  else:
+    result = false
+
+proc finalCheck(content: string; origAst: PNode): bool {.nimcall.} =
+  var conf = newConfigRef()
+  let oldErrors = conf.errorCounter
+  var parser: Parser
+  parser.em.indWidth = 2
+  let fileIdx = fileInfoIdx(conf, AbsoluteFile "nimpretty_bug.nim")
+
+  openParser(parser, fileIdx, llStreamOpen(content), newIdentCache(), conf)
+  let newAst = parseAll(parser)
+  closeParser(parser)
+  result = conf.errorCounter == oldErrors # and goodEnough(newAst, origAst)
+
 proc prettyPrint*(infile, outfile: string, opt: PrettyOptions) =
   var conf = newConfigRef()
   let fileIdx = fileInfoIdx(conf, AbsoluteFile infile)
@@ -58,8 +94,10 @@ proc prettyPrint*(infile, outfile: string, opt: PrettyOptions) =
   parser.em.indWidth = opt.indWidth
   if setupParser(parser, fileIdx, newIdentCache(), conf):
     parser.em.maxLineLen = opt.maxLineLen
-    discard parseAll(parser)
+    let fullAst = parseAll(parser)
     closeParser(parser)
+    when defined(nimpretty):
+      closeEmitter(parser.em, fullAst, finalCheck)
 
 proc main =
   var outfile, outdir: string
@@ -69,8 +107,8 @@ proc main =
 
   var backup = false
     # when `on`, create a backup file of input in case
-    # `prettyPrint` could over-write it (note that the backup may happen even
-    # if input is not actually over-written, when nimpretty is a noop).
+    # `prettyPrint` could overwrite it (note that the backup may happen even
+    # if input is not actually overwritten, when nimpretty is a noop).
     # --backup was un-documented (rely on git instead).
   var opt = PrettyOptions(indWidth: 0, maxLineLen: 80)
 
@@ -78,7 +116,13 @@ proc main =
   for kind, key, val in getopt():
     case kind
     of cmdArgument:
-      infiles.add(key.addFileExt(".nim"))
+      if dirExists(key):
+        for file in walkDirRec(key, skipSpecial = true):
+          if file.endsWith(".nim") or file.endsWith(".nimble"):
+            infiles.add(file)
+      else:
+        infiles.add(key.addFileExt(".nim"))
+
     of cmdLongOption, cmdShortOption:
       case normalize(key)
       of "help", "h": writeHelp()
diff --git a/nimpretty/tester.nim b/nimpretty/tester.nim
index d646b25ce..b1f15aee6 100644
--- a/nimpretty/tester.nim
+++ b/nimpretty/tester.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 # Small program that runs the test cases
 
 import strutils, os, sequtils
+from std/private/gitutils import diffFiles
 
 const
-  dir = "nimpretty/tests/"
+  dir = "nimpretty/tests"
   outputdir = dir / "outputdir"
 
 var
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ proc test(infile, ext: string) =
   let produced = dir / nimFile.changeFileExt(ext)
   if readFile(expected) != readFile(produced):
     echo "FAILURE: files differ: ", nimFile
-    discard execShellCmd("diff -uNdr " & expected & " " & produced)
+    echo diffFiles(expected, produced).output
     failures += 1
   else:
     echo "SUCCESS: files identical: ", nimFile
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ proc testTogether(infiles: seq[string]) =
     let produced = dir / "outputdir" / infile
     if readFile(expected) != readFile(produced):
       echo "FAILURE: files differ: ", nimFile
-      discard execShellCmd("diff -uNdr " & expected & " " & produced)
+      echo diffFiles(expected, produced).output
       failures += 1
     else:
       echo "SUCCESS: files identical: ", nimFile
diff --git a/nimpretty/tests/exhaustive.nim b/nimpretty/tests/exhaustive.nim
index 30cfc47a9..e5a73305b 100644
--- a/nimpretty/tests/exhaustive.nim
+++ b/nimpretty/tests/exhaustive.nim
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ proc emitTok*(em: var Emitter; L: TLexer; tok: TToken) =
     if not em.endsInWhite: wr(" ")
     wr(tok.ident.s)
     template isUnary(tok): bool =
-      tok.strongSpaceB == 0 and tok.strongSpaceA > 0
+      tok.spacing == {tsLeading}
 
     if not isUnary(tok) or em.lastTok in {tkOpr, tkDotDot}:
       wr(" ")
@@ -693,11 +693,11 @@ proc newRecordGen(ctx: Context; typ: TypRef): PNode =
 String `interpolation`:idx: / `format`:idx: inspired by
 Python's ``f``-strings.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-    import strformat
-    let msg = "hello"
-    doAssert fmt"{msg}\n" == "hello\\n"
+  ```nim
+  import strformat
+  let msg = "hello"
+  doAssert fmt"{msg}\n" == "hello\\n"
+  ```
 
 Because the literal is a raw string literal, the ``\n`` is not interpreted as
 an escape sequence.
diff --git a/nimpretty/tests/expected/exhaustive.nim b/nimpretty/tests/expected/exhaustive.nim
index 82927a11c..7f78b7e56 100644
--- a/nimpretty/tests/expected/exhaustive.nim
+++ b/nimpretty/tests/expected/exhaustive.nim
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ proc emitTok*(em: var Emitter; L: TLexer; tok: TToken) =
     if not em.endsInWhite: wr(" ")
     wr(tok.ident.s)
     template isUnary(tok): bool =
-      tok.strongSpaceB == 0 and tok.strongSpaceA > 0
+      tok.spacing == {tsLeading}
 
     if not isUnary(tok) or em.lastTok in {tkOpr, tkDotDot}:
       wr(" ")
@@ -699,11 +699,11 @@ proc newRecordGen(ctx: Context; typ: TypRef): PNode =
 String `interpolation`:idx: / `format`:idx: inspired by
 Python's ``f``-strings.
 
-.. code-block:: nim
-
-    import strformat
-    let msg = "hello"
-    doAssert fmt"{msg}\n" == "hello\\n"
+  ```nim
+  import strformat
+  let msg = "hello"
+  doAssert fmt"{msg}\n" == "hello\\n"
+  ```
 
 Because the literal is a raw string literal, the ``\n`` is not interpreted as
 an escape sequence.
diff --git a/nimpretty/tests/expected/simple.nim b/nimpretty/tests/expected/simple.nim
index d13558621..e711eb3b6 100644
--- a/nimpretty/tests/expected/simple.nim
+++ b/nimpretty/tests/expected/simple.nim
@@ -16,3 +16,14 @@ proc a() =
 discard ## comment 3
 
 discard # comment 4
+
+
+# bug #20553
+
+let `'hello` = 12
+echo `'hello`
+
+
+proc `'u4`(n: string) =
+  # The leading ' is required.
+  discard
diff --git a/nimpretty/tests/simple.nim b/nimpretty/tests/simple.nim
index 435bd6bd2..2a01a176e 100644
--- a/nimpretty/tests/simple.nim
+++ b/nimpretty/tests/simple.nim
@@ -16,3 +16,14 @@ proc a() =
 discard## comment 3
 
 discard # comment 4
+
+
+# bug #20553
+
+let `'hello` = 12
+echo `'hello`
+
+
+proc `'u4`(n: string) =
+  # The leading ' is required.
+  discard
diff --git a/nimsuggest/config.nims b/nimsuggest/config.nims
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee19f9893
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/config.nims
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# xxx not sure why this flag isn't needed: switch("processing", "filenames")
+switch("filenames", "canonical")
diff --git a/nimsuggest/nimsuggest.nim b/nimsuggest/nimsuggest.nim
index c139b8b17..04bae08c1 100644
--- a/nimsuggest/nimsuggest.nim
+++ b/nimsuggest/nimsuggest.nim
@@ -7,6 +7,24 @@
 #    distribution, for details about the copyright.
 #
 
+import compiler/renderer
+import compiler/types
+import compiler/trees
+import compiler/wordrecg
+import compiler/sempass2
+import strformat
+import algorithm
+import tables
+import times
+import procmonitor
+
+template tryImport(module) = import module
+
+when compiles tryImport ../dist/checksums/src/checksums/sha1:
+  import ../dist/checksums/src/checksums/sha1
+else:
+  import checksums/sha1
+
 ## Nimsuggest is a tool that helps to give editors IDE like capabilities.
 
 when not defined(nimcore):
@@ -16,17 +34,21 @@ import strutils, os, parseopt, parseutils, sequtils, net, rdstdin, sexp
 # Do NOT import suggest. It will lead to weird bugs with
 # suggestionResultHook, because suggest.nim is included by sigmatch.
 # So we import that one instead.
-import compiler / [options, commands, modules, sem,
+import compiler / [options, commands, modules,
   passes, passaux, msgs,
   sigmatch, ast,
   idents, modulegraphs, prefixmatches, lineinfos, cmdlinehelper,
-  pathutils]
+  pathutils, condsyms, syntaxes, suggestsymdb]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/typedthreads
 
 when defined(windows):
   import winlean
 else:
   import posix
 
+const HighestSuggestProtocolVersion = 4
 const DummyEof = "!EOF!"
 const Usage = """
 Nimsuggest - Tool to give every editor IDE like capabilities for Nim
@@ -39,15 +61,25 @@ Options:
   --address:HOST          binds to that address, by default ""
   --stdin                 read commands from stdin and write results to
                           stdout instead of using sockets
+  --clientProcessId:PID   shutdown nimsuggest in case this process dies
   --epc                   use emacs epc mode
   --debug                 enable debug output
   --log                   enable verbose logging to nimsuggest.log file
   --v1                    use version 1 of the protocol; for backwards compatibility
+  --v2                    use version 2(default) of the protocol
+  --v3                    use version 3 of the protocol
+  --v4                    use version 4 of the protocol
+  --info:X                information
+    --info:nimVer           return the Nim compiler version that nimsuggest uses internally
+    --info:protocolVer      return the newest protocol version that is supported
+    --info:capabilities     return the capabilities supported by nimsuggest
   --refresh               perform automatic refreshes to keep the analysis precise
   --maxresults:N          limit the number of suggestions to N
   --tester                implies --stdin and outputs a line
                           '""" & DummyEof & """' for the tester
   --find                  attempts to find the project file of the current project
+  --exceptionInlayHints:on|off
+                          globally turn exception inlay hints on|off
 
 The server then listens to the connection and takes line-based commands.
 
@@ -66,7 +98,7 @@ type
 
 var
   gPort = 6000.Port
-  gAddress = ""
+  gAddress = "127.0.0.1"
   gMode: Mode
   gEmitEof: bool # whether we write '!EOF!' dummy lines
   gLogging = defined(logging)
@@ -76,6 +108,9 @@ var
   requests: Channel[string]
   results: Channel[Suggest]
 
+proc executeNoHooksV3(cmd: IdeCmd, file: AbsoluteFile, dirtyfile: AbsoluteFile, line, col: int; tag: string,
+  graph: ModuleGraph);
+
 proc writelnToChannel(line: string) =
   results.send(Suggest(section: ideMsg, doc: line))
 
@@ -96,6 +131,12 @@ const
          "type 'quit' to quit\n" &
          "type 'debug' to toggle debug mode on/off\n" &
          "type 'terse' to toggle terse mode on/off"
+  #List of currently supported capabilities. So lang servers/ides can iterate over and check for what's enabled
+  Capabilities = [
+    "con", #current NimSuggest supports the `con` commmand
+    "exceptionInlayHints",
+    "unknownFile", #current NimSuggest can handle unknown files
+  ]
 
 proc parseQuoted(cmd: string; outp: var string; start: int): int =
   var i = start
@@ -125,6 +166,9 @@ proc sexp(s: Suggest): SexpNode =
   ])
   if s.section == ideSug:
     result.add convertSexp(s.prefix)
+  if s.section in {ideOutline, ideExpand} and s.version == 3:
+    result.add convertSexp(s.endLine.int)
+    result.add convertSexp(s.endCol)
 
 proc sexp(s: seq[Suggest]): SexpNode =
   result = newSList()
@@ -137,7 +181,7 @@ proc listEpc(): SexpNode =
     argspecs = sexp("file line column dirtyfile".split(" ").map(newSSymbol))
     docstring = sexp("line starts at 1, column at 0, dirtyfile is optional")
   result = newSList()
-  for command in ["sug", "con", "def", "use", "dus", "chk", "mod"]:
+  for command in ["sug", "con", "def", "use", "dus", "chk", "mod", "globalSymbols", "recompile", "saved", "chkFile", "declaration", "inlayHints"]:
     let
       cmd = sexp(command)
       methodDesc = newSList()
@@ -160,9 +204,51 @@ proc symFromInfo(graph: ModuleGraph; trackPos: TLineInfo): PSym =
   if m != nil and m.ast != nil:
     result = findNode(m.ast, trackPos)
 
-proc executeNoHooks(cmd: IdeCmd, file, dirtyfile: AbsoluteFile, line, col: int;
+template benchmark(benchmarkName: untyped, code: untyped) =
+  block:
+    myLog "Started [" & benchmarkName & "]..."
+    let t0 = epochTime()
+    code
+    let elapsed = epochTime() - t0
+    let elapsedStr = elapsed.formatFloat(format = ffDecimal, precision = 3)
+    myLog "CPU Time [" & benchmarkName & "] " & elapsedStr & "s"
+
+proc clearInstCache(graph: ModuleGraph, projectFileIdx: FileIndex) =
+  if projectFileIdx == InvalidFileIdx:
+    graph.typeInstCache.clear()
+    graph.procInstCache.clear()
+    return
+  var typeIdsToDelete = newSeq[ItemId]()
+  for id in graph.typeInstCache.keys:
+    if id.module == projectFileIdx.int:
+      typeIdsToDelete.add id
+  for id in typeIdsToDelete:
+    graph.typeInstCache.del id
+  var procIdsToDelete = newSeq[ItemId]()
+  for id in graph.procInstCache.keys:
+    if id.module == projectFileIdx.int:
+      procIdsToDelete.add id
+  for id in procIdsToDelete:
+    graph.procInstCache.del id
+
+  for tbl in mitems(graph.attachedOps):
+    var attachedOpsToDelete = newSeq[ItemId]()
+    for id in tbl.keys:
+      if id.module == projectFileIdx.int and sfOverridden in resolveAttachedOp(graph, tbl[id]).flags:
+        attachedOpsToDelete.add id
+    for id in attachedOpsToDelete:
+      tbl.del id
+
+proc executeNoHooks(cmd: IdeCmd, file, dirtyfile: AbsoluteFile, line, col: int, tag: string,
              graph: ModuleGraph) =
   let conf = graph.config
+
+  if conf.suggestVersion >= 3:
+    let command = fmt "cmd = {cmd} {file}:{line}:{col}"
+    benchmark command:
+      executeNoHooksV3(cmd, file, dirtyfile, line, col, tag, graph)
+    return
+
   myLog("cmd: " & $cmd & ", file: " & file.string &
         ", dirtyFile: " & dirtyfile.string &
         "[" & $line & ":" & $col & "]")
@@ -181,6 +267,7 @@ proc executeNoHooks(cmd: IdeCmd, file, dirtyfile: AbsoluteFile, line, col: int;
   if conf.suggestVersion == 1:
     graph.usageSym = nil
   if not isKnownFile:
+    graph.clearInstCache(dirtyIdx)
     graph.compileProject(dirtyIdx)
   if conf.suggestVersion == 0 and conf.ideCmd in {ideUse, ideDus} and
       dirtyfile.isEmpty:
@@ -191,6 +278,7 @@ proc executeNoHooks(cmd: IdeCmd, file, dirtyfile: AbsoluteFile, line, col: int;
     graph.markClientsDirty dirtyIdx
     if conf.ideCmd != ideMod:
       if isKnownFile:
+        graph.clearInstCache(modIdx)
         graph.compileProject(modIdx)
   if conf.ideCmd in {ideUse, ideDus}:
     let u = if conf.suggestVersion != 1: graph.symFromInfo(conf.m.trackPos) else: graph.usageSym
@@ -199,7 +287,10 @@ proc executeNoHooks(cmd: IdeCmd, file, dirtyfile: AbsoluteFile, line, col: int;
     else:
       localError(conf, conf.m.trackPos, "found no symbol at this position " & (conf $ conf.m.trackPos))
 
-proc execute(cmd: IdeCmd, file, dirtyfile: AbsoluteFile, line, col: int;
+proc executeNoHooks(cmd: IdeCmd, file, dirtyfile: AbsoluteFile, line, col: int, graph: ModuleGraph) =
+  executeNoHooks(cmd, file, dirtyfile, line, col, "", graph)
+
+proc execute(cmd: IdeCmd, file, dirtyfile: AbsoluteFile, line, col: int; tag: string,
              graph: ModuleGraph) =
   if cmd == ideChk:
     graph.config.structuredErrorHook = errorHook
@@ -207,7 +298,7 @@ proc execute(cmd: IdeCmd, file, dirtyfile: AbsoluteFile, line, col: int;
   else:
     graph.config.structuredErrorHook = nil
     graph.config.writelnHook = myLog
-  executeNoHooks(cmd, file, dirtyfile, line, col, graph)
+  executeNoHooks(cmd, file, dirtyfile, line, col, tag, graph)
 
 proc executeEpc(cmd: IdeCmd, args: SexpNode;
                 graph: ModuleGraph) =
@@ -218,7 +309,7 @@ proc executeEpc(cmd: IdeCmd, args: SexpNode;
   var dirtyfile = AbsoluteFile""
   if len(args) > 3:
     dirtyfile = AbsoluteFile args[3].getStr("")
-  execute(cmd, file, dirtyfile, int(line), int(column), graph)
+  execute(cmd, file, dirtyfile, int(line), int(column), args[3].getStr, graph)
 
 proc returnEpc(socket: Socket, uid: BiggestInt, s: SexpNode|string,
                returnSymbol = "return") =
@@ -436,6 +527,18 @@ proc execCmd(cmd: string; graph: ModuleGraph; cachedMsgs: CachedMsgs) =
   of "terse": toggle optIdeTerse
   of "known": conf.ideCmd = ideKnown
   of "project": conf.ideCmd = ideProject
+  of "changed": conf.ideCmd = ideChanged
+  of "globalsymbols": conf.ideCmd = ideGlobalSymbols
+  of "declaration": conf.ideCmd = ideDeclaration
+  of "expand": conf.ideCmd = ideExpand
+  of "chkfile": conf.ideCmd = ideChkFile
+  of "recompile": conf.ideCmd = ideRecompile
+  of "type": conf.ideCmd = ideType
+  of "inlayhints":
+    if conf.suggestVersion >= 4:
+      conf.ideCmd = ideInlayHints
+    else:
+      err()
   else: err()
   var dirtyfile = ""
   var orig = ""
@@ -452,6 +555,7 @@ proc execCmd(cmd: string; graph: ModuleGraph; cachedMsgs: CachedMsgs) =
   i += parseInt(cmd, line, i)
   i += skipWhile(cmd, seps, i)
   i += parseInt(cmd, col, i)
+  let tag = substr(cmd, i)
 
   if conf.ideCmd == ideKnown:
     results.send(Suggest(section: ideKnown, quality: ord(fileInfoKnown(conf, AbsoluteFile orig))))
@@ -460,23 +564,23 @@ proc execCmd(cmd: string; graph: ModuleGraph; cachedMsgs: CachedMsgs) =
   else:
     if conf.ideCmd == ideChk:
       for cm in cachedMsgs: errorHook(conf, cm.info, cm.msg, cm.sev)
-    execute(conf.ideCmd, AbsoluteFile orig, AbsoluteFile dirtyfile, line, col, graph)
+    execute(conf.ideCmd, AbsoluteFile orig, AbsoluteFile dirtyfile, line, col, tag, graph)
   sentinel()
 
 proc recompileFullProject(graph: ModuleGraph) =
-  #echo "recompiling full project"
-  resetSystemArtifacts(graph)
-  graph.vm = nil
-  graph.resetAllModules()
-  GC_fullCollect()
-  compileProject(graph)
-  #echo GC_getStatistics()
+  benchmark "Recompilation(clean)":
+    graph.resetForBackend()
+    graph.resetSystemArtifacts()
+    graph.vm = nil
+    graph.resetAllModules()
+    GC_fullCollect()
+    graph.compileProject()
 
 proc mainThread(graph: ModuleGraph) =
   let conf = graph.config
-  if gLogging:
-    for it in conf.searchPaths:
-      log(it.string)
+  myLog "searchPaths: "
+  for it in conf.searchPaths:
+    myLog("  " & it.string)
 
   proc wrHook(line: string) {.closure.} =
     if gMode == mepc:
@@ -499,7 +603,7 @@ proc mainThread(graph: ModuleGraph) =
     else:
       os.sleep 250
       idle += 1
-    if idle == 20 and gRefresh:
+    if idle == 20 and gRefresh and conf.suggestVersion < 3:
       # we use some nimsuggest activity to enable a lazy recompile:
       conf.ideCmd = ideChk
       conf.writelnHook = proc (s: string) = discard
@@ -518,6 +622,7 @@ proc mainCommand(graph: ModuleGraph) =
   registerPass graph, verbosePass
   registerPass graph, semPass
   conf.setCmd cmdIdeTools
+  defineSymbol(conf.symbols, $conf.backend)
   wantMainModule(conf)
 
   if not fileExists(conf.projectFull):
@@ -527,16 +632,25 @@ proc mainCommand(graph: ModuleGraph) =
 
   conf.setErrorMaxHighMaybe # honor --errorMax even if it may not make sense here
   # do not print errors, but log them
-  conf.writelnHook = myLog
-  conf.structuredErrorHook = nil
+  conf.writelnHook = proc (msg: string) = discard
+
+  if graph.config.suggestVersion >= 3:
+    graph.config.structuredErrorHook = proc (conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo; msg: string; sev: Severity) =
+      let suggest = Suggest(section: ideChk, filePath: toFullPath(conf, info),
+        line: toLinenumber(info), column: toColumn(info), doc: msg, forth: $sev)
+      graph.suggestErrors.mgetOrPut(info.fileIndex, @[]).add suggest
 
   # compile the project before showing any input so that we already
   # can answer questions right away:
-  compileProject(graph)
+  benchmark "Initial compilation":
+    compileProject(graph)
 
   open(requests)
   open(results)
 
+  if graph.config.clientProcessId != 0:
+    hookProcMonitor(graph.config.clientProcessId)
+
   case gMode
   of mstdin: createThread(inputThread, replStdin, (gPort, gAddress))
   of mtcp: createThread(inputThread, replTcp, (gPort, gAddress))
@@ -584,8 +698,28 @@ proc processCmdLine*(pass: TCmdLinePass, cmd: string; conf: ConfigRef) =
         gMode = mepc
         conf.verbosity = 0          # Port number gotta be first.
       of "debug": incl(conf.globalOptions, optIdeDebug)
-      of "v2": conf.suggestVersion = 0
       of "v1": conf.suggestVersion = 1
+      of "v2": conf.suggestVersion = 0
+      of "v3": conf.suggestVersion = 3
+      of "v4": conf.suggestVersion = 4
+      of "info":
+        case p.val.normalize
+        of "protocolver":
+          stdout.writeLine(HighestSuggestProtocolVersion)
+          quit 0
+        of "nimver":
+          stdout.writeLine(system.NimVersion)
+          quit 0
+        of "capabilities":
+          stdout.writeLine(Capabilities.toSeq.mapIt($it).join(" "))
+          quit 0
+        else:
+          processSwitch(pass, p, conf)
+      of "exceptioninlayhints":
+        case p.val.normalize
+        of "", "on": incl(conf.globalOptions, optIdeExceptionInlayHints)
+        of "off": excl(conf.globalOptions, optIdeExceptionInlayHints)
+        else: processSwitch(pass, p, conf)
       of "tester":
         gMode = mstdin
         gEmitEof = true
@@ -600,6 +734,8 @@ proc processCmdLine*(pass: TCmdLinePass, cmd: string; conf: ConfigRef) =
         conf.suggestMaxResults = parseInt(p.val)
       of "find":
         findProject = true
+      of "clientprocessid":
+        conf.clientProcessId = parseInt(p.val)
       else: processSwitch(pass, p, conf)
     of cmdArgument:
       let a = unixToNativePath(p.key)
@@ -631,22 +767,520 @@ proc handleCmdLine(cache: IdentCache; conf: ConfigRef) =
 
   if gMode != mstdin:
     conf.writelnHook = proc (msg: string) = discard
-  # Find Nim's prefix dir.
-  let binaryPath = findExe("nim")
-  if binaryPath == "":
-    raise newException(IOError,
-        "Cannot find Nim standard library: Nim compiler not in PATH")
-  conf.prefixDir = AbsoluteDir binaryPath.splitPath().head.parentDir()
-  if not dirExists(conf.prefixDir / RelativeDir"lib"):
-    conf.prefixDir = AbsoluteDir""
-
+  conf.prefixDir = conf.getPrefixDir()
   #msgs.writelnHook = proc (line: string) = log(line)
   myLog("START " & conf.projectFull.string)
 
   var graph = newModuleGraph(cache, conf)
   if self.loadConfigsAndProcessCmdLine(cache, conf, graph):
+
+    if conf.selectedGC == gcUnselected and
+          conf.backend != backendJs:
+      initOrcDefines(conf)
     mainCommand(graph)
 
+# v3 start
+
+proc recompilePartially(graph: ModuleGraph, projectFileIdx = InvalidFileIdx) =
+  if projectFileIdx == InvalidFileIdx:
+    myLog "Recompiling partially from root"
+  else:
+    myLog fmt "Recompiling partially starting from {graph.getModule(projectFileIdx)}"
+
+  # inst caches are breaking incremental compilation when the cache caches stuff
+  # from dirty buffer
+  graph.clearInstCache(projectFileIdx)
+
+  GC_fullCollect()
+
+  try:
+    benchmark "Recompilation":
+      graph.compileProject(projectFileIdx)
+  except Exception as e:
+    myLog fmt "Failed to recompile partially with the following error:\n {e.msg} \n\n {e.getStackTrace()}"
+    try:
+      graph.recompileFullProject()
+    except Exception as e:
+      myLog fmt "Failed clean recompilation:\n {e.msg} \n\n {e.getStackTrace()}"
+
+func deduplicateSymInfoPair[SymInfoPair](xs: seq[SymInfoPair]): seq[SymInfoPair] =
+  # xs contains duplicate items and we want to filter them by range because the
+  # sym may not match. This can happen when xs contains the same definition but
+  # with different signature because suggestSym might be called multiple times
+  # for the same symbol (e. g. including/excluding the pragma)
+  result = newSeqOfCap[SymInfoPair](xs.len)
+  for itm in xs.reversed:
+    var found = false
+    for res in result:
+      if res.info.exactEquals(itm.info):
+        found = true
+        break
+    if not found:
+      result.add(itm)
+  result.reverse()
+
+func deduplicateSymInfoPair(xs: SuggestFileSymbolDatabase): SuggestFileSymbolDatabase =
+  # xs contains duplicate items and we want to filter them by range because the
+  # sym may not match. This can happen when xs contains the same definition but
+  # with different signature because suggestSym might be called multiple times
+  # for the same symbol (e. g. including/excluding the pragma)
+  result = SuggestFileSymbolDatabase(
+    lineInfo: newSeqOfCap[TinyLineInfo](xs.lineInfo.len),
+    sym: newSeqOfCap[PSym](xs.sym.len),
+    isDecl: newPackedBoolArray(),
+    caughtExceptions: newSeqOfCap[seq[PType]](xs.caughtExceptions.len),
+    caughtExceptionsSet: newPackedBoolArray(),
+    fileIndex: xs.fileIndex,
+    trackCaughtExceptions: xs.trackCaughtExceptions,
+    isSorted: false
+  )
+  var i = xs.lineInfo.high
+  while i >= 0:
+    let itm = xs.lineInfo[i]
+    var found = false
+    for res in result.lineInfo:
+      if res.exactEquals(itm):
+        found = true
+        break
+    if not found:
+      result.add(xs.getSymInfoPair(i))
+    dec i
+  result.reverse()
+
+proc findSymData(graph: ModuleGraph, trackPos: TLineInfo):
+    ref SymInfoPair =
+  let db = graph.fileSymbols(trackPos.fileIndex).deduplicateSymInfoPair
+  doAssert(db.fileIndex == trackPos.fileIndex)
+  for i in db.lineInfo.low..db.lineInfo.high:
+    if isTracked(db.lineInfo[i], TinyLineInfo(line: trackPos.line, col: trackPos.col), db.sym[i].name.s.len):
+      var res = db.getSymInfoPair(i)
+      new(result)
+      result[] = res
+      break
+
+func isInRange*(current, startPos, endPos: TinyLineInfo, tokenLen: int): bool =
+  result =
+    (current.line > startPos.line or (current.line == startPos.line and current.col>=startPos.col)) and
+    (current.line < endPos.line or (current.line == endPos.line and current.col <= endPos.col))
+
+proc findSymDataInRange(graph: ModuleGraph, startPos, endPos: TLineInfo):
+    seq[SymInfoPair] =
+  result = newSeq[SymInfoPair]()
+  let db = graph.fileSymbols(startPos.fileIndex).deduplicateSymInfoPair
+  for i in db.lineInfo.low..db.lineInfo.high:
+    if isInRange(db.lineInfo[i], TinyLineInfo(line: startPos.line, col: startPos.col), TinyLineInfo(line: endPos.line, col: endPos.col), db.sym[i].name.s.len):
+      result.add(db.getSymInfoPair(i))
+
+proc findSymData(graph: ModuleGraph, file: AbsoluteFile; line, col: int):
+    ref SymInfoPair =
+  let
+    fileIdx = fileInfoIdx(graph.config, file)
+    trackPos = newLineInfo(fileIdx, line, col)
+  result = findSymData(graph, trackPos)
+
+proc findSymDataInRange(graph: ModuleGraph, file: AbsoluteFile; startLine, startCol, endLine, endCol: int):
+    seq[SymInfoPair] =
+  let
+    fileIdx = fileInfoIdx(graph.config, file)
+    startPos = newLineInfo(fileIdx, startLine, startCol)
+    endPos = newLineInfo(fileIdx, endLine, endCol)
+  result = findSymDataInRange(graph, startPos, endPos)
+
+proc markDirtyIfNeeded(graph: ModuleGraph, file: string, originalFileIdx: FileIndex) =
+  let sha = $sha1.secureHashFile(file)
+  if graph.config.m.fileInfos[originalFileIdx.int32].hash != sha or graph.config.ideCmd in {ideSug, ideCon}:
+    myLog fmt "{file} changed compared to last compilation"
+    graph.markDirty originalFileIdx
+    graph.markClientsDirty originalFileIdx
+  else:
+    myLog fmt "No changes in file {file} compared to last compilation"
+
+proc suggestResult(graph: ModuleGraph, sym: PSym, info: TLineInfo,
+                   defaultSection = ideNone, endLine: uint16 = 0, endCol = 0) =
+  let section = if defaultSection != ideNone:
+                  defaultSection
+                elif sym.info.exactEquals(info):
+                  ideDef
+                else:
+                  ideUse
+  let suggest = symToSuggest(graph, sym, isLocal=false, section,
+                             info, 100, PrefixMatch.None, false, 0,
+                             endLine = endLine, endCol = endCol)
+  suggestResult(graph.config, suggest)
+
+proc suggestInlayHintResultType(graph: ModuleGraph, sym: PSym, info: TLineInfo,
+                   defaultSection = ideNone, endLine: uint16 = 0, endCol = 0) =
+  let section = if defaultSection != ideNone:
+                  defaultSection
+                elif sym.info.exactEquals(info):
+                  ideDef
+                else:
+                  ideUse
+  var suggestDef = symToSuggest(graph, sym, isLocal=false, section,
+                                info, 100, PrefixMatch.None, false, 0, true,
+                                endLine = endLine, endCol = endCol)
+  suggestDef.inlayHintInfo = suggestToSuggestInlayTypeHint(suggestDef)
+  suggestDef.section = ideInlayHints
+  if sym.kind == skForVar:
+    suggestDef.inlayHintInfo.allowInsert = false
+  suggestResult(graph.config, suggestDef)
+
+proc suggestInlayHintResultException(graph: ModuleGraph, sym: PSym, info: TLineInfo,
+                   defaultSection = ideNone, caughtExceptions: seq[PType], caughtExceptionsSet: bool, endLine: uint16 = 0, endCol = 0) =
+  if not caughtExceptionsSet:
+    return
+
+  if sym.kind == skParam and sfEffectsDelayed in sym.flags:
+    return
+
+  var raisesList: seq[PType] = @[getEbase(graph, info)]
+
+  let t = sym.typ
+  if not isNil(t) and not isNil(t.n) and t.n.len > 0 and t.n[0].len > exceptionEffects:
+    let effects = t.n[0]
+    if effects.kind == nkEffectList and effects.len == effectListLen:
+      let effs = effects[exceptionEffects]
+      if not isNil(effs):
+        raisesList = @[]
+        for eff in items(effs):
+          if not isNil(eff):
+            raisesList.add(eff.typ)
+
+  var propagatedExceptionList: seq[PType] = @[]
+  for re in raisesList:
+    var exceptionIsPropagated = true
+    for ce in caughtExceptions:
+      if isNil(ce) or safeInheritanceDiff(re, ce) <= 0:
+        exceptionIsPropagated = false
+        break
+    if exceptionIsPropagated:
+      propagatedExceptionList.add(re)
+
+  if propagatedExceptionList.len == 0:
+    return
+
+  let section = if defaultSection != ideNone:
+                  defaultSection
+                elif sym.info.exactEquals(info):
+                  ideDef
+                else:
+                  ideUse
+  var suggestDef = symToSuggest(graph, sym, isLocal=false, section,
+                                info, 100, PrefixMatch.None, false, 0, true,
+                                endLine = endLine, endCol = endCol)
+  suggestDef.inlayHintInfo = suggestToSuggestInlayExceptionHintLeft(suggestDef, propagatedExceptionList)
+  suggestDef.section = ideInlayHints
+  suggestResult(graph.config, suggestDef)
+  suggestDef.inlayHintInfo = suggestToSuggestInlayExceptionHintRight(suggestDef, propagatedExceptionList)
+  suggestResult(graph.config, suggestDef)
+
+const
+  # kinds for ideOutline and ideGlobalSymbols
+  searchableSymKinds = {skField, skEnumField, skIterator, skMethod, skFunc, skProc, skConverter, skTemplate}
+
+proc symbolEqual(left, right: PSym): bool =
+  # More relaxed symbol comparison
+  return left.info.exactEquals(right.info) and left.name == right.name
+
+proc findDef(n: PNode, line: uint16, col: int16): PNode =
+  if n.kind in {nkProcDef, nkIteratorDef, nkTemplateDef, nkMethodDef, nkMacroDef}:
+    if n.info.line == line:
+      return n
+  else:
+    for i in 0 ..< safeLen(n):
+      let res = findDef(n[i], line, col)
+      if res != nil: return res
+
+proc findByTLineInfo(trackPos: TLineInfo, infoPairs: SuggestFileSymbolDatabase):
+    ref SymInfoPair =
+  result = nil
+  if infoPairs.fileIndex == trackPos.fileIndex:
+    for i in infoPairs.lineInfo.low..infoPairs.lineInfo.high:
+      let s = infoPairs.getSymInfoPair(i)
+      if s.info.exactEquals trackPos:
+        new(result)
+        result[] = s
+        break
+
+proc outlineNode(graph: ModuleGraph, n: PNode, endInfo: TLineInfo, infoPairs: SuggestFileSymbolDatabase): bool =
+  proc checkSymbol(sym: PSym, info: TLineInfo): bool =
+    result = (sym.owner.kind in {skModule, skType} or sym.kind in {skProc, skMethod, skIterator, skTemplate, skType})
+
+  if n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.checkSymbol(n.info):
+    graph.suggestResult(n.sym, n.sym.info, ideOutline, endInfo.line, endInfo.col)
+    return true
+  elif n.kind == nkIdent:
+    let symData = findByTLineInfo(n.info, infoPairs)
+    if symData != nil and symData.sym.checkSymbol(symData.info):
+       let sym = symData.sym
+       graph.suggestResult(sym, sym.info, ideOutline, endInfo.line, endInfo.col)
+       return true
+
+proc handleIdentOrSym(graph: ModuleGraph, n: PNode, endInfo: TLineInfo, infoPairs: SuggestFileSymbolDatabase): bool =
+  for child in n:
+    if child.kind in {nkIdent, nkSym}:
+      if graph.outlineNode(child, endInfo, infoPairs):
+        return true
+    elif child.kind == nkPostfix:
+      if graph.handleIdentOrSym(child, endInfo, infoPairs):
+        return true
+
+proc iterateOutlineNodes(graph: ModuleGraph, n: PNode, infoPairs: SuggestFileSymbolDatabase) =
+  var matched = true
+  if n.kind == nkIdent:
+    let symData = findByTLineInfo(n.info, infoPairs)
+    if symData != nil and symData.sym.kind == skEnumField and symData.info.exactEquals(symData.sym.info):
+       let sym = symData.sym
+       graph.suggestResult(sym, sym.info, ideOutline, n.endInfo.line, n.endInfo.col)
+  elif (n.kind in {nkFuncDef, nkProcDef, nkTypeDef, nkMacroDef, nkTemplateDef, nkConverterDef, nkEnumFieldDef, nkConstDef}):
+    matched = handleIdentOrSym(graph, n, n.endInfo, infoPairs)
+  else:
+    matched = false
+
+  if n.kind != nkFormalParams:
+    for child in n:
+      graph.iterateOutlineNodes(child, infoPairs)
+
+proc calculateExpandRange(n: PNode, info: TLineInfo): TLineInfo =
+  if ((n.kind in {nkFuncDef, nkProcDef, nkIteratorDef, nkTemplateDef, nkMethodDef, nkConverterDef} and
+          n.info.exactEquals(info)) or
+         (n.kind in {nkCall, nkCommand} and n[0].info.exactEquals(info))):
+    result = n.endInfo
+  else:
+    for child in n:
+      result = child.calculateExpandRange(info)
+      if result != unknownLineInfo:
+        return result
+    result = unknownLineInfo
+
+proc executeNoHooksV3(cmd: IdeCmd, file: AbsoluteFile, dirtyfile: AbsoluteFile, line, col: int; tag: string,
+    graph: ModuleGraph) =
+  let conf = graph.config
+  conf.writelnHook = proc (s: string) = discard
+  conf.structuredErrorHook = proc (conf: ConfigRef; info: TLineInfo;
+                                   msg: string; sev: Severity) =
+    let suggest = Suggest(section: ideChk, filePath: toFullPath(conf, info),
+      line: toLinenumber(info), column: toColumn(info), doc: msg, forth: $sev)
+    graph.suggestErrors.mgetOrPut(info.fileIndex, @[]).add suggest
+
+  conf.ideCmd = cmd
+
+  myLog fmt "cmd: {cmd}, file: {file}[{line}:{col}], dirtyFile: {dirtyfile}, tag: {tag}"
+
+  var fileIndex: FileIndex
+
+  if not (cmd in {ideRecompile, ideGlobalSymbols}):
+    fileIndex = fileInfoIdx(conf, file)
+    msgs.setDirtyFile(
+      conf,
+      fileIndex,
+      if dirtyfile.isEmpty: AbsoluteFile"" else: dirtyfile)
+
+    if not dirtyfile.isEmpty:
+      graph.markDirtyIfNeeded(dirtyFile.string, fileInfoIdx(conf, file))
+
+  # these commands require fully compiled project
+  if cmd in {ideUse, ideDus, ideGlobalSymbols, ideChk, ideInlayHints} and graph.needsCompilation():
+    graph.recompilePartially()
+    # when doing incremental build for the project root we should make sure that
+    # everything is unmarked as no longer beeing dirty in case there is no
+    # longer reference to a particular module. E. g. A depends on B, B is marked
+    # as dirty and A loses B import.
+    graph.unmarkAllDirty()
+
+  # these commands require partially compiled project
+  elif cmd in {ideSug, ideCon, ideOutline, ideHighlight, ideDef, ideChkFile, ideType, ideDeclaration, ideExpand} and
+       (graph.needsCompilation(fileIndex) or cmd in {ideSug, ideCon}):
+    # for ideSug use v2 implementation
+    if cmd in {ideSug, ideCon}:
+      conf.m.trackPos = newLineInfo(fileIndex, line, col)
+      conf.m.trackPosAttached = false
+    else:
+      conf.m.trackPos = default(TLineInfo)
+      graph.recompilePartially(fileIndex)
+
+  case cmd
+  of ideDef:
+    let s = graph.findSymData(file, line, col)
+    if not s.isNil:
+      graph.suggestResult(s.sym, s.sym.info)
+  of ideType:
+    let s = graph.findSymData(file, line, col)
+    if not s.isNil:
+      let typeSym = s.sym.typ.sym
+      if typeSym != nil:
+        graph.suggestResult(typeSym, typeSym.info, ideType)
+      elif s.sym.typ.len != 0:
+        let genericType = s.sym.typ[0].sym
+        graph.suggestResult(genericType, genericType.info, ideType)
+  of ideUse, ideDus:
+    let symbol = graph.findSymData(file, line, col)
+    if not symbol.isNil:
+      var res: seq[SymInfoPair] = @[]
+      for s in graph.suggestSymbolsIter:
+        if s.sym.symbolEqual(symbol.sym):
+          res.add(s)
+      for s in res.deduplicateSymInfoPair():
+        graph.suggestResult(s.sym, s.info)
+  of ideHighlight:
+    let sym = graph.findSymData(file, line, col)
+    if not sym.isNil:
+      let fs = graph.fileSymbols(fileIndex)
+      var usages: seq[SymInfoPair] = @[]
+      for i in fs.lineInfo.low..fs.lineInfo.high:
+        if fs.sym[i] == sym.sym:
+          usages.add(fs.getSymInfoPair(i))
+      myLog fmt "Found {usages.len} usages in {file.string}"
+      for s in usages:
+        graph.suggestResult(s.sym, s.info)
+  of ideRecompile:
+    graph.recompileFullProject()
+  of ideChanged:
+    graph.markDirtyIfNeeded(file.string, fileIndex)
+  of ideSug, ideCon:
+    # ideSug/ideCon performs partial build of the file, thus mark it dirty for the
+    # future calls.
+    graph.markDirtyIfNeeded(file.string, fileIndex)
+    graph.recompilePartially(fileIndex) 
+    let m = graph.getModule fileIndex
+    incl m.flags, sfDirty 
+  of ideOutline:
+    let n = parseFile(fileIndex, graph.cache, graph.config)
+    graph.iterateOutlineNodes(n, graph.fileSymbols(fileIndex).deduplicateSymInfoPair)
+  of ideChk:
+    myLog fmt "Reporting errors for {graph.suggestErrors.len} file(s)"
+    for sug in graph.suggestErrorsIter:
+      suggestResult(graph.config, sug)
+  of ideChkFile:
+    let errors = graph.suggestErrors.getOrDefault(fileIndex, @[])
+    myLog fmt "Reporting {errors.len} error(s) for {file.string}"
+    for error in errors:
+      suggestResult(graph.config, error)
+  of ideGlobalSymbols:
+    var
+      counter = 0
+      res: seq[SymInfoPair] = @[]
+
+    for s in graph.suggestSymbolsIter:
+      if (sfGlobal in s.sym.flags or s.sym.kind in searchableSymKinds) and
+          s.sym.info == s.info:
+        if contains(s.sym.name.s, file.string):
+          inc counter
+          res = res.filterIt(not it.info.exactEquals(s.info))
+          res.add s
+          # stop after first 1000 matches...
+          if counter > 1000:
+            break
+
+    # ... then sort them by weight ...
+    res.sort() do (left, right: SymInfoPair) -> int:
+      let
+        leftString = left.sym.name.s
+        rightString = right.sym.name.s
+        leftIndex = leftString.find(file.string)
+        rightIndex = rightString.find(file.string)
+
+      if leftIndex == rightIndex:
+        result = cmp(toLowerAscii(leftString),
+                     toLowerAscii(rightString))
+      else:
+        result = cmp(leftIndex, rightIndex)
+
+    # ... and send first 100 results
+    if res.len > 0:
+      for i in 0 .. min(100, res.len - 1):
+        let s = res[i]
+        graph.suggestResult(s.sym, s.info)
+
+  of ideDeclaration:
+    let s = graph.findSymData(file, line, col)
+    if not s.isNil:
+      # find first mention of the symbol in the file containing the definition.
+      # It is either the definition or the declaration.
+      var first: SymInfoPair
+      let db = graph.fileSymbols(s.sym.info.fileIndex).deduplicateSymInfoPair
+      for i in db.lineInfo.low..db.lineInfo.high:
+        if s.sym.symbolEqual(db.sym[i]):
+          first = db.getSymInfoPair(i)
+          break
+
+      if s.info.exactEquals(first.info):
+        # we are on declaration, go to definition
+        graph.suggestResult(first.sym, first.sym.info, ideDeclaration)
+      else:
+        # we are on definition or usage, look for declaration
+        graph.suggestResult(first.sym, first.info, ideDeclaration)
+  of ideExpand:
+    var level: int = high(int)
+    let index = skipWhitespace(tag, 0);
+    let trimmed = substr(tag, index)
+    if not (trimmed == "" or trimmed == "all"):
+      discard parseInt(trimmed, level, 0)
+
+    conf.expandPosition = newLineInfo(fileIndex, line, col)
+    conf.expandLevels = level
+    conf.expandProgress = false
+    conf.expandNodeResult = ""
+
+    graph.markDirty fileIndex
+    graph.markClientsDirty fileIndex
+    graph.recompilePartially()
+    var suggest = Suggest()
+    suggest.section = ideExpand
+    suggest.version = 3
+    suggest.line = line
+    suggest.column = col
+    suggest.doc = graph.config.expandNodeResult
+    if suggest.doc != "":
+      let
+        n = parseFile(fileIndex, graph.cache, graph.config)
+        endInfo = n.calculateExpandRange(conf.expandPosition)
+
+      suggest.endLine = endInfo.line
+      suggest.endCol = endInfo.col
+
+    suggestResult(graph.config, suggest)
+
+    graph.markDirty fileIndex
+    graph.markClientsDirty fileIndex
+  of ideInlayHints:
+    myLog fmt "Executing inlayHints"
+    var endLine = 0
+    var endCol = -1
+    var i = 0
+    i += skipWhile(tag, seps, i)
+    i += parseInt(tag, endLine, i)
+    i += skipWhile(tag, seps, i)
+    i += parseInt(tag, endCol, i)
+    i += skipWhile(tag, seps, i)
+    var typeHints = true
+    var exceptionHints = false
+    while i <= tag.high:
+      var token: string
+      i += parseUntil(tag, token, seps, i)
+      i += skipWhile(tag, seps, i)
+      case token:
+      of "+typeHints":
+        typeHints = true
+      of "-typeHints":
+        typeHints = false
+      of "+exceptionHints":
+        exceptionHints = true
+      of "-exceptionHints":
+        exceptionHints = false
+      else:
+        myLog fmt "Discarding unknown inlay hint parameter {token}"
+
+    let s = graph.findSymDataInRange(file, line, col, endLine, endCol)
+    for q in s:
+      if typeHints and q.sym.kind in {skLet, skVar, skForVar, skConst} and q.isDecl and not q.sym.hasUserSpecifiedType:
+        graph.suggestInlayHintResultType(q.sym, q.info, ideInlayHints)
+      if exceptionHints and q.sym.kind in {skProc, skFunc, skMethod, skVar, skLet, skParam} and not q.isDecl:
+        graph.suggestInlayHintResultException(q.sym, q.info, ideInlayHints, caughtExceptions = q.caughtExceptions, caughtExceptionsSet = q.caughtExceptionsSet)
+  else:
+    myLog fmt "Discarding {cmd}"
+
+# v3 end
 when isMainModule:
   handleCmdLine(newIdentCache(), newConfigRef())
 else:
@@ -663,10 +1297,12 @@ else:
     proc mockCommand(graph: ModuleGraph) =
       retval = graph
       let conf = graph.config
+      conf.setCmd cmdIdeTools
+      defineSymbol(conf.symbols, $conf.backend)
       clearPasses(graph)
       registerPass graph, verbosePass
       registerPass graph, semPass
-      conf.setCmd cmdIdeTools
+
       wantMainModule(conf)
 
       if not fileExists(conf.projectFull):
@@ -709,13 +1345,7 @@ else:
       conf.writelnHook = proc (msg: string) = discard
     # Find Nim's prefix dir.
     if nimPath == "":
-      let binaryPath = findExe("nim")
-      if binaryPath == "":
-        raise newException(IOError,
-            "Cannot find Nim standard library: Nim compiler not in PATH")
-      conf.prefixDir = AbsoluteDir binaryPath.splitPath().head.parentDir()
-      if not dirExists(conf.prefixDir / RelativeDir"lib"):
-        conf.prefixDir = AbsoluteDir""
+      conf.prefixDir = conf.getPrefixDir()
     else:
       conf.prefixDir = AbsoluteDir nimPath
 
@@ -726,8 +1356,9 @@ else:
     if self.loadConfigsAndProcessCmdLine(cache, conf, graph):
       mockCommand(graph)
     if gLogging:
+      myLog("Search paths:")
       for it in conf.searchPaths:
-        log(it.string)
+        myLog(" " & it.string)
 
     retval.doStopCompile = proc (): bool = false
     return NimSuggest(graph: retval, idle: 0, cachedMsgs: @[])
diff --git a/nimsuggest/nimsuggest.nimble b/nimsuggest/nimsuggest.nimble
index 53b5d1d6f..b3790e116 100644
--- a/nimsuggest/nimsuggest.nimble
+++ b/nimsuggest/nimsuggest.nimble
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-version       = "0.1.0"
-author        = "Andreas Rumpf"
-description   = "Tool for providing auto completion data for Nim source code."
-license       = "MIT"
-
+include "../lib/system/compilation.nim"
+version = $NimMajor & "." & $NimMinor & "." & $NimPatch
+author = "Andreas Rumpf"
+description = "Tool for providing auto completion data for Nim source code."
+license = "MIT"
 bin = @["nimsuggest"]
 
-requires "nim >= 1.1.1"
+requires "compiler >= 1.9.0" , "checksums"
diff --git a/nimsuggest/procmonitor.nim b/nimsuggest/procmonitor.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f1ba1e0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/procmonitor.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Monitor a client process and shutdown the current process, if the client
+# process is found to be dead
+
+import os
+
+when defined(posix):
+  import posix_utils
+  import posix
+
+when defined(windows):
+  import winlean
+
+when defined(posix):
+  proc monitorClientProcessIdThreadProc(pid: int) {.thread.} =
+    while true:
+      sleep(1000)
+      try:
+        sendSignal(Pid(pid), 0)
+      except:
+        discard kill(Pid(getCurrentProcessId()), cint(SIGTERM))
+
+when defined(windows):
+  proc monitorClientProcessIdThreadProc(pid: int) {.thread.} =
+    var process = openProcess(SYNCHRONIZE, 0, DWORD(pid))
+    if process != 0:
+      discard waitForSingleObject(process, INFINITE)
+      discard closeHandle(process)
+    quit(0)
+
+var tid: Thread[int]
+
+proc hookProcMonitor*(pid: int) =
+  when defined(posix) or defined(windows):
+    createThread(tid, monitorClientProcessIdThreadProc, pid)
diff --git a/nimsuggest/sexp.nim b/nimsuggest/sexp.nim
index cee538b6e..03369ccb7 100644
--- a/nimsuggest/sexp.nim
+++ b/nimsuggest/sexp.nim
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ import
 
 import std/private/decode_helpers
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, formatfloat]
+
 type
   SexpEventKind* = enum  ## enumeration of all events that may occur when parsing
     sexpError,           ## an error occurred during parsing
@@ -288,10 +291,6 @@ proc newSString*(s: string): SexpNode =
   ## Creates a new `SString SexpNode`.
   result = SexpNode(kind: SString, str: s)
 
-proc newSStringMove(s: string): SexpNode =
-  result = SexpNode(kind: SString)
-  shallowCopy(result.str, s)
-
 proc newSInt*(n: BiggestInt): SexpNode =
   ## Creates a new `SInt SexpNode`.
   result = SexpNode(kind: SInt, num: n)
@@ -315,10 +314,6 @@ proc newSList*(): SexpNode =
 proc newSSymbol*(s: string): SexpNode =
   result = SexpNode(kind: SSymbol, symbol: s)
 
-proc newSSymbolMove(s: string): SexpNode =
-  result = SexpNode(kind: SSymbol)
-  shallowCopy(result.symbol, s)
-
 proc getStr*(n: SexpNode, default: string = ""): string =
   ## Retrieves the string value of a `SString SexpNode`.
   ##
@@ -409,7 +404,7 @@ macro convertSexp*(x: untyped): untyped =
   ## `%` for every element.
   result = toSexp(x)
 
-proc `==`* (a,b: SexpNode): bool =
+func `==`* (a, b: SexpNode): bool =
   ## Check two nodes for equality
   if a.isNil:
     if b.isNil: return true
@@ -596,8 +591,7 @@ proc parseSexp(p: var SexpParser): SexpNode =
   case p.tok
   of tkString:
     # we capture 'p.a' here, so we need to give it a fresh buffer afterwards:
-    result = newSStringMove(p.a)
-    p.a = ""
+    result = SexpNode(kind: SString, str: move p.a)
     discard getTok(p)
   of tkInt:
     result = newSInt(parseBiggestInt(p.a))
@@ -609,8 +603,7 @@ proc parseSexp(p: var SexpParser): SexpNode =
     result = newSNil()
     discard getTok(p)
   of tkSymbol:
-    result = newSSymbolMove(p.a)
-    p.a = ""
+    result = SexpNode(kind: SSymbol, symbol: move p.a)
     discard getTok(p)
   of tkParensLe:
     result = newSList()
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tester.nim b/nimsuggest/tester.nim
index 425430ede..9b9488348 100644
--- a/nimsuggest/tester.nim
+++ b/nimsuggest/tester.nim
@@ -2,8 +2,11 @@
 # Every test file can have a #[!]# comment that is deleted from the input
 # before 'nimsuggest' is invoked to ensure this token doesn't make a
 # crucial difference for Nim's parser.
+# When debugging, to run a single test, use for e.g.:
+# `nim r nimsuggest/tester.nim nimsuggest/tests/tsug_accquote.nim`
 
 import os, osproc, strutils, streams, re, sexp, net
+from sequtils import toSeq
 
 type
   Test = object
@@ -13,16 +16,16 @@ type
     disabled: bool
 
 const
-  curDir = when defined(windows): "" else: ""
   DummyEof = "!EOF!"
-
-template tpath(): untyped = getAppDir() / "tests"
+  tpath = "nimsuggest/tests"
+  # we could also use `stdtest/specialpaths`
 
 import std/compilesettings
 
 proc parseTest(filename: string; epcMode=false): Test =
   const cursorMarker = "#[!]#"
-  let nimsug = curDir & addFileExt("nimsuggest", ExeExt)
+  let nimsug = "bin" / addFileExt("nimsuggest_testing", ExeExt)
+  doAssert nimsug.fileExists, nimsug
   const libpath = querySetting(libPath)
   result.filename = filename
   result.dest = getTempDir() / extractFilename(filename)
@@ -63,7 +66,7 @@ proc parseTest(filename: string; epcMode=false): Test =
       elif x.startsWith(">"):
         # since 'markers' here are not complete yet, we do the $substitutions
         # afterwards
-        result.script.add((x.substr(1).replaceWord("$path", tpath()), ""))
+        result.script.add((x.substr(1).replaceWord("$path", tpath).replaceWord("$file", filename), ""))
       elif x.len > 0:
         # expected output line:
         let x = x % ["file", filename, "lib", libpath]
@@ -104,7 +107,7 @@ proc parseCmd(c: string): seq[string] =
 proc edit(tmpfile: string; x: seq[string]) =
   if x.len != 3 and x.len != 4:
     quit "!edit takes two or three arguments"
-  let f = if x.len >= 4: tpath() / x[3] else: tmpfile
+  let f = if x.len >= 4: tpath / x[3] else: tmpfile
   try:
     let content = readFile(f)
     let newcontent = content.replace(x[1], x[2])
@@ -121,12 +124,12 @@ proc exec(x: seq[string]) =
 
 proc copy(x: seq[string]) =
   if x.len != 3: quit "!copy takes two arguments"
-  let rel = tpath()
+  let rel = tpath
   copyFile(rel / x[1], rel / x[2])
 
 proc del(x: seq[string]) =
   if x.len != 2: quit "!del takes one argument"
-  removeFile(tpath() / x[1])
+  removeFile(tpath / x[1])
 
 proc runCmd(cmd, dest: string): bool =
   result = cmd[0] == '!'
@@ -215,7 +218,12 @@ proc sexpToAnswer(s: SexpNode): string =
       result.add doc
       result.add '\t'
       result.addInt a[8].getNum
-      if a.len >= 10:
+      if a.len >= 11:
+        result.add '\t'
+        result.addInt a[9].getNum
+        result.add '\t'
+        result.addInt a[10].getNum
+      elif a.len >= 10:
         result.add '\t'
         result.add a[9].getStr
     result.add '\L'
@@ -226,8 +234,8 @@ proc doReport(filename, answer, resp: string; report: var string) =
     var hasDiff = false
     for i in 0..min(resp.len-1, answer.len-1):
       if resp[i] != answer[i]:
-        report.add "\n  Expected:  " & resp.substr(i, i+200)
-        report.add "\n  But got:   " & answer.substr(i, i+200)
+        report.add "\n  Expected:\n" & resp
+        report.add "\n  But got:\n" & answer
         hasDiff = true
         break
     if not hasDiff:
@@ -249,13 +257,15 @@ proc runEpcTest(filename: string): int =
   for cmd in s.startup:
     if not runCmd(cmd, s.dest):
       quit "invalid command: " & cmd
-  let epccmd = s.cmd.replace("--tester", "--epc --v2 --log")
+  let epccmd = if s.cmd.contains("--v3"):
+    s.cmd.replace("--tester", "--epc --log")
+  else:
+    s.cmd.replace("--tester", "--epc --v2 --log")
   let cl = parseCmdLine(epccmd)
   var p = startProcess(command=cl[0], args=cl[1 .. ^1],
                        options={poStdErrToStdOut, poUsePath,
                        poInteractive, poDaemon})
   let outp = p.outputStream
-  let inp = p.inputStream
   var report = ""
   var socket = newSocket()
   try:
@@ -269,17 +279,28 @@ proc runEpcTest(filename: string): int =
         os.sleep(50)
         inc i
       let a = outp.readAll().strip()
-    let port = parseInt(a)
+    var port: int
+    try:
+      port = parseInt(a)
+    except ValueError:
+      echo "Error parsing port number: " & a
+      echo outp.readAll()
+      quit 1
     socket.connect("localhost", Port(port))
+
     for req, resp in items(s.script):
       if not runCmd(req, s.dest):
         socket.sendEpcStr(req)
         let sx = parseSexp(socket.recvEpc())
         if not req.startsWith("mod "):
-          let answer = sexpToAnswer(sx)
+          let answer = if sx[2].kind == SNil: "" else: sexpToAnswer(sx)
           doReport(filename, answer, resp, report)
-  finally:
+
     socket.sendEpcStr "return arg"
+      # bugfix: this was in `finally` block, causing the original error to be
+      # potentially masked by another one in case `socket.sendEpcStr` raises
+      # (e.g. if socket couldn't connect in the 1st place)
+  finally:
     close(p)
   if report.len > 0:
     echo "==== EPC ========================================"
@@ -315,8 +336,12 @@ proc runTest(filename: string): int =
           answer.add '\L'
         doReport(filename, answer, resp, report)
   finally:
-    inp.writeLine("quit")
-    inp.flush()
+    try:
+      inp.writeLine("quit")
+      inp.flush()
+    except IOError, OSError:
+      # assume it's SIGPIPE, ie, the child already died
+      discard
     close(p)
   if report.len > 0:
     echo "==== STDIN ======================================"
@@ -328,11 +353,16 @@ proc main() =
   if os.paramCount() > 0:
     let x = os.paramStr(1)
     let xx = expandFilename x
+    # run only stdio when running single test
     failures += runTest(xx)
-    failures += runEpcTest(xx)
   else:
-    for x in walkFiles(tpath() / "t*.nim"):
-      echo "Test ", x
+    let files = toSeq(walkFiles(tpath / "t*.nim"))
+    for i, x in files:
+      echo "$#/$# test: $#" % [$i, $files.len, x]
+      when defined(i386):
+        if x == "nimsuggest/tests/tmacro_highlight.nim":
+          echo "skipping" # workaround bug #17945
+          continue
       let xx = expandFilename x
       when not defined(windows):
         # XXX Windows IO redirection seems bonkers:
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/module_20265.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/module_20265.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..24b7d10c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/module_20265.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+type A* = tuple
+  a: int
+  b: int
+
+var x*: A = (a: 2, b: 10)
+var y* = (a: 2, b: 10)
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/t20265_1.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/t20265_1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..553b3d545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/t20265_1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --tester $file
+>sug $1
+sug;;skField;;a;;int;;*module_20265.nim;;6;;10;;"";;100;;None
+sug;;skField;;b;;int;;*module_20265.nim;;6;;16;;"";;100;;None
+"""
+import module_20265
+y.#[!]#
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/t20265_2.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/t20265_2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33edf2d9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/t20265_2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --tester $file
+>sug $1
+sug;;skField;;a;;int;;*module_20265.nim;;2;;2;;"";;100;;None
+sug;;skField;;b;;int;;*module_20265.nim;;3;;2;;"";;100;;None
+"""
+import module_20265
+x.#[!]#
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/t20440.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/t20440.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0456aa074
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/t20440.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+when not defined(js):
+  {.fatal: "Crash".}
+echo 4
+
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --v3 --tester $file
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/t20440.nims b/nimsuggest/tests/t20440.nims
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1336be3d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/t20440.nims
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+switch("backend", "js")
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/t21185.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/t21185.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf5a0e3cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/t21185.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+
+# Reduced case of 21185. Issue was first parameter being static
+proc foo(x: static[int]) = discard
+
+type
+  Person = object
+    name: string
+    age: int
+
+let p = Person()
+p.#[!]#
+
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --tester --v3 --maxresults:2 $file
+>sug $1
+sug;;skField;;age;;int;;$file;;8;;4;;"";;100;;None
+sug;;skField;;name;;string;;$file;;7;;4;;"";;100;;None
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/t22448.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/t22448.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8664bbbc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/t22448.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+proc fn(a: static float) = discard
+proc fn(a: int) = discard
+
+let x = 1
+fn(x)
+
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --tester --v3 $file
+>chk $file
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Hint;;*
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tarrowcrash.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tarrowcrash.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a303e88f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tarrowcrash.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# issue #24179
+
+import sugar
+
+type
+    Parser[T] = object
+    
+proc eatWhile[T](p: Parser[T], predicate: T -> bool): seq[T] =
+    return @[]
+
+proc skipWs(p: Parser[char]) =
+    discard p.eatWhile((c: char) => c == 'a')
+#[!]#
+    
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --tester $file
+>chk $1
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Hint;;???;;0;;-1;;">> (toplevel): import(dirty): tests/tarrowcrash.nim [Processing]";;0
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Hint;;$file;;11;;5;;"\'skipWs\' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]";;0
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tchk1.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tchk1.nim
index c28b88b9b..be6115c1c 100644
--- a/nimsuggest/tests/tchk1.nim
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tchk1.nim
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ proc main =
 discard """
 $nimsuggest --tester $file
 >chk $1
-chk;;skUnknown;;;;Hint;;???;;0;;-1;;"tchk1 [Processing]";;0
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Hint;;???;;0;;-1;;">> (toplevel): import(dirty): tests/tchk1.nim [Processing]";;0
 chk;;skUnknown;;;;Error;;$file;;12;;0;;"identifier expected, but got \'keyword template\'";;0
 chk;;skUnknown;;;;Error;;$file;;14;;0;;"nestable statement requires indentation";;0
-chk;;skUnknown;;;;Error;;$file;;12;;0;;"implementation of \'foo\' expected";;0
 chk;;skUnknown;;;;Error;;$file;;17;;0;;"invalid indentation";;0
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Error;;$file;;12;;0;;"implementation of \'foo\' expected";;0
 chk;;skUnknown;;;;Hint;;$file;;12;;9;;"\'foo\' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]";;0
 chk;;skUnknown;;;;Hint;;$file;;14;;5;;"\'main\' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]";;0
 """
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tchk2.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tchk2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5404368d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tchk2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# bug #22794
+type O = object
+
+proc `=destroy`(x: O) = discard
+proc `=trace`(x: var O; env: pointer) = discard
+proc `=copy`(a: var O; b: O) = discard
+proc `=dup`(a: O): O {.nodestroy.} = a
+proc `=sink`(a: var O; b: O) = discard
+
+
+# bug #23316
+type SomeSturct = object
+
+proc `=destroy`(x: SomeSturct) =
+  echo "SomeSturct destroyed"
+
+# bug #23867
+type ObjStr = object
+  s: string
+
+let ostr = ObjStr() # <-- nimsuggest crashes
+discard ostr
+
+type ObjSeq = object
+  s: seq[int]
+
+let oseq = ObjSeq() # <-- nimsuggest crashes
+discard oseq
+
+#[!]#
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --tester $file
+>chk $1
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Hint;;???;;0;;-1;;">> (toplevel): import(dirty): tests/tchk2.nim [Processing]";;0
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tchk_compiles.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tchk_compiles.nim
index 887a947b5..c8a3daac4 100644
--- a/nimsuggest/tests/tchk_compiles.nim
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tchk_compiles.nim
@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ discard compiles(2 + "hello")
 discard """
 $nimsuggest --tester $file
 >chk $1
-chk;;skUnknown;;;;Hint;;???;;0;;-1;;"tchk_compiles [Processing]";;0
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Hint;;???;;0;;-1;;">> (toplevel): import(dirty): tests/tchk_compiles.nim [Processing]";;0
 """
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tconcept1.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tconcept1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d81cd8120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tconcept1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+SomeNumber = concept
+
+#[!]#
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --tester $file
+>chk $1
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Hint;;???;;0;;-1;;">> (toplevel): import(dirty): tests/tconcept1.nim [Processing]";;0
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Error;;$file;;1;;13;;"the \'concept\' keyword is only valid in \'type\' sections";;0
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Error;;$file;;1;;13;;"invalid indentation";;0
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Error;;$file;;1;;13;;"expression expected, but found \'keyword concept\'";;0
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Error;;$file;;1;;0;;"\'SomeNumber\' cannot be assigned to";;0
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tconcept2.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tconcept2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f7d147f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tconcept2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+  SomeNumber = concept a, type T
+    a.int is int
+    int.to(T) is type(a)
+
+#[!]#
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --tester $file
+>chk $1
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Hint;;???;;0;;-1;;">> (toplevel): import(dirty): tests/tconcept2.nim [Processing]";;0
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Error;;$file;;1;;2;;"invalid indentation";;0
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Error;;$file;;1;;15;;"the \'concept\' keyword is only valid in \'type\' sections";;0
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Error;;$file;;1;;15;;"invalid indentation";;0
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Error;;$file;;1;;15;;"expression expected, but found \'keyword concept\'";;0
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Error;;$file;;1;;2;;"\'SomeNumber\' cannot be assigned to";;0
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tdef1.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tdef1.nim
index 2cd040ea1..49265bbc1 100644
--- a/nimsuggest/tests/tdef1.nim
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tdef1.nim
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 discard """
 $nimsuggest --tester $file
 >def $1
-def;;skProc;;tdef1.hello;;proc (): string{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.};;$file;;9;;5;;"Return hello";;100
->def $1
-def;;skProc;;tdef1.hello;;proc (): string{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.};;$file;;9;;5;;"Return hello";;100
+def;;skProc;;tdef1.hello;;proc (): string{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].};;$file;;11;;5;;"Return hello";;100
+>def $2
+def;;skProc;;tdef1.hello;;proc (): string{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].};;$file;;11;;5;;"Return hello";;100
+>def $2
+def;;skProc;;tdef1.hello;;proc (): string{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].};;$file;;11;;5;;"Return hello";;100
 """
 
-proc hello(): string =
+proc hel#[!]#lo(): string =
   ## Return hello
   "Hello"
 
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tdef_let.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tdef_let.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e9456d2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tdef_let.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --tester $file
+>def $1
+def;;skLet;;tdef_let.intVar;;int;;$file;;7;;4;;"";;100
+"""
+
+let int#[!]#Var = 10
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tdot4.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tdot4.nim
index e1ff96553..f2c6c765f 100644
--- a/nimsuggest/tests/tdot4.nim
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tdot4.nim
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ discard """
 $nimsuggest --tester --maxresults:2 $file
 >sug $1
 sug;;skProc;;tdot4.main;;proc (inp: string): string;;$file;;6;;5;;"";;100;;None
-sug;;skFunc;;mstrutils.replace;;proc (s: string, sub: string, by: string): string{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.};;*fixtures/mstrutils.nim;;9;;5;;"this is a test version of strutils.replace, it simply returns `by`";;100;;None
+sug;;skFunc;;mstrutils.replace;;proc (s: string, sub: string, by: string): string{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].};;*fixtures/mstrutils.nim;;9;;5;;"this is a test version of strutils.replace, it simply returns `by`";;100;;None
 """
 
 # TODO - determine appropriate behaviour for further suggest output and test it
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tenum_field.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tenum_field.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ceb3e021
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tenum_field.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --tester $file
+>sug $1
+>sug $2
+sug;;skConst;;tenum_field.BarFoo;;int literal(1);;$file;;10;;6;;"";;100;;Prefix
+"""
+
+proc something() = discard
+
+const BarFoo = 1
+
+type
+  Foo = enum
+    # Test that typing the name doesn't give suggestions
+    somethi#[!]#
+    # Test that the right hand side still gets suggestions
+    another = BarFo#[!]#
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tfatal1.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tfatal1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..19778f22e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tfatal1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{.warning: "I'm a warning!".}
+{.error: "I'm an error!".}
+{.fatal: "I'm a fatal error!".}
+{.error: "I'm an error after fatal error!".}
+
+#[!]#
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --tester $file
+>chk $1
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Hint;;???;;0;;-1;;">> (toplevel): import(dirty): tests/tfatal1.nim [Processing]";;0
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Warning;;$file;;1;;9;;"I\'m a warning! [User]";;0
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Error;;$file;;2;;7;;"I\'m an error!";;0
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Error;;$file;;3;;7;;"fatal error: I\'m a fatal error!";;0
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Error;;$file;;4;;7;;"I\'m an error after fatal error!";;0
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tgeneric_highlight.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tgeneric_highlight.nim
index 334323613..c7291d08b 100644
--- a/nimsuggest/tests/tgeneric_highlight.nim
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tgeneric_highlight.nim
@@ -7,14 +7,7 @@ $nimsuggest --tester $file
 >highlight $1
 highlight;;skType;;1;;7;;3
 highlight;;skProc;;1;;0;;6
-highlight;;skProc;;1;;0;;6
-highlight;;skType;;1;;7;;3
-highlight;;skProc;;1;;0;;6
-highlight;;skType;;2;;14;;3
-highlight;;skProc;;2;;7;;6
-highlight;;skProc;;2;;7;;6
 highlight;;skType;;2;;14;;3
 highlight;;skProc;;2;;7;;6
-highlight;;skTemplate;;3;;0;;8
 highlight;;skType;;3;;9;;3
 """
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tgenerics.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tgenerics.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f490321c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tgenerics.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+type
+  Hello[T] = object
+    value: T
+
+proc printHelloValue[T](hello: Hello[T]) =
+  echo hello.value
+
+proc main() =
+  let a = Hello[float]()
+  p#[!]#rintHelloValue(a)
+
+main()
+
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --tester $file
+>def $1
+def;;skProc;;tgenerics.printHelloValue;;proc (hello: Hello[printHelloValue.T]);;$file;;5;;5;;"";;100
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tic.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tic.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26e644f83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tic.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import std/[appdirs, assertions, cmdline, compilesettings, decls, 
+  dirs, editdistance, effecttraits, enumerate, enumutils, envvars, 
+  exitprocs, files, formatfloat, genasts, importutils, 
+  isolation, jsonutils, logic, monotimes, objectdollar, 
+  oserrors, outparams, packedsets, paths, private, setutils, sha1, 
+  socketstreams, stackframes, staticos, strbasics, symlinks, syncio, 
+  sysatomics, sysrand, tasks, tempfiles, time_t, typedthreads, varints, 
+  vmutils, widestrs, with, wordwrap, wrapnils]
+
+proc test(a: string, b:string) = discard
+proc test(a: int) = discard
+
+test(#[!]#
+
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --v3 --ic:off --tester $file 
+>con $1
+con;;skProc;;tic.test;;proc (a: string, b: string);;$file;;10;;5;;"";;100
+con;;skProc;;tic.test;;proc (a: int);;$file;;11;;5;;"";;100
+"""
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/timport_highlight.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/timport_highlight.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..043f87d98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/timport_highlight.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import std/paths
+import json as J
+import std/[os,streams]#[!]#
+
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --tester $file
+>highlight $1
+highlight;;skModule;;1;;11;;5
+highlight;;skModule;;2;;7;;4
+highlight;;skModule;;3;;12;;2
+highlight;;skModule;;3;;15;;7
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tinclude.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tinclude.nim
index b67440b9e..f5cbabf05 100644
--- a/nimsuggest/tests/tinclude.nim
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tinclude.nim
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ go()
 discard """
 $nimsuggest --tester $file
 >def $path/tinclude.nim:7:14
-def;;skProc;;minclude_import.create;;proc (greeting: string, subject: string): Greet{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.};;*fixtures/minclude_include.nim;;3;;5;;"";;100
+def;;skProc;;minclude_import.create;;proc (greeting: string, subject: string): Greet{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].};;*fixtures/minclude_include.nim;;3;;5;;"";;100
 >def $path/fixtures/minclude_include.nim:3:71
 def;;skType;;minclude_types.Greet;;Greet;;*fixtures/minclude_types.nim;;4;;2;;"";;100
 >def $path/fixtures/minclude_include.nim:3:71
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tqualified_highlight.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tqualified_highlight.nim
index 3b521ecc1..b83669e72 100644
--- a/nimsuggest/tests/tqualified_highlight.nim
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tqualified_highlight.nim
@@ -10,5 +10,5 @@ highlight;;skProc;;1;;7;;4
 highlight;;skTemplate;;2;;7;;4
 highlight;;skTemplate;;2;;7;;4
 highlight;;skTemplate;;2;;7;;4
-highlight;;skProc;;3;;8;;1
+highlight;;skFunc;;3;;8;;1
 """
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tsug_pragmas.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tsug_pragmas.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce9c4e8f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tsug_pragmas.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+template fooBar1() {.pragma.}
+proc fooBar2() = discard
+macro fooBar3(x: untyped) = discard
+{.pragma: fooBar4 fooBar3.}
+
+proc test1() {.fooBar#[!]#.} = discard
+
+var test2 {.fooBar#[!]#.} = 9
+
+type
+  Person {.fooBar#[!]#.} = object
+    hello {.fooBar#[!]#.}: string
+  Callback = proc () {.fooBar#[!]#.}
+
+# Check only macros/templates/pragmas are suggested
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --tester $file
+>sug $1
+sug;;skTemplate;;fooBar4;;;;$file;;4;;8;;"";;100;;Prefix
+sug;;skTemplate;;tsug_pragmas.fooBar1;;template ();;$file;;1;;9;;"";;100;;Prefix
+sug;;skMacro;;tsug_pragmas.fooBar3;;macro (x: untyped){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].};;$file;;3;;6;;"";;50;;Prefix
+>sug $2
+sug;;skTemplate;;fooBar4;;;;$file;;4;;8;;"";;100;;Prefix
+sug;;skTemplate;;tsug_pragmas.fooBar1;;template ();;$file;;1;;9;;"";;100;;Prefix
+sug;;skMacro;;tsug_pragmas.fooBar3;;macro (x: untyped){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].};;$file;;3;;6;;"";;50;;Prefix
+>sug $3
+sug;;skTemplate;;fooBar4;;;;$file;;4;;8;;"";;100;;Prefix
+sug;;skTemplate;;tsug_pragmas.fooBar1;;template ();;$file;;1;;9;;"";;100;;Prefix
+sug;;skMacro;;tsug_pragmas.fooBar3;;macro (x: untyped){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].};;$file;;3;;6;;"";;50;;Prefix
+>sug $4
+sug;;skTemplate;;fooBar4;;;;$file;;4;;8;;"";;100;;Prefix
+sug;;skTemplate;;tsug_pragmas.fooBar1;;template ();;$file;;1;;9;;"";;100;;Prefix
+sug;;skMacro;;tsug_pragmas.fooBar3;;macro (x: untyped){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].};;$file;;3;;6;;"";;50;;Prefix
+>sug $5
+sug;;skTemplate;;fooBar4;;;;$file;;4;;8;;"";;100;;Prefix
+sug;;skTemplate;;tsug_pragmas.fooBar1;;template ();;$file;;1;;9;;"";;100;;Prefix
+sug;;skMacro;;tsug_pragmas.fooBar3;;macro (x: untyped){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].};;$file;;3;;6;;"";;50;;Prefix
+"""
+
+
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tsug_recursive.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tsug_recursive.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97ee5ca01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tsug_recursive.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --tester $file
+>sug $1
+sug;;skProc;;tsug_recursive.fooBar;;proc ();;$file;;7;;5;;"";;100;;Prefix
+"""
+
+proc fooBar() =
+  fooBa#[!]#
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tsug_template.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tsug_template.nim
index 15615f0af..da494d279 100644
--- a/nimsuggest/tests/tsug_template.nim
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tsug_template.nim
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ tmp#[!]#
 discard """
 $nimsuggest --tester $file
 >sug $1
-sug;;skMacro;;tsug_template.tmpb;;macro (){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.};;$file;;2;;6;;"";;100;;Prefix
+sug;;skMacro;;tsug_template.tmpb;;macro (){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].};;$file;;2;;6;;"";;100;;Prefix
 sug;;skConverter;;tsug_template.tmpc;;converter ();;$file;;3;;10;;"";;100;;Prefix
 sug;;skTemplate;;tsug_template.tmpa;;template ();;$file;;1;;9;;"";;100;;Prefix
 """
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tsug_typedecl.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tsug_typedecl.nim
index 833043d31..2a510929d 100644
--- a/nimsuggest/tests/tsug_typedecl.nim
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tsug_typedecl.nim
@@ -21,6 +21,6 @@ $nimsuggest --tester $file
 >sug $1
 sug;;skType;;tsug_typedecl.someType;;someType;;*nimsuggest/tests/tsug_typedecl.nim;;7;;2;;"";;100;;Prefix
 sug;;skType;;tsug_typedecl.super;;super;;*nimsuggest/tests/tsug_typedecl.nim;;6;;2;;"";;100;;Prefix
-sug;;skType;;system.string;;string;;*lib/system.nim;;*;;*;;*;;100;;Prefix
+sug;;skType;;system.string;;string;;*lib/system/basic_types.nim;;*;;*;;*;;100;;Prefix
 sug;;skType;;system.seq;;seq;;*lib/system.nim;;*;;*;;*;;100;;Prefix
-"""
\ No newline at end of file
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/ttempl_inst.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/ttempl_inst.nim
index ed04a67ce..5f5b10fe9 100644
--- a/nimsuggest/tests/ttempl_inst.nim
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/ttempl_inst.nim
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ foo()
 discard """
 $nimsuggest --tester $file
 >chk $1
-chk;;skUnknown;;;;Hint;;???;;0;;-1;;"ttempl_inst [Processing]";;0
+chk;;skUnknown;;;;Hint;;???;;0;;-1;;">> (toplevel): import(dirty): tests/ttempl_inst.nim [Processing]";;0
 chk;;skUnknown;;;;Hint;;$file;;4;;3;;"template/generic instantiation from here";;0
 chk;;skUnknown;;;;Warning;;$file;;2;;11;;"foo [User]";;0
 """
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/ttype_decl.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/ttype_decl.nim
index 6022392d0..61d8c26cd 100644
--- a/nimsuggest/tests/ttype_decl.nim
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/ttype_decl.nim
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ discard """
 $nimsuggest --tester --maxresults:3 $file
 >sug $1
 sug;;skType;;ttype_decl.Other;;Other;;$file;;10;;2;;"";;100;;None
-sug;;skType;;system.int;;int;;*/lib/system/basic_types.nim;;2;;2;;"";;100;;None
-sug;;skType;;system.string;;string;;*/lib/system.nim;;34;;2;;"";;100;;None
+sug;;skType;;system.int;;int;;*lib/system/basic_types.nim;;2;;2;;"";;100;;None
+sug;;skType;;system.string;;string;;*lib/system/basic_types.nim;;23;;2;;"";;100;;None
 """
 import strutils
 type
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tuse.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tuse.nim
index 89a9c151a..7c1d1ad0c 100644
--- a/nimsuggest/tests/tuse.nim
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tuse.nim
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ proc #[!]#someProc*() =
 discard """
 $nimsuggest --tester $file
 >use $1
-def;;skProc;;tuse.someProc;;proc (){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.};;$file;;9;;5;;"";;100
-use;;skProc;;tuse.someProc;;proc (){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.};;$file;;12;;0;;"";;100
+def;;skProc;;tuse.someProc;;proc (){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].};;$file;;9;;5;;"";;100
+use;;skProc;;tuse.someProc;;proc (){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].};;$file;;12;;0;;"";;100
 >use $2
-def;;skProc;;tuse.someProc;;proc (){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.};;$file;;9;;5;;"";;100
-use;;skProc;;tuse.someProc;;proc (){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.};;$file;;12;;0;;"";;100
+def;;skProc;;tuse.someProc;;proc (){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].};;$file;;9;;5;;"";;100
+use;;skProc;;tuse.someProc;;proc (){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].};;$file;;12;;0;;"";;100
 """
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tuse_enum.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tuse_enum.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8a40a8348
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tuse_enum.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --tester $file
+>use $1
+def;;skEnumField;;tuse_enum.Colour.Red;;Colour;;$file;;10;;4;;"";;100
+use;;skEnumField;;tuse_enum.Colour.Red;;Colour;;$file;;14;;8;;"";;100
+"""
+
+type
+  Colour = enum
+    Red
+    Green
+    Blue
+
+discard #[!]#Red
+
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tuse_structure.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tuse_structure.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f65ab9060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tuse_structure.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# tests for use and structures
+
+type
+  Foo* = ref object of RootObj
+    bar*: string
+
+proc test(f: Foo) =
+  echo f.#[!]#bar
+
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --tester $file
+>use $1
+def	skField	tuse_structure.Foo.bar	string	$file	5	4	""	100
+use	skField	tuse_structure.Foo.bar	string	$file	8	9	""	100
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tv3.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tv3.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..80e51e364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tv3.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# tests v3
+
+type
+  Foo* = ref object of RootObj
+    bar*: string
+
+proc test(f: Foo) =
+  echo f.ba#[!]#r
+
+#[!]#
+
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --v3 --tester $file
+>use $1
+def	skField	tv3.Foo.bar	string	$file	5	4	""	100
+use	skField	tv3.Foo.bar	string	$file	8	9	""	100
+>def $1
+def	skField	tv3.Foo.bar	string	$file	5	4	""	100
+>sug $1
+sug	skField	bar	string	$file	5	4	""	100	Prefix
+>globalSymbols test
+def	skProc	tv3.test	proc (f: Foo){.gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	7	5	""	100
+>globalSymbols Foo
+def	skType	tv3.Foo	Foo	$file	4	2	""	100
+>def $2
+>use $2
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_con.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_con.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4714c366b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_con.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# tests v3
+
+proc test(a: string, b:string) = discard
+proc test(a: int) = discard
+
+test(#[!]#
+
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --v3 --tester $file
+>con $1
+con;;skProc;;tv3_con.test;;proc (a: string, b: string);;$file;;3;;5;;"";;100
+con;;skProc;;tv3_con.test;;proc (a: int);;$file;;4;;5;;"";;100
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_definition.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_definition.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03684b7cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_definition.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+
+let foo = 30
+let bar = foo + fo#[!]#o + foo
+
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --v3 --tester $file
+>def $1
+def	skLet	tv3_definition.foo	int	$file	2	4	""	100
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_forward_definition.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_forward_definition.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a16ea331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_forward_definition.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+proc de#[!]#mo(): int
+
+proc de#[!]#mo(): int = 5
+
+let a = de#[!]#mo()
+
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --v3 --tester $file
+>use $1
+use	skProc	tv3_forward_definition.demo	proc (): int{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	1	5	""	100
+def	skProc	tv3_forward_definition.demo	proc (): int{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	3	5	""	100
+use	skProc	tv3_forward_definition.demo	proc (): int{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	5	8	""	100
+>use $2
+use	skProc	tv3_forward_definition.demo	proc (): int{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	1	5	""	100
+def	skProc	tv3_forward_definition.demo	proc (): int{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	3	5	""	100
+use	skProc	tv3_forward_definition.demo	proc (): int{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	5	8	""	100
+>declaration $1
+declaration	skProc	tv3_forward_definition.demo	proc (): int{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	3	5	""	100
+>declaration $2
+declaration	skProc	tv3_forward_definition.demo	proc (): int{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	1	5	""	100
+>declaration $3
+declaration	skProc	tv3_forward_definition.demo	proc (): int{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	1	5	""	100
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_generics.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_generics.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2bfb2ca1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_generics.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+type
+  Hello[T] = object
+    value: T
+
+proc printHelloValue[T](hello: Hello[T]) =
+  echo hello.value
+
+proc main() =
+  let a = Hello[float]()
+  p#[!]#rintHelloValue(a)
+
+main()
+
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --v3 --tester $file
+>def $1
+def;;skProc;;tv3_generics.printHelloValue;;proc (hello: Hello[printHelloValue.T]);;$file;;5;;5;;"";;100
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_globalSymbols.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_globalSymbols.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c3bb9933b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_globalSymbols.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Tests the order of the matches
+proc Btoken(): int = 5
+proc tokenA(): int = 5
+proc token(): int = 5
+proc BBtokenA(): int = 5
+
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --v3 --tester $file
+>globalSymbols token
+def	skProc	tv3_globalSymbols.token	proc (): int{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	4	5	""	100
+def	skProc	tv3_globalSymbols.tokenA	proc (): int{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	3	5	""	100
+def	skProc	tv3_globalSymbols.Btoken	proc (): int{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	2	5	""	100
+def	skProc	tv3_globalSymbols.BBtokenA	proc (): int{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	5	5	""	100
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_import.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_import.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c128f85b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_import.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import tv#[!]#3
+
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --v3 --tester $file
+>def $1
+def	skModule	tv3		*/tv3.nim	1	0	""	100
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_outline.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_outline.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..518620c87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_outline.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# tests v3 outline
+
+type
+  Foo* = ref object of RootObj
+    bar*: string
+  FooEnum = enum value1, value2
+  FooPrivate = ref object of RootObj
+    barPrivate: string
+
+macro m(arg: untyped): untyped = discard
+template t(arg: untyped): untyped = discard
+proc p(): void = discard
+iterator i(): int = discard
+converter c(s: string): int = discard
+method m(f: Foo): void = discard
+func f(): void = discard
+
+let a = 1
+var b = 2
+const con = 2
+
+proc outer(): void =
+  proc inner() = discard
+
+proc procWithLocal(): void =
+  let local = 10
+
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --v3 --tester $file
+>outline $file
+outline	skType	tv3_outline.Foo	Foo	$file	4	2	""	100	5	16
+outline	skType	tv3_outline.FooEnum	FooEnum	$file	6	2	""	100	6	31
+outline	skEnumField	tv3_outline.FooEnum.value1	FooEnum	$file	6	17	""	100	6	23
+outline	skEnumField	tv3_outline.FooEnum.value2	FooEnum	$file	6	25	""	100	6	31
+outline	skType	tv3_outline.FooPrivate	FooPrivate	$file	7	2	""	100	8	22
+outline	skMacro	tv3_outline.m	macro (arg: untyped): untyped{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	10	6	""	100	10	40
+outline	skTemplate	tv3_outline.t	template (arg: untyped): untyped	$file	11	9	""	100	11	43
+outline	skProc	tv3_outline.p	proc (){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	12	5	""	100	12	24
+outline	skConverter	tv3_outline.c	converter (s: string): int{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	14	10	""	100	14	37
+outline	skFunc	tv3_outline.f	proc (){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	16	5	""	100	16	24
+outline	skConst	tv3_outline.con	int literal(2)	$file	20	6	""	100	20	13
+outline	skProc	tv3_outline.outer	proc (){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	22	5	""	100	23	24
+outline	skProc	tv3_outline.outer.inner	proc (){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	23	7	""	100	23	24
+outline	skProc	tv3_outline.procWithLocal	proc (){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, raises: <inferred> [].}	$file	25	5	""	100	26	16
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_typeDefinition.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_typeDefinition.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f86d12cc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/tv3_typeDefinition.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# tests v3
+
+type
+  Foo* = ref object of RootObj
+    bar*: string
+
+proc test(ff: Foo) =
+  echo f#[!]#f.bar
+
+type
+  Fo#[!]#o2* = ref object of RootObj
+
+type
+  FooGeneric[T] = ref object of RootObj
+    bar*: T
+
+let fooGeneric = FooGeneric[string]()
+echo fo#[!]#oGeneric.bar
+
+# bad type
+echo unde#[!]#fined
+
+discard """
+$nimsuggest --v3 --tester $file
+>type $1
+type	skType	tv3_typeDefinition.Foo	Foo	$file	4	2	""	100
+>type $2
+type	skType	tv3_typeDefinition.Foo2	Foo2	$file	11	2	""	100
+>type $3
+type	skType	tv3_typeDefinition.FooGeneric	FooGeneric	$file	14	2	""	100
+>type $4
+"""
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/twithin_macro.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/twithin_macro.nim
index d79dae1be..98d58381f 100644
--- a/nimsuggest/tests/twithin_macro.nim
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/twithin_macro.nim
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ $nimsuggest --tester --maxresults:5 $file
 >sug $1
 sug;;skField;;age;;int;;$file;;6;;6;;"";;100;;None
 sug;;skField;;name;;string;;$file;;5;;6;;"";;100;;None
-sug;;skMethod;;twithin_macro.age_human_yrs;;proc (self: Animal): int;;$file;;8;;9;;"";;100;;None
-sug;;skMethod;;twithin_macro.vocalize;;proc (self: Animal): string;;$file;;7;;9;;"";;100;;None
+sug;;skMethod;;twithin_macro.age_human_yrs;;proc (self: Animal): int{.raises: <inferred> [].};;$file;;8;;9;;"";;100;;None
+sug;;skMethod;;twithin_macro.vocalize;;proc (self: Animal): string{.raises: <inferred> [].};;$file;;7;;9;;"";;100;;None
 sug;;skMethod;;twithin_macro.vocalize;;proc (self: Rabbit): string;;$file;;23;;9;;"";;100;;None
 """
diff --git a/nimsuggest/tests/twithin_macro_prefix.nim b/nimsuggest/tests/twithin_macro_prefix.nim
index dd3810818..e89c8b942 100644
--- a/nimsuggest/tests/twithin_macro_prefix.nim
+++ b/nimsuggest/tests/twithin_macro_prefix.nim
@@ -44,5 +44,5 @@ discard """
 $nimsuggest --tester $file
 >sug $1
 sug;;skField;;age;;int;;$file;;6;;6;;"";;100;;Prefix
-sug;;skMethod;;twithin_macro_prefix.age_human_yrs;;proc (self: Animal): int;;$file;;8;;9;;"";;100;;Prefix
+sug;;skMethod;;twithin_macro_prefix.age_human_yrs;;proc (self: Animal): int{.raises: <inferred> [].};;$file;;8;;9;;"";;100;;Prefix
 """
diff --git a/readme.md b/readme.md
index fa7a2d86d..da54a8d0d 100644
--- a/readme.md
+++ b/readme.md
@@ -11,31 +11,35 @@ the latest release, check out [Nim's website][nim-site] or [bleeding edge docs](
 [![Join the IRC chat][badge-nim-irc]][nim-irc]
 [![Join the Discord server][badge-nim-discord]][nim-discord]
 [![Join the Gitter chat][badge-nim-gitter]][nim-gitter]
+[![Join the Matrix room](https://img.shields.io/matrix/nim-lang:matrix.org?color=blue&style=flat&logo=matrix)](https://matrix.to/#/#nim-lang:matrix.org)
 [![Get help][badge-nim-forum-gethelp]][nim-forum]
 [![View Nim posts on Stack Overflow][badge-nim-stackoverflow]][nim-stackoverflow-newest]
 [![Follow @nim_lang on Twitter][badge-nim-twitter]][nim-twitter]
 
 * The [forum][nim-forum] - the best place to ask questions and to discuss Nim.
-* [#nim IRC Channel (Freenode)][nim-irc] - a place to discuss Nim in real-time.
+* [#nim IRC Channel (Libera Chat)][nim-irc] - a place to discuss Nim in real-time.
   Also where most development decisions get made.
 * [Discord][nim-discord] - an additional place to discuss Nim in real-time. Most
   channels there are bridged to IRC.
 * [Gitter][nim-gitter] - an additional place to discuss Nim in real-time. There
   is a bridge between Gitter and the IRC channel.
+* [Matrix][nim-matrix] - the main room to discuss Nim in real-time. [Matrix space][nim-matrix-space] contains a list of rooms, most of them are bridged to IRC.
 * [Telegram][nim-telegram] - an additional place to discuss Nim in real-time. There
   is the official Telegram channel. Not bridged to IRC.
 * [Stack Overflow][nim-stackoverflow] - a popular Q/A site for programming related
   topics that includes posts about Nim.
-* [Github Wiki][nim-wiki] - Misc user-contributed content.
+* [GitHub Wiki][nim-wiki] - Misc user-contributed content.
 
 ## Compiling
 
 The compiler currently officially supports the following platform and
 architecture combinations:
 
-  * Windows (Windows XP or greater) - x86 and x86_64
-  * Linux (most, if not all, distributions) - x86, x86_64, ppc64 and armv6l
-  * Mac OS X (10.04 or greater) - x86, x86_64 and ppc64
+| Operating System               | Architectures Supported                          |
+|--------------------------------|----------------------------------------|
+| Windows (Windows XP or greater) | x86 and x86_64                             |
+| Linux (most distributions)     | x86, x86_64, ppc64, and armv6l             |
+| Mac OS X (10.04 or greater)    | x86, x86_64, ppc64, and Apple Silicon (ARM64) |
 
 More platforms are supported, however, they are not tested regularly and they
 may not be as stable as the above-listed platforms.
@@ -45,12 +49,12 @@ Compiling the Nim compiler is quite straightforward if you follow these steps:
 First, the C source of an older version of the Nim compiler is needed to
 bootstrap the latest version because the Nim compiler itself is written in the
 Nim programming language. Those C sources are available within the
-[``nim-lang/csources``][csources-repo] repository.
+[``nim-lang/csources_v2``][csources-v2-repo] repository.
 
 Next, to build from source you will need:
 
-  * A C compiler such as ``gcc`` 3.x/later or an alternative such as ``clang``,
-    ``Visual C++`` or ``Intel C++``. It is recommended to use ``gcc`` 3.x or
+  * A C compiler such as ``gcc`` 5.x/later or an alternative such as ``clang``,
+    ``Visual C++`` or ``Intel C++``. It is recommended to use ``gcc`` 5.x or
     later.
   * Either ``git`` or ``wget`` to download the needed source repositories.
   * The ``build-essential`` package when using ``gcc`` on Ubuntu (and likely
@@ -71,8 +75,7 @@ the installation instructions on the website to do so: https://nim-lang.org/inst
 
 For package maintainers: see [packaging guidelines](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/packaging.html).
 
-
-First, get Nim from github:
+First, get Nim from GitHub:
 
 ```
 git clone https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim.git
@@ -84,14 +87,12 @@ Next, run the appropriate build shell script for your platform:
 * `build_all.sh` (Linux, Mac)
 * `build_all.bat` (Windows)
 
-Windows requires a number of other dependencies that you may need to install including
-PCRE and OpenSSL. Nim hosts a zip package containing known working versions of the
-required DLLs [here](https://nim-lang.org/download/dlls.zip).
-
 Finally, once you have finished the build steps (on Windows, Mac, or Linux) you
 should add the ``bin`` directory to your PATH.
 
-See also [rebuilding the compiler](doc/intern.rst#rebuilding-the-compiler).
+See also [bootstrapping the compiler](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/intern.html#bootstrapping-the-compiler).
+
+See also [reproducible builds](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/intern.html#bootstrapping-the-compiler-reproducible-builds).
 
 ## Koch
 
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ can run a subset of tests by specifying a category (for example
 ``./koch tests cat async``).
 
 For more information on the ``koch`` build tool please see the documentation
-within the [doc/koch.rst](doc/koch.rst) file.
+within the [doc/koch.md](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/koch.html) file.
 
 ## Nimble
 
@@ -120,7 +121,6 @@ This project exists thanks to all the people who contribute.
 ## Contributing
 
 [![Backers on Open Collective](https://opencollective.com/nim/backers/badge.svg)](#backers) [![Sponsors on Open Collective](https://opencollective.com/nim/sponsors/badge.svg)](#sponsors)
-[![Setup a bounty via Bountysource][badge-nim-bountysource]][nim-bountysource]
 [![Donate Bitcoins][badge-nim-bitcoin]][nim-bitcoin]
 [![Open Source Helpers](https://www.codetriage.com/nim-lang/nim/badges/users.svg)](https://www.codetriage.com/nim-lang/nim)
 
@@ -131,8 +131,7 @@ standard library are welcomed and appreciated. Before you start contributing,
 you should familiarize yourself with the following repository structure:
 
 * ``bin/``, ``build/`` - these directories are empty, but are used when Nim is built.
-* ``compiler/`` - the compiler source code. Also includes nimfix, and plugins within
-  ``compiler/nimfix`` and ``compiler/plugins`` respectively.
+* ``compiler/`` - the compiler source code. Also includes plugins within ``compiler/plugins``.
 * ``nimsuggest`` - the nimsuggest tool that previously lived in the [``nim-lang/nimsuggest``][nimsuggest-repo] repository.
 * ``config/`` - the configuration for the compiler and documentation generator.
 * ``doc/`` - the documentation files in reStructuredText format.
@@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ you should familiarize yourself with the following repository structure:
     dependencies written in other languages.
     * ``wrappers/`` - modules that wrap dependencies written in other languages.
 * ``tests/`` - contains categorized tests for the compiler and standard library.
-* ``tools/`` - the tools including ``niminst`` and ``nimweb`` (mostly invoked via
+* ``tools/`` - the tools including ``niminst`` (mostly invoked via
   ``koch``).
 * ``koch.nim`` - the tool used to bootstrap Nim, generate C sources, build the website,
   and generate the documentation.
@@ -152,7 +151,7 @@ read [this guide][pull-request-instructions].
 
 Ideally, you should make sure that all tests pass before submitting a pull request.
 However, if you are short on time, you can just run the tests specific to your
-changes by only running the corresponding categories of tests. Travis CI verifies
+changes by only running the corresponding categories of tests. CI verifies
 that all tests pass before allowing the pull request to be accepted, so only
 running specific tests should be harmless.
 Integration tests should go in ``tests/untestable``.
@@ -165,7 +164,6 @@ You can also help with the development of Nim by making donations. Donations can
 made using:
 
 * [Open Collective](https://opencollective.com/nim)
-* [Bountysource][nim-bountysource]
 * [Bitcoin][nim-bitcoin]
 
 If you have any questions feel free to submit a question on the
@@ -204,32 +202,32 @@ Nim. You are explicitly permitted to develop commercial applications using Nim.
 
 Please read the [copying.txt](copying.txt) file for more details.
 
-Copyright © 2006-2021 Andreas Rumpf, all rights reserved.
+Copyright © 2006-2024 Andreas Rumpf, all rights reserved.
 
 [nim-site]: https://nim-lang.org
 [nim-forum]: https://forum.nim-lang.org
 [nim-issues]: https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues
 [nim-issues-easy]: https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/labels/Easy
-[nim-irc]: https://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=nim
+[nim-irc]: https://web.libera.chat/#nim
 [nim-twitter]: https://twitter.com/nim_lang
 [nim-stackoverflow]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/nim-lang
 [nim-stackoverflow-newest]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/nim-lang?sort=newest&pageSize=15
 [nim-discord]: https://discord.gg/nim
 [nim-gitter]: https://gitter.im/nim-lang/Nim
+[nim-matrix]: https://matrix.to/#/#nim-lang:matrix.org
+[nim-matrix-space]: https://matrix.to/#/#nim:envs.net
 [nim-telegram]: https://t.me/nim_lang
-[nim-bountysource]: https://www.bountysource.com/teams/nim
 [nim-bitcoin]: https://blockchain.info/address/1BXfuKM2uvoD6mbx4g5xM3eQhLzkCK77tJ
 [nimble-repo]: https://github.com/nim-lang/nimble
 [nimsuggest-repo]: https://github.com/nim-lang/nimsuggest
-[csources-repo]: https://github.com/nim-lang/csources
-[badge-nim-travisci]: https://img.shields.io/travis/nim-lang/Nim/devel.svg?style=flat-square
+[csources-repo-deprecated]: https://github.com/nim-lang/csources
+[csources-v2-repo]: https://github.com/nim-lang/csources_v2
 [badge-nim-irc]: https://img.shields.io/badge/chat-on_irc-blue.svg?style=flat-square
 [badge-nim-discord]: https://img.shields.io/discord/371759389889003530?color=blue&label=discord&logo=discord&logoColor=gold&style=flat-square
 [badge-nim-gitter]: https://img.shields.io/badge/chat-on_gitter-blue.svg?style=flat-square
 [badge-nim-forum-gethelp]: https://img.shields.io/badge/Forum-get%20help-4eb899.svg?style=flat-square
 [badge-nim-twitter]: https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/nim_lang.svg?style=social
 [badge-nim-stackoverflow]: https://img.shields.io/badge/stackoverflow-nim_tag-yellow.svg?style=flat-square
-[badge-nim-bountysource]: https://img.shields.io/bountysource/team/nim/activity.svg?style=flat-square
 [badge-nim-bitcoin]: https://img.shields.io/badge/bitcoin-1BXfuKM2uvoD6mbx4g5xM3eQhLzkCK77tJ-D69134.svg?style=flat-square
 [pull-request-instructions]: https://help.github.com/articles/using-pull-requests/
 [nim-wiki]: https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/wiki
diff --git a/security.md b/security.md
index e8d31b1b9..72a1a3e3d 100644
--- a/security.md
+++ b/security.md
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@
 
 ## Supported Versions
 
-Security fixes are provided in new releases and bugfix releases.
+Security advisories are published at:
+https://github.com/nim-lang/security/security/advisories?state=published
+
+Security fixes are provided in new releases and in bugfix releases.
 
 We do not backport security fixes to older releases.
 
@@ -10,8 +13,8 @@ We do not backport security fixes to older releases.
 
 ## Reporting a Vulnerability
 
-Please do not report vulnerabilities via GitHub issues.
-
-If you have discovered a vulnerability, it is best to notify us about it via
+If you have discovered a vulnerability, please notify us about it via
 security@nim-lang.org in order to set up a meeting where we can discuss the next
 steps.
+
+Please do not report vulnerabilities via GitHub issues.
diff --git a/testament/categories.nim b/testament/categories.nim
index acb3ee0a8..843bef3f9 100644
--- a/testament/categories.nim
+++ b/testament/categories.nim
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@
 # included from testament.nim
 
 import important_packages
-import std/strformat
+import std/[strformat, strutils]
+from std/sequtils import filterIt
 
 const
   specialCategories = [
@@ -22,13 +23,11 @@ const
     "debugger",
     "dll",
     "examples",
-    "flags",
     "gc",
     "io",
     "js",
     "ic",
     "lib",
-    "longgc",
     "manyloc",
     "nimble-packages",
     "niminaction",
@@ -39,7 +38,6 @@ const
     "coroutines",
     "osproc",
     "shouldfail",
-    "dir with space",
     "destructor"
   ]
 
@@ -47,29 +45,9 @@ proc isTestFile*(file: string): bool =
   let (_, name, ext) = splitFile(file)
   result = ext == ".nim" and name.startsWith("t")
 
-# --------------------- flags tests -------------------------------------------
-
-proc flagTests(r: var TResults, cat: Category, options: string) =
-  # --genscript
-  const filename = testsDir/"flags"/"tgenscript"
-  const genopts = " --genscript"
-  let nimcache = nimcacheDir(filename, genopts, targetC)
-  testSpec r, makeTest(filename, genopts, cat)
-
-  when defined(windows):
-    testExec r, makeTest(filename, " cmd /c cd " & nimcache &
-                         " && compile_tgenscript.bat", cat)
-
-  elif defined(posix):
-    testExec r, makeTest(filename, " sh -c \"cd " & nimcache &
-                         " && sh compile_tgenscript.sh\"", cat)
-
-  # Run
-  testExec r, makeTest(filename, " " & nimcache / "tgenscript", cat)
-
 # --------------------- DLL generation tests ----------------------------------
 
-proc runBasicDLLTest(c, r: var TResults, cat: Category, options: string) =
+proc runBasicDLLTest(c, r: var TResults, cat: Category, options: string, isOrc = false) =
   const rpath = when defined(macosx):
       " --passL:-rpath --passL:@loader_path"
     else:
@@ -81,10 +59,11 @@ proc runBasicDLLTest(c, r: var TResults, cat: Category, options: string) =
   var test2 = makeTest("tests/dll/server.nim", options & " --threads:on" & rpath, cat)
   test2.spec.action = actionCompile
   testSpec c, test2
-  var test3 = makeTest("lib/nimhcr.nim", options & " --outdir:tests/dll" & rpath, cat)
+
+  var test3 = makeTest("lib/nimhcr.nim", options & " --threads:off --outdir:tests/dll" & rpath, cat)
   test3.spec.action = actionCompile
   testSpec c, test3
-  var test4 = makeTest("tests/dll/visibility.nim", options & " --app:lib" & rpath, cat)
+  var test4 = makeTest("tests/dll/visibility.nim", options & " --threads:off --app:lib" & rpath, cat)
   test4.spec.action = actionCompile
   testSpec c, test4
 
@@ -99,24 +78,34 @@ proc runBasicDLLTest(c, r: var TResults, cat: Category, options: string) =
     defer: putEnv(libpathenv, libpath)
 
   testSpec r, makeTest("tests/dll/client.nim", options & " --threads:on" & rpath, cat)
-  testSpec r, makeTest("tests/dll/nimhcr_unit.nim", options & rpath, cat)
-  testSpec r, makeTest("tests/dll/visibility.nim", options & rpath, cat)
+  testSpec r, makeTest("tests/dll/nimhcr_unit.nim", options & " --threads:off" & rpath, cat)
+  testSpec r, makeTest("tests/dll/visibility.nim", options & " --threads:off" & rpath, cat)
 
   if "boehm" notin options:
+    # hcr tests
+    
+    var basicHcrTest = makeTest("tests/dll/nimhcr_basic.nim", options & " --threads:off --forceBuild --hotCodeReloading:on " & rpath, cat)
+    # test segfaults for now but compiles:
+    if isOrc: basicHcrTest.spec.action = actionCompile
+    testSpec r, basicHcrTest
+
     # force build required - see the comments in the .nim file for more details
     var hcri = makeTest("tests/dll/nimhcr_integration.nim",
-                                   options & " --forceBuild --hotCodeReloading:on" & rpath, cat)
+                                   options & " --threads:off --forceBuild --hotCodeReloading:on" & rpath, cat)
     let nimcache = nimcacheDir(hcri.name, hcri.options, getTestSpecTarget())
-    hcri.args = prepareTestArgs(hcri.spec.getCmd, hcri.name,
+    let cmd = prepareTestCmd(hcri.spec.getCmd, hcri.name,
                                 hcri.options, nimcache, getTestSpecTarget())
+    hcri.testArgs = cmd.parseCmdLine
     testSpec r, hcri
 
 proc dllTests(r: var TResults, cat: Category, options: string) =
   # dummy compile result:
   var c = initResults()
 
-  runBasicDLLTest c, r, cat, options
-  runBasicDLLTest c, r, cat, options & " -d:release"
+  runBasicDLLTest c, r, cat, options & " --mm:refc"
+  runBasicDLLTest c, r, cat, options & " -d:release --mm:refc"
+  runBasicDLLTest c, r, cat, options, isOrc = true
+  runBasicDLLTest c, r, cat, options & " -d:release", isOrc = true
   when not defined(windows):
     # still cannot find a recent Windows version of boehm.dll:
     runBasicDLLTest c, r, cat, options & " --gc:boehm"
@@ -126,9 +115,9 @@ proc dllTests(r: var TResults, cat: Category, options: string) =
 
 proc gcTests(r: var TResults, cat: Category, options: string) =
   template testWithoutMs(filename: untyped) =
-    testSpec r, makeTest("tests/gc" / filename, options, cat)
+    testSpec r, makeTest("tests/gc" / filename, options & "--mm:refc", cat)
     testSpec r, makeTest("tests/gc" / filename, options &
-                  " -d:release -d:useRealtimeGC", cat)
+                  " -d:release -d:useRealtimeGC --mm:refc", cat)
     when filename != "gctest":
       testSpec r, makeTest("tests/gc" / filename, options &
                     " --gc:orc", cat)
@@ -173,20 +162,7 @@ proc gcTests(r: var TResults, cat: Category, options: string) =
 
   test "stackrefleak"
   test "cyclecollector"
-  test "trace_globals"
-
-proc longGCTests(r: var TResults, cat: Category, options: string) =
-  when defined(windows):
-    let cOptions = "-ldl -DWIN"
-  else:
-    let cOptions = "-ldl"
-
-  var c = initResults()
-  # According to ioTests, this should compile the file
-  testSpec c, makeTest("tests/realtimeGC/shared", options, cat)
-  #        ^- why is this not appended to r? Should this be discarded?
-  testC r, makeTest("tests/realtimeGC/cmain", cOptions, cat), actionRun
-  testSpec r, makeTest("tests/realtimeGC/nmain", options & "--threads: on", cat)
+  testWithoutBoehm "trace_globals"
 
 # ------------------------- threading tests -----------------------------------
 
@@ -205,6 +181,11 @@ proc ioTests(r: var TResults, cat: Category, options: string) =
   # dummy compile result:
   var c = initResults()
   testSpec c, makeTest("tests/system/helpers/readall_echo", options, cat)
+  #        ^- why is this not appended to r? Should this be discarded?
+  # EDIT: this should be replaced by something like in D20210524T180826,
+  # likewise in similar instances where `testSpec c` is used, or more generally
+  # when a test depends on another test, as it makes tests non-independent,
+  # creating complications for batching and megatest logic.
   testSpec r, makeTest("tests/system/tio", options, cat)
 
 # ------------------------- async tests ---------------------------------------
@@ -237,9 +218,9 @@ proc jsTests(r: var TResults, cat: Category, options: string) =
   for testfile in ["exception/texceptions", "exception/texcpt1",
                    "exception/texcsub", "exception/tfinally",
                    "exception/tfinally2", "exception/tfinally3",
-                   "actiontable/tactiontable", "method/tmultimjs",
+                   "collections/tactiontable", "method/tmultimjs",
                    "varres/tvarres0", "varres/tvarres3", "varres/tvarres4",
-                   "varres/tvartup", "misc/tints", "misc/tunsignedinc",
+                   "varres/tvartup", "int/tints", "int/tunsignedinc",
                    "async/tjsandnativeasync"]:
     test "tests/" & testfile & ".nim"
 
@@ -339,7 +320,7 @@ proc findMainFile(dir: string): string =
   var nimFiles = 0
   for kind, file in os.walkDir(dir):
     if kind == pcFile:
-      if file.endsWith(cfgExt): return file[ .. ^(cfgExt.len+1)] & ".nim"
+      if file.endsWith(cfgExt): return file[0..^(cfgExt.len+1)] & ".nim"
       elif file.endsWith(".nim"):
         if result.len == 0: result = file
         inc nimFiles
@@ -399,8 +380,7 @@ proc testStdlib(r: var TResults, pattern, options: string, cat: Category) =
     testSpec r, testObj
 
 # ----------------------------- nimble ----------------------------------------
-proc listPackages(packageFilter: string): seq[NimblePackage] =
-  # xxx document `packageFilter`, seems like a bad API (at least should be a regex; a substring match makes no sense)
+proc listPackagesAll(): seq[NimblePackage] =
   var nimbleDir = getEnv("NIMBLE_DIR")
   if nimbleDir.len == 0: nimbleDir = getHomeDir() / ".nimble"
   let packageIndex = nimbleDir / "packages_official.json"
@@ -409,14 +389,30 @@ proc listPackages(packageFilter: string): seq[NimblePackage] =
     for a in packageList:
       if a["name"].str == name: return a
   for pkg in important_packages.packages.items:
-    if isCurrentBatch(testamentData0, pkg.name) and packageFilter in pkg.name:
-      var pkg = pkg
-      if pkg.url.len == 0:
-        let pkg2 = findPackage(pkg.name)
-        if pkg2 == nil:
-          raise newException(ValueError, "Cannot find package '$#'." % pkg.name)
-        pkg.url = pkg2["url"].str
-      result.add pkg
+    var pkg = pkg
+    if pkg.url.len == 0:
+      let pkg2 = findPackage(pkg.name)
+      if pkg2 == nil:
+        raise newException(ValueError, "Cannot find package '$#'." % pkg.name)
+      pkg.url = pkg2["url"].str
+    result.add pkg
+
+proc listPackages(packageFilter: string): seq[NimblePackage] =
+  let pkgs = listPackagesAll()
+  if packageFilter.len != 0:
+    # xxx document `packageFilter`, seems like a bad API,
+    # at least should be a regex; a substring match makes no sense.
+    result = pkgs.filterIt(packageFilter in it.name)
+  else:
+    if testamentData0.batchArg == "allowed_failures":
+      result = pkgs.filterIt(it.allowFailure)
+    elif testamentData0.testamentNumBatch == 0:
+      result = pkgs
+    else:
+      let pkgs2 = pkgs.filterIt(not it.allowFailure)
+      for i in 0..<pkgs2.len:
+        if i mod testamentData0.testamentNumBatch == testamentData0.testamentBatch:
+          result.add pkgs2[i]
 
 proc makeSupTest(test, options: string, cat: Category, debugInfo = ""): TTest =
   result.cat = cat
@@ -443,12 +439,15 @@ proc testNimblePackages(r: var TResults; cat: Category; packageFilter: string) =
       let buildPath = packagesDir / pkg.name
       template tryCommand(cmd: string, workingDir2 = buildPath, reFailed = reInstallFailed, maxRetries = 1): string =
         var outp: string
-        let ok = retryCall(maxRetry = maxRetries, backoffDuration = 1.0):
+        let ok = retryCall(maxRetry = maxRetries, backoffDuration = 10.0):
           var status: int
           (outp, status) = execCmdEx(cmd, workingDir = workingDir2)
           status == QuitSuccess
         if not ok:
-          addResult(r, test, targetC, "", cmd & "\n" & outp, reFailed)
+          if pkg.allowFailure:
+            inc r.passed
+            inc r.failedButAllowed
+          addResult(r, test, targetC, "", "", cmd & "\n" & outp, reFailed, allowFailure = pkg.allowFailure)
           continue
         outp
 
@@ -459,44 +458,72 @@ proc testNimblePackages(r: var TResults; cat: Category; packageFilter: string) =
           let describeOutput = tryCommand("git describe --tags --abbrev=0")
           discard tryCommand("git checkout $#" % [describeOutput.strip.quoteShell])
         discard tryCommand("nimble install --depsOnly -y", maxRetries = 3)
-      discard tryCommand(pkg.cmd, reFailed = reBuildFailed)
+      let cmds = pkg.cmd.split(';')
+      for i in 0 ..< cmds.len - 1:
+        discard tryCommand(cmds[i], maxRetries = 3)
+      discard tryCommand(cmds[^1], reFailed = reBuildFailed)
       inc r.passed
-      r.addResult(test, targetC, "", "", reSuccess)
+      r.addResult(test, targetC, "", "", "", reSuccess, allowFailure = pkg.allowFailure)
 
     errors = r.total - r.passed
     if errors == 0:
-      r.addResult(packageFileTest, targetC, "", "", reSuccess)
+      r.addResult(packageFileTest, targetC, "", "", "", reSuccess)
     else:
-      r.addResult(packageFileTest, targetC, "", "", reBuildFailed)
+      r.addResult(packageFileTest, targetC, "", "", "", reBuildFailed)
 
   except JsonParsingError:
-    echo "[Warning] - Cannot run nimble tests: Invalid package file."
-    r.addResult(packageFileTest, targetC, "", "Invalid package file", reBuildFailed)
+    errors = 1
+    r.addResult(packageFileTest, targetC, "", "", "Invalid package file", reBuildFailed)
+    raise
   except ValueError:
-    echo "[Warning] - $#" % getCurrentExceptionMsg()
-    r.addResult(packageFileTest, targetC, "", "Unknown package", reBuildFailed)
+    errors = 1
+    r.addResult(packageFileTest, targetC, "", "", "Unknown package", reBuildFailed)
+    raise # bug #18805
   finally:
     if errors == 0: removeDir(packagesDir)
 
 # ---------------- IC tests ---------------------------------------------
 
-proc icTests(r: var TResults; testsDir: string, cat: Category, options: string) =
+proc icTests(r: var TResults; testsDir: string, cat: Category, options: string;
+             isNavigatorTest: bool) =
   const
-    tooltests = ["compiler/nim.nim", "tools/nimgrep.nim"]
+    tooltests = ["compiler/nim.nim"]
     writeOnly = " --incremental:writeonly "
     readOnly = " --incremental:readonly "
-    incrementalOn = " --incremental:on "
+    incrementalOn = " --incremental:on -d:nimIcIntegrityChecks "
+    navTestConfig = " --ic:on -d:nimIcNavigatorTests --hint:Conf:off --warnings:off "
 
   template test(x: untyped) =
     testSpecWithNimcache(r, makeRawTest(file, x & options, cat), nimcache)
 
   template editedTest(x: untyped) =
     var test = makeTest(file, x & options, cat)
+    if isNavigatorTest:
+      test.spec.action = actionCompile
     test.spec.targets = {getTestSpecTarget()}
     testSpecWithNimcache(r, test, nimcache)
 
+  template checkTest() =
+    var test = makeRawTest(file, options, cat)
+    test.spec.cmd = compilerPrefix & " check --hint:Conf:off --warnings:off --ic:on $options " & file
+    testSpecWithNimcache(r, test, nimcache)
+
+  if not isNavigatorTest:
+    for file in tooltests:
+      let nimcache = nimcacheDir(file, options, getTestSpecTarget())
+      removeDir(nimcache)
+
+      let oldPassed = r.passed
+      checkTest()
+
+      if r.passed == oldPassed+1:
+        checkTest()
+        if r.passed == oldPassed+2:
+          checkTest()
+
   const tempExt = "_temp.nim"
-  for it in walkDirRec(testsDir / "ic"):
+  for it in walkDirRec(testsDir):
+  # for it in ["tests/ic/timports.nim"]: # debugging: to try a specific test
     if isTestFile(it) and not it.endsWith(tempExt):
       let nimcache = nimcacheDir(it, options, getTestSpecTarget())
       removeDir(nimcache)
@@ -506,25 +533,12 @@ proc icTests(r: var TResults; testsDir: string, cat: Category, options: string)
         let file = it.replace(".nim", tempExt)
         writeFile(file, fragment)
         let oldPassed = r.passed
-        editedTest incrementalOn
+        editedTest(if isNavigatorTest: navTestConfig else: incrementalOn)
         if r.passed != oldPassed+1: break
 
-  when false:
-    for file in tooltests:
-      let nimcache = nimcacheDir(file, options, getTestSpecTarget())
-      removeDir(nimcache)
-
-      let oldPassed = r.passed
-      test writeOnly
-
-      if r.passed == oldPassed+1:
-        test readOnly
-        if r.passed == oldPassed+2:
-          test readOnly
-
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-const AdditionalCategories = ["debugger", "examples", "lib", "ic"]
+const AdditionalCategories = ["debugger", "examples", "lib", "ic", "navigator"]
 const MegaTestCat = "megatest"
 
 proc `&.?`(a, b: string): string =
@@ -542,7 +556,7 @@ proc processSingleTest(r: var TResults, cat: Category, options, test: string, ta
 proc isJoinableSpec(spec: TSpec): bool =
   # xxx simplify implementation using a whitelist of fields that are allowed to be
   # set to non-default values (use `fieldPairs`), to avoid issues like bug #16576.
-  result = not spec.sortoutput and
+  result = useMegatest and not spec.sortoutput and
     spec.action == actionRun and
     not fileExists(spec.file.changeFileExt("cfg")) and
     not fileExists(spec.file.changeFileExt("nims")) and
@@ -554,6 +568,9 @@ proc isJoinableSpec(spec: TSpec): bool =
     spec.exitCode == 0 and
     spec.input.len == 0 and
     spec.nimout.len == 0 and
+    spec.nimoutFull == false and
+      # so that tests can have `nimoutFull: true` with `nimout.len == 0` with
+      # the meaning that they expect empty output.
     spec.matrix.len == 0 and
     spec.outputCheck != ocSubstr and
     spec.ccodeCheck.len == 0 and
@@ -566,16 +583,28 @@ proc quoted(a: string): string =
   # todo: consider moving to system.nim
   result.addQuoted(a)
 
-proc runJoinedTest(r: var TResults, cat: Category, testsDir: string) =
+proc runJoinedTest(r: var TResults, cat: Category, testsDir: string, options: string) =
   ## returns a list of tests that have problems
+  #[
+  xxx create a reusable megatest API after abstracting out testament specific code,
+  refs https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/655
+  and https://github.com/nim-lang/gtk2/pull/28; it's useful in other contexts.
+  ]#
   var specs: seq[TSpec] = @[]
   for kind, dir in walkDir(testsDir):
-    assert testsDir.startsWith(testsDir)
+    assert dir.startsWith(testsDir)
     let cat = dir[testsDir.len .. ^1]
     if kind == pcDir and cat notin specialCategories:
       for file in walkDirRec(testsDir / cat):
         if isTestFile(file):
-          let spec = parseSpec(file)
+          var spec: TSpec
+          try:
+            spec = parseSpec(file)
+          except ValueError:
+            # e.g. for `tests/navigator/tincludefile.nim` which have multiple
+            # specs; this will be handled elsewhere
+            echo "parseSpec raised ValueError for: '$1', assuming this will be handled outside of megatest" % file
+            continue
           if isJoinableSpec(spec):
             specs.add spec
 
@@ -592,22 +621,26 @@ proc runJoinedTest(r: var TResults, cat: Category, testsDir: string) =
   var megatest: string
   # xxx (minor) put outputExceptedFile, outputGottenFile, megatestFile under here or `buildDir`
   var outDir = nimcacheDir(testsDir / "megatest", "", targetC)
-  const marker = "megatest:processing: "
-
+  template toMarker(file, i): string =
+    "megatest:processing: [$1] $2" % [$i, file]
   for i, runSpec in specs:
     let file = runSpec.file
-    let file2 = outDir / ("megatest_$1.nim" % $i)
+    let file2 = outDir / ("megatest_a_$1.nim" % $i)
     # `include` didn't work with `trecmod2.nim`, so using `import`
-    let code = "echo \"$1\", $2\n" % [marker, quoted(file)]
+    let code = "echo $1\nstatic: echo \"CT:\", $1\n" % [toMarker(file, i).quoted]
     createDir(file2.parentDir)
     writeFile(file2, code)
-    megatest.add "import $1\nimport $2\n" % [quoted(file2), quoted(file)]
+    megatest.add "import $1\nimport $2 as megatest_b_$3\n" % [file2.quoted, file.quoted, $i]
 
   let megatestFile = testsDir / "megatest.nim" # so it uses testsDir / "config.nims"
   writeFile(megatestFile, megatest)
 
   let root = getCurrentDir()
-  let args = ["c", "--nimCache:" & outDir, "-d:testing", "-d:nimMegatest", "--listCmd", "--path:" & root, megatestFile]
+
+  var args = @["c", "--nimCache:" & outDir, "-d:testing", "-d:nimMegatest", "--listCmd",
+              "--path:" & root]
+  args.add options.parseCmdLine
+  args.add megatestFile
   var (cmdLine, buf, exitCode) = execCmdEx2(command = compilerPrefix, args = args, input = "")
   if exitCode != 0:
     echo "$ " & cmdLine & "\n" & buf
@@ -623,7 +656,7 @@ proc runJoinedTest(r: var TResults, cat: Category, testsDir: string) =
   writeFile(outputGottenFile, buf)
   var outputExpected = ""
   for i, runSpec in specs:
-    outputExpected.add marker & runSpec.file & "\n"
+    outputExpected.add toMarker(runSpec.file, i) & "\n"
     if runSpec.output.len > 0:
       outputExpected.add runSpec.output
       if not runSpec.output.endsWith "\n":
@@ -631,8 +664,8 @@ proc runJoinedTest(r: var TResults, cat: Category, testsDir: string) =
 
   if buf != outputExpected:
     writeFile(outputExceptedFile, outputExpected)
-    discard execShellCmd("diff -uNdr $1 $2" % [outputExceptedFile, outputGottenFile])
-    echo failString & "megatest output different!"
+    echo diffFiles(outputGottenFile, outputExceptedFile).output
+    echo failString & "megatest output different, see $1 vs $2" % [outputGottenFile, outputExceptedFile]
     # outputGottenFile, outputExceptedFile not removed on purpose for debugging.
     quit 1
   else:
@@ -657,13 +690,9 @@ proc processCategory(r: var TResults, cat: Category,
       else:
         jsTests(r, cat, options)
     of "dll":
-      dllTests(r, cat, options)
-    of "flags":
-      flagTests(r, cat, options)
+      dllTests(r, cat, options & " -d:nimDebugDlOpen")
     of "gc":
       gcTests(r, cat, options)
-    of "longgc":
-      longGCTests(r, cat, options)
     of "debugger":
       debuggerTests(r, cat, options)
     of "manyloc":
@@ -686,7 +715,9 @@ proc processCategory(r: var TResults, cat: Category,
     of "niminaction":
       testNimInAction(r, cat, options)
     of "ic":
-      icTests(r, testsDir, cat, options)
+      icTests(r, testsDir / cat2, cat, options, isNavigatorTest=false)
+    of "navigator":
+      icTests(r, testsDir / cat2, cat, options, isNavigatorTest=true)
     of "untestable":
       # These require special treatment e.g. because they depend on a third party
       # dependency; see `trunner_special` which runs some of those.
@@ -696,7 +727,9 @@ proc processCategory(r: var TResults, cat: Category,
   if not handled:
     case cat2
     of "megatest":
-      runJoinedTest(r, cat, testsDir)
+      runJoinedTest(r, cat, testsDir, options)
+      if isNimRepoTests():
+        runJoinedTest(r, cat, testsDir, options & " --mm:refc")
     else:
       var testsRun = 0
       var files: seq[string]
diff --git a/testament/important_packages.nim b/testament/important_packages.nim
index 1dd7c69ca..efec04b3c 100644
--- a/testament/important_packages.nim
+++ b/testament/important_packages.nim
@@ -22,136 +22,172 @@ When this is the case, a workaround is to test this package here by adding `--pa
 type NimblePackage* = object
   name*, cmd*, url*: string
   useHead*: bool
+  allowFailure*: bool
+    ## When true, we still run the test but the test is allowed to fail.
+    ## This is useful for packages that currently fail but that we still want to
+    ## run in CI, e.g. so that we can monitor when they start working again and
+    ## are reminded about those failures without making CI fail for unrelated PRs.
 
 var packages*: seq[NimblePackage]
 
-proc pkg(name: string; cmd = "nimble test"; url = "", useHead = true) =
-  packages.add NimblePackage(name: name, cmd: cmd, url: url, useHead: useHead)
+proc pkg(name: string; cmd = "nimble test"; url = "", useHead = true, allowFailure = false) =
+  packages.add NimblePackage(name: name, cmd: cmd, url: url, useHead: useHead, allowFailure: allowFailure)
 
-# pkg "alea"
+pkg "alea"
 pkg "argparse"
-when false:
-  pkg "arraymancer", "nim c tests/tests_cpu.nim"
-# pkg "ast_pattern_matching", "nim c -r --oldgensym:on tests/test1.nim"
+pkg "arraymancer", "nim c tests/tests_cpu.nim"
+pkg "ast_pattern_matching", "nim c -r tests/test1.nim"
+pkg "asyncftpclient", "nimble compileExample"
+pkg "asyncthreadpool", "nimble test --mm:refc"
 pkg "awk"
-pkg "bigints", url = "https://github.com/Araq/nim-bigints"
+pkg "bigints"
 pkg "binaryheap", "nim c -r binaryheap.nim"
 pkg "BipBuffer"
-# pkg "blscurve" # pending https://github.com/status-im/nim-blscurve/issues/39
+pkg "blscurve", allowFailure = true
 pkg "bncurve"
 pkg "brainfuck", "nim c -d:release -r tests/compile.nim"
-pkg "bump", "nim c --gc:arc --path:. -r tests/tbump.nim", "https://github.com/disruptek/bump"
+pkg "bump", "nim c --mm:arc --path:. -r tests/tbump.nim", "https://github.com/disruptek/bump", allowFailure = true
 pkg "c2nim", "nim c testsuite/tester.nim"
 pkg "cascade"
-pkg "cello"
+pkg "cello", url = "https://github.com/nim-lang/cello", useHead = true
+pkg "checksums"
 pkg "chroma"
 pkg "chronicles", "nim c -o:chr -r chronicles.nim"
-# when not defined(osx): # testdatagram.nim(560, 54): Check failed
-#   pkg "chronos", "nim c -r -d:release tests/testall"
-  # pending https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/17130
+pkg "chronos", "nim c -r -d:release tests/testall"
 pkg "cligen", "nim c --path:. -r cligen.nim"
-pkg "combparser", "nimble test --gc:orc"
+pkg "combparser", "nimble test --mm:orc"
 pkg "compactdict"
-pkg "comprehension", "nimble test", "https://github.com/alehander42/comprehension"
-# pkg "criterion" # pending https://github.com/disruptek/criterion/issues/3 (wrongly closed)
+pkg "comprehension", "nimble test", "https://github.com/alehander92/comprehension"
+pkg "constantine", "nimble make_lib"
+pkg "cowstrings"
+pkg "criterion", allowFailure = true # needs testing binary
+pkg "datamancer"
 pkg "dashing", "nim c tests/functional.nim"
 pkg "delaunay"
+pkg "dnsclient", allowFailure = true # super fragile
 pkg "docopt"
+pkg "dotenv"
+# when defined(linux): pkg "drchaos"
 pkg "easygl", "nim c -o:egl -r src/easygl.nim", "https://github.com/jackmott/easygl"
 pkg "elvis"
-# pkg "fidget" # pending https://github.com/treeform/fidget/issues/133
-pkg "fragments", "nim c -r fragments/dsl.nim"
+pkg "faststreams"
+pkg "fidget"
+pkg "fragments", "nim c -r fragments/dsl.nim", allowFailure = true # pending https://github.com/nim-lang/packages/issues/2115 
 pkg "fusion"
 pkg "gara"
 pkg "glob"
 pkg "ggplotnim", "nim c -d:noCairo -r tests/tests.nim"
-# pkg "gittyup", "nimble test", "https://github.com/disruptek/gittyup"
+pkg "gittyup", "nimble test", "https://github.com/disruptek/gittyup", allowFailure = true
 pkg "gnuplot", "nim c gnuplot.nim"
-# pkg "gram", "nim c -r --gc:arc --define:danger tests/test.nim", "https://github.com/disruptek/gram"
+# pkg "gram", "nim c -r --mm:arc --define:danger tests/test.nim", "https://github.com/disruptek/gram"
   # pending https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/16509
 pkg "hts", "nim c -o:htss src/hts.nim"
-# pkg "httpauth"
+pkg "httpauth"
+pkg "httputils"
 pkg "illwill", "nimble examples"
 pkg "inim"
 pkg "itertools", "nim doc src/itertools.nim"
 pkg "iterutils"
+pkg "json_rpc"
+pkg "json_serialization"
 pkg "jstin"
 pkg "karax", "nim c -r tests/tester.nim"
-pkg "kdtree", "nimble test", "https://github.com/jblindsay/kdtree"
+pkg "kdtree", "nimble test -d:nimLegacyRandomInitRand", "https://github.com/jblindsay/kdtree"
 pkg "loopfusion"
+pkg "lockfreequeues"
 pkg "macroutils"
 pkg "manu"
 pkg "markdown"
+pkg "measuremancer", "nimble testDeps; nimble -y test"
 pkg "memo"
 pkg "msgpack4nim", "nim c -r tests/test_spec.nim"
 pkg "nake", "nim c nakefile.nim"
-pkg "neo", "nim c -d:blas=openblas tests/all.nim"
-# pkg "nesm", "nimble tests" # notice plural 'tests'
-# pkg "nico"
+pkg "neo", "nim c -d:blas=openblas --mm:refc tests/all.nim"
+pkg "nesm", "nimble tests", "https://github.com/nim-lang/NESM", useHead = true, allowFailure = true
+  # inactive, tests not adapted to #23096
+pkg "netty"
+pkg "nico", allowFailure = true
 pkg "nicy", "nim c -r src/nicy.nim"
 pkg "nigui", "nim c -o:niguii -r src/nigui.nim"
 pkg "nimcrypto", "nim r --path:. tests/testall.nim" # `--path:.` workaround needed, see D20210308T165435
 pkg "NimData", "nim c -o:nimdataa src/nimdata.nim"
 pkg "nimes", "nim c src/nimes.nim"
 pkg "nimfp", "nim c -o:nfp -r src/fp.nim"
-# pkg "nimgame2", "nim c nimgame2/nimgame.nim" # XXX Doesn't work with deprecated 'randomize', will create a PR.
+pkg "nimgame2", "nim c --mm:refc nimgame2/nimgame.nim"
 pkg "nimgen", "nim c -o:nimgenn -r src/nimgen/runcfg.nim"
+pkg "nimib"
 pkg "nimlsp"
 pkg "nimly", "nim c -r tests/test_readme_example.nim"
-# pkg "nimongo", "nimble test_ci"
-# pkg "nimph", "nimble test", "https://github.com/disruptek/nimph"
+pkg "nimongo", "nimble test_ci", allowFailure = true
+pkg "nimph", "nimble test", "https://github.com/disruptek/nimph", allowFailure = true
+pkg "nimPNG", useHead = true
 pkg "nimpy", "nim c -r tests/nimfrompy.nim"
 pkg "nimquery"
 pkg "nimsl"
 pkg "nimsvg"
-pkg "nimterop", "nimble minitest"
+pkg "nimterop", "nimble minitest", url = "https://github.com/nim-lang/nimterop"
 pkg "nimwc", "nim c nimwc.nim"
-# pkg "nimx", "nim c --threads:on test/main.nim"
-# pkg "nitter", "nim c src/nitter.nim", "https://github.com/zedeus/nitter"
-pkg "norm", "nim c -r tests/sqlite/trows.nim"
+pkg "nimx", "nim c test/main.nim", allowFailure = true
+pkg "nitter", "nim c src/nitter.nim", "https://github.com/zedeus/nitter"
+pkg "norm", "testament r tests/common/tmodel.nim"
+pkg "normalize"
 pkg "npeg", "nimble testarc"
-pkg "numericalnim", "nim c -r tests/test_integrate.nim"
+pkg "numericalnim", "nimble nimCI"
 pkg "optionsutils"
 pkg "ormin", "nim c -o:orminn ormin.nim"
 pkg "parsetoml"
 pkg "patty"
-pkg "pixie", useHead = false
+pkg "pixie"
 pkg "plotly", "nim c examples/all.nim"
 pkg "pnm"
 pkg "polypbren"
+pkg "presto"
 pkg "prologue", "nimble tcompile"
-pkg "protobuf", "nim c -o:protobuff -r src/protobuf.nim"
-pkg "pylib"
+# remove fork after https://github.com/PMunch/combparser/pull/7 is merged:
+pkg "protobuf", "nimble install -y https://github.com/metagn/combparser@#HEAD; nim c -o:protobuff -r src/protobuf.nim"
 pkg "rbtree"
 pkg "react", "nimble example"
 pkg "regex", "nim c src/regex"
-pkg "result", "nim c -r result.nim"
+pkg "results", "nim c -r results.nim"
 pkg "RollingHash", "nim c -r tests/test_cyclichash.nim"
 pkg "rosencrantz", "nim c -o:rsncntz -r rosencrantz.nim"
 pkg "sdl1", "nim c -r src/sdl.nim"
 pkg "sdl2_nim", "nim c -r sdl2/sdl.nim"
-pkg "sigv4", "nim c --gc:arc -r sigv4.nim", "https://github.com/disruptek/sigv4"
+pkg "serialization"
+pkg "sigv4", "nim c --mm:arc -r sigv4.nim", "https://github.com/disruptek/sigv4"
+pkg "sim"
+pkg "smtp", "nimble compileExample"
 pkg "snip", "nimble test", "https://github.com/genotrance/snip"
-pkg "stint", "nim r stint.nim"
+pkg "ssostrings"
+pkg "stew"
+pkg "stint", "nim c stint.nim"
 pkg "strslice"
-pkg "strunicode", "nim c -r src/strunicode.nim"
+pkg "strunicode", "nim c -r --mm:refc src/strunicode.nim"
+pkg "supersnappy"
 pkg "synthesis"
+pkg "taskpools"
 pkg "telebot", "nim c -o:tbot -r src/telebot.nim"
 pkg "tempdir"
 pkg "templates"
-pkg "tensordsl", "nim c -r tests/tests.nim", "https://krux02@bitbucket.org/krux02/tensordslnim.git"
+pkg "tensordsl", "nim c -r --mm:refc tests/tests.nim", "https://krux02@bitbucket.org/krux02/tensordslnim.git"
 pkg "terminaltables", "nim c src/terminaltables.nim"
 pkg "termstyle", "nim c -r termstyle.nim"
+pkg "testutils"
 pkg "timeit"
 pkg "timezones"
 pkg "tiny_sqlite"
 pkg "unicodedb", "nim c -d:release -r tests/tests.nim"
 pkg "unicodeplus", "nim c -d:release -r tests/tests.nim"
+pkg "union", "nim c -r tests/treadme.nim", url = "https://github.com/alaviss/union"
+pkg "unittest2"
 pkg "unpack"
+pkg "weave", "nimble install -y cligen@#HEAD; nimble test_gc_arc", useHead = true
+pkg "websock"
 pkg "websocket", "nim c websocket.nim"
-# pkg "winim"
+# pkg "winim", allowFailure = true
 pkg "with"
-pkg "ws"
-pkg "yaml", "nim build"
-pkg "zero_functional", "nim c -r -d:nimWorkaround14447 test.nim"
+pkg "ws", allowFailure = true
+pkg "yaml"
+pkg "zero_functional", "nim c -r test.nim"
 pkg "zippy"
+pkg "zxcvbn"
diff --git a/testament/lib/stdtest/netutils.nim b/testament/lib/stdtest/netutils.nim
index eb913a56a..5115390e0 100644
--- a/testament/lib/stdtest/netutils.nim
+++ b/testament/lib/stdtest/netutils.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import std/[nativesockets, asyncdispatch, os]
 
 proc bindAvailablePort*(handle: SocketHandle, port = Port(0)): Port =
+  ## See also `asynchttpserver.getPort`.
   block:
     var name: Sockaddr_in
     name.sin_family = typeof(name.sin_family)(toInt(AF_INET))
@@ -8,5 +9,5 @@ proc bindAvailablePort*(handle: SocketHandle, port = Port(0)): Port =
     name.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY)
     if bindAddr(handle, cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(name)),
                 sizeof(name).Socklen) < 0'i32:
-      raiseOSError(osLastError())
+      raiseOSError(osLastError(), $port)
   result = getLocalAddr(handle, AF_INET)[1]
diff --git a/testament/lib/stdtest/specialpaths.nim b/testament/lib/stdtest/specialpaths.nim
index 53b94fdbb..e214d113d 100644
--- a/testament/lib/stdtest/specialpaths.nim
+++ b/testament/lib/stdtest/specialpaths.nim
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ import compiler/nimpaths
 ]#
 
 import os
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
 
 # Note: all the const paths defined here are known at compile time and valid
 # so long Nim repo isn't relocated after compilation.
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ proc splitTestFile*(file: string): tuple[cat: string, path: string] =
       else:
         result.path = file
       return result
-  doAssert false, "file must match this pattern: '/pathto/tests/dir/**/tfile.nim', got: '" & file & "'"
+  raiseAssert "file must match this pattern: '/pathto/tests/dir/**/tfile.nim', got: '" & file & "'"
 
 static:
   # sanity check
diff --git a/testament/lib/stdtest/testutils.nim b/testament/lib/stdtest/testutils.nim
index 36f951272..a490b17c8 100644
--- a/testament/lib/stdtest/testutils.nim
+++ b/testament/lib/stdtest/testutils.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 import std/private/miscdollars
-import std/strutils
-from std/os import getEnv
+when defined(nimscript):
+  import std/os # xxx investigate why needed
+else:
+  from std/os import getEnv
+import std/[macros, genasts]
 
 template flakyAssert*(cond: untyped, msg = "", notifySuccess = true) =
   ## API to deal with flaky or failing tests. This avoids disabling entire tests
@@ -26,15 +29,35 @@ template flakyAssert*(cond: untyped, msg = "", notifySuccess = true) =
     msg2.add $expr & " " & msg
     echo msg2
 
-proc greedyOrderedSubsetLines*(lhs, rhs: string): bool =
-  ## returns true if each stripped line in `lhs` appears in rhs, using a greedy matching.
-  let rhs = rhs.strip
-  var currentPos = 0
-  for line in lhs.strip.splitLines:
-    currentPos = rhs.find(line.strip, currentPos)
-    if currentPos < 0:
-      return false
-  return true
+when not defined(js) and not defined(nimscript):
+  import std/strutils
+
+  proc greedyOrderedSubsetLines*(lhs, rhs: string, allowPrefixMatch = false): bool =
+    ## Returns true if each stripped line in `lhs` appears in rhs, using a greedy matching.
+    # xxx improve error reporting by showing the last matched pair
+    iterator splitLinesClosure(): string {.closure.} =
+      for line in splitLines(rhs.strip):
+        yield line
+    template isMatch(lhsi, rhsi): bool =
+      if allowPrefixMatch:
+        startsWith(rhsi, lhsi)
+      else:
+        lhsi == rhsi
+
+    var rhsIter = splitLinesClosure
+    var currentLine = strip(rhsIter())
+
+    for line in lhs.strip.splitLines:
+      let line = line.strip
+      if line.len != 0:
+        while not isMatch(line, currentLine):
+          currentLine = strip(rhsIter())
+          if rhsIter.finished:
+            return false
+
+      if rhsIter.finished:
+        return false
+    return true
 
 template enableRemoteNetworking*: bool =
   ## Allows contolling whether to run some test at a statement-level granularity.
@@ -43,6 +66,11 @@ template enableRemoteNetworking*: bool =
   ## a `nim` invocation (possibly via additional intermediate processes).
   getEnv("NIM_TESTAMENT_REMOTE_NETWORKING") == "1"
 
+template disableSSLTesting*: bool =
+  ## TODO: workaround for GitHub Action gcc 14 matrix; remove this
+  ## matrix and the flag after Azure agent supports ubuntu 24.04
+  getEnv("NIM_TESTAMENT_DISABLE_SSL") == "1"
+
 template whenRuntimeJs*(bodyIf, bodyElse) =
   ##[
   Behaves as `when defined(js) and not nimvm` (which isn't legal yet).
@@ -66,3 +94,33 @@ template whenVMorJs*(bodyIf, bodyElse) =
   else:
     when defined(js): bodyIf
     else: bodyElse
+
+template accept*(a) =
+  doAssert compiles(a)
+
+template reject*(a) =
+  doAssert not compiles(a)
+
+template disableVm*(body) =
+  when nimvm: discard
+  else: body
+
+macro assertAll*(body) =
+  ## works in VM, unlike `check`, `require`
+  runnableExamples:
+    assertAll:
+      1+1 == 2
+      var a = @[1, 2] # statements work
+      a.len == 2
+  # remove this once these support VM, pending #10129 (closed but not yet fixed)
+  result = newStmtList()
+  for a in body:
+    result.add genAst(a, a2 = a.repr, info = lineInfo(a)) do:
+      # D20210421T014713:here
+      # xxx pending https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/12030,
+      # `typeof` should introduce its own scope, so that this
+      # is sufficient: `typeof(a)` instead of `typeof(block: a)`
+      when typeof(block: a) is void: a
+      else:
+        if not a:
+          raise newException(AssertionDefect, info & " " & a2)
diff --git a/testament/lib/stdtest/unittest_light.nim b/testament/lib/stdtest/unittest_light.nim
index 273bf72f5..4ab1d7543 100644
--- a/testament/lib/stdtest/unittest_light.nim
+++ b/testament/lib/stdtest/unittest_light.nim
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+import std/assertions
+
+
 proc mismatch*[T](lhs: T, rhs: T): string =
   ## Simplified version of `unittest.require` that satisfies a common use case,
   ## while avoiding pulling too many dependencies. On failure, diagnostic
diff --git a/testament/specs.nim b/testament/specs.nim
index 6b80fe41d..c3040c1d8 100644
--- a/testament/specs.nim
+++ b/testament/specs.nim
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 import sequtils, parseutils, strutils, os, streams, parsecfg,
   tables, hashes, sets
+import compiler/platform
 
 type TestamentData* = ref object
   # better to group globals under 1 object; could group the other ones here too
@@ -74,13 +75,12 @@ type
     # xxx make sure `isJoinableSpec` takes into account each field here.
     action*: TTestAction
     file*, cmd*: string
+    filename*: string ## Test filename (without path).
     input*: string
     outputCheck*: TOutputCheck
     sortoutput*: bool
     output*: string
     line*, column*: int
-    tfile*: string
-    tline*, tcolumn*: int
     exitCode*: int
     msg*: string
     ccodeCheck*: seq[string]
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ type
     targets*: set[TTarget]
     matrix*: seq[string]
     nimout*: string
+    nimoutFull*: bool # whether nimout is all compiler output or a subset
     parseErrors*: string            # when the spec definition is invalid, this is not empty.
     unjoinable*: bool
     unbatchable*: bool
@@ -100,10 +101,11 @@ type
     timeout*: float # in seconds, fractions possible,
                       # but don't rely on much precision
     inlineErrors*: seq[InlineError] # line information to error message
+    debugInfo*: string # debug info to give more context
 
 proc getCmd*(s: TSpec): string =
   if s.cmd.len == 0:
-    result = compilerPrefix & " $target --hints:on -d:testing --clearNimblePath --nimblePath:build/deps/pkgs $options $file"
+    result = compilerPrefix & " $target --hints:on -d:testing --nimblePath:build/deps/pkgs2 $options $file"
   else:
     result = s.cmd
 
@@ -126,19 +128,55 @@ when not declared(parseCfgBool):
     of "n", "no", "false", "0", "off": result = false
     else: raise newException(ValueError, "cannot interpret as a bool: " & s)
 
+proc addLine*(self: var string; pieces: varargs[string]) =
+  for piece in pieces:
+    self.add piece
+  self.add "\n"
+
+
 const
-  inlineErrorMarker = "#[tt."
+  inlineErrorKindMarker = "tt."
+  inlineErrorMarker = "#[" & inlineErrorKindMarker
 
 proc extractErrorMsg(s: string; i: int; line: var int; col: var int; spec: var TSpec): int =
+  ## Extract inline error messages.
+  ##
+  ## Can parse a single message for a line:
+  ##
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   proc generic_proc*[T] {.no_destroy, userPragma.} = #[tt.Error
+  ##        ^ 'generic_proc' should be: 'genericProc' [Name] ]#
+  ##   ```
+  ##
+  ## Can parse multiple messages for a line when they are separated by ';':
+  ##
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   proc generic_proc*[T] {.no_destroy, userPragma.} = #[tt.Error
+  ##        ^ 'generic_proc' should be: 'genericProc' [Name]; tt.Error
+  ##                           ^ 'no_destroy' should be: 'nodestroy' [Name]; tt.Error
+  ##                                       ^ 'userPragma' should be: 'user_pragma' [template declared in mstyleCheck.nim(10, 9)] [Name] ]#
+  ##   ```
+  ##
+  ##   ```nim
+  ##   proc generic_proc*[T] {.no_destroy, userPragma.} = #[tt.Error
+  ##        ^ 'generic_proc' should be: 'genericProc' [Name];
+  ##     tt.Error              ^ 'no_destroy' should be: 'nodestroy' [Name];
+  ##     tt.Error                          ^ 'userPragma' should be: 'user_pragma' [template declared in mstyleCheck.nim(10, 9)] [Name] ]#
+  ##   ```
   result = i + len(inlineErrorMarker)
   inc col, len(inlineErrorMarker)
+  let msgLine = line
+  var msgCol = -1
+  var msg = ""
   var kind = ""
-  while result < s.len and s[result] in IdentChars:
-    kind.add s[result]
-    inc result
-    inc col
 
-  var caret = (line, -1)
+  template parseKind =
+    while result < s.len and s[result] in IdentChars:
+      kind.add s[result]
+      inc result
+      inc col
+    if kind notin ["Hint", "Warning", "Error"]:
+      spec.parseErrors.addLine "expected inline message kind: Hint, Warning, Error"
 
   template skipWhitespace =
     while result < s.len and s[result] in Whitespace:
@@ -149,37 +187,77 @@ proc extractErrorMsg(s: string; i: int; line: var int; col: var int; spec: var T
         inc col
       inc result
 
+  template parseCaret =
+    if result < s.len and s[result] == '^':
+      msgCol = col
+      inc result
+      inc col
+      skipWhitespace()
+    else:
+      spec.parseErrors.addLine "expected column marker ('^') for inline message"
+
+  template isMsgDelimiter: bool =
+    s[result] == ';' and
+    (block:
+      let nextTokenIdx = result + 1 + parseutils.skipWhitespace(s, result + 1)
+      if s.len > nextTokenIdx + len(inlineErrorKindMarker) and
+         s[nextTokenIdx..(nextTokenIdx + len(inlineErrorKindMarker) - 1)] == inlineErrorKindMarker:
+        true
+      else:
+        false)
+
+  template trimTrailingMsgWhitespace =
+    while msg.len > 0 and msg[^1] in Whitespace:
+      setLen msg, msg.len - 1
+
+  template addInlineError =
+    doAssert msg[^1] notin Whitespace
+    if kind == "Error": spec.action = actionReject
+    spec.inlineErrors.add InlineError(kind: kind, msg: msg, line: msgLine, col: msgCol)
+
+  parseKind()
   skipWhitespace()
-  if result < s.len and s[result] == '^':
-    caret = (line-1, col)
-    inc result
-    inc col
-    skipWhitespace()
+  parseCaret()
 
-  var msg = ""
   while result < s.len-1:
     if s[result] == '\n':
+      if result > 0 and s[result - 1] == '\r':
+        msg[^1] = '\n'
+      else:
+        msg.add '\n'
       inc result
       inc line
       col = 1
-    elif s[result] == ']' and s[result+1] == '#':
-      while msg.len > 0 and msg[^1] in Whitespace:
-        setLen msg, msg.len - 1
-
+    elif isMsgDelimiter():
+      trimTrailingMsgWhitespace()
       inc result
+      skipWhitespace()
+      addInlineError()
+      inc result, len(inlineErrorKindMarker)
+      inc col, 1 + len(inlineErrorKindMarker)
+      kind.setLen 0
+      msg.setLen 0
+      parseKind()
+      skipWhitespace()
+      parseCaret()
+    elif s[result] == ']' and s[result+1] == '#':
+      trimTrailingMsgWhitespace()
+      inc result, 2
       inc col, 2
-      if kind == "Error": spec.action = actionReject
-      spec.unjoinable = true
-      spec.inlineErrors.add InlineError(kind: kind, msg: msg, line: caret[0], col: caret[1])
+      addInlineError()
       break
     else:
       msg.add s[result]
       inc result
       inc col
 
+  if spec.inlineErrors.len > 0:
+    spec.unjoinable = true
+
 proc extractSpec(filename: string; spec: var TSpec): string =
   const
     tripleQuote = "\"\"\""
+    specStart = "discard " & tripleQuote
   var s = readFile(filename)
 
   var i = 0
@@ -188,25 +266,34 @@ proc extractSpec(filename: string; spec: var TSpec): string =
   var line = 1
   var col = 1
   while i < s.len:
-    if s.continuesWith(tripleQuote, i):
-      if a < 0: a = i
-      elif b < 0: b = i
-      inc i, 2
-      inc col
+    if (i == 0 or s[i-1] != ' ') and s.continuesWith(specStart, i):
+      # `s[i-1] == '\n'` would not work because of `tests/stdlib/tbase64.nim` which contains BOM (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte_order_mark)
+      const lineMax = 10
+      if a != -1:
+        raise newException(ValueError, "testament spec violation: duplicate `specStart` found: " & $(filename, a, b, line))
+      elif line > lineMax:
+        # not overly restrictive, but prevents mistaking some `specStart` as spec if deeep inside a test file
+        raise newException(ValueError, "testament spec violation: `specStart` should be before line $1, or be indented; info: $2" % [$lineMax, $(filename, a, b, line)])
+      i += specStart.len
+      a = i
+    elif a > -1 and b == -1 and s.continuesWith(tripleQuote, i):
+      b = i
+      i += tripleQuote.len
     elif s[i] == '\n':
       inc line
+      inc i
       col = 1
     elif s.continuesWith(inlineErrorMarker, i):
       i = extractErrorMsg(s, i, line, col, spec)
     else:
       inc col
-    inc i
+      inc i
 
-  # look for """ only in the first section
-  if a >= 0 and b > a and a < 40:
-    result = s.substr(a+3, b-1).replace("'''", tripleQuote)
+  if a >= 0 and b > a:
+    result = s.substr(a, b-1).multiReplace({"'''": tripleQuote, "\\31": "\31"})
+  elif a >= 0:
+    raise newException(ValueError, "testament spec violation: `specStart` found but not trailing `tripleQuote`: $1" % $(filename, a, b, line))
   else:
-    #echo "warning: file does not contain spec: " & filename
     result = ""
 
 proc parseTargets*(value: string): set[TTarget] =
@@ -218,15 +305,6 @@ proc parseTargets*(value: string): set[TTarget] =
     of "js": result.incl(targetJS)
     else: raise newException(ValueError, "invalid target: '$#'" % v)
 
-proc addLine*(self: var string; a: string) =
-  self.add a
-  self.add "\n"
-
-proc addLine*(self: var string; a, b: string) =
-  self.add a
-  self.add b
-  self.add "\n"
-
 proc initSpec*(filename: string): TSpec =
   result.file = filename
 
@@ -238,11 +316,13 @@ proc isCurrentBatch*(testamentData: TestamentData; filename: string): bool =
 
 proc parseSpec*(filename: string): TSpec =
   result.file = filename
+  result.filename = extractFilename(filename)
   let specStr = extractSpec(filename, result)
   var ss = newStringStream(specStr)
   var p: CfgParser
   open(p, ss, filename, 1)
   var flags: HashSet[string]
+  var nimoutFound = false
   while true:
     var e = next(p)
     case e.kind
@@ -277,12 +357,6 @@ proc parseSpec*(filename: string): TSpec =
         if result.msg.len == 0 and result.nimout.len == 0:
           result.parseErrors.addLine "errormsg or msg needs to be specified before column"
         discard parseInt(e.value, result.column)
-      of "tfile":
-        result.tfile = e.value
-      of "tline":
-        discard parseInt(e.value, result.tline)
-      of "tcolumn":
-        discard parseInt(e.value, result.tcolumn)
       of "output":
         if result.outputCheck != ocSubstr:
           result.outputCheck = ocEqual
@@ -305,6 +379,9 @@ proc parseSpec*(filename: string): TSpec =
         result.action = actionReject
       of "nimout":
         result.nimout = e.value
+        nimoutFound = true
+      of "nimoutfull":
+        result.nimoutFull = parseCfgBool(e.value)
       of "batchable":
         result.unbatchable = not parseCfgBool(e.value)
       of "joinable":
@@ -321,42 +398,71 @@ proc parseSpec*(filename: string): TSpec =
           # Valgrind only supports OSX <= 17.x
           result.useValgrind = disabled
       of "disabled":
-        case e.value.normalize
+        let value = e.value.normalize
+        case value
         of "y", "yes", "true", "1", "on": result.err = reDisabled
         of "n", "no", "false", "0", "off": discard
-        of "win", "windows":
+        # These values are defined in `compiler/options.isDefined`
+        of "win":
           when defined(windows): result.err = reDisabled
         of "linux":
           when defined(linux): result.err = reDisabled
         of "bsd":
           when defined(bsd): result.err = reDisabled
-        of "osx", "macosx": # xxx remove `macosx` alias?
+        of "osx":
           when defined(osx): result.err = reDisabled
-        of "unix":
-          when defined(unix): result.err = reDisabled
-        of "posix":
+        of "unix", "posix":
           when defined(posix): result.err = reDisabled
-        of "travis":
+        of "freebsd":
+          when defined(freebsd): result.err = reDisabled
+        of "littleendian":
+          when defined(littleendian): result.err = reDisabled
+        of "bigendian":
+          when defined(bigendian): result.err = reDisabled
+        of "cpu8", "8bit":
+          when defined(cpu8): result.err = reDisabled
+        of "cpu16", "16bit":
+          when defined(cpu16): result.err = reDisabled
+        of "cpu32", "32bit":
+          when defined(cpu32): result.err = reDisabled
+        of "cpu64", "64bit":
+          when defined(cpu64): result.err = reDisabled
+        # These values are for CI environments
+        of "travis": # deprecated
           if isTravis: result.err = reDisabled
-        of "appveyor":
+        of "appveyor": # deprecated
           if isAppVeyor: result.err = reDisabled
         of "azure":
           if isAzure: result.err = reDisabled
-        of "32bit":
-          if sizeof(int) == 4:
-            result.err = reDisabled
-        of "freebsd":
-          when defined(freebsd): result.err = reDisabled
-        of "arm64":
-          when defined(arm64): result.err = reDisabled
-        of "i386":
-          when defined(i386): result.err = reDisabled
-        of "openbsd":
-          when defined(openbsd): result.err = reDisabled
-        of "netbsd":
-          when defined(netbsd): result.err = reDisabled
         else:
-          result.parseErrors.addLine "cannot interpret as a bool: ", e.value
+          # Check whether the value exists as an OS or CPU that is
+          # defined in `compiler/platform`.
+          block checkHost:
+            for os in platform.OS:
+              # Check if the value exists as OS.
+              if value == os.name.normalize:
+                # The value exists; is it the same as the current host?
+                if value == hostOS.normalize:
+                  # The value exists and is the same as the current host,
+                  # so disable the test.
+                  result.err = reDisabled
+                # The value was defined, so there is no need to check further
+                # values or raise an error.
+                break checkHost
+            for cpu in platform.CPU:
+              # Check if the value exists as CPU.
+              if value == cpu.name.normalize:
+                # The value exists; is it the same as the current host?
+                if value == hostCPU.normalize:
+                  # The value exists and is the same as the current host,
+                  # so disable the test.
+                  result.err = reDisabled
+                # The value was defined, so there is no need to check further
+                # values or raise an error.
+                break checkHost
+            # The value doesn't exist as an OS, CPU, or any previous value
+            # defined in this case statement, so raise an error.
+            result.parseErrors.addLine "cannot interpret as a bool: ", e.value
       of "cmd":
         if e.value.startsWith("nim "):
           result.cmd = compilerPrefix & e.value[3..^1]
@@ -395,6 +501,21 @@ proc parseSpec*(filename: string): TSpec =
   if skips.anyIt(it in result.file):
     result.err = reDisabled
 
+  if nimoutFound and result.nimout.len == 0 and not result.nimoutFull:
+    result.parseErrors.addLine "empty `nimout` is vacuously true, use `nimoutFull:true` if intentional"
+
   result.inCurrentBatch = isCurrentBatch(testamentData0, filename) or result.unbatchable
   if not result.inCurrentBatch:
     result.err = reDisabled
+
+  # Interpolate variables in msgs:
+  template varSub(msg: string): string =
+    try:
+      msg % ["/", $DirSep, "file", result.filename]
+    except ValueError:
+      result.parseErrors.addLine "invalid variable interpolation (see 'https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/testament.html#writing-unit-tests-output-message-variable-interpolation')"
+      msg
+  result.nimout = result.nimout.varSub
+  result.msg = result.msg.varSub
+  for inlineError in result.inlineErrors.mitems:
+    inlineError.msg = inlineError.msg.varSub
diff --git a/testament/testament.nim b/testament/testament.nim
index f45d4043a..1e892e636 100644
--- a/testament/testament.nim
+++ b/testament/testament.nim
@@ -10,17 +10,35 @@
 ## This program verifies Nim against the testcases.
 
 import
-  strutils, pegs, os, osproc, streams, json, std/exitprocs,
-  backend, parseopt, specs, htmlgen, browsers, terminal,
-  algorithm, times, md5, azure, intsets, macros
+  std/[strutils, pegs, os, osproc, streams, json,
+    parseopt, browsers, terminal, exitprocs,
+    algorithm, times, intsets, macros]
+
+import backend, specs, azure, htmlgen
+
 from std/sugar import dup
 import compiler/nodejs
 import lib/stdtest/testutils
 from lib/stdtest/specialpaths import splitTestFile
+from std/private/gitutils import diffStrings
+
+import ../dist/checksums/src/checksums/md5
+
+proc trimUnitSep(x: var string) =
+  let L = x.len
+  if L > 0 and x[^1] == '\31':
+    setLen x, L-1
 
 var useColors = true
 var backendLogging = true
 var simulate = false
+var optVerbose = false
+var useMegatest = true
+var valgrindEnabled = true
+
+proc verboseCmd(cmd: string) =
+  if optVerbose:
+    echo "executing: ", cmd
 
 const
   failString* = "FAIL: " # ensures all failures can be searched with 1 keyword in CI logs
@@ -31,22 +49,24 @@ const
 
 Command:
   p|pat|pattern <glob>        run all the tests matching the given pattern
-  all                         run all tests
+  all                         run all tests in category folders
   c|cat|category <category>   run all the tests of a certain category
   r|run <test>                run single test file
   html                        generate $1 from the database
 Arguments:
   arguments are passed to the compiler
 Options:
-  --print                   also print results to the console
+  --print                   print results to the console
+  --verbose                 print commands (compiling and running tests)
   --simulate                see what tests would be run but don't run them (for debugging)
   --failing                 only show failing/ignored tests
-  --targets:"c cpp js objc" run tests for specified targets (default: all)
+  --targets:"c cpp js objc" run tests for specified targets (default: c)
   --nim:path                use a particular nim executable (default: $$PATH/nim)
   --directory:dir           Change to directory dir before reading the tests or doing anything else.
   --colors:on|off           Turn messages coloring on|off.
   --backendLogging:on|off   Disable or enable backend logging. By default turned on.
   --megatest:on|off         Enable or disable megatest. Default is on.
+  --valgrind:on|off         Enable or disable valgrind support. Default is on.
   --skipFrom:file           Read tests to skip from `file` - one test per line, # comments ignored
 
 On Azure Pipelines, testament will also publish test results via Azure Pipelines' Test Management API
@@ -66,13 +86,14 @@ proc isNimRepoTests(): bool =
 type
   Category = distinct string
   TResults = object
-    total, passed, skipped: int
+    total, passed, failedButAllowed, skipped: int
+      ## xxx rename passed to passedOrAllowedFailure
     data: string
   TTest = object
     name: string
     cat: Category
     options: string
-    args: seq[string]
+    testArgs: seq[string]
     spec: TSpec
     startTime: float
     debugInfo: string
@@ -82,12 +103,6 @@ type
 let
   pegLineError =
     peg"{[^(]*} '(' {\d+} ', ' {\d+} ') ' ('Error') ':' \s* {.*}"
-
-  pegLineTemplate =
-    peg"""
-      {[^(]*} '(' {\d+} ', ' {\d+} ') '
-      'template/generic instantiation' ( ' of `' [^`]+ '`' )? ' from here' .*
-    """
   pegOtherError = peg"'Error:' \s* {.*}"
   pegOfInterest = pegLineError / pegOtherError
 
@@ -98,7 +113,7 @@ proc isSuccess(input: string): bool =
   # not clear how to do the equivalent of pkg/regex's: re"FOO(.*?)BAR" in pegs
   # note: this doesn't handle colors, eg: `\e[1m\e[0m\e[32mHint:`; while we
   # could handle colors, there would be other issues such as handling other flags
-  # that may appear in user config (eg: `--listFullPaths`).
+  # that may appear in user config (eg: `--filenames`).
   # Passing `XDG_CONFIG_HOME= testament args...` can be used to ignore user config
   # stored in XDG_CONFIG_HOME, refs https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/XDG_Base_Directory
   input.startsWith("Hint: ") and input.endsWith("[SuccessX]")
@@ -118,6 +133,7 @@ proc execCmdEx2(command: string, args: openArray[string]; workingDir, input: str
   for arg in args:
     result.cmdLine.add ' '
     result.cmdLine.add quoteShell(arg)
+  verboseCmd(result.cmdLine)
   var p = startProcess(command, workingDir = workingDir, args = args,
                        options = {poStdErrToStdOut, poUsePath})
   var outp = outputStream(p)
@@ -145,56 +161,64 @@ proc nimcacheDir(filename, options: string, target: TTarget): string =
   let hashInput = options & $target
   result = "nimcache" / (filename & '_' & hashInput.getMD5)
 
-proc prepareTestArgs(cmdTemplate, filename, options, nimcache: string,
-                     target: TTarget, extraOptions = ""): seq[string] =
+proc prepareTestCmd(cmdTemplate, filename, options, nimcache: string,
+                     target: TTarget, extraOptions = ""): string =
   var options = target.defaultOptions & ' ' & options
-  # improve pending https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/14343
-  if nimcache.len > 0: options.add ' ' & ("--nimCache:" & nimcache).quoteShell
+  if nimcache.len > 0: options.add(" --nimCache:$#" % nimcache.quoteShell)
   options.add ' ' & extraOptions
-  result = parseCmdLine(cmdTemplate % ["target", targetToCmd[target],
+  # we avoid using `parseCmdLine` which is buggy, refs bug #14343
+  result = cmdTemplate % ["target", targetToCmd[target],
                       "options", options, "file", filename.quoteShell,
-                      "filedir", filename.getFileDir(), "nim", compilerPrefix])
+                      "filedir", filename.getFileDir(), "nim", compilerPrefix]
 
-proc callCompiler(cmdTemplate, filename, options, nimcache: string,
-                  target: TTarget, extraOptions = ""): TSpec =
-  let c = prepareTestArgs(cmdTemplate, filename, options, nimcache, target,
+proc callNimCompiler(cmdTemplate, filename, options, nimcache: string,
+                     target: TTarget, extraOptions = ""): TSpec =
+  result.cmd = prepareTestCmd(cmdTemplate, filename, options, nimcache, target,
                           extraOptions)
-  result.cmd = quoteShellCommand(c)
-  var p = startProcess(command = c[0], args = c[1 .. ^1],
-                       options = {poStdErrToStdOut, poUsePath})
+  verboseCmd(result.cmd)
+  var p = startProcess(command = result.cmd,
+                       options = {poStdErrToStdOut, poUsePath, poEvalCommand})
   let outp = p.outputStream
-  var suc = ""
+  var foundSuccessMsg = false
+  var foundErrorMsg = false
   var err = ""
-  var tmpl = ""
   var x = newStringOfCap(120)
   result.nimout = ""
   while true:
     if outp.readLine(x):
+      trimUnitSep x
       result.nimout.add(x & '\n')
       if x =~ pegOfInterest:
-        # `err` should contain the last error/warning message
+        # `err` should contain the last error message
         err = x
-      elif x =~ pegLineTemplate and err == "":
-        # `tmpl` contains the last template expansion before the error
-        tmpl = x
+        foundErrorMsg = true
       elif x.isSuccess:
-        suc = x
+        foundSuccessMsg = true
     elif not running(p):
       break
-  close(p)
   result.msg = ""
   result.file = ""
   result.output = ""
   result.line = 0
   result.column = 0
-  result.tfile = ""
-  result.tline = 0
-  result.tcolumn = 0
+
   result.err = reNimcCrash
-  if tmpl =~ pegLineTemplate:
-    result.tfile = extractFilename(matches[0])
-    result.tline = parseInt(matches[1])
-    result.tcolumn = parseInt(matches[2])
+  result.exitCode = p.peekExitCode
+  close p
+  case result.exitCode
+  of 0:
+    if foundErrorMsg:
+      result.debugInfo.add " compiler exit code was 0 but some Error's were found."
+    else:
+      result.err = reSuccess
+  of 1:
+    if not foundErrorMsg:
+      result.debugInfo.add " compiler exit code was 1 but no Error's were found."
+    if foundSuccessMsg:
+      result.debugInfo.add " compiler exit code was 1 but no `isSuccess` was true."
+  else:
+    result.debugInfo.add " expected compiler exit code 0 or 1, got $1." % $result.exitCode
+
   if err =~ pegLineError:
     result.file = extractFilename(matches[0])
     result.line = parseInt(matches[1])
@@ -202,33 +226,12 @@ proc callCompiler(cmdTemplate, filename, options, nimcache: string,
     result.msg = matches[3]
   elif err =~ pegOtherError:
     result.msg = matches[0]
-  elif suc.isSuccess:
-    result.err = reSuccess
-
-proc callCCompiler(cmdTemplate, filename, options: string,
-                  target: TTarget): TSpec =
-  let c = prepareTestArgs(cmdTemplate, filename, options, nimcache = "", target)
-  var p = startProcess(command = "gcc", args = c[5 .. ^1],
-                       options = {poStdErrToStdOut, poUsePath})
-  let outp = p.outputStream
-  var x = newStringOfCap(120)
-  result.nimout = ""
-  result.msg = ""
-  result.file = ""
-  result.output = ""
-  result.line = -1
-  while true:
-    if outp.readLine(x):
-      result.nimout.add(x & '\n')
-    elif not running(p):
-      break
-  close(p)
-  if p.peekExitCode == 0:
-    result.err = reSuccess
+  trimUnitSep result.msg
 
 proc initResults: TResults =
   result.total = 0
   result.passed = 0
+  result.failedButAllowed = 0
   result.skipped = 0
   result.data = ""
 
@@ -256,18 +259,29 @@ template maybeStyledEcho(args: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
 
 
 proc `$`(x: TResults): string =
-  result = ("Tests passed: $1 / $3 <br />\n" &
-            "Tests skipped: $2 / $3 <br />\n") %
-            [$x.passed, $x.skipped, $x.total]
+  result = """
+Tests passed or allowed to fail: $2 / $1 <br />
+Tests failed and allowed to fail: $3 / $1 <br />
+Tests skipped: $4 / $1 <br />
+""" % [$x.total, $x.passed, $x.failedButAllowed, $x.skipped]
 
-proc addResult(r: var TResults, test: TTest, target: TTarget,
-               expected, given: string, successOrig: TResultEnum) =
-  # test.name is easier to find than test.name.extractFilename
-  # A bit hacky but simple and works with tests/testament/tshould_not_work.nim
+proc testName(test: TTest, target: TTarget, extraOptions: string, allowFailure: bool): string =
   var name = test.name.replace(DirSep, '/')
   name.add ' ' & $target
+  if allowFailure:
+    name.add " (allowed to fail) "
   if test.options.len > 0: name.add ' ' & test.options
+  if extraOptions.len > 0: name.add ' ' & extraOptions
+  name.strip()
 
+proc addResult(r: var TResults, test: TTest, target: TTarget,
+               extraOptions, expected, given: string, successOrig: TResultEnum,
+               allowFailure = false, givenSpec: ptr TSpec = nil) =
+  # instead of `ptr TSpec` we could also use `Option[TSpec]`; passing `givenSpec` makes it easier to get what we need
+  # instead of having to pass individual fields, or abusing existing ones like expected vs given.
+  # test.name is easier to find than test.name.extractFilename
+  # A bit hacky but simple and works with tests/testament/tshould_not_work.nim
+  let name = testName(test, target, extraOptions, allowFailure)
   let duration = epochTime() - test.startTime
   let success = if test.spec.timeout > 0.0 and duration > test.spec.timeout: reTimeout
                 else: successOrig
@@ -282,18 +296,22 @@ proc addResult(r: var TResults, test: TTest, target: TTarget,
                             expected = expected,
                             given = given)
   r.data.addf("$#\t$#\t$#\t$#", name, expected, given, $success)
+  template dispNonSkipped(color, outcome) =
+    maybeStyledEcho color, outcome, fgCyan, test.debugInfo, alignLeft(name, 60), fgBlue, " (", durationStr, " sec)"
   template disp(msg) =
     maybeStyledEcho styleDim, fgYellow, msg & ' ', styleBright, fgCyan, name
   if success == reSuccess:
-    maybeStyledEcho fgGreen, "PASS: ", fgCyan, test.debugInfo, alignLeft(name, 60), fgBlue, " (", durationStr, " sec)"
+    dispNonSkipped(fgGreen, "PASS: ")
   elif success == reDisabled:
     if test.spec.inCurrentBatch: disp("SKIP:")
     else: disp("NOTINBATCH:")
   elif success == reJoined: disp("JOINED:")
   else:
-    maybeStyledEcho styleBright, fgRed, failString, fgCyan, name
+    dispNonSkipped(fgRed, failString)
     maybeStyledEcho styleBright, fgCyan, "Test \"", test.name, "\"", " in category \"", test.cat.string, "\""
     maybeStyledEcho styleBright, fgRed, "Failure: ", $success
+    if givenSpec != nil and givenSpec.debugInfo.len > 0:
+      echo "debugInfo: " & givenSpec.debugInfo
     if success in {reBuildFailed, reNimcCrash, reInstallFailed}:
       # expected is empty, no reason to print it.
       echo given
@@ -302,7 +320,7 @@ proc addResult(r: var TResults, test: TTest, target: TTarget,
       maybeStyledEcho styleBright, expected, "\n"
       maybeStyledEcho fgYellow, "Gotten:"
       maybeStyledEcho styleBright, given, "\n"
-
+      echo diffStrings(expected, given).output
 
   if backendLogging and (isAppVeyor or isAzure):
     let (outcome, msg) =
@@ -327,71 +345,51 @@ proc addResult(r: var TResults, test: TTest, target: TTarget,
       discard waitForExit(p)
       close(p)
 
-proc checkForInlineErrors(r: var TResults, expected, given: TSpec, test: TTest, target: TTarget) =
-  let pegLine = peg"{[^(]*} '(' {\d+} ', ' {\d+} ') ' {[^:]*} ':' \s* {.*}"
-  var covered = initIntSet()
-  for line in splitLines(given.nimout):
-
-    if line =~ pegLine:
-      let file = extractFilename(matches[0])
-      let line = try: parseInt(matches[1]) except: -1
-      let col = try: parseInt(matches[2]) except: -1
-      let kind = matches[3]
-      let msg = matches[4]
-
-      if file == extractFilename test.name:
-        var i = 0
-        for x in expected.inlineErrors:
-          if x.line == line and (x.col == col or x.col < 0) and
-              x.kind == kind and x.msg in msg:
-            covered.incl i
-          inc i
-
-  block coverCheck:
-    for j in 0..high(expected.inlineErrors):
-      if j notin covered:
-        var e = test.name
-        e.add '('
-        e.addInt expected.inlineErrors[j].line
-        if expected.inlineErrors[j].col > 0:
-          e.add ", "
-          e.addInt expected.inlineErrors[j].col
-        e.add ") "
-        e.add expected.inlineErrors[j].kind
-        e.add ": "
-        e.add expected.inlineErrors[j].msg
-
-        r.addResult(test, target, e, given.nimout, reMsgsDiffer)
-        break coverCheck
-
-    r.addResult(test, target, "", given.msg, reSuccess)
-    inc(r.passed)
+proc toString(inlineError: InlineError, filename: string): string =
+  result.add "$file($line, $col) $kind: $msg" % [
+    "file", filename,
+    "line", $inlineError.line,
+    "col", $inlineError.col,
+    "kind", $inlineError.kind,
+    "msg", $inlineError.msg
+  ]
+
+proc inlineErrorsMsgs(expected: TSpec): string =
+  for inlineError in expected.inlineErrors.items:
+    result.addLine inlineError.toString(expected.filename)
+
+proc checkForInlineErrors(expected, given: TSpec): bool =
+  for inlineError in expected.inlineErrors:
+    if inlineError.toString(expected.filename) notin given.nimout:
+      return false
+  true
+
+proc nimoutCheck(expected, given: TSpec): bool =
+  result = true
+  if expected.nimoutFull:
+    if expected.nimout != given.nimout:
+      result = false
+  elif expected.nimout.len > 0 and not greedyOrderedSubsetLines(expected.nimout, given.nimout):
+    result = false
 
-proc cmpMsgs(r: var TResults, expected, given: TSpec, test: TTest, target: TTarget) =
-  if expected.inlineErrors.len > 0:
-    checkForInlineErrors(r, expected, given, test, target)
+proc cmpMsgs(r: var TResults, expected, given: TSpec, test: TTest,
+             target: TTarget, extraOptions: string) =
+  if not checkForInlineErrors(expected, given) or
+    (not expected.nimoutFull and not nimoutCheck(expected, given)):
+      r.addResult(test, target, extraOptions, expected.nimout & inlineErrorsMsgs(expected), given.nimout, reMsgsDiffer)
   elif strip(expected.msg) notin strip(given.msg):
-    r.addResult(test, target, expected.msg, given.msg, reMsgsDiffer)
-  elif expected.nimout.len > 0 and not greedyOrderedSubsetLines(expected.nimout, given.nimout):
-    r.addResult(test, target, expected.nimout, given.nimout, reMsgsDiffer)
-  elif expected.tfile == "" and extractFilename(expected.file) != extractFilename(given.file) and
+    r.addResult(test, target, extraOptions, expected.msg, given.msg, reMsgsDiffer)
+  elif not nimoutCheck(expected, given):
+    r.addResult(test, target, extraOptions, expected.nimout, given.nimout, reMsgsDiffer)
+  elif extractFilename(expected.file) != extractFilename(given.file) and
       "internal error:" notin expected.msg:
-    r.addResult(test, target, expected.file, given.file, reFilesDiffer)
+    r.addResult(test, target, extraOptions, expected.file, given.file, reFilesDiffer)
   elif expected.line != given.line and expected.line != 0 or
        expected.column != given.column and expected.column != 0:
-    r.addResult(test, target, $expected.line & ':' & $expected.column,
-                      $given.line & ':' & $given.column,
-                      reLinesDiffer)
-  elif expected.tfile != "" and extractFilename(expected.tfile) != extractFilename(given.tfile) and
-      "internal error:" notin expected.msg:
-    r.addResult(test, target, expected.tfile, given.tfile, reFilesDiffer)
-  elif expected.tline != given.tline and expected.tline != 0 or
-       expected.tcolumn != given.tcolumn and expected.tcolumn != 0:
-    r.addResult(test, target, $expected.tline & ':' & $expected.tcolumn,
-                      $given.tline & ':' & $given.tcolumn,
-                      reLinesDiffer)
+    r.addResult(test, target, extraOptions, $expected.line & ':' & $expected.column,
+                      $given.line & ':' & $given.column, reLinesDiffer)
   else:
-    r.addResult(test, target, expected.msg, given.msg, reSuccess)
+    r.addResult(test, target, extraOptions, expected.msg, given.msg, reSuccess)
     inc(r.passed)
 
 proc generatedFile(test: TTest, target: TTarget): string =
@@ -429,26 +427,23 @@ proc codegenCheck(test: TTest, target: TTarget, spec: TSpec, expectedMsg: var st
     given.err = reCodeNotFound
     echo getCurrentExceptionMsg()
 
-proc nimoutCheck(test: TTest; expectedNimout: string; given: var TSpec) =
-  if not greedyOrderedSubsetLines(expectedNimout, given.nimout):
-    given.err = reMsgsDiffer
-
-proc compilerOutputTests(test: TTest, target: TTarget, given: var TSpec,
-                         expected: TSpec; r: var TResults) =
+proc compilerOutputTests(test: TTest, target: TTarget, extraOptions: string,
+                         given: var TSpec, expected: TSpec; r: var TResults) =
   var expectedmsg: string = ""
   var givenmsg: string = ""
   if given.err == reSuccess:
     if expected.needsCodegenCheck:
       codegenCheck(test, target, expected, expectedmsg, given)
       givenmsg = given.msg
-    if expected.nimout.len > 0:
-      expectedmsg = expected.nimout
+    if not nimoutCheck(expected, given) or
+       not checkForInlineErrors(expected, given):
+      given.err = reMsgsDiffer
+      expectedmsg = expected.nimout & inlineErrorsMsgs(expected)
       givenmsg = given.nimout.strip
-      nimoutCheck(test, expectedmsg, given)
   else:
     givenmsg = "$ " & given.cmd & '\n' & given.nimout
   if given.err == reSuccess: inc(r.passed)
-  r.addResult(test, target, expectedmsg, givenmsg, given.err)
+  r.addResult(test, target, extraOptions, expectedmsg, givenmsg, given.err)
 
 proc getTestSpecTarget(): TTarget =
   if getEnv("NIM_COMPILE_TO_CPP", "false") == "true":
@@ -456,16 +451,6 @@ proc getTestSpecTarget(): TTarget =
   else:
     result = targetC
 
-proc checkDisabled(r: var TResults, test: TTest): bool =
-  if test.spec.err in {reDisabled, reJoined}:
-    # targetC is a lie, but parameter is required
-    r.addResult(test, targetC, "", "", test.spec.err)
-    inc(r.skipped)
-    inc(r.total)
-    result = false
-  else:
-    result = true
-
 var count = 0
 
 proc equalModuloLastNewline(a, b: string): bool =
@@ -473,45 +458,48 @@ proc equalModuloLastNewline(a, b: string): bool =
   result = a == b or b.endsWith("\n") and a == b[0 ..< ^1]
 
 proc testSpecHelper(r: var TResults, test: var TTest, expected: TSpec,
-                    target: TTarget, nimcache: string, extraOptions = "") =
+                    target: TTarget, extraOptions: string, nimcache: string) =
   test.startTime = epochTime()
+  if testName(test, target, extraOptions, false) in skips:
+    test.spec.err = reDisabled
+
+  if test.spec.err in {reDisabled, reJoined}:
+    r.addResult(test, target, extraOptions, "", "", test.spec.err)
+    inc(r.skipped)
+    return
+  var given = callNimCompiler(expected.getCmd, test.name, test.options, nimcache, target, extraOptions)
   case expected.action
   of actionCompile:
-    var given = callCompiler(expected.getCmd, test.name, test.options, nimcache, target,
-          extraOptions = " --stdout --hint[Path]:off --hint[Processing]:off")
-    compilerOutputTests(test, target, given, expected, r)
+    compilerOutputTests(test, target, extraOptions, given, expected, r)
   of actionRun:
-    var given = callCompiler(expected.getCmd, test.name, test.options,
-                             nimcache, target, extraOptions)
     if given.err != reSuccess:
-      r.addResult(test, target, "", "$ " & given.cmd & '\n' & given.nimout, given.err)
+      r.addResult(test, target, extraOptions, "", "$ " & given.cmd & '\n' & given.nimout, given.err, givenSpec = given.addr)
     else:
       let isJsTarget = target == targetJS
       var exeFile = changeFileExt(test.name, if isJsTarget: "js" else: ExeExt)
       if not fileExists(exeFile):
-        r.addResult(test, target, expected.output,
+        r.addResult(test, target, extraOptions, expected.output,
                     "executable not found: " & exeFile, reExeNotFound)
       else:
         let nodejs = if isJsTarget: findNodeJs() else: ""
         if isJsTarget and nodejs == "":
-          r.addResult(test, target, expected.output, "nodejs binary not in PATH",
+          r.addResult(test, target, extraOptions, expected.output, "nodejs binary not in PATH",
                       reExeNotFound)
         else:
           var exeCmd: string
-          var args = test.args
+          var args = test.testArgs
           if isJsTarget:
             exeCmd = nodejs
             # see D20210217T215950
             args = @["--unhandled-rejections=strict", exeFile] & args
           else:
             exeCmd = exeFile.dup(normalizeExe)
-            if expected.useValgrind != disabled:
+            if valgrindEnabled and expected.useValgrind != disabled:
               var valgrindOptions = @["--error-exitcode=1"]
               if expected.useValgrind != leaking:
                 valgrindOptions.add "--leak-check=yes"
               args = valgrindOptions & exeCmd & args
               exeCmd = "valgrind"
-          # xxx honor `testament --verbose` here
           var (_, buf, exitCode) = execCmdEx2(exeCmd, args, input = expected.input)
           # Treat all failure codes from nodejs as 1. Older versions of nodejs used
           # to return other codes, but for us it is sufficient to know that it's not 0.
@@ -526,25 +514,45 @@ proc testSpecHelper(r: var TResults, test: var TTest, expected: TSpec,
             else:
               buf
           if exitCode != expected.exitCode:
-            r.addResult(test, target, "exitcode: " & $expected.exitCode,
+            given.err = reExitcodesDiffer
+            r.addResult(test, target, extraOptions, "exitcode: " & $expected.exitCode,
                               "exitcode: " & $exitCode & "\n\nOutput:\n" &
                               bufB, reExitcodesDiffer)
           elif (expected.outputCheck == ocEqual and not expected.output.equalModuloLastNewline(bufB)) or
               (expected.outputCheck == ocSubstr and expected.output notin bufB):
             given.err = reOutputsDiffer
-            r.addResult(test, target, expected.output, bufB, reOutputsDiffer)
-          else:
-            compilerOutputTests(test, target, given, expected, r)
+            r.addResult(test, target, extraOptions, expected.output, bufB, reOutputsDiffer)
+          compilerOutputTests(test, target, extraOptions, given, expected, r)
   of actionReject:
-    var given = callCompiler(expected.getCmd, test.name, test.options,
-                              nimcache, target)
-    cmpMsgs(r, expected, given, test, target)
+    # Make sure its the compiler rejecting and not the system (e.g. segfault)
+    cmpMsgs(r, expected, given, test, target, extraOptions)
+    if given.exitCode != QuitFailure:
+      r.addResult(test, target, extraOptions, "exitcode: " & $QuitFailure,
+                        "exitcode: " & $given.exitCode & "\n\nOutput:\n" &
+                        given.nimout, reExitcodesDiffer)
+
+
 
-proc targetHelper(r: var TResults, test: TTest, expected: TSpec, extraOptions = "") =
+proc changeTarget(extraOptions: string; defaultTarget: TTarget): TTarget =
+  result = defaultTarget
+  var p = parseopt.initOptParser(extraOptions)
+
+  while true:
+    parseopt.next(p)
+    case p.kind
+    of cmdEnd: break
+    of cmdLongOption, cmdShortOption:
+      if p.key == "b" or p.key == "backend":
+        result = parseEnum[TTarget](p.val.normalize)
+        # chooses the last one
+    else:
+      discard
+
+proc targetHelper(r: var TResults, test: TTest, expected: TSpec, extraOptions: string) =
   for target in expected.targets:
     inc(r.total)
     if target notin gTargets:
-      r.addResult(test, target, "", "", reDisabled)
+      r.addResult(test, target, extraOptions, "", "", reDisabled)
       inc(r.skipped)
     elif simulate:
       inc count
@@ -552,16 +560,16 @@ proc targetHelper(r: var TResults, test: TTest, expected: TSpec, extraOptions =
     else:
       let nimcache = nimcacheDir(test.name, test.options, target)
       var testClone = test
-      testSpecHelper(r, testClone, expected, target, nimcache, extraOptions)
+      let target = changeTarget(extraOptions, target)
+      testSpecHelper(r, testClone, expected, target, extraOptions, nimcache)
 
 proc testSpec(r: var TResults, test: TTest, targets: set[TTarget] = {}) =
   var expected = test.spec
   if expected.parseErrors.len > 0:
     # targetC is a lie, but a parameter is required
-    r.addResult(test, targetC, "", expected.parseErrors, reInvalidSpec)
+    r.addResult(test, targetC, "", "", expected.parseErrors, reInvalidSpec)
     inc(r.total)
     return
-  if not checkDisabled(r, test): return
 
   expected.targets.incl targets
   # still no target specified at all
@@ -571,46 +579,13 @@ proc testSpec(r: var TResults, test: TTest, targets: set[TTarget] = {}) =
     for m in test.spec.matrix:
       targetHelper(r, test, expected, m)
   else:
-    targetHelper(r, test, expected)
+    targetHelper(r, test, expected, "")
 
 proc testSpecWithNimcache(r: var TResults, test: TTest; nimcache: string) {.used.} =
-  if not checkDisabled(r, test): return
   for target in test.spec.targets:
     inc(r.total)
     var testClone = test
-    testSpecHelper(r, testClone, test.spec, target, nimcache)
-
-proc testC(r: var TResults, test: TTest, action: TTestAction) =
-  # runs C code. Doesn't support any specs, just goes by exit code.
-  if not checkDisabled(r, test): return
-
-  let tname = test.name.addFileExt(".c")
-  inc(r.total)
-  maybeStyledEcho "Processing ", fgCyan, extractFilename(tname)
-  var given = callCCompiler(getCmd(TSpec()), test.name & ".c", test.options, targetC)
-  if given.err != reSuccess:
-    r.addResult(test, targetC, "", given.msg, given.err)
-  elif action == actionRun:
-    let exeFile = changeFileExt(test.name, ExeExt)
-    var (_, exitCode) = execCmdEx(exeFile, options = {poStdErrToStdOut, poUsePath})
-    if exitCode != 0: given.err = reExitcodesDiffer
-  if given.err == reSuccess: inc(r.passed)
-
-proc testExec(r: var TResults, test: TTest) =
-  # runs executable or script, just goes by exit code
-  if not checkDisabled(r, test): return
-
-  inc(r.total)
-  let (outp, errC) = execCmdEx(test.options.strip())
-  var given: TSpec
-  if errC == 0:
-    given.err = reSuccess
-  else:
-    given.err = reExitcodesDiffer
-    given.msg = outp
-
-  if given.err == reSuccess: inc(r.passed)
-  r.addResult(test, targetC, "", given.msg, given.err)
+    testSpecHelper(r, testClone, test.spec, target, "", nimcache)
 
 proc makeTest(test, options: string, cat: Category): TTest =
   result.cat = cat
@@ -624,14 +599,12 @@ proc makeRawTest(test, options: string, cat: Category): TTest {.used.} =
   result.name = test
   result.options = options
   result.spec = initSpec(addFileExt(test, ".nim"))
-  result.startTime = epochTime()
   result.spec.action = actionCompile
   result.spec.targets = {getTestSpecTarget()}
+  result.startTime = epochTime()
 
 # TODO: fix these files
 const disabledFilesDefault = @[
-  "LockFreeHash.nim",
-  "sharedstrings.nim",
   "tableimpl.nim",
   "setimpl.nim",
   "hashcommon.nim",
@@ -677,13 +650,13 @@ proc main() =
   var targetsStr = ""
   var isMainProcess = true
   var skipFrom = ""
-  var useMegatest = true
 
   var p = initOptParser()
   p.next()
   while p.kind in {cmdLongOption, cmdShortOption}:
     case p.key.normalize
-    of "print", "verbose": optPrintResults = true
+    of "print": optPrintResults = true
+    of "verbose": optVerbose = true
     of "failing": optFailing = true
     of "pedantic": discard # deadcode refs https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/16731
     of "targets":
@@ -704,7 +677,7 @@ proc main() =
         quit Usage
     of "batch":
       testamentData0.batchArg = p.val
-      if p.val != "_":
+      if p.val != "_" and p.val.len > 0 and p.val[0] in {'0'..'9'}:
         let s = p.val.split("_")
         doAssert s.len == 2, $(p.val, s)
         testamentData0.testamentBatch = s[0].parseInt
@@ -721,6 +694,14 @@ proc main() =
         useMegatest = false
       else:
         quit Usage
+    of "valgrind":
+      case p.val:
+      of "on":
+        valgrindEnabled = true
+      of "off":
+        valgrindEnabled = false
+      else:
+        quit Usage
     of "backendlogging":
       case p.val:
       of "on":
diff --git a/testament/tests/shouldfail/tccodecheck.nim b/testament/tests/shouldfail/tccodecheck.nim
index a8d216a5b..477da1e23 100644
--- a/testament/tests/shouldfail/tccodecheck.nim
+++ b/testament/tests/shouldfail/tccodecheck.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-ccodecheck: "baz"
+  ccodecheck: "baz"
 """
 
 proc foo(): void {.exportc: "bar".}=
diff --git a/testament/tests/shouldfail/tcolumn.nim b/testament/tests/shouldfail/tcolumn.nim
index 89482e673..809ddec74 100644
--- a/testament/tests/shouldfail/tcolumn.nim
+++ b/testament/tests/shouldfail/tcolumn.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 discard """
-errormsg: "undeclared identifier: 'undeclared'"
-line: 8
-column: 7
+  errormsg: "undeclared identifier: 'undeclared'"
+  line: 9
+  column: 7
 """
 
 # test should fail because the line directive is wrong
diff --git a/testament/tests/shouldfail/terrormsg.nim b/testament/tests/shouldfail/terrormsg.nim
index dbbdf5021..6c130d107 100644
--- a/testament/tests/shouldfail/terrormsg.nim
+++ b/testament/tests/shouldfail/terrormsg.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 discard """
-errormsg: "wrong error message"
-line: 8
-column: 6
+  errormsg: "wrong error message"
+  line: 9
+  column: 6
 """
 
 # test should fail because the line directive is wrong
diff --git a/testament/tests/shouldfail/texitcode1.nim b/testament/tests/shouldfail/texitcode1.nim
index 1b38b4f2e..605f046db 100644
--- a/testament/tests/shouldfail/texitcode1.nim
+++ b/testament/tests/shouldfail/texitcode1.nim
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 discard """
-exitcode: 1
+  exitcode: 1
 """
diff --git a/testament/tests/shouldfail/tfile.nim b/testament/tests/shouldfail/tfile.nim
index 20d4bd1f3..b40a4f44f 100644
--- a/testament/tests/shouldfail/tfile.nim
+++ b/testament/tests/shouldfail/tfile.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
-errormsg: "undeclared identifier: 'undefined'"
-file: "notthisfile.nim"
+  errormsg: "undeclared identifier: 'undefined'"
+  file: "notthisfile.nim"
 """
 
 echo undefined
diff --git a/testament/tests/shouldfail/tline.nim b/testament/tests/shouldfail/tline.nim
index f7a09875c..fe782eb03 100644
--- a/testament/tests/shouldfail/tline.nim
+++ b/testament/tests/shouldfail/tline.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 discard """
-errormsg: "undeclared identifier: 'undeclared'"
-line: 9
-column: 6
+  errormsg: "undeclared identifier: 'undeclared'"
+  line: 10
+  column: 6
 """
 
 # test should fail because the line directive is wrong
diff --git a/testament/tests/shouldfail/tmaxcodesize.nim b/testament/tests/shouldfail/tmaxcodesize.nim
index 9879e4181..92022ee97 100644
--- a/testament/tests/shouldfail/tmaxcodesize.nim
+++ b/testament/tests/shouldfail/tmaxcodesize.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-maxcodesize: 1
+  maxcodesize: 1
 """
 
 echo "Hello World"
diff --git a/testament/tests/shouldfail/tnimout.nim b/testament/tests/shouldfail/tnimout.nim
index c0e332053..0a65bfb70 100644
--- a/testament/tests/shouldfail/tnimout.nim
+++ b/testament/tests/shouldfail/tnimout.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
-nimout: "Hello World!"
-action: compile
+  nimout: "Hello World!"
+  action: compile
 """
 
 static:
diff --git a/testament/tests/shouldfail/tnimoutfull.nim b/testament/tests/shouldfail/tnimoutfull.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4fc93f6d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testament/tests/shouldfail/tnimoutfull.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+discard """
+  nimout: '''
+msg1
+msg2
+'''
+  action: compile
+  nimoutFull: true
+"""
+
+# should fail because `msg3` is not in nimout and `nimoutFill: true` was given
+static:
+  echo "msg1"
+  echo "msg2"
+  echo "msg3"
diff --git a/testament/tests/shouldfail/toutput.nim b/testament/tests/shouldfail/toutput.nim
index ac0bc7a46..eaf9e8652 100644
--- a/testament/tests/shouldfail/toutput.nim
+++ b/testament/tests/shouldfail/toutput.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 discard """
-output: '''
-done
-'''
+  output: '''
+  done
+  '''
 """
 
 echo "broken"
diff --git a/testament/tests/shouldfail/toutputsub.nim b/testament/tests/shouldfail/toutputsub.nim
index 7cc51ee8d..47324ecee 100644
--- a/testament/tests/shouldfail/toutputsub.nim
+++ b/testament/tests/shouldfail/toutputsub.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-outputsub: "something else"
+  outputsub: "something else"
 """
 
 echo "Hello World!"
diff --git a/testament/tests/shouldfail/treject.nim b/testament/tests/shouldfail/treject.nim
index aaf2b4a63..1e7258f70 100644
--- a/testament/tests/shouldfail/treject.nim
+++ b/testament/tests/shouldfail/treject.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-action: "reject"
+  action: "reject"
 """
 
 # Because we set action="reject", we expect this line not to compile. But the
diff --git a/testament/tests/shouldfail/tsortoutput.nim b/testament/tests/shouldfail/tsortoutput.nim
index 4ce9ce26d..69dfbc0a0 100644
--- a/testament/tests/shouldfail/tsortoutput.nim
+++ b/testament/tests/shouldfail/tsortoutput.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
-sortoutput: true
-output: '''
+  sortoutput: true
+  output: '''
 2
 1
 '''
diff --git a/testament/tests/shouldfail/tvalgrind.nim b/testament/tests/shouldfail/tvalgrind.nim
index 4f699fd3b..d551ff12e 100644
--- a/testament/tests/shouldfail/tvalgrind.nim
+++ b/testament/tests/shouldfail/tvalgrind.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
-valgrind: true
-cmd: "nim $target --gc:arc -d:useMalloc $options $file"
+  valgrind: true
+  cmd: "nim $target --gc:arc -d:useMalloc $options $file"
 """
 
 # this is the same check used by testament/specs.nim whether or not valgrind
diff --git a/tests/alias/t19349.nim b/tests/alias/t19349.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e1e58264
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/alias/t19349.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+  action: "compile"
+"""
+
+type
+  Vec3[T: SomeNumber] = object
+    arr: array[3, T]
+
+var 
+  cfloatArr: array[3, array[3, cfloat]]
+  cfloatSeq = newSeq[Vec3[cfloat]]()
+for row in cfloatArr:
+  cfloatSeq.add(Vec3[float32](arr: [row[0], row[1], row[2]]))
+
+var 
+  cuintArr: array[3, array[3, cuint]]
+  cuintSeq = newSeq[Vec3[cuint]]()
+for row in cuintArr:
+  cuintSeq.add(Vec3[uint32](arr: [row[0], row[1], row[2]]))
diff --git a/tests/align/talign.nim b/tests/align/talign.nim
index 3b8f6b4df..08373ee49 100644
--- a/tests/align/talign.nim
+++ b/tests/align/talign.nim
@@ -51,3 +51,19 @@ type Bug[T] = object
 
 var bug: Bug[int]
 doAssert sizeof(bug) == 128, "Oops my size is " & $sizeof(bug) # 16
+
+
+block: # bug #22419
+  type
+    ValidatorPubKey = object
+      blob: array[96, byte]
+
+  proc f(): auto =
+    return iterator() =
+      var pad: int8 = 0
+      var y {.align: 16.}: ValidatorPubKey
+      let value = cast[uint64](addr y)
+      doAssert value mod 16 == 0
+
+  f()()
+
diff --git a/tests/alloc/tmembug.nim b/tests/alloc/tmembug.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63b51ec5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/alloc/tmembug.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+discard """
+  joinable: false
+"""
+
+import std / [atomics, strutils, sequtils]
+
+type
+  BackendMessage* = object
+    field*: seq[int]
+
+var
+  chan1: Channel[BackendMessage]
+  chan2: Channel[BackendMessage]
+
+chan1.open()
+chan2.open()
+
+proc routeMessage*(msg: BackendMessage) =
+  discard chan2.trySend(msg)
+
+var
+  recv: Thread[void]
+  stopToken: Atomic[bool]
+
+proc recvMsg() =
+  while not stopToken.load(moRelaxed):
+    let resp = chan1.tryRecv()
+    if resp.dataAvailable:
+      routeMessage(resp.msg)
+      echo "child consumes ", formatSize getOccupiedMem()
+
+createThread[void](recv, recvMsg)
+
+const MESSAGE_COUNT = 100
+
+proc main() =
+  let msg: BackendMessage = BackendMessage(field: (0..500).toSeq())
+  for j in 0..0: #100:
+    echo "New iteration"
+
+    for _ in 1..MESSAGE_COUNT:
+      chan1.send(msg)
+    echo "After sending"
+
+    var counter = 0
+    while counter < MESSAGE_COUNT:
+      let resp = recv(chan2)
+      counter.inc
+    echo "After receiving ", formatSize getOccupiedMem()
+
+  stopToken.store true, moRelaxed
+  joinThreads(recv)
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/alloc/tmembug2.nim b/tests/alloc/tmembug2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01bce6f14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/alloc/tmembug2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+discard """
+  disabled: "true"
+"""
+
+import std / [atomics, strutils, sequtils, isolation]
+
+import threading / channels
+
+type
+  BackendMessage* = object
+    field*: seq[int]
+
+const MESSAGE_COUNT = 100
+
+var
+  chan1 = newChan[BackendMessage](MESSAGE_COUNT*2)
+  chan2 = newChan[BackendMessage](MESSAGE_COUNT*2)
+
+#chan1.open()
+#chan2.open()
+
+proc routeMessage*(msg: BackendMessage) =
+  var m = isolate(msg)
+  discard chan2.trySend(m)
+
+var
+  thr: Thread[void]
+  stopToken: Atomic[bool]
+
+proc recvMsg() =
+  while not stopToken.load(moRelaxed):
+    var resp: BackendMessage
+    if chan1.tryRecv(resp):
+      #if resp.dataAvailable:
+      routeMessage(resp)
+      echo "child consumes ", formatSize getOccupiedMem()
+
+createThread[void](thr, recvMsg)
+
+proc main() =
+  let msg: BackendMessage = BackendMessage(field: (0..5).toSeq())
+  for j in 0..100:
+    echo "New iteration"
+
+    for _ in 1..MESSAGE_COUNT:
+      chan1.send(msg)
+    echo "After sending"
+
+    var counter = 0
+    while counter < MESSAGE_COUNT:
+      let resp = recv(chan2)
+      counter.inc
+    echo "After receiving ", formatSize getOccupiedMem()
+
+  stopToken.store true, moRelaxed
+  joinThreads(thr)
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/arc/t16458.nim b/tests/arc/t16458.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ae114287
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t16458.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--gc:orc --d:useNimRtl"
+  action: "compile"
+"""
+
+echo 134
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/arc/t16558.nim b/tests/arc/t16558.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0dbe02b33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t16558.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--gc:arc"
+  errormsg: "expression cannot be cast to 'int'"
+"""
+
+block: # bug #16558
+  var value = "hi there"
+  var keepInt: int
+  keepInt = cast[int](value)
diff --git a/tests/arc/t17812.nim b/tests/arc/t17812.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd8ac89b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t17812.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c js"
+  matrix: "--gc:refc; --gc:arc"
+"""
+
+import std/times
+
+block: # bug #17812
+  block:
+    type
+      Task = object
+        cb: proc ()
+
+    proc hello() = discard
+
+
+    let t = Task(cb: hello)
+
+    doAssert t.repr.len > 0
+
+
+  block:
+    type MyObj = object
+      field: DateTime
+
+
+    proc `$`(o: MyObj): string = o.repr
+
+    doAssert ($MyObj()).len > 0
+
+# bug #22175
+
+type Xxx = object
+  value: string
+
+proc complete(xxx: ref Xxx, v: sink string) =
+  xxx.value = move(v)
+
+let yyy = (ref Xxx)()
+
+yyy.complete("test")
diff --git a/tests/arc/t18645.nim b/tests/arc/t18645.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c5fddd4bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t18645.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--gc:arc; --gc:refc"
+  output: '''
+1
+2
+3
+'''
+"""
+
+proc bitTypeIdUnion() =
+  var bitId {.global.} = block:
+    0
+  inc bitId
+  echo bitId
+
+bitTypeIdUnion()
+bitTypeIdUnion()
+bitTypeIdUnion()
diff --git a/tests/arc/t18971.nim b/tests/arc/t18971.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b587d956
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t18971.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim c --gc:arc $file"
+"""
+
+type MyObj = ref object
+
+var o = MyObj()
+proc x: var MyObj = o
+
+var o2 = x()
diff --git a/tests/arc/t18977.nim b/tests/arc/t18977.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c775551a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t18977.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:arc"
+"""
+
+type
+  E = enum
+    a, b, c, d
+  X = object
+    v: int
+  O = object
+    case kind: E
+    of a:
+      a: int
+    of {b, c}:
+      b: float
+    else:
+      d: X
+
+proc `=destroy`(x: var X) =
+  echo "x destroyed"
+
+var o = O(kind: d, d: X(v: 12345))
+doAssert o.d.v == 12345
+
+doAssertRaises(FieldDefect):
+  o.kind = a
diff --git a/tests/arc/t19231.nim b/tests/arc/t19231.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40fcf277c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t19231.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:orc"
+  targets: "c cpp"
+"""
+
+type
+  Game* = ref object
+
+proc free*(game: Game) =
+  var mixNumOpened:cint = 0
+  for i in 0..<mixNumOpened:
+    mixNumOpened -= 1
+
+proc newGame*(): Game =
+  new result, free
+
+var
+  game*: Game
diff --git a/tests/arc/t19364.nim b/tests/arc/t19364.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f520f3291
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t19364.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: '''nim c --gc:arc --expandArc:fooLeaks $file'''
+  nimout: '''
+--expandArc: fooLeaks
+
+var
+  tmpTuple_cursor
+  a_cursor
+  b_cursor
+  c_cursor
+tmpTuple_cursor = refTuple
+a_cursor = tmpTuple_cursor[0]
+b_cursor = tmpTuple_cursor[1]
+c_cursor = tmpTuple_cursor[2]
+-- end of expandArc ------------------------
+'''
+"""
+
+func fooLeaks(refTuple: tuple[a,
+                              b,
+                              c: seq[float]]): float =
+  let (a, b, c) = refTuple
+
+let refset = (a: newSeq[float](25_000_000),
+              b: newSeq[float](25_000_000),
+              c: newSeq[float](25_000_000))
+
+var res = newSeq[float](1_000_000)
+for i in 0 .. res.high:
+  res[i] = fooLeaks(refset)
diff --git a/tests/arc/t19401.nim b/tests/arc/t19401.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56702a4a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t19401.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+delete foo
+delete foo
+delete foo
+'''
+  matrix: "--mm:arc"
+"""
+
+type Foo = ref object
+  data: int
+proc delete(self: Foo) 
+proc newFoo: Foo =
+  let x = 12
+  discard x
+  new(result, delete)
+  result.data = x
+proc delete(self: Foo) =
+  doAssert self.data == 12
+  echo("delete foo")
+
+if isMainModule:
+  proc test() =
+    let x1 = newFoo()
+    let x2 = newFoo()
+    discard x1
+    discard x2
+    var x3: Foo
+    new(x3, delete)
+    x3.data = 12
+    discard x3
+  test()
diff --git a/tests/arc/t19402.nim b/tests/arc/t19402.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ee6fc798
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t19402.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+delete foo
+delete foo
+delete foo
+'''
+  matrix: "--mm:arc"
+"""
+
+type Foo = ref object of RootObj
+  data: int
+proc delete(self: Foo)
+proc newFoo: Foo =
+  let x = 12
+  discard x
+  new(result, delete)
+  result.data = x
+proc delete(self: Foo) =
+  doAssert self.data == 12
+  echo("delete foo")
+
+if isMainModule:
+  proc test() =
+    let x1 = newFoo()
+    let x2 = newFoo()
+    discard x1
+    discard x2
+    var x3: Foo
+    new(x3, delete)
+    x3.data = 12
+    discard x3
+  test()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/arc/t19435.nim b/tests/arc/t19435.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..519216bad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t19435.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--gc:arc"
+"""
+
+# bug #19435
+{.experimental: "views".}
+
+type
+  Bar = object
+    placeholder: int
+  Foo = object
+    placeholder: int
+    c: seq[Bar] # remove this line to make things right
+
+func children*(s: var seq[Foo]): openArray[Foo] =
+  s.toOpenArray(0, s.len-1)
+
+proc test =
+  var foos = @[Foo(), Foo()]
+
+  assert foos.children.len == 2
+  var flag = true
+  for a in foos.children:
+    flag = false
+
+  if flag:
+    doAssert false
+
+test()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/arc/t19457.nim b/tests/arc/t19457.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..78447ce82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t19457.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--gc:refc; --gc:arc"
+"""
+
+# bug #19457
+proc gcd(x, y: seq[int]): seq[int] =
+    var
+      a = x
+      b = y
+    while b[0] > 0:
+      let c = @[a[0] mod b[0]]
+      a = b
+      b = c
+    return a
+
+doAssert gcd(@[1], @[2]) == @[1]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/arc/t19862.nim b/tests/arc/t19862.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d3f57692
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t19862.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--gc:refc; --gc:arc"
+"""
+
+import std/widestrs
+
+# bug #19862
+type NewString = object
+
+proc len(s: NewString): int = 10
+
+converter toNewString(x: WideCStringObj): NewString = discard
+
+let w = newWideCString("test")
+doAssert len(w) == 4
diff --git a/tests/arc/t20456.nim b/tests/arc/t20456.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ace79255a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t20456.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $file"
+  action: "compile"
+"""
+
+when not defined(gcOrc):
+  {.error: "orc".}
diff --git a/tests/arc/t20588.nim b/tests/arc/t20588.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..008bd1dcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t20588.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check --warnings:off --hints:off $file"
+  errormsg: ""
+  nimout: '''
+t20588.nim(20, 12) Error: illegal type conversion to 'auto'
+t20588.nim(21, 14) Error: illegal type conversion to 'typed'
+t20588.nim(22, 16) Error: illegal type conversion to 'untyped'
+t20588.nim(24, 7) Error: illegal type conversion to 'any'
+'''
+"""
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+discard 0.0.auto
+discard typed("abc")
+discard untyped(4)
+var a = newSeq[bool](1000)
+if any(a):
+  echo "ok?"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/arc/t21184.nim b/tests/arc/t21184.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..91d0c42c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t21184.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:orc"
+"""
+
+import std/[with]
+
+type
+  Node* {.acyclic.} = ref object of RootObj
+    name: string
+    data: pointer
+    children: seq[Node]
+  TextNode = ref object of Node
+    text: string
+
+proc fakeEcho(s: string) =
+  if s.len < 0:
+    echo s
+
+proc newNode[T: Node](parent: Node): T =
+  new result
+  result.data = alloc0(250)
+  parent.children.add(result)
+
+proc newRootNode(): Node =
+  new result
+  result.data = alloc0(250)
+
+method printNode(node: Node) {.base.} =
+  fakeEcho node.name
+
+method printNode(node: TextNode) =
+  procCall printNode(Node(node))
+  fakeEcho node.text
+
+proc printChildren(node: Node) =
+  for child in node.children:
+    child.printNode()
+    printChildren(child)
+
+proc free(node: Node) =
+  for child in node.children:
+    free(child)
+  dealloc(node.data)
+
+template node(parent: Node, body: untyped): untyped =
+  var node = newNode[Node](parent)
+  with node:
+    body
+
+proc textNode(parent: Node, text: string) =
+  var node = newNode[TextNode](parent)
+  node.text = text
+
+template withRootNode(body: untyped): untyped =
+  var root = newRootNode()
+  root.name = "root"
+  with root:
+    body
+  root.printNode()
+  printChildren(root)
+  root.free()
+
+proc doTest() =
+  withRootNode:
+    node:
+      name = "child1"
+      node:
+        name = "child2"
+        node:
+          name = "child3"
+          textNode "Hello, world!"
+
+
+# bug #21171
+if isMainModule:
+  for i in 0..100000:
+    doTest()
diff --git a/tests/arc/t22218.nim b/tests/arc/t22218.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7837ed1d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t22218.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim c --mm:arc $file"
+  errormsg: "'=copy' is not available for type <Obj>; requires a copy because it's not the last read of 'chan[]'; routine: test"
+"""
+
+# bug #22218
+type Obj[T] = object
+  v: T
+
+proc `=copy`[T](
+    dest: var Obj[T],
+    source: Obj[T]
+  ) {.error: "A channel cannot be copied".}
+
+from system/ansi_c import c_calloc
+
+proc test() =
+    var v: bool = true
+    var chan = cast[ptr Obj[int]](c_calloc(1, csize_t sizeof(Obj[int])))
+    var copy = chan[]
+
+    echo chan.v
+    echo v
+
+test()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/arc/t22237.nim b/tests/arc/t22237.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c6dbf768a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t22237.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:arc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
+import std/macros
+import std/streams
+
+# bug #22237
+
+proc iterlines_closure2(f: File | Stream): iterator (): string =
+  result = iterator(): string =
+    for line in f.lines:
+      if line.len == 0:
+        break
+      yield line
+
+proc test() =
+  let f = newStringStream("""
+    1
+    2
+
+    3
+    4
+
+    5
+    6
+    7
+
+    8
+""")
+  while not f.atEnd():
+    let iterator_inst = iterlines_closure2(f)
+    for item in iterator_inst(): # Fails with "SIGSEGV: Illegal storage access. (Attempt to read from nil?)"
+      discard
+
+test()
+
+# bug #21160
+import sequtils
+
+iterator allMoves(fls: seq[int]): seq[int] =
+  yield fls
+
+proc neighbors(flrs: seq[int]): iterator: seq[int] =
+  return iterator(): seq[int] =
+    for flrs2 in allMoves(flrs):
+      yield flrs2
+      for flrs3 in allMoves(flrs2):
+        yield flrs3
+
+let f = @[1]
+for _ in neighbors(f):
+  discard
+for _ in neighbors(f):
+  discard
diff --git a/tests/arc/t22478.nim b/tests/arc/t22478.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5373fa161
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t22478.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "-d:nimNoLentIterators --mm:arc"
+  output: '''PUSH DATA: {"test.message":{"test":{"nested":"v1"}}}'''
+  joinable: false
+"""
+
+# bug #22748
+import std/[json, typetraits, times]
+
+# publish
+
+proc publish*[T](payload: T) =
+  discard
+
+type MetricsPoint* = JsonNode
+
+proc push*(stat: string, data: JsonNode, usec: int64 = 0) =
+  let payload = newJObject()
+
+  # this results in a infinite recursion unless we deepCopy()
+  payload[stat] = data #.deepCopy
+
+  echo "PUSH DATA: ", payload
+
+  publish[MetricsPoint](payload)
+
+var scopes {.threadvar.}: seq[JsonNode]
+
+type WithTimeCallback*[T] = proc(data: var JsonNode): T
+
+proc pushScoped*[T](metric: string, blk: WithTimeCallback[T]): T {.gcsafe.} =
+  scopes.add newJObject()
+  defer: discard scopes.pop()
+
+  let stc = (cpuTime() * 1000_000).int64
+  result = blk(scopes[^1])
+  let dfc = (cpuTime() * 1000_000).int64 - stc
+
+  push(metric, scopes[^1], dfc)
+
+# demo code
+
+discard pushScoped[int]("test.message") do (data: var JsonNode) -> int:
+  data["test"] = %*{
+    "nested": "v1"
+  }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/arc/t22787.nim b/tests/arc/t22787.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5840a984b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t22787.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+discard """
+  joinable: false
+"""
+
+import std/assertions
+
+proc foo =
+  var s:seq[string]
+  var res = ""
+
+  for i in 0..3:
+    s.add ("test" & $i)
+    s.add ("test" & $i)
+
+  var lastname:string
+
+  for i in s:
+    var name = i[0..4]
+
+    if name != lastname:
+      res.add "NEW:" & name & "\n"
+    else:
+      res.add name & ">" & lastname & "\n"
+
+    lastname = name
+
+  doAssert res == """
+NEW:test0
+test0>test0
+NEW:test1
+test1>test1
+NEW:test2
+test2>test2
+NEW:test3
+test3>test3
+"""
+foo()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/arc/t23247.nim b/tests/arc/t23247.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0fadc50cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t23247.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: ";-d:useMalloc"
+"""
+
+# bug #23247
+import std/hashes
+
+func baseAddr[T](x: openArray[T]): ptr T =
+  # Return the address of the zero:th element of x or `nil` if x is empty
+  if x.len == 0: nil else: cast[ptr T](x)
+
+func makeUncheckedArray[T](p: ptr T): ptr UncheckedArray[T] =
+  cast[ptr UncheckedArray[T]](p)
+
+type
+  LabelKey = object
+    data: seq[string]
+    refs: ptr UncheckedArray[string]
+    refslen: int
+
+  Gauge = ref object
+    metrics: seq[seq[seq[string]]]
+
+template values(key: LabelKey): openArray[string] =
+  if key.refslen > 0:
+    key.refs.toOpenArray(0, key.refslen - 1)
+  else:
+    key.data
+
+proc hash(key: LabelKey): Hash =
+  hash(key.values)
+
+proc view(T: type LabelKey, values: openArray[string]): T =
+  # TODO some day, we might get view types - until then..
+  LabelKey(refs: baseAddr(values).makeUncheckedArray(), refslen: values.len())
+
+template withValue2(k: untyped) =
+  discard hash(k)
+
+proc setGauge(
+    collector: Gauge,
+    labelValues: openArray[string],
+) =
+  let v = LabelKey.view(labelValues)
+  withValue2(v)
+  collector.metrics.add @[@labelValues, @labelValues]
+  discard @labelValues
+
+var nim_gc_mem_bytes = Gauge()
+let threadID = $getThreadId()
+setGauge(nim_gc_mem_bytes, @[threadID])
+setGauge(nim_gc_mem_bytes, @[threadID])
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/arc/t9650.nim b/tests/arc/t9650.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a8182db68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/t9650.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--gc:arc"
+"""
+
+import typetraits
+
+# bug #9650
+type
+  SharedPtr*[T] = object
+    val: ptr tuple[atomicCounter: int, value: T]
+
+  Node*[T] = object
+    value: T
+    next: SharedPtr[Node[T]]
+
+  ForwardList*[T] = object
+    first: SharedPtr[Node[T]]
+
+proc `=destroy`*[T](p: var SharedPtr[T]) =
+  if p.val != nil:
+    let c = atomicDec(p.val[].atomicCounter)
+    if c == 0:
+      when not supportsCopyMem(T):
+         `=destroy`(p.val[])
+      dealloc(p.val)
+    p.val = nil
+
+proc `=`*[T](dest: var SharedPtr[T], src: SharedPtr[T]) =
+  if dest.val != src.val:
+    if dest.val != nil:
+      `=destroy`(dest)
+    if src.val != nil:
+      discard atomicInc(src.val[].atomicCounter)
+      dest.val = src.val
+
+proc `=sink`*[T](dest: var SharedPtr[T], src: SharedPtr[T]) =
+  if dest.val != nil and dest.val != src.val:
+    `=destroy`(dest)
+  dest.val = src.val
+
+ 
+proc newSharedPtr*[T](val: sink T): SharedPtr[T] =
+  result.val = cast[type(result.val)](alloc(sizeof(result.val[])))
+  reset(result.val[])
+  result.val.atomicCounter = 1
+  result.val.value = val
+
+proc isNil*[T](p: SharedPtr[T]): bool =
+  p.val == nil
+
+template `->`*[T](p: SharedPtr[T], name: untyped): untyped =
+  p.val.value.name
+
+proc createNode[T](val: T): SharedPtr[ Node[T] ]=
+  result = newSharedPtr(Node[T](value: val))
+
+proc push_front*[T](list: var ForwardList[T], val: T) =
+  var newElem = createNode(val)
+  newElem->next = list.first
+  list.first = newElem
+
+proc pop_front*[T](list: var ForwardList[T]) =
+  let head = list.first
+  list.first = head->next
+
+proc toString*[T](list: ForwardList[T]): string =
+  result = "["
+  var head = list.first
+  while not head.isNil:
+    result &= $(head->value) & ", "
+    head = head->next
+  result &= ']'
+
+block:
+  var x: ForwardList[int]
+  x.push_front(1)
+  x.push_front(2)
+  x.push_front(3)
+
+  doAssert toString(x) == "[3, 2, 1, ]"
+
+  x.pop_front()
+  x.pop_front()
+  doAssert toString(x) == "[1, ]"
+
+  x.pop_front()
+  doAssert toString(x) == "[]"
diff --git a/tests/arc/taliased_reassign.nim b/tests/arc/taliased_reassign.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5563fae8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/taliased_reassign.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:orc"
+"""
+
+# bug #20993
+
+type
+  Dual[int] = object # must be generic (even if fully specified)
+    p: int
+proc D(p: int): Dual[int] = Dual[int](p: p)
+proc `+`(x: Dual[int], y: Dual[int]): Dual[int] = D(x.p + y.p)
+
+type
+  Tensor[T] = object
+    buf: seq[T]
+proc newTensor*[T](s: int): Tensor[T] = Tensor[T](buf: newSeq[T](s))
+proc `[]`*[T](t: Tensor[T], idx: int): T = t.buf[idx]
+proc `[]=`*[T](t: var Tensor[T], idx: int, val: T) = t.buf[idx] = val
+
+proc `+.`[T](t1, t2: Tensor[T]): Tensor[T] =
+  let n = t1.buf.len
+  result = newTensor[T](n)
+  for i in 0 ..< n:
+    result[i] = t1[i] + t2[i]
+
+proc toTensor*[T](a: sink seq[T]): Tensor[T] =
+  ## This breaks it: Using `T` instead makes it work
+  type U = typeof(a[0])
+  var t: Tensor[U] # Tensor[T] works
+  t.buf = a
+  result = t
+
+proc loss() =
+  var B = toTensor(@[D(123)])
+  let a = toTensor(@[D(-10)])
+  B = B +. a
+  doAssert B[0].p == 113, "I want to be 113, but I am " & $B[0].p
+
+loss()
+
+
diff --git a/tests/arc/tarc_macro.nim b/tests/arc/tarc_macro.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33ade1da4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/tarc_macro.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import macros
+
+var destroyCalled = false
+macro bar() =
+  let s = newTree(nnkAccQuoted, ident"=destroy")
+  # let s = ident"`=destroy`" # this would not work
+  result = quote do:
+    type Foo = object
+    # proc `=destroy`(a: var Foo) = destroyCalled = true # this would not work
+    proc `s`(a: var Foo) = destroyCalled = true
+    block:
+      let a = Foo()
+bar()
+doAssert destroyCalled
+
+# custom `op`
+var destroyCalled2 = false
+macro bar(ident) =
+  var x = 1.5
+  result = quote("@") do:
+    type Foo = object
+    let `@ident` = 0 # custom op interpolated symbols need quoted (``)
+    proc `=destroy`(a: var Foo) =
+      doAssert @x == 1.5
+      doAssert compiles(@x == 1.5)
+      let b1 = @[1,2]
+      let b2 = @@[1,2]
+      doAssert $b1 == "[1, 2]"
+      doAssert $b2 == "@[1, 2]"
+      destroyCalled2 = true
+    block:
+      let a = Foo()
+bar(someident)
+doAssert destroyCalled2
+
+proc `&%`(x: int): int = 1
+proc `&%`(x, y: int): int = 2
+
+macro bar2() =
+  var x = 3
+  result = quote("&%") do:
+    var y = &%x # quoting operator
+    doAssert &%&%y == 1 # unary operator => need to escape
+    doAssert y &% y == 2 # binary operator => no need to escape
+    doAssert y == 3
+bar2()
+
+block:
+  macro foo(a: openArray[string] = []): string =
+    echo a # Segfault doesn't happen if this is removed
+    newLit ""
+
+  proc bar(a: static[openArray[string]] = []) =
+    const tmp = foo(a)
+
+  # bug #22909
+  doAssert not compiles(bar())
diff --git a/tests/arc/tarc_orc.nim b/tests/arc/tarc_orc.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2c7de2fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/tarc_orc.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp"
+  matrix: "--mm:arc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
+block:
+  type
+    PublicKey = array[32, uint8]
+    PrivateKey = array[64, uint8]
+
+  proc ed25519_create_keypair(publicKey: ptr PublicKey; privateKey: ptr PrivateKey) =
+    publicKey[][0] = uint8(88)
+
+  type
+    KeyPair = object
+      public: PublicKey
+      private: PrivateKey
+
+  proc initKeyPair(): KeyPair =
+    ed25519_create_keypair(result.public.addr, result.private.addr)
+
+  let keys = initKeyPair()
+  doAssert keys.public[0] == 88
+
+
+template minIndexByIt: untyped =
+  var other = 3
+  other
+
+proc bug20303() =
+  var hlibs = @["hello", "world", "how", "are", "you"]
+  let res = hlibs[minIndexByIt()]
+  doAssert res == "are"
+
+bug20303()
+
+proc main() = # todo bug with templates
+  block: # bug #11267
+    var a: seq[char] = block: @[]
+    doAssert a == @[]
+    # 2
+    proc b: seq[string] =
+      discard
+      @[]
+    doAssert b() == @[]
+static: main()
+main()
+
+
+type Obj = tuple
+  value: int
+  arr: seq[int]
+
+proc bug(): seq[Obj] =
+  result.add (value: 0, arr: @[])
+  result[^1].value = 1
+  result[^1].arr.add 1
+
+# bug #19990
+let s = bug()
+doAssert s[0] == (value: 1, arr: @[1])
+
+block: # bug #21974
+  type Test[T] = ref object
+      values : seq[T]
+      counter: int
+
+  proc newTest[T](): Test[T] =
+      result         = new(Test[T])
+      result.values  = newSeq[T](16)
+      result.counter = 0
+
+  proc push[T](self: Test[T], value: T) =
+      self.counter += 1
+      if self.counter >= self.values.len:
+          self.values.setLen(self.values.len * 2)
+      self.values[self.counter - 1] = value
+
+  proc pop[T](self: Test[T]): T =
+      result         = self.values[0]
+      self.values[0] = self.values[self.counter - 1] # <--- This line
+      self.counter  -= 1
+
+
+  type X = tuple
+      priority: int
+      value   : string
+
+  var a = newTest[X]()
+  a.push((1, "One"))
+  doAssert a.pop.value == "One"
+
+# bug #21987
+
+type
+  EmbeddedImage* = distinct Image
+  Image = object
+    len: int
+
+proc imageCopy*(image: Image): Image {.nodestroy.}
+
+proc `=destroy`*(x: var Image) =
+  discard
+proc `=sink`*(dest: var Image; source: Image) =
+  `=destroy`(dest)
+  wasMoved(dest)
+
+proc `=dup`*(source: Image): Image {.nodestroy.} =
+  result = imageCopy(source)
+
+proc `=copy`*(dest: var Image; source: Image) =
+  dest = imageCopy(source) # calls =sink implicitly
+
+proc `=destroy`*(x: var EmbeddedImage) = discard
+
+proc `=dup`*(source: EmbeddedImage): EmbeddedImage {.nodestroy.} = source
+
+proc `=copy`*(dest: var EmbeddedImage; source: EmbeddedImage) {.nodestroy.} =
+  dest = source
+
+proc imageCopy*(image: Image): Image =
+  result = image
+
+proc main2 =
+  block:
+    var a = Image(len: 2).EmbeddedImage
+    var b = Image(len: 1).EmbeddedImage
+    b = a
+    doAssert Image(a).len == 2
+    doAssert Image(b).len == 2
+
+  block:
+    var a = Image(len: 2)
+    var b = Image(len: 1)
+    b = a
+    doAssert a.len == 2
+    doAssert b.len == 0
+
+main2()
+
+block:
+  type
+    TestObj = object of RootObj
+      name: string
+    
+    TestSubObj = object of TestObj
+      objname: string
+
+  proc `=destroy`(x: TestObj) =
+    `=destroy`(x.name)
+
+  proc `=destroy`(x: TestSubObj) =
+    `=destroy`(x.objname)
+    `=destroy`(TestObj(x))
+
+  proc testCase() =
+    let t1 {.used.} = TestSubObj(objname: "tso1", name: "to1")
+
+  proc main() =
+    testCase()
+
+  main()
+
+block: # bug #23858
+  type Object = object
+    a: int
+    b: ref int
+  var x = 0
+  proc fn(): auto {.cdecl.} =
+    inc x
+    return Object()
+  discard fn()
+  doAssert x == 1
+
+block: # bug #24147
+  type
+    O = object of RootObj
+      val: string
+    OO = object of O
+
+  proc `=copy`(dest: var O, src: O) =
+      dest.val = src.val
+
+  let oo = OO(val: "hello world")
+  var ooCopy : OO
+  `=copy`(ooCopy, oo)
diff --git a/tests/arc/tarcmisc.nim b/tests/arc/tarcmisc.nim
index 55803085f..b4476ef4f 100644
--- a/tests/arc/tarcmisc.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/tarcmisc.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 discard """
   output: '''
+Destructor for TestTestObj
+=destroy called
 123xyzabc
 destroyed: false
 destroyed: false
@@ -26,14 +28,90 @@ new line after - @['a']
 finalizer
 aaaaa
 hello
+true
+copying
+123
+42
+@["", "d", ""]
 ok
-closed
 destroying variable: 20
 destroying variable: 10
+closed
 '''
-  cmd: "nim c --gc:arc --deepcopy:on $file"
+  cmd: "nim c --mm:arc --deepcopy:on -d:nimAllocPagesViaMalloc $file"
 """
 
+block: # bug #23627
+  type
+    TestObj = object of RootObj
+
+    Test2 = object of RootObj
+      foo: TestObj
+
+    TestTestObj = object of RootObj
+      shit: TestObj
+
+  proc `=destroy`(x: TestTestObj) =
+    echo "Destructor for TestTestObj"
+    let test = Test2(foo: TestObj())
+
+  proc testCaseT() =
+    let tt1 {.used.} = TestTestObj(shit: TestObj())
+
+
+  proc main() =
+    testCaseT()
+
+  main()
+
+
+# bug #9401
+
+type
+  MyObj = object
+    len: int
+    data: ptr UncheckedArray[float]
+
+proc `=destroy`*(m: MyObj) =
+
+  echo "=destroy called"
+
+  if m.data != nil:
+    deallocShared(m.data)
+
+type
+  MyObjDistinct = distinct MyObj
+
+proc `=copy`*(m: var MyObj, m2: MyObj) =
+  if m.data == m2.data: return
+  if m.data != nil:
+    `=destroy`(m)
+  m.len = m2.len
+  if m.len > 0:
+    m.data = cast[ptr UncheckedArray[float]](allocShared(sizeof(float) * m.len))
+    copyMem(m.data, m2.data, sizeof(float) * m.len)
+
+
+proc `=sink`*(m: var MyObj, m2: MyObj) =
+  if m.data != m2.data:
+    if m.data != nil:
+      `=destroy`(m)
+    m.len = m2.len
+    m.data = m2.data
+
+proc newMyObj(len: int): MyObj =
+  result.len = len
+  result.data = cast[ptr UncheckedArray[float]](allocShared(sizeof(float) * len))
+
+proc newMyObjDistinct(len: int): MyObjDistinct =
+  MyObjDistinct(newMyObj(len))
+
+proc fooDistinct =
+  doAssert newMyObjDistinct(2).MyObj.len == 2
+
+fooDistinct()
+
+
 proc takeSink(x: sink string): bool = true
 
 proc b(x: sink string): string =
@@ -51,7 +129,7 @@ bbb("123")
 type Variable = ref object
   value: int
 
-proc `=destroy`(self: var typeof(Variable()[])) =
+proc `=destroy`(self: typeof(Variable()[])) =
   echo "destroying variable: ",self.value
 
 proc newVariable(value: int): Variable =
@@ -71,7 +149,7 @@ proc test(count: int) =
 test(3)
 
 proc test2(count: int) =
-  #block: #XXX: Fails with block currently
+  block: #XXX: Fails with block currently
     var v {.global.} = newVariable(20)
 
     var count = count - 1
@@ -105,7 +183,7 @@ type
   B = ref object of A
     x: int
 
-proc `=destroy`(x: var AObj) =
+proc `=destroy`(x: AObj) =
   close(x.io)
   echo "closed"
 
@@ -390,3 +468,369 @@ proc newPixelBuffer(): PixelBuffer =
 
 discard newPixelBuffer()
 
+
+# bug #17199
+
+proc passSeq(data: seq[string]) =
+  # used the system.& proc initially
+  let wat = data & "hello"
+
+proc test2 =
+  let name = @["hello", "world"]
+  passSeq(name)
+  doAssert name == @["hello", "world"]
+
+static: test2() # was buggy
+test2()
+
+proc merge(x: sink seq[string], y: sink string): seq[string] =
+  newSeq(result, x.len + 1)
+  for i in 0..x.len-1:
+    result[i] = move(x[i])
+  result[x.len] = move(y)
+
+proc passSeq2(data: seq[string]) =
+  # used the system.& proc initially
+  let wat = merge(data, "hello")
+
+proc test3 =
+  let name = @["hello", "world"]
+  passSeq2(name)
+  doAssert name == @["hello", "world"]
+
+static: test3() # was buggy
+test3()
+
+# bug #17712
+proc t17712 =
+  var ppv = new int
+  discard @[ppv]
+  var el: ref int
+  el = [ppv][0]
+  echo el != nil
+
+t17712()
+
+# bug #18030
+
+type
+  Foo = object
+    n: int
+
+proc `=copy`(dst: var Foo, src: Foo) =
+  echo "copying"
+  dst.n = src.n
+
+proc `=sink`(dst: var Foo, src: Foo) =
+  echo "sinking"
+  dst.n = src.n
+
+var a: Foo
+
+proc putValue[T](n: T)
+
+proc useForward =
+  putValue(123)
+
+proc putValue[T](n: T) =
+  var b = Foo(n:n)
+  a = b
+  echo b.n
+
+useForward()
+
+
+# bug #17319
+type
+  BrokenObject = ref object
+    brokenType: seq[int]
+
+proc use(obj: BrokenObject) =
+  discard
+
+method testMethod(self: BrokenObject) {.base.} =
+  iterator testMethodIter() {.closure.} =
+    use(self)
+
+  var nameIterVar = testMethodIter
+  nameIterVar()
+
+let mikasa = BrokenObject()
+mikasa.testMethod()
+
+# bug #19205
+type
+  InputSectionBase* = object of RootObj
+    relocations*: seq[int]   # traced reference. string has a similar SIGSEGV.
+  InputSection* = object of InputSectionBase
+
+proc fooz(sec: var InputSectionBase) =
+  if sec of InputSection:  # this line SIGSEGV.
+    echo 42
+
+var sec = create(InputSection)
+sec[] = InputSection(relocations: newSeq[int]())
+fooz sec[]
+
+block:
+  type
+    Data = ref object
+      id: int
+  proc main =
+    var x = Data(id: 99)
+    var y = x
+    x[] = Data(id: 778)[]
+    doAssert y.id == 778
+    doAssert x[].id == 778
+  main()
+
+block: # bug #19857
+  type
+    ValueKind = enum VNull, VFloat, VObject # need 3 elements. Cannot remove VNull or VObject
+
+    Value = object
+      case kind: ValueKind
+      of VFloat: fnum: float
+      of VObject: tab: Table[int, int] # OrderedTable[T, U] also makes it fail.
+                                      # "simpler" types also work though
+      else: discard # VNull can be like this, but VObject must be filled
+
+    # required. Pure proc works
+    FormulaNode = proc(c: OrderedTable[string, int]): Value
+
+  proc toF(v: Value): float =
+    doAssert v.kind == VFloat
+    case v.kind
+    of VFloat: result = v.fnum
+    else: discard
+
+
+  proc foo() =
+    let fuck = initOrderedTable[string, int]()
+    proc cb(fuck: OrderedTable[string, int]): Value =
+                            # works:
+                            #result = Value(kind: VFloat, fnum: fuck["field_that_does_not_exist"].float)
+                            # broken:
+      discard "actuall runs!"
+      let t = fuck["field_that_does_not_exist"]
+      echo "never runs, but we crash after! ", t
+
+    doAssertRaises(KeyError):
+      let fn = FormulaNode(cb)
+      let v = fn(fuck)
+      #echo v
+      let res = v.toF()
+
+  foo()
+
+import std/options
+
+# bug #21592
+type Event* = object
+  code*: string
+
+type App* = ref object of RootObj
+  id*: string
+
+method process*(self: App): Option[Event] {.base.} =
+  raise Exception.new_exception("not impl")
+
+# bug #21617
+type Test2 = ref object of RootObj
+
+method bug(t: Test2): seq[float] {.base.} = discard
+
+block: # bug #22664
+  type
+    ElementKind = enum String, Number
+    Element = object
+      case kind: ElementKind
+      of String:
+        str: string
+      of Number:
+        num: float
+    Calc = ref object
+      stack: seq[Element]
+
+  var calc = new Calc
+
+  calc.stack.add Element(kind: Number, num: 200.0)
+  doAssert $calc.stack == "@[(kind: Number, num: 200.0)]"
+  let calc2 = calc
+  calc2.stack = calc.stack # This nulls out the object in the stack
+  doAssert $calc.stack == "@[(kind: Number, num: 200.0)]"
+  doAssert $calc2.stack == "@[(kind: Number, num: 200.0)]"
+
+block: # bug #19250
+  type
+    Bar[T] = object
+      err: proc(): string
+
+    Foo[T] = object
+      run: proc(): Bar[T]
+
+  proc bar[T](err: proc(): string): Bar[T] =
+    assert not err.isNil
+    Bar[T](err: err)
+
+  proc foo(): Foo[char] = 
+    result.run = proc(): Bar[char] =
+      # works
+      # result = Bar[char](err: proc(): string = "x")
+      # not work
+      result = bar[char](proc(): string = "x")
+
+  proc bug[T](fs: Foo[T]): Foo[T] =
+    result.run = proc(): Bar[T] =
+      let res = fs.run()
+      
+      # works
+      # var errors = @[res.err] 
+      
+      # not work
+      var errors: seq[proc(): string]
+      errors.add res.err
+      
+      return bar[T] do () -> string:
+        for err in errors:
+          result.add res.err()
+
+  doAssert bug(foo()).run().err() == "x"
+
+block: # bug #22259
+  type
+    ProcWrapper = tuple
+      p: proc() {.closure.}
+
+
+  proc f(wrapper: ProcWrapper) =
+    let s = @[wrapper.p]
+    let a = [wrapper.p]
+
+  proc main =
+    # let wrapper: ProcWrapper = ProcWrapper(p: proc {.closure.} = echo 10)
+    let wrapper: ProcWrapper = (p: proc {.closure.} = echo 10)
+    f(wrapper)
+
+  main()
+
+block:
+  block: # bug #22923
+    block:
+      let
+        a: int = 100
+        b: int32 = 200'i32
+
+      let
+        x = arrayWith(a, 8) # compiles
+        y = arrayWith(b, 8) # internal error
+        z = arrayWith(14, 8) # integer literal also results in a crash
+
+      doAssert x == [100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100]
+      doAssert $y == "[200, 200, 200, 200, 200, 200, 200, 200]"
+      doAssert z == [14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14]
+
+    block:
+      let a: string = "nim"
+      doAssert arrayWith(a, 3) == ["nim", "nim", "nim"]
+
+      let b: char = 'c'
+      doAssert arrayWith(b, 3) == ['c', 'c', 'c']
+
+      let c: uint = 300'u
+      doAssert $arrayWith(c, 3) == "[300, 300, 300]"
+
+block: # bug #23505
+  type
+    K = object
+    C = object
+      value: ptr K
+
+  proc init(T: type C): C =
+    let tmp = new K
+    C(value: addr tmp[])
+
+  discard init(C)
+
+block: # bug #23524
+  type MyType = object
+    a: int
+
+  proc `=destroy`(typ: MyType) = discard
+
+  var t1 = MyType(a: 100)
+  var t2 = t1 # Should be a copy?
+
+  proc main() =
+    t2 = t1
+    doAssert t1.a == 100
+    doAssert t2.a == 100
+
+  main()
+
+block: # bug #23907
+  type
+    Thingy = object
+      value: int
+
+    ExecProc[C] = proc(value: sink C): int {.nimcall.}
+
+  proc `=copy`(a: var Thingy, b: Thingy) {.error.}
+
+  var thingyDestroyCount = 0
+
+  proc `=destroy`(thingy: Thingy) =
+    assert(thingyDestroyCount <= 0)
+    thingyDestroyCount += 1
+
+  proc store(value: sink Thingy): int =
+    result = value.value
+
+  let callback: ExecProc[Thingy] = store
+
+  doAssert callback(Thingy(value: 123)) == 123
+
+import std/strutils
+
+block: # bug #23974
+  func g(e: seq[string]): lent seq[string] = result = e
+  proc k(f: string): seq[string] = f.split("/")
+  proc n() =
+    const r = "/d/"
+    let t =
+      if true:
+        k(r).g()
+      else:
+        k("/" & r).g()
+    echo t
+
+  n()
+
+block: # bug #23973
+  func g(e: seq[string]): lent seq[string] = result = e
+  proc k(f: string): seq[string] = f.split("/")
+  proc n() =
+    const r = "/test/empty"  # or "/test/empty/1"
+    let a = k(r).g()
+    let t =
+      if true:
+        k(r).g()
+      else:
+        k("/" & r).g()   # or raiseAssert ""
+    doAssert t == a
+
+  n()
+
+block: # bug #24141
+  func reverse(s: var openArray[char]) =
+    s[0] = 'f'
+
+  func rev(s: var string) =
+    s.reverse
+
+  proc main =
+    var abc = "abc"
+    abc.rev
+    doAssert abc == "fbc"
+
+  main()
diff --git a/tests/arc/tasyncawait.nim b/tests/arc/tasyncawait.nim
index 75d9bc9b5..91a7453cd 100644
--- a/tests/arc/tasyncawait.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/tasyncawait.nim
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ proc readMessages(client: AsyncFD) {.async.} =
       clientCount.inc
       break
     else:
-      if line.startswith("Message "):
+      if line.startsWith("Message "):
         msgCount.inc
       else:
         doAssert false
diff --git a/tests/arc/tasyncleak.nim b/tests/arc/tasyncleak.nim
index eb0c45213..8e3a7b3e7 100644
--- a/tests/arc/tasyncleak.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/tasyncleak.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  outputsub: "(allocCount: 4302, deallocCount: 4300)"
+  outputsub: "(allocCount: 4050, deallocCount: 4048)"
   cmd: "nim c --gc:orc -d:nimAllocStats $file"
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/arc/tcaseobj.nim b/tests/arc/tcaseobj.nim
index a967a509b..3499f5c1e 100644
--- a/tests/arc/tcaseobj.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/tcaseobj.nim
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ begin
 end
 prevented
 (ok: true, value: "ok")
+@[(kind: P, pChildren: @[])]
 myobj destroyed
 '''
 """
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ proc `=destroy`(o: var TMyObj) =
     o.p = nil
     echo "myobj destroyed"
 
-proc `=`(dst: var TMyObj, src: TMyObj) =
+proc `=copy`(dst: var TMyObj, src: TMyObj) =
   `=destroy`(dst)
   dst.p = alloc(src.len)
   dst.len = src.len
@@ -169,18 +170,24 @@ proc test_myobject =
   x.x1 = "x1"
   x.x2 = "x2"
   x.y1 = "ljhkjhkjh"
-  x.kind1 = true
+  {.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+    x.kind1 = true
   x.y2 = @["1", "2"]
-  x.kind2 = true
+  {.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+    x.kind2 = true
   x.z1 = "yes"
-  x.kind2 = false
+  {.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+    x.kind2 = false
   x.z2 = @["1", "2"]
-  x.kind2 = true
+  {.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+    x.kind2 = true
   x.z1 = "yes"
   x.kind2 = true # should be no effect
   doAssert(x.z1 == "yes")
-  x.kind2 = false
-  x.kind1 = x.kind2 # support self assignment with effect
+  {.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+    x.kind2 = false
+  {.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+    x.kind1 = x.kind2 # support self assignment with effect
 
   try:
     x.kind1 = x.flag # flag is not accesible
@@ -206,8 +213,9 @@ type
       error*: string
 
 proc init(): RocksDBResult[string] =
-  result.ok = true
-  result.value = "ok"
+  {.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+    result.ok = true
+    result.value = "ok"
 
 echo init()
 
@@ -221,7 +229,8 @@ type MyObj = object
     of true: x1: string
 
 var a = MyObj(kind: false, x0: 1234)
-a.kind = true
+{.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+  a.kind = true
 doAssert(a.x1 == "")
 
 block:
@@ -244,3 +253,114 @@ block:
 
   doAssert j1.x1 == 2
   doAssert j0.x0 == 2
+
+# ------------------------------------
+# bug #20305
+
+type
+  ContentNodeKind = enum
+    P, Br, Text
+  ContentNode = object
+    case kind: ContentNodeKind
+    of P: pChildren: seq[ContentNode]
+    of Br: discard
+    of Text: textStr: string
+
+proc bug20305 =
+  var x = ContentNode(kind: P, pChildren: @[
+    ContentNode(kind: P, pChildren: @[ContentNode(kind: Text, textStr: "brrr")])
+  ])
+  x.pChildren.add ContentNode(kind: Br)
+  x.pChildren.del(0)
+  {.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+    x.pChildren[0].kind = P
+  echo x.pChildren
+
+bug20305()
+
+# bug #21023
+block:
+  block:
+    type
+      MGErrorKind = enum
+        mgeUnexpected, mgeNotFound
+
+    type Foo = object
+      kind: MGErrorKind
+      ex: Exception
+
+    type Boo = object
+      a: seq[int]
+
+    type
+      Result2 = object
+        case o: bool
+        of false:
+          e: Foo
+        of true:
+          v: Boo
+
+    proc startSessionSync(): Result2 =
+      return Result2(o: true)
+
+    proc mainSync =
+      let ff = startSessionSync()
+      doAssert ff.o == true
+
+    mainSync()
+
+  block:
+    type
+      MGErrorKind = enum
+        mgeUnexpected, mgeNotFound
+
+    type Foo = object
+      kind: MGErrorKind
+      ex: Exception
+
+    type Boo = object
+      a: seq[int]
+
+    type
+      Result2 = object
+        case o: bool
+        of false:
+          e: Foo
+        of true:
+          v: Boo
+          s: int
+
+    proc startSessionSync(): Result2 =
+      return Result2(o: true, s: 12)
+
+    proc mainSync =
+      let ff = startSessionSync()
+      doAssert ff.s == 12
+
+    mainSync()
+
+import std/sequtils
+
+# bug #23690
+type
+  SomeObj* = object of RootObj
+
+  Item* = object
+    case kind*: 0..1
+    of 0:
+      a*: int
+      b*: SomeObj
+    of 1:
+      c*: string
+
+  ItemExt* = object
+    a*: Item
+    b*: string
+
+proc do1(x: int): seq[(string, Item)] =
+  result = @[("zero", Item(kind: 1, c: "first"))]
+
+proc do2(x: int, e: ItemExt): seq[(string, ItemExt)] =
+  do1(x).map(proc(v: (string, Item)): auto = (v[0], ItemExt(a: v[1], b: e.b)))
+
+doAssert $do2(0, ItemExt(a: Item(kind: 1, c: "second"), b: "third")) == """@[("zero", (a: (kind: 1, c: "first"), b: "third"))]"""
diff --git a/tests/arc/tcaseobjcopy.nim b/tests/arc/tcaseobjcopy.nim
index ed07b404e..fb26a4973 100644
--- a/tests/arc/tcaseobjcopy.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/tcaseobjcopy.nim
@@ -169,18 +169,23 @@ proc test_myobject =
   x.x1 = "x1"
   x.x2 = "x2"
   x.y1 = "ljhkjhkjh"
-  x.kind1 = true
+  {.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+    x.kind1 = true
   x.y2 = @["1", "2"]
-  x.kind2 = true
+  {.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+    x.kind2 = true
   x.z1 = "yes"
-  x.kind2 = false
+  {.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+    x.kind2 = false
   x.z2 = @["1", "2"]
-  x.kind2 = true
+  {.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+    x.kind2 = true
   x.z1 = "yes"
   x.kind2 = true # should be no effect
   doAssert(x.z1 == "yes")
-  x.kind2 = false
-  x.kind1 = x.kind2 # support self assignment with effect
+  {.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+    x.kind2 = false
+    x.kind1 = x.kind2 # support self assignment with effect
 
   try:
     x.kind1 = x.flag # flag is not accesible
@@ -206,7 +211,8 @@ type
       error*: string
 
 proc init(): RocksDBResult[string] =
-  result.ok = true
+  {.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+    result.ok = true
   result.value = "ok"
 
 echo init()
@@ -221,7 +227,8 @@ type MyObj = object
     of true: x1: string
 
 var a = MyObj(kind: false, x0: 1234)
-a.kind = true
+{.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+  a.kind = true
 doAssert(a.x1 == "")
 
 block:
diff --git a/tests/arc/tcomputedgoto.nim b/tests/arc/tcomputedgoto.nim
index 541a748c6..07487684a 100644
--- a/tests/arc/tcomputedgoto.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/tcomputedgoto.nim
@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
 discard """
-  cmd: '''nim c --gc:arc $file'''
-  output: '''2
-2'''
+  cmd: '''nim c --mm:arc $file'''
+  output: '''
+2
+2
+destroyed
+'''
 """
 
 type
   ObjWithDestructor = object
     a: int
-proc `=destroy`(self: var ObjWithDestructor) =
+proc `=destroy`(self: ObjWithDestructor) =
   echo "destroyed"
 
-proc `=`(self: var ObjWithDestructor, other: ObjWithDestructor) =
+proc `=copy`(self: var ObjWithDestructor, other: ObjWithDestructor) =
   echo "copied"
 
 proc test(a: range[0..1], arg: ObjWithDestructor) =
@@ -38,4 +41,4 @@ proc test(a: range[0..1], arg: ObjWithDestructor) =
       if iteration == 2:
         break
 
-test(1, ObjWithDestructor())
\ No newline at end of file
+test(1, ObjWithDestructor())
diff --git a/tests/arc/tcomputedgotocopy.nim b/tests/arc/tcomputedgotocopy.nim
index 8337123ba..07487684a 100644
--- a/tests/arc/tcomputedgotocopy.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/tcomputedgotocopy.nim
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
 discard """
-  cmd: '''nim c --gc:arc $file'''
-  output: '''2
-2'''
+  cmd: '''nim c --mm:arc $file'''
+  output: '''
+2
+2
+destroyed
+'''
 """
 
 type
   ObjWithDestructor = object
     a: int
-proc `=destroy`(self: var ObjWithDestructor) =
+proc `=destroy`(self: ObjWithDestructor) =
   echo "destroyed"
 
 proc `=copy`(self: var ObjWithDestructor, other: ObjWithDestructor) =
diff --git a/tests/arc/tconst_to_sink.nim b/tests/arc/tconst_to_sink.nim
index ddcc46e67..25f659341 100644
--- a/tests/arc/tconst_to_sink.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/tconst_to_sink.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 discard """
   output: '''@[(s1: "333", s2: ""), (s1: "abc", s2: "def"), (s1: "3x", s2: ""), (s1: "3x", s2: ""), (s1: "3x", s2: ""), (s1: "3x", s2: ""), (s1: "lastone", s2: "")]'''
-  cmd: "nim c --gc:arc $file"
+  matrix: "--gc:arc"
+  targets: "c cpp"
 """
 
 # bug #13240
diff --git a/tests/arc/tcontrolflow.nim b/tests/arc/tcontrolflow.nim
index 80cc2b187..dbc115903 100644
--- a/tests/arc/tcontrolflow.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/tcontrolflow.nim
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ var c = Control(x: 7)
 
 run(c)
 
-proc sysFatal(exceptn: typedesc, message: string) {.inline, noreturn.} =
+proc sysFatal(exceptn: typedesc, message: string) {.inline.} =
   var buf = newStringOfCap(200)
   add(buf, "##")
   add(buf, message)
diff --git a/tests/arc/tcursor_field_obj_constr.nim b/tests/arc/tcursor_field_obj_constr.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b87f734bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/tcursor_field_obj_constr.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''a
+b
+c'''
+  cmd: "nim c --gc:arc $file"
+"""
+
+# bug #18469
+
+type
+  Edge = object
+    neighbor {.cursor.}: Node
+
+  NodeObj = object
+    neighbors: seq[Edge]
+    label: string
+    visited: bool
+  Node = ref NodeObj
+
+  Graph = object
+    nodes: seq[Node]
+
+proc `=destroy`(x: var NodeObj) =
+  echo x.label
+  `=destroy`(x.neighbors)
+  `=destroy`(x.label)
+
+proc addNode(self: var Graph; label: string): Node =
+  self.nodes.add(Node(label: label))
+  result = self.nodes[^1]
+
+proc addEdge(self: Graph; source, neighbor: Node) =
+  source.neighbors.add(Edge(neighbor: neighbor))
+
+proc main =
+  var graph: Graph
+  let nodeA = graph.addNode("a")
+  let nodeB = graph.addNode("b")
+  let nodeC = graph.addNode("c")
+
+  graph.addEdge(nodeA, neighbor = nodeB)
+  graph.addEdge(nodeA, neighbor = nodeC)
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/arc/tcursorloop.nim b/tests/arc/tcursorloop.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a37a6a036
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/tcursorloop.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: '''nim c --gc:arc --expandArc:traverse --hint:Performance:off $file'''
+  nimout: '''
+--expandArc: traverse
+
+var
+  it
+  jt_cursor
+try:
+  `=copy`(it, root)
+  block :tmp:
+    while (
+      not (it == nil)):
+      if true:
+        echo [it.s]
+        `=copy`(it, it.ri)
+  jt_cursor = root
+  if (
+    not (jt_cursor == nil)):
+    echo [jt_cursor.s]
+    jt_cursor = jt_cursor.ri
+finally:
+  `=destroy`(it)
+-- end of expandArc ------------------------
+'''
+"""
+
+type
+  Node = ref object
+    le, ri: Node
+    s: string
+
+proc traverse(root: Node) =
+  var it = root
+  while it != nil:
+    if true:
+      echo it.s
+      it = it.ri
+
+  var jt = root
+  if jt != nil:
+    echo jt.s
+    jt = jt.ri
+
+traverse(nil)
diff --git a/tests/arc/tcustomtrace.nim b/tests/arc/tcustomtrace.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e0ecfb24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/tcustomtrace.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+discard """
+  outputsub: '''1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+89
+90
+90
+0 0 1
+0 1 2
+0 2 3
+1 0 4
+1 1 5
+1 2 6
+1 3 7
+after 6 6
+MEM 0'''
+joinable: false
+  cmd: "nim c --gc:orc -d:useMalloc $file"
+  valgrind: "true"
+"""
+
+import typetraits
+
+type
+  myseq*[T] = object
+    len, cap: int
+    data: ptr UncheckedArray[T]
+
+# XXX make code memory safe for overflows in '*'
+var
+  allocCount, deallocCount: int
+
+proc `=destroy`*[T](x: var myseq[T]) =
+  if x.data != nil:
+    when not supportsCopyMem(T):
+      for i in 0..<x.len: `=destroy`(x[i])
+    dealloc(x.data)
+    inc deallocCount
+    x.data = nil
+    x.len = 0
+    x.cap = 0
+
+proc `=copy`*[T](a: var myseq[T]; b: myseq[T]) =
+  if a.data == b.data: return
+  if a.data != nil:
+    `=destroy`(a)
+    #dealloc(a.data)
+    #inc deallocCount
+    #a.data = nil
+  a.len = b.len
+  a.cap = b.cap
+  if b.data != nil:
+    a.data = cast[type(a.data)](alloc(a.cap * sizeof(T)))
+    inc allocCount
+    when supportsCopyMem(T):
+      copyMem(a.data, b.data, a.cap * sizeof(T))
+    else:
+      for i in 0..<a.len:
+        a.data[i] = b.data[i]
+
+proc `=sink`*[T](a: var myseq[T]; b: myseq[T]) =
+  if a.data != nil and a.data != b.data:
+    dealloc(a.data)
+    inc deallocCount
+  a.len = b.len
+  a.cap = b.cap
+  a.data = b.data
+
+proc `=trace`*[T](x: var myseq[T]; env: pointer) =
+  if x.data != nil:
+    for i in 0..<x.len: `=trace`(x[i], env)
+
+proc resize[T](s: var myseq[T]) =
+  let oldCap = s.cap
+  if oldCap == 0: s.cap = 8
+  else: s.cap = (s.cap * 3) shr 1
+  if s.data == nil: inc allocCount
+  s.data = cast[typeof(s.data)](realloc0(s.data, oldCap * sizeof(T), s.cap * sizeof(T)))
+
+proc reserveSlot[T](x: var myseq[T]): ptr T =
+  if x.len >= x.cap: resize(x)
+  result = addr(x.data[x.len])
+  inc x.len
+
+template add*[T](x: var myseq[T]; y: T) =
+  reserveSlot(x)[] = y
+
+proc shrink*[T](x: var myseq[T]; newLen: int) =
+  assert newLen <= x.len
+  assert newLen >= 0
+  when not supportsCopyMem(T):
+    for i in countdown(x.len - 1, newLen - 1):
+      `=destroy`(x.data[i])
+  x.len = newLen
+
+proc grow*[T](x: var myseq[T]; newLen: int; value: T) =
+  if newLen <= x.len: return
+  assert newLen >= 0
+  let oldCap = x.cap
+  if oldCap == 0: x.cap = newLen
+  else: x.cap = max(newLen, (oldCap * 3) shr 1)
+  if x.data == nil: inc allocCount
+  x.data = cast[type(x.data)](realloc0(x.data, oldCap * sizeof(T), x.cap * sizeof(T)))
+  for i in x.len..<newLen:
+    x.data[i] = value
+  x.len = newLen
+
+template default[T](t: typedesc[T]): T =
+  var v: T
+  v
+
+proc setLen*[T](x: var myseq[T]; newLen: int) {.deprecated.} =
+  if newlen < x.len: shrink(x, newLen)
+  else: grow(x, newLen, default(T))
+
+template `[]`*[T](x: myseq[T]; i: Natural): T =
+  assert i < x.len
+  x.data[i]
+
+template `[]=`*[T](x: myseq[T]; i: Natural; y: T) =
+  assert i < x.len
+  x.data[i] = y
+
+proc createSeq*[T](elems: varargs[T]): myseq[T] =
+  result.cap = max(elems.len, 2)
+  result.len = elems.len
+  result.data = cast[type(result.data)](alloc0(result.cap * sizeof(T)))
+  inc allocCount
+  when supportsCopyMem(T):
+    copyMem(result.data, addr(elems[0]), result.cap * sizeof(T))
+  else:
+    for i in 0..<result.len:
+      result.data[i] = elems[i]
+
+proc len*[T](x: myseq[T]): int {.inline.} = x.len
+
+proc main =
+  var s = createSeq(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
+  s.add 89
+  s.grow s.len + 2, 90
+  for i in 0 ..< s.len:
+    echo s[i]
+
+  var nested = createSeq(createSeq(1, 2, 3), createSeq(4, 5, 6, 7))
+  for i in 0 ..< nested.len:
+    for j in 0 ..< nested[i].len:
+      echo i, " ", j, " ", nested[i][j]
+
+main()
+echo "after ", allocCount, " ", deallocCount
+
+type
+  Node = ref object
+    name: char
+    sccId: int
+    kids: myseq[Node]
+    rc: int
+
+proc edge(a, b: Node) =
+  inc b.rc
+  a.kids.add b
+
+proc createNode(name: char): Node =
+  new result
+  result.name = name
+  result.kids = createSeq[Node]()
+
+proc use(x: Node) = discard
+
+proc buildComplexGraph: Node =
+  # see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_connected_component for the
+  # graph:
+  let a = createNode('a')
+  let b = createNode('b')
+  let c = createNode('c')
+  let d = createNode('d')
+  let e = createNode('e')
+
+  a.edge c
+  c.edge b
+  c.edge e
+  b.edge a
+  d.edge c
+  e.edge d
+
+
+  let f = createNode('f')
+  b.edge f
+  e.edge f
+
+  let g = createNode('g')
+  let h = createNode('h')
+  let i = createNode('i')
+
+  f.edge g
+  f.edge i
+  g.edge h
+  h.edge i
+  i.edge g
+
+  let j = createNode('j')
+
+  h.edge j
+  i.edge j
+
+  let k = createNode('k')
+  let l = createNode('l')
+
+  f.edge k
+  k.edge l
+  l.edge k
+  k.edge j
+
+  let m = createNode('m')
+  let n = createNode('n')
+  let p = createNode('p')
+  let q = createNode('q')
+
+  m.edge n
+  n.edge p
+  n.edge q
+  q.edge p
+  p.edge m
+
+  q.edge k
+
+  d.edge m
+  e.edge n
+
+  result = a
+
+proc main2 =
+  let g = buildComplexGraph()
+
+main2()
+GC_fullCollect()
+echo "MEM ", getOccupiedMem()
diff --git a/tests/arc/tdup.nim b/tests/arc/tdup.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61f262a68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/tdup.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim c --mm:arc --expandArc:foo --hints:off $file"
+  nimout: '''
+--expandArc: foo
+
+var
+  x
+  :tmpD
+  s
+  :tmpD_1
+x = Ref(id: 8)
+inc:
+  :tmpD = `=dup`(x)
+  :tmpD
+inc:
+  let blitTmp = x
+  blitTmp
+var id_1 = 777
+s = RefCustom(id_2: addr(id_1))
+inc_1 :
+  :tmpD_1 = `=dup_1`(s)
+  :tmpD_1
+inc_1 :
+  let blitTmp_1 = s
+  blitTmp_1
+-- end of expandArc ------------------------
+'''
+"""
+
+type
+  Ref = ref object
+    id: int
+
+  RefCustom = object
+    id: ptr int
+
+proc `=dup`(x: RefCustom): RefCustom =
+  result.id = x.id
+
+proc inc(x: sink Ref) =
+  inc x.id
+
+proc inc(x: sink RefCustom) =
+  inc x.id[]
+
+
+proc foo =
+  var x = Ref(id: 8)
+  inc(x)
+  inc(x)
+  var id = 777
+  var s = RefCustom(id: addr id)
+  inc s
+  inc s
+
+foo()
+
+proc foo2 =
+  var x = Ref(id: 8)
+  inc(x)
+  doAssert x.id == 9
+  inc(x)
+  doAssert x.id == 10
+  var id = 777
+  var s = RefCustom(id: addr id)
+  inc s
+  doAssert s.id[] == 778
+  inc s
+  doAssert s.id[] == 779
+
+foo2()
diff --git a/tests/arc/texplicit_sink.nim b/tests/arc/texplicit_sink.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4b021ed62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/texplicit_sink.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''de'''
+  cmd: '''nim c --mm:arc --expandArc:main $file'''
+  nimout: '''--expandArc: main
+
+var
+  a
+  b_cursor
+try:
+  a = f "abc"
+  b_cursor = "de"
+  `=sink`(a, b_cursor)
+  echo [a]
+finally:
+  `=destroy`(a)
+-- end of expandArc ------------------------'''
+"""
+
+# bug #20572
+
+proc f(s: string): string = s
+
+proc main =
+  var a = f "abc"
+  var b = "de"
+  `=sink`(a, b)
+  echo a
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/arc/tfuncobj.nim b/tests/arc/tfuncobj.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..50cd9425e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/tfuncobj.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+discard """
+  outputsub: '''f1
+f2
+f3'''
+  cmd: "nim c --gc:orc $file"
+  valgrind: true
+"""
+
+type
+  FuncObj = object
+    fn: proc (env: pointer) {.cdecl.}
+    env: pointer
+
+proc `=destroy`(x: var FuncObj) =
+  GC_unref(cast[RootRef](x.env))
+
+proc `=copy`(x: var FuncObj, y: FuncObj) {.error.}
+
+# bug #18433
+
+proc main =
+  var fs: seq[FuncObj]
+
+  proc wrap(p: proc()) =
+    proc closeOver() = p()
+    let env = rawEnv closeOver
+    GC_ref(cast[RootRef](env))
+    fs.add(FuncObj(fn: cast[proc(env: pointer){.cdecl.}](rawProc closeOver), env: env))
+
+  wrap(proc() {.closure.} = echo "f1")
+  wrap(proc() {.closure.} = echo "f2")
+  wrap(proc() {.closure.} = echo "f3")
+
+  for a in fs:
+    a.fn(a.env)
+
+main()
+
diff --git a/tests/arc/thamming_orc.nim b/tests/arc/thamming_orc.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..777efb38e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/thamming_orc.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''(allocCount: 1114, deallocCount: 1112)
+created 491 destroyed 491'''
+  cmd: "nim c --gc:orc -d:nimAllocStats $file"
+"""
+
+# bug #18421
+
+# test Nim Hamming Number Lazy List algo with reference counts and not...
+# compile with "-d:release -d:danger" and test with various
+# memory managment GC's, allocators, threading, etc.
+# it should be guaranteed to work with zero memory leaks with `--gc:orc`...
+
+# compile with `-d:trace20` to trace creation and destruction of first 20 values.
+
+from math import log2
+
+# implement our own basic BigInt so the bigints library isn't necessary...
+type
+  BigInt = object
+    digits: seq[uint32]
+let zeroBigInt = BigInt(digits: @[ 0'u32 ])
+let oneBigInt = BigInt(digits: @[ 1'u32 ])
+
+proc shladd(bi: var BigInt; n: int; a: BigInt) =
+  # assume that both `bi` and `a` are sized correctly with
+  # msuint32 for both not containing a zero
+  let alen = a.digits.len
+  let mx = max(bi.digits.len, a.digits.len)
+  for i in bi.digits.len ..< mx: bi.digits.add 0'u32
+  var cry = 0'u64
+  for i in 0 ..< alen:
+    cry += (bi.digits[i].uint64 shl n) + a.digits[i].uint64
+    bi.digits[i] = cry.uint32; cry = cry shr 32
+  for i in alen ..< mx:
+    cry += bi.digits[i].uint64 shl n
+    bi.digits[i] = cry.uint32; cry = cry shr 32
+  if cry > 0'u64:
+    bi.digits.add cry.uint32
+
+proc `$`(x: BigInt): string =
+  if x.digits.len == 0 or (x.digits.len == 1 and x.digits[0] == 0'u32):
+    return "0"
+  result = ""; var n = x; var msd = n.digits.high
+  while msd >= 0:
+    if n.digits[msd] == 0'u32: msd.dec; continue
+    var brw = 0.uint64
+    for i in countdown(msd, 0):
+      let dvdnd = n.digits[i].uint64 + (brw shl 32)
+      let q = dvdnd div 10'u64; brw = dvdnd - q * 10'u64
+      n.digits[i] = q.uint32
+    result &= $brw
+  for i in 0 .. result.high shr 1: # reverse result string in place
+    let tmp = result[^(i + 1)]
+    result[^(i + 1)] = result[i]
+    result[i] = tmp
+
+type TriVal = (uint32, uint32, uint32)
+type LogRep = (float64, TriVal)
+type LogRepf = proc(x: LogRep): LogRep
+const one: LogRep = (0.0'f64, (0'u32, 0'u32, 0'u32))
+proc `<`(me: LogRep, othr: LogRep): bool = me[0] < othr[0]
+
+proc convertTriVal2BigInt(tpl: TriVal): BigInt =
+  result = oneBigInt
+  let (x2, x3, x5) = tpl
+  for _ in 1 .. x2: result.shladd 1, zeroBigInt
+  for _ in 1 .. x3: result.shladd 1, result
+  for _ in 1 .. x5: result.shladd 2, result
+
+const lb2 = 1.0'f64
+const lb3 = 3.0'f64.log2
+const lb5 = 5.0'f64.log2
+
+proc mul2(me: LogRep): LogRep =
+  let (lr, tpl) = me; let (x2, x3, x5) = tpl
+  (lr + lb2, (x2 + 1, x3, x5))
+
+proc mul3(me: LogRep): LogRep =
+  let (lr, tpl) = me; let (x2, x3, x5) = tpl
+  (lr + lb3, (x2, x3 + 1, x5))
+
+proc mul5(me: LogRep): LogRep =
+  let (lr, tpl) = me; let (x2, x3, x5) = tpl
+  (lr + lb5, (x2, x3, x5 + 1))
+
+type
+  LazyListObj = object
+    hd: LogRep
+    tlf: proc(): LazyList {.closure.}
+    tl: LazyList
+  LazyList = ref LazyListObj
+
+var destroyed = 0
+
+proc `=destroy`(ll: var LazyListObj) =
+  destroyed += 1
+  if ll.tlf == nil and ll.tl == nil: return
+
+  when defined(trace20):
+    echo "destroying:  ", (destroyed, ll.hd[1].convertTriVal2BigInt)
+  if ll.tlf != nil: ll.tlf.`=destroy`
+  if ll.tl != nil: ll.tl.`=destroy`
+  #wasMoved(ll)
+
+proc rest(ll: LazyList): LazyList = # not thread-safe; needs lock on thunk
+  if ll.tlf != nil: ll.tl = ll.tlf(); ll.tlf = nil
+  ll.tl
+
+var created = 0
+iterator hammings(until: int): TriVal =
+  proc merge(x, y: LazyList): LazyList =
+    let xh = x.hd; let yh = y.hd; created += 1
+    when defined(trace20):
+      echo "merge create:  ", (created - 1, (if xh < yh: xh else: yh)[1].convertTriVal2BigInt)
+    if xh < yh: LazyList(hd: xh, tlf: proc(): auto = merge x.rest, y)
+    else: LazyList(hd: yh, tlf: proc(): auto = merge x, y.rest)
+  proc smult(mltf: LogRepf; s: LazyList): LazyList =
+    proc smults(ss: LazyList): LazyList =
+      when defined(trace20):
+        echo "mult create:  ", (created, ss.hd.mltf[1].convertTriVal2BigInt)
+      created += 1; LazyList(hd: ss.hd.mltf, tlf: proc(): auto = ss.rest.smults)
+    s.smults
+  proc unnsm(s: LazyList, mltf: LogRepf): LazyList =
+    var r: LazyList = nil
+    when defined(trace20):
+      echo "first create:  ", (created, one[1].convertTriVal2BigInt)
+    let frst = LazyList(hd: one, tlf: proc(): LazyList = r); created += 1
+    r = if s == nil: smult(mltf, frst) else: s.merge smult(mltf, frst)
+    r
+  yield one[1]
+  var hmpll: LazyList = ((nil.unnsm mul5).unnsm mul3).unnsm mul2
+  for _ in 2 .. until:
+    yield hmpll.hd[1]; hmpll = hmpll.rest # almost forever
+
+proc main =
+  var s = ""
+  for h in hammings(20): s &= $h.convertTrival2BigInt & " "
+  doAssert s == "1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36 ",
+           "Algorithmic error finding first 20 Hamming numbers!!!"
+
+  when not defined(trace20):
+    var lsth: TriVal
+    for h in hammings(200): lsth = h
+    doAssert $lsth.convertTriVal2BigInt == "16200",
+             "Algorithmic error finding 200th Hamming number!!!"
+
+let mem = getOccupiedMem()
+main()
+GC_FullCollect()
+let mb = getOccupiedMem() - mem
+doAssert mb == 0, "Found memory leak of " & $mb & " bytes!!!"
+
+echo getAllocStats()
+echo "created ", created, " destroyed ", destroyed
diff --git a/tests/arc/thard_alignment.nim b/tests/arc/thard_alignment.nim
index e644572f0..30cfddb05 100644
--- a/tests/arc/thard_alignment.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/thard_alignment.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 discard """
 disabled: "arm64"
-cmd: "nim c --gc:arc $file"
+cmd: "nim c --mm:arc -u:nimPreviewNonVarDestructor $file"
 output: "y"
 """
 
+# TODO: fixme: investigate why it failed with non-var destructors
+
 {.passC: "-march=native".}
 
 proc isAlignedCheck(p: pointer, alignment: int) = 
@@ -18,7 +20,7 @@ type
 proc set1(x: float): m256d {.importc: "_mm256_set1_pd", header: "immintrin.h".}
 func `+`(a,b: m256d): m256d {.importc: "_mm256_add_pd", header: "immintrin.h".}
 proc `$`(a: m256d): string =  
-  result = $(cast[ptr float](a.unsafeAddr)[])
+  result = $(cast[ptr float](a.addr)[])
 
 
 var res: seq[seq[m256d]]
diff --git a/tests/arc/titeration_doesnt_copy.nim b/tests/arc/titeration_doesnt_copy.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e510a6eff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/titeration_doesnt_copy.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+discard """
+  output: "true"
+"""
+
+type
+  Idx = object
+    i: int
+  Node = object
+    n: int
+    next: seq[Idx]
+  FooBar = object
+    s: seq[Node]
+
+proc `=copy`(dest: var Idx; source: Idx) {.error.}
+proc `=copy`(dest: var Node; source: Node) {.error.}
+proc `=copy`(dest: var FooBar; source: FooBar) {.error.}
+
+proc doSomething(ss: var seq[int], s: FooBar) =
+  for i in 0 .. s.s.len-1:
+    for elm in items s.s[i].next:
+      ss.add s.s[elm.i].n
+
+when isMainModule:
+  const foo = FooBar(s: @[Node(n: 1, next: @[Idx(i: 0)])])
+  var ss: seq[int]
+  doSomething(ss, foo)
+  echo ss == @[1]
+
+from sequtils import mapIt
+from strutils import join
+
+proc toBinSeq*(b: uint8): seq[uint8] =
+  ## Return binary sequence from each bits of uint8.
+  runnableExamples:
+    from sequtils import repeat
+    doAssert 0'u8.toBinSeq == 0'u8.repeat(8)
+    doAssert 0b1010_1010.toBinSeq == @[1'u8, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0]
+  result = @[]
+  var c = b
+  for i in 1..8:
+    result.add (uint8(c and 0b1000_0000) shr 7)
+    c = c shl 1
+
+proc toBinString*(data: openArray[uint8], col: int): string =
+  ## Return binary string from each bits of uint8.
+  runnableExamples:
+    doAssert @[0b0000_1111'u8, 0b1010_1010].toBinString(8) == "0000111110101010"
+    doAssert @[0b1000_0000'u8, 0b0000_0000].toBinString(1) == "10"
+  result = ""
+  for b in items data.mapIt(it.toBinSeq.mapIt(it.`$`[0].char)):
+    for i, c in b:
+      if i < col:
+        result.add c
+
+doAssert @[0b0000_1111'u8, 0b1010_1010].toBinString(8) == "0000111110101010"
+doAssert @[0b1000_0000'u8, 0b0000_0000].toBinString(1) == "10"
+
+block: # bug #23982
+  iterator `..`(a, b: ptr int16): ptr int16 = discard
+  var a: seq[int16] #; let p = a[0].addr
+  var b: seq[ptr int16]
+
+  try:
+    for x in a[0].addr .. b[1]: # `p .. b[1]` works
+      discard
+  except IndexDefect:
+    discard
diff --git a/tests/arc/tkeys_lent.nim b/tests/arc/tkeys_lent.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c92350b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/tkeys_lent.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''{"string": 2}'''
+  cmd: "nim c --gc:orc $file"
+"""
+
+import tables
+
+proc use(x: int) = echo x
+
+proc main =
+  var tab = {"string": 1}.toTable
+  for keyAAA in tab.keys():
+    template alias(): untyped = tab[keyAAA]
+    alias() = 2
+  echo tab
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/arc/tmalloc.nim b/tests/arc/tmalloc.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d72646c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/tmalloc.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:arc -d:useMalloc; --mm:arc"
+"""
+
+block: # bug #22058
+  template foo(): auto =
+    {.noSideEffect.}:
+      newSeq[byte](1)
+
+  type V = object
+    v: seq[byte]
+
+  proc bar(): V =
+    V(v: foo())
+
+  doAssert bar().v == @[byte(0)]
diff --git a/tests/arc/tmove_regression.nim b/tests/arc/tmove_regression.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d9a867c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/tmove_regression.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''/1/2
+/1
+/
+'''
+""""
+
+# bug #22001
+
+import std / [os, strutils]
+
+proc finOp2(path, name: string): (string, File) = # Find & open FIRST `name`
+  var current = path
+  while true:
+    if current.isRootDir: break # <- current=="" => current.isRootDir
+    current = current.parentDir
+    let dir = current
+    echo dir.replace('\\', '/')  # Commenting out try/except below hides bug
+    try: result[0] = dir/name; result[1] = open(result[0]); return
+    except CatchableError: discard
+
+discard finOp2("/1/2/3", "4")  # All same if this->inside a proc
diff --git a/tests/arc/tmovebug.nim b/tests/arc/tmovebug.nim
index 888027186..8ad7c955c 100644
--- a/tests/arc/tmovebug.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/tmovebug.nim
@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ destroy
 destroy
 destroy
 sink
+sink
 destroy
 copy
 (f: 1)
@@ -107,6 +108,8 @@ sink
 destroy
 copy
 destroy
+(f: 1)
+destroy
 '''
 """
 
@@ -290,7 +293,7 @@ when false:
 
 # bug #13456
 
-iterator combinations[T](s: openarray[T], k: int): seq[T] =
+iterator combinations[T](s: openArray[T], k: int): seq[T] =
   let n = len(s)
   assert k >= 0 and k <= n
   var pos = newSeq[int](k)
@@ -453,7 +456,7 @@ initFoo7(2)
 
 
 # bug #14902
-iterator zip[T](s: openarray[T]): (T, T) =
+iterator zip[T](s: openArray[T]): (T, T) =
   var i = 0
   while i < 10:
     yield (s[i mod 2], s[i mod 2 + 1])
@@ -765,8 +768,74 @@ proc initC(): C =
   C(o: initO())
 
 proc pair(): tuple[a: C, b: C] =
-  result.a = initC() # <- when firstWrite tries to find this node to start its analysis it fails, because injectdestructors uses copyTree/shallowCopy
-  result.b = initC()
+  result = (a: initC(), b: initC())# <- when firstWrite tries to find this node to start its analysis it fails, because injectdestructors uses copyTree/shallowCopy
 
 discard pair()
 
+
+# bug #17450
+proc noConsume(x: OO) {.nosinks.} = echo x
+
+proc main3 =
+  var i = 1
+  noConsume:
+    block:
+      OO(f: i)
+
+main3()
+
+# misc
+proc smoltest(x: bool): bool =
+  while true:
+    if true: return x
+
+discard smoltest(true)
+
+# bug #18002
+type
+  TTypeAttachedOp = enum
+    attachedAsgn
+    attachedSink
+    attachedTrace
+
+  PNode = ref object
+    discard
+
+proc genAddrOf(n: PNode) =
+  assert n != nil, "moved?!"
+
+proc atomicClosureOp =
+  let x = PNode()
+
+  genAddrOf:
+    block:
+      x
+
+  case attachedTrace
+  of attachedSink: discard
+  of attachedAsgn: discard
+  of attachedTrace: genAddrOf(x)
+
+atomicClosureOp()
+
+
+template assertEq(a, b: untyped): untyped =
+  block:
+    let
+      aval = a
+      bval = b
+
+    if aval != bval:
+      quit "bug!"
+
+proc convoluted =
+  let _ = (;
+    var val1: string;
+    if true: val1 = "22"
+    true
+  )
+
+  assertEq val1, "22"
+  assertEq val1, "22"
+
+convoluted()
diff --git a/tests/arc/tmovebugcopy.nim b/tests/arc/tmovebugcopy.nim
index 7c5228147..ec4315777 100644
--- a/tests/arc/tmovebugcopy.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/tmovebugcopy.nim
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ when false:
 
 # bug #13456
 
-iterator combinations[T](s: openarray[T], k: int): seq[T] =
+iterator combinations[T](s: openArray[T], k: int): seq[T] =
   let n = len(s)
   assert k >= 0 and k <= n
   var pos = newSeq[int](k)
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ initFoo7(2)
 
 
 # bug #14902
-iterator zip[T](s: openarray[T]): (T, T) =
+iterator zip[T](s: openArray[T]): (T, T) =
   var i = 0
   while i < 10:
     yield (s[i mod 2], s[i mod 2 + 1])
diff --git a/tests/arc/tnewseq_legacy.nim b/tests/arc/tnewseq_legacy.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4730d2c2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/tnewseq_legacy.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+discard """
+  output: "(allocCount: 201, deallocCount: 201)"
+  cmd: "nim c --gc:orc -d:nimAllocStats $file"
+"""
+
+proc main(prefix: string) =
+  var c: seq[string]
+  for i in 0..<100:
+    newSeq(c, 100)
+    c[i] = prefix & $i
+
+main("abc")
+echo getAllocStats()
diff --git a/tests/arc/topenarray.nim b/tests/arc/topenarray.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba91666ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/topenarray.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+discard """
+  input: "hi"
+  output: '''
+hi
+Nim
+'''
+  matrix: "--gc:arc -d:useMalloc; --gc:arc"
+"""
+{.experimental: "views".}
+
+block: # bug 18627
+  proc setPosition(params: openArray[string]) =
+    for i in params.toOpenArray(0, params.len - 1):
+      echo i
+
+  proc uciLoop() =
+    let params = @[readLine(stdin)]
+    setPosition(params)
+
+  uciLoop()
+
+  proc uciLoop2() =
+    let params = @["Nim"]
+    for i in params.toOpenArray(0, params.len - 1):
+      echo i
+  uciLoop2()
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+block: # bug #20954
+  block:
+    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect):
+      var v: array[10, int]
+
+      echo len(toOpenArray(v, 20, 30))
+
+  block:
+    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect):
+      var v: seq[int]
+
+      echo len(toOpenArray(v, 20, 30))
+
+# bug #20422
+
+proc f(a: var string) =
+  var v = a.toOpenArray(1, 3)
+  v[0] = 'a'
+
+var a = "Hello"
+f(a)
+doAssert a == "Hallo"
+
+# bug #22132
+block:
+  func foo[T](arr: openArray[T], idx: int = arr.low): string =
+    doAssert idx == 0
+    return $arr
+
+  let bug = ["0", "c", "a"]
+
+  let str = foo(bug)
+
+  const expected = """["0", "c", "a"]"""
+  doAssert str == expected
+
+  const noBugConst = ["0", "c", "a"]
+  doAssert foo(noBugConst) == expected
+  let noBugSeq = @["0", "c", "a"]
+  doAssert foo(noBugSeq) == expected
+
+block: # bug #20865
+  var p: pointer
+  var x: array[0, int]
+  # echo toOpenArray(x, 0, 1)[0] # Raises IndexDefect
+  doAssertRaises(IndexDefect):
+    echo toOpenArray(cast[ptr array[0, int]](p)[], 0, 1)[0] # Does not raise IndexDefect
+
+block: # bug #20987
+  var v: array[1, byte]
+
+  var p = cast[ptr array[0, byte]](addr v)
+
+  doAssertRaises(IndexDefect):
+    echo toOpenArray(p[], 1, 2)
+
diff --git a/tests/arc/topt_cursor.nim b/tests/arc/topt_cursor.nim
index 5c35b454f..794132921 100644
--- a/tests/arc/topt_cursor.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/topt_cursor.nim
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ try:
     x_cursor = ("different", 54) else:
     x_cursor = ("string here", 80)
   echo [
-    :tmpD = `$`(x_cursor)
+    :tmpD = `$$`(x_cursor)
     :tmpD]
 finally:
   `=destroy`(:tmpD)
diff --git a/tests/arc/topt_no_cursor.nim b/tests/arc/topt_no_cursor.nim
index f1eb8575a..0a4984a69 100644
--- a/tests/arc/topt_no_cursor.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/topt_no_cursor.nim
@@ -1,34 +1,24 @@
 discard """
-  output: '''(repo: "", package: "meo", ext: "")
-doing shady stuff...
-3
-6
-(@[1], @[2])
-192.168.0.1
-192.168.0.1
-192.168.0.1
-192.168.0.1'''
-  cmd: '''nim c --gc:arc --expandArc:newTarget --expandArc:delete --expandArc:p1 --expandArc:tt --hint:Performance:off --assertions:off --expandArc:extractConfig $file'''
-  nimout: '''--expandArc: newTarget
+  nimoutFull: true
+  cmd: '''nim c -r --warnings:off --hints:off --mm:arc --expandArc:newTarget --expandArc:delete --expandArc:p1 --expandArc:tt --hint:Performance:off --assertions:off --expandArc:extractConfig --expandArc:mergeShadowScope --expandArc:check $file'''
+  nimout: '''
+--expandArc: newTarget
 
 var
   splat
   :tmp
   :tmp_1
-  :tmp_2
-splat = splitFile(path)
-:tmp = splat.dir
-wasMoved(splat.dir)
-:tmp_1 = splat.name
-wasMoved(splat.name)
-:tmp_2 = splat.ext
-wasMoved(splat.ext)
+splat = splitDrive do:
+  let blitTmp = path
+  blitTmp
+:tmp = splat.drive
+`=wasMoved`(splat.drive)
+:tmp_1 = splat.path_1
+`=wasMoved`(splat.path_1)
 result = (
-  let blitTmp = :tmp
-  blitTmp,
-  let blitTmp_1 = :tmp_1
+  let blitTmp_1 = :tmp
   blitTmp_1,
-  let blitTmp_2 = :tmp_2
+  let blitTmp_2 = :tmp_1
   blitTmp_2)
 `=destroy`(splat)
 -- end of expandArc ------------------------
@@ -49,14 +39,14 @@ var
   lresult
   lvalue
   lnext
-  _
+  tmpTupleAsgn
 lresult = @[123]
-_ = (
+tmpTupleAsgn = (
   let blitTmp = lresult
   blitTmp, ";")
-lvalue = _[0]
-lnext = _[1]
-result.value = move lvalue
+lvalue = tmpTupleAsgn[0]
+lnext = tmpTupleAsgn[1]
+`=sink`(result.value, move lvalue)
 `=destroy`(lnext)
 `=destroy_1`(lvalue)
 -- end of expandArc ------------------------
@@ -71,14 +61,12 @@ var
 try:
   it_cursor = x
   a = (
-    wasMoved(:tmpD)
-    `=copy`(:tmpD, it_cursor.key)
+    :tmpD = `=dup`(it_cursor.key)
     :tmpD,
-    wasMoved(:tmpD_1)
-    `=copy`(:tmpD_1, it_cursor.val)
+    :tmpD_1 = `=dup`(it_cursor.val)
     :tmpD_1)
   echo [
-    :tmpD_2 = `$`(a)
+    :tmpD_2 = `$$`(a)
     :tmpD_2]
 finally:
   `=destroy`(:tmpD_2)
@@ -103,21 +91,85 @@ try:
             `=copy`(lan_ip, splitted[1])
           echo [lan_ip]
           echo [splitted[1]]
+          {.push, overflowChecks: false.}
           inc(i, 1)
+          {.pop.}
         finally:
           `=destroy`(splitted)
 finally:
   `=destroy_1`(lan_ip)
--- end of expandArc ------------------------'''
+-- end of expandArc ------------------------
+--expandArc: mergeShadowScope
+
+var shadowScope
+`=copy`(shadowScope, c.currentScope)
+rawCloseScope(c)
+block :tmp:
+  var sym
+  var i = 0
+  let L = len(shadowScope.symbols)
+  block :tmp_1:
+    while i < L:
+      var :tmpD
+      sym = shadowScope.symbols[i]
+      addInterfaceDecl(c):
+        :tmpD = `=dup`(sym)
+        :tmpD
+      {.push, overflowChecks: false.}
+      inc(i, 1)
+      {.pop.}
+`=destroy`(shadowScope)
+-- end of expandArc ------------------------
+--expandArc: check
+
+var par
+this.isValid = fileExists(this.value)
+if dirExists(this.value):
+  var :tmpD
+  par = (dir:
+    :tmpD = `=dup`(this.value)
+    :tmpD, front: "") else:
+  var
+    :tmpD_1
+    :tmpD_2
+    :tmpD_3
+  par = (dir_1: parentDir(this.value), front_1:
+    :tmpD_1 = `=dup`(
+      :tmpD_3 = splitDrive do:
+        :tmpD_2 = `=dup`(this.value)
+        :tmpD_2
+      :tmpD_3.path)
+    :tmpD_1)
+  `=destroy`(:tmpD_3)
+if dirExists(par.dir):
+  `=sink`(this.matchDirs, getSubDirs(par.dir, par.front))
+else:
+  `=sink`(this.matchDirs, [])
+`=destroy`(par)
+-- end of expandArc ------------------------
+--expandArc: check
+
+check(this)
+-- end of expandArc ------------------------
+(package: "", ext: "meo")
+doing shady stuff...
+3
+6
+(@[1], @[2])
+192.168.0.1
+192.168.0.1
+192.168.0.1
+192.168.0.1
+'''
 """
 
-import os
+import os, std/private/ntpath
 
-type Target = tuple[repo, package, ext: string]
+type Target = tuple[package, ext: string]
 
 proc newTarget*(path: string): Target =
-  let splat = path.splitFile
-  result = (repo: splat.dir, package: splat.name, ext: splat.ext)
+  let splat = path.splitDrive
+  result = (package: splat.drive, ext: splat.path)
 
 echo newTarget("meo")
 
@@ -277,3 +329,48 @@ proc extractConfig() =
     echo splitted[1] # Without this line everything works
 
 extractConfig()
+
+
+type
+  Symbol = ref object
+    name: string
+
+  Scope = ref object
+    parent: Scope
+    symbols: seq[Symbol]
+
+  PContext = ref object
+    currentScope: Scope
+
+proc rawCloseScope(c: PContext) =
+  c.currentScope = c.currentScope.parent
+
+proc addInterfaceDecl(c: PContext; s: Symbol) =
+  c.currentScope.symbols.add s
+
+proc mergeShadowScope*(c: PContext) =
+  let shadowScope = c.currentScope
+  c.rawCloseScope
+  for sym in shadowScope.symbols:
+    c.addInterfaceDecl(sym)
+
+mergeShadowScope(PContext(currentScope: Scope(parent: Scope())))
+
+type
+  Foo = ref object
+    isValid*: bool
+    value*: string
+    matchDirs*: seq[string]
+
+proc getSubDirs(parent, front: string): seq[string] = @[]
+
+method check(this: Foo) {.base.} =
+  this.isValid = fileExists(this.value)
+  let par = if dirExists(this.value): (dir: this.value, front: "")
+            else: (dir: parentDir(this.value), front: splitDrive(this.value).path)
+  if dirExists(par.dir):
+    this.matchDirs = getSubDirs(par.dir, par.front)
+  else:
+    this.matchDirs = @[]
+
+check(Foo())
diff --git a/tests/arc/topt_refcursors.nim b/tests/arc/topt_refcursors.nim
index f097150a3..8c638a4a1 100644
--- a/tests/arc/topt_refcursors.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/topt_refcursors.nim
@@ -1,26 +1,35 @@
 discard """
   output: ''''''
   cmd: '''nim c --gc:arc --expandArc:traverse --hint:Performance:off $file'''
-  nimout: '''--expandArc: traverse
+  nimout: '''
+--expandArc: traverse
 
 var
   it_cursor
-  jt_cursor
-it_cursor = root
-block :tmp:
-  while (
-    not (it_cursor == nil)):
-    echo [it_cursor.s]
-    it_cursor = it_cursor.ri
-jt_cursor = root
-block :tmp_1:
-  while (
-    not (jt_cursor == nil)):
-    var ri_1_cursor
-    ri_1_cursor = jt_cursor.ri
-    echo [jt_cursor.s]
-    jt_cursor = ri_1_cursor
--- end of expandArc ------------------------'''
+  jt
+try:
+  it_cursor = root
+  block :tmp:
+    while (
+      not (it_cursor == nil)):
+      echo [it_cursor.s]
+      it_cursor = it_cursor.ri
+  `=copy`(jt, root)
+  block :tmp_1:
+    while (
+      not (jt == nil)):
+      var ri_1
+      try:
+        `=copy`(ri_1, jt.ri)
+        echo [jt.s]
+        `=sink`(jt, ri_1)
+        `=wasMoved`(ri_1)
+      finally:
+        `=destroy`(ri_1)
+finally:
+  `=destroy`(jt)
+-- end of expandArc ------------------------
+'''
 """
 
 type
diff --git a/tests/arc/topt_wasmoved_destroy_pairs.nim b/tests/arc/topt_wasmoved_destroy_pairs.nim
index 2f971f112..c96340a30 100644
--- a/tests/arc/topt_wasmoved_destroy_pairs.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/topt_wasmoved_destroy_pairs.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 discard """
   output: ''''''
   cmd: '''nim c --gc:arc --expandArc:main --expandArc:tfor --hint:Performance:off $file'''
-  nimout: '''--expandArc: main
+  nimout: '''
+--expandArc: main
 
 var
   a
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ try:
   x = f()
   block :tmp:
     var i_cursor
+    mixin inc
     var i_1 = 0
     block :tmp_1:
       while i_1 < 4:
@@ -37,25 +39,25 @@ try:
         if i_cursor == 2:
           return
         add(a):
-          wasMoved(:tmpD)
-          `=copy`(:tmpD, x)
+          :tmpD = `=dup`(x)
           :tmpD
         inc i_1, 1
   if cond:
     add(a):
       let blitTmp = x
-      wasMoved(x)
+      `=wasMoved`(x)
       blitTmp
   else:
     add(b):
       let blitTmp_1 = x
-      wasMoved(x)
+      `=wasMoved`(x)
       blitTmp_1
 finally:
   `=destroy`(x)
   `=destroy_1`(b)
   `=destroy_1`(a)
--- end of expandArc ------------------------'''
+-- end of expandArc ------------------------
+'''
 """
 
 proc f(): seq[int] =
diff --git a/tests/arc/torcmisc.nim b/tests/arc/torcmisc.nim
index 20dd18fb3..e41ad7c77 100644
--- a/tests/arc/torcmisc.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/torcmisc.nim
@@ -32,3 +32,35 @@ when true:
   waitFor hello(Flags())
   echo "success"
 
+# bug #18240
+import tables
+
+type
+  TopicHandler* = proc(topic: string,
+                       data: seq[byte]): Future[void] {.gcsafe, raises: [Defect].}
+
+  PeerID* = object
+    data*: seq[byte]
+
+  PeerInfo* = ref object of RootObj
+    peerId*: PeerID
+
+  Connection* = ref object of RootObj
+    peerInfo*: PeerInfo
+
+  PubSubPeer* = ref object of RootObj
+    codec*: string
+
+  PubSub* = ref object of RootObj
+    topics*: Table[string, seq[TopicHandler]]
+    peers*: Table[PeerID, PubSubPeer]
+
+proc getOrCreatePeer*(myParam: PubSub, peerId: PeerID, protos: seq[string]): PubSubPeer =
+  myParam.peers.withValue(peerId, peer):
+    return peer[]
+
+method handleConn*(myParam: PubSub,
+                  conn: Connection,
+                  proto: string) {.base, async.} =
+  myParam.peers.withValue(conn.peerInfo.peerId, peer):
+    let peerB = peer[]
diff --git a/tests/arc/tref_cast_error.nim b/tests/arc/tref_cast_error.nim
index b0d2faf77..20139c1be 100644
--- a/tests/arc/tref_cast_error.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/tref_cast_error.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   cmd: "nim c --gc:arc $file"
-  errormsg: "expression cannot be cast to ref RootObj"
+  errormsg: "expression cannot be cast to 'ref RootObj'"
   joinable: false
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/arc/trepr.nim b/tests/arc/trepr.nim
index 50d433208..abf28330a 100644
--- a/tests/arc/trepr.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/trepr.nim
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ nil
 2
 Obj(member: ref @["hello"])
 ref (member: ref @["hello"])
+ObjUa(v: 0, a: [...])
 '''
 """
 
@@ -87,3 +88,10 @@ macro extract(): untyped =
   test(parseExpr("discard"))
   
 extract()
+
+type
+  ObjUa = ref object
+    v: int
+    a: UncheckedArray[char]
+
+echo ObjUa().repr
diff --git a/tests/arc/tshared_ptr_crash.nim b/tests/arc/tshared_ptr_crash.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1794834db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/tshared_ptr_crash.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim c --threads:on --gc:arc $file"
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+# bug #17893
+
+type
+  SharedPtr*[T] = object
+    val: ptr tuple[value: T, atomicCounter: int]
+
+proc `=destroy`*[T](p: var SharedPtr[T]) =
+  mixin `=destroy`
+  if p.val != nil:
+    if atomicLoadN(addr p.val[].atomicCounter, AtomicConsume) == 0:
+      `=destroy`(p.val[])
+      deallocShared(p.val)
+    else:
+      discard atomicDec(p.val[].atomicCounter)
+
+proc `=copy`*[T](dest: var SharedPtr[T], src: SharedPtr[T]) =
+  if src.val != nil:
+    discard atomicInc(src.val[].atomicCounter)
+  if dest.val != nil:
+    `=destroy`(dest)
+  dest.val = src.val
+
+proc newSharedPtr*[T](val: sink T): SharedPtr[T] {.nodestroy.} =
+  result.val = cast[typeof(result.val)](allocShared(sizeof(result.val[])))
+  result.val.atomicCounter = 0
+  result.val.value = val
+
+proc isNil*[T](p: SharedPtr[T]): bool {.inline.} =
+  p.val == nil
+
+proc `[]`*[T](p: SharedPtr[T]): var T {.inline.} =
+  when compileOption("boundChecks"):
+    doAssert(p.val != nil, "deferencing nil shared pointer")
+  result = p.val.value
+
+type
+  Sender*[T] = object
+    queue: SharedPtr[seq[T]]
+
+proc newSender*[T](queue: sink SharedPtr[seq[T]]): Sender[T] =
+  result = Sender[T](queue: queue)
+
+proc send*[T](self: Sender[T]; t: sink T) =
+  self.queue[].add t
+
+proc newChannel*(): Sender[int] =
+  let queue = newSharedPtr(newSeq[int]())
+  result = newSender(queue)
+
+
+var
+  p: Thread[Sender[int]]
+
+proc threadFn(tx: Sender[int]) =
+  send tx, 0
+
+proc multiThreadedChannel =
+  let tx = newChannel()
+  createThread(p, threadFn, tx)
+  joinThread(p)
+
+multiThreadedChannel()
diff --git a/tests/arc/tstringliteral.nim b/tests/arc/tstringliteral.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c5fac22d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/tstringliteral.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:arc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
+block: # issue #24080
+  var a = (s: "a")
+  var b = "a"
+  a.s.setLen 0
+  b = a.s
+  doAssert b == ""
+
+block: # issue #24080, longer string
+  var a = (s: "abc")
+  var b = "abc"
+  a.s.setLen 2
+  b = a.s
+  doAssert b == "ab"
diff --git a/tests/arc/tunref_cycle.nim b/tests/arc/tunref_cycle.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..82551b7f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/arc/tunref_cycle.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+discard """
+  outputsub: '''inside closure
+hello world'''
+  cmd: "nim c --gc:orc -d:useMalloc $file"
+  valgrind: true
+"""
+
+# bug #18579
+
+var fp: proc (env: pointer) {.cdecl.}
+var env: pointer
+
+proc store(f: proc (){.closure.}) =
+  proc closeOver() =
+    echo "inside closure"
+    f()
+  (fp,env) = (cast[proc(env: pointer){.cdecl.}](rawProc closeOver), rawEnv closeOver)
+  GC_ref(cast[RootRef](env))
+
+proc run() =
+  fp(env)
+  GC_unref(cast[RootRef](env))
+
+store(proc() = echo "hello world")
+run()
+GC_fullCollect()
diff --git a/tests/arc/tweave.nim b/tests/arc/tweave.nim
index 220d65f97..1c60ac403 100644
--- a/tests/arc/tweave.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/tweave.nim
@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ discard """
 
 import std/atomics
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, typedthreads]
+
 const MemBlockSize = 256
 
 type
diff --git a/tests/arc/twrong_sinkinference.nim b/tests/arc/twrong_sinkinference.nim
index 59930a9fa..ecf09d28a 100644
--- a/tests/arc/twrong_sinkinference.nim
+++ b/tests/arc/twrong_sinkinference.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   cmd: "nim c --gc:arc $file"
-  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <proc (a: string, b: sink string){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.}>"
+  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <proc (a: string, b: sink string){.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}>"
   line: 18
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/array/t15117.nim b/tests/array/t15117.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..157b04bee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/array/t15117.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--cc:vcc"
+  disabled: "linux"
+  disabled: "bsd"
+  disabled: "osx"
+  disabled: "unix"
+  disabled: "posix"
+"""
+{.experimental: "views".}
+
+let a: array[0, byte] = []
+discard a
+
+type B = object
+  a:int
+let b: array[0, B] = []
+let c: array[0, ptr B] = []
+let d: array[0, ref B] = []
+discard b
+discard c
+discard d
+
+discard default(array[0, B])
+
+type
+  View1 = openArray[byte]
+discard default(View1)
diff --git a/tests/array/t20248.nim b/tests/array/t20248.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66142548b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/array/t20248.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+discard """
+cmd: "nim check --hints:off $file"
+errormsg: "ordinal type expected; given: Error Type"
+nimout: '''
+t20248.nim(10, 36) Error: ordinal type expected; given: Error Type
+t20248.nim(14, 20) Error: ordinal type expected; given: Error Type
+'''
+"""
+
+type Vec[N: static[int]] = array[0 ..< N, float]
+
+var v: Vec[32]
+
+var stuff: array[0 ..< 16, int]
diff --git a/tests/array/tarray.nim b/tests/array/tarray.nim
index 81a43f203..e9f330e3b 100644
--- a/tests/array/tarray.nim
+++ b/tests/array/tarray.nim
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ block tarray:
       arr: TMyarray
 
 
-  proc sum(a: openarray[int]): int =
+  proc sum(a: openArray[int]): int =
     result = 0
     var i = 0
     while i < len(a):
@@ -587,3 +587,21 @@ block t12466:
     a[0'u16 + i] = i
   for i in 0'u16 ..< 8'u16:
     a[0'u16 + i] = i
+
+block t17705:
+  # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/17705
+  var a = array[0, int].low
+  a = int(a)
+  var b = array[0, int].high
+  b = int(b)
+
+block t18643:
+  # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/18643
+  let a: array[0, int] = []
+  var caught = false
+  let b = 9999999
+  try:
+    echo a[b]
+  except IndexDefect:
+    caught = true
+  doAssert caught, "IndexDefect not caught!"
diff --git a/tests/misc/tinvalidarrayaccess.nim b/tests/array/tinvalidarrayaccess.nim
index f8bce45ef..f8bce45ef 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tinvalidarrayaccess.nim
+++ b/tests/array/tinvalidarrayaccess.nim
diff --git a/tests/misc/tinvalidarrayaccess2.nim b/tests/array/tinvalidarrayaccess2.nim
index 0a0703834..0a0703834 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tinvalidarrayaccess2.nim
+++ b/tests/array/tinvalidarrayaccess2.nim
diff --git a/tests/array/tlargeindex.nim b/tests/array/tlargeindex.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61bcbd61d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/array/tlargeindex.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check --hints:off $file"
+"""
+
+# issue #17163
+var e: array[int32, byte] #[tt.Error
+             ^ index type 'int32' for array is too large]#
+var f: array[uint32, byte] #[tt.Error
+             ^ index type 'uint32' for array is too large]#
+var g: array[int64, byte] #[tt.Error
+             ^ index type 'int64' for array is too large]#
+var h: array[uint64, byte] #[tt.Error
+             ^ index type 'uint64' for array is too large]#
+
+# crash in issue #23204
+proc y[N](): array[N, int] = default(array[N, int]) #[tt.Error
+                                           ^ index type 'int' for array is too large]#
+discard y[int]()
diff --git a/tests/assert/panicoverride.nim b/tests/assert/panicoverride.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53ad64215
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/assert/panicoverride.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# panicoverride.nim
+
+proc printf(fmt: cstring) {.varargs, importc, header:"stdio.h".}
+proc exit(code: cint) {.importc, header:"stdlib.h".}
+
+{.push stack_trace: off, profiler:off.}
+
+proc rawoutput(s: cstring) =
+  printf("RAW: %s\n", s)
+  
+proc panic(s: cstring) {.noreturn.} =
+  printf("PANIC: %s\n", s)
+  exit(0)
+
+{.pop.}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/assert/t21195.nim b/tests/assert/t21195.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b690d22a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/assert/t21195.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--verbosity:0 --os:standalone --mm:none"
+"""
+# bug #21195
+var n = 11
+assert(n == 12)
diff --git a/tests/assert/tassert2.nim b/tests/assert/tassert2.nim
index 5d849aaad..e32ab72e1 100644
--- a/tests/assert/tassert2.nim
+++ b/tests/assert/tassert2.nim
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ except AssertionDefect as e:
 try:
   assert false # assert test with no msg
 except AssertionDefect as e:
-  assert e.msg.endsWith "tassert2.nim(25, 10) `false` "
+  assert e.msg.endsWith "tassert2.nim(25, 3) `false` "
 
 try:
   let a = 1
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ block: ## checks for issue https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/9301
     doAssert 1 + 1 == 3
   except AssertionDefect as e:
     # used to const fold as false
-    assert e.msg.endsWith "tassert2.nim(100, 14) `1 + 1 == 3` "
+    assert e.msg.endsWith "tassert2.nim(100, 5) `1 + 1 == 3` "
 
 block: ## checks AST isn't transformed as it used to
   let a = 1
@@ -108,4 +108,4 @@ block: ## checks AST isn't transformed as it used to
     doAssert a > 1
   except AssertionDefect as e:
     # used to rewrite as `1 < a`
-    assert e.msg.endsWith "tassert2.nim(108, 14) `a > 1` "
+    assert e.msg.endsWith "tassert2.nim(108, 5) `a > 1` "
diff --git a/tests/assert/tassert_c.nim b/tests/assert/tassert_c.nim
index 5c8f529ad..e3e3b8147 100644
--- a/tests/assert/tassert_c.nim
+++ b/tests/assert/tassert_c.nim
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 discard """
-  cmd: "nim $target $options --excessiveStackTrace:off $file"
+  matrix: "-d:nimPreviewSlimSystem --stackTrace:on --excessiveStackTrace:off"
   output: '''true'''
 """
-
+import std/assertions
 const expected = """
 tassert_c.nim(35)        tassert_c
 tassert_c.nim(34)        foo
 assertions.nim(*)       failedAssertImpl
 assertions.nim(*)       raiseAssert
-fatal.nim(*)            sysFatal"""
+"""
 
 proc tmatch(x, p: string): bool =
   var i = 0
diff --git a/tests/assign/moverload_asgn2.nim b/tests/assign/moverload_asgn2.nim
index 6620adbeb..cfea48cd1 100644
--- a/tests/assign/moverload_asgn2.nim
+++ b/tests/assign/moverload_asgn2.nim
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
+"""
+
 type
   Concrete* = object
     a*, b*: string
diff --git a/tests/assign/tassign.nim b/tests/assign/tassign.nim
index da097ca83..fdec04d22 100644
--- a/tests/assign/tassign.nim
+++ b/tests/assign/tassign.nim
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ block tcopy:
 
 block tgenericassign:
   type
-    TAny = object {.pure.}
+    TAny {.pure.} = object
       value: pointer
       rawType: pointer
 
diff --git a/tests/assign/tvariantasgn.nim b/tests/assign/tvariantasgn.nim
index 1c3deeae1..4c3c38ca5 100644
--- a/tests/assign/tvariantasgn.nim
+++ b/tests/assign/tvariantasgn.nim
@@ -24,3 +24,16 @@ s = TAny(kind: nkInt, intVal: 78)
 # s = nr # works
 nr = s # fails!
 echo "came here"
+
+block: # bug #12464
+  type
+    Foo = object
+      case isFunc: bool
+      of false: nil
+      of true:
+        fun: proc(): int
+
+  const i = Foo(isFunc: false)
+
+  let j = i
+  doAssert not j.isFunc
diff --git a/tests/ast_pattern_matching.nim b/tests/ast_pattern_matching.nim
index c08234b9e..0ba0aa57a 100644
--- a/tests/ast_pattern_matching.nim
+++ b/tests/ast_pattern_matching.nim
@@ -133,8 +133,8 @@ proc matchLengthKind*(arg: NimNode; kind: NimNodeKind; length: int): MatchingErr
   matchLengthKind(arg, {kind}, length)
 
 proc matchValue(arg: NimNode; kind: set[NimNodeKind]; value: SomeInteger): MatchingError {.compileTime.} =
-  let kindFail   = not(kind.card == 0 or arg.kind in kind)
-  let valueFail  = arg.intVal != int(value)
+  template kindFail: bool  = not(kind.card == 0 or arg.kind in kind)
+  template valueFail: bool = arg.intVal != int(value)
   if kindFail or valueFail:
     result.node = arg
     result.kind = WrongKindValue
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ when isMainModule:
         echo "got the ident m"
 
     testRecCase:
-      type Obj[T] = object {.inheritable.}
+      type Obj[T] {.inheritable.} = object
         name: string
         case isFat: bool
         of true:
diff --git a/tests/astspec/tastspec.nim b/tests/astspec/tastspec.nim
index 3413d32f3..c99d8ec79 100644
--- a/tests/astspec/tastspec.nim
+++ b/tests/astspec/tastspec.nim
@@ -327,19 +327,43 @@ static:
 
   testArrayAccessOperator(x[y])
 
-
-
   ## Parentheses
 
   scope:
-
     let ast = myquote:
-      (1, 2, (3))
+      (a + b) * c
 
     ast.matchAst:
-    of nnkPar(nnkIntLit(intVal = 1), nnkIntLit(intVal = 2), nnkPar(nnkIntLit(intVal = 3))):
-      echo "ok"
+    of nnkInfix(ident"*", nnkPar(nnkInfix(ident"+", ident"a", ident"b")), ident"c"):
+      echo "parentheses ok"
 
+  ## Tuple Constructors
+
+  scope:
+    let ast = myquote:
+      (1, 2, 3)
+      (a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
+      (1,)
+      (a: 1)
+      ()
+
+    for it in ast:
+      echo it.lispRepr
+      it.matchAst:
+      of nnkTupleConstr(nnkIntLit(intVal = 1), nnkIntLit(intVal = 2), nnkIntLit(intVal = 3)):
+        echo "simple tuple ok"
+      of nnkTupleConstr(
+        nnkExprColonExpr(ident"a", nnkIntLit(intVal = 1)),
+        nnkExprColonExpr(ident"b", nnkIntLit(intVal = 2)),
+        nnkExprColonExpr(ident"c", nnkIntLit(intVal = 3))
+      ):
+        echo "named tuple ok"
+      of nnkTupleConstr(nnkIntLit(intVal = 1)):
+        echo "one tuple ok"
+      of nnkTupleConstr(nnkExprColonExpr(ident"a", nnkIntLit(intVal = 1))):
+        echo "named one tuple ok"
+      of nnkTupleConstr():
+       echo "empty tuple ok"
 
   ## Curly braces
 
@@ -847,11 +871,20 @@ static:
 
   scope:
     macro testRecCase(ast: untyped): untyped =
-      ast.peelOff({nnkStmtList, nnkTypeSection})[2].matchAst:
-      of nnkObjectTy(
-        nnkPragma(
-          ident"inheritable"
+      ast.peelOff({nnkStmtList, nnkTypeSection}).matchAst:
+      of nnkTypeDef(
+        nnkPragmaExpr(
+          ident"Obj",
+          nnkPragma(ident"inheritable")
         ),
+        nnkGenericParams(
+        nnkIdentDefs(
+          ident"T",
+          nnkEmpty(),
+          nnkEmpty())
+        ),
+        nnkObjectTy(
+        nnkEmpty(),
         nnkEmpty(),
         nnkRecList( # list of object parameters
           nnkIdentDefs(
@@ -890,6 +923,7 @@ static:
                     ident"T"
                   ),
                   nnkEmpty()
+                  )
                 )
               )
             )
@@ -898,10 +932,8 @@ static:
       ):
         echo "ok"
 
-
-
     testRecCase:
-      type Obj[T] = object {.inheritable.}
+      type Obj[T] {.inheritable.} = object
         name: string
         case isFat: bool
         of true:
@@ -929,7 +961,7 @@ static:
         (x & y & z) is string
 
     ast.peelOff({nnkStmtList, nnkTypeSection}).matchAst:
-    of nnkTypeDef(_, _, nnkTypeClassTy(nnkArglist, _, _, nnkStmtList)):
+    of nnkTypeDef(_, _, nnkTypeClassTy(nnkArgList, _, _, nnkStmtList)):
       # note this isn't nnkConceptTy!
       echo "ok"
 
diff --git a/tests/async/nim.cfg b/tests/async/nim.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be50f572c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/async/nim.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+--experimental:strictEffects
diff --git a/tests/async/t11558.nim b/tests/async/t11558.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99961e7b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/async/t11558.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+discard """
+output: "Hello\n9"
+"""
+import std/asyncdispatch
+
+proc foo(): Future[string] {.async.} =
+  "Hello"
+
+proc bar(): Future[int] {.async.} =
+  result = 9
+
+echo waitFor foo()
+echo waitFor bar()
diff --git a/tests/async/t17045.nim b/tests/async/t17045.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b5acf48a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/async/t17045.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:arc"
+"""
+
+type Future = ref object
+
+iterator paths: string = 
+  # without "when nimvm" everything works
+  when nimvm:
+    yield "test.md"
+  else:
+    yield "test.md"
+
+template await(f: Future): string =
+  # need this yield, also the template has to return something
+  yield f
+  "hello world"
+
+proc generatePostContextsAsync() =
+  iterator generatePostContextsAsyncIter(): Future {.closure.} =
+    for filePath in paths():
+      var temp = await Future()
+
+  # need this line
+  var nameIterVar = generatePostContextsAsyncIter
+
+generatePostContextsAsync()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/async/t20111.nim b/tests/async/t20111.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0aaa7d886
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/async/t20111.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+  action: "run"
+"""
+import asyncdispatch
+type
+    Sync = object
+    Async = object
+    SyncRes = (Sync, string)
+    AsyncRes = (Async, string)
+
+proc foo(val: Sync | Async): Future[(Async, string) | (Sync, string)] {.multisync.} =
+    return (val, "hello")
+
+let
+  myAsync = Async()
+  mySync = Sync()
+
+doAssert typeof(waitFor foo(myAsync)) is AsyncRes
+doAssert typeof(foo(mySync)) is SyncRes
diff --git a/tests/async/t21447.nim b/tests/async/t21447.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4f7ae31f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/async/t21447.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+discard """
+  action: "compile"
+  cmd: "nim c -d:release -d:futureLogging $file"
+"""
+
+import std/asyncdispatch
diff --git a/tests/async/t21893.nim b/tests/async/t21893.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..658cb02eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/async/t21893.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+discard """
+output: "@[97]\ntrue"
+"""
+
+import asyncdispatch
+
+proc test(): Future[bool] {.async.} =
+  const S4 = @[byte('a')]
+  echo S4
+  return true
+
+echo waitFor test()
+
diff --git a/tests/async/t22210.nim b/tests/async/t22210.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fcf939472
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/async/t22210.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+discard """
+output: '''
+stage 1
+stage 2
+stage 3
+(status: 200, data: "SOMEDATA")
+'''
+"""
+
+import std/asyncdispatch
+
+
+# bug #22210
+type
+  ClientResponse = object
+    status*: int
+    data*: string
+
+proc subFoo1(): Future[int] {.async.} =
+  await sleepAsync(100)
+  return 200
+
+proc subFoo2(): Future[string] {.async.} =
+  await sleepAsync(100)
+  return "SOMEDATA"
+
+proc testFoo(): Future[ClientResponse] {.async.} =
+  try:
+    let status = await subFoo1()
+    doAssert(status == 200)
+    let data = await subFoo2()
+    return ClientResponse(status: status, data: data)
+  finally:
+    echo "stage 1"
+    await sleepAsync(100)
+    echo "stage 2"
+    await sleepAsync(200)
+    echo "stage 3"
+
+when isMainModule:
+  echo waitFor testFoo()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/async/t22210_2.nim b/tests/async/t22210_2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9db664a32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/async/t22210_2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import std/asyncdispatch
+
+
+# bug #22210
+type
+  ClientResponse = object
+    status*: int
+    data*: string
+
+proc subFoo1(): Future[int] {.async.} =
+  await sleepAsync(100)
+  return 200
+
+proc subFoo2(): Future[string] {.async.} =
+  await sleepAsync(100)
+  return "SOMEDATA"
+
+
+proc testFoo2(): Future[ClientResponse] {.async.} =
+  var flag = 0
+  try:
+    let status = await subFoo1()
+    doAssert(status == 200)
+    let data = await subFoo2()
+    result = ClientResponse(status: status, data: data)
+  finally:
+    inc flag
+    await sleepAsync(100)
+    inc flag
+    await sleepAsync(200)
+    inc flag
+  doAssert flag == 3
+
+discard waitFor testFoo2()
+
+proc testFoo3(): Future[ClientResponse] {.async.} =
+  var flag = 0
+  try:
+    let status = await subFoo1()
+    doAssert(status == 200)
+    let data = await subFoo2()
+    if false:
+      return ClientResponse(status: status, data: data)
+  finally:
+    inc flag
+    await sleepAsync(100)
+    inc flag
+    await sleepAsync(200)
+    inc flag
+  doAssert flag == 3
+
+discard waitFor testFoo3()
+
+
+proc testFoo4(): Future[ClientResponse] {.async.} =
+  var flag = 0
+  try:
+    let status = await subFoo1()
+    doAssert(status == 200)
+    let data = await subFoo2()
+    if status == 200:
+      return ClientResponse(status: status, data: data)
+    else:
+      return ClientResponse()
+  finally:
+    inc flag
+    await sleepAsync(100)
+    inc flag
+    await sleepAsync(200)
+    inc flag
+  doAssert flag == 3
+
+discard waitFor testFoo4()
diff --git a/tests/async/tasync_gcunsafe.nim b/tests/async/tasync_gcunsafe.nim
index 00c92b109..f3e6bc691 100644
--- a/tests/async/tasync_gcunsafe.nim
+++ b/tests/async/tasync_gcunsafe.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "'anotherGCSafeAsyncProcIter' is not GC-safe as it calls 'asyncGCUnsafeProc'"
+  errormsg: "'anotherGCSafeAsyncProc (Async)' is not GC-safe as it calls 'asyncGCUnsafeProc'"
   cmd: "nim c --threads:on $file"
   file: "asyncmacro.nim"
 """
diff --git a/tests/async/tasync_noasync.nim b/tests/async/tasync_noasync.nim
index 54f4f597f..0927148bf 100644
--- a/tests/async/tasync_noasync.nim
+++ b/tests/async/tasync_noasync.nim
@@ -1,13 +1,42 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "'yield' only allowed in an iterator"
-  cmd: "nim c $file"
-  file: "asyncmacro.nim"
+  cmd: "nim check --hints:off --warnings:off $file"
+  action: "reject"
+  nimout: '''
+tasync_noasync.nim(21, 10) Error: Can only 'await' inside a proc marked as 'async'. Use 'waitFor' when calling an 'async' proc in a non-async scope instead
+tasync_noasync.nim(25, 12) Error: Can only 'await' inside a proc marked as 'async'. Use 'waitFor' when calling an 'async' proc in a non-async scope instead
+tasync_noasync.nim(28, 10) Error: Can only 'await' inside a proc marked as 'async'. Use 'waitFor' when calling an 'async' proc in a non-async scope instead
+tasync_noasync.nim(31, 10) Error: Can only 'await' inside a proc marked as 'async'. Use 'waitFor' when calling an 'async' proc in a non-async scope instead
+tasync_noasync.nim(35, 10) Error: Can only 'await' inside a proc marked as 'async'. Use 'waitFor' when calling an 'async' proc in a non-async scope instead
+tasync_noasync.nim(38, 10) Error: Can only 'await' inside a proc marked as 'async'. Use 'waitFor' when calling an 'async' proc in a non-async scope instead
+tasync_noasync.nim(40, 8) Error: Can only 'await' inside a proc marked as 'async'. Use 'waitFor' when calling an 'async' proc in a non-async scope instead
+'''
 """
 import async
 
 proc a {.async.} =
   discard
 
+# Bad await usage
+proc nonAsyncProc =
+  await a()
+
+proc nestedNonAsyncProc {.async.} =
+  proc nested =
+    await a()
+
+iterator customIterator: int =
+  await a()
+
+macro awaitInMacro =
+  await a()
+
+type DummyRef = ref object of RootObj
+method awaitInMethod(_: DummyRef) {.base.} =
+  await a()
+
+proc improperMultisync {.multisync.} =
+  await a()
+
 await a()
 
 # if we overload a fallback handler to get
diff --git a/tests/async/tasync_traceback.nim b/tests/async/tasync_traceback.nim
index 9f787929b..98f71b192 100644
--- a/tests/async/tasync_traceback.nim
+++ b/tests/async/tasync_traceback.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 discard """
   exitcode: 0
-  disabled: "windows"
   output: "Matched"
 """
 import asyncdispatch, strutils
@@ -68,53 +67,24 @@ import re
 const expected = """
 b failure
 Async traceback:
-  tasync_traceback\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?tasync_traceback
-  asyncmacro\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?a
-  asyncmacro\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?aNimAsyncContinue
-    ## Resumes an async procedure
-  tasync_traceback\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?aIter
-  asyncmacro\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?b
-  asyncmacro\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?bNimAsyncContinue
-    ## Resumes an async procedure
-  tasync_traceback\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?bIter
-  #\[
-    tasync_traceback\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?tasync_traceback
-    asyncmacro\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?a
-    asyncmacro\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?aNimAsyncContinue
-      ## Resumes an async procedure
-    asyncmacro\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?aIter
-    asyncfutures\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?read
-  \]#
+  tasync_traceback\.nim\(\d+?\) tasync_traceback
+  tasync_traceback\.nim\(\d+?\) a \(Async\)
+  tasync_traceback\.nim\(\d+?\) b \(Async\)
 Exception message: b failure
-Exception type:
+
 
 bar failure
 Async traceback:
-  tasync_traceback\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?tasync_traceback
-  asyncdispatch\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?waitFor
-  asyncdispatch\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?poll
+  tasync_traceback\.nim\(\d+?\) tasync_traceback
+  asyncdispatch\.nim\(\d+?\) waitFor
+  asyncdispatch\.nim\(\d+?\) poll
     ## Processes asynchronous completion events
-  asyncdispatch\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?runOnce
-  asyncdispatch\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?processPendingCallbacks
+  asyncdispatch\.nim\(\d+?\) runOnce
+  asyncdispatch\.nim\(\d+?\) processPendingCallbacks
     ## Executes pending callbacks
-  asyncmacro\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?barNimAsyncContinue
-    ## Resumes an async procedure
-  tasync_traceback\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?barIter
-  #\[
-    tasync_traceback\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?tasync_traceback
-    asyncdispatch\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?waitFor
-    asyncdispatch\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?poll
-      ## Processes asynchronous completion events
-    asyncdispatch\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?runOnce
-    asyncdispatch\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?processPendingCallbacks
-      ## Executes pending callbacks
-    asyncmacro\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?fooNimAsyncContinue
-      ## Resumes an async procedure
-    asyncmacro\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?fooIter
-    asyncfutures\.nim\(\d+?\)\s+?read
-  \]#
+  tasync_traceback\.nim\(\d+?\) bar \(Async\)
 Exception message: bar failure
-Exception type:
+
 """
 
 # TODO: is asyncmacro good enough location for fooIter traceback/debugging? just put the callsite info for all?
@@ -122,28 +92,31 @@ Exception type:
 let resLines = splitLines(result.strip)
 let expLines = splitLines(expected.strip)
 
-if resLines.len != expLines.len:
-  echo("Not matched! Wrong number of lines!")
-  echo expLines.len
-  echo resLines.len
-  echo("Expected: -----------")
-  echo expected
-  echo("Gotten: -------------")
-  echo result
-  echo("---------------------")
-  quit(QuitFailure)
-
-var ok = true
-for i in 0 ..< resLines.len:
-  if not resLines[i].match(re(expLines[i])):
-    echo "Not matched! Line ", i + 1
-    echo "Expected:"
-    echo expLines[i]
-    echo "Actual:"
-    echo resLines[i]
-    ok = false
-
-if ok:
-  echo("Matched")
+when not defined(cpp): # todo fixme
+  if resLines.len != expLines.len:
+    echo("Not matched! Wrong number of lines!")
+    echo expLines.len
+    echo resLines.len
+    echo("Expected: -----------")
+    echo expected
+    echo("Gotten: -------------")
+    echo result
+    echo("---------------------")
+    quit(QuitFailure)
+
+  var ok = true
+  for i in 0 ..< resLines.len:
+    if not resLines[i].match(re(expLines[i])):
+      echo "Not matched! Line ", i + 1
+      echo "Expected:"
+      echo expLines[i]
+      echo "Actual:"
+      echo resLines[i]
+      ok = false
+
+  if ok:
+    echo("Matched")
+  else:
+    quit(QuitFailure)
 else:
-  quit(QuitFailure)
+  echo("Matched")
diff --git a/tests/async/tasyncawait.nim b/tests/async/tasyncawait.nim
index f658a15ed..e86542b2d 100644
--- a/tests/async/tasyncawait.nim
+++ b/tests/async/tasyncawait.nim
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ proc readMessages(client: AsyncFD) {.async.} =
       clientCount.inc
       break
     else:
-      if line.startswith("Message "):
+      if line.startsWith("Message "):
         msgCount.inc
       else:
         doAssert false
diff --git a/tests/async/tasyncdial.nim b/tests/async/tasyncdial.nim
index a755de74e..f0377dfd5 100644
--- a/tests/async/tasyncdial.nim
+++ b/tests/async/tasyncdial.nim
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ discard """
 OK AF_INET
 OK AF_INET6
 '''
-  disabled: "travis"
 """
 
 import
diff --git a/tests/async/tasyncintemplate.nim b/tests/async/tasyncintemplate.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4bddb1d18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/async/tasyncintemplate.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+42
+43
+43
+1
+2
+3
+4
+'''
+"""
+
+# xxx move to tests/async/tasyncintemplate.nim
+import asyncdispatch
+
+block: # bug #16159
+  template foo() =
+    proc temp(): Future[int] {.async.} = return 42
+    proc tempVoid(): Future[void] {.async.} = echo await temp()
+  foo()
+  waitFor tempVoid()
+
+block: # aliasing `void`
+  template foo() =
+    type Foo = void
+    proc temp(): Future[int] {.async.} = return 43
+    proc tempVoid(): Future[Foo] {.async.} = echo await temp()
+    proc tempVoid2() {.async.} = echo await temp()
+  foo()
+  waitFor tempVoid()
+  waitFor tempVoid2()
+
+block: # sanity check
+  template foo() =
+    proc bad(): int {.async.} = discard
+  doAssert not compiles(bad())
+
+block: # bug #16786
+  block:
+    proc main(a: int|string)=
+      proc bar(b: int|string) = echo b
+      bar(a)
+    main(1)
+
+  block:
+    proc main(a: int) : Future[void] {.async.} =
+      proc bar(b: int): Future[void] {.async.} = echo b
+      await bar(a)
+    waitFor main(2)
+
+  block:
+    proc main(a: int) : Future[void] {.async.} =
+      proc bar(b: int | string): Future[void] {.async.} = echo b
+      await bar(a)
+    waitFor main(3)
+
+  block:
+    # bug
+    proc main(a: int|string) =
+      proc bar(b: int): Future[void] {.async.} = echo b
+      waitFor bar(a)
+    main(4)
diff --git a/tests/async/tasyncnetudp.nim b/tests/async/tasyncnetudp.nim
index ef6dfc5e1..dade96fb2 100644
--- a/tests/async/tasyncnetudp.nim
+++ b/tests/async/tasyncnetudp.nim
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ proc readMessages(server: AsyncSocket) {.async.} =
   while i < maxResponses:
     let (data, fromIp, fromPort) = await recvFrom(server, 16384)
 
-    if data.startswith("Message ") and fromIp == "127.0.0.1":
+    if data.startsWith("Message ") and fromIp == "127.0.0.1":
       await sendTo(server, fromIp, fromPort, data)
 
       inc(msgCount)
diff --git a/tests/async/tasyncssl.nim b/tests/async/tasyncssl.nim
index a582818eb..57de3271d 100644
--- a/tests/async/tasyncssl.nim
+++ b/tests/async/tasyncssl.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   cmd: "nim $target --hints:on --define:ssl $options $file"
+  disabled: osx
 """
 
 import asyncdispatch, asyncnet, net, strutils
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ when defined(ssl):
         inc(clientCount)
         break
       else:
-        if line.startswith("Message "):
+        if line.startsWith("Message "):
           inc(msgCount)
         else:
           doAssert false
diff --git a/tests/async/tioselectors.nim b/tests/async/tioselectors.nim
index f7487525a..f53767408 100644
--- a/tests/async/tioselectors.nim
+++ b/tests/async/tioselectors.nim
@@ -58,7 +58,11 @@ when not defined(windows):
     registerHandle(selector, client_socket, {Event.Write}, 0)
 
     freeAddrInfo(aiList)
-    discard selector.select(100)
+
+    # make sure both sockets are selected
+    var nevs = 0
+    while nevs < 2:
+      nevs += selector.select(100).len
 
     var sockAddress: SockAddr
     var addrLen = sizeof(sockAddress).Socklen
@@ -234,7 +238,7 @@ when not defined(windows):
       if fd == -1:
         raiseOsError(osLastError())
       let length = len(data).cint
-      if posix.write(fd, cast[pointer](unsafeAddr data[0]),
+      if posix.write(fd, cast[pointer](addr data[0]),
                      len(data).cint) != length:
         raiseOsError(osLastError())
       if posix.close(fd) == -1:
@@ -288,8 +292,8 @@ when not defined(windows):
         events: set[Event]
 
     proc vnode_test(): bool =
-      proc validate(test: openarray[ReadyKey],
-                    check: openarray[valType]): bool =
+      proc validate(test: openArray[ReadyKey],
+                    check: openArray[valType]): bool =
         result = false
         if len(test) == len(check):
           for checkItem in check:
@@ -427,6 +431,20 @@ when not defined(windows):
       doAssert(res[0].fd == dirfd and
                {Event.Vnode, Event.VnodeDelete} <= res[0].events)
 
+  proc pipe_test(): bool =
+    # closing the read end of a pipe will result in it automatically
+    # being removed from the kqueue; make sure no exception is raised
+    var s = newSelector[int]()
+    var fds: array[2, cint]
+    discard pipe(fds)
+    s.registerHandle(fds[1], {Write}, 0)
+    discard close(fds[0])
+    let res = s.select(-1)
+    doAssert(res.len == 1)
+    s.unregister(fds[1])
+    discard close(fds[1])
+    return true
+
   when hasThreadSupport:
 
     var counter = 0
@@ -468,6 +486,7 @@ when not defined(windows):
   when defined(macosx) or defined(freebsd) or defined(openbsd) or
        defined(netbsd):
     processTest("File notification test...", vnode_test())
+    processTest("Pipe test...", pipe_test())
   echo("All tests passed!")
 else:
   import nativesockets, winlean, os, osproc
diff --git a/tests/async/tnewasyncudp.nim b/tests/async/tnewasyncudp.nim
index 76462c21d..68de796a0 100644
--- a/tests/async/tnewasyncudp.nim
+++ b/tests/async/tnewasyncudp.nim
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ proc launchSwarm(name: ptr SockAddr) {.async.} =
                                     16384, cast[ptr SockAddr](addr saddr),
                                     addr slen)
       size = 0
-      var grammString = $cstring(addr buffer)
+      var grammString = $cast[cstring](addr buffer)
       if grammString == message:
         saveSendingPort(sockport)
         inc(recvCount)
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ proc readMessages(server: AsyncFD) {.async.} =
                                   16384, cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(saddr)),
                                   addr(slen))
     size = 0
-    var grammString = $cstring(addr buffer)
-    if grammString.startswith("Message ") and
+    var grammString = $cast[cstring](addr buffer)
+    if grammString.startsWith("Message ") and
        saddr.sin_addr.s_addr == nativesockets.ntohl(INADDR_LOOPBACK.uint32):
       await sendTo(server, addr grammString[0], len(grammString),
                    cast[ptr SockAddr](addr saddr), slen)
diff --git a/tests/async/twinasyncrw.nim b/tests/async/twinasyncrw.nim
index 69b092607..f0a8f6a62 100644
--- a/tests/async/twinasyncrw.nim
+++ b/tests/async/twinasyncrw.nim
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ when defined(windows):
           retFuture.complete()
           return true
       else:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(OSErrorCode(ret))))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(OSErrorCode(ret)))
           return true
 
     var aiList = getAddrInfo(address, port, domain)
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ when defined(windows):
 
     freeAddrInfo(aiList)
     if not success:
-      retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(lastError)))
+      retFuture.fail(newOSError(lastError))
     return retFuture
 
   proc winRecv*(socket: AsyncFD, size: int,
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ when defined(windows):
         if flags.isDisconnectionError(lastError):
           retFuture.complete("")
         else:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(lastError)))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(lastError))
       elif res == 0:
         # Disconnected
         retFuture.complete("")
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ when defined(windows):
         if flags.isDisconnectionError(lastError):
           retFuture.complete(0)
         else:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(lastError)))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(lastError))
       else:
         retFuture.complete(res)
     # TODO: The following causes a massive slowdown.
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ when defined(windows):
         if flags.isDisconnectionError(lastError):
           retFuture.complete()
         else:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(lastError)))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(lastError))
       else:
         written.inc(res)
         if res != netSize:
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ when defined(windows):
         var client = nativesockets.accept(sock.SocketHandle,
                                           cast[ptr SockAddr](addr(sockAddress)), addr(addrLen))
         if client == osInvalidSocket:
-          retFuture.fail(newException(OSError, osErrorMsg(osLastError())))
+          retFuture.fail(newOSError(osLastError()))
         else:
           retFuture.complete((getAddrString(cast[ptr SockAddr](addr sockAddress)), client.AsyncFD))
 
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ when defined(windows):
         clientCount.inc
         break
       else:
-        if line.startswith("Message "):
+        if line.startsWith("Message "):
           msgCount.inc
         else:
           doAssert false
diff --git a/tests/avr/nim.cfg b/tests/avr/nim.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6eba8eda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/avr/nim.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+avr.standalone.gcc.path = "/usr/bin"
+avr.standalone.gcc.exe = "avr-gcc"
+avr.standalone.gcc.linkerexe = "avr-gcc"
+passC = "-Os"
+passC = "-DF_CPU=16000000UL"
+passC = "-mmcu=atmega328p"
+passL = "-mmcu=atmega328p"
+passC = "-flto"
+passL = "-flto"
+cpu = "avr"
+deadCodeElim = "on"
+gc = "arc"
diff --git a/tests/avr/panicoverride.nim b/tests/avr/panicoverride.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..770933ddd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/avr/panicoverride.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+proc printf(frmt: cstring) {.varargs, importc, header: "<stdio.h>", cdecl.}
+proc exit(code: int) {.importc, header: "<stdlib.h>", cdecl.}
+
+{.push stack_trace: off, profiler:off.}
+
+proc rawoutput(s: string) =
+  printf("%s\n", s)
+
+proc panic(s: string) =
+  rawoutput(s)
+  exit(1)
+
+{.pop.}
diff --git a/tests/avr/thello.nim b/tests/avr/thello.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ebaeae5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/avr/thello.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim c --compileOnly --os:standalone --exceptions:quirky -d:noSignalHandler -d:danger --threads:off $file"
+  action: "compile"
+"""
+
+echo "hi"
diff --git a/tests/bind/tdatabind.nim b/tests/bind/tdatabind.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index f6455749c..000000000
--- a/tests/bind/tdatabind.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  disabled: true
-"""
-
-import events
-type
-  TProperty*[T] = object of TObject
-    getProc: proc(property: TProperty[T]): T {.nimcall.}
-    setProc: proc(property: var TProperty[T], value: T) {.nimcall.}
-    value: T
-    ValueChanged*: TEventHandler
-    Binders: seq[TProperty[T]]
-    EEmitter: TEventEmitter
-  # Not a descriptive name but it was that or TPropertyValueChangeEventArgs.
-  TValueEventArgs[T] = object of TEventArgs
-    Property*: TProperty[T]
-
-
-proc newProperty*[T](value: T): TProperty[T] =
-  var prop: TProperty[T]
-
-  prop.EEmitter = initEventEmitter()
-  prop.Binders = @[]
-  prop.ValueChanged = initEventHandler("ValueChanged")
-  prop.value = value
-
-  proc getter(property: TProperty[T]): T =
-   return property.value
-
-  prop.getProc = getter
-
-  proc setter(property: var TProperty[T], v: T) =
-    property.value = v
-
-    # fire event here
-    var args: TValueEventArgs[T]
-    args.Property = property
-    property.EEmitter.emit(property.ValueChanged, args)
-
-  prop.setProc = setter
-
-  return prop
-
-proc `prop`[T] (p: TProperty[T]): T =
-  # I'm assuming this is trying to get a value from the property.
-  # i.e. myVar = myProperty
-  return p.getProc(p)
-
-proc `~=`[T] (p: var TProperty[T], v: T) =
-  # Assuming this is setting the value.
-  p.setProc(p, v)
-
-proc `$`[T] (p: TProperty[T]): string =
-  var value = p.getProc(p)
-  return $value
-
-proc propertyBind*[T](p1: var TProperty[T], p2: var TProperty[T]) =
-  p1.Binders.add(p2)
-
-  # make handler -> handler[T] so trigger even more generics bugs ...
-  proc handler(e: TEventArgs) =
-    type TEA = TValueEventArgs[T]
-    var args = TEA(e)
-    var val = args.Property.getProc(p1)
-    for i in countup(0, len(e.Property.ValueChanged.Binders) -1):
-      var binded = e.Property.ValueChanged.Binders[i]
-      binded.setProc(binded, val)
-
-    echo("Property 1 has changed to " & $val)
-
-  if p1.ValueChanged.containsHandler(handler) == false:
-    addHandler(p1.ValueChanged, handler)
-
-proc `->`[T](p1: var TProperty[T], p2: var TProperty[T]) =
-  propertyBind(p2,p1)
-
-when true:
-  # Initial value testing
-  var myProp = newProperty(5)
-
-  echo(myProp)
-
-  myProp ~= 7 # Temp operator until overloading of '=' is implemented.
-  echo(myProp)
-
-  # Binding testing
-
-  var prop1 = newProperty(9)
-  var prop2: TProperty[int]
-
-  prop2 -> prop1 # Binds prop2 to prop1
-
-  prop1 ~= 7
-  echo(prop2) # Output: 7
-
diff --git a/tests/borrow/tborrow.nim b/tests/borrow/tborrow.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 9c403021e..000000000
--- a/tests/borrow/tborrow.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  output: '''4887 true
-0.5'''
-"""
-
-# test the new borrow feature that works with generics:
-
-proc `++`*[T: int | float](a, b: T): T =
-  result = a + b
-
-type
-  DI = distinct int
-  DF = distinct float
-  DS = distinct string
-
-proc `++`(x, y: DI): DI {.borrow.}
-proc `++`(x, y: DF): DF {.borrow.}
-
-proc `$`(x: DI): string {.borrow.}
-proc `$`(x: DF): string {.borrow.}
-
-echo  4544.DI ++ 343.DI, " ", (4.5.DF ++ 0.5.DF).float == 5.0
-
-# issue #14440
-
-type Radians = distinct float64
-
-func `-=`(a: var Radians, b: Radians) {.borrow.}
-
-var a = Radians(1.5)
-let b = Radians(1.0)
-
-a -= b
-
-echo a.float64
diff --git a/tests/borrow/tinvalidborrow.nim b/tests/borrow/tinvalidborrow.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 89aa4e2e8..000000000
--- a/tests/borrow/tinvalidborrow.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  errormsg: "no symbol to borrow from found"
-  line: 11
-"""
-
-# bug #516
-
-type
-  TAtom = culong
-
-proc `==`*(a, b: TAtom): bool {.borrow.}
-
-var
-  d, e: TAtom
-
-echo( $(d == e) )
diff --git a/tests/compilepragma/test.c b/tests/c/tcompile.c
index fc0482e40..fc0482e40 100644
--- a/tests/compilepragma/test.c
+++ b/tests/c/tcompile.c
diff --git a/tests/compilepragma/test.nim b/tests/c/tcompile.nim
index 56087fa57..cf99fd7ed 100644
--- a/tests/compilepragma/test.nim
+++ b/tests/c/tcompile.nim
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ discard """
   joinable: "false"
 """
 
-{.compile: "test.c".}
+{.compile: "tcompile.c".}
 
 proc foo(a, b: cint): cint {.importc: "foo", cdecl.}
 
diff --git a/tests/misc/temit.nim b/tests/c/temit.nim
index ee7455d4c..1943c94ea 100644
--- a/tests/misc/temit.nim
+++ b/tests/c/temit.nim
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ discard """
 # Test the new ``emit`` pragma:
 
 {.emit: """
+#include <stdio.h>
 static int cvariable = 420;
 
 """.}
diff --git a/tests/misc/treservedcidentsasfields.nim b/tests/c/treservedcidentsasfields.nim
index a9a954651..6cdf9e855 100644
--- a/tests/misc/treservedcidentsasfields.nim
+++ b/tests/c/treservedcidentsasfields.nim
@@ -1,39 +1,39 @@
-discard """

-  targets: "c cpp"

-"""

-

-import macros

-

-macro make_test_type(idents: varargs[untyped]): untyped =

-  result = nnkStmtList.newTree()

-

-  var ident_defs: seq[NimNode] = @[]

-  for i in idents:

-    ident_defs.add newIdentDefs(i, ident("int"))

-

-  result.add newTree(nnkTypeSection,

-    newTree(nnkTypeDef,

-      ident("TestType"),

-      newEmptyNode(),

-      newTree(nnkObjectTy,

-        newEmptyNode(),

-        newEmptyNode(),

-        newTree(nnkRecList,

-          ident_defs

-        )

-      )

-    )

-  )

-

-make_test_type(

-  auto, bool, catch, char, class, compl, const_cast, default, delete, double,

-  dynamic_cast, explicit, extern, false, float, friend, goto, int, long,

-  mutable, namespace, new, operator, private, protected, public, register,

-  reinterpret_cast, restrict, short, signed, sizeof, static_cast, struct, switch,

-  this, throw, true, typedef, typeid, typeof, typename, union, packed, unsigned,

-  virtual, void, volatile, wchar_t, alignas, alignof, constexpr, decltype, nullptr,

-  noexcept, thread_local, static_assert, char16_t, char32_t

-)

-

-# Make sure the type makes it to codegen.

-var test_instance: TestType

+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp"
+"""
+
+import macros
+
+macro make_test_type(idents: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
+  result = nnkStmtList.newTree()
+
+  var ident_defs: seq[NimNode] = @[]
+  for i in idents:
+    ident_defs.add newIdentDefs(i, ident("int"))
+
+  result.add newTree(nnkTypeSection,
+    newTree(nnkTypeDef,
+      ident("TestType"),
+      newEmptyNode(),
+      newTree(nnkObjectTy,
+        newEmptyNode(),
+        newEmptyNode(),
+        newTree(nnkRecList,
+          ident_defs
+        )
+      )
+    )
+  )
+
+make_test_type(
+  auto, bool, catch, char, class, compl, const_cast, default, delete, double,
+  dynamic_cast, explicit, extern, false, float, friend, goto, int, long,
+  mutable, namespace, new, operator, private, protected, public, register,
+  reinterpret_cast, restrict, short, signed, sizeof, static_cast, struct, switch,
+  this, throw, true, typedef, typeid, typeof, typename, union, packed, unsigned,
+  virtual, void, volatile, wchar_t, alignas, alignof, constexpr, decltype, nullptr,
+  noexcept, thread_local, static_assert, char16_t, char32_t
+)
+
+# Make sure the type makes it to codegen.
+var test_instance: TestType
diff --git a/tests/casestmt/t18964.nim b/tests/casestmt/t18964.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d2de2bbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/casestmt/t18964.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+discard """
+errormsg: "invalid order of case branches"
+"""
+
+import macros
+
+macro genCase(val: string): untyped =
+  result = nnkCaseStmt.newTree(val,
+    nnkElse.newTree(quote do: echo "else"),
+    nnkOfBranch.newTree(newLit("miauz"), quote do: echo "first branch"))
+
+genCase("miauz")
diff --git a/tests/casestmt/tcase_issues.nim b/tests/casestmt/tcase_issues.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..20a79df2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/casestmt/tcase_issues.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c js"
+"""
+
+block: # bug #24031
+  case 0
+  else: discard
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/casestmt/tcasestmt.nim b/tests/casestmt/tcasestmt.nim
index 53cccdb64..66de4183d 100644
--- a/tests/casestmt/tcasestmt.nim
+++ b/tests/casestmt/tcasestmt.nim
@@ -41,6 +41,11 @@ block t8333:
   case 0
   of 'a': echo 0
   else: echo 1
+block: # issue #11422
+  var c: int = 5
+  case c
+  of 'a' .. 'c': discard
+  else: discard
 
 
 block emptyset_when:
@@ -287,3 +292,28 @@ doAssert(foo2("Y", "a2") == 0)
 doAssert(foo2("Y", "2a") == 2)
 doAssert(foo2("N", "a3") == 3)
 doAssert(foo2("z", "2") == 0)
+
+
+# bug #20031
+proc main(a: uint64) =
+  case a
+  else:
+    discard
+
+static:
+  main(10)
+main(10)
+
+block:
+  # Just needs to compile
+  proc bar(): int {.discardable.} = discard
+
+  proc foo() {.noreturn.} = discard
+
+  case "*"
+  of "*":
+    bar()
+  else:
+    # Make sure this noreturn doesn't
+    # cause the discardable to not discard
+    foo()
diff --git a/tests/casestmt/tcstring.nim b/tests/casestmt/tcstring.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..288373402
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/casestmt/tcstring.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+"""
+
+type Result = enum none, a, b, c, d, e, f
+
+proc foo1(x: cstring): Result =
+  const y = cstring"hash"
+  const arr = [cstring"it", cstring"finally"]
+  result = none
+  case x
+  of "Andreas", "Rumpf": result = a
+  of cstring"aa", "bb": result = b
+  of "cc", y, "when": result = c
+  of "will", arr, "be", "generated": result = d
+  of nil: result = f
+
+var results = [
+  foo1("Rumpf"), foo1("Andreas"),
+  foo1("aa"), foo1(cstring"bb"),
+  foo1("cc"), foo1("hash"),
+  foo1("finally"), foo1("generated"),
+  foo1("no"), foo1("another no"),
+  foo1(nil)]
+doAssert results == [a, a, b, b, c, c, d, d, none, none, f], $results
+
+proc foo2(x: cstring): Result =
+  const y = cstring"hash"
+  const arr = [cstring"it", cstring"finally"]
+  doAssert not (compiles do:
+    result = case x
+    of "Andreas", "Rumpf": a
+    of cstring"aa", "bb": b
+    of "cc", y, "when": c
+    of "will", arr, "be", "generated": d)
+  case x
+  of "Andreas", "Rumpf": a
+  of cstring"aa", "bb": b
+  of "cc", y, "when": c
+  of "will", arr, "be", "generated": d
+  of nil: f
+  else: e
+
+results = [
+  foo2("Rumpf"), foo2("Andreas"),
+  foo2("aa"), foo2(cstring"bb"),
+  foo2("cc"), foo2("hash"),
+  foo2("finally"), foo2("generated"),
+  foo2("no"), foo2("another no"),
+  foo2(nil)]
+
+doAssert results == [a, a, b, b, c, c, d, d, e, e, f], $results
diff --git a/tests/casestmt/tincompletecaseobject.nim b/tests/casestmt/tincompletecaseobject.nim
index 909ee4e1c..aa5deda7a 100644
--- a/tests/casestmt/tincompletecaseobject.nim
+++ b/tests/casestmt/tincompletecaseobject.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
 errormsg: '''
-not all cases are covered; missing: {nnkComesFrom, nnkDotCall, nnkHiddenCallConv, nnkVarTuple, nnkCurlyExpr, nnkRange, nnkCheckedFieldExpr, nnkDerefExpr, nnkElifExpr, nnkElseExpr, nnkLambda, nnkDo, nnkBind, nnkClosedSymChoice, nnkHiddenSubConv, nnkConv, nnkStaticExpr, nnkAddr, nnkHiddenAddr, nnkHiddenDeref, nnkObjDownConv, nnkObjUpConv, nnkChckRangeF, nnkChckRange64, nnkChckRange, nnkStringToCString, nnkCStringToString, nnkFastAsgn, nnkGenericParams, nnkFormalParams, nnkOfInherit, nnkImportAs, nnkConverterDef, nnkMacroDef, nnkTemplateDef, nnkIteratorDef, nnkOfBranch, nnkElifBranch, nnkExceptBranch, nnkElse, nnkAsmStmt, nnkTypeDef, nnkFinally, nnkContinueStmt, nnkImportStmt, nnkImportExceptStmt, nnkExportStmt, nnkExportExceptStmt, nnkFromStmt, nnkIncludeStmt, nnkUsingStmt, nnkBlockExpr, nnkStmtListType, nnkBlockType, nnkWith, nnkWithout, nnkTypeOfExpr, nnkObjectTy, nnkTupleTy, nnkTupleClassTy, nnkTypeClassTy, nnkStaticTy, nnkRecList, nnkRecCase, nnkRecWhen, nnkVarTy, nnkConstTy, nnkMutableTy, nnkDistinctTy, nnkProcTy, nnkIteratorTy, nnkSharedTy, nnkEnumTy, nnkEnumFieldDef, nnkArglist, nnkPattern, nnkReturnToken, nnkClosure, nnkGotoState, nnkState, nnkBreakState, nnkFuncDef, nnkTupleConstr}
+not all cases are covered; missing: {nnkComesFrom, nnkDotCall, nnkHiddenCallConv, nnkVarTuple, nnkCurlyExpr, nnkRange, nnkCheckedFieldExpr, nnkDerefExpr, nnkElifExpr, nnkElseExpr, nnkLambda, nnkDo, nnkBind, nnkClosedSymChoice, nnkHiddenSubConv, nnkConv, nnkStaticExpr, nnkAddr, nnkHiddenAddr, nnkHiddenDeref, nnkObjDownConv, nnkObjUpConv, nnkChckRangeF, nnkChckRange64, nnkChckRange, nnkStringToCString, nnkCStringToString, nnkFastAsgn, nnkGenericParams, nnkFormalParams, nnkOfInherit, nnkImportAs, nnkConverterDef, nnkMacroDef, nnkTemplateDef, nnkIteratorDef, nnkOfBranch, nnkElifBranch, nnkExceptBranch, nnkElse, nnkAsmStmt, nnkTypeDef, nnkFinally, nnkContinueStmt, nnkImportStmt, nnkImportExceptStmt, nnkExportStmt, nnkExportExceptStmt, nnkFromStmt, nnkIncludeStmt, nnkUsingStmt, nnkBlockExpr, nnkStmtListType, nnkBlockType, nnkWith, nnkWithout, nnkTypeOfExpr, nnkObjectTy, nnkTupleTy, nnkTupleClassTy, nnkTypeClassTy, nnkStaticTy, nnkRecList, nnkRecCase, nnkRecWhen, nnkVarTy, nnkConstTy, nnkMutableTy, nnkDistinctTy, nnkProcTy, nnkIteratorTy, nnkSharedTy, nnkEnumTy, nnkEnumFieldDef, nnkArgList, nnkPattern, nnkReturnToken, nnkClosure, nnkGotoState, nnkState, nnkBreakState, nnkFuncDef, nnkTupleConstr}
 '''
 """
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ type
     nnkSharedTy,           # 'shared T'
     nnkEnumTy,
     nnkEnumFieldDef,
-    nnkArglist, nnkPattern
+    nnkArgList, nnkPattern
     nnkReturnToken,
     nnkClosure,
     nnkGotoState,
diff --git a/tests/casestmt/tincompletecaseobject2.nim b/tests/casestmt/tincompletecaseobject2.nim
index c080cfeb1..bbeae1909 100644
--- a/tests/casestmt/tincompletecaseobject2.nim
+++ b/tests/casestmt/tincompletecaseobject2.nim
@@ -1,12 +1,5 @@
 discard """
 cmd: "nim check $file"
-errormsg: "not all cases are covered; missing: {A, B}"
-nimout: '''
-tincompletecaseobject2.nim(18, 1) Error: not all cases are covered; missing: {' ', '!', '\"', '#', '$', '%', '&', '\'', '*', '+', ',', '-', '.', '/', ':', ';', '<', '=', '>', '?', '@', '[', '\\', ']', '^', '_', '`', '{', '|', '}', '~'}
-tincompletecaseobject2.nim(22, 1) Error: not all cases are covered; missing: {B, C, D}
-tincompletecaseobject2.nim(25, 1) Error: not all cases are covered; missing: {A, C}
-tincompletecaseobject2.nim(28, 1) Error: not all cases are covered; missing: {A, B}
-'''
 """
 type
   ABCD = enum A, B, C, D
@@ -15,15 +8,19 @@ type
   AliasRangeABC = RangeABC
   PrintableChars = range[' ' .. '~']
 
-case PrintableChars 'x':
+case PrintableChars 'x': #[tt.Error
+^ not all cases are covered; missing: {' ', '!', '\"', '#', '$$', '%', '&', '\'', '*', '+', ',', '-', '.', '/', ':', ';', '<', '=', '>', '?', '@', '[', '\\', ']', '^', '_', '`', '{', '|', '}', '~'}]#
 of '0'..'9', 'A'..'Z', 'a'..'z': discard
 of '(', ')': discard
 
-case AliasABCD A:
+case AliasABCD A: #[tt.Error
+^ not all cases are covered; missing: {B, C, D}]#
 of A: discard
 
-case RangeABC A:
+case RangeABC A: #[tt.Error
+^ not all cases are covered; missing: {A, C}]#
 of B: discard
 
-case AliasRangeABC A:
+case AliasRangeABC A: #[tt.Error
+^ not all cases are covered; missing: {A, B}]#
 of C: discard
diff --git a/tests/casestmt/trangeexhaustiveness.nim b/tests/casestmt/trangeexhaustiveness.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b7f3558e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/casestmt/trangeexhaustiveness.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+block: # issue #22661
+  template foo(a: typed) =
+    a
+    
+  foo:
+    case false
+    of false..true: discard
diff --git a/tests/cast/tcast.nim b/tests/cast/tcast.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..205444ea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cast/tcast.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+"""
+
+proc main() =
+  block: # bug #16806
+    let
+      a = 42u16
+      b = cast[int16](a)
+    doAssert a.int16 == 42
+    doAssert b in int16.low..int16.high
+
+  block: # bug #16808
+    doAssert cast[int8](cast[uint8](int8(-12))) == int8(-12)
+    doAssert cast[int16](cast[uint16](int16(-12))) == int16(-12)
+    doAssert cast[int32](cast[uint32](int32(-12))) == int32(-12)
+
+  doAssert cast[int8](int16.high) == -1
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/m1/defs.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/m1/defs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed78d8b72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/m1/defs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+type MyObj* = object
+  field1*: int
+  s*: string
+  ch*: char
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/m19445.c b/tests/ccgbugs/m19445.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74c23d4b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/m19445.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#include "m19445.h"
+
+const Foo f = {10, 20, 30, 40};
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/m2/defs.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/m2/defs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..798d1fea8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/m2/defs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+type MyObj* = object
+  s*: string
+  field1*: int
+  ch*: char
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/t10128.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/t10128.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..48970916f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/t10128.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# bug #10128
+let data = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+var seq2 = newSeq[char](data.len)
+for i in 0..<data.len:
+  seq2[i] = data[i]
+
+let c = '\128'
+
+# case 1
+doAssert data[c.int] == 'y'
+doAssert seq2[c.int] == 'y'
+
+proc play(x: openArray[char]) =
+  doAssert x[c.int] == 'y'
+
+# case2
+play(data)
+play(seq2)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/t10964.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/t10964.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c19db6997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/t10964.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+func test*(input: var openArray[int32], start: int = 0, fin: int = input.len - 1) =

+    discard

+

+var someSeq = @[1'i32]

+

+test(someSeq)

+# bug with gcc 14
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/t13062.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/t13062.nim
index fed32a1f7..cfda1da7c 100644
--- a/tests/ccgbugs/t13062.nim
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/t13062.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  output: "[p = nil]"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c cpp"
 """
 
@@ -24,4 +24,10 @@ type
     fulfilled: Atomic[bool]
 
 var x: Pledge
-echo x.repr
+when defined(cpp):
+  # TODO: fixme
+  discard "it doesn't work for refc/orc because of contrived `Atomic` in cpp"
+elif defined(gcRefc):
+  doAssert x.repr == "[p = nil]"
+else: # fixme # bug #20081
+  doAssert x.repr == "Pledge(p: nil)"
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/t15428.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/t15428.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d9ae8ff16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/t15428.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+discard """

+    cmd: "nim $target --mm:refc $file"

+    output: '''5

+5

+[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

+(data: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

+'''

+"""

+

+proc take[T](f: openArray[T]) =

+  echo f.len

+let f = @[0,1,2,3,4]

+take(f.toOpenArray(0,4))

+

+{.experimental: "views".}

+type

+  Foo = object

+    data: openArray[int]

+let f2 = Foo(data: [1,2,3,4,5])

+echo f2.data.len

+echo f2.data

+echo f2
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/t19445.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/t19445.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b6e8d028c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/t19445.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--nimcache:tests/ccgbugs/nimcache19445 --cincludes:nimcache19445 --header:m19445"
+  targets: "c"
+"""
+
+# bug #19445
+type
+  Foo* {.exportc.} = object
+    a*, b*, c*, d*: int
+
+proc dummy(): Foo {.exportc.} = discard
+
+{.compile:"m19445.c".}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/t20139.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/t20139.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4592b994d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/t20139.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  joinable: false
+"""
+
+# bug #20139
+import m1/defs as md1
+import m2/defs as md2
+
+doAssert $(md1.MyObj(field1: 1)) == """(field1: 1, s: "", ch: '\x00')"""
+doAssert $(md2.MyObj(field1: 1)) == """(s: "", field1: 1, ch: '\x00')"""
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/t20141.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/t20141.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60e130690
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/t20141.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+discard """
+  joinable: false
+"""
+
+# bug #20141
+type
+  A = object
+  B = object
+  U = proc()
+
+proc m(h: var B) = discard
+
+template n[T, U](x: U): T =
+  static: doAssert true
+  cast[ptr T](addr x)[]
+
+proc k() =
+  var res: A
+  m(n[B, A](res))
+
+proc w(mounter: U) = discard
+
+proc mount(proto: U) = discard
+proc v() = mount k
+
+# This is required for failure
+w(v)
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/t20787.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/t20787.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2d848c2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/t20787.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+type
+  Obj = object
+    f: UncheckedArray[byte]
+let o = new Obj
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/t21116.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/t21116.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc77de198
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/t21116.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp"
+  disabled: windows
+"""
+# bug #21116
+import std/os
+
+proc p(glob: string) =
+  for _ in walkFiles(glob): discard
+p("dir/*")
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/t21972.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/t21972.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58d0cfc62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/t21972.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+discard """

+    targets: "c cpp"

+    outputsub: "Error: unhandled exception: Err2 [IOError]"

+    exitcode: "1"

+"""

+

+proc bar(x: var int) =

+  inc x

+  if x == 3:

+    raise newException(ValueError, "H0")

+

+  elif x == 5:

+    raise newException(IOError, "H1")

+

+  elif x > 7:

+    raise newException(IOError, "H2")

+

+

+proc foo() =

+  var i = 0

+  while true:

+    try:

+      bar(i)

+      echo i

+

+    except ValueError:

+      debugEcho("ValueError")

+

+    except IOError:

+      raise newException(IOError, "Err2")

+

+when isMainModule:

+  foo()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/t21995.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/t21995.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ec88aa59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/t21995.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+    targets: "c cpp"
+    output: "Hi!"
+"""
+
+try:
+  raise
+except:
+  echo "Hi!"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/t22462.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/t22462.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9adfbb19b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/t22462.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+discard """
+  action: "run"
+  output: '''
+1
+1
+1
+'''
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
+  targets: "c cpp"
+"""
+
+type Object = object
+  someComplexType: seq[int]
+  index: Natural
+
+func newObject(): Object = result.index.inc
+
+for i in 1..3:
+  let o = newObject()
+  echo o.index
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/t23796.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/t23796.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..421ec04d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/t23796.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+discard """
+    targets: "c cpp"
+"""
+
+# bug #23796
+
+{.emit: """
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+void fooArr(float data[3]) {}
+void fooIntArr(int id, float data[3]) {}
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+""".}
+
+proc fooArr(data: var array[3, cfloat]) {.importc.}
+proc fooIntArr(id: cint, data: var array[3, cfloat]) {.importc, nodecl.}
+
+var arr = [cfloat 1, 2, 3]
+fooArr(arr)
+fooIntArr(1, arr)
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/t5296.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/t5296.nim
index 990b4bee2..8fbed35c4 100644
--- a/tests/ccgbugs/t5296.nim
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/t5296.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 discard """
 cmd: "nim c -d:release $file"
-output: 1
+output: '''1
+-1'''
 """
 
 proc bug() : void =
@@ -12,3 +13,9 @@ proc bug() : void =
         echo x
 
 bug()
+
+# bug #19051
+type GInt[T] = int
+
+var a = 1
+echo -a
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/t8967.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/t8967.nim
index e342b7eae..0301a2e4f 100644
--- a/tests/ccgbugs/t8967.nim
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/t8967.nim
@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@ discard """
 
 import marshal
 
-let orig: set[char] = {'A'..'Z'}
-let m = $$orig
-let old = to[set[char]](m)
-doAssert orig - old == {}
+template main() =
+  let orig: set[char] = {'A'..'Z'}
+  let m = $$orig
+  let old = to[set[char]](m)
+  doAssert orig - old == {}
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/targ_lefttoright.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/targ_lefttoright.nim
index a49b87739..a0adce157 100644
--- a/tests/ccgbugs/targ_lefttoright.nim
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/targ_lefttoright.nim
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ template test =
   var b = 1
   say (b += 1; b), (b += 1; b) #2,3
 
-  type C = object {.byRef.}
+  type C {.byRef.} = object
     i: int
 
   proc say(a, b: C) =
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/tassign_nil_strings.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/tassign_nil_strings.nim
index f6fab7baa..e32bfcade 100644
--- a/tests/ccgbugs/tassign_nil_strings.nim
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/tassign_nil_strings.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  cmd: "nim $target $options $file"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   output: "Hello"
   ccodecheck: "\\i@'a = ((NimStringDesc*) NIM_NIL)'"
 """
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/tbug21505.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/tbug21505.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c0811ec5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/tbug21505.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+discard """
+    action: "compile"
+    targets: "cpp"
+    cmd: "nim cpp $file"
+"""
+
+# see #21505: ensure compilation of imported C++ objects with explicit constructors while retaining default initialization through codegen changes due to #21279
+
+{.emit:"""/*TYPESECTION*/
+
+struct ExplObj
+{
+  explicit ExplObj(int bar = 0) {}  
+};
+
+struct BareObj
+{
+    BareObj() {}
+};
+
+""".}
+
+type
+  ExplObj {.importcpp.} = object
+  BareObj {.importcpp.} = object
+
+type
+  Composer = object
+    explObj: ExplObj
+    bareObj: BareObj
+
+proc foo =
+  var composer1 {.used.}: Composer
+  let composer2 {.used.} = Composer()
+
+var composer1 {.used.}: Composer
+let composer2 {.used.} = Composer()
+
+foo()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/tccgen1.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/tccgen1.nim
index 4917c9848..be571de08 100644
--- a/tests/ccgbugs/tccgen1.nim
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/tccgen1.nim
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ type
     Features: seq[Feature] # Read-Only
 
   PNode* = ref Node
-  Node = object {.inheritable.}
+  Node {.inheritable.} = object
     attributes*: seq[PAttr]
     childNodes*: seq[PNode]
     FLocalName: string # Read-only
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/tcgbug.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/tcgbug.nim
index db9c116be..2eddc6fdd 100644
--- a/tests/ccgbugs/tcgbug.nim
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/tcgbug.nim
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ success
 M1 M2
 ok
 '''
+matrix: "--mm:refc;--mm:orc"
 """
 
 type
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ q(a)
 
 # bug #914
 when defined(windows):
+  import std/widestrs
   var x = newWideCString("Hello")
 
 echo "success"
@@ -91,3 +93,71 @@ proc test(c: Helper): string =
   c.formatted
 
 echo test(Helper(isKind: true, formatted: "ok"))
+
+
+# bug #19613
+
+type
+  Eth2Digest = object
+    data: array[42, byte]
+
+  BlockId* = object
+    root*: Eth2Digest
+
+  BlockSlotId* = object
+    bid*: BlockId
+    slot*: uint64
+
+func init*(T: type BlockSlotId, bid: BlockId, slot: uint64): T =
+  #debugecho "init ", bid, " ", slot
+  BlockSlotId(bid: bid, slot: slot)
+
+proc bug19613 =
+  var x: BlockSlotId
+  x.bid.root.data[0] = 42
+
+  x =
+    if x.slot > 0:
+      BlockSlotId.init(x.bid, x.slot)
+    else:
+      BlockSlotId.init(x.bid, x.slot)
+  doAssert x.bid.root.data[0] == 42
+
+bug19613()
+
+proc foo = # bug #23280
+  let foo = @[1,2,3,4,5,6]
+  doAssert toOpenArray(foo, 0, 5).len == 6
+  doAssert toOpenArray(foo, 0, 5).len mod 6 == 0 # this should output 0
+  doAssert toOpenArray(foo, 0, 5).max mod 6 == 0
+  let L = toOpenArray(foo, 0, 5).len
+  doAssert L mod 6 == 0 
+
+foo()
+
+block: # bug #9940
+  {.emit:"""/*TYPESECTION*/
+typedef struct { int base; } S;
+""".}
+
+  type S {.importc: "S", completeStruct.} = object
+    base: cint
+  proc init(x:ptr S) =
+    x.base = 1
+
+  type
+    Foo = object
+      a: seq[float]
+      b: seq[float]
+      c: seq[float]
+      d: seq[float]
+      s: S
+
+  proc newT(): Foo =
+    var t: Foo
+    t.s.addr.init
+    doAssert t.s.base == 1
+    t
+
+  var t = newT()
+  doAssert t.s.base == 1
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/tcodegenbug1.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/tcodegenbug1.nim
index c62bae1ef..d2ab97ede 100644
--- a/tests/ccgbugs/tcodegenbug1.nim
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/tcodegenbug1.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   output: '''obj = (inner: (kind: Just, id: 7))
 obj.inner.id = 7
 id = 7
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/tctypes.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/tctypes.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be6009115
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/tctypes.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp"
+  matrix: "--gc:refc; --gc:arc"
+"""
+
+# bug #7308
+proc foo(x: seq[int32]) =
+  var y = newSeq[cint](1)
+
+proc bar =
+  var t = newSeq[int32](1)
+  foo(t)
+
+bar()
+
+
+# bug #16246
+
+proc testWeirdTypeAliases() =
+  var values = newSeq[cuint](8)
+  # var values: seq[cuint] does not produce codegen error
+  var drawCb = proc(): seq[uint32] =
+    result = newSeq[uint32](10)
+
+testWeirdTypeAliases()
+
+block: # bug #11797
+  block:
+    type cdouble2 = cdouble
+    type Foo1 = seq[cdouble]
+    type Foo2 = seq[cdouble2]
+    static: doAssert Foo1 is Foo2
+    var a1: Foo1
+    var a2: Foo2
+    doAssert a1 == @[]
+    doAssert a2 == @[]
+
+  block:
+    proc foo[T: int|cint](fun: proc(): T) = discard
+    proc foo1(): cint = 1
+    proc foo3(): int32 = 2
+    foo(proc(): cint = foo1())
+    foo(proc(): int32 = foo3())
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/tdeepcopy_addr_rval.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/tdeepcopy_addr_rval.nim
index 07fb8f8ef..4a0b0deaa 100644
--- a/tests/ccgbugs/tdeepcopy_addr_rval.nim
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/tdeepcopy_addr_rval.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc --deepcopy:on"
   output: "3"
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/tderefblock.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/tderefblock.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3ba07667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/tderefblock.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc -d:release -d:danger;--mm:orc -d:useMalloc -d:release -d:danger"
+  output: "42"
+"""
+
+# bug #20107
+
+type Foo = object
+  a, b, c, d: uint64
+
+proc c(i: uint64): Foo =
+  Foo(a: i, b: i, c: i, d: i)
+
+func x(f: Foo): lent Foo {.inline.} =
+  f
+
+proc m() =
+  let f = block:
+    let i = c(42)
+    x(i)
+
+  echo $f.a
+
+m()
+
+block: # bug #21540
+  type
+    Option = object
+      val: string
+      has: bool
+
+  proc some(val: string): Option =
+    result.has = true
+    result.val = val
+
+  # Remove lent and it works
+  proc get(self: Option): lent string =
+    result = self.val
+
+  type
+    StringStream = ref object
+      data: string
+      pos: int
+
+  proc readAll(s: StringStream): string =
+    result = newString(s.data.len)
+    copyMem(addr(result[0]), addr(s.data[0]), s.data.len)
+
+  proc newStringStream(s: string = ""): StringStream =
+    new(result)
+    result.data = s
+
+  proc parseJson(s: string): string =
+    let stream = newStringStream(s)
+    result = stream.readAll()
+
+  proc main =
+    let initialFEN = block:
+      let initialFEN = some parseJson("startpos")
+      initialFEN.get
+
+    doAssert initialFEN == "startpos"
+
+  main()
+
+import std/[
+    json,
+    options
+]
+
+block: # bug #21540
+  let cheek = block:
+    let initialFEN = some("""{"initialFen": "startpos"}""".parseJson{"initialFen"}.getStr)
+    initialFEN.get
+
+  doAssert cheek == "startpos"
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/tforward_decl_only.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/tforward_decl_only.nim
index 74fbae303..b115dcbe7 100644
--- a/tests/ccgbugs/tforward_decl_only.nim
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/tforward_decl_only.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-ccodecheck: "\\i !@('struct tyObject_MyRefObject'[0-z]+' {')"
-ccodecheck: "\\i !@('mymoduleInit')"
-ccodecheck: "\\i @('mymoduleDatInit')"
+ccodecheck: "\\i !@('struct tyObject_MyRefObject'[0-z]+' _')"
 output: "hello"
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/thtiobj.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/thtiobj.nim
index 7a656905f..6db24dad0 100644
--- a/tests/ccgbugs/thtiobj.nim
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/thtiobj.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   targets: "c cpp"
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/tmangle.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/tmangle.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0050cef92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/tmangle.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+block:
+  proc hello() =
+    let NAN_INFINITY = 12
+    doAssert NAN_INFINITY == 12
+    let INF = "2.0"
+    doAssert INF == "2.0"
+    let NAN = 2.3
+    doAssert NAN == 2.3
+
+  hello()
+
+block:
+  proc hello(NAN: float) =
+    doAssert NAN == 2.0
+
+  hello(2.0)
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/tmissingbracket.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/tmissingbracket.nim
index 468e13366..2919efe0e 100644
--- a/tests/ccgbugs/tmissingbracket.nim
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/tmissingbracket.nim
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ type
     className* : string
   TClassOfTobj = object of TClassOfTCustomObject
     nil
-  TCustomObject = ref object {.inheritable.}
+  TCustomObject {.inheritable.} = ref object
     class* : ptr TClassOfTCustomObject
   TObj = ref object of TCustomObject
     data: int
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/tmissinginit.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/tmissinginit.nim
index 8806a2f21..9eb58221c 100644
--- a/tests/ccgbugs/tmissinginit.nim
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/tmissinginit.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   output: '''0
 0
 0
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/tmissingvolatile.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/tmissingvolatile.nim
index 1eccdc6b1..b877eff71 100644
--- a/tests/ccgbugs/tmissingvolatile.nim
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/tmissingvolatile.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   output: "1"
-  cmd: r"nim c --hints:on $options -d:release $file"
+  cmd: r"nim c --hints:on $options --mm:refc -d:release $file"
   ccodecheck: "'NI volatile state;'"
   targets: "c"
 """
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/tnoalias.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/tnoalias.nim
index 0c6e84e44..2c3c2f0f4 100644
--- a/tests/ccgbugs/tnoalias.nim
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/tnoalias.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  ccodecheck: "\\i@'NI* NIM_NOALIAS field;' @'NIM_CHAR* NIM_NOALIAS x,' @'void* NIM_NOALIAS q'"
+  ccodecheck: "\\i@'NI* NIM_NOALIAS field;' @'NIM_CHAR* NIM_NOALIAS x_p0,' @'void* NIM_NOALIAS q'"
 """
 
 type
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ type
     field {.noalias.}: ptr UncheckedArray[int]
 
 proc p(x {.noalias.}: openArray[char]) =
-  var q {.noalias.}: pointer = unsafeAddr(x[0])
+  var q {.noalias.}: pointer = addr(x[0])
 
 var bn: BigNum
 p "abc"
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/tsamename3.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/tsamename3.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ded18e9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/tsamename3.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+block: # bug #15526
+  block:
+    type Foo = ref object
+      x1: int
+    let f1 = Foo(x1: 1)
+  block:
+    type Foo = ref object
+      x2: int
+    let f2 = Foo(x2: 2)
+
+block: # ditto
+  template fn() =
+    block:
+      type Foo = ref object
+        x1: int
+      let f1 = Foo(x1: 1)
+      doAssert f1.x1 == 1
+    block:
+      type Foo = ref object
+        x2: int
+      let f2 = Foo(x2: 2)
+      doAssert f2.x2 == 2
+  static: fn()
+  fn()
+
+block: # bug #17162
+  template fn =
+    var ret: string
+    block:
+      type A = enum a0, a1, a2
+      for ai in A:
+        ret.add $ai
+    block:
+      type A = enum b0, b1, b2, b3
+      for ai in A:
+        ret.add $ai
+    doAssert ret == "a0a1a2b0b1b2b3"
+
+  static: fn() # ok
+  fn() # was bug
+
+block: # ditto
+  proc fn =
+    var ret: string
+    block:
+      type A = enum a0, a1, a2
+      for ai in A:
+        ret.add $ai
+    block:
+      type A = enum b0, b1, b2, b3
+      for ai in A:
+        ret.add $ai
+    doAssert ret == "a0a1a2b0b1b2b3"
+
+  static: fn() # ok
+  fn() # was bug
+
+block: # bug #5170
+  block:
+    type Foo = object
+      x1: int
+    let f1 = Foo(x1: 1)
+  block:
+    type Foo = object
+      x2: int
+    let f2 = Foo(x2: 2)
+
+block: # ditto
+  block:
+    type Foo = object
+      bar: bool
+    var f1: Foo
+
+  block:
+    type Foo = object
+      baz: int
+    var f2: Foo
+    doAssert f2.baz == 0
+
+  block:
+    template fn() =
+      block:
+        type Foo = object
+          x1: int
+        let f1 = Foo(x1: 1)
+        doAssert f1.x1 == 1
+      block:
+        type Foo = object
+          x2: int
+        let f2 = Foo(x2: 2)
+        doAssert f2.x2 == 2
+    static: fn()
+    fn()
+
+when true: # ditto, refs https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/5170#issuecomment-582712132
+  type Foo1 = object # at top level
+    bar: bool
+  var f1: Foo1
+
+  block:
+    type Foo1 = object
+      baz: int
+    var f2: Foo1
+    doAssert f2.baz == 0
+
+block: # make sure `hashType` doesn't recurse infinitely
+  type
+    PFoo = ref object
+      a, b: PFoo
+      c: int
+  var a: PFoo
+
+block: # issue #22571
+  macro foo(x: typed) =
+    result = x
+
+  block: # or `proc main =`
+    foo:
+      type Foo = object
+    doAssert $Foo() == "()"
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/twrong_setconstr.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/twrong_setconstr.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 8be0b82b5..000000000
--- a/tests/ccgbugs/twrong_setconstr.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,146 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  output: ""
-"""
-
-# bug #2880
-
-type
-  TMsgKind* = enum
-    errUnknown, errIllFormedAstX, errInternal, errCannotOpenFile, errGenerated,
-    errXCompilerDoesNotSupportCpp, errStringLiteralExpected,
-    errIntLiteralExpected, errInvalidCharacterConstant,
-    errClosingTripleQuoteExpected, errClosingQuoteExpected,
-    errTabulatorsAreNotAllowed, errInvalidToken, errLineTooLong,
-    errInvalidNumber, errInvalidNumberOctalCode, errNumberOutOfRange,
-    errNnotAllowedInCharacter, errClosingBracketExpected, errMissingFinalQuote,
-    errIdentifierExpected, errNewlineExpected, errInvalidModuleName,
-    errOperatorExpected, errTokenExpected, errStringAfterIncludeExpected,
-    errRecursiveDependencyX, errOnOrOffExpected, errNoneSpeedOrSizeExpected,
-    errInvalidPragma, errUnknownPragma, errInvalidDirectiveX,
-    errAtPopWithoutPush, errEmptyAsm, errInvalidIndentation,
-    errExceptionExpected, errExceptionAlreadyHandled,
-    errYieldNotAllowedHere, errYieldNotAllowedInTryStmt,
-    errInvalidNumberOfYieldExpr, errCannotReturnExpr, errAttemptToRedefine,
-    errStmtInvalidAfterReturn, errStmtExpected, errInvalidLabel,
-    errInvalidCmdLineOption, errCmdLineArgExpected, errCmdLineNoArgExpected,
-    errInvalidVarSubstitution, errUnknownVar, errUnknownCcompiler,
-    errOnOrOffExpectedButXFound, errOnOffOrListExpectedButXFound,
-    errNoneBoehmRefcExpectedButXFound,
-    errNoneSpeedOrSizeExpectedButXFound, errGuiConsoleOrLibExpectedButXFound,
-    errUnknownOS, errUnknownCPU, errGenOutExpectedButXFound,
-    errArgsNeedRunOption, errInvalidMultipleAsgn, errColonOrEqualsExpected,
-    errExprExpected, errUndeclaredIdentifier, errUseQualifier, errTypeExpected,
-    errSystemNeeds, errExecutionOfProgramFailed, errNotOverloadable,
-    errInvalidArgForX, errStmtHasNoEffect, errXExpectsTypeOrValue,
-    errXExpectsArrayType, errIteratorCannotBeInstantiated, errExprXAmbiguous,
-    errConstantDivisionByZero, errOrdinalTypeExpected,
-    errOrdinalOrFloatTypeExpected, errOverOrUnderflow,
-    errCannotEvalXBecauseIncompletelyDefined, errChrExpectsRange0_255,
-    errDynlibRequiresExportc, errUndeclaredFieldX, errNilAccess,
-    errIndexOutOfBounds, errIndexTypesDoNotMatch, errBracketsInvalidForType,
-    errValueOutOfSetBounds, errFieldInitTwice, errFieldNotInit,
-    errExprXCannotBeCalled, errExprHasNoType, errExprXHasNoType,
-    errCastNotInSafeMode, errExprCannotBeCastedToX, errCommaOrParRiExpected,
-    errCurlyLeOrParLeExpected, errSectionExpected, errRangeExpected,
-    errMagicOnlyInSystem, errPowerOfTwoExpected,
-    errStringMayNotBeEmpty, errCallConvExpected, errProcOnlyOneCallConv,
-    errSymbolMustBeImported, errExprMustBeBool, errConstExprExpected,
-    errDuplicateCaseLabel, errRangeIsEmpty, errSelectorMustBeOfCertainTypes,
-    errSelectorMustBeOrdinal, errOrdXMustNotBeNegative, errLenXinvalid,
-    errWrongNumberOfVariables, errExprCannotBeRaised, errBreakOnlyInLoop,
-    errTypeXhasUnknownSize, errConstNeedsConstExpr, errConstNeedsValue,
-    errResultCannotBeOpenArray, errSizeTooBig, errSetTooBig,
-    errBaseTypeMustBeOrdinal, errInheritanceOnlyWithNonFinalObjects,
-    errInheritanceOnlyWithEnums, errIllegalRecursionInTypeX,
-    errCannotInstantiateX, errExprHasNoAddress, errXStackEscape,
-    errVarForOutParamNeeded,
-    errPureTypeMismatch, errTypeMismatch, errButExpected, errButExpectedX,
-    errAmbiguousCallXYZ, errWrongNumberOfArguments,
-    errXCannotBePassedToProcVar,
-    errXCannotBeInParamDecl, errPragmaOnlyInHeaderOfProc, errImplOfXNotAllowed,
-    errImplOfXexpected, errNoSymbolToBorrowFromFound, errDiscardValueX,
-    errInvalidDiscard, errIllegalConvFromXtoY, errCannotBindXTwice,
-    errInvalidOrderInArrayConstructor,
-    errInvalidOrderInEnumX, errEnumXHasHoles, errExceptExpected, errInvalidTry,
-    errOptionExpected, errXisNoLabel, errNotAllCasesCovered,
-    errUnknownSubstitionVar, errComplexStmtRequiresInd, errXisNotCallable,
-    errNoPragmasAllowedForX, errNoGenericParamsAllowedForX,
-    errInvalidParamKindX, errDefaultArgumentInvalid, errNamedParamHasToBeIdent,
-    errNoReturnTypeForX, errConvNeedsOneArg, errInvalidPragmaX,
-    errXNotAllowedHere, errInvalidControlFlowX,
-    errXisNoType, errCircumNeedsPointer, errInvalidExpression,
-    errInvalidExpressionX, errEnumHasNoValueX, errNamedExprExpected,
-    errNamedExprNotAllowed, errXExpectsOneTypeParam,
-    errArrayExpectsTwoTypeParams, errInvalidVisibilityX, errInitHereNotAllowed,
-    errXCannotBeAssignedTo, errIteratorNotAllowed, errXNeedsReturnType,
-    errNoReturnTypeDeclared,
-    errInvalidCommandX, errXOnlyAtModuleScope,
-    errXNeedsParamObjectType,
-    errTemplateInstantiationTooNested, errInstantiationFrom,
-    errInvalidIndexValueForTuple, errCommandExpectsFilename,
-    errMainModuleMustBeSpecified,
-    errXExpected,
-    errTIsNotAConcreteType,
-    errInvalidSectionStart, errGridTableNotImplemented, errGeneralParseError,
-    errNewSectionExpected, errWhitespaceExpected, errXisNoValidIndexFile,
-    errCannotRenderX, errVarVarTypeNotAllowed, errInstantiateXExplicitly,
-    errOnlyACallOpCanBeDelegator, errUsingNoSymbol,
-    errMacroBodyDependsOnGenericTypes,
-    errDestructorNotGenericEnough,
-    errInlineIteratorsAsProcParams,
-    errXExpectsTwoArguments,
-    errXExpectsObjectTypes, errXcanNeverBeOfThisSubtype, errTooManyIterations,
-    errCannotInterpretNodeX, errFieldXNotFound, errInvalidConversionFromTypeX,
-    errAssertionFailed, errCannotGenerateCodeForX, errXRequiresOneArgument,
-    errUnhandledExceptionX, errCyclicTree, errXisNoMacroOrTemplate,
-    errXhasSideEffects, errIteratorExpected, errLetNeedsInit,
-    errThreadvarCannotInit, errWrongSymbolX, errIllegalCaptureX,
-    errXCannotBeClosure, errXMustBeCompileTime,
-    errCannotInferTypeOfTheLiteral,
-    errCannotInferReturnType,
-    errGenericLambdaNotAllowed,
-    errCompilerDoesntSupportTarget,
-    errUser,
-    warnCannotOpenFile,
-    warnOctalEscape, warnXIsNeverRead, warnXmightNotBeenInit,
-    warnDeprecated, warnConfigDeprecated,
-    warnSmallLshouldNotBeUsed, warnUnknownMagic, warnRedefinitionOfLabel,
-    warnUnknownSubstitutionX, warnLanguageXNotSupported,
-    warnFieldXNotSupported, warnCommentXIgnored,
-    warnNilStatement, warnTypelessParam,
-    warnDifferentHeaps, warnWriteToForeignHeap, warnUnsafeCode,
-    warnEachIdentIsTuple
-    warnProveInit, warnProveField, warnProveIndex, warnGcUnsafe, warnGcUnsafe2,
-    warnUninit, warnGcMem, warnDestructor, warnLockLevel, warnResultShadowed,
-    warnUser,
-    hintSuccess, hintSuccessX,
-    hintLineTooLong, hintXDeclaredButNotUsed, hintConvToBaseNotNeeded,
-    hintConvFromXtoItselfNotNeeded, hintExprAlwaysX, hintQuitCalled,
-    hintProcessing, hintCodeBegin, hintCodeEnd, hintConf, hintPath,
-    hintConditionAlwaysTrue, hintName, hintPattern,
-    hintExecuting, hintLinking, hintDependency,
-    hintSource, hintStackTrace, hintGCStats,
-    hintUser
-
-const
-  warnMin = warnCannotOpenFile
-  hintMax = high(TMsgKind)
-
-type
-  TNoteKind = range[warnMin..hintMax] # "notes" are warnings or hints
-  TNoteKinds = set[TNoteKind]
-
-const
-  NotesVerbosityConst: array[0..0, TNoteKinds] = [
-    {low(TNoteKind)..high(TNoteKind)} - {hintGCStats}]
-  fuckyou = NotesVerbosityConst[0]
-
-var
-  gNotesFromConst: TNoteKinds = NotesVerbosityConst[0]
-  gNotesFromConst2: TNoteKinds = fuckyou
-
-if hintGCStats in gNotesFromConst:
-  echo "hintGCStats in gNotesFromConst A"
-
-if hintGCStats in gNotesFromConst2:
-  echo "hintGCStats in gNotesFromConst B"
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs/twrong_tupleconv.nim b/tests/ccgbugs/twrong_tupleconv.nim
index 7a887d183..031712dac 100644
--- a/tests/ccgbugs/twrong_tupleconv.nim
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs/twrong_tupleconv.nim
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp"
+  matrix: "--gc:refc; --gc:arc"
+"""
+
 # bug #1833
 iterator myitems*[T](a: var seq[T]): var T {.inline.} =
   ## iterates over each item of `a` so that you can modify the yielded value.
@@ -18,3 +23,13 @@ var ys = @[(1,"a"),(2,"b"),(3,"c")]
 for y in myitems(ys):
   inc y[0]
 
+# bug #16331
+type T1 = tuple[a, b: int]
+
+proc p(b: bool): string =
+  var x: T1 = (10, 20)
+  x = if b: (x.b, x.a) else: (-x.b, -x.a)
+  $x
+
+assert p(false) == "(a: -20, b: -10)"
+assert p(true) == "(a: 20, b: 10)"
diff --git a/tests/ccgbugs2/tcodegen.nim b/tests/ccgbugs2/tcodegen.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aac1ecaf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ccgbugs2/tcodegen.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+discard """

+  targets: "c cpp"

+"""

+

+# bug #19094

+type

+  X = object

+    filler: array[2048, int]

+    innerAddress: uint

+

+proc initX(): X =

+  result.innerAddress = cast[uint](result.addr)

+

+proc initXInPlace(x: var X) =

+  x.innerAddress = cast[uint](x.addr)

+

+block: # NRVO1

+  var x = initX()

+  let innerAddress = x.innerAddress

+  let outerAddress = cast[uint](x.addr)

+  doAssert(innerAddress == outerAddress) # [OK]

+

+block: # NRVO2

+  var x: X

+  initXInPlace(x)

+  let innerAddress = x.innerAddress

+  let outerAddress = cast[uint](x.addr)

+  doAssert(innerAddress == outerAddress) # [OK]

+

+block: # bug #22354

+  type Object = object

+    foo: int

+

+  proc takeFoo(self: var Object): int =

+    result = self.foo

+    self.foo = 999

+

+  proc doSomething(self: var Object; foo: int = self.takeFoo()) =

+    discard

+

+  proc main() =

+    var obj = Object(foo: 2)

+    obj.doSomething()

+    doAssert obj.foo == 999

+

+

+  main()

diff --git a/tests/closure/t11042.nim b/tests/closure/t11042.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a3928316
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/closure/t11042.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+discard """
+  output:'''
+foo: 1
+foo: 2
+bar: 1
+bar: 2
+foo: 1
+foo: 2
+bar: 1
+bar: 2
+bar: 3
+bar: 4
+bar: 5
+bar: 6
+bar: 7
+bar: 8
+bar: 9
+'''
+"""
+
+# bug #11042
+block:
+  iterator foo: int =
+    for x in 1..2:
+      echo "foo: ", x
+      for y in 1..2:
+        discard
+
+  for x in foo(): discard
+
+  let bar = iterator: int =
+    for x in 1..2:
+      echo "bar: ", x
+      for y in 1..2:
+        discard
+
+  for x in bar(): discard
+
+
+block:
+  iterator foo: int =
+    for x in 1..2:
+      echo "foo: ", x
+      for y in 1..2:
+        discard
+
+  for x in foo(): discard
+
+  let bar = iterator: int =
+    for x in 1..9:
+      echo "bar: ", x
+      for y in 1..2:
+        discard
+
+  for x in bar(): discard
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/closure/t19095.nim b/tests/closure/t19095.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..880456e02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/closure/t19095.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+discard """
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+block:
+  func inCheck() =
+    discard
+
+  iterator iter(): int =
+    yield 0
+    yield 0
+
+  func search() =
+    let inCheck = 0
+
+    for i in iter():
+
+      proc hello() =
+        inCheck()
+
+  search()
+block:
+  iterator iter(): int =
+    yield 0
+    yield 0
+
+  func search() =
+    let lmrMoveCounter = 0
+
+    for i in iter():
+
+      proc hello() =
+        discard lmrMoveCounter
+
+  search()
diff --git a/tests/closure/t20152.nim b/tests/closure/t20152.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..484ea0741
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/closure/t20152.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+discard """

+  action: compile

+"""

+

+proc foo() =

+  iterator it():int {.closure.} =

+    yield 1

+  proc useIter() {.nimcall.} =

+    var iii = it # <-- illegal capture

+    doAssert iii() == 1

+  useIter()

+foo()

+

+proc foo2() =

+  proc bar() = # Local function, but not a closure, because no captures

+    echo "hi"

+  proc baz() {.nimcall.} = # Calls local function

+    bar()

+  baz()

+foo2()

diff --git a/tests/closure/t8550.nim b/tests/closure/t8550.nim
index 153246f08..a07f45cdc 100644
--- a/tests/closure/t8550.nim
+++ b/tests/closure/t8550.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  targets: "c js"
   output: "@[\"42\"]"
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/closure/t9334.nim b/tests/closure/t9334.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36a9a7d77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/closure/t9334.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim $target --hints:off $options -r $file"
+  nimout: '''@[1]
+@[1, 1]
+'''
+  nimoutFull: true
+"""
+proc p(s: var seq[int]): auto =
+  let sptr = addr s
+  return proc() = sptr[].add 1
+
+proc f =
+  var data = @[1]
+  p(data)()
+  echo repr data
+
+static:
+  f() # prints [1]
+f() # prints [1, 1]
diff --git a/tests/closure/tclosure.nim b/tests/closure/tclosure.nim
index 546d7026d..401a71d40 100644
--- a/tests/closure/tclosure.nim
+++ b/tests/closure/tclosure.nim
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ joinable: false
 
 
 block tclosure:
-  proc map(n: var openarray[int], fn: proc (x: int): int {.closure}) =
+  proc map(n: var openArray[int], fn: proc (x: int): int {.closure}) =
     for i in 0..n.len-1: n[i] = fn(n[i])
 
-  proc each(n: openarray[int], fn: proc(x: int) {.closure.}) =
+  proc each(n: openArray[int], fn: proc(x: int) {.closure.}) =
     for i in 0..n.len-1:
       fn(n[i])
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ block tclosure:
 
   # bug #5015
 
-  type Mutator = proc(matched: string): string {.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.}
+  type Mutator = proc(matched: string): string {.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}
 
   proc putMutated(
       MutatorCount: static[int],
@@ -239,19 +239,19 @@ block doNotation:
   b.onClick do (e: Event):
     echo "click at ", e.x, ",", e.y
 
-  b.onFocusLost:
+  b.onFocusLost do ():
     echo "lost focus 1"
 
-  b.onFocusLost do:
+  b.onFocusLost do ():
     echo "lost focus 2"
 
-  b.onUserEvent("UserEvent 1") do:
+  b.onUserEvent("UserEvent 1") do ():
     discard
 
-  b.onUserEvent "UserEvent 2":
+  onUserEvent(b, "UserEvent 2") do ():
     discard
 
-  b.onUserEvent("UserEvent 3"):
+  b.onUserEvent("UserEvent 3") do ():
     discard
 
   b.onUserEvent("UserEvent 4", () => echo "event 4")
@@ -491,3 +491,14 @@ block tnoclosure:
       row = zip(row & @[0], @[0] & row).mapIt(it[0] + it[1])
     echo row
   pascal(10)
+
+block: # bug #22297
+  iterator f: int {.closure.} =
+    try:
+      yield 12
+    finally:
+      return 14
+
+  let s = f
+  doAssert s() == 12
+  doAssert s() == 14
diff --git a/tests/closure/tclosure_issues.nim b/tests/closure/tclosure_issues.nim
index 4688834de..b1a2d7c6b 100644
--- a/tests/closure/tclosure_issues.nim
+++ b/tests/closure/tclosure_issues.nim
@@ -71,12 +71,12 @@ block tissue7104:
   proc sp(cb: proc())=
       cb()
 
-  sp:
+  sp do ():
       var i = 0
       echo "ok ", i
-      sp():
+      sp do ():
           inc i
           echo "ok ", i
-          sp do:
+          sp do ():
               inc i
               echo "ok ", i
diff --git a/tests/closure/tinvalidclosure.nim b/tests/closure/tinvalidclosure.nim
index 47f3f105f..37d0f68a2 100644
--- a/tests/closure/tinvalidclosure.nim
+++ b/tests/closure/tinvalidclosure.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <proc (x: int){.nimcall, gcsafe, locks: 0.}>"
+  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <proc (x: int){.nimcall, gcsafe.}>"
   line: 12
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/closure/tinvalidclosure5.nim b/tests/closure/tinvalidclosure5.nim
index d03d93867..3b5f46a40 100644
--- a/tests/closure/tinvalidclosure5.nim
+++ b/tests/closure/tinvalidclosure5.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <proc (){.closure, gcsafe, locks: 0.}> but expected 'A = proc (){.nimcall.}'"
+  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <proc (){.closure, gcsafe.}> but expected 'A = proc (){.nimcall.}'"
   line: 9
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/closure/tnested.nim b/tests/closure/tnested.nim
index ca8d0e08b..ec5af9b13 100644
--- a/tests/closure/tnested.nim
+++ b/tests/closure/tnested.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+targets: "c js"
 output: '''
 foo88
 23 24foo 88
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ py
 py
 px
 6
-proc (){.closure, gcsafe, locks: 0.}
+proc (){.closure, noSideEffect, gcsafe.}
 '''
 """
 
@@ -183,14 +184,32 @@ block tclosure2:
 
 import typetraits
 
-proc myDiscard[T](a: T) = discard
+block:
+  proc myDiscard[T](a: T) = discard
 
-proc foo() =
-  let a = 5
-  let f = (proc() =
-             myDiscard (proc() = echo a)
-          )
-  echo name(typeof(f))
+  proc foo() =
+    let a = 5
+    let f = (proc() =
+              myDiscard (proc() = echo a)
+            )
+    echo name(typeof(f))
 
-foo()
+  foo()
 
+
+block:
+  iterator foo: int {.closure.} =
+    yield 1
+    yield 2
+    yield 3
+
+  proc pork =
+    let call = foo
+    for i in call():
+      discard i
+
+    let call2 = foo
+    while not finished(call2):
+      discard call2()
+
+  pork()
diff --git a/tests/closure/tstmtlist.nim b/tests/closure/tstmtlist.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a1390617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/closure/tstmtlist.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+proc foo(x: proc()) = x()
+foo: echo "a" #[tt.Warning
+     ^ statement list expression assumed to be anonymous proc; this is deprecated, use `do (): ...` or `proc () = ...` instead [StmtListLambda]]#
+foo do: echo "b" #[tt.Warning
+        ^ statement list expression assumed to be anonymous proc; this is deprecated, use `do (): ...` or `proc () = ...` instead [StmtListLambda]]#
diff --git a/tests/codegen/titaniummangle.nim b/tests/codegen/titaniummangle.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4b45e59ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/codegen/titaniummangle.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c"
+  matrix: "--debugger:native"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE6stringN14titaniummangle3FooE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE3int7varargsI6stringE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncEN14titaniummangle3BooE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE8typeDescIN14titaniummangle17EnumAnotherSampleEE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE3ptrI14uncheckedArrayI3intEE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE3setIN14titaniummangle10EnumSampleEE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE4procI6string6stringE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE3intN10Comparable10ComparableE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE3int3int'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncEN14titaniummangle10EnumSampleE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncEN14titaniummangle17EnumAnotherSampleE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE3int3int'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncEN14titaniummangle10EnumSampleE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncEN14titaniummangle17EnumAnotherSampleE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE5tupleI3int3intE7cstring'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE5tupleI5float5floatE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE3ptrI3intE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE3ptrIN14titaniummangle3FooEE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE3ptrI3ptrI3intEE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE3refIN14titaniummangle3FooEE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE3varIN14titaniummangle3FooEE5int325int323refIN14titaniummangle3FooEE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE3varI3intE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE9openArrayI6stringE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE5arrayI7range013intE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE9ContainerI3intE'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE10Container2I5int325int32E'"
+  ccodecheck: "'_ZN14titaniummangle8testFuncE9ContainerI10Container2I5int325int32EE'"
+"""
+
+#When debugging this notice that if one check fails, it can be due to any of the above.
+
+type
+  Comparable = concept x, y
+    (x < y) is bool
+
+  Foo = object
+    a: int32
+    b: int32
+
+  FooTuple = tuple
+    a: int
+    b: int
+
+  Container[T] = object
+    data: T
+      
+  Container2[T, T2] = object
+    data: T
+    data2: T2
+
+  Boo = distinct Foo
+
+  Coo = Foo
+
+  Doo = Boo | Foo 
+
+  TestProc = proc(a:string): string
+
+type EnumSample = enum
+  a, b, c
+
+type EnumAnotherSample = enum
+  a, b, c
+
+proc testFunc(a: set[EnumSample]) = 
+  echo $a
+
+proc testFunc(a: typedesc) = 
+  echo $a
+
+proc testFunc(a: ptr Foo) = 
+  echo repr a
+
+proc testFunc(s: string, a: Coo) = 
+  echo repr a
+
+proc testFunc(s: int, a: Comparable) = 
+  echo repr a
+
+proc testFunc(a: TestProc) = 
+  let b = ""
+  echo repr a("")
+
+proc testFunc(a: ref Foo) = 
+  echo repr a
+
+proc testFunc(b: Boo) = 
+  echo repr b
+
+proc testFunc(a: ptr UncheckedArray[int]) = 
+  echo repr a
+
+proc testFunc(a: ptr int) = 
+  echo repr a
+
+proc testFunc(a: ptr ptr int) = 
+  echo repr a
+
+proc testFunc(e: FooTuple, str: cstring) = 
+  echo e
+
+proc testFunc(e: (float, float)) = 
+  echo e
+
+proc testFunc(e: EnumSample) = 
+  echo e
+
+proc testFunc(e: var int) = 
+  echo e
+
+proc testFunc(e: var Foo, a, b: int32, refFoo: ref Foo) = 
+  echo e
+
+proc testFunc(xs: Container[int]) = 
+  let a = 2
+  echo xs
+
+proc testFunc(xs: Container2[int32, int32]) = 
+  let a = 2
+  echo xs
+
+proc testFunc(xs: Container[Container2[int32, int32]]) = 
+  let a = 2
+  echo xs
+
+proc testFunc(xs: seq[int]) = 
+  let a = 2
+  echo xs
+
+proc testFunc(xs: openArray[string]) = 
+  let a = 2
+  echo xs
+
+proc testFunc(xs: array[2, int]) = 
+  let a = 2
+  echo xs
+
+proc testFunc(e: EnumAnotherSample) = 
+  echo e
+
+proc testFunc(a, b: int) = 
+  echo "hola"
+  discard
+
+proc testFunc(a: int, xs: varargs[string]) = 
+  let a = 10
+  for x in xs:
+    echo x
+
+proc testFunc() = 
+  var a = 2
+  var aPtr = a.addr
+  var foo = Foo()
+  let refFoo : ref Foo = new(Foo)
+  let b = Foo().Boo()
+  let d: Doo = Foo()
+  testFunc("", Coo())
+  testFunc(1, )
+  testFunc(b)
+  testFunc(EnumAnotherSample)
+  var t = [1, 2]
+  let uArr = cast[ptr UncheckedArray[int]](t.addr)
+  testFunc(uArr)
+  testFunc({})
+  testFunc(proc(s:string): string = "test")
+  testFunc(20, a.int32)
+  testFunc(20, 2)
+  testFunc(EnumSample.c)
+  testFunc(EnumAnotherSample.c)
+  testFunc((2, 1), "adios")
+  testFunc((22.1, 1.2))
+  testFunc(a.addr)
+  testFunc(foo.addr)
+  testFunc(aPtr.addr)
+  testFunc(refFoo)
+  testFunc(foo, 2, 1, refFoo)
+  testFunc(a)
+  testFunc(@[2, 1, 2])
+  testFunc(@["hola"])
+  testFunc(2, "hola", "adios")
+  let arr: array[2, int] = [2, 1]
+  testFunc(arr)
+  testFunc(Container[int](data: 10))
+  let c2 = Container2[int32, int32](data: 10, data2: 20)
+  testFunc(c2)
+  testFunc(Container[Container2[int32, int32]](data: c2))
+  
+
+testFunc()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/actiontable/tactiontable.nim b/tests/collections/tactiontable.nim
index 3f15a70bd..3f15a70bd 100644
--- a/tests/actiontable/tactiontable.nim
+++ b/tests/collections/tactiontable.nim
diff --git a/tests/collections/tseq.nim b/tests/collections/tseq.nim
index a7a0c724e..0f8084c78 100644
--- a/tests/collections/tseq.nim
+++ b/tests/collections/tseq.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   output: '''
 Hithere, what's your name?Hathere, what's your name?
 fA13msg1falsefB14msg2truefC15msg3false
@@ -11,8 +12,7 @@ FilterIt: [1, 3, 7]
 Concat: [1, 3, 5, 7, 2, 4, 6]
 Deduplicate: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7]
 @[()]
-@[1, 42, 3]
-@[1, 42, 3]
+Minmax: (1, 7)
 2345623456
 '''
 """
@@ -157,42 +157,51 @@ block tsequtils:
   let someObjSeq = aSeq.mapIt(it.field)
   echo someObjSeq
 
-
-
-block tshallowseq:
-  proc xxx() =
-    var x: seq[int] = @[1, 2, 3]
-    var y: seq[int]
-    system.shallowCopy(y, x)
-    y[1] = 42
-    echo y
-    echo x
-  xxx()
-
-
-block tshallowemptyseq:
-  proc test() =
-    var nilSeq: seq[int] = @[]
-    var emptySeq: seq[int] = newSeq[int]()
-    block:
-      var t = @[1,2,3]
-      shallow(nilSeq)
-      t = nilSeq
-      doAssert t == @[]
-    block:
-      var t = @[1,2,3]
-      shallow(emptySeq)
-      t = emptySeq
-      doAssert t == @[]
-    block:
-      var t = @[1,2,3]
-      shallowCopy(t, nilSeq)
-      doAssert t == @[]
-    block:
-      var t = @[1,2,3]
-      shallowCopy(t, emptySeq)
-      doAssert t == @[]
-  test()
+  block minmax:
+    doAssert minmax(@[0]) == (0, 0)
+    doAssert minmax(@[0, 1]) == (0, 1)
+    doAssert minmax(@[1, 0]) == (0, 1)
+    doAssert minmax(@[8,2,1,7,3,9,4,0,5]) == (0, 9)
+    echo "Minmax: ", $(minmax(concat(seq1, seq2)))
+
+
+when not defined(nimseqsv2):
+  block tshallowseq:
+    proc xxx() =
+      var x: seq[int] = @[1, 2, 3]
+      var y: seq[int]
+      system.shallowCopy(y, x)
+      y[1] = 42
+      doAssert y == @[1, 42, 3]
+      doAssert x == @[1, 42, 3]
+    xxx()
+
+
+  block tshallowemptyseq:
+    proc test() =
+      var nilSeq: seq[int] = @[]
+      var emptySeq: seq[int] = newSeq[int]()
+      block:
+        var t = @[1,2,3]
+        when defined(gcRefc):
+          shallow(nilSeq)
+        t = nilSeq
+        doAssert t == @[]
+      block:
+        var t = @[1,2,3]
+        when defined(gcRefc):
+          shallow(emptySeq)
+        t = emptySeq
+        doAssert t == @[]
+      block:
+        var t = @[1,2,3]
+        shallowCopy(t, nilSeq)
+        doAssert t == @[]
+      block:
+        var t = @[1,2,3]
+        shallowCopy(t, emptySeq)
+        doAssert t == @[]
+    test()
 
 
 import strutils
@@ -214,3 +223,20 @@ for i in 0..100:
   var test = newSeqOfCap[uint32](1)
   test.setLen(1)
   doAssert test[0] == 0, $(test[0], i)
+
+
+# bug #22560
+doAssert len(newSeqOfCap[int](42)) == 0
+
+block: # bug #17197
+  type Matrix = seq[seq[int]]
+
+  proc needlemanWunsch(sequence1: string, sequence2: string, gap_penal: int8, match: int8, indel_penal: int8): bool =
+    let seq2_len = sequence2.len
+
+    var grid: Matrix
+    for i in sequence1:
+      grid.add(newSeqOfCap[seq[int]](seq2_len))
+    result = true
+
+  doAssert needlemanWunsch("ABC", "DEFG", 1, 2, 3)
diff --git a/tests/collections/ttables.nim b/tests/collections/ttables.nim
index 61197e9f0..95f9418a0 100644
--- a/tests/collections/ttables.nim
+++ b/tests/collections/ttables.nim
@@ -7,7 +7,11 @@ And we get here
 3
 '''
 joinable: false
+targets: "c cpp js"
 """
+
+# xxx wrap in a template to test in VM, see https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/534#issuecomment-769565033
+
 import hashes, sequtils, tables, algorithm
 
 proc sortedPairs[T](t: T): auto = toSeq(t.pairs).sorted
@@ -167,22 +171,20 @@ block tableconstr:
   # NEW:
   doAssert 56 in 50..100
 
-  doAssert 56 in ..60
+  doAssert 56 in 0..60
 
 
 block ttables2:
   proc TestHashIntInt() =
     var tab = initTable[int,int]()
-    let n = 100_000
+    let n = 10
     for i in 1..n:
       tab[i] = i
     for i in 1..n:
       var x = tab[i]
       if x != i : echo "not found ", i
 
-  proc run1() =
-    for i in 1 .. 50:
-      TestHashIntInt()
+  TestHashIntInt()
 
   # bug #2107
 
@@ -194,7 +196,6 @@ block ttables2:
   delTab[5] = 5
 
 
-  run1()
   echo "2"
 
 block tablesref:
@@ -444,3 +445,13 @@ block emptyOrdered:
   var t2: OrderedTable[int, string]
   doAssert t1 == t2
 
+block: # Table[ref, int]
+  type A = ref object
+    x: int
+  var t: OrderedTable[A, int]
+  let a1 = A(x: 3)
+  let a2 = A(x: 3)
+  t[a1] = 10
+  t[a2] = 11
+  doAssert t[a1] == 10
+  doAssert t[a2] == 11
diff --git a/tests/compileoption/texperimental.nim b/tests/compileoption/texperimental.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be637e58a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compileoption/texperimental.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+static:
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "dotOperators")
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "callOperator")
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "parallel")
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "destructor")
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "notnil")
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "dynamicBindSym")
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "codeReordering")
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "compiletimeFFI")
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "vmopsDanger")
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "strictFuncs")
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "views")
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "strictNotNil")
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "strictEffects")
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "flexibleOptionalParams")
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "strictDefs")
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "strictCaseObjects")
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "inferGenericTypes")
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "openSym")
+  doAssert compileOption("experimental", "vtables")
diff --git a/tests/compileoption/texperimental.nims b/tests/compileoption/texperimental.nims
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2c357caa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compileoption/texperimental.nims
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+switch("experimental", "dotOperators")
+switch("experimental", "callOperator")
+switch("experimental", "parallel")
+switch("experimental", "destructor")
+switch("experimental", "notnil")
+switch("experimental", "dynamicBindSym")
+switch("experimental", "codeReordering")
+switch("experimental", "compiletimeFFI")
+switch("experimental", "vmopsDanger")
+switch("experimental", "strictFuncs")
+switch("experimental", "views")
+switch("experimental", "strictNotNil")
+switch("experimental", "strictEffects")
+switch("experimental", "flexibleOptionalParams")
+switch("experimental", "strictDefs")
+switch("experimental", "strictCaseObjects")
+switch("experimental", "inferGenericTypes")
+switch("experimental", "openSym")
+switch("experimental", "vtables")
diff --git a/tests/compiler/samplelib.nim b/tests/compiler/samplelib.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c70971722
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compiler/samplelib.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# Sample library used by tcmdlineclib.nim
+proc test(): int {.cdecl, exportc, dynlib.} = 123
diff --git a/tests/compiler/t12684.nim b/tests/compiler/t12684.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a5f33d2c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compiler/t12684.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check --hints:off --warnings:off $file"
+  errormsg: "undeclared identifier: 'Undeclared'"
+"""
+
+var x: Undeclared
+import compiler/nimeval
diff --git a/tests/compiler/tasm.nim b/tests/compiler/tasm.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f60231e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compiler/tasm.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+proc testAsm() =
+  let src = 41
+  var dst = 0
+
+  asm """
+    mov %1, %0\n\t
+    add $1, %0
+    : "=r" (`dst`)
+    : "r" (`src`)"""
+
+  doAssert dst == 42
+
+when defined(gcc) or defined(clang) and not defined(cpp):
+  {.passc: "-std=c99".}
+  testAsm()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/compiler/tbrees.nim b/tests/compiler/tbtrees.nim
index 5f6482ed9..973c26420 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/tbrees.nim
+++ b/tests/compiler/tbtrees.nim
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ proc main =
   when true:
     var b2 = initBTree[int, string]()
     var t2 = initTable[int, string]()
-    const iters = 100_000
+    const iters = 100
     for i in 1..iters:
       let x = rand(high(int))
       if not t2.hasKey(x):
diff --git a/tests/compiler/tcmdlineclib.nim b/tests/compiler/tcmdlineclib.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c06d6f103
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compiler/tcmdlineclib.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+proc test(): int {.importc, cdecl.}
+
+doAssert test() == 123
diff --git a/tests/compiler/tcmdlineclib.nims b/tests/compiler/tcmdlineclib.nims
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7899d92e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compiler/tcmdlineclib.nims
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import os
+
+selfExec "c --app:lib " & (projectDir() / "samplelib.nim")
+switch("clibdir", projectDir())
+--clib:samplelib
+
+# Make test executable can load sample shared library.
+# `-rpath` option doesn't work and ignored on Windows.
+# But the dll file in same directory as executable file is loaded.
+switch("passL", "-Wl,-rpath," & projectDir())
diff --git a/tests/compiler/tdebugutils.nim b/tests/compiler/tdebugutils.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..50b15cb78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compiler/tdebugutils.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+discard """
+  joinable: false
+  disabled: true
+"""
+
+#[
+This test illustrates some features of `debugutils` to debug the compiler.
+
+## example
+this shows how to enable compiler logging just for a section of user code,
+without generating tons of unrelated log messages for code you're not interested
+in debugging.
+
+```sh
+# enable some debugging code, e.g. the `when false:` block in `semExpr`
+nim c -o:bin/nim_temp --stacktrace -d:debug -d:nimDebugUtils compiler/nim
+bin/nim_temp c tests/compiler/tdebugutils.nim
+```
+
+(use --filenames:abs for abs files)
+
+## result
+("<", "tdebugutils.nim(16, 3)",  {.define(nimCompilerDebug).}, nil)
+(">", "tdebugutils.nim(17, 3)", let a = 2.5 * 3, {}, nkLetSection)
+(">", "tdebugutils.nim(17, 15)", 2.5 * 3, {efAllowDestructor, efWantValue}, nkInfix)
+(">", "tdebugutils.nim(17, 11)", 2.5, {efAllowStmt, efDetermineType, efOperand}, nkFloatLit)
+("<", "tdebugutils.nim(17, 11)", 2.5, float64)
+(">", "tdebugutils.nim(17, 17)", 3, {efAllowStmt, efDetermineType, efOperand}, nkIntLit)
+("<", "tdebugutils.nim(17, 17)", 3, int literal(3))
+("<", "tdebugutils.nim(17, 15)", 2.5 * 3, float)
+("<", "tdebugutils.nim(17, 3)", let a = 2.5 * 3, nil)
+(">", "tdebugutils.nim(18, 3)",  {.undef(nimCompilerDebug).}, {}, nkPragma)
+]#
+
+proc main =
+  {.define(nimCompilerDebug).}
+  let a = 2.5 * 3
+  {.undef(nimCompilerDebug).}
diff --git a/tests/compiler/tgrammar.nim b/tests/compiler/tgrammar.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..772d0f0cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compiler/tgrammar.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "-d:nimTestGrammar"
+"""
+
+import compiler/parser
+
+checkSameGrammar()
diff --git a/tests/compiler/tnimblecmd.nim b/tests/compiler/tnimblecmd.nim
index d39179be1..53bce4625 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/tnimblecmd.nim
+++ b/tests/compiler/tnimblecmd.nim
@@ -1,26 +1,75 @@
-include compiler/[nimblecmd]
+include compiler/[nimblecmd], sets
 
 proc v(s: string): Version = s.newVersion
-# #head is special in the sense that it's assumed to always be newest.
-doAssert v"1.0" < v"#head"
-doAssert v"1.0" < v"1.1"
-doAssert v"1.0.1" < v"1.1"
-doAssert v"1" < v"1.1"
-doAssert v"#aaaqwe" < v"1.1" # We cannot assume that a branch is newer.
-doAssert v"#a111" < v"#head"
-
-let conf = newConfigRef()
-var rr = newStringTable()
-addPackage conf, rr, "irc-#a111", unknownLineInfo
-addPackage conf, rr, "irc-#head", unknownLineInfo
-addPackage conf, rr, "irc-0.1.0", unknownLineInfo
-#addPackage conf, rr, "irc", unknownLineInfo
-#addPackage conf, rr, "another", unknownLineInfo
-addPackage conf, rr, "another-0.1", unknownLineInfo
-
-addPackage conf, rr, "ab-0.1.3", unknownLineInfo
-addPackage conf, rr, "ab-0.1", unknownLineInfo
-addPackage conf, rr, "justone-1.0", unknownLineInfo
-
-doAssert toSeq(rr.chosen) ==
-  @["irc-#head", "ab-0.1.3", "justone-1.0", "another-0.1"]
+
+proc testVersionsComparison =
+  # #head is special in the sense that it's assumed to always be newest.
+  doAssert v"1.0" < v"#head"
+  doAssert v"1.0" < v"1.1"
+  doAssert v"1.0.1" < v"1.1"
+  doAssert v"1" < v"1.1"
+  doAssert v"#aaaqwe" < v"1.1" # We cannot assume that a branch is newer.
+  doAssert v"#a111" < v"#head"
+
+proc testAddPackageWithoutChecksum =
+  ## For backward compatibility it is not required all packages to have a
+  ## sha1 checksum at the end of the name of the Nimble cache directory.
+  ## This way a new compiler will be able to work with an older Nimble.
+
+  let conf = newConfigRef()
+  var rr: PackageInfo
+
+  addPackage conf, rr, "irc-#a111", unknownLineInfo
+  addPackage conf, rr, "irc-#head", unknownLineInfo
+  addPackage conf, rr, "irc-0.1.0", unknownLineInfo
+
+  addPackage conf, rr, "another-0.1", unknownLineInfo
+
+  addPackage conf, rr, "ab-0.1.3", unknownLineInfo
+  addPackage conf, rr, "ab-0.1", unknownLineInfo
+  addPackage conf, rr, "justone-1.0", unknownLineInfo
+
+  doAssert toSeq(rr.chosen).toHashSet ==
+    ["irc-#head", "another-0.1", "ab-0.1.3", "justone-1.0"].toHashSet
+
+proc testAddPackageWithChecksum =
+  let conf = newConfigRef()
+  var rr: PackageInfo
+
+  # in the case of packages with the same version, but different checksums for
+  # now the first one will be chosen
+
+  addPackage conf, rr, "irc-#a111-DBC1F902CB79946E990E38AF51F0BAD36ACFABD9",
+             unknownLineInfo
+  addPackage conf, rr, "irc-#head-042D4BE2B90ED0672E717D71850ABDB0A2D19CD1",
+             unknownLineInfo
+  addPackage conf, rr, "irc-#head-042D4BE2B90ED0672E717D71850ABDB0A2D19CD2",
+             unknownLineInfo
+  addPackage conf, rr, "irc-0.1.0-6EE6DE936B32E82C7DBE526DA3463574F6568FAF",
+             unknownLineInfo
+
+  addPackage conf, rr, "another-0.1", unknownLineInfo
+  addPackage conf, rr, "another-0.1-F07EE6040579F0590608A8FD34F5F2D91D859340",
+             unknownLineInfo
+
+  addPackage conf, rr, "ab-0.1.3-34BC3B72CE46CF5A496D1121CFEA7369385E9EA2",
+             unknownLineInfo
+  addPackage conf, rr, "ab-0.1.3-24BC3B72CE46CF5A496D1121CFEA7369385E9EA2",
+             unknownLineInfo
+  addPackage conf, rr, "ab-0.1-A3CFFABDC4759F7779D541F5E031AED17169390A",
+             unknownLineInfo
+
+  # lower case hex digits is also a valid sha1 checksum
+  addPackage conf, rr, "justone-1.0-f07ee6040579f0590608a8fd34f5f2d91d859340",
+             unknownLineInfo
+
+  doAssert toSeq(rr.chosen).toHashSet == [
+    "irc-#head-042D4BE2B90ED0672E717D71850ABDB0A2D19CD1",
+    "another-0.1",
+    "ab-0.1.3-34BC3B72CE46CF5A496D1121CFEA7369385E9EA2",
+    "justone-1.0-f07ee6040579f0590608a8fd34f5f2d91d859340"
+    ].toHashSet
+
+testVersionsComparison()
+testAddPackageWithoutChecksum()
+testAddPackageWithChecksum()
diff --git a/tests/compiler/tprefixmatches.nim b/tests/compiler/tprefixmatches.nim
index a89a6f613..6a3186729 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/tprefixmatches.nim
+++ b/tests/compiler/tprefixmatches.nim
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ macro check(val, body: untyped): untyped =
   result = newStmtList()
   expectKind body, nnkStmtList
   for b in body:
-    expectKind b, nnkPar
+    expectKind b, nnkTupleConstr
     expectLen b, 2
     let p = b[0]
     let s = b[1]
diff --git a/tests/compilerapi/tcompilerapi.nim b/tests/compilerapi/tcompilerapi.nim
index ab995cb6d..2d6cfa0ca 100644
--- a/tests/compilerapi/tcompilerapi.nim
+++ b/tests/compilerapi/tcompilerapi.nim
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ proc initInterpreter(script: string): Interpreter =
 
 proc main() =
   let i = initInterpreter("myscript.nim")
-  i.implementRoutine("*", "exposed", "addFloats", proc (a: VmArgs) =
+  i.implementRoutine("nim", "exposed", "addFloats", proc (a: VmArgs) =
     setResult(a, getFloat(a, 0) + getFloat(a, 1) + getFloat(a, 2))
   )
   i.evalScript()
@@ -69,3 +69,30 @@ block error_hook:
 
   doAssertRaises(VMQuit):
     i.evalScript()
+
+block resetmacrocache:
+  let std = findNimStdLibCompileTime()
+  let intr = createInterpreter("script.nim", [std, std / "pure", std / "core"])
+  proc evalString(intr: Interpreter; code: string) =
+    let stream = llStreamOpen(code)
+    intr.evalScript(stream)
+    llStreamClose(stream)
+  let code = """
+import std/[macrocache, macros]
+static:
+  let counter = CacheCounter"valTest"
+  inc counter
+  assert counter.value == 1
+
+  const mySeq = CacheSeq"addTest"
+  mySeq.add(newLit(5))
+  mySeq.add(newLit("hello ic"))
+  assert mySeq.len == 2
+
+  const mcTable = CacheTable"subTest"
+  mcTable["toAdd"] = newStmtList() #would crash if not empty
+  assert mcTable.len == 1
+"""
+  intr.evalString(code)
+  intr.evalString(code)
+  destroyInterpreter(intr)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/compiles/mstaticlib.nim b/tests/compiles/mstaticlib.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ed593691
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compiles/mstaticlib.nim
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+echo 1234
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/compiles/t8630.nim b/tests/compiles/t8630.nim
index aa2be11cd..8b447d061 100644
--- a/tests/compiles/t8630.nim
+++ b/tests/compiles/t8630.nim
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ bar
 
 proc test(strings: seq[string]) =
   for s in strings:
-    var p3 = unsafeAddr(s)
+    var p3 = addr(s)
     echo p3[]
 
 test(@["foo", "bar"])
diff --git a/tests/compiles/trecursive_generic_in_compiles.nim b/tests/compiles/trecursive_generic_in_compiles.nim
index 88d3faeed..ab31ad0f5 100644
--- a/tests/compiles/trecursive_generic_in_compiles.nim
+++ b/tests/compiles/trecursive_generic_in_compiles.nim
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ proc `==`*[T](xs, ys: List[T]): bool =
 
 proc asList*[T](xs: varargs[T]): List[T] =
   ## Creates list from varargs
-  proc initListImpl(i: int, xs: openarray[T]): List[T] =
+  proc initListImpl(i: int, xs: openArray[T]): List[T] =
     if i > high(xs):
       Nil[T]()
     else:
diff --git a/tests/compiles/tstaticlib.nim b/tests/compiles/tstaticlib.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a18b59204
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/compiles/tstaticlib.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import std/[os, osproc, strformat]
+
+
+const dir = "tests/compiles"
+const fileName = dir / "mstaticlib.nim"
+const nim = getCurrentCompilerExe()
+
+block: # bug #18578
+  const libName = dir / "tstaticlib1.a"
+  let (_, status) = execCmdEx(fmt"{nim} c -o:{libName} --app:staticlib {fileName}")
+  doAssert status == 0
+  doAssert fileExists(libName)
+  removeFile(libName)
+
+block: # bug #16947
+  const libName = dir / "tstaticlib2.a"
+  writeFile(libName, "echo 124")
+  doAssert fileExists(libName)
+  let (_, status) = execCmdEx(fmt"{nim} c -o:{libName} --app:staticlib {fileName}")
+  doAssert status == 0
+  doAssert fileExists(libName)
+  removeFile(libName)
diff --git a/tests/concepts/t18409.nim b/tests/concepts/t18409.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0edba2d31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/concepts/t18409.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+discard """
+  action: "compile"
+"""
+
+# A vector space over a field F concept.
+type VectorSpace*[F] = concept x, y, type V
+  vector_add(x, y) is V
+  scalar_mul(x, F) is V
+  dimension(V) is Natural
+
+# Real numbers (here floats) form a vector space.
+func vector_add*(v: float, w: float): float =  v + w
+func scalar_mul*(v: float, s: float): float =   v * s
+func dimension*(x: typedesc[float]): Natural = 1
+
+# 2-tuples of real numbers form a vector space.
+func vector_add*(v, w: (float, float)): (float, float) =
+  (vector_add(v[0], w[0]), vector_add(v[1], w[1]))
+
+func scalar_mul*(v: (float, float), s: float): (float, float) =
+  (scalar_mul(v[0], s), scalar_mul(v[1], s))
+
+func dimension*(x: typedesc[(float, float)]): Natural = 2
+
+# Check concept requirements.
+assert float is VectorSpace
+assert (float, float) is VectorSpace
+
+# Commutivity axiom for vector spaces over the same field.
+func axiom_commutivity*[F](u, v: VectorSpace[F]): bool =
+  vector_add(u, v) == vector_add(v, u)
+
+# This is okay.
+assert axiom_commutivity(2.2, 3.3)
+
+# This is not.
+assert axiom_commutivity((2.2, 3.3), (4.4, 5.5))
diff --git a/tests/concepts/t19730.nim b/tests/concepts/t19730.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..575d45dda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/concepts/t19730.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''1.01.01.01.0
+1.01.01.01.0
+'''
+"""
+
+type
+  Color = concept c
+    c.r is SomeFloat
+    c.g is SomeFloat
+    c.b is SomeFloat
+    c.a is SomeFloat
+
+proc useColor(color: Color) =
+  echo(color.r, color.g, color.b, color.a)
+
+let color = (r: 1.0, g: 1.0, b: 1.0, a: 1.0)
+useColor(color)
+
+useColor((r: 1.0, g: 1.0, b: 1.0, a: 1.0))
diff --git a/tests/concepts/t20237.nim b/tests/concepts/t20237.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..175c7a9d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/concepts/t20237.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+type Foo* = concept
+  ## doc comment
+  proc foo(x: Self)
diff --git a/tests/concepts/t3330.nim b/tests/concepts/t3330.nim
index b92af5485..901f8d2f4 100644
--- a/tests/concepts/t3330.nim
+++ b/tests/concepts/t3330.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+matrix: "--mm:refc"
 errormsg: "type mismatch: got <Bar[system.int]>"
 nimout: '''
 t3330.nim(70, 4) Error: type mismatch: got <Bar[system.int]>
@@ -48,7 +49,6 @@ expression: test(bar)'''
 
 
 
-
 ## line 60
 type
   Foo[T] = concept k
diff --git a/tests/concepts/t976.nim b/tests/concepts/t976.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..776d53827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/concepts/t976.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+Printable
+'''
+joinable: false
+"""
+
+#[
+  The converter is a proper example of a confounding variable
+  Moved to an isolated file
+]#
+
+type
+  Obj1[T] = object
+      v: T
+converter toObj1[T](t: T): Obj1[T] =
+  return Obj1[T](v: t)
+block t976:
+  type
+    int1 = distinct int
+    int2 = distinct int
+    int1g = concept x
+      x is int1
+    int2g = concept x
+      x is int2
+
+  proc take[T: int1g](value: int1) =
+    when T is int2:
+      static: error("killed in take(int1)")
+
+  proc take[T: int2g](vale: int2) =
+    when T is int1:
+      static: error("killed in take(int2)")
+
+  var i1: int1 = 1.int1
+  var i2: int2 = 2.int2
+
+  take[int1](i1)
+  take[int2](i2)
+
+  template reject(e) =
+    static: assert(not compiles(e))
+
+  reject take[string](i2)
+  reject take[int1](i2)
+
+  # bug #6249
+  type
+      Obj2 = ref object
+      PrintAble = concept x
+          $x is string
+
+  proc `$`[T](nt: Obj1[T]): string =
+      when T is PrintAble: result = "Printable"
+      else: result = "Non Printable"
+
+  echo Obj2()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/concepts/tconcepts.nim b/tests/concepts/tconcepts.nim
index acdff6f24..ea3ddc401 100644
--- a/tests/concepts/tconcepts.nim
+++ b/tests/concepts/tconcepts.nim
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ e
 20
 10
 5
+9
 '''
 """
 
@@ -438,3 +439,13 @@ import mvarconcept
 block tvar:
   # bug #2346, bug #2404
   echo randomInt(5)
+
+block tcomment:
+  type
+    Foo = concept
+      ## Some comment
+      proc bar(x: Self)
+
+  proc bar(x: int) = echo x
+  proc foo(x: Foo) = x.bar
+  foo(9)
diff --git a/tests/concepts/tconcepts_issues.nim b/tests/concepts/tconcepts_issues.nim
index c76049bdd..c6d0267c5 100644
--- a/tests/concepts/tconcepts_issues.nim
+++ b/tests/concepts/tconcepts_issues.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   output: '''
 20.0 USD
-Printable
 true
 true
 true
@@ -27,6 +26,8 @@ false
 true
 -1
 Meow
+10 0.0
+1 2.0
 '''
 joinable: false
 """
@@ -76,55 +77,6 @@ block t3414:
   let s2 = s1.find(10)
 
 
-
-type
-  Obj1[T] = object
-      v: T
-converter toObj1[T](t: T): Obj1[T] =
-  return Obj1[T](v: t)
-block t976:
-  type
-    int1 = distinct int
-    int2 = distinct int
-    int1g = concept x
-      x is int1
-    int2g = concept x
-      x is int2
-
-  proc take[T: int1g](value: int1) =
-    when T is int2:
-      static: error("killed in take(int1)")
-
-  proc take[T: int2g](vale: int2) =
-    when T is int1:
-      static: error("killed in take(int2)")
-
-  var i1: int1 = 1.int1
-  var i2: int2 = 2.int2
-
-  take[int1](i1)
-  take[int2](i2)
-
-  template reject(e) =
-    static: assert(not compiles(e))
-
-  reject take[string](i2)
-  reject take[int1](i2)
-
-  # bug #6249
-  type
-      Obj2 = ref object
-      PrintAble = concept x
-          $x is string
-
-  proc `$`[T](nt: Obj1[T]): string =
-      when T is PrintAble: result = "Printable"
-      else: result = "Non Printable"
-
-  echo Obj2()
-
-
-
 block t1128:
   type
     TFooContainer[T] = object
@@ -324,15 +276,15 @@ block t6691:
 block t6782:
   type
     Reader = concept c
-      c.read(openarray[byte], int, int) is int
+      c.read(openArray[byte], int, int) is int
     Rdr = concept c
-      c.rd(openarray[byte], int, int) is int
+      c.rd(openArray[byte], int, int) is int
 
   type TestFile = object
 
-  proc read(r: TestFile, dest: openarray[byte], offset: int, limit: int): int =
+  proc read(r: TestFile, dest: openArray[byte], offset: int, limit: int): int =
       result = 0
-  proc rd(r: TestFile, dest: openarray[byte], offset: int, limit: int): int =
+  proc rd(r: TestFile, dest: openArray[byte], offset: int, limit: int): int =
       result = 0
 
   doAssert TestFile is Reader
@@ -484,10 +436,10 @@ type
 var address = pointer(nil)
 proc prod(r: var QuadraticExt, b: QuadraticExt) =
   if address == nil:
-    address = unsafeAddr b
+    address = addr b
     prod(r, b)
   else:
-    assert address == unsafeAddr b
+    assert address == addr b
 
 type
   Fp2[N: static int, T] {.byref.} = object
@@ -500,3 +452,105 @@ var r, b: Fp2[6, uint64]
 
 prod(r, b)
 
+
+block: # bug #21263
+  type
+    DateDayFraction = concept # no T, an atom
+      proc date(a: Self): int
+      proc fraction(b: Self): float
+    Date = distinct int
+    DateDayFractionImpl = object
+      date : int
+      fraction : float
+
+  proc date(a: Date): int = a.int
+  proc fraction(a:Date): float = 0.0
+
+  proc date(a: DateDayFractionImpl): int = a.date
+  proc fraction(b: DateDayFractionImpl): float = b.fraction
+
+
+  proc print(a: DateDayFraction) =
+    echo a.date, " ", a.fraction
+
+  print(10.Date) # ok
+  print(DateDayFractionImpl(date: 1, fraction: 2))  # error
+
+import sets
+import deques
+
+type AnyTree[V] = concept t, type T
+  for v in t.leaves(V):
+    v is V
+
+type BreadthOrder[V] = ref object
+  frontier: Deque[V]
+  visited: HashSet[V]
+
+proc expand[V, T](order: ref BreadthOrder[T], tree: AnyTree[V], node: V, transform: (V) -> (T)) =
+  for leaf in tree.leaves(node):
+    if not order.visited.containsOrIncl(transform(leaf)):
+      order.frontier.addLast(transform(leaf))
+
+proc hasNext[V](order: ref BreadthOrder[V]): bool =
+  order.frontier.len > 0
+
+proc init[V](_: typedesc[BreadthOrder]): ref BreadthOrder[V] =
+  result.new()
+  result[] = BreadthOrder[V](frontier: initDeque[V](), visited: initHashSet[V]())
+
+proc popNext[V](order: ref BreadthOrder[V]): V =
+  order.frontier.popFirst()
+
+type LevelNode[V] = tuple
+  depth: uint
+  node: V
+
+proc depthOf*[V](orderType: typedesc[BreadthOrder], tree: AnyTree[V], root, goal: V): uint =
+  if root == goal:
+    return 0
+  var order = init[LevelNode[V]](orderType)
+  order.expand(tree, root, (leaf) => (1.uint, leaf))
+  while order.hasNext():
+    let depthNode: LevelNode[V] = order.popNext()
+    if depthNode.node == goal:
+      return depthNode.depth
+    order.expand(tree, depthNode.node, (leaf) => (depthNode.depth + 1, leaf))
+
+type CappedStringTree = ref object
+  symbols: string
+  cap: Natural
+
+iterator leaves*(t: CappedStringTree, s: string): string =
+  if s.len < t.cap:
+    for c in t.symbols:
+      yield s & c
+
+block: # bug #12852
+  var tree = CappedStringTree(symbols: "^v><", cap: 5)
+
+  doAssert BreadthOrder.depthOf(tree, "", ">>>") == 3
+
+block: #bug #22723
+  type
+    Node  = concept n, type T 
+      for i in n.children:
+        i is T
+      n.parent is T
+
+    Nd = ref object
+      parent: Nd
+      children: seq[Nd]
+
+  proc addChild(parent, child: Node) =
+    parent.children.add(child)
+    child.parent = parent
+
+  proc foo =
+    var
+      a = Nd()
+      b = Nd()
+    a.addChild(b)
+    doAssert a.children.len == 1
+
+  foo()
diff --git a/tests/concepts/texplain.nim b/tests/concepts/texplain.nim
index de3d540cd..8cf04ae82 100644
--- a/tests/concepts/texplain.nim
+++ b/tests/concepts/texplain.nim
@@ -1,45 +1,33 @@
 discard """
   cmd: "nim c --verbosity:0 --colors:off $file"
   nimout: '''
-texplain.nim(164, 10) Hint: Non-matching candidates for e(y)
+texplain.nim(162, 10) Hint: Non-matching candidates for e(y)
 proc e(i: int): int
   first type mismatch at position: 1
   required type for i: int
   but expression 'y' is of type: MatchingType
 
-texplain.nim(167, 7) Hint: Non-matching candidates for e(10)
+texplain.nim(165, 7) Hint: Non-matching candidates for e(10)
 proc e(o: ExplainedConcept): int
   first type mismatch at position: 1
   required type for o: ExplainedConcept
   but expression '10' is of type: int literal(10)
-texplain.nim(130, 6) ExplainedConcept: undeclared field: 'foo'
-texplain.nim(130, 6) ExplainedConcept: undeclared field: '.'
-texplain.nim(130, 6) ExplainedConcept: expression '.' cannot be called
-texplain.nim(130, 6) ExplainedConcept: expression '' has no type (or is ambiguous)
-texplain.nim(130, 5) ExplainedConcept: concept predicate failed
-texplain.nim(131, 6) ExplainedConcept: undeclared field: 'bar'
-texplain.nim(131, 6) ExplainedConcept: undeclared field: '.'
-texplain.nim(131, 6) ExplainedConcept: expression '.' cannot be called
-texplain.nim(131, 6) ExplainedConcept: expression '' has no type (or is ambiguous)
-texplain.nim(130, 5) ExplainedConcept: concept predicate failed
-
-texplain.nim(170, 10) Hint: Non-matching candidates for e(10)
+texplain.nim(128, 6) ExplainedConcept: undeclared field: 'foo'
+texplain.nim(128, 5) ExplainedConcept: concept predicate failed
+texplain.nim(129, 6) ExplainedConcept: undeclared field: 'bar'
+texplain.nim(128, 5) ExplainedConcept: concept predicate failed
+
+texplain.nim(168, 10) Hint: Non-matching candidates for e(10)
 proc e(o: ExplainedConcept): int
   first type mismatch at position: 1
   required type for o: ExplainedConcept
   but expression '10' is of type: int literal(10)
-texplain.nim(130, 6) ExplainedConcept: undeclared field: 'foo'
-texplain.nim(130, 6) ExplainedConcept: undeclared field: '.'
-texplain.nim(130, 6) ExplainedConcept: expression '.' cannot be called
-texplain.nim(130, 6) ExplainedConcept: expression '' has no type (or is ambiguous)
-texplain.nim(130, 5) ExplainedConcept: concept predicate failed
-texplain.nim(131, 6) ExplainedConcept: undeclared field: 'bar'
-texplain.nim(131, 6) ExplainedConcept: undeclared field: '.'
-texplain.nim(131, 6) ExplainedConcept: expression '.' cannot be called
-texplain.nim(131, 6) ExplainedConcept: expression '' has no type (or is ambiguous)
-texplain.nim(130, 5) ExplainedConcept: concept predicate failed
-
-texplain.nim(174, 20) Error: type mismatch: got <NonMatchingType>
+texplain.nim(128, 6) ExplainedConcept: undeclared field: 'foo'
+texplain.nim(128, 5) ExplainedConcept: concept predicate failed
+texplain.nim(129, 6) ExplainedConcept: undeclared field: 'bar'
+texplain.nim(128, 5) ExplainedConcept: concept predicate failed
+
+texplain.nim(172, 20) Error: type mismatch: got <NonMatchingType>
 but expected one of:
 proc e(i: int): int
   first type mismatch at position: 1
@@ -49,11 +37,11 @@ proc e(o: ExplainedConcept): int
   first type mismatch at position: 1
   required type for o: ExplainedConcept
   but expression 'n' is of type: NonMatchingType
-texplain.nim(174, 9) template/generic instantiation of `assert` from here
-texplain.nim(130, 5) ExplainedConcept: concept predicate failed
+texplain.nim(172, 9) template/generic instantiation of `assert` from here
+texplain.nim(128, 5) ExplainedConcept: concept predicate failed
 
 expression: e(n)
-texplain.nim(175, 20) Error: type mismatch: got <NonMatchingType>
+texplain.nim(173, 20) Error: type mismatch: got <NonMatchingType>
 but expected one of:
 proc r(i: string): int
   first type mismatch at position: 1
@@ -63,15 +51,15 @@ proc r(o: RegularConcept): int
   first type mismatch at position: 1
   required type for o: RegularConcept
   but expression 'n' is of type: NonMatchingType
-texplain.nim(175, 9) template/generic instantiation of `assert` from here
-texplain.nim(134, 5) RegularConcept: concept predicate failed
+texplain.nim(173, 9) template/generic instantiation of `assert` from here
+texplain.nim(132, 5) RegularConcept: concept predicate failed
 proc r[T](a: SomeNumber; b: T; c: auto)
   first type mismatch at position: 1
   required type for a: SomeNumber
   but expression 'n' is of type: NonMatchingType
 
 expression: r(n)
-texplain.nim(176, 20) Hint: Non-matching candidates for r(y)
+texplain.nim(174, 20) Hint: Non-matching candidates for r(y)
 proc r(i: string): int
   first type mismatch at position: 1
   required type for i: string
@@ -81,28 +69,20 @@ proc r[T](a: SomeNumber; b: T; c: auto)
   required type for a: SomeNumber
   but expression 'y' is of type: MatchingType
 
-texplain.nim(184, 2) Error: type mismatch: got <MatchingType>
+texplain.nim(182, 2) Error: type mismatch: got <MatchingType>
 but expected one of:
 proc f(o: NestedConcept)
   first type mismatch at position: 1
   required type for o: NestedConcept
   but expression 'y' is of type: MatchingType
-texplain.nim(134, 6) RegularConcept: undeclared field: 'foo'
-texplain.nim(134, 6) RegularConcept: undeclared field: '.'
-texplain.nim(134, 6) RegularConcept: expression '.' cannot be called
-texplain.nim(134, 6) RegularConcept: expression '' has no type (or is ambiguous)
-texplain.nim(134, 5) RegularConcept: concept predicate failed
-texplain.nim(135, 6) RegularConcept: undeclared field: 'bar'
-texplain.nim(135, 6) RegularConcept: undeclared field: '.'
-texplain.nim(135, 6) RegularConcept: expression '.' cannot be called
-texplain.nim(135, 6) RegularConcept: expression '' has no type (or is ambiguous)
-texplain.nim(134, 5) RegularConcept: concept predicate failed
-texplain.nim(138, 5) NestedConcept: concept predicate failed
+texplain.nim(132, 6) RegularConcept: undeclared field: 'foo'
+texplain.nim(132, 5) RegularConcept: concept predicate failed
+texplain.nim(133, 6) RegularConcept: undeclared field: 'bar'
+texplain.nim(132, 5) RegularConcept: concept predicate failed
+texplain.nim(136, 5) NestedConcept: concept predicate failed
 
 expression: f(y)'''
   errormsg: "type mismatch: got <MatchingType>"
-  line: 184
-
 """
 
 
@@ -123,7 +103,25 @@ expression: f(y)'''
 
 
 
-# line 120 HERE
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+# line 124 HERE
 
 type
   ExplainedConcept {.explain.} = concept o
diff --git a/tests/concepts/tspec.nim b/tests/concepts/tspec.nim
index 1bca3c11b..52f13a40a 100644
--- a/tests/concepts/tspec.nim
+++ b/tests/concepts/tspec.nim
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ discard """
 2
 3
 yes int
-string int
-true'''
+string int'''
   joinable: false
 """
 
@@ -102,5 +101,5 @@ type Monoid = concept
 
 proc z(x: typedesc[int]): int = 0
 
-echo(int is Monoid)
+doAssert int is Monoid
 
diff --git a/tests/concepts/tusertypeclasses.nim b/tests/concepts/tusertypeclasses.nim
index c7104f2a6..83e2b176e 100644
--- a/tests/concepts/tusertypeclasses.nim
+++ b/tests/concepts/tusertypeclasses.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   output: '''Sortable
 Sortable
 Container
@@ -9,6 +10,8 @@ int
 '''
 """
 
+# todo wait for https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/20380
+
 import typetraits
 
 template reject(expr) = assert(not compiles(x))
diff --git a/tests/concepts/tusertypeclasses2.nim b/tests/concepts/tusertypeclasses2.nim
index c9978f6ef..6132bc2d8 100644
--- a/tests/concepts/tusertypeclasses2.nim
+++ b/tests/concepts/tusertypeclasses2.nim
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c js"
+"""
+
 block:
   type
     hasFieldX = concept z
@@ -42,3 +46,18 @@ block:
   foo2(x)
   foo3(x)
   foo4(x)
+
+block: # bug #9550
+  block:
+    type Foo = concept c
+      for v in c: (v is char)
+
+    func foo(c: Foo) = (for v in c: discard)
+    foo @['a', 'b' ,'c']
+
+  block:
+    type Foo = concept c
+      for v in c: (v is char)
+
+    func foo(c: Foo) = (for v in c: discard)
+    foo ['a', 'b' ,'c']
diff --git a/tests/concepts/twrapconcept.nim b/tests/concepts/twrapconcept.nim
index 377b63afe..c3dea2ff9 100644
--- a/tests/concepts/twrapconcept.nim
+++ b/tests/concepts/twrapconcept.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   errormsg: "type mismatch: got <string>"
-  line: 21
-  nimout: "twrapconcept.nim(11, 5) Foo: concept predicate failed"
+  nimout: "twrapconcept.nim(10, 5) Foo: concept predicate failed"
 """
 
 # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/5127
diff --git a/tests/config.nims b/tests/config.nims
index 41edf0005..0b2b66d81 100644
--- a/tests/config.nims
+++ b/tests/config.nims
@@ -6,9 +6,13 @@ switch("path", "$lib/../testament/lib")
 ## prevent common user config settings to interfere with testament expectations
 ## Indifidual tests can override this if needed to test for these options.
 switch("colors", "off")
-switch("listFullPaths", "off")
+
 switch("excessiveStackTrace", "off")
-switch("spellSuggest", "0")
+
+when (NimMajor, NimMinor, NimPatch) >= (1,5,1):
+  # to make it easier to test against older nim versions, (best effort only)
+  switch("filenames", "legacyRelProj")
+  switch("spellSuggest", "0")
 
 # for std/unittest
 switch("define", "nimUnittestOutputLevel:PRINT_FAILURES")
@@ -24,6 +28,22 @@ hint("Processing", off)
 # switch("define", "nimTestsEnableFlaky")
 
 # switch("hint", "ConvFromXtoItselfNotNeeded")
+# switch("warningAsError", "InheritFromException") # would require fixing a few tests
+
+# experimental APIs are enabled in testament, refs https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/575
+# sync with `kochdocs.docDefines` or refactor.
+switch("define", "nimExperimentalLinenoiseExtra")
+
+# preview APIs are expected to be the new default in upcoming versions
+switch("define", "nimPreviewFloatRoundtrip")
+#switch("define", "nimPreviewDotLikeOps") # deprecated?
+switch("define", "nimPreviewJsonutilsHoleyEnum")
+switch("define", "nimPreviewHashRef")
+switch("define", "nimPreviewRangeDefault")
+switch("define", "nimPreviewNonVarDestructor")
 
-# experimental API's are enabled in testament, refs https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/575
-switch("define", "nimExperimentalAsyncjsThen")
+switch("warningAserror", "UnnamedBreak")
+when not defined(testsConciseTypeMismatch):
+  switch("legacy", "verboseTypeMismatch")
+switch("experimental", "vtables")
+switch("experimental", "openSym")
diff --git a/tests/constr/tglobal.nim b/tests/constr/tglobal.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 056ac9f81..000000000
--- a/tests/constr/tglobal.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-output: "0"
-"""
-
-# b.nim
-import a_module
-echo foo()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/constructors/a.nim b/tests/constructors/a.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03788fc57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/constructors/a.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+type A* = object
+  a: uint8
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/constructors/b.nim b/tests/constructors/b.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..437dd0550
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/constructors/b.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+type B* = object
+proc A*(a, b: float): B = discard
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/constructors/t18990.nim b/tests/constructors/t18990.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f60f3c2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/constructors/t18990.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import a, b
+discard A(1f, 1f) # works
+proc x(b = A(1f, 1f)) = discard # doesn't work
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/constr/tconstr1.nim b/tests/constructors/tconstr1.nim
index a169bf453..a169bf453 100644
--- a/tests/constr/tconstr1.nim
+++ b/tests/constructors/tconstr1.nim
diff --git a/tests/constr/tconstr2.nim b/tests/constructors/tconstr2.nim
index 2557d7db9..2557d7db9 100644
--- a/tests/constr/tconstr2.nim
+++ b/tests/constructors/tconstr2.nim
diff --git a/tests/controlflow/tcontrolflow.nim b/tests/controlflow/tcontrolflow.nim
index 258f3f50d..dd21a2bb6 100644
--- a/tests/controlflow/tcontrolflow.nim
+++ b/tests/controlflow/tcontrolflow.nim
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ block tbreak:
     run = false
     block myblock:
       if true:
-        break
+        break myblock
       echo "leaving myblock"
     x = true
   doAssert(x)
@@ -95,3 +95,22 @@ block tnestif:
   else:
       writeLine(stdout, "looks like Python")
   #OUT i == 2
+
+# bug https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/451
+for i in 1..2: # works
+  break
+
+block: # works
+  for i in 1..2:
+    break
+
+block: # works
+  block:
+    discard 12 + 3
+  for i in 1..2:
+    break
+
+block named: # works
+  if true:
+    break named
+  doAssert false, "not reached"
diff --git a/tests/controlflow/tunamedbreak.nim b/tests/controlflow/tunamedbreak.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46113cabc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/controlflow/tunamedbreak.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $file"
+  action: "reject"
+  nimout: '''
+tunamedbreak.nim(12, 5) Error: Using an unnamed break in a block is deprecated; Use a named block with a named break instead [UnnamedBreak]
+tunamedbreak.nim(15, 3) Error: Using an unnamed break in a block is deprecated; Use a named block with a named break instead [UnnamedBreak]
+  '''
+"""
+for i in 1..2: # errors
+  block:
+    break
+
+block: # errors
+  break
diff --git a/tests/controlflow/tunreachable.nim b/tests/controlflow/tunreachable.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..06321ce8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/controlflow/tunreachable.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check --warningAsError:UnreachableCode $file"
+  action: "reject"
+  nimout: '''
+tunreachable.nim(26, 3) Error: unreachable code after 'return' statement or '{.noReturn.}' proc [UnreachableCode]
+tunreachable.nim(33, 3) Error: unreachable code after 'return' statement or '{.noReturn.}' proc [UnreachableCode]
+tunreachable.nim(42, 3) Error: unreachable code after 'return' statement or '{.noReturn.}' proc [UnreachableCode]
+tunreachable.nim(65, 5) Error: unreachable code after 'return' statement or '{.noReturn.}' proc [UnreachableCode]
+tunreachable.nim(77, 5) Error: unreachable code after 'return' statement or '{.noReturn.}' proc [UnreachableCode]
+'''
+"""
+  
+# bug #9839
+template myquit1():untyped=
+  ## foo
+  quit(1)
+template myquit2():untyped=
+  echo 123
+  myquit1()
+
+proc main1()=
+
+  # BUG: uncommenting this doesn't give `Error: unreachable statement`
+  myquit2()
+
+  echo "after"
+
+main1()
+
+proc main2() =
+  myquit1()
+
+  echo "after"
+
+main2()
+
+proc main3() =
+  if true:
+    return
+  else:
+    return
+  echo "after"
+
+main3()
+
+
+block:
+  # Cases like strings are not checked for exhaustiveness unless they have an else
+  proc main4(x: string) =
+    case x
+    of "a":
+      return
+    # reachable
+    echo "after"
+
+  main4("a")
+
+  proc main5(x: string) =
+    case x
+    of "a":
+      return
+    else:
+      return
+    # unreachable
+    echo "after"
+
+  main5("a")
+
+block:
+  # In this case no else is needed because it's exhaustive
+  proc exhaustive(x: bool) =
+    case x
+    of true:
+      return
+    of false:
+      return
+    echo "after"
+
+  exhaustive(true)
diff --git a/tests/controlflow/tunreachable2.nim b/tests/controlflow/tunreachable2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a658880f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/controlflow/tunreachable2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--warningAsError:UnreachableCode"
+"""
+
+proc test(): bool =
+  block okay:
+    if true: break okay
+    return false
+
+  return true # Line 7 is here
+
+doAssert test()
diff --git a/tests/converter/m18986.nim b/tests/converter/m18986.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ebf343ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/converter/m18986.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import std/macros
+
+converter Lit*(x: uint): NimNode = newLit(x)
diff --git a/tests/converter/mdontleak.nim b/tests/converter/mdontleak.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e55c3f87c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/converter/mdontleak.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+
+converter toBool(x: uint32): bool = x != 0
+# Note: This convertes is not exported!
diff --git a/tests/converter/t18986.nim b/tests/converter/t18986.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ef300fa49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/converter/t18986.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  output: "Found a 0"
+"""
+
+import m18986 except Lit
+import std/macros
+
+# bug #18986
+var x = 0.uint
+echo "Found a ", x
diff --git a/tests/converter/t21531.nim b/tests/converter/t21531.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0198684d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/converter/t21531.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import std/typetraits
+
+type Foo* = distinct string
+
+converter toBase*(headers: var Foo): var string =
+  headers.distinctBase
+
+proc bar*(headers: var Foo) =
+  for x in headers: discard
+    
diff --git a/tests/converter/t7097.nim b/tests/converter/t7097.nim
index fdb573588..d8e953080 100644
--- a/tests/converter/t7097.nim
+++ b/tests/converter/t7097.nim
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ proc initBytesRange*(s: var Bytes, ibegin = 0, iend = -1): BytesRange =
   let e = if iend < 0: s.len + iend + 1
           else: iend
   assert ibegin > 0 and e <= s.len
-  
-  shallow(s)
+  when defined(gcRefc):
+    shallow(s)
   result.bytes = s
   result.ibegin = ibegin
   result.iend = e
diff --git a/tests/converter/t7098.nim b/tests/converter/t7098.nim
index 8e7634882..30c9c1e25 100644
--- a/tests/converter/t7098.nim
+++ b/tests/converter/t7098.nim
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ proc initBytesRange*(s: var Bytes, ibegin = 0, iend = -1): BytesRange =
   let e = if iend < 0: s.len + iend + 1
           else: iend
   assert ibegin >= 0 and e <= s.len
-
-  shallow(s)
+  when defined(gcRefc):
+    shallow(s)
   result.bytes = s
   result.ibegin = ibegin
   result.iend = e
diff --git a/tests/converter/tconverter_unique_ptr.nim b/tests/converter/tconverter_unique_ptr.nim
index 23c1a3d96..6902f9e9e 100644
--- a/tests/converter/tconverter_unique_ptr.nim
+++ b/tests/converter/tconverter_unique_ptr.nim
@@ -22,12 +22,11 @@ proc `$`(x: MyLen): string {.borrow.}
 proc `==`(x1, x2: MyLen): bool {.borrow.}
 
 
-proc `=destroy`*(m: var MySeq) {.inline.} =
+proc `=destroy`*(m: MySeq) {.inline.} =
   if m.data != nil:
     deallocShared(m.data)
-    m.data = nil
 
-proc `=`*(m: var MySeq, m2: MySeq) =
+proc `=copy`*(m: var MySeq, m2: MySeq) =
   if m.data == m2.data: return
   if m.data != nil:
     `=destroy`(m)
@@ -77,13 +76,12 @@ converter literalToLen*(x: int{lit}): MyLen =
 # Unique pointer implementation
 #-------------------------------------------------------------
 
-proc `=destroy`*[T](p: var UniquePtr[T]) =
+proc `=destroy`*[T](p: UniquePtr[T]) =
   if p.val != nil:
     `=destroy`(p.val[])
     dealloc(p.val)
-    p.val = nil
 
-proc `=`*[T](dest: var UniquePtr[T], src: UniquePtr[T]) {.error.}
+proc `=copy`*[T](dest: var UniquePtr[T], src: UniquePtr[T]) {.error.}
 
 proc `=sink`*[T](dest: var UniquePtr[T], src: UniquePtr[T]) {.inline.} =
   if dest.val != nil and dest.val != src.val:
@@ -118,13 +116,12 @@ type
     ## as it returns only `lent T`
     val: ptr T
 
-proc `=destroy`*[T](p: var ConstPtr[T]) =
+proc `=destroy`*[T](p: ConstPtr[T]) =
   if p.val != nil:
     `=destroy`(p.val[])
     dealloc(p.val)
-    p.val = nil
 
-proc `=`*[T](dest: var ConstPtr[T], src: ConstPtr[T]) {.error.}
+proc `=copy`*[T](dest: var ConstPtr[T], src: ConstPtr[T]) {.error.}
 
 proc `=sink`*[T](dest: var ConstPtr[T], src: ConstPtr[T]) {.inline.} =
   if dest.val != nil and dest.val != src.val:
diff --git a/tests/converter/tconverter_with_varargs.nim b/tests/converter/tconverter_with_varargs.nim
index 6d7e31e85..fae83221b 100644
--- a/tests/converter/tconverter_with_varargs.nim
+++ b/tests/converter/tconverter_with_varargs.nim
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ type
 converter to_py*(i: int) : PPyRef = nil
 
 when false:
-  proc to_tuple*(vals: openarray[PPyRef]): PPyRef =
+  proc to_tuple*(vals: openArray[PPyRef]): PPyRef =
     discard
 
 proc abc(args: varargs[PPyRef]) =
diff --git a/tests/converter/tdontleak.nim b/tests/converter/tdontleak.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4965fa90a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/converter/tdontleak.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''5'''
+joinable: false
+"""
+
+import mdontleak
+# bug #19213
+
+let a = 5'u32
+echo a
diff --git a/tests/converter/texplicit_conversion.nim b/tests/converter/texplicit_conversion.nim
index 6b2e96faf..e36d78ad5 100644
--- a/tests/converter/texplicit_conversion.nim
+++ b/tests/converter/texplicit_conversion.nim
@@ -11,3 +11,9 @@ converter toInt(s: string): int =
 
 let x = (int)"234"
 echo x
+
+block: # Test for nkconv
+  proc foo(o: var int) =
+    assert o == 0
+  var a = 0
+  foo(int(a))
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/coroutines/tgc.nim b/tests/coroutines/tgc.nim
index e2f8b6469..770d413f5 100644
--- a/tests/coroutines/tgc.nim
+++ b/tests/coroutines/tgc.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   matrix: "--gc:refc; --gc:arc; --gc:orc"
-  target: "c"
+  targets: "c"
 """
 
 when compileOption("gc", "refc") or not defined(openbsd):
diff --git a/tests/coroutines/twait.nim b/tests/coroutines/twait.nim
index 71782ece1..2edfcf675 100644
--- a/tests/coroutines/twait.nim
+++ b/tests/coroutines/twait.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 discard """
   output: "Exit 1\nExit 2"
   matrix: "--gc:refc; --gc:arc; --gc:orc"
-  target: "c"
+  targets: "c"
 """
 
 when compileOption("gc", "refc") or not defined(openbsd):
diff --git a/tests/cpp/23962.h b/tests/cpp/23962.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d8147bfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/23962.h
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#include <iostream>
+
+struct Foo {
+
+  Foo(int inX): x(inX) {
+    std::cout << "Ctor Foo(" << x << ")\n";
+  }
+  ~Foo() {
+    std::cout << "Destory Foo(" << x << ")\n";
+  }
+
+  void print() {
+    std::cout << "Foo.x = " << x << '\n';
+  }
+
+  int x;
+};
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cpp/fam.h b/tests/cpp/fam.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad576425b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/fam.h
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+struct Test{
+  ~Test() {
+  }
+};
diff --git a/tests/cpp/t12946.nim b/tests/cpp/t12946.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79cd56251
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/t12946.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp"
+"""
+
+import std/atomics
+type Futex = distinct Atomic[int32]
+
+var x: Futex
diff --git a/tests/cpp/t22679.nim b/tests/cpp/t22679.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81defcb58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/t22679.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim cpp $file"
+  output:'''
+cppNZ.x = 123
+cppNZInit.x = 123
+hascpp.cppnz.x = 123
+hasCppInit.cppnz.x = 123
+hasCppCtor.cppnz.x = 123
+'''
+"""
+{.emit:"""/*TYPESECTION*/
+struct CppNonZero {
+  int x = 123;
+};
+""".}
+
+import sugar
+type
+  CppNonZero {.importcpp, inheritable.} = object
+    x: cint
+
+  HasCpp = object
+    cppnz: CppNonZero
+
+proc initCppNonZero: CppNonZero =
+  CppNonZero()
+
+proc initHasCpp: HasCpp =
+  HasCpp()
+
+proc ctorHasCpp: HasCpp {.constructor.} =
+  discard
+
+proc main =
+  var cppNZ: CppNonZero
+  dump cppNZ.x
+
+  var cppNZInit = initCppNonZero()
+  dump cppNZInit.x
+
+  var hascpp: HasCpp
+  dump hascpp.cppnz.x
+
+  var hasCppInit = initHasCpp()
+  dump hasCppInit.cppnz.x
+
+  var hasCppCtor = ctorHasCpp()
+  dump hasCppCtor.cppnz.x
+
+main()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cpp/t22680.nim b/tests/cpp/t22680.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..80f1a8319
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/t22680.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim cpp $file"
+  output:'''
+cppNZ.x = 123
+cppNZInit.x = 123
+inheritCpp.x = 123
+inheritCppInit.x = 123
+inheritCppCtor.x = 123
+'''
+"""
+import std/sugar
+
+{.emit:"""/*TYPESECTION*/
+struct CppNonZero {
+  int x = 123;
+};
+""".}
+
+type
+  CppNonZero {.importcpp, inheritable.} = object
+    x: cint
+
+  InheritCpp = object of CppNonZero
+
+proc initCppNonZero: CppNonZero =
+  CppNonZero()
+
+proc initInheritCpp: InheritCpp =
+  InheritCpp()
+
+proc ctorInheritCpp: InheritCpp {.constructor.} =
+  discard
+
+proc main =
+  var cppNZ: CppNonZero
+  dump cppNZ.x
+
+  var cppNZInit = initCppNonZero()
+  dump cppNZInit.x
+
+  var inheritCpp: InheritCpp
+  dump inheritCpp.x
+
+  var inheritCppInit = initInheritCpp()
+  dump inheritCppInit.x
+
+  var inheritCppCtor = ctorInheritCpp()
+  dump inheritCppCtor.x
+
+main()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cpp/t22712.nim b/tests/cpp/t22712.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34ef67ac8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/t22712.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+discard """
+targets: "cpp"
+errormsg: "constructor in an imported type needs importcpp pragma"
+line: 14
+"""
+{.emit: """/*TYPESECTION*/
+struct CppStruct {
+  CppStruct();
+};
+""".}
+
+type CppStruct {.importcpp.} = object
+
+proc makeCppStruct(): CppStruct {.constructor.} = 
+  discard
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cpp/t23306.nim b/tests/cpp/t23306.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ebb4edb8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/t23306.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+discard """
+targets: "cpp"
+"""
+
+type K = object
+  h: iterator(f: K): K
+
+iterator d(g: K): K {.closure.} =
+  defer:
+    discard
+
+discard K(h: d)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cpp/t23434.nim b/tests/cpp/t23434.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04a83227e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/t23434.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+discard """
+cmd:"nim cpp $file"
+errormsg: "type mismatch: got <proc (self: SomeObject){.member, gcsafe.}>"
+line: 17
+"""
+type SomeObject = object
+    value: int
+
+proc printValue(self: SomeObject) {.virtual.} =
+    echo "The value is ", self.value
+
+proc callAProc(p: proc(self: SomeObject){.noconv.}) =
+    let someObj = SomeObject(value: 4)
+    echo "calling param proc"
+    p(someObj)
+
+callAProc(printValue)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cpp/t23657.nim b/tests/cpp/t23657.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63deb7fb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/t23657.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "cpp"
+  cmd: "nim cpp -r $file"
+  output: '''
+1.0
+1.0
+'''
+
+"""
+{.emit:"""/*TYPESECTION*/
+struct Point {
+  float x, y, z;
+  Point(float x, float y, float z): x(x), y(y), z(z) {}
+  Point() = default;
+};
+struct Direction {
+  float x, y, z;
+  Direction(float x, float y, float z): x(x), y(y), z(z) {}
+  Direction() = default;
+};
+struct Axis {
+  Point origin;
+  Direction direction;
+  Axis(Point origin, Direction direction): origin(origin), direction(direction) {}
+  Axis() = default;
+};
+
+""".}
+
+type
+  Point {.importcpp.} = object
+    x, y, z: float
+  
+  Direction {.importcpp.} = object
+    x, y, z: float
+
+  Axis {.importcpp.} = object
+    origin: Point
+    direction: Direction
+
+proc makeAxis(origin: Point, direction: Direction): Axis {. constructor, importcpp:"Axis(@)".}
+proc makePoint(x, y, z: float): Point {. constructor, importcpp:"Point(@)".}
+proc makeDirection(x, y, z: float): Direction {. constructor, importcpp:"Direction(@)".}
+
+var axis1 = makeAxis(Point(x: 1.0, y: 2.0, z: 3.0), Direction(x: 4.0, y: 5.0, z: 6.0)) #Triggers the error (T1)
+var axis2Ctor = makeAxis(makePoint(1.0, 2.0, 3.0), makeDirection(4.0, 5.0, 6.0)) #Do not triggers
+
+proc main() = #Do not triggers as Tx are inside the body
+  let test = makeAxis(Point(x: 1.0, y: 2.0, z: 3.0), Direction(x: 4.0, y: 5.0, z: 6.0))
+  echo test.origin.x
+
+main()
+
+echo $axis1.origin.x  #Make sures it's init
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cpp/t23962.nim b/tests/cpp/t23962.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c79d888df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/t23962.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim cpp $file"
+  output: '''
+Ctor Foo(-1)
+Destory Foo(-1)
+Ctor Foo(-1)
+Destory Foo(-1)
+Ctor Foo(-1)
+Destory Foo(-1)
+Foo.x = 1
+Foo.x = 2
+Foo.x = -1
+'''
+"""
+
+type
+  Foo {.importcpp, header: "23962.h".} = object
+    x: cint
+
+proc print(f: Foo) {.importcpp.}
+
+#also tests the right constructor is used
+proc makeFoo(x: int32 = -1): Foo {.importcpp:"Foo(#)", constructor.} 
+
+proc test =
+  var xs = newSeq[Foo](3)
+  xs[0].x = 1
+  xs[1].x = 2
+  for x in xs:
+    x.print
+
+test()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cpp/t6986.nim b/tests/cpp/t6986.nim
index ffd277adb..16e455c3b 100644
--- a/tests/cpp/t6986.nim
+++ b/tests/cpp/t6986.nim
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ discard """
 
 import sequtils, strutils
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
+
 
 let rules = toSeq(lines("input"))
   .mapIt(it.split(" => ").mapIt(it.replace("/", "")))
diff --git a/tests/cpp/tasync_cpp.nim b/tests/cpp/tasync_cpp.nim
index 696274ec4..3f4ec6208 100644
--- a/tests/cpp/tasync_cpp.nim
+++ b/tests/cpp/tasync_cpp.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 discard """
   targets: "cpp"
   output: "hello"
-  cmd: "nim cpp --clearNimblePath --nimblePath:build/deps/pkgs $file"
+  cmd: "nim cpp --clearNimblePath --nimblePath:build/deps/pkgs2 $file"
 """
 
 # bug #3299
diff --git a/tests/cpp/tcasts.nim b/tests/cpp/tcasts.nim
index d968d87db..80527efff 100644
--- a/tests/cpp/tcasts.nim
+++ b/tests/cpp/tcasts.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 discard """
   cmd: "nim cpp $file"
-  output: '''{"vas": "kas", "123": "123"}'''
   targets: "cpp"
 """
 
@@ -18,4 +17,4 @@ import tables
 var t = initTable[string, string]()
 discard t.hasKeyOrPut("123", "123")
 discard t.mgetOrPut("vas", "kas")
-echo t
\ No newline at end of file
+doAssert t.len == 2
diff --git a/tests/cpp/tcodegendecl.nim b/tests/cpp/tcodegendecl.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e128c5eb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/tcodegendecl.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "cpp"
+  cmd: "nim cpp $file"
+  output: "3"
+"""
+
+{.emit:"""/*TYPESECTION*/
+  int operate(int x, int y, int (*func)(const int&, const int&)){
+    return func(x, y);
+  };
+""".}
+
+proc operate(x, y: int32, fn: proc(x, y: int32 ): int32 {.cdecl.}): int32 {.importcpp:"$1(@)".}
+
+proc add(a {.codegenDecl:"const $#& $#".}, b {.codegenDecl:"const $# $#", byref.}: int32): int32  {.cdecl.} = a + b
+
+echo operate(1, 2, add)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cpp/tconstructor.nim b/tests/cpp/tconstructor.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..922ee54fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/tconstructor.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "cpp"
+  cmd: "nim cpp $file"
+  output: '''
+1
+0
+123
+0
+123
+___
+0
+777
+10
+123
+0
+777
+10
+123
+()
+'''
+"""
+
+{.emit:"""/*TYPESECTION*/
+struct CppClass {
+  int x;
+  int y;
+  CppClass(int inX, int inY) {
+    this->x = inX;
+    this->y = inY;
+  }
+  //CppClass() = default;
+};
+""".}
+
+type  CppClass* {.importcpp, inheritable.} = object
+  x: int32
+  y: int32
+
+proc makeCppClass(x, y: int32): CppClass {.importcpp: "CppClass(@)", constructor.}
+#test globals are init with the constructor call
+var shouldCompile {.used.} = makeCppClass(1, 2)
+
+proc newCpp*[T](): ptr T {.importcpp:"new '*0()".}
+
+#creation
+type NimClassNoNarent* = object
+  x: int32
+
+proc makeNimClassNoParent(x:int32): NimClassNoNarent {. constructor.} =
+  result.x = x
+  discard
+
+let nimClassNoParent = makeNimClassNoParent(1)
+echo nimClassNoParent.x #acess to this just fine. Notice the field will appear last because we are dealing with constructor calls here
+
+var nimClassNoParentDef {.used.}: NimClassNoNarent  #test has a default constructor. 
+
+#inheritance 
+type NimClass* = object of CppClass
+
+proc makeNimClass(x:int32): NimClass {. constructor:"NimClass('1 #1) : CppClass(0, #1) ".} =
+  result.x = x
+
+#optinially define the default constructor so we get rid of the cpp warn and we can declare the obj (note: default constructor of 'tyObject_NimClass__apRyyO8cfRsZtsldq1rjKA' is implicitly deleted because base class 'CppClass' has no default constructor)
+proc makeCppClass(): NimClass {. constructor: "NimClass() : CppClass(0, 0) ".} = 
+  result.x = 1
+
+let nimClass = makeNimClass(1)
+var nimClassDef {.used.}: NimClass  #since we explictly defined the default constructor we can declare the obj
+
+#bug: 22662
+type
+  BugClass* = object
+    x: int          # Not initialized
+
+proc makeBugClass(): BugClass {.constructor.} =
+  discard
+
+proc main =
+  for i in 0 .. 1:
+    var n = makeBugClass()
+    echo n.x
+    n.x = 123
+    echo n.x
+
+main()
+#bug:
+echo "___"
+type
+  NimClassWithDefault = object
+    x: int
+    y = 777
+    case kind: bool = true
+    of true:
+      z: int = 10
+    else: discard
+
+proc makeNimClassWithDefault(): NimClassWithDefault {.constructor.} =
+  result = NimClassWithDefault()
+
+proc init =
+  for i in 0 .. 1:
+    var n = makeNimClassWithDefault()
+    echo n.x
+    echo n.y
+    echo n.z
+    n.x = 123
+    echo n.x
+
+init()
+
+#tests that the ctor is not declared with nodecl. 
+#nodelc also prevents the creation of a default one when another is created.
+type Foo {.exportc.} = object
+
+proc makeFoo(): Foo {.used, constructor, nodecl.} = discard
+
+echo $Foo()
+
+type Boo = object
+proc `=copy`(dest: var Boo; src: Boo) = discard
+
+proc makeBoo(): Boo {.constructor.} = Boo()
+proc makeBoo2(): Boo  = Boo()
+
+block:
+  proc main =
+    var b = makeBoo()
+    var b2 = makeBoo2()
+
+  main()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cpp/tcovariancerules.nim b/tests/cpp/tcovariancerules.nim
index 49fe8015b..9d49f2cbd 100644
--- a/tests/cpp/tcovariancerules.nim
+++ b/tests/cpp/tcovariancerules.nim
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import macros
 macro skipElse(n: untyped): untyped = n[0]
 
 template acceptWithCovariance(x, otherwise): untyped =
-  when nimEnableCovariance:
+  when defined nimEnableCovariance:
     x
   else:
     reject(x)
@@ -79,16 +79,16 @@ proc wantsCovariantSeq2(s: seq[AnimalRef]) =
 proc wantsCovariantSeq3(s: seq[RefAlias[Animal]]) =
   for a in s: echo a.x
 
-proc wantsCovariantOpenArray(s: openarray[ref Animal]) =
+proc wantsCovariantOpenArray(s: openArray[ref Animal]) =
   for a in s: echo a.x
 
-proc modifiesCovariantOpenArray(s: var openarray[ref Animal]) =
+proc modifiesCovariantOpenArray(s: var openArray[ref Animal]) =
   for a in s: echo a.x
 
-proc modifiesDerivedOpenArray(s: var openarray[ref Dog]) =
+proc modifiesDerivedOpenArray(s: var openArray[ref Dog]) =
   for a in s: echo a.x
 
-proc wantsNonCovariantOpenArray(s: openarray[Animal]) =
+proc wantsNonCovariantOpenArray(s: openArray[Animal]) =
   for a in s: echo a.x
 
 proc wantsCovariantArray(s: array[2, ref Animal]) =
diff --git a/tests/cpp/tdont_init_instantiation.nim b/tests/cpp/tdont_init_instantiation.nim
index fe487fba0..a13a3f6b4 100644
--- a/tests/cpp/tdont_init_instantiation.nim
+++ b/tests/cpp/tdont_init_instantiation.nim
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ template <typename X> class C {
 };
 """.}
 
-type C{.importcpp, header: "<stdio.h>", nodecl.} [X] = object
+type C[X] {.importcpp, header: "<stdio.h>", nodecl.} = object
 proc mkC[X]: C[X] {.importcpp: "C<'*0>()", constructor, nodecl.}
 
 proc foo(): C[int] =
diff --git a/tests/cpp/temitlist.nim b/tests/cpp/temitlist.nim
index 852537518..9170be079 100644
--- a/tests/cpp/temitlist.nim
+++ b/tests/cpp/temitlist.nim
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 discard """
   targets: "cpp"
-  output: '''6.0
+  output: '''
+6.0
 0'''
+disabled: "windows" # pending bug #18011
 """
 
 # bug #4730
 
-type Vector* {.importcpp: "std::vector", header: "<vector>".}[T] = object
+type Vector*[T] {.importcpp: "std::vector", header: "<vector>".} = object
 
 template `[]=`*[T](v: var Vector[T], key: int, val: T) =
   {.emit: [v, "[", key, "] = ", val, ";"].}
diff --git a/tests/cpp/tempty_generic_obj.nim b/tests/cpp/tempty_generic_obj.nim
index 913c1ec3c..6125190b4 100644
--- a/tests/cpp/tempty_generic_obj.nim
+++ b/tests/cpp/tempty_generic_obj.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 discard """
   targets: "cpp"
-  output: '''int
+  output: '''
+int
 float'''
+disabled: "windows" # pending bug #18011
 """
 
 import typetraits
diff --git a/tests/cpp/tfam.nim b/tests/cpp/tfam.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6bd89fe24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/tfam.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "cpp"
+"""
+type 
+  Test {.importcpp, header: "fam.h".} = object
+
+let test = newSeq[Test]()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cpp/tinitializers.nim b/tests/cpp/tinitializers.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0199fb96b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/tinitializers.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim cpp $file"
+"""
+
+{.emit:"""/*TYPESECTION*/
+struct CppStruct {
+  CppStruct(int x, char* y): x(x), y(y){}
+  void doSomething() {}
+  int x;
+  char* y;
+};
+""".}
+type
+  CppStruct {.importcpp, inheritable.} = object
+  ChildStruct = object of CppStruct
+  HasCppStruct = object
+    cppstruct: CppStruct 
+
+proc constructCppStruct(a:cint = 5, b:cstring = "hello"): CppStruct {.importcpp: "CppStruct(@)", constructor.}
+proc doSomething(this: CppStruct) {.importcpp.}
+proc returnCppStruct(): CppStruct = discard
+proc initChildStruct: ChildStruct = ChildStruct() 
+proc makeChildStruct(): ChildStruct {.constructor:"""ChildStruct(): CppStruct(5, "10")""".} = discard
+proc initHasCppStruct(x: cint): HasCppStruct =
+  HasCppStruct(cppstruct: constructCppStruct(x))
+
+proc main =
+  var hasCppStruct = initHasCppStruct(2) #generates cppstruct = { 10 } inside the struct
+  hasCppStruct.cppstruct.doSomething() 
+  discard returnCppStruct() #generates result = { 10 } 
+  discard initChildStruct() #generates ChildStruct temp ({}) bypassed with makeChildStruct
+  (proc (s:CppStruct) = discard)(CppStruct()) #CppStruct temp ({10})
+main()
+
+
+#Should handle ObjectCalls
+{.emit:"""/*TYPESECTION*/
+struct Foo {
+};
+struct Boo {
+  Boo(int x, char* y, Foo f): x(x), y(y), foo(f){}
+  int x;
+  char* y;
+  Foo foo;
+};
+""".}
+type
+  Foo {.importcpp, inheritable, bycopy.} = object
+  Boo {.importcpp, inheritable.} = object
+    x: int32
+    y: cstring
+    foo: Foo
+
+proc makeBoo(a:cint = 10, b:cstring = "hello", foo: Foo = Foo()): Boo {.importcpp, constructor.}
+
+proc main2() = 
+  let cppStruct = makeBoo()
+  (proc (s:Boo) = discard)(Boo()) 
+
+main2()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cpp/tmember.nim b/tests/cpp/tmember.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a5b6fd97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/tmember.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "cpp"
+  cmd: "nim cpp $file"
+  output: '''
+2
+false
+hello foo
+hello boo
+hello boo
+FunctorSupport!
+static
+static
+destructing
+destructing
+'''
+"""
+proc print(s: cstring) {.importcpp:"printf(@)", header:"<stdio.h>".}
+
+type
+  Doo  {.exportc.} = object
+    test: int
+
+proc memberProc(f: Doo) {.exportc, member.} = 
+  echo $f.test
+
+proc destructor(f: Doo) {.member: "~'1()", used.} = 
+  print "destructing\n"
+
+proc `==`(self, other: Doo): bool {.member:"operator==('2 const & #2) const -> '0"} = 
+  self.test == other.test
+
+let doo = Doo(test: 2)
+doo.memberProc()
+echo doo == Doo(test: 1)
+
+#virtual
+proc newCpp*[T](): ptr T {.importcpp:"new '*0()".}
+type 
+  Foo {.exportc.} = object of RootObj
+  FooPtr = ptr Foo
+  Boo = object of Foo
+  BooPtr = ptr Boo
+
+proc salute(self: FooPtr) {.member: "virtual $1()".} = 
+  echo "hello foo"
+
+proc salute(self: BooPtr) {.member: "virtual $1()".} =
+  echo "hello boo"
+
+let foo = newCpp[Foo]()
+let boo = newCpp[Boo]()
+let booAsFoo = cast[FooPtr](newCpp[Boo]())  
+
+foo.salute()
+boo.salute()
+booAsFoo.salute()
+
+type
+  NimFunctor = object
+    discard
+proc invoke(f: NimFunctor, n:int) {.member:"operator ()('2 #2)" .} = 
+  echo "FunctorSupport!"
+
+{.experimental: "callOperator".}
+proc `()`(f: NimFunctor, n:int) {.importcpp:"#(@)" .} 
+NimFunctor()(1)
+
+#static
+proc staticProc(self: FooPtr) {.member: "static $1()".} = 
+  echo "static"
+
+proc importedStaticProc() {.importcpp:"Foo::staticProc()".}
+
+foo.staticProc()
+importedStaticProc()
diff --git a/tests/cpp/tmember_forward_declaration.nim b/tests/cpp/tmember_forward_declaration.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f4a79daa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/tmember_forward_declaration.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "cpp"
+  cmd: "nim cpp $file"
+  output: '''
+abc called
+def called
+abc called
+'''
+"""
+
+type Foo = object
+
+proc abc(this: Foo, x: int): void {.member: "$1('2 #2)".}
+proc def(this: Foo, y: int): void {.virtual: "$1('2 #2)".}
+
+proc abc(this: Foo, x: int): void =
+  echo "abc called"
+  if x > 0:
+    this.def(x - 1)
+
+proc def(this: Foo, y: int): void =
+  echo "def called"
+  this.abc(y)
+
+var x = Foo()
+x.abc(1)
+
diff --git a/tests/cpp/tnoinitfield.nim b/tests/cpp/tnoinitfield.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4deffece8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/tnoinitfield.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "cpp"
+  cmd: "nim cpp $file"
+  output: '''
+'''
+"""
+{.emit: """/*TYPESECTION*/
+  struct Foo {
+    Foo(int a){};
+  };
+  struct Boo {
+    Boo(int a){};
+  };
+
+  """.}
+
+type 
+  Foo {.importcpp.} = object
+  Boo {.importcpp, noInit.} = object
+  Test {.exportc.} = object
+    foo {.noInit.}: Foo
+    boo: Boo
+
+proc makeTest(): Test {.constructor: "Test() : foo(10), boo(1)".} = 
+  discard
+
+proc main() = 
+  var t = makeTest()
+
+main()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cpp/torc.nim b/tests/cpp/torc.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f1a41a21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/torc.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "cpp"
+  matrix: "--gc:orc"
+"""
+
+import std/options
+
+# bug #18410
+type
+  O = object of RootObj
+   val: pointer
+
+proc p(): Option[O] = none(O)
+
+doAssert $p() == "none(O)"
+
+# bug #17351
+type
+  Foo = object of RootObj
+  Foo2 = object of Foo
+  Bar = object
+    x: Foo2
+
+var b = Bar()
+discard b
+
+# bug #4678
+{.emit: """/*TYPESECTION*/
+enum class SomeEnum {A,B,C};
+""".}
+type
+  EnumVector[T: enum] {.importcpp: "std::vector", header: "vector".} = object
+  SomeEnum {.importcpp, nodecl.} = enum
+    A,B,C
+
+proc asVector*[T](t: T): EnumVector[T] =
+  discard
+# Nim generates this signature here:
+# N_NIMCALL(std::vector<> , asvector_106028_3197418230)(SomeEnum t0)
+
+discard asVector(SomeEnum.A)
+
+
+block: # bug #10219
+  type
+    Vector[T]  {.importcpp: "std::vector", header: "vector".} = object
+
+  proc initVector[T](n: csize_t): Vector[T] 
+      {.importcpp: "std::vector<'*0>(@)", header: "vector".}
+
+  proc unsafeIndex[T](this: var Vector[T], i: csize_t): var T 
+      {.importcpp: "#[#]", header: "vector".}
+
+  proc `[]`[T](this: var Vector[T], i: Natural): var T {.inline, noinit.} =
+    when compileOption("boundChecks"):
+        # this.checkIndex i
+        discard
+    result = this.unsafeIndex(csize_t(i))
+
+  var v1 = initVector[int](10)
+  doAssert v1[0] == 0
+
+block: # bug #12703 bug #19588
+  type
+    cstringConstImpl {.importc:"const char*".} = cstring
+    constChar = distinct cstringConstImpl
+
+  {.emit: """
+  const char* foo() {
+    return "hello";
+  }
+  """.}
+  proc foo(): constChar {.importcpp.} # change to importcpp for C++ backend
+  doAssert $(foo().cstring) == "hello"
+
diff --git a/tests/cpp/tpassbypragmas.nim b/tests/cpp/tpassbypragmas.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4301656a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/tpassbypragmas.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "cpp"
+  cmd: "nim cpp $file"
+"""
+{.emit:"""/*TYPESECTION*/
+
+  template<typename T>
+  struct Box {
+      T first;
+  };
+  struct Foo {
+  void test(void (*func)(Box<Foo>& another)){
+
+    };
+  };
+""".}
+
+type 
+  Foo {.importcpp.} = object
+  Box[T] {.importcpp:"Box<'0>".} = object
+    first: T
+
+proc test(self: Foo, fn: proc(another {.byref.}: Box[Foo]) {.cdecl.}) {.importcpp.}
+
+proc fn(another {.byref.} : Box[Foo]) {.cdecl.} = discard
+
+Foo().test(fn)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cpp/tretvar.nim b/tests/cpp/tretvar.nim
index 83c37721e..0c3765346 100644
--- a/tests/cpp/tretvar.nim
+++ b/tests/cpp/tretvar.nim
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ type
 
 proc c_str(a: stdString): cstring {.importcpp: "(char *)(#.c_str())", header: "<string>".}
 
-proc len(a: stdString): csize {.importcpp: "(#.length())", header: "<string>".}
+proc len(a: stdString): csize_t {.importcpp: "(#.length())", header: "<string>".}
 
-proc setChar(a: var stdString, i: csize, c: char) {.importcpp: "(#[#] = #)", header: "<string>".}
+proc setChar(a: var stdString, i: csize_t, c: char) {.importcpp: "(#[#] = #)", header: "<string>".}
 
 proc `*`*[T](this: stdUniquePtr[T]): var T {.noSideEffect, importcpp: "(* #)", header: "<memory>".}
 
diff --git a/tests/cpp/tvector_iterator.nim b/tests/cpp/tvector_iterator.nim
index 4d686955f..c3886c547 100644
--- a/tests/cpp/tvector_iterator.nim
+++ b/tests/cpp/tvector_iterator.nim
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ struct Vector {
 """.}
 
 type
-  Vector {.importcpp: "Vector".} [T] = object
-  VectorIterator {.importcpp: "Vector<'0>::Iterator".} [T] = object
+  Vector[T] {.importcpp: "Vector".} = object
+  VectorIterator[T] {.importcpp: "Vector<'0>::Iterator".} = object
 
 var x: VectorIterator[void]
 
diff --git a/tests/cpp/tvirtual.nim b/tests/cpp/tvirtual.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..385d052b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/tvirtual.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "cpp"
+  cmd: "nim cpp $file"
+  output: '''
+hello foo
+hello boo
+hello boo
+Const Message: hello world
+NimPrinter: hello world
+NimPrinterConstRef: hello world
+NimPrinterConstRefByRef: hello world
+'''
+"""
+
+{.emit:"""/*TYPESECTION*/
+#include <iostream>
+  class CppPrinter {
+  public:
+    
+    virtual void printConst(char* message) const {
+        std::cout << "Const Message: " << message << std::endl;
+    }
+    virtual void printConstRef(char* message, const int& flag) const {
+        std::cout << "Const Ref Message: " << message << std::endl;
+    }  
+    virtual void printConstRef2(char* message, const int& flag) const {
+        std::cout << "Const Ref2 Message: " << message << std::endl;
+    }  
+    
+};
+""".}
+
+proc newCpp*[T](): ptr T {.importcpp:"new '*0()".}
+type 
+  Foo = object of RootObj
+  FooPtr = ptr Foo
+  Boo = object of Foo
+  BooPtr = ptr Boo
+  CppPrinter {.importcpp, inheritable.} = object
+  NimPrinter {.exportc.} = object of CppPrinter
+
+proc salute(self: FooPtr) {.virtual.} = 
+  echo "hello foo"
+
+proc salute(self: BooPtr) {.virtual.} =
+  echo "hello boo"
+
+let foo = newCpp[Foo]()
+let boo = newCpp[Boo]()
+let booAsFoo = cast[FooPtr](newCpp[Boo]())
+
+#polymorphism works
+foo.salute()
+boo.salute()
+booAsFoo.salute()
+let message = "hello world".cstring
+
+proc printConst(self: CppPrinter, message: cstring) {.importcpp.}
+CppPrinter().printConst(message)
+
+#notice override is optional. 
+#Will make the cpp compiler to fail if not virtual function with the same signature if found in the base type
+proc printConst(self: NimPrinter, message: cstring) {.virtual:"$1('2 #2) const override".} =
+  echo "NimPrinter: " & $message
+
+proc printConstRef(self: NimPrinter, message: cstring, flag: int32) {.virtual:"$1('2 #2, const '3& #3 ) const override".} =
+  echo "NimPrinterConstRef: " & $message
+
+proc printConstRef2(self: NimPrinter, message: cstring, flag {.byref.}: int32) {.virtual:"$1('2 #2, const '3 #3 ) const override".} =
+  echo "NimPrinterConstRefByRef: " & $message
+
+NimPrinter().printConst(message)
+var val : int32 = 10
+NimPrinter().printConstRef(message, val)
+NimPrinter().printConstRef2(message, val)
+
+#bug 22269
+type Doo = object
+proc naiveMember(x: Doo): int {. virtual .} = 2
+discard naiveMember(Doo())
+
+#asmnostackframe works with virtual
+{.emit:"""/*TYPESECTION*/
+  template<typename T>
+  struct Box {
+      T* first;
+     
+      Box(int x){
+        first = new T(x);
+      };
+  };
+  struct Inner {
+    int val;
+    //Coo() = default;
+    Inner(int x){
+      val = x;
+    };
+  };
+  struct Base {
+    virtual Box<Inner> test() = 0;
+  };
+""".}
+
+type 
+  Inner {.importcpp.} = object
+  Base {.importcpp, inheritable.} = object
+  Child  = object of Base
+  Box[T] {.importcpp, inheritable.} = object
+    first: T
+
+proc makeBox[T](x:int32): Box[T] {.importcpp:"Box<'0>(@)", constructor.}
+
+proc test(self: Child): Box[Inner] {.virtual, asmnostackframe.} = 
+  let res {.exportc.} = makeBox[Inner](100)
+  {.emit:"return res;".}
+  
+
+discard Child().test() 
+
+import virtualptr
+
+#We dont want to pull Loo directly by using it as we are testing that the pointer pulls it. 
+proc makeMoo(): Moo {.importcpp:"{ new Loo() }".}
+
+makeMoo().loo.salute()
+
diff --git a/tests/cpp/virtualptr.nim b/tests/cpp/virtualptr.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f96264081
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cpp/virtualptr.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+type 
+  Loo* {.exportc.} = object
+  LooPtr* = ptr Loo
+  Moo* {.exportc.} = object 
+    loo*: LooPtr
+
+
+proc salute*(foo: LooPtr) {.virtual.} = 
+  discard 
diff --git a/tests/defer/t22309.nim b/tests/defer/t22309.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34ca4843b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/defer/t22309.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+block:
+  defer:
+    let a = 42
+  doAssert not declared(a)
+
+proc lol() =
+  defer:
+    let a = 42
+  doAssert not declared(a)
+
+lol()
diff --git a/tests/deprecated/tannot.nim b/tests/deprecated/tannot.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index d14f6cc23..000000000
--- a/tests/deprecated/tannot.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  nimout: '''tannot.nim(9, 1) Warning: efgh; foo1 is deprecated [Deprecated]
-tannot.nim(9, 8) Warning: abcd; foo is deprecated [Deprecated]
-'''
-"""
-
-let foo* {.deprecated: "abcd".} = 42
-var foo1* {.deprecated: "efgh".} = 42
-foo1 = foo
diff --git a/tests/deprecated/tmessages.nim b/tests/deprecated/tmessages.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 5884e396d..000000000
--- a/tests/deprecated/tmessages.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  nimout:'''tmessages.nim(10, 1) Warning: Deprecated since v1.2.0, use 'HelloZ'; hello is deprecated [Deprecated]
-'''
-"""
-
-proc hello[T](a: T) {.deprecated: "Deprecated since v1.2.0, use 'HelloZ'".} =
-  discard
-
-
-hello[int](12)
diff --git a/tests/deprecated/tmodule1.nim b/tests/deprecated/tmodule1.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 954836889..000000000
--- a/tests/deprecated/tmodule1.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  nimout: '''tmodule1.nim(11, 8) Warning: goodbye; importme is deprecated [Deprecated]
-tmodule1.nim(14, 10) Warning: Ty is deprecated [Deprecated]
-tmodule1.nim(17, 10) Warning: hello; Ty1 is deprecated [Deprecated]
-tmodule1.nim(20, 8) Warning: aVar is deprecated [Deprecated]
-tmodule1.nim(22, 3) Warning: aProc is deprecated [Deprecated]
-tmodule1.nim(23, 3) Warning: hello; aProc1 is deprecated [Deprecated]
-'''
-"""
-
-import importme
-
-block:
-  var z: Ty
-  z = 0
-block:
-  var z: Ty1
-  z = 0
-block:
-  echo aVar
-block:
-  aProc()
-  aProc1()
diff --git a/tests/destructor/const_smart_ptr.nim b/tests/destructor/const_smart_ptr.nim
index 4d8c7c9a3..25dd46500 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/const_smart_ptr.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/const_smart_ptr.nim
@@ -2,13 +2,12 @@ type
   ConstPtr*[T] = object
     val: ptr T
 
-proc `=destroy`*[T](p: var ConstPtr[T]) =
+proc `=destroy`*[T](p: ConstPtr[T]) =
   if p.val != nil:
     `=destroy`(p.val[])
     dealloc(p.val)
-    p.val = nil
 
-proc `=`*[T](dest: var ConstPtr[T], src: ConstPtr[T]) {.error.}
+proc `=copy`*[T](dest: var ConstPtr[T], src: ConstPtr[T]) {.error.}
 
 proc `=sink`*[T](dest: var ConstPtr[T], src: ConstPtr[T]) {.inline.} =
   if dest.val != nil and dest.val != src.val:
@@ -31,12 +30,11 @@ type
     len: int
     data: ptr UncheckedArray[float]
 
-proc `=destroy`*(m: var MySeqNonCopyable) {.inline.} =
+proc `=destroy`*(m: MySeqNonCopyable) {.inline.} =
   if m.data != nil:
     deallocShared(m.data)
-    m.data = nil
 
-proc `=`*(m: var MySeqNonCopyable, m2: MySeqNonCopyable) {.error.}
+proc `=copy`*(m: var MySeqNonCopyable, m2: MySeqNonCopyable) {.error.}
 
 proc `=sink`*(m: var MySeqNonCopyable, m2: MySeqNonCopyable) {.inline.} =
   if m.data != m2.data:
diff --git a/tests/destructor/t12037.nim b/tests/destructor/t12037.nim
index c2c41dfb5..30266690f 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/t12037.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/t12037.nim
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ copy length and contents 1 @[42]
 proc test() =
   var sq1 = @[42]
   echo "showing original type, length, and contents ", sq1.typeof, " ", sq1.len, " ", sq1
-  doAssert cast[int](sq1[0].unsafeAddr) != 0
+  doAssert cast[int](sq1[0].addr) != 0
   var sq2 = sq1 # copy of original
   echo "copy length and contents ", sq2.len, " ", sq2
-  doAssert cast[int](sq2[0].unsafeAddr) != 0
-  doAssert cast[int](sq1[0].unsafeAddr) != 0
+  doAssert cast[int](sq2[0].addr) != 0
+  doAssert cast[int](sq1[0].addr) != 0
 
 test()
 
diff --git a/tests/destructor/t16607.nim b/tests/destructor/t16607.nim
index 5cc9d4a08..f98a6d517 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/t16607.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/t16607.nim
@@ -15,8 +15,7 @@ proc initO(): O =
   O(initialized: true)
 
 proc pair(): tuple[a, b: O] =
-  result.a = initO()
-  result.b = initO()
+  result = (a: initO(), b: initO())
 
 proc main() =
   discard pair()
diff --git a/tests/destructor/t23748.nim b/tests/destructor/t23748.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a3738733e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/destructor/t23748.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--gc:refc; --gc:arc"
+  output: '''
+hello 42
+hello 42
+len = 2
+'''
+"""
+
+# bug #23748
+
+type
+  O = ref object
+    s: string
+    cb: seq[proc()]
+
+proc push1(o: O, i: int) =
+  let o = o
+  echo o.s, " ", i
+  o.cb.add(proc() = echo o.s, " ", i)
+
+proc push2(o: O, i: int) =
+  let o = o
+  echo o.s, " ", i
+  proc p() = echo o.s, " ", i
+  o.cb.add(p)
+
+let o = O(s: "hello", cb: @[])
+o.push1(42)
+o.push2(42)
+echo "len = ", o.cb.len
diff --git a/tests/destructor/t23837.nim b/tests/destructor/t23837.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e219dd6b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/destructor/t23837.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+Deallocating OwnedString
+HelloWorld
+'''
+  matrix: "--cursorinference:on; --cursorinference:off"
+  target: "c"
+"""
+
+# bug #23837
+{.
+  emit: [
+    """
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+char *allocCString() {
+    char *result = (char *) malloc(10 + 1);
+    strcpy(result, "HelloWorld");
+    return result;
+}
+
+"""
+  ]
+.}
+
+proc rawWrapper(): cstring {.importc: "allocCString", cdecl.}
+proc free(p: pointer) {.importc: "free", cdecl.}
+
+# -------------------------
+
+type OwnedString = distinct cstring
+
+proc `=destroy`(s: OwnedString) =
+  free(cstring s)
+  echo "Deallocating OwnedString"
+
+func `$`(s: OwnedString): string {.borrow.}
+
+proc leakyWrapper(): string =
+  let ostring = rawWrapper().OwnedString
+  $ostring
+
+# -------------------------
+
+proc main() =
+  # destructor not called - definitely lost: 11 bytes in 1 blocks
+  # doesn't leak with --cursorInference:off
+  let s = leakyWrapper()
+  echo s
+
+main()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/destructor/t5342.nim b/tests/destructor/t5342.nim
index 19354ea64..0acd5ef9d 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/t5342.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/t5342.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 discard """
-  matrix: "--gc:refc; --gc:arc"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:arc"
+  targets: "c js"
   output: '''
 1
 2
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tarray_indexing.nim b/tests/destructor/tarray_indexing.nim
index 657101c4d..a9dfdf4ed 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/tarray_indexing.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/tarray_indexing.nim
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ proc fillPages*(mem: UserProcessMemory, start: uint32, data: seq[byte]) =
         #echo cast[uint64](addr mem.pageAccess[i])
         let page = mem.pageAccess[i]
         assert page != nil
-        #copyMem(page, unsafeAddr data[i * 0x1000 - start], 0x1000)
+        #copyMem(page, addr data[i * 0x1000 - start], 0x1000)
 
 const base = 0x00100000
 
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tatomicptrs.nim b/tests/destructor/tatomicptrs.nim
index 7313afbf5..82870ac82 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/tatomicptrs.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/tatomicptrs.nim
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ template decRef(x): untyped = atomicDec(x.refcount)
 
 proc makeShared*[T](x: sink T): SharedPtr[T] =
   # XXX could benefit from a macro that generates it.
-  result = cast[SharedPtr[T]](allocShared(sizeof(x)))
+  result = cast[SharedPtr[T]](allocShared0(sizeof(x)))
   result.x[] = x
   echo "allocating"
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ proc `=destroy`*[T](dest: var SharedPtr[T]) =
     echo "deallocating"
     dest.x = nil
 
-proc `=`*[T](dest: var SharedPtr[T]; src: SharedPtr[T]) =
+proc `=copy`*[T](dest: var SharedPtr[T]; src: SharedPtr[T]) =
   var s = src.x
   if s != nil: incRef(s)
   #atomicSwap(dest, s)
@@ -50,6 +50,9 @@ proc `=`*[T](dest: var SharedPtr[T]; src: SharedPtr[T]) =
     deallocShared(s)
     echo "deallocating"
 
+proc `=dup`*[T](src: SharedPtr[T]): SharedPtr[T] =
+  `=copy`(result, src)
+
 proc `=sink`*[T](dest: var SharedPtr[T]; src: SharedPtr[T]) =
   ## XXX make this an atomic store:
   if dest.x != src.x:
@@ -72,6 +75,7 @@ template `.=`*[T](s: SharedPtr[T]; field, value: untyped) =
 from macros import unpackVarargs
 
 template `.()`*[T](s: SharedPtr[T]; field: untyped, args: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
+  # xxx this isn't used, the test should be improved
   unpackVarargs(s.x.field, args)
 
 
@@ -119,7 +123,7 @@ proc `=destroy`*[T](m: var MySeq[T]) {.inline.} =
     deallocShared(m.data)
     m.data = nil
 
-proc `=`*[T](m: var MySeq[T], m2: MySeq[T]) =
+proc `=copy`*[T](m: var MySeq[T], m2: MySeq[T]) =
   if m.data == m2.data: return
   if m.data != nil:
     `=destroy`(m)
@@ -130,17 +134,22 @@ proc `=`*[T](m: var MySeq[T], m2: MySeq[T]) =
     m.data = cast[ptr UncheckedArray[T]](allocShared(bytes))
     copyMem(m.data, m2.data, bytes)
 
+proc `=dup`*[T](m: MySeq[T]): MySeq[T] =
+  `=copy`[T](result, m)
+
 proc `=sink`*[T](m: var MySeq[T], m2: MySeq[T]) {.inline.} =
   if m.data != m2.data:
     if m.data != nil:
       `=destroy`(m)
     m.len = m2.len
     m.data = m2.data
+    m.refcount = m2.refcount
 
 proc len*[T](m: MySeq[T]): int {.inline.} = m.len
 
 proc newMySeq*[T](size: int, initial_value: T): MySeq[T] =
   result.len = size
+  result.refcount = 1
   if size > 0:
     result.data = cast[ptr UncheckedArray[T]](allocShared(sizeof(T) * size))
 
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tbintree2.nim b/tests/destructor/tbintree2.nim
index 0bc52457c..d56c2850b 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/tbintree2.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/tbintree2.nim
@@ -21,21 +21,21 @@ proc merge(lower, greater: owned Node): owned Node =
   elif greater.isNil:
     result = lower
   elif lower.y < greater.y:
-    lower.right = merge(lower.right, greater)
+    lower.right = merge(move lower.right, greater)
     result = lower
   else:
-    greater.left = merge(lower, greater.left)
+    greater.left = merge(lower, move greater.left)
     result = greater
 
 proc splitBinary(orig: owned Node, value: int32): (owned Node, owned Node) =
   if orig.isNil:
     result = (nil, nil)
   elif orig.x < value:
-    let splitPair = splitBinary(orig.right, value)
+    let splitPair = splitBinary(move orig.right, value)
     orig.right = splitPair[0]
     result = (orig, splitPair[1])
   else:
-    let splitPair = splitBinary(orig.left, value)
+    let splitPair = splitBinary(move orig.left, value)
     orig.left = splitPair[1]
     result = (splitPair[0], orig)
 
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tcustomseqs.nim b/tests/destructor/tcustomseqs.nim
index 4087dc4a8..17a19f871 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/tcustomseqs.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/tcustomseqs.nim
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ proc createSeq*[T](elems: varargs[T]): myseq[T] =
   result.data = cast[type(result.data)](alloc(result.cap * sizeof(T)))
   inc allocCount
   when supportsCopyMem(T):
-    copyMem(result.data, unsafeAddr(elems[0]), result.cap * sizeof(T))
+    copyMem(result.data, addr(elems[0]), result.cap * sizeof(T))
   else:
     for i in 0..<result.len:
       result.data[i] = elems[i]
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tcustomstrings.nim b/tests/destructor/tcustomstrings.nim
index 9ee2da33a..31891856b 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/tcustomstrings.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/tcustomstrings.nim
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ after 20 20'''
 joinable: false
 """
 
-{.this: self.}
-
 type
   mystring = object
     len, cap: int
@@ -51,7 +49,7 @@ proc resize(self: var mystring) =
   if self.cap == 0: self.cap = 8
   else: self.cap = (self.cap * 3) shr 1
   if self.data == nil: inc allocCount
-  self.data = cast[type(data)](realloc(self.data, self.cap + 1))
+  self.data = cast[type(self.data)](realloc(self.data, self.cap + 1))
 
 proc add*(self: var mystring; c: char) =
   if self.len >= self.cap: resize(self)
@@ -60,22 +58,22 @@ proc add*(self: var mystring; c: char) =
   inc self.len
 
 proc ensure(self: var mystring; newLen: int) =
-  if newLen >= cap:
-    cap = max((cap * 3) shr 1, newLen)
-    if cap > 0:
-      if data == nil: inc allocCount
-      data = cast[type(data)](realloc(data, cap + 1))
+  if newLen >= self.cap:
+    self.cap = max((self.cap * 3) shr 1, newLen)
+    if self.cap > 0:
+      if self.data == nil: inc allocCount
+      self.data = cast[type(self.data)](realloc(self.data, self.cap + 1))
 
 proc add*(self: var mystring; y: mystring) =
-  let newLen = len + y.len
+  let newLen = self.len + y.len
   ensure(self, newLen)
-  copyMem(addr data[len], y.data, y.data.len + 1)
-  len = newLen
+  copyMem(addr self.data[self.len], y.data, y.data.len + 1)
+  self.len = newLen
 
 proc create*(lit: string): mystring =
   let newLen = lit.len
   ensure(result, newLen)
-  copyMem(addr result.data[result.len], unsafeAddr lit[0], newLen + 1)
+  copyMem(addr result.data[result.len], addr lit[0], newLen + 1)
   result.len = newLen
 
 proc `&`*(a, b: mystring): mystring =
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tdistinctseq.nim b/tests/destructor/tdistinctseq.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a2ac5ead
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/destructor/tdistinctseq.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "-u:nimPreviewNonVarDestructor;"
+"""
+type DistinctSeq* = distinct seq[int]
+
+# `=destroy`(cast[ptr DistinctSeq](0)[])
+var x = @[].DistinctSeq
+`=destroy`(x)
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tdont_return_unowned_from_owned.nim b/tests/destructor/tdont_return_unowned_from_owned.nim
index a726960c6..ffe87cd76 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/tdont_return_unowned_from_owned.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/tdont_return_unowned_from_owned.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 discard """
   cmd: "nim check --newruntime --hints:off $file"
-  nimout: '''tdont_return_unowned_from_owned.nim(36, 10) Error: cannot return an owned pointer as an unowned pointer; use 'owned(Obj)' as the return type
-tdont_return_unowned_from_owned.nim(39, 10) Error: cannot return an owned pointer as an unowned pointer; use 'owned(Obj)' as the return type
-tdont_return_unowned_from_owned.nim(42, 6) Error: type mismatch: got <Obj>
+  nimout: '''
+tdont_return_unowned_from_owned.nim(26, 13) Error: assignment produces a dangling ref: the unowned ref lives longer than the owned ref
+tdont_return_unowned_from_owned.nim(27, 13) Error: assignment produces a dangling ref: the unowned ref lives longer than the owned ref
+tdont_return_unowned_from_owned.nim(31, 10) Error: cannot return an owned pointer as an unowned pointer; use 'owned(RootRef)' as the return type
+tdont_return_unowned_from_owned.nim(43, 10) Error: cannot return an owned pointer as an unowned pointer; use 'owned(Obj)' as the return type
+tdont_return_unowned_from_owned.nim(46, 10) Error: cannot return an owned pointer as an unowned pointer; use 'owned(Obj)' as the return type
+tdont_return_unowned_from_owned.nim(49, 6) Error: type mismatch: got <Obj>
 but expected one of:
 proc new[T](a: var ref T; finalizer: proc (x: ref T) {.nimcall.})
   first type mismatch at position: 2
@@ -10,18 +14,21 @@ proc new[T](a: var ref T; finalizer: proc (x: ref T) {.nimcall.})
 2 other mismatching symbols have been suppressed; compile with --showAllMismatches:on to see them
 
 expression: new(result)
-tdont_return_unowned_from_owned.nim(42, 6) Error: illformed AST:
-tdont_return_unowned_from_owned.nim(50, 13) Error: assignment produces a dangling ref: the unowned ref lives longer than the owned ref
-tdont_return_unowned_from_owned.nim(51, 13) Error: assignment produces a dangling ref: the unowned ref lives longer than the owned ref
-tdont_return_unowned_from_owned.nim(55, 10) Error: cannot return an owned pointer as an unowned pointer; use 'owned(RootRef)' as the return type
+tdont_return_unowned_from_owned.nim(49, 6) Error: illformed AST: 
 '''
-  errormsg: "cannot return an owned pointer as an unowned pointer; use 'owned(RootRef)' as the return type"
-  line: 55
+  errormsg: "illformed AST:"
 """
 
 
 
+proc testA(result: var (RootRef, RootRef)) =
+  let r: owned RootRef = RootRef()
+  result[0] = r
+  result[1] = RootRef()
 
+proc testB(): RootRef =
+  let r: owned RootRef = RootRef()
+  result = r
 
 
 
@@ -39,17 +46,11 @@ proc newObjB(): Obj =
   result = Obj()
 
 proc newObjC(): Obj =
-  new(result)
+  new(result) # illFormedAst raises GlobalError,
+              # without pipeline parsing, it needs to placed at the end
+              # in case that it disturbs other errors
 
 let a = newObjA()
 let b = newObjB()
 let c = newObjC()
 
-proc testA(result: var (RootRef, RootRef)) =
-  let r: owned RootRef = RootRef()
-  result[0] = r
-  result[1] = RootRef()
-
-proc testB(): RootRef =
-  let r: owned RootRef = RootRef()
-  result = r
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tgotoexc_leak.nim b/tests/destructor/tgotoexc_leak.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c8a234085
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/destructor/tgotoexc_leak.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''0
+true'''
+  cmd: "nim c --gc:arc $file"
+"""
+
+# bug #22398
+
+for i in 0 ..< 10_000:
+  try:
+    try:
+      raise newException(ValueError, "")
+    except CatchableError:
+      discard
+      raise newException(ValueError, "") # or raise getCurrentException(), just raise works ok
+  except ValueError:
+    discard
+echo getOccupiedMem()
+echo getCurrentException() == nil
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tgotoexceptions7.nim b/tests/destructor/tgotoexceptions7.nim
index 6e564a044..c04bd6ba0 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/tgotoexceptions7.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/tgotoexceptions7.nim
@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@ proc helper = doAssert(false)
 
 proc main(i: int) =
   var obj = Obj(kind: kindA, s: "abc")
-  obj.kind = kindB
+  {.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+    obj.kind = kindB
   obj.i = 2
   try:
     var objA = ObjA()
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tmatrix.nim b/tests/destructor/tmatrix.nim
index 98ca95c94..2fd5af789 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/tmatrix.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/tmatrix.nim
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ proc `=sink`*(a: var Matrix; b: Matrix) =
   a.m = b.m
   a.n = b.n
 
-proc `=`*(a: var Matrix; b: Matrix) =
+proc `=copy`*(a: var Matrix; b: Matrix) =
   if a.data != nil and a.data != b.data:
     dealloc(a.data)
     deallocCount.inc
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@ proc `=`*(a: var Matrix; b: Matrix) =
     allocCount.inc
     copyMem(a.data, b.data, b.m * b.n * sizeof(float))
 
+proc `=dup`*(a: Matrix): Matrix =
+  `=copy`(result, a)
+
 proc matrix*(m, n: int, s: float): Matrix =
   ## Construct an m-by-n constant matrix.
   result.m = m
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tmove.nim b/tests/destructor/tmove.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2762aff90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/destructor/tmove.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp"
+"""
+
+block:
+  var called = 0
+
+  proc bar(a: var int): var int =
+    inc called
+    result = a
+
+  proc foo =
+    var a = 2
+    var s = move bar(a)
+    doAssert called == 1
+    doAssert s == 2
+
+  foo()
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tmove_objconstr.nim b/tests/destructor/tmove_objconstr.nim
index 5faaabb8b..cdc1eb1c0 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/tmove_objconstr.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/tmove_objconstr.nim
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ proc `=destroy`(o: var Pony) =
   echo "Pony is dying!"
 
 proc getPony: Pony =
-  result.name = "Sparkles"
+  result = Pony(name: "Sparkles")
 
 iterator items(p: Pony): int =
   for i in 1..4:
@@ -137,28 +137,29 @@ doAssert seq3[0] == 1.0
 var seq4, seq5: MySeqNonCopyable
 (seq4, i, seq5) = myfunc2(2, 3)
 
-seq4 = block:
-  var tmp = newMySeq(4, 1.0)
-  tmp[0] = 3.0
-  tmp
+proc foo =
+  seq4 = block:
+    var tmp = newMySeq(4, 1.0)
+    tmp[0] = 3.0
+    tmp
 
-doAssert seq4[0] == 3.0
+  doAssert seq4[0] == 3.0
 
-import macros
 
-seq4 =
-  if i > 0: newMySeq(2, 5.0)
-  elif i < -100: raise newException(ValueError, "Parse Error")
-  else: newMySeq(2, 3.0)
+  seq4 =
+    if i > 0: newMySeq(2, 5.0)
+    elif i < -100: raise newException(ValueError, "Parse Error")
+    else: newMySeq(2, 3.0)
 
-seq4 =
-  case (char) i:
-    of 'A', {'W'..'Z'}: newMySeq(2, 5.0)
-    of 'B': quit(-1)
-    else:
-      let (x1, x2, x3) = myfunc2(2, 3)
-      x3
+  seq4 =
+    case (char) i:
+      of 'A', {'W'..'Z'}: newMySeq(2, 5.0)
+      of 'B': quit(-1)
+      else:
+        let (x1, x2, x3) = myfunc2(2, 3)
+        x3
 
+foo()
 
 #------------------------------------------------------------
 #-- Move into array constructor
@@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ proc myfuncLoop(x: int): MySeqNonCopyable =
 discard myfuncLoop(3)
 
 #------------------------------------------------------------
-# Move into table via openarray
+# Move into table via openArray
 #------------------------------------------------------------
 
 type
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tnewruntime_misc.nim b/tests/destructor/tnewruntime_misc.nim
index 1a5b0e3b0..21c70557d 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/tnewruntime_misc.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/tnewruntime_misc.nim
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ axc
 ...
 destroying GenericObj[T] GenericObj[system.int]
 test
-(allocCount: 13, deallocCount: 11)
+(allocCount: 12, deallocCount: 10)
 3'''
 """
 
@@ -25,8 +25,13 @@ putEnv("HEAPTRASHING", "Indeed")
 
 let s1 = getAllocStats()
 
+
+proc newTableOwned[A, B](initialSize = defaultInitialSize): owned(TableRef[A, B]) =
+  new(result)
+  result[] = initTable[A, B](initialSize)
+
 proc main =
-  var w = newTable[string, owned Node]()
+  var w = newTableOwned[string, owned Node]()
   w["key"] = Node(field: "value")
   echo w["key"][]
   echo getEnv("HEAPTRASHING")
@@ -132,7 +137,16 @@ proc xx(xml: string): MyObject =
 
 
 discard xx("test")
-echo getAllocStats() - s1
+
+# Windows has 1 extra allocation in `getEnv` - there it allocates parameter to
+# `_wgetenv` (WideCString). Therefore subtract by 1 to match other OSes'
+# allocation.
+when defined(windows):
+  import std/importutils
+  privateAccess(AllocStats)
+  echo getAllocStats() - s1 - AllocStats(allocCount: 1, deallocCount: 1)
+else:
+  echo getAllocStats() - s1
 
 # bug #13457
 var s = "abcde"
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tnewruntime_strutils.nim b/tests/destructor/tnewruntime_strutils.nim
index 8e5378f77..9c8d41973 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/tnewruntime_strutils.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/tnewruntime_strutils.nim
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ discard """
 @[(input: @["KXSC", "BGMC"]), (input: @["PXFX"]), (input: @["WXRQ", "ZSCZD"])]
 14
 First tasks completed.
-Second tasks completed.'''
+Second tasks completed.
+test1'''
 """
 
 import strutils, os, std / wordwrap
@@ -241,3 +242,13 @@ when true:
   test_string_b.setLen new_len_b
 
   echo "Second tasks completed."
+
+# bug #17450
+proc main =
+  var i = 1
+  echo:
+    block:
+      "test" & $i
+
+main()
+
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tnonvardestructor.nim b/tests/destructor/tnonvardestructor.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b4413790
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/destructor/tnonvardestructor.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+discard """

+  targets: "c cpp"

+  matrix: "--mm:arc; --mm:orc"

+"""

+

+block:

+  type

+    PublicKey = array[32, uint8]

+    PrivateKey = array[64, uint8]

+

+  proc ed25519_create_keypair(publicKey: ptr PublicKey; privateKey: ptr PrivateKey) =

+    publicKey[][0] = uint8(88)

+

+  type

+    KeyPair = object

+      public: PublicKey

+      private: PrivateKey

+

+  proc initKeyPair(): KeyPair =

+    ed25519_create_keypair(result.public.addr, result.private.addr)

+

+  let keys = initKeyPair()

+  doAssert keys.public[0] == 88

+

+

+template minIndexByIt: untyped =

+  var other = 3

+  other

+

+proc bug20303() =

+  var hlibs = @["hello", "world", "how", "are", "you"]

+  let res = hlibs[minIndexByIt()]

+  doAssert res == "are"

+

+bug20303()

+

+proc main() = # todo bug with templates

+  block: # bug #11267

+    var a: seq[char] = block: @[]

+    doAssert a == @[]

+    # 2

+    proc b: seq[string] =

+      discard

+      @[]

+    doAssert b() == @[]

+static: main()

+main()

+

+

+type Obj = tuple

+  value: int

+  arr: seq[int]

+

+proc bug(): seq[Obj] =

+  result.add (value: 0, arr: @[])

+  result[^1].value = 1

+  result[^1].arr.add 1

+

+# bug #19990

+let s = bug()

+doAssert s[0] == (value: 1, arr: @[1])

+

+block: # bug #21974

+  type Test[T] = ref object

+      values : seq[T]

+      counter: int

+

+  proc newTest[T](): Test[T] =

+      result         = new(Test[T])

+      result.values  = newSeq[T](16)

+      result.counter = 0

+

+  proc push[T](self: Test[T], value: T) =

+      self.counter += 1

+      if self.counter >= self.values.len:

+          self.values.setLen(self.values.len * 2)

+      self.values[self.counter - 1] = value

+

+  proc pop[T](self: Test[T]): T =

+      result         = self.values[0]

+      self.values[0] = self.values[self.counter - 1] # <--- This line

+      self.counter  -= 1

+

+

+  type X = tuple

+      priority: int

+      value   : string

+

+  var a = newTest[X]()

+  a.push((1, "One"))

+  doAssert a.pop.value == "One"

+

+# bug #21987

+

+type

+  EmbeddedImage* = distinct Image

+  Image = object

+    len: int

+

+proc imageCopy*(image: Image): Image {.nodestroy.}

+

+proc `=destroy`*(x: Image) =

+  discard

+

+proc `=sink`*(dest: var Image; source: Image) =

+  `=destroy`(dest)

+  wasMoved(dest)

+

+proc `=dup`*(source: Image): Image {.nodestroy.} =

+  result = imageCopy(source)

+

+proc `=copy`*(dest: var Image; source: Image) =

+  dest = imageCopy(source) # calls =sink implicitly

+

+proc `=destroy`*(x: EmbeddedImage) = discard

+

+proc `=dup`*(source: EmbeddedImage): EmbeddedImage {.nodestroy.} = source

+

+proc `=copy`*(dest: var EmbeddedImage; source: EmbeddedImage) {.nodestroy.} =

+  dest = source

+

+proc imageCopy*(image: Image): Image =

+  result = image

+

+proc main2 =

+  block:

+    var a = Image(len: 2).EmbeddedImage

+    var b = Image(len: 1).EmbeddedImage

+    b = a

+    doAssert Image(a).len == 2

+    doAssert Image(b).len == 2

+

+  block:

+    var a = Image(len: 2)

+    var b = Image(len: 1)

+    b = a

+    doAssert a.len == 2

+    doAssert b.len == 0

+

+main2()

+

+type

+  Edge = object

+    neighbor {.cursor.}: Node

+

+  NodeObj = object

+    neighbors: seq[Edge]

+    label: string

+    visited: bool

+  Node = ref NodeObj

+

+  Graph = object

+    nodes: seq[Node]

+

+proc `=destroy`(x: NodeObj) =

+  `=destroy`(x.neighbors)

+  `=destroy`(x.label)

+

+proc addNode(self: var Graph; label: string): Node =

+  self.nodes.add(Node(label: label))

+  result = self.nodes[^1]

+

+proc addEdge(self: Graph; source, neighbor: Node) =

+  source.neighbors.add(Edge(neighbor: neighbor))

+

+block:

+  proc main =

+    var graph: Graph

+    let nodeA = graph.addNode("a")

+    let nodeB = graph.addNode("b")

+    let nodeC = graph.addNode("c")

+

+    graph.addEdge(nodeA, neighbor = nodeB)

+    graph.addEdge(nodeA, neighbor = nodeC)

+

+  main()

+

+block:

+  type RefObj = ref object

+

+  proc `[]`(val: static[int]) = # works with different name/overload or without static arg

+    discard

+

+  template noRef(T: typedesc): typedesc = # works without template indirection

+    typeof(default(T)[])

+

+  proc `=destroy`(x: noRef(RefObj)) =

+    discard

+

+  proc foo =

+    var x = new RefObj

+    doAssert $(x[]) == "()"

+

+  # bug #11705

+  foo()

+

+block: # bug #22197

+  type

+    H5IdObj = object

+    H5Id = ref H5IdObj

+

+    FileID = distinct H5Id

+

+    H5GroupObj = object

+      file_id: FileID

+    H5Group = ref H5GroupObj

+

+  ## This would make it work!

+  #proc `=destroy`*(x: FileID) = `=destroy`(cast[H5Id](x))

+  ## If this does not exist, it also works!

+  proc newFileID(): FileID = FileID(H5Id())

+

+  proc `=destroy`(grp: H5GroupObj) =

+    ## Closes the group and resets all references to nil.

+    if cast[pointer](grp.fileId) != nil:

+      `=destroy`(grp.file_id)

+

+  var grp = H5Group()

+  reset(grp.file_id)

+  reset(grp)

+

+import std/tables

+

+block: # bug #22286

+  type

+    A = object

+    B = object

+      a: A

+    C = object

+      b: B

+

+  proc `=destroy`(self: A) =

+    echo "destroyed"

+

+  proc `=destroy`(self: C) =

+    `=destroy`(self.b)

+

+  var c = C()

+

+block: # https://forum.nim-lang.org/t/10642

+  type AObj = object

+    name: string

+    tableField: Table[string, string]

+

+  proc `=destroy`(x: AObj) =

+    `=destroy`(x.name)

+    `=destroy`(x.tableField)

diff --git a/tests/destructor/topttree.nim b/tests/destructor/topttree.nim
index fa5495689..8cf757e8b 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/topttree.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/topttree.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  disabled: i386
   output: '''10.0
 60.0
 90.0
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tprevent_assign2.nim b/tests/destructor/tprevent_assign2.nim
index ef20672d5..eb5588b1a 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/tprevent_assign2.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/tprevent_assign2.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "'=copy' is not available for type <Foo>; requires a copy because it's not the last read of 'otherTree'"
+  errormsg: "'=dup' is not available for type <Foo>, which is inferred from unavailable '=copy'; requires a copy because it's not the last read of 'otherTree'; another read is done here: tprevent_assign2.nim(51, 31); routine: preventThis"
   file: "tprevent_assign2.nim"
-  line: 48
+  line: 49
 """
 
 type
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ type
     x: int
 
 proc `=destroy`(f: var Foo) = f.x = 0
-proc `=`(a: var Foo; b: Foo) {.error.} # = a.x = b.x
+proc `=copy`(a: var Foo; b: Foo) {.error.} # = a.x = b.x
+
 proc `=sink`(a: var Foo; b: Foo) = a.x = b.x
 
 proc createTree(x: int): Foo =
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ proc createTree(x: int): Foo =
 proc take2(a, b: sink Foo) =
   echo a.x, " ", b.x
 
-proc allowThis() =
+when false:
   var otherTree: Foo
   try:
     for i in 0..3:
@@ -51,5 +52,5 @@ proc preventThis() =
       else:
         discard
 
-allowThis()
+#allowThis()
 preventThis()
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tprevent_assign3.nim b/tests/destructor/tprevent_assign3.nim
index 0577aa5ff..aa834a66c 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/tprevent_assign3.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/tprevent_assign3.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "'=copy' is not available for type <Foo>; requires a copy because it's not the last read of 'otherTree'"
+  errormsg: "'=dup' is not available for type <Foo>; requires a copy because it's not the last read of 'otherTree'"
   file: "tprevent_assign3.nim"
-  line: 46
+  line: 47
 """
 
 type
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ type
     x: int
 
 proc `=destroy`(f: var Foo) = f.x = 0
-proc `=`(a: var Foo; b: Foo) {.error.} # = a.x = b.x
+proc `=copy`(a: var Foo; b: Foo) {.error.} # = a.x = b.x
+proc `=dup`(a: Foo): Foo {.error.}
 proc `=sink`(a: var Foo; b: Foo) = a.x = b.x
 
 proc createTree(x: int): Foo =
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ proc createTree(x: int): Foo =
 proc take2(a, b: sink Foo) =
   echo a.x, " ", b.x
 
-proc allowThis() =
+when false:
   var otherTree: Foo
   try:
     for i in 0..3:
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ proc preventThis2() =
   finally:
     echo otherTree
 
-allowThis()
+#allowThis()
 preventThis2()
 
 
diff --git a/tests/destructor/trecursive.nim b/tests/destructor/trecursive.nim
index 17a40e5a9..e7afa6ba9 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/trecursive.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/trecursive.nim
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ proc `=destroy`(x: var MyObject) =
 proc `=`(x: var MyObject, y: MyObject) {.error.}
 
 proc newMyObject(i: int): MyObject = 
-  result.p = create(int)
+  result.p = createShared(int)
   result.p[] = i
 
 proc test: seq[MyObject] = 
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tsink.nim b/tests/destructor/tsink.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8750ad7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/destructor/tsink.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:arc"
+"""
+
+type AnObject = object of RootObj
+  value*: int
+
+proc mutate(shit: sink AnObject) =
+  shit.value = 1
+
+proc foo = # bug #23359
+  var bar = AnObject(value: 42)
+  mutate(bar)
+  doAssert bar.value == 42
+
+foo()
+
+block: # bug #23902
+  proc foo(a: sink string): auto = (a, a)
+
+  proc bar(a: sink int): auto = return a
+
+  proc foo(a: sink string) =
+    var x = (a, a)
+
+block: # bug #24175
+  block:
+    func mutate(o: sink string): string =
+      o[1] = '1'
+      result = o
+
+    static:
+      let s = "999"
+      let m = mutate(s)
+      doAssert s == "999"
+      doAssert m == "919"
+
+    func foo() =
+      let s = "999"
+      let m = mutate(s)
+      doAssert s == "999"
+      doAssert m == "919"
+
+    static:
+      foo()
+    foo()
+
+  block:
+    type O = object
+      a: int
+
+    func mutate(o: sink O): O =
+      o.a += 1
+      o
+
+    static:
+      let x = O(a: 1)
+      let y = mutate(x)
+      doAssert x.a == 1
+      doAssert y.a == 2
+
+    proc foo() =
+      let x = O(a: 1)
+      let y = mutate(x)
+      doAssert x.a == 1
+      doAssert y.a == 2
+
+    static:
+      foo()
+    foo()
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tuse_ownedref_after_move.nim b/tests/destructor/tuse_ownedref_after_move.nim
index ce96b741e..69348d530 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/tuse_ownedref_after_move.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/tuse_ownedref_after_move.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   cmd: '''nim c --newruntime $file'''
-  errormsg: "'=copy' is not available for type <owned Button>; requires a copy because it's not the last read of ':envAlt.b1'; another read is done here: tuse_ownedref_after_move.nim(52, 4)"
+  errormsg: "'=copy' is not available for type <owned Button>; requires a copy because it's not the last read of ':envAlt.b1'; routine: main"
   line: 48
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tuse_result_prevents_sinks.nim b/tests/destructor/tuse_result_prevents_sinks.nim
index d2777bd97..e74c16da3 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/tuse_result_prevents_sinks.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/tuse_result_prevents_sinks.nim
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ proc `=sink`(self: var Foo; other: Foo) =
 proc `=destroy`(self: var Foo) = discard
 
 template preventCursorInference(x) =
-  let p = unsafeAddr(x)
+  let p = addr(x)
 
 proc test(): Foo =
   result = Foo()
diff --git a/tests/destructor/tv2_cast.nim b/tests/destructor/tv2_cast.nim
index ef0b3a936..48bdf67dd 100644
--- a/tests/destructor/tv2_cast.nim
+++ b/tests/destructor/tv2_cast.nim
@@ -1,10 +1,81 @@
 discard """
-  cmd: '''nim c --gc:arc $file'''
   output: '''@[1]
 @[116, 101, 115, 116]
-@[1953719668, 875770417]'''
+@[1953719668, 875770417]
+destroying O1'''
+  cmd: '''nim c --mm:arc --expandArc:main --expandArc:main1 --expandArc:main2 --expandArc:main3 --hints:off --assertions:off $file'''
+  nimout: '''
+--expandArc: main
+
+var
+  data
+  :tmpD
+data = cast[string](encode(cast[seq[byte]](
+  :tmpD = newString(100)
+  :tmpD)))
+`=destroy`(:tmpD)
+`=destroy`(data)
+-- end of expandArc ------------------------
+--expandArc: main1
+
+var
+  s
+  data
+s = newString(100)
+data = cast[string](encode(toOpenArrayByte(s, 0, len(s) - 1)))
+`=destroy`(data)
+`=destroy`(s)
+-- end of expandArc ------------------------
+--expandArc: main2
+
+var
+  s
+  data
+s = newSeq(100)
+data = cast[string](encode(s))
+`=destroy`(data)
+`=destroy_1`(s)
+-- end of expandArc ------------------------
+--expandArc: main3
+
+var
+  data
+  :tmpD
+data = cast[string](encode do:
+  :tmpD = newSeq(100)
+  :tmpD)
+`=destroy`(:tmpD)
+`=destroy_1`(data)
+-- end of expandArc ------------------------
+'''
 """
 
+func encode*(src: openArray[byte]): seq[byte] =
+  result = newSeq[byte](src.len)
+
+template compress*(src: string): string =
+  cast[string](encode(cast[seq[byte]](src)))
+
+proc main =
+  let data = compress(newString(100))
+main()
+
+proc main1 =
+  var
+    s = newString(100)
+  let data = cast[string](encode(s.toOpenArrayByte(0, s.len-1)))
+main1()
+
+proc main2 =
+  var
+    s = newSeq[byte](100)
+  let data = cast[string](encode(s))
+main2()
+
+proc main3 =
+  let data = cast[string](encode(newSeq[byte](100)))
+main3()
+
 # bug #11018
 discard cast[seq[uint8]](@[1])
 discard cast[seq[uint8]]("test")
@@ -20,4 +91,26 @@ echo a
 
 #issue 11204
 var ac {.compileTime.} = @["a", "b"]
-const bc = ac.len
\ No newline at end of file
+const bc = ac.len
+
+
+type
+  O = object of RootRef
+    i: int
+
+  O1 = object of O
+  O2 = object of O
+
+proc `=destroy`(o: var O) =
+  echo "destroying O"
+
+proc `=destroy`(o: var O1) =
+  echo "destroying O1"
+
+proc `=destroy`(o: var O2) =
+  echo "destroying O2"
+
+proc test =
+  let o3 = cast[ref O2]((ref O1)())
+
+test()
diff --git a/tests/destructor/twasmoved.nim b/tests/destructor/twasmoved.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..566322702
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/destructor/twasmoved.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+type
+  Foo = object
+    id: int
+
+proc `=wasMoved`(x: var Foo) =
+  x.id = -1
+
+proc foo =
+  var s = Foo(id: 999)
+  var m = move s
+  doAssert s.id == -1
+  doAssert m.id == 999
+
+foo()
diff --git a/tests/destructor/twasmoved_error.nim b/tests/destructor/twasmoved_error.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1cd57e3df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/destructor/twasmoved_error.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: '''nim c --mm:arc $file'''
+  errormsg: "'=wasMoved' is not available for type <Game>; routine: main"
+"""
+
+# bug #19291
+
+const
+  screenWidth = 800
+  screenHeight = 450
+
+var
+  ready = false
+type
+  Game = object
+
+proc `=destroy`(x: var Game) =
+  assert ready, "Window is already opened"
+  ready = false
+
+proc `=sink`(x: var Game; y: Game) {.error.}
+proc `=copy`(x: var Game; y: Game) {.error.}
+proc `=wasMoved`(x: var Game) {.error.}
+
+proc initGame(width, height: int32, title: string): Game =
+  assert not ready, "Window is already closed"
+  ready = true
+
+proc update(x: Game) = discard
+
+proc main =
+  var g = initGame(screenWidth, screenHeight, "Tetris raylib")
+  g.update()
+  var g2 = g
+  echo "hello"
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/discard/t23677.nim b/tests/discard/t23677.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ed7386bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/discard/t23677.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "expression '0' is of type 'int literal(0)' and has to be used (or discarded); start of expression here: t23677.nim(1, 1)"
+  line: 10
+  column: 3
+"""
+
+# issue #23677
+
+if true:
+  0
+else: 
+  raise newException(ValueError, "err") 
diff --git a/tests/discard/tdiscardable.nim b/tests/discard/tdiscardable.nim
index 032050139..84b669ed8 100644
--- a/tests/discard/tdiscardable.nim
+++ b/tests/discard/tdiscardable.nim
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ tdiscardable
 1
 something defered
 something defered
+hi
 '''
 """
 
@@ -65,3 +66,110 @@ proc main2() =
 
 main1()
 main2()
+
+block: # bug #13583
+  block:
+    proc hello(): int {.discardable.} = 12
+
+    iterator test(): int {.closure.} =
+      while true:
+        hello()
+
+    let t = test
+
+  block:
+    proc hello(): int {.discardable.} = 12
+
+    iterator test(): int {.closure.} =
+      while true:
+        block:
+          yield 12
+          hello()
+
+    let t = test
+    doAssert t() == 12
+
+  block:
+    proc hello(): int {.discardable.} = 12
+
+    iterator test(): int {.closure.} =
+      while true:
+        yield 12
+        hello()
+
+    let t = test
+    doAssert t() == 12
+
+block:
+  proc bar(): string {.discardable.} =
+    "15"
+
+  proc foo(): int =
+    while true:
+      raise newException(ValueError, "check")
+    12
+
+  doAssertRaises(ValueError):
+    doAssert foo() == 12
+
+block: # issue #10440
+  proc x(): int {.discardable.} = discard
+  try:
+    x()
+  finally:
+    echo "hi"
+
+import macros
+
+block: # issue #14665
+  macro test(): untyped =   
+    let b = @[1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+    result = nnkStmtList.newTree()
+    var i = 0
+    while i < b.len:
+      if false:
+        # this quote do is mandatory, removing it fixes the problem
+        result.add quote do:
+          let testtest = 5
+      else:
+        result.add quote do:
+          let test = 6
+        inc i
+        # removing this continue fixes the problem too
+        continue
+      inc i
+  test()
+
+block: # bug #23775
+  proc retInt(): int {.discardable.} =
+    42
+
+  proc retString(): string {.discardable.} =
+    "text"
+
+  type
+    Enum = enum
+      A, B, C, D
+
+  proc doStuff(msg: Enum) =
+    case msg:
+    of A:
+      retString()
+    of B:
+      retInt()
+    of C:
+      discard retString()
+    else:
+      let _ = retString()
+
+  doStuff(C)
+
+block:
+  proc test(): (int, int) {.discardable.} =
+    discard
+
+  if true:
+    test()
+  else:
+    quit()
diff --git a/tests/discard/tfinallyerrmsg.nim b/tests/discard/tfinallyerrmsg.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fbc8140aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/discard/tfinallyerrmsg.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $file"
+"""
+
+block: # issue #19672
+  try:
+    10 #[tt.Error
+    ^ expression '10' is of type 'int literal(10)' and has to be used (or discarded); start of expression here: tfinallyerrmsg.nim(5, 1)]#
+  finally:
+    echo "Finally block"
+
+block: # issue #13871
+  template t(body: int) =
+    try:
+      body
+    finally:
+      echo "expression"
+  t: 2 #[tt.Error
+     ^ expression '2' is of type 'int literal(2)' and has to be used (or discarded)]#
diff --git a/tests/discard/tillegaldiscardtypes.nim b/tests/discard/tillegaldiscardtypes.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7877bcd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/discard/tillegaldiscardtypes.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $file"
+  errormsg: "statement returns no value that can be discarded"
+  nimout: '''
+tillegaldiscardtypes.nim(11, 3) Error: statement returns no value that can be discarded
+tillegaldiscardtypes.nim(12, 3) Error: statement returns no value that can be discarded
+'''
+"""
+
+proc b(v: int) = # bug #21360
+  discard @[]
+  discard []
+
+b(0)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/distinct/tborrow.nim b/tests/distinct/tborrow.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e34248de5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/distinct/tborrow.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''4887 true
+0.5'''
+"""
+
+# test the new borrow feature that works with generics:
+
+proc `++`*[T: int | float](a, b: T): T =
+  result = a + b
+
+type
+  DI = distinct int
+  DF = distinct float
+  DS = distinct string
+
+proc `++`(x, y: DI): DI {.borrow.}
+proc `++`(x, y: DF): DF {.borrow.}
+
+proc `$`(x: DI): string {.borrow.}
+proc `$`(x: DF): string {.borrow.}
+
+echo  4544.DI ++ 343.DI, " ", (4.5.DF ++ 0.5.DF).float == 5.0
+
+# issue #14440
+
+type Radians = distinct float64
+
+func `-=`(a: var Radians, b: Radians) {.borrow.}
+
+var a = Radians(1.5)
+let b = Radians(1.0)
+
+a -= b
+
+echo a.float64
+
+block: #14449
+  type 
+    Foo[T] = object
+      foo: T
+
+    Bar[T] {.borrow:`.`.} = distinct Foo[T]
+    SomeThing {.borrow:`.`.} = distinct Foo[float]
+    OtherThing {.borrow:`.`.} = distinct SomeThing
+
+  var
+    a: Bar[int]
+    b: SomeThing
+    c: OtherThing
+  a.foo = 300
+  b.foo = 400
+  c.foo = 42
+  assert a.foo == 300
+  assert b.foo == 400d
+  assert c.foo == 42d
+
+block: # Borrow from muliple aliasses #16666
+  type
+    AImpl = object
+      i: int
+    
+    A = AImpl
+  
+    B {.borrow: `.`.} = distinct A
+    C = B
+    D {.borrow: `.`.} = distinct C
+    E {.borrow: `.`.} = distinct D
+  
+  let
+    b = default(B)
+    d = default(D)
+    e = default(E)
+  
+  assert b.i == 0
+  assert d.i == 0
+  assert e.i == 0
+
+block: # Borrow from generic alias
+  type
+    AImpl[T] = object
+      i: T
+    B[T] = AImpl[T]
+    C {.borrow: `.`.} = distinct B[int]
+    D = B[float]
+    E {.borrow: `.`.} = distinct D
+
+  let
+    c = default(C)
+    e = default(E)
+  assert c.i == int(0)
+  assert e.i == 0d
+
+block: # issue #22069
+  type
+    Vehicle[C: static[int]] = object
+      color: array[C, int]
+    Car[C: static[int]] {.borrow: `.`.} = distinct Vehicle[C]
+    MuscleCar = Car[128]
+  var x: MuscleCar
+  doAssert x.color is array[128, int]
+
+block: # issue #22646
+  type
+    Vec[N : static[int], T: SomeNumber] = object
+      arr: array[N, T]
+    Vec3[T: SomeNumber] = Vec[3, T]
+
+  proc `[]=`[N,T](v: var Vec[N,T]; ix:int; c:T): void {.inline.} = v.arr[ix] = c
+  proc `[]`[N,T](v: Vec[N,T]; ix: int): T {.inline.} = v.arr[ix]
+
+  proc dot[N,T](u,v: Vec[N,T]): T {. inline .} = discard
+  proc length[N,T](v: Vec[N,T]): T = discard
+  proc cross[T](v1,v2:Vec[3,T]): Vec[3,T] = discard
+  proc normalizeWorks[T](v: Vec[3,T]): Vec[3,T] = discard ## <- Explicit size makes it work!
+  proc foo[N,T](u, v: Vec[N,T]): Vec[N,T] = discard ## <- broken
+  proc normalize[N,T](v: Vec[N,T]): Vec[N,T] = discard ## <- broken
+
+  type Color = distinct Vec3[float]
+
+  template borrowOps(typ: typedesc): untyped =
+    proc `[]=`(v: var typ; ix: int; c: float): void {.borrow.}
+    proc `[]`(v: typ; ix: int): float {.borrow.}
+    proc dot(v, u: typ): float {.borrow.}
+    proc cross(v, u: typ): typ {.borrow.}
+    proc length(v: typ): float {.borrow.}
+    proc normalizeWorks(v: typ): typ {.borrow.} ## Up to here everything works
+    proc foo(u, v: typ): typ {.borrow.} ## Broken
+    proc normalize(v: typ): typ {.borrow.} ## Broken
+  borrowOps(Color)
+  var x: Vec[3, float]
+  let y = Color(x)
+  doAssert Vec3[float](y) == x
diff --git a/tests/distinct/tcomplexaddressableconv.nim b/tests/distinct/tcomplexaddressableconv.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00e96bfeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/distinct/tcomplexaddressableconv.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# issue #22523
+
+from std/typetraits import distinctBase
+
+type
+  V[p: static int] = distinct int
+  D[p: static int] = distinct int
+  T = V[1]
+
+proc f(y: var T) = discard
+
+var a: D[0]
+
+static:
+  doAssert distinctBase(T) is distinctBase(D[0])
+  doAssert distinctBase(T) is int
+  doAssert distinctBase(D[0]) is int
+  doAssert T(a) is T
+
+f(cast[ptr T](addr a)[])
+f(T(a))
diff --git a/tests/distinct/tdistinct.nim b/tests/distinct/tdistinct.nim
index d64f33443..b6ba7aa99 100644
--- a/tests/distinct/tdistinct.nim
+++ b/tests/distinct/tdistinct.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  targets: "c js"
   output: '''
 tdistinct
 25
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ false
 false
 false
 Foo
+foo
 '''
 """
 
@@ -133,8 +135,93 @@ block tRequiresInit:
   reject:
     var s: DistinctString
     s = "test"
-    doAssert s == "test"
+    doAssert string(s) == "test"
 
   accept:
-    let s = "test"
-    doAssert s == "test"
+    let s = DistinctString("test")
+    doAssert string(s) == "test"
+
+block: #17322
+  type
+    A[T] = distinct string
+
+  proc foo(a: var A) =
+    a.string.add "foo"
+
+  type
+    B = distinct A[int]
+
+  var b: B
+  foo(A[int](b))
+  echo A[int](b).string
+  b.string.add "bar"
+  assert b.string == "foobar"
+
+type Foo = distinct string
+
+proc main() = # proc instead of template because of MCS/UFCS.
+  # xxx put everything here to test under RT + VM
+  block: # bug #12282
+    block:
+      proc test() =
+        var s: Foo
+        s.string.add('c')
+        doAssert s.string == "c" # was failing
+      test()
+
+    block:
+      proc add(a: var Foo, b: char) {.borrow.}
+      proc test() =
+        var s: Foo
+        s.add('c')
+        doAssert s.string == "c" # was ok
+      test()
+
+    block:
+      proc add(a: var Foo, b: char) {.borrow.}
+      proc test() =
+        var s: string
+        s.Foo.add('c')
+        doAssert s.string == "c" # was failing
+      test()
+    block: #18061
+      type
+        A = distinct (0..100)
+        B = A(0) .. A(10)
+      proc test(b: B) = discard
+      let
+        a = A(10)
+        b = B(a)
+      test(b)
+
+      proc test(a: A) = discard
+      discard cast[B](A(1))
+      var c: B
+
+
+  block: # bug #9423
+    block:
+      type Foo = seq[int]
+      type Foo2 = distinct Foo
+      template fn() =
+        var a = Foo2(@[1])
+        a.Foo.add 2
+        doAssert a.Foo == @[1, 2]
+      fn()
+
+    block:
+      type Stack[T] = distinct seq[T]
+      proc newStack[T](): Stack[T] =
+        Stack[T](newSeq[T]())
+      proc push[T](stack: var Stack[T], elem: T) =
+        seq[T](stack).add(elem)
+      proc len[T](stack: Stack[T]): int =
+        seq[T](stack).len
+      proc fn() = 
+        var stack = newStack[int]()
+        stack.push(5)
+        doAssert stack.len == 1
+      fn()
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/distinct/tinvalidborrow.nim b/tests/distinct/tinvalidborrow.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4b19fa8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/distinct/tinvalidborrow.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check --hints:off --warnings:off $file"
+  action: "reject"
+  nimout:'''
+tinvalidborrow.nim(25, 3) Error: only a 'distinct' type can borrow `.`
+tinvalidborrow.nim(26, 3) Error: only a 'distinct' type can borrow `.`
+tinvalidborrow.nim(27, 1) Error: borrow proc without distinct type parameter is meaningless
+tinvalidborrow.nim(36, 1) Error: borrow with generic parameter is not supported
+tinvalidborrow.nim(41, 1) Error: borrow from proc return type mismatch: 'T'
+tinvalidborrow.nim(42, 1) Error: borrow from '[]=' is not supported
+'''
+"""
+
+
+
+
+
+# bug #516
+
+type
+  TAtom = culong
+  Test {.borrow:`.`.} = distinct int
+  Foo[T] = object
+    a: int
+  Bar[T] {.borrow:`.`.} = Foo[T]
+  OtherFoo {.borrow:`.`.} = Foo[int]
+proc `==`*(a, b: TAtom): bool {.borrow.}
+
+var
+  d, e: TAtom
+
+discard( $(d == e) )
+
+# issue #4121
+type HeapQueue[T] = distinct seq[T]
+proc len*[T](h: HeapQueue[T]): int {.borrow.}
+
+# issue #3564
+type vec4[T] = distinct array[4, float32]
+
+proc `[]`(v: vec4, i: int): float32 {.borrow.}
+proc `[]=`(v: vec4, i: int, va: float32) {.borrow.}
diff --git a/tests/distinct/tnil.nim b/tests/distinct/tnil.nim
index 5bdb97f37..b54c07432 100644
--- a/tests/distinct/tnil.nim
+++ b/tests/distinct/tnil.nim
@@ -1,29 +1,21 @@
-discard """
-output: '''
-1
-0
-0
-'''
-"""
 {.experimental: "notnil".}
 type
   MyPointer = distinct pointer
   MyString = distinct string
   MyInt = distinct int
 
-proc foo(a: MyPointer) =
+proc foo(a: MyPointer): int =
   # workaround a Windows 'repr' difference:
-  echo cast[int](a)
+  cast[int](a)
 
-foo(cast[MyPointer](1))
-foo(cast[MyPointer](nil))
-foo(nil)
+doAssert foo(cast[MyPointer](1)) == 1
+doAssert foo(cast[MyPointer](nil)) == 0
+doAssert foo(MyPointer(nil)) == 0
 
 var p: MyPointer
 p = cast[MyPointer](1)
 p = cast[MyPointer](nil)
 p = nil.MyPointer
-p = nil
 
 var i: MyInt
 i = 1.MyInt
diff --git a/tests/distinct/typeclassborrow.nim b/tests/distinct/typeclassborrow.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e0c63953
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/distinct/typeclassborrow.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import std/tables
+
+type
+  Foo = distinct seq[int]
+  Bar[N: static[int]] = distinct seq[int]
+  Baz = distinct Bar[10]
+
+proc newSeq(s: var Foo, n: Natural) {.borrow.}
+proc newSeq(s: var Bar, n: Natural) {.borrow.}
+proc newSeq(s: var Baz, n: Natural) {.borrow.}
+
+
+proc `$`(s: Foo): string {.borrow.}
+proc `$`(s: Bar): string {.borrow.}
+proc `$`(s: Baz): string {.borrow.}
+
+proc doThing(b: Bar) = discard
+proc doThing(b: Baz) {.borrow.}
+
+var
+  foo: Foo
+  bar: Bar[10]
+  baz: Baz
+
+newSeq(foo, 100)
+newSeq(bar, bar.N)
+newSeq(baz, 10)
+
+bar.doThing()
+baz.doThing()
+
+assert $seq[int](foo) == $foo
+assert $seq[int](bar) == $bar
+assert $seq[int](baz) == $baz
+
+type
+  Fine* = distinct string
+
+proc `==`*(x, y: Fine): bool {.borrow.} =
+  ## Here is the documentation
+  runnableExamples:
+    var x = Fine("1234")
+    var y = Fine("1234")
+    doAssert x == y
+  doAssert false
+
+
+var x = Fine("1234")
+var y = Fine("1234")
+doAssert x == y
+
+block: # bug #22902
+  type
+    DistinctTable = distinct Table[int, int]
+
+  proc `[]`(t: DistinctTable; key: int): lent int {.borrow.}
diff --git a/tests/dll/client.nim b/tests/dll/client.nim
index 150af3a17..62697569f 100644
--- a/tests/dll/client.nim
+++ b/tests/dll/client.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 discard """
-  output: "Done"
   cmd: "nim $target --debuginfo --hints:on --define:useNimRtl $options $file"
 """
 
@@ -37,5 +36,8 @@ proc eval(n: PNode): int =
 for i in 0..100_000:
   discard eval(buildTree(2))
 
-echo "Done"
-
+# bug https://forum.nim-lang.org/t/8176; Error: ambiguous identifier: 'nimrtl'
+import std/strutils
+doAssert join(@[1, 2]) == "12"
+doAssert join(@[1.5, 2.5]) == "1.52.5"
+doAssert join(@["a", "bc"]) == "abc"
diff --git a/tests/dll/nimhcr_basic.nim b/tests/dll/nimhcr_basic.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e1f39ae0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/dll/nimhcr_basic.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+Hello world
+'''
+"""
+# for now orc only tests successful compilation
+
+echo "Hello world"
diff --git a/tests/dll/nimhcr_unit.nim b/tests/dll/nimhcr_unit.nim
index 0b924bdf7..249f3f9f1 100644
--- a/tests/dll/nimhcr_unit.nim
+++ b/tests/dll/nimhcr_unit.nim
@@ -106,14 +106,14 @@ macro carryOutTests(callingConv: untyped): untyped =
       echo `procName`, " implementation #1 ", x
       return x + 1
 
-    let fp1 = cast[F](hcrRegisterProc("dummy_module", `procName`, `p1`))
+    let fp1 = cast[F](hcrRegisterProc("dummy_module", `procName`, cast[pointer](`p1`)))
     echo fp1(10)
 
     proc `p2`(x: int): int {.placeholder.} =
       echo `procName`, " implementation #2 ", x
       return x + 2
 
-    let fp2 = cast[F](hcrRegisterProc("dummy_module", `procName`, `p2`))
+    let fp2 = cast[F](hcrRegisterProc("dummy_module", `procName`, cast[pointer](`p2`)))
     echo fp1(20)
     echo fp2(20)
 
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ macro carryOutTests(callingConv: untyped): untyped =
       echo `procName`, " implementation #3 ", x
       return x + 3
 
-    let fp3 = cast[F](hcrRegisterProc("dummy_module", `procName`, `p3`))
+    let fp3 = cast[F](hcrRegisterProc("dummy_module", `procName`, cast[pointer](`p3`)))
     echo fp1(30)
     echo fp2(30)
     echo fp3(30)
diff --git a/tests/effects/tdiagnostic_messages.nim b/tests/effects/tdiagnostic_messages.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b1acf8c5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/tdiagnostic_messages.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+discard """
+  nimoutFull: true
+  action: "reject"
+  cmd: "nim r --hint:Conf:off $file"
+  nimout: '''
+tdiagnostic_messages.nim(36, 6) Error: 'a' can have side effects
+> tdiagnostic_messages.nim(37, 30) Hint: 'a' calls `.sideEffect` 'callWithSideEffects'
+>> tdiagnostic_messages.nim(29, 6) Hint: 'callWithSideEffects' called by 'a'
+>>> tdiagnostic_messages.nim(31, 34) Hint: 'callWithSideEffects' calls `.sideEffect` 'indirectCallViaVarParam'
+>>>> tdiagnostic_messages.nim(25, 6) Hint: 'indirectCallViaVarParam' called by 'callWithSideEffects'
+>>>>> tdiagnostic_messages.nim(26, 7) Hint: 'indirectCallViaVarParam' calls routine via hidden pointer indirection
+>>> tdiagnostic_messages.nim(32, 33) Hint: 'callWithSideEffects' calls `.sideEffect` 'indirectCallViaPointer'
+>>>> tdiagnostic_messages.nim(27, 6) Hint: 'indirectCallViaPointer' called by 'callWithSideEffects'
+>>>>> tdiagnostic_messages.nim(28, 32) Hint: 'indirectCallViaPointer' calls routine via pointer indirection
+>>> tdiagnostic_messages.nim(33, 3) Hint: 'callWithSideEffects' calls `.sideEffect` 'myEcho'
+>>>> tdiagnostic_messages.nim(24, 6) Hint: 'myEcho' called by 'callWithSideEffects'
+>>> tdiagnostic_messages.nim(34, 3) Hint: 'callWithSideEffects' accesses global state 'globalVar'
+>>>> tdiagnostic_messages.nim(23, 5) Hint: 'globalVar' accessed by 'callWithSideEffects'
+
+'''
+"""
+
+var globalVar = 0
+proc myEcho(a: string) {.sideEffect.} = discard
+proc indirectCallViaVarParam(call: var proc(): int {.nimcall.}): int =
+  call()
+proc indirectCallViaPointer(call: pointer): int =
+  cast[ptr proc(): int](call)[]()
+proc callWithSideEffects(): int =
+  var p = proc (): int {.nimcall.} = 0
+  discard indirectCallViaVarParam(p)
+  discard indirectCallViaPointer(addr p)
+  myEcho ""
+  globalVar
+
+func a: int =
+  discard callWithSideEffects()
diff --git a/tests/effects/teffects1.nim b/tests/effects/teffects1.nim
index 66d6a3518..1d267b5fa 100644
--- a/tests/effects/teffects1.nim
+++ b/tests/effects/teffects1.nim
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 discard """
-  cmd: "nim check $file"
-  nimout: '''teffects1.nim(22, 28) template/generic instantiation from here
-teffects1.nim(23, 13) Error: can raise an unlisted exception: ref IOError
-teffects1.nim(22, 29) Hint: 'lier' cannot raise 'IO2Error' [XCannotRaiseY]
-teffects1.nim(38, 21) Error: type mismatch: got <proc (x: int): string{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.}> but expected 'MyProcType = proc (x: int): string{.closure.}'
-.raise effects differ'''
+  cmd: "nim check --hint:Conf:off --hint:XDeclaredButNotUsed:off $file"
+  nimout: '''
+teffects1.nim(17, 28) template/generic instantiation from here
+'''
 """
-
+{.push warningAsError[Effect]: on.}
 type
   TObj {.pure, inheritable.} = object
   TObjB = object of TObj
@@ -16,28 +14,34 @@ type
 
 proc forw: int {. .}
 
-proc lier(): int {.raises: [IO2Error].} =
-  #[tt.Hint                 ^ 'lier' cannot raise 'IO2Error' [XCannotRaiseY] ]#
+proc lier(): int {.raises: [IO2Error].} = #[tt.Hint
+                            ^ 'lier' cannot raise 'IO2Error' [XCannotRaiseY] ]#
   writeLine stdout, "arg" #[tt.Error
-            ^  can raise an unlisted exception: ref IOError
-  ]#
+  ^ writeLine stdout, ["arg"] can raise an unlisted exception: ref IOError ]#
 
 proc forw: int =
   raise newException(IOError, "arg")
 
+block:
+  proc someProc(t: string) {.raises: [Defect].} =
+    discard
+  let vh: proc(topic: string) {.raises: [].} = someProc
+
 {.push raises: [Defect].}
 
 type
   MyProcType* = proc(x: int): string #{.raises: [ValueError, Defect].}
 
-proc foo(x: int): string {.raises: [ValueError].} =
+proc foo(x: int): string {.nimcall, raises: [ValueError].} =
   if x > 9:
     raise newException(ValueError, "Use single digit")
   $x
 
 var p: MyProcType = foo #[tt.Error
                     ^
-type mismatch: got <proc (x: int): string{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.}> but expected 'MyProcType = proc (x: int): string{.closure.}'
-
+type mismatch: got <proc (x: int): string{.nimcall, raises: [ValueError], noSideEffect, gcsafe.}> but expected 'MyProcType = proc (x: int): string{.closure.}'
+  Calling convention mismatch: got '{.nimcall.}', but expected '{.closure.}'.
+.raise effects differ
 ]#
 {.pop.}
+{.pop.}
diff --git a/tests/effects/teffects11.nim b/tests/effects/teffects11.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..20b7026ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/teffects11.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+discard """
+action: compile
+errormsg: "type mismatch: got <proc (x: int){.gcsafe.}>"
+line: 21
+"""
+
+type
+  Effect1 = object
+  Effect2 = object
+  Effect3 = object
+
+proc test(fnc: proc(x: int): void {.forbids: [Effect2].}) {.tags: [Effect1, Effect3, RootEffect].} =
+  fnc(1)
+
+proc t1(x: int): void = echo $x
+proc t2(x: int): void {.tags: [Effect2].} = echo $x
+proc t3(x: int): void {.tags: [Effect3].} = echo $x
+
+test(t1)
+test(t3)
+test(t2)
diff --git a/tests/effects/teffects12.nim b/tests/effects/teffects12.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f5499c38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/teffects12.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+discard """
+action: compile
+"""
+
+import std/locks
+
+type
+  Test2Effect* = object
+  Test2* = object
+    value2*: int
+  Test1Effect* = object
+  Test1* = object
+    value1*: int
+  Main* = object
+    test1Lock: Lock
+    test1: Test1
+    test2Lock: Lock
+    test2: Test2
+
+proc `=copy`(obj1: var Test2, obj2: Test2) {.error.}
+proc `=copy`(obj1: var Test1, obj2: Test1) {.error.}
+proc `=copy`(obj1: var Main, obj2: Main) {.error.}
+
+proc withTest1(main: var Main,
+               fn: proc(test1: var Test1) {.gcsafe, forbids: [Test1Effect].}) {.gcsafe, tags: [Test1Effect, RootEffect].} =
+  withLock(main.test1Lock):
+    fn(main.test1)
+
+proc withTest2(main: var Main,
+               fn: proc(test1: var Test2) {.gcsafe, forbids: [Test2Effect].}) {.gcsafe, tags: [Test2Effect, RootEffect].} =
+  withLock(main.test2Lock):
+    fn(main.test2)
+
+proc newMain(): Main =
+  var test1lock: Lock
+  initLock(test1Lock)
+  var test2lock: Lock
+  initLock(test2Lock)
+  var main = Main(test1Lock: move(test1Lock), test1: Test1(value1: 1),
+                  test2Lock: move(test2Lock), test2: Test2(value2: 2))
+  main.withTest1(proc(test1: var Test1) = test1.value1 += 1)
+  main.withTest2(proc(test2: var Test2) = test2.value2 += 1)
+  move main
+
+var main = newMain()
+main.withTest1(proc(test1: var Test1) =
+  test1.value1 += 1
+  main.withTest2(proc(test2: var Test2) = test2.value2 += 1)
+)
+
+main.withTest1(proc(test1: var Test1) {.tags: [].} = echo $test1.value1)
+main.withTest2(proc(test2: var Test2) {.tags: [].} = echo $test2.value2)
diff --git a/tests/effects/teffects13.nim b/tests/effects/teffects13.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..73082f997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/teffects13.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+action: compile
+errormsg: "writeSomething() has an illegal effect: WriteIO"
+line: 19
+"""
+
+type
+  IO = object of RootEffect ## input/output effect
+  ReadIO = object of IO     ## input effect
+  WriteIO = object of IO    ## output effect
+
+proc readSomething(): string {.tags: [ReadIO].} = ""
+proc writeSomething(): void {.tags: [WriteIO].} = echo "..."
+
+proc noWritesPlease() {.forbids: [WriteIO].} =
+  # this is OK:
+  echo readSomething()
+  # the compiler prevents this:
+  writeSomething()
diff --git a/tests/effects/teffects14.nim b/tests/effects/teffects14.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6291d9569
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/teffects14.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+discard """
+action: compile
+errormsg: "func1() has an illegal effect: IO"
+line: 15
+"""
+
+type IO = object ## input/output effect
+proc func1(): string {.tags: [IO].} = discard
+proc func2(): string = discard
+
+proc no_IO_please() {.forbids: [IO].} =
+  # this is OK because it didn't define any tag:
+  discard func2()
+  # the compiler prevents this:
+  let y = func1()
diff --git a/tests/effects/teffects15.nim b/tests/effects/teffects15.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c3079cdbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/teffects15.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+discard """
+action: compile
+errormsg: "method1(c) has an illegal effect: IO"
+line: 18
+"""
+
+type
+  IO = object ## input/output effect
+  CustomObject* = object of RootObj
+    text: string
+
+method method1(obj: var CustomObject): string {.tags: [IO].} = obj.text & "."
+method method2(obj: var CustomObject): string = obj.text & ":"
+
+proc noIO() {.forbids: [IO].} =
+  var c = CustomObject(text: "a")
+  echo c.method2()
+  echo c.method1()
diff --git a/tests/effects/teffects16.nim b/tests/effects/teffects16.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee8f782a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/teffects16.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+discard """
+action: compile
+errormsg: "writeSomething(\"a\") can have an unlisted effect: WriteIO"
+line: 20
+"""
+
+type
+  IO = object of RootEffect ## input/output effect
+  ReadIO = object of IO     ## input effect
+  WriteIO = object of IO    ## output effect
+  LogIO = object of IO      ## another output effect
+
+proc readSomething(): string {.tags: [ReadIO].} = ""
+proc writeSomething(msg: string): void {.tags: [WriteIO].} = echo msg
+proc logSomething(msg: string): void {.tags: [LogIo].} = echo msg
+
+proc noWritesPlease() {.forbids: [WriteIO], tags: [LogIO, ReadIO].} =
+  echo readSomething()
+  logSomething("a")
+  writeSomething("a")
diff --git a/tests/effects/teffects17.nim b/tests/effects/teffects17.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e6b83896
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/teffects17.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+discard """
+action: compile
+errormsg: "writeSomething(\"a\") has an illegal effect: WriteIO"
+line: 17
+"""
+
+type
+  IO = object of RootEffect ## input/output effect
+  ReadIO = object of IO     ## input effect
+  WriteIO = object of IO    ## output effect
+
+proc readSomething(): string {.tags: [ReadIO].} = ""
+proc writeSomething(msg: string): void {.tags: [WriteIO].} = echo msg
+
+proc illegalEffectNegation() {.forbids: [WriteIO], tags: [ReadIO, WriteIO].} =
+  echo readSomething()
+  writeSomething("a")
diff --git a/tests/effects/teffects18.nim b/tests/effects/teffects18.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..576e76635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/teffects18.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+action: compile
+errormsg: "type mismatch: got <ProcType2>"
+line: 19
+"""
+
+type MyEffect = object
+type ProcType1 = proc (i: int): void {.forbids: [MyEffect].}
+type ProcType2 = proc (i: int): void
+
+proc testFunc(p: ProcType1): void = p(1)
+
+proc toBeCalled(i: int): void {.tags: [MyEffect].} = echo $i
+
+let emptyTags = proc(i: int): void {.tags: [].} = echo $i
+let noTags: ProcType2 = proc(i: int): void = toBeCalled(i)
+
+testFunc(emptyTags)
+testFunc(noTags)
diff --git a/tests/effects/teffects19.nim b/tests/effects/teffects19.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b4ab0819
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/teffects19.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+discard """
+action: compile
+errormsg: "type mismatch: got <proc (i: int){.gcsafe.}>"
+line: 23
+"""
+
+type MyEffect = object
+type ProcType1 = proc (i: int): void {.forbids: [MyEffect].}
+type ProcType2 = proc (i: int): void
+
+proc caller1(p: ProcType1): void = p(1)
+proc caller2(p: ProcType2): void = p(1)
+
+proc effectful(i: int): void {.tags: [MyEffect].} = echo $i
+proc effectless(i: int): void {.forbids: [MyEffect].} = echo $i
+
+proc toBeCalled1(i: int): void = effectful(i)
+proc toBeCalled2(i: int): void = effectless(i)
+
+caller1(toBeCalled2)
+caller2(toBeCalled1)
+caller2(toBeCalled2)
+caller1(toBeCalled1)
diff --git a/tests/effects/teffects2.nim b/tests/effects/teffects2.nim
index e4b50aba5..777a4cebc 100644
--- a/tests/effects/teffects2.nim
+++ b/tests/effects/teffects2.nim
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ discard """
   errormsg: "can raise an unlisted exception: ref IOError"
   line: 19
 """
-
+{.push warningAsError[Effect]: on.}
 type
-  TObj = object {.pure, inheritable.}
+  TObj {.pure, inheritable.} = object
   TObjB = object of TObj
     a, b, c: string
 
@@ -17,3 +17,4 @@ proc lier(): int {.raises: [IOError].} =
 
 proc forw: int =
   raise newException(IOError, "arg")
+{.pop.}
diff --git a/tests/effects/teffects3.nim b/tests/effects/teffects3.nim
index ee5470c47..4c050510a 100644
--- a/tests/effects/teffects3.nim
+++ b/tests/effects/teffects3.nim
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ discard """
 """
 
 type
-  TObj = object {.pure, inheritable.}
+  TObj {.pure, inheritable.} = object
   TObjB = object of TObj
     a, b, c: string
     fn: proc (): int {.tags: [].}
diff --git a/tests/effects/teffects4.nim b/tests/effects/teffects4.nim
index 88cc0efa9..b875754b6 100644
--- a/tests/effects/teffects4.nim
+++ b/tests/effects/teffects4.nim
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ discard """
 """
 
 type
-  TObj = object {.pure, inheritable.}
+  TObj {.pure, inheritable.} = object
   TObjB = object of TObj
     a, b, c: string
     fn: proc (): int {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].}
diff --git a/tests/effects/teffects6.nim b/tests/effects/teffects6.nim
index 6a4eea155..d3af22434 100644
--- a/tests/effects/teffects6.nim
+++ b/tests/effects/teffects6.nim
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ createMenuItem(s, "Go to definition...",
 )
 
 
-proc noRaise(x: proc()) {.raises: [].} =
+proc noRaise(x: proc()) {.raises: [], effectsOf: x.} =
   # unknown call that might raise anything, but valid:
   x()
 
@@ -34,3 +34,23 @@ proc use*() =
 
 
 use()
+
+# bug #12642
+import os
+
+proc raises() {.raises: Exception.} = discard
+proc harmless() {.raises: [].} = discard
+
+let x = if paramStr(1) == "true": harmless else: raises
+
+let
+  choice = 0
+
+proc withoutSideEffects(): int = 0
+proc withSideEffects(): int = echo "foo" # the echo causes the side effect
+
+let procPtr = case choice
+              of 0: withoutSideEffects
+              else: withSideEffects
+
+echo procPtr.repr
diff --git a/tests/effects/teffects7.nim b/tests/effects/teffects7.nim
index 73865b18d..9b7fbf5f0 100644
--- a/tests/effects/teffects7.nim
+++ b/tests/effects/teffects7.nim
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ discard """
   errormsg: "can raise an unlisted exception: ref ValueError"
   line: 10
 """
-
+{.push warningAsError[Effect]: on.}
 proc foo() {.raises: [].} =
   try:
     discard
@@ -12,3 +12,5 @@ proc foo() {.raises: [].} =
     discard
 
 foo()
+
+{.pop.}
diff --git a/tests/effects/teffects8.nim b/tests/effects/teffects8.nim
index fb3c088d6..359b3a1df 100644
--- a/tests/effects/teffects8.nim
+++ b/tests/effects/teffects8.nim
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ discard """
   errormsg: "can raise an unlisted exception: Exception"
   line: 10
 """
-
+{.push warningAsError[Effect]: on.}
 proc foo() {.raises: [].} =
   try:
     discard
@@ -10,3 +10,4 @@ proc foo() {.raises: [].} =
     raise
 
 foo()
+{.pop.}
diff --git a/tests/effects/teffectsmisc.nim b/tests/effects/teffectsmisc.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8fb95b275
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/teffectsmisc.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+printing from adder
+'''
+"""
+
+import std/sugar
+
+block:
+  proc makeAdder(a: int): (int) -> void =
+    proc discard_adder(x: int) {.closure.} =
+      discard a + x
+
+    proc echo_adder(x: int) {.closure.} =
+      echo("printing from adder")
+
+    if a > 0:
+      discard_adder
+    else:
+      echo_adder
+
+  let newAdder = makeAdder(0)
+  newAdder(5)
+
+block:
+  proc makeAdder(a: int): (int) -> void =
+    proc discard_adder(x: int) {.closure.} =
+      discard a + x
+
+    proc echo_adder(x: int) {.closure.} =
+      echo("printing from adder")
+
+    if a > 0:
+      echo_adder
+    else:
+      discard_adder
+
+  let newAdder = makeAdder(0)
+  newAdder(5)
diff --git a/tests/effects/tfuncs_cannot_mutate.nim b/tests/effects/tfuncs_cannot_mutate.nim
index 4768af2b3..9934d27a7 100644
--- a/tests/effects/tfuncs_cannot_mutate.nim
+++ b/tests/effects/tfuncs_cannot_mutate.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "'mutate' can have side effects"
-  nimout: '''an object reachable from 'n' is potentially mutated
-tfuncs_cannot_mutate.nim(39, 15) the mutation is here
-tfuncs_cannot_mutate.nim(37, 7) is the statement that connected the mutation to the parameter'''
-  line: 33
+  errormsg: "cannot mutate location select(x, z).data within a strict func"
+  line: 35
 """
 
 {.experimental: "strictFuncs".}
@@ -25,8 +22,7 @@ func len(n: Node): int =
     it = it.ri
 
 func doNotDistract(n: Node) =
-  var m = Node()
-  m.data = "abc"
+  var m = Node(data: "abc")
 
 func select(a, b: Node): Node = b
 
diff --git a/tests/effects/tfuncs_cannot_mutate2.nim b/tests/effects/tfuncs_cannot_mutate2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86f811017
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/tfuncs_cannot_mutate2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "cannot mutate location x[0].a within a strict func"
+  line: 12
+"""
+
+{.experimental: "strictFuncs".}
+
+func copy[T](x: var openArray[T]; y: openArray[T]) =
+  for i in 0..high(x):
+    x[i] = y[i]
+
+  x[0].a = nil
+
+type
+  R = ref object
+    a, b: R
+    data: string
+
+proc main =
+  var a, b: array[3, R]
+  b = [R(data: "a"), R(data: "b"), R(data: "c")]
+  copy a, b
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/effects/tfuncs_cannot_mutate3.nim b/tests/effects/tfuncs_cannot_mutate3.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..029152029
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/tfuncs_cannot_mutate3.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "cannot mutate location kid.parent within a strict func"
+  line: 16
+"""
+
+{.experimental: "strictFuncs".}
+
+type
+  Node = ref object
+    name: string
+    kids: seq[Node]
+    parent: Node
+
+func initParents(tree: Node) =
+  for kid in tree.kids:
+    kid.parent = tree
+    initParents(kid)
+
+proc process(intro: Node): Node =
+  var tree = Node(name: "root", kids: @[
+    intro,
+    Node(name: "one", kids: @[
+      Node(name: "two"),
+      Node(name: "three"),
+    ]),
+    Node(name: "four"),
+  ])
+  initParents(tree)
+
+proc main() =
+  var intro = Node(name: "intro")
+  var tree = process(intro)
+  echo intro.parent.name
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/effects/tfuncs_cannot_mutate_simple.nim b/tests/effects/tfuncs_cannot_mutate_simple.nim
index 9de20d1ec..0ae4a0db9 100644
--- a/tests/effects/tfuncs_cannot_mutate_simple.nim
+++ b/tests/effects/tfuncs_cannot_mutate_simple.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "'edit' can have side effects"
-  nimout: '''an object reachable from 'x' is potentially mutated
-tfuncs_cannot_mutate_simple.nim(17, 4) the mutation is here'''
-  line: 16
+  errormsg: '''cannot mutate location x.data within a strict func'''
+  line: 15
 """
 
 {.experimental: "strictFuncs".}
diff --git a/tests/effects/tgcsafe.nim b/tests/effects/tgcsafe.nim
index 363624f19..cfac3ddd8 100644
--- a/tests/effects/tgcsafe.nim
+++ b/tests/effects/tgcsafe.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "'mainUnsafe' is not GC-safe"
+  errormsg: "'mainUnsafe' is not GC-safe as it performs an indirect call here"
   line: 26
   cmd: "nim $target --hints:on --threads:on $options $file"
 """
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ proc myproc(i: int) {.gcsafe.} =
   if isNil(global_proc):
     return
 
-proc mymap(x: proc ()) =
+proc mymap(x: proc ()) {.effectsOf: x.} =
   x()
 
 var
diff --git a/tests/effects/tgcsafe2.nim b/tests/effects/tgcsafe2.nim
index 07da4e3f8..6268592a9 100644
--- a/tests/effects/tgcsafe2.nim
+++ b/tests/effects/tgcsafe2.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: '''type mismatch: got <proc (s: string){.locks: 0.}>'''
+  errormsg: '''type mismatch: got <proc (s: string)>'''
   line: 11
 """
 #5620
diff --git a/tests/effects/tgcsafe3.nim b/tests/effects/tgcsafe3.nim
index 5137efe4c..36ea5112c 100644
--- a/tests/effects/tgcsafe3.nim
+++ b/tests/effects/tgcsafe3.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "'myproc' is not GC-safe as it accesses 'global_proc' which is a global using GC'ed memory"
+  errormsg: "'myproc' is not GC-safe as it calls 'global_proc'"
   line: 12
   cmd: "nim $target --hints:on --threads:on $options $file"
 """
diff --git a/tests/effects/thooks.nim b/tests/effects/thooks.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..23cc005cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/thooks.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--warningAsError:Effect"
+"""
+
+import std/isolation
+
+# bug #23129
+type
+  Thing = object
+    x: string
+
+proc send(x: string) =
+  let wrapper = Thing(x: x)
+  discard isolate(wrapper)
+
+send("la")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/effects/tlaxeffects.nim b/tests/effects/tlaxeffects.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7eedc372a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/tlaxeffects.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim $target $options --legacy:laxEffects $file"
+"""
+
+
+type
+  Foo = object
+    bar: seq[Foo]
+
+proc `==`(a, b: Foo): bool =
+  a.bar == b.bar
diff --git a/tests/effects/tnestedprocs.nim b/tests/effects/tnestedprocs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..125896d44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/tnestedprocs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check --hints:off $file"
+  nimout: '''tnestedprocs.nim(27, 8) Error: 'inner' can have side effects
+> tnestedprocs.nim(29, 13) Hint: 'inner' calls `.sideEffect` 'outer2'
+>> tnestedprocs.nim(26, 6) Hint: 'outer2' called by 'inner'
+
+tnestedprocs.nim(45, 8) Error: 'inner' can have side effects
+> tnestedprocs.nim(47, 13) Hint: 'inner' calls `.sideEffect` 'outer6'
+>> tnestedprocs.nim(44, 6) Hint: 'outer6' called by 'inner'
+
+tnestedprocs.nim(58, 41) Error: type mismatch: got <proc ()> but expected 'proc (){.closure, noSideEffect.}'
+  Pragma mismatch: got '{..}', but expected '{.noSideEffect.}'.
+'''
+  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <proc ()> but expected 'proc (){.closure, noSideEffect.}'"
+"""
+{.experimental: "strictEffects".}
+proc outer {.noSideEffect.} =
+  proc inner(p: int) =
+    if p == 0:
+      outer()
+
+  inner(4)
+
+outer()
+
+proc outer2 =
+  proc inner(p: int) {.noSideEffect.} =
+    if p == 0:
+      outer2()
+
+  inner(4)
+
+outer2()
+
+proc outer3(p: int) {.noSideEffect.} =
+  proc inner(p: int) {.noSideEffect.} =
+    if p == 0:
+      p.outer3()
+
+  inner(4)
+
+outer3(5)
+
+proc outer6 =
+  proc inner(p: int) {.noSideEffect.} =
+    if p == 0:
+      outer6()
+
+  inner(4)
+  echo "bad"
+
+outer6()
+
+
+proc outer4 =
+  proc inner(p: int) {.noSideEffect.} =
+    if p == 0:
+      let x: proc () {.noSideEffect.} = outer4
+      x()
+
+  inner(4)
+
+outer4()
diff --git a/tests/effects/tnosideeffect.nim b/tests/effects/tnosideeffect.nim
index 9cabb35a2..9fc2f74d4 100644
--- a/tests/effects/tnosideeffect.nim
+++ b/tests/effects/tnosideeffect.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 block: # `.noSideEffect`
-  func foo(bar: proc(): int): int = bar()
+  func foo(bar: proc(): int): int {.effectsOf: bar.} = bar()
   var count = 0
   proc fn1(): int = 1
   proc fn2(): int = (count.inc; count)
diff --git a/tests/effects/toutparam.nim b/tests/effects/toutparam.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 00572aa6b..000000000
--- a/tests/effects/toutparam.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  cmd: '''nim c --warningAsError[Uninit]:on --skipCfg --skipParentCfg $file'''
-  errormsg: "use explicit initialization of 'x' for clarity [Uninit]"
-  line: 24
-  disabled: "true"
-"""
-
-proc gah[T](x: out T) =
-  x = 3
-
-proc main =
-  var a: array[2, int]
-  var x: int
-  gah(x)
-  a[0] = 3
-  a[x] = 3
-  echo x
-
-main()
-
-proc mainB =
-  var a: array[2, int]
-  var x: int
-  a[0] = 3
-  a[x] = 3
-  echo x
-
-mainB()
diff --git a/tests/effects/tstrict_caseobjects.nim b/tests/effects/tstrict_caseobjects.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..20bc810e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/tstrict_caseobjects.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "field access outside of valid case branch: x.x"
+  line: 45
+"""
+
+{.experimental: "strictCaseObjects".}
+
+type
+  NodeKind = enum
+    nkParent,
+    nkChild
+  
+  Node {.acyclic.} = ref object
+    case kind: NodeKind
+    of nkParent:
+      children: seq[Node]
+    of nkChild:
+      name: string
+
+let list = @[Node(kind: nkParent, children: @[]), Node(kind: nkChild, name: "hello")]
+for node in list:
+  case node.kind
+  of nkChild: 
+    echo $node.name # here this time there is a warning
+  else: discard
+
+
+type
+  Foo = object
+    case b: bool
+    of false:
+      s: string
+    of true:
+      x: int
+
+var x = Foo(b: true, x: 4)
+case x.b
+of true:
+  echo x.x
+of false:
+  echo "no"
+
+case x.b
+of false:
+  echo x.x
+of true:
+  echo "no"
diff --git a/tests/effects/tstrict_effects.nim b/tests/effects/tstrict_effects.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eee8fb71a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/tstrict_effects.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "s1 can raise an unlisted exception: CatchableError"
+  line: 27
+"""
+
+{.push warningAsError[Effect]: on.}
+{.experimental: "strictEffects".}
+
+# bug #18376
+
+{.push raises: [Defect].}
+type Call = proc (x: int): int {.gcsafe, raises: [Defect, CatchableError].}
+
+type Bar* = object
+  foo*: Call
+
+proc passOn*(x: Call) = discard
+
+proc barCal(b: var Bar, s: string, s1: Call) =
+  #compiler complains that his line can throw CatchableError
+  passOn s1
+
+
+proc passOnB*(x: Call) {.effectsOf: x.} = discard
+
+proc barCal2(b: var Bar, s: string, s1: Call) =
+  passOnB s1
diff --git a/tests/effects/tstrict_effects2.nim b/tests/effects/tstrict_effects2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..acc0a0540
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/tstrict_effects2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "can raise an unlisted exception: Exception"
+  line: 23
+"""
+
+{.push warningAsError[Effect]: on.}
+{.experimental: "strictEffects".}
+
+# bug #13905
+
+proc atoi(v: cstring): cint {.importc: "atoi", cdecl, raises: [].}
+
+type Conv = proc(v: cstring): cint {.cdecl, raises: [].}
+
+var x: Conv = atoi
+
+# bug #17475
+
+type
+  Callback = proc()
+
+proc f(callback: Callback) {.raises: [].} =
+  callback()
+
+proc main =
+  f(proc () = raise newException(IOError, "IO"))
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/effects/tstrict_effects3.nim b/tests/effects/tstrict_effects3.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d98a0343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/tstrict_effects3.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+discard """
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+{.push warningAsError[Effect]: on.}
+
+{.experimental: "strictEffects".}
+
+proc fn(a: int, p1, p2: proc()) {.effectsOf: p1.} =
+  if a == 7:
+    p1()
+  if a<0:
+    raise newException(ValueError, $a)
+
+proc main() {.raises: [ValueError].} =
+  fn(1, proc()=discard, proc() = raise newException(IOError, "foo"))
+main()
+
+# bug #19159
+
+import macros
+
+func mkEnter() =
+  template helper =
+    discard
+  when defined pass:
+    helper()
+  else:
+    let ast = getAst(helper())
+
+
+# bug #6559
+type
+  SafeFn = proc (): void {. raises: [] }
+
+proc ok() {. raises: [] .} = discard
+proc fail() {. raises: [] .}
+
+let f1 : SafeFn = ok
+let f2 : SafeFn = fail
+
+
+proc fail() = discard
+f1()
+f2()
+
+import std/json
+
+# bug #22254
+proc senri(a, b: seq[JsonNode]) {.raises: [].} = discard a == b
+
+# bug #22253
+proc serika() {.raises: [].} = discard default(JsonNode) == nil
+
+senri(@[newJBool(true)], @[newJBool(false)])
+serika()
+
diff --git a/tests/effects/tstrict_effects_sort.nim b/tests/effects/tstrict_effects_sort.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8928ed0d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/tstrict_effects_sort.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "cmpE can raise an unlisted exception: Exception"
+  line: 27
+"""
+
+{.push warningAsError[Effect]: on.}
+
+{.experimental: "strictEffects".}
+
+import algorithm
+
+type
+  MyInt = distinct int
+
+var toSort = @[MyInt 1, MyInt 2, MyInt 3]
+
+proc cmpN(a, b: MyInt): int =
+  cmp(a.int, b.int)
+
+proc harmless {.raises: [].} =
+  toSort.sort cmpN
+
+proc cmpE(a, b: MyInt): int {.raises: [Exception].} =
+  cmp(a.int, b.int)
+
+proc harmfull {.raises: [].} =
+  toSort.sort cmpE
diff --git a/tests/effects/tstrict_funcs.nim b/tests/effects/tstrict_funcs.nim
index 044bc7ee1..9d20f5d7e 100644
--- a/tests/effects/tstrict_funcs.nim
+++ b/tests/effects/tstrict_funcs.nim
@@ -27,3 +27,20 @@ block:
 
   var x = @[0, 1]
   let z = x &&& 2
+
+
+func copy[T](x: var openArray[T]; y: openArray[T]) =
+  for i in 0..high(x):
+    x[i] = y[i]
+
+type
+  R = ref object
+    a, b: R
+    data: string
+
+proc main =
+  var a, b: array[3, R]
+  b = [R(data: "a"), R(data: "b"), R(data: "c")]
+  copy a, b
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/effects/tstrict_funcs_imports.nim b/tests/effects/tstrict_funcs_imports.nim
index 4e9b9fe66..bf68b61b2 100644
--- a/tests/effects/tstrict_funcs_imports.nim
+++ b/tests/effects/tstrict_funcs_imports.nim
@@ -7,11 +7,19 @@ discard """
 when defined(linux):
   import linenoise
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[
+    assertions,
+    formatfloat,
+    objectdollar,
+    syncio,
+    widestrs,
+  ]
+
 import
   algorithm,
   asyncdispatch,
   asyncfile,
-  asyncftpclient,
   asyncfutures,
   asynchttpserver,
   asyncmacro,
@@ -31,11 +39,6 @@ import
   cpuload,
   critbits,
   cstrutils,
-  db_common,
-  db_mysql,
-  db_odbc,
-  db_postgres,
-  db_sqlite,
   deques,
   distros,
   dynlib,
@@ -63,7 +66,6 @@ import
   macros,
   marshal,
   math,
-  md5,
   memfiles,
   mersenne,
   mimetypes,
@@ -84,10 +86,9 @@ import
   parseutils,
   parsexml,
   pathnorm,
-  # pegs,
+  pegs,
   posix_utils,
   prelude,
-  punycode,
   random,
   rationals,
   rdstdin,
@@ -102,7 +103,6 @@ import
   sets,
   sharedlist,
   sharedtables,
-  smtp,
   ssl_certs,
   ssl_config,
   stats,
@@ -154,7 +154,6 @@ import std/[
   monotimes,
   packedsets,
   setutils,
-  sha1,
   socketstreams,
   stackframes,
   sums,
diff --git a/tests/effects/tstrict_funcs_imports_js.nim b/tests/effects/tstrict_funcs_imports_js.nim
index b7fcd343a..667887ff0 100644
--- a/tests/effects/tstrict_funcs_imports_js.nim
+++ b/tests/effects/tstrict_funcs_imports_js.nim
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ discard """
 import
   asyncjs,
   dom,
-  dom_extensions,
   jsconsole,
   jsffi,
   jsre
diff --git a/tests/effects/tstrictfuncs_misc.nim b/tests/effects/tstrictfuncs_misc.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c573bb3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/effects/tstrictfuncs_misc.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+discard """
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+{.experimental: "strictFuncs".}
+
+func sortedFake1[T](a: openArray[T]): seq[T] =
+  for i in 0 .. a.high: result.add a[i]
+func sortedFake2[T](a: openArray[T]): seq[T] =
+  result = newSeq[T](a.len)
+  for i in 0 .. a.high: result[i] = a[i]
+type Foo1 = object
+type Foo2 = ref object
+block:
+  let a1 = sortedFake1([Foo1()]) # ok
+  let a2 = sortedFake1([Foo2()]) # ok
+block:
+  let a1 = sortedFake2([Foo1()]) # ok
+  let a2 = sortedFake2([Foo2()]) # error: Error: 'sortedFake2' can have side effects
+
+
+import std/sequtils
+type Foob = ref object
+  x: int
+let a1 = zip(@[1,2], @[1,2]) # ok
+let a2 = zip(@[Foob(x: 1)], @[Foob(x: 2)]) # error in 1.6.0 RC2, but not 1.4.x
+
+
+# bug #20863
+type
+  Fooc = ref object
+
+func twice(foo: Fooc) =
+  var a = newSeq[Fooc](2)
+  a[0] = foo # No error.
+  a[1] = foo # Error: 'twice' can have side effects.
+
+let foo = Fooc()
+twice(foo)
+
+# bug #17387
+import json
+
+func parseColumn(columnNode: JsonNode) =
+  let columnName = columnNode["name"].str
+
+parseColumn(%*{"a": "b"})
+
+type
+  MyTable = object
+    data: seq[int]
+
+  JsonNode3 = ref object
+    fields: MyTable
+
+proc `[]`(t: MyTable, key: string): int =
+  result = t.data[0]
+
+proc `[]`(x: JsonNode3, key: string): int =
+  result = x.fields[key]
+
+func parseColumn(columnNode: JsonNode3) =
+  var columnName = columnNode["test"]
+
+parseColumn(JsonNode3())
diff --git a/tests/enum/m16462_1.nim b/tests/enum/m16462_1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..631c63256
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/enum/m16462_1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+type
+  Scancode* {.pure.} = enum
+    SCANCODE_LEFT = 80
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/enum/m16462_2.nim b/tests/enum/m16462_2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..631c63256
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/enum/m16462_2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+type
+  Scancode* {.pure.} = enum
+    SCANCODE_LEFT = 80
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/enum/mcrossmodule.nim b/tests/enum/mcrossmodule.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e534a202c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/enum/mcrossmodule.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+
+type
+  OtherEnum* = enum
+    Success, Failed, More
+
+proc some*(x: OtherEnum): bool = x == Success
diff --git a/tests/enum/t16462.nim b/tests/enum/t16462.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f38286bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/enum/t16462.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import m16462_1 except Scancode
+import m16462_2
+
+# bug #16462
+let a = SCANCODE_LEFT
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/enum/t21863.nim b/tests/enum/t21863.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0d8b1fcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/enum/t21863.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+discard """
+cmd: "nim check --hints:off $file"
+action: reject
+nimout: '''
+t21863.nim(28, 16) Error: undeclared field: 'A' 
+  found 'A' [enumField declared in t21863.nim(24, 18)]
+  found 'A' [enumField declared in t21863.nim(25, 18)]
+t21863.nim(28, 16) Error: undeclared field: '.'
+t21863.nim(28, 16) Error: undeclared field: '.'
+t21863.nim(28, 16) Error: expression '' has no type (or is ambiguous)
+'''
+"""
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+block:
+  type
+    EnumA = enum A, B
+    EnumB = enum A
+    EnumC = enum C
+
+  discard EnumC.A
diff --git a/tests/enum/tambiguousoverloads.nim b/tests/enum/tambiguousoverloads.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..12c78c848
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/enum/tambiguousoverloads.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+discard """
+cmd: "nim check --hints:off $file"
+"""
+
+block: # bug #21887
+  type
+    EnumA = enum A = 300, B
+    EnumB = enum A = 10
+    EnumC = enum C
+
+  doAssert typeof(EnumC(A)) is EnumC #[tt.Error
+                        ^ ambiguous identifier: 'A' -- use one of the following:
+  EnumA.A: EnumA
+  EnumB.A: EnumB]#
+
+block: # issue #22598
+  type
+    A = enum
+      red
+    B = enum
+      red
+
+  let a = red #[tt.Error
+          ^ ambiguous identifier: 'red' -- use one of the following:
+  A.red: A
+  B.red: B]#
diff --git a/tests/enum/tcrossmodule.nim b/tests/enum/tcrossmodule.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c21072198
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/enum/tcrossmodule.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import mcrossmodule
+
+type
+  MyEnum = enum
+    Success
+
+template t =
+  doAssert some(Success)
+
+t()
+
+block: # legacy support for behavior before overloadableEnums
+  # warning: ambiguous enum field 'Success' assumed to be of type MyEnum
+  let x = {Success}
+  doAssert x is set[MyEnum]
diff --git a/tests/enum/tenum.nim b/tests/enum/tenum.nim
index aa338ee2c..a03019c5d 100644
--- a/tests/enum/tenum.nim
+++ b/tests/enum/tenum.nim
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ ABCDC
 foo
 first0second32third64
 my value A1my value Bconc2valueCabc4abc
-my value A0my value Bconc1valueCabc3valueC
+my value A0my value Bconc1valueCabc3abc
 '''
 """
 
@@ -124,25 +124,25 @@ block tnamedfields:
   # trick the optimizer with a variable:
   var x = valueD
   echo valueA, ord(valueA), valueB, ord(valueB), valueC, valueD, ord(valueD), x
+  doAssert $x == $valueD, $x
+  doAssert $x == "abc", $x
 
 
-
-block toptions:
+block tfakeOptions:
   type
-    # please make sure we have under 32 options (improves code efficiency!)
-    TOption = enum
-      optNone, optForceFullMake, optBoehmGC, optRefcGC, optRangeCheck,
-      optBoundsCheck, optOverflowCheck, optNilCheck, optAssert, optLineDir,
-      optWarns, optHints, optListCmd, optCompileOnly,
-      optSafeCode,             # only allow safe code
-      optStyleCheck, optOptimizeSpeed, optOptimizeSize, optGenDynLib,
-      optGenGuiApp, optStackTrace
+    TFakeOption = enum
+      fakeNone, fakeForceFullMake, fakeBoehmGC, fakeRefcGC, fakeRangeCheck,
+      fakeBoundsCheck, fakeOverflowCheck, fakeNilCheck, fakeAssert, fakeLineDir,
+      fakeWarns, fakeHints, fakeListCmd, fakeCompileOnly,
+      fakeSafeCode,             # only allow safe code
+      fakeStyleCheck, fakeOptimizeSpeed, fakeOptimizeSize, fakeGenDynLib,
+      fakeGenGuiApp, fakeStackTrace
 
-    TOptionset = set[TOption]
+    TFakeOptionset = set[TFakeOption]
 
   var
-    gOptions: TOptionset = {optRefcGC, optRangeCheck, optBoundsCheck,
-      optOverflowCheck, optAssert, optWarns, optHints, optLineDir, optStackTrace}
+    gFakeOptions: TFakeOptionset = {fakeRefcGC, fakeRangeCheck, fakeBoundsCheck,
+      fakeOverflowCheck, fakeAssert, fakeWarns, fakeHints, fakeLineDir, fakeStackTrace}
     compilerArgs: int
     gExitcode: int8
 
@@ -155,11 +155,113 @@ block nonzero: # bug #6959
     C
   let slice = SomeEnum.low..SomeEnum.high
 
-block size_one_byte: #issue 15752
+block size_one_byte: # bug #15752
   type
     Flag = enum
       Disabled = 0x00
       Enabled = 0xFF
 
   static:
-    assert 1 == sizeof(Flag)
\ No newline at end of file
+    assert 1 == sizeof(Flag)
+
+block: # bug #12589
+  when not defined(i386):
+    type
+      OGRwkbGeometryType {.size: sizeof(cuint).} = enum
+        wkbPoint25D = 0x80000001.cuint, wkbLineString25D = 0x80000002,
+        wkbPolygon25D = 0x80000003
+
+    proc typ(): OGRwkbGeometryType =
+      return wkbPoint25D
+
+    when not defined(gcRefc):
+      doAssert $typ() == "wkbPoint25D"
+
+    block: # bug #21280
+      type
+        Test = enum
+          B = 19
+          A = int64.high()
+
+      doAssert ord(A) == int64.high()
+
+import std/enumutils
+from std/sequtils import toSeq
+import std/macros
+
+block: # unordered enum
+  block:
+    type
+      unordered_enum = enum
+        a = 1
+        b = 0
+
+    doAssert (ord(a), ord(b)) == (1, 0)
+    doAssert unordered_enum.toSeq == @[a, b]
+
+  block:
+    type
+      unordered_enum = enum
+        a = 1
+        b = 0
+        c
+
+    doAssert (ord(a), ord(b), ord(c)) == (1, 0, 2)
+
+  block:
+    type
+      unordered_enum = enum
+        a = 100
+        b
+        c = 50
+        d
+
+    doAssert (ord(a), ord(b), ord(c), ord(d)) == (100, 101, 50, 51)
+
+  block:
+    type
+      unordered_enum = enum
+        a = 7
+        b = 6
+        c = 5
+        d
+
+    doAssert (ord(a), ord(b), ord(c), ord(d)) == (7, 6, 5, 8)
+    doAssert unordered_enum.toSeq == @[a, b, c, d]
+
+  block:
+    type
+      unordered_enum = enum
+        a = 100
+        b
+        c = 500
+        d
+        e
+        f = 50
+        g
+        h
+
+    doAssert (ord(a), ord(b), ord(c), ord(d), ord(e), ord(f), ord(g), ord(h)) == 
+             (100, 101, 500, 501, 502, 50, 51, 52)
+
+  block:
+    type
+      unordered_enum = enum
+        A
+        B
+        C = -1
+        D
+        E
+        G = -999
+
+    doAssert (ord(A), ord(B), ord(C), ord(D), ord(E), ord(G)) ==
+             (0, 1, -1, 2, 3, -999)
+
+  block:
+    type
+      SomeEnum = enum
+        seA = 3
+        seB = 2
+        seC = "foo"
+
+    doAssert (ord(seA), ord(seB), ord(seC)) == (3, 2, 4)
diff --git a/tests/enum/tenum_duplicate.nim b/tests/enum/tenum_duplicate.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4bcad7f6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/enum/tenum_duplicate.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "duplicate value in enum 'd'"
+"""
+
+type
+  unordered_enum = enum
+    a = 1
+    b = 0
+    c
+    d = 2
diff --git a/tests/enum/tenum_invalid.nim b/tests/enum/tenum_invalid.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ae0a1057
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/enum/tenum_invalid.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+discard """
+cmd: "nim check $file"
+"""
+
+type
+  Test = enum
+    A = 9.0 #[tt.Error
+        ^ ordinal type expected; given: float]#
diff --git a/tests/enum/toverloadable_enums.nim b/tests/enum/toverloadable_enums.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9bb551467
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/enum/toverloadable_enums.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''B
+0
+E2-B'''
+joinable: false
+"""
+
+{.experimental: "overloadableEnums".}
+
+type
+  E1 = enum
+    value1,
+    value2
+  E2 = enum
+    value1,
+    value2 = 4
+
+const
+  Lookuptable = [
+    E1.value1: "1",
+    value2: "2"
+  ]
+
+when false:
+  const
+    Lookuptable: array[E1, string] = [
+      value1: "1",
+      value2: "2"
+    ]
+
+
+proc p(e: E1): int =
+  # test that the 'case' statement is smart enough:
+  case e
+  of value1: echo "A"
+  of value2: echo "B"
+
+
+let v = p value2 # ERROR: ambiguous!
+# (value2|value2)  nkClosedSymChoice -> nkSym
+
+proc x(p: int) = discard
+proc x(p: string) = discard
+
+proc takeCallback(param: proc(p: int)) = discard
+
+takeCallback x
+
+echo ord v
+
+block: # https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/8
+  type
+    Enum1 = enum
+      A, B, C
+    Enum2 = enum
+      A, Z
+
+  proc f(e: Enum1): int = ord(e)
+  proc g(e: Enum2): int = ord(e)
+
+  proc h(e: Enum1): int = ord(e)
+  proc h(e: Enum2): int = ord(e)
+
+  let fA = f(A) # Type of A is well defined
+  let gA = g(A) # Same as above
+
+  let hA1 = h(Enum1.A) # A requires disambiguation
+  let hA2 = h(Enum2.A) # Similarly
+  let hA3 = h(B)
+  let hA4 = h(B)
+  let x = ord(Enum1.A) # Also
+  doAssert fA == 0
+  doAssert gA == 0
+  doAssert hA1 == 0
+  doAssert hA2 == 0
+  doAssert x == 0
+  doAssert hA3 == 1
+  doAssert hA4 == 1
+
+# bug #18769
+proc g3[T](x: T, e: E2): int =
+  case e
+  of value1: echo "E2-A"        # Error: type mismatch: got 'E1' for 'value1' but expected 'E2 = enum'
+  of value2: echo "E2-B"
+
+let v5 = g3(99, E2.value2)
+
+block: # only allow enums to overload enums
+  # mirrors behavior without overloadableEnums
+  proc foo() = discard
+  block:
+    type Foo = enum foo
+    doAssert foo is Foo
+    foo()
+
+import macros
+block: # test with macros/templates
+  type
+    Enum1 = enum
+      value01, value02
+    Enum2 = enum
+      value01, value10
+
+  macro isOneM(a: untyped): bool =
+    result = newCall(bindSym"==", a, ident"value01")
+
+  macro isOneMS(a: untyped): bool =
+    result = newCall(bindSym"==", a, bindSym"value01")
+
+  template isOneT(a: untyped): bool =
+    a == value01
+
+  let e1 = Enum1.value01
+  let e2 = Enum2.value01
+  doAssert isOneM(e1)
+  doAssert isOneM(e2)
+  doAssert isOneMS(e1)
+  doAssert isOneMS(e2)
+  doAssert isOneT(e1)
+  doAssert isOneT(e2)
diff --git a/tests/enum/toverloadedname.nim b/tests/enum/toverloadedname.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d11b0fb83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/enum/toverloadedname.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+block: # issue #23998
+  type
+    Enum {.pure.} = enum
+      a
+    Obj = object
+      a: Enum
+  proc test(a: Enum) = discard Obj(a: a)
diff --git a/tests/enum/tpure_enums_conflict.nim b/tests/enum/tpure_enums_conflict.nim
index 3c7528a72..3cf335440 100644
--- a/tests/enum/tpure_enums_conflict.nim
+++ b/tests/enum/tpure_enums_conflict.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "ambiguous identifier: 'amb'"
-  line: 19
+  matrix: "-d:testsConciseTypeMismatch"
 """
 
 # bug #8066
@@ -16,4 +15,13 @@ when true:
 
   echo valueA # MyEnum.valueA
   echo MyEnum.amb # OK.
-  echo amb    # Error: Unclear whether it's MyEnum.amb or OtherEnum.amb
+  echo amb #[tt.Error
+  ^ type mismatch
+Expression: echo amb
+  [1] amb: MyEnum | OtherEnum
+
+Expected one of (first mismatch at [position]):
+[1] proc echo(x: varargs[typed, `$$`])
+  ambiguous identifier: 'amb' -- use one of the following:
+    MyEnum.amb: MyEnum
+    OtherEnum.amb: OtherEnum]#
diff --git a/tests/enum/tpure_enums_conflict_legacy.nim b/tests/enum/tpure_enums_conflict_legacy.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e592925bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/enum/tpure_enums_conflict_legacy.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# bug #8066
+
+when true:
+  type
+    MyEnum {.pure.} = enum
+      valueA, valueB, valueC, valueD, amb
+
+    OtherEnum {.pure.} = enum
+      valueX, valueY, valueZ, amb
+
+
+  echo valueA # MyEnum.valueA
+  echo MyEnum.amb # OK.
+  echo amb #[tt.Error
+  ^ type mismatch: got <MyEnum | OtherEnum>
+but expected one of:
+proc echo(x: varargs[typed, `$$`])
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for x: varargs[typed]
+  but expression 'amb' is of type: None
+  ambiguous identifier: 'amb' -- use one of the following:
+    MyEnum.amb: MyEnum
+    OtherEnum.amb: OtherEnum
+
+expression: echo amb]#
diff --git a/tests/enum/tredefinition.nim b/tests/enum/tredefinition.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..615ca6b1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/enum/tredefinition.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: '''nim check --hints:off $file'''
+  action: reject
+nimout: '''
+tredefinition.nim(9, 25) Error: redefinition of 'Key_a'; previous declaration here: tredefinition.nim(9, 18)
+'''
+"""
+
+type Key* = enum Key_A, Key_a
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/enum/ttypenameconflict.nim b/tests/enum/ttypenameconflict.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b13bf00ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/enum/ttypenameconflict.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# issue #23689
+
+type
+  MyEnum {.pure.} = enum
+    A, B, C, D
+
+  B = object
+    field: int
+
+let x: MyEnum = B
+doAssert $x == "B"
+doAssert typeof(x) is MyEnum
+doAssert x in {A, B}
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/mambparam1.nim b/tests/errmsgs/mambparam1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a5133c3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/mambparam1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+const test* = "foo"
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/mambparam2.nim b/tests/errmsgs/mambparam2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..073e3f8c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/mambparam2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+import mambparam1
+export test
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/mambparam3.nim b/tests/errmsgs/mambparam3.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5469244e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/mambparam3.nim
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+const test* = "bar"
diff --git a/tests/clearmsg/mb.nim b/tests/errmsgs/mb.nim
index 2d21e2396..2d21e2396 100644
--- a/tests/clearmsg/mb.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/mb.nim
diff --git a/tests/clearmsg/mc.nim b/tests/errmsgs/mc.nim
index 79d7431df..79d7431df 100644
--- a/tests/clearmsg/mc.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/mc.nim
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t10251.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t10251.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..19adf02eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t10251.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+  action:reject
+  cmd: "nim check $options $file"
+  nimout: '''
+t10251.nim(19, 23) Error: redefinition of 'goo1'; previous declaration here: t10251.nim(19, 11)
+'''
+"""
+
+# line 10
+type
+  Enum1 = enum
+    foo, bar, baz
+  Enum2 = enum
+    foo, bar, baz
+
+
+type
+  Enum3 {.pure.} = enum # fixed (by accident?) in https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/18263
+    goo0, goo1, goo2, goo1
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t10376.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t10376.nim
index 2ce16d6a2..814c860dc 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/t10376.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t10376.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   errormsg: "finalizer must be a direct reference to a proc"
-  line: 29
+  line: 30
 """
 
 type
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t10489_a.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t10489_a.nim
index 71a6cc3c4..c762ce876 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/t10489_a.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t10489_a.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-errormsg: "invalid type: 'macro (body: untyped): untyped{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.}' for let. Did you mean to call the macro with '()'?"
+errormsg: "invalid type: 'macro (body: untyped): untyped{.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}' for let. Did you mean to call the macro with '()'?"
 line: 9
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t10489_b.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t10489_b.nim
index 4b0b876e5..df05f0e6e 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/t10489_b.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t10489_b.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-errormsg: "invalid type: 'macro (body: untyped): untyped{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.}' for const. Did you mean to call the macro with '()'?"
+errormsg: "invalid type: 'macro (body: untyped): untyped{.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}' for const. Did you mean to call the macro with '()'?"
 line: 9
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t10542.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t10542.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b57dbf18b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t10542.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--hintaserror:ConvFromXtoItselfNotNeeded"
+"""
+
+# bug #10542
+
+proc f(args: varargs[string, string], length: int) =
+  doAssert args.len == length
+
+# main use case that requires type conversion (no warning here)
+f("a", "b", 2)
+f("a", 1)
+
+
+proc m(args: varargs[cstring, cstring]) =
+  doAssert args.len == 2
+
+# main use case that requires type conversion (no warning here)
+m("a", "b")
+
+# if an argument already is cstring there's a warning
+let x: cstring = "x"
+m("a", x)
+m(x, "a")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t10594.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t10594.nim
index c9506c542..d27dd6433 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/t10594.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t10594.nim
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ discard """
   line: 7
 """
 
-template foo(v: varargs[int]) = unsafeAddr v 
+template foo(v: varargs[int]) = addr v 
 foo(1, 2)
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t10735.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t10735.nim
index 307acac2d..a39cd196e 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/t10735.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t10735.nim
@@ -1,36 +1,63 @@
 discard """
   cmd: "nim check $file"
-  errormsg: "selector must be of an ordinal type, float or string"
+  errormsg: "illformed AST: case buf[pos]"
   nimout: '''
-t10735.nim(38, 5) Error: 'let' symbol requires an initialization
-t10735.nim(39, 10) Error: undeclared identifier: 'pos'
-t10735.nim(39, 9) Error: type mismatch: got <cstring, >
+t10735.nim(65, 5) Error: 'let' symbol requires an initialization
+t10735.nim(66, 10) Error: undeclared identifier: 'pos'
+t10735.nim(66, 10) Error: expression 'pos' has no type (or is ambiguous)
+t10735.nim(66, 10) Error: expression 'pos' has no type (or is ambiguous)
+t10735.nim(66, 9) Error: type mismatch: got <cstring, >
 but expected one of:
 proc `[]`(s: string; i: BackwardsIndex): char
-  first type mismatch at position: 0
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for s: string
+  but expression 'buf' is of type: cstring
 proc `[]`(s: var string; i: BackwardsIndex): var char
-  first type mismatch at position: 0
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for s: var string
+  but expression 'buf' is of type: cstring
 proc `[]`[I: Ordinal; T](a: T; i: I): T
   first type mismatch at position: 0
 proc `[]`[Idx, T; U, V: Ordinal](a: array[Idx, T]; x: HSlice[U, V]): seq[T]
-  first type mismatch at position: 0
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for a: array[Idx, T]
+  but expression 'buf' is of type: cstring
 proc `[]`[Idx, T](a: array[Idx, T]; i: BackwardsIndex): T
-  first type mismatch at position: 0
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for a: array[Idx, T]
+  but expression 'buf' is of type: cstring
 proc `[]`[Idx, T](a: var array[Idx, T]; i: BackwardsIndex): var T
-  first type mismatch at position: 0
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for a: var array[Idx, T]
+  but expression 'buf' is of type: cstring
 proc `[]`[T, U: Ordinal](s: string; x: HSlice[T, U]): string
-  first type mismatch at position: 0
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for s: string
+  but expression 'buf' is of type: cstring
 proc `[]`[T; U, V: Ordinal](s: openArray[T]; x: HSlice[U, V]): seq[T]
-  first type mismatch at position: 0
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for s: openArray[T]
+  but expression 'buf' is of type: cstring
 proc `[]`[T](s: openArray[T]; i: BackwardsIndex): T
-  first type mismatch at position: 0
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for s: openArray[T]
+  but expression 'buf' is of type: cstring
 proc `[]`[T](s: var openArray[T]; i: BackwardsIndex): var T
-  first type mismatch at position: 0
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for s: var openArray[T]
+  but expression 'buf' is of type: cstring
+template `[]`(a: WideCStringObj; idx: int): Utf16Char
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for a: WideCStringObj
+  but expression 'buf' is of type: cstring
 template `[]`(s: string; i: int): char
-  first type mismatch at position: 0
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for s: string
+  but expression 'buf' is of type: cstring
 
-expression: `[]`(buf, pos)
-t10735.nim(39, 9) Error: selector must be of an ordinal type, float or string
+expression: buf[pos]
+t10735.nim(66, 9) Error: expression '' has no type (or is ambiguous)
+t10735.nim(68, 3) Error: illformed AST: case buf[pos]
 '''
   joinable: false
 """
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t14444.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t14444.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27365236e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t14444.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--hints:off"
+  exitcode: "1"
+  output: '''
+t14444.nim(13)           t14444
+fatal.nim(53)            sysFatal
+Error: unhandled exception: index out of bounds, the container is empty [IndexDefect]
+'''
+"""
+
+when true: # bug #14444
+  var i: string
+  i[10] = 'j'
+  echo i
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t16654.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t16654.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2b57619b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t16654.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $options $file"
+  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <int literal(1), proc (r: GenericParam): auto>"
+"""
+
+when true: # bug #16654
+  func fn[T](a: T, op: proc(a: T): float) = discard
+  proc main() =
+    let v = 1
+    proc bar(r: auto): auto = v
+    fn(1, bar)
+  main()
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t17460.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t17460.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb8e21198
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t17460.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $options $file"
+  errormsg: "tuple expected for tuple unpacking, but got 'array[0..2, int]'"
+"""
+
+iterator xclusters*[T](a: openArray[T]; s: static[int]): array[s, T] {.inline.} =
+  var result: array[s, T] # iterators have no default result variable
+  var i = 0
+  while i < len(a):
+    for j, x in mpairs(result):
+      x = a[(i + j) mod len(a)]
+    yield result
+    inc(i)
+
+proc m =
+  for (i, j, k) in xclusters([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 3):
+    echo i, j, k
+
+m()
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t18327.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t18327.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..686a1bd0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t18327.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "parameter 'n' requires a type"
+"""
+
+proc fn3(n) = discard
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t18886.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t18886.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ed160c64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t18886.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check --hints:off $file"
+  errormsg: ""
+  nimout: '''
+t18886.nim(18, 24) Error: ambiguous identifier: 'bar' -- you need a helper proc to disambiguate the following:
+  t18886.bar: proc (i: ptr int){.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}
+  t18886.bar: proc (i: ptr char){.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}
+'''
+"""
+
+type Foo = (proc(_: pointer): void)
+
+
+proc bar(i: ptr[int]) = discard
+proc bar(i: ptr[char]) = discard
+
+
+let fooBar = cast[Foo](bar)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t18983.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t18983.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3451875cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t18983.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "illegal recursion in type 'A'"
+"""
+
+type
+  A* = A
+  B = (A,)
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t19224.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t19224.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a9ecb2e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t19224.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+discard """
+cmd: "nim check --hints:off $file"
+errormsg: ""
+nimout: '''
+t19224.nim(10, 10) Error: cannot infer element type of items([])
+t19224.nim(12, 10) Error: cannot infer element type of items(@[])
+'''
+"""
+
+for _ in []: discard
+
+for _ in @[]: discard
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t19882.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t19882.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f2f95ab7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t19882.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+discard """
+  errormsg: "cannot instantiate 'A[T, P]' inside of type definition: 'init'; Maybe generic arguments are missing?"
+"""
+type A[T,P] = object
+  b:T
+  c:P
+proc init(): ref A =      
+  new(result)
+var a = init()
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t19882_2.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t19882_2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f3055a5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t19882_2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "cannot instantiate: 'A[T]'; the object's generic parameters cannot be inferred and must be explicitly given"
+"""
+type A[T] = object
+var a = A()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t21257.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t21257.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eecdb1dfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t21257.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+discard """
+  action: compile
+  cmd: "nim check $file" 
+"""
+
+type AC_WINCTRL_Fields* = distinct uint8
+
+type AC_STATUSA_WSTATE0* {.pure.} = enum
+  ABOVE = 0x0,
+  INSIDE = 0x1,
+  BELOW = 0x2,
+
+type AC_WINCTRL_WINTSEL0* {.pure.} = enum
+  ABOVE = 0x0,
+  INSIDE = 0x1,
+  BELOW = 0x2,
+  OUTSIDE = 0x3,
+
+proc write*(WINTSEL0: AC_WINCTRL_WINTSEL0 = ABOVE) =
+  discard
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t22097.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t22097.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb24ee8d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t22097.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <uint8>"
+"""
+
+proc toUInt16(x: var uint16) =
+  discard
+
+var x = uint8(1)
+toUInt16 x
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t22284.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t22284.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..827155e6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t22284.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "j(uRef, proc (config: F; sources: auto) {.raises: [].} = discard ) can raise an unlisted exception: Exception"
+"""
+
+import std/macros
+
+macro h(): untyped =
+  result = newTree(nnkStmtList)
+  result.add quote do:
+    new int
+
+type F = object
+
+proc j[SecondarySources](
+    uRef: ref SecondarySources,
+    u: proc (config: F, sources: ref SecondarySources)): F =
+  u(result, uRef)
+
+template programMain(body: untyped) =
+  proc main {.raises: [].} = body  # doesn't SIGSEGV without this {.raises: [].}
+  main()
+
+programMain:
+  var uRef = h()
+  discard j(uRef, u = proc(config: F, sources: auto) {.raises: [].} = discard)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t22753.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t22753.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8a504109a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t22753.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+discard """
+cmd: "nim check --hints:off $file"
+errormsg: "type mismatch"
+nimoutFull: true
+nimout: '''
+t22753.nim(51, 13) Error: array expects two type parameters
+t22753.nim(52, 1) Error: expression 'x' has no type (or is ambiguous)
+t22753.nim(52, 1) Error: expression 'x' has no type (or is ambiguous)
+t22753.nim(52, 2) Error: type mismatch: got <>
+but expected one of:
+proc `[]=`(s: var string; i: BackwardsIndex; x: char)
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for i: BackwardsIndex
+  but expression '0' is of type: int literal(0)
+proc `[]=`[I: Ordinal; T, S](a: T; i: I; x: sink S)
+  first type mismatch at position: 0
+proc `[]=`[Idx, T; U, V: Ordinal](a: var array[Idx, T]; x: HSlice[U, V];
+                                  b: openArray[T])
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for x: HSlice[[]=.U, []=.V]
+  but expression '0' is of type: int literal(0)
+proc `[]=`[Idx, T](a: var array[Idx, T]; i: BackwardsIndex; x: T)
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for i: BackwardsIndex
+  but expression '0' is of type: int literal(0)
+proc `[]=`[T, U: Ordinal](s: var string; x: HSlice[T, U]; b: string)
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for x: HSlice[[]=.T, []=.U]
+  but expression '0' is of type: int literal(0)
+proc `[]=`[T; U, V: Ordinal](s: var seq[T]; x: HSlice[U, V]; b: openArray[T])
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for x: HSlice[[]=.U, []=.V]
+  but expression '0' is of type: int literal(0)
+proc `[]=`[T](s: var openArray[T]; i: BackwardsIndex; x: T)
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for i: BackwardsIndex
+  but expression '0' is of type: int literal(0)
+template `[]=`(a: WideCStringObj; idx: int; val: Utf16Char)
+  first type mismatch at position: 3
+  required type for val: Utf16Char
+  but expression '9' is of type: int literal(9)
+template `[]=`(s: string; i: int; val: char)
+  first type mismatch at position: 3
+  required type for val: char
+  but expression '9' is of type: int literal(9)
+
+expression: x[0] = 9
+'''
+"""
+
+var x: array[3] # bug #22753
+x[0] = 9
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t22852.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t22852.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c352a49c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t22852.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  exitcode: 1
+  outputsub: '''
+Error: unhandled exception: value out of range: -2 notin 0 .. 9223372036854775807 [RangeDefect]
+'''
+"""
+
+# bug #22852
+echo [0][2..^2]
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t22996.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t22996.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a51fd8b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t22996.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "invalid type: 'typedesc[string]' for const"
+"""
+
+# bug #22996
+type MyObject = ref object
+  _ = string
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t23060.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t23060.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..abb79bcc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t23060.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "undeclared identifier: '♔♕♖♗♘♙'"
+"""
+
+♔♕♖♗♘♙ = 1
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t23419.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t23419.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..59a72f081
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t23419.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "invalid type: 'void' in this context: '(array[0..-1, void],)' for var"
+"""
+
+var a: (array[0, void], )
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t23435.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t23435.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e2e4c82a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t23435.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+discard """
+  outputsub: "Error: unhandled exception: value out of range: -15 notin 0 .. 9223372036854775807 [RangeDefect]"
+  exitcode: "1"
+"""
+
+# bug #23435
+proc foo() =
+  for _ in @[1, 3, 5]:
+    discard "abcde"[25..<10]
+    break
+
+foo()
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t23536.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t23536.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..610a85bab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t23536.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--stackTrace:on --excessiveStackTrace:off"
+"""
+
+const expected = """
+wrong trace:
+t23536.nim(22)           t23536
+t23536.nim(17)           foo
+assertions.nim(41)       failedAssertImpl
+assertions.nim(36)       raiseAssert
+fatal.nim(53)            sysFatal
+"""
+
+
+try:
+  proc foo = # bug #23536
+    doAssert false
+
+  for i in 0 .. 1:
+
+
+    foo()
+except AssertionDefect:
+  let e = getCurrentException()
+  let trace = e.getStackTrace
+  doAssert "wrong trace:\n" & trace == expected
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t2614.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t2614.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..031ecb9d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t2614.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $options --hints:off $file"
+  errormsg: ""
+  nimout: '''
+t2614.nim(19, 27) Error: type mismatch: got <array[0..1, proc ()]> but expected 'array[0..1, proc (){.closure.}]'
+  Calling convention mismatch: got '{.nimcall.}', but expected '{.closure.}'.
+t2614.nim(21, 22) Error: type mismatch: got <seq[proc ()]> but expected 'seq[proc (){.closure.}]'
+  Calling convention mismatch: got '{.nimcall.}', but expected '{.closure.}'.
+'''
+"""
+
+proc g
+proc f =
+  if false: g()
+proc g =
+  if false: f()
+
+var a = [f, g] # This works
+var b: array[2, proc()] = [f, g] # Error
+
+var c: seq[proc()] = @[f, g] 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t5167_4.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t5167_4.nim
index 7a263622b..dafd7754d 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/t5167_4.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t5167_4.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-errormsg: "type mismatch: got <proc [*missing parameters*](x: int) | proc (x: string){.gcsafe, locks: 0.}>"
+errormsg: "type mismatch: got <proc [*missing parameters*](x: int) | proc (x: string){.gcsafe.}>"
 line: 19
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t5167_5.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t5167_5.nim
index a9e260845..dea7e40b3 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/t5167_5.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t5167_5.nim
@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
 discard """
-cmd: "nim check $file"
-errormsg: "'t' has unspecified generic parameters"
-nimout: '''
-t5167_5.nim(10, 16) Error: expression 'system' has no type (or is ambiguous)
-t5167_5.nim(21, 9) Error: 't' has unspecified generic parameters
-'''
+cmd: "nim check --mm:refc $file"
 """
 # issue #11942
-discard newSeq[system]()
+discard newSeq[system]() #[tt.Error
+               ^ expression 'system' has no type (or is ambiguous)]#
 
 # issue #5167
 template t[B]() =
@@ -18,8 +14,12 @@ macro m[T]: untyped = nil
 proc bar(x: proc (x: int)) =
   echo "bar"
 
-let x = t
-bar t
+let x = t #[tt.Error
+        ^ 't' has unspecified generic parameters]#
+bar t #[tt.Error
+^ type mismatch: got <template [*missing parameters*]()>]#
 
-let y = m
-bar m
+let y = m #[tt.Error
+        ^ 'm' has unspecified generic parameters]#
+bar m #[tt.Error
+^ type mismatch: got <macro [*missing parameters*](): untyped{.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}>]#
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t5282.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t5282.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4da49d155
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t5282.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "illegal recursion in type 'x'"
+"""
+
+type x = distinct x
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t6499.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t6499.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25e78fdbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t6499.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "'chr' is a built-in and cannot be used as a first-class procedure"
+"""
+
+# bug #6499
+let x = (chr, 0)
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t6608.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t6608.nim
index 3d82f3cd8..88cbf42fd 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/t6608.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t6608.nim
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 discard """
   cmd: "nim c --hints:off $file"
   errormsg: "type mismatch: got <>"
-  nimout: '''t6608.nim(14, 4) Error: type mismatch: got <>
+  nimout: '''t6608.nim(13, 4) Error: type mismatch: got <>
 but expected one of:
 AcceptCB = proc (s: string){.closure.}'''
-  line: 14
 """
 
 type
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t8064.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t8064.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c35a3abcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t8064.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import tables
+
+values
+
+
+discard """
+  # either this or "expression has no type":
+  errormsg: "ambiguous identifier: 'values' -- use one of the following:"
+"""
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t8794.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t8794.nim
index 9db54a9c7..36f05dbad 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/t8794.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t8794.nim
@@ -1,33 +1,16 @@
 discard """
   cmd: "nim check $options $file"
-  errormsg: ""
-  nimout: '''
-t8794.nim(39, 27) Error: undeclared field: 'a3' for type m8794.Foo3 [type declared in m8794.nim(1, 6)]
-'''
 """
 
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-## line 20
-
 ## issue #8794
 
 import m8794
 
-when false: # pending https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/10091 add this
-  type Foo = object
-    a1: int
+type Foo = object
+  a1: int
 
-  discard Foo().a2
+discard Foo().a2 #[tt.Error
+             ^ undeclared field: 'a2' for type t8794.Foo [type declared in t8794.nim(9, 6)]]#
 
 type Foo3b = Foo3
 var x2: Foo3b
@@ -36,4 +19,5 @@ proc getFun[T](): T =
   var a: T
   a
 
-discard getFun[type(x2)]().a3
+discard getFun[type(x2)]().a3 #[tt.Error
+                          ^ undeclared field: 'a3' for type m8794.Foo3 [type declared in m8794.nim(1, 6)]]#
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t9768.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t9768.nim
index b72a158c7..b5ff58367 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/t9768.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t9768.nim
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "unhandled exception:"
-  file: "system/fatal.nim"
+  errormsg: "unhandled exception: t9768.nim(24, 3) `a < 4`  [AssertionDefect]"
+  file: "std/assertions.nim"
+  matrix: "-d:nimPreviewSlimSystem"
   nimout: '''
 stack trace: (most recent call last)
-t9768.nim(28, 33)        main
-t9768.nim(23, 11)        foo1
+t9768.nim(29, 33)        main
+t9768.nim(24, 11)        foo1
 '''
 """
-
+import std/assertions
 
 
 
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t9908_01.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t9908_01.nim
index b9d37b67b..99bc8237d 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/t9908_01.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t9908_01.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-errormsg: "ordinal type expected"
+errormsg: "ordinal type expected; given: string"
 line: 10
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/t9908_02.nim b/tests/errmsgs/t9908_02.nim
index 7ff3d1ff7..4fc60b3df 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/t9908_02.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/t9908_02.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-errormsg: "ordinal type expected"
+errormsg: "ordinal type expected; given: float"
 line: 10
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/clearmsg/ta.nim b/tests/errmsgs/ta.nim
index 31baae773..31baae773 100644
--- a/tests/clearmsg/ta.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/ta.nim
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tambparam.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tambparam.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b56a3fce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tambparam.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "-d:testsConciseTypeMismatch"
+"""
+
+import mambparam2, mambparam3
+
+echo test #[tt.Error
+^ type mismatch
+Expression: echo test
+  [1] test: string | string
+
+Expected one of (first mismatch at [position]):
+[1] proc echo(x: varargs[typed, `$$`])
+  ambiguous identifier: 'test' -- use one of the following:
+    mambparam1.test: string
+    mambparam3.test: string]#
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tambparam_legacy.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tambparam_legacy.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bd99a3aac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tambparam_legacy.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import mambparam2, mambparam3
+
+echo test #[tt.Error
+^ type mismatch: got <string | string>
+but expected one of:
+proc echo(x: varargs[typed, `$$`])
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for x: varargs[typed]
+  but expression 'test' is of type: None
+  ambiguous identifier: 'test' -- use one of the following:
+    mambparam1.test: string
+    mambparam3.test: string
+
+expression: echo test]#
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tassignunpack.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tassignunpack.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09d928a54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tassignunpack.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+var a, b = 0
+(a, b) = 1 #[tt.Error
+         ^ tuple expected for tuple unpacking, but got 'int literal(1)']#
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tcall_with_default_arg.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tcall_with_default_arg.nim
index 1cc86638f..44752f1ee 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/tcall_with_default_arg.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tcall_with_default_arg.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-outputsub: '''tcall_with_default_arg.nim(16) anotherFoo'''
+outputsub: '''tcall_with_default_arg.nim(8) fail'''
 exitcode: 1
 """
 # issue: #5604
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tcannot_capture_builtin.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tcannot_capture_builtin.nim
index 3b8aae241..65afa627e 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/tcannot_capture_builtin.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tcannot_capture_builtin.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-errormsg: "'+' cannot be passed to a procvar"
+errormsg: "'+' is a built-in and cannot be used as a first-class procedure"
 line: 8
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tcase_stmt.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tcase_stmt.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf63b9c17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tcase_stmt.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check --hints:off $file"
+  errormsg: ""
+  nimout: '''
+tcase_stmt.nim(22, 7) Error: selector must be of an ordinal type, float or string
+tcase_stmt.nim(28, 6) Error: selector must be of an ordinal type, float or string
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+'''
+"""
+
+
+
+# bug #19682
+type A = object
+
+case A()
+else:
+  discard
+
+# bug #20283
+
+case @[]
+else: discard
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tconceptconstraint.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tconceptconstraint.nim
index b1977acbc..066ec5bdb 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/tconceptconstraint.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tconceptconstraint.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 discard """
   errormsg: "cannot instantiate B"
-  line: 20
   nimout: '''
 got: <typedesc[string]>
 but expected: <T: A>
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tconcisetypemismatch.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tconcisetypemismatch.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3093cc24e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tconcisetypemismatch.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim c --hints:off -d:testsConciseTypeMismatch $file"
+  errormsg: "type mismatch"
+  nimout: '''
+tconcisetypemismatch.nim(23, 47) Error: type mismatch
+Expression: int(inNanoseconds(t2 - t1)) / 100.5
+  [1] int(inNanoseconds(t2 - t1)): int
+  [2] 100.5: float64
+
+Expected one of (first mismatch at [position]):
+[1] proc `/`(x, y: float): float
+[1] proc `/`(x, y: float32): float32
+[2] proc `/`(x, y: int): float
+'''
+"""
+
+import std/monotimes
+from times import inNanoseconds
+
+let t1 = getMonotime()
+let result = 1 + 2
+let t2 = getMonotime()
+echo "Elapsed: ", (t2 - t1).inNanoseconds.int / 100.5
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tconstinfo.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tconstinfo.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..170972b9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tconstinfo.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# https://forum.nim-lang.org/t/9762
+
+const foo = "abc"
+case 'a'
+of foo: echo "should error" #[tt.Error
+   ^ type mismatch: got <string> but expected 'char']#
+else: discard
diff --git a/tests/clearmsg/tconsttypemismatch.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tconsttypemismatch.nim
index 727bfbffb..727bfbffb 100644
--- a/tests/clearmsg/tconsttypemismatch.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tconsttypemismatch.nim
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tdeclaredlocs.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tdeclaredlocs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..926ebf217
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tdeclaredlocs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+discard """
+  action: reject
+  matrix: "--declaredLocs --hints:off"
+  nimoutFull: true
+  nimout: '''
+tdeclaredlocs.nim(92, 3) Error: type mismatch: got <seq[MyInt2]>
+but expected one of:
+proc fn(a: Bam) [proc declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(86, 6)]
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for a: Bam [object declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(78, 3)]
+  but expression 'a' is of type: seq[MyInt2{char}] [char declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(73, 3)]
+proc fn(a: Goo[MyInt2]) [proc declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(89, 6)]
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for a: Goo[MyInt2{char}] [object declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(79, 3)]
+  but expression 'a' is of type: seq[MyInt2{char}] [char declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(73, 3)]
+proc fn(a: Goo[cint]) [proc declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(88, 6)]
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for a: Goo[cint{int32}] [object declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(79, 3)]
+  but expression 'a' is of type: seq[MyInt2{char}] [char declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(73, 3)]
+proc fn(a: array[3, Bar]) [proc declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(82, 6)]
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for a: array[0..2, Bar] [object declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(74, 3)]
+  but expression 'a' is of type: seq[MyInt2{char}] [char declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(73, 3)]
+proc fn(a: seq[Bar]) [proc declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(81, 6)]
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for a: seq[Bar] [object declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(74, 3)]
+  but expression 'a' is of type: seq[MyInt2{char}] [char declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(73, 3)]
+proc fn(a: seq[MyInt1]) [proc declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(80, 6)]
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for a: seq[MyInt1{int}] [int declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(72, 3)]
+  but expression 'a' is of type: seq[MyInt2{char}] [char declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(73, 3)]
+proc fn(a: set[Baz]) [proc declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(84, 6)]
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for a: set[Baz{enum}] [enum declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(75, 3)]
+  but expression 'a' is of type: seq[MyInt2{char}] [char declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(73, 3)]
+proc fn(a: set[MyInt2]) [proc declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(83, 6)]
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for a: set[MyInt2{char}] [char declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(73, 3)]
+  but expression 'a' is of type: seq[MyInt2{char}] [char declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(73, 3)]
+proc fn(a: var SetBaz) [proc declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(85, 6)]
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for a: var SetBaz [enum declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(75, 3)]
+  but expression 'a' is of type: seq[MyInt2{char}] [char declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(73, 3)]
+proc fn(a: var ref ptr Bam) [proc declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(87, 6)]
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for a: var ref ptr Bam [object declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(78, 3)]
+  but expression 'a' is of type: seq[MyInt2{char}] [char declared in tdeclaredlocs.nim(73, 3)]
+
+expression: fn(a)
+'''
+"""
+
+#[
+see also: tests/errmsgs/tsigmatch.nim
+]#
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+# line 70
+type
+  MyInt1 = int
+  MyInt2 = char
+  Bar = object
+  Baz = enum k0, k1
+  Baz2 = Baz
+  SetBaz = set[Baz2]
+  Bam = ref object
+  Goo[T] = object
+proc fn(a: seq[MyInt1]) = discard
+proc fn(a: seq[Bar]) = discard
+proc fn(a: array[3, Bar]) = discard
+proc fn(a: set[MyInt2]) = discard
+proc fn(a: set[Baz]) = discard
+proc fn(a: var SetBaz) = discard
+proc fn(a: Bam) = discard
+proc fn(a: var ref ptr Bam) = discard
+proc fn(a: Goo[cint]) = discard
+proc fn(a: Goo[MyInt2]) = discard
+
+var a: seq[MyInt2]
+fn(a)
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tdistinct_nil.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tdistinct_nil.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2b403293
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tdistinct_nil.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $file"
+  action: reject
+  nimout: '''
+tdistinct_nil.nim(23, 4) Error: type mismatch: got <typeof(nil)>
+but expected one of:
+proc foo(x: DistinctPointer)
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for x: DistinctPointer
+  but expression 'nil' is of type: typeof(nil)
+
+expression: foo(nil)
+'''
+"""
+
+type
+  DistinctPointer = distinct pointer
+
+proc foo(x: DistinctPointer) =
+  discard
+
+foo(DistinctPointer(nil))
+foo(nil)
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tgcsafety.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tgcsafety.nim
index 77515b74f..66496d364 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/tgcsafety.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tgcsafety.nim
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 discard """
 cmd: "nim check $file"
-errormsg: "type mismatch: got <AsyncHttpServer, Port, proc (req: Request): Future[system.void]{.locks: <unknown>.}>"
+errormsg: "type mismatch: got <AsyncHttpServer, Port, proc (req: Request): Future[system.void]>"
 nimout: '''
-type mismatch: got <AsyncHttpServer, Port, proc (req: Request): Future[system.void]{.locks: <unknown>.}>
+tgcsafety.nim(31, 18) Error: type mismatch: got <AsyncHttpServer, Port, proc (req: Request): Future[system.void]>
 but expected one of:
 proc serve(server: AsyncHttpServer; port: Port;
            callback: proc (request: Request): Future[void] {.closure, gcsafe.};
-           address = ""; assumedDescriptorsPerRequest = -1): owned(Future[void])
+           address = ""; assumedDescriptorsPerRequest = -1; domain = AF_INET): owned(
+    Future[void])
   first type mismatch at position: 3
   required type for callback: proc (request: Request): Future[system.void]{.closure, gcsafe.}
-  but expression 'cb' is of type: proc (req: Request): Future[system.void]{.locks: <unknown>.}
+  but expression 'cb' is of type: proc (req: Request): Future[system.void]
   This expression is not GC-safe. Annotate the proc with {.gcsafe.} to get extended error information.
 
 expression: serve(server, Port(7898), cb)
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tgenericconstraint.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tgenericconstraint.nim
index b7272e787..b51fb3488 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/tgenericconstraint.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tgenericconstraint.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 discard """
   errormsg: "cannot instantiate B"
-  line: 14
   nimout: '''
 got: <typedesc[int]>
 but expected: <T: string or float>
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tgenericmismatchsegfault.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tgenericmismatchsegfault.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dbb783cb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tgenericmismatchsegfault.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "-d:testsConciseTypeMismatch"
+"""
+
+template v[T](c: SomeOrdinal): T = T(c)
+discard v[int, char]('A') #[tt.Error
+                    ^ type mismatch
+Expression: v[int, char]('A')
+  [1] 'A': char
+
+Expected one of (first mismatch at [position]):
+[2] template v[T](c: SomeOrdinal): T
+  generic parameter mismatch, expected SomeOrdinal but got 'char' of type: char]#
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tgenericmismatchsegfault_legacy.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tgenericmismatchsegfault_legacy.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1532611b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tgenericmismatchsegfault_legacy.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+template v[T](c: SomeOrdinal): T = T(c)
+discard v[int, char]('A') #[tt.Error
+                    ^ type mismatch: got <char>
+but expected one of:
+template v[T](c: SomeOrdinal): T
+  first type mismatch at position: 2 in generic parameters
+  required type for SomeOrdinal: SomeOrdinal
+  but expression 'char' is of type: char
+
+expression: v[int, char]('A')]#
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tinconsistentgensym.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tinconsistentgensym.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e4c85106
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tinconsistentgensym.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check --hints:off $file"
+"""
+
+block:
+  template foo =
+    when false:
+      let x = 123
+    else:
+      template x: untyped {.inject.} = 456
+    echo x #[tt.Error
+         ^ undeclared identifier: 'x`gensym0'; if declared in a template, this identifier may be inconsistently marked inject or gensym]#
+  foo()
+
+block:
+  template foo(y: static bool) =
+    block:
+      when y:
+        let x {.gensym.} = 123
+      else:
+        let x {.inject.} = 456
+      echo x #[tt.Error
+           ^ undeclared identifier: 'x']#
+  foo(false)
+  foo(true)
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tinteger_literals.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tinteger_literals.nim
index 98c92a227..f90ab14a1 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/tinteger_literals.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tinteger_literals.nim
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
 discard """
-cmd: "nim check $file"
-errormsg: "number out of range: '300'u8'"
-nimout: '''
-tinteger_literals.nim(12, 9) Error: number out of range: '18446744073709551616'u64'
-tinteger_literals.nim(13, 9) Error: number out of range: '9223372036854775808'i64'
-tinteger_literals.nim(14, 9) Error: number out of range: '9223372036854775808'
-tinteger_literals.nim(15, 9) Error: number out of range: '300'u8'
-'''
+  cmd: "nim check $file"
 """
-
-discard 18446744073709551616'u64 # high(uint64) + 1
-discard 9223372036854775808'i64  # high(int64) + 1
-discard 9223372036854775808      # high(int64) + 1
-discard 300'u8
\ No newline at end of file
+# high(uint64) + 1
+discard 18446744073709551616'u64 #[tt.Error
+        ^ number out of range: '18446744073709551616'u64' ]#
+# high(int64) + 1
+discard 9223372036854775808'i64 #[tt.Error
+        ^ number out of range: '9223372036854775808'i64' ]#
+# high(int64) + 1
+discard 9223372036854775808 #[tt.Error
+        ^ number out of range: '9223372036854775808' ]#
+discard 300'u8 #[tt.Error
+        ^ number out of range: '300'u8' ]#
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tinvalidinout.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tinvalidinout.nim
index 1fa3805ee..268bcf4d5 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/tinvalidinout.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tinvalidinout.nim
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ tinvalidinout.nim(18, 9) Error: the 'in' modifier can be used only with imported
 """
 
 type
-  Foo {.header: "foo.h", importcpp.} [in T] = object
+  Foo[in T] {.header: "foo.h", importcpp.} = object
 
   Bar[out X] = object
     x: int
diff --git a/tests/clearmsg/tmacroerrorproc.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tmacroerrorproc.nim
index 86726af72..86726af72 100644
--- a/tests/clearmsg/tmacroerrorproc.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tmacroerrorproc.nim
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tmetaobjectfields.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tmetaobjectfields.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..47d3acf18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tmetaobjectfields.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check --hints:off $file"
+  action: "reject"
+  nimout: '''
+tmetaobjectfields.nim(26, 5) Error: 'array' is not a concrete type
+tmetaobjectfields.nim(30, 5) Error: 'seq' is not a concrete type
+tmetaobjectfields.nim(34, 5) Error: 'set' is not a concrete type
+tmetaobjectfields.nim(37, 3) Error: 'sink' is not a concrete type
+tmetaobjectfields.nim(39, 3) Error: 'lent' is not a concrete type
+tmetaobjectfields.nim(56, 16) Error: 'seq' is not a concrete type
+tmetaobjectfields.nim(60, 5) Error: 'ptr' is not a concrete type
+tmetaobjectfields.nim(61, 5) Error: 'ref' is not a concrete type
+tmetaobjectfields.nim(62, 5) Error: 'auto' is not a concrete type
+tmetaobjectfields.nim(63, 5) Error: 'UncheckedArray' is not a concrete type
+tmetaobjectfields.nim(68, 5) Error: 'object' is not a concrete type
+tmetaobjectfields.nim(72, 5) Error: 'Type3011:ObjectType' is not a concrete type
+'''
+"""
+
+
+# bug #6982
+# bug #19546
+# bug #23531
+type
+  ExampleObj1 = object
+    arr: array
+
+type
+  ExampleObj2 = object
+    arr: seq
+
+type
+  ExampleObj3 = object
+    arr: set
+
+type A = object
+  b: sink
+  # a: openarray
+  c: lent
+
+type PropertyKind = enum
+  tInt,
+  tFloat,
+  tBool,
+  tString,
+  tArray
+
+type
+  Property = ref PropertyObj
+  PropertyObj = object
+    case kind: PropertyKind
+    of tInt: intValue: int
+    of tFloat: floatValue: float
+    of tBool: boolValue: bool
+    of tString: stringValue: string
+    of tArray: arrayValue: seq
+
+type
+  RegressionTest = object
+    a: ptr
+    b: ref
+    c: auto
+    d: UncheckedArray
+
+# bug #3011
+type
+  Type3011 = ref object 
+    context: ref object
+
+type
+  Value3011 = ref object
+    typ: Type3011
+
+proc x3011(): Value3011 =
+  nil
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tnon_concrete_cast.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tnon_concrete_cast.nim
index e4ae890ce..9e05c736c 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/tnon_concrete_cast.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tnon_concrete_cast.nim
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ proc write(rw: var MyReadWrite; value: SomeNumber): void =
 proc write[T](rw: var MyReadWrite; value: seq[T]): void =
   rw.write value.len
   let dst  = cast[ptr SomeNumber](cast[uint](rw.memfile.mem) + uint(rw.offset))
-  let src  = cast[pointer](value[0].unsafeAddr)
+  let src  = cast[pointer](value[0].addr)
   let size = sizeof(T) * value.len
   copyMem(dst, src, size)
   rw.offset += size
diff --git a/tests/misc/tnoop.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tnoop.nim
index 7f5bb1045..f55f2441a 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tnoop.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tnoop.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 discard """
   nimout: '''
-  found 'a' [var declared in tnoop.nim(11, 3)]
+  found 'a' [var declared in tnoop.nim(10, 3)]
   '''
   file: "tnoop.nim"
-  line: 13
   errormsg: "attempting to call routine: 'a'"
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tproc_mismatch.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tproc_mismatch.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16f319f3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tproc_mismatch.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+discard """
+  action: reject
+  cmd: '''nim check --hints:off $options $file'''
+  nimoutFull: true
+  nimout: '''
+tproc_mismatch.nim(38, 52) Error: type mismatch: got <proc (a: int, c: float){.cdecl, noSideEffect, gcsafe.}> but expected 'proc (a: int, c: float){.closure, noSideEffect.}'
+  Calling convention mismatch: got '{.cdecl.}', but expected '{.closure.}'.
+tproc_mismatch.nim(42, 6) Error: type mismatch: got <proc (){.inline, noSideEffect, gcsafe.}>
+but expected one of:
+proc bar(a: proc ())
+  first type mismatch at position: 1
+  required type for a: proc (){.closure.}
+  but expression 'fn1' is of type: proc (){.inline, noSideEffect, gcsafe.}
+  Calling convention mismatch: got '{.inline.}', but expected '{.closure.}'.
+
+expression: bar(fn1)
+tproc_mismatch.nim(46, 8) Error: type mismatch: got <proc (){.inline, noSideEffect, gcsafe.}> but expected 'proc (){.closure.}'
+  Calling convention mismatch: got '{.inline.}', but expected '{.closure.}'.
+tproc_mismatch.nim(51, 8) Error: type mismatch: got <proc ()> but expected 'proc (){.closure, noSideEffect.}'
+  Calling convention mismatch: got '{.nimcall.}', but expected '{.closure.}'.
+  Pragma mismatch: got '{..}', but expected '{.noSideEffect.}'.
+tproc_mismatch.nim(55, 8) Error: type mismatch: got <proc (a: int){.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}> but expected 'proc (a: float){.closure.}'
+  Calling convention mismatch: got '{.nimcall.}', but expected '{.closure.}'.
+tproc_mismatch.nim(64, 9) Error: type mismatch: got <proc (a: int)> but expected 'proc (a: int){.closure, gcsafe.}'
+  Calling convention mismatch: got '{.nimcall.}', but expected '{.closure.}'.
+  Pragma mismatch: got '{..}', but expected '{.gcsafe.}'.
+tproc_mismatch.nim(72, 9) Error: type mismatch: got <proc (a: int): int{.nimcall.}> but expected 'proc (a: int): int{.cdecl.}'
+  Calling convention mismatch: got '{.nimcall.}', but expected '{.cdecl.}'.
+tproc_mismatch.nim(73, 9) Error: type mismatch: got <proc (a: int): int{.cdecl.}> but expected 'proc (a: int): int{.nimcall.}'
+  Calling convention mismatch: got '{.cdecl.}', but expected '{.nimcall.}'.
+'''
+"""
+
+
+
+block: # CallConv mismatch
+  func a(a: int, c: float) {.cdecl.} = discard
+  var b: proc(a: int, c: float) {.noSideEffect.} = a
+block: # Parameter CallConv mismatch
+  proc fn1() {.inline.} = discard
+  proc bar(a: proc()) = discard
+  bar(fn1)
+block: # CallConv mismatch
+  proc fn1() {.inline.} = discard
+  var fn: proc()
+  fn = fn1
+block: # Pragma mismatch
+  var a = ""
+  proc fn1() = a.add "b"
+  var fn: proc() {.noSideEffect.}
+  fn = fn1
+block: # Fail match not do to Pragma or CallConv
+  proc fn1(a: int) = discard
+  var fn: proc(a: float)
+  fn = fn1
+block: # Infered noSideEffect assign
+  type Foo = ref object
+    x0: int
+  var g0 = Foo(x0: 1)
+  proc fn1(a: int) = g0.x0 = a
+  var fn2: proc(a: int)
+  var fn3: proc(a: int) {.gcsafe.}
+  fn2 = fn1
+  fn3 = fn1
+block: # Indrection through pragmas
+  {.pragma: inl1, inline.}
+  {.pragma: inl2, inline.}
+  {.pragma: p1, nimcall.}
+  {.pragma: p2, cdecl.}
+  var fn1: proc(a: int): int {.inl1, p1.}
+  var fn2: proc(a: int): int {.inl2, p2.}
+  fn2 = fn1
+  fn1 = fn2
+
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tproper_stacktrace.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tproper_stacktrace.nim
index c7dfbaf2a..b0a008840 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/tproper_stacktrace.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tproper_stacktrace.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--stackTrace:on --hint:all:off --warnings:off"
   output: '''ok'''
 """
 import strscans, strutils
@@ -6,7 +7,7 @@ import strscans, strutils
 proc raiseTestException*() =
   raise newException(Exception, "test")
 
-proc matchStackTrace(actualEntries: openarray[StackTraceEntry], expected: string) =
+proc matchStackTrace(actualEntries: openArray[StackTraceEntry], expected: string) =
   var expectedEntries = newSeq[StackTraceEntry]()
   var i = 0
 
@@ -76,10 +77,10 @@ when true:
       bar()
 
     const expectedStackTrace = """
-      tproper_stacktrace.nim(86) tproper_stacktrace
-      tproper_stacktrace.nim(76) foo
-      tproper_stacktrace.nim(73) bar
-      tproper_stacktrace.nim(7) raiseTestException
+      tproper_stacktrace.nim(87) tproper_stacktrace
+      tproper_stacktrace.nim(77) foo
+      tproper_stacktrace.nim(74) bar
+      tproper_stacktrace.nim(8) raiseTestException
     """
 
     verifyStackTrace expectedStackTrace:
@@ -93,9 +94,9 @@ when true:
       bar(x)
 
     const expectedStackTrace = """
-      tproper_stacktrace.nim(103) tproper_stacktrace
-      tproper_stacktrace.nim(90) bar
-      tproper_stacktrace.nim(7) raiseTestException
+      tproper_stacktrace.nim(104) tproper_stacktrace
+      tproper_stacktrace.nim(91) bar
+      tproper_stacktrace.nim(8) raiseTestException
     """
 
     verifyStackTrace expectedStackTrace:
@@ -110,10 +111,10 @@ when true:
       bar()
 
     const expectedStackTrace = """
-      tproper_stacktrace.nim(120) tproper_stacktrace
-      tproper_stacktrace.nim(110) foo
-      tproper_stacktrace.nim(107) bar
-      tproper_stacktrace.nim(7) raiseTestException
+      tproper_stacktrace.nim(121) tproper_stacktrace
+      tproper_stacktrace.nim(111) foo
+      tproper_stacktrace.nim(108) bar
+      tproper_stacktrace.nim(8) raiseTestException
     """
 
     verifyStackTrace expectedStackTrace:
@@ -129,10 +130,10 @@ when true:
       bar()
 
     const expectedStackTrace = """
-      tproper_stacktrace.nim(139) tproper_stacktrace
-      tproper_stacktrace.nim(129) foo
-      tproper_stacktrace.nim(125) baz
-      tproper_stacktrace.nim(7) raiseTestException
+      tproper_stacktrace.nim(140) tproper_stacktrace
+      tproper_stacktrace.nim(130) foo
+      tproper_stacktrace.nim(126) baz
+      tproper_stacktrace.nim(8) raiseTestException
     """
 
     verifyStackTrace expectedStackTrace:
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tproper_stacktrace2.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tproper_stacktrace2.nim
index 44b208c87..5a6ca3fcb 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/tproper_stacktrace2.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tproper_stacktrace2.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 discard """
-  outputsub: '''tproper_stacktrace2.nim(20) main'''
+  matrix: "--stackTrace:on"
+  outputsub: '''tproper_stacktrace2.nim(21) main'''
   exitcode: 1
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tproper_stacktrace3.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tproper_stacktrace3.nim
index c292fa092..97d63e6ec 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/tproper_stacktrace3.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tproper_stacktrace3.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 discard """
-  outputsub: '''tproper_stacktrace3.nim(21) main'''
+  matrix: "--stackTrace:on"
+  outputsub: '''tproper_stacktrace3.nim(22) main'''
   exitcode: 1
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/treportunused.nim b/tests/errmsgs/treportunused.nim
index b339e06bf..46afe163d 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/treportunused.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/treportunused.nim
@@ -1,16 +1,28 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--hint:all:off --hint:XDeclaredButNotUsed"
+  nimoutFull: true
   nimout: '''
-treportunused.nim(19, 10) Hint: 's1' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
-treportunused.nim(26, 5) Hint: 's8' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
-treportunused.nim(22, 6) Hint: 's4' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
-treportunused.nim(25, 7) Hint: 's7' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
-treportunused.nim(24, 7) Hint: 's6' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
-treportunused.nim(23, 6) Hint: 's5' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
-treportunused.nim(20, 10) Hint: 's2' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
-treportunused.nim(29, 6) Hint: 's11' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
-treportunused.nim(27, 5) Hint: 's9' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
-treportunused.nim(21, 10) Hint: 's3' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
-treportunused.nim(28, 6) Hint: 's10' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(51, 5) Hint: 'A' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(52, 5) Hint: 'B' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(55, 5) Hint: 'D' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(56, 5) Hint: 'E' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(59, 5) Hint: 'G' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(60, 5) Hint: 'H' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(64, 5) Hint: 'K' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(65, 5) Hint: 'L' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(31, 10) Hint: 's1' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(32, 10) Hint: 's2' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(33, 10) Hint: 's3' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(34, 6) Hint: 's4' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(35, 6) Hint: 's5' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(36, 7) Hint: 's6' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(37, 7) Hint: 's7' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(38, 5) Hint: 's8' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(39, 5) Hint: 's9' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(40, 6) Hint: 's10' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(41, 6) Hint: 's11' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(45, 3) Hint: 'v0.99' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+treportunused.nim(46, 3) Hint: 'v0.99.99' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
 '''
 action: compile
 """
@@ -27,3 +39,27 @@ let s8 = 0
 var s9: int
 type s10 = object
 type s11 = type(1.2)
+
+# bug #14407 (requires `compiler/nim.cfg` containing define:nimPreviewFloatRoundtrip)
+let
+  `v0.99` = "0.99"
+  `v0.99.99` = "0.99.99"
+
+block: # bug #18201
+  # Test that unused type aliases raise hint XDeclaredButNotUsed.
+  type
+    A = int
+    B = distinct int
+
+    C = object
+    D = C
+    E = distinct C
+
+    F = string
+    G = F
+    H = distinct F
+
+    J = enum
+      Foo
+    K = J
+    L = distinct J
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tsigmatch.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tsigmatch.nim
index 4f40be2d4..85ed34169 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/tsigmatch.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tsigmatch.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  cmd: "nim check --showAllMismatches:on --hints:off $file"
+  cmd: "nim check --mm:refc --showAllMismatches:on --hints:off $file"
   nimout: '''
 tsigmatch.nim(111, 4) Error: type mismatch: got <A, string>
 but expected one of:
@@ -12,34 +12,34 @@ proc f(b: B)
   but expression 'A()' is of type: A
 
 expression: f(A(), "extra")
-tsigmatch.nim(125, 6) Error: type mismatch: got <(string, proc (){.gcsafe, locks: 0.})>
+tsigmatch.nim(125, 6) Error: type mismatch: got <(string, proc (){.gcsafe.})>
 but expected one of:
 proc foo(x: (string, proc ()))
   first type mismatch at position: 1
   required type for x: (string, proc (){.closure.})
-  but expression '("foobar", proc () = echo(["Hello!"]))' is of type: (string, proc (){.gcsafe, locks: 0.})
+  but expression '("foobar", proc () = echo(["Hello!"]))' is of type: (string, proc (){.gcsafe.})
 
 expression: foo(("foobar", proc () = echo(["Hello!"])))
-tsigmatch.nim(132, 11) Error: type mismatch: got <proc (s: string): string{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.}>
+tsigmatch.nim(132, 11) Error: type mismatch: got <proc (s: string): string{.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}>
 but expected one of:
 proc foo[T, S](op: proc (x: T): S {.cdecl.}): auto
   first type mismatch at position: 1
   required type for op: proc (x: T): S{.cdecl.}
-  but expression 'fun' is of type: proc (s: string): string{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.}
+  but expression 'fun' is of type: proc (s: string): string{.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}
 proc foo[T, S](op: proc (x: T): S {.safecall.}): auto
   first type mismatch at position: 1
   required type for op: proc (x: T): S{.safecall.}
-  but expression 'fun' is of type: proc (s: string): string{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.}
+  but expression 'fun' is of type: proc (s: string): string{.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}
 
 expression: foo(fun)
-tsigmatch.nim(143, 13) Error: type mismatch: got <array[0..0, proc (x: int){.gcsafe, locks: 0.}]>
+tsigmatch.nim(143, 13) Error: type mismatch: got <array[0..0, proc (x: int){.gcsafe.}]>
 but expected one of:
-proc takesFuncs(fs: openArray[proc (x: int) {.gcsafe, locks: 0.}])
+proc takesFuncs(fs: openArray[proc (x: int) {.gcsafe.}])
   first type mismatch at position: 1
-  required type for fs: openArray[proc (x: int){.closure, gcsafe, locks: 0.}]
-  but expression '[proc (x: int) {.gcsafe, locks: 0.} = echo [x]]' is of type: array[0..0, proc (x: int){.gcsafe, locks: 0.}]
+  required type for fs: openArray[proc (x: int){.closure, gcsafe.}]
+  but expression '[proc (x: int) {.gcsafe.} = echo [x]]' is of type: array[0..0, proc (x: int){.gcsafe.}]
 
-expression: takesFuncs([proc (x: int) {.gcsafe, locks: 0.} = echo [x]])
+expression: takesFuncs([proc (x: int) {.gcsafe.} = echo [x]])
 tsigmatch.nim(149, 4) Error: type mismatch: got <int literal(10), a0: int literal(5), string>
 but expected one of:
 proc f(a0: uint8; b: string)
@@ -89,9 +89,9 @@ expression: fun1(default(Mystring), "asdf")
 
 
 
-
-
-
+#[
+see also: tests/errmsgs/tdeclaredlocs.nim
+]#
 
 
 
@@ -132,15 +132,15 @@ block:
   echo foo(fun)
 
 block:
-  # bug #10285 Function signature don't match when inside seq/array/openarray
+  # bug #10285 Function signature don't match when inside seq/array/openArray
   # Note: the error message now shows `closure` which helps debugging the issue
   # out why it doesn't match
-  proc takesFunc(f: proc (x: int) {.gcsafe, locks: 0.}) =
+  proc takesFunc(f: proc (x: int) {.gcsafe.}) =
     echo "takes single Func"
-  proc takesFuncs(fs: openarray[proc (x: int) {.gcsafe, locks: 0.}]) =
+  proc takesFuncs(fs: openArray[proc (x: int) {.gcsafe.}]) =
     echo "takes multiple Func"
-  takesFunc(proc (x: int) {.gcsafe, locks: 0.} = echo x)         # works
-  takesFuncs([proc (x: int) {.gcsafe, locks: 0.} = echo x])      # fails
+  takesFunc(proc (x: int) {.gcsafe.} = echo x)         # works
+  takesFuncs([proc (x: int) {.gcsafe.} = echo x])      # fails
 
 block:
   # bug https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/11061#issuecomment-508970465
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tsigmatch2.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tsigmatch2.nim
index 4996634c9..31c966337 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/tsigmatch2.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tsigmatch2.nim
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ proc foo(i: Foo): string
 
 expression: foo(1.2)
 tsigmatch2.nim(40, 14) Error: expression '' has no type (or is ambiguous)
-tsigmatch2.nim(46, 7) Error: type mismatch: got <int literal(1)>
+tsigmatch2.nim(46, 3) Error: type mismatch: got <int literal(1)>
 but expected one of:
 proc foo(args: varargs[string, myproc])
   first type mismatch at position: 1
@@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ block:
     let temp = 12.isNil
   proc foo(args: varargs[string, myproc]) = discard
   foo 1
-static: echo "done"
\ No newline at end of file
+static: echo "done"
diff --git a/tests/misc/tsimtych.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tsimpletypecheck.nim
index 74a6ad4c0..422437d3a 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tsimtych.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tsimpletypecheck.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   errormsg: "type mismatch: got <bool> but expected \'string\'"
-  file: "tsimtych.nim"
+  file: "tsimpletypecheck.nim"
   line: 10
 """
 # Test 2
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tsubscriptmismatch.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tsubscriptmismatch.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2b297b68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tsubscriptmismatch.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "-d:testsConciseTypeMismatch"
+  nimout: '''
+[1] proc `[]`[T; U, V: Ordinal](s: openArray[T]; x: HSlice[U, V]): seq[T]
+'''
+"""
+
+type Foo = object
+let x = Foo()
+discard x[1] #[tt.Error
+         ^ type mismatch]#
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tsubscriptmismatch_legacy.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tsubscriptmismatch_legacy.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e1f1eb71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tsubscriptmismatch_legacy.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  nimout: '''
+  but expression 'x' is of type: Foo
+'''
+"""
+
+type Foo = object
+let x = Foo()
+discard x[1] #[tt.Error
+         ^ type mismatch: got <Foo, int literal(1)>]#
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/ttupleindexoutofbounds.nim b/tests/errmsgs/ttupleindexoutofbounds.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ae634dddb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/ttupleindexoutofbounds.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+let a = (1, 2)[4] #[tt.Error
+              ^ invalid index 4 in subscript for tuple of length 2]#
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/ttypeAllowed.nim b/tests/errmsgs/ttypeAllowed.nim
index 516b616e0..fdb4c70b8 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/ttypeAllowed.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/ttypeAllowed.nim
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ discard """
 cmd: "nim check $file"
 errormsg: ""
 nimout: '''
-ttypeAllowed.nim(13, 5) Error: invalid type: 'iterator (a: int, b: int, step: Positive): int{.inline, noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.}' for let
-ttypeAllowed.nim(17, 7) Error: invalid type: 'iterator (a: int, b: int, step: Positive): int{.inline, noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.}' for const
-ttypeAllowed.nim(21, 5) Error: invalid type: 'iterator (a: int, b: int, step: Positive): int{.inline, noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.}' for var
-ttypeAllowed.nim(26, 10) Error: invalid type: 'iterator (a: int, b: int, step: Positive): int{.inline, noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.}' for result
+ttypeAllowed.nim(13, 5) Error: invalid type: 'iterator (a: int, b: int, step: Positive): int{.inline, noSideEffect, gcsafe.}' for let
+ttypeAllowed.nim(17, 7) Error: invalid type: 'iterator (a: int, b: int, step: Positive): int{.inline, noSideEffect, gcsafe.}' for const
+ttypeAllowed.nim(21, 5) Error: invalid type: 'iterator (a: int, b: int, step: Positive): int{.inline, noSideEffect, gcsafe.}' for var
+ttypeAllowed.nim(26, 10) Error: invalid type: 'iterator (a: int, b: int, step: Positive): int{.inline, noSideEffect, gcsafe.}' for result
 '''
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tundeclared_field.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tundeclared_field.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5668050e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tundeclared_field.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+discard """
+cmd: '''nim check --hints:off $file'''
+action: reject
+nimout: '''
+tundeclared_field.nim(25, 12) Error: undeclared field: 'bad1' for type tundeclared_field.A [type declared in tundeclared_field.nim(22, 8)]
+tundeclared_field.nim(30, 17) Error: undeclared field: 'bad2' for type tundeclared_field.A [type declared in tundeclared_field.nim(28, 8)]
+tundeclared_field.nim(36, 4) Error: undeclared field: 'bad3' for type tundeclared_field.A [type declared in tundeclared_field.nim(33, 8)]
+tundeclared_field.nim(42, 12) Error: undeclared field: 'bad4' for type tundeclared_field.B [type declared in tundeclared_field.nim(39, 8)]
+tundeclared_field.nim(43, 4) Error: undeclared field: 'bad5' for type tundeclared_field.B [type declared in tundeclared_field.nim(39, 8)]
+tundeclared_field.nim(44, 23) Error: undeclared field: 'bad6' for type tundeclared_field.B [type declared in tundeclared_field.nim(39, 8)]
+tundeclared_field.nim(46, 19) Error: undeclared field: 'bad7' for type tundeclared_field.B [type declared in tundeclared_field.nim(39, 8)]
+tundeclared_field.nim(50, 13) Error: cannot instantiate Foo [type declared in tundeclared_field.nim(49, 8)]
+'''
+"""
+
+#[
+xxx in future work, generic instantiations (e.g. `B[int]`) should be shown with their instantiation instead of `tundeclared_field.B`,
+maybe using TPreferedDesc.preferResolved or preferMixed
+]#
+# line 20
+block:
+  type A = object
+    a0: int
+  var a: A
+  discard a.bad1
+
+block:
+  type A = object
+    a0: int
+  var a = A(bad2: 0)
+
+block:
+  type A = object
+    a0: int
+  var a: A
+  a.bad3 = 0
+
+block:
+  type B[T] = object
+    b0: int
+  var b: B[int]
+  discard b.bad4
+  b.bad5 = 0
+  var b2 = B[int](bad6: 0)
+  type Bi = B[int]
+  var b3 = Bi(bad7: 0)
+
+block:
+  type Foo[T: SomeInteger] = object
+  var a: Foo[float]
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tundeclared_routine.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tundeclared_routine.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41b1d35f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tundeclared_routine.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+discard """
+cmd: '''nim check --hints:off $file'''
+action: reject
+nimout: '''
+tundeclared_routine.nim(24, 17) Error: attempting to call routine: 'myiter'
+  found tundeclared_routine.myiter(a: string) [iterator declared in tundeclared_routine.nim(22, 12)]
+  found tundeclared_routine.myiter() [iterator declared in tundeclared_routine.nim(23, 12)]
+tundeclared_routine.nim(29, 28) Error: invalid pragma: myPragma
+tundeclared_routine.nim(36, 13) Error: undeclared field: 'bar3' for type tundeclared_routine.Foo [type declared in tundeclared_routine.nim(33, 8)]
+  found tundeclared_routine.bar3() [iterator declared in tundeclared_routine.nim(35, 12)]
+tundeclared_routine.nim(41, 13) Error: undeclared field: 'bar4' for type tundeclared_routine.Foo [type declared in tundeclared_routine.nim(39, 8)]
+tundeclared_routine.nim(44, 11) Error: undeclared identifier: 'bad5'
+'''
+"""
+
+
+
+
+
+# line 20
+block:
+  iterator myiter(a:string): int = discard
+  iterator myiter(): int = discard
+  let a = myiter(1)
+
+block:
+  proc myPragma():int=discard
+  iterator myPragma():int=discard
+  proc myfun(a:int): int {.myPragma.} = 1
+  let a = myfun(1)
+
+block:
+  type Foo = object
+  var a = Foo()
+  iterator bar3():int=discard
+  let a2 = a.bar3
+
+block:
+  type Foo = object
+  var a = Foo()
+  let a2 = a.bar4
+
+block:
+  let a = bad5(1)
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/undeclared_routime_compiles.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tundeclared_routine_compiles.nim
index 21daf82bf..21daf82bf 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/undeclared_routime_compiles.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tundeclared_routine_compiles.nim
diff --git a/tests/misc/tnoinst.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tunresolvedinnerproc.nim
index 85db1e8e7..7655a5a41 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tnoinst.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tunresolvedinnerproc.nim
@@ -1,16 +1,10 @@
-discard """
-  errormsg: "instantiate 'notConcrete' explicitly"
-  line: 12
-  disabled: "true"
-"""
-
 proc wrap[T]() =
   proc notConcrete[T](x, y: int): int =
     var dummy: T
     result = x - y
 
   var x: proc (x, y: T): int
-  x = notConcrete
-
+  x = notConcrete #[tt.Error
+      ^ 'notConcrete' doesn't have a concrete type, due to unspecified generic parameters.]#
 
 wrap[int]()
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/tuntypedoverload.nim b/tests/errmsgs/tuntypedoverload.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b1c2809c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/tuntypedoverload.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $file"
+"""
+
+block:
+  template foo(x: var int, y: untyped) = discard
+  var a: float
+  foo(a, undeclared) #[tt.Error
+     ^ type mismatch: got <float, untyped>]# # `untyped` is arbitary
+  # previous error: undeclared identifier: 'undeclared'
+
+block: # issue #8697
+  type
+    Fruit = enum
+      apple
+      banana
+      orange
+  macro hello(x, y: untyped) = discard
+  hello(apple, banana, orange) #[tt.Error
+       ^ type mismatch: got <Fruit, Fruit, Fruit>]#
+
+block: # issue #23265
+  template declareFoo(fooName: untyped, value: uint16) =
+    const `fooName Value` {.inject.} = value
+
+  declareFoo(FOO, 0xFFFF)
+  declareFoo(BAR, 0xFFFFF) #[tt.Error
+            ^ type mismatch: got <untyped, int literal(1048575)>]#
+
+block: # issue #9620
+  template forLoop(index: untyped, length: int{lvalue}, body: untyped) =
+    for `index`{.inject.} in 0 ..< length:
+      body
+  var x = newSeq[int](10)
+  forLoop(i, x.len): #[tt.Error
+         ^ type mismatch: got <untyped, int, void>]#
+    x[i] = i
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/twrong_at_operator.nim b/tests/errmsgs/twrong_at_operator.nim
index d7bfca415..438186f01 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/twrong_at_operator.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/twrong_at_operator.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 discard """
 errormsg: "type mismatch: got <array[0..0, typedesc[int]]>"
-line: 22
 nimout: '''
-twrong_at_operator.nim(22, 30) Error: type mismatch: got <array[0..0, typedesc[int]]>
+twrong_at_operator.nim(21, 30) Error: type mismatch: got <array[0..0, typedesc[int]]>
 but expected one of:
 proc `@`[IDX, T](a: sink array[IDX, T]): seq[T]
   first type mismatch at position: 1
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/twrong_explicit_typeargs.nim b/tests/errmsgs/twrong_explicit_typeargs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5236e5f4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/twrong_explicit_typeargs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim c --hints:off -d:testsConciseTypeMismatch $file"
+  action: reject
+  nimout: '''
+twrong_explicit_typeargs.nim(26, 29) Error: type mismatch
+Expression: newImage[string](320, 200)
+  [1] 320: int literal(320)
+  [2] 200: int literal(200)
+
+Expected one of (first mismatch at [position]):
+[1] proc newImage[T: int32 | int64](w, h: int): ref Image[T]
+  generic parameter mismatch, expected int32 or int64 but got 'string' of type: string
+'''
+"""
+
+# bug #4084
+type
+  Image[T] = object
+    data: seq[T]
+
+proc newImage[T: int32|int64](w, h: int): ref Image[T] =
+  new(result)
+  result.data = newSeq[T](w * h)
+
+var correct = newImage[int32](320, 200)
+var wrong = newImage[string](320, 200)
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/twrong_explicit_typeargs_legacy.nim b/tests/errmsgs/twrong_explicit_typeargs_legacy.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cfa528c54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/twrong_explicit_typeargs_legacy.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+discard """
+  action: reject
+  nimout: '''
+twrong_explicit_typeargs_legacy.nim(25, 29) Error: type mismatch: got <int literal(320), int literal(200)>
+but expected one of:
+proc newImage[T: int32 | int64](w, h: int): ref Image[T]
+  first type mismatch at position: 1 in generic parameters
+  required type for T: int32 or int64
+  but expression 'string' is of type: string
+
+expression: newImage[string](320, 200)
+'''
+"""
+
+# bug #4084
+type
+  Image[T] = object
+    data: seq[T]
+
+proc newImage[T: int32|int64](w, h: int): ref Image[T] =
+  new(result)
+  result.data = newSeq[T](w * h)
+
+var correct = newImage[int32](320, 200)
+var wrong = newImage[string](320, 200)
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/twrongcolon.nim b/tests/errmsgs/twrongcolon.nim
index e59e37660..06e802eb7 100644
--- a/tests/errmsgs/twrongcolon.nim
+++ b/tests/errmsgs/twrongcolon.nim
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 discard """
-errormsg: "in expression ':"
+errormsg: "in expression ' do:"
 nimout: '''
-Error: in expression ':
+twrongcolon.nim(10, 12) Error: in expression ' do:
   890': identifier expected, but found ''
 '''
 
-line: 11
 """
 
 var n: int : 890
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/undeclared_routime.nim b/tests/errmsgs/undeclared_routime.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 7ef12cc0e..000000000
--- a/tests/errmsgs/undeclared_routime.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-cmd: '''nim c --hints:off $file'''
-errormsg: "attempting to call routine: 'myiter'"
-nimout: '''undeclared_routime.nim(13, 15) Error: attempting to call routine: 'myiter'
-  found 'undeclared_routime.myiter(a: string)[iterator declared in undeclared_routime.nim(10, 9)]'
-  found 'undeclared_routime.myiter()[iterator declared in undeclared_routime.nim(11, 9)]'
-'''
-"""
-
-iterator myiter(a:string): int = discard
-iterator myiter(): int = discard
-
-let a = myiter(1)
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/undeclared_routime2.nim b/tests/errmsgs/undeclared_routime2.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 3e48b48f4..000000000
--- a/tests/errmsgs/undeclared_routime2.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-cmd: '''nim c --hints:off $file'''
-errormsg: "invalid pragma: myPragma"
-"""
-
-proc myPragma():int=discard
-iterator myPragma():int=discard
-proc myfun(a:int): int {.myPragma.} = 1
-let a = myfun(1)
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/undeclared_routime3.nim b/tests/errmsgs/undeclared_routime3.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 052adfc08..000000000
--- a/tests/errmsgs/undeclared_routime3.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-cmd: '''nim c --hints:off $file'''
-errormsg: "undeclared field: 'bar'"
-nimout: '''undeclared_routime3.nim(13, 10) Error: undeclared field: 'bar'
-  found 'undeclared_routime3.bar()[declared in undeclared_routime3.nim(12, 9)]' of kind 'iterator'
-'''
-"""
-
-
-type Foo = object
-var a = Foo()
-iterator bar():int=discard
-let a = a.bar
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/undeclared_routime4.nim b/tests/errmsgs/undeclared_routime4.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 674caa421..000000000
--- a/tests/errmsgs/undeclared_routime4.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-cmd: '''nim c --hints:off $file'''
-errormsg: "undeclared field: 'bar'"
-nimout: '''undeclared_routime4.nim(10, 10) Error: undeclared field: 'bar'
-'''
-"""
-
-type Foo = object
-var a = Foo()
-let a = a.bar
diff --git a/tests/errmsgs/undeclared_routime5.nim b/tests/errmsgs/undeclared_routime5.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 4394134ab..000000000
--- a/tests/errmsgs/undeclared_routime5.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-cmd: '''nim c --hints:off $file'''
-errormsg: "undeclared identifier: 'myfun'"
-nimout: '''undeclared_routime5.nim(9, 9) Error: undeclared identifier: 'myfun'
-'''
-"""
-
-
-let a = myfun(1)
diff --git a/tests/exception/m21261.nim b/tests/exception/m21261.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11b12fb5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/exception/m21261.nim
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+raise (ref Exception)(msg: "something")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/exception/m22469.nim b/tests/exception/m22469.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..201698701
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/exception/m22469.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# ModuleB
+echo "First top-level statement of ModuleB"
+echo high(int) + 1
+echo "ModuleB last statement"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/exception/t13115.nim b/tests/exception/t13115.nim
index ee1daed26..5db8f9107 100644
--- a/tests/exception/t13115.nim
+++ b/tests/exception/t13115.nim
@@ -13,13 +13,6 @@ else:
     const nim = getCurrentCompilerExe()
     const file = currentSourcePath
     for b in "c js cpp".split:
-      when defined(openbsd):
-        if b == "js":
-          # xxx bug: pending #13115
-          # remove special case once nodejs updated >= 12.16.2
-          # refs https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/16167#issuecomment-738270751
-          continue
-
       # save CI time by avoiding mostly redundant combinations as far as this bug is concerned
       var opts = case b
         of "c": @["", "-d:nim_t13115_static", "-d:danger", "-d:debug"]
diff --git a/tests/exception/t16366.nim b/tests/exception/t16366.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 4bcad79ed..000000000
--- a/tests/exception/t16366.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  action: run
-  exitcode: 0
-  targets: "c cpp"
-  disabled: openbsd
-"""
-
-echo "foo1"
-close stdout
-doAssertRaises(IOError):
-  echo "foo"
diff --git a/tests/exception/t18620.nim b/tests/exception/t18620.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee23f8bac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/exception/t18620.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--gc:arc; --gc:refc"
+"""
+
+proc hello() =
+  raise newException(ValueError, "You are wrong")
+
+var flag = false
+
+try:
+  hello()
+except ValueError as e:
+  flag = true
+  doAssert len(getStackTraceEntries(e)) > 0
+  doAssert len(getStackTraceEntries(e)) > 0
+
+doAssert flag
diff --git a/tests/exception/t20613.nim b/tests/exception/t20613.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6edb69415
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/exception/t20613.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "; --panics:on"
+"""
+
+func test =
+  if 0 > 10:
+    raiseAssert "hey"
+test()
diff --git a/tests/exception/t21261.nim b/tests/exception/t21261.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..84817d854
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/exception/t21261.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  exitcode: 1
+  outputsub: '''
+m21261.nim(1)            m21261
+Error: unhandled exception: something [Exception]
+'''
+"""
+
+import m21261
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/exception/t22008.nim b/tests/exception/t22008.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c0758e7b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/exception/t22008.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+template detect(v: untyped) =
+  doAssert typeof(v) is int
+
+detect:
+  try:
+    raise (ref ValueError)()
+  except ValueError:
+    42
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/exception/t22469.nim b/tests/exception/t22469.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a76c74967
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/exception/t22469.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+discard """
+  exitcode: 1
+  output: '''
+First top-level statement of ModuleB
+m22469.nim(3)            m22469
+fatal.nim(53)            sysFatal
+Error: unhandled exception: over- or underflow [OverflowDefect]
+'''
+"""
+
+# bug #22469
+
+# ModuleA
+import m22469
+echo "ModuleA about to have exception"
+echo high(int) + 1
diff --git a/tests/exception/tcpp_imported_exc.nim b/tests/exception/tcpp_imported_exc.nim
index 8b96ca635..55a58440f 100644
--- a/tests/exception/tcpp_imported_exc.nim
+++ b/tests/exception/tcpp_imported_exc.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 discard """
+matrix: "--mm:refc"
 targets: "cpp"
-output: '''caught as std::exception
+output: '''
+caught as std::exception
 expected
 finally1
 finally2
@@ -12,6 +14,7 @@ finally 2
 expected
 cpp exception caught
 '''
+disabled: "windows" # pending bug #18011
 """
 
 type
@@ -74,7 +77,7 @@ doAssert(getCurrentException() == nil)
 # raise by pointer and also generic type
 
 type
-  std_vector {.importcpp"std::vector", header"<vector>".} [T] = object
+  std_vector[T] {.importcpp"std::vector", header"<vector>".} = object
 
 proc newVector[T](len: int): ptr std_vector[T] {.importcpp: "new std::vector<'1>(@)".}
 proc deleteVector[T](v: ptr std_vector[T]) {.importcpp: "delete @; @ = NIM_NIL;".}
diff --git a/tests/exception/texception_inference.nim b/tests/exception/texception_inference.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7dd01cca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/exception/texception_inference.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+discard """

+  output: '''good'''

+  cmd: "nim c --gc:orc -d:release $file"

+"""

+

+type

+  Raising[T, E] = object

+

+proc foo[T, Errors](x: proc (x: Raising[T, Errors])) {.raises: Errors.} =

+  discard

+

+proc callback(x: Raising[int, ValueError]) =

+  echo "callback"

+

+proc xy() {.raises: [ValueError].} =

+  foo callback

+

+proc x[E]() {.raises: [E, IOError].} =

+  raise newException(E, "text here")

+

+try:

+  x[ValueError]()

+except ValueError:

+  echo "good"

+

+proc callback2(x: Raising[int, IOError]) =

+  discard

+

+proc foo2[T, OtherErrors](x: proc(x: Raising[T, OtherErrors])) {.raises: [ValueError, OtherErrors].} =

+  discard

+

+foo2 callback2

diff --git a/tests/exception/texceptionbreak.nim b/tests/exception/texceptionbreak.nim
index 6548192c6..b8ce7eead 100644
--- a/tests/exception/texceptionbreak.nim
+++ b/tests/exception/texceptionbreak.nim
@@ -29,16 +29,16 @@ echo "2"
 try:
   raise newException(OSError, "Problem")
 except OSError:
-  block:
-    break
+  block label:
+    break label
 
 echo "3"
 
 # Fourth Variety
-block:
+block label:
   try:
     raise newException(OSError, "Problem")
   except OSError:
-    break
+    break label
 
 echo "4"
diff --git a/tests/exception/texceptions.nim b/tests/exception/texceptions.nim
index adee5d1d5..62d24c934 100644
--- a/tests/exception/texceptions.nim
+++ b/tests/exception/texceptions.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 discard """
+  disabled: "windows" # no sigsetjmp() there
+  matrix: "-d:nimStdSetjmp; -d:nimSigSetjmp; -d:nimRawSetjmp; -d:nimBuiltinSetjmp"
   output: '''
 
 BEFORE
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ FINALLY
 
 echo ""
 
-proc no_expcetion =
+proc no_exception =
   try:
     echo "BEFORE"
 
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ proc no_expcetion =
   finally:
     echo "FINALLY"
 
-try: no_expcetion()
+try: no_exception()
 except: echo "RECOVER"
 
 echo ""
diff --git a/tests/exception/texceptions2.nim b/tests/exception/texceptions2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97fd856a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/exception/texceptions2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+discard """
+  disabled: "posix" # already covered by texceptions.nim
+  matrix: "-d:nimStdSetjmp; -d:nimRawSetjmp; -d:nimBuiltinSetjmp"
+  output: '''
+
+BEFORE
+FINALLY
+
+BEFORE
+EXCEPT
+FINALLY
+RECOVER
+
+BEFORE
+EXCEPT: IOError: hi
+FINALLY
+'''
+"""
+
+echo ""
+
+proc no_exception =
+  try:
+    echo "BEFORE"
+
+  except:
+    echo "EXCEPT"
+    raise
+
+  finally:
+    echo "FINALLY"
+
+try: no_exception()
+except: echo "RECOVER"
+
+echo ""
+
+proc reraise_in_except =
+  try:
+    echo "BEFORE"
+    raise newException(IOError, "")
+
+  except IOError:
+    echo "EXCEPT"
+    raise
+
+  finally:
+    echo "FINALLY"
+
+try: reraise_in_except()
+except: echo "RECOVER"
+
+echo ""
+
+proc return_in_except =
+  try:
+    echo "BEFORE"
+    raise newException(IOError, "hi")
+
+  except:
+    echo "EXCEPT: ", getCurrentException().name, ": ", getCurrentExceptionMsg()
+    return
+
+  finally:
+    echo "FINALLY"
+
+try: return_in_except()
+except: echo "RECOVER"
+
+block: #10417
+  proc moo() {.noreturn.} = discard
+
+  let bar =
+    try:
+      1
+    except:
+      moo()
+
+  doAssert(bar == 1)
+
+# Make sure the VM handles the exceptions correctly
+block:
+  proc fun1(): seq[int] =
+    try:
+      try:
+        raise newException(ValueError, "xx")
+      except:
+        doAssert("xx" == getCurrentExceptionMsg())
+        raise newException(KeyError, "yy")
+    except:
+      doAssert("yy" == getCurrentExceptionMsg())
+      result.add(1212)
+    try:
+      try:
+        raise newException(AssertionDefect, "a")
+      finally:
+        result.add(42)
+    except AssertionDefect:
+      result.add(99)
+    finally:
+      result.add(10)
+    result.add(4)
+    result.add(0)
+    try:
+      result.add(1)
+    except KeyError:
+      result.add(-1)
+    except ValueError:
+      result.add(-1)
+    except IndexDefect:
+      result.add(2)
+    except:
+      result.add(3)
+
+    try:
+      try:
+        result.add(1)
+        return
+      except:
+        result.add(-1)
+      finally:
+        result.add(2)
+    except KeyError:
+      doAssert(false)
+    finally:
+      result.add(3)
+
+  let x1 = fun1()
+  const x2 = fun1()
+  doAssert(x1 == x2)
diff --git a/tests/exception/tsetexceptions.nim b/tests/exception/tsetexceptions.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e353f43e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/exception/tsetexceptions.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+  joinable: false
+"""
+
+# refs https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/18247#issuecomment-860877161
+
+let ex = newException(CatchableError, "test")
+setCurrentException(ex)
+doAssert getCurrentException().msg == ex.msg
+doAssert getCurrentExceptionMsg() == ex.msg
diff --git a/tests/exprs/t22604.nim b/tests/exprs/t22604.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c41cd3dfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/exprs/t22604.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# if
+for i in 0..<1:
+  let x =
+    case false
+    of true:
+      42
+    of false:
+      if true:
+        continue
+      else:
+        raiseAssert "Won't get here"
+
+# nested case
+for i in 0..<1:
+  let x =
+    case false
+    of true:
+      42
+    of false:
+      case true
+      of true:
+        continue
+      of false:
+        raiseAssert "Won't get here"
+
+# try except
+for i in 0..<1:
+  let x =
+    case false
+    of true:
+      42
+    of false:
+      try:
+        continue
+      except:
+        raiseAssert "Won't get here"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/exprs/tresultwarning.nim b/tests/exprs/tresultwarning.nim
index 32934408e..28dabfdb1 100644
--- a/tests/exprs/tresultwarning.nim
+++ b/tests/exprs/tresultwarning.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  nimout: "Special variable 'result' is shadowed. [ResultShadowed]"
+  nimout: "tresultwarning.nim(6, 7) Warning: Special variable 'result' is shadowed. [ResultShadowed]"
 """
 
 proc test(): string =
diff --git a/tests/float/tfloat4.nim b/tests/float/tfloat4.nim
index 6a87cbe66..2bb61eb58 100644
--- a/tests/float/tfloat4.nim
+++ b/tests/float/tfloat4.nim
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ proc c_sprintf(buf, fmt: cstring) {.importc:"sprintf", header: "<stdio.h>", vara
 
 proc floatToStr(f: float64): string =
   var buffer: array[128, char]
-  c_sprintf(addr buffer, "%.16e", f)
+  c_sprintf(cast[cstring](addr buffer), "%.16e", f)
   result = ""
   for ch in buffer:
     if ch == '\0':
@@ -54,4 +54,16 @@ doAssert 9999999999999999.0 == "9999999999999999.0".parseFloat
 doAssert 0.999999999999999 == ".999999999999999".parseFloat
 doAssert 0.9999999999999999 == ".9999999999999999".parseFloat
 
+# bug #18400
+var s = [-13.888888'f32]
+doAssert $s[0] == "-13.888888"
+var x = 1.23456789012345'f32
+doAssert $x == "1.2345679"
+
+# bug #21847
+doAssert parseFloat"0e+42" == 0.0
+doAssert parseFloat"0e+42949672969" == 0.0
+doAssert parseFloat"0e+42949672970" == 0.0
+doAssert parseFloat"0e+42949623223346323563272970" == 0.0
+
 echo("passed all tests.")
diff --git a/tests/float/tfloat6.nim b/tests/float/tfloat6.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index c4cd6e932..000000000
--- a/tests/float/tfloat6.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  output: '''
-1e-06 : 1e-06
-1e-06 : 1e-06
-0.001 : 0.001
-1e-06 : 1e-06
-1e-06 : 1e-06
-10.000001 : 10.000001
-100.000001 : 100.000001
-'''
-  disabled: "windows"
-"""
-
-import strutils
-
-echo "0.00_0001".parseFloat(), " : ", 1E-6
-echo "0.00__00_01".parseFloat(), " : ", 1E-6
-echo "0.0_01".parseFloat(), " : ", 0.001
-echo "0.00_000_1".parseFloat(), " : ", 1E-6
-echo "0.00000_1".parseFloat(), " : ", 1E-6
-
-echo "1_0.00_0001".parseFloat(), " : ", 10.000001
-echo "1__00.00_0001".parseFloat(), " : ", 1_00.000001
diff --git a/tests/float/tfloats.nim b/tests/float/tfloats.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aaed2d615
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/float/tfloats.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "-d:nimPreviewFloatRoundtrip; -u:nimPreviewFloatRoundtrip"
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+"""
+
+#[
+xxx merge all or most float tests into this file
+]#
+
+import std/[fenv, math, strutils]
+import stdtest/testutils
+
+proc equalsOrNaNs(a, b: float): bool =
+  if isNaN(a): isNaN(b)
+  elif a == 0:
+    b == 0 and signbit(a) == signbit(b)
+  else:
+    a == b
+
+template reject(a) =
+  doAssertRaises(ValueError): discard parseFloat(a)
+
+template main =
+  block:
+    proc test(a: string, b: float) =
+      let a2 = a.parseFloat
+      doAssert equalsOrNaNs(a2, b), $(a, a2, b)
+    test "0.00_0001", 1E-6
+    test "0.00__00_01", 1E-6
+    test "0.0_01", 0.001
+    test "0.00_000_1", 1E-6
+    test "0.00000_1", 1E-6
+    test "1_0.00_0001", 10.000001
+    test "1__00.00_0001", 1_00.000001
+    test "inf", Inf
+    test "-inf", -Inf
+    test "-Inf", -Inf
+    test "-INF", -Inf
+    test "NaN", NaN
+    test "-nan", NaN
+    test ".1", 0.1
+    test "-.1", -0.1
+    test "-0", -0.0
+    test "-0", -0'f # see #18246, -0 won't work
+    test ".1e-1", 0.1e-1
+    test "0_1_2_3.0_1_2_3E+0_1_2", 123.0123e12
+    test "0_1_2.e-0", 12e0
+    test "0_1_2e-0", 12e0
+    test "-0e0", -0.0
+    test "-0e-0", -0.0
+
+  reject "a"
+  reject ""
+  reject "e1"
+  reject "infa"
+  reject "infe1"
+  reject "_"
+  reject "1e"
+
+  when false: # gray area; these numbers should probably be invalid
+    reject "1_"
+    reject "1_.0"
+    reject "1.0_"
+
+  block: # bugs mentioned in https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/18504#issuecomment-881635317
+    block: # example 1
+      let a = 0.1+0.2
+      doAssert a != 0.3
+      when defined(nimPreviewFloatRoundtrip):
+        doAssert $a == "0.30000000000000004"
+      else:
+        whenRuntimeJs: discard
+        do: doAssert $a == "0.3"
+    block: # example 2
+      const a = 0.1+0.2
+      when defined(nimPreviewFloatRoundtrip):
+        doAssert $($a, a) == """("0.30000000000000004", 0.30000000000000004)"""
+      else:
+        whenRuntimeJs: discard
+        do: doAssert $($a, a) == """("0.3", 0.3)"""
+    block: # example 3
+      const a1 = 0.1+0.2
+      let a2 = a1
+      doAssert a1 != 0.3
+      when defined(nimPreviewFloatRoundtrip):
+        doAssert $[$a1, $a2] == """["0.30000000000000004", "0.30000000000000004"]"""
+      else:
+        whenRuntimeJs: discard
+        do: doAssert $[$a1, $a2] == """["0.3", "0.3"]"""
+
+  when defined(nimPreviewFloatRoundtrip):
+    block: # bug #18148
+      var a = 1.1'f32
+      doAssert $a == "1.1", $a # was failing
+
+    block: # bug #18400
+      block:
+        let a1 = 0.1'f32
+        let a2 = 0.2'f32
+        let a3 = a1 + a2
+        var s = ""
+        s.addFloat(a3)
+        whenVMorJs: discard # xxx refs #12884
+        do:
+          doAssert a3 == 0.3'f32
+          doAssert $a3 == "0.3"
+
+      block:
+        let a1 = 0.1
+        let a2 = 0.2
+        let a3 = a1 + a2
+        var s = ""
+        s.addFloat(a3)
+        doAssert a3 != 0.3
+        doAssert $a3 == "0.30000000000000004"
+
+      block:
+        var s = [-13.888888'f32]
+        whenRuntimeJs: discard
+        do:
+          doAssert $s == "[-13.888888]"
+          doAssert $s[0] == "-13.888888"
+
+    block: # bug #7717
+      proc test(f: float) =
+        let f2 = $f
+        let f3 = parseFloat(f2)
+        doAssert equalsOrNaNs(f, f3), $(f, f2, f3)
+      test 1.0 + epsilon(float64)
+      test 1000000.0000000123
+      test log2(100000.0)
+      test maximumPositiveValue(float32)
+      test maximumPositiveValue(float64)
+      test minimumPositiveValue(float32)
+      test minimumPositiveValue(float64)
+
+    block: # bug #12884
+      block: # example 1
+        const x0: float32 = 1.32
+        let x1 = 1.32
+        let x2 = 1.32'f32
+        var x3: float32 = 1.32
+        doAssert $(x0, x1, x2, x3) == "(1.32, 1.32, 1.32, 1.32)"
+      block: # example https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/12884#issuecomment-564967962
+        let x = float(1.32'f32)
+        when nimvm: discard # xxx prints 1.3
+        else:
+          when not defined(js):
+            doAssert $x == "1.3200000524520874"
+        doAssert $1.32 == "1.32"
+        doAssert $1.32'f32 == "1.32"
+        let x2 = 1.32'f32
+        doAssert $x2 == "1.32"
+      block:
+        var x = 1.23456789012345'f32
+        when nimvm:
+          discard # xxx, refs #12884
+        else:
+          doAssert x == 1.2345679'f32
+          doAssert $x == "1.2345679"
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/gc/closureleak.nim b/tests/gc/closureleak.nim
index 0265431d0..e67beb513 100644
--- a/tests/gc/closureleak.nim
+++ b/tests/gc/closureleak.nim
@@ -11,9 +11,19 @@ var foo_counter = 0
 var alive_foos = newseq[int](0)
 
 when defined(gcDestructors):
-  proc `=destroy`(some: var TFoo) =
+  proc `=destroy`(some: TFoo) =
     alive_foos.del alive_foos.find(some.id)
-    `=destroy`(some.fn)
+    # TODO: fixme: investigate why `=destroy` requires `some.fn` to be `gcsafe`
+    # the debugging info below came from `symPrototype` in the liftdestructors
+    # proc (){.closure, gcsafe.}, {tfThread, tfHasAsgn, tfCheckedForDestructor, tfExplicitCallConv}
+    # var proc (){.closure, gcsafe.}, {tfHasGCedMem}
+    # it worked by accident with var T destructors because in the sempass2
+    #
+    # let argtype = skipTypes(a.typ, abstractInst) # !!! it does't skip `tyVar`
+    # if argtype.kind == tyProc and notGcSafe(argtype) and not tracked.inEnforcedGcSafe:
+    #   localError(tracked.config, n.info, $n & " is not GC safe")
+    {.cast(gcsafe).}:
+      `=destroy`(some.fn)
 
 else:
   proc free*(some: ref TFoo) =
diff --git a/tests/gc/cyclecollector.nim b/tests/gc/cyclecollector.nim
index 7b47758f2..2d02a7a3c 100644
--- a/tests/gc/cyclecollector.nim
+++ b/tests/gc/cyclecollector.nim
@@ -9,7 +9,10 @@ type
 proc createCycle(leaf: string): Node =
   new result
   result.a = result
-  shallowCopy result.leaf, leaf
+  when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc):
+    result.leaf = leaf
+  else:
+    shallowCopy result.leaf, leaf
 
 proc main =
   for i in 0 .. 100_000:
diff --git a/tests/gc/gcleak3.nim b/tests/gc/gcleak3.nim
index 588e238e9..5e146d69f 100644
--- a/tests/gc/gcleak3.nim
+++ b/tests/gc/gcleak3.nim
@@ -17,14 +17,10 @@ for i in 0..1024:
   s.add(obj)
 
 proc limit*[t](a: var seq[t]) =
-  var loop = s.len() - 512
-  for i in 0..loop:
-    #echo i
-    #GC_fullCollect()
+  while s.len > 0:
     if getOccupiedMem() > 3000_000: quit("still a leak!")
-    s.delete(i)
+    s.delete(0)
 
 s.limit()
-
 echo "no leak: ", getOccupiedMem()
 
diff --git a/tests/gc/panicoverride.nim b/tests/gc/panicoverride.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f28b0b72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/gc/panicoverride.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+proc printf(frmt: cstring) {.varargs, importc, header: "<stdio.h>", cdecl.}
+proc exit(code: int) {.importc, header: "<stdlib.h>", cdecl.}
+
+{.push stack_trace: off, profiler:off.}
+
+proc rawoutput(s: string) =
+  printf("%s\n", s)
+
+proc panic(s: string) {.noreturn.} =
+  rawoutput(s)
+  exit(1)
+
+{.pop.}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/gc/tdisable_orc.nim b/tests/gc/tdisable_orc.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5f161c79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/gc/tdisable_orc.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  joinable: false
+"""
+
+import std/asyncdispatch
+
+# bug #22256
+GC_disableMarkAndSweep()
+waitFor sleepAsync(1000)
diff --git a/tests/gc/trace_globals.nim b/tests/gc/trace_globals.nim
index d91bc5f35..f62a15692 100644
--- a/tests/gc/trace_globals.nim
+++ b/tests/gc/trace_globals.nim
@@ -1,11 +1,20 @@
 discard """
-  output: '''10000000
+  output: '''
+10000000
 10000000
 10000000'''
 """
 
 # bug #17085
 
+#[
+refs https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/17085#issuecomment-786466595
+with --gc:boehm, this warning sometimes gets generated:
+Warning: Repeated allocation of very large block (appr. size 14880768):
+May lead to memory leak and poor performance.
+nim CI now runs this test with `testWithoutBoehm` to avoid running it with --gc:boehm.
+]#
+
 proc init(): string =
   for a in 0..<10000000:
     result.add 'c'
@@ -16,6 +25,8 @@ proc f() =
   var c {.global.} = init()
 
   echo a.len
+    # `echo` intentional according to
+    # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/17469/files/0c9e94cb6b9ebca9da7cb19a063fba7aa409748e#r600016573
   echo b.len
   echo c.len
 
diff --git a/tests/gc/tstandalone.nim b/tests/gc/tstandalone.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41dad9ba4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/gc/tstandalone.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--os:standalone --gc:none"
+  exitcode: 1
+  output: "value out of range"
+"""
+
+type
+  rangeType = range[0..1]
+
+var
+  r: rangeType = 0
+  i = 2
+
+r = rangeType(i)
diff --git a/tests/generics/m14509.nim b/tests/generics/m14509.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cabc4f308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/m14509.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import macros
+
+type float32x4 = array[4, float32]
+type float32x8 = array[8, float32]
+
+{.experimental: "dynamicBindSym".}
+macro dispatch(N: static int, T: type SomeNumber): untyped =
+  let BaseT = getTypeInst(T)[1]
+  result = bindSym($BaseT & "x" & $N)
+
+type
+  VecIntrin*[N: static int, T: SomeNumber] = dispatch(N, T)
+
+func `$`*[N, T](vec: VecIntrin[N, T]): string =
+  ## Display a vector
+  $cast[array[N, T]](vec)
diff --git a/tests/generics/m22373a.nim b/tests/generics/m22373a.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..28e087ca6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/m22373a.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# module a for t22373
+
+# original:
+type LightClientHeader* = object
+
+# simplified:
+type TypeOrTemplate* = object
diff --git a/tests/generics/m22373b.nim b/tests/generics/m22373b.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67ee4211b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/m22373b.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# module b for t22373
+
+import m22373a
+
+# original:
+type
+  LightClientDataFork* {.pure.} = enum
+    None = 0,
+    Altair = 1
+template LightClientHeader*(kind: static LightClientDataFork): auto =
+  when kind == LightClientDataFork.Altair:
+    typedesc[m22373a.LightClientHeader]
+  else:
+    static: raiseAssert "Unreachable"
+
+# simplified:
+template TypeOrTemplate*(num: int): untyped =
+  typedesc[m22373a.TypeOrTemplate]
diff --git a/tests/generics/m3770.nim b/tests/generics/m3770.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f5714a2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/m3770.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+type
+  Noice* = object
+    hidden: int
+
+template jjj*: Noice =
+  Noice(hidden: 15)
+
+type Opt* = object
+  o: int
+
+template none*(O: type Opt): Opt = Opt(o: 0)
diff --git a/tests/generics/mdotlookup.nim b/tests/generics/mdotlookup.nim
index 470fa0a51..090b97771 100644
--- a/tests/generics/mdotlookup.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/mdotlookup.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-proc baz(o: any): int = 5 # if bar is exported, it works
+proc baz(o: auto): int = 5 # if bar is exported, it works
 
 type MyObj = object
   x: int
 
-proc foo*(b: any) =
+proc foo*(b: auto) =
   var o: MyObj
   echo b.baz, " ", o.x.baz, " ", b.baz()
 
@@ -14,3 +14,15 @@ var intset = initHashSet[int]()
 proc fn*[T](a: T) =
   if a in intset: echo("true")
   else: echo("false")
+
+import strutils
+
+proc doStrip*[T](a: T): string =
+  result = ($a).strip()
+
+type Foo = int32
+proc baz2*[T](y: int): auto =
+  result = y.Foo
+
+proc set*(x: var int, a, b: string) =
+  x = a.len + b.len
diff --git a/tests/friends/mfriends.nim b/tests/generics/mfriends.nim
index 19672289e..19672289e 100644
--- a/tests/friends/mfriends.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/mfriends.nim
diff --git a/tests/generics/module_with_generics.nim b/tests/generics/module_with_generics.nim
index e801a4790..960a694d7 100644
--- a/tests/generics/module_with_generics.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/module_with_generics.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 type
-  Base[T] = ref object {.inheritable.}
+  Base[T] {.inheritable.} = ref object
     value*: T
 
   Derived[T] = ref object of Base[T]
diff --git a/tests/generics/mopensymimport1.nim b/tests/generics/mopensymimport1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..912db1302
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/mopensymimport1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+type
+  Result*[T, E] = object
+    when T is void:
+      when E is void:
+        oResultPrivate*: bool
+      else:
+        case oResultPrivate*: bool
+        of false:
+          eResultPrivate*: E
+        of true:
+          discard
+    else:
+      when E is void:
+        case oResultPrivate*: bool
+        of false:
+          discard
+        of true:
+          vResultPrivate*: T
+      else:
+        case oResultPrivate*: bool
+        of false:
+          eResultPrivate*: E
+        of true:
+          vResultPrivate*: T
+
+template valueOr*[T: not void, E](self: Result[T, E], def: untyped): untyped =
+  let s = (self) # TODO avoid copy
+  case s.oResultPrivate
+  of true:
+    s.vResultPrivate
+  of false:
+    when E isnot void:
+      template error: untyped {.used, inject.} = s.eResultPrivate
+    def
diff --git a/tests/generics/mopensymimport2.nim b/tests/generics/mopensymimport2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c17aafd00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/mopensymimport2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{.experimental: "openSym".}
+
+import mopensymimport1
+
+type Xxx = enum
+  error
+  value
+
+proc f(): Result[int, cstring] =
+  Result[int, cstring](oResultPrivate: false, eResultPrivate: "f")
+
+proc g*(T: type): string =
+  let x = f().valueOr:
+    return $error
+
+  "ok"
diff --git a/tests/generics/mtypenodes.nim b/tests/generics/mtypenodes.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e1132241b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/mtypenodes.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# issue #22699
+
+type Private = distinct int
+
+proc chop*[T](x: int): int =
+  cast[int](cast[tuple[field: Private]](x))
diff --git a/tests/generics/muninstantiatedgenericcalls.nim b/tests/generics/muninstantiatedgenericcalls.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..caed07c98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/muninstantiatedgenericcalls.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import std/bitops
+
+const
+  lengths = block:
+    var v: array[64, int8]
+    for i in 0..<64:
+      v[i] = int8((i + 7) div 7)
+    v
+
+type
+  Leb128* = object
+
+{.push checks: off.}
+func len(T: type Leb128, x: SomeUnsignedInt): int8 =
+  if x == 0: 1
+  else: lengths[fastLog2(x)]
+{.pop.}
+
+# note private to test scoping issue:
+func maxLen(T: type Leb128, I: type): int8 =
+  Leb128.len(I.high)
+
+type
+  Leb128Buf*[T: SomeUnsignedInt] = object
+    data*: array[maxLen(Leb128, T), byte] 
+    len*: int8
diff --git a/tests/generics/t12938.nim b/tests/generics/t12938.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e09d65c7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t12938.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+type
+  ExampleArray[Size, T] = array[Size, T]
+
+var integerArray: ExampleArray[32, int]  # Compiler crash!
+doAssert integerArray.len == 32
+
+const Size = 2
+var integerArray2: ExampleArray[Size, int]
+doAssert integerArray2.len == 2
diff --git a/tests/generics/t13525.nim b/tests/generics/t13525.nim
index d1b8df78c..1fd84852b 100644
--- a/tests/generics/t13525.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/t13525.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/13524
 template fun(field): untyped = astToStr(field)
-proc test1(): string = fun(nonexistant1)
-proc test2[T](): string = fun(nonexistant2) # used to cause: Error: undeclared identifier: 'nonexistant2'
-doAssert test1() == "nonexistant1"
-doAssert test2[int]() == "nonexistant2"
+proc test1(): string = fun(nonexistent1)
+proc test2[T](): string = fun(nonexistent2) # used to cause: Error: undeclared identifier: 'nonexistent2'
+doAssert test1() == "nonexistent1"
+doAssert test2[int]() == "nonexistent2"
diff --git a/tests/generics/t14193.nim b/tests/generics/t14193.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..213b1a8e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t14193.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+type
+  Task*[N: int] = object
+    env*: array[N, byte]
+
+var task14193: Task[20]
+doAssert task14193.env.len == 20
diff --git a/tests/generics/t14509.nim b/tests/generics/t14509.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ef3143ee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t14509.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import m14509
+
+var v: VecIntrin[4, float32]
+doAssert $v == "[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]"
diff --git a/tests/generics/t1500.nim b/tests/generics/t1500.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6dd457d33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t1500.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#issue 1500
+
+type
+  TFtpBase*[SockType] = object
+    job: TFTPJob[SockType]
+  PFtpBase*[SockType] = ref TFtpBase[SockType]
+  TFtpClient* = TFtpBase[string]
+  TFTPJob[T] = object
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/generics/t17509.nim b/tests/generics/t17509.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89f507577
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t17509.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+type List[O] = object
+  next: ptr List[O]
+
+proc initList[O](l: ptr List[O]) =
+  l[].next = l
+
+type
+  PolytopeVertex[R] = object
+    list: List[PolytopeVertex[R]]
+
+  PolytopeEdge[R] = object
+    list: List[PolytopeEdge[R]]
+
+  Polytope[R] = object
+    vertices: List[PolytopeVertex[R]]
+    edges: List[PolytopeEdge[R]]
+
+var pt: Polytope[float]
+
+static:
+  doAssert pt.vertices.next is (ptr List[PolytopeVertex[float]])
+  doAssert pt.edges.next is (ptr List[PolytopeEdge[float]])
+
+initList(addr pt.vertices)
+initList(addr pt.edges)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/generics/t18823.nim b/tests/generics/t18823.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94c79aebe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t18823.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+type BitsRange[T] = range[0..sizeof(T)*8-1]
+
+proc bar[T](a: T; b: BitsRange[T]) =
+  discard
+
+bar(1, 2.Natural)
diff --git a/tests/generics/t18859.nim b/tests/generics/t18859.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca6c3d10b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t18859.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import macros
+
+macro symFromDesc(T: typedesc): untyped =
+  let typ = getType(T)
+  typ[1]
+
+template produceType(T: typedesc): untyped =
+  type
+    XT = object
+      x: symFromDesc(T)
+
+  XT
+
+type
+  X[T] = produceType(T)
+
+var x: X[int]
diff --git a/tests/generics/t19848.nim b/tests/generics/t19848.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f80f0e298
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t19848.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+todo
+'''
+"""
+
+type
+  Maybe[T] = object
+  List[T] = object
+
+proc dump[M: Maybe](a: List[M]) =
+  echo "todo"
+
+var a: List[Maybe[int]]
+  
+dump(a)
diff --git a/tests/generics/t20996.nim b/tests/generics/t20996.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8aa83c4e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t20996.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+discard """
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+import std/macros
+
+macro matchMe(x: typed): untyped =
+  discard x.getTypeImpl
+
+type
+  ElementRT = object
+  Element[Z] = ElementRT # this version is needed, even though we don't use it
+
+let ar = ElementRT()
+matchMe(ar)
diff --git a/tests/generics/t21742.nim b/tests/generics/t21742.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c49c8ee97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t21742.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+type
+  Foo[T] = object
+    x:T
+  Bar[T,R] = Foo[T]
+  Baz = Bar[int,float]
+
+proc qux[T,R](x: Bar[T,R]) = discard
+
+var b:Baz
+b.qux()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/generics/t21760.nim b/tests/generics/t21760.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5343279bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t21760.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import std/tables
+
+type Url = object
+
+proc myInit(_: type[Url], params = default(Table[string, string])): Url =
+  discard
+
+discard myInit(Url)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/generics/t21958.nim b/tests/generics/t21958.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f566b57cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t21958.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+discard """
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+type
+  Ct*[T: SomeUnsignedInt] = distinct T
+
+template `shr`*[T: Ct](x: T, y: SomeInteger): T = T(T.T(x) shr y)
+
+var x: Ct[uint64]
+let y {.used.} = x shr 2
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/generics/t22373.nim b/tests/generics/t22373.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ecfaf0f1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t22373.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# issue #22373
+
+import m22373a
+import m22373b
+
+# original:
+template lazy_header(name: untyped): untyped {.dirty.} =
+  var `name _ ptr`: ptr[data_fork.LightClientHeader]  # this data_fork.Foo part seems required to reproduce
+proc createLightClientUpdates(data_fork: static LightClientDataFork) =
+  lazy_header(attested_header)
+createLightClientUpdates(LightClientDataFork.Altair)
+
+# simplified:
+proc generic[T](abc: T) =
+  var x: abc.TypeOrTemplate
+generic(123)
diff --git a/tests/generics/t22826.nim b/tests/generics/t22826.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..914d4243a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t22826.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import std/tables
+
+var a: Table[string, float]
+
+type Value*[T] = object
+  table: Table[string, Value[T]]
+
+discard toTable({"a": Value[float]()})
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/generics/t23186.nim b/tests/generics/t23186.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76f38da6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t23186.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# issue #23186
+
+block: # simplified
+  template typedTempl(x: int, body): untyped =
+    body
+  proc generic1[T]() =
+    discard
+  proc generic2[T]() =
+    typedTempl(1):
+      let x = generic1[T]
+  generic2[int]()
+
+import std/macros
+
+when not compiles(len((1, 2))):
+  import std/typetraits
+
+  func len(x: tuple): int =
+    arity(type(x))
+
+block: # full issue example
+  type FieldDescription = object
+    name: NimNode
+  func isTuple(t: NimNode): bool =
+    t.kind == nnkBracketExpr and t[0].kind == nnkSym and eqIdent(t[0], "tuple")
+  proc collectFieldsFromRecList(result: var seq[FieldDescription],
+                                n: NimNode,
+                                parentCaseField: NimNode = nil,
+                                parentCaseBranch: NimNode = nil,
+                                isDiscriminator = false) =
+    case n.kind
+    of nnkRecList:
+      for entry in n:
+        collectFieldsFromRecList result, entry,
+                                parentCaseField, parentCaseBranch
+    of nnkIdentDefs:
+      for i in 0 ..< n.len - 2:
+        var field: FieldDescription
+        field.name = n[i]
+        if field.name.kind == nnkPragmaExpr:
+          field.name = field.name[0]
+        if field.name.kind == nnkPostfix:
+          field.name = field.name[1]
+        result.add field
+    of nnkNilLit, nnkDiscardStmt, nnkCommentStmt, nnkEmpty:
+      discard
+    else:
+      doAssert false, "Unexpected nodes in recordFields:\n" & n.treeRepr
+  proc collectFieldsInHierarchy(result: var seq[FieldDescription],
+                                objectType: NimNode) =
+    var objectType = objectType
+    if objectType.kind == nnkRefTy:
+      objectType = objectType[0]
+    let recList = objectType[2]
+    collectFieldsFromRecList result, recList
+  proc recordFields(typeImpl: NimNode): seq[FieldDescription] =
+    let objectType = case typeImpl.kind
+      of nnkObjectTy: typeImpl
+      of nnkTypeDef: typeImpl[2]
+      else:
+        macros.error("object type expected", typeImpl)
+        return
+    collectFieldsInHierarchy(result, objectType)
+  proc skipPragma(n: NimNode): NimNode =
+    if n.kind == nnkPragmaExpr: n[0]
+    else: n
+  func declval(T: type): T =
+    doAssert false,
+      "declval should be used only in `typeof` expressions and concepts"
+    default(ptr T)[]
+  macro enumAllSerializedFieldsImpl(T: type, body: untyped): untyped =
+    var typeAst = getType(T)[1]
+    var typeImpl: NimNode
+    let isSymbol = not typeAst.isTuple
+    if not isSymbol:
+      typeImpl = typeAst
+    else:
+      typeImpl = getImpl(typeAst)
+    result = newStmtList()
+    var i = 0
+    for field in recordFields(typeImpl):
+      let
+        fieldIdent = field.name
+        realFieldName = newLit($fieldIdent.skipPragma)
+        fieldName = realFieldName
+        fieldIndex = newLit(i)
+      let fieldNameDefs =
+        if isSymbol:
+          quote:
+            const fieldName {.inject, used.} = `fieldName`
+            const realFieldName {.inject, used.} = `realFieldName`
+        else:
+          quote:
+            const fieldName {.inject, used.} = $`fieldIndex`
+            const realFieldName {.inject, used.} = $`fieldIndex`
+            # we can't access .Fieldn, so our helper knows
+            # to parseInt this
+      let field =
+        if isSymbol:
+          quote do: declval(`T`).`fieldIdent`
+        else:
+          quote do: declval(`T`)[`fieldIndex`]
+      result.add quote do:
+        block:
+          `fieldNameDefs`
+          type FieldType {.inject, used.} = type(`field`)
+          `body`
+      i += 1
+  template enumAllSerializedFields(T: type, body): untyped =
+    when T is ref|ptr:
+      type TT = type(default(T)[])
+      enumAllSerializedFieldsImpl(TT, body)
+    else:
+      enumAllSerializedFieldsImpl(T, body)
+  type
+    MemRange = object
+      startAddr: ptr byte
+      length: int
+    SszNavigator[T] = object
+      m: MemRange
+  func sszMount(data: openArray[byte], T: type): SszNavigator[T] =
+    let startAddr = unsafeAddr data[0]
+    SszNavigator[T](m: MemRange(startAddr: startAddr, length: data.len))
+  func sszMount(data: openArray[char], T: type): SszNavigator[T] =
+    let startAddr = cast[ptr byte](unsafeAddr data[0])
+    SszNavigator[T](m: MemRange(startAddr: startAddr, length: data.len))
+  template sszMount(data: MemRange, T: type): SszNavigator[T] =
+    SszNavigator[T](m: data)
+  func navigateToField[T](
+      n: SszNavigator[T],
+      FieldType: type): SszNavigator[FieldType] =
+    default(SszNavigator[FieldType])
+  type
+    FieldInfo = ref object
+      navigator: proc (m: MemRange): MemRange {.
+        gcsafe, noSideEffect, raises: [IOError] .}
+  func fieldNavigatorImpl[RecordType; FieldType; fieldName: static string](
+      m: MemRange): MemRange =
+    var typedNavigator = sszMount(m, RecordType)
+    discard navigateToField(typedNavigator, FieldType)
+    default(MemRange)
+  func genTypeInfo(T: type) =
+    when T is object:
+      enumAllSerializedFields(T):
+        discard FieldInfo(navigator: fieldNavigatorImpl[T, FieldType, fieldName])
+  type
+    Foo = object
+      bar: Bar
+    BarList = seq[uint64]
+    Bar = object
+      b: BarList
+      baz: Baz
+    Baz = object
+      i: uint64
+  genTypeInfo(Foo)
diff --git a/tests/generics/t23790.nim b/tests/generics/t23790.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ac0df6a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t23790.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# bug #23790
+
+discard compiles($default(seq[seq[ref int]]))
+discard compiles($default(seq[seq[ref uint]]))
+discard compiles($default(seq[seq[ref int8]]))
+discard compiles($default(seq[seq[ref uint8]]))
+discard compiles($default(seq[seq[ref int16]]))
+discard compiles($default(seq[seq[ref uint16]]))
+discard compiles($default(seq[seq[ref int32]]))
+discard compiles($default(seq[seq[ref uint32]]))
+discard compiles($default(seq[seq[ref int64]]))
+discard compiles($default(seq[seq[ref uint64]]))
+proc s(_: int | string) = discard
+s(0)
diff --git a/tests/generics/t23853.nim b/tests/generics/t23853.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc9514a53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t23853.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# issue #23853
+
+block simplified:
+  type QuadraticExt[F] = object
+    coords: array[2, F]
+  template Name(E: type QuadraticExt): int = 123
+  template getBigInt(Name: static int): untyped = int
+  type Foo[GT] = object
+    a: getBigInt(GT.Name)
+  var x: Foo[QuadraticExt[int]]
+  
+import std/macros
+
+type
+  Algebra* = enum
+    BN254_Snarks
+    BLS12_381
+
+  Fp*[Name: static Algebra] = object
+    limbs*: array[4, uint64]
+
+  QuadraticExt*[F] = object
+    ## Quadratic Extension field
+    coords*: array[2, F]
+
+  CubicExt*[F] = object
+    ## Cubic Extension field
+    coords*: array[3, F]
+
+  ExtensionField*[F] = QuadraticExt[F] or CubicExt[F]
+
+  Fp2*[Name: static Algebra] =
+    QuadraticExt[Fp[Name]]
+
+  Fp4*[Name: static Algebra] =
+    QuadraticExt[Fp2[Name]]
+
+  Fp6*[Name: static Algebra] =
+    CubicExt[Fp2[Name]]
+
+  Fp12*[Name: static Algebra] =
+    CubicExt[Fp4[Name]]
+    # QuadraticExt[Fp6[Name]]
+
+template Name*(E: type ExtensionField): Algebra =
+  E.F.Name
+
+const BLS12_381_Order = [uint64 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4]
+const BLS12_381_Modulus = [uint64 0x5, 0x6, 0x7, 0x8]
+
+
+{.experimental: "dynamicBindSym".}
+
+macro baseFieldModulus*(Name: static Algebra): untyped =
+  result = bindSym($Name & "_Modulus")
+
+macro scalarFieldModulus*(Name: static Algebra): untyped =
+  result = bindSym($Name & "_Order")
+
+type FieldKind* = enum
+  kBaseField
+  kScalarField
+
+template getBigInt*(Name: static Algebra, kind: static FieldKind): untyped =
+  # Workaround:
+  # in `ptr UncheckedArray[BigInt[EC.getScalarField().bits()]]
+  # EC.getScalarField is not accepted by the compiler
+  #
+  # and `ptr UncheckedArray[BigInt[Fr[EC.F.Name].bits]]` gets undeclared field: 'Name'
+  #
+  # but `ptr UncheckedArray[getBigInt(EC.getName(), kScalarField)]` works fine
+  when kind == kBaseField:
+    Name.baseFieldModulus().typeof()
+  else:
+    Name.scalarFieldModulus().typeof()
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type BenchMultiexpContext*[GT] = object
+  elems: seq[GT]
+  exponents: seq[getBigInt(GT.Name, kScalarField)]
+
+proc createBenchMultiExpContext*(GT: typedesc, inputSizes: openArray[int]): BenchMultiexpContext[GT] =
+  discard
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+proc main() =
+  let ctx = createBenchMultiExpContext(Fp12[BLS12_381], [2, 4, 8, 16])
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/generics/t23854.nim b/tests/generics/t23854.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f1175c8b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t23854.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# issue #23854, not entirely fixed
+
+import std/bitops
+
+const WordBitWidth = sizeof(pointer) * 8
+
+func wordsRequired*(bits: int): int {.inline.} =
+  const divShiftor = fastLog2(uint32(WordBitWidth))
+  result = (bits + WordBitWidth - 1) shr divShiftor
+
+type
+  Algebra* = enum
+    BLS12_381
+
+  BigInt*[bits: static int] = object
+    limbs*: array[wordsRequired(bits), uint]
+
+  Fr*[Name: static Algebra] = object
+    residue_form*: BigInt[255]
+
+  Fp*[Name: static Algebra] = object
+    residue_form*: BigInt[381]
+
+  FF*[Name: static Algebra] = Fp[Name] or Fr[Name]
+
+template getBigInt*[Name: static Algebra](T: type FF[Name]): untyped =
+  ## Get the underlying BigInt type.
+  typeof(default(T).residue_form)
+
+type
+  EC_ShortW_Aff*[F] = object
+    ## Elliptic curve point for a curve in Short Weierstrass form
+    ##   y² = x³ + a x + b
+    ##
+    ## over a field F
+    x*, y*: F
+
+type FieldKind* = enum
+  kBaseField
+  kScalarField
+
+func bits*[Name: static Algebra](T: type FF[Name]): static int =
+  T.getBigInt().bits
+
+template getScalarField*(EC: type EC_ShortW_Aff): untyped =
+  Fr[EC.F.Name]
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type
+  ECFFT_Descriptor*[EC] = object
+    ## Metadata for FFT on Elliptic Curve
+    order*: int
+    rootsOfUnity1*: ptr UncheckedArray[BigInt[EC.getScalarField().bits()]]  # Error: in expression 'EC.getScalarField()': identifier expected, but found 'EC.getScalarField'
+    rootsOfUnity2*: ptr UncheckedArray[BigInt[getScalarField(EC).bits()]] # Compiler SIGSEGV: Illegal Storage Access
+
+func new*(T: type ECFFT_Descriptor): T =
+  discard
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+template getBits[bits: static int](x: ptr UncheckedArray[BigInt[bits]]): int = bits
+
+proc main() =
+  let ctx = ECFFT_Descriptor[EC_ShortW_Aff[Fp[BLS12_381]]].new()
+  doAssert getBits(ctx.rootsOfUnity1) == 255
+  doAssert getBits(ctx.rootsOfUnity2) == 255
+  doAssert ctx.rootsOfUnity1[0].limbs.len == wordsRequired(255)
+  doAssert ctx.rootsOfUnity2[0].limbs.len == wordsRequired(255)
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/generics/t23855.nim b/tests/generics/t23855.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da8135a98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t23855.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# issue #23855, not entirely fixed
+
+import std/bitops
+
+const WordBitWidth = sizeof(pointer) * 8
+
+func wordsRequired*(bits: int): int {.inline.} =
+  const divShiftor = fastLog2(uint32(WordBitWidth))
+  result = (bits + WordBitWidth - 1) shr divShiftor
+
+type
+  Algebra* = enum
+    BLS12_381
+
+  BigInt*[bits: static int] = object
+    limbs*: array[wordsRequired(bits), uint]
+
+  Fr*[Name: static Algebra] = object
+    residue_form*: BigInt[255]
+
+  Fp*[Name: static Algebra] = object
+    residue_form*: BigInt[381]
+
+  FF*[Name: static Algebra] = Fp[Name] or Fr[Name]
+
+template getBigInt*[Name: static Algebra](T: type FF[Name]): untyped =
+  ## Get the underlying BigInt type.
+  typeof(default(T).residue_form)
+
+type
+  EC_ShortW_Aff*[F] = object
+    ## Elliptic curve point for a curve in Short Weierstrass form
+    ##   y² = x³ + a x + b
+    ##
+    ## over a field F
+    x*, y*: F
+
+func bits*[Name: static Algebra](T: type FF[Name]): static int =
+  T.getBigInt().bits
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type
+  ECFFT_Descriptor*[EC] = object
+    ## Metadata for FFT on Elliptic Curve
+    order*: int
+    rootsOfUnity*: ptr UncheckedArray[BigInt[Fr[EC.F.Name].bits()]] # Undeclared identifier `Name`
+
+func new*(T: type ECFFT_Descriptor): T =
+  discard
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+template getBits[bits: static int](x: ptr UncheckedArray[BigInt[bits]]): int = bits
+
+proc main() =
+  let ctx = ECFFT_Descriptor[EC_ShortW_Aff[Fp[BLS12_381]]].new()
+  doAssert getBits(ctx.rootsOfUnity) == 255
+  doAssert ctx.rootsOfUnity[0].limbs.len == wordsRequired(255)
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/generics/t3770.nim b/tests/generics/t3770.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ffccbeeb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t3770.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# bug #3770
+import m3770
+
+doAssert $jjj() == "(hidden: 15)"  # works
+
+proc someGeneric(_: type) =
+  doAssert $jjj() == "(hidden: 15)" # fails: "Error: the field 'hidden' is not accessible."
+
+someGeneric(int)
+
+# bug #20900
+proc c(y: int | int, w: Opt = Opt.none) = discard
+c(0)
diff --git a/tests/generics/t500.nim b/tests/generics/t500.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2486359aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t500.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+discard """
+action: compile
+"""
+
+type
+  TTest = tuple[x: range[0..80], y: range[0..25]]
+
+let x: TTest = (2, 23)
diff --git a/tests/generics/t6137.nim b/tests/generics/t6137.nim
index 991f39dd1..fb7db22f8 100644
--- a/tests/generics/t6137.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/t6137.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "\'vectFunc\' doesn't have a concrete type, due to unspecified generic parameters."
-  line: 28
+  errormsg: "cannot instantiate: 'T'"
+  line: 19
 """
 
 type
diff --git a/tests/generics/t6637.nim b/tests/generics/t6637.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd4f339a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t6637.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+
+type
+  Grid2D*[I: SomeInteger, w, h: static[I], T] = object
+    grid: array[w, array[h, T]]
+  Grid2DIns = Grid2D[int, 2, 3, uint8]
+
+let a = Grid2DIns()
+doAssert a.grid.len == 2
+doAssert a.grid[0].len == 3
diff --git a/tests/generics/t7446.nim b/tests/generics/t7446.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71aa8f0e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t7446.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+proc foo(x: Natural or SomeUnsignedInt):int = 
+  when x is int:
+    result = 1
+  else:
+    result = 2
+let a = 10
+doAssert foo(a) == 1
+
+let b = 10'u8
+doAssert foo(b) == 2
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/generics/t7839.nim b/tests/generics/t7839.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d17b438b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/t7839.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+type A[I: SomeOrdinal, E] = tuple # same for object
+  length: int
+
+doAssert A.sizeof == sizeof(int) # works without the following proc
+
+proc newA*[I: SomeOrdinal, E](): A[I, E] = # works without `SomeOrdinal`
+  discard
+
+discard newA[uint8, int]()
diff --git a/tests/generics/taliashijack.nim b/tests/generics/taliashijack.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fdebadded
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/taliashijack.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# issue #23977
+
+type Foo[T] = int
+
+proc foo(T: typedesc) =
+  var a: T
+
+foo(int)
diff --git a/tests/generics/tbadcache.nim b/tests/generics/tbadcache.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33e65be3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/tbadcache.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# issue #16128
+
+import std/[tables, hashes]
+
+type
+  NodeId*[L] = object
+    isSource: bool
+    index: Table[NodeId[L], seq[NodeId[L]]]
+
+func hash*[L](id: NodeId[L]): Hash = discard
+func `==`[L](a, b: NodeId[L]): bool = discard
+
+proc makeIndex*[T, L](tree: T) =
+  var parent = NodeId[L]()
+  var tmp: Table[NodeId[L], seq[NodeId[L]]]
+  tmp[parent] = @[parent]
+
+proc simpleTreeDiff*[T, L](source, target: T) =
+  # Swapping these two lines makes error disappear
+  var m: Table[NodeId[L], NodeId[L]]
+  makeIndex[T, L](target)
+
+var tmp: Table[string, seq[string]] # removing this forward declaration also removes error
+
+proc diff(x1, x2: string): auto =
+  simpleTreeDiff[int, string](12, 12)
diff --git a/tests/generics/tbaddeprecated.nim b/tests/generics/tbaddeprecated.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..335234a25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/tbaddeprecated.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+not deprecated
+not deprecated
+not error
+not error
+'''
+"""
+
+# issue #21724
+
+block: # deprecated
+  {.push warningAsError[Deprecated]: on.}
+  type
+    SomeObj = object
+      hey: bool
+  proc hey() {.deprecated: "Shouldn't use this".} = echo "hey"
+  proc gen(o: auto) =
+    doAssert not compiles(o.hey())
+    if o.hey:
+      echo "not deprecated"
+  gen(SomeObj(hey: true))
+  doAssert not (compiles do:
+    proc hey(o: SomeObj) {.deprecated: "Shouldn't use this".} = echo "hey"
+    proc gen2(o: auto) =
+      if o.hey():
+        echo "not deprecated"
+    gen2(SomeObj(hey: true)))
+  proc hey(o: SomeObj) {.deprecated: "Shouldn't use this".} = echo "hey"
+  proc gen3(o: auto) =
+    if o.hey:
+      echo "not deprecated"
+  gen3(SomeObj(hey: true))
+  {.pop.}
+block: # error
+  type
+    SomeObj = object
+      hey: bool
+  proc hey() {.error: "Shouldn't use this".} = echo "hey"
+  proc gen(o: auto) =
+    doAssert not compiles(o.hey())
+    if o.hey:
+      echo "not error"
+  gen(SomeObj(hey: true))
+  doAssert not (compiles do:
+    proc hey(o: SomeObj) {.error: "Shouldn't use this".} = echo "hey"
+    proc gen2(o: auto) =
+      if o.hey():
+        echo "not error"
+    gen2(SomeObj(hey: true)))
+  proc hey(o: SomeObj) {.error: "Shouldn't use this".} = echo "hey"
+  proc gen3(o: auto) =
+    if o.hey:
+      echo "not error"
+  gen3(SomeObj(hey: true))
diff --git a/tests/generics/tbracketinstantiation.nim b/tests/generics/tbracketinstantiation.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..22a86af4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/tbracketinstantiation.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+discard """
+  nimout: '''
+type
+  Bob = object
+type
+  Another = object
+'''
+"""
+
+block: # issue #22645
+  type
+    Opt[T] = object
+    FutureBase = ref object of RootObj
+    Future[T] = ref object of FutureBase ## Typed future.
+      internalValue: T ## Stored value
+  template err[T](E: type Opt[T]): E = E()
+  proc works(): Future[Opt[int]] {.stackTrace: off, gcsafe, raises: [].} =
+    var chronosInternalRetFuture: FutureBase
+    template result(): untyped {.used.} =
+      Future[Opt[int]](chronosInternalRetFuture).internalValue
+    result = err(type(result))
+  proc breaks(): Future[Opt[int]] {.stackTrace: off, gcsafe, raises: [].} =
+    var chronosInternalRetFuture: FutureBase
+    template result(): untyped {.used.} =
+      cast[Future[Opt[int]]](chronosInternalRetFuture).internalValue
+    result = err(type(result))
+
+import macros
+
+block: # issue #16118
+  macro thing(name: static[string]) =
+    result = newStmtList(
+      nnkTypeSection.newTree(
+        nnkTypeDef.newTree(
+          ident(name),
+          newEmptyNode(),
+          nnkObjectTy.newTree(
+            newEmptyNode(),
+            newEmptyNode(),
+            nnkRecList.newTree()))))
+  template foo(name: string): untyped =
+    thing(name)
+  expandMacros:
+    foo("Bob")
+  block:
+    expandMacros:
+      foo("Another")
+
+block: # issue #19670
+  type
+    Past[Z] = object
+    OpenObject = object
+
+  macro rewriter(prc: untyped): untyped =
+    prc.body.add(nnkCall.newTree(
+      prc.params[0]
+    ))
+    prc
+    
+  macro macroAsync(name, restype: untyped): untyped =
+    quote do:
+      proc `name`(): Past[seq[`restype`]] {.rewriter.} = discard
+      
+  macroAsync(testMacro, OpenObject)
+
+import asyncdispatch
+
+block: # issue #11838 long
+  type
+    R[P] = object
+      updates: seq[P]
+    D[T, P] = ref object
+      ps: seq[P]
+      t: T
+  proc newD[T, P](ps: seq[P], t: T): D[T, P] =
+    D[T, P](ps: ps, t: t)
+  proc loop[T, P](d: D[T, P]) =
+    var results = newSeq[Future[R[P]]](10)
+  let d = newD[string, int](@[1], "")
+  d.loop()
+
+block: # issue #11838 minimal
+  type R[T] = object
+  proc loop[T]() =
+    discard newSeq[R[R[T]]]()
+  loop[int]()
diff --git a/tests/generics/tcalltype.nim b/tests/generics/tcalltype.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cba691f77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/tcalltype.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+discard """
+  joinable: false # breaks everything because of #23977
+"""
+
+# issue #23406
+
+template helper(_: untyped): untyped =
+  int
+
+type # Each of them should always be `int`.
+  GenA[T] = helper int
+  GenB[T] = helper(int)
+  GenC[T] = helper helper(int)
+
+block:
+  template helper(_: untyped): untyped =
+    float
+
+  type
+    A = GenA[int]
+    B = GenB[int]
+    C = GenC[int]
+
+  assert A is int # OK.
+  assert B is int # Fails; it is `float`!
+  assert C is int # OK.
diff --git a/tests/generics/tcan.nim b/tests/generics/tcan.nim
index eea69cdb7..bbefa7233 100644
--- a/tests/generics/tcan.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/tcan.nim
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ block tinherit:
 
 block tspecialise:
   type
-    TGen[T] = object {.inheritable.}
+    TGen[T] {.inheritable.} = object
     TSpef = object of TGen[string]
 
 
diff --git a/tests/constraints/tconstraints.nim b/tests/generics/tconstraints.nim
index 3ca01cfd5..3ca01cfd5 100644
--- a/tests/constraints/tconstraints.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/tconstraints.nim
diff --git a/tests/friends/tfriends.nim b/tests/generics/tfriends.nim
index 1e70d50a5..1e70d50a5 100644
--- a/tests/friends/tfriends.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/tfriends.nim
diff --git a/tests/generics/tgeneric0.nim b/tests/generics/tgeneric0.nim
index 44c34917d..16a148f7b 100644
--- a/tests/generics/tgeneric0.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/tgeneric0.nim
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ float32
 """
 
 
-import tables
+import std/tables
 
 
 block tgeneric0:
@@ -153,3 +153,44 @@ proc unzip*[T,U](xs: List[tuple[t: T, u: U]]): (List[T], List[U]) = discard
 
 proc unzip2*[T,U](xs: List[(T,U)]): (List[T], List[U]) = discard
 
+type
+  AtomicType = pointer|ptr|int
+
+  Atomic[T: AtomicType] = distinct T
+
+  Block[T: AtomicType] = object
+
+  AtomicContainer[T: AtomicType] = object
+    b: Atomic[ptr Block[T]]
+
+# bug #8295
+var x = AtomicContainer[int]()
+doAssert (ptr Block[int])(x.b) == nil
+
+
+# bug #23233
+type
+  JsonObjectType*[T: string or uint64] = Table[string, JsonValueRef[T]]
+
+  JsonValueRef*[T: string or uint64] = object
+    objVal*: JsonObjectType[T]
+
+proc scanValue[K](val: var K) =
+  var map: JsonObjectType[K.T]
+  var newVal: K
+  map["one"] = newVal
+
+block:
+  var a: JsonValueRef[uint64]
+  scanValue(a)
+
+  var b: JsonValueRef[string]
+  scanValue(b)
+
+block: # bug #21347
+  type K[T] = object
+  template s[T]() = discard
+  proc b1(n: bool | bool) = s[K[K[int]]]()
+  proc b2(n: bool) =        s[K[K[int]]]()
+  b1(false)   # Error: 's' has unspecified generic parameters
+  b2(false)   # Builds, on its own
diff --git a/tests/generics/tgeneric3.nim b/tests/generics/tgeneric3.nim
index 4cb12f91b..29a73afc6 100644
--- a/tests/generics/tgeneric3.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/tgeneric3.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 discard """
 output: '''
 312
-1000000
-1000000
-500000
+1000
+1000
+500
 0
 '''
 """
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import strutils
 
 type
   PNode[T,D] = ref TNode[T,D]
-  TItem {.acyclic, pure, final, shallow.} [T,D] = object
+  TItem[T,D] {.acyclic, pure, final, shallow.} = object
         key: T
         value: D
         node: PNode[T,D]
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ type
           val_set: bool
 
   TItems[T,D] = seq[ref TItem[T,D]]
-  TNode {.acyclic, pure, final, shallow.} [T,D] = object
+  TNode[T,D] {.acyclic, pure, final, shallow.} = object
         slots: TItems[T,D]
         left: PNode[T,D]
         count: int32
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ proc InsertItem[T,D](APath: RPath[T,D], ANode:PNode[T,D], Akey: T, Avalue: D) =
   of cLenCenter: setLen(APath.Nd.slots, cLen4)
   of cLen4: setLen(APath.Nd.slots, cLenMax)
   else: discard
-  for i in countdown(APath.Nd.count.int - 1, x + 1): shallowCopy(APath.Nd.slots[i], APath.Nd.slots[i - 1])
+  for i in countdown(APath.Nd.count.int - 1, x + 1): APath.Nd.slots[i] = move APath.Nd.slots[i - 1]
   APath.Nd.slots[x] = setItem(Akey, Avalue, ANode)
 
 
@@ -255,31 +255,39 @@ proc SplitPage[T,D](n, left: PNode[T,D], xi: int, Akey:var T, Avalue:var D): PNo
   result.slots.newSeq(cLenCenter)
   result.count = cCenter
   if x == cCenter:
-    for i in 0..cCenter-1: shallowCopy(it1[i], left.slots[i])
-    for i in 0..cCenter-1: shallowCopy(result.slots[i], left.slots[cCenter + i])
+    for i in 0..cCenter-1: 
+      it1[i] = move left.slots[i]
+    for i in 0..cCenter-1:
+      result.slots[i] = move left.slots[cCenter + i]
     result.left = n
   else :
     if x < cCenter :
-      for i in 0..x-1: shallowCopy(it1[i], left.slots[i])
+      for i in 0..x-1:
+        it1[i] = move left.slots[i]
       it1[x] = setItem(Akey, Avalue, n)
-      for i in x+1 .. cCenter-1: shallowCopy(it1[i], left.slots[i-1])
+      for i in x+1 .. cCenter-1:
+        it1[i] = move left.slots[i-1]
       var w = left.slots[cCenter-1]
       Akey = w.key
       Avalue = w.value
       result.left = w.node
-      for i in 0..cCenter-1: shallowCopy(result.slots[i], left.slots[cCenter + i])
+      for i in 0..cCenter-1:
+        result.slots[i] = move left.slots[cCenter + i]
     else :
-      for i in 0..cCenter-1: shallowCopy(it1[i], left.slots[i])
+      for i in 0..cCenter-1:
+        it1[i] = move left.slots[i]
       x = x - (cCenter + 1)
-      for i in 0..x-1: shallowCopy(result.slots[i], left.slots[cCenter + i + 1])
+      for i in 0..x-1:
+        result.slots[i] = move left.slots[cCenter + i + 1]
       result.slots[x] = setItem(Akey, Avalue, n)
-      for i in x+1 .. cCenter-1: shallowCopy(result.slots[i], left.slots[cCenter + i])
+      for i in x+1 .. cCenter-1:
+        result.slots[i] = move left.slots[cCenter + i]
       var w = left.slots[cCenter]
       Akey = w.key
       Avalue = w.value
       result.left = w.node
   left.count = cCenter
-  shallowCopy(left.slots, it1)
+  left.slots = move it1
 
 
 proc internalPut[T,D](ANode: ref TNode[T,D], Akey: T, Avalue: D, Oldvalue: var D): ref TNode[T,D] =
@@ -437,7 +445,7 @@ proc test() =
   var it1 = internalFind(root, 312)
   echo it1.value
 
-  for i in 1..1_000_000:
+  for i in 1..1_000:
     root = internalPut(root, i, i, oldvalue)
 
   var cnt = 0
diff --git a/tests/generics/tgeneric_recursionlimit.nim b/tests/generics/tgeneric_recursionlimit.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5fe9b43c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/tgeneric_recursionlimit.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+discard """
+  action: "compile"
+"""
+
+# https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/20348
+
+type
+  Payload[T] = object
+    payload: T
+  Carrier[T] = object
+    val: T
+
+type
+  Payload0*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload1*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload2*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload3*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload4*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload5*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload6*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload7*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload8*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload9*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload10*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload11*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload12*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload13*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload14*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload15*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload16*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload17*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload18*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload19*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload20*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload21*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload22*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload23*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload24*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload25*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload26*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload27*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload28*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload29*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload30*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload31*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload32*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+  Payload33*[T] = object
+    payload: Payload[T]
+
+type
+  Carriers*[T] = object
+    c0*: Carrier[Payload0[T]]
+    c1*: Carrier[Payload1[T]]
+    c2*: Carrier[Payload2[T]]
+    c3*: Carrier[Payload3[T]]
+    c4*: Carrier[Payload4[T]]
+    c5*: Carrier[Payload5[T]]
+    c6*: Carrier[Payload6[T]]
+    c7*: Carrier[Payload7[T]]
+    c8*: Carrier[Payload8[T]]
+    c9*: Carrier[Payload9[T]]
+    c10*: Carrier[Payload10[T]]
+    c11*: Carrier[Payload11[T]]
+    c12*: Carrier[Payload12[T]]
+    c13*: Carrier[Payload13[T]]
+    c14*: Carrier[Payload14[T]]
+    c15*: Carrier[Payload15[T]]
+    c16*: Carrier[Payload16[T]]
+    c17*: Carrier[Payload17[T]]
+    c18*: Carrier[Payload18[T]]
+    c19*: Carrier[Payload19[T]]
+    c20*: Carrier[Payload20[T]]
+    c21*: Carrier[Payload21[T]]
+    c22*: Carrier[Payload22[T]]
+    c23*: Carrier[Payload23[T]]
+    c24*: Carrier[Payload24[T]]
+    c25*: Carrier[Payload25[T]]
+    c26*: Carrier[Payload26[T]]
+    c27*: Carrier[Payload27[T]]
+    c28*: Carrier[Payload28[T]]
+    c29*: Carrier[Payload29[T]]
+    c30*: Carrier[Payload30[T]]
+    c31*: Carrier[Payload31[T]]
+    c32*: Carrier[Payload32[T]]
+    c33*: Carrier[Payload33[T]]
+
+var carriers : Carriers[int]
+
+static:
+  assert $(typeof(carriers.c33.val)) == "Payload33[system.int]"
diff --git a/tests/generics/tgenerics_issues.nim b/tests/generics/tgenerics_issues.nim
index 9e70efcd2..3068a22f2 100644
--- a/tests/generics/tgenerics_issues.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/tgenerics_issues.nim
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ block t7854:
 
 
 block t5864:
-  proc defaultStatic(s: openarray, N: static[int] = 1): int = N
+  proc defaultStatic(s: openArray, N: static[int] = 1): int = N
   proc defaultGeneric[T](a: T = 2): int = a
 
   let a = [1, 2, 3, 4].defaultStatic()
@@ -860,3 +860,35 @@ type
 
 var a: Tile3[int]
 
+block: # Ensure no segfault from constraint
+  type
+    Regex[A: SomeOrdinal] = ref object
+      val: Regex[A]
+    MyConstraint = (seq or enum or set)
+    MyOtherType[A: MyConstraint] = ref object
+      val: MyOtherType[A]
+
+  var
+    a = Regex[int]()
+    b = Regex[bool]()
+    c = MyOtherType[seq[int]]()
+
+block: # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/20416
+  type
+    Item[T] = object
+      link:ptr Item[T]
+      data:T
+
+    KVSeq[A,B] = seq[(A,B)]
+
+    MyTable[A,B] = object
+      data: KVSeq[A,B]
+
+    Container[T] = object
+      a: MyTable[int,ref Item[T]]
+
+  proc p1(sg:Container) = discard # Make sure that a non parameterized 'Container' argument still compiles
+
+  proc p2[T](sg:Container[T]) = discard
+  var v : Container[int]
+  p2(v)
diff --git a/tests/generics/tgenerics_various.nim b/tests/generics/tgenerics_various.nim
index 285108cd3..53661236e 100644
--- a/tests/generics/tgenerics_various.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/tgenerics_various.nim
@@ -127,42 +127,6 @@ block trefs:
 
 
 
-block tsharedcases:
-  proc typeNameLen(x: typedesc): int {.compileTime.} =
-    result = x.name.len
-  macro selectType(a, b: typedesc): typedesc =
-    result = a
-
-  type
-    Foo[T] = object
-      data1: array[T.high, int]
-      data2: array[typeNameLen(T), float]
-      data3: array[0..T.typeNameLen, selectType(float, int)]
-    MyEnum = enum A, B, C, D
-
-  var f1: Foo[MyEnum]
-  var f2: Foo[int8]
-
-  doAssert high(f1.data1) == 2 # (D = 3) - 1 == 2
-  doAssert high(f1.data2) == 5 # (MyEnum.len = 6) - 1 == 5
-
-  doAssert high(f2.data1) == 126 # 127 - 1 == 126
-  doAssert high(f2.data2) == 3 # int8.len - 1 == 3
-
-  static:
-    doAssert high(f1.data1) == ord(C)
-    doAssert high(f1.data2) == 5 # length of MyEnum minus one, because we used T.high
-
-    doAssert high(f2.data1) == 126
-    doAssert high(f2.data2) == 3
-
-    doAssert high(f1.data3) == 6 # length of MyEnum
-    doAssert high(f2.data3) == 4 # length of int8
-
-    doAssert f2.data3[0] is float
-
-
-
 block tmap_auto:
   let x = map(@[1, 2, 3], x => x+10)
   doAssert x == @[11, 12, 13]
@@ -230,8 +194,8 @@ block tvarargs_vs_generics:
     echo "direct"
   proc withDirectType[T](arg: T) =
     echo "generic"
-  proc withOpenArray(args: openarray[string]) =
-    echo "openarray"
+  proc withOpenArray(args: openArray[string]) =
+    echo "openArray"
   proc withOpenArray[T](arg: T) =
     echo "generic"
   proc withVarargs(args: varargs[string]) =
@@ -253,3 +217,38 @@ block:
 
   var x: Que[int]
   doAssert(x.x == 0)
+
+
+# bug #4466
+proc identity[T](t: T): T = t
+
+proc doSomething[A, B](t: tuple[a: A, b: B]) = discard
+
+discard identity((c: 1, d: 2))
+doSomething(identity((1, 2)))
+
+# bug #6231
+proc myProc[T, U](x: T or U) = discard
+
+myProc[int, string](x = 2)
+
+block: # issue #8390
+  proc x[T:SomeFloat](q: openarray[T], y: T = 1): string =
+    doAssert $q.type == $openarray[y.type]
+    $y.type
+
+  doAssert x(@[1.0]) == $1.0.type
+
+
+block: # issue #9381
+  var evalCount {.compileTime.} = 0
+
+  macro test(t: typed): untyped =
+    inc evalCount
+    t
+
+  type GenericObj[T] = object
+    f: test(T)
+
+  var x: GenericObj[int]
+  static: doAssert evalCount == 1
diff --git a/tests/generics/tgenericwhen.nim b/tests/generics/tgenericwhen.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87672a699
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/tgenericwhen.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c js"
+"""
+
+block: # issue #24041
+  type ArrayBuf[N: static int, T = byte] = object
+    when sizeof(int) > sizeof(uint8):
+      when N <= int(uint8.high):
+        n: uint8
+      else:
+        when sizeof(int) > sizeof(uint16):
+          when N <= int(uint16.high):
+            n: uint16
+          else:
+            when sizeof(int) > sizeof(uint32):
+              when N <= int(uint32.high):
+                n: uint32
+              else:
+                n: int
+            else:
+              n: int
+        else:
+          n: int
+    else:
+      n: int
+
+  var x: ArrayBuf[8]
+  doAssert x.n is uint8
+  when sizeof(int) > sizeof(uint32):
+    var y: ArrayBuf[int(uint32.high) * 8]
+    doAssert y.n is int
+
+block: # constant condition after dynamic one
+  type Foo[T] = object
+    when T is int:
+      a: int
+    elif true:
+      a: string
+    else:
+      a: bool
+  var x: Foo[string]
+  doAssert x.a is string
+  var y: Foo[int]
+  doAssert y.a is int
+  var z: Foo[float]
+  doAssert z.a is string
+
+block: # issue #4774, but not with threads
+  const hasThreadSupport = not defined(js)
+  when hasThreadSupport:
+    type Channel[T] = object
+      value: T
+  type
+    SomeObj[T] = object
+      when hasThreadSupport:
+        channel: ptr Channel[T]
+  var x: SomeObj[int]
+  doAssert compiles(x.channel) == hasThreadSupport
diff --git a/tests/generics/tgensyminst.nim b/tests/generics/tgensyminst.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f30188d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/tgensyminst.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# issue #24048
+
+import macros
+
+proc map(fn: proc(val: int): void) = fn(1)
+
+# This works fine, and is the exact same function call as what's
+# generated by the macro `aBug`.
+map proc(val: auto): void =
+  let variable = 123
+
+macro aBug() =
+  # 1. let sym = ident("variable")
+  let sym = genSym(nskLet, "variable")
+  let letStmt = newLetStmt(sym, newLit(123))
+
+  let lambda = newProc(
+    params = @[
+      ident("void"),
+      newIdentDefs(ident("val"), ident("auto")),
+      # 2. newIdentDefs(ident("val"), ident("int")),
+    ],
+    body = newStmtList(letStmt),
+    procType = nnkLambda
+  )
+
+  result = newCall(bindSym("map"), lambda)
+
+aBug()
diff --git a/tests/generics/timpl_ast.nim b/tests/generics/timpl_ast.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97fe128cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/timpl_ast.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import std/macros
+import std/assertions
+
+block: # issue #16639
+  type Foo[T] = object
+    when true:
+      x: float
+
+  type Bar = object
+    when true:
+      x: float
+
+  macro test() =
+    let a = getImpl(bindSym"Foo")[^1]
+    let b = getImpl(bindSym"Bar")[^1]
+    doAssert treeRepr(a) == treeRepr(b)
+
+  test()
+
+import strutils
+
+block: # issues #9899, ##14708
+  macro implRepr(a: typed): string =
+    result = newLit(repr(a.getImpl))
+
+  type
+    Option[T] = object
+      when false: discard # issue #14708
+      when false: x: int
+      when T is (ref | ptr):
+        val: T
+      else:
+        val: T
+        has: bool
+
+  static: # check information is retained
+    let r = implRepr(Option)
+    doAssert "when T is" in r
+    doAssert r.count("val: T") == 2
+    doAssert "has: bool" in r
+
+  block: # try to compile the output
+    macro parse(s: static string) =
+      result = parseStmt(s)
+    parse("type " & implRepr(Option))
+
+block: # issue #22639
+  type
+    Spectrum[N: static int] = object
+      data: array[N, float]
+    AngleInterpolator = object
+      data: seq[Spectrum[60]]
+  proc initInterpolator(num: int): AngleInterpolator =
+    result = AngleInterpolator()
+    for i in 0 ..< num:
+      result.data.add Spectrum[60]()
+  macro genCompatibleTuple(t: typed): untyped =
+    let typ = t.getType[1].getTypeImpl[2]
+    result = nnkTupleTy.newTree()
+    for i, ch in typ: # is `nnkObjectTy`
+      result.add nnkIdentDefs.newTree(ident(ch[0].strVal), # ch is `nnkIdentDefs`
+                                      ch[1],
+                                      newEmptyNode())
+  proc fullSize[T: object | tuple](x: T): int =
+    var tmp: genCompatibleTuple(T)
+    result = 0
+    for field, val in fieldPairs(x):
+      result += sizeof(val)
+    doAssert result == sizeof(tmp)
+
+  let reflectivity = initInterpolator(1)
+  for el in reflectivity.data:
+    doAssert fullSize(el) == sizeof(el)
+  doAssert fullSize(reflectivity.data[0]) == sizeof(reflectivity.data[0])
+  doAssert genCompatibleTuple(Spectrum[60]) is tuple[data: array[60, float]]
+  doAssert genCompatibleTuple(Spectrum[120]) is tuple[data: array[120, float]]
+  type Foo[T] = object
+    data: T
+  doAssert genCompatibleTuple(Foo[int]) is tuple[data: int]
+  doAssert genCompatibleTuple(Foo[float]) is tuple[data: float]
diff --git a/tests/generics/timplicit_and_explicit.nim b/tests/generics/timplicit_and_explicit.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7220b7429
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/timplicit_and_explicit.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+
+block: # basic test
+  proc doStuff[T](a: SomeInteger): T = discard
+  proc doStuff[T;Y](a: SomeInteger, b: Y): Y = discard
+  assert typeof(doStuff[int](100)) is int
+  assert typeof(doStuff[int, float](100, 1.0)) is float
+  assert typeof(doStuff[int, string](100, "Hello")) is string
+
+  proc t[T](x: T; z: int | float): seq[T] = result.add(x & $z)
+
+  assert t[string]("Hallo", 2.0) == @["Hallo" & $2.0]
+
+  proc t2[T](z: int | float): seq[T] = result.add($z)
+
+  assert t2[string](2.0) == @[$2.0]
+
+block: # template test
+  template someThing[T;Y](a: SomeFloat, b: SomeOrdinal): (T, Y) = (a, b)
+  assert typeof(someThing[float64, int](1.0, 100)) is (float64, int)
+
+block: # static test
+  proc t[T](s: static bool) = discard
+  proc t2[T](s: static string) = discard
+  t[string](true)
+  t2[int]("hello")
+  t2[string]("world")
+  t2[float]("test222222")
+
+block: #11152
+  proc f[T](X: typedesc) = discard
+  f[int](string)
+
+block: #15622
+  proc test1[T](a: T, b: static[string] = "") = discard
+  test1[int64](123)
+  proc test2[T](a: T, b: static[string] = "") = discard
+  doAssert not (compiles do:
+    test2[int64, static[string]](123))
+
+block: #4688
+  proc convertTo[T](v: int or float): T = (T)(v)
+  discard convertTo[float](1)
+
+block: #4164
+  proc printStr[T](s: static[string]): T = discard
+  discard printStr[int]("hello static")
+
+import macros
+
+block: # issue #9040, statics with template, macro, symchoice explicit generics
+  block: # macro
+    macro fun[N: static int](): untyped =
+      newLit 1
+    const a = fun[2]()
+    doAssert a == 1
+  block: # template
+    template fun[N: static int](): untyped =
+      1
+    const a = fun[2]()
+    doAssert a == 1
+  block: # symchoice
+    proc newSeq[x: static int](): int = 1
+    template foo: int =
+      newSeq[2]()
+    doAssert foo() == 1
diff --git a/tests/generics/timports.nim b/tests/generics/timports.nim
index 800ae7f88..e252ad194 100644
--- a/tests/generics/timports.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/timports.nim
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ false
 '''
 """
 
-import mbind_bracket, mclosed_sym, mdotlookup, mmodule_same_as_proc
+import mbind_bracket, mclosed_sym, mdotlookup, mmodule_same_as_proc, mtypenodes
 
 
 block tbind_bracket:
@@ -31,15 +31,33 @@ block tclosed_sym:
   proc same(r:R, d:int) = echo "TEST1"
   doIt(Data[int](d:123), R())
 
+import strutils, unicode # ambiguous `strip`
 
 block tdotlookup:
   foo(7)
   # bug #1444
   fn(4)
-
+  doAssert doStrip(123) == "123"
+  # bug #14254
+  doAssert baz2[float](1'i8) == 1
+  # bug #21883
+  proc abc[T: not not int](x: T): T =
+    var x = x
+    x.set("hello", "world")
+    result = x
+  doAssert abc(5) == 10
+  block: # ensure normal call is consistent with dot call 
+    proc T(x: int): float = x.float
+    proc foo[T](x: int) =
+      doAssert typeof(T(x)) is typeof(x.T)
+    foo[uint](123)
 
 block tmodule_same_as_proc:
   # bug #1965
   proc test[T](t: T) =
     mmodule_same_as_proc"a"
   test(0)
+
+block ttypenodes:
+  # issue #22699
+  doAssert chop[bool](42) == 42
diff --git a/tests/generics/tinheritable_importcpp.nim b/tests/generics/tinheritable_importcpp.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ee18b70b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/tinheritable_importcpp.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "cpp"
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+# #4651
+type
+  Vector[T] {.importcpp: "std::vector<'0 >", header: "vector", inheritable.} = object
+  VectorDerived {.importcpp: "SomeVectorDerived", nodecl.} = object of Vector[int]
+  # Error: inheritance only works with non-final objects
diff --git a/tests/generics/tmacroinjectedsym.nim b/tests/generics/tmacroinjectedsym.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..985e415f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/tmacroinjectedsym.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+{.experimental: "openSym".}
+
+block: # issue #22605, normal call syntax
+  const error = "bad"
+
+  template valueOr(self: int, def: untyped): untyped =
+    case false
+    of true: ""
+    of false:
+      template error: untyped {.used, inject.} = "good"
+      def
+
+  proc g(T: type): string =
+    let x = valueOr 123:
+      return $error
+
+    "ok"
+
+  doAssert g(int) == "good"
+
+  proc g2(T: type): string =
+    bind error # use the bad version on purpose
+    let x = valueOr 123:
+      return $error
+
+    "ok"
+
+  doAssert g2(int) == "bad"
+
+block: # issue #22605, method call syntax
+  const error = "bad"
+
+  template valueOr(self: int, def: untyped): untyped =
+    case false
+    of true: ""
+    of false:
+      template error: untyped {.used, inject.} = "good"
+      def
+
+  proc g(T: type): string =
+    let x = 123.valueOr:
+      return $error
+
+    "ok"
+
+  doAssert g(int) == "good"
+
+  proc g2(T: type): string =
+    bind error # use the bad version on purpose
+    let x = 123.valueOr:
+      return $error
+
+    "ok"
+
+  doAssert g2(int) == "bad"
+
+block: # issue #22605, original complex example
+  type Xxx = enum
+    error
+    value
+
+  type
+    Result[T, E] = object
+      when T is void:
+        when E is void:
+          oResultPrivate*: bool
+        else:
+          case oResultPrivate*: bool
+          of false:
+            eResultPrivate*: E
+          of true:
+            discard
+      else:
+        when E is void:
+          case oResultPrivate*: bool
+          of false:
+            discard
+          of true:
+            vResultPrivate*: T
+        else:
+          case oResultPrivate*: bool
+          of false:
+            eResultPrivate*: E
+          of true:
+            vResultPrivate*: T
+
+  template valueOr[T: not void, E](self: Result[T, E], def: untyped): untyped =
+    let s = (self) # TODO avoid copy
+    case s.oResultPrivate
+    of true:
+      s.vResultPrivate
+    of false:
+      when E isnot void:
+        template error: untyped {.used, inject.} = s.eResultPrivate
+      def
+
+  proc f(): Result[int, cstring] =
+    Result[int, cstring](oResultPrivate: false, eResultPrivate: "f")
+
+  proc g(T: type): string =
+    let x = f().valueOr:
+      return $error
+
+    "ok"
+
+  doAssert g(int) == "f"
+
+  proc g2(T: type): string =
+    bind error # use the bad version on purpose
+    let x = f().valueOr:
+      return $error
+
+    "ok"
+
+  doAssert g2(int) == "error"
+
+block: # issue #23865
+  type Xxx = enum
+    error
+    value
+
+  type
+    Result[T, E] = object
+      when T is void:
+        when E is void:
+          oResultPrivate: bool
+        else:
+          case oResultPrivate: bool
+          of false:
+            eResultPrivate: E
+          of true:
+            discard
+      else:
+        when E is void:
+          case oResultPrivate: bool
+          of false:
+            discard
+          of true:
+            vResultPrivate: T
+        else:
+          case oResultPrivate: bool
+          of false:
+            eResultPrivate: E
+          of true:
+            vResultPrivate: T
+
+  func error[T, E](self: Result[T, E]): E =
+    ## Fetch error of result if set, or raise Defect
+    case self.oResultPrivate
+    of true:
+      when T isnot void:
+        raiseResultDefect("Trying to access error when value is set", self.vResultPrivate)
+      else:
+        raiseResultDefect("Trying to access error when value is set")
+    of false:
+      when E isnot void:
+        self.eResultPrivate
+
+  template valueOr[T: not void, E](self: Result[T, E], def: untyped): untyped =
+    let s = (self) # TODO avoid copy
+    case s.oResultPrivate
+    of true:
+      s.vResultPrivate
+    of false:
+      when E isnot void:
+        template error: untyped {.used, inject.} = s.eResultPrivate
+      def
+  proc f(): Result[int, cstring] =
+    Result[int, cstring](oResultPrivate: false, eResultPrivate: "f")
+  proc g(T: type): string =
+    let x = f().valueOr:
+      return $error
+    "ok"
+  doAssert g(int) == "f"
+
+import sequtils
+
+block: # issue #12283
+  var b = 5
+  type Foo[T] = object
+    h, w: int
+  proc bar[T](foos: seq[Foo[T]]): T =
+    let w = foldl(foos, a + b.w, 0)
+    w
+  let foos = @[Foo[int](h: 3, w: 5), Foo[int](h: 4, w: 6)]
+  doAssert bar(foos) == 11
diff --git a/tests/generics/tmacroinjectedsymwarning.nim b/tests/generics/tmacroinjectedsymwarning.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..77119004b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/tmacroinjectedsymwarning.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--skipParentCfg --filenames:legacyRelProj"
+"""
+
+type Xxx = enum
+  error
+  value
+
+type
+  Result[T, E] = object
+    when T is void:
+      when E is void:
+        oResultPrivate*: bool
+      else:
+        case oResultPrivate*: bool
+        of false:
+          eResultPrivate*: E
+        of true:
+          discard
+    else:
+      when E is void:
+        case oResultPrivate*: bool
+        of false:
+          discard
+        of true:
+          vResultPrivate*: T
+      else:
+        case oResultPrivate*: bool
+        of false:
+          eResultPrivate*: E
+        of true:
+          vResultPrivate*: T
+
+template valueOr[T: not void, E](self: Result[T, E], def: untyped): untyped =
+  let s = (self) # TODO avoid copy
+  case s.oResultPrivate
+  of true:
+    s.vResultPrivate
+  of false:
+    when E isnot void:
+      template error: untyped {.used, inject.} = s.eResultPrivate
+    def
+
+proc f(): Result[int, cstring] =
+  Result[int, cstring](oResultPrivate: false, eResultPrivate: "f")
+
+proc g(T: type): string =
+  let x = f().valueOr:
+    {.push warningAsError[IgnoredSymbolInjection]: on.}
+    # test spurious error
+    discard true
+    let _ = f
+    {.pop.}
+    return $error #[tt.Warning
+            ^ a new symbol 'error' has been injected during template or generic instantiation, however 'error' [enumField declared in tmacroinjectedsymwarning.nim(6, 3)] captured at the proc declaration will be used instead; either enable --experimental:openSym to use the injected symbol, or `bind` this captured symbol explicitly [IgnoredSymbolInjection]]#
+
+  "ok"
+
+discard g(int)
diff --git a/tests/generics/tnestedissues.nim b/tests/generics/tnestedissues.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e96a1927e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/tnestedissues.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+block: # issue #23568
+  type G[T] = object
+    j: T
+  proc s[T](u: int) = discard
+  proc s[T]() = discard
+  proc c(e: int | int): G[G[G[int]]] = s[G[G[int]]]()
+  discard c(0)
+
+import std/options
+
+block: # issue #23310
+  type
+    BID = string or uint64
+    Future[T] = ref object of RootObj
+      internalValue: T
+    InternalRaisesFuture[T] = ref object of Future[T]
+  proc newInternalRaisesFutureImpl[T](): InternalRaisesFuture[T] =
+    let fut = InternalRaisesFuture[T]()
+  template newFuture[T](): auto =
+    newInternalRaisesFutureImpl[T]()
+  proc problematic(blockId: BID): Future[Option[seq[int]]] =
+    let resultFuture = newFuture[Option[seq[int]]]()
+    return resultFuture
+  let x = problematic("latest")
diff --git a/tests/generics/tnestedtemplate.nim b/tests/generics/tnestedtemplate.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..22d0a2d3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/tnestedtemplate.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+block: # issue #13979
+  var s: seq[int]
+  proc filterScanline[T](input: openArray[T]) =
+    template currPix: untyped = input[i]
+    for i in 0..<input.len:
+      s.add currPix
+  let pix = [1, 2, 3]
+  filterScanline(pix)
+  doAssert s == @[1, 2, 3]
diff --git a/tests/generics/tobjecttyperel.nim b/tests/generics/tobjecttyperel.nim
index 80fe23459..6f223c154 100644
--- a/tests/generics/tobjecttyperel.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/tobjecttyperel.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "-d:nimInternalNonVtablesTesting"
   output: '''(peel: 0, color: 15)
 (color: 15)
 17
diff --git a/tests/generics/topensymimport.nim b/tests/generics/topensymimport.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a47496827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/topensymimport.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# issue #23386
+
+import mopensymimport2
+
+doAssert g(int) == "f"
diff --git a/tests/generics/toverloading_typedesc.nim b/tests/generics/toverloading_typedesc.nim
index 5ab700828..4d748bfee 100644
--- a/tests/generics/toverloading_typedesc.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/toverloading_typedesc.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-discard """
-  exitcode: 0
-  disabled: '''true'''
-"""
 import moverloading_typedesc
 import tables
 
@@ -9,7 +5,6 @@ type
   LFoo = object
   LBar = object
 
-
 when true:
   doAssert FBar.new() == 3
 
diff --git a/tests/generics/tparam_binding.nim b/tests/generics/tparam_binding.nim
index cd0d58e02..fa7558613 100644
--- a/tests/generics/tparam_binding.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/tparam_binding.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:arc; --mm:refc"
   errormsg: "got <ref Matrix[2, 2, system.float], ref Matrix[2, 1, system.float]>"
-  line: 27
+  line: 28
 """
 
 type
diff --git a/tests/generics/tpointerprocs.nim b/tests/generics/tpointerprocs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2bcaf15b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/tpointerprocs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+discard """
+cmd: "nim check $options --hints:off $file"
+action: "reject"
+nimout:'''
+tpointerprocs.nim(15, 11) Error: 'foo' doesn't have a concrete type, due to unspecified generic parameters.
+tpointerprocs.nim(27, 11) Error: cannot instantiate: 'foo[int]'; got 1 typeof(s) but expected 2
+tpointerprocs.nim(27, 14) Error: expression 'foo[int]' has no type (or is ambiguous)
+tpointerprocs.nim(28, 11) Error: expression 'bar' has no type (or is ambiguous)
+'''
+"""
+
+block:
+  proc foo(x: int | float): float = result = 1.0
+  let
+    bar = foo
+    baz = bar
+
+block:
+  proc foo(x: int | float): float = result = 1.0
+  let
+    bar = foo[int]
+    baz = bar
+
+block:
+  proc foo(x: int | float, y: int or string): float = result = 1.0
+  let
+    bar = foo[int]
+    baz = bar
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/generics/tprevent_double_bind.nim b/tests/generics/tprevent_double_bind.nim
index 86e080ab6..d8fc6e5d3 100644
--- a/tests/generics/tprevent_double_bind.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/tprevent_double_bind.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <TT[seq[string]], proc (v: int){.gcsafe, locks: 0.}>"
+  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <TT[seq[string]], proc (v: int){.gcsafe.}>"
   line: 20
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/generics/trecursivegenerics.nim b/tests/generics/trecursivegenerics.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b152b063
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/trecursivegenerics.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+block: # Replicates #18728
+  type
+    FlipFlop[A, B] = ref object
+      val: A
+      next: FlipFlop[B, A]
+  
+    Trinary[A, B, C] = ref object
+      next: Trinary[B, C, A]
+  
+  assert typeof(FlipFlop[int, string]().next) is FlipFlop[string, int]
+  assert typeof(FlipFlop[string, int]().next) is FlipFlop[int, string]
+  assert typeof(Trinary[int, float, string]().next) is Trinary[float, string, int]
+  assert typeof(Trinary[int, float, string]().next.next) is Trinary[string, int, float]
+  var a = FlipFlop[int, string](val: 100, next: FlipFlop[string, int](val: "Hello"))
+  assert a.val == 100
+  assert a.next.val == "Hello"
+
+block: # 18838
+  type
+    DoublyLinkedNodeObj[T] = object
+      value: T
+
+    DoublyLinkedNode[T] = ref DoublyLinkedNodeObj[T]
+
+    Item[T] = ref object
+      link: DoublyLinkedNode[Item[T]]
+
+    Box = object
+
+  proc newDoublyLinkedNode[T](value: T): DoublyLinkedNode[T] =
+    new(result)
+    result.value = value 
+
+  let link = newDoublyLinkedNode(Item[Box]())
+
+import lists
+block:
+  type
+    Box = object
+    Item[T] = ref object
+      link:DoublyLinkedNode[ Item[T] ]
+
+    ItemSimple = ref object
+      link:DoublyLinkedNode[ ItemSimple ]
+
+  let link = newDoublyLinkedNode( Item[Box]() )
+
+block: #18897
+  type
+    SkipListObj[T] = object
+      over: SkipList[T]
+      down: SkipList[T]
+      value: T
+
+    SkipList[T] = ref SkipListObj[T]
+
+    GraphObj[N, E; F: static[int]] = object
+      nodes: SkipList[Node[N, E]]
+
+    Graph[N, E; F: static[int]] = ref GraphObj[N, E, F]
+
+    Node[N, E] = ref NodeObj[N, E]
+
+    NodeObj[N, E] = object
+      value: N
+      incoming: SkipList[Edge[N, E]]
+      outgoing: SkipList[Edge[N, E]]
+
+    Edge[N, E] = ref EdgeObj[N, E]
+
+    EdgeObj[N, E] = object
+      value: E
+      id: int
+      source: Node[N, E]
+      target: Node[N, E]
+
+    EdgeResult[N, E] = tuple
+      source: Node[N, E]
+      edge: Edge[N, E]
+      target: Node[N, E]
+
+  proc newSkipList[T](value: T): SkipList[T] =
+    static: echo T, " ", typeof(result.value)
+    result = SkipList[T](value: value)
+
+  proc toSkipList[T](values: openArray[T] = @[]): SkipList[T] =
+    for item in items(values):
+      if result.isNil:
+        result = newSkipList(item)
+
+  proc newContainer[N, E, F](graph: Graph[N, E, F]; form: typedesc): auto =
+    result = toSkipList[form]([])
+
+  var
+    result = Graph[int, string, 0]()
+  result.nodes = result.newContainer(Node[int, string])
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/generics/treentranttypes.nim b/tests/generics/treentranttypes.nim
index 40ff1647b..801f0e444 100644
--- a/tests/generics/treentranttypes.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/treentranttypes.nim
@@ -101,3 +101,14 @@ echo @(b.arr[0].arr), @(b.arr[1].arr)
 let y = b
 echo @(y.arr[0].arr), @(y.arr[1].arr)
 
+import macros
+
+block: # issue #5121
+  type
+    A = object
+    AConst[X] = A
+
+  macro dumpType(t: typedesc): untyped =
+    result = newTree(nnkTupleConstr, newLit $t.getType[1].typeKind, newLit t.getType[1].treeRepr)
+
+  doAssert dumpType(A) == ("ntyObject", "Sym \"A\"")
diff --git a/tests/generics/treturn_inference.nim b/tests/generics/treturn_inference.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..331a9d4db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/treturn_inference.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+
+{.experimental: "inferGenericTypes".}
+
+import std/tables
+
+block:
+  type
+    MyOption[T, Z] = object
+      x: T
+      y: Z
+
+  proc none[T, Z](): MyOption[T, Z] =
+    when T is int:
+      result.x = 22
+    when Z is float:
+      result.y = 12.0
+
+  proc myGenericProc[T, Z](): MyOption[T, Z] =
+    none() # implied by return type
+
+  let a = myGenericProc[int, float]()
+  doAssert a.x == 22
+  doAssert a.y == 12.0
+
+  let b: MyOption[int, float] = none() # implied by type of b
+  doAssert b.x == 22
+  doAssert b.y == 12.0
+
+# Simple template based result with inferred type for errors
+block:
+  type
+    ResultKind {.pure.} = enum
+      Ok
+      Err
+
+    Result[T] = object
+      case kind: ResultKind
+      of Ok:
+        data: T
+      of Err:
+        errmsg: cstring
+
+  template err[T](msg: static cstring): Result[T] =
+    Result[T](kind : ResultKind.Err, errmsg : msg)
+
+  proc testproc(): Result[int] =
+    err("Inferred error!") # implied by proc return
+  let r = testproc()
+  doAssert r.kind == ResultKind.Err
+  doAssert r.errmsg == "Inferred error!"
+
+# Builtin seq
+block:
+  let x: seq[int] = newSeq(1)
+  doAssert x is seq[int]
+  doAssert x.len() == 1
+
+  type
+    MyType[T, Z] = object
+      x: T
+      y: Z
+
+  let y: seq[MyType[int, float]] = newSeq(2)
+  doAssert y is seq[MyType[int, float]]
+  doAssert y.len() == 2
+
+  let z = MyType[seq[float], string](
+    x : newSeq(3),
+    y : "test"
+  )
+  doAssert z.x is seq[float]
+  doAssert z.x.len() == 3
+  doAssert z.y is string
+  doAssert z.y == "test"
+
+# array
+block:
+  proc giveArray[N, T](): array[N, T] =
+    for i in 0 .. N.high:
+      result[i] = i
+  var x: array[2, int] = giveArray()
+  doAssert x == [0, 1]
+
+# tuples
+block:
+  proc giveTuple[T, Z]: (T, Z, T) = discard
+  let x: (int, float, int) = giveTuple()
+  doAssert x is (int, float, int)
+  doAssert x == (0, 0.0, 0)
+
+  proc giveNamedTuple[T, Z]: tuple[a: T, b: Z] = discard
+  let y: tuple[a: int, b: float] = giveNamedTuple()
+  doAssert y is (int, float)
+  doAssert y is tuple[a: int, b: float]
+  doAssert y == (0, 0.0)
+
+  proc giveNestedTuple[T, Z]: ((T, Z), Z) = discard
+  let z: ((int, float), float) = giveNestedTuple()
+  doAssert z is ((int, float), float)
+  doAssert z == ((0, 0.0), 0.0)
+
+  # nesting inside a generic type
+  type MyType[T] = object
+    x: T
+  let a = MyType[(int, MyType[float])](x : giveNamedTuple())
+  doAssert a.x is (int, MyType[float])
+
+
+# basic constructors
+block:
+  type MyType[T] = object
+    x: T
+
+  proc giveValue[T](): T =
+    when T is int:
+      12
+    else:
+      default(T)
+
+  let x = MyType[int](x : giveValue())
+  doAssert x.x is int
+  doAssert x.x == 12
+
+  let y = MyType[MyType[float]](x : MyType[float](x : giveValue()))
+  doAssert y.x is MyType[float]
+  doAssert y.x.x is float
+  doAssert y.x.x == 0.0
+
+  # 'MyType[float]' is bound to 'T' directly
+  #  instead of mapping 'T' to 'float'
+  let z = MyType[MyType[float]](x : giveValue())
+  doAssert z.x is MyType[float]
+  doAssert z.x.x == 0.0
+
+  type Foo = object
+    x: Table[int, float]
+
+  let a = Foo(x: initTable())
+  doAssert a.x is Table[int, float]
+
+# partial binding
+block:
+  type
+    ResultKind = enum
+      Ok, Error
+
+    Result[T, E] = object
+      case kind: ResultKind
+      of Ok:
+        okVal: T
+      of Error:
+        errVal: E
+
+  proc err[T, E](myParam: E): Result[T, E] =
+    Result[T, E](kind : Error, errVal : myParam)
+
+  proc doStuff(): Result[int, string] = 
+    err("Error")
+
+  let res = doStuff()
+  doAssert res.kind == Error
+  doAssert res.errVal == "Error"
+
+# ufcs
+block:
+  proc getValue[T](_: string): T =
+    doAssert T is int
+    44
+  
+  proc `'test`[T](_: string): T =
+    55
+
+  let a: int = getValue("")
+  let b: int = "".getValue()
+  let c: int = "".getValue
+  let d: int = getValue ""
+  let e: int = getValue""
+  let f: int = 12345'test
+  doAssert a == 44
+  doAssert b == 44
+  doAssert c == 44
+  doAssert d == 44
+  doAssert e == 44
+  doAssert f == 55
diff --git a/tests/generics/tstatic_constrained.nim b/tests/generics/tstatic_constrained.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d356b9d1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/tstatic_constrained.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check --hints:off --warnings:off $file"
+  action: "reject"
+  nimout:'''
+tstatic_constrained.nim(44, 22) Error: cannot instantiate MyOtherType [type declared in tstatic_constrained.nim(30, 5)]
+got: <typedesc[int], int literal(10)>
+but expected: <T: float or string, Y>
+tstatic_constrained.nim(44, 22) Error: cannot instantiate MyOtherType [type declared in tstatic_constrained.nim(30, 5)]
+got: <typedesc[int], int literal(10)>
+but expected: <T: float or string, Y>
+tstatic_constrained.nim(44, 31) Error: object constructor needs an object type [error]
+tstatic_constrained.nim(44, 31) Error: expression '' has no type (or is ambiguous)
+tstatic_constrained.nim(45, 22) Error: cannot instantiate MyOtherType [type declared in tstatic_constrained.nim(30, 5)]
+got: <typedesc[byte], uint8>
+but expected: <T: float or string, Y>
+tstatic_constrained.nim(45, 22) Error: cannot instantiate MyOtherType [type declared in tstatic_constrained.nim(30, 5)]
+got: <typedesc[byte], uint8>
+but expected: <T: float or string, Y>
+tstatic_constrained.nim(45, 34) Error: object constructor needs an object type [error]
+tstatic_constrained.nim(45, 34) Error: expression '' has no type (or is ambiguous)
+tstatic_constrained.nim(77, 14) Error: cannot instantiate MyType [type declared in tstatic_constrained.nim(71, 5)]
+got: <typedesc[float], float64>
+but expected: <T: MyConstraint, Y>
+'''
+"""
+block:
+  type 
+    MyType[T; X: static T] = object
+      data: T
+    MyOtherType[T: float or string, Y: static T] = object
+
+  func f[T,X](a: MyType[T,X]): MyType[T,X] =
+    when T is string:
+      MyType[T,X](data: a.data & X)
+    else:
+      MyType[T,X](data: a.data + X)
+
+  discard MyType[int, 2](data: 1)
+  discard MyType[string, "Helelello"](data: "Hmmm")
+  discard MyType[int, 2](data: 1).f()
+  discard MyType[string, "Helelello"](data: "Hmmm").f()
+  discard MyOtherType[float, 1.3]()
+  discard MyOtherType[string, "Hello"]()
+  discard MyOtherType[int, 10]()
+  discard MyOtherType[byte, 10u8]()
+
+block:
+  type
+    Moduloable = concept m, type M
+      m mod m is M
+    Addable = concept a, type A
+      a + a is A
+    Modulo[T: Moduloable; Mod: static T] = distinct T
+    ModuloAdd[T: Moduloable or Addable; Mod: static T] = distinct T
+    ModuAddable = Addable or Moduloable
+    ModdAddClass[T: ModuAddable; Mod: static T] = distinct T
+
+  proc toMod[T](val: T, modVal: static T): Modulo[T, modVal] =
+    mixin `mod`
+    Modulo[T, modVal](val mod modVal)
+  var
+    a = 3231.toMod(10)
+    b = 5483.toMod(10)
+  discard ModuloAdd[int, 3](0)
+  discard ModdAddClass[int, 3](0)
+
+block:
+  type
+    MyConstraint = int or string
+    MyOtherConstraint[T] = object
+    MyType[T: MyConstraint; Y: static T] = object
+    MyOtherType[T: MyOtherConstraint; Y: static T] = object
+
+  var 
+    a: MyType[int, 10]
+    b: MyType[string, "hello"]
+    c: MyType[float, 10d]
+    d: MyOtherType[MyOtherConstraint[float],MyOtherConstraint[float]()]
+    e: MyOtherType[MyOtherConstraint[int], MyOtherConstraint[int]()]
diff --git a/tests/generics/tthread_generic.nim b/tests/generics/tthread_generic.nim
index 2af5a7615..300da56a6 100644
--- a/tests/generics/tthread_generic.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/tthread_generic.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  cmd: "nim $target --hints:on --threads:on $options $file"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   action: compile
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/generics/tuninstantiated_failure.nim b/tests/generics/tuninstantiated_failure.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3d5b34b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/tuninstantiated_failure.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+discard """
+cmd: "nim check $file"
+"""
+
+type
+  Test[T, K] = object
+    name: string
+  Something = Test[int]
+
+func `[]`[T, K](x: var Test[T, K], idx: int): var Test[T, K] =
+  x
+
+var b: Something
+# Should give an error since Something isn't a valid Test
+b[0].name = "Test" #[tt.Error
+ ^  expression '' has no type (or is ambiguous)]#
diff --git a/tests/generics/tuninstantiatedgenericcalls.nim b/tests/generics/tuninstantiatedgenericcalls.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f33fc8967
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/generics/tuninstantiatedgenericcalls.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,517 @@
+# Cases that used to only work due to weird workarounds in the compiler
+# involving not instantiating calls in generic bodies which are removed
+# due to breaking statics.
+# The issue was that these calls are compiled as regular expressions at
+# the generic declaration with unresolved generic parameter types,
+# which are special cased in some places in the compiler, but sometimes
+# treated like real types.
+
+block:
+  type Base10 = object
+
+  func maxLen(T: typedesc[Base10], I: type): int8 =
+    when I is uint8:
+      3
+    elif I is uint16:
+      5
+    elif I is uint32:
+      10
+    elif I is uint64:
+      20
+    else:
+      when sizeof(uint) == 4:
+        10
+      else:
+        20
+  
+  type
+    Base10Buf[T: SomeUnsignedInt] = object
+      data: array[maxLen(Base10, T), byte]
+      len: int8
+
+  var x: Base10Buf[uint32]
+  doAssert x.data.len == 10
+  var y: Base10Buf[uint16]
+  doAssert y.data.len == 5
+
+import typetraits
+
+block thardcases:
+  proc typeNameLen(x: typedesc): int {.compileTime.} =
+    result = x.name.len
+  macro selectType(a, b: typedesc): typedesc =
+    result = a
+
+  type
+    Foo[T] = object
+      data1: array[T.high, int]
+      data2: array[typeNameLen(T), float]
+      data3: array[0..T.typeNameLen, selectType(float, int)]
+  
+  type MyEnum = enum A, B, C, D
+
+  var f1: Foo[MyEnum]
+  var f2: Foo[int8]
+
+  doAssert high(f1.data1) == 2 # (D = 3) - 1 == 2
+  doAssert high(f1.data2) == 5 # (MyEnum.len = 6) - 1 == 5
+
+  doAssert high(f2.data1) == 126 # 127 - 1 == 126
+  doAssert high(f2.data2) == 3 # int8.len - 1 == 3
+
+  static:
+    doAssert high(f1.data1) == ord(C)
+    doAssert high(f1.data2) == 5 # length of MyEnum minus one, because we used T.high
+
+    doAssert high(f2.data1) == 126
+    doAssert high(f2.data2) == 3
+
+    doAssert high(f1.data3) == 6 # length of MyEnum
+    doAssert high(f2.data3) == 4 # length of int8
+
+    doAssert f2.data3[0] is float
+
+import muninstantiatedgenericcalls
+
+block:
+  var x: Leb128Buf[uint32]
+  doAssert x.data.len == 5
+  var y: Leb128Buf[uint16]
+  doAssert y.data.len == 3
+
+import macros
+
+block: # issue #12415
+  macro isSomePointerImpl(t: typedesc): bool =
+    var impl = t.getTypeInst[1].getTypeImpl
+    if impl.kind == nnkDistinctTy:
+      impl = impl[0].getTypeImpl
+    if impl.kind in {nnkPtrTy,nnkRefTy}:
+      result = newLit(true)
+    elif impl.kind == nnkSym and impl.eqIdent("pointer"):
+      result = newLit(true)
+    else:
+      result = newLit(false)
+
+  proc isSomePointer[T](t: typedesc[T]): bool {.compileTime.} =
+    isSomePointerImpl(t)
+
+  type
+    Option[T] = object
+      ## An optional type that stores its value and state separately in a boolean.
+      when isSomePointer(typedesc(T)):
+        val: T
+      else:
+        val: T
+        has: bool
+  var x: Option[ref int]
+  doAssert not compiles(x.has)
+  var y: Option[int]
+  doAssert compiles(y.has)
+
+block: # issue #2002
+  proc isNillable(T: typedesc): bool =
+    when compiles((let v: T = nil)):
+      return true
+    else:
+      return false
+
+  type
+    Foo[T] = object
+      when isNillable(T):
+        nillable: float
+      else:
+        notnillable: int
+
+  var val1: Foo[ref int]
+  doAssert compiles(val1.nillable)
+  doAssert not compiles(val1.notnillable)
+  var val2: Foo[int]
+  doAssert not compiles(val2.nillable)
+  doAssert compiles(val2.notnillable)
+
+block: # issue #1771
+  type
+    Foo[X, T] = object
+      bar: array[X.low..X.high, T]
+
+  proc test[X, T](f: Foo[X, T]): T =
+    f.bar[X.low]
+
+  var a: Foo[range[0..2], float]
+  doAssert test(a) == 0.0
+
+block: # issue #23730
+  proc test(M: static[int]): array[1 shl M, int] = discard
+  doAssert len(test(3)) == 8
+  doAssert len(test(5)) == 32
+
+block: # issue #19819
+  type
+    Example[N: static int] = distinct int
+    What[E: Example] = Example[E.N + E.N]
+
+block: # issue #23339
+  type
+    A = object
+    B = object
+  template aToB(t: typedesc[A]): typedesc = B
+  type
+    Inner[I] = object
+      innerField: I
+    Outer[O] = object
+      outerField: Inner[O.aToB]
+  var x: Outer[A]
+  doAssert typeof(x.outerField.innerField) is B
+
+block: # deref syntax
+  type
+    Enqueueable = concept x
+      x is ptr
+    Foo[T: Enqueueable] = object
+      x: typeof(default(T)[])
+
+  proc p[T](f: Foo[T]) =
+    var bar: Foo[T]
+    discard
+  var foo: Foo[ptr int]
+  p(foo)
+  doAssert foo.x is int
+  foo.x = 123
+  doAssert foo.x == 123
+  inc foo.x
+  doAssert foo.x == 124
+
+block:
+  type Generic[T] = object
+    field: T
+  macro foo(x: typed): untyped = x
+  macro bar[T](x: typedesc[Generic[T]]): untyped = x
+  type
+    Foo[T] = object
+      field: Generic[int].foo()
+    Foo2[T] = object
+      field: Generic[T].foo()
+    Bar[T] = object
+      field: Generic[int].bar()
+    Bar2[T] = object
+      field: Generic[T].bar()
+  var x: Foo[int]
+  var x2: Foo2[int]
+  var y: Bar[int]
+  var y2: Bar2[int]
+
+block:
+  macro pick(x: static int): untyped =
+    if x < 100:
+      result = bindSym"int"
+    else:
+      result = bindSym"float"
+  
+  type Foo[T: static int] = object
+    fixed1: pick(25)
+    fixed2: pick(125)
+    unknown: pick(T)
+  
+  var a: Foo[123]
+  doAssert a.fixed1 is int
+  doAssert a.fixed2 is float
+  doAssert a.unknown is float
+  var b: Foo[23]
+  doAssert b.fixed1 is int
+  doAssert b.fixed2 is float
+  doAssert b.unknown is int
+
+import std/sequtils
+
+block: # version of #23432 with `typed`, don't delay instantiation
+  type
+    Future[T] = object
+    InternalRaisesFuture[T, E] = object
+  macro Raising[T](F: typedesc[Future[T]], E: varargs[typed]): untyped =
+    let raises = nnkTupleConstr.newTree(E.mapIt(it))
+    nnkBracketExpr.newTree(
+      ident "InternalRaisesFuture",
+      nnkDotExpr.newTree(F, ident"T"),
+      raises
+    )
+  type X[E] = Future[void].Raising(E)
+  proc f(x: X) = discard
+  var v: Future[void].Raising([ValueError])
+  f(v)
+
+block: # issue #22647
+  proc c0(n: static int): int = 8
+  proc c1(n: static int): int = n div 2
+  proc c2(n: static int): int = n * 2
+  proc c3(n: static int, n2: int): int = n * n2
+  proc `**`(n: static int, n2: int): int = n * n2
+  proc c4(n: int, n2: int): int = n * n2
+
+  type
+    a[N: static int] = object
+      f0 : array[N, int]
+
+    b[N: static int] = object
+      f0 : a[c0(N)]  # does not work
+      f1 : a[c1(N)]  # does not work
+      f2 : a[c2(N)]  # does not work
+      f3 : a[N * 2]  # does not work
+      f4 : a[N]      # works
+      f5: a[c3(N, 2)]
+      f6: a[N ** 2]
+      f7: a[2 * N]
+      f8: a[c4(N, 2)]
+
+  proc p[N: static int](x : a[N]) = discard x.f0[0]
+  template check(x, s: untyped) =
+    p(x)
+    doAssert x is a[s]
+    doAssert x.N == s
+    doAssert typeof(x).N == s
+    doAssert x.f0 == default(array[s, int])
+    doAssert x.f0.len == s
+    proc p2[N: static int](y : a[N]) {.gensym.} =
+      doAssert y is a[s]
+      doAssert y.N == s
+      doAssert typeof(y).N == s
+      doAssert y.f0 == default(array[s, int])
+      doAssert y.f0.len == s
+    p2(x)
+    proc p3(z: typeof(x)) {.gensym.} = discard
+    p3(default(a[s]))
+  proc p[N: static int](x : b[N]) =
+    x.f0.check(8)
+    x.f1.check(2)
+    x.f2.check(8)
+    x.f3.check(8)
+    x.f4.check(4)
+    x.f5.check(8)
+    x.f6.check(8)
+    x.f7.check(8)
+    x.f8.check(8)
+
+  var x: b[4]
+  x.p()
+
+block: # issue #1969
+  type ZeroGenerator = object
+  proc next(g: ZeroGenerator): int = 0
+  # This compiles.
+  type TripleOfInts = tuple
+    a, b, c: typeof(new(ZeroGenerator)[].next)
+  # This raises a compiler error before it's even instantiated.
+  # The `new` proc can't be resolved because `Generator` is not defined.
+  type TripleLike[Generator] = tuple
+    a, b, c: typeof(new(Generator)[].next)
+
+import std/atomics
+
+block: # issue #12720
+  const CacheLineSize = 128
+  type
+    Enqueueable = concept x, type T
+      x is ptr
+      x.next is Atomic[pointer]
+    MyChannel[T: Enqueueable] = object
+      pad: array[CacheLineSize - sizeof(default(T)[]), byte]
+      dummy: typeof(default(T)[])
+
+block: # issue #12714
+  type
+    Enqueueable = concept x, type T
+      x is ptr
+      x.next is Atomic[pointer]
+    MyChannel[T: Enqueueable] = object
+      dummy: type(default(T)[])
+
+block: # issue #24044
+  type ArrayBuf[N: static int, T = byte] = object
+    buf: array[N, T]
+  template maxLen(T: type): int =
+    sizeof(T) * 2
+  type MyBuf[I] = ArrayBuf[maxLen(I)]
+  var v: MyBuf[int]
+
+block: # issue #15959
+  proc my[T](a: T): typeof(a[0]) = discard
+  proc my2[T](a: T): array[sizeof(a[0]), T] = discard
+  proc byLent2[T](a: T): lent type(a[0]) = a[0] # Error: type mismatch: got <T, int literal(0)>
+  proc byLent3[T](a: T): lent typeof(a[0]) = a[0] # ditto
+  proc byLent4[T](a: T): lent[type(a[0])] = a[0] # Error: no generic parameters allowed for lent
+  var x = @[1, 2, 3]
+  doAssert my(x) is int
+  doAssert my2(x) is array[sizeof(int), seq[int]]
+  doAssert byLent2(x) == 1
+  doAssert byLent2(x) is lent int
+  doAssert byLent3(x) == 1
+  doAssert byLent3(x) is lent int
+  doAssert byLent4(x) == 1
+  doAssert byLent4(x) is lent int
+  proc fn[U](a: U): auto = a
+  proc my3[T](a: T, b: typeof(fn(a))) = discard
+  my3(x, x)
+  doAssert not compiles(my3(x, x[0]))
+
+block: # issue #22342, type section version of #22607
+  type GenAlias[isInt: static bool] = (
+    when isInt:
+      int
+    else:
+      float
+  )
+  doAssert GenAlias[true] is int
+  doAssert GenAlias[false] is float
+  proc foo(T: static bool): GenAlias[T] = discard
+  doAssert foo(true) is int
+  doAssert foo(false) is float
+  proc foo[T: static bool](v: var GenAlias[T]) =
+    v += 1
+  var x: int
+  foo[true](x)
+  doAssert not compiles(foo[false](x))
+  foo[true](x)
+  doAssert x == 2
+  var y: float
+  foo[false](y)
+  doAssert not compiles(foo[true](y))
+  foo[false](y)
+  doAssert y == 2
+
+block: # `when`, test no constant semchecks
+  type Foo[T] = (
+    when false:
+      {.error: "bad".}
+    elif defined(neverDefined):
+      {.error: "bad 2".}
+    else:
+      T
+  )
+  var x: Foo[int]
+  type Bar[T] = (
+    when true:
+      T
+    elif defined(js):
+      {.error: "bad".}
+    else:
+      {.error: "bad 2".}
+  )
+  var y: Bar[int]
+
+block: # weird regression
+  type
+    Foo[T] = distinct int
+    Bar[T, U] = distinct int
+  proc foo[T, U](x: static Foo[T], y: static Bar[T, U]): Foo[T] =
+    # signature gives:
+    # Error: cannot instantiate Bar
+    # got: <typedesc[T], U>
+    # but expected: <T, U>
+    x
+  doAssert foo(Foo[int](1), Bar[int, int](2)).int == 1
+
+block: # issue #24090
+  type M[V] = object
+  template y[V](N: type M, v: V): M[V] = default(M[V])
+  proc d(x: int | int, f: M[int] = M.y(0)) = discard
+  d(0, M.y(0))
+  type Foo[T] = object
+    x: typeof(M.y(default(T)))
+  var a: Foo[int]
+  doAssert a.x is M[int]
+  var b: Foo[float]
+  doAssert b.x is M[float]
+  doAssert not (compiles do:
+    type Bar[T] = object
+      x: typeof(M()) # actually fails here immediately
+    var bar: Bar[int])
+  doAssert not (compiles do:
+    type Bar[T] = object
+      x: typeof(default(M))
+    var bar: Bar[int]
+    # gives "undeclared identifier x" because of #24091,
+    # normally it should fail in the line above
+    echo bar.x)
+  proc foo[T: M](x: T = default(T)) = discard x
+  foo[M[int]]()
+  doAssert not compiles(foo())
+
+block: # above but encountered by sigmatch using replaceTypeVarsN
+  type Opt[T] = object
+    x: T
+  proc none[T](x: type Opt, y: typedesc[T]): Opt[T] = discard
+  proc foo[T](x: T, a = Opt.none(int)) = discard
+  foo(1, a = Opt.none(int))
+  foo(1)
+
+block: # real version of above
+  type Opt[T] = object
+    x: T
+  template none(x: type Opt, T: type): Opt[T] = Opt[T]()
+  proc foo[T](x: T, a = Opt.none(int)) = discard
+  foo(1, a = Opt.none(int))
+  foo(1)
+
+block: # issue #20880
+  type
+    Child[n: static int] = object
+      data: array[n, int]
+    Parent[n: static int] = object
+      child: Child[3*n]
+  const n = 3
+  doAssert $(typeof Parent[n*3]()) == "Parent[9]"
+  doAssert $(typeof Parent[1]().child) == "Child[3]"
+  doAssert Parent[1]().child.data.len == 3
+
+{.experimental: "dynamicBindSym".}
+block: # issue #16774
+  type SecretWord = distinct uint64
+  const WordBitWidth = 8 * sizeof(uint64)
+  func wordsRequired(bits: int): int {.compileTime.} =
+    ## Compute the number of limbs required
+    # from the **announced** bit length
+    (bits + WordBitWidth - 1) div WordBitWidth
+  type
+    Curve = enum BLS12_381
+    BigInt[bits: static int] = object
+      limbs: array[bits.wordsRequired, SecretWord]
+  const BLS12_381_Modulus = default(BigInt[381])
+  macro Mod(C: static Curve): untyped =
+    ## Get the Modulus associated to a curve
+    result = bindSym($C & "_Modulus")
+  macro getCurveBitwidth(C: static Curve): untyped =
+    result = nnkDotExpr.newTree(
+      getAST(Mod(C)),
+      ident"bits"
+    )
+  type Fp[C: static Curve] = object
+    ## Finite Fields / Modular arithmetic
+    ## modulo the curve modulus
+    mres: BigInt[getCurveBitwidth(C)]
+  var x: Fp[BLS12_381]
+  doAssert x.mres.limbs.len == wordsRequired(getCurveBitWidth(BLS12_381))
+  # minimized, as if we haven't tested it already:
+  macro makeIntLit(c: static int): untyped =
+    result = newLit(c)
+  type Test[T: static int] = object
+    myArray: array[makeIntLit(T), int]
+  var y: Test[2]
+  doAssert y.myArray.len == 2
+  var z: Test[4]
+  doAssert z.myArray.len == 4
+
+block: # issue #16175
+  type
+    Thing[D: static uint] = object
+      when D == 0:
+        kid: char
+      else:
+        kid: Thing[D-1]
+  var t2 = Thing[3]()
+  doAssert t2.kid is Thing[2.uint]
+  doAssert t2.kid.kid is Thing[1.uint]
+  doAssert t2.kid.kid.kid is Thing[0.uint]
+  doAssert t2.kid.kid.kid.kid is char
+  var s = Thing[1]()
+  doAssert s.kid is Thing[0.uint]
+  doAssert s.kid.kid is char
diff --git a/tests/generics/twrong_explicit_typeargs.nim b/tests/generics/twrong_explicit_typeargs.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index e47b38e99..000000000
--- a/tests/generics/twrong_explicit_typeargs.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  errormsg: "cannot instantiate: 'newImage[string]'"
-  line: 16
-"""
-
-# bug #4084
-type
-  Image[T] = object
-    data: seq[T]
-
-proc newImage[T: int32|int64](w, h: int): ref Image[T] =
-  new(result)
-  result.data = newSeq[T](w * h)
-
-var correct = newImage[int32](320, 200)
-var wrong = newImage[string](320, 200)
diff --git a/tests/generics/twrong_generic_object.nim b/tests/generics/twrong_generic_object.nim
index 442b89ea1..4951f735f 100644
--- a/tests/generics/twrong_generic_object.nim
+++ b/tests/generics/twrong_generic_object.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "cannot instantiate: 'GenericNodeObj[T]'; Maybe generic arguments are missing?"
-  line: 21
+  errormsg: "'Node' is not a concrete type"
+  line: 11
 """
 # bug #2509
 type
diff --git a/tests/constr/a_module.nim b/tests/global/a_module.nim
index 1d3f4848c..1d3f4848c 100644
--- a/tests/constr/a_module.nim
+++ b/tests/global/a_module.nim
diff --git a/tests/global/t15005.nim b/tests/global/t15005.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6395b1dde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/global/t15005.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+type
+  T = ref object
+    data: string
+
+template foo(): T =
+  var a15005 {.global.}: T
+  once:
+    a15005 = T(data: "hi")
+
+  a15005
+
+proc test() =
+  var b15005 = foo()
+
+  doAssert b15005.data == "hi"
+
+test()
+test()
diff --git a/tests/global/t21896.nim b/tests/global/t21896.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7765c4dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/global/t21896.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "cannot assign local to global variable"
+  line: 7
+"""
+
+proc example(a:int) =
+  let b {.global.} = a
+
+example(1)
diff --git a/tests/global/t3505.nim b/tests/global/t3505.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..437a02ae6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/global/t3505.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+discard """
+cmd: "nim check $options --hints:off $file"
+action: "reject"
+nimout: '''
+t3505.nim(22, 22) Error: cannot assign local to global variable
+t3505.nim(31, 28) Error: cannot assign local to global variable
+t3505.nim(39, 29) Error: cannot assign local to global variable
+
+
+
+
+'''
+"""
+
+
+
+
+
+
+proc foo =
+  let a = 0
+  var b {.global.} = a
+foo()
+
+# issue #5132
+proc initX(it: float): int = 8
+proc initX2(it: int): int = it
+
+proc main() =
+  var f: float
+  var x {.global.} = initX2(initX(f))
+  
+main()
+
+# issue #20866
+proc foo2() =
+  iterator bar() {.closure.} =
+    discard
+  var g {.global.} = rawProc(bar)
+
+foo2()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/global/tglobal2.nim b/tests/global/tglobal2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..73a575bbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/global/tglobal2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# b.nim
+import a_module
+doAssert foo() == 0
+
+proc hello(x: type) =
+  var s {.global.} = default(x)
+  doAssert s == 0
+
+hello(int)
diff --git a/tests/ic/config.nims b/tests/ic/config.nims
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a622ec309
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ic/config.nims
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+--mm:refc

diff --git a/tests/ic/mbaseobj.nim b/tests/ic/mbaseobj.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f4e4a90d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ic/mbaseobj.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+
+type
+  Base* = ref object of RootObj
+    s*: string
+
+method m*(b: Base) {.base.} =
+  echo "Base ", b.s
diff --git a/tests/ic/mcompiletime_counter.nim b/tests/ic/mcompiletime_counter.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6fc7b3f2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ic/mcompiletime_counter.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+import std/macros
+import std/macrocache
+
+const myCounter = CacheCounter"myCounter"
+
+proc getUniqueId*(): int {.compileTime.} =
+  inc myCounter
+  result = myCounter.value
+
+static:
+  myCounter.inc(3)
+  assert myCounter.value == 3
+
+
diff --git a/tests/ic/mdefconverter.nim b/tests/ic/mdefconverter.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0a23f801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ic/mdefconverter.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+
+converter toBool*(x: int): bool = x != 0
diff --git a/tests/ic/mimports.nim b/tests/ic/mimports.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..50773e001
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ic/mimports.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+from mimportsb {.all.} import fnb1, hfnb3
+
+proc fn1*(): int = 1
+proc fn2*(): int = 2
+proc hfn3(): int = 3
+proc hfn4(): int = 4
+proc hfn5(): int = 5
+
+export mimportsb.fnb2, hfnb3
diff --git a/tests/ic/mimportsb.nim b/tests/ic/mimportsb.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3cae925c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ic/mimportsb.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+proc fnb1*(): int = 1
+proc fnb2*(): int = 2
+proc hfnb3(): int = 3
+proc hfnb4(): int = 4
diff --git a/tests/ic/tcompiletime_counter.nim b/tests/ic/tcompiletime_counter.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..695a6ec27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ic/tcompiletime_counter.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''id 4'''
+"""
+
+import mcompiletime_counter
+
+const intId = getUniqueId()
+
+echo "id ", intId
+
+#!EDIT!#
+
+discard """
+  output: '''id 4 5'''
+"""
+
+import mcompiletime_counter
+
+const
+  intId = getUniqueId()
+  floatId = getUniqueId()
+
+echo "id ", intId, " ", floatId
+
diff --git a/tests/ic/tconverter.nim b/tests/ic/tconverter.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aecdf4b48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ic/tconverter.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+discard """
+  output: "yes"
+"""
+
+import mdefconverter
+
+echo "yes"
+
+#!EDIT!#
+
+discard """
+  output: "converted int to bool"
+"""
+
+import mdefconverter
+
+if 4:
+  echo "converted int to bool"
diff --git a/tests/ic/tgenericinst.nim b/tests/ic/tgenericinst.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3346764f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ic/tgenericinst.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim cpp --incremental:on $file"
+"""
+
+{.emit:"""/*TYPESECTION*/
+#include <iostream>
+  struct Foo { };
+""".}
+
+type Foo {.importcpp.} = object
+echo $Foo() #Notice the generic is instantiate in the this module if not, it wouldnt find Foo
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/ic/tgenerics.nim b/tests/ic/tgenerics.nim
index bc5c05f4f..138799e85 100644
--- a/tests/ic/tgenerics.nim
+++ b/tests/ic/tgenerics.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 discard """
   output: "bar"
-  disabled: "true"
 """
 
 import tables
diff --git a/tests/ic/timports.nim b/tests/ic/timports.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..518a689f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ic/timports.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import mimports
+doAssert fn1() == 1
+doAssert not declared(hfn3)
+
+#!EDIT!#
+
+import mimports {.all.}
+doAssert fn1() == 1
+doAssert declared(hfn3)
+doAssert hfn3() == 3
+doAssert mimports.hfn4() == 4
+
+# reexports
+doAssert not declared(fnb1)
+doAssert not declared(hfnb4)
+doAssert fnb2() == 2
+doAssert hfnb3() == 3
+
+#!EDIT!#
+
+from mimports {.all.} import hfn3
+doAssert not declared(fn1)
+from mimports {.all.} as bar import fn1
+doAssert fn1() == 1
+doAssert hfn3() == 3
+doAssert not declared(hfn4)
+doAssert declared(mimports.hfn4)
+doAssert mimports.hfn4() == 4
+doAssert bar.hfn4() == 4
diff --git a/tests/ic/tmethods.nim b/tests/ic/tmethods.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..251f26889
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ic/tmethods.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''Base abc'''
+"""
+
+import mbaseobj
+
+var c = Base(s: "abc")
+m c
+
+#!EDIT!#
+
+discard """
+  output: '''Base abc
+Inherited abc'''
+"""
+
+import mbaseobj
+
+type
+  Inherited = ref object of Base
+
+method m(i: Inherited) =
+  procCall m(Base i)
+  echo "Inherited ", i.s
+
+var c = Inherited(s: "abc")
+m c
+
diff --git a/tests/ic/tstdlib_import_changed.nim b/tests/ic/tstdlib_import_changed.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da69a53b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ic/tstdlib_import_changed.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''yes'''
+"""
+
+echo "yes"
+
+#!EDIT!#
+
+discard """
+  output: '''yes2'''
+"""
+
+import std / [monotimes]
+#discard getMonoTime()
+echo "yes2"
diff --git a/tests/implicit/timplicit.nim b/tests/implicit/timplicit.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index bb701249c..000000000
--- a/tests/implicit/timplicit.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  output: '''
-1
-2
-3
-4
-2
-88
-timplicit done
-'''
-"""
-
-
-for x in [1, 2, 3, 4]:
-  echo x
-
-
-type
-  TValue* {.pure, final.} = object of RootObj
-    a: int
-  PValue = ref TValue
-  PPValue = ptr PValue
-
-
-var x: PValue
-new x
-var sp: PPValue = addr x
-
-sp.a = 2
-if sp.a == 2: echo 2  # with sp[].a the error is gone
-
-# Test the new auto-deref a little
-
-{.experimental.}
-
-proc p(x: var int; y: int) = x += y
-
-block:
-  var x: ref int
-  new(x)
-
-  x.p(44)
-
-  var indirect = p
-  x.indirect(44)
-
-  echo x[]
-
-  echo "timplicit done"
diff --git a/tests/import/buzz/m21496.nim b/tests/import/buzz/m21496.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..677324000
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/import/buzz/m21496.nim
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+proc fb*: string = "buzz!"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/import/fizz/m21496.nim b/tests/import/fizz/m21496.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..525b653d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/import/fizz/m21496.nim
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+proc fb*: string = "fizz!"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/import/t21496.nim b/tests/import/t21496.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a4907b12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/import/t21496.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "ambiguous identifier: 'm21496'"
+"""
+
+import fizz/m21496, buzz/m21496
+
+# bug #21496
+
+discard m21496.fb()
diff --git a/tests/import/t22065.nim b/tests/import/t22065.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dfd87a107
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/import/t22065.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "cannot open file: ./sugar"
+"""
+
+import ./sugar
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/import/t22208.nim b/tests/import/t22208.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b935d751c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/import/t22208.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import fizz/m21496 as alas
+import buzz/m21496
+
+# bug #21496
+
+doAssert m21496.fb() == "buzz!"
diff --git a/tests/import/t23167.nim b/tests/import/t23167.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0891ee2af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/import/t23167.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# bug #23167
+template sharedImport() =
+  import std / os
+
+sharedImport()
diff --git a/tests/importalls/m1.nim b/tests/importalls/m1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b6ccbf5da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/importalls/m1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import ./m2
+import ./m3 {.all.} as m3
+from ./m3 as m3Bis import nil
+
+doAssert m3h2 == 2
+export m3h2
+
+export m3Bis.m3p1
+
+const foo0* = 2
+const foo1 = bar1
+
+const foo1Aux = 2
+export foo1Aux
+
+doAssert not declared(bar2)
+doAssert not compiles(bar2)
+
+var foo2 = 2
+let foo3 = 2
+
+type Foo4 = enum
+  kg1, kg2
+
+type Foo4b {.pure.} = enum
+  foo4b1, foo4b2
+
+type Foo5 = object
+  z1: string
+  z2: Foo4
+  z3: int
+  z4*: int
+
+proc `z3`*(a: Foo5): auto =
+  a.z3 * 10
+
+proc foo6(): auto = 2
+proc foo6b*(): auto = 2
+template foo7: untyped = 2
+macro foo8(): untyped = discard
+template foo9(a: int) = discard
+
+block:
+  template foo10: untyped = 2
+  type Foo11 = enum
+    kg1b, kg2b
+  proc foo12(): auto = 2
+
+proc initFoo5*(z3: int): Foo5 = Foo5(z3: z3)
+
+func foo13(): auto = 2
+iterator foo14a(): int = discard
+iterator foo14b*(): int = discard
+iterator foo14c(): int {.closure.} = discard
+iterator foo14d(): int {.inline.} = discard
+
+# fwd declare
+proc foo15(): int
+proc foo15(): int = 2
+
+proc foo16*(): int
+proc foo16(): int = 2
+
+proc foo17*(): int
+proc foo17*(): int = 2
+
+# other
+type A1 = distinct int
+type A2 = distinct int
+converter foo18(x: A1): A2 = discard
diff --git a/tests/importalls/m2.nim b/tests/importalls/m2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..186650f68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/importalls/m2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+const bar1* = 2
+const bar2 = 2
+const bar3 = 3
diff --git a/tests/importalls/m3.nim b/tests/importalls/m3.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..caeae2a01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/importalls/m3.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# xxx use below naming convention in other test files: p: public, h: hidden
+const m3p1* = 2
+const m3h2 = 2
+const m3h3 = 3
+const m3h4 = 4
diff --git a/tests/importalls/m4.nim b/tests/importalls/m4.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..77ec65c61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/importalls/m4.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import ./m3 {.all.}
+import ./m3 as m3b
+export m3b
+export m3h3
+export m3.m3h4
+
+import ./m2 {.all.} as m2b
+export m2b except bar3
+
diff --git a/tests/importalls/mt0.nim b/tests/importalls/mt0.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..154d30ef9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/importalls/mt0.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import ./m1 as m
+doAssert compiles(foo0)
+doAssert not compiles(foo1)
+doAssert foo6b() == 2
+doAssert m3h2 == 2
+
+var f = initFoo5(z3=3)
+doAssert f.z3 == 30
+doAssert z3(f) == 30
diff --git a/tests/importalls/mt1.nim b/tests/importalls/mt1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7983945c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/importalls/mt1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import ./m1 {.all.} as m
+doAssert foo1 == 2
+doAssert m.foo1 == 2
+
+doAssert m.m3h2 == 2
+doAssert m3h2 == 2
+doAssert m.foo1Aux == 2
+doAssert m.m3p1 == 2
+
+## field access
+import std/importutils
+privateAccess(Foo5)
+var x = Foo5(z1: "foo", z2: m.kg1)
+doAssert x.z1 == "foo"
+
+var f0: Foo5
+f0.z3 = 3
+doAssert f0.z3 == 3
+var f = initFoo5(z3=3)
+doAssert f.z3 == 3
+doAssert z3(f) == 30
+doAssert m.z3(f) == 30
+doAssert not compiles(mt1.`z3`(f)) # z3 is an imported symbol
diff --git a/tests/importalls/mt2.nim b/tests/importalls/mt2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52edbb69e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/importalls/mt2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+from ./m1 {.all.} as r1 import foo1
+from ./m1 {.all.} as r2 import foo7
+
+block: # different symbol kinds
+  doAssert foo1 == 2
+  doAssert r1.foo1 == 2
+  doAssert r1.foo2 == 2
+  doAssert compiles(foo1)
+  doAssert compiles(r1.foo2)
+  doAssert not compiles(foo2)
+  doAssert not compiles(m3h2)
+  doAssert r1.foo3 == 2
+
+  block: # enum
+    var a: r1.Foo4
+    let a1 = r1.kg1
+    doAssert a1 == r1.Foo4.kg1
+    type A = r1.Foo4
+    doAssert a1 == A.kg1
+    doAssert not compiles(kg1)
+    doAssert compiles(A.kg1)
+    var witness = false
+    for ai in r1.Foo4:
+      doAssert ai == a
+      doAssert ai == a1
+      witness = true
+      break
+    doAssert witness
+
+  block: # {.pure.} enum
+    var a: r1.Foo4b
+    doAssert not compiles(r1.foo4b1) # because pure
+    doAssert not compiles(foo4b1)
+    let a1 = r1.Foo4b.foo4b1
+    doAssert a1 == a
+    type A = r1.Foo4b
+    doAssert a1 == A.foo4b1
+    var witness = false
+    for ai in A:
+      doAssert ai == a
+      doAssert ai == a1
+      witness = true
+      break
+    doAssert witness
+
+  block: # object
+    doAssert compiles(r1.Foo5)
+    var a: r1.Foo5
+    doAssert compiles(a.z4)
+    doAssert not compiles(a.z3)
+
+  block: # remaining symbol kinds
+    doAssert r1.foo6() == 2
+    doAssert r1.foo6b() == 2
+    doAssert foo7() == 2
+    doAssert r2.foo6b() == 2
+
+    r1.foo8()
+    r1.foo9(1)
+    doAssert r1.foo13() == 2
+    for a in r1.foo14a(): discard
+    for a in r1.foo14b(): discard
+    for a in r1.foo14c(): discard
+    for a in r1.foo14d(): discard
+    doAssert r1.foo15() == 2
+    doAssert r1.foo16() == 2
+    doAssert r1.foo17() == 2
+    doAssert compiles(r1.foo18)
+    doAssert declared(r1.foo18)
+
+  block: # declarations at block scope should not be visible
+    doAssert declared(foo7)
+    doAssert declared(r1.foo6)
+    doAssert not declared(foo10)
+    doAssert not declared(foo6)
+    doAssert not declared(r1.Foo11)
+    doAssert not declared(r1.kg1b)
+    doAssert not declared(r1.foo12)
+    doAssert not compiles(r1.foo12())
+
+## field access
+import std/importutils
+privateAccess(r1.Foo5)
+var x = r1.Foo5(z1: "foo", z2: r1.kg1)
+doAssert x.z1 == "foo"
+
+var f0: r1.Foo5
+f0.z3 = 3
+doAssert f0.z3 == 3
+var f = r1.initFoo5(z3=3)
+doAssert f.z3 == 3
+doAssert r1.z3(f) == 30
+
+import ./m1 as r3
+doAssert not declared(foo2)
+doAssert not declared(r3.foo2)
+
+from ./m1 {.all.} as r4 import nil
+doAssert not declared(foo2)
+doAssert declared(r4.foo2)
+
+from ./m1 {.all.} import nil
+doAssert not declared(foo2)
+doAssert declared(m1.foo2)
diff --git a/tests/importalls/mt3.nim b/tests/importalls/mt3.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2bd7fd79d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/importalls/mt3.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import ./m1 {.all.}
+  # D20201209T194412:here keep this as is, without `as`, so that mt8.nim test keeps
+  # checking that the original module symbol for `m1` isn't modified and that
+  # only the alias in `createModuleAlias` is affected.
+doAssert declared(m1.foo1)
+doAssert foo1 == 2
+
+
+doAssert m1.foo1 == 2
+
+doAssert not compiles(mt3.foo0) # foo0 is an imported symbol
+doAssert not compiles(mt3.foo1) # ditto
diff --git a/tests/importalls/mt4.nim b/tests/importalls/mt4.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd7d32aad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/importalls/mt4.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import ./m1 {.all.} except foo1
+doAssert foo2 == 2
+doAssert declared(foo2)
+doAssert not compiles(foo1)
diff --git a/tests/importalls/mt4b.nim b/tests/importalls/mt4b.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4578bc54c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/importalls/mt4b.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from ./m1 {.all.} as m2 import nil
+doAssert not compiles(foo1)
+doAssert m2.foo1 == 2
diff --git a/tests/importalls/mt5.nim b/tests/importalls/mt5.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c5785af6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/importalls/mt5.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import ./m1 {.all.} as m2 except foo1
+doAssert foo2 == 2
+doAssert not compiles(foo1)
+doAssert m2.foo1 == 2
+doAssert compiles(m2.foo1)
+
+from system {.all.} as s import ThisIsSystem
+doAssert ThisIsSystem
+doAssert s.ThisIsSystem
diff --git a/tests/importalls/mt6.nim b/tests/importalls/mt6.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ac6f542b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/importalls/mt6.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import ./m1 {.all.} as m2
+doAssert compiles(foo1)
+doAssert compiles(m2.foo1)
+doAssert declared(foo1)
+doAssert declared(m2.foo0) # public: works fine
+
+doAssert m2.foo1 == 2
+doAssert declared(m2.foo1)
+doAssert not declared(m2.nonexistent)
+
+# also tests the quoted `""` import
+import "."/"m1" {.all.} as m1b
+doAssert compiles(m1b.foo1)
diff --git a/tests/importalls/mt7.nim b/tests/importalls/mt7.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45a664610
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/importalls/mt7.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+include ./m1
+doAssert compiles(foo1)
+doAssert compiles(mt7.foo1)
+doAssert declared(foo1)
+doAssert declared(mt7.foo1)
+doAssert declared(mt7.foo0)
+
+var f0: Foo5
+f0.z3 = 3
+doAssert f0.z3 == 3
+var f = initFoo5(z3=3)
+doAssert f.z3 == 3
+doAssert mt7.z3(f) == 30
+doAssert z3(f) == 30
diff --git a/tests/importalls/mt8.nim b/tests/importalls/mt8.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f484e7b01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/importalls/mt8.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#[
+test multiple imports
+]#
+
+{.warning[UnusedImport]: off.}
+import ./m1, m2 {.all.}, ./m3 {.all.}
+  # make sure this keeps using `import ./m1` without as.
+
+# m1 is regularly imported
+doAssert declared(m1.foo0)
+doAssert declared(foo0)
+
+doAssert not declared(m1.foo1)
+  # if we didn't call `createModuleAlias` even for `import f1 {.all.}`,
+  # this would fail, see D20201209T194412.
+
+# m2
+doAssert declared(m2.bar2)
+doAssert declared(bar2)
+
+# m3
+doAssert declared(m3.m3h2)
+doAssert declared(m3h2)
diff --git a/tests/importalls/mt9.nim b/tests/importalls/mt9.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42d48ecbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/importalls/mt9.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# tests re-export of a module with import {.all.}
+
+import ./m4
+
+doAssert m3p1 == 2
+doAssert not declared(m3h2)
+doAssert m3h3 == 3
+doAssert m3h4 == 4
+
+doAssert bar1 == 2
+doAssert bar2 == 2
+doAssert not declared(bar3)
diff --git a/tests/importalls/tmain2.nim b/tests/importalls/tmain2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..596f0f135
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/importalls/tmain2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+joinable: false # for clarity, but not necessary
+"""
+
+{.warning[UnusedImport]: off.}
+# only import `mt*.nim` here; these depend on `m*.nim`
+import "."/[mt0,mt1,mt2,mt3,mt4,mt4b,mt5,mt6,mt7,mt8,mt9]
diff --git a/tests/init/tcompiles.nim b/tests/init/tcompiles.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67e17b241
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/init/tcompiles.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--warningAsError:ProveInit --warningAsError:Uninit"
+"""
+
+{.experimental: "strictdefs".}
+
+type Test = object
+  id: int
+
+proc foo {.noreturn.} = discard
+
+block:
+  proc test(x: bool): Test =
+    if x:
+      foo()
+    else:
+      foo()
+
+block:
+  proc test(x: bool): Test =
+    if x:
+      result = Test()
+    else:
+      foo()
+
+  discard test(true)
+
+block:
+  proc test(x: bool): Test =
+    if x:
+      result = Test()
+    else:
+      return Test()
+
+  discard test(true)
+
+block:
+  proc test(x: bool): Test =
+    if x:
+      return Test()
+    else:
+      return Test()
+
+  discard test(true)
+
+block:
+  proc test(x: bool): Test =
+    if x:
+      result = Test()
+    else:
+      result = Test()
+      return
+
+  discard test(true)
+
+block:
+  proc test(x: bool): Test =
+    if x:
+      result = Test()
+      return
+    else:
+      raise newException(ValueError, "unreachable")
+
+  discard test(true)
+
+# bug #21615
+# bug #16735
+
+block:
+  type Test {.requiresInit.} = object
+    id: int
+
+  proc bar(): int =
+    raise newException(CatchableError, "error")
+
+  proc test(): Test =
+    raise newException(CatchableError, "")
+
+  template catchError(body) =
+    var done = false
+    try:
+      body
+    except CatchableError:
+      done = true
+    doAssert done
+
+  catchError:
+    echo test()
+
+  catchError:
+    echo bar()
+
+block:
+  proc foo(x: ptr int) =
+    discard
+
+  proc main =
+    var s: int
+    foo(addr s)
+
+  main()
diff --git a/tests/init/tinitchecks_v2.nim b/tests/init/tinitchecks_v2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7716bcca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/init/tinitchecks_v2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+discard """
+cmd: "nim check $file"
+action: "compile"
+"""
+
+{.experimental: "strictDefs".}
+
+proc myopen(f: out File; s: string): bool =
+  f = default(File)
+  result = false
+
+proc main =
+  var f: File
+  if myopen(f, "aarg"):
+    f.close
+
+proc invalid =
+  var s: seq[string]
+  s.add "abc" #[tt.Warning
+  ^ use explicit initialization of 's' for clarity [Uninit] ]#
+
+proc valid =
+  var s: seq[string] = @[]
+  s.add "abc" # valid!
+
+main()
+invalid()
+valid()
+
+proc branchy(cond: bool) =
+  var s: seq[string]
+  if cond:
+    s = @["y"]
+  else:
+    s = @[]
+  s.add "abc" # valid!
+
+branchy true
+
+proc p(x: out int; y: out string; cond: bool) = #[tt.Warning
+                   ^ Cannot prove that 'y' is initialized. This will become a compile time error in the future. [ProveInit] ]#
+  x = 4
+  if cond:
+    y = "abc"
+  # error: not every path initializes 'y'
+
+var gl: int
+var gs: string
+p gl, gs, false
+
+proc canRaise(x: int): int =
+  result = x
+  raise newException(ValueError, "wrong")
+
+proc currentlyValid(x: out int; y: out string; cond: bool) =
+  x = canRaise(45)
+  y = "abc" # <-- error: not every path initializes 'y'
+
+currentlyValid gl, gs, false
+
+block: # previously effects/toutparam
+  proc gah[T](x: out T) =
+    x = 3
+
+  proc arr1 =
+    var a: array[2, int]
+    var x: int
+    gah(x)
+    a[0] = 3
+    a[x] = 3
+    echo x
+
+  arr1()
+
+  proc arr2 =
+    var a: array[2, int]
+    var x: int
+    a[0] = 3
+    a[x] = 3 #[tt.Warning
+      ^ use explicit initialization of 'x' for clarity [Uninit] ]#
+    echo x
+
+  arr2()
diff --git a/tests/init/tlet.nim b/tests/init/tlet.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e32bedb18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/init/tlet.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+{.experimental: "strictDefs".}
+
+proc bar(x: out string) =
+  x = "abc"
+
+template moe = # bug #21043
+  try:
+    discard
+  except ValueError as e:
+    echo(e.msg)
+
+template moe0 {.dirty.} = # bug #21043
+  try:
+    discard
+  except ValueError as e:
+    echo(e.msg)
+
+proc foo() =
+  block:
+    let x: string
+    if true:
+      x = "abc"
+    else:
+      x = "def"
+    doAssert x == "abc"
+  block:
+    let y: string
+    bar(y)
+    doAssert y == "abc"
+  block:
+    let x: string
+    if true:
+      x = "abc"
+      discard "abc"
+    else:
+      x = "def"
+      discard "def"
+    doAssert x == "abc"
+  block: #
+    let x {.used.} : int
+  block: #
+    let x: float
+    x = 1.234
+    doAssert x == 1.234
+
+  block:
+    try:
+      discard
+    except ValueError as e:
+      echo(e.msg)
+  moe()
+  moe0()
+
+static: foo()
+foo()
diff --git a/tests/init/tlet_uninit2.nim b/tests/init/tlet_uninit2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..174aa28f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/init/tlet_uninit2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "'let' symbol requires an initialization"
+"""
+
+let x: int
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/init/tlet_uninit3.nim b/tests/init/tlet_uninit3.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb786f8c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/init/tlet_uninit3.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $file"
+  action: "reject"
+  nimout: '''
+tlet_uninit3.nim(13, 5) Error: 'let' symbol requires an initialization
+tlet_uninit3.nim(19, 5) Error: 'x' cannot be assigned to
+tlet_uninit3.nim(23, 11) Error: 'let' symbol requires an initialization
+'''
+"""
+
+{.experimental: "strictDefs".}
+
+let global {.used.}: int
+
+proc foo() =
+  block:
+    let x: int
+    x = 13
+    x = 14
+
+  block:
+    let x: int
+    doAssert x == 0
+foo()
diff --git a/tests/init/tlet_uninit4.nim b/tests/init/tlet_uninit4.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c57d15ff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/init/tlet_uninit4.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <string>"
+"""
+
+{.experimental: "strictDefs".}
+
+proc foo(x: var string) =
+  echo x
+
+proc bar() =
+  let x: string
+  foo(x)
diff --git a/tests/init/toutparam_subtype.nim b/tests/init/toutparam_subtype.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3597f1459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/init/toutparam_subtype.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+discard """
+cmd: "nim check $file"
+action: "compile"
+errormsg: "type mismatch: got <Subclass[system.int]>"
+line: 21
+"""
+
+{.experimental: "strictDefs".}
+
+type
+  Superclass[T] = object of RootObj
+    a: T
+  Subclass[T] = object of Superclass[T]
+    s: string
+
+proc init[T](x: out Superclass[T]) =
+  x = Superclass(a: 8)
+
+proc subtypeCheck =
+  var v: Subclass[int]
+  init(v)
+  echo v.s # the 's' field was never initialized!
+
+subtypeCheck()
diff --git a/tests/init/toutparams.nim b/tests/init/toutparams.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..590768599
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/init/toutparams.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--warningAsError:ProveInit"
+"""
+
+{.experimental: "strictdefs".}
+
+proc foo(x: out int) =
+  x = 1
+
+proc bar(x: out int) =
+  foo(x)
+
+var s: int
+bar(s)
diff --git a/tests/misc/tproveinit.nim b/tests/init/tproveinit.nim
index c9f688309..c9f688309 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tproveinit.nim
+++ b/tests/init/tproveinit.nim
diff --git a/tests/init/treturns.nim b/tests/init/treturns.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18cebe0b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/init/treturns.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+{.experimental: "strictdefs".}
+
+type Test = object
+  id: int
+
+proc foo {.noreturn.} = discard
+
+proc test1(): Test =
+  if true: #[tt.Warning
+  ^ Cannot prove that 'result' is initialized. This will become a compile time error in the future. [ProveInit]]#
+    return Test()
+  else:
+    return
+
+proc test0(): Test =
+  if true: #[tt.Warning
+  ^ Cannot prove that 'result' is initialized. This will become a compile time error in the future. [ProveInit]]#
+    return
+  else:
+    foo()
+
+proc test2(): Test =
+  if true: #[tt.Warning
+  ^ Cannot prove that 'result' is initialized. This will become a compile time error in the future. [ProveInit]]#
+    return
+  else:
+    return
+
+proc test3(): Test =
+  if true: #[tt.Warning
+  ^ Cannot prove that 'result' is initialized. This will become a compile time error in the future. [ProveInit]]#
+    return
+  else:
+    return Test()
+
+proc test4(): Test =
+  if true: #[tt.Warning
+  ^ Cannot prove that 'result' is initialized. This will become a compile time error in the future. [ProveInit]]#
+    return
+  else:
+    result = Test()
+    return
+
+proc test5(x: bool): Test =
+  case x: #[tt.Warning
+  ^ Cannot prove that 'result' is initialized. This will become a compile time error in the future. [ProveInit]]#
+  of true:
+    return
+  else:
+    return Test()
+
+proc test6(x: bool): Test =
+  case x: #[tt.Warning
+  ^ Cannot prove that 'result' is initialized. This will become a compile time error in the future. [ProveInit]]#
+  of true:
+    return
+  else:
+    return
+
+proc test7(x: bool): Test =
+  case x: #[tt.Warning
+  ^ Cannot prove that 'result' is initialized. This will become a compile time error in the future. [ProveInit]]#
+  of true:
+    return
+  else:
+    discard
+
+proc test8(x: bool): Test =
+  case x: #[tt.Warning
+  ^ Cannot prove that 'result' is initialized. This will become a compile time error in the future. [ProveInit]]#
+  of true:
+    discard
+  else:
+    raise
+
+proc hasImportStmt(): bool =
+  if false: #[tt.Warning
+  ^ Cannot prove that 'result' is initialized. This will become a compile time error in the future. [ProveInit]]#
+    return true
+  else:
+    discard
+
+discard hasImportStmt()
+
+block:
+  proc hasImportStmt(): bool =
+    if false: #[tt.Warning
+    ^ Cannot prove that 'result' is initialized. This will become a compile time error in the future. [ProveInit]]#
+      return true
+    else:
+      return
+
+  discard hasImportStmt()
+
+block:
+  block:
+    proc foo(x: var int) =
+      discard
+
+    proc main =
+      var s: int
+      foo(s)#[tt.Warning
+          ^ use explicit initialization of 's' for clarity [Uninit]]#
+
+    main()
+
diff --git a/tests/init/tuninit1.nim b/tests/init/tuninit1.nim
index fe91733ff..ac3007e8d 100644
--- a/tests/init/tuninit1.nim
+++ b/tests/init/tuninit1.nim
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 discard """
-  nimout: "Warning: use explicit initialization of 'y' for clarity [Uninit]"
-  line:34
+  nimout: "tuninit1.nim(34, 11) Warning: use explicit initialization of 'y' for clarity [Uninit]"
   action: compile
 """
 
 import strutils
-
+{.experimental: "strictDefs".}
 {.warning[Uninit]:on.}
 
 proc p =
diff --git a/tests/int/t1.nim b/tests/int/t1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e5cdc8d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/int/t1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp"
+"""
+
+doAssert typeOf(1.int64 + 1.int) is int64
+doAssert typeOf(1.uint64 + 1.uint) is uint64
+doAssert int64 is SomeNumber
+doAssert int64 is (SomeNumber and not(uint32|uint64|uint|int))
+doAssert int64 is (not(uint32|uint64|uint|int))
+doAssert int isnot int64
+doAssert int64 isnot int
+var myInt16 = 5i16
+var myInt: int
+doAssert typeOf(myInt16 + 34) is int16    # of type `int16`
+doAssert typeOf(myInt16 + myInt) is int   # of type `int`
+doAssert typeOf(myInt16 + 2i32) is int32  # of type `int32`
+doAssert int32 isnot int64
+doAssert int32 isnot int
+
+block: # bug #23947
+  template foo =
+    let test_u64 : uint64 =   0xFF07.uint64
+    let test_u8  : uint8  = test_u64.uint8
+        # Error: illegal conversion from '65287' to '[0..255]'
+    doAssert test_u8 == 7
+
+  static: foo()
+  foo()
+
+block:
+  # bug #22085
+  const
+    x = uint32(uint64.high) # vm error
+    u = uint64.high
+    v = uint32(u) # vm error
+
+  let
+    z = uint64.high
+    y = uint32(z)  # runtime ok
+
+  let
+    w = uint32(uint64.high)  # semfold error
+
+  doAssert x == w
+  doAssert v == y
+
+  # bug #14522
+  doAssert 0xFF000000_00000000.uint64 == 18374686479671623680'u64
+
+block: # bug #23954
+  let testRT_u8 : uint8 = 0x107.uint8
+  doAssert testRT_u8 == 7
+  const testCT_u8 : uint8 = 0x107.uint8
+  doAssert testCT_u8 == 7
+
+block: # issue #24104
+  type P = distinct uint  # uint, uint8, uint16, uint32, uint64 
+  let v = 0.P
+  case v
+  of 0.P: discard
+  else:   discard
diff --git a/tests/arithm/tarithm.nim b/tests/int/tarithm.nim
index d0943d225..d0943d225 100644
--- a/tests/arithm/tarithm.nim
+++ b/tests/int/tarithm.nim
diff --git a/tests/arithm/tashr.nim b/tests/int/tashr.nim
index aeb3b6843..aeb3b6843 100644
--- a/tests/arithm/tashr.nim
+++ b/tests/int/tashr.nim
diff --git a/tests/arithm/tdiv.nim b/tests/int/tdiv.nim
index 5d8eed84d..5d8eed84d 100644
--- a/tests/arithm/tdiv.nim
+++ b/tests/int/tdiv.nim
diff --git a/tests/misc/tints.nim b/tests/int/tints.nim
index d24cbd4ac..773e8ccad 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tints.nim
+++ b/tests/int/tints.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "; --backend:js --jsbigint64:off -d:nimStringHash2; --backend:js --jsbigint64:on"
   output: '''
 0 0
 0 0
@@ -6,6 +7,9 @@ Success'''
 """
 # Test the different integer operations
 
+
+import std/private/jsutils
+
 var testNumber = 0
 
 template test(opr, a, b, c: untyped): untyped =
@@ -23,28 +27,37 @@ template test(opr, a, b, c: untyped): untyped =
 
 test(`+`, 12'i8, -13'i16, -1'i16)
 test(`shl`, 0b11, 0b100, 0b110000)
+whenJsNoBigInt64: discard
+do:
+  test(`shl`, 0b11'i64, 0b100'i64, 0b110000'i64)
 when not defined(js):
+  # mixed type shr needlessly complicates codegen with bigint
+  # and thus is not yet supported in JS for 64 bit ints
   test(`shl`, 0b11'i32, 0b100'i64, 0b110000'i64)
 test(`shl`, 0b11'i32, 0b100'i32, 0b110000'i32)
 
 test(`or`, 0xf0f0'i16, 0x0d0d'i16, 0xfdfd'i16)
 test(`and`, 0xf0f0'i16, 0xfdfd'i16, 0xf0f0'i16)
 
-when not defined(js):
+whenJsNoBigInt64: discard
+do:
   test(`shr`, 0xffffffffffffffff'i64, 0x4'i64, 0xffffffffffffffff'i64)
 test(`shr`, 0xffff'i16, 0x4'i16, 0xffff'i16)
 test(`shr`, 0xff'i8, 0x4'i8, 0xff'i8)
 
-when not defined(js):
+whenJsNoBigInt64: discard
+do:
   test(`shr`, 0xffffffff'i64, 0x4'i64, 0x0fffffff'i64)
 test(`shr`, 0xffffffff'i32, 0x4'i32, 0xffffffff'i32)
 
-when not defined(js):
+whenJsNoBigInt64: discard
+do:
   test(`shl`, 0xffffffffffffffff'i64, 0x4'i64, 0xfffffffffffffff0'i64)
 test(`shl`, 0xffff'i16, 0x4'i16, 0xfff0'i16)
 test(`shl`, 0xff'i8, 0x4'i8, 0xf0'i8)
 
-when not defined(js):
+whenJsNoBigInt64: discard
+do:
   test(`shl`, 0xffffffff'i64, 0x4'i64, 0xffffffff0'i64)
 test(`shl`, 0xffffffff'i32, 0x4'i32, 0xfffffff0'i32)
 
@@ -80,6 +93,58 @@ block: # Casts to uint
 # issue #7174
 let c = 1'u
 let val = c > 0
-doAssert val 
+doAssert val
+
+block: # bug #6752
+  when not defined(js) or (defined(js) and compileOption("jsbigint64")):
+    let x = 711127'i64
+    doAssert x * 86400'i64 == 61441372800'i64
+
+block: # bug #17604
+  let a = 2147483648'u
+  doAssert (a and a) == a
+  doAssert (a or 0) == a
+
+block: # bitwise not
+  let
+    z8 = 0'u8
+    z16 = 0'u16
+    z32 = 0'u32
+    z64 = 0'u64
+  doAssert (not z8) == uint8.high
+  doAssert (not z16) == uint16.high
+  doAssert (not z32) == uint32.high
+  when not defined(js) or (defined(js) and compileOption("jsbigint64")):
+    doAssert (not z64) == uint64.high
+
+block: # shl
+  let i8 = int8.high
+  let i16 = int16.high
+  let i32 = int32.high
+  let i64 = int64.high
+  doAssert i8 shl 1 == -2
+  doAssert i8 shl 2 == -4
+  doAssert i16 shl 1 == -2
+  doAssert i16 shl 2 == -4
+  doAssert i32 shl 1 == -2
+  doAssert i32 shl 2 == -4
+  when not defined(js) or (defined(js) and compileOption("jsbigint64")):
+    doAssert i64 shl 1 == -2
+    doAssert i64 shl 2 == -4
+
+  let u8 = uint8.high
+  let u16 = uint16.high
+  let u32 = uint32.high
+  let u64 = uint64.high
+  doAssert u8 shl 1 == u8 - 1
+  doAssert u16 shl 1 == u16 - 1
+  doAssert u32 shl 1 == u32 - 1
+  when not defined(js) or (defined(js) and compileOption("jsbigint64")):
+    doAssert u64 shl 1 == u64 - 1
+
+block: # bug #23378
+  var neg = -1  # prevent compile-time evaluation
+  let n = abs BiggestInt neg
+  doAssert n == 1
 
 echo("Success") #OUT Success
diff --git a/tests/misc/tunsigned64mod.nim b/tests/int/tunsigned64mod.nim
index ca3286df3..ca3286df3 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tunsigned64mod.nim
+++ b/tests/int/tunsigned64mod.nim
diff --git a/tests/misc/tunsignedcmp.nim b/tests/int/tunsignedcmp.nim
index 11b67ac5f..11b67ac5f 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tunsignedcmp.nim
+++ b/tests/int/tunsignedcmp.nim
diff --git a/tests/misc/tunsignedcomp.nim b/tests/int/tunsignedcomp.nim
index 970c4ae9d..970c4ae9d 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tunsignedcomp.nim
+++ b/tests/int/tunsignedcomp.nim
diff --git a/tests/int/tunsignedconv.nim b/tests/int/tunsignedconv.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c73521d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/int/tunsignedconv.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+"""
+
+# Tests unsigned literals and implicit conversion between uints and ints
+
+var h8: uint8 = 128
+var h16: uint16 = 32768
+var h32: uint32 = 2147483648'u32
+var h64: uint64 = 9223372036854775808'u64
+var foobar: uint64 = 9223372036854775813'u64 # Issue 728
+
+var v8: uint8 = 10
+var v16: uint16 = 10
+var v32: uint32 = 10
+var v64: uint64 = 10
+
+# u8 + literal produces u8:
+var a8: uint8 = v8 + 10
+var a16: uint16 = v16 + 10
+
+when false:
+  var d8  = v8 + 10'i8
+  var d16 = v8 + 10'i16
+  var d32 = v8 + 10'i32
+
+when false:
+  # these don't work yet because unsigned.nim is stupid. XXX We need to fix this.
+  var f8  = v16 + 10'u8
+  var f16 = v16 + 10'u16
+  var f32 = v16 + 10'u32
+
+  var g8  = v32 + 10'u8
+  var g16 = v32 + 10'u16
+  var g32 = v32 + 10'u32
+
+var ar: array[0..20, int]
+var n8 = ar[v8]
+var n16 = ar[v16]
+var n32 = ar[v32]
+var n64 = ar[v64]
+
+
+block t4176:
+  var yyy: uint8 = 0
+  yyy = yyy - 127
+  doAssert type(yyy) is uint8
+
+# bug #13661
+
+proc fun(): uint = cast[uint](-1)
+const x0 = fun()
+
+doAssert typeof(x0) is uint
+
+discard $x0
+
+# bug #13671
+
+const x1 = cast[uint](-1)
+discard $(x1,)
+
+# bug #13698
+let n2: csize_t = 1
+doAssert $n2.int32 == "1"
+
+# bug #14616
+
+let limit = 1'u64
+
+let rangeVar = 0'u64 ..< limit
+
+when not defined(gcRefc):
+  doAssert repr(rangeVar) == """0 .. 0""", repr(rangeVar)
+
+# bug #15210
+
+let a3 = not 0'u64
+var success = false
+try:
+  discard a3.int64
+except RangeDefect:
+  success = true
+
+doAssert success, "conversion should fail at runtime"
+
+template main() =
+  # xxx move all tests under here so it gets tested in CT and RT
+  block: # bug #17572
+    type T = distinct uint64
+    func f(x: uint64): auto =
+      let a = T(x)
+      (x, a.uint64)
+    const x = 1'u64 shl 63 or 7
+    const b = T(x)
+    doAssert b.uint64 == 9223372036854775815'u64
+    doAssert $b.uint64 == "9223372036854775815"
+    doAssert f(x) == (9223372036854775815'u64, 9223372036854775815'u64)
+
+static: main()
+main()
+
+block:
+  let a = uint64.high
+  let b = uint32.high
+
+  doAssert a.uint64 == a
+  doAssert a.uint32 == uint32.high
+  doAssert a.uint16 == uint16.high
+  doAssert a.uint8 == uint8.high
+
+  doAssert b.uint64 == b
+  doAssert b.uint32 == b
+  doAssert b.uint16 == uint16.high
+  doAssert b.uint8 == uint8.high
diff --git a/tests/misc/tunsignedinc.nim b/tests/int/tunsignedinc.nim
index 9d1a4bbb4..9392f1b74 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tunsignedinc.nim
+++ b/tests/int/tunsignedinc.nim
@@ -32,3 +32,9 @@ block t4175:
   const j = 0u - 1u
   doAssert i == j
   doAssert j + 1u == 0u
+
+block: # https://forum.nim-lang.org/t/12465#76998
+  var a: int = 1
+  var x: uint8 = 1
+  a.inc(x)   # Error: type mismatch
+  doAssert a == 2
diff --git a/tests/misc/tunsignedmisc.nim b/tests/int/tunsignedmisc.nim
index b2a3849cf..b2a3849cf 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tunsignedmisc.nim
+++ b/tests/int/tunsignedmisc.nim
diff --git a/tests/int/twrongexplicitvarconv.nim b/tests/int/twrongexplicitvarconv.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79f770e8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/int/twrongexplicitvarconv.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+discard """
+  action: reject
+  nimout: '''
+  but expression 'int(a)' is immutable, not 'var'
+'''
+"""
+
+proc `++`(n: var int) =
+  n += 1
+
+var a: int32 = 15
+
+++int(a) #[tt.Error
+^ type mismatch: got <int>]#
+
+echo a
diff --git a/tests/int/twrongvarconv.nim b/tests/int/twrongvarconv.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db6ac2c53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/int/twrongvarconv.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+proc `++`(n: var int) =
+  n += 1
+
+var a: int32 = 15
+
+++a #[tt.Error
+^ type mismatch: got <int32>]#
+
+echo a
diff --git a/tests/isolate/tisolate.nim b/tests/isolate/tisolate.nim
index 9f3b15441..a0e71e321 100644
--- a/tests/isolate/tisolate.nim
+++ b/tests/isolate/tisolate.nim
@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 discard """
   errormsg: "expression cannot be isolated: select(a, b)"
-  line: 34
+  line: 39
 """
 
 import std / isolation
 
 import json, streams
 
+proc myParseJson(s: Stream; filename: string): JsonNode =
+  {.cast(noSideEffect).}:
+    result = parseJson(s, filename)
+
+
 proc f(): seq[int] =
   @[1, 2, 3]
 
@@ -28,7 +33,7 @@ proc main =
   discard isolate select(Node(x: "a"), nil)
   discard isolate select(Node(x: "a"), Node(x: "b"))
 
-  discard isolate parseJson(newFileStream("my.json"), "my.json")
+  discard isolate myParseJson(newFileStream("my.json"), "my.json")
 
   var a, b: Node
   discard isolate select(a, b)
diff --git a/tests/isolate/tisolate2.nim b/tests/isolate/tisolate2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9bf92d82e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/isolate/tisolate2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "expression cannot be isolated: a_to_b(a)"
+  line: 22
+"""
+
+# bug #19013
+import std/isolation
+
+type Z = ref object
+  i: int
+
+type A = object
+  z: Z
+
+type B = object
+  z: Z
+
+func a_to_b(a: A): B =
+  result = B(z: a.z)
+
+let a = A(z: Z(i: 3))
+let b = isolate(a_to_b(a))
diff --git a/tests/isolate/tisolated_lock.nim b/tests/isolate/tisolated_lock.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..312abf0f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/isolate/tisolated_lock.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim $target --threads:on $options $file"
+  action: "compile"
+"""
+
+import std / [os, locks, atomics, isolation]
+
+type
+  MyList {.acyclic.} = ref object
+    data: string
+    next: Isolated[MyList]
+
+template withMyLock*(a: Lock, body: untyped) =
+  acquire(a)
+  {.gcsafe.}:
+    try:
+      body
+    finally:
+      release(a)
+
+var head: Isolated[MyList]
+var headL: Lock
+
+var shouldStop: Atomic[bool]
+
+initLock headL
+
+proc send(x: sink string) =
+  withMyLock headL:
+    head = isolate MyList(data: x, next: move head)
+
+proc worker() {.thread.} =
+  var workItem = MyList(nil)
+  var echoed = 0
+  while true:
+    withMyLock headL:
+      var h = extract head
+      if h != nil:
+        workItem = h
+        # workitem is now isolated:
+        head = move h.next
+      else:
+        workItem = nil
+    # workItem is isolated, so we can access it outside
+    # the lock:
+    if workItem.isNil:
+      if shouldStop.load:
+        break
+      else:
+        # give producer time to breath:
+        os.sleep 30
+    else:
+      if echoed < 100:
+        echo workItem.data
+      inc echoed
+
+var thr: Thread[void]
+createThread(thr, worker)
+
+send "abc"
+send "def"
+for i in 0 ..< 10_000:
+  send "xzy"
+  send "zzz"
+shouldStop.store true
+
+joinThread(thr)
diff --git a/tests/iter/t1550.nim b/tests/iter/t1550.nim
index 8ad96f0da..c971943ee 100644
--- a/tests/iter/t1550.nim
+++ b/tests/iter/t1550.nim
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c js"
+"""
+
 type
   A[T] = iterator(x: T): T {.gcsafe, closure.}
 
diff --git a/tests/iter/t16076.nim b/tests/iter/t16076.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2eb409068
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/iter/t16076.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c js"
+"""
+
+proc main() =
+  block: # bug #17485
+    type
+      O = ref object
+        i: int
+
+    iterator t(o: O): int =
+      if o != nil:
+        yield o.i
+      yield 0
+
+    proc m =
+      var data = ""
+      for i in t(nil):
+        data.addInt i
+
+      doAssert data == "0"
+
+    m()
+
+
+  block: # bug #16076
+    type
+      R = ref object
+        z: int
+
+    var data = ""
+
+    iterator foo(x: int; y: R = nil): int {.inline.} =
+      if y == nil:
+        yield x
+      else:
+        yield y.z
+
+    for b in foo(10):
+      data.addInt b
+
+    doAssert data == "10"
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/iter/t20891.nim b/tests/iter/t20891.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34deec41b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/iter/t20891.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import macros, tables
+
+var mapping {.compileTime.}: Table[string, NimNode]
+
+macro register(a: static[string], b: typed): untyped =
+  mapping[a] = b
+
+macro getPtr(a: static[string]): untyped =
+  result = mapping[a]
+
+proc foo() =
+  iterator it() {.closure.} =
+    discard
+  proc getIterPtr(): pointer {.nimcall.} =
+    rawProc(it)
+  register("foo", getIterPtr())
+  discard getIterPtr() # Comment either this to make it work
+foo() # or this
+
+proc bar() =
+  iterator it() {.closure.} =
+    discard getPtr("foo") # Or this
+    discard
+  proc getIterPtr(): pointer {.nimcall.} =
+    rawProc(it)
+  register("bar", getIterPtr())
+  discard getIterPtr()
+bar()
diff --git a/tests/iter/t21306.nim b/tests/iter/t21306.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d0396294
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/iter/t21306.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c js"
+"""
+
+# bug #21306
+type
+  FutureState {.pure.} = enum
+    Pending, Finished, Cancelled, Failed
+
+  FutureBase = ref object of RootObj
+    state: FutureState
+    error: ref CatchableError
+    id: uint
+
+  Future[T] = ref object of FutureBase
+    closure: iterator(f: Future[T]): FutureBase {.raises: [Defect, CatchableError, Exception], gcsafe.}
+    value: T
+
+template setupFutureBase() =
+  new(result)
+  result.state = FutureState.Pending
+
+proc newFutureImpl[T](): Future[T] =
+  setupFutureBase()
+
+template newFuture[T](fromProc: static[string] = ""): Future[T] =
+  newFutureImpl[T]()
+
+proc internalRead[T](fut: Future[T]): T =
+  when T isnot void:
+    return fut.value
+
+template await[T](f: Future[T]): untyped =
+  when declared(chronosInternalRetFuture):
+    when not declaredInScope(chronosInternalTmpFuture):
+      var chronosInternalTmpFuture {.inject.}: FutureBase = f
+    else:
+      chronosInternalTmpFuture = f
+
+    yield chronosInternalTmpFuture
+
+    when T isnot void:
+      cast[type(f)](chronosInternalTmpFuture).internalRead()
+
+type
+  VerifierError {.pure.} = enum
+    Invalid
+    MissingParent
+    UnviableFork
+    Duplicate
+  ProcessingCallback = proc() {.gcsafe, raises: [Defect].}
+  BlockVerifier =
+    proc(signedBlock: int):
+      Future[VerifierError] {.gcsafe, raises: [Defect].}
+
+  SyncQueueKind {.pure.} = enum
+    Forward, Backward
+
+  SyncRequest[T] = object
+    kind: SyncQueueKind
+    index: uint64
+    slot: uint64
+    count: uint64
+    item: T
+
+  SyncResult[T] = object
+    request: SyncRequest[T]
+    data: seq[ref int]
+
+  SyncQueue[T] = ref object
+    kind: SyncQueueKind
+    readyQueue: seq[SyncResult[T]]
+    blockVerifier: BlockVerifier
+
+iterator blocks[T](sq: SyncQueue[T],
+                    sr: SyncResult[T]): ref int =
+  case sq.kind
+  of SyncQueueKind.Forward:
+    for i in countup(0, len(sr.data) - 1):
+      yield sr.data[i]
+  of SyncQueueKind.Backward:
+    for i in countdown(len(sr.data) - 1, 0):
+      yield sr.data[i]
+
+proc push[T](sq: SyncQueue[T]; sr: SyncRequest[T]; data: seq[ref int];
+             processingCb: ProcessingCallback = nil): Future[void] {.
+    stackTrace: off, gcsafe.} =
+  iterator push_436208182(chronosInternalRetFuture: Future[void]): FutureBase {.
+      closure, gcsafe, raises: [Defect, CatchableError, Exception].} =
+    block:
+      template result(): auto {.used.} =
+        {.fatal: "You should not reference the `result` variable inside" &
+            " a void async proc".}
+
+      let item = default(SyncResult[T])
+      for blk in sq.blocks(item):
+        let res = await sq.blockVerifier(blk[])
+
+  var resultFuture = newFuture[void]("push")
+  resultFuture.closure = push_436208182
+  return resultFuture
+
+type
+  SomeTPeer = ref object
+    score: int
+
+proc getSlice(): seq[ref int] =
+  discard
+
+template smokeTest(kkind: SyncQueueKind, start, finish: uint64,
+                   chunkSize: uint64) =
+  var queue: SyncQueue[SomeTPeer]
+  var request: SyncRequest[SomeTPeer]
+  discard queue.push(request, getSlice())
+
+for k in {SyncQueueKind.Forward}:
+  for item in [(uint64(1181), uint64(1399), 41'u64)]:
+    smokeTest(k, item[0], item[1], item[2])
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/iter/t21737.nim b/tests/iter/t21737.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da06faea7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/iter/t21737.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+discard """
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+template mytoSeq*(iter: untyped): untyped =
+  var result: seq[typeof(iter)]# = @[]
+  for x in iter:
+    result.add(x)
+  result
+
+iterator test(dir:int): int =
+  yield 1234
+
+iterator walkGlobKinds (): int =
+  let dir2 = 123
+  let it = mytoSeq(test(dir2))  
+
+proc main()=
+    let it = iterator(): int=
+      for path in walkGlobKinds():
+          yield path
+main()
diff --git a/tests/iter/t22148.nim b/tests/iter/t22148.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9954eed87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/iter/t22148.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+discard """

+  action: compile

+"""

+

+import std/memfiles

+

+# bug #22148

+proc make*(input: string) =

+  var inp = memfiles.open(input)

+  for line in memSlices(inp):

+    let lineF = MemFile(mem: line.data, size: line.size)

+    for word in memSlices(lineF, ','):

+      discard

+

+make("") # Must call to trigger

diff --git a/tests/iter/t22548.nim b/tests/iter/t22548.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b9abb75d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/iter/t22548.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+discard """
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+type Xxx[T] = object
+
+iterator x(v: string): char =
+  var v2: Xxx[int]
+
+  var y: v2.T
+
+  echo y
+
+proc bbb(vv: string): proc () =
+  proc xxx() =
+    for c in x(vv):
+      echo c
+
+  return xxx
+
+bbb("test")()
diff --git a/tests/iter/t22619.nim b/tests/iter/t22619.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a98391f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/iter/t22619.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# bug #22619
+
+when false: # todo fixme
+  block:
+    type
+      Resource = object
+        value: int
+  
+      Object = object
+        r {.cursor.}: Resource
+        s {.cursor.}: seq[Resource]
+  
+    var numDestroy = 0
+  
+    proc `=copy`(x: var Resource, y: Resource) {.error.} # disallow full copies
+    proc `=destroy`(x: Resource) =
+      inc numDestroy
+  
+    proc test() =
+      # perform the test in procedure so that globals aren't used (their different
+      # semantics with regards to destruction would interfere)
+      var
+        r = Resource(value: 1) # initialize a resource
+        s = @[Resource(value: 2)]
+  
+      # make sure no copy is required in the initializer expression:
+      var o = Object(r: r, s: s)
+  
+      # copying the object doesn't perform a full copy of the cursor fields:
+      var o2 = o
+      discard addr(o2) # prevent `o2` from being turned into a cursor
+  
+      # check that the fields were shallow-copied:
+      doAssert o2.r.value == 1
+      doAssert o2.s[0].value == 2
+  
+      # make sure no copy is required with normal field assignments:
+      o.r = r
+      o.s = s
+  
+  
+      # when `o` and `o2` are destroyed, their destructor must not be called on
+      # their fields
+  
+    test()
+  
+    # one call for the `r` local and one for the object in `s`
+    doAssert numDestroy == 2
+
+block:
+  type Value = distinct int
+
+  var numDestroy = 0
+
+  when defined(gcRefc):
+    proc `=destroy`(x: var Value) =
+      inc numDestroy
+  else:
+    proc `=destroy`(x: Value) =
+      inc numDestroy
+
+  iterator iter(s: seq[Value]): int {.closure.} =
+    # because it is used across yields, `s2` is lifted into the iterator's
+    # environment. Since non-ref cursors in object didn't have their hooks
+    # disabled inside the environments lifted hooks, this led to double
+    # frees
+    var s2 {.cursor.} = s
+    var i = 0
+    let L = s2.len
+    while i < L:
+      yield s2[i].int
+      inc i
+
+  proc test() =
+    var s = @[Value(1), Value(2)]
+    let cl = iter
+    # make sure resuming the iterator works:
+    doAssert cl(s) == 1
+    doAssert cl(s) == 2
+    doAssert cl(s) == 0
+
+  test()
+  doAssert numDestroy == 2
diff --git a/tests/iter/t2771.nim b/tests/iter/t2771.nim
index 49befb0a9..71a8a9dcd 100644
--- a/tests/iter/t2771.nim
+++ b/tests/iter/t2771.nim
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c js"
+"""
+
 template t1(i: int): int=
   i+1
 template t2(i: int): int=
diff --git a/tests/iter/tanoniter1.nim b/tests/iter/tanoniter1.nim
index 9f0d0a74b..fee16497f 100644
--- a/tests/iter/tanoniter1.nim
+++ b/tests/iter/tanoniter1.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  targets: "c js"
   output: '''1
 2
 3
diff --git a/tests/iter/tarrayiter.nim b/tests/iter/tarrayiter.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb7ba591a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/iter/tarrayiter.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+block:
+  iterator `[]`(a: int, r: int): int = 
+    for q in 0 .. r:
+      yield a
+    
+  for val in 10[2]: discard
+  
+  type Custom = distinct string
+
+  iterator `[]`(a: Custom, r: int): char = 
+    for q in 0 .. r:
+      yield a.string[q]
+      
+  for val in Custom("test")[2]: discard
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/iter/tclosureiters.nim b/tests/iter/tclosureiters.nim
index afeaabc7d..4a2639852 100644
--- a/tests/iter/tclosureiters.nim
+++ b/tests/iter/tclosureiters.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  targets: "c js"
   output: '''0
 1
 2
@@ -21,6 +22,15 @@ discard """
 2
 70
 0
+(1, 1)
+(1, 2)
+(1, 3)
+(2, 1)
+(2, 2)
+(2, 3)
+(3, 1)
+(3, 2)
+(3, 3)
 '''
 """
 
@@ -143,12 +153,24 @@ iterator filesIt(path: string): auto {.closure.} =
       yield prefix / f
 
 # bug #13815
-var love = iterator: int {.closure.} =
-  yield cast[type(
-    block:
-      var a = 0
-      yield a
-      a)](0)
-
-for i in love():
-  echo i
+when not defined(js):
+  var love = iterator: int {.closure.} =
+    yield cast[type(
+      block:
+        var a = 0
+        yield a
+        a)](0)
+
+  for i in love():
+    echo i
+else:
+  echo 0
+
+# bug #18474
+iterator pairs(): (int, int) {.closure.} =
+  for i in 1..3:
+    for j in 1..3:
+      yield (i, j)
+
+for pair in pairs():
+  echo pair
diff --git a/tests/iter/tgeniteratorinblock.nim b/tests/iter/tgeniteratorinblock.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ab903996
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/iter/tgeniteratorinblock.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''30
+60
+90
+150
+180
+210
+240
+60
+180
+240
+[60, 180, 240]
+[60, 180]'''
+"""
+import std/enumerate
+
+template map[T; Y](i: iterable[T], fn: proc(x: T): Y): untyped =
+  iterator internal(): Y  {.gensym.} =
+    for it in i:
+      yield fn(it)
+  internal()
+
+template filter[T](i: iterable[T], fn: proc(x: T): bool): untyped =
+  iterator internal(): T {.gensym.} =
+    for it in i:
+      if fn(it):
+        yield it
+  internal()
+
+template group[T](i: iterable[T], amount: static int): untyped =
+  iterator internal(): array[amount, T] {.gensym.} =
+    var val: array[amount, T]
+    for ind, it in enumerate i:
+      val[ind mod amount] = it
+      if ind mod amount == amount - 1:
+        yield val
+  internal()
+
+var a = [10, 20, 30, 50, 60, 70, 80]
+
+proc mapFn(x: int): int = x * 3
+proc filterFn(x: int): bool = x mod 20 == 0
+
+for x in a.items.map(mapFn):
+  echo x
+
+for y in a.items.map(mapFn).filter(filterFn):
+  echo y
+
+for y in a.items.map(mapFn).filter(filterFn).group(3):
+  echo y
+
+for y in a.items.map(mapFn).filter(filterFn).group(2):
+  echo y
diff --git a/tests/iter/titer.nim b/tests/iter/titer.nim
index 8e1c13e82..b03d43f36 100644
--- a/tests/iter/titer.nim
+++ b/tests/iter/titer.nim
@@ -62,3 +62,86 @@ type Rule[T] = (int, T)
 var t: seq[Rule[int]]
 for (c, t) in t:
   discard
+
+
+
+import std/sugar
+
+# bug #14165
+iterator log_nodups_hamming(): int {.inline.} =
+  let lb3 = 1
+  let lb4 = 123
+  proc mul3(): int = lb3 + lb4
+  yield mul3()
+
+for h in log_nodups_hamming():
+  break
+for h in log_nodups_hamming():
+  break
+for h in log_nodups_hamming():
+  break
+
+# bug #18536
+iterator envPairs*(): int =
+  var foo: seq[int]
+  proc fun() =
+    foo = @[]
+  fun()
+  yield 3
+
+proc main() =
+  for a in envPairs():
+    discard
+  for a in envPairs():
+    discard
+static: main()
+main()
+
+# bug #6269
+iterator makeFn(outer_val: int): proc(a: int): int =
+  for i in 0..1:
+    yield proc(a:int): int =
+      return a + i.int
+
+let v1 = 42
+
+let res = collect:
+  for fn1 in makeFn(v1):
+    let v2 = fn1(v1)
+    for fn2 in makeFn(v2):
+      fn2(v2)
+
+doAssert res == @[42, 43, 43, 44]
+
+block: # bug #21110
+  iterator p(): int =
+    when nimvm:
+      yield 0
+    else:
+      yield 0
+
+  template foo =
+    for k in p():
+      let m = ""
+      proc e() = discard m & ""
+      e()
+  static: foo()
+  foo()
+
+
+# bug #15924
+iterator walk(): (int, int) {.closure.} =
+  yield (10,11)
+
+for (i,j) in walk():
+  doAssert i == 10
+
+proc main123() =
+  let x = false
+  iterator it(): (bool, bool) {.closure.} = # normally {.closure.} here makes #21476 work
+    discard x
+
+  for (_, _) in it():
+    discard
+
+main123()
diff --git a/tests/iter/titer11.nim b/tests/iter/titer11.nim
index 2b39c74f7..153b3c29a 100644
--- a/tests/iter/titer11.nim
+++ b/tests/iter/titer11.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+targets: "c js"
 output: '''
 [
 1
diff --git a/tests/iter/titer12.nim b/tests/iter/titer12.nim
index f7fc64da4..f264a0e82 100644
--- a/tests/iter/titer12.nim
+++ b/tests/iter/titer12.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+targets: "c js"
 output: '''
 Selecting 2
 1.0
diff --git a/tests/iter/titer13.nim b/tests/iter/titer13.nim
index 0d4a399c5..086c40ca4 100644
--- a/tests/iter/titer13.nim
+++ b/tests/iter/titer13.nim
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ block:
     echo a
 
 block t5859:
-  proc flatIterator[T](s: openarray[T]): auto {.noSideEffect.}=
+  proc flatIterator[T](s: openArray[T]): auto {.noSideEffect.}=
     result = iterator(): auto =
       when (T is not seq|array):
         for item in s:
diff --git a/tests/iter/titer2.nim b/tests/iter/titer2.nim
index f60aed73a..975cc786c 100644
--- a/tests/iter/titer2.nim
+++ b/tests/iter/titer2.nim
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ type
   TSlotEnum = enum seEmpty, seFilled, seDeleted
   TKeyValuePair[A, B] = tuple[slot: TSlotEnum, key: A, val: B]
   TKeyValuePairSeq[A, B] = seq[TKeyValuePair[A, B]]
-  TTable* {.final.}[A, B] = object
+  TTable*[A, B] {.final.} = object
     data: TKeyValuePairSeq[A, B]
     counter: int
 
diff --git a/tests/iter/titer3.nim b/tests/iter/titer3.nim
index 9dcfd7be5..defd56c98 100644
--- a/tests/iter/titer3.nim
+++ b/tests/iter/titer3.nim
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ var x = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
 for y in iter1(x[0]): write(stdout, $y)
 writeLine(stdout, "")
 
-# ensure closure and inline iterators have the same behaviour wrt
+# ensure closure and inline iterators have the same behaviour regarding
 # parameter passing
 
 iterator clo(a: int): int {.closure.} =
diff --git a/tests/iter/titer_issues.nim b/tests/iter/titer_issues.nim
index 4a76b2fb0..c82b3902d 100644
--- a/tests/iter/titer_issues.nim
+++ b/tests/iter/titer_issues.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  target: "c js"
   output: '''
 0
 1
@@ -29,6 +30,19 @@ end
 9018
 @[1, 2]
 @[1, 2, 3]
+1
+nested finally
+outer finally
+nested finally
+outer finally
+nested finally
+outer finally
+nested finally
+outer finally
+In defer
+trying
+exception caught
+finally block
 '''
 """
 
@@ -135,7 +149,7 @@ block t3837_chained:
 
 
 block t3221_complex:
-  iterator permutations[T](ys: openarray[T]): seq[T] =
+  iterator permutations[T](ys: openArray[T]): seq[T] =
     var
       d = 1
       c = newSeq[int](ys.len)
@@ -228,7 +242,7 @@ block t2023_objiter:
 
 block:
   # bug #13739
-  iterator myIter(arg: openarray[int]): int =
+  iterator myIter(arg: openArray[int]): int =
     var tmp = 0
     let len = arg.len
     while tmp < len:
@@ -251,3 +265,147 @@ block:
 
   for x in ff(@[1, 2], @[1, 2, 3]):
     echo x
+
+
+# bug #19575
+
+iterator bb() {.closure.} =
+    while true:
+        try: discard
+        except: break
+        finally: break
+
+var a = bb
+
+iterator cc() {.closure.} =
+    while true:
+        try: discard
+        except:
+          if true:
+            break
+        finally:
+          if true:
+            break
+
+var a2 = cc
+
+# bug #16876
+block:
+  iterator a(num: int): int {.closure.} =
+      if num == 1:
+          yield num
+      else:
+          for i in a(num - 1):
+              yield i
+
+  for i in a(5):
+    echo i
+
+block:
+  # bug #19911 (return in nested try)
+
+  # try yield -> try
+  iterator p1: int {.closure.} =
+    try:
+      yield 0
+      try:
+        return
+      finally:
+        echo "nested finally"
+      echo "shouldn't run"
+    finally:
+      echo "outer finally"
+    echo "shouldn't run"
+
+  for _ in p1():
+    discard
+
+  # try -> try yield
+  iterator p2: int {.closure.} =
+    try:
+      try:
+        yield 0
+        return
+      finally:
+        echo "nested finally"
+      echo "shouldn't run"
+    finally:
+      echo "outer finally"
+    echo "shouldn't run"
+
+  for _ in p2():
+    discard
+
+  # try yield -> try yield
+  iterator p3: int {.closure.} =
+    try:
+      yield 0
+      try:
+        yield 0
+        return
+      finally:
+        echo "nested finally"
+      echo "shouldn't run"
+    finally:
+      echo "outer finally"
+    echo "shouldn't run"
+
+  for _ in p3():
+    discard
+
+  # try -> try
+  iterator p4: int {.closure.} =
+    try:
+      try:
+        return
+      finally:
+        echo "nested finally"
+      echo "shouldn't run"
+    finally:
+      echo "outer finally"
+    echo "shouldn't run"
+
+  for _ in p4():
+    discard
+
+# bug #18824
+iterator poc_iterator: int {.closure.}  =
+  block bug18824:
+    try:
+      break bug18824
+    finally:
+      echo "In defer"
+
+for _ in poc_iterator():
+  discard
+
+# bug #20624
+iterator tryFinally() {.closure.} =
+  block route:
+    try:
+      echo "trying"
+      raise
+    except:
+      echo "exception caught"
+      break route
+    finally:
+      echo "finally block"
+
+var x = tryFinally
+x()
+
+block: # bug #24033
+  type Query = ref object
+
+  iterator pairs(query: Query): (int, (string, float32)) =
+    var output: (int, (string, float32)) = (0, ("foo", 3.14))
+    for id in @[0, 1, 2]:
+      output[0] = id
+      yield output
+
+  var collections: seq[(int, string, string)]
+
+  for id, (str, num) in Query():
+    collections.add (id, str, $num)
+
+  doAssert collections[1] == (1, "foo", "3.14")
diff --git a/tests/iter/titervaropenarray.nim b/tests/iter/titervaropenarray.nim
index ad1192bd8..b2fe71ceb 100644
--- a/tests/iter/titervaropenarray.nim
+++ b/tests/iter/titervaropenarray.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   output: "123"
-  targets: "c"
+  targets: "c cpp"
 """
 # Try to break the transformation pass:
 iterator iterAndZero(a: var openArray[int]): int =
diff --git a/tests/iter/tmoditer.nim b/tests/iter/tmoditer.nim
index b92a416fb..99e5b642d 100644
--- a/tests/iter/tmoditer.nim
+++ b/tests/iter/tmoditer.nim
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ proc `=copy`(dst: var NonCopyable, src: NonCopyable) {.error.}
 proc `=sink`(dst: var NonCopyable, src: NonCopyable) =
   dst.x = src.x
 
-iterator lentItems[T](a: openarray[T]): lent T =
+iterator lentItems[T](a: openArray[T]): lent T =
   for i in 0..a.high:
     yield a[i]
 
diff --git a/tests/iter/tpermutations.nim b/tests/iter/tpermutations.nim
index c5067ba31..30a66460f 100644
--- a/tests/iter/tpermutations.nim
+++ b/tests/iter/tpermutations.nim
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ perm: 6778800.0 det: 0.0
 
 import sequtils, sugar
 
-iterator permutations*[T](ys: openarray[T]): tuple[perm: seq[T], sign: int] =
+iterator permutations*[T](ys: openArray[T]): tuple[perm: seq[T], sign: int] =
   var
     d = 1
     c = newSeq[int](ys.len)
diff --git a/tests/iter/tshallowcopy_closures.nim b/tests/iter/tshallowcopy_closures.nim
index 279e7d950..06b04a788 100644
--- a/tests/iter/tshallowcopy_closures.nim
+++ b/tests/iter/tshallowcopy_closures.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   ccodecheck: "!@('{' \\s* 'NI HEX3Astate;' \\s* '}')"
   output: '''
 a1 10
diff --git a/tests/iter/tyieldintry.nim b/tests/iter/tyieldintry.nim
index 35df55c24..e51ab7f0d 100644
--- a/tests/iter/tyieldintry.nim
+++ b/tests/iter/tyieldintry.nim
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
 discard """
-targets: "c"
-output: "ok"
+  matrix: "; --experimental:strictdefs; -d:nimOptIters"
+  targets: "c cpp"
 """
-var closureIterResult = newSeq[int]()
 
-# XXX Investigate why this fails now for 'nim cpp'
+var closureIterResult = newSeq[int]()
 
 proc checkpoint(arg: int) =
   closureIterResult.add(arg)
 
 type
-  TestException = object of Exception
-  AnotherException = object of Exception
+  TestError = object of CatchableError
+  AnotherError = object of CatchableError
 
 proc testClosureIterAux(it: iterator(): int, exceptionExpected: bool, expectedResults: varargs[int]) =
   closureIterResult.setLen(0)
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ proc testClosureIterAux(it: iterator(): int, exceptionExpected: bool, expectedRe
   try:
     for i in it():
       closureIterResult.add(i)
-  except TestException:
+  except TestError:
     exceptionCaught = true
 
   if closureIterResult != @expectedResults or exceptionCaught != exceptionExpected:
@@ -39,8 +38,8 @@ proc test(it: iterator(): int, expectedResults: varargs[int]) =
 proc testExc(it: iterator(): int, expectedResults: varargs[int]) =
   testClosureIterAux(it, true, expectedResults)
 
-proc raiseException() =
-  raise newException(TestException, "Test exception!")
+proc raiseTestError() =
+  raise newException(TestError, "Test exception!")
 
 block:
   iterator it(): int {.closure.} =
@@ -58,8 +57,8 @@ block:
     yield 0
     try:
       checkpoint(1)
-      raiseException()
-    except TestException:
+      raiseTestError()
+    except TestError:
       checkpoint(2)
       yield 3
       checkpoint(4)
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ block:
     yield 0
     try:
       yield 1
-      raiseException()
+      raiseTestError()
       yield 2
     finally:
       checkpoint(3)
@@ -103,8 +102,8 @@ block:
   iterator it(): int {.closure.} =
     try:
       try:
-        raiseException()
-      except AnotherException:
+        raiseTestError()
+      except AnotherError:
         yield 123
       finally:
         checkpoint(3)
@@ -117,8 +116,8 @@ block:
   iterator it(): int {.closure.} =
     try:
       yield 1
-      raiseException()
-    except AnotherException:
+      raiseTestError()
+    except AnotherError:
       checkpoint(123)
     finally:
       checkpoint(2)
@@ -134,12 +133,12 @@ block:
         yield 1
         try:
           yield 2
-          raiseException()
-        except AnotherException:
+          raiseTestError()
+        except AnotherError:
           yield 123
         finally:
           yield 3
-      except AnotherException:
+      except AnotherError:
         yield 124
       finally:
         yield 4
@@ -170,10 +169,10 @@ block:
     try:
       try:
         yield 0
-        raiseException()
+        raiseTestError()
       finally:
         checkpoint(1)
-    except TestException:
+    except TestError:
       yield 2
       return
     finally:
@@ -188,10 +187,10 @@ block:
     try:
       try:
         yield 0
-        raiseException()
+        raiseTestError()
       finally:
         return # Return in finally should stop exception propagation
-    except AnotherException:
+    except AnotherError:
       yield 2
       return
     finally:
@@ -228,9 +227,9 @@ block:
     var foo = 123
     let i = try:
         yield 0
-        raiseException()
+        raiseTestError()
         1
-      except TestException as e:
+      except TestError as e:
         assert(e.msg == "Test exception!")
         case foo
         of 1:
@@ -262,9 +261,9 @@ block:
     template tryexcept: int =
       try:
         yield 1
-        raiseException()
+        raiseTestError()
         123
-      except TestException:
+      except TestError:
         yield 2
         checkpoint(3)
         4
@@ -323,11 +322,11 @@ block:
     for i in 0 .. 1:
       try:
         yield 1
-        raiseException()
-      except TestException as e:
+        raiseTestError()
+      except TestError as e:
         doAssert(e.msg == "Test exception!")
         yield 2
-      except AnotherException:
+      except AnotherError:
         yield 123
       except:
         yield 1234
@@ -483,5 +482,48 @@ block: # nnkChckRange
 
   test(it, 1, 2, 3)
 
-echo "ok"
+block: #17849 - yield in case subject
+  template yieldInCase: int =
+    yield 2
+    3
+
+  iterator it(): int {.closure.} =
+    yield 1
+    case yieldInCase()
+    of 1: checkpoint(11)
+    of 3: checkpoint(13)
+    else: checkpoint(14)
+    yield 5
+
+  test(it, 1, 2, 13, 5)
 
+block: # void iterator
+  iterator it() {.closure.} =
+    try:
+      yield
+    except:
+      discard
+  var a = it
+
+if defined(nimOptIters): # Locals present in only 1 state should be on the stack
+  proc checkOnStack(a: pointer, shouldBeOnStack: bool) =
+    # Quick and dirty way to check if a points to stack
+    var dummy = 0
+    let dummyAddr = addr dummy
+    let distance = abs(cast[int](dummyAddr) - cast[int](a))
+    const requiredDistance = 300
+    if shouldBeOnStack:
+      doAssert(distance <= requiredDistance, "a is not on stack, but should")
+    else:
+      doAssert(distance > requiredDistance, "a is on stack, but should not")
+
+  iterator it(): int {.closure.} =
+    var a = 1
+    var b = 2
+    var c {.liftLocals.} = 3
+    checkOnStack(addr a, true)
+    checkOnStack(addr b, false)
+    checkOnStack(addr c, false)
+    yield a
+    yield b
+  test(it, 1, 2)
diff --git a/tests/js/t20233.nim b/tests/js/t20233.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..401d14122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/js/t20233.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  output: "yes"
+"""
+case 1.0
+of 1.0..2.0, 4.0: echo "yes"
+of 3.0: discard
+else: echo "no"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/js/t20235.nim b/tests/js/t20235.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a69c2bd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/js/t20235.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+discard """
+  action: "run"
+  output: "0 4"
+"""
+
+proc main =
+  var s = ""
+  s.setLen(4)
+  echo s[0].ord, " ", s.len
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/js/t21209.nim b/tests/js/t21209.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4de34f035
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/js/t21209.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+discard """
+  action: "compile"
+  cmd: "nim check --warning[UnusedImport]:off $file"
+"""
+
+import std/times
diff --git a/tests/js/t21209.nims b/tests/js/t21209.nims
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..318e28f97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/js/t21209.nims
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+--b:js
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/js/t21247.nim b/tests/js/t21247.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b38787b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/js/t21247.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import std/typetraits
+
+type
+  QueryParams* = distinct seq[(string, string)]
+
+converter toBase*(params: var QueryParams): var seq[(string, string)] =
+  params.distinctBase
+
+proc foo(): QueryParams =
+  # Issue was that the implicit converter call didn't say that it took the
+  # address of the parameter it was converting. This led to the parameter not being
+  # passed as a fat pointer which toBase expected
+  result.add(("hello", "world"))
+
+assert foo().distinctBase() == @[("hello", "world")]
diff --git a/tests/js/t21439.nim b/tests/js/t21439.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3caeb090a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/js/t21439.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+proc test(a: openArray[string]): proc =
+  let a = @a
+  result = proc =
+    for i in a:
+      discard i
+
+
+const a = ["t1", "t2"]
+
+discard test(a)
+
diff --git a/tests/js/t7109.nim b/tests/js/t7109.nim
index 0d071dbbf..a1a3b718e 100644
--- a/tests/js/t7109.nim
+++ b/tests/js/t7109.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-discard """
-  errormsg: "Closure iterators are not supported by JS backend!"
-"""
-
 iterator iter*(): int {.closure.} =
   yield 3
 
 var x = iter
+doAssert x() == 3
+
+let fIt = iterator(): int = yield 70
+doAssert fIt() == 70
diff --git a/tests/js/t8821.nim b/tests/js/t8821.nim
index 43cf3f6f2..38c88efa8 100644
--- a/tests/js/t8821.nim
+++ b/tests/js/t8821.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-discard """
-  errormsg: "Your case statement contains too many branches, consider using if/else instead!"
-"""
 
 proc isInt32(i: int): bool =
   case i 
@@ -9,4 +6,4 @@ proc isInt32(i: int): bool =
   else:
     return false
 
-discard isInt32(1)
\ No newline at end of file
+doAssert isInt32(1) == true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/js/t9410.nim b/tests/js/t9410.nim
index 78c329a24..042520dc5 100644
--- a/tests/js/t9410.nim
+++ b/tests/js/t9410.nim
@@ -447,10 +447,10 @@ template tests =
       doAssert seqOfSeqs == @[@[10, 2], @[30, 4]]
 
   when false:
-    block: # openarray
+    block: # openArray
           # Error: internal error: genAddr: nkStmtListExpr
       var calls = 0
-      proc getvarint(x: var openarray[int]): var int =
+      proc getvarint(x: var openArray[int]): var int =
         calls += 1
         if true:
           x[1]
diff --git a/tests/js/tasyncjs.nim b/tests/js/tasyncjs.nim
index 00753a16c..f3b273c44 100644
--- a/tests/js/tasyncjs.nim
+++ b/tests/js/tasyncjs.nim
@@ -94,4 +94,14 @@ proc main() {.async.} =
     doAssert "foobar: 7" in $reason.message
   echo "done" # justified here to make sure we're running this, since it's inside `async`
 
+block asyncPragmaInType:
+  type Handler = proc () {.async.}
+  proc foo() {.async.} = discard
+  var x: Handler = foo
+
+block: # 13341
+  proc f {.async.} =
+    proc g: int =
+      result = 123
+
 discard main()
diff --git a/tests/js/tbasics.nim b/tests/js/tbasics.nim
index b297bb037..ef84f8bb5 100644
--- a/tests/js/tbasics.nim
+++ b/tests/js/tbasics.nim
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ for x in someGlobal: doAssert(x == 0)
 proc tdefault =
   var x = default(int)
   doAssert(x == 0)
-  proc inner(v: openarray[string]) =
+  proc inner(v: openArray[string]) =
     doAssert(v.len == 0)
 
   inner(default(seq[string]))
diff --git a/tests/js/tbyvar.nim b/tests/js/tbyvar.nim
index a4c60b0b3..93724a2f1 100644
--- a/tests/js/tbyvar.nim
+++ b/tests/js/tbyvar.nim
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ proc main =
 
 main()
 
-# Test: pass var seq to var openarray
+# Test: pass var seq to var openArray
 var s = @[2, 1]
-proc foo(a: var openarray[int]) = a[0] = 123
+proc foo(a: var openArray[int]) = a[0] = 123
 
 proc bar(s: var seq[int], a: int) =
   doAssert(a == 5)
diff --git a/tests/js/tcodegendeclproc.nim b/tests/js/tcodegendeclproc.nim
index 3acf0bc13..33064bdf1 100644
--- a/tests/js/tcodegendeclproc.nim
+++ b/tests/js/tcodegendeclproc.nim
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ discard """
 -1
 8
 '''
-  ccodecheck: "'console.log(-1); function fac_' \\d+ '(n_' \\d+ ')'"
+  ccodecheck: "'console.log(-1); function fac__tcodegendeclproc_u1(n_p0)'"
 """
 proc fac(n: int): int {.codegenDecl: "console.log(-1); function $2($3)".} =
   return n
diff --git a/tests/js/tcsymbol.nim b/tests/js/tcsymbol.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07e52b9b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/js/tcsymbol.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--cc:gcc; --cc:tcc"
+"""
+
+doAssert not defined(gcc)
+doAssert not defined(tcc)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/js/tdanger.nim b/tests/js/tdanger.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9088859a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/js/tdanger.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: ";--d:danger"
+"""
+
+block:
+  proc foo() =
+    var name = int64(12)
+    var x = uint32(name)
+    var m = x + 12
+
+    var y = int32(name)
+    var n = y + 1
+
+    doAssert m == uint32(n + 11)
+
+
+  foo()
diff --git a/tests/js/tfieldchecks.nim b/tests/js/tfieldchecks.nim
index 3916cae74..a0679a349 100644
--- a/tests/js/tfieldchecks.nim
+++ b/tests/js/tfieldchecks.nim
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ block:
 block:
   let a0 = addr(obj.f0)
   echo a0[]
-  # let a1 = unsafeAddr(obj.f1)
+  # let a1 = addr(obj.f1)
   # echo a1[]
   doAssertRaises(FieldDefect):
     let a2 = addr(obj.f2)
diff --git a/tests/js/tindexdefect.nim b/tests/js/tindexdefect.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37994ec2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/js/tindexdefect.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  outputsub: "unhandled exception: index 10000 not in 0 .. 0 [IndexDefect]"
+  exitcode: 1
+  joinable: false
+"""
+
+var s = ['a']
+let z = s[10000] == 'a'
+echo z
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/js/tjsffi.nim b/tests/js/tjsffi.nim
index 06a30c44d..f27ea5546 100644
--- a/tests/js/tjsffi.nim
+++ b/tests/js/tjsffi.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+matrix: "--legacy:jsnolambdalifting;"
 output: '''
 3
 2
@@ -180,7 +181,7 @@ block: # Test lit
 block: # Test bindMethod
   type TestObject = object
     a: int
-    onWhatever: proc(e: int): int
+    onWhatever: proc(e: int): int {.nimcall.}
   proc handleWhatever(this: TestObject, e: int): int =
     e + this.a
   block:
@@ -217,7 +218,7 @@ block:
   on("click") do (e: Event):
     console.log e
 
-  jslib.on("reloaded") do:
+  jslib.on("reloaded") do ():
     console.log jsarguments[0]
 
   # this test case is different from the above, because
@@ -265,3 +266,9 @@ block: # test **
   doAssert to(`**`(a + a, b), int) == 2
 
   doAssert to(`**`(toJs(1) + toJs(1), toJs(2)), int) == 4
+
+block: # issue #21208
+  type MyEnum = enum baz
+  var obj: JsObject
+  {.emit: "`obj` = {bar: {baz: 123}};".}
+  discard obj.bar.baz
diff --git a/tests/js/tjsffi_old.nim b/tests/js/tjsffi_old.nim
index 078d208c5..378003f4e 100644
--- a/tests/js/tjsffi_old.nim
+++ b/tests/js/tjsffi_old.nim
@@ -279,8 +279,8 @@ block:
 block:
   type TestObject = object
     a: int
-    onWhatever: proc(e: int): int
-  proc handleWhatever(this: TestObject, e: int): int =
+    onWhatever: proc(e: int): int {.nimcall.}
+  proc handleWhatever(this: TestObject, e: int): int {.nimcall.} =
     e + this.a
   proc test(): bool =
     let obj = TestObject(a: 9, onWhatever: bindMethod(handleWhatever))
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ block:
   on("click") do (e: Event):
     console.log e
 
-  jslib.on("reloaded") do:
+  jslib.on("reloaded") do ():
     console.log jsarguments[0]
 
   # this test case is different from the above, because
diff --git a/tests/js/tjsnimscombined.nim b/tests/js/tjsnimscombined.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d3e6c453
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/js/tjsnimscombined.nim
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+import std/jsffi
diff --git a/tests/js/tjsnimscombined.nims b/tests/js/tjsnimscombined.nims
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01b93d3fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/js/tjsnimscombined.nims
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# test the condition where both `js` and `nimscript` are defined (nimscript receives priority)
diff --git a/tests/js/tlent.nim b/tests/js/tlent.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2546e5b1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/js/tlent.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+hmm
+100
+hmm
+100
+'''
+"""
+
+# #16800
+
+type A = object
+  b: int
+var t = A(b: 100)
+block:
+  proc getValues: lent int =
+    echo "hmm"
+    result = t.b
+  echo getValues()
+block:
+  proc getValues: lent int =
+    echo "hmm"
+    t.b
+  echo getValues()
+
+when false: # still an issue, #16908
+  template main =
+    iterator fn[T](a:T): lent T = yield a
+    let a = @[10]
+    for b in fn(a): echo b
+
+  static: main()
+  main()
diff --git a/tests/js/tnativeexc.nim b/tests/js/tnativeexc.nim
index ea371c1cd..8b2b43e8f 100644
--- a/tests/js/tnativeexc.nim
+++ b/tests/js/tnativeexc.nim
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ try:
 except JsEvalError:
   doAssert false
 except JsSyntaxError as se:
-  doAssert se.message == "Unexpected token ; in JSON at position 0"
+  doAssert se.message == "Unexpected token ';', \";;\" is not valid JSON"
 except JsError as e:
   doAssert false
 
diff --git a/tests/js/tneginthash.nim b/tests/js/tneginthash.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c082405c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/js/tneginthash.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# issue #19929
+
+import std/[tables, hashes]
+
+type Foo = object
+  a: int
+
+proc hash(f: Foo): Hash =
+  var h: Hash = 0
+  h = h !& hash(f.a)
+  result = !$h
+
+proc transpose[T, S](data: array[T, S]): Table[S, T] =
+  for i, x in data:
+    result[x] = i
+
+const xs = [Foo(a: 5), Foo(a: -5)]
+const x = transpose(xs)
+
+doAssert x[Foo(a: -5)] == 1
+doAssert x[Foo(a: 5)] == 0
diff --git a/tests/js/tos.nim b/tests/js/tos.nim
index 07eb3aaa3..40fb52bcf 100644
--- a/tests/js/tos.nim
+++ b/tests/js/tos.nim
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# xxx consider merging this in tests/stdlib/tos.nim for increased coverage (with selecting disabling)
+
 static: doAssert defined(nodejs)
 
 import os
@@ -11,37 +13,9 @@ block:
   doAssert not "foo".isAbsolute
   doAssert relativePath("", "bar") == ""
   doAssert normalizedPath(".///foo//./") == "foo"
-  let cwd = getCurrentDir()
-
-  let isWindows = '\\' in cwd
-  # defined(windows) doesn't work with -d:nodejs but should
-  # these actually break because of that (see https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/13469)
-  if not isWindows:
-    doAssert cwd.isAbsolute
-    doAssert relativePath(getCurrentDir() / "foo", "bar") == "../foo"
-
-import std/sequtils
-
-template main =
-  putEnv("foo", "bar")
-  doAssert getEnv("foo") == "bar"
-  doAssert existsEnv("foo")
 
-  putEnv("foo", "")
-  doAssert existsEnv("foo")
-  putEnv("foo", "bar2")
-  doAssert getEnv("foo") == "bar2"
-
-  when nimvm:
-    discard
+  when nimvm: discard
   else:
-    # need support in vmops: envPairs, delEnv
-    let s = toSeq(envPairs())
-    doAssert ("foo", "bar2") in s
-    doAssert ("foo", "bar") notin s
-
-    delEnv("foo")
-    doAssert not existsEnv("foo")
-
-static: main()
-main()
+    let cwd = getCurrentDir()
+    doAssert cwd.isAbsolute
+    doAssert relativePath(getCurrentDir() / "foo", "bar") == ".." / "foo"
diff --git a/tests/js/trepr.nim b/tests/js/trepr.nim
index c63b64d3a..a562ad63b 100644
--- a/tests/js/trepr.nim
+++ b/tests/js/trepr.nim
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ block bunch:
     result[] = b
 
   var
-    aa: A
+    aa = default(A)
     bb: B = B(a: "inner", b: @['o', 'b', 'j'])
     cc: A = A(a: 12, b: 1, c: 1.2, d: '\0', e: eC,
                 f: "hello", g: {'A'}, h: {2'i16},
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ g = {},
 h = {},
 i = ["", "", ""],
 j = @[],
-k = 0,
+k = -12,
 l = [a = "",
 b = @[]],
 m = nil,
diff --git a/tests/js/tsourcemap.nim b/tests/js/tsourcemap.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d358e4a57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/js/tsourcemap.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+discard """
+  action: "run"
+  targets: "js"
+  cmd: "nim js -r -d:nodejs $options --sourceMap:on $file"
+"""
+import std/[os, json, strutils, sequtils, algorithm, assertions, paths, compilesettings]
+
+# Implements a very basic sourcemap parser and then runs it on itself.
+# Allows to check for basic problems such as bad counts and lines missing (e.g. issue #21052)
+
+type
+  SourceMap = object
+    version:   int
+    sources:   seq[string]
+    names:     seq[string]
+    mappings:  string
+    file:      string
+
+  Line = object
+    line, column: int
+    file: string
+
+const
+  flag = 1 shl 5
+  signBit = 0b1
+  fourBits = 0b1111
+  fiveBits = 0b11111
+  mask = (1 shl 5) - 1
+  alphabet = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/"
+
+var b64Table: seq[int] = 0.repeat(max(alphabet.mapIt(it.ord)) + 1)
+for i, b in alphabet.pairs:
+  b64Table[b.ord] = i
+
+# From https://github.com/juancarlospaco/nodejs/blob/main/src/nodejs/jsfs.nim
+proc importFs*() {.importjs: "var fs = require(\"fs\");".}
+proc readFileSync*(path: cstring): cstring {.importjs: "(fs.$1(#).toString())".}
+importFS()
+# Read in needed files
+let
+  jsFileName = string(querySetting(outDir).Path / "tsourcemap.js".Path)
+  mapFileName = jsFileName & ".map"
+
+  data = parseJson($mapFileName.cstring.readFileSync()).to(SourceMap)
+  jsFile = $readFileSync(jsFileName.cstring)
+
+proc decodeVLQ(inp: string): seq[int] =
+  var
+    shift, value: int
+  for v in inp.mapIt(b64Table[it.ord]):
+    value += (v and mask) shl shift
+    if (v and flag) > 0:
+      shift += 5
+      continue
+    result &= (value shr 1) * (if (value and 1) > 0: -1 else: 1)
+    shift = 0
+    value = 0
+
+
+# Keep track of state
+var
+  line = 0
+  source = 0
+  name = 0
+  column = 0
+  jsLine = 1
+  lines: seq[Line]
+
+for gline in data.mappings.split(';'):
+  jsLine += 1
+  var jsColumn = 0
+  for item in gline.strip().split(','):
+    let value = item.decodeVLQ()
+    doAssert value.len in [0, 1, 4, 5]
+    if value.len == 0:
+      continue
+    jsColumn += value[0]
+    if value.len >= 4:
+      source += value[1]
+      line += value[2]
+      column += value[3]
+      lines &= Line(line: line, column: column, file: data.sources[source])
+
+let jsLines = jsFile.splitLines().len
+# There needs to be a mapping for every line in the JS
+# If there isn't then the JS lines wont match up with Nim lines.
+# Except we don't care about the final line since that doesn't need to line up
+doAssert data.mappings.count(';') == jsLines - 1
+
+# Check we can find this file somewhere in the source map
+var foundSelf = false
+for line in lines:
+  if "tsourcemap.nim" in line.file:
+    foundSelf = true
+    doAssert line.line in 0..<jsLines, "Lines is out of bounds for file"
+doAssert foundSelf, "Couldn't find tsourcemap.nim in source map"
diff --git a/tests/js/tstdlib_imports.nim b/tests/js/tstdlib_imports.nim
index 6fe3772d3..db851ba28 100644
--- a/tests/js/tstdlib_imports.nim
+++ b/tests/js/tstdlib_imports.nim
@@ -4,49 +4,56 @@ discard """
 
 {.warning[UnusedImport]: off.}
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[
+    syncio, assertions, formatfloat, objectdollar, widestrs
+  ]
+
 import std/[
   # Core:
   bitops, typetraits, lenientops, macros, volatile, typeinfo,
-  # fails: endians, rlocks
-  # works but shouldn't: cpuinfo, locks
+  # fails due to FFI: rlocks
+  # fails due to cstring cast/copyMem: endians
+  # works but uses FFI: cpuinfo, locks
 
   # Algorithms:
-  algorithm, sequtils,
+  algorithm, enumutils, sequtils, setutils,
   
   # Collections:
   critbits, deques, heapqueue, intsets, lists, options, sets,
-  sharedlist, tables,
-  # fails: sharedtables
+  tables, packedsets,
 
   # Strings:
   cstrutils, editdistance, wordwrap, parseutils, ropes,
-  pegs, punycode, strformat, strmisc, strscans, strtabs,
+  pegs, strformat, strmisc, strscans, strtabs,
   strutils, unicode, unidecode,
-  # fails: encodings
+  # fails due to FFI: encodings
 
   # Time handling:
   monotimes, times,
 
   # Generic operator system services:
   os, streams,
-  # fails: distros, dynlib, marshal, memfiles, osproc, terminal
+  # fails intentionally: dynlib, marshal, memfiles
+  # fails due to FFI: osproc, terminal
+  # fails due to osproc import: distros
 
   # Math libraries:
-  complex, math, mersenne, random, rationals, stats, sums,
-  # works but shouldn't: fenv
+  complex, math, random, rationals, stats, sums, sysrand,
+  # works but uses FFI: fenv
 
   # Internet protocols:
   cookies, httpcore, mimetypes, uri,
-  # fails: asyncdispatch, asyncfile, asyncftpclient, asynchttpserver,
-  # asyncnet, cgi, httpclient, nativesockets, net, selectors, smtp
-  # works but shouldn't test: asyncstreams, asyncfutures
+  # fails due to FFI: asyncdispatch, asyncfile, asyncftpclient, asynchttpserver,
+  # asyncnet, cgi, httpclient, nativesockets, net, selectors
+  # works but no need to test: asyncstreams, asyncfutures
   
   # Threading:
-  # fails: threadpool
+  # fails due to FFI: threadpool
 
   # Parsers:
   htmlparser, json, lexbase, parsecfg, parsecsv, parsesql, parsexml,
-  parseopt,
+  parseopt, jsonutils,
 
   # XML processing:
   xmltree, xmlparser,
@@ -56,16 +63,18 @@ import std/[
 
   # Hashing:
   base64, hashes,
-  # fails: md5, oids, sha1
+  # fails due to cstring cast/endians import: oids
+  # fails due to copyMem/endians import: sha1
 
   # Miscellaneous:
-  colors, logging, sugar, unittest, varints,
-  # fails: browsers, coro
-  # works but shouldn't: segfaults
+  colors, logging, sugar, unittest, varints, enumerate, with,
+  # fails due to FFI: browsers, coro
+  # works but uses FFI: segfaults
 
   # Modules for JS backend:
-  asyncjs, dom, jsconsole, jscore, jsffi,
+  asyncjs, dom, jsconsole, jscore, jsffi, jsbigints,
 
   # Unlisted in lib.html:
-  decls, compilesettings, with, wrapnils
+  decls, compilesettings, wrapnils, exitprocs, effecttraits,
+  genasts, importutils, isolation, jsfetch, jsformdata, jsheaders
 ]
diff --git a/tests/js/tstdlib_various.nim b/tests/js/tstdlib_various.nim
index a1bb63d46..1e584f735 100644
--- a/tests/js/tstdlib_various.nim
+++ b/tests/js/tstdlib_various.nim
@@ -150,12 +150,7 @@ block tsplit2:
     s.add("#")
     s.add(w)
 
-  var errored = false
-  try:
-    discard "hello".split("")
-  except AssertionError:
-    errored = true
-  doAssert errored
+  doAssert "true".split("") == @["true"]
 
 block txmlgen:
   var nim = "Nim"
diff --git a/tests/js/ttypedarray.nim b/tests/js/ttypedarray.nim
index 222f66569..4807cb103 100644
--- a/tests/js/ttypedarray.nim
+++ b/tests/js/ttypedarray.nim
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--jsbigint64:off -d:nimStringHash2; --jsbigint64:on"
+"""
+
 import std/private/jsutils
 
 proc main()=
@@ -5,9 +9,10 @@ proc main()=
   doAssert fn(array[2, int8].default) == "Int8Array"
   doAssert fn(array[2, uint8].default) == "Uint8Array"
   doAssert fn(array[2, byte].default) == "Uint8Array"
-  # doAssert fn(array[2, char].default) == "Uint8Array" # xxx fails; bug?
-  doAssert fn(array[2, uint64].default) == "Array"
-    # pending https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/187 maybe use `BigUint64Array`
+  doAssert fn(array[2, char].default) == "Uint8Array"
+  whenJsNoBigInt64: discard
+  do:
+    doAssert fn(array[2, uint64].default) == "BigUint64Array"
   doAssert fn([1'u8]) == "Uint8Array"
   doAssert fn([1'u16]) == "Uint16Array"
   doAssert fn([byte(1)]) == "Uint8Array"
diff --git a/tests/js/tunittest_error2.nim b/tests/js/tunittest_error2.nim
index 273e39d9d..9c5af7529 100644
--- a/tests/js/tunittest_error2.nim
+++ b/tests/js/tunittest_error2.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 discard """
   exitcode: 1
   outputsub: '''
-Unhandled exception: Cannot read property 'charCodeAt' of null [<foreign exception>]
+[<foreign exception>]
 [FAILED] Bad test
   '''
   matrix: "-d:nodejs"
diff --git a/tests/lent/t16898.nim b/tests/lent/t16898.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a69c6d244
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lent/t16898.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "invalid type: 'lent QuadraticExt' in this context: 'proc (r: var QuadraticExt, a: lent QuadraticExt, b: lent QuadraticExt){.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}' for proc"
+"""
+
+# bug #16898
+type
+  Fp[N: static int, T] = object
+    big: array[N, T]
+
+type
+  QuadraticExt* = concept x
+    ## Quadratic Extension concept (like complex)
+    type BaseField = auto
+    x.c0 is BaseField
+    x.c1 is BaseField
+
+{.experimental:"views".}
+
+func prod(r: var QuadraticExt, a, b: lent QuadraticExt) =
+  discard
+
+type
+  Fp2[N: static int, T] = object
+    c0, c1: Fp[N, T]
+
+# This should be passed by reference,
+# but concepts do not respect the 24 bytes rule
+# or `byref` pragma.
+var r, a, b: Fp2[6, uint64]
+
+prod(r, a, b)
diff --git a/tests/lent/t17621.nim b/tests/lent/t17621.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e324a963e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lent/t17621.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "invalid type: 'lent Test' in this context: 'proc (self: lent Test)' for proc"
+"""
+
+# bug #17621
+{.experimental: "views".}
+
+type Test = ref object
+  foo: int
+
+proc modify(self: lent Test) =
+  self.foo += 1
+
+let test = Test(foo: 12)
+modify(test)
diff --git a/tests/lent/tbasic_lent_check.nim b/tests/lent/tbasic_lent_check.nim
index 049fa276a..ce9b89adf 100644
--- a/tests/lent/tbasic_lent_check.nim
+++ b/tests/lent/tbasic_lent_check.nim
@@ -17,33 +17,37 @@ proc main =
 main()
 
 template main2 = # bug #15958
+  when defined(js):
+    proc sameAddress[T](a, b: T): bool {.importjs: "(# === #)".}
+  else:
+    template sameAddress(a, b): bool = a.unsafeAddr == b.unsafeAddr
   proc byLent[T](a: T): lent T = a
   let a = [11,12]
   let b = @[21,23]
   let ss = {1, 2, 3, 5}
   doAssert byLent(a) == [11,12]
-  doAssert byLent(a).unsafeAddr == a.unsafeAddr
+  doAssert sameAddress(byLent(a), a)
   doAssert byLent(b) == @[21,23]
-  when not defined(js): # pending bug #16073
-    doAssert byLent(b).unsafeAddr == b.unsafeAddr
+  # bug #16073
+  doAssert sameAddress(byLent(b), b)
   doAssert byLent(ss) == {1, 2, 3, 5}
-  doAssert byLent(ss).unsafeAddr == ss.unsafeAddr
+  doAssert sameAddress(byLent(ss), ss)
 
   let r = new(float)
   r[] = 10.0
-  when not defined(js): # pending bug #16073
-    doAssert byLent(r)[] == 10.0
+  # bug #16073
+  doAssert byLent(r)[] == 10.0
 
   when not defined(js): # pending bug https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/372
     let p = create(float)
     p[] = 20.0
     doAssert byLent(p)[] == 20.0
 
-  proc byLent2[T](a: openarray[T]): lent T = a[0]
+  proc byLent2[T](a: openArray[T]): lent T = a[0]
   doAssert byLent2(a) == 11
-  doAssert byLent2(a).unsafeAddr == a[0].unsafeAddr
+  doAssert sameAddress(byLent2(a), a[0])
   doAssert byLent2(b) == 21
-  doAssert byLent2(b).unsafeAddr == b[0].unsafeAddr
+  doAssert sameAddress(byLent2(b), b[0])
 
   proc byLent3[T](a: varargs[T]): lent T = a[1]
   let 
diff --git a/tests/lent/tlent_from_var.nim b/tests/lent/tlent_from_var.nim
index 912390dc1..1fb3d0c17 100644
--- a/tests/lent/tlent_from_var.nim
+++ b/tests/lent/tlent_from_var.nim
@@ -30,3 +30,78 @@ let x2 = x.byLentVar
 
 let xs2 = xs.byLentVar
 echo xs2
+
+# bug #22138
+
+type Xxx = object
+
+type
+  Opt[T] = object
+    case oResultPrivate*: bool
+    of false:
+      discard
+    of true:
+      vResultPrivate*: T
+
+func value*[T: not void](self: Opt[T]): lent T {.inline.} =
+  self.vResultPrivate
+template get*[T: not void](self: Opt[T]): T = self.value()
+
+method connect*(
+  self: Opt[(int, int)]) =
+  discard self.get()[0]
+
+block: # bug #23454
+  type
+    Letter = enum
+      A
+
+    LetterPairs = object
+      values: seq[(Letter, string)]
+
+  iterator items(list: var LetterPairs): lent (Letter, string) =
+    for item in list.values:
+      yield item
+
+  var instance = LetterPairs(values: @[(A, "foo")])
+
+  for (a, _) in instance:
+    case a
+    of A: discard
+
+block: # bug #23454
+  type
+    Letter = enum
+      A
+
+    LetterPairs = object
+      values: seq[(Letter, string)]
+
+  iterator items(list: var LetterPairs): var (Letter, string) =
+    for item in list.values.mItems:
+      yield item
+
+  var instance = LetterPairs(values: @[(A, "foo")])
+
+  for (a, _) in instance:
+    case a
+    of A: discard
+
+block: # bug #24034
+  type T = object
+    v: array[100, byte]
+
+
+  iterator pairs(t: T): (int, lent array[100, byte]) =
+    yield (0, t.v)
+
+
+  block:
+    for a, b in default(T):
+      doAssert a == 0
+      doAssert b.len == 100
+
+  block:
+    for (a, b) in pairs(default(T)):
+      doAssert a == 0
+      doAssert b.len == 100
diff --git a/tests/lent/tvm.nim b/tests/lent/tvm.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5df1d1270
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lent/tvm.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+block: # issue #17527
+  iterator items2[IX, T](a: array[IX, T]): lent T {.inline.} =
+    var i = low(IX)
+    if i <= high(IX):
+      while true:
+        yield a[i]
+        if i >= high(IX): break
+        inc(i)
+
+  proc main() =
+    var s: seq[string] = @[]
+    for i in 0..<3:
+      for (key, val) in items2([("any", "bar")]):
+        s.add $(i, key, val)
+    doAssert s == @[
+      "(0, \"any\", \"bar\")",
+      "(1, \"any\", \"bar\")",
+      "(2, \"any\", \"bar\")"
+    ]
+
+  static: main()
diff --git a/tests/lexer/mlexerutils.nim b/tests/lexer/mlexerutils.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eae7a0006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lexer/mlexerutils.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import macros
+
+macro lispReprStr*(a: untyped): untyped = newLit(a.lispRepr)
+
+macro assertAST*(expected: string, struct: untyped): untyped =
+  var ast = newLit(struct.treeRepr)
+  result = quote do:
+    if `ast` != `expected`:
+      doAssert false, "\nGot:\n" & `ast`.indent(2) & "\nExpected:\n" & `expected`.indent(2)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/lexer/tcustom_numeric_literals.nim b/tests/lexer/tcustom_numeric_literals.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..35b4803d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lexer/tcustom_numeric_literals.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+"""
+
+# Test tkStrNumLit
+
+import std/[macros, strutils]
+import mlexerutils
+
+# AST checks
+
+assertAST dedent """
+  StmtList
+    ProcDef
+      AccQuoted
+        Ident "\'"
+        Ident "wrap"
+      Empty
+      Empty
+      FormalParams
+        Ident "string"
+        IdentDefs
+          Ident "number"
+          Ident "string"
+          Empty
+      Empty
+      Empty
+      StmtList
+        Asgn
+          Ident "result"
+          Infix
+            Ident "&"
+            Infix
+              Ident "&"
+              StrLit "[["
+              Ident "number"
+            StrLit "]]"""":
+  proc `'wrap`(number: string): string =
+    result = "[[" & number & "]]"
+
+assertAST dedent """
+  StmtList
+    DotExpr
+      RStrLit "-38383839292839283928392839283928392839283.928493849385935898243e-50000"
+      Ident "\'wrap"""":
+  -38383839292839283928392839283928392839283.928493849385935898243e-50000'wrap
+
+proc `'wrap`(number: string): string = "[[" & number & "]]"
+proc wrap2(number: string): string = "[[" & number & "]]"
+doAssert lispReprStr(-1'wrap) == """(DotExpr (RStrLit "-1") (Ident "\'wrap"))"""
+
+template main =
+  block: # basic suffix usage
+    template `'twrap`(number: string): untyped =
+      number.`'wrap`
+    proc extraContext(): string =
+      22.40'wrap
+    proc `*`(left, right: string): string =
+      result = left & "times" & right
+    proc `+`(left, right: string): string =
+      result = left & "plus" & right
+
+    doAssert 1'wrap == "[[1]]"
+    doAssert -1'wrap == "[[-1]]":
+      "unable to resolve a negative integer-suffix pattern"
+    doAssert 12345.67890'wrap == "[[12345.67890]]"
+    doAssert 1'wrap*1'wrap == "[[1]]times[[1]]":
+      "unable to resolve an operator between two suffixed numeric literals"
+    doAssert 1'wrap+ -1'wrap == "[[1]]plus[[-1]]":  # will generate a compiler warning about inconsistent spacing
+      "unable to resolve a negative suffixed numeric literal following an operator"
+    doAssert 1'wrap + -1'wrap == "[[1]]plus[[-1]]"
+    doAssert 1'twrap == "[[1]]"
+    doAssert extraContext() == "[[22.40]]":
+      "unable to return a suffixed numeric literal by an implicit return"
+    doAssert 0x5a3a'wrap == "[[0x5a3a]]"
+    doAssert 0o5732'wrap == "[[0o5732]]"
+    doAssert 0b0101111010101'wrap == "[[0b0101111010101]]"
+    doAssert -38383839292839283928392839283928392839283.928493849385935898243e-50000'wrap == "[[-38383839292839283928392839283928392839283.928493849385935898243e-50000]]"
+    doAssert 1234.56'wrap == "[[1234.56]]":
+      "unable to properly account for context with suffixed numeric literals"
+
+  block: # verify that the i64, f32, etc builtin suffixes still parse correctly
+    const expectedF32: float32 = 123.125
+    proc `'f9`(number: string): string =   # proc starts with 'f' just like 'f32'
+      "[[" & number & "]]"
+    proc `'f32a`(number: string): string =   # looks even more like 'f32'
+      "[[" & number & "]]"
+    proc `'d9`(number: string): string =   # proc starts with 'd' just like the d suffix
+      "[[" & number & "]]"
+    proc `'i9`(number: string): string =   # proc starts with 'i' just like 'i64'
+      "[[" & number & "]]"
+    proc `'u9`(number: string): string =   # proc starts with 'u' just like 'u8'
+      "[[" & number & "]]"
+
+    doAssert 123.125f32 == expectedF32:
+      "failing to support non-quoted legacy f32 floating point suffix"
+    doAssert 123.125'f32 == expectedF32
+    doAssert 123.125e0'f32 == expectedF32
+    doAssert 1234.56'wrap == 1234.56'f9
+    doAssert 1234.56'wrap == 1234.56'f32a
+    doAssert 1234.56'wrap == 1234.56'd9
+    doAssert 1234.56'wrap == 1234.56'i9
+    doAssert 1234.56'wrap == 1234.56'u9
+    doAssert lispReprStr(1234.56'u9) == """(DotExpr (RStrLit "1234.56") (Ident "\'u9"))""":
+      "failed to properly build AST for suffix that starts with u"
+    doAssert -128'i8 == (-128).int8
+
+  block: # case checks
+    doAssert 1E2 == 100:
+      "lexer not handling upper-case exponent"
+    doAssert 1.0E2 == 100.0
+    doAssert 1e2 == 100
+    doAssert 0xdeadBEEF'wrap == "[[0xdeadBEEF]]":
+      "lexer not maintaining original case"
+    doAssert 0.1E12'wrap == "[[0.1E12]]"
+    doAssert 0.0e12'wrap == "[[0.0e12]]"
+    doAssert 0.0e+12'wrap == "[[0.0e+12]]"
+    doAssert 0.0e-12'wrap == "[[0.0e-12]]"
+    doAssert 0e-12'wrap == "[[0e-12]]"
+
+  block: # macro and template usage
+    template `'foo`(a: string): untyped = (a, 2)
+    doAssert -12'foo == ("-12", 2)
+    template `'fooplus`(a: string, b: int): untyped = (a, b)
+    doAssert -12'fooplus(2) == ("-12", 2)
+    template `'fooplusopt`(a: string, b: int = 99): untyped = (a, b)
+    doAssert -12'fooplusopt(2) == ("-12", 2)
+    doAssert -12'fooplusopt() == ("-12", 99)
+    doAssert -12'fooplusopt == ("-12", 99)
+    macro `'bar`(a: static string): untyped = newLit(a.repr)
+    doAssert -12'bar == "\"-12\""
+    macro deb(a): untyped = newLit(a.repr)
+    doAssert deb(-12'bar) == "-12'bar"
+
+  block: # bug 1 from https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/17020#issuecomment-803193947
+    macro deb1(a): untyped = newLit a.repr
+    macro deb2(a): untyped =
+      a[1] = ident($a[1])
+      newLit a.lispRepr
+    doAssert deb1(-12'wrap) == "-12'wrap"
+    doAssert deb1(-12'nonexistent) == "-12'nonexistent"
+    doAssert deb2(-12'nonexistent) == """(DotExpr (RStrLit "-12") (Ident "\'nonexistent"))"""
+    doAssert deb2(-12.wrap2) == """(DotExpr (IntLit -12) (Ident "wrap2"))"""
+    doAssert deb2(-12'wrap) == """(DotExpr (RStrLit "-12") (Ident "\'wrap"))"""
+
+  block: # bug 2 from https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/17020#issuecomment-803193947
+    template toSuf(`'suf`): untyped =
+      let x = -12'suf
+      x
+    doAssert toSuf(`'wrap`) == "[[-12]]"
+
+  block: # bug 10 from https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/17020#issuecomment-803193947
+    proc `myecho`(a: auto): auto = a
+    template fn1(): untyped =
+      let a = "abc"
+      -12'wrap
+    template fn2(): untyped =
+      `myecho` -12'wrap
+    template fn3(): untyped =
+      -12'wrap
+    doAssert fn1() == "[[-12]]"
+    doAssert fn2() == "[[-12]]"
+    doAssert fn3() == "[[-12]]"
+
+    block: # bug 9 from https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/17020#issuecomment-803193947
+      macro metawrap(): untyped =
+        func wrap1(a: string): string = "{" & a & "}"
+        func `'wrap3`(a: string): string = "{" & a & "}"
+        result = quote do:
+          let a1 {.inject.} = wrap1"-128"
+          let a2 {.inject.} = -128'wrap3
+      metawrap()
+      doAssert a1 == "{-128}"
+      doAssert a2 == "{-128}"
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/lexer/tlexerspaces.nim b/tests/lexer/tlexerspaces.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14b16111d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lexer/tlexerspaces.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+discard 12 +                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           5
+discard 12 + 5                                                                                                                        
diff --git a/tests/misc/trawstr.nim b/tests/lexer/trawstr.nim
index aa41071d5..aa41071d5 100644
--- a/tests/misc/trawstr.nim
+++ b/tests/lexer/trawstr.nim
diff --git a/tests/lexer/tunary_minus.nim b/tests/lexer/tunary_minus.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ec2b5c70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lexer/tunary_minus.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+"""
+
+# Test numeric literals and handling of minus symbol
+
+import std/[macros, strutils]
+import std/private/jsutils
+
+import mlexerutils
+
+const one = 1
+const minusOne = `-`(one)
+
+# border cases that *should* generate compiler errors:
+assertAST dedent """
+  StmtList
+    Asgn
+      Ident "x"
+      Command
+        IntLit 4
+        IntLit -1""":
+  x = 4 -1
+assertAST dedent """
+  StmtList
+    VarSection
+      IdentDefs
+        Ident "x"
+        Ident "uint"
+        IntLit -1""":
+  var x: uint = -1
+template bad() =
+  x = 4 -1
+doAssert not compiles(bad())
+
+template main =
+  block: # check when a minus (-) is a negative sign for a literal
+    doAssert -1 == minusOne:
+      "unable to parse a spaced-prefixed negative int"
+    doAssert lispReprStr(-1) == """(IntLit -1)"""
+    doAssert -1.0'f64 == minusOne.float64
+    doAssert lispReprStr(-1.000'f64) == """(Float64Lit -1.0)"""
+    doAssert lispReprStr( -1.000'f64) == """(Float64Lit -1.0)"""
+    doAssert [-1].contains(minusOne):
+      "unable to handle negatives after square bracket"
+    doAssert lispReprStr([-1]) == """(Bracket (IntLit -1))"""
+    doAssert (-1, 2)[0] == minusOne:
+      "unable to handle negatives after parenthesis"
+    doAssert lispReprStr((-1, 2)) == """(TupleConstr (IntLit -1) (IntLit 2))"""
+    proc x(): int =
+      var a = 1;-1  # the -1 should act as the return value
+    doAssert x() == minusOne:
+      "unable to handle negatives after semi-colon"
+
+  block:
+    doAssert -0b111 == -7
+    doAssert -0xff == -255
+    doAssert -128'i8 == (-128).int8
+    doAssert $(-128'i8) == "-128"
+    doAssert -32768'i16 == int16.low
+    doAssert -2147483648'i32 == int32.low
+    when int.sizeof > 4:
+      doAssert -9223372036854775808 == int.low
+    whenJsNoBigInt64: discard
+    do:
+      doAssert -9223372036854775808 == int64.low
+
+  block: # check when a minus (-) is an unary op
+    doAssert -one == minusOne:
+      "unable to a negative prior to identifier"
+
+  block: # check when a minus (-) is a a subtraction op
+    doAssert 4-1 == 3:
+      "unable to handle subtraction sans surrounding spaces with a numeric literal"
+    doAssert 4-one == 3:
+      "unable to handle subtraction sans surrounding spaces with an identifier"
+    doAssert 4 - 1 == 3:
+      "unable to handle subtraction with surrounding spaces with a numeric literal"
+    doAssert 4 - one == 3:
+      "unable to handle subtraction with surrounding spaces with an identifier"
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/lexer/tunicode_operators.nim b/tests/lexer/tunicode_operators.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ad40beab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lexer/tunicode_operators.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#{.experimental: "unicodeOperators".}
+
+proc `⊙`(x, y: int): int = x * y
+proc `⊙=`(x: var int, y: int) = x *= y
+
+proc `⊞++`(x, y: int): int = x + y
+
+const a = 9
+
+var x = 45
+x ⊙= a⊞++4⊙3
+
+var y = 45
+y *= 9 + 4 * 3
+
+assert x == y
diff --git a/tests/lookups/issue_23032/deep_scope.nim b/tests/lookups/issue_23032/deep_scope.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e25809a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/issue_23032/deep_scope.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+type A*[T] = object
+proc foo*(a: A[int]): bool = false
diff --git a/tests/lookups/issue_23172/m23172.nim b/tests/lookups/issue_23172/m23172.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36af48761
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/issue_23172/m23172.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+type
+  Foo* = object
+  Bar* = object
+
+func `$`*(x: Foo | Bar): string =
+  "X"
diff --git a/tests/ambsym/mambsym1.nim b/tests/lookups/mambsym1.nim
index c4902b1b4..c4902b1b4 100644
--- a/tests/ambsym/mambsym1.nim
+++ b/tests/lookups/mambsym1.nim
diff --git a/tests/ambsym/mambsym2.nim b/tests/lookups/mambsym2.nim
index 21d980073..21d980073 100644
--- a/tests/ambsym/mambsym2.nim
+++ b/tests/lookups/mambsym2.nim
diff --git a/tests/lookups/mambsym3.nim b/tests/lookups/mambsym3.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..946a5ff29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/mambsym3.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Module A
+var x*: string
+proc foo*(a: string) =
+  echo "A: ", a
diff --git a/tests/lookups/mambsym4.nim b/tests/lookups/mambsym4.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed66cc16d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/mambsym4.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Module B
+var x*: int
+proc foo*(b: int) =
+  echo "B: ", b
diff --git a/tests/ambsym/mambsys1.nim b/tests/lookups/mambsys1.nim
index 22e54cb94..22e54cb94 100644
--- a/tests/ambsym/mambsys1.nim
+++ b/tests/lookups/mambsys1.nim
diff --git a/tests/ambsym/mambsys2.nim b/tests/lookups/mambsys2.nim
index ef63e4f7e..ef63e4f7e 100644
--- a/tests/ambsym/mambsys2.nim
+++ b/tests/lookups/mambsys2.nim
diff --git a/tests/lookups/mambtype1.nim b/tests/lookups/mambtype1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..47046142e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/mambtype1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+type K* = object
diff --git a/tests/lookups/mambtype2.nim b/tests/lookups/mambtype2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf622466b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/mambtype2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import ./mambtype1
+export mambtype1
+template K*(kind: static int): auto = typedesc[mambtype1.K]
+template B*(kind: static int): auto = typedesc[mambtype1.K]
diff --git a/tests/bind/mbind3.nim b/tests/lookups/mbind3.nim
index 1a7d3b63b..1a7d3b63b 100644
--- a/tests/bind/mbind3.nim
+++ b/tests/lookups/mbind3.nim
diff --git a/tests/lookups/mdisambsym1.nim b/tests/lookups/mdisambsym1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b8beca035
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/mdisambsym1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+proc count*(s: string): int = 
+  s.len
diff --git a/tests/lookups/mdisambsym2.nim b/tests/lookups/mdisambsym2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e056311d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/mdisambsym2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+var count*: int = 10
diff --git a/tests/lookups/mdisambsym3.nim b/tests/lookups/mdisambsym3.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..95bd19702
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/mdisambsym3.nim
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+const count* = 3.142
diff --git a/tests/lookups/mmacroamb.nim b/tests/lookups/mmacroamb.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..107e51055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/mmacroamb.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# issue #12732
+
+import std/macros
+const getPrivate3_tmp* = 0
+const foobar1* = 0 # comment this or make private and it'll compile fine
+macro foobar4*(): untyped =
+  newLit "abc"
+template currentPkgDir2*: string = foobar4()
+macro currentPkgDir2*(dir: string): untyped =
+  newLit "abc2"
diff --git a/tests/lookups/t23032.nim b/tests/lookups/t23032.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..144abcb05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/t23032.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+discard """
+action: "run"
+outputsub: "proc (a: A[system.float]): bool{.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}"
+"""
+
+import issue_23032/deep_scope
+
+proc foo(a: A[float]):bool = true
+
+let p: proc = foo
+echo p.typeof
+doAssert p(A[float]()) == true
+doAssert compiles(doAssert p(A[int]()) == true) == false
diff --git a/tests/lookups/t23172.nim b/tests/lookups/t23172.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9edf9905a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/t23172.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import issue_23172/m23172
+
+type FooX = distinct Foo
+
+func `$`*(x: FooX): string =
+  $m23172.Foo(x)
+
+var a: FooX
+doAssert $a == "X"
diff --git a/tests/lookups/t23749.nim b/tests/lookups/t23749.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..650f04ea4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/t23749.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+discard """
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+{.pragma: callback, gcsafe, raises: [].}
+
+type
+  DataProc* = proc(val: openArray[byte]) {.callback.}
+  GetProc = proc (db: RootRef, key: openArray[byte], onData: DataProc): bool {.nimcall, callback.}
+  KvStoreRef* = ref object
+    obj: RootRef
+    getProc: GetProc
+
+template get(dbParam: KvStoreRef, key: openArray[byte], onData: untyped): bool =
+  let db = dbParam
+  db.getProc(db.obj, key, onData)
+
+func decode(input: openArray[byte], maxSize = 128): seq[byte] =
+  @[]
+
+proc getSnappySSZ(db: KvStoreRef, key: openArray[byte]): string =
+  var status = "not found"
+  proc decode(data: openArray[byte]) =
+    status =
+      if true: "found"
+      else: "corrupted"
+  discard db.get(key, decode)
+  status
+
+
+var ksr: KvStoreRef
+var k = [byte(1), 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+proc foo(): string =
+  getSnappySSZ(ksr, toOpenArray(k, 1, 3))
+
+echo foo()
diff --git a/tests/lookups/tambiguousemit.nim b/tests/lookups/tambiguousemit.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f4bacce4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/tambiguousemit.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $options $file" # use check to assure error is pre-codegen
+  matrix: "; --backend:js" # backend shouldn't matter but at least check js
+"""
+
+proc foo(x: int) = discard
+proc foo(x: float) = discard
+
+{.emit: ["// ", foo].} #[tt.Error
+                ^ ambiguous identifier: 'foo' -- use one of the following:
+  tambiguousemit.foo: proc (x: int){.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}
+  tambiguousemit.foo: proc (x: float){.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}]#
diff --git a/tests/lookups/tambprocvar.nim b/tests/lookups/tambprocvar.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5c3fde4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/tambprocvar.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+  action: reject
+  cmd: "nim check $file"
+  nimout: '''
+tambprocvar.nim(15, 11) Error: ambiguous identifier: 'foo' -- use one of the following:
+  tambprocvar.foo: proc (x: int){.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}
+  tambprocvar.foo: proc (x: float){.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}
+'''
+"""
+
+block:
+  proc foo(x: int) = discard
+  proc foo(x: float) = discard
+
+  let x = foo
+
+block:
+  let x = `+` #[tt.Error
+          ^ ambiguous identifier: '+' -- use one of the following:]#
diff --git a/tests/ambsym/tambsym.nim b/tests/lookups/tambsym.nim
index bd0f41717..bd0f41717 100644
--- a/tests/ambsym/tambsym.nim
+++ b/tests/lookups/tambsym.nim
diff --git a/tests/ambsym/tambsym2.nim b/tests/lookups/tambsym2.nim
index 747f1a086..747f1a086 100644
--- a/tests/ambsym/tambsym2.nim
+++ b/tests/lookups/tambsym2.nim
diff --git a/tests/ambsym/tambsym3.nim b/tests/lookups/tambsym3.nim
index 0558517bd..6bbebca10 100644
--- a/tests/ambsym/tambsym3.nim
+++ b/tests/lookups/tambsym3.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "ambiguous identifier"
+  errormsg: "ambiguous identifier: 'mDec' -- use one of the following:"
   file: "tambsym3.nim"
   line: 11
 """
diff --git a/tests/lookups/tambsymmanual.nim b/tests/lookups/tambsymmanual.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ad91b8cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/tambsymmanual.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+A: abc
+B: 123
+A: def
+4
+'''
+"""
+# Module C
+import mambsym3, mambsym4
+
+foo("abc") # A: abc
+foo(123) # B: 123
+let inferred: proc (x: string) = foo
+foo("def") # A: def
+
+doAssert not compiles(write(stdout, x)) # error: x is ambiguous
+write(stdout, mambsym3.x) # no error: qualifier used
+
+proc bar(a: int): int = a + 1
+doAssert bar(x) == x + 1 # no error: only A.x of type int matches
+
+var x = 4
+write(stdout, x) # not ambiguous: uses the module C's x
+echo() # for test output
diff --git a/tests/ambsym/tambsys.nim b/tests/lookups/tambsys.nim
index aa740c38f..aa740c38f 100644
--- a/tests/ambsym/tambsys.nim
+++ b/tests/lookups/tambsys.nim
diff --git a/tests/lookups/tambtype.nim b/tests/lookups/tambtype.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a292db83a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/tambtype.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import ./mambtype2
+
+block: # issue #23893
+  discard default(K(0))       # works
+  discard default(mambtype2.B(0))     # works
+  discard default(mambtype2.K(0))     # doesn't work
+
+block: # issue #23898, in template
+  template r() =
+    discard default(B(0))     # compiles
+    discard default(mambtype2.B(0))   # compiles
+    discard default(K(0))     # does not compile
+  r()
+
+block: # in generics
+  proc foo[T]() =
+    discard default(B(0))     # compiles
+    discard default(mambtype2.B(0))   # compiles
+    discard default(K(0))     # does not compile
+  foo[int]()
diff --git a/tests/bind/tbind.nim b/tests/lookups/tbind.nim
index f3fb952e3..f3fb952e3 100644
--- a/tests/bind/tbind.nim
+++ b/tests/lookups/tbind.nim
diff --git a/tests/lookups/tdisambsym.nim b/tests/lookups/tdisambsym.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..678528ad6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/tdisambsym.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# issue #15247
+
+import mdisambsym1, mdisambsym2, mdisambsym3
+
+proc twice(n: int): int =
+  n*2
+
+doAssert twice(count) == 20
diff --git a/tests/lookups/tenumlocalsym.nim b/tests/lookups/tenumlocalsym.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..575227c07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/tenumlocalsym.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+block:
+  type Enum = enum a, b
+
+  block:
+    let a = b
+    let x: Enum = a
+    doAssert x == b
+  
+block:
+  type
+    Enum = enum
+      a = 2
+      b = 10
+
+  iterator items2(): Enum =
+    for a in [a, b]:
+      yield a
+
+  var s = newSeq[Enum]()
+  for i in items2():
+    s.add i
+  doAssert s == @[a, b]
diff --git a/tests/gensym/tgensym.nim b/tests/lookups/tgensym.nim
index e33a2783f..e33a2783f 100644
--- a/tests/gensym/tgensym.nim
+++ b/tests/lookups/tgensym.nim
diff --git a/tests/gensym/tgensymgeneric.nim b/tests/lookups/tgensymgeneric.nim
index c17a0715f..6e1df4842 100644
--- a/tests/gensym/tgensymgeneric.nim
+++ b/tests/lookups/tgensymgeneric.nim
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ template genImpl() =
     gensymed.x = "abc"
   else:
     gensymed.x = 123
-  shallowCopy(result, gensymed)
+  result = move gensymed
 
 proc gen[T](x: T): T =
   genImpl()
diff --git a/tests/bind/tinvalidbindtypedesc.nim b/tests/lookups/tinvalidbindtypedesc.nim
index 1c71c8daf..1c71c8daf 100644
--- a/tests/bind/tinvalidbindtypedesc.nim
+++ b/tests/lookups/tinvalidbindtypedesc.nim
diff --git a/tests/lookups/tmacroamb.nim b/tests/lookups/tmacroamb.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..854017e72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/tmacroamb.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# issue #12732
+
+import mmacroamb
+const s0 = currentPkgDir2 #[tt.Error
+           ^ ambiguous identifier: 'currentPkgDir2' -- use one of the following:]#
diff --git a/tests/lookups/tmoduleclash1.nim b/tests/lookups/tmoduleclash1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7058f691e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/tmoduleclash1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# issue #23596
+
+import std/heapqueue
+type Algo = enum heapqueue, quick
+when false:
+  let x = heapqueue
+let y: Algo = heapqueue
+proc bar*(algo=quick) =
+  var x: HeapQueue[int]
+  case algo
+  of heapqueue: echo 1 # `Algo.heapqueue` works on devel
+  of quick: echo 2
+  echo x.len
diff --git a/tests/lookups/tmoduleclash2.nim b/tests/lookups/tmoduleclash2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..958da2299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/tmoduleclash2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import std/heapqueue
+proc heapqueue(x: int) = discard
+let x: proc (x: int) = heapqueue
+let y: proc = heapqueue
+when false:
+  let z = heapqueue
diff --git a/tests/bind/tnicerrorforsymchoice.nim b/tests/lookups/tnicerrorforsymchoice.nim
index 684b83239..6001b6b09 100644
--- a/tests/bind/tnicerrorforsymchoice.nim
+++ b/tests/lookups/tnicerrorforsymchoice.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <proc (s: TScgi: ScgiState or AsyncScgiState) | proc (client: AsyncSocket, headers: StringTableRef, input: string){.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.}>"
+  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <proc (s: TScgi: ScgiState or AsyncScgiState) | proc (client: AsyncSocket, headers: StringTableRef, input: string){.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}>"
   line: 23
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/bind/tbind2.nim b/tests/lookups/told_bind_expr.nim
index fc2eeda1a..56389eaf6 100644
--- a/tests/bind/tbind2.nim
+++ b/tests/lookups/told_bind_expr.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 discard """
   errormsg: "ambiguous call"
-  file: "tbind2.nim"
-  line: 12
+  file: "told_bind_expr.nim"
+  line: 13
 """
-# Test the new ``bind`` keyword for templates
+
+# Pre-0.9 deprecated bind expression syntax
 
 proc p1(x: int8, y: int): int = return x + y
 proc p1(x: int, y: int8): int = return x - y
diff --git a/tests/lookups/tredef.nim b/tests/lookups/tredef.nim
index 8f1b38bd1..7c1df238e 100644
--- a/tests/lookups/tredef.nim
+++ b/tests/lookups/tredef.nim
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ foo(1, "test")
 proc bar(a: int, b: string) = discard
 bar(1, "test")
 
-template foo(a: int, b: string) = bar(a, b)
+template foo(a: int, b: string) {.redefine.} = bar(a, b)
 foo(1, "test")
 
 block:
diff --git a/tests/lookups/tundeclaredmixin.nim b/tests/lookups/tundeclaredmixin.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74d16cdde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookups/tundeclaredmixin.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+discard """
+  nimout: '''
+  mixin nothing, add
+'''
+"""
+
+# issue #22012
+
+import macros
+
+expandMacros:
+  proc foo[T](): int =
+    # `nothing` is undeclared, `add` is declared
+    mixin nothing, add
+    123
+
+  doAssert foo[int]() == 123
diff --git a/tests/macros/m18235.nim b/tests/macros/m18235.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6bb4547e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/m18235.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import macros
+
+# Necessary code to update the AST on a symbol across module boundaries when
+# processed by a type macro. Used by a test of a corresponding name of this
+# file.
+
+macro eexport(n: typed): untyped =
+  result = copyNimTree(n)
+  # turn exported nnkSym -> nnkPostfix(*, nnkIdent), forcing re-sem
+  result[0] = nnkPostfix.newTree(ident"*").add:
+    n.name.strVal.ident
+
+macro unexport(n: typed): untyped =
+  result = copyNimTree(n)
+  # turn nnkSym -> nnkIdent, forcing re-sem and dropping any exported-ness
+  # that might be present
+  result[0] = n.name.strVal.ident
+
+proc foo*() {.unexport.} = discard
+proc bar() {.eexport.} = discard
+
+proc foooof*() {.unexport, eexport, unexport.} = discard
+proc barrab() {.eexport, unexport, eexport.} = discard
+
+macro eexportMulti(n: typed): untyped =
+  # use the call version of `eexport` macro for one or more decls
+  result = copyNimTree(n)
+  for i in 0..<result.len:
+    result[i] = newCall(ident"eexport", result[i])
+
+macro unexportMulti(n: typed): untyped =
+  # use the call version of `unexport` macro for one or more decls
+  result = copyNimTree(n)
+  for i in 0..<result.len:
+    result[i] = newCall(ident"unexport", result[i])
+
+unexportMulti:
+  proc oof*() = discard
+
+eexportMulti:
+  proc rab() = discard
+  proc baz*() = discard
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/macros/mparsefile.nim b/tests/macros/mparsefile.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ac99d568
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/mparsefile.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+let a = 1
+let b = 2
+let c =
+let d = 4
diff --git a/tests/macros/t14329.nim b/tests/macros/t14329.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5606424a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/t14329.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import macros
+
+macro myMacro(n) =
+  let x = if true: newLit"test" else: error "error", n
diff --git a/tests/macros/t14511.nim b/tests/macros/t14511.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3b1e2894
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/t14511.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+discard """
+  output: "true\n(y: XInt, a: 5)\n(y: XString, b: \"abc\")"
+"""
+
+import macros
+
+block TEST_1:
+  # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/14511
+
+  template myPragma() {.pragma.}
+
+  type
+    XType = enum
+      XInt,
+      XString,
+      XUnused
+    X = object
+      case y {.myPragma.}: XType
+        of XInt, XUnused:
+          a: int
+        else: # <-- Else case caused the "Error: index 1 not in 0 .. 0" error
+          b: string
+
+  var x: X = X(y: XInt, a: 5)
+  echo x.y.hasCustomPragma(myPragma)
+  echo x
+  echo X(y: XString, b: "abc")
+
+
+block TEST_2:
+  template myDevice(val: string) {.pragma.}
+  template myKey(val: string) {.pragma.}
+  template myMouse(val: string) {.pragma.}
+
+  type
+    Device {.pure.} = enum Keyboard, Mouse
+    Key = enum Key1, Key2
+    Mouse = enum Mouse1, Mouse2
+
+  type
+    Obj = object of RootObj
+      case device {.myDevice: "MyDevicePragmaStr".}: Device
+      of Device.Keyboard:
+        key {.myKey: "MyKeyPragmaStr".}: Key
+      else: # <-- Else case caused the "Error: index 1 not in 0 .. 0" error
+        mouse {.myMouse: "MyMousePragmaStr".}: Mouse
+
+  var obj: Obj
+  assert obj.device.hasCustomPragma(myDevice) == true
+  assert obj.key.hasCustomPragma(myKey) == true
+  assert obj.mouse.hasCustomPragma(myMouse) == true
+  assert obj.device.getCustomPragmaVal(myDevice) == "MyDevicePragmaStr"
+  assert obj.key.getCustomPragmaVal(myKey) == "MyKeyPragmaStr"
+  assert obj.mouse.getCustomPragmaVal(myMouse) == "MyMousePragmaStr"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/macros/t15691.nim b/tests/macros/t15691.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1e8a8648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/t15691.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+discard """
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+import std/macros
+
+macro simplifiedExpandMacros(body: typed): untyped =
+  result = body
+
+simplifiedExpandMacros:
+  proc testProc() = discard
+
+simplifiedExpandMacros:
+  template testTemplate(): untyped = discard
+
+# Error: illformed AST: macro testMacro(): untyped =
+simplifiedExpandMacros:
+  macro testMacro(): untyped = discard
+
+# Error: illformed AST: converter testConverter(x: int): float =
+simplifiedExpandMacros:
+  converter testConverter(x: int): float = discard
diff --git a/tests/macros/t15751.nim b/tests/macros/t15751.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fcabb2f9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/t15751.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim c --hints:off $file"
+  nimout: "out"
+"""
+
+# bug #15751
+macro print(n: untyped): untyped =
+  echo n.repr
+
+print:
+  out
diff --git a/tests/macros/t16758.nim b/tests/macros/t16758.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66b6d42c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/t16758.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+discard """

+errormsg: "'blk.p(a)' has nil child at index 1"

+action: reject

+"""

+import macros

+

+type BlockLiteral[T] = object

+  p: T

+

+proc p[T](a:int) = echo 1

+proc p[T](a:string) = echo "a"

+

+iterator arguments(formalParams: NimNode): NimNode =

+  var iParam = 0

+  for i in 1 ..< formalParams.len:

+    let pp = formalParams[i]

+    for j in 0 .. pp.len - 3:

+      yield pp[j]

+      inc iParam

+

+macro implementInvoke(T: typedesc): untyped =

+  let t = getTypeImpl(T)[1]

+

+  let call = newCall(newDotExpr(ident"blk", ident"p"))

+  let params = copyNimTree(t[0])

+  result = newProc(ident"invoke", body = call)

+  # result[2] = newTree(nnkGenericParams,T)

+  for n in arguments(params):

+    call.add(n)

+  

+  params.insert(1, newIdentDefs(ident"blk", newTree(nnkBracketExpr, bindSym"BlockLiteral", T)))

+  result.params = params

+

+proc getInvoke(T: typedesc) =

+  implementInvoke(T)

+

+

+getInvoke(proc(a: int))

diff --git a/tests/macros/t17836.nim b/tests/macros/t17836.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2453637f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/t17836.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import macros
+
+# Ensure that `isNil` works in the typed macro context when pass procs.
+
+type
+  O = object
+    fn: proc(i: int): int
+
+var o: O
+
+macro typedBug(expr: typed) =
+  doAssert expr[1] != nil
+  doAssert not expr[1].isNil
+
+typedBug(o.fn)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/macros/t18203.nim b/tests/macros/t18203.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aae0a2690
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/t18203.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--hint:SuccessX:off --hint:Link:off --hint:Conf:off --hint:CC:off --hint:XDeclaredButNotUsed:on"
+  nimout: '''
+'''
+nimoutFull: true
+action: compile
+"""
+
+# bug #18203
+import std/macros
+
+macro foo(x: typed) = newProc ident"bar"
+proc bar() {.foo.} = raise
+bar()
+
diff --git a/tests/macros/t18235.nim b/tests/macros/t18235.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba5c48a24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/t18235.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import m18235
+
+# this must error out because it was never actually exported
+doAssert(not declared(foo))
+doAssert not compiles(foo())
+
+doAssert(not declared(foooof))
+doAssert not compiles(foooof())
+
+doAssert(not declared(oof))
+doAssert not compiles(oof())
+
+# this should have been exported just fine
+
+bar()
+barrab()
+rab()
+baz()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/macros/t19766_20114.nim b/tests/macros/t19766_20114.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ac336f150
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/t19766_20114.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+discard """
+  action: compile
+  nimout: '''
+const
+  foo {.strdefine.} = "abc"
+let hey {.tddd.} = 5
+'''
+"""
+
+import macros
+
+template tddd {.pragma.}
+
+expandMacros:
+  const foo {.strdefine.} = "abc"
+  let hey {.tddd.} = 5
diff --git a/tests/macros/t20067.nim b/tests/macros/t20067.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ee3a4712
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/t20067.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+b.defaultVal = foo
+$c.defaultVal = bar
+'''
+"""
+
+import macros
+
+# #18976
+
+macro getString(identifier): string =
+  result = newLit($identifier)
+doAssert getString(abc) == "abc"
+doAssert getString(`a b c`) == "abc"
+
+# #20067
+
+template defaultVal*(value : typed) {.pragma.}
+
+type A = ref object
+  b {.defaultVal: "foo".}: string
+  `$c` {.defaultVal: "bar".}: string
+
+let a = A(b: "a", `$c`: "b")
+
+echo "b.defaultVal = " & a.b.getCustomPragmaVal(defaultVal)
+echo "$c.defaultVal = " & a.`$c`.getCustomPragmaVal(defaultVal)
diff --git a/tests/macros/t20435.nim b/tests/macros/t20435.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..824282198
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/t20435.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+
+#[
+  A better test requires matching, so the use of @ working can be showcased
+  For example:
+
+  proc regularCase[T]() = 
+    case [(1, 3), (3, 4)]:
+    of [(1, @a), (_, @b)]:
+      echo a, b
+    else: discard
+]#
+
+{.experimental: "caseStmtMacros".}
+
+import macros
+
+type Foo = object
+
+macro `case`(obj: Foo) = quote do: discard
+
+proc notGeneric() =
+  case Foo()
+  of a b c d: discard
+
+proc generic[T]() =
+  case Foo()
+  of a b c d: discard
+
+notGeneric()
+generic[int]()
diff --git a/tests/macros/t21593.nim b/tests/macros/t21593.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0b7ebe75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/t21593.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+discard """
+nimout: '''
+StmtList
+  UIntLit 18446744073709551615
+  IntLit -1'''
+"""
+
+import macros
+
+dumpTree:
+  0xFFFFFFFF_FFFFFFFF'u
+  0xFFFFFFFF_FFFFFFFF
+
diff --git a/tests/macros/t23032_1.nim b/tests/macros/t23032_1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e1707414
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/t23032_1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import std/macros
+
+type A[T, H] = object
+
+proc `%*`(a: A): bool = true
+proc `%*`[T](a: A[int, T]): bool = false
+
+macro collapse(s: untyped) =
+  result = newStmtList()
+  result.add quote do:
+    doAssert(`s`(A[float, int]()) == true)
+
+macro startHere(n: untyped): untyped =
+  result = newStmtList()
+  let s = n[0]
+  result.add quote do:
+    `s`.collapse()
+
+startHere(`a` %* `b`)
diff --git a/tests/macros/t23032_2.nim b/tests/macros/t23032_2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8dde29e10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/t23032_2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+discard """
+  action: "reject"
+  errormsg: "ambiguous identifier: '%*'"
+"""
+import std/macros
+
+type A[T, H] = object
+
+proc `%*`[T](a: A) = discard
+proc `%*`[T](a: A[int, T]) = discard
+
+macro collapse(s: typed) = discard
+
+macro startHere(n: untyped): untyped =
+  result = newStmtList()
+  let s = n[0]
+  result.add quote do:
+    collapse(`s`.typeof())
+
+startHere(`a` %* `b`)
diff --git a/tests/macros/t23547.nim b/tests/macros/t23547.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a2bff9ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/t23547.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/23547
+
+type
+  A[T] = object
+    x: T
+
+proc mulCheckSparse[F](dummy: var A[F], xmulchecksparse: static A[F]) =
+  static:
+    echo "mulCheckSparse: ", typeof(dummy), ", ", typeof(xmulchecksparse) # when generic params not specified: A[system.int], A
+
+template sumImpl(xsumimpl: typed) =
+  static:
+    echo "sumImpl: ", typeof(xsumimpl) # A
+  var a = A[int](x: 55)
+  mulCheckSparse(a, xsumimpl) # fails here
+
+proc sum[T](xsum: static T) =
+  static:
+    echo "sum: ", typeof(xsum) # A[system.int]
+  sumImpl(xsum)
+
+const constA = A[int](x : 100)
+sum[A[int]](constA)
diff --git a/tests/macros/t23784.nim b/tests/macros/t23784.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31b4544c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/t23784.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+discard """
+  joinable: false
+"""
+
+
+# debug ICE: genCheckedRecordField
+# apparently after https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/23477
+
+# bug #23784
+
+import std/bitops, std/macros
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type Algebra = enum
+  BN254_Snarks
+
+type SecretWord* = distinct uint64
+const WordBitWidth* = sizeof(SecretWord) * 8
+
+func wordsRequired*(bits: int): int {.inline.} =
+  const divShiftor = fastLog2(WordBitWidth)
+  result = (bits + WordBitWidth - 1) shr divShiftor
+
+type
+  BigInt*[bits: static int] = object
+    limbs*: array[bits.wordsRequired, SecretWord]  # <--- crash points to here
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const CurveBitWidth = [
+  BN254_Snarks: 254
+]
+
+const BN254_Snarks_Modulus = BigInt[254](limbs: [SecretWord 0x1, SecretWord 0x2, SecretWord 0x3, SecretWord 0x4])
+const BN254_Snarks_Order = BigInt[254](limbs: [SecretWord 0x1, SecretWord 0x1, SecretWord 0x2, SecretWord 0x2])
+
+func montyOne*(M: BigInt[254]): BigInt[254] =
+  ## Returns "1 (mod M)" in the Montgomery domain.
+  ## This is equivalent to R (mod M) in the natural domain
+  BigInt[254](limbs: [SecretWord 0x1, SecretWord 0x1, SecretWord 0x1, SecretWord 0x1])
+
+
+{.experimental: "dynamicBindSym".}
+
+type
+  DerivedConstantMode* = enum
+    kModulus
+    kOrder
+
+macro genDerivedConstants*(mode: static DerivedConstantMode): untyped =
+  ## Generate constants derived from the main constants
+  ##
+  ## For example
+  ## - the Montgomery magic constant "R^2 mod N" in ROM
+  ##   For each curve under the private symbol "MyCurve_R2modP"
+  ## - the Montgomery magic constant -1/P mod 2^Wordbitwidth
+  ##   For each curve under the private symbol "MyCurve_NegInvModWord
+  ## - ...
+
+  # Now typedesc are NimNode and there is no way to translate
+  # NimNode -> typedesc easily so we can't
+  # "for curve in low(Curve) .. high(Curve):"
+  # As an ugly workaround, we count
+  # The item at position 0 is a pragma
+  result = newStmtList()
+
+  template used(name: string): NimNode =
+    nnkPragmaExpr.newTree(
+      ident(name),
+      nnkPragma.newTree(ident"used")
+    )
+
+  let ff = if mode == kModulus: "_Fp" else: "_Fr"
+
+  for curveSym in low(Algebra) .. high(Algebra):
+    let curve = $curveSym
+    let M = if mode == kModulus: bindSym(curve & "_Modulus")
+            else: bindSym(curve & "_Order")
+
+    # const MyCurve_montyOne = montyOne(MyCurve_Modulus)
+    result.add newConstStmt(
+      used(curve & ff & "_MontyOne"), newCall(
+        bindSym"montyOne",
+        M
+      )
+    )
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+{.experimental: "dynamicBindSym".}
+
+genDerivedConstants(kModulus)
+genDerivedConstants(kOrder)
+
+proc bindConstant(ff: NimNode, property: string): NimNode =
+  # Need to workaround https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/14021
+  # which prevents checking if a type FF[Name] = Fp[Name] or Fr[Name]
+  # was instantiated with Fp or Fr.
+  # getTypeInst only returns FF and sameType doesn't work.
+  # so quote do + when checks.
+  let T = getTypeInst(ff)
+  T.expectKind(nnkBracketExpr)
+  doAssert T[0].eqIdent("typedesc")
+
+  let curve =
+    if T[1].kind == nnkBracketExpr: # typedesc[Fp[BLS12_381]] as used internally
+      # doAssert T[1][0].eqIdent"Fp" or T[1][0].eqIdent"Fr", "Found ident: '" & $T[1][0] & "' instead of 'Fp' or 'Fr'"
+      T[1][1].expectKind(nnkIntLit) # static enum are ints in the VM
+      $Algebra(T[1][1].intVal)
+    else: # typedesc[bls12381_fp] alias as used for C exports
+      let T1 = getTypeInst(T[1].getImpl()[2])
+      if T1.kind != nnkBracketExpr or
+         T1[1].kind != nnkIntLit:
+        echo T.repr()
+        echo T1.repr()
+        echo getTypeInst(T1).treerepr()
+        error "getTypeInst didn't return the full instantiation." &
+          " Dealing with types in macros is hard, complain at https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/44"
+      $Algebra(T1[1].intVal)
+
+  let curve_fp = bindSym(curve & "_Fp_" & property)
+  let curve_fr = bindSym(curve & "_Fr_" & property)
+  result = quote do:
+    when `ff` is Fp:
+      `curve_fp`
+    elif `ff` is Fr:
+      `curve_fr`
+    else:
+      {.error: "Unreachable, received type: " & $`ff`.}
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+template matchingBigInt*(Name: static Algebra): untyped =
+  ## BigInt type necessary to store the prime field Fp
+  # Workaround: https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/16774
+  # as we cannot do array accesses in type section.
+  # Due to generic sandwiches, it must be exported.
+  BigInt[CurveBitWidth[Name]]
+
+type
+  Fp*[Name: static Algebra] = object
+    mres*: matchingBigInt(Name)
+
+macro getMontyOne*(ff: type Fp): untyped =
+  ## Get one in Montgomery representation (i.e. R mod P)
+  result = bindConstant(ff, "MontyOne")
+
+func getOne*(T: type Fp): T {.noInit, inline.} =
+  result = cast[ptr T](unsafeAddr getMontyOne(T))[]
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------
+proc foo(T: Fp) =
+  discard T
+
+let a = Fp[BN254_Snarks].getOne()
+foo(a) # oops this was a leftover that broke the bisect.
diff --git a/tests/macros/t7875.nim b/tests/macros/t7875.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b6e47b86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/t7875.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+discard """
+  nimout: "var mysym`gensym0: MyType[float32]"
+  joinable: false
+"""
+
+import macros
+
+type
+  MyType[T] = object
+
+# this is totally fine
+var mysym: MyType[float32]
+
+macro foobar(): untyped =
+  let floatSym = bindSym"float32"
+
+  result = quote do:
+    var mysym: MyType[`floatSym`]
+
+  echo result.repr
+
+foobar()
diff --git a/tests/macros/tastrepr.nim b/tests/macros/tastrepr.nim
index 759ca55b5..96a37c7a2 100644
--- a/tests/macros/tastrepr.nim
+++ b/tests/macros/tastrepr.nim
@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@ for i, d in pairs(data):
   discard
 for i, (x, y) in pairs(data):
   discard
-var (a, b) = (1, 2)
+var
+  a = 1
+  b = 2
+type
+  A* = object
 
 var data = @[(1, "one"), (2, "two")]
 for (i, d) in pairs(data):
@@ -18,6 +22,11 @@ for i, d in pairs(data):
 for i, (x, y) in pairs(data):
   discard
 var (a, b) = (1, 2)
+type
+  A* = object
+
+var t04 = 1.0'f128
+t04 = 2.0'f128
 '''
 """
 
@@ -42,3 +51,8 @@ echoTypedAndUntypedRepr:
   for i, (x,y) in pairs(data):
     discard
   var (a,b) = (1,2)
+  type A* = object # issue #22933
+
+echoUntypedRepr:
+  var t04 = 1'f128
+  t04 = 2'f128
diff --git a/tests/macros/tcasestmtmacro.nim b/tests/macros/tcasestmtmacro.nim
index 26519f637..32019a92a 100644
--- a/tests/macros/tcasestmtmacro.nim
+++ b/tests/macros/tcasestmtmacro.nim
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ yes
 '''
 """
 
-{.experimental: "caseStmtMacros".}
-
 import macros
 
 macro `case`(n: tuple): untyped =
diff --git a/tests/macros/tdumpast.nim b/tests/macros/tdumpast.nim
index b9d224ab8..484b3c2f3 100644
--- a/tests/macros/tdumpast.nim
+++ b/tests/macros/tdumpast.nim
@@ -2,34 +2,69 @@
 
 import macros
 
-template plus(a, b: untyped): untyped {.dirty} =
-  a + b
+block:
+  template plus(a, b: untyped): untyped {.dirty} =
+    a + b
 
-macro call(e: untyped): untyped =
-  result = newCall("foo", newStrLitNode("bar"))
+  macro call(e: untyped): untyped =
+    result = newCall("foo", newStrLitNode("bar"))
 
-macro dumpAST(n: untyped): untyped =
-  # dump AST as a side-effect and return the inner node
-  let n = callsite()
-  echo n.lispRepr
-  echo n.treeRepr
+  macro dumpAST(n: untyped): string =
+    var msg = ""
+    msg.add "lispRepr:\n" & n.lispRepr & "\n"
+    msg.add "treeRepr:\n" & n.treeRepr & "\n"
 
-  var plusAst = getAst(plus(1, 2))
-  echo plusAst.lispRepr
+    var plusAst = getAst(plus(1, 2))
+    msg.add "lispRepr:\n" & n.lispRepr & "\n"
 
-  var callAst = getAst(call(4))
-  echo callAst.lispRepr
+    var callAst = getAst(call(4))
+    msg.add "callAst.lispRepr:\n" & callAst.lispRepr & "\n"
 
-  var e = parseExpr("foo(bar + baz)")
-  echo e.lispRepr
+    var e = parseExpr("foo(bar + baz)")
+    msg.add "e.lispRepr:\n" & e.lispRepr & "\n"
+    result = msg.newLit
 
-  result = n[1]
+  let a = dumpAST:
+    proc add(x, y: int): int =
+      return x + y
+    const foo = 3
 
-dumpAST:
-  proc add(x, y: int): int =
-    return x + y
-
-  proc sub(x, y: int): int = return x - y
+  doAssert a == """
+lispRepr:
+(StmtList (ProcDef (Ident "add") (Empty) (Empty) (FormalParams (Ident "int") (IdentDefs (Ident "x") (Ident "y") (Ident "int") (Empty))) (Empty) (Empty) (StmtList (ReturnStmt (Infix (Ident "+") (Ident "x") (Ident "y"))))) (ConstSection (ConstDef (Ident "foo") (Empty) (IntLit 3))))
+treeRepr:
+StmtList
+  ProcDef
+    Ident "add"
+    Empty
+    Empty
+    FormalParams
+      Ident "int"
+      IdentDefs
+        Ident "x"
+        Ident "y"
+        Ident "int"
+        Empty
+    Empty
+    Empty
+    StmtList
+      ReturnStmt
+        Infix
+          Ident "+"
+          Ident "x"
+          Ident "y"
+  ConstSection
+    ConstDef
+      Ident "foo"
+      Empty
+      IntLit 3
+lispRepr:
+(StmtList (ProcDef (Ident "add") (Empty) (Empty) (FormalParams (Ident "int") (IdentDefs (Ident "x") (Ident "y") (Ident "int") (Empty))) (Empty) (Empty) (StmtList (ReturnStmt (Infix (Ident "+") (Ident "x") (Ident "y"))))) (ConstSection (ConstDef (Ident "foo") (Empty) (IntLit 3))))
+callAst.lispRepr:
+(Call (Ident "foo") (StrLit "bar"))
+e.lispRepr:
+(Call (Ident "foo") (Infix (Ident "+") (Ident "bar") (Ident "baz")))
+"""
 
 macro fun() =
   let n = quote do:
@@ -48,3 +83,79 @@ macro fun3(): untyped =
     int | float | array | seq | object | ptr | pointer | float32
   doAssert n.repr == "int | float | array | seq | object | ptr | pointer | float32", n.repr
 fun3()
+
+macro fun4() =
+  let n = quote do:
+    (a: 1)
+  doAssert n.repr == "(a: 1)", n.repr
+fun4()
+
+# nkTupleConstr vs nkPar tests:
+block: # lispRepr
+  macro lispRepr2(a: untyped): string = newLit a.lispRepr
+
+  doAssert lispRepr2(()) == """(TupleConstr)"""
+  doAssert lispRepr2((a: 1)) == """(TupleConstr (ExprColonExpr (Ident "a") (IntLit 1)))"""
+  doAssert lispRepr2((a: 1, b: 2)) == """(TupleConstr (ExprColonExpr (Ident "a") (IntLit 1)) (ExprColonExpr (Ident "b") (IntLit 2)))"""
+  doAssert lispRepr2((1,)) == """(TupleConstr (IntLit 1))"""
+  doAssert lispRepr2((1, 2)) == """(TupleConstr (IntLit 1) (IntLit 2))"""
+  doAssert lispRepr2((1, 2, 3.0)) == """(TupleConstr (IntLit 1) (IntLit 2) (FloatLit 3.0))"""
+  doAssert lispRepr2((1)) == """(Par (IntLit 1))"""
+  doAssert lispRepr2((1+2)) == """(Par (Infix (Ident "+") (IntLit 1) (IntLit 2)))"""
+
+block: # repr
+  macro repr2(a: untyped): string = newLit a.repr
+
+  doAssert repr2(()) == "()"
+  doAssert repr2((a: 1)) == "(a: 1)"
+  doAssert repr2((a: 1, b: 2)) == "(a: 1, b: 2)"
+  doAssert repr2((1,)) == "(1,)"
+  doAssert repr2((1, 2)) == "(1, 2)"
+  doAssert repr2((1, 2, 3.0)) == "(1, 2, 3.0)"
+  doAssert repr2((1)) == "(1)"
+  doAssert repr2((1+2)) == "(1 + 2)"
+
+block: # treeRepr
+  macro treeRepr2(a: untyped): string = newLit a.treeRepr
+  macro treeRepr3(a: typed): string = newLit a.treeRepr
+
+  doAssert treeRepr2(1+1 == 2) == """
+Infix
+  Ident "=="
+  Infix
+    Ident "+"
+    IntLit 1
+    IntLit 1
+  IntLit 2"""
+
+  proc baz() = discard
+  proc baz(a: int) = discard
+  proc baz(a: float) = discard
+
+  doAssert treeRepr3(baz()) == """
+Call
+  Sym "baz""""
+
+  let a = treeRepr3(block:
+    proc bar(a: auto) = baz())
+  doAssert a == """
+BlockStmt
+  Empty
+  ProcDef
+    Sym "bar"
+    Empty
+    GenericParams
+      Sym "a:type"
+    FormalParams
+      Empty
+      IdentDefs
+        Sym "a"
+        Sym "auto"
+        Empty
+    Empty
+    Bracket
+      Empty
+      Empty
+    StmtList
+      Call
+        OpenSymChoice 3 "baz""""
diff --git a/tests/macros/tfail_parse.nim b/tests/macros/tfail_parse.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1925f2b69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/tfail_parse.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+discard """
+action: "reject"
+cmd: "nim check $file"
+errormsg: "expected expression, but got multiple statements [ValueError]"
+file: "macros.nim"
+"""
+
+import macros
+static:
+  discard parseStmt("'")
+  discard parseExpr("'")
+  discard parseExpr("""
+proc foo()
+proc foo() = discard
+""")
diff --git a/tests/macros/tgetimpl.nim b/tests/macros/tgetimpl.nim
index de132f253..ab33131b0 100644
--- a/tests/macros/tgetimpl.nim
+++ b/tests/macros/tgetimpl.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  nimout: '''"muhaha"
+  nimout: '''foo = "muhaha"
 proc poo(x, y: int) =
   let y = x
   echo ["poo"]'''
@@ -44,10 +44,11 @@ static:
   doAssert checkOwner(poo, 2) == "nskProc"
   doAssert checkOwner(poo, 3) == "nskModule"
   doAssert isSameOwner(foo, poo)
-  doAssert isSameOwner(foo, echo) == false
-  doAssert isSameOwner(poo, len) == false
-
-#---------------------------------------------------------------
+  proc wrappedScope() =
+    proc dummyproc() = discard
+    doAssert isSameOwner(foo, dummyproc) == false
+    doAssert isSameOwner(poo, dummyproc) == false
+  wrappedScope()
 
 macro check_gen_proc(ex: typed): (bool, bool) =
   let lenChoice = bindsym"len"
@@ -72,7 +73,9 @@ assert: check_gen_proc(len(a)) == (false, true)
 macro check(x: type): untyped =
   let z = getType(x)
   let y = getImpl(z[1])  
-  let sym = if y[0].kind == nnkSym: y[0] else: y[0][0]
+  var sym = y[0]
+  if sym.kind == nnkPragmaExpr: sym = sym[0]
+  if sym.kind == nnkPostfix: sym = sym[1]
   expectKind(z[1], nnkSym)
   expectKind(sym, nnkSym)
   expectKind(y[2], nnkObjectTy)
diff --git a/tests/macros/tgettype.nim b/tests/macros/tgettype.nim
index bd70a1c30..d91efe1fe 100644
--- a/tests/macros/tgettype.nim
+++ b/tests/macros/tgettype.nim
@@ -1,29 +1,85 @@
-discard """
-output: '''
-(ObjectTy (Empty) (Sym "Model") (RecList (Sym "name") (Sym "password")))
-(BracketExpr (Sym "typeDesc") (Sym "User"))
-'''
-"""
-import macros
+import std/macros
+import stdtest/testutils
 
-type
-  Model = object of RootObj
-  User = object of Model
-    name : string
-    password : string
+# getType
 
-macro testUser: string =
-  result = newLit(User.getType.lispRepr)
+block:
+  type
+    Model = object of RootObj
+    User = object of Model
+      name : string
+      password : string
 
-macro testGeneric(T: typedesc[Model]): string=
-  result = newLit(T.getType.lispRepr)
+  macro testUser: string =
+    result = newLit(User.getType.lispRepr)
 
-echo testUser
-echo User.testGeneric
+  macro testGeneric(T: typedesc[Model]): string=
+    result = newLit(T.getType.lispRepr)
 
-macro assertVoid(e: typed): untyped =
-  assert(getTypeInst(e).typeKind == ntyVoid)
+  doAssert testUser == """(ObjectTy (Empty) (Sym "Model") (RecList (Sym "name") (Sym "password")))"""
+  doAssert User.testGeneric == """(BracketExpr (Sym "typeDesc") (Sym "User"))"""
 
-proc voidProc() = discard
+  macro assertVoid(e: typed): untyped =
+    assert(getTypeInst(e).typeKind == ntyVoid)
 
-assertVoid voidProc()
+  proc voidProc() = discard
+
+  assertVoid voidProc()
+
+block:
+  # refs #18220; not an actual solution (yet) but at least shows what's currently
+  # possible
+
+  type Callable1[R, T, U] = concept fn
+    fn(default(T)) is R
+    fn is U
+
+  # note that typetraits.arity doesn't work
+  macro arity(a: typed): int =
+    # number of params
+    # this is not production code!
+    let a2 = a.getType[1] # this used to crash nim, with: `vmdeps.nim(292, 25) `false``
+    newLit a2.len - 1
+
+  type Callable2[R, T, U] = concept fn
+    fn(default(T)) is R
+    fn is U
+    arity(U) == 2
+
+  proc map1[T, R, U](a: T, fn: Callable1[R, T, U]): R =
+    let fn = U(fn)
+      # `cast[U](fn)` would also work;
+      # this is currently needed otherwise, sigmatch errors with:
+      # Error: attempting to call routine: 'fn'
+      #  found 'fn' [param declared in tgettype.nim(53, 28)]
+      # this can be fixed in future work
+    fn(a)
+
+  proc map2[T, R, U](a: T, fn: Callable2[R, T, U]): R =
+    let fn = U(fn)
+    fn(a)
+
+  proc fn1(a: int, a2 = 'x'): string = $(a, a2, "fn1")
+  proc fn2(a: int, a2 = "zoo"): string = $(a, a2, "fn2")
+  proc fn3(a: int, a2 = "zoo2"): string = $(a, a2, "fn3")
+  proc fn4(a: int): string {.inline.} = $(a, "fn4")
+  proc fn5(a: int): string = $(a, "fn5")
+
+  assertAll:
+    # Callable1
+    1.map1(fn1) == """(1, 'x', "fn1")"""
+    1.map1(fn2) == """(1, "zoo", "fn2")"""
+    1.map1(fn3) == """(1, "zoo", "fn3")"""
+      # fn3's optional param is not honored, because fn3 and fn2 yield same
+      # generic instantiation; this is a caveat with this approach
+      # There are several possible ways to improve things in future work.
+    1.map1(fn4) == """(1, "fn4")"""
+    1.map1(fn5) == """(1, "fn5")"""
+
+    # Callable2; prevents passing procs with optional params to avoid above
+    # mentioned caveat, but more restrictive
+    not compiles(1.map2(fn1))
+    not compiles(1.map2(fn2))
+    not compiles(1.map2(fn3))
+    1.map2(fn4) == """(1, "fn4")"""
+    1.map2(fn5) == """(1, "fn5")"""
diff --git a/tests/macros/tgettypeinst.nim b/tests/macros/tgettypeinst.nim
index 2f9557160..e722f14aa 100644
--- a/tests/macros/tgettypeinst.nim
+++ b/tests/macros/tgettypeinst.nim
@@ -191,14 +191,14 @@ template myAttr3() {.pragma.}
 template serializationKey(key: string) {.pragma.}
 
 type
-  MyObj = object {.packed,myAttr,serializationKey: "one".}
+  MyObj {.packed,myAttr,serializationKey: "one".} = object
     myField {.myAttr2,serializationKey: "two".}: int
     myField2 {.myAttr3,serializationKey: "three".}: float
 
 # field pragmas not currently supported
 test(MyObj):
   type
-    _ = object {.packed,myAttr,serializationKey: "one".}
+    _ {.packed,myAttr,serializationKey: "one".} = object
       myField: int
       myField2: float
 
diff --git a/tests/macros/tgettypeinst7737.nim b/tests/macros/tgettypeinst7737.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e49f82562
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/tgettypeinst7737.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+discard """
+  nimout: '''
+seq[int]
+CustomSeq[int]
+'''
+"""
+
+import macros, typetraits, sequtils
+
+block: # issue #7737 original
+  type
+    CustomSeq[T] = object
+      data: seq[T]
+
+  proc getSubType(T: NimNode): NimNode =
+    echo getTypeInst(T).repr
+    result = getTypeInst(T)[1]
+
+  macro typed_helper(x: varargs[typed]): untyped =
+    let foo = getSubType(x[0])
+    result = quote do: discard
+
+  macro untyped_heavylifting(x: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
+    var containers = nnkArgList.newTree()
+    for arg in x:
+      case arg.kind:
+      of nnkInfix:
+        if eqIdent(arg[0], "in"):
+          containers.add arg[2]
+      else:
+        discard
+    result = quote do:
+      typed_helper(`containers`)
+  var a, b, c: seq[int]
+  untyped_heavylifting z in c, x in a, y in b:
+    discard
+  ## The following gives me CustomSeq instead
+  ## of CustomSeq[int] in getTypeInst
+  var u, v, w: CustomSeq[int]
+  untyped_heavylifting z in u, x in v, y in w:
+    discard
+
+block: # issue #7737 comment
+  type
+    CustomSeq[T] = object
+      data: seq[T]
+  # when using just one argument, `foo` and `bar` should be exactly
+  # identical.
+  macro foo(arg: typed): string =
+    result = newLit(arg.getTypeInst.repr)
+  macro bar(args: varargs[typed]): untyped =
+    result = newTree(nnkBracket)
+    for arg in args:
+      result.add newLit(arg.getTypeInst.repr)
+  var
+    a: seq[int]
+    b: CustomSeq[int]
+  doAssert foo(a) == "seq[int]"
+  doAssert bar(a) == ["seq[int]"]
+  doAssert foo(b) == "CustomSeq[int]"
+  doAssert bar(b) == ["CustomSeq[int]"]
diff --git a/tests/macros/tmacrogetimpl.nim b/tests/macros/tmacrogetimpl.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d996ff29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/tmacrogetimpl.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import macros
+
+# bug #5034
+
+macro copyImpl(srsProc: typed, toSym: untyped) =
+  result = copyNimTree(getImplTransformed(srsProc))
+  result[0] = ident $toSym.toStrLit()
+
+proc foo1(x: float, one: bool = true): float =
+  if one:
+    return 1'f
+  result = x
+
+proc bar1(what: string): string =
+  ## be a little more adversarial with `skResult`
+  proc buzz: string =
+    result = "lightyear"
+  if what == "buzz":
+    result = "buzz " & buzz()
+  else:
+    result = what
+  return result
+
+copyImpl(foo1, foo2)
+doAssert foo1(1'f) == 1.0
+doAssert foo2(10.0, false) == 10.0
+doAssert foo2(10.0) == 1.0
+
+copyImpl(bar1, bar2)
+doAssert bar1("buzz") == "buzz lightyear"
+doAssert bar1("macros") == "macros"
diff --git a/tests/macros/tmacros1.nim b/tests/macros/tmacros1.nim
index 53af4287c..c588ff7e6 100644
--- a/tests/macros/tmacros1.nim
+++ b/tests/macros/tmacros1.nim
@@ -60,3 +60,22 @@ macro foo(t: static Tuple): untyped =
   doAssert t.b == 12345
 
 foo((a: "foo", b: 12345))
+
+
+# bug #16307
+
+macro bug(x: untyped): string =
+  newLit repr(x)
+
+let res = bug:
+  block:
+    ## one
+    ## two
+    ## three
+
+doAssert res == """
+
+block:
+  ## one
+  ## two
+  ## three"""
diff --git a/tests/macros/tmacros_issues.nim b/tests/macros/tmacros_issues.nim
index 19c706a82..a81c51658 100644
--- a/tests/macros/tmacros_issues.nim
+++ b/tests/macros/tmacros_issues.nim
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ block t7723:
 
 block t8706:
   macro varargsLen(args:varargs[untyped]): untyped =
-    doAssert args.kind == nnkArglist
+    doAssert args.kind == nnkArgList
     doAssert args.len == 0
     result = newLit(args.len)
 
@@ -484,6 +484,26 @@ func expMin: float {.aadMin.} = 1
 echo expMin()
 
 
+# doubly-typed forward decls
+macro noop(x: typed) = x
+noop:
+  proc cally() = discard
+
+cally()
+
+noop:
+  proc barry()
+
+proc barry() = discard
+
+# some more:
+proc barry2() {.noop.}
+proc barry2() = discard
+
+proc barry3() {.noop.}
+proc barry3() {.noop.} = discard
+
+
 # issue #15389
 block double_sem_for_procs:
 
@@ -498,4 +518,4 @@ block double_sem_for_procs:
       return x1 + 1.0
     result = 10.0
 
-  discard exp(5.0)
\ No newline at end of file
+  discard exp(5.0)
diff --git a/tests/macros/tmacros_various.nim b/tests/macros/tmacros_various.nim
index 00d74cb5c..e351b4527 100644
--- a/tests/macros/tmacros_various.nim
+++ b/tests/macros/tmacros_various.nim
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ x: some string
 ([("key", "val"), ("keyB", "2")], [("val", "key"), ("2", "keyB")])
 ([("key", "val"), ("keyB", "2")], [("val", "key"), ("2", "keyB")])
 0
+0
+0
 '''
 """
 
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ block tlexerex:
 
 
 
-block tlineinfo:
+block tcopylineinfo:
   # issue #5617, feature request
   type Test = object
 
@@ -101,6 +103,27 @@ block tlineinfo:
   var z = mixer(Test)
   doAssert z
 
+block tsetgetlineinfo:
+  # issue #21098, feature request
+  type Test = object
+
+  macro mixer1(n: typed): untyped =
+    let x = newIdentNode("echo")
+    var lineInfo = n.lineInfoObj
+    x.setLineInfo lineInfo
+    result = newLit(x.lineInfo == n.lineInfo)
+
+  macro mixer2(n: typed): untyped =
+    let x = newIdentNode("echo")
+    var lineInfo = n.lineInfoObj
+    lineInfo.line += 1
+    x.setLineInfo lineInfo
+    result = newLit(x.lineInfo != n.lineInfo)
+
+  doAssert mixer1(Test)
+
+  doAssert mixer2(Test)
+
 
 
 block tdebugstmt:
@@ -245,6 +268,37 @@ xbenchmark:
     discard inputtest
   fastSHA("hey")
 
+block: # issue #4547
+  macro lazy(stmtList : typed) : untyped =
+    let decl = stmtList[0]
+    decl.expectKind nnkLetSection
+    let name = decl[0][0].strVal
+    let call = decl[0][2].copy
+    call.expectKind nnkCall
+    let ident = newIdentNode("get" & name)
+    result = quote do:
+      var value : type(`call`)
+      proc `ident`() : type(`call`) =
+        if value.isNil:
+          value = `call`
+        value
+  type MyObject = object
+    a,b: int    
+  # this part, the macro call and it's result (written in the comment below) is important
+  lazy:
+    let y = new(MyObject)
+  #[
+    var value: type(new(MyObject))
+    proc gety(): type(new(MyObject)) =
+      if value.isNil:
+        value = new(MyObject)
+      value    
+  ]#
+  doAssert gety().a == 0  # works and should work
+  doAssert gety().b == 0  # works and should work
+  doAssert not declared(y)
+  doAssert not compiles(y.a)       # identifier y should not exist anymore
+  doAssert not compiles(y.b)       # identifier y should not exist anymore
 
 block: # bug #13511
   type
@@ -270,3 +324,68 @@ block: # bug #13511
 
     debugAst:
       add(foo(), component)
+
+block: # bug #15118
+  macro flop(name: static string) =
+    let id = genSym(nskType, "env")
+    let r =
+      nnkStmtList.newTree(
+        nnkTypeSection.newTree(
+          nnkTypeDef.newTree(
+            id,
+            newEmptyNode(),
+            nnkRefTy.newTree(
+              nnkObjectTy.newTree(
+                newEmptyNode(),
+                newEmptyNode(),
+                nnkRecList.newTree(
+                  nnkIdentDefs.newTree(
+                    newIdentNode(name),
+                    newIdentNode("int"),
+                    newEmptyNode()
+                  )
+                )
+              ) 
+            )
+          )
+        ),
+
+        # var f: T
+  
+        nnkVarSection.newTree(
+          nnkIdentDefs.newTree(
+            newIdentNode("f"),
+            id,
+            newEmptyNode()
+          )
+        ),
+
+        # echo f.a
+        nnkCommand.newTree(
+          newIdentNode("new"),
+          newIdentNode("f")
+        ),
+
+        nnkCommand.newTree(
+          newIdentNode("echo"),
+          nnkDotExpr.newTree(
+            newIdentNode("f"),
+            newIdentNode(name)
+          )
+        )
+      )
+    r
+
+
+  block:
+    flop("a")
+
+  block:
+    flop("b")
+
+static:
+  block:
+    const containsTable = CacheTable"containsTable"
+    doAssert "foo" notin containsTable
+    containsTable["foo"] = newLit 42
+    doAssert "foo" in containsTable
diff --git a/tests/macros/tmacrostmt.nim b/tests/macros/tmacrostmt.nim
index 79be5f764..817bc8352 100644
--- a/tests/macros/tmacrostmt.nim
+++ b/tests/macros/tmacrostmt.nim
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ static:
   let fn4s = "proc fn4(x: int): int =\n  if x mod 2 == 0:\n    return x + 2\n  else:\n    return 0\n"
   let fn5s = "proc fn5(a, b: float): float =\n  result = -a * a / (b * b)\n"
   let fn6s = "proc fn6() =\n  var a = @[1.0, 2.0]\n  let z = a{0, 1}\n  a{2} = 5.0\n"
-  let fnAddr = "proc fn_unsafeaddr(x: int): int =\n  result = cast[int](unsafeAddr(x))\n"
+  let fnAddr = "proc fn_unsafeaddr(x: int): int =\n  result = cast[int](addr(x))\n"
 
   doAssert fn1.repr_to_string == fn1s
   doAssert fn2.repr_to_string == fn2s
diff --git a/tests/macros/tmacrotypes.nim b/tests/macros/tmacrotypes.nim
index 43819c81d..13b421303 100644
--- a/tests/macros/tmacrotypes.nim
+++ b/tests/macros/tmacrotypes.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 discard """
-  nimout: '''intProc; ntyProc; proc[int, int, float]; proc (a: int; b: float): int
+  nimout: '''intProc; ntyProc; proc[int, int, float]; proc (a: int; b: float): int {.nimcall.}
 void; ntyVoid; void; void
 int; ntyInt; int; int
-proc (); ntyProc; proc[void]; proc ()
-voidProc; ntyProc; proc[void]; proc ()
+proc () {.nimcall.}; ntyProc; proc[void]; proc () {.nimcall.}
+voidProc; ntyProc; proc[void]; proc () {.nimcall.}
 listing fields for ObjType
 a: string
 b: int
diff --git a/tests/macros/tparsefile.nim b/tests/macros/tparsefile.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a41223f80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/tparsefile.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import macros
+
+static:
+  let fn = "mparsefile.nim"
+  var raised = false
+  try:
+    discard parseStmt(staticRead(fn), filename = fn)
+  except ValueError as e:
+    raised = true
+    doAssert e.msg == "mparsefile.nim(4, 1) Error: invalid indentation"
+  doAssert raised
diff --git a/tests/macros/tprocgettype.nim b/tests/macros/tprocgettype.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c1cc4270
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/tprocgettype.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+discard """
+  nimout: '''
+var x: proc () {.cdecl.} = foo
+var x: iterator (): int {.closure.} = bar
+'''
+"""
+
+# issue #19010
+
+import macros
+
+macro createVar(x: typed): untyped =
+  result = nnkVarSection.newTree:
+    newIdentDefs(ident"x", getTypeInst(x), copy(x))
+  
+  echo repr result
+
+block:
+  proc foo() {.cdecl.} = discard
+
+  createVar(foo)
+  x()
+
+block:
+  iterator bar(): int {.closure.} = discard
+
+  createVar(bar)
+  for a in x(): discard
diff --git a/tests/macros/tprochelpers.nim b/tests/macros/tprochelpers.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d95a2ced8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/tprochelpers.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import std/macros
+import stdtest/testutils
+
+macro test1(prc: untyped): untyped =
+  assertAll:
+    prc.params.len == 2
+    prc.params[1].len == 4
+    prc.pragma.len == 2
+
+  prc.params = nnkFormalParams.newTree(
+    ident("int")
+  )
+  prc.pragma = newEmptyNode()
+
+  assertAll:
+    prc.params.len == 1
+    prc.pragma.len == 0
+  prc
+
+proc test(a, b: int): int {.gcsafe, raises: [], test1.} = 5
+
+type hello = proc(a, b: int): int {.gcsafe, raises: [], test1.}
diff --git a/tests/macros/tstaticparamsmacro.nim b/tests/macros/tstaticparamsmacro.nim
index 8bd653920..2632ca730 100644
--- a/tests/macros/tstaticparamsmacro.nim
+++ b/tests/macros/tstaticparamsmacro.nim
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ numbers
 11
 22
 AST a
-[(11, 22), (33, 44)]
+@[(c: 11, d: 22), (c: 33, d: 44)]
 AST b
-([55, 66], [77, 88])
+(e: @[55, 66], f: @[77, 88])
 55
 10
 20Test
diff --git a/tests/macros/tstructuredlogging.nim b/tests/macros/tstructuredlogging.nim
index 05bb52a40..649c6c0bd 100644
--- a/tests/macros/tstructuredlogging.nim
+++ b/tests/macros/tstructuredlogging.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 discard """
 output: '''
 main started: a=10, b=inner-b, c=10, d=some-d, x=16, z=20
-exiting: a=12, b=overriden-b, c=100, msg=bye bye, x=16
+exiting: a=12, b=overridden-b, c=100, msg=bye bye, x=16
 '''
 """
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ macro mergeScopes(scopeHolders: typed, newBindings: untyped): untyped =
     newScopeDefinition.add newAssignment(newIdentNode(k), v)
 
   result = quote:
-    template scopeHolder = `newScopeDefinition`
+    template scopeHolder {.redefine.} = `newScopeDefinition`
 
 template scope(newBindings: untyped) {.dirty.} =
   mergeScopes(bindSym"scopeHolder", newBindings)
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ scope:
 
 scope:
   x = 16
-  b = "overriden-b"
+  b = "overridden-b"
 
 scope:
   c = 100
diff --git a/tests/macros/ttemplatesymbols.nim b/tests/macros/ttemplatesymbols.nim
index 280b34ff1..3182de79d 100644
--- a/tests/macros/ttemplatesymbols.nim
+++ b/tests/macros/ttemplatesymbols.nim
@@ -148,8 +148,6 @@ proc overloadedProc[T](x: T) =
   echo x
 
 """
-  # XXX: There seems to be a repr rendering problem above.
-  # Notice that `echo [x]`
 
 inspectSymbol overloadedProc[float], """
 proc overloadedProc(x: T) =
diff --git a/tests/macros/ttryparseexpr.nim b/tests/macros/ttryparseexpr.nim
index fc0ee61d0..e6e9e9880 100644
--- a/tests/macros/ttryparseexpr.nim
+++ b/tests/macros/ttryparseexpr.nim
@@ -18,3 +18,7 @@ const
   c = test("\"") # bug #2504
 
 echo a, " ", b
+
+static:
+  # Issue #9918
+  discard parseStmt("echo(1+1);")
diff --git a/tests/macros/ttypenodes.nim b/tests/macros/ttypenodes.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..233ea9780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/macros/ttypenodes.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import macros
+
+macro makeEnum(): untyped =
+  newTree(nnkEnumTy, newEmptyNode(), ident"a", ident"b", ident"c")
+
+macro makeObject(): untyped =
+  newTree(nnkObjectTy, newEmptyNode(), newEmptyNode(), newTree(nnkRecList,
+    newTree(nnkIdentDefs, ident"x", ident"y", ident"int", newEmptyNode())))
+
+type
+  Foo = makeEnum()
+  Bar = makeObject()
+
+doAssert {a, b, c} is set[Foo]
+let bar = Bar(x: 3, y: 4)
+doAssert (bar.x, bar.y) == (3, 4)
diff --git a/tests/macros/tvtable.nim b/tests/macros/tvtable.nim
index dc07a726b..0f322b7d5 100644
--- a/tests/macros/tvtable.nim
+++ b/tests/macros/tvtable.nim
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ type
   # it's also possible to use a strongly typed tuple here
   VTable = array[0..1, pointer]
 
-  TBase = object {.inheritable.}
+  TBase {.inheritable.} = object
     vtbl: ptr VTable
 
   TUserObject1 = object of TBase
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/argument_parser/argument_parser.nim b/tests/manyloc/argument_parser/argument_parser.nim
index e2c1b0a04..0ad57167b 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/argument_parser/argument_parser.nim
+++ b/tests/manyloc/argument_parser/argument_parser.nim
@@ -168,14 +168,14 @@ template new_parsed_parameter*(tkind: Tparam_kind, expr): Tparsed_parameter =
   ## initialised with. The template figures out at compile time what field to
   ## assign the variable to, and thus you reduce code clutter and may use this
   ## to initialise single assignments variables in `let` blocks. Example:
-  ##
-  ## .. code-block:: nim
+  ##   ```nim
   ##   let
   ##     parsed_param1 = new_parsed_parameter(PK_FLOAT, 3.41)
   ##     parsed_param2 = new_parsed_parameter(PK_BIGGEST_INT, 2358123 * 23123)
   ##     # The following line doesn't compile due to
   ##     # type mismatch: got <string> but expected 'int'
   ##     #parsed_param3 = new_parsed_parameter(PK_INT, "231")
+  ##   ```
   var result {.gensym.}: Tparsed_parameter
   result.kind = tkind
   when tkind == PK_EMPTY: discard
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/dependencies/nake/nake.nim b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/dependencies/nake/nake.nim
index e466ee5e1..36538097e 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/dependencies/nake/nake.nim
+++ b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/dependencies/nake/nake.nim
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ else:
     var
       task: string
       printTaskList: bool
-    for kind, key, val in getOpt():
+    for kind, key, val in getopt():
       case kind
       of cmdLongOption, cmdShortOption:
         case key.tolower
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/enet_server/enet_server.nim b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/enet_server/enet_server.nim
index 794e1c843..86d0ab360 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/enet_server/enet_server.nim
+++ b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/enet_server/enet_server.nim
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ when true:
 
   block:
     var zoneCfgFile = "./server_settings.json"
-    for kind, key, val in getOpt():
+    for kind, key, val in getopt():
       case kind
       of cmdShortOption, cmdLongOption:
         case key
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/enet_server/server_utils.nim b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/enet_server/server_utils.nim
index 1fb8326ed..3940dcf01 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/enet_server/server_utils.nim
+++ b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/enet_server/server_utils.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-import enet, sg_packets, estreams, md5, zlib_helpers, client_helpers, strutils,
+import ../../../../dist/checksums/src/checksums/md5
+
+import enet, sg_packets, estreams, zlib_helpers, client_helpers, strutils,
   idgen, sg_assets, tables, os
 type
   PClient* = ref object
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/keineschweine.nim b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/keineschweine.nim
index cde31bd18..123a4aebb 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/keineschweine.nim
+++ b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/keineschweine.nim
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ when true:
 
   block:
     var bPlayOffline = false
-    for kind, key, val in getOpt():
+    for kind, key, val in getopt():
       case kind
       of cmdArgument:
         if key == "offline": bPlayOffline = true
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/keineschweine.nim.cfg b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/keineschweine.nim.cfg
index ca6c75f6e..a670e2b77 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/keineschweine.nim.cfg
+++ b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/keineschweine.nim.cfg
@@ -7,3 +7,4 @@ path = "dependencies/genpacket"
 path = "enet_server"
 debugger = off
 warning[SmallLshouldNotBeUsed] = off
+mm = refc
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/client_helpers.nim b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/client_helpers.nim
index b535225dc..b21e67cf7 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/client_helpers.nim
+++ b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/client_helpers.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+import ../../../../dist/checksums/src/checksums/md5
+
 import
   tables, sg_packets, enet, estreams, sg_gui, sfml,
-  zlib_helpers, md5, sg_assets, os
+  zlib_helpers, sg_assets, os
 type
   PServer* = ptr TServer
   TServer* = object
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/estreams.nim b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/estreams.nim
index 5ab029b52..c5e45e0e7 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/estreams.nim
+++ b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/estreams.nim
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ proc write*(buffer: PBuffer; val: var string) =
   setLen buffer.data, buffer.pos + length.int
   copyMem(addr buffer.data[buffer.pos], addr val[0], length.int)
   inc buffer.pos, length.int
-proc write*[T: SomeNumber|bool|char|byte](buffer: PBuffer; val: T) =
+proc write*[T: SomeNumber|bool|char|byte](buffer: PBuffer; val: sink T) =
   var v: T
-  shallowCopy v, val
+  v = val
   writeBE buffer, v
 
 proc readInt8*(buffer: PBuffer): int8 =
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/sg_assets.nim b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/sg_assets.nim
index 5929add43..96c962dc3 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/sg_assets.nim
+++ b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/sg_assets.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+import ../../../../dist/checksums/src/checksums/md5
+
 import
   re, json, strutils, tables, math, os, math_helpers,
-  sg_packets, md5, zlib_helpers
+  sg_packets, zlib_helpers
 
 when defined(NoSFML):
   import server_utils
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/sg_gui.nim b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/sg_gui.nim
index 83ad0d1bf..bcf415556 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/sg_gui.nim
+++ b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/sg_gui.nim
@@ -193,28 +193,28 @@ proc setActive*(t: PTextEntry) =
   if not t.isNil and not t.inputClient.isNil:
     input_helpers.setActive(t.inputClient)
 
+when false:
+  proc newMessageArea*(container: PGuiContainer; position: TVector2f): PMessageArea =
+    new(result)
+    result.messages = @[]
+    result.pos = position
+    container.add(result)
+  proc add*(m: PMessageArea, text: string): PText =
+    result = messageProto.copy()
+    result.setString(text)
+    m.messages.add(result)
+    let nmsgs = len(m.messages)
+    var pos   = vec2f(m.pos.x, m.pos.y)
+    for i in countdown(nmsgs - 1, max(nmsgs - 30, 0)):
+      setPosition(m.messages[i], pos)
+      pos.y -= 16.0
 
-discard """proc newMessageArea*(container: PGuiContainer; position: TVector2f): PMessageArea =
-  new(result)
-  result.messages = @[]
-  result.pos = position
-  container.add(result)
-proc add*(m: PMessageArea, text: string): PText =
-  result = messageProto.copy()
-  result.setString(text)
-  m.messages.add(result)
-  let nmsgs = len(m.messages)
-  var pos   = vec2f(m.pos.x, m.pos.y)
-  for i in countdown(nmsgs - 1, max(nmsgs - 30, 0)):
-    setPosition(m.messages[i], pos)
-    pos.y -= 16.0
+  proc draw*(window: PRenderWindow; m: PMessageArea) =
+    let nmsgs = len(m.messages)
+    if nmsgs == 0: return
+    for i in countdown(nmsgs - 1, max(nmsgs - 30, 0)):
+      window.draw(m.messages[i])
 
-proc draw*(window: PRenderWindow; m: PMessageArea) =
-  let nmsgs = len(m.messages)
-  if nmsgs == 0: return
-  for i in countdown(nmsgs - 1, max(nmsgs - 30, 0)):
-    window.draw(m.messages[i])
-"""
 proc newMessageArea*(container: PGuiContainer; position: TVector2f): PMessageArea =
   new(result)
   result.messages = @[]
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/sg_packets.nim b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/sg_packets.nim
index 0727c699a..797a60706 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/sg_packets.nim
+++ b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/lib/sg_packets.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-import genpacket_enet, nativesockets, net, md5, enet
+import ../../../../dist/checksums/src/checksums/md5
+
+import genpacket_enet, nativesockets, net, enet
 defPacketImports()
 
 type
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/server/old_dirserver.nim b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/server/old_dirserver.nim
index cd2b60b26..a63829691 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/server/old_dirserver.nim
+++ b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/server/old_dirserver.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 ## directory server
 ## handles client authorization and assets
-
+import ../../../dist/checksums/src/checksums/md5
 import
   sockets, times, streams, streams_enh, tables, json, os,
-  sg_packets, sg_assets, md5, server_utils, map_filter
+  sg_packets, sg_assets, server_utils, map_filter
 type
   THandler = proc(client: PCLient; stream: PStream)
 var
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ proc poll*(timeout: int = 250) =
 when true:
   import parseopt, strutils
   var cfgFile = "dirserver_settings.json"
-  for kind, key, val in getOpt():
+  for kind, key, val in getopt():
     case kind
     of cmdShortOption, cmdLongOption:
       case key
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/server/old_server_utils.nim b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/server/old_server_utils.nim
index 3da6e078c..f389c0836 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/server/old_server_utils.nim
+++ b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/server/old_server_utils.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+import ../../../dist/checksums/src/checksums/md5
+
 import
-  streams, md5, sockets,
+  streams, sockets,
   sg_packets, zlib_helpers, idgen
 type
   TClientType* = enum
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/server/old_sg_server.nim b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/server/old_sg_server.nim
index 8bd44017e..d6fbbe99e 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/server/old_sg_server.nim
+++ b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/server/old_sg_server.nim
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ proc poll*(timeout: int = 250) =
 when true:
   import parseopt, strutils
   var zoneCfgFile = "./server_settings.json"
-  for kind, key, val in getOpt():
+  for kind, key, val in getopt():
     case kind
     of cmdShortOption, cmdLongOption:
       case key
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/server/sg_lobby.nim b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/server/sg_lobby.nim
index d7e01e6e6..04ce10f08 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/server/sg_lobby.nim
+++ b/tests/manyloc/keineschweine/server/sg_lobby.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+import ../../../dist/checksums/src/checksums/md5
 
 import
-  sockets, streams, tables, times, math, strutils, json, os, md5,
+  sockets, streams, tables, times, math, strutils, json, os,
   sfml, sfml_vector, sfml_colors,
   streams_enh, input_helpers, zlib_helpers, client_helpers, sg_packets, sg_assets, sg_gui
 type
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/nake/nake.nim b/tests/manyloc/nake/nake.nim
index ce7faab5c..5d3173a20 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/nake/nake.nim
+++ b/tests/manyloc/nake/nake.nim
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ else:
     var
       task: string
       printTaskList: bool
-    for kind, key, val in getOpt():
+    for kind, key, val in getopt():
       case kind
       of cmdLongOption, cmdShortOption:
         case key.tolowerAscii
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/nake/nakefile.nim b/tests/manyloc/nake/nakefile.nim
index 95058c277..fc479a5c2 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/nake/nakefile.nim
+++ b/tests/manyloc/nake/nakefile.nim
@@ -29,11 +29,12 @@ task "test2", "Build release test build test release build":
   if shell("nim", ReleaseDefines, ReleaseTestDefines, "compile", ExeName) == 0:
     shell "."/ExeName
 
-discard """task "dirserver", "build the directory server":
-  withDir "server":
-    if shell("nim", ServerDefines, "compile", "dirserver") != 0:
-      echo "Failed to build the dirserver"
-      quit 1"""
+when false:
+  task "dirserver", "build the directory server":
+    withDir "server":
+      if shell("nim", ServerDefines, "compile", "dirserver") != 0:
+        echo "Failed to build the dirserver"
+        quit 1
 
 task "zoneserver", "build the zone server":
   withDir "enet_server":
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/named_argument_bug/tri_engine/gfx/gl/gl.nim b/tests/manyloc/named_argument_bug/tri_engine/gfx/gl/gl.nim
index 7d787c07b..29e23f9d0 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/named_argument_bug/tri_engine/gfx/gl/gl.nim
+++ b/tests/manyloc/named_argument_bug/tri_engine/gfx/gl/gl.nim
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ else:
   const
     glRealType* = cGLfloat
 
-proc setUniformV4*[T](loc: GLint, vecs: var openarray[TV4[T]]) =
+proc setUniformV4*[T](loc: GLint, vecs: var openArray[TV4[T]]) =
   glUniform4fv(loc, vecs.len.GLsizei, cast[ptr GLfloat](vecs[0].addr))
 
 proc setUniformV4*[T](loc: GLint, vec: TV4[T]) =
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/named_argument_bug/tri_engine/gfx/gl/primitive.nim b/tests/manyloc/named_argument_bug/tri_engine/gfx/gl/primitive.nim
index 3bfaf1cbc..accc2d96b 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/named_argument_bug/tri_engine/gfx/gl/primitive.nim
+++ b/tests/manyloc/named_argument_bug/tri_engine/gfx/gl/primitive.nim
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ proc newVert*(rect: rect.TRect): seq[TVert] =
 proc newVertAttrib(i: GLuint, size: GLint, stride: GLsizei, offset: GLvoid): TVertAttrib =
   TVertAttrib(i: i, size: size, stride: stride, offset: offset)
 
-proc genBuf*[T](vboTarget, objUsage: GLenum, data: var openarray[T]): GLuint =
+proc genBuf*[T](vboTarget, objUsage: GLenum, data: var openArray[T]): GLuint =
   result = 0.GLuint
   ?glGenBuffers(1, result.addr)
   ?glBindBuffer(vboTarget, result)
diff --git a/tests/manyloc/standalone2/tavr.nim.cfg b/tests/manyloc/standalone2/tavr.nim.cfg
index e5291969d..2a31618d0 100644
--- a/tests/manyloc/standalone2/tavr.nim.cfg
+++ b/tests/manyloc/standalone2/tavr.nim.cfg
@@ -2,3 +2,4 @@
 --cpu:avr
 --os:standalone
 --compileOnly
+--threads:off
diff --git a/tests/metatype/tcompositetypeclasses.nim b/tests/metatype/tcompositetypeclasses.nim
index d125b119b..43b6a57e4 100644
--- a/tests/metatype/tcompositetypeclasses.nim
+++ b/tests/metatype/tcompositetypeclasses.nim
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ accept bar(vbar)
 accept baz(vbar)
 accept baz(vbaz)
 
-#reject baz(vnotbaz) # XXX this really shouldn't compile
+reject baz(vnotbaz)
 reject bar(vfoo)
 
 # https://github.com/Araq/Nim/issues/517
diff --git a/tests/metatype/tcps.nim b/tests/metatype/tcps.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..042e32bd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/metatype/tcps.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''10
+string'''
+"""
+
+# bug #18059
+type
+  C = ref object of RootObj
+    fn: ContProc
+    ex: ref Exception
+
+  ContProc = proc (c: C): C {.nimcall.}
+
+proc noop(c: C): C = c
+
+type
+  Env[T] = ref object of C
+    x: T
+
+proc foo_cont[U](c: C): C =
+  proc afterCall[V](c: C): C =
+    echo Env[V](c).x
+
+  c.fn = afterCall[U]
+  return noop(c)
+
+proc foo[T](x: T): C =
+  return Env[T](fn: foo_cont[T], x: x)
+
+proc tramp(c: sink C) =
+  while c != nil and c.fn != nil:
+    c = c.fn(c)
+
+tramp foo(10)
+tramp foo("string")
diff --git a/tests/metatype/tmetatype_issues.nim b/tests/metatype/tmetatype_issues.nim
index 21c5c02f1..d33d8dd31 100644
--- a/tests/metatype/tmetatype_issues.nim
+++ b/tests/metatype/tmetatype_issues.nim
@@ -157,3 +157,12 @@ block t3338:
   var t2 = Bar[int32]()
   t2.add()
   doAssert t2.x == 5
+
+block: # issue #24203
+  proc b(G: typedesc) =
+    type U = G
+  template s(h: untyped) = h
+  s(b(typeof (0, 0)))
+  b(seq[int])
+  b((int, int))
+  b(typeof (0, 0))
diff --git a/tests/metatype/tmetatype_various.nim b/tests/metatype/tmetatype_various.nim
index 9faeeec4a..45c74432d 100644
--- a/tests/metatype/tmetatype_various.nim
+++ b/tests/metatype/tmetatype_various.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   output: '''[1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] CTBool[Ct[system.uint32]]'''
 """
 
@@ -65,3 +66,8 @@ var x: array[8, CTBool[Ct[uint32]]]
 x[0] = (CTBool[Ct[uint32]])(1)
 echo x.repr, " ", typeof(x[0])
 
+block: # bug #23139
+  type Foo = enum a, b
+
+  var x: range[a..b]
+  doAssert (repr x) == "a"
diff --git a/tests/metatype/tstatic_generic_typeclass.nim b/tests/metatype/tstatic_generic_typeclass.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e9256a62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/metatype/tstatic_generic_typeclass.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+type MyThing[T: static int] = object
+  when T == 300:
+    a: int
+
+var a = MyThing[300]()
+proc doThing(myThing: MyThing): string = $myThing
+proc doOtherThing[T](myThing: MyThing[T]): string = $myThing
+assert doThing(a) == $a
+assert doThing(MyThing[0]()) == $MyThing[0]()
+assert doOtherThing(a) == "(a: 0)"
+
+type
+  Backend* = enum
+    Cpu,
+    Cuda
+
+  Tensor*[B: static[Backend]; T] = object
+    shape: seq[int]
+    strides: seq[int]
+    offset: int
+    when B == Backend.Cpu:
+      data: seq[T]
+    else:
+      data_ptr: ptr T
+
+template shape*(t: Tensor): seq[int] =
+  t.shape
+
+
+assert Tensor[Cpu, int]().shape == @[]
diff --git a/tests/metatype/tstaticparammacro.nim b/tests/metatype/tstaticparammacro.nim
index 16a6e56b8..bcf28d331 100644
--- a/tests/metatype/tstaticparammacro.nim
+++ b/tests/metatype/tstaticparammacro.nim
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ numbers
 11
 22
 AST a
-[(11, 22), (33, 44)]
+@[(c: 11, d: 22), (c: 33, d: 44)]
 AST b
-([55, 66], [77, 88])
+(e: @[55, 66], f: @[77, 88])
 55
 10
 20Test
diff --git a/tests/metatype/tstaticvector.nim b/tests/metatype/tstaticvector.nim
index ca16518fe..85a66974b 100644
--- a/tests/metatype/tstaticvector.nim
+++ b/tests/metatype/tstaticvector.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:orc"
   output: '''0
 0
 2
 100
-30.0 [data = [2.0]]
+30.0 TVec[1, system.float32](data: [2.0])
 '''
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/metatype/ttypedesc3.nim b/tests/metatype/ttypedesc3.nim
index b691d3488..d3a58853d 100644
--- a/tests/metatype/ttypedesc3.nim
+++ b/tests/metatype/ttypedesc3.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 discard """
-output: '''
+  matrix: "--mm:arc; --mm:refc"
+  output: '''
 proc Base
 proc Child
 method Base
+method Child
 yield Base
 yield Child
 12
@@ -24,8 +26,7 @@ Base.pr
 Child.pr
 
 Base.me
-when false:
-  Child.me #<- bug #2710
+Child.me #<- bug #2710
 
 for s in Base.it: echo s
 for s in Child.it: echo s #<- bug #2662
diff --git a/tests/metatype/ttypedescnotnimnode.nim b/tests/metatype/ttypedescnotnimnode.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52a04815b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/metatype/ttypedescnotnimnode.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <NimNode> but expected 'typedesc'"
+  line: 14
+"""
+
+import macros
+
+# This is the same example as ttypeselectors but using a proc instead of a macro
+# Instead of type mismatch for macro, proc just failed with internal error: getTypeDescAux(tyNone)
+# https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/7231
+
+proc getBase2*(bits: static[int]): typedesc =
+  if bits == 128:
+    result = newTree(nnkBracketExpr, ident("MpUintBase"), ident("uint64"))
+  else:
+    result = newTree(nnkBracketExpr, ident("MpUintBase"), ident("uint32"))
+
+type
+  MpUint2*[bits: static[int]] = getbase2(bits)
+# technically shouldn't error until instantiation, so instantiate it
+var x: MpUint2[123]
diff --git a/tests/metatype/ttypeselectors.nim b/tests/metatype/ttypeselectors.nim
index 5385a1be9..d0843511d 100644
--- a/tests/metatype/ttypeselectors.nim
+++ b/tests/metatype/ttypeselectors.nim
@@ -98,16 +98,3 @@ var c: Bar[32]
 echo sizeof(a)
 echo sizeof(b)
 echo sizeof(c)
-
-# This is the same example but using a proc instead of a macro
-# Instead of type mismatch for macro, proc just failed with internal error: getTypeDescAux(tyNone)
-# https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/7231
-
-proc getBase2*(bits: static[int]): typedesc =
-  if bits == 128:
-    result = newTree(nnkBracketExpr, ident("MpUintBase"), ident("uint64"))
-  else:
-    result = newTree(nnkBracketExpr, ident("MpUintBase"), ident("uint32"))
-
-type
-  MpUint2*[bits: static[int]] = getbase2(bits)
diff --git a/tests/metatype/ttypetraits.nim b/tests/metatype/ttypetraits.nim
index 3ff5c5ea6..0523390a7 100644
--- a/tests/metatype/ttypetraits.nim
+++ b/tests/metatype/ttypetraits.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,21 @@
 import typetraits
 import macros
 
+block: # toUnsigned, toSigned
+  var a1: toSigned(int16)
+  doAssert a1 is int16
+  var a2: toSigned(uint16)
+  doAssert $a2.typeof == "int16"
+  doAssert toSigned(uint32) is int32
+  doAssert uint64.toSigned is int64
+  doAssert int64.toSigned is int64
+  doAssert int64.toUnsigned is uint64
+  doAssert int.toUnsigned is uint
+  doAssert $uint.toUnsigned == "uint"
+  # disallowed for now
+  doAssert not compiles(toUnsigned(range[0..7]))
+  doAssert not compiles(toSigned(range[0..7]))
+
 block: # isNamedTuple
   type Foo1 = (a:1,).type
   type Foo2 = (Field0:1,).type
@@ -129,6 +144,32 @@ block distinctBase:
         doAssert($distinctBase(typeof(b2)) == "string")
         doAssert($distinctBase(typeof(c2)) == "int")
 
+block: # rangeBase
+  {.push warningAsError[EnumConv]: on.}
+  proc foo[T: not range](x: T): string =
+    $T & "(" & $x & ")"
+  proc foo[T: range](x: T): string =
+    "ranged(" & $low(T) & ".." & $high(T) & " of " & $rangeBase(T) & ") " & foo(rangeBase(x))
+  doAssert foo(123) == "int(123)"
+  type IntRange = range[0..3]
+  let x: IntRange = 2
+  doAssert foo(x) == "ranged(0..3 of int) int(2)"
+  type E = enum a, b, c, d, e, f
+  type EnumRange = range[c..e]
+  let y: EnumRange = d
+  doAssert foo(y) == "ranged(c..e of E) E(d)"
+  let z: range['a'..'z'] = 'g'
+  doAssert foo(z) == "ranged(a..z of char) char(g)"
+  {.pop.}
+
+  # works only with #24037:
+  var toChange: range[0..3] = 1
+  proc bar[T: int and not range](y: var T) =
+    inc y
+  doAssert not compiles(bar(toChange))
+  bar(rangeBase(toChange))
+  doAssert toChange == 2
+
 block: # tupleLen
   doAssert not compiles(tupleLen(int))
 
@@ -350,3 +391,14 @@ block: # enum.len
     doAssert MyEnum.enumLen == 4
     doAssert OtherEnum.enumLen == 3
     doAssert MyFlag.enumLen == 4
+
+when true: # Odd bug where alias can seep inside of `distinctBase`
+  import std/unittest
+
+  type
+    AdtChild* = concept t
+      distinctBase(t)
+
+  proc `$`*[T: AdtChild](adtChild: T): string = ""
+
+  check 10 is int
diff --git a/tests/metatype/twrong_same_type.nim b/tests/metatype/twrong_same_type.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea903b7a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/metatype/twrong_same_type.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# bug #23418
+
+template mapIt*(x: untyped): untyped =
+  type OutType {.gensym.} = typeof(x) #typeof(x, typeOfProc)
+  newSeq[OutType](5)
+
+type F[E] = object
+
+proc start(v: int): F[(ValueError,)] = discard
+proc stop(v: int): F[tuple[]] = discard
+
+assert $typeof(mapIt(start(9))) == "seq[F[(ValueError,)]]"
+assert $typeof(mapIt(stop(9))) == "seq[F[tuple[]]]"
+
+# bug #23445
+
+type F2[T; I: static int] = distinct int
+
+proc start2(v: int): F2[void, 22] = discard
+proc stop2(v: int): F2[void, 33] = discard
+
+var a = mapIt(start2(5))
+
+assert $type(a) == "seq[F2[system.void, 22]]", $type(a)
+
+var b = mapIt(stop2(5))
+
+assert $type(b) == "seq[F2[system.void, 33]]", $type(b)
diff --git a/tests/metatype/typeclassinference.nim b/tests/metatype/typeclassinference.nim
index c845e04f7..b3f197718 100644
--- a/tests/metatype/typeclassinference.nim
+++ b/tests/metatype/typeclassinference.nim
@@ -19,3 +19,25 @@ var ptr1: ptr = addr(str1)
 var str2: string = "hello, world!"
 var ptr2: ptr = str2
 
+block: # built in typeclass inference
+  proc tupleA(): tuple = return (1, 2)
+  proc tupleB(): tuple = (1f, 2f)
+  assert typeof(tupleA()) is (int, int)
+  assert typeof(tupleB()) is (float32, float32)
+
+  proc a(val: int or float): tuple = 
+    when typeof(val) is int:
+      (10, 10)
+    else:
+      (30f, 30f)
+
+  assert typeof(a(10)) is (int, int)
+  assert typeof(a(10.0)) is (float32, float32)
+
+  proc b(val: int or float): set = 
+    when typeof(val) is int:
+      {10u8, 3}
+    else:
+      {'a', 'b'}
+  assert typeof(b(10)) is set[uint8]
+  assert typeof(b(10.0)) is set[char]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/method/nim.cfg b/tests/method/nim.cfg
deleted file mode 100644
index 57698b028..000000000
--- a/tests/method/nim.cfg
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-multimethods:on
diff --git a/tests/method/t20515.nim b/tests/method/t20515.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1921f2e46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/method/t20515.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "Base method 'zzz' requires explicit '{.gcsafe.}' to be GC-safe"
+  line: 10
+"""
+
+type
+  A = ref object of RootObj
+  B = ref object of A
+
+method zzz(a: A) {.base.} =
+  discard
+
+var s: seq[int]
+method zzz(a: B) =
+  echo s
+
+proc xxx(someObj: A) {.gcsafe.} =
+  someObj.zzz()
+
+xxx(B())
diff --git a/tests/method/t22673.nim b/tests/method/t22673.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1689e9d42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/method/t22673.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--warningAsError:UseBase"
+"""
+
+# bug #22673
+type RefEntry = ref object of RootObj
+
+type RefFile = ref object of RefEntry
+    filename*: string
+    data*: string
+
+type RefDir = ref object of RefEntry
+    dirname*: string
+    files*: seq[RefFile]
+
+method name*(e: RefEntry): lent string {.base.} =
+  raiseAssert "Don't call the base method"
+
+method name*(e: RefFile): lent string = e.filename
+
+method name*(e: RefDir): lent string = e.dirname
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/method/tcompilegenerics.nim b/tests/method/tcompilegenerics.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0732895b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/method/tcompilegenerics.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:arc; --mm:refc"
+  output: '''
+newDNode base
+'''
+"""
+
+type
+  SNodeAny = ref object of RootObj
+  SNode[T] = ref object of SNodeAny
+    m: T
+  DNode[T] = ref object
+
+method getStr(s: SNode[float]): string {.base.} = "blahblah"
+
+method newDNode(s: SNodeAny) {.base.} =
+  echo "newDNode base"
+
+method newDNode[T](s: SNode[T]) =
+  echo "newDNode generic"
+
+let m = SNode[float]()
+let s = SNodeAny(m)
+newDnode(s)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/method/tgeneric_methods.nim b/tests/method/tgeneric_methods.nim
index 0e2aeeede..f8d068cc5 100644
--- a/tests/method/tgeneric_methods.nim
+++ b/tests/method/tgeneric_methods.nim
@@ -1,41 +1,42 @@
-discard """
-  output: '''wow2
-X 1
-X 3'''
-"""
-type
-  First[T] = ref object of RootObj
-    value: T
-
-  Second[T] = ref object of First[T]
-    value2: T
-
-method wow[T](y: int; x: First[T]) {.base.} =
-  echo "wow1"
-
-method wow[T](y: int; x: Second[T]) =
-  echo "wow2"
-
-var
-  x: Second[int]
-new(x)
-
-proc takeFirst(x: First[int]) =
-  wow(2, x)
-
-takeFirst(x)
-
-
-# bug #5479
-type
-  Base[T: static[int]] = ref object of RootObj
-
-method test[T](t: Base[T]) {.base.} =
-  echo "X ", t.T
-
-let ab = Base[1]()
-
-ab.test()
-
-let ac = Base[3]()
-ac.test()
+discard """

+  matrix: "--mm:arc --multimethods:on -d:nimInternalNonVtablesTesting; --mm:refc --multimethods:on -d:nimInternalNonVtablesTesting"

+  output: '''wow2

+X 1

+X 3'''

+"""

+type

+  First[T] = ref object of RootObj

+    value: T

+

+  Second[T] = ref object of First[T]

+    value2: T

+

+method wow[T](y: int; x: First[T]) {.base.} =

+  echo "wow1"

+

+method wow[T](y: int; x: Second[T]) =

+  echo "wow2"

+

+var

+  x: Second[int]

+new(x)

+

+proc takeFirst(x: First[int]) =

+  wow(2, x)

+

+takeFirst(x)

+

+

+# bug #5479

+type

+  Base[T: static[int]] = ref object of RootObj

+

+method test[T](t: Base[T]) {.base.} =

+  echo "X ", t.T

+

+let ab = Base[1]()

+

+ab.test()

+

+let ac = Base[3]()

+ac.test()

diff --git a/tests/method/tmethod_issues.nim b/tests/method/tmethod_issues.nim
index df4c3771a..daaa46522 100644
--- a/tests/method/tmethod_issues.nim
+++ b/tests/method/tmethod_issues.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:arc; --mm:refc"
   output: '''
 wof!
 wof!
@@ -9,7 +10,7 @@ type B
 
 
 # bug #1659
-type Animal = ref object {.inheritable.}
+type Animal {.inheritable.} = ref object
 type Dog = ref object of Animal
 
 method say(a: Animal): auto {.base.} = "wat!"
@@ -159,3 +160,11 @@ proc main() =
 
 main()
 
+block: # bug #20391
+  type Container[T] = ref object of RootRef
+    item: T
+
+  let a = Container[int]()
+
+  doAssert a of Container[int]
+  doAssert not (a of Container[string])
diff --git a/tests/method/tmethod_various.nim b/tests/method/tmethod_various.nim
index fd022717b..3b64aea8d 100644
--- a/tests/method/tmethod_various.nim
+++ b/tests/method/tmethod_various.nim
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:arc; --mm:refc"
   output: '''
-do nothing
 HELLO WORLD!
 '''
 """
 
 
-# tmethods1
-method somethin(obj: RootObj) {.base.} =
-  echo "do nothing"
+
 
 type
-  TNode* = object {.inheritable.}
+  TNode* {.inheritable.} = object
   PNode* = ref TNode
 
   PNodeFoo* = ref object of TNode
@@ -22,14 +20,12 @@ type
 method foo(a: PNode, b: PSomethingElse) {.base.} = discard
 method foo(a: PNodeFoo, b: PSomethingElse) = discard
 
-var o: RootObj
-o.somethin()
 
 
 
 # tmproto
 type
-  Obj1 = ref object {.inheritable.}
+  Obj1 {.inheritable.} = ref object
   Obj2 = ref object of Obj1
 
 method beta(x: Obj1): int {.base.}
diff --git a/tests/method/tmethods_old.nim b/tests/method/tmethods_old.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d24eb0cc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/method/tmethods_old.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:arc -d:nimInternalNonVtablesTesting"
+  output: '''
+do nothing
+'''
+"""
+
+# tmethods1
+method somethin(obj: RootObj) {.base.} =
+  echo "do nothing"
+var o: RootObj
+o.somethin()
diff --git a/tests/method/tmultim.nim b/tests/method/tmultim.nim
index b6fed024e..bba4d8c5c 100644
--- a/tests/method/tmultim.nim
+++ b/tests/method/tmultim.nim
@@ -1,96 +1,97 @@
-discard """
-  output: '''
-collide: unit, thing
-collide: unit, thing
-collide: thing, unit
-collide: thing, thing
-collide: unit, thing |
-collide: unit, thing |
-collide: thing, unit |
-do nothing
-'''
-  joinable: false
-  disabled: true
-"""
-
-
-# tmultim2
-type
-  TThing = object {.inheritable.}
-  TUnit = object of TThing
-    x: int
-  TParticle = object of TThing
-    a, b: int
-
-method collide(a, b: TThing) {.base, inline.} =
-  echo "collide: thing, thing"
-
-method collide(a: TThing, b: TUnit) {.inline.} =
-  echo "collide: thing, unit"
-
-method collide(a: TUnit, b: TThing) {.inline.} =
-  echo "collide: unit, thing"
-
-proc test(a, b: TThing) {.inline.} =
-  collide(a, b)
-
-proc staticCollide(a, b: TThing) {.inline.} =
-  procCall collide(a, b)
-
-var
-  a: TThing
-  b, c: TUnit
-collide(b, c) # ambiguous (unit, thing) or (thing, unit)? -> prefer unit, thing!
-test(b, c)
-collide(a, b)
-staticCollide(a, b)
-
-
-
-# tmultim6
-type
-  Thing = object {.inheritable.}
-  Unit[T] = object of Thing
-    x: T
-  Particle = object of Thing
-    a, b: int
-
-method collide(a, b: Thing) {.base, inline.} =
-  quit "to override!"
-
-method collide[T](a: Thing, b: Unit[T]) {.inline.} =
-  echo "collide: thing, unit |"
-
-method collide[T](a: Unit[T], b: Thing) {.inline.} =
-  echo "collide: unit, thing |"
-
-proc test(a, b: Thing) {.inline.} =
-  collide(a, b)
-
-var
-  aaa: Thing
-  bbb, ccc: Unit[string]
-collide(bbb, Thing(ccc))
-test(bbb, ccc)
-collide(aaa, bbb)
-
-
-
-# tmethods1
-method somethin(obj: RootObj) {.base.} =
-  echo "do nothing"
-
-type
-  TNode* = object {.inheritable.}
-  PNode* = ref TNode
-
-  PNodeFoo* = ref object of TNode
-
-  TSomethingElse = object
-  PSomethingElse = ref TSomethingElse
-
-method foo(a: PNode, b: PSomethingElse) {.base.} = discard
-method foo(a: PNodeFoo, b: PSomethingElse) = discard
-
-var o: RootObj
-o.somethin()
+discard """

+  matrix: "--multimethods:on"

+  output: '''

+collide: unit, thing

+collide: unit, thing

+collide: thing, unit

+collide: thing, thing

+collide: unit, thing |

+collide: unit, thing |

+collide: thing, unit |

+do nothing

+'''

+  joinable: false

+  disabled: true

+"""

+

+

+# tmultim2

+type

+  TThing {.inheritable.} = object

+  TUnit = object of TThing

+    x: int

+  TParticle = object of TThing

+    a, b: int

+

+method collide(a, b: TThing) {.base, inline.} =

+  echo "collide: thing, thing"

+

+method collide(a: TThing, b: TUnit) {.inline.} =

+  echo "collide: thing, unit"

+

+method collide(a: TUnit, b: TThing) {.inline.} =

+  echo "collide: unit, thing"

+

+proc test(a, b: TThing) {.inline.} =

+  collide(a, b)

+

+proc staticCollide(a, b: TThing) {.inline.} =

+  procCall collide(a, b)

+

+var

+  a: TThing

+  b, c: TUnit

+collide(b, c) # ambiguous (unit, thing) or (thing, unit)? -> prefer unit, thing!

+test(b, c)

+collide(a, b)

+staticCollide(a, b)

+

+

+

+# tmultim6

+type

+  Thing {.inheritable.} = object

+  Unit[T] = object of Thing

+    x: T

+  Particle = object of Thing

+    a, b: int

+

+method collide(a, b: Thing) {.base, inline.} =

+  quit "to override!"

+

+method collide[T](a: Thing, b: Unit[T]) {.inline.} =

+  echo "collide: thing, unit |"

+

+method collide[T](a: Unit[T], b: Thing) {.inline.} =

+  echo "collide: unit, thing |"

+

+proc test(a, b: Thing) {.inline.} =

+  collide(a, b)

+

+var

+  aaa: Thing

+  bbb, ccc: Unit[string]

+collide(bbb, Thing(ccc))

+test(bbb, ccc)

+collide(aaa, bbb)

+

+

+

+# tmethods1

+method somethin(obj: RootObj) {.base.} =

+  echo "do nothing"

+

+type

+  TNode* {.inheritable.} = object

+  PNode* = ref TNode

+

+  PNodeFoo* = ref object of TNode

+

+  TSomethingElse = object

+  PSomethingElse = ref TSomethingElse

+

+method foo(a: PNode, b: PSomethingElse) {.base.} = discard

+method foo(a: PNodeFoo, b: PSomethingElse) = discard

+

+var o: RootObj

+o.somethin()

diff --git a/tests/method/tsingle_methods.nim b/tests/method/tsingle_methods.nim
index 40269559a..b564e7d87 100644
--- a/tests/method/tsingle_methods.nim
+++ b/tests/method/tsingle_methods.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  cmd: "nim c --multimethods:off $file"
+  matrix: "--mm:arc --multimethods:off; --mm:refc --multimethods:off"
   output: '''base
 base
 base
diff --git a/tests/method/tvtable.nim b/tests/method/tvtable.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1b33d6b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/method/tvtable.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+discard """

+  targets: "c cpp"

+"""

+

+type FooBase = ref object of RootObj

+  dummy: int

+type Foo = ref object of FooBase

+  value : float32

+type Foo2 = ref object of Foo

+  change : float32

+method bar(x: FooBase, a: float32) {.base.} =

+  discard

+method bar(x: Foo, a: float32)  =

+  x.value += a

+method bar(x: Foo2, a: float32)  =

+  x.value += a

+

+

+proc test() =

+  var x = new Foo2

+  x.bar(2.3)

+  doAssert x.value <= 2.3

+

+test()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/misc/m15316.nim b/tests/misc/m15316.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..188d06946
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/m15316.nim
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+proc foo = (if)
diff --git a/tests/misc/m15955.nim b/tests/misc/m15955.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..22da345db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/m15955.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+proc add*(a, b: int): int {.cdecl, exportc.} =
+    a + b
+proc sub*(a, b: int): int {.cdecl, exportc.} =
+    a - b
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/misc/m15955_main.nim b/tests/misc/m15955_main.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a71af8121
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/m15955_main.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import stdtest/specialpaths
+import std/os
+
+const buildLib = buildDir / "libD20220923T19380"
+
+{.passL: buildLib.}
+proc add*(a, b: int):int {.cdecl, importc.}
+proc sub*(a, b: int):int {.cdecl, importc.}
+
+echo add(10, 5)
+echo sub(10, 5)
diff --git a/tests/misc/m20149.nim b/tests/misc/m20149.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..942262a6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/m20149.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+let x = 12
+echo x
diff --git a/tests/misc/m20456.nims b/tests/misc/m20456.nims
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8a9313129
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/m20456.nims
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+echo 123
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/misc/mbetterrun.nim b/tests/misc/mbetterrun.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4f427af0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/mbetterrun.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+const mbetterrunVal {.strdefine.} = ""
+static: echo "compiling: " & mbetterrunVal
+echo "running: " & mbetterrunVal
diff --git a/tests/misc/mfield_defect.nim b/tests/misc/mfield_defect.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53bfba40e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/mfield_defect.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#[
+ran from trunner
+]#
+
+
+
+
+
+
+# line 10
+type Kind = enum k0, k1, k2, k3, k4
+
+type Foo = object
+  case kind: Kind
+  of k0: f0: int
+  of k1: f1: int
+  of k2: f2: int
+  of k3: f3: int
+  of k4: f4: int
+
+proc main()=
+  var foo = Foo(kind: k3, f3: 3)
+  let s1 = foo.f3
+  doAssert s1 == 3
+  let s2 = foo.f2
+
+when defined case1:
+  static: main()
+when defined case2:
+  main()
diff --git a/tests/misc/mjsondoc.nim b/tests/misc/mjsondoc.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..016c8522d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/mjsondoc.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+proc doSomething*(x, y: int): int =
+  ## do something
+  x + y
+
+const
+  a* = 1 ## echo 1234
+  b* = "test"
+
+type
+  MyEnum* = enum
+    foo, bar
+
+proc foo2*[T: int, M: string, U](x: T, y: U, z: M) =
+  echo 1
diff --git a/tests/misc/parsecomb.nim b/tests/misc/parsecomb.nim
index 4ff2f65d2..4f149cbf6 100644
--- a/tests/misc/parsecomb.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/parsecomb.nim
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:arc; --mm:refc"
+"""
+
 type Input[T] = object
   toks: seq[T]
   index: int
diff --git a/tests/misc/t11634.nim b/tests/misc/t11634.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..390af40f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t11634.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+discard """
+  action: reject
+"""
+
+type Foo = ref object
+  val: int
+
+proc divmod(a, b: Foo): (Foo, Foo) =
+  (
+    Foo(val: a.val div b.val),
+    Foo(val: a.val mod b.val)
+  )
+
+block:
+  let a {.compileTime.} = Foo(val: 2)
+  let b {.compileTime.} = Foo(val: 3)
+  let (c11634 {.compileTime.}, d11634 {.compileTime.}) = divmod(a, b)
diff --git a/tests/misc/t12869.nim b/tests/misc/t12869.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..054e28a03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t12869.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <openArray[int], proc (x: GenericParam, y: GenericParam): auto, SortOrder>"
+  line: 12
+"""
+
+import sugar
+from algorithm import sorted, SortOrder
+
+let a = 5
+
+proc sorted*[T](a: openArray[T], key: proc(v: T): int, order = SortOrder.Ascending): seq[T] =
+  sorted(a, (x, y) => key(x) < key(y), order)
+
+echo sorted(@[9, 1, 8, 2, 6, 4, 5, 0], (x) => (a - x).abs)
diff --git a/tests/misc/t14667.nim b/tests/misc/t14667.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3034e2841
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t14667.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--cc:vcc"
+  disabled: "linux"
+  disabled: "bsd"
+  disabled: "osx"
+  disabled: "unix"
+  disabled: "posix"
+"""
+
+type A = tuple
+discard ()
+discard default(A)
diff --git a/tests/misc/t15351.nim b/tests/misc/t15351.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c31e604a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t15351.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+discard """
+  action: "compile"
+"""
+var
+  ## TODO: broken
diff --git a/tests/misc/t15955.nim b/tests/misc/t15955.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7441e5398
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t15955.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+discard """
+joinable: false
+"""
+
+import stdtest/specialpaths
+import std/[osproc, strformat, os]
+
+const
+  nim = getCurrentCompilerExe()
+  buildLib = buildDir / "libD20220923T19380"
+  currentDir = splitFile(currentSourcePath).dir
+  file = currentDir / "m15955.nim"
+  main = currentDir / "m15955_main.nim"
+
+
+proc runCmd(cmd: string) =
+  let (msg, code) = execCmdEx(cmd)
+  doAssert code == 0, msg
+
+
+runCmd fmt"{nim} c -o:{buildLib} --nomain --nimMainPrefix:libA -f --app:staticlib {file}"
+runCmd fmt"{nim} c -r {main}"
diff --git a/tests/misc/t16244.nim b/tests/misc/t16244.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e8128736
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t16244.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <int, float64>"
+  line: 9
+"""
+
+proc g(): auto = 1
+proc h(): auto = 1.0
+
+var a = g() + h()
diff --git a/tests/misc/t16264.nim b/tests/misc/t16264.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..afe319e6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t16264.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+import times
+doAssert low(Time) == fromUnix(0)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/misc/t16541.nim b/tests/misc/t16541.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..452327e8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t16541.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+discard """
+  action: "reject"
+
+"""
+
+import strutils, sugar, nre
+
+proc my_replace*(s: string, r: Regex, by: string | (proc (match: string): string)): string =
+  nre.replace(s, r, by)
+
+discard my_replace("abcde", re"[bcd]", match => match.to_upper) == "aBCDe"
+discard my_replace("abcde", re"[bcd]", (match: string) => match.to_upper) == "aBCDe"
diff --git a/tests/misc/t17286.nim b/tests/misc/t17286.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a54e624e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t17286.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check -b:js $file"
+  action: "compile"
+"""
+
+# bug #17286
+
+import std/compilesettings
+
+static:
+  doAssert querySetting(backend) == "js"
+  doAssert defined(js)
+  doAssert not defined(c)
+
+import random
+randomize()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/misc/t18077.nim b/tests/misc/t18077.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6cd05d575
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t18077.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: '''nim doc -d:nimTestsT18077b:4 --doccmd:"-d:nimTestsT18077 -d:nimTestsT18077b:3 --hints:off" $file'''
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+# bug #18077
+
+const nimTestsT18077b {.intdefine.} = 1
+
+static:
+  when defined(nimdoc):
+    doAssert nimTestsT18077b == 4
+    doAssert not defined(nimTestsT18077)
+  else:
+    doAssert defined(nimTestsT18077)
+    doAssert nimTestsT18077b == 3
+
+runnableExamples:
+  const nimTestsT18077b {.intdefine.} = 2
+  doAssert nimTestsT18077b == 3
+  doAssert defined(nimTestsT18077)
diff --git a/tests/misc/t18079.nim b/tests/misc/t18079.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ae64bbff9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t18079.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:orc"
+"""
+
+type
+  Foo = object
+    y: int
+
+  Bar = object
+    x: Foo
+
+proc baz(state: var Bar):int = 
+  state.x.y = 2
+  state.x.y
+doAssert baz((ref Bar)(x: (new Foo)[])[]) == 2
diff --git a/tests/misc/t19046.nim b/tests/misc/t19046.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b3bfec7ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t19046.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp"
+  matrix: "--threads:on"
+  disabled: "win"
+  disabled: "osx"
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+# bug #19046
+
+import std/os
+
+var t: Thread[void]
+
+proc test = discard
+proc main = 
+  createThread(t, test)
+  pinToCpu(t, 1)
+main()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/misc/t20253.nim b/tests/misc/t20253.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d47c36c55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t20253.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "'result' requires explicit initialization"
+  line: 10
+"""
+
+type Meow {.requiresInit.} = object 
+  init: bool
+
+proc initMeow(): Meow =
+  discard
diff --git a/tests/misc/t20289.nim b/tests/misc/t20289.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a0a269f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t20289.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+discard """
+  action: reject
+"""
+
+type E[T] = object
+  v: T
+
+template j[T](R: type E[T], x: untyped): R = R(v: x)
+template d[T](O: type E, v: T): E[T] = E[T].j(v)
+
+proc w[T](): E[T] =
+  template r(k: int): auto = default(T)
+  E.d r
+
+discard w[int]()
diff --git a/tests/misc/t20456_2.nim b/tests/misc/t20456_2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37e52c452
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t20456_2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+discard """
+  joinable: false
+"""
+
+import std/[osproc, os, strformat]
+from stdtest/specialpaths import testsDir
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
+const
+  nim = getCurrentCompilerExe()
+  file = testsDir / "misc" / "m20456.nims"
+doAssert execCmd(fmt"{nim} check {file}") == 0
diff --git a/tests/misc/t20883.nim b/tests/misc/t20883.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92e7929f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t20883.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+discard """
+  action: reject
+nimout: '''
+t20883.nim(13, 4) template/generic instantiation of `foo` from here
+t20883.nim(9, 11) Error: cannot instantiate: 'U'
+'''
+"""
+
+proc foo*[U](x: U = U(1e-6)) =
+  echo x
+
+foo[float]()
+foo()
diff --git a/tests/misc/t21109.nim b/tests/misc/t21109.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f7980896
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t21109.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+discard """
+  action: reject
+  errormsg: "type expected"
+  file: "iterators.nim"
+"""
+
+
+template b(j: untyped) = j
+template m() = discard
+
+b:
+  for t, f in @[]:
+    m()
diff --git a/tests/misc/t21443.nim b/tests/misc/t21443.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..70413c5b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t21443.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import std/envvars
+
+# bug #19292
+putEnv("NimPutEnvTest", "test")
+# bug #21122
+doAssert getEnv("NimPutEnvTest") == "test"
diff --git a/tests/misc/t23240.nim b/tests/misc/t23240.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5edcefe8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t23240.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim c foo/bar.nim"
+  action: "reject"
+  errormsg: "cannot open 'foo/'"
+  file: ""
+"""
diff --git a/tests/misc/t3482.nim b/tests/misc/t3482.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33b3b8f40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t3482.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+discard """
+  action: reject
+  nimout: "t3482.nim(13, 8) Error: undeclared identifier: 'output'"
+"""
+# bug #3482 (correct behavior since 1.4.0, cgen error in 1.2.0)
+template foo*(body: typed) =
+  if true:
+    body
+
+proc test =
+  foo:
+    var output = ""
+  echo output.len
+
+test()
diff --git a/tests/misc/t3907.nim b/tests/misc/t3907.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45fc75e81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t3907.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import std/assertions
+
+let a = 0
+let b = if false: -1 else: a
+doAssert b == 0
+
+let c: range[0..high(int)] = 0
+let d = if false: -1 else: c
+
+doAssert d == 0
diff --git a/tests/misc/t5540.nim b/tests/misc/t5540.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a19e70e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t5540.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# bug #5540; works in 1.2.0
+# fails in 1.0 (Error: cannot generate VM code for)
+# fails in 0.18.0 (Error: type mismatch: got <type T>)
+
+block:
+  type
+    Fruit = object
+    Yellow = object
+      a: int
+  template getColor(x: typedesc[Fruit]): typedesc = Yellow
+  type
+    Banana[T] = object
+      b: T
+      a: getColor(Fruit)
+    Apple[T] = object
+      a: T
+      b: getColor(T)
+  block:
+    var x: Banana[int]
+    doAssert x.b == 0
+    doAssert x.a is Yellow
+  block:
+    var x: Apple[Fruit]
+    doAssert x.b is Yellow
+
+block:
+  type
+    Fruit = object
+    Yellow = object
+      a: int
+    
+  template getColor(x: typedesc[Fruit]): typedesc = Yellow
+
+  type
+    Banana[T] = object
+      b: T
+      a: getColor(Fruit)
+
+    Apple[T] = object
+      a: T
+      b: getColor(T)
+      
+  var x: Banana[int]
+  x.b = 13
+  x.a.a = 17
diff --git a/tests/misc/t6549.nim b/tests/misc/t6549.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d7393318
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t6549.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+
+const l = $(range[low(uint64) .. high(uint64)])
+const r = "range 0..18446744073709551615(uint64)"
+doAssert l == r
diff --git a/tests/misc/t8545.nim b/tests/misc/t8545.nim
index 89957e1d3..48b886cb8 100644
--- a/tests/misc/t8545.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/t8545.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 discard """
-  targets: "c cpp js"
+  # just tests that this doesn't crash the compiler
+  errormsg: "cannot instantiate: 'a:type'"
 """
 
 # bug #8545
diff --git a/tests/misc/t9039.nim b/tests/misc/t9039.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3271cd34e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t9039.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+discard """
+  action: reject
+  nimout: '''
+t9039.nim(22, 22) Error: type mismatch: got <array[0..2, int], int, array[0..1, int]>
+but expression 'nesting + 1' is of type: int
+'''
+"""
+
+# bug #9039; this used to hang in 0.19.0
+
+
+
+
+
+# line 15
+func default(T: typedesc[array]): T = discard
+doAssert default(array[3, int]) == [0, 0, 0]
+func shapeBad*[T: not char](s: openArray[T], rank: static[int], nesting = 0, parent_shape = default(array[rank, int])): array[rank, int] =
+  result = parent_shape
+  result[nesting] = s.len
+  when (T is seq|array):
+    result = shapeBad(s[0], nesting + 1, result)
+let a1 = [1, 2, 3].shapeBad(rank = 1)
+let a2 = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]].shapeBad(rank = 2)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/t9091.nim b/tests/misc/t9091.nim
index 8419479a7..6e7a98ca5 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/t9091.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/t9091.nim
@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
-discard """
-  targets:  "c"
-  output:   "test AObj"
-  action:   "compile"
-  exitcode: 0
-  timeout:  60.0
-"""
+# bug #9091
+
 import streams
 
 block:
@@ -18,6 +13,8 @@ block:
   let mi = new Mine
 
   str.write(mi)
+  str.setPosition 0
+  doAssert str.readAll == "sure"
 
 block:
   type
@@ -27,10 +24,10 @@ block:
   proc foo(a: int): string = ""
 
   proc test(args: varargs[string, foo]) =
-    echo "varargs"
+    doAssert false
 
   proc test(a: AObj) =
-    echo "test AObj"
+    discard
 
   let x = AObj()
   test(x)
diff --git a/tests/misc/t9710.nim b/tests/misc/t9710.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c65cb7bf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/t9710.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--debugger:native"
+"""
+# bug #9710
+for i in 1 || 200:
+  discard i
diff --git a/tests/misc/taddr.nim b/tests/misc/taddr.nim
index bac26896d..64f95c7e3 100644
--- a/tests/misc/taddr.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/taddr.nim
@@ -32,6 +32,10 @@ doAssert objDeref.x == 42
 
 # String tests
 obj.s = "lorem ipsum dolor sit amet"
+when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc):
+  prepareMutation(obj.s)
+
+
 var indexAddr = addr(obj.s[2])
 
 doAssert indexAddr[] == 'r'
@@ -83,7 +87,7 @@ block:
   # bug #14576
   # lots of these used to give: Error: internal error: genAddr: 2
   proc byLent[T](a: T): lent T = a
-  proc byPtr[T](a: T): ptr T = a.unsafeAddr
+  proc byPtr[T](a: T): ptr T = a.addr
 
   block:
     let a = (10,11)
@@ -232,8 +236,17 @@ block: # bug #15939
     const bar = proc2(foo)
     doAssert bar == "foo"
 
+template prepareMutationForOrc(x: string) =
+  when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc):
+    when nimvm:
+      discard
+    else:
+      prepareMutation(x)
+
 proc test15939() = # bug #15939 (v2)
   template fn(a) =
+    when typeof(a) is string:
+      prepareMutationForOrc(a)
     let pa = a[0].addr
     doAssert pa != nil
     doAssert pa[] == 'a'
@@ -253,12 +266,23 @@ proc test15939() = # bug #15939 (v2)
   # mycstring[ind].addr
   template cstringTest =
     var a2 = "abc"
+    prepareMutationForOrc(a2)
     var b2 = a2.cstring
     fn(b2)
   when nimvm: cstringTest()
   else: # can't take address of cstring element in js
     when not defined(js): cstringTest()
 
+block: # bug #23499
+  template volatileStore[T](dest: ptr T, val: T) =
+    dest[] = val
+
+  proc foo =
+    var ctr = 0
+    volatileStore(addr ctr, 0)
+
+  foo()
+
 template main =
   # xxx wrap all other tests here like that so they're also tested in VM
   test14420()
diff --git a/tests/misc/tcast.nim b/tests/misc/tcast.nim
index 454801a2d..73196e76c 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tcast.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/tcast.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 discard """
   output: '''
 Hello World
+Hello World
 Hello World'''
   joinable: false
 """
@@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ type MyProc = proc() {.cdecl.}
 type MyProc2 = proc() {.nimcall.}
 type MyProc3 = proc() #{.closure.} is implicit
 
-proc testProc()  = echo "Hello World"
+proc testProc() {.exportc:"foo".} = echo "Hello World"
 
 template reject(x) = doAssert(not compiles(x))
 
@@ -23,6 +24,10 @@ proc callPointer(p: pointer) =
   ffunc0()
   ffunc1()
 
+    # bug #5901
+  proc foo() {.importc.}
+  (cast[proc(a: int) {.cdecl.}](foo))(5)
+
 callPointer(cast[pointer](testProc))
 
 reject: discard cast[enum](0)
@@ -48,7 +53,7 @@ block:
   var x: ref int = nil
   doAssert cast[int](cast[ptr int](x)) == 0
 
-block:
+block: # cast of nil
   block:
     static:
       let a = cast[pointer](nil)
@@ -71,7 +76,33 @@ block:
     static:
       doAssert cast[RootRef](nil).repr == "nil"
 
-  # Issue #15730, not fixed yet
-  # block:
-  #   static:
-  #     doAssert cast[cstring](nil).repr == "nil"
+  when false: # xxx bug #15730, not fixed yet
+    block:
+      static:
+        doAssert cast[cstring](nil).repr == "nil"
+
+template main() =
+  # xxx move all under here to get tested in VM
+  block: # cast of enum
+    type Koo = enum k1, k2
+    type Goo = enum g1, g2
+    type Boo = enum b1 = -1, b2, b3, b4
+    type Coo = enum c1 = -1i8, c2, c3, c4
+    when nimvm:
+      # xxx: Error: VM does not support 'cast' from tyEnum to tyEnum
+      discard
+    else:
+      doAssert cast[Koo](k2) == k2
+      doAssert cast[Goo](k2) == g2
+      doAssert cast[Goo](k2.ord) == g2
+
+      doAssert b3.ord == 1
+      doAssert cast[Koo](b3) == k2
+      doAssert cast[Boo](k2) == b3
+
+      doAssert c3.ord == 1
+      doAssert cast[Koo](c3) == k2
+      doAssert cast[Coo](k2) == c3
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/misc/tconv.nim b/tests/misc/tconv.nim
index f7d15b0b5..90fae868b 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tconv.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/tconv.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--warningAsError:EnumConv --warningAsError:CStringConv"
+"""
+
+from std/enumutils import items  # missing from the example code
+from std/sequtils import toSeq
+
 template reject(x) =
-    static: assert(not compiles(x))
+  static: doAssert(not compiles(x))
+template accept(x) =
+  static: doAssert(compiles(x))
 
 reject:
     const x = int8(300)
@@ -55,3 +64,80 @@ block: # issue 3766
     proc r(x: static[R]) =
       echo x
     r 3.R
+
+
+block: # https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/294
+  type Koo = enum k1, k2
+  type Goo = enum g1, g2
+
+  accept: Koo(k2)
+  accept: k2.Koo
+  accept: k2.int.Goo
+
+  reject: Goo(k2)
+  reject: k2.Goo
+  reject: k2.string
+
+  {.push warningAsError[EnumConv]:off.}
+  discard Goo(k2)
+  accept: Goo(k2)
+  accept: k2.Goo
+  reject: k2.string
+  {.pop.}
+
+  reject: Goo(k2)
+  reject: k2.Goo
+
+  type KooRange = range[k2..k2]
+  accept: KooRange(k2)
+  accept: k2.KooRange
+  let k2ranged: KooRange = k2
+  accept: Koo(k2ranged)
+  accept: k2ranged.Koo
+
+reject:
+  # bug #18550
+  proc f(c: char): cstring =
+    var x = newString(109*1024*1024)
+    x[0] = c
+    x
+
+{.push warning[AnyEnumConv]:on, warningAsError[AnyEnumConv]:on.}
+
+reject:
+  type
+    Foo = enum
+      one
+      three
+
+  var va = 2
+  var vb = va.Foo
+
+{.pop.}
+
+{.push warningAsError[HoleEnumConv]:on.}
+
+reject:
+  # bug #12815
+  type
+    Hole = enum
+      one = 1
+      three = 3
+
+  var va = 2
+  var vb = va.Hole
+
+block: # bug #22844
+  type
+    A = enum
+      a0 = 2
+      a1 = 4
+      a2
+    B[T] = enum
+      b0 = 2
+      b1 = 4
+
+  doAssert A.toSeq == [a0, a1, a2]
+  doAssert B[float].toSeq == [B[float].b0, B[float].b1]
+
+{.pop.}
diff --git a/tests/usingstmt/tusingstatement.nim b/tests/misc/tcsharpusingstatement.nim
index dd4cf589d..1ce553895 100644
--- a/tests/usingstmt/tusingstatement.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/tcsharpusingstatement.nim
@@ -49,25 +49,13 @@ macro autoClose(args: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
   var finallyBlock = newNimNode(nnkStmtList)
   finallyBlock.add(closingCalls)
 
-  # XXX: Use a template here once getAst is working properly
-  var targetAst = parseStmt"""block:
-    var
-      x = foo()
-      y = bar()
-
-    try:
-      body()
-
-    finally:
-      close x
-      close y
-  """
-
-  targetAst[0][1][0] = varSection
-  targetAst[0][1][1][0] = body
-  targetAst[0][1][1][1][0] = finallyBlock
-
-  result = targetAst
+  result = quote do:
+    block:
+      `varSection`
+      try:
+        `body`
+      finally:
+        `finallyBlock`
 
 type
   TResource* = object
diff --git a/tests/misc/tdefine.nim b/tests/misc/tdefine.nim
index f1c6e7a96..f3fa4711f 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tdefine.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/tdefine.nim
@@ -1,12 +1,23 @@
 discard """
 joinable: false
-cmd: "nim c -d:booldef -d:booldef2=false -d:intdef=2 -d:strdef=foobar -r $file"
+cmd: "nim c $options -d:booldef -d:booldef2=false -d:intdef=2 -d:strdef=foobar -d:namespaced.define=false -d:double.namespaced.define -r $file"
+matrix: "; -d:useGenericDefine"
 """
 
-const booldef {.booldefine.} = false
-const booldef2 {.booldefine.} = true
-const intdef {.intdefine.} = 0
-const strdef {.strdefine.} = ""
+when defined(useGenericDefine):
+  {.pragma: booldefine2, define.}
+  {.pragma: intdefine2, define.}
+  {.pragma: strdefine2, define.}
+else:
+  
+  {.pragma: booldefine2, booldefine.}
+  {.pragma: intdefine2, intdefine.}
+  {.pragma: strdefine2, strdefine.}
+
+const booldef {.booldefine2.} = false
+const booldef2 {.booldefine2.} = true
+const intdef {.intdefine2.} = 0
+const strdef {.strdefine2.} = ""
 
 doAssert defined(booldef)
 doAssert defined(booldef2)
@@ -17,14 +28,50 @@ doAssert not booldef2
 doAssert intdef == 2
 doAssert strdef == "foobar"
 
+when defined(useGenericDefine):
+  block:
+    const uintdef {.define: "intdef".}: uint = 17
+    doAssert intdef == int(uintdef)
+    const cstrdef {.define: "strdef".}: cstring = "not strdef"
+    doAssert $cstrdef == strdef
+    type FooBar = enum foo, bar, foobar
+    const enumdef {.define: "strdef".} = foo
+    doAssert $enumdef == strdef
+    doAssert enumdef == foobar
+
 # Intentionally not defined from command line
-const booldef3 {.booldefine.} = true
-const intdef2 {.intdefine.} = 1
-const strdef2 {.strdefine.} = "abc"
+const booldef3 {.booldefine2.} = true
+const intdef2 {.intdefine2.} = 1
+const strdef2 {.strdefine2.} = "abc"
 type T = object
-    when booldef3:
-        field1: int
-    when intdef2 == 1:
-        field2: int
-    when strdef2 == "abc":
-        field3: int
\ No newline at end of file
+  when booldef3:
+    field1: int
+  when intdef2 == 1:
+    field2: int
+  when strdef2 == "abc":
+    field3: int
+
+doAssert not defined(booldef3)
+doAssert not defined(intdef2)
+doAssert not defined(strdef2)
+discard T(field1: 1, field2: 2, field3: 3)
+
+doAssert defined(namespaced.define)
+const `namespaced.define` {.booldefine2.} = true
+doAssert not `namespaced.define`
+when defined(useGenericDefine):
+  const aliasToNamespacedDefine {.define: "namespaced.define".} = not `namespaced.define`
+else:
+  const aliasToNamespacedDefine {.booldefine: "namespaced.define".} = not `namespaced.define`
+doAssert aliasToNamespacedDefine == `namespaced.define`
+
+doAssert defined(double.namespaced.define)
+const `double.namespaced.define` {.booldefine2.} = false
+doAssert `double.namespaced.define`
+when defined(useGenericDefine):
+  const aliasToDoubleNamespacedDefine {.define: "double.namespaced.define".} = not `double.namespaced.define`
+else:
+  const aliasToDoubleNamespacedDefine {.booldefine: "double.namespaced.define".} = not `double.namespaced.define`
+doAssert aliasToDoubleNamespacedDefine == `double.namespaced.define`
+
+doAssert not defined(namespaced.butnotdefined)
diff --git a/tests/misc/tevents.nim b/tests/misc/tevents.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 045c9fc5b..000000000
--- a/tests/misc/tevents.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-output: '''
-HandlePrintEvent: Output -> Handled print event
-HandlePrintEvent2: Output -> printing for ME
-HandlePrintEvent2: Output -> printing for ME
-'''
-"""
-
-import events
-
-type
-  PrintEventArgs = object of EventArgs
-    user*: string
-
-proc handleprintevent*(e: EventArgs) =
-    write(stdout, "HandlePrintEvent: Output -> Handled print event\n")
-
-proc handleprintevent2*(e: EventArgs) =
-    var args: PrintEventArgs = PrintEventArgs(e)
-    write(stdout, "HandlePrintEvent2: Output -> printing for " & args.user)
-
-var ee = initEventEmitter()
-
-var eventargs: PrintEventArgs
-eventargs.user = "ME\n"
-
-##method one test
-
-ee.on("print", handleprintevent)
-ee.on("print", handleprintevent2)
-
-ee.emit("print", eventargs)
-
-##method two test
-
-type
-  SomeObject = object of RootObj
-    printEvent: EventHandler
-
-var obj: SomeObject
-obj.printEvent = initEventHandler("print")
-obj.printEvent.addHandler(handleprintevent2)
-
-ee.emit(obj.printEvent, eventargs)
-
-obj.printEvent.removeHandler(handleprintevent2)
-
-ee.emit(obj.printEvent, eventargs)
diff --git a/tests/misc/tgenconstraints.nim b/tests/misc/tgenconstraints.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 829da5173..000000000
--- a/tests/misc/tgenconstraints.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  errormsg: "cannot instantiate T2"
-  file: "tgenconstraints.nim"
-  line: 25
-  disabled: true
-"""
-
-type
-  T1[T: int|string] = object
-    x: T
-
-  T2[T: Ordinal] = object
-    x: T
-
-var x1: T1[int]
-var x2: T1[string]
-var x3: T2[int]
-
-proc foo[T](x: T): T2[T] {.discardable.} =
-  var o: T1[T]
-
-foo(10)
-
-# XXX: allow type intersections in situation like this
-proc bar(x: int|TNumber): T1[type(x)] {.discardable.} =
-  when type(x) is TNumber:
-    var o: T2[type(x)]
-
-bar "test"
-bar 100
-bar 1.1
diff --git a/tests/misc/theaproots.nim b/tests/misc/theaproots.nim
index 1ea3c86b9..2dd345254 100644
--- a/tests/misc/theaproots.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/theaproots.nim
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ proc acc(x: var Foo): var ref Bar =
 
 proc test(maybeFoo: var Foo,
           maybeSeq: var seq[ref Bar],
-          bars: var openarray[ref Bar],
+          bars: var openArray[ref Bar],
           maybeTup: var Tup) =
   var bb: ref Bar
   maybeFoo.rmaybe = bb
diff --git a/tests/misc/tinvalidnewseq.nim b/tests/misc/tinvalidnewseq.nim
index dec00fd4a..7a95db020 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tinvalidnewseq.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/tinvalidnewseq.nim
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ proc parseURL(url: string): TURL =
   var pattern: string = r"([a-zA-Z]+://)?(\w+?\.)?(\w+)(\.\w+)(:[0-9]+)?(/.+)?"
   var m: array[0..6, string] #Array with the matches
   newSeq(m, 7) #ERROR
-  discard regexprs.match(url, re(pattern), m)
+  discard re.match(url, re(pattern), m)
 
   result = (protocol: m[1], subdomain: m[2], domain: m[3] & m[4],
             port: m[5], path: m[6].split('/'))
diff --git a/tests/misc/tjoinable.nim b/tests/misc/tjoinable.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f23fca0d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/tjoinable.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# checks that megatest allows duplicate names, see also `tests/testament/tjoinable.nim`
+doAssert defined(testing)
+doAssert defined(nimMegatest)
diff --git a/tests/misc/tradix.nim b/tests/misc/tradix.nim
index 1773a9609..f4fb56849 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tradix.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/tradix.nim
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ type
   TRadixNode {.pure, inheritable.} = object
     kind: TRadixNodeKind
   TRadixNodeLinear = object of TRadixNode
-    len: int8
-    keys: array[0..31, int8]
+    len: uint8
+    keys: array[0..31, uint8]
     vals: array[0..31, PRadixNode]
 
   TRadixNodeFull = object of TRadixNode
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ type
   TRadixNodeLeafBits = object of TRadixNode
     b: array[0..7, int]
   TRadixNodeLeafLinear = object of TRadixNode
-    len: int8
-    keys: array[0..31, int8]
+    len: uint8
+    keys: array[0..31, uint8]
 
 var
   root: PRadixNode
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ proc searchInner(r: PRadixNode, a: int): PRadixNode =
   case r.kind
   of rnLinear:
     var x = cast[ptr TRadixNodeLinear](r)
-    for i in 0..ze(x.len)-1:
-      if ze(x.keys[i]) == a: return x.vals[i]
+    for i in 0..int(x.len)-1:
+      if int(x.keys[i]) == a: return x.vals[i]
   of rnFull:
     var x = cast[ptr TRadixNodeFull](r)
     return x.b[a]
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ proc searchLeaf(r: PRadixNode, a: int): bool =
     return testBit(x.b[a /% BitsPerUnit], a)
   of rnLeafLinear:
     var x = cast[ptr TRadixNodeLeafLinear](r)
-    for i in 0..ze(x.len)-1:
-      if ze(x.keys[i]) == a: return true
+    for i in 0..int(x.len)-1:
+      if int(x.keys[i]) == a: return true
   else: assert(false)
 
 proc exclLeaf(r: PRadixNode, a: int) =
@@ -98,9 +98,9 @@ proc exclLeaf(r: PRadixNode, a: int) =
     resetBit(x.b[a /% BitsPerUnit], a)
   of rnLeafLinear:
     var x = cast[ptr TRadixNodeLeafLinear](r)
-    var L = ze(x.len)
+    var L = int(x.len)
     for i in 0..L-1:
-      if ze(x.keys[i]) == a:
+      if int(x.keys[i]) == a:
         x.keys[i] = x.keys[L-1]
         dec(x.len)
         return
@@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ proc addLeaf(r: var PRadixNode, a: int): bool =
     # a linear node:
     var x = cast[ptr TRadixNodeLinear](alloc0(sizeof(TRadixNodeLinear)))
     x.kind = rnLeafLinear
-    x.len = 1'i8
-    x.keys[0] = toU8(a)
+    x.len = 1'u8
+    x.keys[0] = uint8(a)
     r = x
     return false # not already in set
   case r.kind
@@ -141,18 +141,18 @@ proc addLeaf(r: var PRadixNode, a: int): bool =
     return testOrSetBit(x.b[a /% BitsPerUnit], a)
   of rnLeafLinear:
     var x = cast[ptr TRadixNodeLeafLinear](r)
-    var L = ze(x.len)
+    var L = int(x.len)
     for i in 0..L-1:
-      if ze(x.keys[i]) == a: return true
+      if int(x.keys[i]) == a: return true
     if L <= high(x.keys):
-      x.keys[L] = toU8(a)
+      x.keys[L] = uint8(a)
       inc(x.len)
     else:
       # transform into a full node:
       var y = cast[ptr TRadixNodeLeafBits](alloc0(sizeof(TRadixNodeLeafBits)))
       y.kind = rnLeafBits
-      for i in 0..ze(x.len)-1:
-        var u = ze(x.keys[i])
+      for i in 0..int(x.len)-1:
+        var u = int(x.keys[i])
         setBit(y.b[u /% BitsPerUnit], u)
       setBit(y.b[a /% BitsPerUnit], a)
       dealloc(r)
@@ -167,26 +167,26 @@ proc addInner(r: var PRadixNode, a: int, d: int): bool =
     # a linear node:
     var x = cast[ptr TRadixNodeLinear](alloc0(sizeof(TRadixNodeLinear)))
     x.kind = rnLinear
-    x.len = 1'i8
-    x.keys[0] = toU8(k)
+    x.len = 1'u8
+    x.keys[0] = uint8(k)
     r = x
     return addInner(x.vals[0], a, d-8)
   case r.kind
   of rnLinear:
     var x = cast[ptr TRadixNodeLinear](r)
-    var L = ze(x.len)
+    var L = int(x.len)
     for i in 0..L-1:
-      if ze(x.keys[i]) == k: # already exists
+      if int(x.keys[i]) == k: # already exists
         return addInner(x.vals[i], a, d-8)
     if L <= high(x.keys):
-      x.keys[L] = toU8(k)
+      x.keys[L] = uint8(k)
       inc(x.len)
       return addInner(x.vals[L], a, d-8)
     else:
       # transform into a full node:
       var y = cast[ptr TRadixNodeFull](alloc0(sizeof(TRadixNodeFull)))
       y.kind = rnFull
-      for i in 0..L-1: y.b[ze(x.keys[i])] = x.vals[i]
+      for i in 0..L-1: y.b[int(x.keys[i])] = x.vals[i]
       dealloc(r)
       r = y
       return addInner(y.b[k], a, d-8)
@@ -211,8 +211,8 @@ iterator innerElements(r: PRadixNode): tuple[prefix: int, n: PRadixNode] =
           yield (i, r.b[i])
     of rnLinear:
       var r = cast[ptr TRadixNodeLinear](r)
-      for i in 0..ze(r.len)-1:
-        yield (ze(r.keys[i]), r.vals[i])
+      for i in 0..int(r.len)-1:
+        yield (int(r.keys[i]), r.vals[i])
     else: assert(false)
 
 iterator leafElements(r: PRadixNode): int =
@@ -228,8 +228,8 @@ iterator leafElements(r: PRadixNode): int =
               yield i*BitsPerUnit+j
     of rnLeafLinear:
       var r = cast[ptr TRadixNodeLeafLinear](r)
-      for i in 0..ze(r.len)-1:
-        yield ze(r.keys[i])
+      for i in 0..int(r.len)-1:
+        yield int(r.keys[i])
     else: assert(false)
 
 iterator elements*(r: PRadixNode): ByteAddress {.inline.} =
diff --git a/tests/misc/trfc405.nim b/tests/misc/trfc405.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0828879ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/trfc405.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+
+{.experimental: "flexibleOptionalParams".}
+
+# https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/405
+
+template main =
+  template fn1(a = 1, b = 2, body): auto = (a, b, astToStr(body))
+  let a1 = fn1(10, 20):
+    foo
+  doAssert a1 == (10, 20, "\nfoo")
+
+  template fn2(a = 1, b = 2, body): auto = (a, b, astToStr(body))
+  let a2 = fn2(a = 10): foo
+  doAssert a2 == (10, 2, "\nfoo")
+  let a2b = fn2(b = 20): foo
+  doAssert a2b == (1, 20, "\nfoo")
+
+  template fn3(x: int, a = 1, b = 2, body): auto = (a, b, astToStr(body))
+  let a3 = fn3(3, 10, 20): foo
+  doAssert a3 == (10, 20, "\nfoo")
+  let a3b = fn3(3, a = 10): foo
+  doAssert a3b == (10, 2, "\nfoo")
+
+  template fn4(x: int, y: int, body): auto = (x, y, astToStr(body))
+  let a4 = fn4(1, 2): foo
+  doAssert a4 == (1, 2, "\nfoo")
+
+  template fn5(x = 1, y = 2, body: untyped = 3): auto = (x, y, astToStr(body))
+  doAssert compiles(fn5(1, 2, foo))
+  doAssert not compiles(fn5(1, foo))
+
+  block:
+    # with an overload
+    var witness = 0
+    template fn6() = discard
+    template fn6(procname: string, body: untyped): untyped = witness.inc
+    fn6("abc"): discard
+    assert witness == 1
+
+  block:
+    # with overloads
+    var witness = 0
+    template fn6() = discard
+    template fn6(a: int) = discard
+    template fn6(procname: string, body: untyped): untyped = witness.inc
+    fn6("abc"): discard
+    assert witness == 1
+
+    template fn6(b = 1.5, body: untyped): untyped = witness.inc
+    fn6(1.3): discard
+    assert witness == 2
+
+  block:
+    var witness = 0
+    template fn6(a: int) = discard
+    template fn6(a: string) = discard
+    template fn6(ignore: string, b = 1.5, body: untyped): untyped = witness.inc
+    fn6(""):
+      foobar1
+      foobar2
+    doAssert witness == 1
+    fn6(""): discard
+    doAssert witness == 2
+
+  block: # multi block args
+    template fn8(a = 1, b = 2, body1: untyped, body2: untyped): auto = (a, b, astToStr(body1), astToStr(body2))
+    let a1 = fn8():
+      foobar1
+      foobar2
+    do:
+      foobar3
+      foobar4
+    doAssert a1 == (1, 2, "\nfoobar1\nfoobar2", "\nfoobar3\nfoobar4")
+
+    let a2 = fn8(b = 20):
+      foobar1
+      foobar2
+    do:
+      foobar3
+      foobar4
+    doAssert a2 == (1, 20, "\nfoobar1\nfoobar2", "\nfoobar3\nfoobar4")
+  
+  block: # issue #19015
+    template hi(a: untyped, b: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
+      a
+
+    var worked = false
+    hi:
+      worked = true
+    doAssert worked
+    worked = false
+    hi(doAssert(not worked)):
+      doesntCompile
+    hi(doAssert(not worked), doesntCompile, againDoesntCompile):
+      definitelyDoesntCompile
+
+    template hi2(a: bool, b: untyped, c: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
+      b
+      doAssert a
+
+    hi2 worked:
+      worked = true
+    doAssert worked
+    hi2 worked, doAssert(worked):
+      doesntCompile
+    hi2 worked, doAssert(worked), doesntCompile, againDoesntCompile:
+      definitelyDoesntCompile
+    hi2 worked, doAssert(worked), againDoesntCompile:
+      definitelyDoesntCompile
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/misc/trunner.nim b/tests/misc/trunner.nim
index a66177f28..6e5487d1b 100644
--- a/tests/misc/trunner.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/trunner.nim
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ discard """
 ## tests that don't quite fit the mold and are easier to handle via `execCmdEx`
 ## A few others could be added to here to simplify code.
 ## Note: this test is a bit slow but tests a lot of things; please don't disable.
+## Note: if needed, we could use `matrix: "-d:case1; -d:case2"` to split this
+## into several independent tests while retaining the common test helpers.
 
 import std/[strformat,os,osproc,unittest,compilesettings]
 from std/sequtils import toSeq,mapIt
@@ -21,20 +23,29 @@ proc isDots(a: string): bool =
   a.startsWith(".") and a.strip(chars = {'.'}) == ""
 
 const
-  defaultHintsOff = "--hint:successx:off --hint:exec:off --hint:link:off --hint:cc:off --hint:conf:off --hint:processing:off --hint:QuitCalled:off"
-    # useful when you want to turn only some hints on, and some common ones off.
-    # pending https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/453, simplify to: `--hints:off`
   nim = getCurrentCompilerExe()
   mode = querySetting(backend)
   nimcache = buildDir / "nimcacheTrunner"
     # instead of `querySetting(nimcacheDir)`, avoids stomping on other parallel tests
 
-proc runCmd(file, options = ""): auto =
+proc runNimCmd(file, options = "", rtarg = ""): auto =
   let fileabs = testsDir / file.unixToNativePath
-  doAssert fileabs.fileExists, fileabs
-  let cmd = fmt"{nim} {mode} {options} --hints:off {fileabs}"
+  # doAssert fileabs.fileExists, fileabs # disabled because this allows passing `nim r --eval:code fakefile`
+  let cmd = fmt"{nim} {mode} --hint:all:off {options} {fileabs} {rtarg}"
   result = execCmdEx(cmd)
-  when false:  echo result[0] & "\n" & result[1] # for debugging
+  when false: # for debugging
+    echo cmd
+    echo result[0] & "\n" & $result[1]
+
+proc runNimCmdChk(file, options = "", rtarg = "", status = 0): string =
+  let (ret, status2) = runNimCmd(file, options, rtarg = rtarg)
+  doAssert status2 == status, $(file, options, status, status2) & "\n" & ret
+  ret
+
+proc genShellCmd(filename: string): string =
+  let filename = filename.quoteShell
+  when defined(windows): "cmd /c " & filename # or "cmd /c " ?
+  else: "sh " & filename
 
 when defined(nimTrunnerFfi):
   block: # mevalffi
@@ -53,8 +64,8 @@ when defined(nimTrunnerFfi):
 hello world stderr
 hi stderr
 """
-    let (output, exitCode) = runCmd("vm/mevalffi.nim", fmt"{opt} --experimental:compiletimeFFI")
-    let expected = fmt"""
+    let output = runNimCmdChk("vm/mevalffi.nim", fmt"{opt} --warnings:off --experimental:compiletimeFFI")
+    doAssert output == fmt"""
 {prefix}foo
 foo:100
 foo:101
@@ -62,12 +73,13 @@ foo:102:103
 foo:102:103:104
 foo:0.03:asdf:103:105
 ret=[s1:foobar s2:foobar age:25 pi:3.14]
-"""
-    doAssert output == expected, output
-    doAssert exitCode == 0
+""", output
 
-else: # don't run twice the same test
-  import std/[strutils]
+elif not defined(nimTestsTrunnerDebugging):
+  # don't run twice the same test with `nimTrunnerFfi`
+  # use `-d:nimTestsTrunnerDebugging` for debugging convenience when you want to just run 1 test
+  import std/strutils
+  import std/json
   template check2(msg) = doAssert msg in output, output
 
   block: # tests with various options `nim doc --project --index --docroot`
@@ -92,7 +104,7 @@ else: # don't run twice the same test
       of 5: nimcache / htmldocsDirname
       else: file.parentDir / htmldocsDirname
 
-      var cmd = fmt"{nim} doc --index:on --listFullPaths --hint:successX:on --nimcache:{nimcache} {options[i]} {file}"
+      var cmd = fmt"{nim} doc --index:on --filenames:abs --hint:successX:on --nimcache:{nimcache} {options[i]} {file}"
       removeDir(htmldocsDir)
       let (outp, exitCode) = execCmdEx(cmd)
       check exitCode == 0
@@ -142,17 +154,16 @@ sub/mmain.idx""", context
       else: doAssert false
 
   block: # mstatic_assert
-    let (output, exitCode) = runCmd("ccgbugs/mstatic_assert.nim", "-d:caseBad")
+    let (output, exitCode) = runNimCmd("ccgbugs/mstatic_assert.nim", "-d:caseBad")
     check2 "sizeof(bool) == 2"
     check exitCode != 0
 
   block: # ABI checks
     let file = "misc/msizeof5.nim"
     block:
-      let (output, exitCode) = runCmd(file, "-d:checkAbi")
-      doAssert exitCode == 0, output
+      discard runNimCmdChk(file, "-d:checkAbi")
     block:
-      let (output, exitCode) = runCmd(file, "-d:checkAbi -d:caseBad")
+      let (output, exitCode) = runNimCmd(file, "-d:checkAbi -d:caseBad")
       # on platforms that support _StaticAssert natively, errors will show full context, e.g.:
       # error: static_assert failed due to requirement 'sizeof(unsigned char) == 8'
       # "backend & Nim disagree on size for: BadImportcType{int64} [declared in mabi_check.nim(1, 6)]"
@@ -205,6 +216,41 @@ sub/mmain.idx""", context
       let cmd = fmt"{nim} r --backend:{mode} --hints:off --nimcache:{nimcache} {file}"
       check execCmdEx(cmd) == ("ok3\n", 0)
 
+  block: # nim jsondoc # bug #20132
+    let file = testsDir / "misc/mjsondoc.nim"
+    let output = "nimcache_tjsondoc.json"
+    defer: removeFile(output)
+    let (msg, exitCode) = execCmdEx(fmt"{nim} jsondoc -o:{output} {file}")
+    doAssert exitCode == 0, msg
+
+    let data = parseJson(readFile(output))["entries"]
+    doAssert data.len == 5
+    let doSomething = data[0]
+    doAssert doSomething["name"].getStr == "doSomething"
+    doAssert doSomething["type"].getStr == "skProc"
+    doAssert doSomething["line"].getInt == 1
+    doAssert doSomething["col"].getInt == 0
+    doAssert doSomething["code"].getStr == "proc doSomething(x, y: int): int {.raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}"
+    let foo2 = data[4]
+    doAssert $foo2["signature"] == """{"arguments":[{"name":"x","type":"T"},{"name":"y","type":"U"},{"name":"z","type":"M"}],"genericParams":[{"name":"T","types":"int"},{"name":"M","types":"string"},{"name":"U"}]}"""
+
+  block: # nim jsondoc # bug #11953
+    let file = testsDir / "misc/mjsondoc.nim"
+    let destDir = testsDir / "misc/htmldocs"
+    removeDir(destDir)
+    defer: removeDir(destDir)
+    let (msg, exitCode) = execCmdEx(fmt"{nim} jsondoc {file}")
+    doAssert exitCode == 0, msg
+
+    let data = parseJson(readFile(destDir / "mjsondoc.json"))["entries"]
+    doAssert data.len == 5
+    let doSomething = data[0]
+    doAssert doSomething["name"].getStr == "doSomething"
+    doAssert doSomething["type"].getStr == "skProc"
+    doAssert doSomething["line"].getInt == 1
+    doAssert doSomething["col"].getInt == 0
+    doAssert doSomething["code"].getStr == "proc doSomething(x, y: int): int {.raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}"
+
   block: # further issues with `--backend`
     let file = testsDir / "misc/mbackend.nim"
     var cmd = fmt"{nim} doc -b:cpp --hints:off --nimcache:{nimcache} {file}"
@@ -221,8 +267,23 @@ sub/mmain.idx""", context
     let cmd = fmt"{nim} r -b:cpp --hints:off --nimcache:{nimcache} --warningAsError:ProveInit {file}"
     check execCmdEx(cmd) == ("witness\n", 0)
 
+  block: # bug #20149
+    let file = testsDir / "misc/m20149.nim"
+    let cmd = fmt"{nim} r --hints:off --nimcache:{nimcache} --hintAsError:XDeclaredButNotUsed {file}"
+    check execCmdEx(cmd) == ("12\n", 0)
+
+  block: # bug #15316
+    when not defined(windows):
+      # This never worked reliably on Windows. Needs further investigation but it is hard to reproduce.
+      # Looks like a mild stack corruption when bailing out of nested exception handling.
+      let file = testsDir / "misc/m15316.nim"
+      let cmd = fmt"{nim} check --hints:off --nimcache:{nimcache} {file}"
+      check execCmdEx(cmd) == ("m15316.nim(1, 15) Error: expression expected, but found \')\'\nm15316.nim(2, 1) Error: expected: \':\', but got: \'[EOF]\'\nm15316.nim(2, 1) Error: expression expected, but found \'[EOF]\'\nm15316.nim(2, 1) " &
+            "Error: expected: \')\', but got: \'[EOF]\'\nError: illformed AST: \n", 1)
+
+
   block: # config.nims, nim.cfg, hintConf, bug #16557
-    let cmd = fmt"{nim} r {defaultHintsOff} --hint:conf tests/newconfig/bar/mfoo.nim"
+    let cmd = fmt"{nim} r --hint:all:off --hint:conf tests/newconfig/bar/mfoo.nim"
     let (outp, exitCode) = execCmdEx(cmd, options = {poStdErrToStdOut})
     doAssert exitCode == 0
     let dir = getCurrentDir()
@@ -238,6 +299,20 @@ tests/newconfig/bar/mfoo.nims""".splitLines
       expected.add &"Hint: used config file '{b}' [Conf]\n"
     doAssert outp.endsWith expected, outp & "\n" & expected
 
+  block: # bug #8219
+    let file = "tests/newconfig/mconfigcheck.nims"
+    let cmd = fmt"{nim} check --hints:off {file}"
+    check execCmdEx(cmd) == ("", 0)
+
+  block: # mfoo2.customext
+    let filename = testsDir / "newconfig/foo2/mfoo2.customext"
+    let cmd = fmt"{nim} e --hint:conf {filename}"
+    let (outp, exitCode) = execCmdEx(cmd, options = {poStdErrToStdOut})
+    doAssert exitCode == 0
+    var expected = &"Hint: used config file '{filename}' [Conf]\n"
+    doAssert outp.endsWith "123" & "\n" & expected
+
+
   block: # nim --eval
     let opt = "--hints:off"
     check fmt"""{nim} {opt} --eval:"echo defined(nimscript)"""".execCmdEx == ("true\n", 0)
@@ -245,7 +320,7 @@ tests/newconfig/bar/mfoo.nims""".splitLines
     check fmt"""{nim} r -b:js {opt} --eval:"echo defined(js)"""".execCmdEx == ("true\n", 0)
 
   block: # `hintProcessing` dots should not interfere with `static: echo` + friends
-    let cmd = fmt"""{nim} r {defaultHintsOff} --hint:processing -f --eval:"static: echo 1+1""""
+    let cmd = fmt"""{nim} r --hint:all:off --hint:processing -f --eval:"static: echo 1+1""""
     let (outp, exitCode) = execCmdEx(cmd, options = {poStdErrToStdOut})
     template check3(cond) = doAssert cond, $(outp,)
     doAssert exitCode == 0
@@ -259,7 +334,7 @@ tests/newconfig/bar/mfoo.nims""".splitLines
       check3 "2" in outp
 
   block: # nim secret
-    let opt = fmt"{defaultHintsOff} --hint:processing"
+    let opt = "--hint:all:off --hint:processing"
     template check3(cond) = doAssert cond, $(outp,)
     for extra in ["", "--stdout"]:
       let cmd = fmt"""{nim} secret {opt} {extra}"""
@@ -272,8 +347,8 @@ tests/newconfig/bar/mfoo.nims""".splitLines
         when not defined(windows):
           check3 lines.len == 5
           check3 lines[0].isDots
-          check3 lines[1].dup(removePrefix(">>> ")) == "3" # prompt depends on `nimUseLinenoise`
-          check3 lines[2].isDots
+          # check3 lines[1].isDots # todo nim secret might use parsing pipeline
+          check3 lines[2].dup(removePrefix(">>> ")) == "3" # prompt depends on `nimUseLinenoise`
           check3 lines[3] == "ab"
           check3 lines[4] == ""
         else:
@@ -284,3 +359,86 @@ tests/newconfig/bar/mfoo.nims""".splitLines
         let (outp, exitCode) = run "echo 1+2; quit(2)"
         check3 "3" in outp
         doAssert exitCode == 2
+
+  block: # nimBetterRun
+    let file = "misc/mbetterrun.nim"
+    const nimcache2 = buildDir / "D20210423T185116"
+    removeDir nimcache2
+    # related to `-d:nimBetterRun`
+    let opt = fmt"-r --usenimcache --nimcache:{nimcache2}"
+    var ret = ""
+    for a in @["v1", "v2", "v1", "v3"]:
+      ret.add runNimCmdChk(file, fmt"{opt} -d:mbetterrunVal:{a}")
+    ret.add runNimCmdChk(file, fmt"{opt} -d:mbetterrunVal:v2", rtarg = "arg1 arg2")
+      # rt arguments should not cause a recompilation
+    doAssert ret == """
+compiling: v1
+running: v1
+compiling: v2
+running: v2
+running: v1
+compiling: v3
+running: v3
+running: v2
+""", ret
+
+  block: # nim dump
+    let cmd = fmt"{nim} dump --dump.format:json -d:D20210428T161003 --hints:off ."
+    let (ret, status) = execCmdEx(cmd)
+    doAssert status == 0
+    let j = ret.parseJson
+    # sanity checks
+    doAssert "D20210428T161003" in j["defined_symbols"].to(seq[string])
+    doAssert j["version"].to(string) == NimVersion
+    doAssert j["nimExe"].to(string) == getCurrentCompilerExe()
+
+  block: # genscript
+    const nimcache2 = buildDir / "D20210524T212851"
+    removeDir(nimcache2)
+    let input = "tgenscript_fakefile" # no need for a real file, --eval is good enough
+    let output = runNimCmdChk(input, fmt"""--genscript --nimcache:{nimcache2.quoteShell} --eval:"echo(12345)" """)
+    doAssert output.len == 0, output
+    let ext = when defined(windows): ".bat" else: ".sh"
+    let filename = fmt"compile_{input}{ext}" # synchronize with `generateScript`
+    doAssert fileExists(nimcache2/filename), nimcache2/filename
+    let (outp, status) = execCmdEx(genShellCmd(filename), options = {poStdErrToStdOut}, workingDir = nimcache2)
+    doAssert status == 0, outp
+    let (outp2, status2) = execCmdEx(nimcache2 / input, options = {poStdErrToStdOut})
+    doAssert outp2 == "12345\n", outp2
+    doAssert status2 == 0
+
+  block: # UnusedImport
+    proc fn(opt: string, expected: string) =
+      let output = runNimCmdChk("msgs/mused3.nim", fmt"--warning:all:off --warning:UnusedImport --hint:DuplicateModuleImport {opt}")
+      doAssert output == expected, opt & "\noutput:\n" & output & "expected:\n" & expected
+    fn("-d:case1"): """
+mused3.nim(13, 8) Warning: imported and not used: 'mused3b' [UnusedImport]
+"""
+    fn("-d:case2"): ""
+    fn("-d:case3"): ""
+    fn("-d:case4"): ""
+    fn("-d:case5"): ""
+    fn("-d:case6"): ""
+    fn("-d:case7"): ""
+    fn("-d:case8"): ""
+    fn("-d:case9"): ""
+    fn("-d:case10"): ""
+    when false:
+      fn("-d:case11"): """
+  Warning: imported and not used: 'm2' [UnusedImport]
+  """
+    fn("-d:case12"): """
+mused3.nim(75, 10) Hint: duplicate import of 'mused3a'; previous import here: mused3.nim(74, 10) [DuplicateModuleImport]
+"""
+
+  block: # FieldDefect
+    proc fn(opt: string, expected: string) =
+      let output = runNimCmdChk("misc/mfield_defect.nim", fmt"-r --warning:all:off --declaredlocs {opt}", status = 1)
+      doAssert expected in output, opt & "\noutput:\n" & output & "expected:\n" & expected
+    fn("-d:case1"): """mfield_defect.nim(25, 15) Error: field 'f2' is not accessible for type 'Foo' [discriminant declared in mfield_defect.nim(14, 8)] using 'kind = k3'"""
+    fn("-d:case2 --gc:refc"): """mfield_defect.nim(25, 15) field 'f2' is not accessible for type 'Foo' [discriminant declared in mfield_defect.nim(14, 8)] using 'kind = k3'"""
+    fn("-d:case1 -b:js"): """mfield_defect.nim(25, 15) Error: field 'f2' is not accessible for type 'Foo' [discriminant declared in mfield_defect.nim(14, 8)] using 'kind = k3'"""
+    fn("-d:case2 -b:js"): """field 'f2' is not accessible for type 'Foo' [discriminant declared in mfield_defect.nim(14, 8)] using 'kind = k3'"""
+    fn("-d:case2 --gc:arc"): """mfield_defect.nim(25, 15) field 'f2' is not accessible for type 'Foo' [discriminant declared in mfield_defect.nim(14, 8)] using 'kind = k3'"""
+else:
+  discard # only during debugging, tests added here will run with `-d:nimTestsTrunnerDebugging` enabled
diff --git a/tests/misc/trunner_special.nim b/tests/misc/trunner_special.nim
index 47ba44a29..e08b419b0 100644
--- a/tests/misc/trunner_special.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/trunner_special.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 discard """
   targets: "c cpp"
   joinable: false
+  disabled: osx
 """
 
 #[
@@ -13,6 +14,10 @@ xxx test all tests/untestable/* here, possibly with adjustments to make running
 import std/[strformat,os,unittest,compilesettings]
 import stdtest/specialpaths
 
+
+from stdtest/testutils import disableSSLTesting
+
+
 const
   nim = getCurrentCompilerExe()
   mode = querySetting(backend)
@@ -26,6 +31,7 @@ proc main =
   block: # SSL nimDisableCertificateValidation integration tests
     runCmd fmt"{nim} r {options} -d:nimDisableCertificateValidation -d:ssl {testsDir}/untestable/thttpclient_ssl_disabled.nim"
   block: # SSL certificate check integration tests
-    runCmd fmt"{nim} r {options} -d:ssl --threads:on {testsDir}/untestable/thttpclient_ssl_remotenetwork.nim"
+    runCmd fmt"{nim} r {options} -d:ssl --threads:on --mm:refc {testsDir}/untestable/thttpclient_ssl_remotenetwork.nim"
 
-main()
+when not disableSSLTesting():
+  main()
diff --git a/tests/misc/tsimplesort.nim b/tests/misc/tsimplesort.nim
index e4a8e0b37..395db55e6 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tsimplesort.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/tsimplesort.nim
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ type
   TSlotEnum = enum seEmpty, seFilled, seDeleted
   TKeyValuePair[A, B] = tuple[slot: TSlotEnum, key: A, val: B]
   TKeyValuePairSeq[A, B] = seq[TKeyValuePair[A, B]]
-  TTable* {.final, myShallow.}[A, B] = object
+  TTable*[A, B] {.final, myShallow.} = object
     data: TKeyValuePairSeq[A, B]
     counter: int
 
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ proc initTable*[A, B](initialSize=64): TTable[A, B] =
   result.counter = 0
   newSeq(result.data, initialSize)
 
-proc toTable*[A, B](pairs: openarray[tuple[key: A,
+proc toTable*[A, B](pairs: openArray[tuple[key: A,
                     val: B]]): TTable[A, B] =
   ## creates a new hash table that contains the given `pairs`.
   result = initTable[A, B](nextPowerOfTwo(pairs.len+10))
@@ -137,8 +137,7 @@ proc `$`*[A, B](t: TTable[A, B]): string =
 # ------------------------------ count tables -------------------------------
 
 type
-  TCountTable* {.final, myShallow.}[
-      A] = object ## table that counts the number of each key
+  TCountTable*[A] {.final, myShallow.} = object ## table that counts the number of each key
     data: seq[tuple[key: A, val: int]]
     counter: int
 
diff --git a/tests/misc/tsizeof.nim b/tests/misc/tsizeof.nim
index 0d96a5e04..ce5334664 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tsizeof.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/tsizeof.nim
@@ -732,3 +732,11 @@ type
 
 doAssert sizeof(PackedUnion) == 11
 doAssert alignof(PackedUnion) == 1
+
+# bug #22553
+type
+  ChunkObj = object
+    data: UncheckedArray[byte]
+
+doAssert sizeof(ChunkObj) == 1
+doAssert offsetOf(ChunkObj, data) == 1
diff --git a/tests/misc/tsizeof3.nim b/tests/misc/tsizeof3.nim
index 1215b4bcd..f0ba8c4d0 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tsizeof3.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/tsizeof3.nim
@@ -27,3 +27,32 @@ type
 
 static:
   doAssert(compiles(offsetOf(Payload, vals)))
+
+
+type
+  GoodboySave* {.bycopy.} = object
+    saveCount: uint8
+    savePoint: uint16
+    shards: uint32
+    friendCount: uint8
+    friendCards: set[0..255]
+    locationsKnown: set[0..127]
+    locationsUnlocked: set[0..127]
+    pickupsObtained: set[0..127]
+    pickupsUsed: set[0..127]
+    pickupCount: uint8
+
+block: # bug #20914
+  block:
+    proc csizeof[T](a: T): int {.importc:"sizeof", nodecl.}
+
+    var s: GoodboySave
+    doAssert sizeof(s) == 108
+    doAssert csizeof(s) == static(sizeof(s))
+
+  block:
+    proc calignof[T](a: T): int {.importc:"alignof", header: "<stdalign.h>".}
+
+    var s: set[0..256]
+    doAssert alignof(s) == 1
+    doAssert calignof(s) == static(alignof(s))
diff --git a/tests/misc/tspellsuggest.nim b/tests/misc/tspellsuggest.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 033ed0afc..000000000
--- a/tests/misc/tspellsuggest.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  # pending bug #16521 (bug 12) use `matrix`
-  cmd: "nim c --spellsuggest:15 --hints:off $file"
-  action: "reject"
-  nimout: '''
-tspellsuggest.nim(45, 13) Error: undeclared identifier: 'fooBar'
-candidates (edit distance, scope distance); see '--spellSuggest':
- (1, 0): 'fooBar8' [var declared in tspellsuggest.nim(43, 9)]
- (1, 1): 'fooBar7' [var declared in tspellsuggest.nim(41, 7)]
- (1, 3): 'fooBar1' [var declared in tspellsuggest.nim(33, 5)]
- (1, 3): 'fooBar2' [let declared in tspellsuggest.nim(34, 5)]
- (1, 3): 'fooBar3' [const declared in tspellsuggest.nim(35, 7)]
- (1, 3): 'fooBar4' [proc declared in tspellsuggest.nim(36, 6)]
- (1, 3): 'fooBar5' [template declared in tspellsuggest.nim(37, 10)]
- (1, 3): 'fooBar6' [macro declared in tspellsuggest.nim(38, 7)]
- (1, 5): 'FooBar' [type declared in mspellsuggest.nim(5, 6)]
- (1, 5): 'fooBar4' [proc declared in mspellsuggest.nim(1, 6)]
- (1, 5): 'fooBar9' [var declared in mspellsuggest.nim(2, 5)]
- (1, 5): 'fooCar' [var declared in mspellsuggest.nim(4, 5)]
- (2, 5): 'FooCar' [type declared in mspellsuggest.nim(6, 6)]
- (2, 5): 'GooBa' [type declared in mspellsuggest.nim(7, 6)]
- (3, 0): 'fooBarBaz' [const declared in tspellsuggest.nim(44, 11)]
-'''
-"""
-
-# tests `--spellsuggest:num`
-
-
-
-# line 30
-import ./mspellsuggest
-
-var fooBar1 = 0
-let fooBar2 = 0
-const fooBar3 = 0
-proc fooBar4() = discard
-template fooBar5() = discard
-macro fooBar6() = discard
-
-proc main =
-  var fooBar7 = 0
-  block:
-    var fooBar8 = 0
-    const fooBarBaz = 0
-    let x = fooBar
diff --git a/tests/misc/tspellsuggest2.nim b/tests/misc/tspellsuggest2.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 78504c513..000000000
--- a/tests/misc/tspellsuggest2.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  # pending bug #16521 (bug 12) use `matrix`
-  cmd: "nim c --spellsuggest --hints:off $file"
-  action: "reject"
-  nimout: '''
-tspellsuggest2.nim(45, 13) Error: undeclared identifier: 'fooBar'
-candidates (edit distance, scope distance); see '--spellSuggest':
- (1, 0): 'fooBar8' [var declared in tspellsuggest2.nim(43, 9)]
- (1, 1): 'fooBar7' [var declared in tspellsuggest2.nim(41, 7)]
- (1, 3): 'fooBar1' [var declared in tspellsuggest2.nim(33, 5)]
- (1, 3): 'fooBar2' [let declared in tspellsuggest2.nim(34, 5)]
- (1, 3): 'fooBar3' [const declared in tspellsuggest2.nim(35, 7)]
- (1, 3): 'fooBar4' [proc declared in tspellsuggest2.nim(36, 6)]
- (1, 3): 'fooBar5' [template declared in tspellsuggest2.nim(37, 10)]
- (1, 3): 'fooBar6' [macro declared in tspellsuggest2.nim(38, 7)]
- (1, 5): 'FooBar' [type declared in mspellsuggest.nim(5, 6)]
- (1, 5): 'fooBar4' [proc declared in mspellsuggest.nim(1, 6)]
- (1, 5): 'fooBar9' [var declared in mspellsuggest.nim(2, 5)]
- (1, 5): 'fooCar' [var declared in mspellsuggest.nim(4, 5)]
-'''
-"""
-
-# tests `--spellsuggest`
-
-
-
-
-
-
-# line 30
-import ./mspellsuggest
-
-var fooBar1 = 0
-let fooBar2 = 0
-const fooBar3 = 0
-proc fooBar4() = discard
-template fooBar5() = discard
-macro fooBar6() = discard
-
-proc main =
-  var fooBar7 = 0
-  block:
-    var fooBar8 = 0
-    const fooBarBaz = 0
-    let x = fooBar
diff --git a/tests/misc/ttlsemulation.nim b/tests/misc/ttlsemulation.nim
index 47c5934e6..767a9bd4e 100644
--- a/tests/misc/ttlsemulation.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/ttlsemulation.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  disabled: i386
   matrix: "-d:nimTtlsemulationCase1 --threads --tlsEmulation:on; -d:nimTtlsemulationCase2 --threads --tlsEmulation:off; -d:nimTtlsemulationCase3 --threads"
   targets: "c cpp"
 """
diff --git a/tests/misc/tunsignedconv.nim b/tests/misc/tunsignedconv.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index b9463b5f0..000000000
--- a/tests/misc/tunsignedconv.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-# Tests unsigned literals and implicit conversion between uints and ints
-
-var h8:uint8 = 128
-var h16:uint16 = 32768
-var h32:uint32 = 2147483648'u32
-var h64:uint64 = 9223372036854775808'u64
-var foobar:uint64 = 9223372036854775813'u64 # Issue 728
-
-var v8:uint8 = 10
-var v16:uint16 = 10
-var v32:uint32 = 10
-var v64:uint64 = 10
-
-# u8 + literal produces u8:
-var a8: uint8 = v8 + 10
-var a16: uint16 = v16 + 10
-
-when false:
-  var d8  = v8 + 10'i8
-  var d16 = v8 + 10'i16
-  var d32 = v8 + 10'i32
-
-when false:
-  # these don't work yet because unsigned.nim is stupid. XXX We need to fix this.
-  var f8  = v16 + 10'u8
-  var f16 = v16 + 10'u16
-  var f32 = v16 + 10'u32
-
-  var g8  = v32 + 10'u8
-  var g16 = v32 + 10'u16
-  var g32 = v32 + 10'u32
-
-var ar: array[0..20, int]
-var n8 = ar[v8]
-var n16 = ar[v16]
-var n32 = ar[v32]
-var n64 = ar[v64]
-
-
-block t4176:
-  var yyy: uint8 = 0
-  yyy = yyy - 127
-  doAssert type(yyy) is uint8
-
-# bug #13661
-
-proc fun(): uint = cast[uint](-1)
-const x0 = fun()
-
-doAssert typeof(x0) is uint
-
-discard $x0
-
-# bug #13671
-
-const x1 = cast[uint](-1)
-discard $(x1,)
-
-# bug #13698
-let n: csize = 1 # xxx should that be csize_t or is that essential here?
-doAssert $n.int32 == "1"
-
-# bug #14616
-
-let limit = 1'u64
-
-let rangeVar = 0'u64 ..< limit
-
-doAssert repr(rangeVar) == """[a = 0,
-b = 0]"""
-
-# bug #15210
-
-let a3 = not 0'u64
-var success = false
-try:
-  discard a3.int64
-except RangeDefect:
-  success = true
-
-doAssert success, "conversion should fail at runtime"
diff --git a/tests/misc/tupcomingfeatures.nim b/tests/misc/tupcomingfeatures.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index d37ce85cf..000000000
--- a/tests/misc/tupcomingfeatures.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  output: '''0 -2 0
-0 -2'''
-"""
-
-{.this: self.}
-
-type
-  Foo = object
-    a, b, x: int
-
-proc yay(self: Foo) =
-  echo a, " ", b, " ", x
-
-proc footest[T](self: var Foo, a: T) =
-  b = 1+a
-  yay()
-
-proc nongeneric(self: Foo) =
-  echo a, " ", b
-
-var ff: Foo
-footest(ff, -3)
-ff.nongeneric
-
-{.experimental.}
-using
-  c: Foo
-  x, y: int
-
-proc usesSig(c) =
-  echo "yummy"
-
-proc foobar(c, y) =
-  echo "yay"
diff --git a/tests/misc/tvarious1.nim b/tests/misc/tvarious1.nim
index 9c0b541db..9c912ee8e 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tvarious1.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/tvarious1.nim
@@ -46,3 +46,13 @@ echo value
 var ys = @[4.1, 5.6, 7.2, 1.7, 9.3, 4.4, 3.2]
 #var x = int(ys.high / 2) #echo ys[x] # Works
 echo ys[int(ys.high / 2)] # Doesn't work
+
+
+# bug #19680
+var here = ""
+when stderr is static:
+  doAssert false
+else:
+  here = "works"
+
+doAssert here == "works"
diff --git a/tests/misc/tvarnums.nim b/tests/misc/tvarnums.nim
index 2aef242e1..498099c49 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tvarnums.nim
+++ b/tests/misc/tvarnums.nim
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import
   strutils
 
 type
-  TBuffer = array[0..10, int8]
+  TBuffer = array[0..10, uint8]
 
 proc toVarNum(x: int32, b: var TBuffer) =
   # encoding: first bit indicates end of number (0 if at end)
@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ proc toVarNum(x: int32, b: var TBuffer) =
     # anyway
     a = abs(x)
   # first 6 bits:
-  b[0] = toU8(ord(a >% 63'i32) shl 7 or (ord(x < 0'i32) shl 6) or (int(a) and 63))
+  b[0] = uint8(ord(a >% 63'i32) shl 7 or (ord(x < 0'i32) shl 6) or (int(a) and 63))
   a = (a shr 6'i32) and 0x03ffffff # skip first 6 bits
   var i = 1
   while a != 0'i32:
-    b[i] = toU8(ord(a >% 127'i32) shl 7 or (int(a) and 127))
+    b[i] = uint8(ord(a >% 127'i32) shl 7 or (int(a) and 127))
     inc(i)
     a = a shr 7'i32
 
@@ -41,40 +41,40 @@ proc toVarNum64(x: int64, b: var TBuffer) =
     # anyway
     a = abs(x)
   # first 6 bits:
-  b[0] = toU8(ord(a >% 63'i64) shl 7 or (ord(x < 0'i64) shl 6) or int(a and 63))
+  b[0] = uint8(ord(a >% 63'i64) shl 7 or (ord(x < 0'i64) shl 6) or int(a and 63))
   a = (a shr 6) and 0x03ffffffffffffff # skip first 6 bits
   var i = 1
   while a != 0'i64:
-    b[i] = toU8(ord(a >% 127'i64) shl 7 or int(a and 127))
+    b[i] = uint8(ord(a >% 127'i64) shl 7 or int(a and 127))
     inc(i)
     a = a shr 7
 
 proc toNum64(b: TBuffer): int64 =
   # treat first byte different:
-  result = ze64(b[0]) and 63
+  result = int64(b[0]) and 63
   var
     i = 0
     Shift = 6'i64
-  while (ze(b[i]) and 128) != 0:
+  while (int(b[i]) and 128) != 0:
     inc(i)
-    result = result or ((ze64(b[i]) and 127) shl Shift)
+    result = result or ((int64(b[i]) and 127) shl Shift)
     inc(Shift, 7)
-  if (ze(b[0]) and 64) != 0: # sign bit set?
+  if (int(b[0]) and 64) != 0: # sign bit set?
     result = not result +% 1
     # this is the same as ``- result``
     # but gives no overflow error for low(int)
 
 proc toNum(b: TBuffer): int32 =
   # treat first byte different:
-  result = int32 ze(b[0]) and 63
+  result = int32(b[0]) and 63
   var
     i = 0
     Shift = 6'i32
-  while (ze(b[i]) and 128) != 0:
+  while (int(b[i]) and 128) != 0:
     inc(i)
-    result = result or ((int32(ze(b[i])) and 127'i32) shl Shift)
+    result = result or ((int32(b[i]) and 127'i32) shl Shift)
     Shift = Shift + 7'i32
-  if (ze(b[0]) and (1 shl 6)) != 0: # sign bit set?
+  if (int(b[0]) and (1 shl 6)) != 0: # sign bit set?
     result = (not result) +% 1'i32
     # this is the same as ``- result``
     # but gives no overflow error for low(int)
diff --git a/tests/misc/tvcc.nim b/tests/misc/tvcc.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..10533729c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/misc/tvcc.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--cc:vcc"
+  disabled: "linux"
+  disabled: "bsd"
+  disabled: "osx"
+  disabled: "unix"
+  disabled: "posix"
+"""
+doAssert true
diff --git a/tests/mmaptest.nim b/tests/mmaptest.nim
index 7a93cdd45..33010606f 100644
--- a/tests/mmaptest.nim
+++ b/tests/mmaptest.nim
@@ -19,8 +19,11 @@ proc `+!!`(p: pointer, size: int): pointer {.inline.} =
   result = cast[pointer](cast[int](p) + size)
 
 const
-  PageShift = when defined(cpu16): 8 else: 12 # \
-    # my tests showed no improvements for using larger page sizes.
+  PageShift = when defined(nimPage256) or defined(cpu16): 8
+              elif defined(nimPage512): 9
+              elif defined(nimPage1k): 10
+              else: 12 # \ # my tests showed no improvements for using larger page sizes.
+
   PageSize = 1 shl PageShift
 
 var p = osAllocPages(3 * PageSize)
diff --git a/tests/modules/a/module_name_clashes.nim b/tests/modules/a/module_name_clashes.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..209526e22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/modules/a/module_name_clashes.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# See `tmodule_name_clashes`
+
+import ../b/module_name_clashes
+type A* = object
+  b*: B
+
+proc print*(a: A) =
+  echo repr a
diff --git a/tests/modules/b/module_name_clashes.nim b/tests/modules/b/module_name_clashes.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a10cac33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/modules/b/module_name_clashes.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# See `tmodule_name_clashes`
+
+type B* = object
diff --git a/tests/modules/mincludeprefix.nim b/tests/modules/mincludeprefix.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d557a430
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/modules/mincludeprefix.nim
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+const bar = 456
diff --git a/tests/modules/mincludetemplate.nim b/tests/modules/mincludetemplate.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..febe9bfcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/modules/mincludetemplate.nim
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+const foo = 123
diff --git a/tests/modules/texplicit_system_import.nim b/tests/modules/texplicit_system_import.nim
index bc4d018bf..0a4cedc71 100644
--- a/tests/modules/texplicit_system_import.nim
+++ b/tests/modules/texplicit_system_import.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-##.
 import system except `+`
+
 discard """
   errormsg: "undeclared identifier: '+'"
   line: 9
 """
-# Testament requires that the initial """ occurs before the 40th byte
-# in the file. No kidding...
+
+
 echo 4+5
diff --git a/tests/modules/timportas.nim b/tests/modules/timportas.nim
index 2f7bf7f6a..179613c6b 100644
--- a/tests/modules/timportas.nim
+++ b/tests/modules/timportas.nim
@@ -2,15 +2,20 @@ discard """
     action: run
 """
 
-import .. / modules / [definitions as foo]
-import .. / modules / definitions as foo
+import .. / modules / [mexporta as a1, definitions as foo1]
+import .. / modules / definitions as foo2
+import ./[mexporta as a2, definitions as foo3]
 import std / times as bar
 from times as bar2 import nil
 import times as bar3 except convert
 import definitions as baz
 
-discard foo.v
+discard foo1.v
+discard foo2.v
+discard foo3.v
 discard bar.now()
 discard bar2.now()
 discard bar3.now()
 discard baz.v
+discard a1.xyz
+discard a2.xyz
diff --git a/tests/modules/tincludeprefix.nim b/tests/modules/tincludeprefix.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d45a6eff3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/modules/tincludeprefix.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+include ./[mincludeprefix, mincludetemplate]
+doAssert foo == 123
+doAssert bar == 456
diff --git a/tests/modules/tincludetemplate.nim b/tests/modules/tincludetemplate.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..77e409ee5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/modules/tincludetemplate.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# issue #12539
+
+template includePath(n: untyped) = include ../modules/n # But `include n` works
+includePath(mincludetemplate)
+doAssert foo == 123
diff --git a/tests/modules/tmodule_name_clashes.nim b/tests/modules/tmodule_name_clashes.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..814d5d152
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/modules/tmodule_name_clashes.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+discard """
+matrix: "--mm:refc"
+targets: "c"
+ccodecheck: "\\i @('atmaatsmodule_name_clashesdotnim_DatInit000')"
+ccodecheck: "\\i @('atmbatsmodule_name_clashesdotnim_DatInit000')"
+joinable: false
+"""
+
+# Test module name clashes within same package.
+# This was created to test that module symbol mangling functioned correctly
+# for the C backend when there are one or more modules with the same name in
+# a package, and more than one of them require module initialization procs.
+# I'm not sure of the simplest method to cause the init procs to be generated.
+
+import a/module_name_clashes
+
+print A()
diff --git a/tests/modules/tmodulesymtype.nim b/tests/modules/tmodulesymtype.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d17c4cca4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/modules/tmodulesymtype.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+discard """
+cmd: "nim check $file"
+"""
+
+# bug #19225
+import std/sequtils
+sequtils #[tt.Error
+^ expression has no type: sequtils]#
+proc foo() =
+  block: #[tt.Error
+  ^ expression has no type: block:
+  sequtils]#
+    sequtils
+
+foo()
+
+# issue #23399
+when isMainModule:
+  sequtils #[tt.Error
+  ^ expression has no type: sequtils]#
+
+discard
diff --git a/tests/modules/treorder.nim b/tests/modules/treorder.nim
index c81715cd8..ff0b2e071 100644
--- a/tests/modules/treorder.nim
+++ b/tests/modules/treorder.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  cmd: "nim -d:testdef $target $file"
+  matrix: "-d:testdef"
   output: '''works 34
 34
 defined
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ defined
 
 {.experimental: "codeReordering".}
 
+{.push callconv: stdcall.}
+
 proc bar(x: T)
 
 proc foo() =
@@ -41,3 +43,5 @@ using
   my, omy: int
 
 goo(3, 4)
+
+{.pop.}
diff --git a/tests/modules/tselfimport.nim b/tests/modules/tselfimport.nim
index 7e50bef7c..ba5d9b4cf 100644
--- a/tests/modules/tselfimport.nim
+++ b/tests/modules/tselfimport.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "A module cannot import itself"
+  errormsg: "module 'tselfimport' cannot import itself"
   file: "tselfimport.nim"
   line: 7
 """
diff --git a/tests/deprecated/importme.nim b/tests/msgs/mdeprecated3.nim
index 0a9c6e37d..0a9c6e37d 100644
--- a/tests/deprecated/importme.nim
+++ b/tests/msgs/mdeprecated3.nim
diff --git a/tests/misc/mspellsuggest.nim b/tests/msgs/mspellsuggest.nim
index ad449554f..ad449554f 100644
--- a/tests/misc/mspellsuggest.nim
+++ b/tests/msgs/mspellsuggest.nim
diff --git a/tests/msgs/mused2a.nim b/tests/msgs/mused2a.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d9b2bb9bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/msgs/mused2a.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import std/strutils
+
+from std/os import fileExists
+
+import std/typetraits as typetraits2
+from std/setutils import complement
+
+
+
+
+
+proc fn1() = discard
+proc fn2*() = discard
+
+
+let fn4 = 0
+let fn5* = 0
+
+
+const fn7 = 0
+const fn8* = 0
+
+type T1 = object
diff --git a/tests/msgs/mused2b.nim b/tests/msgs/mused2b.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39c92b964
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/msgs/mused2b.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import mused2c
+export mused2c
+
diff --git a/tests/msgs/mused2c.nim b/tests/msgs/mused2c.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a374e634e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/msgs/mused2c.nim
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+proc baz*() = discard
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/msgs/mused3.nim b/tests/msgs/mused3.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0beec1d44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/msgs/mused3.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#[
+ran from trunner
+]#
+
+
+
+
+
+
+# line 10
+when defined case1:
+  from mused3a import nil
+  from mused3b import nil
+  mused3a.fn1()
+
+when defined case2:
+  from mused3a as m1 import nil
+  m1.fn1()
+
+when defined case3:
+  from mused3a import fn1
+  fn1()
+
+when defined case4:
+  from mused3a as m1 import fn1
+  m1.fn1()
+
+when defined case5:
+  import mused3a as m1
+  fn1()
+
+when defined case6:
+  import mused3a except nonexistent
+  fn1()
+
+when defined case7:
+  import mused3a
+  mused3a.fn1()
+
+when defined case8:
+  # re-export test
+  import mused3a except nonexistent
+  gn1()
+
+when defined case9:
+  # re-export test
+  import mused3a
+  gn1()
+
+when defined case10:
+  #[
+  edge case which happens a lot in compiler code:
+  don't report UnusedImport for mused3b here even though it works without `import mused3b`,
+  because `a.b0.f0` is accessible from both mused3a and mused3b (fields are given implicit access)
+  ]#
+  import mused3a
+  import mused3b
+  var a: Bar
+  discard a.b0.f0
+
+when false:
+  when defined case11:
+    #[
+    xxx minor bug: this should give:
+    Warning: imported and not used: 'm2' [UnusedImport]
+    but doesn't, because currently implementation in `markOwnerModuleAsUsed`
+    only looks at `fn1`, not fully qualified call `m1.fn1()
+    ]#
+    from mused3a as m1 import nil
+    from mused3a as m2 import nil
+    m1.fn1()
+
+when defined case12:
+  import mused3a
+  import mused3a
+  fn1()
diff --git a/tests/msgs/mused3a.nim b/tests/msgs/mused3a.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c33d1ecb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/msgs/mused3a.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+when defined case1:
+  proc fn1*() = discard
+
+when defined case2:
+  proc fn1*() = discard
+
+when defined case3:
+  proc fn1*() = discard
+  proc fn2*() = discard
+
+when defined case4:
+  proc fn1*() = discard
+  proc fn2*() = discard
+
+when defined case5:
+  proc fn1*() = discard
+
+when defined case6:
+  proc fn1*() = discard
+
+when defined case7:
+  proc fn1*() = discard
+
+when defined case8:
+  import mused3b
+  export mused3b
+
+when defined case9:
+  import mused3b
+  export mused3b
+
+when defined case10:
+  import mused3b
+  type Bar* = object
+    b0*: Foo
+
+when defined case11:
+  proc fn1*() = discard
+
+when defined case12:
+  proc fn1*() = discard
diff --git a/tests/msgs/mused3b.nim b/tests/msgs/mused3b.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de288bb08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/msgs/mused3b.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+when defined case1:
+  proc gn1*()=discard
+
+when defined case8:
+  proc gn1*()=discard
+
+when defined case9:
+  proc gn1*()=discard
+
+when defined case10:
+  type Foo* = object
+    f0*: int
diff --git a/tests/msgs/tdeprecated1.nim b/tests/msgs/tdeprecated1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4e85da0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/msgs/tdeprecated1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+let foo* {.deprecated: "abcd".} = 42
+var foo1* {.deprecated: "efgh".} = 42
+foo1 = foo #[tt.Warning
+^ efgh; foo1 is deprecated [Deprecated]; tt.Warning
+       ^ abcd; foo is deprecated [Deprecated]]#
+
+proc hello[T](a: T) {.deprecated: "Deprecated since v1.2.0, use 'HelloZ'".} =
+  discard
+
+hello[int](12) #[tt.Warning
+^ Deprecated since v1.2.0, use 'HelloZ'; hello is deprecated [Deprecated]]#
+
+const foo2* {.deprecated: "abcd".} = 42
+discard foo2 #[tt.Warning
+        ^ abcd; foo2 is deprecated [Deprecated]]#
diff --git a/tests/deprecated/tdeprecated.nim b/tests/msgs/tdeprecated2.nim
index ba8d579ad..71d20081e 100644
--- a/tests/deprecated/tdeprecated.nim
+++ b/tests/msgs/tdeprecated2.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 discard """
   nimout: '''
-tdeprecated.nim(23, 3) Warning: a is deprecated [Deprecated]
-tdeprecated.nim(30, 11) Warning: asdf; enum 'Foo' which contains field 'a' is deprecated [Deprecated]
-tdeprecated.nim(40, 16) Warning: use fooX instead; fooA is deprecated [Deprecated]
+tdeprecated2.nim(23, 3) Warning: a is deprecated [Deprecated]
+tdeprecated2.nim(30, 11) Warning: asdf; enum 'Foo' which contains field 'a' is deprecated [Deprecated]
+tdeprecated2.nim(40, 16) Warning: use fooX instead; fooA is deprecated [Deprecated]
 end
 '''
 """
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ block: # issue #8063
     Foo = enum
       fooX
 
-  {.deprecated: [fooA: fooX].}
+  const fooA {.deprecated: "use fooX instead".} = fooX
   let
     foo: Foo = fooA
   echo foo
diff --git a/tests/msgs/tdeprecated3.nim b/tests/msgs/tdeprecated3.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c1b7deff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/msgs/tdeprecated3.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--hint:all:off"
+  nimoutFull: true
+  nimout: '''
+tdeprecated3.nim(21, 8) Warning: goodbye; mdeprecated3 is deprecated [Deprecated]
+tdeprecated3.nim(24, 10) Warning: Ty is deprecated [Deprecated]
+tdeprecated3.nim(27, 10) Warning: hello; Ty1 is deprecated [Deprecated]
+tdeprecated3.nim(30, 8) Warning: aVar is deprecated [Deprecated]
+tdeprecated3.nim(32, 3) Warning: aProc is deprecated [Deprecated]
+tdeprecated3.nim(33, 3) Warning: hello; aProc1 is deprecated [Deprecated]
+'''
+"""
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+# line 20
+import mdeprecated3
+
+block:
+  var z: Ty
+  z = 0
+block:
+  var z: Ty1
+  z = 0
+block:
+  echo aVar
+block:
+  aProc()
+  aProc1()
diff --git a/tests/msgs/tdeprecatedequalhook.nim b/tests/msgs/tdeprecatedequalhook.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79ee835f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/msgs/tdeprecatedequalhook.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "Overriding `=` hook is deprecated; Override `=copy` hook instead"
+  matrix: "--warningAsError[Deprecated]:on"
+"""
+
+type
+  SharedString = object
+    data: string
+
+proc `=`(x: var SharedString, y: SharedString) =
+  discard
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/compilerfeatures/texpandmacro.nim b/tests/msgs/texpandmacro.nim
index 76b0263ae..fea8b571f 100644
--- a/tests/compilerfeatures/texpandmacro.nim
+++ b/tests/msgs/texpandmacro.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   cmd: "nim c --expandMacro:foo $file"
-  nimout: '''Hint: expanded macro:
+  nimout: '''texpandmacro.nim(17, 1) Hint: expanded macro:
 echo ["injected echo"]
 var x = 4 [ExpandMacro]
 '''
diff --git a/tests/msgs/thints_off.nim b/tests/msgs/thints_off.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a4cadad6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/msgs/thints_off.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--hints:off"
+"""
+doAssert true
diff --git a/tests/msgs/tspellsuggest.nim b/tests/msgs/tspellsuggest.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea0a98cd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/msgs/tspellsuggest.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--spellsuggest:15 --hints:off"
+  action: "reject"
+  nimout: '''
+tspellsuggest.nim(45, 13) Error: undeclared identifier: 'fooBar'
+candidates (edit distance, scope distance); see '--spellSuggest':
+ (1, 0): 'fooBar8'
+ (1, 1): 'fooBar7'
+ (1, 3): 'fooBar1'
+ (1, 3): 'fooBar2'
+ (1, 3): 'fooBar3'
+ (1, 3): 'fooBar4'
+ (1, 3): 'fooBar5'
+ (1, 3): 'fooBar6'
+ (1, 5): 'FooBar'
+ (1, 5): 'fooBar4'
+ (1, 5): 'fooBar9'
+ (1, 5): 'fooCar'
+ (2, 5): 'FooCar'
+ (2, 5): 'GooBa'
+ (3, 0): 'fooBarBaz'
+'''
+"""
+
+# tests `--spellsuggest:num`
+
+
+
+
+# line 30
+import ./mspellsuggest
+
+var fooBar1 = 0
+let fooBar2 = 0
+const fooBar3 = 0
+proc fooBar4() = discard
+template fooBar5() = discard
+macro fooBar6() = discard
+
+proc main =
+  var fooBar7 = 0
+  block:
+    var fooBar8 = 0
+    const fooBarBaz = 0
+    let x = fooBar
diff --git a/tests/msgs/tspellsuggest2.nim b/tests/msgs/tspellsuggest2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4bf05799e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/msgs/tspellsuggest2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--spellsuggest:12 --hints:off"
+  action: "reject"
+  nimout: '''
+tspellsuggest2.nim(45, 13) Error: undeclared identifier: 'fooBar'
+candidates (edit distance, scope distance); see '--spellSuggest':
+ (1, 0): 'fooBar8'
+ (1, 1): 'fooBar7'
+ (1, 3): 'fooBar1'
+ (1, 3): 'fooBar2'
+ (1, 3): 'fooBar3'
+ (1, 3): 'fooBar4'
+ (1, 3): 'fooBar5'
+ (1, 3): 'fooBar6'
+ (1, 5): 'FooBar'
+ (1, 5): 'fooBar4'
+ (1, 5): 'fooBar9'
+ (1, 5): 'fooCar'
+'''
+"""
+
+# tests `--spellsuggest`
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+# line 30
+import ./mspellsuggest
+
+var fooBar1 = 0
+let fooBar2 = 0
+const fooBar3 = 0
+proc fooBar4() = discard
+template fooBar5() = discard
+macro fooBar6() = discard
+
+proc main =
+  var fooBar7 = 0
+  block:
+    var fooBar8 = 0
+    const fooBarBaz = 0
+    let x = fooBar
diff --git a/tests/msgs/tspellsuggest3.nim b/tests/msgs/tspellsuggest3.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bd4d5256f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/msgs/tspellsuggest3.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--spellsuggest:4 --hints:off"
+  action: "reject"
+  nimout: '''
+tspellsuggest3.nim(21, 1) Error: undeclared identifier: 'fooBar'
+candidates (edit distance, scope distance); see '--spellSuggest':
+ (1, 2): 'FooBar'
+ (1, 2): 'fooBar4'
+ (1, 2): 'fooBar9'
+ (1, 2): 'fooCar'
+'''
+"""
+
+
+import ./mspellsuggest
+import ./mspellsuggest
+import ./mspellsuggest
+import ./mspellsuggest
+
+
+fooBar
diff --git a/tests/msgs/tused2.nim b/tests/msgs/tused2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ccda7737
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/msgs/tused2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--hint:all:off --hint:XDeclaredButNotUsed --path:."
+  joinable: false
+  nimoutFull: true
+  nimout: '''
+mused2a.nim(12, 6) Hint: 'fn1' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+mused2a.nim(16, 5) Hint: 'fn4' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+mused2a.nim(20, 7) Hint: 'fn7' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+mused2a.nim(23, 6) Hint: 'T1' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+mused2a.nim(1, 12) Warning: imported and not used: 'strutils' [UnusedImport]
+mused2a.nim(3, 10) Warning: imported and not used: 'os' [UnusedImport]
+mused2a.nim(5, 23) Warning: imported and not used: 'typetraits2' [UnusedImport]
+mused2a.nim(6, 10) Warning: imported and not used: 'setutils' [UnusedImport]
+tused2.nim(42, 8) Warning: imported and not used: 'mused2a' [UnusedImport]
+tused2.nim(45, 12) Warning: imported and not used: 'strutils' [UnusedImport]
+'''
+"""
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+# line 40
+
+import mused2a
+import mused2b
+
+import std/strutils
+baz()
diff --git a/tests/misc/twarningaserror.nim b/tests/msgs/twarningaserror.nim
index 6f7b76095..6f7b76095 100644
--- a/tests/misc/twarningaserror.nim
+++ b/tests/msgs/twarningaserror.nim
diff --git a/tests/navigator/minclude.nim b/tests/navigator/minclude.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f65ebfab9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/navigator/minclude.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# An include file.
+foo(3)
diff --git a/tests/navigator/tincludefile.nim b/tests/navigator/tincludefile.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a913d0736
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/navigator/tincludefile.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+discard """
+  disabled: true
+  cmd: "nim check $options --defusages:$file,12,7 $file"
+  nimout: '''def tincludefile_temp.nim(11, 10)
+usage tincludefile_temp.nim(12, 8)
+  '''
+"""
+
+
+
+proc foo(x: int) =
+  echo x
+
+foo(3)
+echo "yes", 1 != 3
+
+#!EDIT!#
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $options --defusages:$file/../minclude.nim,2,2 $file"
+  nimout: '''def tincludefile_temp.nim(10, 6)
+usage minclude.nim(2, 1)
+  '''
+"""
+
+
+proc foo(x: int) =
+  echo x
+
+include minclude
diff --git a/tests/navigator/tnav1.nim b/tests/navigator/tnav1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e76c921f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/navigator/tnav1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+discard """
+  disabled: true
+  cmd: "nim check $options --defusages:$file,12,7 $file"
+  nimout: '''def tnav1_temp.nim(11, 10)
+usage tnav1_temp.nim(12, 8)
+  '''
+"""
+
+import std / [times]
+
+proc foo(x: int) =
+  echo x
+
+foo(3)
+echo "yes", 1 != 3
+
+#!EDIT!#
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $options --defusages:$file,15,2 $file"
+  nimout: '''def tnav1_temp.nim(12, 6)
+usage tnav1_temp.nim(15, 1)
+  '''
+"""
+
+
+import std / [times]
+
+proc foo(x: int) =
+  echo x
+
+foo(3)
+echo "yes", 1 != 3
+
diff --git a/tests/newconfig/foo2/mfoo2.customext b/tests/newconfig/foo2/mfoo2.customext
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66c8b1d15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/newconfig/foo2/mfoo2.customext
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+doAssert defined(nimscript)
+echo "123"
diff --git a/tests/newconfig/mconfigcheck.nims b/tests/newconfig/mconfigcheck.nims
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8df6715f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/newconfig/mconfigcheck.nims
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+mode = ScriptMode.Verbose
+proc build() =
+  echo "building nim... "
+  exec "sleep 10"
+  exec "nonexistant command"
+  echo getCurrentDir()
+
+echo "hello"
+build()
diff --git a/tests/newconfig/tfoo.nim b/tests/newconfig/tfoo.nim
index 6654202c5..0c6ded470 100644
--- a/tests/newconfig/tfoo.nim
+++ b/tests/newconfig/tfoo.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   cmd: "nim default --hint:cc:off --hint:cc $file"
-  output: '''hello world! 0.5'''
+  output: '''hello world! 0.5 true'''
   nimout: '''[NimScript] exec: gcc -v'''
 """
 
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ when not defined(definedefine):
 import math, mfriends
 
 discard gen[int]()
-echo "hello world! ", ln 2.0
+echo "hello world! ", ln 2.0, " ", compileOption("opt", "speed")
diff --git a/tests/newconfig/tfoo.nims b/tests/newconfig/tfoo.nims
index 6f0048afb..f22caaacd 100644
--- a/tests/newconfig/tfoo.nims
+++ b/tests/newconfig/tfoo.nims
@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@ mode = ScriptMode.Whatif
 
 exec "gcc -v"
 
+--define:release
+
 --forceBuild
---path: "../friends"
+--path: "../generics"
 
 warning("uninit", off)
 
diff --git a/tests/nimdoc/m13129.nim b/tests/nimdoc/m13129.nim
index 145cae39c..34e118381 100644
--- a/tests/nimdoc/m13129.nim
+++ b/tests/nimdoc/m13129.nim
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ when defined(cpp):
   {.push header: "<vector>".}
   type
     Vector[T] {.importcpp: "std::vector".} = object
+  {.pop.}
 elif defined(js):
   proc endsWith*(s, suffix: cstring): bool {.noSideEffect,importjs: "#.endsWith(#)".}
 elif defined(c):
diff --git a/tests/nimdoc/t17615.nim b/tests/nimdoc/t17615.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..77ae35a15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/nimdoc/t17615.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim doc -r $file"
+  errormsg: "runnableExamples must appear before the first non-comment statement"
+  line: 10
+"""
+
+func fn*() =
+  ## foo
+  discard
+  runnableExamples:
+    assert true
diff --git a/tests/nimdoc/trunnableexamples.nim b/tests/nimdoc/trunnableexamples.nim
index 2de1862bd..57e725b2e 100644
--- a/tests/nimdoc/trunnableexamples.nim
+++ b/tests/nimdoc/trunnableexamples.nim
@@ -1,19 +1,25 @@
 discard """
-cmd: "nim doc --doccmd:-d:testFooExternal --hints:off $file"
+cmd: '''nim doc --doccmd:"-d:testFooExternal --hints:off" --hints:off $file'''
 action: "compile"
+nimoutFull: true
 nimout: '''
 foo1
 foo2
 foo3
 foo5
-foo6
 foo7
+in examplesInTemplate1
+doc in outer
+doc in inner1
+doc in inner2
 foo8
 foo9
+foo6
 '''
 joinable: false
 """
 
+
 proc fun*() =
   runnableExamples:
     block: # `defer` only allowed inside a block
@@ -31,7 +37,7 @@ proc fun*() =
     proc fun*()=echo "foo5"
     fun()
 
-  runnableExamples:
+  runnableExamples("--experimental:codeReordering --warnings:off"):
     # `codeReordering` only allowed at top level
     {.experimental: "codeReordering".}
     proc fun1() = fun2()
@@ -53,7 +59,7 @@ when true: # issue #12746
     runnableExamples:
       try:
         discard
-      except:
+      except CatchableError:
         # just the general except will work
         discard
 
@@ -93,7 +99,7 @@ when true: # runnableExamples with rdoccmd
 
   template fun3Impl(): untyped =
     runnableExamples(rdoccmd="-d:foo"):
-      nonexistant
+      nonexistent
         # bugfix: this shouldn't be semchecked when `runnableExamples`
         # has more than 1 argument
     discard
@@ -109,6 +115,47 @@ when true: # runnableExamples with rdoccmd
     # passing seq (to run with multiple compilation options)
     runnableExamples(@["-b:cpp", "-b:js"]): discard
 
+when true: # bug #16993
+  template examplesInTemplate1*(cond: untyped) =
+    ## in examplesInTemplate1
+    runnableExamples:
+      echo "in examplesInTemplate1"
+    discard
+  examplesInTemplate1 true
+  examplesInTemplate1 true
+  examplesInTemplate1 true
+
+when true: # bug #18054
+  template outer*(body: untyped) =
+    ## outer template doc string.
+    runnableExamples:
+      echo "doc in outer"
+    ##
+    template inner1*() =
+      ## inner1 template doc string.
+      runnableExamples:
+        echo "doc in inner1"
+      ##
+
+    template inner2*() =
+      ## inner2 template doc string.
+      runnableExamples:
+        echo "doc in inner2"
+    body
+  outer:
+    inner1()
+    inner2()
+
+when true: # bug #17835
+  template anyItFake*(s, pred: untyped): bool =
+    ## Foo
+    runnableExamples: discard
+    true
+
+  proc anyItFakeMain*(n: seq[int]): bool =
+    result = anyItFake(n, it == 0)
+      # this was giving: Error: runnableExamples must appear before the first non-comment statement
+
 runnableExamples:
   block: # bug #17279
     when int.sizeof == 8:
@@ -118,7 +165,7 @@ runnableExamples:
   # bug #13491
   block:
     proc fun(): int = doAssert false
-    doAssertRaises(AssertionError, (discard fun()))
+    doAssertRaises(AssertionDefect, (discard fun()))
 
   block:
     template foo(body) = discard
@@ -126,7 +173,7 @@ runnableExamples:
 
   block:
     template fn(body: untyped): untyped = true
-    doAssert(fn do: nonexistant)
+    doAssert(fn do: nonexistent)
   import std/macros
   macro foo*(x, y) =
     result = newLetStmt(x[0][0], x[0][1])
@@ -143,6 +190,10 @@ runnableExamples:
   proc fun*()=echo "foo9"
   fun()
 
+# import std/assertions by default
+runnableExamples("-d:nimPreviewSlimSystem"):
+  doAssert true
+
 # note: there are yet other examples where putting runnableExamples at module
 # scope is needed, for example when using an `include` before an `import`, etc.
 
@@ -155,3 +206,8 @@ snippet:
   doAssert defined(testFooExternal)
 
 ]##
+
+when true: # runnableExamples with rdoccmd
+  runnableExamples "-d:testFoo -d:testBar":
+    doAssert defined(testFoo) and defined(testBar)
+    doAssert defined(testFooExternal)
diff --git a/tests/niminaction/Chapter3/various3.nim b/tests/niminaction/Chapter3/various3.nim
index 4e028a048..c7cdf7db4 100644
--- a/tests/niminaction/Chapter3/various3.nim
+++ b/tests/niminaction/Chapter3/various3.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+matrix: "--mm:refc"
 output: '''
 Future is no longer empty, 42
 '''
diff --git a/tests/niminaction/Chapter7/Tweeter/src/createDatabase.nim b/tests/niminaction/Chapter7/Tweeter/src/createDatabase.nim
index a7d4ebe00..67d9323f2 100644
--- a/tests/niminaction/Chapter7/Tweeter/src/createDatabase.nim
+++ b/tests/niminaction/Chapter7/Tweeter/src/createDatabase.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+disabled: true
 output: "Database created successfully!"
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/niminaction/Chapter7/Tweeter/src/tweeter.nim b/tests/niminaction/Chapter7/Tweeter/src/tweeter.nim
index fe39278fb..1b521521c 100644
--- a/tests/niminaction/Chapter7/Tweeter/src/tweeter.nim
+++ b/tests/niminaction/Chapter7/Tweeter/src/tweeter.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 discard """
+disabled: true
 action: compile
+matrix: "--threads:off"
 """
 
 import asyncdispatch, times
diff --git a/tests/niminaction/Chapter7/Tweeter/tests/database_test.nim b/tests/niminaction/Chapter7/Tweeter/tests/database_test.nim
index a3cab4cba..c8beb4a30 100644
--- a/tests/niminaction/Chapter7/Tweeter/tests/database_test.nim
+++ b/tests/niminaction/Chapter7/Tweeter/tests/database_test.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+disabled: true
 outputsub: "All tests finished successfully!"
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/niminaction/Chapter8/sdl/sdl_test.nim b/tests/niminaction/Chapter8/sdl/sdl_test.nim
index 1c4d258fb..db1700e0d 100644
--- a/tests/niminaction/Chapter8/sdl/sdl_test.nim
+++ b/tests/niminaction/Chapter8/sdl/sdl_test.nim
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ renderer.setDrawColor 29, 64, 153, 255
 renderer.clear
 renderer.setDrawColor 255, 255, 255, 255
 
-when defined(c):
+when false: # no long work with gcc 14!
   # just to ensure code from NimInAction still works, but
   # the `else` branch would work as well in C mode
   var points = [
diff --git a/tests/notnil/tnotnil5.nim b/tests/notnil/tnotnil5.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2dcb7f7c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/notnil/tnotnil5.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--threads:on"
+"""
+
+{.experimental: "parallel".}
+{.experimental: "notnil".}
+import threadpool
+
+type
+  AO = object
+    x: int
+
+  A = ref AO not nil
+
+proc process(a: A): A =
+  return A(x: a.x+1)
+
+proc processMany(ayys: openArray[A]): seq[A] =
+  var newAs: seq[FlowVar[A]]
+
+  parallel:
+    for a in ayys:
+      newAs.add(spawn process(a))
+  for newAflow in newAs:
+    let newA = ^newAflow
+    if isNil(newA):
+      return @[]
+    result.add(newA)
diff --git a/tests/notnil/tparse.nim b/tests/notnil/tparse.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c938ff04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/notnil/tparse.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# issue #16324
+
+{.push experimental: "notnil".}
+
+block:
+  type Foo = ref object
+    value: int
+    
+  proc newFoo1(): Foo not nil =               # This compiles
+    return Foo(value: 1)
+    
+  proc newFoo2(): Foo not nil {.inline.} =    # This does not
+    return Foo(value: 1)
+
+  doAssert newFoo1().value == 1
+  doAssert newFoo2().value == 1
+
+{.pop.}
diff --git a/tests/objects/m19342.c b/tests/objects/m19342.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..113f65309
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/objects/m19342.c
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+struct Node
+{
+  int data[25];
+};
+
+
+struct Node hello(int name) {
+  struct Node x = {999, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
+            0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ,8, 9,
+            1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
+  return x;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/objects/mobject_default_value.nim b/tests/objects/mobject_default_value.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..224549501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/objects/mobject_default_value.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+type
+  Clean = object
+    mem: int
+  Default* = object
+    poi: int = 12
+    clc: Clean
+    se*: range[0'i32 .. high(int32)]
+
+  NonDefault* = object
+    poi: int
+
+  PrellDeque*[T] = object
+    pendingTasks*: range[0'i32 .. high(int32)]
+    head: T
+    tail: T
diff --git a/tests/objects/t17437.nim b/tests/objects/t17437.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5c0e0525
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/objects/t17437.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $file"
+  errormsg: ""
+  nimout: '''
+t17437.nim(20, 16) Error: undeclared identifier: 'x'
+t17437.nim(20, 16) Error: expression 'x' has no type (or is ambiguous)
+t17437.nim(20, 19) Error: incorrect object construction syntax
+t17437.nim(20, 19) Error: incorrect object construction syntax
+t17437.nim(20, 12) Error: expression '' has no type (or is ambiguous)
+'''
+"""
+
+# bug #17437 invalid object construction should result in error
+
+type
+  V = ref object
+    x, y: int
+
+proc m =
+  var v = V(x: x, y)
+
+m()
diff --git a/tests/objects/t19342.nim b/tests/objects/t19342.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d40d15a4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/objects/t19342.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp"
+"""
+
+{.compile: "m19342.c".}
+
+# bug #19342
+type
+  Node* {.bycopy.} = object
+    data: array[25, cint]
+
+proc myproc(name: cint): Node {.importc: "hello", cdecl.}
+
+proc parse =
+  let node = myproc(10)
+  doAssert node.data[0] == 999
+
+parse()
diff --git a/tests/objects/t19342_2.nim b/tests/objects/t19342_2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f6d0f2b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/objects/t19342_2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp"
+"""
+
+{.compile: "m19342.c".}
+
+# bug #19342
+type
+  Node* {.byRef.} = object
+    data: array[25, cint]
+
+proc myproc(name: cint): Node {.importc: "hello", cdecl.}
+
+proc parse =
+  let node = myproc(10)
+  doAssert node.data[0] == 999
+
+parse()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/objects/t20972.nim b/tests/objects/t20972.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6383dc9b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/objects/t20972.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc -d:release; --mm:orc -d:release"
+"""
+
+{.passC: "-fsanitize=undefined -fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error -Wall -Wextra -pedantic -flto".}
+{.passL: "-fsanitize=undefined -fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error -flto".}
+
+# bug #20972
+type ForkedEpochInfo = object
+  case kind: bool
+  of true, false: discard
+var info = ForkedEpochInfo(kind: true)
+doAssert info.kind
+info.kind = false
+doAssert not info.kind
diff --git a/tests/objects/t22301.nim b/tests/objects/t22301.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8746bf584
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/objects/t22301.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "branch initialization with a runtime discriminator is not supported for a branch whose fields have default values."
+"""
+
+# bug #22301
+type
+  Enum = enum A, B
+  Object = object
+    case a: Enum
+    of A:
+      integer: int = 200
+    of B:
+      time: string
+
+let x = A
+let s = Object(a: x)
+echo s
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/objects/t4318.nim b/tests/objects/t4318.nim
index 34ff722f5..beadd6909 100644
--- a/tests/objects/t4318.nim
+++ b/tests/objects/t4318.nim
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
+"""
+
+
 type
   A = object of RootObj
   B = object of A
diff --git a/tests/objects/tdefaultfieldscheck.nim b/tests/objects/tdefaultfieldscheck.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8a05439d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/objects/tdefaultfieldscheck.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check --hints:off $file"
+  errormsg: ""
+  nimout:
+'''
+tdefaultfieldscheck.nim(14, 17) Error: type mismatch: got <string> but expected 'int'
+'''
+"""
+
+
+type
+  Date* = object
+    goal: float = 7
+    name: int = "string"
+
+echo default(Date)
diff --git a/tests/objects/tdefaultrangetypescheck.nim b/tests/objects/tdefaultrangetypescheck.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71e7ac59b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/objects/tdefaultrangetypescheck.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "cannot convert 0 to range 1..5(int)"
+  line: 9
+"""
+
+type
+  Point = object
+    y: int
+    x: range[1..5] = 0
+
+echo default(Point)
diff --git a/tests/objects/tillegal_recursion.nim b/tests/objects/tillegal_recursion.nim
index 222139101..428c2e445 100644
--- a/tests/objects/tillegal_recursion.nim
+++ b/tests/objects/tillegal_recursion.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "inheritance only works with non-final objects"
+  errormsg: "Cannot inherit from: 'Foo:ObjectType'"
   line: 7
 """
 # bug #1691
diff --git a/tests/objects/tillegal_recursion2.nim b/tests/objects/tillegal_recursion2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce2279f04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/objects/tillegal_recursion2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "Cannot inherit from: 'Foo'"
+  line: 6
+"""
+type
+  Foo = object of Foo
diff --git a/tests/objects/tillegal_recursion3.nim b/tests/objects/tillegal_recursion3.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c80f29e28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/objects/tillegal_recursion3.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "Cannot inherit from: 'Foo'"
+  line: 6
+"""
+type
+  Foo = object of ref Foo
diff --git a/tests/objects/tobj_asgn_dont_slice.nim b/tests/objects/tobj_asgn_dont_slice.nim
index 2e36b65a3..ce67c4490 100644
--- a/tests/objects/tobj_asgn_dont_slice.nim
+++ b/tests/objects/tobj_asgn_dont_slice.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   outputsub: '''ObjectAssignmentDefect'''
   exitcode: "1"
 """
diff --git a/tests/objects/tobjconstr.nim b/tests/objects/tobjconstr.nim
index 1e4d89d68..ee5a5b221 100644
--- a/tests/objects/tobjconstr.nim
+++ b/tests/objects/tobjconstr.nim
@@ -50,27 +50,30 @@ type
   BS = object of B
   C = object of BS
     z*: int
-# inherited fields are ignored, so no fields are set
-when true:
-  var
-    o: B
-  o = B(x: 123)
-  echo o
-  o = B(y: 678, x: 123)
-  echo o
 
-# inherited fields are ignored
-echo C(x: 128, z: 89)          # (y: 0, x: 0)
-echo B(y: 678, x: 123)  # (y: 678, x: 0)
-echo B(x: 123, y: 678)  # (y: 678, x: 0)
+proc main2 =
+  # inherited fields are ignored, so no fields are set
+  when true:
+    var
+      o: B
+    o = B(x: 123)
+    echo o
+    o = B(y: 678, x: 123)
+    echo o
 
-when true:
-  # correct, both with `var` and `let`;
-  var b=B(x: 123)
-  echo b                  # (y: 0, x: 123)
-  b=B(y: 678, x: 123)
-  echo b                  # (y: 678, x: 123)
-  b=B(y: b.x, x: b.y)
-  echo b                  # (y: 123, x: 678)
+  # inherited fields are ignored
+  echo C(x: 128, z: 89)          # (y: 0, x: 0)
+  echo B(y: 678, x: 123)  # (y: 678, x: 0)
+  echo B(x: 123, y: 678)  # (y: 678, x: 0)
 
+  when true:
+    # correct, both with `var` and `let`;
+    var b=B(x: 123)
+    echo b                  # (y: 0, x: 123)
+    b=B(y: 678, x: 123)
+    echo b                  # (y: 678, x: 123)
+    b=B(y: b.x, x: b.y)
+    echo b                  # (y: 123, x: 678)
+
+main2()
 GC_fullCollect()
diff --git a/tests/objects/tobjconstr2.nim b/tests/objects/tobjconstr2.nim
index 6253edab0..cf4a694b4 100644
--- a/tests/objects/tobjconstr2.nim
+++ b/tests/objects/tobjconstr2.nim
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ echo s[0].x
 
 # bug #563
 type
-  Foo =
-    object {.inheritable.}
+  Foo {.inheritable.} =
+    object
       x: int
 
   Bar =
diff --git a/tests/objects/tobject.nim b/tests/objects/tobject.nim
index 543a86376..a185bebcb 100644
--- a/tests/objects/tobject.nim
+++ b/tests/objects/tobject.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import unittest
 
 type Obj = object
   foo: int
@@ -10,9 +9,9 @@ block: # object basic methods
   block: # it should convert an object to a string
     var obj = makeObj(1)
     # Should be "obj: (foo: 1)" or similar.
-    check($obj == "(foo: 1)")
+    doAssert($obj == "(foo: 1)")
   block: # it should test equality based on fields
-    check(makeObj(1) == makeObj(1))
+    doAssert(makeObj(1) == makeObj(1))
 
 # bug #10203
 
@@ -58,3 +57,18 @@ block: # bug #14698
     x1: int
     x3: seq[int]
   doAssert t[].sizeof == Foo1.sizeof
+
+# bug #147
+type
+  TValue* {.pure, final.} = object of RootObj
+    a: int
+  PValue = ref TValue
+  PPValue = ptr PValue
+
+
+var x: PValue
+new x
+var sp: PPValue = addr x
+
+sp.a = 2
+doAssert sp.a == 2
diff --git a/tests/objects/tobject_default_value.nim b/tests/objects/tobject_default_value.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0cd05e4f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/objects/tobject_default_value.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,780 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "-d:nimPreviewRangeDefault --mm:refc; -d:nimPreviewRangeDefault --warningAsError:ProveInit --mm:orc"
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+"""
+
+import std/[times, macros, tables]
+
+type
+  Guess = object
+    poi: DateTime
+
+  GuessDistinct = distinct Guess
+
+block:
+  var x: Guess
+  discard Guess()
+
+  var y: GuessDistinct
+
+  discard y
+
+  discard GuessDistinct(x)
+
+
+import mobject_default_value
+
+block:
+  let x = Default()
+  doAssert x.se == 0'i32
+
+block:
+  let x = default(Default)
+  doAssert x.se == 0'i32
+# echo Default(poi: 12)
+# echo Default(poi: 17)
+
+# echo NonDefault(poi: 77)
+
+block:
+  var x: Default
+  doAssert x.se == 0'i32
+
+type
+  ObjectBase = object of RootObj
+    value = 12
+
+  ObjectBaseDistinct = distinct ObjectBase
+
+  DinstinctInObject = object
+    data: ObjectBaseDistinct
+
+  Object = object of ObjectBase
+    time: float = 1.2
+    date: int
+    scale: range[1..10]
+
+  Object2 = object
+    name: Object
+
+  Object3 = object
+    obj: Object2
+
+  ObjectTuple = tuple
+    base: ObjectBase
+    typ: int
+    obj: Object
+
+  TupleInObject = object
+    size = 777
+    data: ObjectTuple
+
+  Ref = ref object of ObjectBase
+
+  RefInt = ref object of Ref
+    data = 73
+
+  Ref2 = ref object of ObjectBase
+
+  RefInt2 = ref object of Ref
+    data = 73
+
+var t {.threadvar.}: Default
+# var m1, m2 {.threadvar.}: Default
+
+block:
+  doAssert t.se == 0'i32
+
+block: # ARC/ORC cannot bind destructors twice, so it cannot
+      # be moved into main
+  block:
+    var x: Ref
+    new(x)
+    doAssert x.value == 12, "Ref.value = " & $x.value
+
+    var y: RefInt
+    new(y)
+    doAssert y.value == 12
+    doAssert y.data == 73
+
+  block:
+    var x: Ref2
+    new(x, proc (x: Ref2) {.nimcall.} = discard "call Ref")
+    doAssert x.value == 12, "Ref.value = " & $x.value
+
+    proc call(x: RefInt2) =
+      discard "call RefInt"
+
+    var y: RefInt2
+    new(y, call)
+    doAssert y.value == 12
+    doAssert y.data == 73
+
+template main {.dirty.} =
+  block: # bug #16744
+    type
+      R = range[1..10]
+      Obj = object
+        r: R
+
+    var
+      rVal: R = default(R) # Works fine
+      objVal = default(Obj)
+
+    doAssert rVal == 1
+    doAssert objVal.r == 1
+
+  block: # bug #16744
+    type
+      R = range[1..10]
+      Obj = object
+        r: R
+
+    var
+      rVal: R = default(R) # Works fine
+      objVal = Obj()
+
+    doAssert rVal == 1 # it should be 1
+    doAssert objVal.r == 1
+
+  block: # bug #3608
+    type
+      abc = ref object
+        w: range[2..100]
+
+    proc createABC(): abc =
+      new(result)
+      result.w = 20
+
+    doAssert createABC().w == 20
+
+  block:
+    var x = new ObjectBase
+    doAssert x.value == 12
+
+    proc hello(): ref ObjectBase =
+      new result
+
+    let z = hello()
+    doAssert z.value == 12
+
+  block:
+    var base = ObjectBase()
+    var x: ObjectBaseDistinct = ObjectBaseDistinct(base)
+    doAssert ObjectBase(x).value == 12
+    let y = ObjectBaseDistinct(default(ObjectBase))
+    doAssert ObjectBase(y).value == 12
+
+    let m = ObjectBaseDistinct(ObjectBase())
+    doAssert ObjectBase(m).value == 12
+
+    proc hello(): ObjectBaseDistinct =
+      result = ObjectBaseDistinct(default(ObjectBase))
+
+    let z = hello()
+    doAssert ObjectBase(z).value == 12
+
+  block:
+    var x: DinstinctInObject
+    x.data = ObjectBaseDistinct(default(ObjectBase))
+
+    doAssert ObjectBase(x.data).value == 12
+
+  block:
+    var x = Object()
+    doAssert x.value == 12
+    doAssert x.time == 1.2
+    doAssert x.scale == 1
+
+    let y = default(Object)
+    doAssert y.value == 12
+    doAssert y.time == 1.2
+    doAssert y.scale == 1
+
+    var x1, x2, x3 = default(Object)
+    doAssert x1.value == 12
+    doAssert x1.time == 1.2
+    doAssert x1.scale == 1
+    doAssert x2.value == 12
+    doAssert x2.time == 1.2
+    doAssert x2.scale == 1
+    doAssert x3.value == 12
+    doAssert x3.time == 1.2
+    doAssert x3.scale == 1
+
+  block:
+    var x = new Object
+    doAssert x[] == default(Object)
+
+  block:
+    var x = default(Object2)
+    doAssert x.name.value == 12
+    doAssert x.name.time == 1.2
+    doAssert x.name.scale == 1
+
+  block:
+    let x = Object2()
+    doAssert x.name.value == 12
+    doAssert x.name.time == 1.2
+    doAssert x.name.scale == 1
+
+  block:
+    var x: ref Object2
+    new x
+    doAssert x[] == default(Object2)
+
+  block:
+    var x = default(Object3)
+    doAssert x.obj.name.value == 12
+    doAssert x.obj.name.time == 1.2
+    doAssert x.obj.name.scale == 1
+
+  block:
+    var x = Object3()
+    doAssert x.obj.name.value == 12
+    doAssert x.obj.name.time == 1.2
+    doAssert x.obj.name.scale == 1
+
+  when nimvm:
+    # todo
+    discard "fixme"
+  else:
+    when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc):
+      block: #seq
+        var x = newSeq[Object](10)
+        let y = x[0]
+        doAssert y.value == 12
+        doAssert y.time == 1.2
+        doAssert y.scale == 1
+
+      block:
+        var x: seq[Object]
+        setLen(x, 5)
+        let y = x[^1]
+        doAssert y.value == 12
+        doAssert y.time == 1.2
+        doAssert y.scale == 1
+
+      block:
+        var my = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+        my.setLen(0)
+        my.setLen(5)
+        doAssert my == @[0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
+
+      block:
+        var my = "hello"
+        my.setLen(0)
+        my.setLen(5)
+        doAssert $(@my) == """@['\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00']"""
+
+  block: # array
+    var x: array[10, Object] = default(array[10, Object])
+    let y = x[0]
+    doAssert y.value == 12
+    doAssert y.time == 1.2
+    doAssert y.scale == 1
+
+  block: # array
+    var x {.noinit.}: array[10, Object]
+    discard x
+
+  block: # tuple
+    var x = default(ObjectTuple)
+    doAssert x.base.value == 12
+    doAssert x.typ == 0
+    doAssert x.obj.time == 1.2
+    doAssert x.obj.date == 0
+    doAssert x.obj.scale == 1
+    doAssert x.obj.value == 12
+
+  block: # tuple in object
+    var x = default(TupleInObject)
+    doAssert x.data.base.value == 12
+    doAssert x.data.typ == 0
+    doAssert x.data.obj.time == 1.2
+    doAssert x.data.obj.date == 0
+    doAssert x.data.obj.scale == 1
+    doAssert x.data.obj.value == 12
+    doAssert x.size == 777
+
+  type
+    ObjectArray = object
+      data: array[10, Object]
+
+  block:
+    var x = default(ObjectArray)
+    let y = x.data[0]
+    doAssert y.value == 12
+    doAssert y.time == 1.2
+    doAssert y.scale == 1
+
+  block:
+    var x: PrellDeque[int]
+    doAssert x.pendingTasks == 0
+
+  type
+    Color = enum
+      Red, Blue, Yellow
+
+    ObjectVarint = object
+      case kind: Color
+      of Red:
+        data: int = 10
+      of Blue:
+        fill = "123"
+      of Yellow:
+        time = 1.8'f32
+
+    ObjectVarint1 = object
+      case kind: Color = Blue
+      of Red:
+        data1: int = 10
+      of Blue:
+        fill2 = "123"
+        cry: float
+      of Yellow:
+        time3 = 1.8'f32
+        him: int
+
+  block:
+    var x = ObjectVarint(kind: Red)
+    doAssert x.kind == Red
+    doAssert x.data == 10
+
+  block:
+    var x = ObjectVarint(kind: Blue)
+    doAssert x.kind == Blue
+    doAssert x.fill == "123"
+
+  block:
+    var x = ObjectVarint(kind: Yellow)
+    doAssert x.kind == Yellow
+    doAssert typeof(x.time) is float32
+
+  block:
+    var x = default(ObjectVarint1)
+    doAssert x.kind == Blue
+    doAssert x.fill2 == "123"
+    x.cry = 326
+
+  type
+    ObjectVarint2 = object
+      case kind: Color
+      of Red:
+        data: int = 10
+      of Blue:
+        fill = "123"
+      of Yellow:
+        time = 1.8'f32
+
+  block:
+    var x = ObjectVarint2(kind: Blue)
+    doAssert x.fill == "123"
+
+  block:
+    type
+      Color = enum
+        Red, Blue, Yellow
+  
+    type
+      ObjectVarint3 = object
+        case kind: Color = Blue
+        of Red:
+          data1: int = 10
+        of Blue:
+          case name: Color = Blue
+          of Blue:
+            go = 12
+          else:
+            temp = 66
+          fill2 = "123"
+          cry: float
+        of Yellow:
+          time3 = 1.8'f32
+          him: int
+
+    block:
+      var x = default(ObjectVarint3)
+      doAssert x.kind == Blue
+      doAssert x.name == Blue
+      doAssert x.go == 12
+
+    block:
+      var x = ObjectVarint3(kind: Blue, name: Red, temp: 99)
+      doAssert x.kind == Blue
+      doAssert x.name == Red
+      doAssert x.temp == 99
+
+  block:
+    type
+      Default = tuple
+        id: int = 1
+        obj: ObjectBase
+        name: string
+
+      Class = object
+        def: Default
+
+      Member = object
+        def: Default = (id: 777, obj: ObjectBase(), name: "fine")
+
+    block:
+      var x = default(Default)
+      doAssert x.id == 1
+      doAssert x.obj == default(ObjectBase)
+      doAssert x.name == ""
+
+    block:
+      var x = default(Class)
+      doAssert x.def == default(Default)
+      doAssert x.def.id == 1
+      doAssert x.def.obj == default(ObjectBase)
+      doAssert x.def.name == ""
+
+    block:
+      var x = default(Member)
+      doAssert x.def.id == 777
+      doAssert x.def.obj == default(ObjectBase)
+      doAssert x.def.name == "fine"
+
+  block:
+    var x {.noinit.} = 12
+    doAssert x == 12
+
+    type
+      Pure = object
+        id: int = 12
+
+    var y {.noinit.}: Pure
+    doAssert y.id == 0
+
+    var z {.noinit.}: Pure = Pure(id: 77)
+    doAssert z.id == 77
+
+  block: # bug #20681
+    type A = object
+      d: DateTime = DateTime()
+
+    let x = default(A)
+    doAssert $x == "(d: Uninitialized DateTime)"
+
+  block: # bug #20715
+    block:
+      type
+        Foo = enum
+          A
+          B
+
+        Bar = object
+          case foo: Foo
+          of A:
+            t: range[-1..2]
+          else: discard
+
+      var d = default(Bar)
+      doAssert d.t == -1
+
+    block:
+      type
+        Foo = enum
+          A
+          B
+
+        Bar = object
+          case foo: Foo
+          of A:
+            t: range[0..2]
+          else: discard
+
+      var d = default(Bar)
+      doAssert d.t == 0
+
+    block: # bug #20740
+      block:
+        proc foo(x: static DateTime = Datetime()) =
+          discard
+
+        foo()
+
+      block:
+        macro foo(x: static DateTime) =
+          discard x
+
+        macro foo2: untyped =
+          var x = DateTime()
+
+          result = quote do:
+            foo(`x`)
+
+        foo2()
+
+
+  block: # issue #20699
+    type
+      Either[A,B] = object
+        case kind:bool
+        of false:
+          b: B
+        of true:
+            a: A
+      O = object of RootRef
+
+    proc oToEither(o:O):Either[O,void] =
+      Either[O,void](kind:true,a: o)
+
+    discard oToEither(O())
+
+  block: # bug #20695
+    type
+      Default = object
+        tabs: Table[string, int] = initTable[string, int]()
+
+    let d = default(Default)
+    doAssert d.tabs.len == 0
+
+  block:
+    type
+      Default = object
+        tabs: Table[string, int] = Table[string, int]()
+
+    let d = default(Default)
+    doAssert d.tabs.len == 0
+
+
+  block:
+    type DjangoDateTime = distinct DateTime
+
+    type Default = object
+      data: DjangoDateTime = DjangoDateTime(DateTime())
+
+    let x = default(Default)
+    doAssert x.data is DjangoDateTime
+
+  block:
+    type DjangoDateTime = distinct DateTime
+
+    type Default = object
+      data = DjangoDateTime(DateTime())
+
+    let x = default(Default)
+    doAssert x.data is DjangoDateTime
+
+  block:
+    type
+      Result2 = object
+        case o: bool
+        of false:
+          e: float
+        of true:
+          v {.requiresInit.} : int = 1
+
+    proc startSessionSync(): Result2 =
+      return Result2(o: true)
+
+    proc mainSync =
+      let ff = startSessionSync()
+      doAssert ff.v == 1
+
+    mainSync()
+
+  block:
+    type
+      Result2 = object
+        v {.requiresInit.} : int = 1
+
+    proc startSessionSync(): Result2 =
+      return Result2()
+
+    proc mainSync =
+      let ff = startSessionSync()
+      doAssert ff.v == 1
+
+    mainSync()
+
+  block: # bug #21801
+    func evaluate(i: int): float =
+      0.0
+
+    func evaluate(): float =
+      0.0
+
+    type SearchOptions = object
+        evaluation: proc(): float = evaluate
+
+  block:
+    func evaluate(): float =
+      0.0
+
+    type SearchOptions = object
+        evaluation: proc(): float = evaluate
+
+  block:
+    func evaluate(i: int): float =
+      0.0
+
+    type SearchOptions = object
+        evaluation = evaluate
+  block:
+    type
+      Result[T, E] = object
+        when T is void:
+          when E is void:
+            oResultPrivate: bool
+          else:
+            case oResultPrivate: bool
+            of false:
+              eResultPrivate: E
+            of true:
+              discard
+        else:
+          when E is void:
+            case oResultPrivate: bool
+            of false:
+              discard
+            of true:
+              vResultPrivate: T
+          else:
+            case oResultPrivate: bool
+            of false:
+              eResultPrivate: E
+            of true:
+              vResultPrivate: T
+
+
+    template `?`[T, E](self: Result[T, E]): auto =
+      let v = (self)
+      if not v.oResultPrivate:
+        when compiles(`assignResult?`(default(typeof(result)))):
+          when typeof(result) is typeof(v):
+            `assignResult?`(v)
+          elif E is void:
+            `assignResult?`(err(typeof(result)))
+          else:
+            `assignResult?`(err(typeof(result), v.eResultPrivate))
+          return
+        else:
+          return
+            when typeof(result) is typeof(v):
+              v
+            elif E is void:
+              err(typeof(result))
+            else:
+              err(typeof(result), v.eResultPrivate)
+
+      when not(T is void):
+        v.vResultPrivate
+        
+    type R = Result[int, string]
+
+    proc testAssignResult() =
+      var assigned: bool
+      template `assignResult?`(v: Result) =
+        assigned = true
+        result = v
+
+      proc failed(): Result[int, string] =
+        discard
+
+      proc calling(): Result[int, string] =
+        let _ = ? failed()
+        doAssert false
+
+      let r = calling()
+      doAssert assigned
+
+    when nimvm:
+      when not defined(js):
+        testAssignResult()
+    else:
+      testAssignResult()
+
+  block: # bug #22123
+    type Thing = object
+      x: float32 = 1
+
+    type ThingWithArray = object
+        arr: array[256, float32]
+        n: float32 = 1
+
+    type Container = ref object
+        thing: array[5, Thing]
+        thing_with_array: array[5, ThingWithArray]
+
+    var foo = new Container
+    doAssert int(foo.thing[0].x) == 1
+
+  block: # bug #22613
+    type
+      K = enum
+        A = "a"
+        B = "b"
+      T = object
+        case kind: K = B
+        of A:
+          a: int
+        of B:
+          b: float
+
+    doAssert T().kind == B
+
+  block: # bug #22926
+    type
+      Direction = enum
+        North
+        South
+        East
+        West
+
+      ArrayObj1 = object
+        list: array[Direction, int]
+
+      ArrayObj2 = object
+        list: array[Direction, int] = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+    block:
+      var a: ArrayObj1
+      doAssert a.list[West] == 0
+      var b = default ArrayObj1
+      doAssert b.list[North] == 0
+
+
+    block:
+      var a: ArrayObj2
+      doAssert a.list[West] == 0
+      var b = default ArrayObj2
+      doAssert b.list[North] == 1
+
+  block:
+    type limited_float = range[1.2..20.0]
+    doAssert default(limited_float) == 1.2
+
+
+  block:
+    type
+      range1 = range[1..10]
+      range2 = range[-1..10]
+
+    proc foo =
+      doAssert default(range1) == 1
+      doAssert default(range2) == -1
+
+      let s = default(array[5, range1])
+      doAssert s == [range1 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
+
+    foo()
+
+  block:
+    type
+      Object = object
+        id: range[1.2..29.3]
+
+    var s = default(Object)
+    doAssert s.id == 1.2
+
+  block: # bug #23943
+    type limited_int = range[1..20]
+    var d: limited_int;
+    doAssert d == 1
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/objects/tobjects_various.nim b/tests/objects/tobjects_various.nim
index 315193de9..55db9312e 100644
--- a/tests/objects/tobjects_various.nim
+++ b/tests/objects/tobjects_various.nim
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ block tobject2:
 
 block tofopr:
   type
-    TMyType = object {.inheritable.}
+    TMyType {.inheritable.} = object
       len: int
       data: string
 
@@ -105,3 +105,16 @@ block t7244:
 
   proc test(foo: var Foo) = discard
   proc test(bar: var Bar) = test(Foo(bar))
+
+
+import std/macros
+
+#bug #20856
+macro ensureImplWorksOnConstr(t: typed): untyped =
+  expectKind(t, nnkObjConstr)
+  doAssert t[0].getTypeInst.getImpl.repr == "A = object"
+  doAssert t[0].getImpl.repr == "A = object"
+
+type A = object
+
+ensureImplWorksOnConstr(A())
diff --git a/tests/objects/trequireinit.nim b/tests/objects/trequireinit.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..202667b02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/objects/trequireinit.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "The MPlayerObj type doesn't have a default value. The following fields must be initialized: foo."
+"""
+
+type
+  MPlayerObj* {.requiresInit.} = object
+    foo: range[5..10] = 5
+
+var a: MPlayerObj
+echo a.foo
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/objects/tunsafenew.nim b/tests/objects/tunsafenew.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c1b33cd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/objects/tunsafenew.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "conversion from int literal(-1) to Natural is invalid"
+"""
+
+type
+  Obj = object
+    case b: bool
+    else: discard
+var o: ref Obj
+unsafeNew(o, -1)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/objects/tunsafenew2.nim b/tests/objects/tunsafenew2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83112bcfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/objects/tunsafenew2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+discard """
+valgrind: "leaks"
+matrix: "-d:useMalloc"
+targets: "c cpp"
+"""
+
+type
+  Obj = object
+    case b: bool
+    else: discard
+    a: UncheckedArray[byte]
+
+var o: ref Obj
+unsafeNew(o, sizeof(Obj) + 512)
+zeroMem(addr o.a, 512)
diff --git a/tests/objects/twhen1.nim b/tests/objects/twhen1.nim
index 5b8eea3f4..fe072a46b 100644
--- a/tests/objects/twhen1.nim
+++ b/tests/objects/twhen1.nim
@@ -55,3 +55,35 @@ type
     x: int
     when (NimMajor, NimMinor) >= (1, 1):
       y: int
+discard MyObject(x: 100, y: 200)
+
+block: # Ensure when evaluates properly in objects
+  type X[bits: static int] = object #22474
+    when bits >= 256:
+     data32: byte
+    else:
+     data16: byte
+
+  static:
+    discard X[255]().data16
+    discard X[256]().data32
+
+
+  type ComplexExprObject[S: static string, I: static int, Y: static auto] = object
+    when 'h' in S and I < 10 and Y isnot float:
+      a: int
+    elif I > 30:
+      b: int
+    elif typeof(Y) is float:
+      c: int
+    else:
+      d: int
+
+  static:
+    discard ComplexExprObject["hello", 9, 300i32]().a
+    discard ComplexExprObject["", 40, 30f]().b
+    discard ComplexExprObject["", 20, float 30]().c
+    discard ComplexExprObject["", 20, ""]().d
+
+
+
diff --git a/tests/objvariant/tcheckedfield1.nim b/tests/objvariant/tcheckedfield1.nim
index 69b099f24..4a6c49f66 100644
--- a/tests/objvariant/tcheckedfield1.nim
+++ b/tests/objvariant/tcheckedfield1.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  nimout: "Warning: cannot prove that field 'x.s' is accessible [ProveField]"
-  line:51
+  nimout: "tcheckedfield1.nim(39, 6) Warning: cannot prove that field 'x.s' is accessible [ProveField]"
   action: run
   output: "abc abc"
 """
diff --git a/tests/objvariant/tconstobjvariant.nim b/tests/objvariant/tconstobjvariant.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45a647707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/objvariant/tconstobjvariant.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# This is a sample code, the first echo statement prints out the error
+type
+  A = object
+    case w: uint8
+    of 1:
+      n: int
+    else:
+      other: string
+
+const
+  a = A(w: 1, n: 5)
+
+proc foo =
+
+  let c = [a]
+  doAssert c[0].n == 5
+
+foo()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/objvariant/treassign.nim b/tests/objvariant/treassign.nim
index 2938b30a3..527204616 100644
--- a/tests/objvariant/treassign.nim
+++ b/tests/objvariant/treassign.nim
@@ -25,3 +25,34 @@ t.curr = TokenObject(kind: Token.bar, bar: BasicNumber(value: 12.34))
 t.curr = TokenObject(kind: Token.foo, foo: "foo")
 
 echo "SUCCESS"
+
+proc passToVar(x: var Token) = discard
+
+{.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+  passToVar(t.curr.kind)
+
+  t.curr = TokenObject(kind: t.curr.kind, foo: "abc")
+
+  t.curr.kind = Token.foo
+
+
+block:
+  type
+    TokenKind = enum
+      strLit, intLit
+    Token = object
+      case kind*: TokenKind
+      of strLit:
+        s*: string
+      of intLit:
+        i*: int64
+
+  var t = Token(kind: strLit, s: "abc")
+
+  {.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+
+    # inside the 'cast' section it is allowed to assign to the 't.kind' field directly:
+    t.kind = intLit
+
+  {.cast(uncheckedAssign).}:
+    t.kind = strLit
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/openarray/topena1.nim b/tests/openarray/topena1.nim
index ed3a0cedb..380c57f2a 100644
--- a/tests/openarray/topena1.nim
+++ b/tests/openarray/topena1.nim
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ discard """
 # Tests a special bug
 
 var
-  x: ref openarray[string] #ERROR_MSG invalid type
+  x: ref openArray[string] #ERROR_MSG invalid type
diff --git a/tests/openarray/topenarray.nim b/tests/openarray/topenarray.nim
index 0b6e3afc4..25b983651 100644
--- a/tests/openarray/topenarray.nim
+++ b/tests/openarray/topenarray.nim
@@ -23,5 +23,66 @@ proc main =
   when defined(js): discard # xxx bug #15952: `a` left unchanged
   else: doAssert a == [1, 0, 10, 20, 5]
 
+  block: # bug #12521
+    block:
+      type slice[T] = openArray[T]
+
+      # Proc using that alias
+      proc testing(sl: slice[int]): seq[int] =
+        for item in sl:
+          result.add item
+
+      let mySeq = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+      doAssert testing(mySeq) == mySeq
+      doAssert testing(mySeq[2..^2]) == mySeq[2..^2]
+
+    block:
+      type slice = openArray[int]
+
+      # Proc using that alias
+      proc testing(sl: slice): seq[int] =
+        for item in sl:
+          result.add item
+
+      let mySeq = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+      doAssert testing(mySeq) == mySeq
+      doAssert testing(mySeq[2..^2]) == mySeq[2..^2]
+
+  block: # bug #23321
+    block:
+      proc foo(x: openArray[int]) =
+        doAssert x[0] == 0
+
+      var d = new array[1, int]
+      foo d[].toOpenArray(0, 0)
+
+    block:
+      proc foo(x: openArray[int]) =
+        doAssert x[0] == 0
+
+      proc task(x: var array[1, int]): var array[1, int] =
+        result = x
+      var d: array[1, int]
+      foo task(d).toOpenArray(0, 0)
+
+    block:
+      proc foo(x: openArray[int]) =
+        doAssert x[0] == 0
+
+      proc task(x: var array[1, int]): lent array[1, int] =
+        result = x
+      var d: array[1, int]
+      foo task(d).toOpenArray(0, 0)
+
+    block:
+      proc foo(x: openArray[int]) =
+        doAssert x[0] == 0
+
+      proc task(x: var array[1, int]): ptr array[1, int] =
+        result = addr x
+      var d: array[1, int]
+      foo task(d)[].toOpenArray(0, 0)
+
+
 main()
-# static: main() # xxx bug #15952: Error: cannot generate code for: mSlice
+static: main()
diff --git a/tests/openarray/topenarrayrepr.nim b/tests/openarray/topenarrayrepr.nim
index 3784d4bbb..fc40d88c3 100644
--- a/tests/openarray/topenarrayrepr.nim
+++ b/tests/openarray/topenarrayrepr.nim
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ discard """
   output: "5 - [1]"
 """
 type
-  TProc = proc (n: int, m: openarray[int64]) {.nimcall.}
+  TProc = proc (n: int, m: openArray[int64]) {.nimcall.}
 
 proc Foo(x: int, P: TProc) =
   P(x, [ 1'i64 ])
 
-proc Bar(n: int, m: openarray[int64]) =
+proc Bar(n: int, m: openArray[int64]) =
   echo($n & " - " & repr(m))
 
 Foo(5, Bar) #OUT 5 - [1]
diff --git a/tests/openarray/topenlen.nim b/tests/openarray/topenlen.nim
index 83d58ac5c..164241b85 100644
--- a/tests/openarray/topenlen.nim
+++ b/tests/openarray/topenlen.nim
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ discard """
 
 proc choose(b: openArray[string]): string = return b[0]
 
-proc p(a, b: openarray[string]): int =
+proc p(a, b: openArray[string]): int =
   result = a.len + b.len - 1
   for j in 0 .. a.len: inc(result)
   discard choose(a)
diff --git a/tests/openarray/tptrarrayderef.nim b/tests/openarray/tptrarrayderef.nim
index 5e77430d1..1b7ef0df0 100644
--- a/tests/openarray/tptrarrayderef.nim
+++ b/tests/openarray/tptrarrayderef.nim
@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@ var
   raa = [11,12,13]
 
 #bug #3586
-proc mutate[T](arr:openarray[T], brr: openArray[T]) =
+proc mutate[T](arr:openArray[T], brr: openArray[T]) =
   for i in 0..arr.len-1:
     doAssert(arr[i] == brr[i])
 
 mutate(arr, arr)
 
 #bug #2240
-proc f(a: openarray[int], b: openArray[int]) =
+proc f(a: openArray[int], b: openArray[int]) =
   for i in 0..a.len-1:
    doAssert(a[i] == b[i])
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ ra[2] = 13
 f(ra[], raa)
 
 #bug #2240b
-proc fillBuffer(buf: var openarray[char]) =
+proc fillBuffer(buf: var openArray[char]) =
   for i in 0..buf.len-1:
     buf[i] = chr(i)
 
diff --git a/tests/openarray/tuncheckedarray.nim b/tests/openarray/tuncheckedarray.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c8ca9d2d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/openarray/tuncheckedarray.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+  exitcode: 0
+  targets: "c cpp"
+"""
+
+proc main =
+  block: # issue 19171
+    var a = ['A']
+    proc mutB(x: var openArray[char]) =
+      x[0] = 'B'
+    mutB(toOpenArray(cast[ptr UncheckedArray[char]](addr a), 0, 0))
+    doAssert a[0] == 'B'
+    proc mutC(x: var openArray[char]; c: char) =
+      x[0] = c
+    let p = cast[ptr UncheckedArray[char]](addr a)
+    mutC(toOpenArray(p, 0, 0), 'C')
+    doAssert p[0] == 'C'
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/options/tnimbasepattern.nim b/tests/options/tnimbasepattern.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1237af5c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/options/tnimbasepattern.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim cpp --nimbasepattern:test.h --cincludes:./tests/options $file "
+  output:'''
+(a: 1)
+'''
+"""
+const header = """
+#pragma once
+#include "nimbase.h"
+struct Foo {
+  int a;
+};
+"""
+
+import os
+static:
+  const dir = "./tests/options/"
+  createDir(dir)
+  writeFile(dir / "test.h", header)
+
+type 
+  Foo {.importc.} = object
+    a: int32 = 1
+  
+
+echo $Foo()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/osproc/tnoexe.nim b/tests/osproc/tnoexe.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..19a3cca67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/osproc/tnoexe.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''true
+true'''
+"""
+
+import std/osproc
+
+const command = "lsaaa -lah"
+
+try:
+  let process = startProcess(command, options = {poUsePath})
+  discard process.waitForExit()
+except OSError as e:
+  echo e.errorCode != 0
+
+# `poEvalCommand`, invokes the system shell to run the specified command
+try:
+  let process = startProcess(command, options = {poUsePath, poEvalCommand})
+  # linux
+  let exitCode = process.waitForExit()
+  echo exitCode != 0
+except OSError as e:
+  # Because the implementation of `poEvalCommand` on different platforms is inconsistent, 
+  # Linux will not throw an exception, but Windows will throw an exception
+
+  # windows
+  echo e.errorCode != 0
diff --git a/tests/osproc/treadlines.nim b/tests/osproc/treadlines.nim
index 3a8303321..bb6a7f129 100644
--- a/tests/osproc/treadlines.nim
+++ b/tests/osproc/treadlines.nim
@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
 discard """
-  output: '''Error: cannot open 'a.nim'
+  output: '''
+Error: cannot open 'a.nim'
 Error: cannot open 'b.nim'
 '''
   targets: "c"
 """
 
 import osproc
+from std/os import getCurrentCompilerExe
 
 var ps: seq[Process] # compile & run 2 progs in parallel
+const nim = getCurrentCompilerExe()
 for prog in ["a", "b"]:
-  ps.add startProcess("nim", "",
-                      ["r", "--hint[Conf]=off", "--hint[Processing]=off", prog],
+  ps.add startProcess(nim, "",
+                      ["r", "--hint:Conf:off", "--hint:Processing:off", prog],
                       options = {poUsePath, poDaemon, poStdErrToStdOut})
 
 for p in ps:
diff --git a/tests/osproc/twaitforexit.nim b/tests/osproc/twaitforexit.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..535faca63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/osproc/twaitforexit.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import std/[osproc, os, times]
+
+block: # bug #5091
+    when defined(linux):
+        const filename = "false"
+        var p = startProcess(filename, options = {poStdErrToStdOut, poUsePath})
+        os.sleep(1000) # make sure process has exited already
+
+        let atStart = getTime()
+        const msWait = 2000
+
+        try:
+            discard waitForExit(p, msWait)
+        except OSError:
+            discard
+
+        # check that we don't have to wait msWait milliseconds
+        doAssert(getTime() <  atStart + milliseconds(msWait))
+
+block: # bug #23825
+
+    # the sleep command might not be available in all Windows installations
+
+    when defined(linux):
+
+        var thr: array[0..99, Thread[int]]
+
+        proc threadFunc(i: int) {.thread.} =
+            let sleepTime = float(i) / float(thr.len + 1)
+            doAssert sleepTime < 1.0
+            let p = startProcess("sleep", workingDir = "", args = @[$sleepTime], options = {poUsePath, poParentStreams})
+            # timeout = 1_000_000 seconds ~= 278 hours ~= 11.5 days
+            doAssert p.waitForExit(timeout=1_000_000_000) == 0
+
+        for i in low(thr)..high(thr):
+            createThread(thr[i], threadFunc, i)
+
+        joinThreads(thr) 
diff --git a/tests/overflw/tdistinct_range.nim b/tests/overflow/tdistinct_range.nim
index f53515d45..f53515d45 100644
--- a/tests/overflw/tdistinct_range.nim
+++ b/tests/overflow/tdistinct_range.nim
diff --git a/tests/overflow/toverflow.nim b/tests/overflow/toverflow.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..972f929c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/overflow/toverflow.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+discard """
+  output: "ok"
+  matrix: "--overflowChecks:off; --overflowChecks:off --b:js"
+"""
+# Tests nim's ability to detect overflows
+
+{.push overflowChecks: on.}
+
+var
+  a = high(int)
+  b = -2
+  overflowDetected = false
+
+try:
+  echo(b - a)
+except OverflowDefect:
+  overflowDetected = true
+
+{.pop.} # overflow check
+
+doAssert(overflowDetected)
+
+block: # Overflow checks in a proc
+  var
+    a = high(int)
+    b = -2
+    overflowDetected = false
+
+  {.push overflowChecks: on.}
+  proc foo() =
+    let c = b - a
+  {.pop.}
+
+  try:
+    foo()
+  except OverflowDefect:
+    overflowDetected = true
+
+  doAssert(overflowDetected)
+
+block: # Overflow checks in a forward declared proc
+  var
+    a = high(int)
+    b = -2
+    overflowDetected = false
+
+  proc foo()
+
+  {.push overflowChecks: on.}
+  proc foo() =
+    let c = b - a
+  {.pop.}
+
+  try:
+    foo()
+  except OverflowDefect:
+    overflowDetected = true
+
+  doAssert(overflowDetected)
+
+block: # Overflow checks doesn't affect fwd declaration
+  var
+    a = high(int)
+    b = -2
+    overflowDetected = false
+
+  {.push overflowChecks: on.}
+  proc foo()
+  {.pop.}
+
+  proc foo() =
+    let c = b - a
+
+  try:
+    foo()
+  except OverflowDefect:
+    overflowDetected = true
+
+  doAssert(not overflowDetected)
+
+
+echo "ok"
diff --git a/tests/overflw/toverflw2.nim b/tests/overflow/toverflow2.nim
index c06b35c6d..c06b35c6d 100644
--- a/tests/overflw/toverflw2.nim
+++ b/tests/overflow/toverflow2.nim
diff --git a/tests/overflw/toverflw.nim b/tests/overflow/toverflow_reorder.nim
index 164e16e5c..fcf7b0c82 100644
--- a/tests/overflw/toverflw.nim
+++ b/tests/overflow/toverflow_reorder.nim
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+{.experimental: "codeReordering".}
+
 discard """
   output: "ok"
   cmd: "nim $target --overflowChecks:off $options $file"
@@ -12,7 +14,7 @@ var
   overflowDetected = false
 
 try:
-  writeLine(stdout, b - a)
+  echo b - a
 except OverflowDefect:
   overflowDetected = true
 
diff --git a/tests/overflw/tovfint.nim b/tests/overflow/tovfint.nim
index 5c440a540..5c440a540 100644
--- a/tests/overflw/tovfint.nim
+++ b/tests/overflow/tovfint.nim
diff --git a/tests/misc/trangechecks.nim b/tests/overflow/trangechecks.nim
index e48b1272b..e48b1272b 100644
--- a/tests/misc/trangechecks.nim
+++ b/tests/overflow/trangechecks.nim
diff --git a/tests/overflow/twronginference.nim b/tests/overflow/twronginference.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34a982976
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/overflow/twronginference.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "cannot convert 256 to int8"
+  line: 9
+"""
+
+# issue #23177
+
+var x: int8
+x = 256
+echo x # 0
diff --git a/tests/overload/issue22142/tfail_implicit_ambiguous.nim b/tests/overload/issue22142/tfail_implicit_ambiguous.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2586e0877
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/overload/issue22142/tfail_implicit_ambiguous.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "ambiguous call"
+"""
+type
+  A[T] = object
+  C = object
+
+proc test[T: A](param: T): bool = false
+proc test(param: A): bool = true
+doAssert test(A[C]()) == true  # previously would pass
diff --git a/tests/overload/issue22142/tfail_nested_pointers.nim b/tests/overload/issue22142/tfail_nested_pointers.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1603d98cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/overload/issue22142/tfail_nested_pointers.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "ambiguous call"
+"""
+
+type
+  A[T] = object
+  C = object
+    x:int
+proc p[T: A[ptr]](x:ptr[T]):bool = false
+proc p(x: ptr[A[ptr]]):bool = true
+var a: A[ptr[C]]
+doAssert p(a.addr) == true
diff --git a/tests/overload/issue22142/tfail_object_is_generic.nim b/tests/overload/issue22142/tfail_object_is_generic.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b46795bd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/overload/issue22142/tfail_object_is_generic.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "ambiguous call"
+"""
+
+#[
+As of the time of writing `object` needs some special
+treament in order to be considered "generic" in the right
+context when used implicitly
+]#
+
+type
+  C = object
+
+proc test[T: object](param: T): bool = false
+proc test(param: object): bool = true  
+doAssert test(C()) == true  # previously would pass
diff --git a/tests/overload/issue22142/tfail_typeclass_var_invar.nim b/tests/overload/issue22142/tfail_typeclass_var_invar.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07db65fef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/overload/issue22142/tfail_typeclass_var_invar.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "ambiguous call"
+"""
+
+type C = object
+proc test[T: ptr](param: var T): bool = false
+proc test(param: var ptr): bool = true
+var d: ptr[C]
+doAssert test(d) == true  # previously would pass
diff --git a/tests/overload/issue22142/tissue22142_shouldpass.nim b/tests/overload/issue22142/tissue22142_shouldpass.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..90d4efe51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/overload/issue22142/tissue22142_shouldpass.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+type
+  A[T] = object of RootObj
+  B[T] = object
+  C = object
+    x:int
+
+# change (previously true)
+block:
+  proc test[J;H: A[J];T: B[H]](param: T): bool = false
+  proc test[T](param: B[T]): bool = true
+  doAssert test(B[A[int]]()) == false
+block:  # object is more specific then `T`
+  proc p[H:object;T:ptr[H]](param:T):bool = false
+  proc p[T](param:ptr[T]):bool= true
+  var l: ptr[C]
+  doAssert p(l) == false
+block:
+  proc p[T:A[object]](param:T):bool = false
+  proc p[T](param: A[T]):bool= true
+  doAssert p(A[C]()) == false
+block:
+  proc test[H;T: A[H]](param: T): bool = false
+  proc test(param: A): bool = true
+  doAssert test(A[C]()) == false
+
+# change (previously ambiguous)
+block:
+  proc p[T](a: A[T]): bool = false
+  proc p[T: object](a: T): bool = true
+  doAssert p(A[int]()) == false
+block:  # A is more specific than `object`
+  proc test[T: A](param: T): bool = false
+  proc test[T: object](param: T): bool = true
+  doAssert test(A[int]()) == false
+block:
+  proc test[T: A](param: T): bool = false
+  proc test(param: object): bool = true
+  doAssert test(A[int]()) == false
+block:
+  proc test[H;T: A[H]](param: T): bool = false
+  proc test(param: object): bool = true
+  doAssert test(A[C]()) == false
+block:
+  proc test[H;T: A[B[H]]](param: T): bool = false
+  proc test[T: object](param: T): bool = true
+  doAssert test(A[B[int]]()) == false
+block:
+  #[
+  This was referenced in the nim compiler source (`sumGeneric`) as a case
+  that was supposed to not be ambiguous, yet it was
+  ]#
+  proc test[J;H:A[J]; T: A[H]](param: T): bool = false
+  proc test[H;T: A[H]](param: T): bool = true
+  doAssert test(A[A[C]]()) == false
+block:
+  proc test[J;T:A[J]](param: A[T]): bool = false
+  proc test[T](param: A[T]): bool = true
+  doAssert test(A[A[C]]()) == false
+block:
+  proc test[T](param: A[T]): bool = false
+  proc test[T: object](param: A[T]): bool = true
+  doAssert test(A[C]()) == true
+
+
+block: #anti-regression (object is more specific then `T`)
+  proc test[J;T:A[J]](param: A[T]): bool = false
+  proc test(param: A[A[object]]): bool = true
+  doAssert test(A[A[C]]()) == true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/overload/m19737.nim b/tests/overload/m19737.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f7ac98e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/overload/m19737.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+type
+  UInt128* = object
+    lo, hi: uint64
+
+func `<`*(x, y: UInt128): bool =
+  (x.hi < y.hi) or ((x.hi == y.hi) and (x.lo < y.lo))
+
+when not defined(works):
+  func `>`*(x, y: UInt128): bool =
+    (x.hi > y.hi) or ((x.hi == y.hi) and (x.lo > y.lo))
diff --git a/tests/overload/mvaruintconv.nim b/tests/overload/mvaruintconv.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b889c90cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/overload/mvaruintconv.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+import
+  std/[macros, tables, hashes]
+
+export
+  macros
+
+type
+  FieldDescription* = object
+    name*: NimNode
+    isPublic*: bool
+    isDiscriminator*: bool
+    typ*: NimNode
+    pragmas*: NimNode
+    caseField*: NimNode
+    caseBranch*: NimNode
+
+{.push raises: [].}
+
+func isTuple*(t: NimNode): bool =
+  t.kind == nnkBracketExpr and t[0].kind == nnkSym and eqIdent(t[0], "tuple")
+
+macro isTuple*(T: type): untyped =
+  newLit(isTuple(getType(T)[1]))
+
+proc collectFieldsFromRecList(result: var seq[FieldDescription],
+                              n: NimNode,
+                              parentCaseField: NimNode = nil,
+                              parentCaseBranch: NimNode = nil,
+                              isDiscriminator = false) =
+  case n.kind
+  of nnkRecList:
+    for entry in n:
+      collectFieldsFromRecList result, entry,
+                               parentCaseField, parentCaseBranch
+  of nnkRecWhen:
+    for branch in n:
+      case branch.kind:
+      of nnkElifBranch:
+        collectFieldsFromRecList result, branch[1],
+                                 parentCaseField, parentCaseBranch
+      of nnkElse:
+        collectFieldsFromRecList result, branch[0],
+                                 parentCaseField, parentCaseBranch
+      else:
+        doAssert false
+
+  of nnkRecCase:
+    collectFieldsFromRecList result, n[0],
+                             parentCaseField,
+                             parentCaseBranch,
+                             isDiscriminator = true
+
+    for i in 1 ..< n.len:
+      let branch = n[i]
+      case branch.kind
+      of nnkOfBranch:
+        collectFieldsFromRecList result, branch[^1], n[0], branch
+      of nnkElse:
+        collectFieldsFromRecList result, branch[0], n[0], branch
+      else:
+        doAssert false
+
+  of nnkIdentDefs:
+    let fieldType = n[^2]
+    for i in 0 ..< n.len - 2:
+      var field: FieldDescription
+      field.name = n[i]
+      field.typ = fieldType
+      field.caseField = parentCaseField
+      field.caseBranch = parentCaseBranch
+      field.isDiscriminator = isDiscriminator
+
+      if field.name.kind == nnkPragmaExpr:
+        field.pragmas = field.name[1]
+        field.name = field.name[0]
+
+      if field.name.kind == nnkPostfix:
+        field.isPublic = true
+        field.name = field.name[1]
+
+      result.add field
+
+  of nnkSym:
+    result.add FieldDescription(
+      name: n,
+      typ: getType(n),
+      caseField: parentCaseField,
+      caseBranch: parentCaseBranch,
+      isDiscriminator: isDiscriminator)
+
+  of nnkNilLit, nnkDiscardStmt, nnkCommentStmt, nnkEmpty:
+    discard
+
+  else:
+    doAssert false, "Unexpected nodes in recordFields:\n" & n.treeRepr
+
+proc collectFieldsInHierarchy(result: var seq[FieldDescription],
+                              objectType: NimNode) =
+  var objectType = objectType
+
+  objectType.expectKind {nnkObjectTy, nnkRefTy}
+
+  if objectType.kind == nnkRefTy:
+    objectType = objectType[0]
+
+  objectType.expectKind nnkObjectTy
+
+  var baseType = objectType[1]
+  if baseType.kind != nnkEmpty:
+    baseType.expectKind nnkOfInherit
+    baseType = baseType[0]
+    baseType.expectKind nnkSym
+    baseType = getImpl(baseType)
+    baseType.expectKind nnkTypeDef
+    baseType = baseType[2]
+    baseType.expectKind {nnkObjectTy, nnkRefTy}
+    collectFieldsInHierarchy result, baseType
+
+  let recList = objectType[2]
+  collectFieldsFromRecList result, recList
+
+proc recordFields*(typeImpl: NimNode): seq[FieldDescription] =
+  if typeImpl.isTuple:
+    for i in 1 ..< typeImpl.len:
+      result.add FieldDescription(typ: typeImpl[i], name: ident("Field" & $(i - 1)))
+    return
+
+  let objectType = case typeImpl.kind
+    of nnkObjectTy: typeImpl
+    of nnkTypeDef: typeImpl[2]
+    else:
+      macros.error("object type expected", typeImpl)
+      return
+
+  collectFieldsInHierarchy(result, objectType)
+
+macro field*(obj: typed, fieldName: static string): untyped =
+  newDotExpr(obj, ident fieldName)
+
+proc skipPragma*(n: NimNode): NimNode =
+  if n.kind == nnkPragmaExpr: n[0]
+  else: n
+
+
+{.pop.}
diff --git a/tests/overload/t19737.nim b/tests/overload/t19737.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b33ba9d8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/overload/t19737.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# issue #19737
+
+import ./m19737
+
+var m: seq[uint64]
+
+proc foo(x: bool) = discard
+
+proc test[T: uint64|uint32](s: var seq[T]) =
+  var tmp = newSeq[T](1)
+  s = newSeq[T](1)
+
+  foo s[0] > tmp[0]
+
+test(m)
diff --git a/tests/overload/t23249.nim b/tests/overload/t23249.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4657833b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/overload/t23249.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# issue #23249
+
+type Control* = object
+proc onAction*(c: Control, handler: proc(e: int) {.gcsafe.}) = discard
+proc onAction*(c: Control, handler: proc() {.gcsafe.}) = discard
+
+template setControlHandlerBlock(c: Control, p: untyped, a: untyped) =
+    when compiles(c.p(nil)):
+        c.p() do() {.gcsafe.}: a
+    else:
+        c.p = proc() {.gcsafe.} =
+            a
+
+proc mkLayout() =
+  var b: Control
+  setControlHandlerBlock(b, onAction):
+    echo "hi"
diff --git a/tests/overload/t23755.nim b/tests/overload/t23755.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de338a2ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/overload/t23755.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+type
+  BigInt[bits: static int] = object
+    limbs: array[8, uint64]
+
+block:
+  proc view[N](a: array[N, uint64]) =
+    discard
+
+  proc view[N](a: var array[N, uint64]) =
+    discard
+
+  var r: BigInt[64]
+  r.limbs.view()
+
+
+type Limbs[N: static int] = array[N, uint64]
+
+block:
+  proc view(a: Limbs) =
+    discard
+
+  proc view(a: var Limbs) =
+    discard
+
+  var r: BigInt[64]
+  r.limbs.view()
+
+
+block:
+  type IntArray[N: static[int]] = array[N, int]
+
+  proc p[T](a: IntArray[T]): bool= true
+  proc p(a: IntArray[5]): bool= false
+
+  var s: IntArray[5]
+  doAssert s.p == false
+
+block:
+  type IntArray[N: static[int]] = array[N, int]
+
+  proc `$`(a: IntArray): string =
+    return "test"
+
+  var s: IntArray[5] = [1,1,1,1,1]
+  doAssert `$`(s) == "test"
+
+block: 
+  proc p[n:static[int]](a: array[n, char]):bool=true
+  proc p[T, IDX](a: array[IDX, T]):bool=false
+
+  var g: array[32, char]
+  doAssert p(g)
+
+block:  # issue #23823
+  func p[N,T](a, b: array[N,T]) =
+    discard
+
+  func p[N: static int; T](x, y: array[N, T]) =
+    discard
+
+  var a: array[5, int]
+  p(a,a)
diff --git a/tests/overload/t8829.nim b/tests/overload/t8829.nim
index a688e18cb..85d87f136 100644
--- a/tests/overload/t8829.nim
+++ b/tests/overload/t8829.nim
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ block:
   let txt = "Hello World"
 
   template `[]`[T](p: ptr T, span: Slice[int]): untyped =
-    toOpenArray(cast[ptr array[0, T]](p)[], span.a, span.b)
+    toOpenArray(cast[ptr UncheckedArray[T]](p), span.a, span.b)
 
-  doAssert $cast[ptr uint8](txt[0].unsafeAddr)[0 ..< txt.len] == 
+  doAssert $cast[ptr uint8](txt[0].addr)[0 ..< txt.len] == 
                 "[72, 101, 108, 108, 111, 32, 87, 111, 114, 108, 100]"
 
 
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ block:
   let txt = "Hello World"
 
   template `[]`[T](p: ptr T, span: Slice[int]): untyped =
-    toOpenArray(cast[ptr array[0, T]](p)[], span.a, span.b)
+    toOpenArray(cast[ptr UncheckedArray[T]](p), span.a, span.b)
 
-  doAssert $cast[ptr uint8](txt[0].unsafeAddr)[0 ..< txt.len] == 
+  doAssert $cast[ptr uint8](txt[0].addr)[0 ..< txt.len] == 
                 "[72, 101, 108, 108, 111, 32, 87, 111, 114, 108, 100]"
diff --git a/tests/overload/tgenericalias.nim b/tests/overload/tgenericalias.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..50a44bd32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/overload/tgenericalias.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+block: # issue #13799
+  type
+    X[A, B] = object
+      a: A
+      b: B
+
+    Y[A] = X[A, int]
+  template s(T: type X): X = T()
+  template t[A, B](T: type X[A, B]): X[A, B] = T()
+  proc works1(): Y[int] = s(X[int, int])
+  proc works2(): Y[int] = t(X[int, int])
+  proc works3(): Y[int] = t(Y[int])
+  proc broken(): Y[int] = s(Y[int])
diff --git a/tests/overload/tor_isnt_better.nim b/tests/overload/tor_isnt_better.nim
index 5ef8bc7c4..bee125386 100644
--- a/tests/overload/tor_isnt_better.nim
+++ b/tests/overload/tor_isnt_better.nim
@@ -1,18 +1,41 @@
-discard """
-  errormsg: "ambiguous call;"
-  line: 16
-"""
-
-# bug #8568
-
 type
   D[T] = object
   E[T] = object
 
-proc g(a: D|E): string = "foo D|E"
-proc g(a: D): string = "foo D"
+block: # PR #22261
+  proc d(x: D):bool= false
+  proc d(x: int | D[SomeInteger]):bool= true
+  doAssert d(D[5]()) == false
 
-proc test() =
-  let x = g D[int]()
+block: # bug #8568
+#[
+  Since PR #22261 and amendment has been made. Since D is a subset of D | E but
+  not the other way around `checkGeneric` should favor proc g(a: D) instead
+  of asserting ambiguity
+]#
+  proc g(a: D|E): string = "foo D|E"
+  proc g(a: D): string = "foo D"
+  doAssert g(D[int]()) == "foo D"
 
-test()
+type Obj1[T] = object
+  v: T
+converter toObj1[T](t: T): Obj1[T] = return Obj1[T](v: t)
+block: # issue #10019
+  proc fun1[T](elements: seq[T]): string = "fun1 seq"
+  proc fun1(o: object|tuple): string = "fun1 object|tuple"
+  proc fun2[T](elements: openArray[T]): string = "fun2 openarray"
+  proc fun2(o: object): string = "fun2 object"
+  proc fun_bug[T](elements: openArray[T]): string = "fun_bug openarray"
+  proc fun_bug(o: object|tuple):string = "fun_bug object|tuple"
+  proc main() =
+    var x = @["hello", "world"]
+    block:
+      # no ambiguity error shown here even though this would compile if we remove either 1st or 2nd overload of fun1
+      doAssert fun1(x) == "fun1 seq"
+    block:
+      # ditto
+      doAssert fun2(x) == "fun2 openarray"
+    block:
+      # Error: ambiguous call; both t0065.fun_bug(elements: openarray[T])[declared in t0065.nim(17, 5)] and t0065.fun_bug(o: object or tuple)[declared in t0065.nim(20, 5)] match for: (array[0..1, string])
+      doAssert fun_bug(x) == "fun_bug openarray"
+  main()
diff --git a/tests/overload/toverl4.nim b/tests/overload/toverl4.nim
index 537925674..21cedaa96 100644
--- a/tests/overload/toverl4.nim
+++ b/tests/overload/toverl4.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 discard """
-  output: '''true'''
+  output: '''true
+5.0'''
 """
 
 #bug #592
@@ -75,3 +76,26 @@ proc add*[TKey, TData](root: var PElement[TKey, TData], key: TKey, data: TData)
 var tree = PElement[int, int](kind: ElementKind.inner, key: 0, left: nil, right: nil)
 let result = add(tree, 1, 1)
 echo(result)
+
+# bug #3748
+type
+  Foo = object
+    bar: int
+
+proc bar(cur: Foo, val: int, s:seq[string]) =
+  discard cur.bar
+
+proc does_fail(): Foo =
+  let a = @["a"]
+  result.bar(5, a)
+
+doAssert does_fail().bar == 0
+
+# bug #20645
+
+type Zzz[Gen] = object
+
+proc testZ(z: Zzz) =
+  echo z.Gen(5)
+
+testZ(Zzz[float]())
diff --git a/tests/overload/toverload_issues.nim b/tests/overload/toverload_issues.nim
index 5db7b54fa..26bf89091 100644
--- a/tests/overload/toverload_issues.nim
+++ b/tests/overload/toverload_issues.nim
@@ -77,27 +77,30 @@ testPred(1)
 
 
 
-# bug #6526
-type
-  BaseObj = ref object of RootObj
-  DerivedObj = ref object of BaseObj
-  OtherDerivate = ref object of BaseObj
-
-proc `==`*[T1, T2: BaseObj](a: T1, b: T2): bool =
-  echo "baseobj =="
-  return true
-
-let a = DerivedObj()
-let b = DerivedObj()
-echo a == b
-
-proc `==`*[T1, T2: OtherDerivate](a: T1, b: T2): bool =
-  echo "even better! =="
-  return true
-
-let a2 = OtherDerivate()
-let b2 = OtherDerivate()
-echo a2 == b2
+block: # bug #6526
+  type
+    BaseObj = ref object of RootObj
+    DerivedObj = ref object of BaseObj
+    OtherDerivate = ref object of BaseObj
+
+  proc p[T](a: T, b: T): bool =
+    assert false
+
+  proc p[T1, T2: BaseObj](a: T1, b: T2): bool =
+    echo "baseobj =="
+    return true
+
+  let a = DerivedObj()
+  let b = DerivedObj()
+  echo p(a,b)
+
+  proc p[T1, T2: OtherDerivate](a: T1, b: T2): bool =
+    echo "even better! =="
+    return true
+
+  let a2 = OtherDerivate()
+  let b2 = OtherDerivate()
+  echo p(a2, b2)
 
 
 
diff --git a/tests/overload/toverload_various.nim b/tests/overload/toverload_various.nim
index f913ce3ee..d195a069d 100644
--- a/tests/overload/toverload_various.nim
+++ b/tests/overload/toverload_various.nim
@@ -264,8 +264,8 @@ proc init*[T](hmctx: HMAC[T], key: ptr byte, ulen: uint) =
   const sizeBlock = hmctx.sizeBlock
   echo sizeBlock
 
-proc hmac*[A, B](HashType: typedesc, key: openarray[A],
-                 data: openarray[B]) =
+proc hmac*[A, B](HashType: typedesc, key: openArray[A],
+                 data: openArray[B]) =
   var ctx: HMAC[HashType]
   ctx.init(nil, 0)
 
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ block:
   template bar2[F,T](x: FooUn[F,T]): int = 1
   template bar2[F,T1,T2](x: FooBi[F,T1,T2]): int = 2
 
-  proc test(x: any, n: int) =
+  proc test(x: auto, n: int) =
     doAssert(foo1(x) == n)
     doAssert(foo2(x) == n)
     doAssert(bar1(x) == n)
@@ -506,3 +506,63 @@ block:
   doAssert(p2(F(float,1.0),F(float,2)) == 3.0)
   doAssert(p2(F(float,1.0),F(float,2.0)) == 3.0)
   #doAssert(p2(F(float,1),F(int,2.0)) == 3.0)
+
+block: # PR #23870
+  type
+    A {.inheritable.} = object
+    B = object of A
+    C = object of B
+
+  proc p[T: A](x: T): int = 0
+  proc p[T: B](x: T): int = 1
+
+  proc d(x: A): int = 0
+  proc d(x: B): int = 1
+  
+  proc g[T:A](x: typedesc[T]): int = 0
+  proc g[T: B](x: typedesc[T]): int = 1
+  
+  proc f[T](x: typedesc[T]): int = 0
+  proc f[T:B](x: typedesc[T]): int = 1
+
+  assert p(C()) == 1
+  assert d(C()) == 1
+  assert g(C) == 1
+  assert f(C) == 1
+
+block: # PR #23870
+  type
+    A = object of RootObj
+    PT = proc(ev: A) {.closure.}
+    sdt = seq[(PT, PT)]
+
+  proc encap() =
+    proc p(a: A) {.closure.} =
+      discard
+
+    var s: sdt
+    s.add (p, nil)
+
+  encap()
+
+block: # PR #23870
+  type
+    A = object of RootObj
+    B = object of A
+    C = object of B
+
+  proc p(a: B | RootObj): int =
+    0
+
+  proc p(a: A | A): int =
+    1
+
+  assert p(C()) == 0
+
+  proc d(a: RootObj | B): int =
+    0
+
+  proc d(a: A | A): int =
+    1
+
+  assert d(C()) == 0
diff --git a/tests/overload/tproc_types_dont_like_subtypes.nim b/tests/overload/tproc_types_dont_like_subtypes.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6774be156
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/overload/tproc_types_dont_like_subtypes.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "got <B, proc (b: B){.closure, gcsafe.}>"
+  line: 20
+"""
+
+type
+  A = ref object of RootObj
+  B = ref object of A
+
+  P = proc (a: A)
+
+# bug #16325
+
+proc doThings(a: A, p: P) =
+  p(a)
+
+var x = proc (b: B) {.closure.} =
+  echo "B"
+
+doThings(B(), x)
diff --git a/tests/overload/tselfderef.nim b/tests/overload/tselfderef.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 96f1da42a..000000000
--- a/tests/overload/tselfderef.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-action: compile
-"""
-
-# bug #4671
-{.experimental.}
-{.this: self.}
-type
-  SomeObj = object
-    f: int
-
-proc f(num: int) =
-  discard
-
-var intptr: ptr int
-intptr.f() # compiles fine
-
-proc doSomething(self: var SomeObj) =
-  var pint: ptr int
-  pint.f() # Error: expression '.(pint, "f")' cannot be called
diff --git a/tests/overload/tstatic_with_converter.nim b/tests/overload/tstatic_with_converter.nim
index 8209e8399..2bc1dfaab 100644
--- a/tests/overload/tstatic_with_converter.nim
+++ b/tests/overload/tstatic_with_converter.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 discard """
 output: '''
 9.0
-
 '''
 """
 
@@ -39,12 +38,11 @@ proc `^`(x: vfloat, exp: static[float]): vfloat =
   when exp == 0.5:
     sqrt(x)
   else:
-   pow(x, exp)
+    pow(x, exp)
  
 proc `$`(x: vfloat): string =
-  let y = cast[ptr float](unsafeAddr x)
-  # xxx not sure if intentional in this issue, but this returns ""
-  echo y[]
+  let y = cast[ptr float](addr x)
+  result = $y[]
  
 let x = set1(9.0)
 echo x^0.5
diff --git a/tests/overload/tuntypedarg.nim b/tests/overload/tuntypedarg.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9aa4fad3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/overload/tuntypedarg.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import macros
+
+block: # issue #7385
+  type CustomSeq[T] = object
+    data: seq[T]
+  macro `[]`[T](s: CustomSeq[T], args: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
+    ## The end goal is to replace the joker "_" by something else
+    result = newIntLitNode(10)
+  proc foo1(): CustomSeq[int] =
+    result.data.newSeq(10)
+    # works since no overload matches first argument with type `CustomSeq`
+    # except magic `[]`, which always matches without checking arguments
+    doAssert result[_] == 10
+  doAssert foo1() == CustomSeq[int](data: newSeq[int](10))
+  proc foo2[T](): CustomSeq[T] =
+    result.data.newSeq(10)
+    # works fine with generic return type
+    doAssert result[_] == 10
+  doAssert foo2[int]() == CustomSeq[int](data: newSeq[int](10))
diff --git a/tests/overload/tvartypeclass.nim b/tests/overload/tvartypeclass.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04f3f5a91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/overload/tvartypeclass.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# issue #13302
+
+proc foo(x: object): int = x.i*2
+proc foo(x: var object) = x.i*=2
+type Foo = object
+  i: int
+let x = Foo(i: 3)
+var y = Foo(i: 4)
+doAssert foo(x) == 6
+foo(y)
+doAssert y.i == 8
diff --git a/tests/overload/tvaruintconv.nim b/tests/overload/tvaruintconv.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87ebd285d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/overload/tvaruintconv.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+discard """
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+# https://github.com/status-im/nimbus-eth2/pull/6554#issuecomment-2354977102
+# failed with "for a 'var' type a variable needs to be passed; but 'uint64(result)' is immutable"
+
+import
+  std/[typetraits, macros]
+
+type
+  DefaultFlavor = object
+
+template serializationFormatImpl(Name: untyped) {.dirty.} =
+  type Name = object
+
+template serializationFormat(Name: untyped) =
+  serializationFormatImpl(Name)
+
+template setReader(Format, FormatReader: distinct type) =
+  when arity(FormatReader) > 1:
+    template Reader(T: type Format, F: distinct type = DefaultFlavor): type = FormatReader[F]
+  else:
+    template ReaderType(T: type Format): type = FormatReader
+    template Reader(T: type Format): type = FormatReader
+
+template useDefaultReaderIn(T: untyped, Flavor: type) =
+  mixin Reader
+
+  template readValue(r: var Reader(Flavor), value: var T) =
+    mixin readRecordValue
+    readRecordValue(r, value)
+
+import mvaruintconv
+
+type
+  FieldTag[RecordType: object; fieldName: static string] = distinct void
+
+func declval*(T: type): T {.compileTime.} =
+  default(ptr T)[]
+
+macro enumAllSerializedFieldsImpl(T: type, body: untyped): untyped =
+  var typeAst = getType(T)[1]
+  var typeImpl: NimNode
+  let isSymbol = not typeAst.isTuple
+
+  if not isSymbol:
+    typeImpl = typeAst
+  else:
+    typeImpl = getImpl(typeAst)
+  result = newStmtList()
+
+  var i = 0
+  for field in recordFields(typeImpl):
+    let
+      fieldIdent = field.name
+      realFieldName = newLit($fieldIdent.skipPragma)
+      fieldName = realFieldName
+      fieldIndex = newLit(i)
+
+    let fieldNameDefs =
+      if isSymbol:
+        quote:
+          const fieldName {.inject, used.} = `fieldName`
+          const realFieldName {.inject, used.} = `realFieldName`
+      else:
+        quote:
+          const fieldName {.inject, used.} = $`fieldIndex`
+          const realFieldName {.inject, used.} = $`fieldIndex`
+
+    let field =
+      if isSymbol:
+        quote do: declval(`T`).`fieldIdent`
+      else:
+        quote do: declval(`T`)[`fieldIndex`]
+
+    result.add quote do:
+      block:
+        `fieldNameDefs`
+
+        template FieldType: untyped {.inject, used.} = typeof(`field`)
+
+        `body`
+
+  # echo repr(result)
+
+template enumAllSerializedFields(T: type, body): untyped =
+  enumAllSerializedFieldsImpl(T, body)
+
+type
+  FieldReader[RecordType, Reader] = tuple[
+    fieldName: string,
+    reader: proc (rec: var RecordType, reader: var Reader)
+                 {.gcsafe, nimcall.}
+  ]
+
+proc totalSerializedFieldsImpl(T: type): int =
+  mixin enumAllSerializedFields
+  enumAllSerializedFields(T): inc result
+
+template totalSerializedFields(T: type): int =
+  (static(totalSerializedFieldsImpl(T)))
+
+template GetFieldType(FT: type FieldTag): type =
+  typeof field(declval(FT.RecordType), FT.fieldName)
+
+proc makeFieldReadersTable(RecordType, ReaderType: distinct type,
+                           numFields: static[int]):
+                           array[numFields, FieldReader[RecordType, ReaderType]] =
+  mixin enumAllSerializedFields, handleReadException
+  var idx = 0
+
+  enumAllSerializedFields(RecordType):
+    proc readField(obj: var RecordType, reader: var ReaderType)
+                  {.gcsafe, nimcall.} =
+
+      mixin readValue
+
+      type F = FieldTag[RecordType, realFieldName]
+      field(obj, realFieldName) = reader.readValue(GetFieldType(F))
+
+    result[idx] = (fieldName, readField)
+    inc idx
+
+proc fieldReadersTable(RecordType, ReaderType: distinct type): auto =
+  mixin readValue
+  type T = RecordType
+  const numFields = totalSerializedFields(T)
+  var tbl {.threadvar.}: ref array[numFields, FieldReader[RecordType, ReaderType]]
+  if tbl == nil:
+    tbl = new typeof(tbl)
+    tbl[] = makeFieldReadersTable(RecordType, ReaderType, numFields)
+  return addr(tbl[])
+
+proc readValue(reader: var auto, T: type): T =
+  mixin readValue
+  reader.readValue(result)
+
+template decode(Format: distinct type,
+                 input: string,
+                 RecordType: distinct type): auto =
+  mixin Reader
+  block:  # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/22874
+    var reader: Reader(Format)
+    reader.readValue(RecordType)
+
+template readValue(Format: type,
+                    ValueType: type): untyped =
+  mixin Reader, init, readValue
+  var reader: Reader(Format)
+  readValue reader, ValueType
+
+template parseArrayImpl(numElem: untyped,
+                        actionValue: untyped) =
+  actionValue
+
+serializationFormat Json
+template createJsonFlavor(FlavorName: untyped,
+                           skipNullFields = false) {.dirty.} =
+  type FlavorName = object
+
+  template Reader(T: type FlavorName): type = Reader(Json, FlavorName)
+type
+  JsonReader[Flavor = DefaultFlavor] = object
+
+Json.setReader JsonReader
+
+template parseArray(r: var JsonReader; body: untyped) =
+  parseArrayImpl(idx): body
+
+template parseArray(r: var JsonReader; idx: untyped; body: untyped) =
+  parseArrayImpl(idx): body
+
+proc readRecordValue[T](r: var JsonReader, value: var T) =
+  type
+    ReaderType {.used.} = type r
+    T = type value
+
+  discard T.fieldReadersTable(ReaderType)
+
+proc readValue[T](r: var JsonReader, value: var T) =
+  mixin readValue
+
+  when value is seq:
+    r.parseArray:
+      readValue(r, value[0])
+
+  elif value is object:
+    readRecordValue(r, value)
+
+type
+  RemoteSignerInfo = object
+    id: uint32
+  RemoteKeystore = object
+
+proc readValue(reader: var JsonReader, value: var RemoteKeystore) =
+  discard reader.readValue(seq[RemoteSignerInfo])
+
+createJsonFlavor RestJson
+useDefaultReaderIn(RemoteSignerInfo, RestJson)
+proc readValue(reader: var JsonReader[RestJson], value: var uint64) =
+  discard reader.readValue(string)
+
+discard Json.decode("", RemoteKeystore)
+block:  # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/22874
+  var reader: Reader(RestJson)
+  discard reader.readValue(RemoteSignerInfo)
diff --git a/tests/package/stdlib/stdlib.nimble b/tests/package/stdlib/stdlib.nimble
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/package/stdlib/stdlib.nimble
diff --git a/tests/package/stdlib/system.nim b/tests/package/stdlib/system.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..475f8ec5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/package/stdlib/system.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# this module is part of tstdlib_name_not_special
+doAssert true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/package/tstdlib_name_not_special.nim b/tests/package/tstdlib_name_not_special.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8226a82d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/package/tstdlib_name_not_special.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Test whether a another package named 'stdlib' can be imported and used.
+# This caused a crash in the past.
+import stdlib/system
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/parallel/t10913.nim b/tests/parallel/t10913.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..191939100
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parallel/t10913.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  errormsg: "'spawn'ed function cannot have a 'typed' or 'untyped' parameter"
+"""
+
+# bug #10913
+
+import threadpool
+
+proc useParallel*[T](unused: T) =
+  # use a generic T here to show the problem.
+  {.push experimental: "parallel".}
+  parallel:
+    for i in 0..4:
+      spawn echo "echo in parallel"
+  sync()
+  
+  {.pop.}
+
+useParallel(1)
diff --git a/tests/parallel/t7535.nim b/tests/parallel/t7535.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7817a1c9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parallel/t7535.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  errormsg: "'spawn' takes a call expression; got: proc (x: uint32) = echo [x]"
+"""
+
+import threadpool
+
+# bug #7535
+proc print_parallel_nok(r: uint32) =
+  for x in 0..r:
+    spawn (proc (x: uint32) = echo x)
diff --git a/tests/parallel/t9691.nim b/tests/parallel/t9691.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..254f03416
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parallel/t9691.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  errormsg: "'spawn'ed function cannot have a 'typed' or 'untyped' parameter"
+"""
+
+# bug #9691
+
+import threadpool
+spawn echo()
diff --git a/tests/parallel/tblocking_channel.nim b/tests/parallel/tblocking_channel.nim
index eb5fcb715..f3ccd166a 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/tblocking_channel.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/tblocking_channel.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 discard """
 output: ""
-disabled: "freebsd"
+disabled: "freebsd" # see #15725
 """
-# disabled pending bug #15725
+
 import threadpool, os
 
 var chan: Channel[int]
diff --git a/tests/parallel/tconvexhull.nim b/tests/parallel/tconvexhull.nim
index 0a07e6b76..a89aa910b 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/tconvexhull.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/tconvexhull.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   output: '''
 '''
 """
diff --git a/tests/parallel/tdeepcopy.nim b/tests/parallel/tdeepcopy.nim
index 499ea94d4..96ca15ca3 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/tdeepcopy.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/tdeepcopy.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   output: '''
 13 abc
 called deepCopy for int
diff --git a/tests/parallel/tdeepcopy2.nim b/tests/parallel/tdeepcopy2.nim
index a9caab604..e8305173d 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/tdeepcopy2.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/tdeepcopy2.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   output: '''
 called deepCopy for int
 called deepCopy for int
diff --git a/tests/parallel/tdisjoint_slice1.nim b/tests/parallel/tdisjoint_slice1.nim
index edcc30ece..6892e7383 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/tdisjoint_slice1.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/tdisjoint_slice1.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   outputsub: "EVEN 28"
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/parallel/tflowvar.nim b/tests/parallel/tflowvar.nim
index 9d93bc7c8..e44b29a87 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/tflowvar.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/tflowvar.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   output: '''foobarfoobar
 bazbearbazbear
 
diff --git a/tests/parallel/tgc_unsafe2.nim b/tests/parallel/tgc_unsafe2.nim
index 40af728fb..7d98dafcb 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/tgc_unsafe2.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/tgc_unsafe2.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 discard """
   errormsg: "'consumer' is not GC-safe as it calls 'track'"
-  line: 28
-  nimout: '''tgc_unsafe2.nim(22, 6) Warning: 'trick' is not GC-safe as it accesses 'global' which is a global using GC'ed memory [GcUnsafe2]
-tgc_unsafe2.nim(26, 6) Warning: 'track' is not GC-safe as it calls 'trick' [GcUnsafe2]
-tgc_unsafe2.nim(28, 6) Error: 'consumer' is not GC-safe as it calls 'track'
+  nimout: '''tgc_unsafe2.nim(21, 6) Warning: 'trick' is not GC-safe as it accesses 'global' which is a global using GC'ed memory [GcUnsafe2]
+tgc_unsafe2.nim(25, 6) Warning: 'track' is not GC-safe as it calls 'trick' [GcUnsafe2]
+tgc_unsafe2.nim(27, 6) Error: 'consumer' is not GC-safe as it calls 'track'
 '''
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/parallel/tguard1.nim b/tests/parallel/tguard1.nim
index b1eb7e7c5..f4c92319b 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/tguard1.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/tguard1.nim
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ output: "90"
 
 when false:
   template lock(a, b: ptr Lock; body: stmt) =
-    if cast[ByteAddress](a) < cast[ByteAddress](b):
+    if cast[int](a) < cast[int](b):
       pthread_mutex_lock(a)
       pthread_mutex_lock(b)
     else:
diff --git a/tests/parallel/tinvalid_array_bounds.nim b/tests/parallel/tinvalid_array_bounds.nim
index 15bf526df..8dc93c33f 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/tinvalid_array_bounds.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/tinvalid_array_bounds.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   errormsg: "cannot prove (i)..(i) disjoint from (i + 1)..(i + 1)"
-  line: 20
+  line: 21
 """
 
 import threadpool
diff --git a/tests/parallel/tlet_spawn.nim b/tests/parallel/tlet_spawn.nim
index 62341d8f0..853ffc443 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/tlet_spawn.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/tlet_spawn.nim
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ done999 999
 '''
 """
 
-import threadpool
+import std/[threadpool, os]
 
 proc foo(): int = 999
 
@@ -17,3 +17,12 @@ proc main =
   echo "done", f, " ", b
 
 main()
+
+# bug #13781
+proc thread(): string =
+  os.sleep(1000)
+  return "ok"
+
+var fv = spawn thread()
+sync()
+doAssert ^fv == "ok"
diff --git a/tests/parallel/tmissing_deepcopy.nim b/tests/parallel/tmissing_deepcopy.nim
index 7803439fa..ea77936ad 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/tmissing_deepcopy.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/tmissing_deepcopy.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   ccodeCheck: "@'genericDeepCopy(' .*"
   action: compile
 """
diff --git a/tests/parallel/tnon_disjoint_slice1.nim b/tests/parallel/tnon_disjoint_slice1.nim
index 72d008bbd..51762187d 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/tnon_disjoint_slice1.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/tnon_disjoint_slice1.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   errormsg: "cannot prove (i)..(i) disjoint from (i + 1)..(i + 1)"
-  line: 20
+  line: 21
 """
 
 import threadpool
diff --git a/tests/parallel/tparfind.nim b/tests/parallel/tparfind.nim
index 4b3610c67..cf1bc9336 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/tparfind.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/tparfind.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   output: "500"
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/parallel/tpi.nim b/tests/parallel/tpi.nim
index 1abed6f23..cd965d585 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/tpi.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/tpi.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   output: '''3.141792613595791
 3.141792613595791'''
 """
diff --git a/tests/parallel/tsendtwice.nim b/tests/parallel/tsendtwice.nim
index 03b7fda47..9f4a2e06e 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/tsendtwice.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/tsendtwice.nim
@@ -1,18 +1,10 @@
 discard """
-  output: '''ob2 @[]
-ob @[]
-ob3 @[]
-3
-ob2 @[]
-ob @[]
-ob3 @[]
-'''
-  cmd: "nim c -r --threads:on $file"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
 """
 
 # bug #4776
 
-import tables
+import tables, algorithm
 
 type
   Base* = ref object of RootObj
@@ -35,20 +27,21 @@ globalTable.add("ob", d)
 globalTable.add("ob2", d)
 globalTable.add("ob3", d)
 
+proc `<`(x, y: seq[int]): bool = x.len < y.len
+proc kvs(t: TableRef[string, Base]): seq[(string, seq[int])] =
+  for k, v in t.pairs: result.add (k, v.someSeq)
+  result.sort
+
 proc testThread(channel: ptr TableChannel) {.thread.} =
   globalTable = channel[].recv()
-  for k, v in pairs globaltable:
-    echo k, " ", v.someSeq
   var myObj: Base
   deepCopy(myObj, globalTable["ob"])
   myObj.someSeq = newSeq[int](100)
   let table = channel[].recv() # same table
-  echo table.len
-  for k, v in mpairs table:
-    echo k, " ", v.someSeq
   assert(table.contains("ob")) # fails!
   assert(table.contains("ob2")) # fails!
   assert(table.contains("ob3")) # fails!
+  assert table.kvs == globalTable.kvs # Last to see above spot checks first
 
 var channel: TableChannel
 
diff --git a/tests/parallel/tsimple_array_checks.nim b/tests/parallel/tsimple_array_checks.nim
index 650b809e0..ab292f935 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/tsimple_array_checks.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/tsimple_array_checks.nim
@@ -61,3 +61,15 @@ maino() # Doesn't work outside a proc
 
 when true:
   main()
+
+block two:
+  proc f(a: openArray[int]) =
+    discard
+
+  proc main() =
+    var a: array[0..9, int] = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
+    parallel:
+      spawn f(a[0..2])
+
+
+  main()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/parallel/tsysspawn.nim b/tests/parallel/tsysspawn.nim
index 09a77b358..b7ecd1264 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/tsysspawn.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/tsysspawn.nim
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ discard """
 2
 2
 '''
-  cmd: "nim $target --threads:on $options $file"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
 """
 
 import threadpool
diff --git a/tests/parallel/tuseafterdef.nim b/tests/parallel/tuseafterdef.nim
index f1ae6e923..64f835a1b 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/tuseafterdef.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/tuseafterdef.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
+  disabled: true
   errormsg: "(k)..(k) not disjoint from (k)..(k)"
-  line: 23
+  line: 24
   action: compile
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/parallel/twaitany.nim b/tests/parallel/twaitany.nim
index b58cadd86..d57c5f40f 100644
--- a/tests/parallel/twaitany.nim
+++ b/tests/parallel/twaitany.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   output: '''true'''
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/parser/t12274.nim b/tests/parser/t12274.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b7c9f55a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/t12274.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+discard """
+  joinable: false
+"""
+
+var s: seq[int]
+s.add block:
+  let i = 1
+  i
+s.add try:
+  2
+except:
+  3
+doAssert s == @[1, 2]
diff --git a/tests/parser/t15667.nim b/tests/parser/t15667.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fcb862825
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/t15667.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $options $file"
+  action: "reject"
+  nimout: '''
+t15667.nim(23, 5) Error: invalid indentation, maybe you forgot a '=' at t15667.nim(22, 13) ?
+t15667.nim(28, 5) Error: invalid indentation, maybe you forgot a '=' at t15667.nim(26, 13) ?
+t15667.nim(33, 5) Error: invalid indentation, maybe you forgot a '=' at t15667.nim(31, 25) ?
+t15667.nim(42, 5) Error: invalid indentation, maybe you forgot a '=' at t15667.nim(38, 12) ?
+t15667.nim(56, 5) Error: invalid indentation, maybe you forgot a '=' at t15667.nim(55, 13) ?
+t15667.nim(61, 48) Error: expression expected, but found ','
+'''
+"""
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+# line 20
+block:
+  proc fn1()
+    discard
+
+block:
+  proc fn2()
+    #
+    discard
+
+block:
+  proc fn3() {.exportc.}
+    #
+    discard
+
+block: # complex example
+  proc asdfasdfsd() {. exportc, 
+      inline
+         .}     # foo
+    #[
+    bar
+    ]#
+    discard
+
+block: # xxx this doesn't work yet (only a bare `invalid indentation` error)
+  proc fn5()
+    ##
+    discard
+
+block: # ditto
+  proc fn6*()
+    ## foo bar
+    runnableExamples: discard
+
+block:
+  proc fn8()
+    runnableExamples:
+      discard
+    discard
+
+# semiStmtList loop issue
+proc bar(k:static bool):SomeNumber = (when k: 3, else: 3.0)
diff --git a/tests/parser/t19430.nim b/tests/parser/t19430.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1aa6a92d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/t19430.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+let x = proc() = ## abc
+let y = 3 #[tt.Error
+^ invalid indentation]#
diff --git a/tests/parser/t19662.nim b/tests/parser/t19662.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a1864ac6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/t19662.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+                var i: int # bug #19662
+echo i
+
+discard """
+  errormsg: "invalid indentation"
+"""
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/parser/t20922.nim b/tests/parser/t20922.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..110610fb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/t20922.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $options --verbosity:0 --hints:off $file"
+  action: "reject"
+  nimout: '''
+t20922.nim(26, 5) Error: expression expected, but found ':'
+t20922.nim(34, 7) Error: expression expected, but found ':'
+t20922.nim(35, 5) Error: ':' or '=' expected, but got 'keyword of'
+Error: in expression ' '+'': identifier expected, but found ''
+t20922.nim(26, 7) Error: attempting to call undeclared routine: '<Error>'
+Error: in expression ' '+'': identifier expected, but found ''
+t20922.nim(26, 7) Error: attempting to call undeclared routine: '<Error>'
+t20922.nim(26, 7) Error: expression '' cannot be called
+t20922.nim(26, 7) Error: expression '' has no type (or is ambiguous)
+t20922.nim(26, 7) Error: VM problem: dest register is not set
+'''
+"""
+# original test case issue #20922
+type Token = enum
+  incDataPtr,
+  incDataPtrByte
+
+proc mapInstrToToken(instr: char): Token =
+  case instr:
+  of '>':
+    incDataPtr
+  of: '+':
+    incDataPtrByte
+
+# same issue with `of` in object branches (different parser procs calling `exprList`)
+type
+  Bar = enum A, B
+  Foo = object
+    case kind: Bar
+    of: x: int
+    of B: y: float
diff --git a/tests/parser/tbinarynotindented.nim b/tests/parser/tbinarynotindented.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8d124aade
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/tbinarynotindented.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+type Foo = ref int
+  not nil #[tt.Error
+  ^ invalid indentation]#
diff --git a/tests/parser/tbinarynotsameline.nim b/tests/parser/tbinarynotsameline.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca417e023
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/tbinarynotsameline.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# issue #23565
+
+func foo: bool =
+  true
+
+const bar = block:
+  type T = int
+  not foo()
+
+doAssert not bar
diff --git a/tests/parser/tcommand_as_expr.nim b/tests/parser/tcommand_as_expr.nim
index b25ec4bd8..f37c34f63 100644
--- a/tests/parser/tcommand_as_expr.nim
+++ b/tests/parser/tcommand_as_expr.nim
@@ -36,3 +36,12 @@ echo f -4
 
 echo int -1 # doesn't compile
 echo int `-` 1 # compiles
+
+var num = 1
+num += int 2
+doAssert num == 3
+
+import options
+var opt = some some none int
+opt = some some none int
+opt = some none Option[int]
diff --git a/tests/parser/tcommandequals.nim b/tests/parser/tcommandequals.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f41b318ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/tcommandequals.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+5
+'''
+"""
+
+proc foo(a, b: int) =
+  echo a + b
+
+foo a = 2, b = 3
+
+import macros
+
+macro bar(args: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
+  doAssert args[0].kind == nnkExprEqExpr
+
+bar "a" = 1
diff --git a/tests/parser/tcommandindent.nim b/tests/parser/tcommandindent.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..449c218db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/tcommandindent.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+when false: # parse the following
+  let foo = Obj(
+    field1: proc (src: pointer, srcLen: Natural)
+                    {.nimcall, gcsafe, raises: [IOError, Defect].} =
+      var file = FileOutputStream(s).file
+
+      implementWrites s.buffers, src, srcLen, "FILE",
+                      writeStartAddr, writeLen,
+        file.writeBuffer(writeStartAddr, writeLen)
+    ,
+    field2: proc {.nimcall, gcsafe, raises: [IOError, Defect].} =
+      flushFile FileOutputStream(s).file
+    ,
+    field3: proc () {.nimcall, gcsafe, raises: [IOError, Defect].} =
+      close FileOutputStream(s).file
+  )
diff --git a/tests/parser/tdo.nim b/tests/parser/tdo.nim
index 7bd1f7411..382d03398 100644
--- a/tests/parser/tdo.nim
+++ b/tests/parser/tdo.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 discard """
-  output: '''true
+  output: '''
 true
 true
-true inner B'''
+true
+true inner B
+running with pragma
+ran with pragma
+'''
 """
 
 template withValue(a, b, c, d, e: untyped) =
@@ -77,3 +81,14 @@ proc main2 =
       echo "true inner B"
 
 main2()
+
+proc withPragma(foo: int, bar: proc() {.raises: [].}) =
+  echo "running with pragma"
+  bar()
+
+withPragma(3) do {.raises: [].}:
+  echo "ran with pragma"
+
+doAssert not (compiles do:
+  withPragma(3) do {.raises: [].}:
+    raise newException(Exception))
diff --git a/tests/parser/tdoc_comments.nim b/tests/parser/tdoc_comments.nim
index fa1374b45..3c86e69ea 100644
--- a/tests/parser/tdoc_comments.nim
+++ b/tests/parser/tdoc_comments.nim
@@ -69,3 +69,7 @@ type
 
   MyEnum3* = enum
     value5  ## only document the enum value
+
+# bug #18847
+proc close*() =   ## asdfasdfsdfa
+  discard         ## adsfasdfads
diff --git a/tests/parser/tdotlikeoperators.nim b/tests/parser/tdotlikeoperators.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2d23bd15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/tdotlikeoperators.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "-d:nimPreviewDotLikeOps"
+"""
+# test for https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/341
+import std/json
+import std/jsonutils
+import std/macros
+
+macro fn1(a: untyped): string = newLit a.lispRepr
+
+doAssert fn1(a.?b.c) == """(DotExpr (Infix (Ident ".?") (Ident "a") (Ident "b")) (Ident "c"))"""
+
+template `.?`(a: JsonNode, b: untyped{ident}): JsonNode =
+  a[astToStr(b)]
+
+proc identity[T](a: T): T = a
+proc timesTwo[T](a: T): T = a * 2
+
+template main =
+  let a = (a1: 1, a2: "abc", a3: (a4: 2.5))
+  let j = a.toJson
+  doAssert j.?a1.getInt == 1
+  doAssert j.?a3.?a4.getFloat == 2.5
+  doAssert j.?a3.?a4.getFloat.timesTwo == 5.0
+  doAssert j.?a3.identity.?a4.getFloat.timesTwo == 5.0
+  doAssert j.identity.?a3.identity.?a4.identity.getFloat.timesTwo == 5.0
+  doAssert j.identity.?a3.?a4.identity.getFloat.timesTwo == 5.0
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/parser/tdoublenotnil.nim b/tests/parser/tdoublenotnil.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c61008c54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/tdoublenotnil.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+when false:
+  type Foo = Bar not nil not nil #[tt.Error
+                         ^ invalid indentation]#
diff --git a/tests/parser/tifextracolon.nim b/tests/parser/tifextracolon.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..171569111
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/tifextracolon.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# issue #21982
+
+if true:
+  if true:
+    discard default int:
+else: #[tt.Error
+^ invalid indentation]#
+  discard
diff --git a/tests/parser/tpostexprblocks.nim b/tests/parser/tpostexprblocks.nim
index bc10a72e2..6cd4a8350 100644
--- a/tests/parser/tpostexprblocks.nim
+++ b/tests/parser/tpostexprblocks.nim
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ StmtList
           DiscardStmt
             Empty
       OfBranch
-        Par
+        TupleConstr
           Ident "a"
           Ident "b"
         StmtList
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ StmtList
           DiscardStmt
             Empty
       ElifBranch
-        Par
+        TupleConstr
           Ident "a"
           Ident "b"
         StmtList
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ StmtList
           DiscardStmt
             Empty
       ExceptBranch
-        Par
+        TupleConstr
           Ident "a"
           Ident "b"
         StmtList
@@ -498,6 +498,13 @@ StmtList
         StmtList
           DiscardStmt
             Empty
+
+  Call
+    Ident "foo"
+    Finally
+      StmtList
+        DiscardStmt
+          Empty
 '''
 """
 
@@ -655,3 +662,7 @@ dumpTree:
     discard
   finally:
     discard
+
+  foo:
+  finally:
+    discard
diff --git a/tests/parser/tprecedence.nim b/tests/parser/tprecedence.nim
index 66a2922db..9be79543b 100644
--- a/tests/parser/tprecedence.nim
+++ b/tests/parser/tprecedence.nim
@@ -54,3 +54,10 @@ let
 const
   test =
     proc(): int = 1
+
+# bug #8759
+block:
+  template `=>`(a, b): untyped = (a, b)
+  template `+=`(a, b): untyped = a * b
+
+  doAssert ("abc" => 3 += 5) == ("abc", 15)
diff --git a/tests/parser/tprocexprasstmt.nim b/tests/parser/tprocexprasstmt.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..22fb4a7c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/tprocexprasstmt.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+func r(): auto =
+  func(): int = 2
+doAssert r()() == 2
+
+block: # issue #11726
+  let foo = block:
+    var x: int
+    proc = inc x # "identifier expected, but got '='"
+
+  template paint(): untyped =
+    proc (s: string): string = s
+
+  let s = paint()
+  doAssert s("abc") == "abc"
diff --git a/tests/parser/tstmtlists.nim b/tests/parser/tstmtlists.nim
index b6c7e4a94..158c93340 100644
--- a/tests/parser/tstmtlists.nim
+++ b/tests/parser/tstmtlists.nim
@@ -50,6 +50,8 @@ hello
 9
 hello
 10
+lucky
+lucky
 '''
 """
 
@@ -156,10 +158,23 @@ template dim2: int =
    else:
     int.high)
 
-template dim: int =
+template dim3: int =
   (
    if int.high == 0:
      int.high
    else:
      int.high)
 
+# lenient indentation:
+
+echo (if 0 == 1:
+  "0 == 1"
+else:
+  "lucky")
+
+# bug #16426
+echo (when 0 == 1:
+  "0 == 1"
+else:
+  "lucky")
+
diff --git a/tests/parser/ttry.nim b/tests/parser/ttry.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..190b0b8dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/ttry.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# bug #21144
+block:
+  try:
+    let c = try:
+        10
+      except ValueError as exc:
+        10
+  except ValueError as exc:
+    discard
+
+if true:
+  block:
+    let c = try:
+          10
+        except ValueError as exc:
+          10
+    except OSError:
+      99
+
+
+try:
+  let c = try:
+    10
+  except ValueError as exc:
+    10
+except ValueError as exc:
+  discard
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/parser/ttupleunpack.nim b/tests/parser/ttupleunpack.nim
index c7ab9ea15..993501fbb 100644
--- a/tests/parser/ttupleunpack.nim
+++ b/tests/parser/ttupleunpack.nim
@@ -27,3 +27,68 @@ proc main() =
 
 main()
 main2()
+
+block: # nested unpacking
+  block: # simple let
+    let (a, (b, c), d) = (1, (2, 3), 4)
+    doAssert (a, b, c, d) == (1, 2, 3, 4)
+    let foo = (a, (b, c), d)
+    let (a2, (b2, c2), d2) = foo
+    doAssert (a, b, c, d) == (a2, b2, c2, d2)
+
+  block: # var and assignment
+    var (x, (y, z), t) = ('a', (true, @[123]), "abc")
+    doAssert (x, y, z, t) == ('a', true, @[123], "abc")
+    (x, (y, z), t) = ('b', (false, @[456]), "def")
+    doAssert (x, y, z, t) == ('b', false, @[456], "def")
+
+  block: # very nested
+    let (_, (_, (_, (_, (_, a))))) = (1, (2, (3, (4, (5, 6)))))
+    doAssert a == 6
+
+  block: # const
+    const (a, (b, c), d) = (1, (2, 3), 4)
+    doAssert (a, b, c, d) == (1, 2, 3, 4)
+    const foo = (a, (b, c), d)
+    const (a2, (b2, c2), d2) = foo
+    doAssert (a, b, c, d) == (a2, b2, c2, d2)
+  
+  block: # evaluation semantics preserved between literal and not literal
+    var s: seq[string]
+    block: # literal
+      let (a, (b, c), d) = ((s.add("a"); 1), ((s.add("b"); 2), (s.add("c"); 3)), (s.add("d"); 4))
+      doAssert (a, b, c, d) == (1, 2, 3, 4)
+      doAssert s == @["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+    block: # underscore
+      s = @[]
+      let (a, (_, c), _) = ((s.add("a"); 1), ((s.add("b"); 2), (s.add("c"); 3)), (s.add("d"); 4))
+      doAssert (a, c) == (1, 3)
+      doAssert s == @["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+    block: # temp
+      s = @[]
+      let foo = ((s.add("a"); 1), ((s.add("b"); 2), (s.add("c"); 3)), (s.add("d"); 4))
+      let (a, (b, c), d) = foo
+      doAssert (a, b, c, d) == (1, 2, 3, 4)
+      doAssert s == @["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+
+block: # unary assignment unpacking
+  var a: int
+  (a,) = (1,)
+  doAssert a == 1
+
+block: # type annotations
+  block: # basic
+    let (a, b): (int, int) = (1, 2)
+    doAssert (a, b) == (1, 2)
+  block: # type inference
+    let (a, b): (byte, float) = (1, 2)
+    doAssert (a, b) == (1.byte, 2.0)
+  block: # type mismatch
+    doAssert not (compiles do:
+      let (a, b): (int, string) = (1, 2))
+  block: # nested
+    let (a, (b, c)): (int, (int, int)) = (1, (2, 3))
+    doAssert (a, b, c) == (1, 2, 3)
+  block: # nested type inference
+    let (a, (b, c)): (byte, (float, cstring)) = (1, (2, "abc"))
+    doAssert (a, b, c) == (1.byte, 2.0, cstring"abc")
diff --git a/tests/parser/ttypecommandcomma.nim b/tests/parser/ttypecommandcomma.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ca59a799
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/ttypecommandcomma.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "invalid indentation"
+  line: 8
+  column: 19
+"""
+
+type
+  Foo = call(1, 2), 3:
+    4
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/parser/ttypecommandindent1.nim b/tests/parser/ttypecommandindent1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9aa274e2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/ttypecommandindent1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "invalid indentation"
+  line: 9
+  column: 3
+"""
+
+type
+  Foo = call x, y, z:
+  abc
diff --git a/tests/parser/ttypecommandindent2.nim b/tests/parser/ttypecommandindent2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0883df90f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/ttypecommandindent2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "invalid indentation"
+  line: 10
+  column: 5
+"""
+
+type
+  Foo = call x, y, z:
+      abc
+    do:
+        def
diff --git a/tests/parser/ttypecommandindent3.nim b/tests/parser/ttypecommandindent3.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9fdcc1e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/ttypecommandindent3.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "expression expected, but found 'keyword do'"
+  line: 10
+  column: 1
+"""
+
+type
+  Foo = call x, y, z:
+    abc
+do:
+    def
diff --git a/tests/parser/ttypeexprobject.nim b/tests/parser/ttypeexprobject.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6895f1731
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/ttypeexprobject.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "invalid indentation"
+  line: 10
+  column: 14
+"""
+
+type
+  A = (object | tuple | int)
+  B = int | object | tuple
+  C = object | tuple | int # issue #8846
diff --git a/tests/parser/ttypeexprs.nim b/tests/parser/ttypeexprs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e40efc7d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/ttypeexprs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+proc foo[T: ptr int | ptr string](x: T) = discard
+var x = "abc"
+foo(addr x)
+
+let n = 3'u32
+type Double = (
+  when n.sizeof == 4: uint64
+  elif n.sizeof == 2: uint32
+  else: uint16
+)
+
+type
+  A = (ref | ptr | pointer)
+  B = pointer | ptr | ref
+  C = ref | ptr | pointer
+
+template `+`(a, b): untyped = (b, a)
+template `*`(a, b): untyped = (a, b)
+
+doAssert (ref int + ref float * ref string + ref bool) is
+  (ref bool, ((ref float, ref string), ref int))
+type X = ref int + ref float * ref string + ref bool
+doAssert X is (ref bool, ((ref float, ref string), ref int))
+
+type SomePointer = proc | ref | ptr | pointer
diff --git a/tests/parser/ttypemodifiers.nim b/tests/parser/ttypemodifiers.nim
index 2c322b44b..9a1ccb1a5 100644
--- a/tests/parser/ttypemodifiers.nim
+++ b/tests/parser/ttypemodifiers.nim
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ StmtList
       Ident "PtrTuple"
       Empty
       PtrTy
-        Par
+        TupleConstr
           Ident "int"
           Ident "string"
     TypeDef
@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ StmtList
       Ident "RefTupleType"
       Empty
       RefTy
-        Par
+        TupleConstr
           Ident "int"
           Ident "string"
     TypeDef
       Ident "RefTupleVars"
       Empty
       RefTy
-        Par
+        TupleConstr
           Ident "a"
           Ident "b"
     TypeDef
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ StmtList
       Empty
       Command
         Ident "static"
-        Par
+        TupleConstr
           Ident "int"
           Ident "string"
     TypeDef
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ StmtList
       Empty
       Command
         Ident "type"
-        Par
+        TupleConstr
           Ident "a"
           Ident "b"
     TypeDef
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ StmtList
       Empty
       Command
         Ident "type"
-        Par
+        TupleConstr
           Ident "int"
           Ident "string"
     TypeDef
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ StmtList
       IdentDefs
         Ident "refTuple2"
         RefTy
-          Par
+          TupleConstr
             Ident "int"
             Ident "string"
         Empty
@@ -524,4 +524,3 @@ dumpTree:
     static:
       staticStmtList1
       staticStmtList2
-
diff --git a/tests/parser/ttypesectioncalls.nim b/tests/parser/ttypesectioncalls.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..003444fc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/parser/ttypesectioncalls.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+discard """
+nimout: '''
+StmtList
+  TypeSection
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "A"
+      Empty
+      Call
+        Ident "call"
+        IntLit 1
+  TypeSection
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "B"
+      Empty
+      Command
+        Ident "call"
+        IntLit 2
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "C"
+      Empty
+      Call
+        Ident "call"
+        StmtList
+          IntLit 3
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "D"
+      Empty
+      Call
+        Ident "call"
+        StmtList
+          IntLit 4
+  TypeSection
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "E"
+      Empty
+      Call
+        Ident "call"
+        IntLit 5
+        IntLit 6
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "F"
+      Empty
+      Command
+        Ident "call"
+        IntLit 7
+        IntLit 8
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "G"
+      Empty
+      Call
+        Ident "call"
+        IntLit 9
+        StmtList
+          IntLit 10
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "H"
+      Empty
+      Call
+        Ident "call"
+        IntLit 11
+        StmtList
+          IntLit 12
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "I"
+      Empty
+      Command
+        Ident "call"
+        IntLit 13
+        StmtList
+          IntLit 14
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "J"
+      Empty
+      Command
+        Ident "call"
+        IntLit 15
+        StmtList
+          IntLit 16
+  TypeSection
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "K"
+      Empty
+      Call
+        Ident "call"
+        IntLit 17
+        IntLit 18
+        IntLit 19
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "L"
+      Empty
+      Command
+        Ident "call"
+        IntLit 20
+        IntLit 21
+        IntLit 22
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "M"
+      Empty
+      Call
+        Ident "call"
+        IntLit 23
+        IntLit 24
+        StmtList
+          IntLit 25
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "N"
+      Empty
+      Command
+        Ident "call"
+        IntLit 26
+        IntLit 27
+        StmtList
+          IntLit 28
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "O"
+      Empty
+      Command
+        Ident "call"
+        IntLit 29
+        IntLit 30
+        StmtList
+          IntLit 31
+  TypeSection
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "P"
+      Empty
+      Command
+        Ident "call"
+        TupleConstr
+          IntLit 32
+          IntLit 33
+        Infix
+          Ident "+"
+          Infix
+            Ident "*"
+            IntLit 34
+            IntLit 35
+          IntLit 36
+        StmtList
+          IntLit 37
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "R"
+      Empty
+      Command
+        Ident "call"
+        Infix
+          Ident "@"
+          TupleConstr
+            IntLit 38
+            IntLit 39
+          Infix
+            Ident "shl"
+            IntLit 40
+            IntLit 41
+        Infix
+          Ident "-"
+          Infix
+            Ident "*"
+            IntLit 42
+            IntLit 43
+          IntLit 44
+        StmtList
+          IntLit 45
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "S"
+      Empty
+      Command
+        Ident "call"
+        IntLit 46
+        StmtList
+          IntLit 47
+        StmtList
+          IntLit 48
+    TypeDef
+      Ident "T"
+      Empty
+      Call
+        Ident "call"
+        StmtList
+          IntLit 49
+        StmtList
+          IntLit 50
+        StmtList
+          IntLit 51
+a: IntLit 1
+a: IntLit 2
+a: StmtList
+  IntLit 3
+a: StmtList
+  IntLit 4
+a: IntLit 5
+b: IntLit 6
+a: IntLit 7
+b: IntLit 8
+a: IntLit 9
+b: StmtList
+  IntLit 10
+a: IntLit 11
+b: StmtList
+  IntLit 12
+a: IntLit 13
+b: StmtList
+  IntLit 14
+a: IntLit 15
+b: StmtList
+  IntLit 16
+a: IntLit 17
+b: IntLit 18
+c: IntLit 19
+a: IntLit 20
+b: IntLit 21
+c: IntLit 22
+a: IntLit 23
+b: IntLit 24
+c: StmtList
+  IntLit 25
+a: IntLit 26
+b: IntLit 27
+c: StmtList
+  IntLit 28
+a: IntLit 29
+b: IntLit 30
+c: StmtList
+  IntLit 31
+a: TupleConstr
+  IntLit 32
+  IntLit 33
+b: Infix
+  Ident "+"
+  Infix
+    Ident "*"
+    IntLit 34
+    IntLit 35
+  IntLit 36
+c: StmtList
+  IntLit 37
+a: Infix
+  Ident "@"
+  TupleConstr
+    IntLit 38
+    IntLit 39
+  Infix
+    Ident "shl"
+    IntLit 40
+    IntLit 41
+b: Infix
+  Ident "-"
+  Infix
+    Ident "*"
+    IntLit 42
+    IntLit 43
+  IntLit 44
+c: StmtList
+  IntLit 45
+a: IntLit 46
+b: StmtList
+  IntLit 47
+c: StmtList
+  IntLit 48
+a: StmtList
+  IntLit 49
+b: StmtList
+  IntLit 50
+c: StmtList
+  IntLit 51
+'''
+"""
+import macros
+
+macro call(a): untyped =
+  echo "a: ", a.treeRepr
+  result = ident"int"
+macro call(a, b): untyped =
+  echo "a: ", a.treeRepr
+  echo "b: ", b.treeRepr
+  result = ident"int"
+macro call(a, b, c): untyped =
+  echo "a: ", a.treeRepr
+  echo "b: ", b.treeRepr
+  echo "c: ", c.treeRepr
+  result = ident"int"
+
+macro sections(x): untyped =
+  echo x.treeRepr
+  result = newStmtList(x)
+  for ts in x:
+    for td in ts:
+      let t = td[0]
+      result.add quote do:
+        doAssert `t` is int
+
+sections:
+  type A = call(1)
+  type
+    B = call 2
+    C = call: 3
+    D = call(): 4
+  type
+    E = call(5, 6)
+    F = call 7, 8
+    G = call(9): 10
+    H = call(11):
+      12
+    I = call 13: 14
+    J = call 15:
+      16
+  type
+    K = call(17, 18, 19)
+    L = call 20, 21, 22
+    M = call(23, 24): 25
+    N = call 26, 27: 28
+    O = call 29, 30:
+      31
+  type
+    P = call (32, 33), 34 * 35 + 36:
+      37
+    R = call (38, 39) @ 40 shl 41, 42 * 43 - 44:
+      45
+    S = call 46:
+      47
+    do:
+      48
+    T = call:
+      49
+    do:
+      50
+    do:
+      51
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/monoff1.nim b/tests/pragmas/monoff1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85d6c57b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pragmas/monoff1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+proc on*() = discard
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/mqualifiedmacro.nim b/tests/pragmas/mqualifiedmacro.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..908973206
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pragmas/mqualifiedmacro.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+template t*(x:untyped): untyped = 
+  echo "template t"
+
+import macros
+macro m*(name: static string, x: untyped): untyped =
+  let newName = ident(name)
+  result = quote do:
+    type `newName` = object
+  if result.kind == nnkStmtList:
+    result = result[^1]
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/t12640.nim b/tests/pragmas/t12640.nim
index 60177d034..c85185699 100644
--- a/tests/pragmas/t12640.nim
+++ b/tests/pragmas/t12640.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   nimout: '''1
 2
 3
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ discard """
 [1, 2, 3]'''
 """
 
-
+# todo fixme it doesn't work with ORC
 proc doIt(a: openArray[int]) =
   echo a
 
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/t22713.nim b/tests/pragmas/t22713.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d3384632
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pragmas/t22713.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import std/macros
+
+
+template myPragma(x: int) {.pragma.}
+
+type
+  A = object
+    x: int64
+
+  B {.myPragma(sizeof(A)).} = object
+
+doAssert B.getCustomPragmaVal(myPragma) == 8
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/t8741.nim b/tests/pragmas/t8741.nim
index 61a449c01..bf97b0e29 100644
--- a/tests/pragmas/t8741.nim
+++ b/tests/pragmas/t8741.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 discard """
-  cmd: "nim check --hint[processing]:off $file"
+  cmd: "nim check --hint:processing:off $file"
   errormsg: "3 is not two"
-  nimout: '''t8741.nim(13, 9) Error: cannot attach a custom pragma to 'a'
+  nimout: '''t8741.nim(13, 9) Error: invalid pragma: foobar
 t8741.nim(29, 15) template/generic instantiation of `onlyTwo` from here
 t8741.nim(25, 12) Error: 3 is not two
 '''
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/tcompile_missing_file.nim b/tests/pragmas/tcompile_missing_file.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd90bd57d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pragmas/tcompile_missing_file.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+discard """
+  joinable: false
+  errormsg: "cannot find: noexist.c"
+"""
+{.compile: "noexist.c".}
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/tcompile_pragma.nim b/tests/pragmas/tcompile_pragma.nim
index 4e09a7501..5b99352dd 100644
--- a/tests/pragmas/tcompile_pragma.nim
+++ b/tests/pragmas/tcompile_pragma.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   output: '''34'''
+  joinable: false
 """
 
 {.compile("cfunction.c", "-DNUMBER_HERE=34").}
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/tcustom_pragma.nim b/tests/pragmas/tcustom_pragma.nim
index e9dac753d..11a6df813 100644
--- a/tests/pragmas/tcustom_pragma.nim
+++ b/tests/pragmas/tcustom_pragma.nim
@@ -17,10 +17,26 @@ block:
     MyObj = object
       myField1, myField2 {.myAttr: "hi".}: int
 
+    MyGenericObj[T] = object
+      myField1, myField2 {.myAttr: "hi".}: int
+
+    MyOtherObj = MyObj
+
+
   var o: MyObj
   static:
     doAssert o.myField2.hasCustomPragma(myAttr)
     doAssert(not o.myField1.hasCustomPragma(myAttr))
+    doAssert(not o.myField1.hasCustomPragma(MyObj))
+    doAssert(not o.myField1.hasCustomPragma(MyOtherObj))
+
+  var ogen: MyGenericObj[int]
+  static:
+    doAssert ogen.myField2.hasCustomPragma(myAttr)
+    doAssert(not ogen.myField1.hasCustomPragma(myAttr))
+    doAssert(not ogen.myField1.hasCustomPragma(MyGenericObj))
+    doAssert(not ogen.myField1.hasCustomPragma(MyGenericObj))
+
 
 import custom_pragma
 block: # A bit more advanced case
@@ -156,13 +172,23 @@ block:
   proc generic_proc[T]() =
     doAssert Annotated.hasCustomPragma(simpleAttr)
 
-
 #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Pragma on proc type
 
-let a: proc(x: int) {.defaultValue(5).} = nil
+type
+  MyAnnotatedProcType {.defaultValue(4).} = proc(x: int)
+
+let a {.defaultValue(4).}: proc(x: int)  = nil
+var b: MyAnnotatedProcType = nil
+var c: proc(x: int): void {.defaultValue(5).}  = nil
+var d {.defaultValue(44).}: MyAnnotatedProcType = nil
 static:
-  doAssert hasCustomPragma(a.type, defaultValue)
+  doAssert hasCustomPragma(a, defaultValue)
+  doAssert hasCustomPragma(MyAnnotatedProcType, defaultValue)
+  doAssert hasCustomPragma(b, defaultValue)
+  doAssert hasCustomPragma(typeof(c), defaultValue)
+  doAssert getCustomPragmaVal(d, defaultValue) == 44
+  doAssert getCustomPragmaVal(typeof(d), defaultValue) == 4
 
 # bug #8371
 template thingy {.pragma.}
@@ -255,6 +281,10 @@ block:
     doAssert input.treeRepr & "\n" == expectedRepr
     return input
 
+  macro expectedAstRepr(expectedRepr: static[string], input: untyped): untyped =
+    doAssert input.repr == expectedRepr
+    return input
+
   const procTypeAst = """
 ProcTy
   FormalParams
@@ -273,20 +303,10 @@ ProcTy
   static: doAssert Foo is proc(x: int): Future[void]
 
   const asyncProcTypeAst = """
-ProcTy
-  FormalParams
-    BracketExpr
-      Ident "Future"
-      Ident "void"
-    IdentDefs
-      Ident "s"
-      Ident "string"
-      Empty
-  Pragma
-"""
-
+proc (s: string): Future[void] {..}"""
+  # using expectedAst would show `OpenSymChoice` for Future[void], which is fragile.
   type
-    Bar = proc (s: string) {.async, expectedAst(asyncProcTypeAst).}
+    Bar = proc (s: string) {.async, expectedAstRepr(asyncProcTypeAst).}
 
   static: doAssert Bar is proc(x: string): Future[void]
 
@@ -378,3 +398,143 @@ block:
       b {.world.}: int
 
   discard Hello(a: 1.0, b: 12)
+
+# test routines
+block:
+  template prag {.pragma.}
+  proc hello {.prag.} = discard
+  iterator hello2: int {.prag.} = discard
+  template hello3(x: int): int {.prag.} = x
+  macro hello4(x: int): int {.prag.} = x
+  func hello5(x: int): int {.prag.} = x
+  doAssert hello.hasCustomPragma(prag)
+  doAssert hello2.hasCustomPragma(prag)
+  doAssert hello3.hasCustomPragma(prag)
+  doAssert hello4.hasCustomPragma(prag)
+  doAssert hello5.hasCustomPragma(prag)
+
+# test push doesn't break
+block:
+  template prag {.pragma.}
+  {.push prag.}
+  proc hello = discard
+  iterator hello2: int = discard
+  template hello3(x: int): int = x
+  macro hello4(x: int): int = x
+  func hello5(x: int): int = x
+  type
+    Foo = enum a
+    Bar[T] = ref object of RootObj
+      x: T
+      case y: bool
+      of false: discard
+      else:
+        when true: discard
+  for a in [1]: discard a
+  {.pop.}
+
+# issue #11511
+when false:
+  template myAttr {.pragma.}
+
+  type TObj = object
+      a {.myAttr.}: int
+
+  macro hasMyAttr(t: typedesc): untyped =
+    let objTy = t.getType[1].getType
+    let recList = objTy[2]
+    let sym = recList[0]
+    assert sym.kind == nnkSym and sym.eqIdent("a")
+    let hasAttr = sym.hasCustomPragma(myAttr)
+    newLit(hasAttr)
+
+  doAssert hasMyAttr(TObj)
+
+
+# bug #11415
+template noserialize() {.pragma.}
+
+type
+  Point[T] = object
+    x, y: T
+
+  ReplayEventKind = enum
+    FoodAppeared, FoodEaten, DirectionChanged
+
+  ReplayEvent = object
+    case kind: ReplayEventKind
+    of FoodEaten, FoodAppeared: # foodPos is in multiple branches
+      foodPos {.noserialize.}: Point[float]
+    of DirectionChanged:
+      playerPos: float
+let ev = ReplayEvent(
+    kind: FoodEaten,
+    foodPos: Point[float](x: 5.0, y: 1.0)
+  )
+
+doAssert ev.foodPos.hasCustomPragma(noserialize)
+
+
+when false:
+  # misc
+  {.pragma: haha.}
+  {.pragma: hoho.}
+  template hehe(key, val: string, haha) {.pragma.}
+
+  type A {.haha, hoho, haha, hehe("hi", "hu", "he").} = int
+
+  assert A.getCustomPragmaVal(hehe) == (key: "hi", val: "hu", haha: "he")
+
+  template hehe(key, val: int) {.pragma.}
+
+  var bb {.haha, hoho, hehe(1, 2), haha, hehe("hi", "hu", "he").} = 3
+
+  # left-to-right priority/override order for getCustomPragmaVal
+  assert bb.getCustomPragmaVal(hehe) == (key: "hi", val: "hu", haha: "he")
+
+{.experimental: "dynamicBindSym".}
+
+# const
+block:
+  template myAttr() {.pragma.}
+  template myAttr2(x: int) {.pragma.}
+  template myAttr3(x: string) {.pragma.}
+
+  type
+    MyObj2 = ref object
+
+  const a {.myAttr,myAttr2(2),myAttr3:"test".}: int = 0
+  const b {.myAttr,myAttr2(2),myAttr3:"test".} = 0
+
+  macro forceHasCustomPragma(x: untyped, y: typed): untyped =
+    var x = bindSym(x.repr)
+    for c in x:
+      if c.symKind == nskConst:
+        x = c
+        break
+    result = getAst(hasCustomPragma(x, y))
+
+  macro forceGetCustomPragmaVal(x: untyped, y: typed): untyped =
+    var x = bindSym(x.repr)
+    for c in x:
+      if c.symKind == nskConst:
+        x = c
+        break
+    result = getAst(getCustomPragmaVal(x, y))
+
+  template check(s: untyped) =
+    doAssert forceHasCustomPragma(s, myAttr)
+    doAssert forceHasCustomPragma(s, myAttr2)
+    doAssert forceGetCustomPragmaVal(s, myAttr2) == 2
+    doAssert forceHasCustomPragma(s, myAttr3)
+    doAssert forceGetCustomPragmaVal(s, myAttr3) == "test"
+
+  check(a)
+  check(b)
+
+block: # https://forum.nim-lang.org/t/12522, backticks
+  template `mypragma`() {.pragma.}
+  # Error: invalid pragma: `mypragma`
+  type Test = object
+    field {.`mypragma`.}: int
+  doAssert Test().field.hasCustomPragma(mypragma)
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/thintprocessing.nim b/tests/pragmas/thintprocessing.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c608bc6e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pragmas/thintprocessing.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+discard """
+  disabled: windows
+  matrix: "--hint:processing"
+  nimout: '''
+compile start
+..
+warn_module.nim(6, 6) Hint: 'test' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
+compile end
+'''
+"""
+
+static:
+  echo "compile start"
+
+import warn_module
+
+static:
+  echo "compile end"
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/tinvalid_user_pragma.nim b/tests/pragmas/tinvalid_user_pragma.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3081db842
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pragmas/tinvalid_user_pragma.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+cmd: "nim check $file"
+"""
+
+{.pragma test: foo.} #[tt.Error
+^ invalid pragma:  {.pragma, test: foo.} ]#
+
+{.pragma: 1.} #[tt.Error
+^ invalid pragma:  {.pragma: 1.} ]#
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/tinvalidcustompragma.nim b/tests/pragmas/tinvalidcustompragma.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a31695809
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pragmas/tinvalidcustompragma.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $file"
+"""
+
+# issue #21652
+type Foo = object
+template foo() {.tags:[Foo].} = #[tt.Error
+                     ^ invalid pragma: tags: [Foo]]#
+  discard
+
+{.foobar.} #[tt.Error
+  ^ invalid pragma: foobar]#
+type A = enum a {.foobar.} #[tt.Error
+                  ^ invalid pragma: foobar]#
+for b {.foobar.} in [1]: discard #[tt.Error
+        ^ invalid pragma: foobar]#
+template foobar {.pragma.}
+{.foobar.} #[tt.Error
+  ^ cannot attach a custom pragma to 'tinvalidcustompragma'; custom pragmas are not supported for modules]#
+type A = enum a {.foobar.} #[tt.Error
+                  ^ cannot attach a custom pragma to 'a'; custom pragmas are not supported for enum fields]#
+for b {.foobar.} in [1]: discard #[tt.Error
+        ^ cannot attach a custom pragma to 'b'; custom pragmas are not supported for `for` loop variables]#
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/tlocks.nim b/tests/pragmas/tlocks.nim
index ba66a2dca..5d6fcdd9c 100644
--- a/tests/pragmas/tlocks.nim
+++ b/tests/pragmas/tlocks.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 type SomeBase* = ref object of RootObj
 type SomeDerived* = ref object of SomeBase
   memberProc*: proc ()
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/tnoreturn.nim b/tests/pragmas/tnoreturn.nim
index 6d0466df3..6a58055fe 100644
--- a/tests/pragmas/tnoreturn.nim
+++ b/tests/pragmas/tnoreturn.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+matrix: "--mm:refc"
 ccodeCheck: "\\i @'__attribute__((noreturn))' .*"
 action: compile
 """
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/tonoff1.nim b/tests/pragmas/tonoff1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..20ba7def2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pragmas/tonoff1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# issue #23002
+
+import monoff1
+
+proc test() =
+  {.warning[ProveInit]: on.}
+
+test()
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/tonoff2.nim b/tests/pragmas/tonoff2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9dff5ef11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pragmas/tonoff2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+discard """
+    action: compile
+"""
+
+# issue #22841
+
+import unittest
+
+proc on() =
+    discard
+
+suite "some suite":
+    test "some test":
+        discard
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/tpragmas_misc.nim b/tests/pragmas/tpragmas_misc.nim
index 247fa471e..adb7e73c3 100644
--- a/tests/pragmas/tpragmas_misc.nim
+++ b/tests/pragmas/tpragmas_misc.nim
@@ -10,3 +10,66 @@ block:
   static: doAssert defined(tpragmas_misc_def)
   {.undef(tpragmas_misc_def).}
   static: doAssert not defined(tpragmas_misc_def)
+
+block: # (partial fix) bug #15920
+  block: # var template pragmas don't work in templates
+    template foo(expr) =
+      expr
+    proc fun1()=
+      let a {.foo.} = 1
+    template fun2()=
+      let a {.foo.} = 1
+    fun1() # ok
+    fun2() # WAS bug
+
+  template foo2() = discard # distractor (template or other symbol kind)
+  block:
+    template foo2(expr) =
+      expr
+    proc fun1()=
+      let a {.foo2.} = 1
+    template fun2()=
+      let a {.foo2.} = 1
+    fun1() # ok
+    fun2() # bug: Error: invalid pragma: foo2
+
+  block: # template pragmas don't work for templates, #18212
+    # adapted from $nim/lib/std/private/since.nim
+    # case without overload
+    template since3(version: (int, int), body: untyped) {.dirty.} =
+      when (NimMajor, NimMinor) >= version:
+        body
+    when true: # bug
+      template fun3(): int {.since3: (1, 3).} = 12
+
+  block: # ditto, w
+    # case with overload
+    template since2(version: (int, int), body: untyped) {.dirty.} =
+      when (NimMajor, NimMinor) >= version:
+        body
+    template since2(version: (int, int, int), body: untyped) {.dirty.} =
+      when (NimMajor, NimMinor, NimPatch) >= version:
+        body
+    when true: # bug
+      template fun3(): int {.since2: (1, 3).} = 12
+
+when true: # D20210801T100514:here
+  from macros import genSym
+  block:
+    template fn() =
+      var ret {.gensym.}: int # must special case template pragmas so it doesn't get confused
+      discard ret
+    fn()
+    static: discard genSym()
+
+block: # issue #10994
+  macro foo(x): untyped = x
+  template bar {.pragma.}
+
+  proc a {.bar.} = discard # works
+  proc b {.bar, foo.} = discard # doesn't
+
+block: # issue #22525
+  macro catch(x: typed) = x
+  proc thing {.catch.} = discard
+  thing()
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/tpragmas_reorder.nim b/tests/pragmas/tpragmas_reorder.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4b1a6b0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pragmas/tpragmas_reorder.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--experimental:codeReordering"
+"""
+
+runnableExamples:
+  import strtabs
+  var t = newStringTable()
+  t["name"] = "John"
+  t["city"] = "Monaco"
+  doAssert t.len == 2
+  doAssert t.hasKey "name"
+  doAssert "name" in t
+
+include "system/inclrtl"
+
+{.pragma: rtlFunc, rtl.}
+
+proc hasKey*(): bool {.rtlFunc.} =
+  discard
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/tpush.nim b/tests/pragmas/tpush.nim
index 5ecfe9704..9c6b85c4e 100644
--- a/tests/pragmas/tpush.nim
+++ b/tests/pragmas/tpush.nim
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c js"
+"""
+
 # test the new pragmas
 
 {.push warnings: off, hints: off.}
@@ -13,3 +17,128 @@ proc WarnMe() =
     x: int
   echo(x)
 
+# bug #11852
+proc foo(x: string, y: int, res: int) =
+  {.push checks: off}
+  var a: ptr char = unsafeAddr(x[y])
+  {.pop.}
+  if x.len > y:
+    doAssert ord(a[]) == 51
+  else:
+    doAssert x.len + 48 == res
+
+foo("", 0, 48)
+foo("abc", 40, 51)
+
+# bug #22362
+{.push staticBoundChecks: on.}
+proc main(): void =
+  {.pop.}
+  discard
+  {.push staticBoundChecks: on.}
+
+main()
+
+
+proc timnFoo[T](obj: T) {.noSideEffect.} = discard # BUG
+
+{.push exportc.}
+proc foo1() =
+  var s1 = "bar"
+  timnFoo(s1)
+  var s2 = @[1]
+  timnFoo(s2)
+{.pop.}
+
+
+block: # bug #22913
+  block:
+    type r = object
+
+    template std[T](x: T) =
+      let ttt {.used.} = x
+      result = $ttt
+
+    proc bar[T](x: T): string =
+      std(x)
+
+    {.push exportc: "$1".}
+    proc foo(): r =
+      let s = bar(123)
+    {.pop.}
+
+    discard foo()
+
+  block:
+    type r = object
+    {.push exportc: "$1".}
+    proc foo2(): r =
+      let s = $result
+    {.pop.}
+
+    discard foo2()
+
+block: # bug #23019
+  proc f(x: bool)
+
+  proc a(x: int) =
+    if false: f(true)
+
+  proc f(x: bool) =
+    if false: a(0)
+
+  proc k(r: int|int) {.inline.} =  # seems to require being generic and inline
+    if false: a(0)
+
+
+  # {.push tags: [].}
+  {.push raises: [].}
+
+  {.push warning[ObservableStores]:off.}  # can be any warning, off or on
+  let w = 0
+  k(w)
+  {.pop.}
+  {.pop.}
+
+{.push exportC.}
+
+block:
+  proc foo11() =
+    const factor = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    doAssert factor[0] == 1
+  proc foo21() =
+    const factor = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    doAssert factor[0] == 1
+
+  foo11()
+  foo21()
+
+template foo31() =
+  let factor = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+  doAssert factor[0] == 1
+template foo41() =
+  let factor = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+  doAssert factor[0] == 1
+
+foo31()
+foo41()
+
+{.pop.}
+
+import macros
+
+block:
+  {.push deprecated.}
+  template test() = discard
+  test()
+  {.pop.}
+  macro foo(): bool =
+    let ast = getImpl(bindSym"test")
+    var found = false
+    if ast[4].kind == nnkPragma:
+      for x in ast[4]:
+        if x.eqIdent"deprecated":
+          found = true
+          break
+    result = newLit(found)
+  doAssert foo()
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/tpushnotes.nim b/tests/pragmas/tpushnotes.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27ba0bec4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pragmas/tpushnotes.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--warningAsError:HoleEnumConv"
+"""
+
+type
+  e = enum
+    a = 0
+    b = 2
+
+var i: int
+{.push warning[HoleEnumConv]:off.}
+discard i.e
+{.pop.}
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/tqualifiedmacro.nim b/tests/pragmas/tqualifiedmacro.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc95ec1ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pragmas/tqualifiedmacro.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+template t
+'''
+"""
+
+# issue #12696
+
+import mqualifiedmacro
+proc p() {. mqualifiedmacro.t .} = # errors with identifier expected but a.t found
+  echo "proc p"
+
+type Foo {. mqualifiedmacro.m("Bar") .} = object
+doAssert Bar is object
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/ttypedef_macro.nim b/tests/pragmas/ttypedef_macro.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd4c87757
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pragmas/ttypedef_macro.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import macros
+
+macro makeref(s): untyped =
+  expectKind s, nnkTypeDef
+  result = newTree(nnkTypeDef, s[0], s[1], newTree(nnkRefTy, s[2]))
+
+type
+  Obj {.makeref.} = object
+    a: int
+
+doAssert Obj is ref
+doAssert Obj(a: 3)[].a == 3
+
+macro multiply(amount: static int, s): untyped =
+  let name = $s[0].basename
+  result = newNimNode(nnkTypeSection)
+  for i in 1 .. amount:
+    result.add(newTree(nnkTypeDef, ident(name & $i), s[1], s[2]))
+
+type
+  Foo = object
+  Bar {.multiply: 2.} = object
+    x, y, z: int
+  Baz = object
+
+let bar1 = Bar1(x: 1, y: 2, z: 3)
+let bar2 = Bar2(x: bar1.x, y: bar1.y, z: bar1.z)
+doAssert Bar1 isnot Bar2
+doAssert not declared(Bar)
+doAssert not declared(Bar3)
+
+# https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/219
+
+macro inferKind(td): untyped =
+  let name = $td[0].basename
+  var rhs = td[2]
+  while rhs.kind in {nnkPtrTy, nnkRefTy}: rhs = rhs[0]
+  if rhs.kind != nnkObjectTy:
+    result = td
+  else:
+    for n in rhs[^1]:
+      if n.kind == nnkRecCase and n[0][^2].eqIdent"_":
+        let kindTypeName = ident(name & "Kind")
+        let en = newTree(nnkEnumTy, newEmptyNode())
+        for i in 1 ..< n.len:
+          let branch = n[i]
+          if branch.kind == nnkOfBranch:
+            for j in 0 ..< branch.len - 1:
+              en.add(branch[j])
+        n[0][^2] = kindTypeName
+        return newTree(nnkTypeSection,
+          newTree(nnkTypeDef, kindTypeName, newEmptyNode(), en),
+          td)
+
+type Node {.inferKind.} = ref object
+  case kind: _
+  of opValue: value: int
+  of opAdd, opSub, opMul, opCall: kids: seq[Node]
+
+doAssert opValue is NodeKind
+let node = Node(kind: opMul, kids: @[
+  Node(kind: opValue, value: 3),
+  Node(kind: opValue, value: 5)
+])
+doAssert node.kind == opMul
+doAssert node.kids[0].value * node.kids[1].value == 15
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/tuserpragma2.nim b/tests/pragmas/tuserpragma2.nim
index ce16c4649..c3f31cd5e 100644
--- a/tests/pragmas/tuserpragma2.nim
+++ b/tests/pragmas/tuserpragma2.nim
@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@ discard """
   file: "tuserpragma2.nim"
   line: 11
 """
-
+{.push warningAsError[Effect]: on.}
 # bug #7216
 {.pragma: my_pragma, raises: [].}
 
 proc test1 {.my_pragma.} =
   raise newException(Exception, "msg")
+{.pop.}
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/tuserpragmaargs.nim b/tests/pragmas/tuserpragmaargs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..791d703ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pragmas/tuserpragmaargs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+var foo {.exportc: "abc".} = 123
+{.pragma: importc2, importc.}
+var bar {.importc2: "abc".}: int #[tt.Error
+                  ^ user pragma cannot have arguments]#
+echo bar
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/tvar_macro.nim b/tests/pragmas/tvar_macro.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3fb6e3e53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pragmas/tvar_macro.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+import macros
+
+block: # test usage
+  macro modify(sec) =
+    result = copy sec
+    result[0][0] = ident(repr(result[0][0]) & "Modified")
+
+  block:
+    let foo {.modify.} = 3
+    doAssert fooModified == 3
+
+  block: # in section 
+    let
+      a = 1
+      b {.modify.} = 2
+      c = 3
+    doAssert (a, bModified, c) == (1, 2, 3)
+
+block: # with single argument
+  macro appendToName(name: static string, sec) =
+    result = sec
+    result[0][0] = ident(repr(result[0][0]) & name)
+
+  block:
+    let foo {.appendToName: "Bar".} = 3
+    doAssert fooBar == 3
+
+  block:
+    let
+      a = 1
+      b {.appendToName("").} = 2
+      c = 3
+    doAssert (a, b, c) == (1, 2, 3)
+
+macro appendToNameAndAdd(name: static string, incr: static int, sec) =
+  result = sec
+  result[0][0] = ident(repr(result[0][0]) & name)
+  result[0][2] = infix(result[0][2], "+", newLit(incr))
+
+block: # with multiple arguments
+  block:
+    let foo {.appendToNameAndAdd("Bar", 5).} = 3
+    doAssert fooBar == 8
+
+  block:
+    let
+      a = 1
+      b {.appendToNameAndAdd("", 15).} = 2
+      c = 3
+    doAssert (a, b, c) == (1, 17, 3)
+
+block: # in other kinds of sections
+  block:
+    const
+      a = 1
+      b {.appendToNameAndAdd("", 15).} = 2
+      c = 3
+    doAssert (a, b, c) == (1, 17, 3)
+    doAssert static(b) == b
+
+  block:
+    var
+      a = 1
+      b {.appendToNameAndAdd("", 15).} = 2
+      c = 3
+    doAssert (a, b, c) == (1, 17, 3)
+    b += a
+    c += b
+    doAssert (a, b, c) == (1, 18, 21)
+
+block: # with other pragmas
+  macro appendToNameAndAdd(name: static string, incr, sec) =
+    result = sec
+    result[0][0][0] = ident(repr(result[0][0][0]) & name)
+    result[0][0][1].add(ident"deprecated")
+    result[0][2] = infix(result[0][2], "+", incr)
+
+  var
+    a = 1
+    foo {.exportc: "exportedFooBar", appendToNameAndAdd("Bar", {'0'..'9'}), used.} = {'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z'}
+    b = 2
+  
+  doAssert (a, b) == (1, 2)
+
+  let importedFooBar {.importc: "exportedFooBar", nodecl.}: set[char]
+
+  doAssert importedFooBar == fooBar #[tt.Warning
+                             ^ fooBar is deprecated
+  ]#
+  
+
+block: # with stropping
+  macro `cast`(def) =
+    let def = def[0]
+    let
+      lhs = def[0]
+      typ = def[1]
+      ex = def[2]
+      addrTyp = if typ.kind == nnkEmpty: typ else: newTree(nnkPtrTy, typ)
+    result = quote do:
+      let tmp: `addrTyp` = unsafeAddr(`ex`)
+      template `lhs`: untyped = tmp[]
+  
+  macro assign(def) =
+    result = getAst(`cast`(def))
+
+  block:
+    let s = @["foo", "bar"]
+    let a {.`assign`.} = s[0]
+    doAssert a == "foo"
+    doAssert a[0].addr == s[0][0].addr
+
+  block:
+    let
+      s = @["foo", "bar"]
+      a {.`cast`.} = s[0]
+    doAssert a == "foo"
+    doAssert a[0].addr == s[0][0].addr
+
+block: # bug #15920
+  macro foo(def) =
+    result = def
+  proc fun1()=
+    let a {.foo.} = 1
+  template fun2()=
+    let a {.foo.} = 1
+  fun1() # ok
+  fun2() # BUG
diff --git a/tests/pragmas/twarning_off.nim b/tests/pragmas/twarning_off.nim
index bada2999b..ccf07b9c4 100644
--- a/tests/pragmas/twarning_off.nim
+++ b/tests/pragmas/twarning_off.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 discard """
-  matrix: "--hint:processing"
   nimout: '''
 compile start
-..
 warn_module.nim(6, 6) Hint: 'test' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]
 compile end
 '''
diff --git a/tests/defaultprocparam/mdefaultprocparam.nim b/tests/proc/mdefaultprocparam.nim
index 4a17277c0..4a17277c0 100644
--- a/tests/defaultprocparam/mdefaultprocparam.nim
+++ b/tests/proc/mdefaultprocparam.nim
diff --git a/tests/proc/t15949.nim b/tests/proc/t15949.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6467ed5d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/proc/t15949.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# bug #15949 and RFC #480
+
+proc procWarn(a, b = 1): (int, int) = (a, b) #[tt.Warning
+              ^ a, b all have default value '1', this may be unintentional, either use ';' (semicolon) or explicitly write each default value [ImplicitDefaultValue]]#
+
+proc procGood(a = 1, b = 1): (int, int) = (a, b)
+
+doAssert procGood() == (1, 1)
+doAssert procGood(b = 3) == (1, 3)
+doAssert procGood(a = 2) == (2, 1)
+doAssert procGood(a = 5, b = 6) == (5, 6)
+
+# The type (and default value propagation breaks in the below example
+# as semicolon is used instead of comma.
+proc procBad(a; b = 1): (int, int) = (a, b) #[tt.Error
+             ^ parameter 'a' requires a type]#
diff --git a/tests/proc/t17157.nim b/tests/proc/t17157.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..020e93fce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/proc/t17157.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "'untyped' is only allowed in templates and macros or magic procs"
+"""
+
+template something(op: proc (v: untyped): void): void =
+  discard
diff --git a/tests/proc/t19795.nim b/tests/proc/t19795.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..677ec0a63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/proc/t19795.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:arc"
+"""
+
+# bug #19795
+# bug #21085
+
+type Vector = seq[int]
+
+var vect: Vector = newSeq[int](5)
+doAssert vect == @[0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
+
+# Needed to get the problem. Could also use "var".
+let vectCopy = vect
+
+# Then some procedure definition is needed to get the problem.
+proc p(): int = 3
+
+doAssert vect == @[0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/proc/t23874.nim b/tests/proc/t23874.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..940bc4ac8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/proc/t23874.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+block:
+  type Head[T] = object
+    wasc: bool
+
+  proc `=destroy`[T](x: var Head[T]) =
+    discard
+
+  proc `=copy`[T](x: var Head[T], y: Head[T]) =
+    x.wasc = true
+
+  proc `=dup`[T](x: Head[T]): Head[T] =
+    result.wasc = true
+
+  proc update(h: var Head) =
+    discard
+
+  proc digest(h: sink Head) =
+    assert h.wasc
+
+  var h = Head[int](wasc: false)
+  h.digest() # sink h
+  h.update() # use after sink
+
+block:
+  proc two(a: sink auto) =discard
+  assert typeof(two[int]) is proc(a: sink int) {.nimcall.}
diff --git a/tests/misc/tcolonisproc.nim b/tests/proc/tcolonisproc.nim
index c10dabcf1..c10dabcf1 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tcolonisproc.nim
+++ b/tests/proc/tcolonisproc.nim
diff --git a/tests/defaultprocparam/tdefaultprocparam.nim b/tests/proc/tdefaultprocparam.nim
index 90edfa8c9..90edfa8c9 100644
--- a/tests/defaultprocparam/tdefaultprocparam.nim
+++ b/tests/proc/tdefaultprocparam.nim
diff --git a/tests/proc/texplicitgenericcount.nim b/tests/proc/texplicitgenericcount.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8654a1d13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/proc/texplicitgenericcount.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check -d:testsConciseTypeMismatch $file"
+"""
+
+proc foo[T, U](x: T, y: U): (T, U) = (x, y)
+
+let x = foo[int](1, 2) #[tt.Error
+                ^ type mismatch
+Expression: foo[int](1, 2)
+  [1] 1: int literal(1)
+  [2] 2: int literal(2)
+
+Expected one of (first mismatch at [position]):
+[2] proc foo[T, U](x: T; y: U): (T, U)
+  missing generic parameter: U]#
+let y = foo[int, float, string](1, 2) #[tt.Error
+                               ^ type mismatch
+Expression: foo[int, float, string](1, 2)
+  [1] 1: int literal(1)
+  [2] 2: int literal(2)
+
+Expected one of (first mismatch at [position]):
+[3] proc foo[T, U](x: T; y: U): (T, U)
+  extra generic param given]#
diff --git a/tests/proc/texplicitgenericcountverbose.nim b/tests/proc/texplicitgenericcountverbose.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76228eeaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/proc/texplicitgenericcountverbose.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $file"
+"""
+
+proc foo[T, U](x: T, y: U): (T, U) = (x, y)
+
+let x = foo[int](1, 2) #[tt.Error
+                ^ type mismatch: got <int literal(1), int literal(2)>
+but expected one of:
+proc foo[T, U](x: T; y: U): (T, U)
+  first type mismatch at position: 2 in generic parameters
+  missing generic parameter: U
+
+expression: foo[int](1, 2)]#
+let y = foo[int, float, string](1, 2) #[tt.Error
+                               ^ type mismatch: got <int literal(1), int literal(2)>
+but expected one of:
+proc foo[T, U](x: T; y: U): (T, U)
+  first type mismatch at position: 3 in generic parameters
+  extra generic param given
+
+expression: foo[int, float, string](1, 2)]#
diff --git a/tests/proc/texplicitgenerics.nim b/tests/proc/texplicitgenerics.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..833d77b3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/proc/texplicitgenerics.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+block: # issue #16376
+  type
+    Matrix[T] = object
+      data: T
+  proc randMatrix[T](m, n: int, max: T): Matrix[T] = discard
+  proc randMatrix[T](m, n: int, x: Slice[T]): Matrix[T] = discard
+  template randMatrix[T](m, n: int): Matrix[T] = randMatrix[T](m, n, T(1.0))
+  let B = randMatrix[float32](20, 10)
+
+block: # different generic param counts 
+  type
+    Matrix[T] = object
+      data: T
+  proc randMatrix[T](m: T, n: T): Matrix[T] = Matrix[T](data: T(1.0))
+  proc randMatrix[T; U: not T](m: T, n: U): (Matrix[T], U) = (Matrix[T](data: T(1.0)), default(U))
+  let b = randMatrix[float32](20, 10)
+  doAssert b == Matrix[float32](data: 1.0)
+
+block: # above for templates 
+  type
+    Matrix[T] = object
+      data: T
+  template randMatrix[T](m: T, n: T): Matrix[T] = Matrix[T](data: T(1.0))
+  template randMatrix[T; U: not T](m: T, n: U): (Matrix[T], U) = (Matrix[T](data: T(1.0)), default(U))
+  let b = randMatrix[float32](20, 10)
+  doAssert b == Matrix[float32](data: 1.0)
+
+block: # sigmatch can't handle this without pre-instantiating the type:
+  # minimized from numericalnim
+  type Foo[T] = proc (x: T)
+  proc foo[T](x: T) = discard
+  proc bar[T](f: Foo[T]) = discard
+  bar[int](foo)
+
+block: # ditto but may be wrong minimization
+  # minimized from measuremancer
+  type Foo[T] = object
+  proc foo[T](): Foo[T] = Foo[T]()
+  # this is the actual issue but there are other instantiation problems
+  proc bar[T](x = foo[T]()) = discard
+  bar[int](Foo[int]())
+  bar[int]()
+  # alternative version, also causes instantiation issue
+  proc baz[T](x: typeof(foo[T]())) = discard
+  baz[int](Foo[int]())
+
+block: # issue #21346
+  type K[T] = object
+  template s[T](x: int) = doAssert T is K[K[int]]
+  proc b1(n: bool | bool) = s[K[K[int]]](3)
+  proc b2(n: bool)        = s[K[K[int]]](3)
+  template b3(n: bool)    = s[K[K[int]]](3)
+  b1(false)     # Error: cannot instantiate K; got: <T> but expected: <T>
+  b2(false)     # Builds, on its own
+  b3(false)
diff --git a/tests/proc/tgenericdefaultparam.nim b/tests/proc/tgenericdefaultparam.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7bce591ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/proc/tgenericdefaultparam.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+block: # issue #16700
+  type MyObject[T] = object
+    x: T
+  proc initMyObject[T](value = T.default): MyObject[T] =
+    MyObject[T](x: value)
+  var obj = initMyObject[int]()
+
+block: # issue #20916
+  type
+    SomeX = object
+      v: int
+  var val = 0
+  proc f(_: type int, x: SomeX, v = x.v) =
+    doAssert v == 42
+    val = v
+  proc a(): proc() =
+    let v = SomeX(v: 42)
+    var tmp = proc() =
+      int.f(v)
+    tmp
+  a()()
+  doAssert val == 42
+
+import std/typetraits
+
+block: # issue #24099, original example
+  type
+    ColorRGBU = distinct array[3, uint8] ## RGB range 0..255
+    ColorRGBAU = distinct array[4, uint8] ## RGB range 0..255
+    ColorRGBUAny = ColorRGBU | ColorRGBAU
+  template componentType(t: typedesc[ColorRGBUAny]): typedesc =
+    ## Returns component type of a given color type.
+    arrayType distinctBase t
+  func `~=`[T: ColorRGBUAny](a, b: T, e = componentType(T)(1.0e-11)): bool =
+    ## Compares colors with given accuracy.
+    abs(a[0] - b[0]) < e and abs(a[1] - b[1]) < e and abs(a[2] - b[2]) < e
+
+block: # issue #24099, modified to actually work
+  type
+    ColorRGBU = distinct array[3, uint8] ## RGB range 0..255
+    ColorRGBAU = distinct array[4, uint8] ## RGB range 0..255
+    ColorRGBUAny = ColorRGBU | ColorRGBAU
+  template arrayType[I, T](t: typedesc[array[I, T]]): typedesc =
+    T
+  template `[]`(a: ColorRGBUAny, i: untyped): untyped = distinctBase(a)[i]
+  proc abs(a: uint8): uint8 = a
+  template componentType(t: typedesc[ColorRGBUAny]): typedesc =
+    ## Returns component type of a given color type.
+    arrayType distinctBase t
+  func `~=`[T: ColorRGBUAny](a, b: T, e = componentType(T)(1.0e-11)): bool =
+    ## Compares colors with given accuracy.
+    abs(a[0] - b[0]) <= e and abs(a[1] - b[1]) <= e and abs(a[2] - b[2]) <= e
+  doAssert ColorRGBU([1.uint8, 1, 1]) ~= ColorRGBU([1.uint8, 1, 1])
+
+block: # issue #24099, modified to work but using float32
+  type
+    ColorRGBU = distinct array[3, float32] ## RGB range 0..255
+    ColorRGBAU = distinct array[4, float32] ## RGB range 0..255
+    ColorRGBUAny = ColorRGBU | ColorRGBAU
+  template arrayType[I, T](t: typedesc[array[I, T]]): typedesc =
+    T
+  template `[]`(a: ColorRGBUAny, i: untyped): untyped = distinctBase(a)[i]
+  template componentType(t: typedesc[ColorRGBUAny]): typedesc =
+    ## Returns component type of a given color type.
+    arrayType distinctBase t
+  func `~=`[T: ColorRGBUAny](a, b: T, e = componentType(T)(1.0e-11)): bool =
+    ## Compares colors with given accuracy.
+    abs(a[0] - b[0]) < e and abs(a[1] - b[1]) < e and abs(a[2] - b[2]) < e
+  doAssert ColorRGBU([1.float32, 1, 1]) ~= ColorRGBU([1.float32, 1, 1])
+
+block: # issue #13270
+  type
+    A = object
+    B = object
+  proc f(a: A) = discard
+  proc g[T](value: T, cb: (proc(a: T)) = f) =
+    cb value
+  g A()
+  # This should fail because there is no f(a: B) overload available
+  doAssert not compiles(g B())
+
+block: # issue #24121
+  type
+    Foo = distinct int
+    Bar = distinct int
+    FooBar = Foo | Bar
+
+  proc foo[T: distinct](x: T): string = "a"
+  proc foo(x: Foo): string = "b"
+  proc foo(x: Bar): string = "c"
+
+  proc bar(x: FooBar, y = foo(x)): string = y
+  doAssert bar(Foo(123)) == "b"
+  doAssert bar(Bar(123)) == "c"
+
+  proc baz[T: FooBar](x: T, y = foo(x)): string = y
+  doAssert baz(Foo(123)) == "b"
+  doAssert baz(Bar(123)) == "c"
diff --git a/tests/proc/tillegalreturntype.nim b/tests/proc/tillegalreturntype.nim
index 799cad53a..1076f7f75 100644
--- a/tests/proc/tillegalreturntype.nim
+++ b/tests/proc/tillegalreturntype.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  cmd: "nim check $file"
+  cmd: "nim check --hints:off $file"
   errormsg: ""
   nimout: '''
 tillegalreturntype.nim(11, 11) Error: return type 'typed' is only valid for macros and templates
diff --git a/tests/proc/tinferlambdareturn.nim b/tests/proc/tinferlambdareturn.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e9e592871
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/proc/tinferlambdareturn.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import std/[sugar, sequtils]
+
+block: # issue #23200
+  proc dosomething(iter: int -> (iterator: int)) =
+    discard
+  proc dosomething(iter: int -> seq[int]) =
+    discard
+  proc makeSeq(x: int): seq[int] =
+    @[x]
+  # Works fine with 1.6.12 and 1.6.14
+  dosomething(makeSeq)
+  # Works with 1.6.12, fails with 1.6.14
+  dosomething((y) => makeSeq(y))
+  dosomething(proc (y: auto): auto = makeSeq(y))
+  proc foo(y: auto): auto = makeSeq(y)
+  dosomething(foo)
+
+block: # issue #18866
+  proc somefn[T](list: openarray[T], op: proc (v: T): float) =
+    discard op(list[0])
+
+  type TimeD = object
+    year:  Natural
+    month: 1..12
+    day:   1..31
+
+  doAssert not compiles(@[TimeD()].somefn(proc (v: auto): auto =
+    v
+  ))
+  @[TimeD()].somefn(proc (v: auto): auto =
+    v.year.float
+  )
+  proc foo(v: auto): auto = v
+  doAssert not compiles(@[TimeD()].somefn(foo))
+  proc bar(v: auto): auto = v.year.float
+  @[TimeD()].somefn(bar)
diff --git a/tests/misc/tlambdadonotation.nim b/tests/proc/tlambdadonotation.nim
index af51efdbf..3160c0972 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tlambdadonotation.nim
+++ b/tests/proc/tlambdadonotation.nim
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ proc main2() =
   proc foo() =
     subscriber.consume()
 
-  emitter.on_event() do:
+  emitter.on_event() do ():
     subscriber.consume()
 
   # this works
diff --git a/tests/namedparams/tnamedparams.nim b/tests/proc/tnamedparams.nim
index d0774f0d8..d0774f0d8 100644
--- a/tests/namedparams/tnamedparams.nim
+++ b/tests/proc/tnamedparams.nim
diff --git a/tests/namedparams/tnamedparams2.nim b/tests/proc/tnamedparams2.nim
index 9acdeed87..9acdeed87 100644
--- a/tests/namedparams/tnamedparams2.nim
+++ b/tests/proc/tnamedparams2.nim
diff --git a/tests/namedparams/tnamedparams3.nim b/tests/proc/tnamedparams3.nim
index e736c338c..e736c338c 100644
--- a/tests/namedparams/tnamedparams3.nim
+++ b/tests/proc/tnamedparams3.nim
diff --git a/tests/misc/tparamsindefault.nim b/tests/proc/tparamsindefault.nim
index 3fe917f2b..3fe917f2b 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tparamsindefault.nim
+++ b/tests/proc/tparamsindefault.nim
diff --git a/tests/procvar/tprocvar.nim b/tests/proc/tprocvar.nim
index 14f24efdc..14f24efdc 100644
--- a/tests/procvar/tprocvar.nim
+++ b/tests/proc/tprocvar.nim
diff --git a/tests/procvar/tprocvarmismatch.nim b/tests/proc/tprocvarmismatch.nim
index 4d6be9be6..4d6be9be6 100644
--- a/tests/procvar/tprocvarmismatch.nim
+++ b/tests/proc/tprocvarmismatch.nim
diff --git a/tests/proc/tstaticsignature.nim b/tests/proc/tstaticsignature.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25aa09c5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/proc/tstaticsignature.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+block: # issue #4228
+  template seqType(t: typedesc): typedesc =
+    when t is int:
+      seq[int]
+    else:
+      seq[string]
+
+  proc mkSeq[T: int|string](v: T): seqType(T) =
+    result = newSeq[T](1)
+    result[0] = v
+
+  doAssert mkSeq("a") == @["a"]
+  doAssert mkSeq(1) == @[1]
+
+block: # expanded version of t8545
+  template bar(a: static[bool]): untyped =
+    when a:
+      int
+    else:
+      float
+
+  proc main() =
+    proc foo1(a: static[bool]): auto = 1
+    doAssert foo1(true) == 1
+
+    proc foo2(a: static[bool]): bar(a) = 1
+    doAssert foo2(true) == 1
+    doAssert foo2(true) is int
+    doAssert foo2(false) == 1.0
+    doAssert foo2(false) is float
+
+    proc foo3(a: static[bool]): bar(cast[bool](a)) = 1
+    doAssert foo3(true) == 1
+    doAssert foo3(true) is int
+    doAssert foo3(false) == 1.0
+    doAssert foo3(false) is float
+
+    proc foo4(a: static[bool]): bar(static(a)) = 1
+    doAssert foo4(true) == 1
+    doAssert foo4(true) is int
+    doAssert foo4(false) == 1.0
+    doAssert foo4(false) is float
+
+  static: main()
+  main()
+
+block: # issue #8406
+  macro f(x: static[int]): untyped = discard
+  proc g[X: static[int]](v: f(X)) = discard
+
+import macros
+
+block: # issue #8551
+  macro distinctBase2(T: typedesc): untyped =
+    let typeNode = getTypeImpl(T)
+    expectKind(typeNode, nnkBracketExpr)
+    if typeNode[0].typeKind != ntyTypeDesc:
+      error "expected typeDesc, got " & $typeNode[0]
+    var typeSym = typeNode[1]
+
+    typeSym = getTypeImpl(typeSym)
+
+    if typeSym.typeKind != ntyDistinct:
+      error "type is not distinct: " & $typeSym.typeKind
+
+    typeSym = typeSym[0]
+    typeSym
+
+  func distinctBase[T](a: T): distinctBase2(T) = distinctBase2(T)(a)
+
+  type T = distinct int
+  doAssert distinctBase(T(0)) is int
+
+block:
+  type Foo[T] = object
+    x: T
+
+  proc foo(x: Foo): Foo[x.T] =
+    doAssert typeof(result) is typeof(x)
+
+  var a: Foo[int]
+  let b: Foo[int] = foo(a)
+  doAssert b.x is int
+
+block:
+  type Foo[T: static int] = object
+    x: array[T, int]
+  
+  proc double(x: int): int = x * 2
+
+  proc foo[T: static int](x: Foo[T]): Foo[T.double] =
+    doAssert typeof(result).T == double(typeof(x).T)
+
+  var a: Foo[3]
+  let b: Foo[6] = foo(a)
+  doAssert $typeof(foo(a)) == "Foo[6]"
+
+block:
+  type Foo[T: static int] = object
+    x: array[T, int]
+
+  proc foo(x: Foo): Foo[x.T] =
+    doAssert typeof(result).T == typeof(x).T
+    doAssert typeof(result) is typeof(x)
+
+  var a: Foo[3]
+  let b: Foo[3] = foo(a)
+  doAssert $typeof(foo(a)) == "Foo[3]"
+
+block: # issue #7006
+  type
+    Node[T] = object
+      val: T
+      next: ref Node[T]
+    HHSet[T, Key] = object
+      data: seq[Node[T]]
+  proc rawGet(hhs:HHSet; key: hhs.Key): ptr Node[hhs.T] =
+    return nil # body doesn't matter
+  var hhs: HHSet[string, cstring]
+  discard hhs.rawGet("hello".cstring)
+
+block: # issue #7008
+  type Node[T] = object
+    val: T
+  # Compiles fine
+  proc concreteProc(s: Node[cstring]; key: s.T) = discard
+  # Also fine
+  proc implicitGenericProc1(s: Node; key: s.T) = discard
+  # still fine
+  proc explicitGenericProc1[T](s: Node[T]; key: T) = discard
+  # Internal Compiler Error!
+  proc explicitGenericProc2[T](s: Node[T]; key: s.T) = discard
+  let n = Node[int](val: 5)
+  implicitGenericProc1(n, 5) # works
+  explicitGenericProc1(n, 5) # works
+  explicitGenericProc2(n, 5) # doesn't
+
+block: # issue #20027
+  block:
+    type Test[T] = object
+    proc run(self: Test): self.T = discard
+    discard run(Test[int]())
+  block:
+    type Test[T] = object
+    proc run[T](self: Test[T]): self.T = discard
+    discard run(Test[int]())
+  block:
+    type Test[T] = object
+    proc run(self: Test[auto]): self.T = discard
+    discard run(Test[int]())
+
+block: # issue #11112
+  proc foo[A, B]: type(A.default + B.default) =
+    discard
+  doAssert foo[int, int]() is int
+
+block: # tyStatic and tyFromExpr instantiation mid-match
+  proc bar(x: int): int = x * 3
+  proc bar2(x: static int): int = x * 4
+  type Foo[T: static int] = distinct array[T, int]
+  proc foo[T: static int](x: Foo[T], y: Foo[bar(T)]) = discard
+  proc foo2[T: static int](x: Foo[T], y: Foo[bar2(T)]) = discard
+  foo(Foo[1]([1]), Foo[3]([1, 2, 3]))
+  foo2(Foo[1]([1]), Foo[4]([1, 2, 3, 4]))
+
+block: # issue #4990
+  type Foo[I: static[int], A: static[array[I, int]]] = object
+    curIndex: int
+
+  proc next[I: static[int], A: static[array[I, int]]](f: Foo[I, A]): string =
+    discard
+  const arr = [1, 2, 3]
+  var f: Foo[arr.len, arr]
+  discard next(f)
+
+block: # issue #4990 comment
+  type
+    Foo[A: static[int], B: static[int], TokenType: enum, EofToken: static[TokenType]] = object
+      curIndex: int
+    MyEnum = enum
+      meA, meB
+    Bar = Foo[2, 3, MyEnum, meA]
+  proc next[A: static[int], B: static[int], TokenType: enum,
+            EofToken: static[TokenType]](f: Foo[A, B, TokenType, EofToken],
+      a: static[(array[A, int], array[B, int])]): TokenType =
+    TokenType(a[0][f.curIndex])
+  const
+    a = [1, 2]
+    b = [3, 4, 5]
+  template next(bar: Bar): MyEnum =
+    next(Foo[2, 3, MyEnum, meA](bar), (a, b))
+  let bar = Bar(curIndex: 0)
+  doAssert bar.next() == meB
+
+block: # issue #14053
+  template returnType(value: static[int]): typedesc =
+    when value == 1:
+      int
+    else:
+      float
+  proc fun(value: static[int]): returnType(value) = discard
+  doAssert fun(1) is int
+  template returnType2(value: static[int]): typedesc =
+    int
+  proc fun2(value: static[int]): returnType2(value) = discard
+  doAssert fun2(1) is int
+
+block: # issue #7547
+  macro foo(N: static[int]): untyped =
+    result = getType(int)
+  type
+    Foo[N: static[int]] = foo(N)
+    ContainsFoo[N: static[int]] = object
+      Ffoo: Foo[N]
+  proc initFoo(N: static[int]): Foo[N] = discard
+  proc initContainsFoo(size: static[int]): ContainsFoo[size] = discard
+  var a: Foo[10] # Works
+  doAssert a is int
+  let b = initFoo(10) # Works
+  doAssert b is int
+  let c = ContainsFoo[5]() # Works
+  doAssert c.Ffoo is int
+  let z = initContainsFoo(5) # Error: undeclared identifier: 'N'
+  doAssert z.Ffoo is int
+
+block: # issue #22607, needs nkWhenStmt to be handled like nkRecWhen
+  proc test[x: static bool](
+    t: (
+      when x:
+        int
+      else:
+        float
+      )
+  ) = discard
+  test[true](1.int)
+  test[false](1.0)
+  doAssert not compiles(test[])
+
+block: # `when` in static signature
+  template ctAnd(a, b): bool =
+    when a:
+      when b: true
+      else: false
+    else: false
+  template test(): untyped =
+    when ctAnd(declared(SharedTable), typeof(result) is SharedTable):
+      result = SharedTable()
+    else:
+      result = 123
+  proc foo[T](): T = test()
+  proc bar[T](x = foo[T]()): T = x
+  doAssert bar[int]() == 123
+
+block: # issue #22276
+  type Foo = enum A, B
+  macro test(y: static[Foo]): untyped =
+    if y == A:
+      result = parseExpr("proc (x: int)")
+    else:
+      result = parseExpr("proc (x: float)")
+  proc foo(y: static[Foo], x: test(y)) = # We want to make the type of `x` depend on what `y` is
+    x(9)
+  foo(A, proc (x: int) = doAssert x == 9)
+  var a: int
+  foo(A, proc (x: int) =
+    a = x * 2)
+  doAssert a == 18
+  foo(B, proc (x: float) = doAssert x == 9)
diff --git a/tests/proc/tunderscoreparam.nim b/tests/proc/tunderscoreparam.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8d60603f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/proc/tunderscoreparam.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+"""
+
+import std/[assertions, sequtils]
+
+proc test() =
+  block:
+    proc ok(_, _, a: int): int =
+      doAssert not compiles(_)
+      a
+    doassert ok(4, 2, 5) == 5
+
+  block:
+    proc ok(_: int, _: int, a: int): int = a
+    doAssert ok(4, 2, 5) == 5
+
+  block:
+    proc ok(_: int, _: float, a: int): int = a
+    doAssert ok(1, 2.0, 5) == 5
+
+  block:
+    proc ok(_: int, _: float, _: string, a: int): int = a
+    doAssert ok(1, 2.6, "5", 5) == 5
+    
+  block:
+    proc ok[T](_, _, a: T): T =
+      doAssert not compiles(_)
+      a
+    doAssert ok(4, 2, 5) == 5
+    doAssert ok("a", "b", "c") == "c"
+    doAssert not compiles(ok(1, 2, "a"))
+  
+  block:
+    let ok = proc (_, _, a: int): int =
+      doAssert not compiles(_)
+      a
+    doAssert ok(4, 2, 5) == 5
+  
+  block:
+    proc foo(lam: proc (_, _, a: int): int): int =
+      lam(4, 2, 5)
+    doAssert foo(proc (_, _, a: auto): auto =
+      doAssert not compiles(_)
+      a) == 5
+    
+  block:
+    iterator fn(_, _: int, c: int): int = yield c
+    doAssert toSeq(fn(1,2,3)) == @[3]
+
+  block:
+    template ok(_, _, a: int): int = a
+    doAssert ok(4, 2, 5) == 5
+
+  block:
+    doAssert not (compiles do:
+      template bad(_: int): int = _
+      discard bad(3))
+
+  block:
+    template ok(_: int, _: int, a: int): int = a
+    doAssert ok(4, 2, 5) == 5
+
+  block:
+    template ok(_: int, _: float, a: int): int = a
+    doAssert ok(1, 2.0, 5) == 5
+
+  block:
+    template ok(_: int, _: float, _: string, a: int): int = a
+    doAssert ok(1, 2.6, "5", 5) == 5
+  
+  block:
+    template main2() =
+      iterator fn(_, _: int, c: int): int = yield c
+    main2()
+
+  block:
+    template main =
+      proc foo(_: int) =
+        let a = _
+    doAssert not compiles(main())
+  
+  block: # generic params
+    doAssert not (compiles do:
+      proc foo[_](t: typedesc[_]): seq[_] = @[default(_)]
+      doAssert foo[int]() == 0)
+  
+  block:
+    proc foo[_, _](): int = 123
+    doAssert foo[int, bool]() == 123
+  
+  block:
+    proc foo[T; U](_: typedesc[T]; _: typedesc[U]): (T, U) = (default(T), default(U))
+    doAssert foo(int, bool) == (0, false)
+
+proc closureTest() =
+  var x = 0
+
+  block:
+    proc foo(_, _: int) = x += 5
+
+    foo(1, 2)
+    doAssert x == 5
+
+  block:
+    proc foo(_: int, _: float) = x += 5
+
+    foo(1, 2)
+    doAssert x == 10
+
+  block:
+    proc foo(_: int, _: float, _: string) = x += 5
+
+    foo(1, 2, "5")
+    doAssert x == 15
+
+static: test()
+test()
+
+when not defined(js):
+  static: closureTest()
+closureTest()
diff --git a/tests/proc/twrongdefaultvalue.nim b/tests/proc/twrongdefaultvalue.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c36c2247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/proc/twrongdefaultvalue.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check $file"
+  action: reject
+  nimout: '''
+twrongdefaultvalue.nim(20, 12) template/generic instantiation of `doit` from here
+twrongdefaultvalue.nim(17, 37) Error: type mismatch: got <proc (p: int): Item[initItem.T]> but expected 'Item[system.string]'
+twrongdefaultvalue.nim(25, 3) template/generic instantiation of `foo` from here
+twrongdefaultvalue.nim(23, 33) Error: type mismatch: got <string> but expected 'int'
+'''
+"""
+
+block: # issue #21258
+  type Item[T] = object
+    pos: int
+  proc initItem[T](p:int=10000) : Item[T] = 
+    result = Item[T](p)
+  proc doit[T](x:Item[T], s:Item[T]=initItem) : string = 
+    return $x.pos
+  let x = Item[string](pos:100)
+  echo doit(x)
+
+block: # issue #21258, reduced case
+  proc foo[T](x: seq[T], y: T = "foo") =
+    discard
+  foo @[1, 2, 3]
diff --git a/tests/range/t19678.nim b/tests/range/t19678.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..88f7eff89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/range/t19678.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check --hints:off $file"
+  errormsg: ""
+  nimout: '''
+t19678.nim(13, 13) Error: range of string is invalid
+
+
+
+'''
+"""
+
+case "5":
+  of "0" .. "9":
+    discard
+  else:
+    discard
+
diff --git a/tests/range/tcompiletime_range_checks.nim b/tests/range/tcompiletime_range_checks.nim
index 37095e0b7..2d3f292ec 100644
--- a/tests/range/tcompiletime_range_checks.nim
+++ b/tests/range/tcompiletime_range_checks.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 discard """
-  cmd: "nim check --hint[Processing]:off --hint[Conf]:off $file"
+  cmd: "nim check --hint:Processing:off --hint:Conf:off $file"
   errormsg: "18446744073709551615 can't be converted to int8"
-  nimout: '''tcompiletime_range_checks.nim(36, 21) Error: 2147483648 can't be converted to int32
-tcompiletime_range_checks.nim(37, 23) Error: -1 can't be converted to uint64
+  nimout: '''
+tcompiletime_range_checks.nim(36, 21) Error: 2147483648 can't be converted to int32
 tcompiletime_range_checks.nim(38, 34) Error: 255 can't be converted to FullNegativeRange
 tcompiletime_range_checks.nim(39, 34) Error: 18446744073709551615 can't be converted to HalfNegativeRange
 tcompiletime_range_checks.nim(40, 34) Error: 300 can't be converted to FullPositiveRange
diff --git a/tests/range/texplicitvarconv.nim b/tests/range/texplicitvarconv.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8da8a8878
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/range/texplicitvarconv.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# related to issue #24032
+
+proc `++`(n: var int) =
+    n += 1
+
+type
+    r = range[ 0..15 ]
+
+var a: r = 14
+
+++int(a) # this should be mutable
+
+doAssert a == 15
diff --git a/tests/range/toutofrangevarconv.nim b/tests/range/toutofrangevarconv.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ee4d340e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/range/toutofrangevarconv.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+discard """
+  outputsub: "value out of range: 5 notin 0 .. 3 [RangeDefect]"
+  exitcode: "1"
+"""
+
+# make sure out of bounds range conversion is detected for `var` conversions
+
+type R = range[0..3]
+
+proc foo(x: var R) =
+  doAssert x in 0..3
+
+var x = 5
+foo(R(x))
diff --git a/tests/range/trange.nim b/tests/range/trange.nim
index c864387f6..abfa7d474 100644
--- a/tests/range/trange.nim
+++ b/tests/range/trange.nim
@@ -74,37 +74,37 @@ block tn8vsint16:
 
 import strutils
 block tcolors:
-  type TColor = distinct int32
+  type TColor = distinct uint32
 
   proc rgb(r, g, b: range[0..255]): TColor =
     result = TColor(r or g shl 8 or b shl 16)
   proc `$`(c: TColor): string =
-    result = "#" & toHex(int32(c), 6)
+    result = "#" & toHex(uint32(c), 6)
   echo rgb(34, 55, 255)
 
-  when false:
+  block:
     type
-      TColor = distinct int32
-      TColorComponent = distinct int8
+      TColor = distinct uint32
+      TColorComponent = distinct uint8
 
     proc red(a: TColor): TColorComponent =
-      result = TColorComponent(int32(a) and 0xff'i32)
+      result = TColorComponent(uint32(a) and 0xff'u32)
     proc green(a: TColor): TColorComponent =
-      result = TColorComponent(int32(a) shr 8'i32 and 0xff'i32)
+      result = TColorComponent(uint32(a) shr 8'u32 and 0xff'u32)
     proc blue(a: TColor): TColorComponent =
-      result = TColorComponent(int32(a) shr 16'i32 and 0xff'i32)
+      result = TColorComponent(uint32(a) shr 16'u32 and 0xff'u32)
     proc rgb(r, g, b: range[0..255]): TColor =
       result = TColor(r or g shl 8 or b shl 8)
 
     proc `+!` (a, b: TColorComponent): TColorComponent =
       ## saturated arithmetic:
-      result = TColorComponent(min(ze(int8(a)) + ze(int8(b)), 255))
+      result = TColorComponent(min(int(uint8(a)) + int(uint8(b)), 255))
 
     proc `+` (a, b: TColor): TColor =
       ## saturated arithmetic for colors makes sense, I think:
-      return rgb(red(a) +! red(b), green(a) +! green(b), blue(a) +! blue(b))
+      return rgb(int(red(a) +! red(b)), int(green(a) +! green(b)), int(blue(a) +! blue(b)))
 
-    rgb(34, 55, 255)
+    discard rgb(34, 55, 255)
 
 block:
   type
@@ -142,3 +142,15 @@ var a: array[4'u, string]
 
 for i in 0..<a.len:
   a[i] = "foo"
+
+# Check range to ordinal conversions
+block:
+  var
+    a: int16
+    b: range[0'i32..45'i32] = 3
+    c: uint16
+    d: range[0'u32..46'u32] = 3
+  a = b
+  c = d
+  doAssert a == b
+  doAssert c == d
diff --git a/tests/readme.md b/tests/readme.md
index 69be92051..f638ddc10 100644
--- a/tests/readme.md
+++ b/tests/readme.md
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ This directory contains the test cases.
 
 Each test must have a filename of the form: ``t*.nim``
 
-**Note:** Testament is only aware of tests under a directory (eg `tests/foo/`) and will ignore
+**Note:** [Testament](https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/testament.html) is only aware of tests under a directory (eg `tests/foo/`) and will ignore
 top-level tests like `tests/tbar.nim`.
 
 # Specs
 
 Each test can contain a spec in a ``discard """ ... """`` block.
 
-**Check out the [``parseSpec`` procedure](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/blob/devel/testament/specs.nim#L158) in the ``specs`` module for a full and reliable reference**
+**Check out the [``parseSpec`` procedure](https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/blob/devel/testament/specs.nim#L315) in the ``specs`` module for a full and reliable reference**
 
 ## action
 
@@ -27,25 +27,6 @@ Options:
 There are certain spec keys that imply ``run``, including ``output`` and
 ``outputsub``.
 
-## cmd
-
-Specifies the Nim command to use for compiling the test.
-
-There are a number of variables that are replaced in this spec option:
-
-* ``$target`` - the compilation target, e.g. ``c``.
-* ``$options`` - the options for the compiler.
-* ``$file`` - the filename of the test.
-* ``$filedir`` - the directory of the test file.
-
-Example:
-
-```nim
-discard """
-  cmd: "nim $target --nimblePath:./nimbleDir/simplePkgs $options $file"
-"""
-```
-
 # Categories
 
 Each folder under this directory represents a test category, which can be
@@ -55,5 +36,4 @@ testing, which is slower).
 The folder ``dll`` contains simple DLL tests.
 
 The folder ``realtimeGC`` contains a test for validating that the realtime GC
-can run properly without linking against the nimrtl.dll/so. It includes a C
-client and platform specific build files for manual compilation.
+can run properly without linking against the nimrtl.dll/so.
diff --git a/tests/realtimeGC/cmain.c b/tests/realtimeGC/cmain.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 4bc5bd026..000000000
--- a/tests/realtimeGC/cmain.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-/* xxx consider removing, this seems redundant with tmain.nim */
-
-#ifdef WIN
-#include <windows.h>
-#else
-#include <dlfcn.h>
-#include <unistd.h> /* for sleep(3) */
-#endif
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <time.h>
-
-#define RUNTIME (15*60)
-
-
-typedef void (*pFunc)(void);
-
-int main(int argc, char* argv[])
-{
-    int i;
-    void* hndl;
-    pFunc status;
-    pFunc count;
-    pFunc checkOccupiedMem;
-
-#ifdef WIN
-    hndl = (void*) LoadLibrary((char const*)"./tests/realtimeGC/shared.dll");
-    status = (pFunc)GetProcAddress((HMODULE) hndl, (char const*)"status");
-    count = (pFunc)GetProcAddress((HMODULE) hndl, (char const*)"count");
-    checkOccupiedMem = (pFunc)GetProcAddress((HMODULE) hndl, (char const*)"checkOccupiedMem");
-#else /* OSX || NIX xxx: OSX assumes dylib*/
-    hndl = (void*) dlopen((char const*)"./tests/realtimeGC/libshared.so", RTLD_LAZY);
-    status = (pFunc) dlsym(hndl, (char const*)"status");
-    count = (pFunc) dlsym(hndl, (char const*)"count");
-    checkOccupiedMem = (pFunc) dlsym(hndl, (char const*)"checkOccupiedMem");
-#endif
-
-    assert(hndl);
-    assert(status);
-    assert(count);
-    assert(checkOccupiedMem);
-
-    time_t startTime = time((time_t*)0);
-    time_t runTime = (time_t)(RUNTIME);
-    time_t accumTime = 0;
-    while (accumTime < runTime) {
-        for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
-            count();
-        /* printf("1. sleeping...\n"); */
-        sleep(1);
-        for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
-            status();
-        /* printf("2. sleeping...\n"); */
-        sleep(1);
-        checkOccupiedMem();
-        accumTime = time((time_t*)0) - startTime;
-        /* printf("--- Minutes left to run: %d\n", (int)(runTime-accumTime)/60); */
-    }
-    printf("Cleaning up the shared object pointer...\n");
-#ifdef WIN
-    FreeLibrary((HMODULE)hndl);
-#else /* OSX || NIX */
-    dlclose(hndl);
-#endif
-    printf("Done\n");
-    return 0;
-}
diff --git a/tests/realtimeGC/readme.txt b/tests/realtimeGC/readme.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index c5837ee14..000000000
--- a/tests/realtimeGC/readme.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-Test the realtime GC without linking nimrtl.dll/so.
-
-To build by hand and run the test for 35 minutes:
-    $ nim r --threads:on -d:runtimeSecs:2100 tests/realtimeGC/nmain.nim
-
-```
-xxx do we still need tests/realtimeGC/cmain.c?
-if so, tests/realtimeGC/cmain.c needs to updated and factorized with nmain.nim to avoid duplication (even if it's a C file)
-```
-    $ gcc -o tests/realtimeGC/cmain tests/realtimeGC/cmain.c -ldl
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/realtimeGC/tmain.nim b/tests/realtimeGC/tmain.nim
index f1515a549..ca0177e3d 100644
--- a/tests/realtimeGC/tmain.nim
+++ b/tests/realtimeGC/tmain.nim
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@ these dont' seem needed --debuginfo
 nor these from the previous main.nim.cfg: --app:console
 ]#
 
+#[
+Test the realtime GC without linking nimrtl.dll/so.
+
+To build by hand and run the test for 35 minutes:
+`nim r --threads:on -d:runtimeSecs:2100 tests/realtimeGC/tmain.nim`
+]#
+
 import times, os, strformat, strutils
 from stdtest/specialpaths import buildDir
 # import threadpool
@@ -16,9 +23,10 @@ from stdtest/specialpaths import buildDir
 const runtimeSecs {.intdefine.} = 5
 
 const file = "shared.nim"
-const dllname = buildDir / (DynlibFormat % file)
+const dllname = buildDir / (DynlibFormat % "shared_D20210524T180506")
 
 static:
+  # D20210524T180826:here we compile the dependency on the fly
   let nim = getCurrentCompilerExe()
   let (output, exitCode) = gorgeEx(fmt"{nim} c -o:{dllname} --debuginfo --app:lib --threads:on -d:release -d:useRealtimeGC {file}")
   doAssert exitCode == 0, output
diff --git a/tests/refc/tsinkbug.nim b/tests/refc/tsinkbug.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de2ec98a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/refc/tsinkbug.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--gc:refc; --gc:arc"
+  output: '''
+Value is: 42
+Value is: 42'''
+"""
+
+type AnObject* = object of RootObj
+  value*: int
+
+proc mutate(a: sink AnObject) =
+  a.value = 1
+
+var obj = AnObject(value: 42)
+echo "Value is: ", obj.value
+mutate(obj)
+echo "Value is: ", obj.value
+
+proc p(x: sink string) = 
+  var y = move(x)
+  doAssert x.len == 0
+  doAssert y.len == 4
+
+p("1234")
+var s = "oooo"
+p(s)
diff --git a/tests/sets/t13764.nim b/tests/sets/t13764.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1634f113d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sets/t13764.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+discard """
+errormsg: "conversion from int literal(1000000) to range 0..255(int) is invalid"
+line: 6
+"""
+
+let a = {1_000_000} # Compiles
diff --git a/tests/sets/t15435.nim b/tests/sets/t15435.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ead7e641
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sets/t15435.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# bug #15435
+discard """
+errormsg: "type mismatch: got <set[uint8], set[range 1..5(uint8)]>"
+nimout: '''t15435.nim(28, 13) Error: type mismatch: got <set[uint8], set[range 1..5(uint8)]>
+but expected one of:
+proc `<`[T](x, y: set[T]): bool
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for y: set[T]
+  but expression 'x' is of type: set[range 1..5(uint8)]
+20 other mismatching symbols have been suppressed; compile with --showAllMismatches:on to see them
+
+expression: {1'u8, 5} < x'''
+"""
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## line 20
+var
+  x: set[range[1u8..5u8]]
+
+x.incl(1)
+x.incl(3)
+x.incl(5)
+
+if {1u8, 5} < x:
+  echo "successful"
diff --git a/tests/sets/t20997.nim b/tests/sets/t20997.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b320eee1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sets/t20997.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+discard """
+  joinable: false
+"""
+
+{.passC: "-flto".}
+{.passL: "-flto".}
+
+template f(n: int) = discard card(default(set[range[0 .. (1 shl n) - 1]]))
+f( 7)
+f( 8)
+f( 9)
+f(10)
+f(11)
+f(12)
+f(13)
+f(14)
+f(15)
+f(16)
diff --git a/tests/sets/t5792.nim b/tests/sets/t5792.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..297a1fc15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sets/t5792.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--gc:refc; --gc:arc"
+"""
+
+type
+  T = enum
+    a
+    b
+    c
+  U = object
+    case k: T
+    of a:
+      x: int
+    of {b, c} - {a}:
+      y: int
+
+doAssert U(k: b, y: 1).y == 1
diff --git a/tests/sets/thugeset.nim b/tests/sets/thugeset.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d82ebede
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sets/thugeset.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+let x = 20_000
+let s = {x, 123} #[tt.Warning
+        ^ type 'int' is too big to be a `set` element, assuming a range of 0..65535, explicitly write this range to get rid of warning [AboveMaxSizeSet]]#
+doAssert x in s
+doAssert 20_000 in s
+{.push warningAsError[AboveMaxSizeSet]: on.}
+let s2 = {range[0..65535](x), 123}
+doAssert x in s
+doAssert 20_000 in s
+{.pop.}
diff --git a/tests/misc/tnewsets.nim b/tests/sets/tnewsets.nim
index f239d4aa2..f239d4aa2 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tnewsets.nim
+++ b/tests/sets/tnewsets.nim
diff --git a/tests/sets/trangeincompatible.nim b/tests/sets/trangeincompatible.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..554a50235
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sets/trangeincompatible.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+block: # issue #20142
+  let
+    s1: set['a' .. 'g'] = {'a', 'e'}
+    s2: set['a' .. 'g'] = {'b', 'c', 'd', 'f'} # this works fine
+    s3 = {'b', 'c', 'd', 'f'}
+
+  doAssert s1 != s2
+  doAssert s1 == {range['a'..'g'] 'a', 'e'}
+  doAssert s2 == {range['a'..'g'] 'b', 'c', 'd', 'f'}
+  # literal conversion:
+  doAssert s1 == {'a', 'e'}
+  doAssert s2 == {'b', 'c', 'd', 'f'}
+  doAssert s3 == {'b', 'c', 'd', 'f'}
+  doAssert not compiles(s1 == s3)
+  doAssert not compiles(s2 == s3)
+  # can't convert literal 'z', overload match fails
+  doAssert not compiles(s1 == {'a', 'z'})
+
+block: # issue #18396
+  var s1: set[char] = {'a', 'b'}
+  var s2: set['a'..'z'] = {'a', 'b'}
+  doAssert s1 == {'a', 'b'}
+  doAssert s2 == {range['a'..'z'] 'a', 'b'}
+  doAssert s2 == {'a', 'b'}
+  doAssert not compiles(s1 == s2)
+
+block: # issue #16270
+  var s1: set[char] = {'a', 'b'}
+  var s2: set['a'..'z'] = {'a', 'c'}
+  doAssert not (compiles do: s2 = s2 + s1)
+  s2 = s2 + {'a', 'b'}
+  doAssert s2 == {'a', 'b', 'c'}
diff --git a/tests/sets/tsets.nim b/tests/sets/tsets.nim
index dbbeed543..6125a3715 100644
--- a/tests/sets/tsets.nim
+++ b/tests/sets/tsets.nim
@@ -1,207 +1,65 @@
 discard """
-output: '''
-Ha ein F ist in s!
-false
-'''
+  targets: "c cpp"
 """
-# Test the handling of sets
 
-import
-  strutils
+# Test builtin sets
+
+# xxx these tests are not very good, this should be revisited.
+
+when defined nimTestsTsetsGenerate:
+  # to generate enums for this test
+  var ret: string
+  for i in 0..<276:
+    ret.add "k" & $i & ", "
+  echo ret
 
 proc testSets(s: var set[char]) =
   s = {'A', 'B', 'C', 'E'..'G'} + {'Z'} + s
 
 # test sets if the first element is different from 0:
-type
-  TAZ = range['a'..'z']
-  TAZset = set[TAZ]
-
-  TTokType* = enum
-    tkInvalid, tkEof,
-    tkSymbol,
-    tkAddr, tkAnd, tkAs, tkAsm, tkBlock, tkBreak, tkCase, tkCast, tkConst,
-    tkContinue, tkConverter, tkDiscard, tkDiv, tkElif, tkElse, tkEnd, tkEnum,
-    tkExcept, tkException, tkFinally, tkFor, tkFrom, tkGeneric, tkIf, tkImplies,
-    tkImport, tkIn, tkInclude, tkIs, tkIsnot, tkIterator, tkLambda, tkMacro,
-    tkMethod, tkMod, tkNil, tkNot, tkNotin, tkObject, tkOf, tkOr, tkOut, tkProc,
-    tkPtr, tkRaise, tkRecord, tkRef, tkReturn, tkShl, tkShr, tkTemplate, tkTry,
-    tkType, tkVar, tkWhen, tkWhere, tkWhile, tkWith, tkWithout, tkXor, tkYield,
-    tkIntLit, tkInt8Lit, tkInt16Lit, tkInt32Lit, tkInt64Lit, tkFloatLit,
-    tkFloat32Lit, tkFloat64Lit, tkStrLit, tkRStrLit, tkTripleStrLit, tkCharLit,
-    tkRCharLit, tkParLe, tkParRi, tkBracketLe, tkBracketRi, tkCurlyLe,
-    tkCurlyRi, tkBracketDotLe, tkBracketDotRi,
-    tkCurlyDotLe, tkCurlyDotRi,
-    tkParDotLe, tkParDotRi,
-    tkComma, tkSemiColon, tkColon, tkEquals, tkDot, tkDotDot, tkHat, tkOpr,
-    tkComment, tkAccent, tkInd, tkSad, tkDed,
-    tkSpaces, tkInfixOpr, tkPrefixOpr, tkPostfixOpr
-  TTokTypeRange = range[tkSymbol..tkDed]
-  TTokTypes* = set[TTokTypeRange]
-
-const
-  toktypes: TTokTypes = {TTokTypeRange(tkSymbol)..pred(tkIntLit),
-                         tkStrLit..tkTripleStrLit}
-
-var
-  s: set[char]
-  a: TAZset
-s = {'0'..'9'}
-testSets(s)
-if 'F' in s: write(stdout, "Ha ein F ist in s!\n")
-else: write(stdout, "BUG: F ist nicht in s!\n")
-a = {} #{'a'..'z'}
-for x in low(TAZ) .. high(TAZ):
-  incl(a, x)
-  if x in a: discard
-  else: write(stdout, "BUG: something not in a!\n")
-
-for x in low(TTokTypeRange) .. high(TTokTypeRange):
-  if x in tokTypes:
-    discard
-    #writeLine(stdout, "the token '$1' is in the set" % repr(x))
-
-#OUT Ha ein F ist in s!
-
-
-type
-  TMsgKind* = enum
-    errUnknown, errIllFormedAstX, errInternal, errCannotOpenFile, errGenerated,
-    errXCompilerDoesNotSupportCpp, errStringLiteralExpected,
-    errIntLiteralExpected, errInvalidCharacterConstant,
-    errClosingTripleQuoteExpected, errClosingQuoteExpected,
-    errTabulatorsAreNotAllowed, errInvalidToken, errLineTooLong,
-    errInvalidNumber, errNumberOutOfRange, errNnotAllowedInCharacter,
-    errClosingBracketExpected, errMissingFinalQuote, errIdentifierExpected,
-    errNewlineExpected,
-    errInvalidModuleName,
-    errOperatorExpected, errTokenExpected, errStringAfterIncludeExpected,
-    errRecursiveDependencyX, errOnOrOffExpected, errNoneSpeedOrSizeExpected,
-    errInvalidPragma, errUnknownPragma, errInvalidDirectiveX,
-    errAtPopWithoutPush, errEmptyAsm, errInvalidIndentation,
-    errExceptionExpected, errExceptionAlreadyHandled,
-    errYieldNotAllowedHere, errYieldNotAllowedInTryStmt,
-    errInvalidNumberOfYieldExpr, errCannotReturnExpr, errAttemptToRedefine,
-    errStmtInvalidAfterReturn, errStmtExpected, errInvalidLabel,
-    errInvalidCmdLineOption, errCmdLineArgExpected, errCmdLineNoArgExpected,
-    errInvalidVarSubstitution, errUnknownVar, errUnknownCcompiler,
-    errOnOrOffExpectedButXFound, errNoneBoehmRefcExpectedButXFound,
-    errNoneSpeedOrSizeExpectedButXFound, errGuiConsoleOrLibExpectedButXFound,
-    errUnknownOS, errUnknownCPU, errGenOutExpectedButXFound,
-    errArgsNeedRunOption, errInvalidMultipleAsgn, errColonOrEqualsExpected,
-    errExprExpected, errUndeclaredIdentifier, errUseQualifier, errTypeExpected,
-    errSystemNeeds, errExecutionOfProgramFailed, errNotOverloadable,
-    errInvalidArgForX, errStmtHasNoEffect, errXExpectsTypeOrValue,
-    errXExpectsArrayType, errIteratorCannotBeInstantiated, errExprXAmbiguous,
-    errConstantDivisionByZero, errOrdinalTypeExpected,
-    errOrdinalOrFloatTypeExpected, errOverOrUnderflow,
-    errCannotEvalXBecauseIncompletelyDefined, errChrExpectsRange0_255,
-    errDynlibRequiresExportc, errUndeclaredFieldX, errNilAccess,
-    errIndexOutOfBounds, errIndexTypesDoNotMatch, errBracketsInvalidForType,
-    errValueOutOfSetBounds, errFieldInitTwice, errFieldNotInit,
-    errExprXCannotBeCalled, errExprHasNoType, errExprXHasNoType,
-    errCastNotInSafeMode, errExprCannotBeCastedToX, errCommaOrParRiExpected,
-    errCurlyLeOrParLeExpected, errSectionExpected, errRangeExpected,
-    errMagicOnlyInSystem, errPowerOfTwoExpected,
-    errStringMayNotBeEmpty, errCallConvExpected, errProcOnlyOneCallConv,
-    errSymbolMustBeImported, errExprMustBeBool, errConstExprExpected,
-    errDuplicateCaseLabel, errRangeIsEmpty, errSelectorMustBeOfCertainTypes,
-    errSelectorMustBeOrdinal, errOrdXMustNotBeNegative, errLenXinvalid,
-    errWrongNumberOfVariables, errExprCannotBeRaised, errBreakOnlyInLoop,
-    errTypeXhasUnknownSize, errConstNeedsConstExpr, errConstNeedsValue,
-    errResultCannotBeOpenArray, errSizeTooBig, errSetTooBig,
-    errBaseTypeMustBeOrdinal, errInheritanceOnlyWithNonFinalObjects,
-    errInheritanceOnlyWithEnums, errIllegalRecursionInTypeX,
-    errCannotInstantiateX, errExprHasNoAddress, errXStackEscape,
-    errVarForOutParamNeeded,
-    errPureTypeMismatch, errTypeMismatch, errButExpected, errButExpectedX,
-    errAmbiguousCallXYZ, errWrongNumberOfArguments,
-    errXCannotBePassedToProcVar,
-    errXCannotBeInParamDecl, errPragmaOnlyInHeaderOfProc, errImplOfXNotAllowed,
-    errImplOfXexpected, errNoSymbolToBorrowFromFound, errDiscardValueX,
-    errInvalidDiscard, errIllegalConvFromXtoY, errCannotBindXTwice,
-    errInvalidOrderInArrayConstructor,
-    errInvalidOrderInEnumX, errEnumXHasHoles, errExceptExpected, errInvalidTry,
-    errOptionExpected, errXisNoLabel, errNotAllCasesCovered,
-    errUnknownSubstitionVar, errComplexStmtRequiresInd, errXisNotCallable,
-    errNoPragmasAllowedForX, errNoGenericParamsAllowedForX,
-    errInvalidParamKindX, errDefaultArgumentInvalid, errNamedParamHasToBeIdent,
-    errNoReturnTypeForX, errConvNeedsOneArg, errInvalidPragmaX,
-    errXNotAllowedHere, errInvalidControlFlowX,
-    errXisNoType, errCircumNeedsPointer, errInvalidExpression,
-    errInvalidExpressionX, errEnumHasNoValueX, errNamedExprExpected,
-    errNamedExprNotAllowed, errXExpectsOneTypeParam,
-    errArrayExpectsTwoTypeParams, errInvalidVisibilityX, errInitHereNotAllowed,
-    errXCannotBeAssignedTo, errIteratorNotAllowed, errXNeedsReturnType,
-    errNoReturnTypeDeclared,
-    errInvalidCommandX, errXOnlyAtModuleScope,
-    errXNeedsParamObjectType,
-    errTemplateInstantiationTooNested, errInstantiationFrom,
-    errInvalidIndexValueForTuple, errCommandExpectsFilename,
-    errMainModuleMustBeSpecified,
-    errXExpected,
-    errTIsNotAConcreteType,
-    errInvalidSectionStart, errGridTableNotImplemented, errGeneralParseError,
-    errNewSectionExpected, errWhitespaceExpected, errXisNoValidIndexFile,
-    errCannotRenderX, errVarVarTypeNotAllowed, errInstantiateXExplicitly,
-    errOnlyACallOpCanBeDelegator, errUsingNoSymbol,
-    errMacroBodyDependsOnGenericTypes,
-    errDestructorNotGenericEnough,
-    errInlineIteratorsAsProcParams,
-    errXExpectsTwoArguments,
-    errXExpectsObjectTypes, errXcanNeverBeOfThisSubtype, errTooManyIterations,
-    errCannotInterpretNodeX, errFieldXNotFound, errInvalidConversionFromTypeX,
-    errAssertionFailed, errCannotGenerateCodeForX, errXRequiresOneArgument,
-    errUnhandledExceptionX, errCyclicTree, errXisNoMacroOrTemplate,
-    errXhasSideEffects, errIteratorExpected, errLetNeedsInit,
-    errThreadvarCannotInit, errWrongSymbolX, errIllegalCaptureX,
-    errXCannotBeClosure, errXMustBeCompileTime,
-    errCannotInferTypeOfTheLiteral,
-    errCannotInferReturnType,
-    errGenericLambdaNotAllowed,
-    errCompilerDoesntSupportTarget,
-    errUser,
-    warnCannotOpenFile,
-    warnOctalEscape, warnXIsNeverRead, warnXmightNotBeenInit,
-    warnDeprecated, warnConfigDeprecated,
-    warnSmallLshouldNotBeUsed, warnUnknownMagic, warnRedefinitionOfLabel,
-    warnUnknownSubstitutionX, warnLanguageXNotSupported,
-    warnFieldXNotSupported, warnCommentXIgnored,
-    warnNilStatement, warnTypelessParam,
-    warnDifferentHeaps, warnWriteToForeignHeap, warnUnsafeCode,
-    warnEachIdentIsTuple,
-    warnProveInit, warnProveField, warnProveIndex, warnGcUnsafe, warnGcUnsafe2,
-    warnUninit, warnGcMem, warnDestructor, warnLockLevel, warnResultShadowed,
-    warnUser,
-    hintSuccess, hintSuccessX,
-    hintLineTooLong, hintXDeclaredButNotUsed, hintConvToBaseNotNeeded,
-    hintConvFromXtoItselfNotNeeded, hintExprAlwaysX, hintQuitCalled,
-    hintProcessing, hintCodeBegin, hintCodeEnd, hintConf, hintPath,
-    hintConditionAlwaysTrue, hintName, hintPattern,
-    hintUser
-
-const
-  fatalMin* = errUnknown
-  fatalMax* = errInternal
-  errMin* = errUnknown
-  errMax* = errUser
-  warnMin* = warnCannotOpenFile
-  warnMax* = pred(hintSuccess)
-  hintMin* = hintSuccess
-  hintMax* = high(TMsgKind)
+block:
+  type
+    TAZ = range['a'..'z']
+    TAZset = set[TAZ]
+    FakeTokType = enum
+      k0, k1, k2, k3, k4, k5, k6, k7, k8, k9, k10, k11, k12, k13, k14, k15, k16, k17, k18, k19, k20, k21, k22, k23, k24, k25, k26, k27, k28, k29, k30, k31, k32, k33, k34, k35, k36, k37, k38, k39, k40, k41, k42, k43, k44, k45, k46, k47, k48, k49, k50, k51, k52, k53, k54, k55, k56, k57, k58, k59, k60, k61, k62, k63, k64, k65, k66, k67, k68, k69, k70, k71, k72, k73, k74, k75, k76, k77, k78, k79, k80, k81, k82, k83, k84, k85, k86, k87, k88, k89, k90, k91, k92, k93, k94, k95, k96, k97, k98, k99, k100, k101, k102, k103, k104, k105, k106, k107, k108, k109, k110, k111, k112, k113, k114, k115, k116, k117, k118, k119, k120, k121, k122, k123, k124, k125, k126, k127, k128, k129, k130, k131, k132, k133, k134, k135, k136, k137, k138, k139, k140, k141, k142, k143, k144, k145, k146, k147, k148, k149, k150, k151, k152, k153, k154, k155, k156, k157, k158, k159, k160, k161, k162, k163, k164, k165, k166, k167, k168, k169, k170, k171, k172, k173, k174, k175, k176, k177, k178, k179, k180, k181, k182, k183, k184, k185, k186, k187, k188, k189, k190, k191, k192, k193, k194, k195, k196, k197, k198, k199, k200, k201, k202, k203, k204, k205, k206, k207, k208, k209, k210, k211, k212, k213, k214, k215, k216, k217, k218, k219, k220, k221, k222, k223, k224, k225, k226, k227, k228, k229, k230, k231, k232, k233, k234, k235, k236, k237, k238, k239, k240, k241, k242, k243, k244, k245, k246, k247, k248, k249
+    FakeTokTypeRange = range[k2..k101]
+    FakeTokTypes = set[FakeTokTypeRange]
+    Foo = object
+      field: set[Bar] #Bug: 6259
+    Bar = enum
+      bar1, bar2, bar3
+
+  const toktypes: FakeTokTypes = {FakeTokTypeRange(k2)..pred(k64), k72..k74}
+
+  var
+    s: set[char]
+    a: TAZset
+  s = {'0'..'9'}
+  testSets(s)
+  doAssert 'F' in s
+  a = {} #{'a'..'z'}
+  for x in low(TAZ) .. high(TAZ):
+    incl(a, x)
+    doAssert x in a
+
+  for x in low(FakeTokTypeRange) .. high(FakeTokTypeRange):
+    if x in tokTypes:
+      discard
 
 type
-  TNoteKind* = range[warnMin..hintMax] # "notes" are warnings or hints
-  TNoteKinds* = set[TNoteKind]
+  FakeMsgKind* = enum
+    k0, k1, k2, k3, k4, k5, k6, k7, k8, k9, k10, k11, k12, k13, k14, k15, k16, k17, k18, k19, k20, k21, k22, k23, k24, k25, k26, k27, k28, k29, k30, k31, k32, k33, k34, k35, k36, k37, k38, k39, k40, k41, k42, k43, k44, k45, k46, k47, k48, k49, k50, k51, k52, k53, k54, k55, k56, k57, k58, k59, k60, k61, k62, k63, k64, k65, k66, k67, k68, k69, k70, k71, k72, k73, k74, k75, k76, k77, k78, k79, k80, k81, k82, k83, k84, k85, k86, k87, k88, k89, k90, k91, k92, k93, k94, k95, k96, k97, k98, k99, k100, k101, k102, k103, k104, k105, k106, k107, k108, k109, k110, k111, k112, k113, k114, k115, k116, k117, k118, k119, k120, k121, k122, k123, k124, k125, k126, k127, k128, k129, k130, k131, k132, k133, k134, k135, k136, k137, k138, k139, k140, k141, k142, k143, k144, k145, k146, k147, k148, k149, k150, k151, k152, k153, k154, k155, k156, k157, k158, k159, k160, k161, k162, k163, k164, k165, k166, k167, k168, k169, k170, k171, k172, k173, k174, k175, k176, k177, k178, k179, k180, k181, k182, k183, k184, k185, k186, k187, k188, k189, k190, k191, k192, k193, k194, k195, k196, k197, k198, k199, k200, k201, k202, k203, k204, k205, k206, k207, k208, k209, k210, k211, k212, k213, k214, k215, k216, k217, k218, k219, k220, k221, k222, k223, k224, k225, k226, k227, k228, k229, k230, k231, k232, k233, k234, k235, k236, k237, k238, k239, k240, k241, k242, k243, k244, k245, k246, k247, k248, k249, k250, k251, k252, k253, k254, k255, k256, k257, k258, k259, k260, k261, k262, k263, k264, k265, k266, k267, k268, k269, k270, k271, k272, k273, k274, k275,
 
-var
-  gNotes*: TNoteKinds = {low(TNoteKind)..high(TNoteKind)} -
-                        {warnUninit, warnProveField, warnProveIndex, warnGcUnsafe}
+doAssert pred(k260) == k259
 
+type
+  FakeMsgKind2 = range[k230..high(FakeMsgKind)]
+  FakeMsgKind3 = set[FakeMsgKind2]
 
-#import compiler.msgs
+var gNotes: FakeMsgKind3 = {low(FakeMsgKind2)..high(FakeMsgKind2)} - {k233, k235}
 
-echo warnUninit in gNotes
+doAssert k233 notin gNotes
 
 # 7555
 doAssert {-1.int8, -2, -2}.card == 2
@@ -218,3 +76,58 @@ type Foo = enum
 
 let x = { Foo1, Foo2 }
 # bug #8425
+
+block:
+  # bug #2880
+  type
+    FakeMsgKind = enum
+      k0, k1, k2, k3, k4, k5, k6, k7, k8, k9, k10, k11, k12, k13, k14, k15, k16, k17, k18, k19, k20, k21, k22, k23, k24, k25, k26, k27, k28, k29, k30, k31, k32, k33, k34, k35, k36, k37, k38, k39, k40, k41, k42, k43, k44, k45, k46, k47, k48, k49, k50, k51, k52, k53, k54, k55, k56, k57, k58, k59, k60, k61, k62, k63, k64, k65, k66, k67, k68, k69, k70, k71, k72, k73, k74, k75, k76, k77, k78, k79, k80, k81, k82, k83, k84, k85, k86, k87, k88, k89, k90, k91, k92, k93, k94, k95, k96, k97, k98, k99, k100
+
+  type
+    FakeMsgKind2 = range[FakeMsgKind.k50..high(FakeMsgKind)]
+    FakeMsgKind2s = set[FakeMsgKind2]
+
+  const
+    a1: array[0..0, FakeMsgKind2s] = [{low(FakeMsgKind2)..high(FakeMsgKind2)} - {FakeMsgKind.k99}]
+    a2 = a1[0]
+
+  var
+    s1: FakeMsgKind2s = a1[0]
+    s2: FakeMsgKind2s = a2
+
+  doAssert k99 notin s1
+  doAssert k99 notin s2
+
+block: # bug #23422
+  block:
+    var a: set[uint8] = {1'u8}
+
+    proc printLen(x: set[uint8]): int =
+      doAssert x.len == card(x)
+      result = card(x)
+
+    proc printLenVar(x: var set[uint8]): int =
+      doAssert x.len == card(x)
+      result = card(x)
+
+    doAssert a.len == 1
+    doAssert printLen(a) == 1
+    doAssert printLenVar(a) == card(a)
+
+  block:
+    type Fruit = enum
+      Apple, Banana, Melon
+
+    var a: set[Fruit] = {Apple}
+
+    proc printLen(x: set[Fruit]): int =
+      doAssert x.len == card(x)
+      result = card(x)
+
+    proc printLenVar(x: var set[Fruit]): int =
+      doAssert x.len == card(x)
+      result = card(x)
+
+    doAssert a.len == 1
+    doAssert printLen(a) == 1
+    doAssert printLenVar(a) == card(a)
diff --git a/tests/sets/tsets_various.nim b/tests/sets/tsets_various.nim
index 5f3b23436..419bcfdcc 100644
--- a/tests/sets/tsets_various.nim
+++ b/tests/sets/tsets_various.nim
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 discard """
   targets: "c cpp js"
-  output: '''
-set is empty
-'''
 """
 
-
 import std/[sets, hashes]
 
 from std/sequtils import toSeq
 from std/algorithm import sorted
+from stdtest/testutils import whenVMorJs
 
 proc sortedPairs[T](t: T): auto = toSeq(t.pairs).sorted
 template sortedItems(t: untyped): untyped = sorted(toSeq(t))
@@ -23,10 +20,12 @@ block tsetpop:
     discard a.pop()
   doAssert len(a) == 0
 
+  var msg = ""
   try:
     echo a.pop()
   except KeyError as e:
-    echo e.msg
+    msg = e.msg
+  doAssert msg == "set is empty"
 
 
 
@@ -258,6 +257,7 @@ block: # test correctness after a number of inserts/deletes
 
 
 template main() =
+  # xxx move all tests inside this
   block:
     let a = {true, false}
     doAssert $a == "{false, true}"
@@ -273,6 +273,14 @@ template main() =
     doAssert $a == "{false}"
     doAssert a.len == 1
 
+  block: # bug #16123
+    whenVMorJs: discard
+    do:
+      type CallType = proc() {.closure.}
+      var setA = initHashSet[CallType]()
+      let foo = proc() = discard
+      setA.incl(foo)
+      doAssert setA.contains(foo)
 
 static: main()
 main()
diff --git a/tests/sets/twrongenumrange.nim b/tests/sets/twrongenumrange.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a8d64ac44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/sets/twrongenumrange.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check --hints:off $file"
+"""
+
+# issue #17848
+
+block:
+  # generate with:
+  # var a = ""
+  # for i in 0..<80: a.add "k" & $i & ", "
+  # echo a
+  type
+    TMsgKind = enum
+      k0, k1, k2, k3, k4, k5, k6, k7, k8, k9, k10, k11, k12, k13, k14, k15, k16, k17, k18, k19, k20, k21, k22, k23, k24, k25, k26, k27, k28, k29, k30, k31, k32, k33, k34, k35, k36, k37, k38, k39, k40, k41, k42, k43, k44, k45, k46, k47, k48, k49, k50, k51, k52, k53, k54, k55, k56, k57, k58, k59, k60, k61, k62, k63, k64, k65, k66, k67, k68, k69, k70, k71, k72, k73, k74, k75, k76, k77, k78, k79
+  type
+    TNoteKind = range[k10..k79]
+    Conf = ref object
+      notes: set[TNoteKind]
+  proc bad(conf: Conf, noteSet: set[TMsgKind]) =
+    conf.notes = noteSet #[tt.Error
+                 ^ type mismatch: got <set[TMsgKind]> but expected 'set[TNoteKind]']#
+  var conf = Conf()
+  bad(conf, {k10..k60})
+
+block:
+  type
+    TMsgKind = enum k0, k1, k2, k3
+    TNoteKind = range[k1..k2]
+    TNoteKinds = set[TNoteKind]
+  type Conf = ref object
+    notes: TNoteKinds
+  proc fn(conf: Conf, b: set[TMsgKind]) =
+    conf.notes = b #[tt.Error
+                 ^ type mismatch: got <set[TMsgKind]> but expected 'TNoteKinds = set[TNoteKind]']#
+  var conf = Conf()
+  conf.fn({k0..k3}) # BUG: this should give error
+  echo conf.notes # {k1, k2}
+
+block:
+  #[
+  compiler/bitsets.nim(43, 9) `elem >= 0`  [AssertionDefect]
+  ]#
+  type
+    TMsgKind = enum k0, k1, k2, k3
+    TNoteKind = range[k1..k2]
+  var notes: set[TNoteKind]
+  notes = {k0} #[tt.Error
+          ^ type mismatch: got <set[TMsgKind]> but expected 'set[TNoteKind]']#
+  notes = {k0..k3} #[tt.Error
+          ^ type mismatch: got <set[TMsgKind]> but expected 'set[TNoteKind]']#
diff --git a/tests/showoff/tdrdobbs_examples.nim b/tests/showoff/tdrdobbs_examples.nim
index 0e10c6dd8..c61e177dc 100644
--- a/tests/showoff/tdrdobbs_examples.nim
+++ b/tests/showoff/tdrdobbs_examples.nim
@@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ const msb3999 = mostSignificantBit(3999)
 
 echo msb3999, " ", mostSignificantBit(0), " ", square(44)
 
-proc filter[T](a: openarray[T], predicate: proc (x: T): bool): seq[T] =
+proc filter[T](a: openArray[T], predicate: proc (x: T): bool): seq[T] =
   result = @[] # @[] constructs the empty seq
   for x in a:
     if predicate(x): result.add(x)
 
-proc map[T, S](a: openarray[T], fn: proc (x: T): S): seq[S] =
+proc map[T, S](a: openArray[T], fn: proc (x: T): S): seq[S] =
   newSeq(result, a.len)
   for i in 0 ..< a.len: result[i] = fn(a[i])
 
diff --git a/tests/showoff/tgenericmacrotypes.nim b/tests/showoff/tgenericmacrotypes.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc07f4355
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/showoff/tgenericmacrotypes.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# issue #7974
+
+import macros
+
+macro genTypeA(arg: typed): untyped =
+  if arg.typeKind != ntyTypeDesc:
+    error("expected typedesc", arg)
+
+  result = arg.getTypeInst[1]
+
+macro genTypeB(arg: typed): untyped =
+  if arg.typeKind != ntyTypeDesc:
+    error("expected typedesc", arg)
+
+
+  let typeSym = arg.getTypeInst[1]
+  result =
+    nnkTupleTy.newTree(
+      nnkIdentDefs.newTree(
+        ident"a", typeSym, newEmptyNode()
+      )
+    )
+
+type
+  # this is the trivial case, MyTypeA[T] is basically just T, nothing else. But it works.
+  MyTypeA[T] = genTypeA(T)
+  # in this case I generate `tuple[a: T]`. This this is something the compiler does not want
+  MyTypeB[T] = genTypeB(T)
+
+# these are just alias types for int32 and float32, nothing really happens, but it works
+var a1: MyTypeA[int32]
+doAssert a1 is MyTypeA[int32]
+doAssert a1 is int32
+a1 = 0'i32
+var a2: MyTypeA[float32]
+doAssert a2 is MyTypeA[float32]
+doAssert a2 is float32
+a2 = 0'f32
+var a3: MyTypeA[float32]
+doAssert a3 is MyTypeA[float32]
+doAssert a3 is float32
+a3 = 0'f32
+
+var b1: MyTypeB[int32]   # cannot generate VM code fur tuple[a: int32]
+doAssert b1 is MyTypeB[int32]
+doAssert b1 is tuple[a: int32]
+b1 = (a: 0'i32)
+var b2: MyTypeB[float32]
+doAssert b2 is MyTypeB[float32]
+doAssert b2 is tuple[a: float32]
+b2 = (a: 0'f32)
+var b3: MyTypeB[float32]
+doAssert b3 is MyTypeB[float32]
+doAssert b3 is tuple[a: float32]
+b3 = (a: 0'f32)
diff --git a/tests/specialops/tcallops.nim b/tests/specialops/tcallops.nim
index 0508a37a1..c541a0c1d 100644
--- a/tests/specialops/tcallops.nim
+++ b/tests/specialops/tcallops.nim
@@ -37,3 +37,13 @@ doAssert a(b) == "(12)"
 doAssert a.b(c) == `()`(b, a, c)
 doAssert (a.b)(c) == `()`(a.b, c)
 doAssert `()`(a.b, c) == `()`(`()`(b, a), c)
+
+block: # bug #1072
+  var x: int
+
+  proc foo(some:int):int = some
+  proc `()`(l,r:string): string = discard
+
+  block:
+    var foo = 42
+    doAssert x.foo == 0
diff --git a/tests/specialops/terrmsgs.nim b/tests/specialops/terrmsgs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..081bca451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specialops/terrmsgs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+discard """
+action: reject
+cmd: '''nim check $options $file'''
+matrix: "; -d:testWithout; --mm:refc"
+"""
+
+when not defined(testWithout): # test for same errors before and after
+  {.experimental: "dotOperators".}
+  {.experimental: "callOperator".}
+
+# issue #13063
+
+block:
+  type Foo = object
+  type Bar = object
+    x1: int
+  var b: Bar
+  block:
+    template `.`(a: Foo, b: untyped): untyped = 123
+    echo b.x #[tt.Error
+          ^ undeclared field: 'x' for type terrmsgs.Bar [type declared in terrmsgs.nim(15, 8)]]#
+  block:
+    template `.()`(a: Foo, b: untyped): untyped = 123
+    echo b.x() #[tt.Error
+          ^ attempting to call undeclared routine: 'x']#
+  block:
+    template `.=`(a: Foo, b: untyped, c: untyped) = b = c
+    b.x = 123 #[tt.Error
+        ^ undeclared field: 'x=' for type terrmsgs.Bar [type declared in terrmsgs.nim(15, 8)]]#
+    # yeah it says x= but does it matter in practice
+  block:
+    template `()`(a: Foo, b: untyped, c: untyped) = echo "something"
+
+    # completely undeclared::
+    xyz(123) #[tt.Error
+    ^ undeclared identifier: 'xyz']#
+
+    # already declared routine:
+    min(123) #[tt.Error
+       ^ type mismatch: got <int literal(123)>]#
+
+    # non-routine type shows `()` overloads:
+    b(123) #[tt.Error
+     ^ attempting to call routine: 'b']#
+
+    echo b.x #[tt.Error
+          ^ undeclared field: 'x' for type terrmsgs.Bar [type declared in terrmsgs.nim(15, 8)]]#
+    echo b.x() #[tt.Error
+          ^ attempting to call undeclared routine: 'x']#
+
+# issue #7777
+
+import macros
+
+block:
+  type TestType = object
+    private_field: string
+
+  when false:
+    template getField(obj, field: untyped): untyped = obj.field
+
+  macro `.`(obj: TestType, field: untyped): untyped =
+    let private = newIdentNode("private_" & $field)
+    result = quote do:
+      `obj`.getField(`private`) #[tt.Error
+           ^ attempting to call undeclared routine: 'getField']#
+
+  var tt: TestType
+  discard tt.field
+
+block: # related to issue #6981
+  proc `()`(a:string, b:string):string = a & b
+  proc mewSeq[T](a,b:int)=discard
+  proc mewSeq[T](c:int)= discard
+  mewSeq[int]() #[tt.Error
+             ^ type mismatch: got <>]#
diff --git a/tests/specialops/tnewseq.nim b/tests/specialops/tnewseq.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..970a5a8c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specialops/tnewseq.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# issue #6981
+
+import std/assertions
+
+{.experimental: "callOperator".}
+
+block: # issue #6981
+  proc `()`(a:string, b:string):string = a & b
+
+  var s = newSeq[int](3)
+
+  doAssert s == @[0, 0, 0]
+
+block: # generalized example from #6981
+  proc mewSeq[T](a: int)=discard
+  proc mewSeq[T]()= discard
+  mewSeq[int]()
+
+block: # issue #9831
+  type Foo = object
+  proc `()`(foo: Foo) = discard
+  let x = newSeq[int]()
diff --git a/tests/specialops/tsetter.nim b/tests/specialops/tsetter.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6175cbec4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specialops/tsetter.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+block: # ensure RHS of setter statement is treated as call operand
+  proc `b=`(a: var int, c: proc (x: int): int) =
+    a = c(a)
+
+  proc foo(x: int): int = x + 1
+  proc foo(x: float): float = x - 1
+
+  var a = 123
+  a.b = foo
+  doAssert a == 124
diff --git a/tests/statictypes/t20148.nim b/tests/statictypes/t20148.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d74a7755e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/statictypes/t20148.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+type Percent = range[0.0 .. 1.0]
+# type Percent = float # using unlimited `float` works fine
+
+proc initColor*(alpha: Percent): bool =
+  echo alpha
+
+const moduleInstanceStyle = initColor(1)
+# let moduleInstanceStyle = initColor(1) # using runtime conversion works fine
diff --git a/tests/statictypes/t5780.nim b/tests/statictypes/t5780.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85548aaad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/statictypes/t5780.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+type StringArray[N:int] = array[N, string]
+let a = ["one", "two"]
+doAssert a is StringArray
diff --git a/tests/statictypes/t9255.nim b/tests/statictypes/t9255.nim
index 99ca2a23c..aec2fbaf5 100644
--- a/tests/statictypes/t9255.nim
+++ b/tests/statictypes/t9255.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   errormsg: '''
-type mismatch: got <proc (a0: int): string{.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.}>
+type mismatch: got <proc (a0: int): string{.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}>
 '''
   line: 13
 """
diff --git a/tests/statictypes/tgenericcomputedrange.nim b/tests/statictypes/tgenericcomputedrange.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e3a49ae0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/statictypes/tgenericcomputedrange.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+import math
+
+block: # issue #19916
+  type
+    Test[S: static[Natural]] = object
+      a: array[ceilDiv(S, 8), uint8]
+
+  let a = Test[32]()
+  doAssert a.a.len == 4
+
+block: # issue #20514
+  type Foo[S:static[array[2, int]]] = object
+    values: array[prod(S), float]
+
+  doAssert Foo[[4,5]]().values.len == 20
+
+block: # issue #20937
+  type
+    Vec3[T: SomeNumber] {.bycopy.} = tuple[x, y, z: T]
+
+  func volume[T](v: Vec3[T]): T =
+    when T is SomeUnsignedInt:
+      v.x * v.y * v.z
+    else:
+      abs (v.x * v.y * v.z)
+
+  type
+    Matrix3[C: static Vec3[uint], T] = object
+      cells: array[C.volume, T]
+
+  let m = Matrix3[(1.uint, 1.uint, 1.uint), uint](cells: [0.uint])
+  doAssert m.cells.len == 1
+  let m2 = Matrix3[(4.uint, 3.uint, 5.uint), uint]()
+  doAssert m2.cells.len == 60
+
+block:  # issue #19284
+  type Board[N, M: static Slice[int]] = array[len(N)*len(M), int8]
+
+  var t: Board[0..4, 0..4]
+  doAssert t.len == 25
+
+block: # minimal issue #19284
+  proc foo[T](x: T): int =
+    result = 0
+  type Foo[N: static int] = array[0..foo(N), int]
+
+  var t: Foo[5]
+  doAssert t.len == 1
+
+block:
+  type Foo[T; U: static T] = range[T(0) .. U]
+
+  block:
+    var x: array[Foo[int, 1], int]
+    x[0] = 1
+    x[1] = 2
+    doAssert x == [0: 1, 1: 2]
+    doAssert x is array[0 .. 1, int]
+
+  block:
+    type Bar = enum a, b, c
+    var x: array[Foo[Bar, c], int]
+    x[a] = 1
+    x[b] = 2
+    x[c] = 3
+    doAssert x == [a: 1, b: 2, c: 3]
+    doAssert x is array[a .. c, int]
+
+block:
+  type Foo[T; U: static T] = array[T(0) .. U, int]
+
+  block:
+    var x: Foo[int, 1]
+    x[0] = 1
+    x[1] = 2
+    doAssert x == [0: 1, 1: 2]
+    doAssert x is array[0 .. 1, int]
+
+  block:
+    type Bar = enum a, b, c
+    var x: Foo[Bar, c]
+    x[a] = 1
+    x[b] = 2
+    x[c] = 3
+    doAssert x == [a: 1, b: 2, c: 3]
+    doAssert x is array[a .. c, int]
+
+block:
+  type Foo[T; U: static T] = array[T(0) .. U + 1, int]
+
+  block:
+    var x: Foo[int, 1]
+    x[0] = 1
+    x[1] = 2
+    x[2] = 3
+    doAssert x == [0: 1, 1: 2, 2: 3]
+    doAssert x is array[0 .. 2, int]
+
+block:
+  type Foo[T; U: static T] = array[T(0) .. (U * 2) + 1, int]
+
+  block:
+    var x: Foo[int, 1]
+    x[0] = 1
+    x[1] = 2
+    x[2] = 3
+    x[3] = 4
+    doAssert x == [0: 1, 1: 2, 2: 3, 3: 4]
+    doAssert x is array[0 .. 3, int]
+
+block: # issue #22187
+  template m(T: type, s: int64): int64 = s
+  func p(n: int64): int = int(n)
+  type F[T; s: static int64] = object
+    k: array[p(m(T, s)), int64]
+  var x: F[int, 3]
+  doAssert x.k is array[3, int64]
+
+block: # issue #22490
+  proc log2trunc(x: uint64): int =
+    if x == 0: int(0) else: int(0)
+  template maxChunkIdx(T: typedesc): int64 = 0'i64
+  template layer(vIdx: int64): int = log2trunc(0'u64)
+  type HashList[T] = object
+    indices: array[int(layer(maxChunkIdx(T))), int]
diff --git a/tests/statictypes/tstatic.nim b/tests/statictypes/tstatic.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aaa63534b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/statictypes/tstatic.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+"""
+
+template main() =
+  block: # bug #17589
+    #[
+    # all those gave some variation of the same bug:
+    'intVal' is not accessible using discriminant 'kind' of type 'TFullReg'
+    'floatVal' is not accessible using discriminant 'kind' of type 'TFullReg'
+    ]#
+    block:
+      proc f(a: static uint64): uint64 =
+        a
+      const x = 3'u64
+      static: doAssert f(x) == 3'u64
+      doAssert f(x) == 3'u64
+
+    block:
+      proc f(a: static uint64): uint64 =
+        a
+      const x = 3'u64
+      static: doAssert f(x) == 3'u64
+      doAssert f(x) == 3'u64
+
+    block:
+      proc foo(x: uint8): uint8 = x
+      proc f(a: static uint8): auto = foo(a)
+      const x = 3'u8
+      static: doAssert f(x) == 3'u8
+      doAssert f(x) == 3'u8
+
+    block:
+      template foo2(x: float) =
+        let b = x == 0
+      proc foo(x: float) = foo2(x)
+      proc f(a: static float) = foo(a)
+      const x = 1.0
+      static: f(x)
+
+    block:
+      proc foo(x: int32) =
+        let b = x == 0
+      proc f(a: static int32) = foo(a)
+      static: f(32767) # was working
+      static: f(32768) # was failing because >= int16.high (see isInt16Lit)
+
+  block: # bug #14585
+    const foo_m0ninv = 0x1234'u64
+    proc foo(m0ninv: static uint64) =
+      let b = $m0ninv
+    static:
+      foo(foo_m0ninv)
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/statictypes/tstaticgenericparam.nim b/tests/statictypes/tstaticgenericparam.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6acd05b70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/statictypes/tstaticgenericparam.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# static types that depend on a generic parameter
+
+block: # issue #19365
+  var ss: seq[string]
+  proc f[T](x: static T) =
+    ss.add($x & ": " & $T)
+
+  f(123)
+  doAssert ss == @["123: int"]
+  f("abc")
+  doAssert ss == @["123: int", "abc: string"]
+
+block: # issue #7209
+  type Modulo[A; M: static[A]] = distinct A
+
+  proc `$`[A; M: static[A]](x: Modulo[A, M]): string =
+    $(A(x)) & " mod " & $(M)
+
+  proc modulo[A](a: A, M: static[A]): Modulo[A, M] = Modulo[A, M](a %% M)
+
+  proc `+`[A; M: static[A]](x, y: Modulo[A, M]): Modulo[A, M] =
+    (A(x) + A(y)).modulo(M)
+
+  doAssert $(3.modulo(7) + 5.modulo(7)) == "1 mod 7"
diff --git a/tests/statictypes/tstaticimportcpp.nim b/tests/statictypes/tstaticimportcpp.nim
index 125dcb98d..ec4696379 100644
--- a/tests/statictypes/tstaticimportcpp.nim
+++ b/tests/statictypes/tstaticimportcpp.nim
@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@ struct SimpleStruct {
 """ .}
 
 type
-  GenericIntType {.importcpp: "GenericIntType<'0, '1>".} [N: static[int]; T] = object
+  GenericIntType[N: static[int]; T] {.importcpp: "GenericIntType<'0, '1>".} = object
     data: array[N, T]
 
-  GenericIntTypeAlt {.importcpp: "GenericIntType".} [N: static[int]; T] = object
+  GenericIntTypeAlt[N: static[int]; T] {.importcpp: "GenericIntType".} = object
 
-  GenericTType {.importcpp: "GenericTType<'0>".} [T] = object
+  GenericTType[T] {.importcpp: "GenericTType<'0>".} = object
     field: T
 
   GenInt4 = GenericIntType[4, int]
diff --git a/tests/statictypes/tstaticprocparams.nim b/tests/statictypes/tstaticprocparams.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75d8288ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/statictypes/tstaticprocparams.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+proc consumer[T: static proc(i: int): int{.nimcall.}](i: int): int = T(i)
+proc consumer(T: static proc(i: int): int{.nimcall.}, i: int): int = T(i)
+
+proc addIt(i: int): int = i + i
+proc add(i: int): int = i + i # Checks if we can use overloads
+proc squareIt(i: int): int = i * i
+
+assert consumer[addIt](10) == 20
+assert consumer[add](10) == 20
+assert consumer[squareIt](30) == 900
+assert consumer[proc(i: int): int{.nimcall.} = i * i + i](10) == 110
+
+assert consumer(addIt, 10) == 20
+assert consumer(add, 10) == 20
+assert consumer(squareIt, 30) == 900
+assert consumer(proc(i: int): int{.nimcall.} = i * i + i, 10) == 110
diff --git a/tests/statictypes/tstatictypes.nim b/tests/statictypes/tstatictypes.nim
index a76276d2c..572b8c4a5 100644
--- a/tests/statictypes/tstatictypes.nim
+++ b/tests/statictypes/tstatictypes.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
 discard """
+nimoutFull: true
 nimout: '''
 staticAlialProc instantiated with 358
 staticAlialProc instantiated with 368
 0: Foo
 1: Bar
+0: Foo
+1: Bar
+0: Foo
+1: Bar
+0: Foo
+1: Bar
 '''
 output: '''
 16
@@ -15,6 +22,7 @@ heyho
 Val1
 Val1
 '''
+matrix: "--hints:off --mm:orc; --hints:off --mm:refc"
 """
 
 import macros
@@ -247,9 +255,6 @@ echo t.foo, u.bar
 #------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # issue #9679
 
-discard """
-  output: ''''''
-"""
 type
   Foo*[T] = object
     bar*: int
@@ -266,7 +271,7 @@ block:
   fails(foo)
 
 
-import macros, tables
+import tables
 
 var foo{.compileTime.} = [
   "Foo",
@@ -386,3 +391,69 @@ var sorted = newSeq[int](1000)
 for i in 0..<sorted.len: sorted[i] = i*2
 doAssert isSorted2(sorted, compare)
 doAssert isSorted2(sorted, proc (a, b: int): bool {.inline.} = a < b)
+
+
+block: # Ensure static descriminated objects compile
+  type
+    ObjKind = enum
+      KindA, KindB, KindC
+
+    MyObject[kind: static[ObjKind]] = object of RootObj
+      myNumber: int
+      when kind != KindA:
+        driverType: int
+        otherField: int
+      elif kind == KindC:
+        driverType: uint
+        otherField: int
+
+  var instance: MyObject[KindA]
+  discard instance
+  discard MyObject[KindC]()
+
+block: # more cases of above, issue #8446
+  type
+    Color = enum
+      red, green, blue
+    Blah[color: static[Color]] = object
+      when color == red:
+        a: string
+      else:
+        b: int
+
+  proc foo(blah: Blah) = discard
+  foo(Blah[red](a: "abc"))
+
+  type
+    Mytype[K: static[int]] = object
+      when K < 16:
+        data: uint8
+      else:
+        data: uint64
+  proc usingMyt(k: Mytype) = discard  # triggers Error: cannot generate code for: K
+
+block: # bug #22600
+  proc f(n: static int): int = n * 2 # same for template
+
+  type
+    a[N: static int] = object
+      field : array[N, uint8]
+
+    b[N: static int] = object
+      field : a[N]
+
+    c[N: static int] = object
+      f0    : a[N     ]         # works
+      f1    : a[N + 1 ]         # asserts
+      f2    : a[f(N)  ]         # asserts
+
+      f3    : b[N     ]         # works
+      f4    : b[N + 1 ]         # asserts
+      f5    : b[f(N)  ]         # asserts
+
+  proc init[N: static int](x : var a[N]) = discard
+  proc init[N: static int](x : var b[N]) = discard
+  proc init[N: static int](x : var c[N]) = x.f1.init() # this is needed
+
+  var x: c[2]
+  x.init()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/concurrency/atomicSample.nim b/tests/stdlib/concurrency/atomicSample.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d56d867df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/concurrency/atomicSample.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import atomics
+
+type
+  AtomicWithGeneric*[T] = object
+    value: Atomic[T]
+
+proc initAtomicWithGeneric*[T](value: T): AtomicWithGeneric[T] =
+  result.value.store(value)
+
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/concurrency/tatomic_import.nim b/tests/stdlib/concurrency/tatomic_import.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8faaae20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/concurrency/tatomic_import.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import atomicSample
+
+block crossFileObjectContainingAGenericWithAComplexObject:
+  discard initAtomicWithGeneric[string]("foo")
+
+block crossFileObjectContainingAGenericWithAnInteger:
+  discard initAtomicWithGeneric[int](1)
+  discard initAtomicWithGeneric[int8](1)
+  discard initAtomicWithGeneric[int16](1)
+  discard initAtomicWithGeneric[int32](1)
+  discard initAtomicWithGeneric[int64](1)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/concurrency/tatomics.nim b/tests/stdlib/concurrency/tatomics.nim
index 260d00990..08f2e7d3e 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/concurrency/tatomics.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/concurrency/tatomics.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
+discard """
+  # test C with -d:nimUseCppAtomics as well to check nothing breaks
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc; --mm:refc -d:nimUseCppAtomics; --mm:orc -d:nimUseCppAtomics"
+  targets: "c cpp"
+"""
+
 # test atomic operations
 
-import atomics, bitops
+import std/[atomics, bitops]
+import std/assertions
+
 
 type
   Object = object
@@ -607,3 +615,23 @@ block clear:
   doAssert not location.testAndSet
   location.clear(moRelease)
   doAssert not location.testAndSet
+
+block: # bug #18844
+  when not defined(cpp): # cpp pending pr #18836
+    type
+      Deprivation = object of RootObj
+        memes: Atomic[int]
+      Zoomer = object
+        dopamine: Deprivation
+
+    block:
+      var x = Deprivation()
+      var y = Zoomer()
+      doAssert x.memes.load == 0
+      doAssert y.dopamine.memes.load == 0
+
+    block:
+      var x: Deprivation
+      var y: Zoomer
+      doAssert x.memes.load == 0
+      doAssert y.dopamine.memes.load == 0
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/concurrency/tatomics_size.nim b/tests/stdlib/concurrency/tatomics_size.nim
index 49387c0c1..f64adb308 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/concurrency/tatomics_size.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/concurrency/tatomics_size.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 discard """
+  # test C with -d:nimUseCppAtomics as well to check nothing breaks
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc; --mm:refc -d:nimUseCppAtomics; --mm:orc -d:nimUseCppAtomics"
   targets: "c cpp"
 """
 import std/atomics
+import std/assertions
 
 block testSize: # issue 12726
   type
@@ -15,4 +18,4 @@ block testSize: # issue 12726
       f: AtomicFlag
   static:
     doAssert sizeof(Node) == sizeof(pointer)
-    doAssert sizeof(MyChannel) == sizeof(pointer) * 2
\ No newline at end of file
+    doAssert sizeof(MyChannel) == sizeof(pointer) * 2
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/config.nims b/tests/stdlib/config.nims
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dffae2812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/config.nims
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+switch("styleCheck", "usages")
+switch("styleCheck", "error")
+switch("define", "nimPreviewSlimSystem")
+switch("define", "nimPreviewCstringConversion")
+switch("define", "nimPreviewProcConversion")
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/mgenast.nim b/tests/stdlib/mgenast.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0904847e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/mgenast.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import std/genasts
+import std/macros
+
+# Using a enum instead of, say, int, to make apparent potential bugs related to
+# forgetting converting to NimNode via newLit, see bug #9607
+
+type Foo* = enum kfoo0, kfoo1, kfoo2, kfoo3, kfoo4
+
+proc myLocalPriv(): auto = kfoo1
+proc myLocalPriv2(): auto = kfoo1
+macro bindme2*(): untyped =
+  genAst: myLocalPriv()
+macro bindme3*(): untyped =
+  ## myLocalPriv must be captured explicitly
+  genAstOpt({kDirtyTemplate}, myLocalPriv): myLocalPriv()
+
+macro bindme4*(): untyped =
+  ## calling this won't compile because `myLocalPriv` isn't captured
+  genAstOpt({kDirtyTemplate}): myLocalPriv()
+
+macro bindme5UseExpose*(): untyped =
+  genAst: myLocalPriv2()
+
+macro bindme5UseExposeFalse*(): untyped =
+  genAstOpt({kDirtyTemplate}): myLocalPriv2()
+
+# example from bug #7889
+from std/streams import newStringStream, readData, writeData
+
+macro bindme6UseExpose*(): untyped =
+  genAst:
+    var tst = "sometext"
+    var ss = newStringStream("anothertext")
+    when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc):
+      prepareMutation(tst)
+    writeData(ss, tst[0].addr, 2)
+    discard readData(ss, tst[0].addr, 2)
+
+macro bindme6UseExposeFalse*(): untyped =
+  ## with `kDirtyTemplate`, requires passing all referenced symbols
+  ## which can be tedious
+  genAstOpt({kDirtyTemplate}, newStringStream, writeData, readData):
+    var tst = "sometext"
+    var ss = newStringStream("anothertext")
+    when defined(gcArc) or defined(gcOrc):
+      prepareMutation(tst)
+    writeData(ss, tst[0].addr, 2)
+    discard readData(ss, tst[0].addr, 2)
+
+
+proc locafun1(): auto = "in locafun1"
+proc locafun2(): auto = "in locafun2"
+# locafun3 in caller scope only
+macro mixinExample*(): untyped =
+  genAst:
+    mixin locafun1
+    (locafun1(), locafun2(), locafun3())
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/mimportutils.nim b/tests/stdlib/mimportutils.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..678d9ec02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/mimportutils.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+type
+  A* = object
+    a0*: int
+    ha1: float
+  B = object
+    b0*: int
+    hb1: float
+  C* = ref object
+    c0: int
+    hc1: float
+  D* = ptr object
+    d0: int
+    hd1: float
+  PA* = ref A
+  PtA* = ptr A
+  E*[T] = object
+    he1: int
+  FSub[T1, T2] = object
+    h3: T1
+    h4: T2
+  F*[T1, T2] = ref FSub[T1, T2]
+  G*[T] = ref E[T]
+  H3*[T] = object
+    h5: T
+  H2*[T] = H3[T]
+  H1*[T] = ref H2[T]
+  H*[T] = H1[T]
+
+  Pity[T] = object
+    a: T
+  PityRef*[T] = ref Pity[T]
+  Hope*[T] = ref object
+    a: T
+
+type BAalias* = typeof(B.default)
+  # typeof is not a transparent abstraction, creates a `tyAlias`
+
+proc initB*(): B = B()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/mintsets.nim b/tests/stdlib/mintsets.nim
index b4d9ed516..98786e9ba 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/mintsets.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/mintsets.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import std/intsets
+import std/assertions
 
 proc test1*[]() =
   let a = initIntSet()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/nre/misc.nim b/tests/stdlib/nre/misc.nim
index dbb0ecdf9..b7df08ee9 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/nre/misc.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/nre/misc.nim
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ block: # Misc tests
     check("перевірка".replace(re"(*U)\w", "") == "")
 
   block: # empty or non-empty match
-    check("abc".findall(re"|.").join(":") == ":a::b::c:")
-    check("abc".findall(re".|").join(":") == "a:b:c:")
+    check("abc".findAll(re"|.").join(":") == ":a::b::c:")
+    check("abc".findAll(re".|").join(":") == "a:b:c:")
 
     check("abc".replace(re"|.", "x") == "xxxxxxx")
     check("abc".replace(re".|", "x") == "xxxx")
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/t10231.nim b/tests/stdlib/t10231.nim
index 3b2b684f3..3d09721aa 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/t10231.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/t10231.nim
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ discard """
 """
 
 import os
+import std/assertions
 
 # consider moving this inside tosproc (taking care that it's for cpp mode)
 
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/t14139.nim b/tests/stdlib/t14139.nim
index 07d2ff137..866bdb45f 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/t14139.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/t14139.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import heapqueue
+import std/heapqueue
+import std/assertions
 
 var test_queue : HeapQueue[int]
 
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/t15663.nim b/tests/stdlib/t15663.nim
index 1ad5677fd..8e8bfd9a8 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/t15663.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/t15663.nim
@@ -3,5 +3,7 @@ discard """
   output: "Test"
 """
 
+import std/widestrs
+
 let ws = newWideCString("Test")
-echo ws
\ No newline at end of file
+echo ws
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/t19304.nim b/tests/stdlib/t19304.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e8795ac5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/t19304.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import times
+
+type DjangoDateTime* = distinct DateTime
+
+# proc toTime*(x: DjangoDateTime): Time  {.borrow.} # <-- works
+proc format*(x: DjangoDateTime, f: TimeFormat,
+    loc: DateTimeLocale = DefaultLocale): string {.borrow.}
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/t20023.nim b/tests/stdlib/t20023.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f12f8993
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/t20023.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import std/[tables, hashes, assertions]
+
+
+let t = ()
+var a = toTable({t:t})
+del(a,t)
+let b = default(typeof(a))
+
+doAssert a==b , "tables are not equal"
+doAssert hash(a) == hash(b), "table hashes are not equal"
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/t21251.nim b/tests/stdlib/t21251.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4402e9b7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/t21251.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import std / [tables, sets, sharedtables]
+
+var shared: SharedTable[int, int]
+shared.init
+
+shared[1] = 1
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/t21406.nim b/tests/stdlib/t21406.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86bf7b0c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/t21406.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import std/[times, strformat]
+import std/assertions
+
+let aTime = getTime()
+doAssert fmt"{aTime}" == $aTime
+let aNow = now()
+doAssert fmt"{aNow}" == $aNow
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/t21564.nim b/tests/stdlib/t21564.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a5777d12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/t21564.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+discard """
+targets: "c js"
+"""
+
+import bitops
+import std/assertions
+
+proc main() =
+  block: # bug #21564
+    # tesk `bitops.bitsliced` patch
+    doAssert(0x17.bitsliced(4..7) == 0x01)
+    doAssert(0x17.bitsliced(0..3) == 0x07)
+
+  block:
+    # test in-place `bitops.bitslice`
+    var t = 0x12F4
+    t.bitslice(4..7)
+
+    doAssert(t == 0xF)
+
+  block:
+    # test `bitops.toMask` patch via bitops.masked
+    doAssert(0x12FFFF34.masked(8..23) == 0x00FFFF00)
+
+  block: # bug #22687
+    var a: uint8 = 0b1111_1111
+    doAssert a.bitsliced(4..7).int == 15
+
+main()
+
+static:
+  main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/t7686.nim b/tests/stdlib/t7686.nim
index c174dfb51..9902cfcb5 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/t7686.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/t7686.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import strutils
+import std/strutils
+import std/assertions
 
 type
   MyEnum = enum
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/t8925.nim b/tests/stdlib/t8925.nim
index dbf55fd88..c55e93e73 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/t8925.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/t8925.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "type mismatch between pattern '$i' (position: 1) and HourRange var 'hour'"
+  errormsg: "type mismatch between pattern '$$i' (position: 1) and HourRange var 'hour'"
   file: "strscans.nim"
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/t9710.nim b/tests/stdlib/t9710.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index f3ed860df..000000000
--- a/tests/stdlib/t9710.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  cmd:      "nim c -r --debugger:native --panics:on $options $file"
-  targets:  "c"
-  nimout:   ""
-  action:   "run"
-  exitcode: 0
-  timeout:  60.0
-"""
-
-for i in 1 || 200:
-  discard i
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/talgorithm.nim b/tests/stdlib/talgorithm.nim
index 5bb5a6bdf..e2024df0c 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/talgorithm.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/talgorithm.nim
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 discard """
   targets: "c js"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   output:'''@["3", "2", "1"]
 '''
 """
 #12928,10456
 
 import std/[sequtils, algorithm, json, sugar]
+import std/assertions
 
 proc test() = 
   try: 
@@ -101,10 +103,10 @@ block:
     doAssert binarySearch(noData, 7) == -1
     let oneData = @[1]
     doAssert binarySearch(oneData, 1) == 0
-    doAssert binarySearch(onedata, 7) == -1
+    doAssert binarySearch(oneData, 7) == -1
     let someData = @[1, 3, 4, 7]
     doAssert binarySearch(someData, 1) == 0
-    doAssert binarySearch(somedata, 7) == 3
+    doAssert binarySearch(someData, 7) == 3
     doAssert binarySearch(someData, -1) == -1
     doAssert binarySearch(someData, 5) == -1
     doAssert binarySearch(someData, 13) == -1
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tarithmetics.nim b/tests/stdlib/tarithmetics.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a6dd1fcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tarithmetics.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+"""
+import std/assertions
+# TODO: in future work move existing arithmetic tests (tests/arithm/*) into this file
+# FYI https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/17767
+
+template main =
+  # put all arithmetic tests
+
+  block tshr:
+    block: # Signed types
+      let
+        a1 = -3
+        a2 = -2
+        b1 = -4'i8
+        b2 = 1'i8
+        c1 = -5'i16
+        c2 = 1'i16
+        d1 = -7i32
+        d2 = 1'i32
+        e1 = -9'i64
+        e2 = 1'i64
+      doAssert a1 shr a2 == -1
+      doAssert b1 shr b2 == -2
+      doAssert c1 shr c2 == -3
+      doAssert d1 shr d2 == -4
+      doAssert e1 shr e2 == -5
+
+    block: # Unsigned types
+      let
+        a1 = 3'u
+        a2 = 2'u
+        b1 = 2'u8
+        b2 = 1'u8
+        c1 = 5'u16
+        c2 = 1'u16
+        d1 = 6'u32
+        d2 = 1'u32
+        e1 = 8'u64
+        e2 = 1'u64
+      doAssert a1 shr a2 == 0
+      doAssert b1 shr b2 == 1
+      doAssert c1 shr c2 == 2
+      doAssert d1 shr d2 == 3
+      doAssert e1 shr e2 == 4
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tasynchttpserver.nim b/tests/stdlib/tasynchttpserver.nim
index 77ad7a071..5a7e2da40 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tasynchttpserver.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tasynchttpserver.nim
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ discard """
 
 import strutils
 from net import TimeoutError
+import std/assertions
 
 import httpclient, asynchttpserver, asyncdispatch, asyncfutures
 
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ proc test200() {.async.} =
     return clientResponse
 
   proc test(response: AsyncResponse, body: string) {.async.} =
-    doAssert(response.status == Http200)
+    doAssert(response.status == $Http200)
     doAssert(body == "Hello World, 200")
     doAssert(response.headers.hasKey("Content-Length"))
     doAssert(response.headers["Content-Length"] == "16")
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ proc test404() {.async.} =
     return clientResponse
 
   proc test(response: AsyncResponse, body: string) {.async.} =
-    doAssert(response.status == Http404)
+    doAssert(response.status == $Http404)
     doAssert(body == "Hello World, 404")
     doAssert(response.headers.hasKey("Content-Length"))
     doAssert(response.headers["Content-Length"] == "16")
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ proc testCustomEmptyHeaders() {.async.} =
     return clientResponse
 
   proc test(response: AsyncResponse, body: string) {.async.} =
-    doAssert(response.status == Http200)
+    doAssert(response.status == $Http200)
     doAssert(body == "Hello World, 200")
     doAssert(response.headers.hasKey("Content-Length"))
     doAssert(response.headers["Content-Length"] == "16")
@@ -104,16 +105,17 @@ proc testCustomContentLength() {.async.} =
     return clientResponse
 
   proc test(response: AsyncResponse, body: string) {.async.} =
-    doAssert(response.status == Http200)
+    doAssert(response.status == $Http200)
     doAssert(body == "")
     doAssert(response.headers.hasKey("Content-Length"))
     doAssert(response.headers["Content-Length"] == "0")
+    doAssert contentLength(response) == 0 # bug #22778
 
   runTest(handler, request, test)
 
-waitfor(test200())
-waitfor(test404())
-waitfor(testCustomEmptyHeaders())
-waitfor(testCustomContentLength())
+waitFor(test200())
+waitFor(test404())
+waitFor(testCustomEmptyHeaders())
+waitFor(testCustomContentLength())
 
 echo "OK"
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tasynchttpserver_transferencoding.nim b/tests/stdlib/tasynchttpserver_transferencoding.nim
index 34f3cef11..886ba0f33 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tasynchttpserver_transferencoding.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tasynchttpserver_transferencoding.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:arc; --mm:arc -d:danger; --mm:refc"
+  disabled: "freebsd"
+"""
+
 import httpclient, asynchttpserver, asyncdispatch, asyncfutures
 import net
 
 import std/asyncnet
 import std/nativesockets
+import std/assertions
 
 const postBegin = """
 POST / HTTP/1.1
@@ -10,34 +16,38 @@ Transfer-Encoding:chunked
 
 """
 
-template genTest(input, expected) =
-  var sanity = false
-  proc handler(request: Request) {.async.} =
-      doAssert(request.body == expected)
-      doAssert(request.headers.hasKey("Transfer-Encoding"))
-      doAssert(not request.headers.hasKey("Content-Length"))
-      sanity = true
-      await request.respond(Http200, "Good")
+template genTest(input, expected: string) =
+  proc handler(request: Request, future: Future[bool]) {.async, gcsafe.} =
+    doAssert(request.body == expected)
+    doAssert(request.headers.hasKey("Transfer-Encoding"))
+    doAssert(not request.headers.hasKey("Content-Length"))
+    future.complete(true)
+    await request.respond(Http200, "Good")
+
+  proc sendData(data: string, port: Port) {.async.} =
+    var socket = newSocket()
+    defer: socket.close()
+
+    socket.connect("127.0.0.1", port)
+    socket.send(data)
 
-  proc runSleepLoop(server: AsyncHttpServer) {.async.} = 
+  proc runTest(): Future[bool] {.async.} =
+    var handlerFuture = newFuture[bool]("runTest")
+    let data = postBegin & input
+    let server = newAsyncHttpServer()
     server.listen(Port(0))
-    proc wrapper() = 
-      waitFor server.acceptRequest(handler)
-    asyncdispatch.callSoon wrapper
 
-  let server = newAsyncHttpServer()
-  waitFor runSleepLoop(server)
-  let port = getLocalAddr(server.getSocket.getFd, AF_INET)[1]
-  let data = postBegin & input
-  var socket = newSocket()
-  socket.connect("127.0.0.1", port)
-  socket.send(data)
-  waitFor sleepAsync(10)
-  socket.close()
-  server.close()
+    proc wrapper(request: Request): Future[void] {.gcsafe, closure.} =
+      handler(request, handlerFuture)
+    
+    asyncCheck sendData(data, server.getPort)
+    asyncCheck server.acceptRequest(wrapper)
+    doAssert await handlerFuture
+    
+    server.close()
+    return true
 
-  # Verify we ran the handler and its asserts
-  doAssert(sanity)
+  doAssert waitFor runTest()
 
 block:
   const expected = "hello=world"
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tbase64.nim b/tests/stdlib/tbase64.nim
index 19b126437..c3bfb818e 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tbase64.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tbase64.nim
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 discard """
-  output: '''YQ=='''
-  nimout: '''YQ=='''
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  targets: "c js"
 """
-import base64
+import std/assertions
+import std/base64
 
-import base64
-static: echo encode("a")
-echo encode("a")
-
-proc main() =
+template main() =
+  doAssert encode("a") == "YQ=="
   doAssert encode("Hello World") == "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ="
   doAssert encode("leasure.") == "bGVhc3VyZS4="
   doAssert encode("easure.") == "ZWFzdXJlLg=="
@@ -20,6 +18,8 @@ proc main() =
   doAssert encode("") == ""
   doAssert decode("") == ""
 
+  doAssert decode(" ") == ""
+
   const testInputExpandsTo76 = "+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"
   const testInputExpands = "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"
   const longText = """Man is distinguished, not only by his reason, but by this
@@ -30,19 +30,15 @@ proc main() =
   const tests = ["", "abc", "xyz", "man", "leasure.", "sure.", "easure.",
                  "asure.", longText, testInputExpandsTo76, testInputExpands]
 
-  doAssert encodeMIME("foobarbaz", lineLen=4) == "Zm9v\r\nYmFy\r\nYmF6"
+  doAssert encodeMime("foobarbaz", lineLen=4) == "Zm9v\r\nYmFy\r\nYmF6"
   doAssert decode("Zm9v\r\nYmFy\r\nYmF6") == "foobarbaz"
 
   for t in items(tests):
     doAssert decode(encode(t)) == t
-    doAssert decode(encodeMIME(t, lineLen=40)) == t
-    doAssert decode(encodeMIME(t, lineLen=76)) == t
+    doAssert decode(encodeMime(t, lineLen=40)) == t
+    doAssert decode(encodeMime(t, lineLen=76)) == t
 
-  const invalid = "SGVsbG\x008gV29ybGQ="
-  try:
-    doAssert decode(invalid) == "will throw error"
-  except ValueError:
-    discard
+  doAssertRaises(ValueError): discard decode("SGVsbG\x008gV29ybGQ=")
 
   block base64urlSafe:
     doAssert encode("c\xf7>", safe = true) == "Y_c-"
@@ -59,4 +55,9 @@ proc main() =
     doAssert encode("", safe = true) == ""
     doAssert encode("the quick brown dog jumps over the lazy fox", safe = true) == "dGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGRvZyBqdW1wcyBvdmVyIHRoZSBsYXp5IGZveA=="
 
+func mainNoSideEffects() = main()
+
+static: main()
 main()
+static: mainNoSideEffects()
+mainNoSideEffects()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tbitops.nim b/tests/stdlib/tbitops.nim
index 6b5e0aeb9..3ecab2c64 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tbitops.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tbitops.nim
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 discard """
   nimout: "OK"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   output: '''
 OK
 '''
 """
 import bitops
+import std/assertions
 
 proc main() =
   const U8 = 0b0011_0010'u8
@@ -263,8 +265,8 @@ proc main() =
     doAssert v == 0b1000_0010
     v.flipBit(1)
     doAssert v == 0b1000_0000
-    doAssert v.testbit(7)
-    doAssert not v.testbit(6)
+    doAssert v.testBit(7)
+    doAssert not v.testBit(6)
   block:
     # multi bit operations
     var v: uint8
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tbitops_utils.nim b/tests/stdlib/tbitops_utils.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e3f96fecc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tbitops_utils.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
+import std/private/bitops_utils
+import std/assertions
+
+template chk(a, b) =
+  let a2 = castToUnsigned(a)
+  doAssert a2 == b
+  doAssert type(a2) is type(b)
+  doAssert type(b) is type(a2)
+
+chk 1'i8, 1'u8
+chk -1'i8, 255'u8
+chk 1'u8, 1'u8
+chk 1'u, 1'u
+chk -1, cast[uint](-1)
+chk -1'i64, cast[uint64](-1)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tcasts.nim b/tests/stdlib/tcasts.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e01c7e940
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tcasts.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import std/[strutils]
+import std/[assertions, objectdollar]
+
+# bug #19101
+type
+  Small = object
+    a: int
+
+  Big = object
+    a, b, c, d: int
+
+proc main =
+  var
+    n = 1'i8
+    f = 2.0
+    s = Small(a: 1)
+    b = Big(a: 12345, b: 23456, c: 34567, d: 45678)
+
+  doAssert $cast[int](f).toBin(64) == "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+  f = cast[float](n)
+  doAssert $cast[int](f).toBin(64) == "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"
+
+  doAssert $b == "(a: 12345, b: 23456, c: 34567, d: 45678)"
+  b = cast[Big](s)
+  doAssert $b == "(a: 1, b: 0, c: 0, d: 0)"
+main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tcgi.nim b/tests/stdlib/tcgi.nim
index 993728712..ef39450da 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tcgi.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tcgi.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
+discard """

+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"

+"""

+

 import std/unittest

 import std/[cgi, strtabs, sugar]

+import std/assertions

 

 block: # Test cgi module

   const queryString = "foo=bar&фу=бар&checked=✓&list=1,2,3&with_space=text%20with%20space"

diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tchannels.nim b/tests/stdlib/tchannels.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 33108c50c..000000000
--- a/tests/stdlib/tchannels.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  timeout:  5.0 # but typically < 1s
-  disabled: "freebsd"
-  matrix: "--gc:arc --threads:on; --gc:arc --threads:on -d:danger"
-"""
-
-when true:
-  # bug #17380: this was either blocking (without -d:danger) or crashing with SIGSEGV (with -d:danger)
-  import std/[channels, isolation]
-  const
-    N1 = 10
-    N2 = 100
-  var
-    sender: array[N1, Thread[void]]
-    receiver: array[5, Thread[void]] 
-
-  var chan = newChannel[seq[string]](N1 * N2) # large enough to not block
-  proc sendHandler() =
-    chan.send(isolate(@["Hello, Nim"]))
-  proc recvHandler() =
-    template fn =
-      let x = chan.recv()
-    fn()
-
-  template benchmark() =
-    for t in mitems(sender):
-      t.createThread(sendHandler)
-    joinThreads(sender)
-    for t in mitems(receiver):
-      t.createThread(recvHandler)
-    joinThreads(receiver)
-  for i in 0..<N2:
-    benchmark()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tchannels_pthread.nim b/tests/stdlib/tchannels_pthread.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 3bc000551..000000000
--- a/tests/stdlib/tchannels_pthread.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,322 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  targets: "c cpp"
-  matrix: "--gc:orc --threads:on; --gc:orc --threads:on -d:blockingTest"
-  disabled: "windows"
-  disabled: "bsd"
-  disabled: "osx"
-"""
-
-include std/channels
-
-import std/unittest
-
-
-type
-  ChannelBufKind = enum
-    Unbuffered # Unbuffered (blocking) channel
-    Buffered   # Buffered (non-blocking channel)
-
-
-proc capacity(chan: ChannelRaw): int {.inline.} = chan.size
-func isBuffered(chan: ChannelRaw): bool =
-  chan.size - 1 > 0
-
-when defined(blockingTest):
-  const nonBlocking = false
-else:
-  const nonBlocking = true
-
-type
-  Pthread {.importc: "pthread_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = distinct culong
-  PthreadAttr* {.byref, importc: "pthread_attr_t", header: "<sys/types.h>".} = object
-  Errno* = distinct cint
-
-proc pthread_create[T](
-      thread: var Pthread,
-      attr: ptr PthreadAttr, # In Nim this is a var and how Nim sets a custom stack
-      fn: proc (x: ptr T): pointer {.thread, noconv.},
-      arg: ptr T
-  ): Errno {.header: "<sys/types.h>".}
-
-proc pthread_join(
-      thread: Pthread,
-      thread_exit_status: ptr pointer
-    ): Errno {.header: "<pthread.h>".}
-
-template channel_send_loop(chan: ChannelRaw,
-                      data: sink pointer,
-                      size: int,
-                      body: untyped): untyped =
-  while not sendMpmc(chan, data, size, nonBlocking):
-    body
-
-template channel_receive_loop(chan: ChannelRaw,
-                        data: pointer,
-                        size: int,
-                        body: untyped): untyped =
-  while not recvMpmc(chan, data, size, nonBlocking):
-    body
-
-
-# Without threads:on or release,
-# worker threads will crash on popFrame
-
-import std/unittest
-
-type ThreadArgs = object
-  ID: int
-  chan: ChannelRaw
-
-template Worker(id: int, body: untyped): untyped {.dirty.} =
-  if args.ID == id:
-    body
-
-
-const Sender = 1
-const Receiver = 0
-
-proc runSuite(
-            name: string,
-            fn: proc(args: ptr ThreadArgs): pointer {.noconv, gcsafe.}
-          ) =
-  var chan: ChannelRaw
-
-  for i in Unbuffered .. Buffered:
-    if i == Unbuffered:
-      chan = allocChannel(size = 32, n = 1)
-      check:
-        peek(chan) == 0
-        capacity(chan) == 1
-        isBuffered(chan) == false
-        isUnbuffered(chan) == true
-
-    else:
-      chan = allocChannel(size = int.sizeof.int, n = 7)
-      check:
-        peek(chan) == 0
-        capacity(chan) == 7
-        isBuffered(chan) == true
-        isUnbuffered(chan) == false
-
-      var threads: array[2, Pthread]
-      var args = [
-        ThreadArgs(ID: 0, chan: chan),
-        ThreadArgs(ID: 1, chan: chan)
-      ]
-
-      discard pthread_create(threads[0], nil, fn, args[0].addr)
-      discard pthread_create(threads[1], nil, fn, args[1].addr)
-
-      discard pthread_join(threads[0], nil)
-      discard pthread_join(threads[1], nil)
-
-    freeChannel(chan)
-
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-proc thread_func(args: ptr ThreadArgs): pointer {.noconv.} =
-
-  # Worker RECEIVER:
-  # ---------
-  # <- chan
-  # <- chan
-  # <- chan
-  #
-  # Worker SENDER:
-  # ---------
-  # chan <- 42
-  # chan <- 53
-  # chan <- 64
-  #
-
-  Worker(Receiver):
-    var val: int
-    for j in 0 ..< 3:
-      channel_receive_loop(args.chan, val.addr, val.sizeof.int):
-        # Busy loop, normally it should yield
-        discard
-      check: val == 42 + j*11
-
-  Worker(Sender):
-    var val: int
-    check: peek(args.chan) == 0
-    for j in 0 ..< 3:
-      val = 42 + j*11
-      channel_send_loop(args.chan, val.addr, val.sizeof.int):
-        # Busy loop, normally it should yield
-        discard
-
-  return nil
-
-runSuite("[ChannelRaw] 2 threads can send data", thread_func)
-
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-iterator pairs(chan: ChannelRaw, T: typedesc): (int, T) =
-  var i = 0
-  var x: T
-  while not isClosed(chan) or peek(chan) > 0:
-    let r = recvMpmc(chan, x.addr, x.sizeof.int, true)
-    # printf("x: %d, r: %d\n", x, r)
-    if r:
-      yield (i, x)
-      inc i
-
-proc thread_func_2(args: ptr ThreadArgs): pointer {.noconv.} =
-  # Worker RECEIVER:
-  # ---------
-  # <- chan until closed and empty
-  #
-  # Worker SENDER:
-  # ---------
-  # chan <- 42, 53, 64, ...
-
-  const N = 100
-
-  Worker(Receiver):
-    for j, val in pairs(args.chan, int):
-      # TODO: Need special handling that doesn't allocate
-      #       in thread with no GC
-      #       when check fails
-      #
-      check: val == 42 + j*11
-
-  Worker(Sender):
-    var val: int
-    check: peek(args.chan) == 0
-    for j in 0 ..< N:
-      val = 42 + j*11
-      channel_send_loop(args.chan, val.addr, int.sizeof.int):
-        discard
-    discard channelCloseMpmc(args.chan)
-
-  return nil
-
-runSuite("[ChannelRaw] channel_close, freeChannel, channelCache", thread_func_2)
-
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-proc isCached(chan: ChannelRaw): bool =
-  assert not chan.isNil
-
-  var p = channelCache
-  while not p.isNil:
-    if chan.itemsize == p.chanSize and
-        chan.size == p.chanN:
-      for i in 0 ..< p.numCached:
-        if chan == p.cache[i]:
-          return true
-      # No more channel in cache can match
-      return false
-    p = p.next
-  return false
-
-block: # [ChannelRaw] ChannelRaw caching implementation
-
-  # Start from clean cache slate
-  freeChannelCache()
-
-  block: # Explicit caches allocation
-    check:
-      allocChannelCache(int sizeof(char), 4)
-      allocChannelCache(int sizeof(int), 8)
-      allocChannelCache(int sizeof(ptr float64), 16)
-
-      # Don't create existing channel cache
-      not allocChannelCache(int sizeof(char), 4)
-      not allocChannelCache(int sizeof(int), 8)
-      not allocChannelCache(int sizeof(ptr float64), 16)
-
-    check:
-      channelCacheLen == 3
-
-  # ---------------------------------
-  var chan, stash: array[10, ChannelRaw]
-
-  block: # Implicit caches allocation
-
-    chan[0] = allocChannel(sizeof(char), 4)
-    chan[1] = allocChannel(sizeof(int32), 8)
-    chan[2] = allocChannel(sizeof(ptr float64), 16)
-
-    chan[3] = allocChannel(sizeof(char), 5)
-    chan[4] = allocChannel(sizeof(int64), 8)
-    chan[5] = allocChannel(sizeof(ptr float32), 24)
-
-    # We have caches ready to store specific channel kinds
-    check: channelCacheLen == 6 # Cumulated with previous test
-    # But they are not in cache while in use
-    check:
-      not chan[0].isCached
-      not chan[1].isCached
-      not chan[2].isCached
-      not chan[3].isCached
-      not chan[4].isCached
-      not chan[5].isCached
-
-  block: # Freed channels are returned to cache
-    stash[0..5] = chan.toOpenArray(0, 5)
-    for i in 0 .. 5:
-      # Free the channels
-      freeChannel(chan[i])
-
-    check:
-      stash[0].isCached
-      stash[1].isCached
-      stash[2].isCached
-      stash[3].isCached
-      stash[4].isCached
-      stash[5].isCached
-
-  block: # Cached channels are being reused
-
-    chan[6] = allocChannel(sizeof(char), 4)
-    chan[7] = allocChannel(sizeof(int32), 8)
-    chan[8] = allocChannel(sizeof(ptr float32), 16)
-    chan[9] = allocChannel(sizeof(ptr float64), 16)
-
-    # All (itemsize, queue size, implementation) were already allocated
-    check: channelCacheLen == 6
-
-    # We reused old channels from cache
-    check:
-      chan[6] == stash[0]
-      chan[7] == stash[1]
-      chan[8] == stash[2]
-      # chan[9] - required a fresh alloc
-
-  block: # Clearing the cache
-
-    stash[6..9] = chan.toOpenArray(6, 9)
-
-    for i in 6 .. 9:
-      freeChannel(chan[i])
-
-    check:
-      stash[6].isCached
-      stash[7].isCached
-      stash[8].isCached
-      stash[9].isCached
-
-    freeChannelCache()
-
-    # Check that nothing is cached anymore
-    for i in 0 .. 9:
-      check: not stash[i].isCached
-    # And length is reset to 0
-    check: channelCacheLen == 0
-
-    # Cache can grow again
-    chan[0] = allocChannel(sizeof((int, float, int32, uint)), 1)
-    chan[1] = allocChannel(sizeof(int32), 0)
-    chan[2] = allocChannel(sizeof(int32), 0)
-
-    check: channelCacheLen == 2
-
-    # Interleave cache clear and channel free
-    freeChannelCache()
-    check: channelCacheLen == 0
-
-    freeChannel(chan[0])
-    freeChannel(chan[1])
-    freeChannel(chan[2])
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tchannels_simple.nim b/tests/stdlib/tchannels_simple.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 56e5fb8f1..000000000
--- a/tests/stdlib/tchannels_simple.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  matrix: "--threads:on --gc:orc; --threads:on --gc:arc"
-  disabled: "freebsd"
-"""
-
-import std/channels
-import std/os
-
-var chan = newChannel[string]()
-
-# This proc will be run in another thread using the threads module.
-proc firstWorker() =
-  chan.send("Hello World!")
-
-# This is another proc to run in a background thread. This proc takes a while
-# to send the message since it sleeps for 2 seconds (or 2000 milliseconds).
-proc secondWorker() =
-  sleep(2000)
-  chan.send("Another message")
-
-
-# Launch the worker.
-var worker1: Thread[void]
-createThread(worker1, firstWorker)
-
-# Block until the message arrives, then print it out.
-let dest = chan.recv()
-doAssert dest == "Hello World!"
-
-# Wait for the thread to exit before moving on to the next example.
-worker1.joinThread()
-
-# Launch the other worker.
-var worker2: Thread[void]
-createThread(worker2, secondWorker)
-# This time, use a non-blocking approach with tryRecv.
-# Since the main thread is not blocked, it could be used to perform other
-# useful work while it waits for data to arrive on the channel.
-
-var messages: seq[string]
-var msg = ""
-while true:
-  let tried = chan.tryRecv(msg)
-  if tried:
-    messages.add move(msg)
-    break
-  
-  messages.add "Pretend I'm doing useful work..."
-  # For this example, sleep in order not to flood stdout with the above
-  # message.
-  sleep(400)
-
-# Wait for the second thread to exit before cleaning up the channel.
-worker2.joinThread()
-
-# Clean up the channel.
-doAssert chan.close()
-doAssert messages[^1] == "Another message"
-doAssert messages.len >= 2
-
-
-block:
-  let chan0 = newChannel[int]()
-  let chan1 = chan0
-  block:
-    let chan3 = chan0
-    let chan4 = chan0
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tclosures.nim b/tests/stdlib/tclosures.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..84b033fa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tclosures.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c js"
+"""
+
+import std/assertions
+
+block: # bug #4299
+  proc scopeProc() =
+    proc normalProc() =
+      discard
+
+    proc genericProc[T]() =
+      normalProc()
+
+    genericProc[string]()
+
+  scopeProc()
+
+block: # bug #12492
+  proc foo() =
+    var i = 0
+    proc bar() =
+      inc i
+
+    bar()
+    doAssert i == 1
+
+  foo()
+  static:
+    foo()
+
+block: # bug #10849
+  type
+    Generic[T] = ref object
+      getState: proc(): T
+
+  proc newGeneric[T](): Generic[T] =
+    var state: T
+
+    proc getState[T](): T =
+      state
+
+    Generic[T](getState: getState)
+
+  let g = newGeneric[int]()
+  let state = g.getState()
+  doAssert state == 0
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tcmdline.nim b/tests/stdlib/tcmdline.nim
index bc78d6057..8b428900b 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tcmdline.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tcmdline.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c js"
   joinable: false
 """
 
 import std/os
+import std/assertions
 
 var params = paramCount()
 doAssert params == 0
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tcomplex.nim b/tests/stdlib/tcomplex.nim
index 15267b905..ca83314b9 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tcomplex.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tcomplex.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
-import std/[complex, math]
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
 
+import std/[complex, math]
+import std/assertions
 
 proc `=~`[T](x, y: Complex[T]): bool =
   result = abs(x.re-y.re) < 1e-6 and abs(x.im-y.im) < 1e-6
@@ -80,6 +84,9 @@ let t = polar(a)
 doAssert(rect(t.r, t.phi) =~ a)
 doAssert(rect(1.0, 2.0) =~ complex(-0.4161468365471424, 0.9092974268256817))
 
+doAssert(almostEqual(a, a + complex(1e-16, 1e-16)))
+doAssert(almostEqual(a, a + complex(2e-15, 2e-15), unitsInLastPlace = 5))
+
 
 let
   i64: Complex32 = complex(0.0f, 1.0f)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tcookies.nim b/tests/stdlib/tcookies.nim
index 0a36cbebc..3ff0f3bae 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tcookies.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tcookies.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c js"
 """
 
 
 import std/[cookies, times, strtabs]
+import std/assertions
 
 let expire = fromUnix(0) + 1.seconds
 
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tcritbits.nim b/tests/stdlib/tcritbits.nim
index b350cb280..e6282f045 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tcritbits.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tcritbits.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c js"
 """
 
 import std/[sequtils,critbits]
+import std/assertions
 
 template main =
   var r: CritBitTree[void]
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tcstring.nim b/tests/stdlib/tcstring.nim
index 98da5d5c4..d7fdd7738 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tcstring.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tcstring.nim
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 discard """
   targets: "c cpp js"
-  matrix: "; --gc:arc"
+  matrix: "--gc:refc; --gc:arc"
 """
 
 from std/sugar import collect
 from stdtest/testutils import whenRuntimeJs, whenVMorJs
+import std/assertions
 
 template testMitems() =
   block:
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tcstrutils.nim b/tests/stdlib/tcstrutils.nim
index ba3b1de68..e73b2b681 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tcstrutils.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tcstrutils.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c cpp js"
 """
 
 import std/cstrutils
-
+import std/assertions
 
 proc main() =
   let s = cstring "abcdef"
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tdb.nim b/tests/stdlib/tdb.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tdb.nim
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tdb.nims b/tests/stdlib/tdb.nims
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d31d0b26f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tdb.nims
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+--styleCheck:off
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tdb_mysql.nim b/tests/stdlib/tdb_mysql.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tdb_mysql.nim
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tdecls.nim b/tests/stdlib/tdecls.nim
index 3567639e0..42dc646f2 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tdecls.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tdecls.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+"""
+import std/assertions
 import std/decls
 
-block:
+template fun() =
   var s = @[10,11,12]
   var a {.byaddr.} = s[0]
   a+=100
@@ -9,6 +14,8 @@ block:
   var b {.byaddr.}: int = s[0]
   doAssert a.addr == b.addr
 
+  {.push warningAsError[ImplicitTemplateRedefinition]: on.}
+  # in the future ImplicitTemplateRedefinition will be an error anyway
   doAssert not compiles(block:
     # redeclaration not allowed
     var foo = 0
@@ -18,6 +25,7 @@ block:
     # ditto
     var foo {.byaddr.} = s[0]
     var foo {.byaddr.} = s[0])
+  {.pop.}
 
   block:
     var b {.byaddr.} = s[1] # redeclaration ok in sub scope
@@ -34,37 +42,9 @@ block:
   doAssert compiles(block:
     var b2 {.byaddr.}: int = s[2])
 
-## We can define custom pragmas in user code
-template byUnsafeAddr(lhs, typ, expr) =
-  when typ is type(nil):
-    let tmp = unsafeAddr(expr)
-  else:
-    let tmp: ptr typ = unsafeAddr(expr)
-  template lhs: untyped = tmp[]
-
-block:
-  let s = @["foo", "bar"]
-  let a {.byUnsafeAddr.} = s[0]
-  doAssert a == "foo"
-  doAssert a[0].unsafeAddr == s[0][0].unsafeAddr
-
-block: # nkAccQuoted
-  # shows using a keyword, which requires nkAccQuoted
-  template `cast`(lhs, typ, expr) =
-    when typ is type(nil):
-      let tmp = unsafeAddr(expr)
-    else:
-      let tmp: ptr typ = unsafeAddr(expr)
-    template lhs: untyped = tmp[]
-
-  block:
-    let s = @["foo", "bar"]
-    let a {.`byUnsafeAddr`.} = s[0]
-    doAssert a == "foo"
-    doAssert a[0].unsafeAddr == s[0][0].unsafeAddr
-
-  block:
-    let s = @["foo", "bar"]
-    let a {.`cast`.} = s[0]
-    doAssert a == "foo"
-    doAssert a[0].unsafeAddr == s[0][0].unsafeAddr
+proc fun2() = fun()
+fun()
+fun2()
+static: fun2()
+when false: # pending bug #13887
+  static: fun()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tdecode_helpers.nim b/tests/stdlib/tdecode_helpers.nim
index 626a014fc..1c0735e05 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tdecode_helpers.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tdecode_helpers.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import std/private/decode_helpers
-
+import std/assertions
 
 block:
   var i = 0
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tdeques.nim b/tests/stdlib/tdeques.nim
index 99208d4cf..39ff996d1 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tdeques.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tdeques.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 discard """
-  targets: "c js"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  targets: "c cpp js"
 """
 
 import std/deques
+from std/sequtils import toSeq
+import std/assertions
 
 block:
   proc index(self: Deque[int], idx: Natural): int =
@@ -125,7 +128,7 @@ block:
   foo(1, 5)
   foo(3, 2)
 
-import sets
+import std/sets
 
 block t13310:
   proc main() =
@@ -137,3 +140,104 @@ block t13310:
 
   static:
     main()
+
+
+proc main() =
+  block:
+    let a = [10, 20, 30].toDeque
+    doAssert toSeq(a.pairs) == @[(0, 10), (1, 20), (2, 30)]
+
+  block:
+    let q = [7, 9].toDeque
+    doAssert 7 in q
+    doAssert q.contains(7)
+    doAssert 8 notin q
+
+  block:
+    let a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque
+    doAssert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]"
+    doAssert a.peekFirst == 10
+    doAssert len(a) == 5
+
+  block:
+    let a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque
+    doAssert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]"
+    doAssert a.peekLast == 50
+    doAssert len(a) == 5
+
+  block:
+    var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque
+    doAssert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]"
+    doAssert a.popFirst == 10
+    doAssert $a == "[20, 30, 40, 50]"
+
+  block:
+    var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque
+    doAssert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]"
+    doAssert a.popLast == 50
+    doAssert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40]"
+
+  block:
+    var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque
+    doAssert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]"
+    clear(a)
+    doAssert len(a) == 0
+
+  block: # bug #21278
+    var a = [10, 20, 30, 40].toDeque
+
+    a.shrink(fromFirst = 0, fromLast = 1)
+    doAssert $a == "[10, 20, 30]"
+
+  block:
+    var a, b: Deque[int]
+    for i in 1 .. 256:
+      a.addLast(i)
+    for i in 1 .. 255:
+      a.popLast
+    b.addLast(1)
+    doAssert a == b
+
+  block:
+    # Issue 23275
+    # Test `==`.
+    block:
+      var a, b = initDeque[int]()
+      doAssert a == b
+      doAssert a.hash == b.hash
+      a.addFirst(1)
+      doAssert a != b
+      doAssert a.hash != b.hash
+      b.addLast(1)
+      doAssert a == b
+      doAssert a.hash == b.hash
+      a.popFirst
+      b.popLast
+      doAssert a == b
+      doAssert a.hash == b.hash
+      a.addLast 2
+      doAssert a != b
+      doAssert a.hash != b.hash
+      b.addFirst 2
+      doAssert a == b
+      doAssert a.hash == b.hash
+
+    block:
+      var a, b = initDeque[int]()
+      for i in countDown(100, 1):
+        a.addFirst(i)
+      for i in 1..100:
+        b.addLast(i)
+      doAssert a == b
+      for i in 1..99:
+        a.popLast
+      let a1 = [1].toDeque
+      doAssert a == a1
+      doAssert a.hash == a1.hash
+      var c = initDeque[int]()
+      c.addLast(1)
+      doAssert a == c
+      doAssert a.hash == c.hash
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tdiff.nim b/tests/stdlib/tdiff.nim
index 694ac6198..132f7120b 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tdiff.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tdiff.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c js"
 """
 
 import experimental/diff
 import std/strutils
+import std/assertions
 
 proc testHelper(f: seq[Item]): string =
   for it in f:
diff --git a/tests/distros/tdistros_detect.nim b/tests/stdlib/tdistros_detect.nim
index 9639cfeb9..1176c8993 100644
--- a/tests/distros/tdistros_detect.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tdistros_detect.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-import distros
-
-discard """
-  exitcode: 0
-  output: ""
-"""
+import std/[assertions, distros]
 
 when defined(windows):
     doAssert detectOs(Windows) == true
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tdochelpers.nim b/tests/stdlib/tdochelpers.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d532b5d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tdochelpers.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  output: '''
+
+[Suite] Integration with Nim
+'''
+"""
+
+# tests for dochelpers.nim module
+
+import ../../lib/packages/docutils/[rstast, rst, dochelpers]
+import unittest
+import std/assertions
+
+proc testMsgHandler(filename: string, line, col: int, msgkind: MsgKind,
+                    arg: string) =
+  doAssert msgkind == mwBrokenLink
+
+proc fromRst(text: string): LangSymbol =
+  let r = rstParse(text, "-input-", LineRstInit, ColRstInit,
+                   {roNimFile},
+                   msgHandler=testMsgHandler)
+  assert r.node.kind == rnRstRef
+  result = toLangSymbol(r.node)
+
+proc fromMd(text: string): LangSymbol =
+  let r = rstParse(text, "-input-", LineRstInit, ColRstInit,
+                   {roPreferMarkdown, roSupportMarkdown, roNimFile},
+                   msgHandler=testMsgHandler)
+  assert r.node.kind == rnPandocRef
+  assert r.node.len == 2
+  # this son is the target:
+  assert r.node.sons[1].kind == rnInner
+  result = toLangSymbol(r.node.sons[1])
+
+suite "Integration with Nim":
+  test "simple symbol parsing (shortest form)":
+    let expected = LangSymbol(symKind: "", name: "g")
+    check "g_".fromRst == expected
+    check "[g]".fromMd == expected
+    # test also alternative syntax variants of Pandoc Markdown:
+    check "[g][]".fromMd == expected
+    check "[this symbol][g]".fromMd == expected
+
+  test "simple symbol parsing (group of words)":
+    #let input1 = "`Y`_".rstParseTest
+    let expected1 = LangSymbol(symKind: "", name: "Y")
+    check "`Y`_".fromRst == expected1
+    check "[Y]".fromMd == expected1
+
+    # this means not a statement 'type', it's a backticked identifier `type`:
+    let expected2 = LangSymbol(symKind: "", name: "type")
+    check "`type`_".fromRst == expected2
+    check "[type]".fromMd == expected2
+
+    let expected3 = LangSymbol(symKind: "", name: "[]")
+    check "`[]`_".fromRst == expected3
+    # Markdown syntax for this case is NOT [[]]
+    check "[`[]`]".fromMd == expected3
+
+    let expected4 = LangSymbol(symKind: "", name: "Xyz")
+    check "`X Y Z`_".fromRst == expected4
+    check "[X Y Z]".fromMd == expected4
+
+  test "simple proc parsing":
+    let expected = LangSymbol(symKind: "proc", name: "f")
+    check "`proc f`_".fromRst == expected
+    check "[proc f]".fromMd == expected
+
+  test "another backticked name":
+    let expected = LangSymbol(symKind: "template", name: "type")
+    check """`template \`type\``_""".fromRst == expected
+    # no backslash in Markdown:
+    check """[template `type`]""".fromMd == expected
+
+  test "simple proc parsing with parameters":
+    let expected = LangSymbol(symKind: "proc", name: "f",
+                              parametersProvided: true)
+    check "`proc f*()`_".fromRst == expected
+    check "`proc f()`_".fromRst == expected
+    check "[proc f*()]".fromMd == expected
+    check "[proc f()]".fromMd == expected
+
+  test "symbol parsing with 1 parameter":
+    let expected = LangSymbol(symKind: "", name: "f",
+                              parameters: @[("G[int]", "")],
+                              parametersProvided: true)
+    check "`f(G[int])`_".fromRst == expected
+    check "[f(G[int])]".fromMd == expected
+
+  test "more proc parsing":
+    let input1 = "`proc f[T](x:G[T]):M[T]`_".fromRst
+    let input2 = "`proc f[ T ] ( x: G [T] ): M[T]`_".fromRst
+    let input3 = "`proc f*[T](x: G[T]): M[T]`_".fromRst
+    let expected = LangSymbol(symKind: "proc",
+                              name: "f",
+                              generics: "[T]",
+                              parameters: @[("x", "G[T]")],
+                              parametersProvided: true,
+                              outType: "M[T]")
+    check(input1 == expected)
+    check(input2 == expected)
+    check(input3 == expected)
+
+  test "advanced proc parsing with Nim identifier normalization":
+    let inputRst = """`proc binarySearch*[T, K](a: openarray[T]; key: K;
+                       cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int)`_"""
+    let inputMd = """[proc binarySearch*[T, K](a: openarray[T]; key: K;
+                       cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int)]"""
+    let expected = LangSymbol(symKind: "proc",
+                              name: "binarysearch",
+                              generics: "[T,K]",
+                              parameters: @[
+                                ("a", "openarray[T]"),
+                                ("key", "K"),
+                                ("cmp", "proc(x:T;y:K):int")],
+                              parametersProvided: true,
+                              outType: "")
+    check(inputRst.fromRst == expected)
+    check(inputMd.fromMd == expected)
+
+  test "the same without proc":
+    let input = """`binarySearch*[T, K](a: openarray[T]; key: K;
+                    cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.})`_"""
+    let expected = LangSymbol(symKind: "",
+                              name: "binarysearch",
+                              generics: "[T,K]",
+                              parameters: @[
+                                ("a", "openarray[T]"),
+                                ("key", "K"),
+                                ("cmp", "proc(x:T;y:K):int")],
+                              parametersProvided: true,
+                              outType: "")
+    check(input.fromRst == expected)
+    let inputMd = """[binarySearch*[T, K](a: openarray[T]; key: K;
+                      cmp: proc (x: T; y: K): int {.closure.})]"""
+    check(inputMd.fromMd == expected)
+
+  test "operator $ with and without backticks":
+    let input1 = """`func \`$\`*[T](a: \`open Array\`[T]): string`_"""
+    let input1md = "[func `$`*[T](a: `open Array`[T]): string]"
+    let input2 = """`func $*[T](a: \`open Array\`[T]): string`_"""
+    let input2md = "[func $*[T](a: `open Array`[T]): string]"
+    let expected = LangSymbol(symKind: "func",
+                              name: "$",
+                              generics: "[T]",
+                              parameters: @[("a", "openarray[T]")],
+                              parametersProvided: true,
+                              outType: "string")
+    check input1.fromRst == expected
+    check input2.fromRst == expected
+    check input1md.fromMd == expected
+    check input2md.fromMd == expected
+
+  test "operator [] with and without backticks":
+    let input1 = """`func \`[]\`[T](a: \`open Array\`[T], idx: int): T`_"""
+    let input1md = "[func `[]`[T](a: `open Array`[T], idx: int): T]"
+    let input2 = """`func [][T](a: \`open Array\`[T], idx: int): T`_"""
+    let input2md = "[func [][T](a: `open Array`[T], idx: int): T]"
+    let expected = LangSymbol(symKind: "func",
+                              name: "[]",
+                              generics: "[T]",
+                              parameters: @[("a", "openarray[T]"),
+                                            ("idx", "int")],
+                              parametersProvided: true,
+                              outType: "T")
+    check input1.fromRst == expected
+    check input2.fromRst == expected
+    check input1md.fromMd == expected
+    check input2md.fromMd == expected
+
+  test "postfix symbol specifier #1":
+    let input = "`walkDir iterator`_"
+    let inputMd = "[walkDir iterator]"
+    let expected = LangSymbol(symKind: "iterator",
+                              name: "walkdir")
+    check input.fromRst == expected
+    check inputMd.fromMd == expected
+
+  test "postfix symbol specifier #2":
+    let input1 = """`\`[]\`[T](a: \`open Array\`[T], idx: int): T func`_"""
+    let input1md = "[`[]`[T](a: `open Array`[T], idx: int): T func]"
+    let input2 = """`[][T](a: \`open Array\`[T], idx: int): T func`_"""
+    # note again that ` is needed between 1st and second [
+    let input2md = "[`[]`[T](a: `open Array`[T], idx: int): T func]"
+    let expected = LangSymbol(symKind: "func",
+                              name: "[]",
+                              generics: "[T]",
+                              parameters: @[("a", "openarray[T]"),
+                                            ("idx", "int")],
+                              parametersProvided: true,
+                              outType: "T")
+    check input1.fromRst == expected
+    check input2.fromRst == expected
+    check input1md.fromMd == expected
+    check input2md.fromMd == expected
+
+  test "type of type":
+    let inputRst = "`CopyFlag enum`_"
+    let inputMd = "[CopyFlag enum]"
+    let expected = LangSymbol(symKind: "type",
+                              symTypeKind: "enum",
+                              name: "Copyflag")
+    check inputRst.fromRst == expected
+    check inputMd.fromMd == expected
+
+  test "prefixed module":
+    let inputRst = "`module std / paths`_"
+    let inputMd = "[module std / paths]"
+    let expected = LangSymbol(symKind: "module",
+                              name: "std/paths")
+    check inputRst.fromRst == expected
+    check inputMd.fromMd == expected
+
+  test "postfixed module":
+    let inputRst = "`std / paths module`_"
+    let inputMd = "[std / paths module]"
+    let expected = LangSymbol(symKind: "module",
+                              name: "std/paths")
+    check inputRst.fromRst == expected
+    check inputMd.fromMd == expected
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/teditdistance.nim b/tests/stdlib/teditdistance.nim
index 433535635..14ba6df97 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/teditdistance.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/teditdistance.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
 import std/editdistance
+import std/assertions
 
 doAssert editDistance("", "") == 0
 doAssert editDistance("kitten", "sitting") == 3 # from Wikipedia
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tencodings.nim b/tests/stdlib/tencodings.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f4daaba3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tencodings.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
+import std/encodings
+import std/assertions
+
+var fromGBK = open("utf-8", "gbk")
+var toGBK = open("gbk", "utf-8")
+
+var fromGB2312 = open("utf-8", "gb2312")
+var toGB2312 = open("gb2312", "utf-8")
+
+
+block:
+  let data = "\215\237\186\243\178\187\214\170\204\236\212\218\203\174\163\172\194\250\180\178\208\199\195\206\209\185\208\199\186\211"
+  doAssert fromGBK.convert(data) == "醉后不知天在水,满床星梦压星河"
+
+block:
+  let data = "万两黄金容易得,知心一个也难求"
+  doAssert toGBK.convert(data) == "\205\242\193\189\187\198\189\240\200\221\210\215\181\195\163\172\214\170\208\196\210\187\184\246\210\178\196\209\199\243"
+
+
+block:
+  let data = "\215\212\208\197\200\203\201\250\182\254\176\217\196\234\163\172\187\225\181\177\203\174\187\247\200\253\199\167\192\239"
+  doAssert fromGB2312.convert(data) == "自信人生二百年,会当水击三千里"
+
+block:
+  let data = "谁怕?一蓑烟雨任平生"
+  doAssert toGB2312.convert(data) == "\203\173\197\194\163\191\210\187\203\242\209\204\211\234\200\206\198\189\201\250"
+
+
+when defined(windows):
+  block should_throw_on_unsupported_conversions:
+    let original = "some string"
+
+    doAssertRaises(EncodingError):
+      discard convert(original, "utf-8", "utf-32")
+
+    doAssertRaises(EncodingError):
+      discard convert(original, "utf-8", "unicodeFFFE")
+
+    doAssertRaises(EncodingError):
+      discard convert(original, "utf-8", "utf-32BE")
+
+    doAssertRaises(EncodingError):
+      discard convert(original, "unicodeFFFE", "utf-8")
+
+    doAssertRaises(EncodingError):
+      discard convert(original, "utf-32", "utf-8")
+
+    doAssertRaises(EncodingError):
+      discard convert(original, "utf-32BE", "utf-8")
+
+  block should_convert_from_utf16_to_utf8:
+    let original = "\x42\x04\x35\x04\x41\x04\x42\x04" # utf-16 little endian test string "тест"
+    let result = convert(original, "utf-8", "utf-16")
+    doAssert(result == "\xd1\x82\xd0\xb5\xd1\x81\xd1\x82")
+
+  block should_convert_from_utf16_to_win1251:
+    let original = "\x42\x04\x35\x04\x41\x04\x42\x04" # utf-16 little endian test string "тест"
+    let result = convert(original, "windows-1251", "utf-16")
+    doAssert(result == "\xf2\xe5\xf1\xf2")
+
+  block should_convert_from_win1251_to_koi8r:
+    let original = "\xf2\xe5\xf1\xf2" # win1251 test string "тест"
+    let result = convert(original, "koi8-r", "windows-1251")
+    doAssert(result == "\xd4\xc5\xd3\xd4")
+
+  block should_convert_from_koi8r_to_win1251:
+    let original = "\xd4\xc5\xd3\xd4" # koi8r test string "тест"
+    let result = convert(original, "windows-1251", "koi8-r")
+    doAssert(result == "\xf2\xe5\xf1\xf2")
+
+  block should_convert_from_utf8_to_win1251:
+    let original = "\xd1\x82\xd0\xb5\xd1\x81\xd1\x82" # utf-8 test string "тест"
+    let result = convert(original, "windows-1251", "utf-8")
+    doAssert(result == "\xf2\xe5\xf1\xf2")
+
+  block should_convert_from_utf8_to_utf16:
+    let original = "\xd1\x82\xd0\xb5\xd1\x81\xd1\x82" # utf-8 test string "тест"
+    let result = convert(original, "utf-16", "utf-8")
+    doAssert(result == "\x42\x04\x35\x04\x41\x04\x42\x04")
+
+  block should_handle_empty_string_for_any_conversion:
+    let original = ""
+    var result = convert(original, "utf-16", "utf-8")
+    doAssert(result == "")
+    result = convert(original, "utf-8", "utf-16")
+    doAssert(result == "")
+    result = convert(original, "windows-1251", "koi8-r")
+    doAssert(result == "")
+
+
+block:
+  let
+    orig = "öäüß"
+    cp1252 = convert(orig, "CP1252", "UTF-8")
+    ibm850 = convert(cp1252, "ibm850", "CP1252")
+    current = getCurrentEncoding()
+  doAssert orig == "\195\182\195\164\195\188\195\159"
+  doAssert ibm850 == "\148\132\129\225"
+  doAssert convert(ibm850, current, "ibm850") == orig
+
+block: # fixes about #23481
+  doAssertRaises EncodingError:
+    discard open(destEncoding="this is a invalid enc")
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tenumerate.nim b/tests/stdlib/tenumerate.nim
index 7a1c2d10a..2789ebe3a 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tenumerate.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tenumerate.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
 import std/enumerate
+import std/assertions
 
 let a = @[1, 3, 5, 7]
 
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tenumutils.nim b/tests/stdlib/tenumutils.nim
index 11142216c..2662a660d 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tenumutils.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tenumutils.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c js"
 """
 
 import std/enumutils
 from std/sequtils import toSeq
+import std/assertions
 
 template main =
   block: # items
@@ -33,5 +35,15 @@ template main =
     doAssert $b == "kb0"
     static: doAssert B.high.symbolName == "b2"
 
+  block:
+    type
+      Color = enum
+        Red = "red", Yellow = "yellow", Blue = "blue"
+
+    var s = Red
+    doAssert symbolName(s) == "Red"
+    var x: range[Red..Blue] = Yellow
+    doAssert symbolName(x) == "Yellow"
+
 static: main()
 main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tenvvars.nim b/tests/stdlib/tenvvars.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a07f02b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tenvvars.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  joinable: false
+  targets: "c js cpp"
+"""
+
+import std/envvars
+from std/sequtils import toSeq
+import stdtest/testutils
+import std/[assertions]
+
+when not defined(js):
+  import std/typedthreads
+
+# "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE" in UTF-8 (0xc386)
+const unicodeUtf8 = "\xc3\x86"
+
+template main =
+  block: # delEnv, existsEnv, getEnv, envPairs
+    for val in ["val", "", unicodeUtf8]: # ensures empty val works too
+      const key = "NIM_TESTS_TOSENV_KEY"
+      doAssert not existsEnv(key)
+
+      putEnv(key, "tempval")
+      doAssert existsEnv(key)
+      doAssert getEnv(key) == "tempval"
+
+      putEnv(key, val) # change a key that already exists
+      doAssert existsEnv(key)
+      doAssert getEnv(key) == val
+
+      doAssert (key, val) in toSeq(envPairs())
+      delEnv(key)
+      doAssert (key, val) notin toSeq(envPairs())
+      doAssert not existsEnv(key)
+      delEnv(key) # deleting an already deleted env var
+      doAssert not existsEnv(key)
+
+    block:
+      doAssert getEnv("NIM_TESTS_TOSENV_NONEXISTENT", "") == ""
+      doAssert getEnv("NIM_TESTS_TOSENV_NONEXISTENT", " ") == " "
+      doAssert getEnv("NIM_TESTS_TOSENV_NONEXISTENT", "defval") == "defval"
+
+    whenVMorJs: discard # xxx improve
+    do:
+      doAssertRaises(OSError, putEnv("NIM_TESTS_TOSENV_PUT=DUMMY_VALUE", "NEW_DUMMY_VALUE"))
+      doAssertRaises(OSError, putEnv("", "NEW_DUMMY_VALUE"))
+      doAssert not existsEnv("")
+      doAssert not existsEnv("NIM_TESTS_TOSENV_PUT=DUMMY_VALUE")
+      doAssert not existsEnv("NIM_TESTS_TOSENV_PUT")
+
+static: main()
+main()
+
+when defined(windows):
+  import std/widestrs
+  proc c_wgetenv(env: WideCString): WideCString {.importc: "_wgetenv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+proc c_getenv(env: cstring): cstring {.importc: "getenv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+
+when not defined(js) and not defined(nimscript):
+  block: # bug #18533
+    var thr: Thread[void]
+    proc threadFunc {.thread.} = putEnv("foo", "fooVal2")
+
+    putEnv("foo", "fooVal1")
+    doAssert getEnv("foo") == "fooVal1"
+    createThread(thr, threadFunc)
+    joinThreads(thr)
+    when defined(windows):
+      doAssert getEnv("foo") == $c_wgetenv("foo".newWideCString)
+    else:
+      doAssert getEnv("foo") == $c_getenv("foo".cstring)
+
+    doAssertRaises(OSError): delEnv("foo=bar")
+
+when defined(windows) and not defined(nimscript):
+  import std/encodings
+
+  proc c_putenv(env: cstring): int32 {.importc: "putenv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+  proc c_wputenv(env: WideCString): int32 {.importc: "_wputenv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+
+  block: # Bug #20083
+    # These test that `getEnv`, `putEnv` and `existsEnv` handle Unicode
+    # characters correctly. This means that module X in the process calling the
+    # CRT environment variable API will get the correct string. Raw CRT API
+    # calls below represent module X.
+
+    # Getting an env. var. with unicode characters returns the correct UTF-8
+    # encoded string.
+    block:
+      const envName = "twin_envvars1"
+      doAssert c_wputenv(newWideCString(envName & "=" & unicodeUtf8)) == 0
+      doAssert existsEnv(envName)
+      doAssert getEnv(envName) == unicodeUtf8
+
+    # Putting an env. var. with unicode characters gives the correct UTF-16
+    # encoded string from low-level routine.
+    block:
+      const envName = "twin_envvars2"
+      putEnv(envName, unicodeUtf8)
+      doAssert $c_wgetenv(envName.newWideCString) == unicodeUtf8
+
+    # Env. name containing Unicode characters is retrieved correctly
+    block:
+      const envName = unicodeUtf8 & "1"
+      doAssert c_wputenv(newWideCString(envName & "=" & unicodeUtf8)) == 0
+      doAssert existsEnv(envName)
+      doAssert getEnv(envName) == unicodeUtf8
+
+    # Env. name containing Unicode characters is set correctly
+    block:
+      const envName = unicodeUtf8 & "2"
+      putEnv(envName, unicodeUtf8)
+      doAssert existsEnv(envName)
+      doAssert $c_wgetenv(envName.newWideCString) == unicodeUtf8
+
+    # Env. name containing Unicode characters and empty value is set correctly
+    block:
+      const envName = unicodeUtf8 & "3"
+      putEnv(envName, "")
+      doAssert existsEnv(envName)
+      doAssert $c_wgetenv(envName.newWideCString) == ""
+
+    # It's hard to test on Windows code pages, because there is no "change
+    # a process' locale" API.
+    if getCurrentEncoding(true) == "windows-1252":
+      const
+        unicodeAnsi = "\xc6" # `unicodeUtf8` in `windows-1252` encoding
+
+      # Test that env. var. ANSI API has correct encoding
+      block:
+        const
+          envName = unicodeUtf8 & "4"
+          envNameAnsi = unicodeAnsi & "4"
+        putEnv(envName, unicodeUtf8)
+        doAssert $c_getenv(envNameAnsi.cstring) == unicodeAnsi
+
+      block:
+        const
+          envName = unicodeUtf8 & "5"
+          envNameAnsi = unicodeAnsi & "5"
+        doAssert c_putenv((envNameAnsi & "=" & unicodeAnsi).cstring) == 0
+        doAssert getEnv(envName) == unicodeUtf8
+
+      # Env. name containing Unicode characters and empty value is set correctly;
+      # and, if env. name. characters cannot be represented in codepage, don't
+      # raise an error.
+      #
+      # `win_setenv.nim` converts UTF-16 to ANSI when setting empty env. var. The
+      # windows-1250 locale has no representation of `abreveUtf8` below, so the
+      # conversion will fail, but this must not be fatal. It is expected that the
+      # routine ignores updating MBCS environment (`environ` global) and carries
+      # on.
+      block:
+        const
+          # "LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE" in UTF-8
+          abreveUtf8 = "\xc4\x83"
+          envName = abreveUtf8 & "6"
+        putEnv(envName, "")
+        doAssert existsEnv(envName)
+        doAssert $c_wgetenv(envName.newWideCString) == ""
+        doAssert getEnv(envName) == ""
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/texitprocs.nim b/tests/stdlib/texitprocs.nim
index 9d5378fe8..ea29d8f58 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/texitprocs.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/texitprocs.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 targets: "c cpp js"
 output: '''
 ok4
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tfdleak.nim b/tests/stdlib/tfdleak.nim
index 79d7ee0d0..272a7507c 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tfdleak.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tfdleak.nim
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 discard """
   exitcode: 0
   output: ""
-  matrix: "; -d:nimInheritHandles"
+  matrix: "; -d:nimInheritHandles; --mm:refc"
   joinable: false
 """
 
 import os, osproc, strutils, nativesockets, net, selectors, memfiles,
        asyncdispatch, asyncnet
+
+import std/[assertions, syncio]
+
 when defined(windows):
   import winlean
 
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ proc isValidHandle(f: int): bool =
 proc main() =
   if paramCount() == 0:
     # Parent process
-    let f = system.open("__test_fdleak", fmReadWrite)
+    let f = syncio.open("__test_fdleak", fmReadWrite)
     defer: close f
 
     leakCheck(f.getOsFileHandle, "system.open()")
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tfdleak_multiple.nim b/tests/stdlib/tfdleak_multiple.nim
index 22387607f..c26681217 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tfdleak_multiple.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tfdleak_multiple.nim
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ joinable: false
 """
 
 import os, osproc, strutils
+import std/assertions
 
 const Iterations = 200
 
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tfenv.nim b/tests/stdlib/tfenv.nim
index 5bcd1ea7c..a486b8a9d 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tfenv.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tfenv.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import std/fenv
+import std/assertions
 
 
 func is_significant(x: float): bool =
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tfilesanddirs.nim b/tests/stdlib/tfilesanddirs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1920d4f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tfilesanddirs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import std/[paths, files, dirs, appdirs]
+
+from stdtest/specialpaths import buildDir
+import std/[syncio, assertions]
+
+block fileOperations:
+  let files = @[Path"these.txt", Path"are.x", Path"testing.r", Path"files.q"]
+  let dirs = @[Path"some", Path"created", Path"test", Path"dirs"]
+
+  let dname = Path"__really_obscure_dir_name"
+
+  createDir(dname.Path)
+  doAssert dirExists(Path(dname))
+ 
+  # Test creating files and dirs
+  for dir in dirs:
+    createDir(Path(dname/dir))
+    doAssert dirExists(Path(dname/dir))
+
+  for file in files:
+    let fh = open(string(dname/file), fmReadWrite) # createFile
+    fh.close()
+    doAssert fileExists(Path(dname/file))
+
+block: # getCacheDir
+  doAssert getCacheDir().dirExists
+
+block: # moveFile
+  let tempDir = getTempDir() / Path("D20221022T151608")
+  createDir(tempDir)
+  defer: removeDir(tempDir)
+
+block: # moveDir
+  let tempDir = getTempDir() / Path("D20220609T161443")
+  createDir(tempDir)
+  defer: removeDir(tempDir)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tfrexp1.nim b/tests/stdlib/tfrexp1.nim
index 85110231d..aa734ddac 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tfrexp1.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tfrexp1.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "js c cpp"
 """
 
 import std/math
+import std/assertions
 
 const manualTest = false
 
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tgenast.nim b/tests/stdlib/tgenast.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d99c9312e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tgenast.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:orc; --mm:refc"
+"""
+
+# xxx also test on js
+
+import std/genasts
+import std/macros
+from std/strformat import `&`
+import std/assertions
+import ./mgenast
+
+proc main =
+  block:
+    macro bar(x0: static Foo, x1: Foo, x2: Foo, xignored: Foo): untyped =
+      let s0 = "not captured!"
+      let s1 = "not captured!"
+      let xignoredLocal = kfoo4
+
+      # newLit optional:
+      let x3 = newLit kfoo4
+      let x3b = kfoo4
+
+      result = genAstOpt({kDirtyTemplate}, s1=true, s2="asdf", x0, x1=x1, x2, x3, x3b):
+        doAssert not declared(xignored)
+        doAssert not declared(xignoredLocal)
+        (s1, s2, s0, x0, x1, x2, x3, x3b)
+
+    let s0 = "caller scope!"
+
+    doAssert bar(kfoo1, kfoo2, kfoo3, kfoo4) ==
+      (true, "asdf", "caller scope!", kfoo1, kfoo2, kfoo3, kfoo4, kfoo4)
+
+  block:
+    # doesn't have limitation mentioned in https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/122#issue-401636535
+    macro abc(name: untyped): untyped =
+      result = genAst(name):
+        type name = object
+
+    abc(Bar)
+    doAssert Bar.default == Bar()
+
+  block:
+    # backticks parser limitations / ambiguities not are an issue with `genAst`:
+    # (#10326 #9745 are fixed but `quote do` still has underlying ambiguity issue
+    # with backticks)
+    type Foo = object
+      a: int
+
+    macro m1(): untyped =
+      # result = quote do: # Error: undeclared identifier: 'a1'
+      result = genAst:
+        template `a1=`(x: var Foo, val: int) =
+          x.a = val
+
+    m1()
+    var x0: Foo
+    x0.a1 = 10
+    doAssert x0 == Foo(a: 10)
+
+  block:
+    # avoids bug #7375
+    macro fun(b: static[bool], b2: bool): untyped =
+      result = newStmtList()
+    macro foo(c: bool): untyped =
+      var b = false
+      result = genAst(b, c):
+        fun(b, c)
+
+    foo(true)
+
+  block:
+    # avoids bug #7589
+    # since `==` works with genAst, the problem goes away
+    macro foo2(): untyped =
+      # result = quote do: # Error: '==' cannot be passed to a procvar
+      result = genAst:
+        `==`(3,4)
+    doAssert not foo2()
+
+  block:
+    # avoids bug #7726
+    # expressions such as `a.len` are just passed as arguments to `genAst`, and
+    # caller scope is not polluted with definitions such as `let b = newLit a.len`
+    macro foo(): untyped =
+      let a = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+      result = genAst(a, b = a.len): # shows 2 ways to get a.len
+        (a.len, b)
+    doAssert foo() == (5, 5)
+
+  block:
+    # avoids bug #9607
+    proc fun1(info:LineInfo): string = "bar1"
+    proc fun2(info:int): string = "bar2"
+
+    macro bar2(args: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
+      let info = args.lineInfoObj
+      let fun1 = bindSym"fun1" # optional; we can remove this and also the
+      # capture of fun1, as show in next example
+      result = genAst(info, fun1):
+        (fun1(info), fun2(info.line))
+    doAssert bar2() == ("bar1", "bar2")
+
+    macro bar3(args: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
+      let info = args.lineInfoObj
+      result = genAst(info):
+        (fun1(info), fun2(info.line))
+    doAssert bar3() == ("bar1", "bar2")
+
+    macro bar(args: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
+      let info = args.lineInfoObj
+      let fun1 = bindSym"fun1"
+      let fun2 = bindSym"fun2"
+      result = genAstOpt({kDirtyTemplate}, info):
+        (fun1(info), fun2(info.line))
+    doAssert bar() == ("bar1", "bar2")
+
+  block:
+    # example from bug #7889 works
+    # after changing method call syntax to regular call syntax; this is a
+    # limitation described in bug #7085
+    # note that `quote do` would also work after that change in this example.
+    doAssert bindme2() == kfoo1
+    doAssert bindme3() == kfoo1
+    doAssert not compiles(bindme4()) # correctly gives Error: undeclared identifier: 'myLocalPriv'
+    proc myLocalPriv2(): auto = kfoo2
+    doAssert bindme5UseExpose() == kfoo1
+
+    # example showing hijacking behavior when using `kDirtyTemplate`
+    doAssert bindme5UseExposeFalse() == kfoo2
+      # local `myLocalPriv2` hijacks symbol `mgenast.myLocalPriv2`. In most
+      # use cases this is probably not what macro writer intends as it's
+      # surprising; hence `kDirtyTemplate` is not the default.
+
+    when nimvm: # disabled because `newStringStream` is used
+      discard
+    else:
+      bindme6UseExpose()
+      bindme6UseExposeFalse()
+
+  block:
+    macro mbar(x3: Foo, x3b: static Foo): untyped =
+      var x1=kfoo3
+      var x2=newLit kfoo3
+      var x4=kfoo3
+      var xLocal=kfoo3
+
+      proc funLocal(): auto = kfoo4
+
+      result = genAst(x1, x2, x3, x4):
+        # local x1 overrides remote x1
+        when false:
+          # one advantage of using `kDirtyTemplate` is that these would hold:
+          doAssert not declared xLocal
+          doAssert not compiles(echo xLocal)
+          # however, even without it, we at least correctly generate CT error
+          # if trying to use un-captured symbol; this correctly gives:
+          # Error: internal error: environment misses: xLocal
+          echo xLocal
+
+        proc foo1(): auto =
+          # note that `funLocal` is captured implicitly, according to hygienic
+          # template rules; with `kDirtyTemplate` it would not unless
+          # captured in `genAst` capture list explicitly
+          (a0: xRemote, a1: x1, a2: x2, a3: x3, a4: x4, a5: funLocal())
+
+      return result
+
+    proc main()=
+      var xRemote=kfoo1
+      var x1=kfoo2
+      mbar(kfoo4, kfoo4)
+      doAssert foo1() == (a0: kfoo1, a1: kfoo3, a2: kfoo3, a3: kfoo4, a4: kfoo3, a5: kfoo4)
+
+    main()
+
+  block:
+    # With `kDirtyTemplate`, the example from #8220 works.
+    # See https://nim-lang.github.io/Nim/strformat.html#limitations for
+    # an explanation of why {.dirty.} is needed.
+    macro foo(): untyped =
+      result = genAstOpt({kDirtyTemplate}):
+        let bar = "Hello, World"
+        &"Let's interpolate {bar} in the string"
+    doAssert foo() == "Let's interpolate Hello, World in the string"
+
+
+  block: # nested application of genAst
+    macro createMacro(name, obj, field: untyped): untyped =
+      result = genAst(obj = newDotExpr(obj, field), lit = 10, name, field):
+        # can't reuse `result` here, would clash
+        macro name(arg: untyped): untyped =
+          genAst(arg2=arg): # somehow `arg2` rename is needed
+            (obj, astToStr(field), lit, arg2)
+
+    var x = @[1, 2, 3]
+    createMacro foo, x, len
+    doAssert (foo 20) == (3, "len", 10, 20)
+
+  block: # test with kNoNewLit
+    macro bar(): untyped =
+      let s1 = true
+      template boo(x): untyped =
+        fun(x)
+      result = genAstOpt({kNoNewLit}, s1=newLit(s1), s1b=s1): (s1, s1b)
+    doAssert bar() == (true, 1)
+
+  block: # sanity check: check passing `{}` also works
+    macro bar(): untyped =
+      result = genAstOpt({}, s1=true): s1
+    doAssert bar() == true
+
+  block: # test passing function and type symbols
+    proc z1(): auto = 41
+    type Z4 = type(1'i8)
+    macro bar(Z1: typedesc): untyped =
+      proc z2(): auto = 42
+      proc z3[T](a: T): auto = 43
+      let Z2 = genAst():
+        type(true)
+      let z4 = genAst():
+        proc myfun(): auto = 44
+        myfun
+      type Z3 = type(1'u8)
+      result = genAst(z4, Z1, Z2):
+        # z1, z2, z3, Z3, Z4 are captured automatically
+        # z1, z2, z3 can optionally be specified in capture list
+        (z1(), z2(), z3('a'), z4(), $Z1, $Z2, $Z3, $Z4)
+    type Z1 = type('c')
+    doAssert bar(Z1) == (41, 42, 43, 44, "char", "bool", "uint8", "int8")
+
+  block: # fix bug #11986
+    proc foo(): auto =
+      var s = { 'a', 'b' }
+      # var n = quote do: `s` # would print {97, 98}
+      var n = genAst(s): s
+      n.repr
+    static: doAssert foo() == "{'a', 'b'}"
+
+  block: # also from #11986
+    macro foo(): untyped =
+      var s = { 'a', 'b' }
+      # quote do:
+      #   let t = `s`
+      #   $typeof(t) # set[range 0..65535(int)]
+      genAst(s):
+        let t = s
+        $typeof(t)
+    doAssert foo() == "set[char]"
+
+  block:
+    macro foo(): untyped =
+      type Foo = object
+      template baz2(a: int): untyped = a*10
+      macro baz3(a: int): untyped = newLit 13
+      result = newStmtList()
+
+      result.add genAst(Foo, baz2, baz3) do: # shows you can pass types, templates etc
+        var x: Foo
+        $($typeof(x), baz2(3), baz3(4))
+
+      let ret = genAst() do: # shows you don't have to, since they're inject'd
+        var x: Foo
+        $($typeof(x), baz2(3), baz3(4))
+    doAssert foo() == """("Foo", 30, 13)"""
+
+  block: # illustrates how symbol visiblity can be controlled precisely using `mixin`
+    proc locafun1(): auto = "in locafun1 (caller scope)" # this will be used because of `mixin locafun1` => explicit hijacking is ok
+    proc locafun2(): auto = "in locafun2 (caller scope)" # this won't be used => no hijacking
+    proc locafun3(): auto = "in locafun3 (caller scope)"
+    doAssert mixinExample() == ("in locafun1 (caller scope)", "in locafun2", "in locafun3 (caller scope)")
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tgetaddrinfo.nim b/tests/stdlib/tgetaddrinfo.nim
index ed8ec8b68..3a90034c8 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tgetaddrinfo.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tgetaddrinfo.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   exitcode: 0
   output: ""
 """
@@ -6,6 +7,7 @@ discard """
 # bug: https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/10198
 
 import nativesockets
+import std/assertions
 
 block DGRAM_UDP:
   let aiList = getAddrInfo("127.0.0.1", 999.Port, AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tgetfileinfo.nim b/tests/stdlib/tgetfileinfo.nim
index 19de193e4..ae1480a4c 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tgetfileinfo.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tgetfileinfo.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   output: "pcDir\npcFile\npcLinkToDir\npcLinkToFile\n"
+  joinable: false
 """
 
 import os, strutils
+import std/[syncio, assertions]
 # Cases
 #  1 - String : Existing File : Symlink true
 #  2 - String : Existing File : Symlink false
@@ -125,10 +128,37 @@ proc testGetFileInfo =
       echo pcLinkToDir
       echo pcLinkToFile
 
+    doAssert dirInfo.isSpecial == false
+    doAssert fileInfo.isSpecial == false
+    when defined(posix):
+      doAssert linkDirInfo.isSpecial == false
+      doAssert linkFileInfo.isSpecial == false
+
     removeDir(dirPath)
     removeFile(filePath)
     when defined(posix):
       removeFile(linkDirPath)
       removeFile(linkFilePath)
 
+  # Test that `isSpecial` is set correctly
+  block:
+    when defined(posix):
+      let
+        tmp = getTempDir()
+        fifoPath     = tmp / "test-fifo"
+        linkFifoPath = tmp / "test-link-fifo"
+
+      doAssert execShellCmd("mkfifo " & fifoPath) == 0
+      createSymlink(fifoPath, linkFifoPath)
+
+      let
+        fifoInfo = getFileInfo(fifoPath)
+        linkFifoInfo = getFileInfo(linkFifoPath)
+
+      doAssert fifoInfo.isSpecial == true
+      doAssert linkFifoInfo.isSpecial == true
+
+      removeFile(fifoPath)
+      removeFile(linkFifoPath)
+
 testGetFileInfo()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tgetprotobyname.nim b/tests/stdlib/tgetprotobyname.nim
index b4df05102..1fc060ffe 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tgetprotobyname.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tgetprotobyname.nim
@@ -1,18 +1,9 @@
 discard """
-  cmd:      "nim c -r --styleCheck:hint --panics:on $options $file"
-  targets:  "c"
-  nimout:   ""
-  action:   "run"
-  exitcode: 0
-  timeout:  60.0
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 """
 
 import nativesockets
-
-
-when not defined(netbsd):
-  # Ref: https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/15452 - NetBSD doesn't define an `ip` protocol
-  doAssert getProtoByName("ip") == 0
+import std/assertions
 
 doAssert getProtoByName("ipv6") == 41
 doAssert getProtoByName("tcp") == 6
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tglobs.nim b/tests/stdlib/tglobs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4aa21992c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tglobs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
+import std/private/globs
+import std/assertions
+
+template main =
+  when defined(windows):
+    doAssert nativeToUnixPath("C:") == "/C"
+    doAssert nativeToUnixPath(r"D:\") == "/D/"
+    doAssert nativeToUnixPath(r"E:\a") == "/E/a"
+    doAssert nativeToUnixPath(r"E:\a1\") == "/E/a1/"
+    doAssert nativeToUnixPath(r"E:\a1\bc") == "/E/a1/bc"
+    doAssert nativeToUnixPath(r"\a1\bc") == "/a1/bc"
+    doAssert nativeToUnixPath(r"a1\bc") == "a1/bc"
+    doAssert nativeToUnixPath("a1") == "a1"
+    doAssert nativeToUnixPath("") == ""
+    doAssert nativeToUnixPath(".") == "."
+    doAssert nativeToUnixPath("..") == ".."
+    doAssert nativeToUnixPath(r"..\") == "../"
+    doAssert nativeToUnixPath(r"..\..\.\") == "../.././"
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/thashes.nim b/tests/stdlib/thashes.nim
index a4487c8c0..4555fbcb3 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/thashes.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/thashes.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 discard """
-  targets: "c cpp js"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc; --backend:cpp; --backend:js --jsbigint64:on; --backend:c -d:nimStringHash2; --backend:cpp -d:nimStringHash2; --backend:js -d:nimStringHash2"
 """
 
 import std/hashes
-
+from stdtest/testutils import disableVm, whenVMorJs
+import std/assertions
 
 when not defined(js) and not defined(cpp):
   block:
@@ -28,6 +29,10 @@ block hashes:
     const wy123 = hashWangYi1(123)
     doAssert wy123 != 0
     doAssert hashWangYi1(123) == wy123
+    const wyNeg123 = hashWangYi1(-123)
+    doAssert wyNeg123 != 0
+    when not defined(js): # TODO: fixme it doesn't work for JS
+      doAssert hashWangYi1(-123) == wyNeg123
 
 
   # "hashIdentity value incorrect at 456"
@@ -41,20 +46,31 @@ block hashes:
     else:
       doAssert hashWangYi1(456) == -6421749900419628582
 
+template jsNoInt64: untyped =
+  when defined js:
+    when compiles(compileOption("jsbigint64")):
+      when not compileOption("jsbigint64"): true
+      else: false
+    else: false
+  else: false
+const sHash2 = (when defined(nimStringHash2) or jsNoInt64(): true else: false)
+
 block empty:
+  const emptyStrHash = # Hash=int=4B on js even w/--jsbigint64:on => cast[Hash]
+    when sHash2: 0 else: cast[Hash](-7286425919675154353i64)
   var
     a = ""
     b = newSeq[char]()
     c = newSeq[int]()
     d = cstring""
     e = "abcd"
-  doAssert hash(a) == 0
-  doAssert hash(b) == 0
+  doAssert hash(a) == emptyStrHash
+  doAssert hash(b) == emptyStrHash
   doAssert hash(c) == 0
-  doAssert hash(d) == 0
+  doAssert hash(d) == emptyStrHash
   doAssert hashIgnoreCase(a) == 0
   doAssert hashIgnoreStyle(a) == 0
-  doAssert hash(e, 3, 2) == 0
+  doAssert hash(e, 3, 2) == emptyStrHash
 
 block sameButDifferent:
   doAssert hash("aa bb aaaa1234") == hash("aa bb aaaa1234", 0, 13)
@@ -87,7 +103,11 @@ block largeSize: # longer than 4 characters
 
 proc main() =
   doAssert hash(0.0) == hash(0)
-  doAssert hash(cstring"abracadabra") == 97309975
+  # bug #16061
+  when not sHash2: # Hash=int=4B on js even w/--jsbigint64:on => cast[Hash]
+    doAssert hash(cstring"abracadabra") == cast[Hash](-1119910118870047694i64)
+  else:
+    doAssert hash(cstring"abracadabra") == 97309975
   doAssert hash(cstring"abracadabra") == hash("abracadabra")
 
   when sizeof(int) == 8 or defined(js):
@@ -176,5 +196,47 @@ proc main() =
     doAssert hash(Obj5(t: false, x: 1)) == hash(Obj5(t: true, y: 1))
     doAssert hash(Obj5(t: false, x: 1)) != hash(Obj5(t: true, y: 2))
 
+  block: # hash(ref|ptr|pointer)
+    var a: array[10, uint8]
+    # disableVm:
+    whenVMorJs:
+      # pending fix proposed in https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/15952#issuecomment-786312417
+      discard
+    do:
+      doAssert a[0].addr.hash != a[1].addr.hash
+      doAssert cast[pointer](a[0].addr).hash == a[0].addr.hash
+
+  block: # hash(ref)
+    type A = ref object
+      x: int
+    let a = A(x: 3)
+    disableVm: # xxx Error: VM does not support 'cast' from tyRef to tyPointer
+      let ha = a.hash
+      doAssert ha != A(x: 3).hash # A(x: 3) is a different ref object from `a`.
+      a.x = 4
+      doAssert ha == a.hash # the hash only depends on the address
+
+  block: # hash(proc)
+    proc fn(a: int): auto = a*2
+    doAssert fn isnot "closure"
+    doAssert fn is (proc)
+    const fn2 = fn
+    let fn3 = fn
+    whenVMorJs: discard
+    do:
+      doAssert hash(fn2) == hash(fn)
+      doAssert hash(fn3) == hash(fn)
+
+  block: # hash(closure)
+    proc outer() =
+      var a = 0
+      proc inner() = a.inc
+      doAssert inner is "closure"
+      let inner2 = inner
+      whenVMorJs: discard
+      do:
+        doAssert hash(inner2) == hash(inner)
+    outer()
+
 static: main()
 main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/theapqueue.nim b/tests/stdlib/theapqueue.nim
index 3b68166af..afb09c7e3 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/theapqueue.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/theapqueue.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
-import std/heapqueue
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
 
+import std/heapqueue
+import std/assertions
 
 proc toSortedSeq[T](h: HeapQueue[T]): seq[T] =
   var tmp = h
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/thighlite.nim b/tests/stdlib/thighlite.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0cd334254
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/thighlite.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
+import unittest, strutils
+import ../../lib/packages/docutils/highlite
+import std/objectdollar
+
+block: # Nim tokenizing
+  test "string literals and escape seq":
+    check("\"ok1\\nok2\\nok3\"".tokenize(langNim) ==
+       @[("\"ok1", gtStringLit), ("\\n", gtEscapeSequence), ("ok2", gtStringLit),
+         ("\\n", gtEscapeSequence), ("ok3\"", gtStringLit)
+      ])
+    check("\"\"\"ok1\\nok2\\nok3\"\"\"".tokenize(langNim) ==
+       @[("\"\"\"ok1\\nok2\\nok3\"\"\"", gtLongStringLit)
+      ])
+
+  test "whitespace at beginning of line is preserved":
+    check("  discard 1".tokenize(langNim) ==
+       @[("  ", gtWhitespace), ("discard", gtKeyword), (" ", gtWhitespace),
+         ("1", gtDecNumber)
+       ])
+
+block: # Cmd (shell) tokenizing
+  test "cmd with dollar and output":
+    check(
+      dedent"""
+        $ nim c file.nim
+        out: file [SuccessX]"""
+        .tokenize(langConsole) ==
+      @[("$ ", gtPrompt), ("nim", gtProgram),
+        (" ", gtWhitespace), ("c", gtOption), (" ", gtWhitespace),
+        ("file.nim", gtIdentifier), ("\n", gtWhitespace),
+        ("out: file [SuccessX]", gtProgramOutput)
+      ])
+
+block: # bug #21232
+  let code = "/"
+  var toknizr: GeneralTokenizer
+
+  initGeneralTokenizer(toknizr, code)
+
+  getNextToken(toknizr, langC)
+  check $toknizr == """(kind: gtOperator, start: 0, length: 1, buf: "/", pos: 1, state: gtEof, lang: langC)"""
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/thtmlparser.nim b/tests/stdlib/thtmlparser.nim
index f35785b25..853a1c0cc 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/thtmlparser.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/thtmlparser.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c js"
   output: '''
 true
@@ -11,7 +12,7 @@ import htmlparser
 import xmltree
 import strutils
 from streams import newStringStream
-
+import std/assertions
 
 block t2813:
   const
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/thttpclient.nim b/tests/stdlib/thttpclient.nim
index e81590d95..0bd479670 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/thttpclient.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/thttpclient.nim
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ from net import TimeoutError
 
 import nativesockets, os, httpclient, asyncdispatch
 
+import std/[assertions, syncio]
+from stdtest/testutils import enableRemoteNetworking
+
 const manualTests = false
 
 proc makeIPv6HttpServer(hostname: string, port: Port,
@@ -21,7 +24,7 @@ proc makeIPv6HttpServer(hostname: string, port: Port,
   let fd = createNativeSocket(AF_INET6)
   setSockOptInt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
   var aiList = getAddrInfo(hostname, port, AF_INET6)
-  if bindAddr(fd, aiList.ai_addr, aiList.ai_addrlen.Socklen) < 0'i32:
+  if bindAddr(fd, aiList.ai_addr, aiList.ai_addrlen.SockLen) < 0'i32:
     freeAddrInfo(aiList)
     raiseOSError(osLastError())
   freeAddrInfo(aiList)
@@ -50,12 +53,13 @@ proc asyncTest() {.async.} =
   doAssert("<title>Example Domain</title>" in body)
 
   resp = await client.request("http://example.com/404")
-  doAssert(resp.code.is4xx)
-  doAssert(resp.code == Http404)
-  doAssert(resp.status == $Http404)
+  doAssert(resp.code.is4xx or resp.code.is5xx)
+  doAssert(resp.code == Http404 or resp.code == Http500)
+  doAssert(resp.status == $Http404 or resp.status == $Http500)
 
-  resp = await client.request("https://google.com/")
-  doAssert(resp.code.is2xx or resp.code.is3xx)
+  when false: # occasionally does not give success code 
+    resp = await client.request("https://google.com/")
+    doAssert(resp.code.is2xx or resp.code.is3xx)
 
   # getContent
   try:
@@ -111,12 +115,13 @@ proc syncTest() =
   doAssert("<title>Example Domain</title>" in resp.body)
 
   resp = client.request("http://example.com/404")
-  doAssert(resp.code.is4xx)
-  doAssert(resp.code == Http404)
-  doAssert(resp.status == $Http404)
+  doAssert(resp.code.is4xx or resp.code.is5xx)
+  doAssert(resp.code == Http404 or resp.code == Http500)
+  doAssert(resp.status == $Http404 or resp.status == $Http500)
 
-  resp = client.request("https://google.com/")
-  doAssert(resp.code.is2xx or resp.code.is3xx)
+  when false: # occasionally does not give success code
+    resp = client.request("https://google.com/")
+    doAssert(resp.code.is2xx or resp.code.is3xx)
 
   # getContent
   try:
@@ -176,5 +181,7 @@ proc ipv6Test() =
   client.close()
 
 ipv6Test()
-syncTest()
-waitFor(asyncTest())
+
+when enableRemoteNetworking:
+  syncTest()
+  waitFor(asyncTest())
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/thttpclient_ssl.nim b/tests/stdlib/thttpclient_ssl.nim
index 1c531eae9..6b963f029 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/thttpclient_ssl.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/thttpclient_ssl.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  cmd: "nim $target --threads:on -d:ssl $options $file"
+  cmd: "nim $target --mm:refc -d:ssl $options $file"
   disabled: "openbsd"
 """
 
@@ -13,9 +13,12 @@ discard """
 ## Test with:
 ## ./bin/nim c -d:ssl -p:. --threads:on -r tests/stdlib/thttpclient_ssl.nim
 
-when not defined(windows):
-  # Disabled on Windows due to old OpenSSL version
 
+from stdtest/testutils import disableSSLTesting
+
+when not defined(windows) and not disableSSLTesting():
+  # Disabled on Windows due to old OpenSSL version
+  import std/[formatfloat, syncio]
   import
     httpclient,
     net,
@@ -129,3 +132,19 @@ when not defined(windows):
           msg.contains("certificate verify failed")):
           echo "CVerifyPeer exception: " & msg
           check(false)
+
+    test "HttpClient with CVerifyPeerUseEnvVars":
+      const port = 12346.Port
+      let t = spawn runServer(port)
+      sleep(100)
+
+      putEnv("SSL_CERT_FILE", getCurrentDir() / certFile)
+      var client = newHttpClient(sslContext=newContext(verifyMode=CVerifyPeerUseEnvVars))
+      try:
+        log "client: connect"
+        discard client.getContent("https://127.0.0.1:12346")
+      except:
+        let msg = getCurrentExceptionMsg()
+        log "client: exception: " & msg
+        log "getContent should not have raised an exception"
+        fail()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/thttpclient_standalone.nim b/tests/stdlib/thttpclient_standalone.nim
index 44a88e91e..2f432eede 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/thttpclient_standalone.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/thttpclient_standalone.nim
@@ -2,22 +2,58 @@ discard """
   cmd: "nim c --threads:on $file"
 """
 
-import asynchttpserver, httpclient, asyncdispatch
+import asynchttpserver, httpclient, asyncdispatch, strutils, net
+
+import std/assertions
 
 block: # bug #16436
-  proc startServer() {.async.} =
+  proc startServer(): AsyncHttpServer =
+    result = newAsyncHttpServer()
+    result.listen(Port(0))
+
+  proc processRequest(server: AsyncHttpServer) {.async.} =
     proc cb(req: Request) {.async.} =
       let headers = { "Content-length": "15"} # Provide invalid content-length
       await req.respond(Http200, "Hello World", headers.newHttpHeaders())
 
-    var server = newAsyncHttpServer()
-    await server.serve(Port(5555), cb)
+    await server.acceptRequest(cb)
 
-  proc runClient() {.async.} =
+  proc runClient(port: Port) {.async.} =
     let c = newAsyncHttpClient(headers = {"Connection": "close"}.newHttpHeaders)
-    let r = await c.getContent("http://127.0.0.1:5555")
+    discard await c.getContent("http://127.0.0.1:" & $port)
     doAssert false, "should fail earlier"
 
-  asyncCheck startServer()
+  let server = startServer()
+  asyncCheck processRequest(server)
+  let port = server.getPort()
   doAssertRaises(ProtocolError):
-    waitFor runClient()
+    waitFor runClient(port)
+
+block: # bug #14794 (And test for presence of content-length header when using postContent)
+  proc startServer(): AsyncHttpServer =
+    result = newAsyncHttpServer()
+    result.listen(Port(0))
+
+  proc runServer(server: AsyncHttpServer) {.async.} =
+    proc cb(req: Request) {.async.} =
+      doAssert(req.body.endsWith(httpNewLine), "Multipart body does not end with a newline.")
+      # this next line is probably not required because asynchttpserver does not call
+      # the callback when there is no content-length header.  It instead errors with 
+      # Error: unhandled exception: 411 Length Required
+      # Added for good measure in case the server becomes more permissive.
+      doAssert(req.headers.hasKey("content-length"), "Content-Length header is not present.")
+      asyncCheck req.respond(Http200, "OK")
+
+    await server.acceptRequest(cb)
+
+  proc runClient(port: Port) {.async.} =
+    let c = newAsyncHttpClient()
+    let data = newMultipartData()
+    data.add("file.txt", "This is intended to be an example text file.\r\nThis would be the second line.\r\n")
+    discard await c.postContent("http://127.0.0.1:" & $port, multipart = data)
+    c.close()
+
+  let server = startServer()
+  let port = server.getPort()
+  asyncCheck runServer(server)
+  waitFor runClient(port)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/thttpcore.nim b/tests/stdlib/thttpcore.nim
index 6f88e9536..93e7d85c6 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/thttpcore.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/thttpcore.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
 import httpcore, strutils
+import std/assertions
 
 block:
   block HttpCode:
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/timportutils.nim b/tests/stdlib/timportutils.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..672092282
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/timportutils.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
+import std/[importutils, assertions]
+import stdtest/testutils
+import mimportutils
+
+template main =
+  block: # privateAccess
+    assertAll:
+      var a: A
+      var b = initB() # B is private
+      compiles(a.a0)
+      compiles(b.b0)
+      not compiles(a.ha1)
+      not compiles(b.hb1)
+
+    block:
+      assertAll:
+        privateAccess A
+        compiles(a.ha1)
+        a.ha1 == 0.0
+        not compiles(a.hb1)
+        privateAccess b.typeof
+        b.hb1 = 3
+        type B2 = b.typeof
+        let b2 = B2(b0: 4, hb1: 5)
+        b.hb1 == 3
+        b2 == B2(b0: 4, hb1: 5)
+
+    assertAll:
+      not compiles(a.ha1)
+      not compiles(b.hb1)
+
+    block:
+      assertAll:
+        not compiles(C(c0: 1, hc1: 2))
+        privateAccess C
+        let c = C(c0: 1, hc1: 2)
+        c.hc1 == 2
+
+    block:
+      assertAll:
+        not compiles(E[int](he1: 1))
+        privateAccess E[int]
+        var e = E[int](he1: 1)
+        e.he1 == 1
+        e.he1 = 2
+        e.he1 == 2
+        e.he1 += 3
+        e.he1 == 5
+        # xxx caveat: this currently compiles but in future, we may want
+        # to make `privateAccess E[int]` only affect a specific instantiation;
+        # note that `privateAccess E` does work to cover all instantiations.
+        var e2 = E[float](he1: 1)
+
+    block:
+      assertAll:
+        not compiles(E[int](he1: 1))
+        privateAccess E
+        var e = E[int](he1: 1)
+        e.he1 == 1
+
+    block:
+      assertAll:
+        not compiles(F[int, int](h3: 1))
+        privateAccess F[int, int]
+        var e = F[int, int](h3: 1)
+        e.h3 == 1
+
+    block:
+      assertAll:
+        not compiles(F[int, int](h3: 1))
+        privateAccess F[int, int].default[].typeof
+        var e = F[int, int](h3: 1)
+        e.h3 == 1
+
+    block:
+      assertAll:
+        var a = G[int]()
+        var b = a.addr
+        privateAccess b.type
+        discard b.he1
+        discard b[][].he1
+
+    block:
+      assertAll:
+        privateAccess H[int]
+        var a = H[int](h5: 2)
+
+    block:
+      assertAll:
+        privateAccess PA
+        var pa = PA(a0: 1, ha1: 2)
+        pa.ha1 == 2
+        pa.ha1 = 3
+        pa.ha1 == 3
+
+    block:
+      assertAll:
+        var b = BAalias()
+        not compiles(b.hb1)
+        privateAccess BAalias
+        discard b.hb1
+
+    block:
+      assertAll:
+        var a = A(a0: 1)
+        var a2 = a.addr
+        not compiles(a2.ha1)
+        privateAccess PtA
+        a2.type is PtA
+        a2.ha1 = 2
+        a2.ha1 == 2
+        a.ha1 = 3
+        a2.ha1 == 3
+
+    block:
+      disableVm:
+        assertAll:
+          var a = A.create()
+          defer: dealloc(a)
+          a is PtA
+          a.typeof is PtA
+          not compiles(a.ha1)
+          privateAccess a.typeof
+          a.ha1 = 2
+          a.ha1 == 2
+          a[].ha1 = 3
+          a.ha1 == 3
+
+    block:
+      disableVm:
+        assertAll:
+          var a = A.create()
+          defer: dealloc(a)
+          privateAccess PtA
+          a.ha1 == 0
+
+    block:
+      privateAccess PityRef
+      let x = PityRef[int](a: 1)  # works
+      doAssert x.a == 1
+
+      privateAccess Hope
+      let y = Hope[int](a: 1)
+      doAssert y.a == 1
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tio.nim b/tests/stdlib/tio.nim
index 0da64f9c2..80a119763 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tio.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tio.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
 # xxx move to here other tests that belong here; io is a proper module
 
 import std/os
 from stdtest/specialpaths import buildDir
+import std/[assertions, syncio]
 
 block: # readChars
   let file = buildDir / "D20201118T205105.txt"
@@ -35,3 +40,21 @@ block: # readChars
         break
     doAssert n2s == @[2,2,2,1,0]
     doAssert s2 == s
+
+
+import std/strutils
+
+block: # bug #21273
+  let FILE = buildDir / "D20220119T134305.txt"
+
+  let hex = "313632313920313632343720313632353920313632363020313632393020323035363520323037323120323131353020323239393820323331303520323332313020323332343820323332363820"
+
+
+  writeFile FILE, parseHexStr(hex)
+
+  doAssert readFile(FILE).toHex == hex
+
+  let f = open(FILE)
+  var s = newString(80)
+  while f.readLine(s):
+    doAssert s.toHex == hex
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tisolation.nim b/tests/stdlib/tisolation.nim
index 11c51fe05..18b83ea2e 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tisolation.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tisolation.nim
@@ -4,71 +4,91 @@ discard """
 """
 
 import std/[isolation, json]
+import std/[assertions, objectdollar]
 
 
+proc main(moveZeroesOut: static bool) =
+  block:
+    type
+      Empty = ref object
+
+
+    var x = isolate(Empty())
+    discard extract(x)
 
-proc main() =
   block: # string literals
     var data = isolate("string")
     doAssert data.extract == "string"
-    doAssert data.extract == ""
+    if moveZeroesOut:
+      doAssert data.extract == ""
 
   block: # string literals
     var data = isolate("")
     doAssert data.extract == ""
-    doAssert data.extract == ""
+    if moveZeroesOut:
+      doAssert data.extract == ""
 
   block:
     var src = "string"
     var data = isolate(move src)
     doAssert data.extract == "string"
-    doAssert src.len == 0
+    if moveZeroesOut:
+      doAssert src.len == 0
 
   block: # int literals
     var data = isolate(1)
     doAssert data.extract == 1
-    doAssert data.extract == 0
+    if moveZeroesOut:
+      doAssert data.extract == 0
 
   block: # float literals
     var data = isolate(1.6)
     doAssert data.extract == 1.6
-    doAssert data.extract == 0.0
+    if moveZeroesOut:
+      doAssert data.extract == 0.0
 
   block:
     var data = isolate(@["1", "2"])
     doAssert data.extract == @["1", "2"]
-    doAssert data.extract == @[]
+    if moveZeroesOut:
+      doAssert data.extract == @[]
 
   block:
     var data = isolate(@["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"])
     doAssert data.extract == @["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"]
-    doAssert data.extract == @[]
+    if moveZeroesOut:
+      doAssert data.extract == @[]
 
   block:
     var data = isolate(@["", ""])
     doAssert data.extract == @["", ""]
-    doAssert data.extract == @[]
+    if moveZeroesOut:
+      doAssert data.extract == @[]
 
   block:
     var src = @["1", "2"]
     var data = isolate(move src)
     doAssert data.extract == @["1", "2"]
-    doAssert src.len == 0
+    if moveZeroesOut:
+      doAssert src.len == 0
 
   block:
     var data = isolate(@[1, 2])
     doAssert data.extract == @[1, 2]
-    doAssert data.extract == @[]
+    if moveZeroesOut:
+      doAssert data.extract == @[]
 
   block:
     var data = isolate(["1", "2"])
     doAssert data.extract == ["1", "2"]
-    doAssert data.extract == ["", ""]
+    if moveZeroesOut:
+      doAssert data.extract == ["", ""]
 
   block:
     var data = isolate([1, 2])
     doAssert data.extract == [1, 2]
-    doAssert data.extract == [0, 0]
+    if moveZeroesOut:
+      doAssert data.extract == [0, 0]
 
   block:
     type
@@ -111,5 +131,5 @@ proc main() =
     doAssert $x == """@[(value: "1234")]"""
 
 
-static: main()
-main()
+static: main(moveZeroesOut = false)
+main(moveZeroesOut = true)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tjsbigints.nim b/tests/stdlib/tjsbigints.nim
index 34c5ddfbf..29b0ac3e7 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tjsbigints.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tjsbigints.nim
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ discard """
   targets: "js"
 """
 
-import std/jsbigints
+import std/[jsbigints, assertions]
 
 
 let big1: JsBigInt = big"2147483647"
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ doAssert big1.toCstring(10) == "2147483647".cstring
 doAssert big2 ** big3 == big(443556)
 var huge = big"999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999"
 huge.inc
-huge = huge + big"-999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999"
+huge = huge + -999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999'big
 doAssert huge == big"1"
 var list: seq[JsBigInt]
 for i in big"0" .. big"5":
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ for i in big"0" ..< big"5":
 doAssert list == @[big"0", big"1", big"2", big"3", big"4"]
 
 block:
-  let b = big"2"
-  doAssert -b ** big"3" == big"-8"
+  let b = 2'big
+  doAssert -b ** 3'big == -8'big
   doAssert -b ** big"2" == big"4" # not -4 because of precedence
   doAssert -big"3" == big"-3"
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tjson.nim b/tests/stdlib/tjson.nim
index ceb9efb0e..e425501f6 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tjson.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tjson.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  targets: "c cpp js"
+  matrix: "; --backend:cpp; --backend:js --jsbigint64:off -d:nimStringHash2; --backend:js --jsbigint64:on"
 """
 
 
@@ -8,14 +8,31 @@ Note: Macro tests are in tests/stdlib/tjsonmacro.nim
 ]#
 
 import std/[json,parsejson,strutils]
+import std/private/jsutils
+from std/math import isNaN
 when not defined(js):
   import std/streams
+import stdtest/testutils
+from std/fenv import epsilon
+import std/[assertions, objectdollar]
 
 proc testRoundtrip[T](t: T, expected: string) =
+  # checks that `T => json => T2 => json2` is such that json2 = json
   let j = %t
   doAssert $j == expected, $j
   doAssert %(j.to(T)) == j
 
+proc testRoundtripVal[T](t: T, expected: string) =
+  # similar to testRoundtrip, but also checks that the `T => json => T2` is such that `T2 == T`
+  # note that this isn't always possible, e.g. for pointer-like types or nans
+  let j = %t
+  doAssert $j == expected, $j
+  let j2 = ($j).parseJson
+  doAssert $j2 == expected, $(j2, t)
+  let t2 = j2.to(T)
+  doAssert t2 == t
+  doAssert $(%* t2) == expected # sanity check, because -0.0 = 0.0 but their json representation differs
+
 let testJson = parseJson"""{ "a": [1, 2, 3, 4], "b": "asd", "c": "\ud83c\udf83", "d": "\u00E6"}"""
 # nil passthrough
 doAssert(testJson{"doesnt_exist"}{"anything"}.isNil)
@@ -297,6 +314,69 @@ block: # bug #17383
   else:
     testRoundtrip(int.high): "9223372036854775807"
     testRoundtrip(uint.high): "18446744073709551615"
-  when not defined(js):
+  whenJsNoBigInt64: discard
+  do:
     testRoundtrip(int64.high): "9223372036854775807"
     testRoundtrip(uint64.high): "18446744073709551615"
+
+block: # bug #18007
+  testRoundtrip([NaN, Inf, -Inf, 0.0, -0.0, 1.0]): """["nan","inf","-inf",0.0,-0.0,1.0]"""
+  # pending https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/18025 use:
+  # testRoundtrip([float32(NaN), Inf, -Inf, 0.0, -0.0, 1.0])
+  let inf = float32(Inf)
+  testRoundtrip([float32(NaN), inf, -inf, 0.0, -0.0, 1.0]): """["nan","inf","-inf",0.0,-0.0,1.0]"""
+  when not defined(js): # because of Infinity vs inf
+    testRoundtripVal([inf, -inf, 0.0, -0.0, 1.0]): """["inf","-inf",0.0,-0.0,1.0]"""
+  let a = parseJson($(%NaN)).to(float)
+  doAssert a.isNaN
+
+  whenRuntimeJs: discard # refs bug #18009
+  do:
+    testRoundtripVal(0.0): "0.0"
+    testRoundtripVal(-0.0): "-0.0"
+
+block: # bug #15397, bug #13196
+  testRoundtripVal(1.0 + epsilon(float64)): "1.0000000000000002"
+  testRoundtripVal(0.12345678901234567890123456789): "0.12345678901234568"
+
+block:
+  let a = "18446744073709551615"
+  let b = a.parseJson
+  doAssert b.kind == JString
+  let c = $b
+  when defined(js):
+    doAssert c == "18446744073709552000"
+  else:
+    doAssert c == "18446744073709551615"
+
+block:
+  let a = """
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
+"""
+
+  when not defined(js):
+    try:
+      discard parseJson(a)
+    except JsonParsingError:
+      doAssert getCurrentExceptionMsg().contains("] expected")
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tjsonmacro.nim b/tests/stdlib/tjsonmacro.nim
index 779c0ce65..5a1b4b294 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tjsonmacro.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tjsonmacro.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 discard """
   output: ""
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c js"
 """
 
 import json, strutils, options, tables
+import std/assertions
 
 # The definition of the `%` proc needs to be here, since the `% c` calls below
 # can only find our custom `%` proc for `Pix` if defined in global scope.
@@ -259,7 +261,7 @@ proc testJson() =
         colors: array[2, BirdColor]
 
     var red = BirdColor(name: "red", rgb: [1.0, 0.0, 0.0])
-    var blue = Birdcolor(name: "blue", rgb: [0.0, 0.0, 1.0])
+    var blue = BirdColor(name: "blue", rgb: [0.0, 0.0, 1.0])
     var b = Bird(age: 3, height: 1.734, name: "bardo", colors: [red, blue])
     let jnode = %b
     let data = jnode.to(Bird)
@@ -435,11 +437,7 @@ proc testJson() =
   block:
     let s = """{"a": 1, "b": 2}"""
     let t = parseJson(s).to(Table[string, int])
-    when not defined(js):
-      # For some reason on the JS backend `{"b": 2, "a": 0}` is
-      # sometimes the value of `t`. This needs investigation. I can't
-      # reproduce it right now in an isolated test.
-      doAssert t["a"] == 1
+    doAssert t["a"] == 1
     doAssert t["b"] == 2
 
   block:
@@ -497,7 +495,7 @@ proc testJson() =
     doAssert array[3, float](t.arr) == [1.0,2.0,7.0]
 
     doAssert MyRef(t.person).name == "boney"
-    doAssert MyObj(t.distFruit).color == 11
+    doAssert MyObj(t.distfruit).color == 11
     doAssert t.dog.name == "honey"
     doAssert t.fruit.color == 10
     doAssert seq[string](t.emails) == @["abc", "123"]
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tjsonutils.nim b/tests/stdlib/tjsonutils.nim
index 5cd975cab..9acf4c9e5 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tjsonutils.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tjsonutils.nim
@@ -1,19 +1,37 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c cpp js"
 """
 
 import std/jsonutils
 import std/json
+from std/math import isNaN, signbit
+from std/fenv import epsilon
+from stdtest/testutils import whenRuntimeJs
+import std/[assertions, objectdollar]
 
 proc testRoundtrip[T](t: T, expected: string) =
+  # checks that `T => json => T2 => json2` is such that json2 = json
   let j = t.toJson
-  doAssert $j == expected, $j
+  doAssert $j == expected, "\n" & $j & "\n" & expected
   doAssert j.jsonTo(T).toJson == j
   var t2: T
   t2.fromJson(j)
   doAssert t2.toJson == j
 
+proc testRoundtripVal[T](t: T, expected: string) =
+  # similar to testRoundtrip, but also checks that the `T => json => T2` is such that `T2 == T`
+  # note that this isn't always possible, e.g. for pointer-like types.
+  let j = t.toJson
+  let j2 = $j
+  doAssert j2 == expected, j2
+  let j3 = j2.parseJson
+  let t2 = j3.jsonTo(T)
+  doAssert t2 == t
+  doAssert $t2.toJson == j2 # still needed, because -0.0 = 0.0 but their json representation differs
+
 import tables, sets, algorithm, sequtils, options, strtabs
+from strutils import contains
 
 type Foo = ref object
   id: int
@@ -21,7 +39,14 @@ type Foo = ref object
 proc `==`(a, b: Foo): bool =
   a.id == b.id
 
-template fn() = 
+type MyEnum = enum me0, me1 = "me1Alt", me2, me3, me4
+
+proc `$`(a: MyEnum): string =
+  # putting this here pending https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/13747
+  if a == me2: "me2Modif"
+  else: system.`$`(a)
+
+template fn() =
   block: # toJson, jsonTo
     type Foo = distinct float
     testRoundtrip('x', """120""")
@@ -36,42 +61,77 @@ template fn() =
         testRoundtrip(pointer(nil)): """0"""
         testRoundtrip(cast[pointer](nil)): """0"""
 
-    # causes workaround in `fromJson` potentially related to
-    # https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/12282
+    # refs bug #9423
     testRoundtrip(Foo(1.5)): """1.5"""
 
-  block:
+  block: # OrderedTable
     testRoundtrip({"z": "Z", "y": "Y"}.toOrderedTable): """{"z":"Z","y":"Y"}"""
+    doAssert toJson({"z": 10, "": 11}.newTable).`$`.contains """"":11""" # allows hash to change
+    testRoundtrip({"z".cstring: 1, "".cstring: 2}.toOrderedTable): """{"z":1,"":2}"""
     testRoundtrip({"z": (f1: 'f'), }.toTable): """{"z":{"f1":102}}"""
 
-  block:
+  block: # StringTable
     testRoundtrip({"name": "John", "city": "Monaco"}.newStringTable): """{"mode":"modeCaseSensitive","table":{"city":"Monaco","name":"John"}}"""
 
   block: # complex example
     let t = {"z": "Z", "y": "Y"}.newStringTable
     type A = ref object
       a1: string
-    let a = (1.1, "fo", 'x', @[10,11], [true, false], [t,newStringTable()], [0'i8,3'i8], -4'i16, (foo: 0.5'f32, bar: A(a1: "abc"), bar2: A.default))
+    let a = (1.1, "fo", 'x', @[10,11], [true, false], [t,newStringTable()], [0'i8,3'i8], -4'i16, (foo: 0.5'f32, bar: A(a1: "abc"), bar2: A.default, cstring1: "foo", cstring2: "", cstring3: cstring(nil)))
     testRoundtrip(a):
-      """[1.1,"fo",120,[10,11],[true,false],[{"mode":"modeCaseSensitive","table":{"y":"Y","z":"Z"}},{"mode":"modeCaseSensitive","table":{}}],[0,3],-4,{"foo":0.5,"bar":{"a1":"abc"},"bar2":null}]"""
+      """[1.1,"fo",120,[10,11],[true,false],[{"mode":"modeCaseSensitive","table":{"y":"Y","z":"Z"}},{"mode":"modeCaseSensitive","table":{}}],[0,3],-4,{"foo":0.5,"bar":{"a1":"abc"},"bar2":null,"cstring1":"foo","cstring2":"","cstring3":null}]"""
 
   block:
     # edge case when user defined `==` doesn't handle `nil` well, e.g.:
     # https://github.com/nim-lang/nimble/blob/63695f490728e3935692c29f3d71944d83bb1e83/src/nimblepkg/version.nim#L105
     testRoundtrip(@[Foo(id: 10), nil]): """[{"id":10},null]"""
 
-  block:
+  block: # enum
     type Foo = enum f1, f2, f3, f4, f5
     type Bar = enum b1, b2, b3, b4
     let a = [f2: b2, f3: b3, f4: b4]
     doAssert b2.ord == 1 # explains the `1`
     testRoundtrip(a): """[1,2,3]"""
 
+  block: # JsonNode
+    let a = ((1, 2.5, "abc").toJson, (3, 4.5, "foo"))
+    testRoundtripVal(a): """[[1,2.5,"abc"],[3,4.5,"foo"]]"""
+
+    block:
+      template toInt(a): untyped = cast[int](a)
+
+      let a = 3.toJson
+      let b = (a, a)
+
+      let c1 = b.toJson
+      doAssert c1[0].toInt == a.toInt
+      doAssert c1[1].toInt == a.toInt
+
+      let c2 = b.toJson(ToJsonOptions(jsonNodeMode: joptJsonNodeAsCopy))
+      doAssert c2[0].toInt != a.toInt
+      doAssert c2[1].toInt != c2[0].toInt
+      doAssert c2[1] == c2[0]
+
+      let c3 = b.toJson(ToJsonOptions(jsonNodeMode: joptJsonNodeAsObject))
+      doAssert $c3 == """[{"isUnquoted":false,"kind":2,"num":3},{"isUnquoted":false,"kind":2,"num":3}]"""
+
+  block: # ToJsonOptions
+    let a = (me1, me2)
+    doAssert $a.toJson() == "[1,2]"
+    doAssert $a.toJson(ToJsonOptions(enumMode: joptEnumSymbol)) == """["me1","me2"]"""
+    doAssert $a.toJson(ToJsonOptions(enumMode: joptEnumString)) == """["me1Alt","me2Modif"]"""
+
+  block: # set
+    type Foo = enum f1, f2, f3, f4, f5
+    type Goo = enum g1 = 10, g2 = 15, g3 = 17, g4
+    let a = ({f1, f3}, {1'u8, 7'u8}, {'0'..'9'}, {123'u16, 456, 789, 1121, 1122, 1542}, {g2, g3})
+    testRoundtrip(a): """[[0,2],[1,7],[48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57],[123,456,789,1121,1122,1542],[15,17]]"""
+
   block: # bug #17383
     block:
       let a = (int32.high, uint32.high)
       testRoundtrip(a): "[2147483647,4294967295]"
-    when not defined(js):
+    when int.sizeof > 4:
       block:
         let a = (int64.high, uint64.high)
         testRoundtrip(a): "[9223372036854775807,18446744073709551615]"
@@ -82,6 +142,36 @@ template fn() =
       else:
         testRoundtrip(a): "[9223372036854775807,18446744073709551615]"
 
+  block: # bug #18007
+    testRoundtrip((NaN, Inf, -Inf, 0.0, -0.0, 1.0)): """["nan","inf","-inf",0.0,-0.0,1.0]"""
+    testRoundtrip((float32(NaN), Inf, -Inf, 0.0, -0.0, 1.0)): """["nan","inf","-inf",0.0,-0.0,1.0]"""
+    testRoundtripVal((Inf, -Inf, 0.0, -0.0, 1.0)): """["inf","-inf",0.0,-0.0,1.0]"""
+    doAssert ($NaN.toJson).parseJson.jsonTo(float).isNaN
+
+  block: # bug #18009; unfixable unless we change parseJson (which would have overhead),
+         # but at least we can guarantee that the distinction between 0.0 and -0.0 is preserved.
+    let a = (0, 0.0, -0.0, 0.5, 1, 1.0)
+    testRoundtripVal(a): "[0,0.0,-0.0,0.5,1,1.0]"
+    let a2 = $($a.toJson).parseJson
+    whenRuntimeJs:
+      doAssert a2 == "[0,0,-0.0,0.5,1,1]"
+    do:
+      doAssert a2 == "[0,0.0,-0.0,0.5,1,1.0]"
+    let b = a2.parseJson.jsonTo(type(a))
+    doAssert not b[1].signbit
+    doAssert b[2].signbit
+    doAssert not b[3].signbit
+
+  block: # bug #15397, bug #13196
+    let a = 0.1
+    let x = 0.12345678901234567890123456789
+    let b = (a + 0.2, 0.3, x)
+    testRoundtripVal(b): "[0.30000000000000004,0.3,0.12345678901234568]"
+
+    testRoundtripVal(0.12345678901234567890123456789): "0.12345678901234568"
+    testRoundtripVal(epsilon(float64)): "2.220446049250313e-16"
+    testRoundtripVal(1.0 + epsilon(float64)): "1.0000000000000002"
+
   block: # case object
     type Foo = object
       x0: float
@@ -222,6 +312,18 @@ template fn() =
       doAssert guide == AboutLifeUniverseAndEverythingElse(
         question: "6*9=?", answer: 42)
 
+      block refObject: #bug 17986
+        type A = ref object
+          case is_a: bool
+          of true:
+            a: int
+          else:
+            b: int
+
+        var a = A()
+        fromJson(a, """{"is_a": true, "a":1, "extra_key": 1}""".parseJson, Joptions(allowExtraKeys: true))
+        doAssert $a[] == "(is_a: true, a: 1)"
+
     block testAllowMissingKeys:
       var guide = AboutLifeUniverseAndEverythingElse(
         question: "6*9=?", answer: 54)
@@ -308,6 +410,39 @@ template fn() =
       doAssert foo.c == 0
       doAssert foo.c0 == 42
 
+
+    block testInvalidTupleLength:
+      let json = parseJson("[0]")
+      # Should raise ValueError instead of index error
+      doAssertRaises(ValueError):
+        discard json.jsonTo((int, int))
+
+    type
+      InnerEnum = enum
+        A
+        B
+        C
+      InnerObject = object
+        x: string
+        y: InnerEnum
+
+    block testOptionsArePassedWhenDeserialising:
+      let json = parseJson("""{"x": "hello"}""")
+      let inner = json.jsonTo(Option[InnerObject], Joptions(allowMissingKeys: true))
+      doAssert inner.isSome()
+      doAssert inner.get().x == "hello"
+      doAssert inner.get().y == A
+
+    block testOptionsArePassedWhenSerialising:
+      let inner = some InnerObject(x: "hello", y: A)
+      let json = inner.toJson(ToJsonOptions(enumMode: joptEnumSymbol))
+      doAssert $json == """{"x":"hello","y":"A"}"""
+
+    block: # bug #21638
+      type Something = object
+
+      doAssert "{}".parseJson.jsonTo(Something) == Something()
+
     when false:
       ## TODO: Implement support for nested variant objects allowing the tests
       ## bellow to pass.
@@ -332,7 +467,7 @@ template fn() =
           """{"b": true, "bt": false, "btf": "test"}"""
         testRoundtrip(Variant(b: true, bt: true, btt: 'c')):
           """{"b": true, "bt": true, "btt": "c"}"""
-        
+
         # TODO: Add additional tests with missing and extra JSON keys, both when
         # allowed and forbidden analogous to the tests for the not nested
         # variant objects.
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tlists.nim b/tests/stdlib/tlists.nim
index 54fa8b24f..5993278c7 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tlists.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tlists.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c js"
 """
 
 import std/[lists, sequtils]
+import std/assertions
 
 const
   data = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
@@ -233,6 +235,43 @@ template main =
     doAssert l.toSeq == [1]
     doAssert l.remove(l.head) == true
     doAssert l.toSeq == []
+  
+  block issue19297: # add (appends a shallow copy)
+    var a: SinglyLinkedList[int]
+    var b: SinglyLinkedList[int]
+
+    doAssert a.toSeq == @[]
+    a.add(1)
+    doAssert a.toSeq == @[1]
+    a.add(b)
+    doAssert a.toSeq == @[1]
+    a.add(2)
+    doAssert a.toSeq == @[1, 2]
+  
+  block issue19314: # add (appends a shallow copy)
+    var a: DoublyLinkedList[int]
+    var b: DoublyLinkedList[int]
+
+    doAssert a.toSeq == @[]
+    a.add(1)
+    doAssert a.toSeq == @[1]
+    a.add(b)
+    doAssert a.toSeq == @[1]
+    a.add(2)
+    doAssert a.toSeq == @[1, 2]
+
+  block RemoveLastNodeFromSinglyLinkedList:
+    var list = initSinglyLinkedList[string]()
+    let n1 = newSinglyLinkedNode("sonic")
+    let n2 = newSinglyLinkedNode("the")
+    let n3 = newSinglyLinkedNode("tiger")
+    let n4 = newSinglyLinkedNode("hedgehog")
+    list.add(n1)
+    list.add(n2)
+    list.add(n3)
+    list.remove(n3)
+    list.add(n4)
+    doAssert list.toSeq == @["sonic", "the", "hedgehog"]
 
 static: main()
 main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tlocks.nim b/tests/stdlib/tlocks.nim
index e567cfde8..1c5f67119 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tlocks.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tlocks.nim
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 discard """
-  output: '''3'''
-  cmd: "nim $target --threads:on $options $file"
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 """
 
 #bug #6049
 import uselocks
+import std/assertions
 
 var m = createMyType[int]()
-echo $m.use()
+doAssert m.use() == 3
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tlwip.nim b/tests/stdlib/tlwip.nim
index 7f7822236..fc53be592 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tlwip.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tlwip.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   targets: "c"
-  cmd: "nim $target --os:freertos --gc:arc $options $file"
+  cmd: "nim $target --compileOnly --os:freertos --gc:arc $options $file"
   disabled: "bsd"
   disabled: "windows"
   action: compile
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tmacros.nim b/tests/stdlib/tmacros.nim
index effe1032f..06a9a9c27 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tmacros.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tmacros.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,15 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
+#[
+xxx macros tests need to be reorganized to makes sure each API is tested once
+See also:
+  tests/macros/tdumpast.nim for treeRepr + friends
+]#
+
 import std/macros
+import std/assertions
 
 block: # hasArgOfName
   macro m(u: untyped): untyped =
@@ -10,3 +21,329 @@ block: # hasArgOfName
 
 block: # bug #17454
   proc f(v: NimNode): string {.raises: [].} = $v
+
+block: # unpackVarargs
+  block:
+    proc bar1(a: varargs[int]): string =
+      for ai in a: result.add " " & $ai
+    proc bar2(a: varargs[int]) =
+      let s1 = bar1(a)
+      let s2 = unpackVarargs(bar1, a) # `unpackVarargs` makes no difference here
+      doAssert s1 == s2
+    bar2(1, 2, 3)
+    bar2(1)
+    bar2()
+
+  block:
+    template call1(fun: typed; args: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
+      unpackVarargs(fun, args)
+    template call2(fun: typed; args: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
+      # fun(args) # works except for last case with empty `args`, pending bug #9996
+      when varargsLen(args) > 0: fun(args)
+      else: fun()
+
+    proc fn1(a = 0, b = 1) = discard (a, b)
+
+    call1(fn1)
+    call1(fn1, 10)
+    call1(fn1, 10, 11)
+
+    call2(fn1)
+    call2(fn1, 10)
+    call2(fn1, 10, 11)
+
+  block:
+    template call1(fun: typed; args: varargs[typed]): untyped =
+      unpackVarargs(fun, args)
+    template call2(fun: typed; args: varargs[typed]): untyped =
+      # xxx this would give a confusing error message:
+      # required type for a: varargs[typed] [varargs] but expression '[10]' is of type: varargs[typed] [varargs]
+      when varargsLen(args) > 0: fun(args)
+      else: fun()
+    macro toString(a: varargs[typed, `$`]): string =
+      var msg = genSym(nskVar, "msg")
+      result = newStmtList()
+      result.add quote do:
+        var `msg` = ""
+      for ai in a:
+        result.add quote do: `msg`.add $`ai`
+      result.add quote do: `msg`
+    doAssert call1(toString) == ""
+    doAssert call1(toString, 10) == "10"
+    doAssert call1(toString, 10, 11) == "1011"
+
+block: # SameType
+  type
+    A = int
+    B = distinct int
+    C = object
+    Generic[T, Y] = object
+  macro isSameType(a, b: typed): untyped =
+    newLit(sameType(a, b))
+
+  static:
+    assert Generic[int, int].isSameType(Generic[int, int])
+    assert Generic[A, string].isSameType(Generic[int, string])
+    assert not Generic[A, string].isSameType(Generic[B, string])
+    assert not Generic[int, string].isSameType(Generic[int, int])
+    assert isSameType(int, A)
+    assert isSameType(10, 20)
+    assert isSameType("Hello", "world")
+    assert not isSameType("Hello", cstring"world")
+    assert not isSameType(int, B)
+    assert not isSameType(int, Generic[int, int])
+    assert not isSameType(C, string)
+    assert not isSameType(C, int)
+
+
+  #[
+    # compiler sameType fails for the following, read more in `types.nim`'s `sameTypeAux`.
+    type
+      D[T] = C
+      G[T] = T
+    static:
+      assert isSameType(D[int], C)
+      assert isSameType(D[int], D[float])
+      assert isSameType(G[float](1.0), float(1.0))
+      assert isSameType(float(1.0), G[float](1.0))
+  ]#
+
+  type Tensor[T] = object
+    data: T
+
+  macro testTensorInt(x: typed): untyped =
+    let
+      tensorIntType = getTypeInst(Tensor[int])[1]
+      xTyp = x.getTypeInst
+    
+    newLit(xTyp.sameType(tensorIntType))
+
+  var
+    x: Tensor[int]
+    x1 = Tensor[float]()
+    x2 = Tensor[A]()
+    x3 = Tensor[B]()
+
+  static: 
+    assert testTensorInt(x)
+    assert not testTensorInt(x1)
+    assert testTensorInt(x2)
+    assert not testTensorInt(x3)
+
+block: # extractDocCommentsAndRunnables
+  macro checkRunnables(prc: untyped) =
+    let runnables = prc.body.extractDocCommentsAndRunnables()
+    doAssert runnables[0][0].eqIdent("runnableExamples")
+
+  macro checkComments(comment: static[string], prc: untyped) =
+    let comments = prc.body.extractDocCommentsAndRunnables()
+    doAssert comments[0].strVal == comment
+    
+  proc a() {.checkRunnables.} =
+    runnableExamples: discard
+    discard
+
+  proc b() {.checkRunnables.} =
+    runnableExamples "-d:ssl": discard
+    discard
+    
+  proc c() {.checkComments("Hello world").} =
+    ## Hello world
+
+block: # bug #19020
+  type
+    foo = object
+
+  template typ(T:typedesc) {.pragma.}
+
+  proc bar() {.typ: foo.} = discard
+
+  static:
+    doAssert $bar.getCustomPragmaVal(typ) == "foo"
+  doAssert $bar.getCustomPragmaVal(typ) == "foo"
+
+block hasCustomPragmaGeneric:
+  template examplePragma() {.pragma.}
+  type
+    Foo[T] {.examplePragma.} = object
+      x {.examplePragma.}: T
+  var f: Foo[string]
+  doAssert f.hasCustomPragma(examplePragma)
+  doAssert f.x.hasCustomPragma(examplePragma)
+
+block getCustomPragmaValGeneric:
+  template examplePragma(x: int) {.pragma.}
+  type
+    Foo[T] {.examplePragma(42).} = object
+      x {.examplePragma(25).}: T
+  var f: Foo[string]
+  doAssert f.getCustomPragmaVal(examplePragma) == 42
+  doAssert f.x.getCustomPragmaVal(examplePragma) == 25
+
+block: # bug #21326
+  macro foo(body: untyped): untyped =
+    let a = body.lineInfoObj()
+    let aLit = a.newLit
+    result = quote do:
+      doAssert $`a` == $`aLit`
+
+  foo:
+    let c = 1
+
+  template name(a: LineInfo): untyped =
+    discard a # `aLit` works though
+
+  macro foo3(body: untyped): untyped =
+    let a = body.lineInfoObj()
+    # let ax = newLit(a)
+    result = getAst(name(a))
+
+  foo3:
+    let c = 1
+
+block: # bug #7375
+  macro fails(b: static[bool]): untyped =
+    doAssert b == false
+    result = newStmtList()
+
+  macro foo(): untyped =
+
+    var b = false
+
+    ## Fails
+    result = quote do:
+      fails(`b`)
+
+  foo()
+
+  macro someMacro(): untyped =
+    template tmpl(boolean: bool) =
+      when boolean:
+        discard "it's true!"
+      else:
+        doAssert false
+    result = getAst(tmpl(true))
+
+  someMacro()
+
+block:
+  macro foo(): untyped =
+    result = quote do: `littleEndian`
+
+  doAssert littleEndian == foo()
+
+block:
+  macro eqSym(x, y: untyped): untyped =
+    let eq = $x == $y # Unfortunately eqIdent compares to string.
+    result = quote do: `eq`
+
+  var r, a, b: int
+
+  template fma(result: var int, a, b: int, op: untyped) =
+    # fused multiple-add
+    when eqSym(op, `+=`):
+      discard "+="
+    else:
+      discard "+"
+
+  fma(r, a, b, `+=`)
+
+block:
+  template test(boolArg: bool) =
+    static:
+      doAssert typeof(boolArg) is bool
+    let x: bool = boolArg # compile error here, because boolArg became an int
+
+  macro testWrapped1(boolArg: bool): untyped =
+    # forwarding boolArg directly works
+    result = getAst(test(boolArg))
+
+  macro testWrapped2(boolArg: bool): untyped =
+    # forwarding boolArg via a local variable also works
+    let b = boolArg
+    result = getAst(test(b))
+
+  macro testWrapped3(boolArg: bool): untyped =
+    # but using a literal `true` as a local variable will be converted to int
+    let b = true
+    result = getAst(test(b))
+
+  test(true) # ok
+  testWrapped1(true) # ok
+  testWrapped2(true) # ok
+  testWrapped3(true) 
+
+block:
+  macro foo(): untyped =
+    var s = { 'a', 'b' }
+    quote do:              
+      let t = `s`         
+      doAssert $typeof(t) == "set[char]"
+
+  foo()
+
+block: # bug #9607
+  proc fun1(info:LineInfo): string = "bar"
+  proc fun2(info:int): string = "bar"
+
+  macro echoL(args: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
+    let info = args.lineInfoObj
+    let fun1 = bindSym"fun1"
+    let fun2 = bindSym"fun2"
+
+    # this would work instead
+    # result = newCall(bindSym"fun2", info.line.newLit)
+
+    result = quote do:
+
+      # BUG1: ???(0, 0) Error: internal error: genLiteral: ty is nil
+      `fun1`(`info`)
+
+  macro echoM(args: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
+    let info = args.lineInfoObj
+    let fun1 = bindSym"fun1"
+    let fun2 = bindSym"fun2"
+
+    # this would work instead
+    # result = newCall(bindSym"fun2", info.line.newLit)
+
+    result = quote do:
+
+      # BUG1: ???(0, 0) Error: internal error: genLiteral: ty is nil
+      `fun2`(`info`.line)
+
+
+  doAssert echoL() == "bar"
+  doAssert echoM() == "bar"
+
+block:
+  macro hello[T](x: T): untyped =
+    result = quote do:
+      let m: `T` = `x`
+      discard m
+
+  hello(12)
+
+block:
+  proc hello(x: int, y: typedesc) =
+    discard
+
+  macro main =
+    let x = 12
+    result = quote do:
+      `hello`(12, type(x))
+
+  main()
+
+block: # bug #22947
+  macro bar[N: static int](a: var array[N, int]) =
+    result = quote do:
+      for i in 0 ..< `N`:
+        `a`[i] = i
+
+  func foo[N: static int](a: var array[N, int]) =
+    bar(a)
+
+
+  var a: array[4, int]
+  foo(a)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tmarshal.nim b/tests/stdlib/tmarshal.nim
index 508205c3a..32991ccc9 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tmarshal.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tmarshal.nim
@@ -1,15 +1,24 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:orc; --mm:refc"
+"""
+
 import std/marshal
+import std/[assertions, objectdollar, streams]
 
 # TODO: add static tests
 
 proc testit[T](x: T): string = $$to[T]($$x)
 
-let test1: array[0..1, array[0..4, string]] = [
-  ["test", "1", "2", "3", "4"], ["test", "1", "2", "3", "4"]]
-doAssert testit(test1) ==
-  """[["test", "1", "2", "3", "4"], ["test", "1", "2", "3", "4"]]"""
-let test2: tuple[name: string, s: int] = ("tuple test", 56)
-doAssert testit(test2) == """{"Field0": "tuple test", "Field1": 56}"""
+template check1 =
+  let test1: array[0..1, array[0..4, string]] = [
+    ["test", "1", "2", "3", "4"], ["test", "1", "2", "3", "4"]]
+  doAssert testit(test1) ==
+    """[["test", "1", "2", "3", "4"], ["test", "1", "2", "3", "4"]]"""
+  let test2: tuple[name: string, s: int] = ("tuple test", 56)
+  doAssert testit(test2) == """{"Field0": "tuple test", "Field1": 56}"""
+
+static: check1()
+check1()
 
 type
   TE = enum
@@ -132,6 +141,16 @@ block:
   let test = to[LegacyEntry](str)
   doAssert $test == """(numeric: "")"""
 
+block:
+  let str = """{"numeric": null}"""
+
+  type
+    LegacyEntry = object
+      numeric: seq[int]
+
+  var test = to[LegacyEntry](str)
+  doAssert $test == """(numeric: @[])"""
+
 # bug #16022
 block:
   let p: proc (): string = proc (): string = "hello world"
@@ -146,3 +165,69 @@ block:
 
   let a: ref A = new(B)
   doAssert $$a[] == "{}" # not "{f: 0}"
+
+# bug #16496
+block:
+  type
+    A = ref object
+      data: seq[int]
+
+    B = ref object
+      x: A
+  let o = A(data: @[1, 2, 3, 4])
+  let s1 = @[B(x: o), B(x: o)]
+  let m  = $$ s1
+  let s2 = to[seq[B]](m)
+  doAssert s2[0].x.data == s2[1].x.data
+  doAssert s1[0].x.data == s2[1].x.data
+
+
+block:
+  type
+    Obj = ref object
+      i: int
+      b: bool
+
+  let
+    strm = newStringStream()
+
+  var
+    o = Obj(i: 1, b: false)
+    t1 = @[o, o]
+    t2: seq[Obj]
+
+  doAssert t1[0] == t1[1]
+
+  strm.store(t1)
+  strm.setPosition(0)
+  strm.load(t2)
+  strm.close()
+
+  doAssert t2[0] == t2[1]
+
+
+template checkMarshal(data: typed) =
+  let orig = data
+  let m = $$orig
+
+  let old = to[typeof(orig)](m)
+  doAssert data == old
+
+template main() =
+  type
+    Book = object
+      page: int
+      name: string
+
+  let book = Book(page: 12, name: "persona")
+
+  checkMarshal(486)
+  checkMarshal(3.14)
+  checkMarshal("azure sky")
+  checkMarshal(book)
+  checkMarshal([1, 2, 3])
+  checkMarshal(@[1.5, 2.7, 3.9, 4.2])
+  checkMarshal(@["dream", "is", "possible"])
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tmarshalsegfault.nim b/tests/stdlib/tmarshalsegfault.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71f2766c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tmarshalsegfault.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# issue #12405
+
+import std/[marshal, streams, times, tables, os, assertions]
+
+type AiredEpisodeState * = ref object
+    airedAt * : DateTime
+    tvShowId * : string
+    seasonNumber * : int
+    number * : int
+    title * : string
+
+type ShowsWatchlistState * = ref object
+    aired * : seq[AiredEpisodeState]
+
+type UiState * = ref object
+    shows: ShowsWatchlistState
+
+# Helpers to marshal and unmarshal
+proc load * ( state : var UiState, file : string ) =
+    var strm = newFileStream( file, fmRead )
+
+    strm.load( state )
+
+    strm.close()
+
+proc store * ( state : UiState, file : string ) =
+    var strm = newFileStream( file, fmWrite )
+
+    strm.store( state )
+
+    strm.close()
+
+# 1. We fill the state initially
+var state : UiState = UiState( shows: ShowsWatchlistState( aired: @[] ) )
+
+# VERY IMPORTANT: For some reason, small numbers (like 2 or 3) don't trigger the bug. Anything above 7 or 8 on my machine triggers though
+for i in 0..30:
+    var episode = AiredEpisodeState( airedAt: now(), tvShowId: "1", seasonNumber: 1, number: 1, title: "string" )
+
+    state.shows.aired.add( episode )
+
+# 2. Store it in a file with the marshal module, and then load it back up
+store( state, "tmarshalsegfault_data" )
+load( state, "tmarshalsegfault_data" )
+removeFile("tmarshalsegfault_data")
+
+# 3. VERY IMPORTANT: Without this line, for some reason, everything works fine
+state.shows.aired[ 0 ] = AiredEpisodeState( airedAt: now(), tvShowId: "1", seasonNumber: 1, number: 1, title: "string" )
+
+# 4. And formatting the airedAt date will now trigger the exception
+for ep in state.shows.aired:
+    let x = $ep.seasonNumber & "x" & $ep.number & " (" & $ep.airedAt & ")"
+    let y = $ep.seasonNumber & "x" & $ep.number & " (" & $ep.airedAt & ")"
+    doAssert x == y
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tmath.nim b/tests/stdlib/tmath.nim
index 49b4c82f1..22e5f7d88 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tmath.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tmath.nim
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 discard """
   targets: "c cpp js"
-  matrix:"; -d:danger"
+  matrix:"; -d:danger; --mm:refc"
 """
 
 # xxx: there should be a test with `-d:nimTmathCase2 -d:danger --passc:-ffast-math`,
 # but it requires disabling certain lines with `when not defined(nimTmathCase2)`
 
 import std/math
+import std/assertions
+
 
 # Function for approximate comparison of floats
 proc `==~`(x, y: float): bool = abs(x - y) < 1e-9
@@ -29,10 +31,6 @@ template main() =
       doAssert erf(6.0) > erf(5.0)
       doAssert erfc(6.0) < erfc(5.0)
 
-  when not defined(js) and not defined(windows): # xxx pending bug #17017
-    doAssert gamma(-1.0).isNaN
-
-
   block: # sgn() tests
     doAssert sgn(1'i8) == 1
     doAssert sgn(1'i16) == 1
@@ -46,6 +44,7 @@ template main() =
     doAssert sgn(123.9834'f64) == 1
     doAssert sgn(0'i32) == 0
     doAssert sgn(0'f32) == 0
+    doAssert sgn(-0.0'f64) == 0
     doAssert sgn(NegInf) == -1
     doAssert sgn(Inf) == 1
     doAssert sgn(NaN) == 0
@@ -109,6 +108,46 @@ template main() =
     doAssert euclDiv(-9, -3) == 3
     doAssert euclMod(-9, -3) == 0
 
+  block: # ceilDiv
+    doAssert ceilDiv(8,  3) ==  3
+    doAssert ceilDiv(8,  4) ==  2
+    doAssert ceilDiv(8,  5) ==  2
+    doAssert ceilDiv(11, 3) ==  4
+    doAssert ceilDiv(12, 3) ==  4
+    doAssert ceilDiv(13, 3) ==  5
+    doAssert ceilDiv(41, 7) ==  6
+    doAssert ceilDiv(0,  1) ==  0
+    doAssert ceilDiv(1,  1) ==  1
+    doAssert ceilDiv(1,  2) ==  1
+    doAssert ceilDiv(2,  1) ==  2
+    doAssert ceilDiv(2,  2) ==  1
+    doAssert ceilDiv(0, high(int)) == 0
+    doAssert ceilDiv(1, high(int)) == 1
+    doAssert ceilDiv(0, high(int) - 1) == 0
+    doAssert ceilDiv(1, high(int) - 1) == 1
+    doAssert ceilDiv(high(int) div 2, high(int) div 2 + 1) == 1
+    doAssert ceilDiv(high(int) div 2, high(int) div 2 + 2) == 1
+    doAssert ceilDiv(high(int) div 2 + 1, high(int) div 2) == 2
+    doAssert ceilDiv(high(int) div 2 + 2, high(int) div 2) == 2
+    doAssert ceilDiv(high(int) div 2 + 1, high(int) div 2 + 1) == 1
+    doAssert ceilDiv(high(int), 1) == high(int)
+    doAssert ceilDiv(high(int) - 1, 1) == high(int) - 1
+    doAssert ceilDiv(high(int) - 1, 2) == high(int) div 2
+    doAssert ceilDiv(high(int) - 1, high(int)) == 1
+    doAssert ceilDiv(high(int) - 1, high(int) - 1) == 1
+    doAssert ceilDiv(high(int) - 1, high(int) - 2) == 2
+    doAssert ceilDiv(high(int), high(int)) == 1
+    doAssert ceilDiv(high(int), high(int) - 1) == 2
+    doAssert ceilDiv(255'u8,  1'u8) == 255'u8
+    doAssert ceilDiv(254'u8,  2'u8) == 127'u8
+    when not defined(danger):
+      doAssertRaises(AssertionDefect): discard ceilDiv(41,  0)
+      doAssertRaises(AssertionDefect): discard ceilDiv(41, -1)
+      doAssertRaises(AssertionDefect): discard ceilDiv(-1,  1)
+      doAssertRaises(AssertionDefect): discard ceilDiv(-1, -1)
+      doAssertRaises(AssertionDefect): discard ceilDiv(254'u8, 3'u8)
+      doAssertRaises(AssertionDefect): discard ceilDiv(255'u8, 2'u8)
+
   block: # splitDecimal() tests
     doAssert splitDecimal(54.674).intpart == 54.0
     doAssert splitDecimal(54.674).floatpart ==~ 0.674
@@ -147,7 +186,22 @@ template main() =
     when not defined(nimTmathCase2):
       doAssert classify(trunc(f_nan.float32)) == fcNan
     doAssert classify(trunc(0.0'f32)) == fcZero
-
+  
+  block: # divmod
+    doAssert divmod(int.high, 1) == (int.high, 0)
+    doAssert divmod(-1073741823, 17) == (-63161283, -12)
+    doAssert divmod(int32.high, 1.int32) == (int32.high, 0.int32)
+    doAssert divmod(1073741823.int32, 5.int32) == (214748364.int32, 3.int32)
+    doAssert divmod(4611686018427387903.int64, 5.int64) == (922337203685477580.int64, 3.int64)
+    when not defined(js) and (not compileOption("panics")) and compileOption("overflowChecks"):
+      when nimvm:
+        discard # cannot catch OverflowDefect here
+      else:
+        doAssertRaises(OverflowDefect, (discard divmod(cint.low, -1.cint)))
+        doAssertRaises(OverflowDefect, (discard divmod(clong.low, -1.clong)))
+        doAssertRaises(OverflowDefect, (discard divmod(clonglong.low, -1.clonglong)))
+        doAssertRaises(DivByZeroDefect, (discard divmod(1, 0)))
+  
   block: # log
     doAssert log(4.0, 3.0) ==~ ln(4.0) / ln(3.0)
     doAssert log2(8.0'f64) == 3.0'f64
@@ -358,7 +412,7 @@ template main() =
     doAssert almostEqual(prod([1.5, 3.4]), 5.1)
     let x: seq[float] = @[]
     doAssert prod(x) == 1.0
-  
+
   block: # clamp range
     doAssert clamp(10, 1..5) == 5
     doAssert clamp(3, 1..5) == 3
@@ -370,8 +424,50 @@ template main() =
     doAssert a1.clamp(a2..a4) == a2
     doAssert clamp((3, 0), (1, 0) .. (2, 9)) == (2, 9)
 
-  when not defined(windows): # xxx pending bug #17017
-    doAssert sqrt(-1.0).isNaN
+  block: # edge cases
+    doAssert sqrt(-4.0).isNaN
+
+    doAssert ln(0.0) == -Inf
+    doAssert ln(-0.0) == -Inf
+    doAssert ln(-12.0).isNaN
+
+    doAssert log10(0.0) == -Inf
+    doAssert log10(-0.0) == -Inf
+    doAssert log10(-12.0).isNaN
+
+    doAssert log2(0.0) == -Inf
+    doAssert log2(-0.0) == -Inf
+    doAssert log2(-12.0).isNaN
+
+    when nimvm: discard
+    else:
+      doAssert frexp(0.0) == (0.0, 0)
+      doAssert frexp(-0.0) == (-0.0, 0)
+      doAssert classify(frexp(-0.0)[0]) == fcNegZero
+
+    when not defined(js):
+      doAssert gamma(0.0) == Inf
+      doAssert gamma(-0.0) == -Inf
+      doAssert gamma(-1.0).isNaN
+
+      doAssert lgamma(0.0) == Inf
+      doAssert lgamma(-0.0) == Inf
+      doAssert lgamma(-1.0) == Inf
 
 static: main()
 main()
+
+when not defined(js) and not defined(danger):
+  block: # bug #21792
+    block:
+      type Digit = 0..9
+      var x = [Digit 4, 7]
+
+      doAssertRaises(RangeDefect):
+        discard sum(x)
+
+    block:
+      var x = [int8 124, 127]
+
+      doAssertRaises(OverflowDefect):
+        discard sum(x)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tmd5.nim b/tests/stdlib/tmd5.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 88a7b8d37..000000000
--- a/tests/stdlib/tmd5.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-import md5
-
-doAssert(getMD5("Franz jagt im komplett verwahrlosten Taxi quer durch Bayern") ==
-  "a3cca2b2aa1e3b5b3b5aad99a8529074")
-doAssert(getMD5("Frank jagt im komplett verwahrlosten Taxi quer durch Bayern") ==
-  "7e716d0e702df0505fc72e2b89467910")
-doAssert($toMD5("") == "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e")
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tmemfiles1.nim b/tests/stdlib/tmemfiles1.nim
index 21a65369f..33657256c 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tmemfiles1.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tmemfiles1.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 import memfiles, os
+import std/syncio
+
 var
   mm: MemFile
   fn = "test.mmap"
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tmemfiles2.nim b/tests/stdlib/tmemfiles2.nim
index 1b249898e..c79f85ebf 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tmemfiles2.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tmemfiles2.nim
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ discard """
 Half read size: 10 Data: Hello'''
 """
 import memfiles, os
+import std/syncio
+
+
 const
   fn = "test.mmap"
 var
@@ -12,8 +15,9 @@ var
 
 if fileExists(fn): removeFile(fn)
 
-# Create a new file, data all zeros
-mm = memfiles.open(fn, mode = fmReadWrite, newFileSize = 20)
+# Create a new file, data all zeros, starting at size 10
+mm = memfiles.open(fn, mode = fmReadWrite, newFileSize = 10, allowRemap=true)
+mm.resize 20  # resize up to 20
 mm.close()
 
 # read, change
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tmemlinesBuf.nim b/tests/stdlib/tmemlinesBuf.nim
index ea607525d..7bd89d4f2 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tmemlinesBuf.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tmemlinesBuf.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-discard """
-output: "15"
-disabled: "appveyor"
-"""
-
-import memfiles
+import std/[memfiles, assertions]
 var inp = memfiles.open("tests/stdlib/tmemlinesBuf.nim")
 var buffer: string = ""
 var lineCount = 0
@@ -11,5 +6,4 @@ for line in lines(inp, buffer):
   lineCount += 1
 
 close(inp)
-
-echo lineCount
+doAssert lineCount == 9, $lineCount # this file's number of lines
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tmemmapstreams.nim b/tests/stdlib/tmemmapstreams.nim
index dd011d777..9cfae62c7 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tmemmapstreams.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tmemmapstreams.nim
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ Readed line: Hello!
 Position after reading line: 7'''
 """
 import os, streams, memfiles
+import std/syncio
+
 const
   fn = "test.mmapstream"
 var
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tmersenne.nim b/tests/stdlib/tmersenne.nim
index 2707aa2f2..64450a045 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tmersenne.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tmersenne.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import std/mersenne
+import std/assertions
 
 template main() =
   var mt = newMersenneTwister(2525)
@@ -7,5 +8,6 @@ template main() =
   doAssert mt.getNum == 1071751096'u32
   doAssert mt.getNum == 3805347140'u32
 
+
 static: main()
 main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tmget.nim b/tests/stdlib/tmget.nim
index 52e61fd24..f41963f02 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tmget.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tmget.nim
@@ -1,16 +1,21 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   output: '''Can't access 6
 10
 11
+2
 Can't access 6
 10
 11
+2
 Can't access 6
 10
 11
+2
 Can't access 6
 10
 11
+2
 0
 10
 11
@@ -40,6 +45,9 @@ block:
   x[5] += 1
   var c = x[5]
   echo c
+  x.mgetOrPut(7).inc
+  x.mgetOrPut(7).inc
+  echo x[7]
 
 block:
   var x = newTable[int, int]()
@@ -52,6 +60,9 @@ block:
   x[5] += 1
   var c = x[5]
   echo c
+  x.mgetOrPut(7).inc
+  x.mgetOrPut(7).inc
+  echo x[7]
 
 block:
   var x = initOrderedTable[int, int]()
@@ -64,6 +75,9 @@ block:
   x[5] += 1
   var c = x[5]
   echo c
+  x.mgetOrPut(7).inc
+  x.mgetOrPut(7).inc
+  echo x[7]
 
 block:
   var x = newOrderedTable[int, int]()
@@ -76,6 +90,9 @@ block:
   x[5] += 1
   var c = x[5]
   echo c
+  x.mgetOrPut(7).inc
+  x.mgetOrPut(7).inc
+  echo x[7]
 
 block:
   var x = initCountTable[int]()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tmimetypes.nim b/tests/stdlib/tmimetypes.nim
index cd41e614b..fd66ebd97 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tmimetypes.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tmimetypes.nim
@@ -1,13 +1,28 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c js"
 """
 
 import std/mimetypes
+import std/assertions
+
+
 template main() =
   var m = newMimetypes()
   doAssert m.getMimetype("mp4") == "video/mp4"
+  doAssert m.getExt("application/json") == "json"
+  doAssert m.getMimetype("json") == "application/json"
+  m.register("foo", "baa")
+  doAssert m.getMimetype("foo") == "baa"
+  doAssert m.getMimetype("txt") == "text/plain"
+  doAssert m.getExt("text/plain") == "txt"
   # see also `runnableExamples`.
   # xxx we should have a way to avoid duplicating code between runnableExamples and tests
 
+  doAssert m.getMimetype("nim") == "text/nim"
+  doAssert m.getMimetype("nimble") == "text/nimble"
+  doAssert m.getMimetype("nimf") == "text/nim"
+  doAssert m.getMimetype("nims") == "text/nim"
+
 static: main()
 main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tmisc_issues.nim b/tests/stdlib/tmisc_issues.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86dcf4162
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tmisc_issues.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+"""
+
+import std/assertions
+
+# bug #20227
+type
+  Data = object
+    id: int
+
+  Test = distinct Data
+
+  Object = object
+    data: Test
+
+
+var x: Object = Object(data: Test(Data(id: 12)))
+doAssert Data(x.data).id == 12
+
+block: # bug #16771
+  type A = object
+    n: int
+
+  proc foo(a, b: var A) =
+    swap a, b
+
+  var a, b: A
+  a.n = 42
+  b.n = 1
+  doAssert a.n == 42
+  doAssert b.n == 1
+  a.swap b
+  doAssert a.n == 1
+  doAssert b.n == 42
+  a.foo b
+  doAssert a.n == 42
+  doAssert b.n == 1
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tmitems.nim b/tests/stdlib/tmitems.nim
index c0ced7cab..cc515a175 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tmitems.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tmitems.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   output: '''@[11, 12, 13]
 @[11, 12, 13]
 @[1, 3, 5]
@@ -62,6 +63,7 @@ block:
 
 block:
   var x = "foobar"
+  prepareMutation(x)
   var y = cast[cstring](addr x[0])
   for c in y.mitems:
     inc c
@@ -75,6 +77,7 @@ block:
 
 block:
   var x = "foobar"
+  prepareMutation(x)
   var y = cast[cstring](addr x[0])
   for i, c in y.mpairs:
     inc c, i
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tmonotimes.nim b/tests/stdlib/tmonotimes.nim
index 2933bb686..1366dbfe9 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tmonotimes.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tmonotimes.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c js"
 """
 
 import std/[monotimes, times]
+import std/assertions
 
 let d = initDuration(nanoseconds = 10)
 let t1 = getMonoTime()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tnativesockets.nim b/tests/stdlib/tnativesockets.nim
index b0cfd09cf..8242beb83 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tnativesockets.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tnativesockets.nim
@@ -1,29 +1,30 @@
 discard """
-  cmd:      "nim c -r --styleCheck:hint --panics:on $options $file"
-  targets:  "c"
-  nimout:   ""
-  action:   "run"
-  exitcode: 0
-  timeout:  60.0
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 """
 
-import nativesockets
+import std/nativesockets
+import stdtest/testutils
+import std/assertions
 
+block:
+  let hostname = getHostname()
+  doAssert hostname.len > 0
 
 when defined(windows):
-  doAssert toInt(IPPROTO_IP) == 0.cint
-  doAssert toInt(IPPROTO_ICMP) == 1.cint
-  doAssert toInt(IPPROTO_TCP) == 6.cint
-  doAssert toInt(IPPROTO_UDP) == 17.cint
-  doAssert toInt(IPPROTO_IPV6) == 41.cint
-  doAssert toInt(IPPROTO_ICMPV6) == 58.cint
-  doAssert toInt(IPPROTO_RAW) == 20.cint
+  assertAll:
+    toInt(IPPROTO_IP) == 0
+    toInt(IPPROTO_ICMP) == 1
+    toInt(IPPROTO_TCP) == 6
+    toInt(IPPROTO_UDP) == 17
+    toInt(IPPROTO_IPV6) == 41
+    toInt(IPPROTO_ICMPV6) == 58
+    toInt(IPPROTO_RAW) == 20
 
-  # no changes to enum value
-  doAssert ord(IPPROTO_TCP) == 6
-  doAssert ord(IPPROTO_UDP) == 17
-  doAssert ord(IPPROTO_IP) == 18
-  doAssert ord(IPPROTO_IPV6) == 19
-  doAssert ord(IPPROTO_RAW) == 20
-  doAssert ord(IPPROTO_ICMP) == 21
-  doAssert ord(IPPROTO_ICMPV6) == 22
+    # no changes to enum value
+    ord(IPPROTO_TCP) == 6
+    ord(IPPROTO_UDP) == 17
+    ord(IPPROTO_IP) == 18
+    ord(IPPROTO_IPV6) == 19
+    ord(IPPROTO_RAW) == 20
+    ord(IPPROTO_ICMP) == 21
+    ord(IPPROTO_ICMPV6) == 22
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tnet.nim b/tests/stdlib/tnet.nim
index b19d31f6c..27a6ac49c 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tnet.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tnet.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 discard """
+matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 outputsub: ""
 """
 
 import net, nativesockets
 import unittest
+import std/assertions
 
 block: # isIpAddress tests
   block: # 127.0.0.1 is valid
@@ -50,6 +52,41 @@ block: # parseIpAddress tests
     expect(ValueError):
       discard parseIpAddress("gggg:cdba:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652")
 
+  block: # ipv4-compatible ipv6 address (embedded ipv4 address)
+    check parseIpAddress("::ffff:10.0.0.23") == parseIpAddress("::ffff:0a00:0017")
+
+  block: # octal number in ipv4 address
+    expect(ValueError):
+      discard parseIpAddress("010.8.8.8")
+    expect(ValueError):
+      discard parseIpAddress("8.010.8.8")
+
+  block: # hexadecimal number in ipv4 address
+    expect(ValueError):
+      discard parseIpAddress("0xc0.168.0.1")
+    expect(ValueError):
+      discard parseIpAddress("192.0xa8.0.1")
+
+  block: # less than 4 numbers in ipv4 address
+    expect(ValueError):
+      discard parseIpAddress("127.0.1")
+
+  block: # octal number in embedded ipv4 address
+    expect(ValueError):
+      discard parseIpAddress("::ffff:010.8.8.8")
+    expect(ValueError):
+      discard parseIpAddress("::ffff:8.010.8.8")
+
+  block: # hexadecimal number in embedded ipv4 address
+    expect(ValueError):
+      discard parseIpAddress("::ffff:0xc0.168.0.1")
+    expect(ValueError):
+      discard parseIpAddress("::ffff:192.0xa8.0.1")
+
+  block: # less than 4 numbers in embedded ipv4 address
+    expect(ValueError):
+      discard parseIpAddress("::ffff:127.0.1")
+
 block: # "IpAddress/Sockaddr conversion"
   proc test(ipaddrstr: string) =
     var ipaddr_1 = parseIpAddress(ipaddrstr)
@@ -58,7 +95,7 @@ block: # "IpAddress/Sockaddr conversion"
     doAssert($ipaddrstr == $ipaddr_1)
 
     var sockaddr: Sockaddr_storage
-    var socklen: Socklen
+    var socklen: SockLen
     var ipaddr_2: IpAddress
     var port_2: Port
 
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tnet_ll.nim b/tests/stdlib/tnet_ll.nim
index affa21947..199946482 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tnet_ll.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tnet_ll.nim
@@ -1,43 +1,52 @@
-discard """

-  action: run

-  output: '''

-

-[Suite] inet_ntop tests

-'''

-"""

-

-when defined(windows):

-  import winlean

-elif defined(posix):

-  import posix

-else:

-  {.error: "Unsupported OS".}

-

-import unittest, strutils

-

-suite "inet_ntop tests":

-

-  setup:

-    when defined(windows):

-      var wsa: WSAData

-      discard wsaStartup(0x101'i16, wsa.addr)

-  

-  test "IP V4":

-    var ip4 = 0x10111213

-    var buff: array[0..255, char]

-    let r = inet_ntop(AF_INET, ip4.addr, buff[0].addr, buff.sizeof.int32)

-    let res = if r == nil: "" else: $r

-    check: res == "19.18.17.16"

-      

-

-  test "IP V6":

-    when defined(windows):

-      let ipv6Support = (getVersion() and 0xff) > 0x5

-    else:

-      let ipv6Support = true

-          

-    var ip6 = [0x1000'u16, 0x1001, 0x2000, 0x2001, 0x3000, 0x3001, 0x4000, 0x4001]

-    var buff: array[0..255, char]

-    let r = inet_ntop(AF_INET6, ip6[0].addr, buff[0].addr, buff.sizeof.int32)

-    let res = if r == nil: "" else: $r

-    check: not ipv6Support or res == "10:110:20:120:30:130:40:140"

+discard """
+  action: run
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  output: '''
+
+[Suite] inet_ntop tests
+'''
+"""
+
+when defined(windows):
+  import winlean
+elif defined(posix):
+  import posix
+else:
+  {.error: "Unsupported OS".}
+
+import unittest, strutils
+
+suite "inet_ntop tests":
+
+  setup:
+    when defined(windows):
+      var wsa: WSAData
+      discard wsaStartup(0x101'i16, wsa.addr)
+  
+  test "IP V4":
+    # regular
+    var ip4 = InAddr()
+    ip4.s_addr = 0x10111213'u32
+    check: ip4.s_addr == 0x10111213'u32
+
+    var buff: array[0..255, char]
+    let r = inet_ntop(AF_INET, cast[pointer](ip4.s_addr.addr), cast[cstring](buff[0].addr), buff.len.int32)
+    let res = if r == nil: "" else: $r
+    check: res == "19.18.17.16"
+      
+  test "IP V6":
+    when defined(windows):
+      let ipv6Support = (getVersion() and 0xff) > 0x5
+    else:
+      let ipv6Support = true
+          
+    var ip6 = [0x1000'u16, 0x1001, 0x2000, 0x2001, 0x3000, 0x3001, 0x4000, 0x4001]
+    var buff: array[0..255, char]
+    let r = inet_ntop(AF_INET6, cast[pointer](ip6[0].addr), cast[cstring](buff[0].addr), buff.len.int32)
+    let res = if r == nil: "" else: $r
+    check: not ipv6Support or res == "10:110:20:120:30:130:40:140"
+
+  test "InAddr":
+    # issue 19244
+    var ip4 = InAddr(s_addr: 0x10111213'u32)
+    check: ip4.s_addr == 0x10111213'u32
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tnetbind.nim b/tests/stdlib/tnetbind.nim
index 734b6c5e7..84f9ac464 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tnetbind.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tnetbind.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 joinable: false
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tnetconnect.nim b/tests/stdlib/tnetconnect.nim
index b74545710..ae654aed9 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tnetconnect.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tnetconnect.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 discard """
+  disabled: "i386"
   matrix: "-d:ssl"
 """
 
 import std/net
 from std/strutils import `%`
+from stdtest/testutils import enableRemoteNetworking
 
 # bug #15215
 proc test() =
@@ -17,10 +19,12 @@ proc test() =
     wrapSocket(ctx, socket)
 
   # trying 2 sites makes it more resilent: refs #17458 this could give:
-  # Error: unhandled exception: Call to 'connect' timed out. [TimeoutError]
+  # * Call to 'connect' timed out. [TimeoutError]
+  # * No route to host [OSError]
   try:
     fn("www.nim-lang.org")
-  except TimeoutError:
+  except TimeoutError, OSError:
     fn("www.google.com")
 
-test()
+when enableRemoteNetworking:
+  test()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tnetdial.nim b/tests/stdlib/tnetdial.nim
index f940bd630..a1e147ad5 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tnetdial.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tnetdial.nim
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ discard """
   cmd: "nim c --threads:on $file"
   exitcode: 0
   output: "OK"
-  disabled: "travis"
 """
 
 import os, net, nativesockets, asyncdispatch
+import std/[assertions, typedthreads]
 
 ## Test for net.dial
 
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ proc initIPv6Server(hostname: string, port: Port): AsyncFD =
   let fd = createNativeSocket(AF_INET6)
   setSockOptInt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
   var aiList = getAddrInfo(hostname, port, AF_INET6)
-  if bindAddr(fd, aiList.ai_addr, aiList.ai_addrlen.Socklen) < 0'i32:
+  if bindAddr(fd, aiList.ai_addr, aiList.ai_addrlen.SockLen) < 0'i32:
     freeAddrInfo(aiList)
     raiseOSError(osLastError())
   freeAddrInfo(aiList)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tnre.nim b/tests/stdlib/tnre.nim
index f13c16052..3b40e9e83 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tnre.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tnre.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 # Since the tests for nre are all bundled together we treat failure in one test as an nre failure
 # When running 'testament/tester' a failed check() in the test suite will cause the exit
 # codes to differ and be reported as a failure
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tntpath.nim b/tests/stdlib/tntpath.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8efdd6bd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tntpath.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
+import std/private/ntpath
+import std/assertions
+
+block: # From Python's `Lib/test/test_ntpath.py`
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"c:\foo\bar") == (r"c:", r"\foo\bar")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"c:/foo/bar") == (r"c:", r"/foo/bar")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"\\conky\mountpoint\foo\bar") == (r"\\conky\mountpoint", r"\foo\bar")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"//conky/mountpoint/foo/bar") == (r"//conky/mountpoint", r"/foo/bar")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"\\\conky\mountpoint\foo\bar") == (r"", r"\\\conky\mountpoint\foo\bar")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"///conky/mountpoint/foo/bar") == (r"", r"///conky/mountpoint/foo/bar")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"\\conky\\mountpoint\foo\bar") == (r"", r"\\conky\\mountpoint\foo\bar")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"//conky//mountpoint/foo/bar") == (r"", r"//conky//mountpoint/foo/bar")
+  # Issue #19911: UNC part containing U+0130
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"//conky/MOUNTPOİNT/foo/bar") == (r"//conky/MOUNTPOİNT", r"/foo/bar")
+  # gh-81790: support device namespace, including UNC drives.
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"//?/c:") == (r"//?/c:", r"")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"//?/c:/") == (r"//?/c:", r"/")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"//?/c:/dir") == (r"//?/c:", r"/dir")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"//?/UNC") == (r"", r"//?/UNC")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"//?/UNC/") == (r"", r"//?/UNC/")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"//?/UNC/server/") == (r"//?/UNC/server/", r"")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"//?/UNC/server/share") == (r"//?/UNC/server/share", r"")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"//?/UNC/server/share/dir") == (r"//?/UNC/server/share", r"/dir")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"//?/VOLUME{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}/spam") == (r"//?/VOLUME{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}", r"/spam")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"//?/BootPartition/") == (r"//?/BootPartition", r"/")
+
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"\\?\c:") == (r"\\?\c:", r"")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"\\?\c:\") == (r"\\?\c:", r"\")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"\\?\c:\dir") == (r"\\?\c:", r"\dir")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"\\?\UNC") == (r"", r"\\?\UNC")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"\\?\UNC\") == (r"", r"\\?\UNC\")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"\\?\UNC\server\") == (r"\\?\UNC\server\", r"")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"\\?\UNC\server\share") == (r"\\?\UNC\server\share", r"")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"\\?\UNC\server\share\dir") == (r"\\?\UNC\server\share", r"\dir")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"\\?\VOLUME{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}\spam") == (r"\\?\VOLUME{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}", r"\spam")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"\\?\BootPartition\") == (r"\\?\BootPartition", r"\")
+
+block:
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"C:") == (r"C:", r"")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"C:\") == (r"C:", r"\")
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"non/absolute/path") == (r"", r"non/absolute/path")
+
+  # Special for `\`-rooted paths on Windows. I don't know if this is correct,
+  # rbut `\` is not recognized as a drive, in contrast to `C:` or `\?\c:`.
+  # This behavior is the same for Python's `splitdrive` function.
+  doAssert splitDrive(r"\\") == (r"", r"\\")
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tobjectdollar.nim b/tests/stdlib/tobjectdollar.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf78fa255
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tobjectdollar.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "-d:nimPreviewSlimSystem"
+"""
+
+import std/assertions
+
+type Foo = object
+  a, b: int
+
+let x = Foo(a: 23, b: 45)
+doAssert not compiles($x)
+import std/objectdollar
+doAssert compiles($x)
+doAssert $x == "(a: 23, b: 45)"
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/toids.nim b/tests/stdlib/toids.nim
index f162dbe57..dd5b84c51 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/toids.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/toids.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,15 @@
-import std/oids
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
 
+import std/oids
+import std/assertions
 
 block: # genOid
   let x = genOid()
   doAssert ($x).len == 24
+
+block:
+  let x = genOid()
+  let y = parseOid(cstring($x))
+  doAssert x == y
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/topenssl.nim b/tests/stdlib/topenssl.nim
index 75e1ba868..af259627f 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/topenssl.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/topenssl.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
 import std/wordwrap
 import openssl
+import std/assertions
 
 const PubKey = r"MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAknKWvrdnncCIzBnIGrZ5qtZrPH+Yo3t7ag9WZIu6Gmc/JgIDDaZhJeyGW0YSnifeAEhooWvM4jDWhTEARzktalSHqYtmwI/1Oxwp6NTYH8akMe2LCpZ5pX9FVA6m9o2tkbdXatbDKRqeD4UA8Ow7Iyrdo6eb1SU8vk+26i+uXHTtsb25p8uf2ppOJrJCy+1vr8Gsnuwny1UdoYZTxMsxRFPf+UX/LrSXMHVq/oPVa3SJ4VHMpYrG/httAugVP6K58xiZ93jst63/dd0JL85mWJu1uS3uz92aL5O97xzth3wR4BbdmDUlN4LuTIwi6DtEcC7gUOTnOzH4zgp2b5RyHwIDAQAB"
 const PrivateKey = r"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"
@@ -12,8 +17,8 @@ proc rsaPublicEncrypt(fr: string): string =
   doAssert rsa != nil
   doAssert BIO_free(bio) >= 0
   result = newString(RSA_size(rsa))
-  let frdata = cast[ptr cuchar](fr.cstring)
-  var todata = cast[ptr cuchar](result.cstring)
+  let frdata = cast[ptr uint8](fr.cstring)
+  var todata = cast[ptr uint8](result.cstring)
   doAssert RSA_public_encrypt(fr.len.cint, frdata, todata, rsa, RSA_PKCS1_PADDING) != -1
   RSA_free(rsa)
 
@@ -26,8 +31,8 @@ proc rasPrivateDecrypt(fr: string): string =
   doAssert BIO_free(bio) >= 0
   let rsaLen = RSA_size(rsa)
   result = newString(rsaLen)
-  let frdata = cast[ptr cuchar](fr.cstring)
-  var todata = cast[ptr cuchar](result.cstring)
+  let frdata = cast[ptr uint8](fr.cstring)
+  var todata = cast[ptr uint8](result.cstring)
   let lenOrig = RSA_private_decrypt(rsaLen, frdata, todata, rsa, RSA_PKCS1_PADDING)
   doAssert lenOrig >= 0 and lenOrig < result.len
   doAssert result[lenOrig] == '\0'
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/toptions.nim b/tests/stdlib/toptions.nim
index 71c52a07e..63a10e746 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/toptions.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/toptions.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c js"
 """
 
 import std/[json, options]
 
+import std/assertions
+import std/objectdollar
+
 
 # RefPerson is used to test that overloaded `==` operator is not called by
 # options. It is defined here in the global scope, because otherwise the test
@@ -192,6 +196,12 @@ proc main() =
         doAssert x.isNone
         doAssert $x == "none(cstring)"
 
-
 static: main()
 main()
+
+when not defined(js):
+  block: # bug #22932
+    var it = iterator: int {.closure.} = discard
+    doAssert it.option.isSome # Passes.
+    it = nil
+    doAssert it.option.isNone # Passes.
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tos.nim b/tests/stdlib/tos.nim
index 3f62a098f..611659fdb 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tos.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tos.nim
@@ -22,11 +22,13 @@ __really_obscure_dir_name/test
 Raises
 Raises
 '''
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  joinable: false
 """
 # test os path creation, iteration, and deletion
 
-import os, strutils, pathnorm
 from stdtest/specialpaths import buildDir
+import std/[syncio, assertions, osproc, os, strutils, pathnorm]
 
 block fileOperations:
   let files = @["these.txt", "are.x", "testing.r", "files.q"]
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ block fileOperations:
   doAssert dirExists(dname)
 
   block: # copyFile, copyFileToDir
-    doAssertRaises(OSError): copyFile(dname/"nonexistant.txt", dname/"nonexistant.txt")
+    doAssertRaises(OSError): copyFile(dname/"nonexistent.txt", dname/"nonexistent.txt")
     let fname = "D20201009T112235"
     let fname2 = "D20201009T112235.2"
     let str = "foo1\0foo2\nfoo3\0"
@@ -155,6 +157,21 @@ block fileOperations:
   doAssert fileExists("../dest/a/file.txt")
   removeDir("../dest")
 
+  # createDir should not fail if `dir` is empty
+  createDir("")
+
+
+  when defined(linux): # bug #24174
+    createDir("a/b")
+    open("a/file.txt", fmWrite).close
+
+    if not fileExists("a/fifoFile"):
+      doAssert execCmd("mkfifo -m 600 a/fifoFile") == 0
+
+    copyDir("a/", "../dest/a/", skipSpecial = true)
+    copyDirWithPermissions("a/", "../dest2/a/", skipSpecial = true)
+    removeDir("a")
+
   # Symlink handling in `copyFile`, `copyFileWithPermissions`, `copyFileToDir`,
   # `copyDir`, `copyDirWithPermissions`, `moveFile`, and `moveDir`.
   block:
@@ -164,7 +181,7 @@ block fileOperations:
     const subDir2 = dname/"sub2"
     const brokenSymlinkName = "D20210101T191320_BROKEN_SYMLINK"
     const brokenSymlink = dname/brokenSymlinkName
-    const brokenSymlinkSrc = "D20210101T191320_nonexistant"
+    const brokenSymlinkSrc = "D20210101T191320_nonexistent"
     const brokenSymlinkCopy = brokenSymlink & "_COPY"
     const brokenSymlinkInSubDir = subDir/brokenSymlinkName
     const brokenSymlinkInSubDir2 = subDir2/brokenSymlinkName
@@ -261,6 +278,51 @@ block fileOperations:
 
     removeDir(dname)
 
+block: # moveFile
+  let tempDir = getTempDir() / "D20210609T151608"
+  createDir(tempDir)
+  defer: removeDir(tempDir)
+
+  writeFile(tempDir / "a.txt", "")
+  moveFile(tempDir / "a.txt", tempDir / "b.txt")
+  doAssert not fileExists(tempDir / "a.txt")
+  doAssert fileExists(tempDir / "b.txt")
+  removeFile(tempDir / "b.txt")
+
+  createDir(tempDir / "moveFile_test")
+  writeFile(tempDir / "moveFile_test/a.txt", "")
+  moveFile(tempDir / "moveFile_test/a.txt", tempDir / "moveFile_test/b.txt")
+  doAssert not fileExists(tempDir / "moveFile_test/a.txt")
+  doAssert fileExists(tempDir / "moveFile_test/b.txt")
+  removeDir(tempDir / "moveFile_test")
+
+  createDir(tempDir / "moveFile_test")
+  writeFile(tempDir / "a.txt", "")
+  moveFile(tempDir / "a.txt", tempDir / "moveFile_test/b.txt")
+  doAssert not fileExists(tempDir / "a.txt")
+  doAssert fileExists(tempDir / "moveFile_test/b.txt")
+  removeDir(tempDir / "moveFile_test")
+
+block: # moveDir
+  let tempDir = getTempDir() / "D20210609T161443"
+  createDir(tempDir)
+  defer: removeDir(tempDir)
+
+  createDir(tempDir / "moveDir_test")
+  moveDir(tempDir / "moveDir_test/", tempDir / "moveDir_test_dest")
+  doAssert not dirExists(tempDir / "moveDir_test")
+  doAssert dirExists(tempDir / "moveDir_test_dest")
+  removeDir(tempDir / "moveDir_test_dest")
+
+  createDir(tempDir / "moveDir_test")
+  writeFile(tempDir / "moveDir_test/a.txt", "")
+  moveDir(tempDir / "moveDir_test", tempDir / "moveDir_test_dest")
+  doAssert not dirExists(tempDir / "moveDir_test")
+  doAssert not fileExists(tempDir / "moveDir_test/a.txt")
+  doAssert dirExists(tempDir / "moveDir_test_dest")
+  doAssert fileExists(tempDir / "moveDir_test_dest/a.txt")
+  removeDir(tempDir / "moveDir_test_dest")
+
 import times
 block modificationTime:
   # Test get/set modification times
@@ -285,7 +347,7 @@ block walkDirRec:
     doAssert p.startsWith("walkdir_test")
 
   var s: seq[string]
-  for p in walkDirRec("walkdir_test", {pcFile}, {pcDir}, relative=true):
+  for p in walkDirRec("walkdir_test", {pcFile}, {pcDir}, relative = true):
     s.add(p)
 
   doAssert s.len == 2
@@ -294,11 +356,13 @@ block walkDirRec:
 
   removeDir("walkdir_test")
 
+import std/sequtils
+
 block: # walkDir
   doAssertRaises(OSError):
-    for a in walkDir("nonexistant", checkDir = true): discard
+    for a in walkDir("nonexistent", checkDir = true): discard
   doAssertRaises(OSError):
-    for p in walkDirRec("nonexistant", checkDir = true): discard
+    for p in walkDirRec("nonexistent", checkDir = true): discard
 
   when not defined(windows):
     block walkDirRelative:
@@ -308,6 +372,21 @@ block: # walkDir
         doAssert k == pcLinkToDir
       removeDir("walkdir_test")
 
+  when defined(posix):
+    block walkDirSpecial:
+      createDir("walkdir_test")
+      doAssert execShellCmd("mkfifo walkdir_test/fifo") == 0
+      createSymlink("fifo", "walkdir_test/fifo_link")
+      let withSpecialFiles = toSeq(walkDir("walkdir_test", relative = true))
+      doAssert (withSpecialFiles.len == 2 and
+                (pcFile, "fifo") in withSpecialFiles and
+                (pcLinkToFile, "fifo_link") in withSpecialFiles)
+      # now Unix special files are excluded from walkdir output:
+      let skipSpecialFiles = toSeq(walkDir("walkdir_test", relative = true,
+                                           skipSpecial = true))
+      doAssert skipSpecialFiles.len == 0
+      removeDir("walkdir_test")
+
 block normalizedPath:
   doAssert normalizedPath("") == ""
   block relative:
@@ -462,7 +541,11 @@ block ospaths:
   doAssert relativePath("/Users/me/bar/z.nim", "/Users/other/bad", '/') == "../../me/bar/z.nim"
 
   doAssert relativePath("/Users/me/bar/z.nim", "/Users/other", '/') == "../me/bar/z.nim"
-  doAssert relativePath("/Users///me/bar//z.nim", "//Users/", '/') == "me/bar/z.nim"
+
+  # `//` is a UNC path, `/` is the current working directory's drive, so can't
+  # run this test on Windows.
+  when not doslikeFileSystem:
+    doAssert relativePath("/Users///me/bar//z.nim", "//Users/", '/') == "me/bar/z.nim"
   doAssert relativePath("/Users/me/bar/z.nim", "/Users/me", '/') == "bar/z.nim"
   doAssert relativePath("", "/users/moo", '/') == ""
   doAssert relativePath("foo", "", '/') == "foo"
@@ -507,19 +590,19 @@ block ospaths:
   doAssert joinPath("/", "") == unixToNativePath"/"
   doAssert joinPath("/" / "") == unixToNativePath"/" # weird test case...
   doAssert joinPath("/", "/a/b/c") == unixToNativePath"/a/b/c"
-  doAssert joinPath("foo/","") == unixToNativePath"foo/"
-  doAssert joinPath("foo/","abc") == unixToNativePath"foo/abc"
-  doAssert joinPath("foo//./","abc/.//") == unixToNativePath"foo/abc/"
-  doAssert joinPath("foo","abc") == unixToNativePath"foo/abc"
-  doAssert joinPath("","abc") == unixToNativePath"abc"
+  doAssert joinPath("foo/", "") == unixToNativePath"foo/"
+  doAssert joinPath("foo/", "abc") == unixToNativePath"foo/abc"
+  doAssert joinPath("foo//./", "abc/.//") == unixToNativePath"foo/abc/"
+  doAssert joinPath("foo", "abc") == unixToNativePath"foo/abc"
+  doAssert joinPath("", "abc") == unixToNativePath"abc"
 
-  doAssert joinPath("gook/.","abc") == unixToNativePath"gook/abc"
+  doAssert joinPath("zook/.", "abc") == unixToNativePath"zook/abc"
 
-  # controversial: inconsistent with `joinPath("gook/.","abc")`
+  # controversial: inconsistent with `joinPath("zook/.","abc")`
   # on linux, `./foo` and `foo` are treated a bit differently for executables
   # but not `./foo/bar` and `foo/bar`
   doAssert joinPath(".", "/lib") == unixToNativePath"./lib"
-  doAssert joinPath(".","abc") == unixToNativePath"./abc"
+  doAssert joinPath(".", "abc") == unixToNativePath"./abc"
 
   # cases related to issue #13455
   doAssert joinPath("foo", "", "") == "foo"
@@ -549,27 +632,15 @@ block getTempDir:
       if existsEnv("TMPDIR"):
         let origTmpDir = getEnv("TMPDIR")
         putEnv("TMPDIR", "/mytmp")
-        doAssert getTempDir() == "/mytmp"
+        doAssert getTempDir() == "/mytmp/"
         delEnv("TMPDIR")
-        doAssert getTempDir() == "/tmp"
+        doAssert getTempDir() == "/tmp/"
         putEnv("TMPDIR", origTmpDir)
       else:
-        doAssert getTempDir() == "/tmp"
-
-block osenv:
-  block delEnv:
-    const dummyEnvVar = "DUMMY_ENV_VAR" # This env var wouldn't be likely to exist to begin with
-    doAssert existsEnv(dummyEnvVar) == false
-    putEnv(dummyEnvVar, "1")
-    doAssert existsEnv(dummyEnvVar) == true
-    delEnv(dummyEnvVar)
-    doAssert existsEnv(dummyEnvVar) == false
-    delEnv(dummyEnvVar)         # deleting an already deleted env var
-    doAssert existsEnv(dummyEnvVar) == false
-  block:
-    doAssert getEnv("DUMMY_ENV_VAR_NONEXISTENT", "") == ""
-    doAssert getEnv("DUMMY_ENV_VAR_NONEXISTENT", " ") == " "
-    doAssert getEnv("DUMMY_ENV_VAR_NONEXISTENT", "Arrakis") == "Arrakis"
+        doAssert getTempDir() == "/tmp/"
+
+block: # getCacheDir
+  doAssert getCacheDir().dirExists
 
 block isRelativeTo:
   doAssert isRelativeTo("/foo", "/")
@@ -588,7 +659,18 @@ block: # quoteShellWindows
   doAssert quoteShellWindows("aaa\"") == "aaa\\\""
   doAssert quoteShellWindows("") == "\"\""
 
-block: # quoteShellWindows
+block: # quoteShellCommand
+  when defined(windows):
+    doAssert quoteShellCommand(["a b c", "d", "e"]) == """"a b c" d e"""
+    doAssert quoteShellCommand(["""ab"c""", r"\", "d"]) == """ab\"c \ d"""
+    doAssert quoteShellCommand(["""ab"c""", """ \""", "d"]) == """ab\"c " \\" d"""
+    doAssert quoteShellCommand(["""a\\\b""", """de fg""", "h"]) == """a\\\b "de fg" h"""
+    doAssert quoteShellCommand(["""a\"b""", "c", "d"]) == """a\\\"b c d"""
+    doAssert quoteShellCommand(["""a\\b c""", "d", "e"]) == """"a\\b c" d e"""
+    doAssert quoteShellCommand(["""a\\b\ c""", "d", "e"]) == """"a\\b\ c" d e"""
+    doAssert quoteShellCommand(["ab", ""]) == """ab """""
+
+block: # quoteShellPosix
   doAssert quoteShellPosix("aaa") == "aaa"
   doAssert quoteShellPosix("aaa a") == "'aaa a'"
   doAssert quoteShellPosix("") == "''"
@@ -619,7 +701,121 @@ block: # normalizePathEnd
     doAssert r"E:/".normalizePathEnd(trailingSep = true) == r"E:\"
     doAssert "/".normalizePathEnd == r"\"
 
-block: # isValidFilename
+
+import sugar
+
+block: # normalizeExe
+  doAssert "".dup(normalizeExe) == ""
+  when defined(posix):
+    doAssert "foo".dup(normalizeExe) == "./foo"
+    doAssert "foo/../bar".dup(normalizeExe) == "foo/../bar"
+  when defined(windows):
+    doAssert "foo".dup(normalizeExe) == "foo"
+
+block: # isAdmin
+  let isAzure = existsEnv("TF_BUILD") # xxx factor with testament.specs.isAzure
+  # In Azure on Windows tests run as an admin user
+  if isAzure and defined(windows): doAssert isAdmin()
+  # In Azure on POSIX tests run as a normal user
+  if isAzure and defined(posix): doAssert not isAdmin()
+
+
+import sugar
+
+block: # normalizeExe
+  doAssert "".dup(normalizeExe) == ""
+  when defined(posix):
+    doAssert "foo".dup(normalizeExe) == "./foo"
+    doAssert "foo/../bar".dup(normalizeExe) == "foo/../bar"
+  when defined(windows):
+    doAssert "foo".dup(normalizeExe) == "foo"
+
+block: # isAdmin
+  let isAzure = existsEnv("TF_BUILD") # xxx factor with testament.specs.isAzure
+  # In Azure on Windows tests run as an admin user
+  if isAzure and defined(windows): doAssert isAdmin()
+  # In Azure on POSIX tests run as a normal user
+  if isAzure and defined(posix): doAssert not isAdmin()
+
+when doslikeFileSystem:
+  import std/private/ntpath
+
+  block: # Bug #19103 UNC paths
+
+    # Easiest way of generating a valid, readable and writable UNC path
+    let tempDir = r"\\?\" & getTempDir()
+    doAssert dirExists tempDir
+    createDir tempDir / "test"
+    removeDir tempDir / "test"
+    createDir tempDir / "recursive" / "test"
+    removeDir tempDir / "recursive" / "test"
+
+    let tempDir2 = getTempDir()
+    let (drive, pathNoDrive) = splitDrive(tempDir2)
+    setCurrentDir drive
+    doAssert cmpIgnoreCase(getCurrentDir().splitDrive.drive, drive) == 0
+
+    # Test `\Users` path syntax on Windows by stripping away drive. `\`
+    # resolves to the drive in current working directory. This drive will be
+    # the same as `tempDir2` because of the `setCurrentDir` above.
+    doAssert pathNoDrive[0] == '\\'
+    createDir pathNoDrive / "test"
+    doAssert dirExists pathNoDrive / "test"
+    removeDir pathNoDrive / "test"
+
+    doAssert splitPath("//?/c:") == ("//?/c:", "")
+
+    doAssert relativePath("//?/c:///Users//me", "//?/c:", '/') == "Users/me"
+
+    doAssert parentDir(r"\\?\c:") == r""
+    doAssert parentDir(r"//?/c:/Users") == r"\\?\c:"
+    doAssert parentDir(r"\\localhost\c$") == r""
+    doAssert parentDir(r"\Users") == r"\"
+
+    doAssert tailDir("//?/c:") == ""
+    doAssert tailDir("//?/c:/Users") == "Users"
+    doAssert tailDir(r"\\localhost\c$\Windows\System32") == r"Windows\System32"
+
+    doAssert isRootDir("//?/c:")
+    doAssert isRootDir("//?/UNC/localhost/c$")
+    doAssert not isRootDir(r"\\?\c:\Users")
+
+    doAssert parentDirs(r"C:\Users", fromRoot = true).toSeq == @[r"C:\", r"C:\Users"]
+    doAssert parentDirs(r"C:\Users", fromRoot = false).toSeq == @[r"C:\Users", r"C:"]
+    doAssert parentDirs(r"\\?\c:\Users", fromRoot = true).toSeq ==
+      @[r"\\?\c:\", r"\\?\c:\Users"]
+    doAssert parentDirs(r"\\?\c:\Users", fromRoot = false).toSeq ==
+      @[r"\\?\c:\Users", r"\\?\c:"]
+    doAssert parentDirs(r"//localhost/c$/Users", fromRoot = true).toSeq ==
+      @[r"//localhost/c$/", r"//localhost/c$/Users"]
+    doAssert parentDirs(r"//?/UNC/localhost/c$/Users", fromRoot = false).toSeq ==
+      @[r"//?/UNC/localhost/c$/Users", r"\\?\UNC\localhost\c$"]
+    doAssert parentDirs(r"\Users", fromRoot = true).toSeq == @[r"\", r"\Users"]
+    doAssert parentDirs(r"\Users", fromRoot = false).toSeq == @[r"\Users", r"\"]
+
+    doAssert r"//?/c:" /../ "d/e" == r"\\?\c:\d\e"
+    doAssert r"//?/c:/Users" /../ "d/e" == r"\\?\c:\d\e"
+    doAssert r"\\localhost\c$" /../ "d/e" == r"\\localhost\c$\d\e"
+
+    doAssert splitFile("//?/c:") == ("//?/c:", "", "")
+    doAssert splitFile("//?/c:/Users") == ("//?/c:", "Users", "")
+    doAssert splitFile(r"\\localhost\c$\test.txt") == (r"\\localhost\c$", "test", ".txt")
+
+else:
+  block: # parentDirs
+    doAssert parentDirs("/home", fromRoot=true).toSeq == @["/", "/home"]
+    doAssert parentDirs("/home", fromRoot=false).toSeq == @["/home", "/"]
+    doAssert parentDirs("home", fromRoot=true).toSeq == @["home"]
+    doAssert parentDirs("home", fromRoot=false).toSeq == @["home"]
+
+    doAssert parentDirs("/home/user", fromRoot=true).toSeq == @["/", "/home/", "/home/user"]
+    doAssert parentDirs("/home/user", fromRoot=false).toSeq == @["/home/user", "/home", "/"]
+    doAssert parentDirs("home/user", fromRoot=true).toSeq == @["home/", "home/user"]
+    doAssert parentDirs("home/user", fromRoot=false).toSeq == @["home/user", "home"]
+
+
+# https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/19643#issuecomment-1235102314
+block:  # isValidFilename
   # Negative Tests.
   doAssert not isValidFilename("abcd", maxLen = 2)
   doAssert not isValidFilename("0123456789", maxLen = 8)
@@ -646,19 +842,34 @@ block: # isValidFilename
   doAssert isValidFilename("nim.nim")
   doAssert isValidFilename("foo.log")
 
-import sugar
+block: # searchExtPos
+  doAssert "foo.nim".searchExtPos == 3
+  doAssert "/foo.nim".searchExtPos == 4
+  doAssert "".searchExtPos == -1
+  doAssert "/".searchExtPos == -1
+  doAssert "a.b/foo".searchExtPos == -1
+  doAssert ".".searchExtPos == -1
+  doAssert "foo.".searchExtPos == 3
+  doAssert "foo..".searchExtPos == 4
+  doAssert "..".searchExtPos == -1
+  doAssert "...".searchExtPos == -1
+  doAssert "./".searchExtPos == -1
+  doAssert "../".searchExtPos == -1
+  doAssert "/.".searchExtPos == -1
+  doAssert "/..".searchExtPos == -1
+  doAssert ".b".searchExtPos == -1
+  doAssert "..b".searchExtPos == -1
+  doAssert "/.b".searchExtPos == -1
+  doAssert "a/.b".searchExtPos == -1
+  doAssert ".a.b".searchExtPos == 2
+  doAssert "a/.b.c".searchExtPos == 4
+  doAssert "a/..b".searchExtPos == -1
+  doAssert "a/b..c".searchExtPos == 4
 
-block: # normalizeExe
-  doAssert "".dup(normalizeExe) == ""
-  when defined(posix):
-    doAssert "foo".dup(normalizeExe) == "./foo"
-    doAssert "foo/../bar".dup(normalizeExe) == "foo/../bar"
-  when defined(windows):
-    doAssert "foo".dup(normalizeExe) == "foo"
-
-block: # isAdmin
-  let isAzure = existsEnv("TF_BUILD") # xxx factor with testament.specs.isAzure
-  # In Azure on Windows tests run as an admin user
-  if isAzure and defined(windows): doAssert isAdmin()
-  # In Azure on POSIX tests run as a normal user
-  if isAzure and defined(posix): doAssert not isAdmin()
+  when doslikeFileSystem:
+    doAssert "c:a.b".searchExtPos == 3
+    doAssert "c:.a".searchExtPos == -1
+    doAssert r"c:\.a".searchExtPos == -1
+    doAssert "c:..a".searchExtPos == -1
+    doAssert r"c:\..a".searchExtPos == -1
+    doAssert "c:.a.b".searchExtPos == 4
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tos_unc.nim b/tests/stdlib/tos_unc.nim
index e55de11ce..194deeb42 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tos_unc.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tos_unc.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   disabled: "posix"
 """
 
 # bug 10952, UNC paths
 import os
+import std/assertions
 
 doAssert r"\\hostname\foo\bar" / "baz" == r"\\hostname\foo\bar\baz"
 doAssert r"\\?\C:\foo" / "bar" == r"\\?\C:\foo\bar"
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tosenv.nim b/tests/stdlib/tosenv.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17e397987
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tosenv.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:arc"
+  joinable: false
+  targets: "c js cpp"
+"""
+
+import std/os
+from std/sequtils import toSeq
+import stdtest/testutils
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions]
+
+# "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE" in UTF-8 (0xc386)
+const unicodeUtf8 = "\xc3\x86"
+
+template main =
+  block: # delEnv, existsEnv, getEnv, envPairs
+    for val in ["val", "", unicodeUtf8]: # ensures empty val works too
+      const key = "NIM_TESTS_TOSENV_KEY"
+      doAssert not existsEnv(key)
+
+      putEnv(key, "tempval")
+      doAssert existsEnv(key)
+      doAssert getEnv(key) == "tempval"
+
+      putEnv(key, val) # change a key that already exists
+      doAssert existsEnv(key)
+      doAssert getEnv(key) == val
+
+      doAssert (key, val) in toSeq(envPairs())
+      delEnv(key)
+      doAssert (key, val) notin toSeq(envPairs())
+      doAssert not existsEnv(key)
+      delEnv(key) # deleting an already deleted env var
+      doAssert not existsEnv(key)
+
+    block:
+      doAssert getEnv("NIM_TESTS_TOSENV_NONEXISTENT", "") == ""
+      doAssert getEnv("NIM_TESTS_TOSENV_NONEXISTENT", " ") == " "
+      doAssert getEnv("NIM_TESTS_TOSENV_NONEXISTENT", "defval") == "defval"
+
+    whenVMorJs: discard # xxx improve
+    do:
+      doAssertRaises(OSError, putEnv("NIM_TESTS_TOSENV_PUT=DUMMY_VALUE", "NEW_DUMMY_VALUE"))
+      doAssertRaises(OSError, putEnv("", "NEW_DUMMY_VALUE"))
+      doAssert not existsEnv("")
+      doAssert not existsEnv("NIM_TESTS_TOSENV_PUT=DUMMY_VALUE")
+      doAssert not existsEnv("NIM_TESTS_TOSENV_PUT")
+
+static: main()
+main()
+
+when defined(windows):
+  import std/widestrs
+  proc c_wgetenv(env: WideCString): WideCString {.importc: "_wgetenv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+proc c_getenv(env: cstring): cstring {.importc: "getenv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+
+when not defined(js) and not defined(nimscript):
+  when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+    import std/typedthreads
+  block: # bug #18533
+    var thr: Thread[void]
+    proc threadFunc {.thread.} = putEnv("foo", "fooVal2")
+
+    putEnv("foo", "fooVal1")
+    doAssert getEnv("foo") == "fooVal1"
+    createThread(thr, threadFunc)
+    joinThreads(thr)
+    when defined(windows):
+      doAssert getEnv("foo") == $c_wgetenv("foo".newWideCString)
+    else:
+      doAssert getEnv("foo") == $c_getenv("foo".cstring)
+
+    doAssertRaises(OSError): delEnv("foo=bar")
+
+when defined(windows) and not defined(nimscript):
+  import std/encodings
+
+  proc c_putenv(env: cstring): int32 {.importc: "putenv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+  proc c_wputenv(env: WideCString): int32 {.importc: "_wputenv", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
+
+  block: # Bug #20083
+    # These test that `getEnv`, `putEnv` and `existsEnv` handle Unicode
+    # characters correctly. This means that module X in the process calling the
+    # CRT environment variable API will get the correct string. Raw CRT API
+    # calls below represent module X.
+
+    # Getting an env. var. with unicode characters returns the correct UTF-8
+    # encoded string.
+    block:
+      const envName = "twin_envvars1"
+      doAssert c_wputenv(newWideCString(envName & "=" & unicodeUtf8)) == 0
+      doAssert existsEnv(envName)
+      doAssert getEnv(envName) == unicodeUtf8
+
+    # Putting an env. var. with unicode characters gives the correct UTF-16
+    # encoded string from low-level routine.
+    block:
+      const envName = "twin_envvars2"
+      putEnv(envName, unicodeUtf8)
+      doAssert $c_wgetenv(envName.newWideCString) == unicodeUtf8
+
+    # Env. name containing Unicode characters is retrieved correctly
+    block:
+      const envName = unicodeUtf8 & "1"
+      doAssert c_wputenv(newWideCString(envName & "=" & unicodeUtf8)) == 0
+      doAssert existsEnv(envName)
+      doAssert getEnv(envName) == unicodeUtf8
+
+    # Env. name containing Unicode characters is set correctly
+    block:
+      const envName = unicodeUtf8 & "2"
+      putEnv(envName, unicodeUtf8)
+      doAssert existsEnv(envName)
+      doAssert $c_wgetenv(envName.newWideCString) == unicodeUtf8
+
+    # Env. name containing Unicode characters and empty value is set correctly
+    block:
+      const envName = unicodeUtf8 & "3"
+      putEnv(envName, "")
+      doAssert existsEnv(envName)
+      doAssert $c_wgetenv(envName.newWideCString) == ""
+
+    # It's hard to test on Windows code pages, because there is no "change
+    # a process' locale" API.
+    if getCurrentEncoding(true) == "windows-1252":
+      const
+        unicodeAnsi = "\xc6" # `unicodeUtf8` in `windows-1252` encoding
+
+      # Test that env. var. ANSI API has correct encoding
+      block:
+        const
+          envName = unicodeUtf8 & "4"
+          envNameAnsi = unicodeAnsi & "4"
+        putEnv(envName, unicodeUtf8)
+        doAssert $c_getenv(envNameAnsi.cstring) == unicodeAnsi
+
+      block:
+        const
+          envName = unicodeUtf8 & "5"
+          envNameAnsi = unicodeAnsi & "5"
+        doAssert c_putenv((envNameAnsi & "=" & unicodeAnsi).cstring) == 0
+        doAssert getEnv(envName) == unicodeUtf8
+
+      # Env. name containing Unicode characters and empty value is set correctly;
+      # and, if env. name. characters cannot be represented in codepage, don't
+      # raise an error.
+      #
+      # `win_setenv.nim` converts UTF-16 to ANSI when setting empty env. var. The
+      # windows-1250 locale has no representation of `abreveUtf8` below, so the
+      # conversion will fail, but this must not be fatal. It is expected that the
+      # routine ignores updating MBCS environment (`environ` global) and carries
+      # on.
+      block:
+        const
+          # "LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE" in UTF-8
+          abreveUtf8 = "\xc4\x83"
+          envName = abreveUtf8 & "6"
+        putEnv(envName, "")
+        doAssert existsEnv(envName)
+        doAssert $c_wgetenv(envName.newWideCString) == ""
+        doAssert getEnv(envName) == ""
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/toserrors.nim b/tests/stdlib/toserrors.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e907dfe63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/toserrors.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+import std/oserrors
+
+let x1 = osLastError()
+raiseOSError(x1)
+echo osErrorMsg(x1)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tosproc.nim b/tests/stdlib/tosproc.nim
index 96cff1468..da4f6252d 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tosproc.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tosproc.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 joinable: false
 """
 
@@ -9,10 +10,11 @@ because it'd need cleanup up stdout
 see also: tests/osproc/*.nim; consider merging those into a single test here
 (easier to factor and test more things as a single self contained test)
 ]#
+import std/[assertions, syncio]
 
 when defined(case_testfile): # compiled test file for child process
   from posix import exitnow
-  proc c_exit2(code: c_int): void {.importc: "_exit", header: "<unistd.h>".}
+  proc c_exit2(code: cint): void {.importc: "_exit", header: "<unistd.h>".}
   import os
   var a = 0
   proc fun(b = 0) =
@@ -29,6 +31,12 @@ when defined(case_testfile): # compiled test file for child process
     case arg
     of "exit_0":
       if true: quit(0)
+    of "exit_1":
+      if true: quit(1)
+    of "exit_2":
+      if true: quit(2)
+    of "exit_42":
+      if true: quit(42)
     of "exitnow_139":
       if true: exitnow(139)
     of "c_exit2_139":
@@ -86,9 +94,7 @@ else: # main driver
   const sourcePath = currentSourcePath()
   let dir = getCurrentDir() / "tests" / "osproc"
 
-  template deferScoped(cleanup, body) =
-    # pending https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/236#issuecomment-646855314
-    # xxx move to std/sugar or (preferably) some low level module
+  template deferring(cleanup, body) =
     try: body
     finally: cleanup
 
@@ -113,7 +119,17 @@ else: # main driver
     runTest("exit_0", 0)
     runTest("exitnow_139", 139)
     runTest("c_exit2_139", 139)
-    runTest("quit_139", 139)
+    when defined(posix):
+      runTest("quit_139", 127) # The quit value gets saturated to 127
+    else:
+      runTest("quit_139", 139)
+
+  block execCmdTest:
+    let output = compileNimProg("-d:release -d:case_testfile", "D20220705T221100")
+    doAssert execCmd(output & " exit_0") == 0
+    doAssert execCmd(output & " exit_1") == 1
+    doAssert execCmd(output & " exit_2") == 2
+    doAssert execCmd(output & " exit_42") == 42
 
   import std/streams
 
@@ -206,8 +222,8 @@ else: # main driver
       var line = newStringOfCap(120)
       while true:
         if outp.readLine(line):
-          result[0].string.add(line.string)
-          result[0].string.add("\n")
+          result[0].add(line)
+          result[0].add("\n")
         else:
           result[1] = peekExitCode(p)
           if result[1] != -1: break
@@ -232,14 +248,14 @@ else: # main driver
     var x = newStringOfCap(120)
     block: # startProcess stdout poStdErrToStdOut (replaces old test `tstdout` + `ta_out`)
       var p = startProcess(output, dir, options={poStdErrToStdOut})
-      deferScoped: p.close()
+      deferring: p.close()
       do:
         var sout: seq[string]
         while p.outputStream.readLine(x): sout.add x
         doAssert sout == @["start ta_out", "to stdout", "to stdout", "to stderr", "to stderr", "to stdout", "to stdout", "end ta_out"]
     block: # startProcess stderr (replaces old test `tstderr` + `ta_out`)
       var p = startProcess(output, dir, options={})
-      deferScoped: p.close()
+      deferring: p.close()
       do:
         var serr, sout: seq[string]
         while p.errorStream.readLine(x): serr.add x
@@ -272,10 +288,29 @@ else: # main driver
     stripLineEnd(result[0])
     doAssert result == ("12", 0)
     when not defined(windows):
-      doAssert execCmdEx("ls --nonexistant").exitCode != 0
+      doAssert execCmdEx("ls --nonexistent").exitCode != 0
     when false:
       # bug: on windows, this raises; on posix, passes
-      doAssert execCmdEx("nonexistant").exitCode != 0
+      doAssert execCmdEx("nonexistent").exitCode != 0
     when defined(posix):
       doAssert execCmdEx("echo $FO", env = newStringTable({"FO": "B"})) == ("B\n", 0)
       doAssert execCmdEx("echo $PWD", workingDir = "/") == ("/\n", 0)
+
+  block: # bug #17749
+    let output = compileNimProg("-d:case_testfile4", "D20210417T011153")
+    var p = startProcess(output, dir)
+    let inp = p.inputStream
+    var count = 0
+    when defined(windows):
+      # xxx we should make osproc.hsWriteData raise IOError on windows, consistent
+      # with posix; we could also (in addition) make IOError a subclass of OSError.
+      type SIGPIPEError = OSError
+    else:
+      type SIGPIPEError = IOError
+    doAssertRaises(SIGPIPEError):
+      for i in 0..<100000:
+        count.inc
+        inp.writeLine "ok" # was giving SIGPIPE and crashing
+    doAssert count >= 100
+    doAssert waitForExit(p) == QuitFailure
+    close(p) # xxx isn't that missing in other places?
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tosprocterminate.nim b/tests/stdlib/tosprocterminate.nim
index 8e9041b81..93b0317f7 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tosprocterminate.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tosprocterminate.nim
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 discard """
   cmd: "nim $target $options -r $file"
   targets: "c cpp"
-  matrix: "--threads:on; "
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 """
 
 import os, osproc, times, std / monotimes
+import std/assertions
 
 when defined(windows):
   const ProgramWhichDoesNotEnd = "notepad"
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tpackedsets.nim b/tests/stdlib/tpackedsets.nim
index d0149adc5..f519c08a7 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tpackedsets.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tpackedsets.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
 import std/packedsets
 import std/sets
 
 import sequtils
 import algorithm
 
+import std/assertions
+
 block basicIntSetTests:
   var y = initPackedSet[int]()
   y.incl(1)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tparsecfg.nim b/tests/stdlib/tparsecfg.nim
index 5c077bbda..2600d6f66 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tparsecfg.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tparsecfg.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c js"
 """
 
-import parsecfg, streams
+import parsecfg, streams, sequtils
+import std/assertions
 
 when not defined(js):
   from stdtest/specialpaths import buildDir
@@ -39,19 +41,14 @@ var ss = newStringStream()
 dict1.writeConfig(ss)
 
 ## Reading a configuration file.
-var dict2 = loadConfig(newStringStream(ss.data))
-var charset = dict2.getSectionValue("", "charset")
-var threads = dict2.getSectionValue("Package", "--threads")
-var pname = dict2.getSectionValue("Package", "name")
-var name = dict2.getSectionValue("Author", "name")
-var qq = dict2.getSectionValue("Author", "qq")
-var email = dict2.getSectionValue("Author", "email")
-doAssert charset == "utf-8"
-doAssert threads == "on"
-doAssert pname == "hello"
-doAssert name == "lihf8515"
-doAssert qq == "10214028"
-doAssert email == "lihaifeng@wxm.com"
+let dict2 = loadConfig(newStringStream(ss.data))
+doAssert dict2.getSectionValue("", "charset") == "utf-8"
+doAssert dict2.getSectionValue("Package", "--threads") == "on"
+doAssert dict2.getSectionValue("Package", "name") == "hello"
+doAssert dict2.getSectionValue("Author", "name") == "lihf8515"
+doAssert dict2.getSectionValue("Author", "qq") == "10214028"
+doAssert dict2.getSectionValue("Author", "email") == "lihaifeng@wxm.com"
+doAssert toSeq(dict2.sections) == @["", "Package", "Author"]
 
 ## Modifying a configuration file.
 var dict3 = loadConfig(newStringStream(ss.data))
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tparsecsv.nim b/tests/stdlib/tparsecsv.nim
index 0d004d45d..5a1e41bce 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tparsecsv.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tparsecsv.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
 include parsecsv
 import strutils, os
+import std/assertions
 
 block: # Tests for reading the header row
   let content = "\nOne,Two,Three,Four\n1,2,3,4\n10,20,30,40,\n100,200,300,400\n"
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tparseipv6.nim b/tests/stdlib/tparseipv6.nim
index 3e1c23e58..31ec4ecfb 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tparseipv6.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tparseipv6.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   output: "all ok"
 """
 
@@ -8,23 +9,23 @@ const
   positives = [
     "::f:8:a8f:218.17.235.229",
     "::b:228.19.241.2",
-    "::8:c:a:f:8.35.8.096",
-    "::3:e:a:bc:04.19.2.9",
+    "::8:c:a:f:8.35.8.96",
+    "::3:e:a:bc:4.19.2.9",
     "::2:212.242.248.19",
     "::df:a5f:3.250.208.9",
     "::8:c:5:e63:250.208.249.0",
     "::b:f:181.12.9.98",
-    "::a:f8:77.08.243.232",
-    "::a:b:85:e4d9:252.9.229.056",
+    "::a:f8:77.8.243.232",
+    "::a:b:85:e4d9:252.9.229.56",
     "941:c:8a:c:e::917",
     "e8:7a:e:ad:88a:8:203.235.225.46",
-    "139c:9e::f8:254.08.21.249",
+    "139c:9e::f8:254.8.21.249",
     "b38:f0:e::f9:89.6.12.18",
     "ef::8",
     "5::ab",
     "a::8:255.247.96.253",
     "b:c0::c:254.248.95.254",
-    "::8c:2:99.251.024.3",
+    "::8c:2:99.251.24.3",
     "98::c:247.240.249.57",
     "9::9",
     "628::f1ed:f",
@@ -106,68 +107,68 @@ const
     "::315",
     "::a:a",
     "::aed3:a",
-    "f0eb:0:e8:b:c:a:254.098.233.17",
+    "f0eb:0:e8:b:c:a:254.98.233.17",
     "bfa:7fc:c66d:15:e9a:ded:254.119.9.9",
-    "d:ffa8:9:a:879:3:202.39.08.245",
+    "d:ffa8:9:a:879:3:202.39.8.245",
     "8e:2:8:fa8a:f1d1:1aa8:252.254.245.81",
-    "5:d4:a:e9:8:8:06.38.98.253",
-    "9c5:4:a5c:f:a6:8c9d:05.250.8.2",
+    "5:d4:a:e9:8:8:6.38.98.253",
+    "9c5:4:a5c:f:a6:8c9d:5.250.8.2",
     "d19a:2:f808:be:f:c:98.86.197.249",
-    "8:26ac:8:8:cb:f:242.00.254.85",
+    "8:26ac:8:8:cb:f:242.0.254.85",
     "38:e:1:0b88:f:0:8.89.248.92",
-    "e7:ff96:a:f:f:b:253.91.052.195",
+    "e7:ff96:a:f:f:b:253.91.52.195",
     "d:8:2:5:894:5:254.0.240.199",
     "2:98:9:8aa:9c8f:fa:252.98.248.17",
-    "e9:d4f:890:ccbe:5:8:088.200.228.216",
+    "e9:d4f:890:ccbe:5:8:88.200.228.216",
     "3:3:9:5:6a:df5:255.251.8.12",
-    "0280:3:8:8:4:9:255.000.251.249",
+    "0280:3:8:8:4:9:255.0.251.249",
     "8:af7:db:aa:0:9:238.248.250.255",
-    "ff:ee:9a:9252:a:289:059.083.18.255",
+    "ff:ee:9a:9252:a:289:59.83.18.255",
     "9f6:5:fc9:b:a89:a:142.1.250.254",
     "e:981a:da:bf94:9:f8:254.242.18.95",
     "3c:1:4:f2:89:f:8.91.255.14",
-    "e::9a2:c:9.050.80.8",
+    "e::9a2:c:9.50.80.8",
     "9::4a:07:fb:211.241.254.228",
     "9be::2:e:215.189.48.188",
-    "f::f:d:069.148.99.168",
+    "f::f:d:69.148.99.168",
     "f::a:97.18.240.47",
     "c::a98e:1:251.253.252.254",
     "668::82:214.87.208.9",
     "9c0::cf0:ecb:253.208.238.255",
-    "a::0:f1:210.240.238.049",
-    "8::a:1:251.238.34.09",
+    "a::0:f1:210.240.238.49",
+    "8::a:1:251.238.34.9",
     "81:dfe::b8:8.255.249.248",
-    "d3::7:b:9:83.189.08.244",
-    "8::9:8:8:00.7.11.252",
+    "d3::7:b:9:83.189.8.244",
+    "8::9:8:8:0.7.11.252",
     "2:8::c:a8:250.221.9.249",
     "2::f:99.8.249.247",
     "c:22f5::5:2c:243.15.79.89",
     "e:8e::da:251.243.255.2",
     "f15f:9::a:255.70.247.218",
-    "f:b::9f38:31.220.94.022",
-    "9::9a48:03.98.249.119",
+    "f:b::9f38:31.220.94.22",
+    "9::9a48:3.98.249.119",
     "d:d:9b87::2d:a:249.253.38.8",
     "d86d:99b::a9b:5:242.236.8.244",
     "eb:3::f:9cf:1.253.1.228",
     "b::ba2:255.247.114.64",
-    "2f:ec:bcb::9:219.254.250.094",
+    "2f:ec:bcb::9:219.254.250.94",
     "da8a:f6::a:e0:19.251.241.251",
-    "5e:c1::a:021.250.8.254",
+    "5e:c1::a:21.250.8.254",
     "c:9::8c9b:248.219.212.252",
     "2:a::8d4a:216.255.198.223",
-    "1f::66:255.30.08.150",
+    "1f::66:255.30.8.150",
     "bc2b:8f::2ff9:6.245.99.230",
     "a:8::a8:9.251.246.255",
-    "f:7:7::98:06.14.1.208",
+    "f:7:7::98:6.14.1.208",
     "e:2::9:218.249.255.254",
     "79:f::6:250.255.98.246",
-    "47:9:fb9f::9:038.136.17.251",
+    "47:9:fb9f::9:38.136.17.251",
     "ed::a:247.9.23.239",
     "6f::f1:88.254.119.9",
     "a::d:218.199.236.0",
-    "fc88::9:203.196.04.95",
-    "::8.048.255.85",
-    "::253.07.255.36",
+    "fc88::9:203.196.4.95",
+    "::8.48.255.85",
+    "::253.7.255.36",
     "9:d::253.7.178.229",
     "::250.84.158.253",
     "::8.55.204.248",
@@ -175,39 +176,47 @@ const
     "df9:88ca::248.255.108.17",
     "8e9b::250.206.0.82",
     "::209.8.254.209",
-    "::247.088.8.8",
+    "::247.88.8.8",
     "::cb:f:ba41:250.208.19.249",
     "::fe:0e8:243.240.229.5",
     "::c:223.251.5.226",
-    "::8:08.03.8.250",
+    "::8:8.3.8.250",
     "::f:8.88.11.255",
-    "::fda:48:aa:05.189.07.2",
-    "::8:c3f:f:240.06.212.255",
+    "::fda:48:aa:5.189.7.2",
+    "::8:c3f:f:240.6.212.255",
     "::f:0aa:244.123.99.16",
-    "::c9b5:c:034.8.090.196",
+    "::c9b5:c:34.8.90.196",
     "::98:c9:254.14.241.81"
   ]
   negatives = ["foo.bar",
     "::::::::::::",
     "yet another failure",
-    "de:6:c:ab5:6a::9:252.06.06.249",
-    "f9:5f7:fa38:9:b::b6:09.255.248.252",
+    "de:6:c:ab5:6a::9:252.6.6.249",
+    "f9:5f7:fa38:9:b::b6:9.255.248.252",
     "97:c:5b:81:8a::f5dd:144.252.250.9",
-    "9:8:cd:8:a9::f:247.255.09.255",
+    "9:8:cd:8:a9::f:247.255.9.255",
     "18:1:8c:2:3::9:8.254.252.139",
-    "e:c298:3:e:a::bb12:254.246.05.250",
+    "e:c298:3:e:a::bb12:254.246.5.250",
     "e:e:c:8e:fd::8:253.8.49.231",
     "9:97f:f:e929:8a::c9:0.8.252.10",
-    "0df:b24:7:89:c::2b:16.249.240.092",
+    "0df:b24:7:89:c::2b:16.249.240.92",
     "b:8f5f:485:c:9a::84c:178.7.249.34",
+    "::3:e:a:bc:091.19.2.9",
+    "::a:f8:77.08.243.232",
+    "::8c:2:99.251.029.3",
+    "::8:c:a:f:8.35.8.096",
+    "d:ffa8:9:a:879:3:0202.39.8.245",
+    "139c:9e::f8:254.07.21.249",
+    "f0eb:0:e8:b:c:a:254.233.043.17",
+    "::a:b:85:e4d9:252.9.229.056",
   ]
 
-proc ok(pos: openarray[string]) =
+proc ok(pos: openArray[string]) =
   for p in pos:
     if not isIpAddress(p):
       echo "failure ", p
 
-proc notok(neg: openarray[string]) =
+proc notok(neg: openArray[string]) =
   for n in neg:
     if isIpAddress(n):
       echo "failure ", n
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tparsesql.nim b/tests/stdlib/tparsesql.nim
index ba9e601a1..cd582551d 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tparsesql.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tparsesql.nim
@@ -1,10 +1,23 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c js"
 """
 import parsesql
+import std/assertions
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("SELECT foo FROM table;") == "select foo from table;"
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert treeRepr(parseSql("INSERT INTO STATS VALUES (10, 5.5); ")
+) == """
+
+nkStmtList
+  nkInsert
+    nkIdent STATS
+    nkNone
+    nkValueList
+      nkIntegerLit 10
+      nkNumericLit 5.5"""
+
+doAssert $parseSql("SELECT foo FROM table;") == "select foo from table;"
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT
   CustomerName,
   ContactName,
@@ -20,26 +33,26 @@ SELECT
   Country
 FROM table;""") == "select CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City, PostalCode, Country, CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City, PostalCode, Country from table;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("SELECT foo FROM table limit 10") == "select foo from table limit 10;"
-doAssert $parseSQL("SELECT foo, bar, baz FROM table limit 10") == "select foo, bar, baz from table limit 10;"
-doAssert $parseSQL("SELECT foo AS bar FROM table") == "select foo as bar from table;"
-doAssert $parseSQL("SELECT foo AS foo_prime, bar AS bar_prime, baz AS baz_prime FROM table") == "select foo as foo_prime, bar as bar_prime, baz as baz_prime from table;"
-doAssert $parseSQL("SELECT * FROM table") == "select * from table;"
-doAssert $parseSQL("SELECT count(*) FROM table") == "select count(*) from table;"
-doAssert $parseSQL("SELECT count(*) as 'Total' FROM table") == "select count(*) as 'Total' from table;"
-doAssert $parseSQL("SELECT count(*) as 'Total', sum(a) as 'Aggr' FROM table") == "select count(*) as 'Total', sum(a) as 'Aggr' from table;"
+doAssert $parseSql("SELECT foo FROM table limit 10") == "select foo from table limit 10;"
+doAssert $parseSql("SELECT foo, bar, baz FROM table limit 10") == "select foo, bar, baz from table limit 10;"
+doAssert $parseSql("SELECT foo AS bar FROM table") == "select foo as bar from table;"
+doAssert $parseSql("SELECT foo AS foo_prime, bar AS bar_prime, baz AS baz_prime FROM table") == "select foo as foo_prime, bar as bar_prime, baz as baz_prime from table;"
+doAssert $parseSql("SELECT * FROM table") == "select * from table;"
+doAssert $parseSql("SELECT count(*) FROM table") == "select count(*) from table;"
+doAssert $parseSql("SELECT count(*) as 'Total' FROM table") == "select count(*) as 'Total' from table;"
+doAssert $parseSql("SELECT count(*) as 'Total', sum(a) as 'Aggr' FROM table") == "select count(*) as 'Total', sum(a) as 'Aggr' from table;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT * FROM table
 WHERE a = b and c = d
 """) == "select * from table where a = b and c = d;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT * FROM table
 WHERE not b
 """) == "select * from table where not b;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT
   *
 FROM
@@ -48,63 +61,63 @@ WHERE
   a and not b
 """) == "select * from table where a and not b;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT * FROM table
 ORDER BY 1
 """) == "select * from table order by 1;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT * FROM table
 GROUP BY 1
 ORDER BY 1
 """) == "select * from table group by 1 order by 1;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT * FROM table
 ORDER BY 1
 LIMIT 100
 """) == "select * from table order by 1 limit 100;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT * FROM table
 WHERE a = b and c = d or n is null and not b + 1 = 3
 """) == "select * from table where a = b and c = d or n is null and not b + 1 = 3;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT * FROM table
 WHERE (a = b and c = d) or (n is null and not b + 1 = 3)
 """) == "select * from table where(a = b and c = d) or (n is null and not b + 1 = 3);"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT * FROM table
 HAVING a = b and c = d
 """) == "select * from table having a = b and c = d;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT a, b FROM table
 GROUP BY a
 """) == "select a, b from table group by a;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT a, b FROM table
 GROUP BY 1, 2
 """) == "select a, b from table group by 1, 2;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("SELECT t.a FROM t as t") == "select t.a from t as t;"
+doAssert $parseSql("SELECT t.a FROM t as t") == "select t.a from t as t;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT a, b FROM (
   SELECT * FROM t
 )
 """) == "select a, b from(select * from t);"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT a, b FROM (
   SELECT * FROM t
 ) as foo
 """) == "select a, b from(select * from t) as foo;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT a, b FROM (
   SELECT * FROM (
     SELECT * FROM (
@@ -116,49 +129,49 @@ SELECT a, b FROM (
 ) as inner5
 """) == "select a, b from(select * from(select * from(select * from(select * from innerTable as inner1) as inner2) as inner3) as inner4) as inner5;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT a, b FROM
   (SELECT * FROM a),
   (SELECT * FROM b),
   (SELECT * FROM c)
 """) == "select a, b from(select * from a),(select * from b),(select * from c);"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT * FROM Products
 WHERE Price BETWEEN 10 AND 20;
 """) == "select * from Products where Price between 10 and 20;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT id FROM a
 JOIN b
 ON a.id == b.id
 """) == "select id from a join b on a.id == b.id;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT id FROM a
 JOIN (SELECT id from c) as b
 ON a.id == b.id
 """) == "select id from a join(select id from c) as b on a.id == b.id;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT id FROM a
 INNER JOIN b
 ON a.id == b.id
 """) == "select id from a inner join b on a.id == b.id;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT id FROM a
 OUTER JOIN b
 ON a.id == b.id
 """) == "select id from a outer join b on a.id == b.id;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT id FROM a
 CROSS JOIN b
 ON a.id == b.id
 """) == "select id from a cross join b on a.id == b.id;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 CREATE TYPE happiness AS ENUM ('happy', 'very happy', 'ecstatic');
 CREATE TABLE holidays (
   num_weeks int,
@@ -168,31 +181,54 @@ CREATE INDEX table1_attr1 ON table1(attr1);
 SELECT * FROM myTab WHERE col1 = 'happy';
 """) == "create type happiness as enum ('happy' , 'very happy' , 'ecstatic' ); create table holidays(num_weeks  int , happiness  happiness );; create index table1_attr1 on table1(attr1 );; select * from myTab where col1 = 'happy';"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City, PostalCode, Country)
 VALUES ('Cardinal', 'Tom B. Erichsen', 'Skagen 21', 'Stavanger', '4006', 'Norway');
 """) == "insert into Customers (CustomerName , ContactName , Address , City , PostalCode , Country ) values ('Cardinal' , 'Tom B. Erichsen' , 'Skagen 21' , 'Stavanger' , '4006' , 'Norway' );"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 INSERT INTO TableName DEFAULT VALUES
 """) == "insert into TableName default values;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 UPDATE Customers
 SET ContactName = 'Alfred Schmidt', City= 'Frankfurt'
 WHERE CustomerID = 1;
 """) == "update Customers set ContactName  = 'Alfred Schmidt' , City  = 'Frankfurt' where CustomerID = 1;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("DELETE FROM table_name;") == "delete from table_name;"
+doAssert treeRepr(parseSql("""UPDATE Customers
+                              SET ContactName = 'Alice', City= 'Frankfurt';""")
+) == """
+
+nkStmtList
+  nkUpdate
+    nkIdent Customers
+    nkAsgn
+      nkIdent ContactName
+      nkStringLit Alice
+    nkAsgn
+      nkIdent City
+      nkStringLit Frankfurt
+    nkNone"""
+
+doAssert $parseSql("DELETE FROM table_name;") == "delete from table_name;"
+
+doAssert treeRepr(parseSql("DELETE FROM table_name;")
+) == """
+
+nkStmtList
+  nkDelete
+    nkIdent table_name
+    nkNone"""
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("DELETE * FROM table_name;") == "delete from table_name;"
+doAssert $parseSql("DELETE * FROM table_name;") == "delete from table_name;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 --Select all:
 SELECT * FROM Customers;
 """) == "select * from Customers;"
 
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE (CustomerName LIKE 'L%'
 OR CustomerName LIKE 'R%' /*OR CustomerName LIKE 'S%'
 OR CustomerName LIKE 'T%'*/ OR CustomerName LIKE 'W%')
@@ -201,9 +237,9 @@ ORDER BY CustomerName;
 """) == "select * from Customers where(CustomerName like 'L%' or CustomerName like 'R%' or CustomerName like 'W%') and Country = 'USA' order by CustomerName;"
 
 # parse quoted keywords as identifires
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT `SELECT`, `FROM` as `GROUP` FROM `WHERE`;
 """) == """select "SELECT", "FROM" as "GROUP" from "WHERE";"""
-doAssert $parseSQL("""
+doAssert $parseSql("""
 SELECT "SELECT", "FROM" as "GROUP" FROM "WHERE";
 """) == """select "SELECT", "FROM" as "GROUP" from "WHERE";"""
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tparseuints.nim b/tests/stdlib/tparseuints.nim
index ef8c782b3..9c71a27d6 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tparseuints.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tparseuints.nim
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
 import unittest, strutils
 
 block: # parseutils
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tparseutils.nim b/tests/stdlib/tparseutils.nim
index 3bc54dff1..b69900864 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tparseutils.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tparseutils.nim
@@ -1,43 +1,112 @@
-import parseutils
-import sequtils
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  targets: "c cpp"
+"""
 
-let input = "$test{}  $this is ${an{  example}}  "
-let expected = @[(ikVar, "test"), (ikStr, "{}  "), (ikVar, "this"),
-                  (ikStr, " is "), (ikExpr, "an{  example}"), (ikStr, "  ")]
-doAssert toSeq(interpolatedFragments(input)) == expected
+import std/[parseutils, sequtils, sugar, formatfloat]
+import std/assertions
 
-var value = 0
-discard parseHex("0x38", value)
-doAssert value == 56
+proc test() =
+  let input = "$test{}  $this is ${an{  example}}  "
+  let expected = @[(ikVar, "test"), (ikStr, "{}  "), (ikVar, "this"),
+                    (ikStr, " is "), (ikExpr, "an{  example}"), (ikStr, "  ")]
+  doAssert toSeq(interpolatedFragments(input)) == expected
 
-value = -1
-doAssert(parseSaturatedNatural("848", value) == 3)
-doAssert value == 848
+  var value = 0
+  discard parseHex("0x38", value)
+  doAssert value == 56
 
-value = -1
-discard parseSaturatedNatural("84899999999999999999324234243143142342135435342532453", value)
-doAssert value == high(int)
+  value = -1
+  doAssert(parseSaturatedNatural("848", value) == 3)
+  doAssert value == 848
 
-value = -1
-discard parseSaturatedNatural("9223372036854775808", value)
-doAssert value == high(int)
+  value = -1
+  discard parseSaturatedNatural("84899999999999999999324234243143142342135435342532453", value)
+  doAssert value == high(int)
 
-value = -1
-discard parseSaturatedNatural("9223372036854775807", value)
-doAssert value == high(int)
+  value = -1
+  discard parseSaturatedNatural("9223372036854775808", value)
+  doAssert value == high(int)
 
-value = -1
-discard parseSaturatedNatural("18446744073709551616", value)
-doAssert value == high(int)
+  value = -1
+  discard parseSaturatedNatural("9223372036854775807", value)
+  doAssert value == high(int)
 
-value = -1
-discard parseSaturatedNatural("18446744073709551615", value)
-doAssert value == high(int)
+  value = -1
+  discard parseSaturatedNatural("18446744073709551616", value)
+  doAssert value == high(int)
 
-value = -1
-doAssert(parseSaturatedNatural("1_000_000", value) == 9)
-doAssert value == 1_000_000
+  value = -1
+  discard parseSaturatedNatural("18446744073709551615", value)
+  doAssert value == high(int)
 
-var i64Value: int64
-discard parseBiggestInt("9223372036854775807", i64Value)
-doAssert i64Value == 9223372036854775807
+  value = -1
+  doAssert(parseSaturatedNatural("1_000_000", value) == 9)
+  doAssert value == 1_000_000
+
+  var i64Value: int64
+  discard parseBiggestInt("9223372036854775807", i64Value)
+  doAssert i64Value == 9223372036854775807
+
+  block:
+    var f: float
+    let res = collect:
+      for x in ["9.123456789012345+","11.123456789012345+","9.123456789012345-","8.123456789012345+","9.12345678901234-","9.123456789012345"]:
+        (parseFloat(x, f, 0), $f)
+    doAssert res == @[(17, "9.123456789012344"), (18, "11.123456789012344"),
+                      (17, "9.123456789012344"), (17, "8.123456789012344"),
+                      (16, "9.12345678901234"), (17, "9.123456789012344")]
+
+test()
+static: test()
+
+block:  # With this included, static: test() crashes the compiler (from a
+        # VM problem with parseSize calling parseFloat).
+  var sz: int64
+  template checkParseSize(s, expectLen, expectVal) =
+    if (let got = parseSize(s, sz); got != expectLen):
+      raise newException(IOError, "got len " & $got & " != " & $expectLen)
+    if sz != expectVal:
+      raise newException(IOError, "got sz " & $sz & " != " & $expectVal)
+  #              STRING    LEN SZ
+  # Good, complete parses
+  checkParseSize "1  b"   , 4, 1
+  checkParseSize "1  B"   , 4, 1
+  checkParseSize "1k"     , 2, 1000
+  checkParseSize "1 kib"  , 5, 1024
+  checkParseSize "1 ki"   , 4, 1024
+  checkParseSize "1mi"    , 3, 1048576
+  checkParseSize "1 mi"   , 4, 1048576
+  checkParseSize "1 mib"  , 5, 1048576
+  checkParseSize "1 Mib"  , 5, 1048576
+  checkParseSize "1 MiB"  , 5, 1048576
+  checkParseSize "1.23GiB", 7, 1320702444 # 1320702443.52 rounded
+  checkParseSize "0.001k" , 6, 1
+  checkParseSize "0.0004k", 7, 0
+  checkParseSize "0.0006k", 7, 1
+  # Incomplete parses
+  checkParseSize "1  "    , 1, 1          # Trailing white IGNORED
+  checkParseSize "1  B "  , 4, 1          # Trailing white IGNORED
+  checkParseSize "1  B/s" , 4, 1          # Trailing junk IGNORED
+  checkParseSize "1 kX"   , 3, 1000
+  checkParseSize "1 kiX"  , 4, 1024
+  checkParseSize "1j"     , 1, 1          # Unknown prefix IGNORED
+  checkParseSize "1 jib"  , 2, 1          # Unknown prefix post space
+  checkParseSize "1  ji"  , 3, 1
+  # Bad parses; `sz` should stay last good|incomplete value
+  checkParseSize "-1b"    , 0, 1          # Negative numbers
+  checkParseSize "abc"    , 0, 1          # Non-numeric
+  checkParseSize " 12"    , 0, 1          # Leading white
+  # Value Edge cases
+  checkParseSize "9223372036854775807", 19, int64.high
+
+block: # bug #23936
+  func parsePyFloat(
+      a: openArray[char],  # here must be openArray instead of string to reproduce this bug
+      res: var BiggestFloat): int =
+    result = parseFloat(a, res)
+
+  static:
+    var f = 0.0
+    doAssert "1.0".parsePyFloat(f) == 3
+    doAssert f == 1.0
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tparsopt.nim b/tests/stdlib/tparsopt.nim
index 54a470cb3..f3a9a9798 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tparsopt.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tparsopt.nim
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ disabled: true
 import
   parseopt
 
+import std/[assertions, syncio]
+
 proc writeHelp() =
   writeLine(stdout, "Usage: tparsopt [options] filename [options]")
 
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tpathnorm.nim b/tests/stdlib/tpathnorm.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3dd287a77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tpathnorm.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
+import std/os
+import std/assertions
+
+when doslikeFileSystem:
+  import std/pathnorm
+
+  template initVars =
+    var state {.inject.} = 0
+    var result {.inject.}: string
+
+  block: # / -> /
+    initVars
+    addNormalizePath("//?/c:/./foo//bar/../baz", result, state, '/')
+    doAssert result == "//?/c:/foo/baz"
+    addNormalizePath("me", result, state, '/')
+    doAssert result == "//?/c:/foo/baz/me"
+
+  block: # / -> \
+    initVars
+    addNormalizePath(r"//?/c:/./foo//bar/../baz", result, state, '\\')
+    doAssert result == r"\\?\c:\foo\baz"
+    addNormalizePath("me", result, state, '\\')
+    doAssert result == r"\\?\c:\foo\baz\me"
+
+  block: # Append path component to UNC drive
+    initVars
+    addNormalizePath(r"//?/c:", result, state, '\\')
+    doAssert result == r"\\?\c:"
+    addNormalizePath("Users", result, state, '\\')
+    doAssert result == r"\\?\c:\Users"
+    addNormalizePath("me", result, state, '\\')
+    doAssert result == r"\\?\c:\Users\me"
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tpaths.nim b/tests/stdlib/tpaths.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..edb56209a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tpaths.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
+import std/paths
+import std/assertions
+import pathnorm
+from std/private/ospaths2 {.all.} import joinPathImpl
+import std/[sugar, sets]
+
+
+proc normalizePath*(path: Path; dirSep = DirSep): Path =
+  result = Path(pathnorm.normalizePath(path.string, dirSep))
+
+func joinPath*(parts: varargs[Path]): Path =
+  var estimatedLen = 0
+  var state = 0
+  for p in parts: estimatedLen += p.string.len
+  var res = newStringOfCap(estimatedLen)
+  for i in 0..high(parts):
+    joinPathImpl(res, state, parts[i].string)
+  result = Path(res)
+
+
+func joinPath(head, tail: Path): Path {.inline.} =
+  head / tail
+
+block absolutePath:
+  doAssertRaises(ValueError): discard absolutePath(Path"a", Path"b")
+  doAssert absolutePath(Path"a") == getCurrentDir() / Path"a"
+  doAssert absolutePath(Path"a", Path"/b") == Path"/b" / Path"a"
+  when defined(posix):
+    doAssert absolutePath(Path"a", Path"/b/") == Path"/b" / Path"a"
+    doAssert absolutePath(Path"a", Path"/b/c") == Path"/b/c" / Path"a"
+    doAssert absolutePath(Path"/a", Path"b/") == Path"/a"
+
+block splitFile:
+  doAssert splitFile(Path"") == (Path"", Path"", "")
+  doAssert splitFile(Path"abc/") == (Path"abc", Path"", "")
+  doAssert splitFile(Path"/") == (Path"/", Path"", "")
+  doAssert splitFile(Path"./abc") == (Path".", Path"abc", "")
+  doAssert splitFile(Path".txt") == (Path"", Path".txt", "")
+  doAssert splitFile(Path"abc/.txt") == (Path"abc", Path".txt", "")
+  doAssert splitFile(Path"abc") == (Path"", Path"abc", "")
+  doAssert splitFile(Path"abc.txt") == (Path"", Path"abc", ".txt")
+  doAssert splitFile(Path"/abc.txt") == (Path"/", Path"abc", ".txt")
+  doAssert splitFile(Path"/foo/abc.txt") == (Path"/foo", Path"abc", ".txt")
+  doAssert splitFile(Path"/foo/abc.txt.gz") == (Path"/foo", Path"abc.txt", ".gz")
+  doAssert splitFile(Path".") == (Path"", Path".", "")
+  doAssert splitFile(Path"abc/.") == (Path"abc", Path".", "")
+  doAssert splitFile(Path"..") == (Path"", Path"..", "")
+  doAssert splitFile(Path"a/..") == (Path"a", Path"..", "")
+  doAssert splitFile(Path"/foo/abc....txt") == (Path"/foo", Path"abc...", ".txt")
+
+# execShellCmd is tested in tosproc
+
+block ospaths:
+  doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"") == Path""
+  doAssert unixToNativePath(Path".") == Path($CurDir)
+  doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"..") == Path($ParDir)
+  doAssert isAbsolute(unixToNativePath(Path"/"))
+  doAssert isAbsolute(unixToNativePath(Path"/", Path"a"))
+  doAssert isAbsolute(unixToNativePath(Path"/a"))
+  doAssert isAbsolute(unixToNativePath(Path"/a", Path"a"))
+  doAssert isAbsolute(unixToNativePath(Path"/a/b"))
+  doAssert isAbsolute(unixToNativePath(Path"/a/b", Path"a"))
+  doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"a/b") == joinPath(Path"a", Path"b")
+
+  when defined(macos):
+    doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"./") == Path":"
+    doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"./abc") == Path":abc"
+    doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"../abc") == Path"::abc"
+    doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"../../abc") == Path":::abc"
+    doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"/abc", Path"a") == Path"abc"
+    doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"/abc/def", Path"a") == Path"abc:def"
+  elif doslikeFileSystem:
+    doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"./") == Path(".\\")
+    doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"./abc") == Path(".\\abc")
+    doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"../abc") == Path("..\\abc")
+    doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"../../abc") == Path("..\\..\\abc")
+    doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"/abc", Path"a") == Path("a:\\abc")
+    doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"/abc/def", Path"a") == Path("a:\\abc\\def")
+  else:
+    #Tests for unix
+    doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"./") == Path"./"
+    doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"./abc") == Path"./abc"
+    doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"../abc") == Path"../abc"
+    doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"../../abc") == Path"../../abc"
+    doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"/abc", Path"a") == Path"/abc"
+    doAssert unixToNativePath(Path"/abc/def", Path"a") == Path"/abc/def"
+
+  block extractFilenameTest:
+    doAssert extractFilename(Path"") == Path""
+    when defined(posix):
+      doAssert extractFilename(Path"foo/bar") == Path"bar"
+      doAssert extractFilename(Path"foo/bar.txt") == Path"bar.txt"
+      doAssert extractFilename(Path"foo/") == Path""
+      doAssert extractFilename(Path"/") == Path""
+    when doslikeFileSystem:
+      doAssert extractFilename(Path(r"foo\bar")) == Path"bar"
+      doAssert extractFilename(Path(r"foo\bar.txt")) == Path"bar.txt"
+      doAssert extractFilename(Path(r"foo\")) == Path""
+      doAssert extractFilename(Path(r"C:\")) == Path""
+
+  block lastPathPartTest:
+    doAssert lastPathPart(Path"") == Path""
+    when defined(posix):
+      doAssert lastPathPart(Path"foo/bar.txt") == Path"bar.txt"
+      doAssert lastPathPart(Path"foo/") == Path"foo"
+      doAssert lastPathPart(Path"/") == Path""
+    when doslikeFileSystem:
+      doAssert lastPathPart(Path(r"foo\bar.txt")) == Path"bar.txt"
+      doAssert lastPathPart(Path(r"foo\")) == Path"foo"
+
+  template canon(x): Path = normalizePath(Path(x), '/')
+  doAssert canon"/foo/../bar" == Path"/bar"
+  doAssert canon"foo/../bar" == Path"bar"
+
+  doAssert canon"/f/../bar///" == Path"/bar"
+  doAssert canon"f/..////bar" == Path"bar"
+
+  doAssert canon"../bar" == Path"../bar"
+  doAssert canon"/../bar" == Path"/../bar"
+
+  doAssert canon("foo/../../bar/") == Path"../bar"
+  doAssert canon("./bla/blob/") == Path"bla/blob"
+  doAssert canon(".hiddenFile") == Path".hiddenFile"
+  doAssert canon("./bla/../../blob/./zoo.nim") == Path"../blob/zoo.nim"
+
+  doAssert canon("C:/file/to/this/long") == Path"C:/file/to/this/long"
+  doAssert canon("") == Path""
+  doAssert canon("foobar") == Path"foobar"
+  doAssert canon("f/////////") == Path"f"
+
+  doAssert relativePath(Path"/foo/bar//baz.nim", Path"/foo", '/') == Path"bar/baz.nim"
+  doAssert normalizePath(Path"./foo//bar/../baz", '/') == Path"foo/baz"
+
+  doAssert relativePath(Path"/Users/me/bar/z.nim", Path"/Users/other/bad", '/') == Path"../../me/bar/z.nim"
+
+  doAssert relativePath(Path"/Users/me/bar/z.nim", Path"/Users/other", '/') == Path"../me/bar/z.nim"
+
+  # `//` is a UNC path, `/` is the current working directory's drive, so can't
+  # run this test on Windows.
+  when not doslikeFileSystem:
+    doAssert relativePath(Path"/Users///me/bar//z.nim", Path"//Users/", '/') == Path"me/bar/z.nim"
+  doAssert relativePath(Path"/Users/me/bar/z.nim", Path"/Users/me", '/') == Path"bar/z.nim"
+  doAssert relativePath(Path"", Path"/users/moo", '/') == Path""
+  doAssert relativePath(Path"foo", Path"", '/') == Path"foo"
+  doAssert relativePath(Path"/foo", Path"/Foo", '/') == (when FileSystemCaseSensitive: Path"../foo" else: Path".")
+  doAssert relativePath(Path"/Foo", Path"/foo", '/') == (when FileSystemCaseSensitive: Path"../Foo" else: Path".")
+  doAssert relativePath(Path"/foo", Path"/fOO", '/') == (when FileSystemCaseSensitive: Path"../foo" else: Path".")
+  doAssert relativePath(Path"/foO", Path"/foo", '/') == (when FileSystemCaseSensitive: Path"../foO" else: Path".")
+
+  doAssert relativePath(Path"foo", Path".", '/') == Path"foo"
+  doAssert relativePath(Path".", Path".", '/') == Path"."
+  doAssert relativePath(Path"..", Path".", '/') == Path".."
+
+  doAssert relativePath(Path"foo", Path"foo") == Path"."
+  doAssert relativePath(Path"", Path"foo") == Path""
+  doAssert relativePath(Path"././/foo", Path"foo//./") == Path"."
+
+  doAssert relativePath(getCurrentDir() / Path"bar", Path"foo") == Path"../bar".unixToNativePath
+  doAssert relativePath(Path"bar", getCurrentDir() / Path"foo") == Path"../bar".unixToNativePath
+
+  when doslikeFileSystem:
+    doAssert relativePath(r"c:\foo.nim".Path, r"C:\".Path) == r"foo.nim".Path
+    doAssert relativePath(r"c:\foo\bar\baz.nim".Path, r"c:\foo".Path) == r"bar\baz.nim".Path
+    doAssert relativePath(r"c:\foo\bar\baz.nim".Path, r"d:\foo".Path) == r"c:\foo\bar\baz.nim".Path
+    doAssert relativePath(r"\foo\baz.nim".Path, r"\foo".Path) == r"baz.nim".Path
+    doAssert relativePath(r"\foo\bar\baz.nim".Path, r"\bar".Path) == r"..\foo\bar\baz.nim".Path
+    doAssert relativePath(r"\\foo\bar\baz.nim".Path, r"\\foo\bar".Path) == r"baz.nim".Path
+    doAssert relativePath(r"\\foo\bar\baz.nim".Path, r"\\foO\bar".Path) == r"baz.nim".Path
+    doAssert relativePath(r"\\foo\bar\baz.nim".Path, r"\\bar\bar".Path) == r"\\foo\bar\baz.nim".Path
+    doAssert relativePath(r"\\foo\bar\baz.nim".Path, r"\\foo\car".Path) == r"\\foo\bar\baz.nim".Path
+    doAssert relativePath(r"\\foo\bar\baz.nim".Path, r"\\goo\bar".Path) == r"\\foo\bar\baz.nim".Path
+    doAssert relativePath(r"\\foo\bar\baz.nim".Path, r"c:\".Path) == r"\\foo\bar\baz.nim".Path
+    doAssert relativePath(r"\\foo\bar\baz.nim".Path, r"\foo".Path) == r"\\foo\bar\baz.nim".Path
+    doAssert relativePath(r"c:\foo.nim".Path, r"\foo".Path) == r"c:\foo.nim".Path
+
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"usr", Path"") == unixToNativePath(Path"usr")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"usr", Path"") == (Path"usr").dup(add Path"")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"", Path"lib") == Path"lib"
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"", Path"lib") == Path"".dup(add Path"lib")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"", Path"/lib") == unixToNativePath(Path"/lib")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"", Path"/lib") == unixToNativePath(Path"/lib")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"usr/", Path"/lib") == Path"usr/".dup(add Path"/lib")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"", Path"") == unixToNativePath(Path"") # issue #13455
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"", Path"") == Path"".dup(add Path"")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"", Path"/") == unixToNativePath(Path"/")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"", Path"/") == Path"".dup(add Path"/")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"/", Path"/") == unixToNativePath(Path"/")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"/", Path"/") == Path"/".dup(add Path"/")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"/", Path"") == unixToNativePath(Path"/")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"/" / Path"") == unixToNativePath(Path"/") # weird test case...
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"/", Path"/a/b/c") == unixToNativePath(Path"/a/b/c")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"foo/", Path"") == unixToNativePath(Path"foo/")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"foo/", Path"abc") == unixToNativePath(Path"foo/abc")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"foo//./", Path"abc/.//") == unixToNativePath(Path"foo/abc/")
+  doAssert Path"foo//./".dup(add Path"abc/.//") == unixToNativePath(Path"foo/abc/")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"foo", Path"abc") == unixToNativePath(Path"foo/abc")
+  doAssert Path"foo".dup(add Path"abc") == unixToNativePath(Path"foo/abc")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"", Path"abc") == unixToNativePath(Path"abc")
+
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"zook/.", Path"abc") == unixToNativePath(Path"zook/abc")
+
+  # controversial: inconsistent with `joinPath("zook/.","abc")`
+  # on linux, `./foo` and `foo` are treated a bit differently for executables
+  # but not `./foo/bar` and `foo/bar`
+  doAssert joinPath(Path".", Path"/lib") == unixToNativePath(Path"./lib")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path".", Path"abc") == unixToNativePath(Path"./abc")
+
+  # cases related to issue #13455
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"foo", Path"", Path"") == Path"foo"
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"foo", Path"") == Path"foo"
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"foo/", Path"") == unixToNativePath(Path"foo/")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"foo/", Path".") == Path"foo"
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"foo", Path"./") == unixToNativePath(Path"foo/")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"foo", Path"", Path"bar/") == unixToNativePath(Path"foo/bar/")
+
+  # issue #13579
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"/foo", Path"../a") == unixToNativePath(Path"/a")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"/foo/", Path"../a") == unixToNativePath(Path"/a")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"/foo/.", Path"../a") == unixToNativePath(Path"/a")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"/foo/.b", Path"../a") == unixToNativePath(Path"/foo/a")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"/foo///", Path"..//a/") == unixToNativePath(Path"/a/")
+  doAssert joinPath(Path"foo/", Path"../a") == unixToNativePath(Path"a")
+
+  when doslikeFileSystem:
+    doAssert joinPath(Path"C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0\\Common7\\Tools\\", Path"..\\..\\VC\\vcvarsall.bat") == r"C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0\VC\vcvarsall.bat".Path
+    doAssert joinPath(Path"C:\\foo", Path"..\\a") == r"C:\a".Path
+    doAssert joinPath(Path"C:\\foo\\", Path"..\\a") == r"C:\a".Path
+
+
+block: # bug #23663
+  var s: HashSet[Path]
+  s.incl("/a/b/c/..".Path)
+  doAssert "/a/b/".Path in s
+  doAssert "/a/b/c".Path notin s
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tpegs.nim b/tests/stdlib/tpegs.nim
index 99b7dc6f4..da3fc14b7 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tpegs.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tpegs.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 discard """
-  targets: "c js"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  targets: "c cpp js"
   output: '''
 PEG AST traversal output
 ------------------------
@@ -51,8 +52,10 @@ Event parser output
 '''
 """
 
-import strutils, streams
-import pegs
+when defined(nimHasEffectsOf):
+  {.experimental: "strictEffects".}
+
+import std/[strutils, streams, pegs, assertions]
 
 const
   indent = "  "
@@ -104,9 +107,9 @@ block:
 
 block:
   var
-    pStack: seq[string] = @[]
-    valStack: seq[float] = @[]
-    opStack = ""
+    pStack {.threadvar.}: seq[string]
+    valStack {.threadvar.}: seq[float]
+    opStack {.threadvar.}: string
   let
     parseArithExpr = pegAst.eventParser:
       pkNonTerminal:
@@ -125,7 +128,7 @@ block:
                 discard
             of "Sum", "Product":
               try:
-                let val = matchStr.parseFloat
+                let val {.used.} = matchStr.parseFloat
               except ValueError:
                 if valStack.len > 1 and opStack.len > 0:
                   valStack[^2] = case opStack[^1]
@@ -147,3 +150,195 @@ block:
   echo "-------------------"
   let pLen = parseArithExpr(txt)
   doAssert txt.len == pLen
+
+
+import std/importutils
+
+block:
+  proc pegsTest() =
+    privateAccess(NonTerminal)
+    privateAccess(Captures)
+
+    if "test" =~ peg"s <- {{\ident}}": # bug #19104
+      doAssert matches[0] == "test"
+      doAssert matches[1] == "test", $matches[1]
+
+    doAssert escapePeg("abc''def'") == r"'abc'\x27\x27'def'\x27"
+    doAssert match("(a b c)", peg"'(' @ ')'")
+    doAssert match("W_HI_Le", peg"\y 'while'")
+    doAssert(not match("W_HI_L", peg"\y 'while'"))
+    doAssert(not match("W_HI_Le", peg"\y v'while'"))
+    doAssert match("W_HI_Le", peg"y'while'")
+
+    doAssert($ +digits == $peg"\d+")
+    doAssert "0158787".match(peg"\d+")
+    doAssert "ABC 0232".match(peg"\w+\s+\d+")
+    doAssert "ABC".match(peg"\d+ / \w+")
+
+    var accum: seq[string] = @[]
+    for word in split("00232this02939is39an22example111", peg"\d+"):
+      accum.add(word)
+    doAssert(accum == @["this", "is", "an", "example"])
+
+    doAssert matchLen("key", ident) == 3
+
+    var pattern = sequence(ident, *whitespace, term('='), *whitespace, ident)
+    doAssert matchLen("key1=  cal9", pattern) == 11
+
+    var ws = newNonTerminal("ws", 1, 1)
+    ws.rule = *whitespace
+
+    var expr = newNonTerminal("expr", 1, 1)
+    expr.rule = sequence(capture(ident), *sequence(
+                  nonterminal(ws), term('+'), nonterminal(ws), nonterminal(expr)))
+
+    var c: Captures
+    var s = "a+b +  c +d+e+f"
+    doAssert rawMatch(s, expr.rule, 0, c) == len(s)
+    var a = ""
+    for i in 0..c.ml-1:
+      a.add(substr(s, c.matches[i][0], c.matches[i][1]))
+    doAssert a == "abcdef"
+    #echo expr.rule
+
+    #const filename = "lib/devel/peg/grammar.txt"
+    #var grammar = parsePeg(newFileStream(filename, fmRead), filename)
+    #echo "a <- [abc]*?".match(grammar)
+    doAssert find("_____abc_______", term("abc"), 2) == 5
+    doAssert match("_______ana", peg"A <- 'ana' / . A")
+    doAssert match("abcs%%%", peg"A <- ..A / .A / '%'")
+
+    var matches: array[0..MaxSubpatterns-1, string]
+    if "abc" =~ peg"{'a'}'bc' 'xyz' / {\ident}":
+      doAssert matches[0] == "abc"
+    else:
+      doAssert false
+
+    var g2 = peg"""S <- A B / C D
+                   A <- 'a'+
+                   B <- 'b'+
+                   C <- 'c'+
+                   D <- 'd'+
+                """
+    doAssert($g2 == "((A B) / (C D))")
+    doAssert match("cccccdddddd", g2)
+    doAssert("var1=key; var2=key2".replacef(peg"{\ident}'='{\ident}", "$1<-$2$2") ==
+           "var1<-keykey; var2<-key2key2")
+    doAssert("var1=key; var2=key2".replace(peg"{\ident}'='{\ident}", "$1<-$2$2") ==
+           "$1<-$2$2; $1<-$2$2")
+    doAssert "var1=key; var2=key2".endsWith(peg"{\ident}'='{\ident}")
+
+    if "aaaaaa" =~ peg"'aa' !. / ({'a'})+":
+      doAssert matches[0] == "a"
+    else:
+      doAssert false
+
+    if match("abcdefg", peg"c {d} ef {g}", matches, 2):
+      doAssert matches[0] == "d"
+      doAssert matches[1] == "g"
+    else:
+      doAssert false
+
+    accum = @[]
+    for x in findAll("abcdef", peg".", 3):
+      accum.add(x)
+    doAssert(accum == @["d", "e", "f"])
+
+    for x in findAll("abcdef", peg"^{.}", 3):
+      doAssert x == "d"
+
+    if "f(a, b)" =~ peg"{[0-9]+} / ({\ident} '(' {@} ')')":
+      doAssert matches[0] == "f"
+      doAssert matches[1] == "a, b"
+    else:
+      doAssert false
+
+    doAssert match("eine übersicht und außerdem", peg"(\letter \white*)+")
+    # ß is not a lower cased letter?!
+    doAssert match("eine übersicht und auerdem", peg"(\lower \white*)+")
+    doAssert match("EINE ÜBERSICHT UND AUSSERDEM", peg"(\upper \white*)+")
+    doAssert(not match("456678", peg"(\letter)+"))
+
+    doAssert("var1 = key; var2 = key2".replacef(
+      peg"\skip(\s*) {\ident}'='{\ident}", "$1<-$2$2") ==
+           "var1<-keykey;var2<-key2key2")
+
+    doAssert match("prefix/start", peg"^start$", 7)
+
+    if "foo" =~ peg"{'a'}?.*":
+      doAssert matches[0].len == 0
+    else: doAssert false
+
+    if "foo" =~ peg"{''}.*":
+      doAssert matches[0] == ""
+    else: doAssert false
+
+    if "foo" =~ peg"{'foo'}":
+      doAssert matches[0] == "foo"
+    else: doAssert false
+
+    let empty_test = peg"^\d*"
+    let str = "XYZ"
+
+    doAssert(str.find(empty_test) == 0)
+    doAssert(str.match(empty_test))
+
+    proc handleMatches(m: int, n: int, c: openArray[string]): string =
+      result = ""
+
+      if m > 0:
+        result.add ", "
+
+      result.add case n:
+        of 2: toLowerAscii(c[0]) & ": '" & c[1] & "'"
+        of 1: toLowerAscii(c[0]) & ": ''"
+        else: ""
+
+    doAssert("Var1=key1;var2=Key2;   VAR3".
+      replace(peg"{\ident}('='{\ident})* ';'* \s*",
+      handleMatches) == "var1: 'key1', var2: 'Key2', var3: ''")
+
+
+    doAssert "test1".match(peg"""{@}$""")
+    doAssert "test2".match(peg"""{(!$ .)*} $""")
+
+    doAssert "abbb".match(peg"{a} {b} $2 $^1")
+    doAssert "abBA".match(peg"{a} {b} i$2 i$^2")
+
+    doAssert "abba".match(peg"{a} {b} $^1 {} $^1")
+
+    block:
+      let grammar = peg"""
+program <- {''} stmt* $
+stmt <- call / block
+call <- 'call()' EOL
+EOL <- \n / $
+block <- 'block:' \n indBody
+indBody <- {$^1 ' '+} stmt ($^1 stmt)* {}
+"""
+      let program = """
+call()
+block:
+  block:
+    call()
+    call()
+  call()
+call()
+"""
+      var c: Captures
+      doAssert program.len == program.rawMatch(grammar, 0, c)
+      doAssert c.ml == 1
+
+    block:
+      # bug #21632
+
+      let p = peg"""
+        atext <- \w / \d
+      """
+
+      doAssert "a".match(p)
+      doAssert "1".match(p)
+
+  pegsTest()
+  static:
+    pegsTest()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tposix.nim b/tests/stdlib/tposix.nim
index 14f1fd6e2..060482229 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tposix.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tposix.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 discard """
-outputsub: ""
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  disabled: windows
 """
 
 # Test Posix interface
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ outputsub: ""
 when not defined(windows):
 
   import posix
+  import std/[assertions, syncio]
 
   var
     u: Utsname
@@ -17,3 +19,70 @@ when not defined(windows):
   writeLine(stdout, u.nodename)
   writeLine(stdout, u.release)
   writeLine(stdout, u.machine)
+
+  when not (defined(nintendoswitch) or defined(macos) or defined(macosx)):
+    block:
+      type Message = object
+        value: int
+
+      const MQ_PATH: cstring = "/top_level_file"
+      const MQ_PRIORITY: cuint = 170
+      const MQ_MESSAGE_SIZE: csize_t = csize_t(sizeof(Message))
+
+      let mqd_a: posix.MqAttr = MqAttr(mq_maxmsg: 10, mq_msgsize: clong(MQ_MESSAGE_SIZE))
+      let writable: posix.Mqd = posix.mq_open(
+        MQ_PATH,
+        posix.O_CREAT or posix.O_WRONLY or posix.O_NONBLOCK,
+        posix.S_IRWXU,
+        addr(mqd_a)
+      )
+      let readable: posix.Mqd = posix.mq_open(
+        MQ_PATH,
+        posix.O_RDONLY or posix.O_NONBLOCK,
+        posix.S_IRWXU,
+        addr(mqd_a)
+      )
+
+      let sent: Message = Message(value: 88)
+      block:
+        let success: int = writable.mq_send(
+          cast[cstring](sent.addr),
+          MQ_MESSAGE_SIZE,
+          MQ_PRIORITY
+        )
+        doAssert success == 0, $success
+
+      block:
+        var buffer: Message
+        var priority: cuint
+        let bytesRead: int = readable.mq_receive(
+          cast[cstring](buffer.addr),
+          MQ_MESSAGE_SIZE,
+          priority
+        )
+        doAssert buffer == sent
+        doAssert bytesRead == int(MQ_MESSAGE_SIZE)
+
+  block:
+    var rl: RLimit
+    var res = getrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, rl)
+    doAssert res == 0
+
+    # save old value
+    let oldrlim = rl.rlim_cur
+
+    # set new value
+    rl.rlim_cur = rl.rlim_max - 1
+    res = setrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, rl)
+    doAssert res == 0
+
+    # get new value
+    var rl1: RLimit
+    res = getrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, rl1)
+    doAssert res == 0
+    doAssert rl1.rlim_cur == rl.rlim_max - 1
+
+    # restore old value
+    rl.rlim_cur = oldrlim
+    res = setrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, rl)
+    doAssert res == 0
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tprelude.nim b/tests/stdlib/tprelude.nim
index a60bcf70a..47f46b511 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tprelude.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tprelude.nim
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ when defined nimTestTpreludeCase1:
 else:
   include prelude
 
+import std/assertions
+
 template main() =
   doAssert toSeq(1..3) == @[1,2,3]
 static: main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tpunycode.nim b/tests/stdlib/tpunycode.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 596c5ef63..000000000
--- a/tests/stdlib/tpunycode.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-import punycode
-
-doAssert(decode(encode("", "bücher")) == "bücher")
-doAssert(decode(encode("münchen")) == "münchen")
-doAssert encode("xn--", "münchen") == "xn--mnchen-3ya"
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tquit.nim b/tests/stdlib/tquit.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 81726fd7f..000000000
--- a/tests/stdlib/tquit.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-output: '''
-just exiting...
-'''
-joinable: false
-"""
-
-# Test `addQuitProc` (now deprecated by `addExitProc`)
-
-proc myExit() {.noconv.} =
-  write(stdout, "just exiting...\n")
-
-{.push warning[deprecated]: off.}
-addQuitProc(myExit)
-{.pop.}
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/trandom.nim b/tests/stdlib/trandom.nim
index 9fc68fca1..eb32f7757 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/trandom.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/trandom.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 discard """
-  joinable: false
-  targets: "c js"
+  joinable: false # to avoid messing with global rand state
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc; --backend:js --jsbigint64:off -d:nimStringHash2; --backend:js --jsbigint64:on"
 """
-
-import std/[random, math, os, stats, sets, tables]
+import std/[assertions, formatfloat]
+import std/[random, math, stats, sets, tables]
+import std/private/jsutils
+when not defined(js):
+  import std/os
 
 randomize(233)
 
@@ -21,9 +24,10 @@ proc main() =
   doAssert a in [[0,1], [1,0]]
 
   doAssert rand(0) == 0
-  doAssert sample("a") == 'a'
+  when not defined(nimscript):
+    doAssert sample("a") == 'a'
 
-  when compileOption("rangeChecks"):
+  when compileOption("rangeChecks") and not defined(nimscript):
     doAssertRaises(RangeDefect):
       discard rand(-1)
 
@@ -37,11 +41,16 @@ main()
 
 block:
   when not defined(js):
-    doAssert almostEqual(rand(12.5), 4.012897747078944)
-    doAssert almostEqual(rand(2233.3322), 879.702755321298)
+    doAssert almostEqual(rand(12.5), 7.355175342026979)
+    doAssert almostEqual(rand(2233.3322), 499.342386778917)
 
   type DiceRoll = range[0..6]
-  doAssert rand(DiceRoll).int == 4
+  when not defined(js):
+    doAssert rand(DiceRoll).int == 3
+  elif compileOption("jsbigint64"):
+    doAssert rand(DiceRoll).int == 1
+  else:
+    doAssert rand(DiceRoll).int == 6
 
 var rs: RunningStat
 for j in 1..5:
@@ -87,7 +96,7 @@ block: # random int
 
   block: # again gives new numbers
     var rand1 = rand(1000000)
-    when not defined(js):
+    when not (defined(js) or defined(nimscript)):
       os.sleep(200)
 
     var rand2 = rand(1000000)
@@ -117,7 +126,7 @@ block: # random float
 
   block: # again gives new numbers
     var rand1: float = rand(1000000.0)
-    when not defined(js):
+    when not (defined(js) or defined(nimscript)):
       os.sleep(200)
 
     var rand2: float = rand(1000000.0)
@@ -164,3 +173,138 @@ block: # random sample
       let stdDev = sqrt(n * p * (1.0 - p))
       # NOTE: like unnormalized int CDF test, P(wholeTestFails) =~ 0.01.
       doAssert abs(float(histo[values[i]]) - expected) <= 3.0 * stdDev
+
+block:
+  # 0 is a valid seed
+  var r = initRand(0)
+  doAssert r.rand(1.0) != r.rand(1.0)
+  r = initRand(10)
+  doAssert r.rand(1.0) != r.rand(1.0)
+  # changing the seed changes the sequence
+  var r1 = initRand(123)
+  var r2 = initRand(124)
+  doAssert r1.rand(1.0) != r2.rand(1.0)
+
+block: # bug #17467
+  let n = 1000
+  for i in -n .. n:
+    var r = initRand(i)
+    let x = r.rand(1.0)
+    doAssert x > 1e-4, $(x, i)
+      # This used to fail for each i in 0..<26844, i.e. the 1st produced value
+      # was predictable and < 1e-4, skewing distributions.
+
+block: # bug #16360, Natural overload
+  var r = initRand()
+  template test(a) =
+    let a2 = a
+    block:
+      let a3 = r.rand(a2)
+      doAssert a3 <= a2
+      doAssert a3.type is a2.type
+    block:
+      let a3 = rand(a2)
+      doAssert a3 <= a2
+      doAssert a3.type is a2.type
+  test int.high
+  test int.high - 1
+  test int.high - 2
+  test 0
+
+block: # same as above but use slice overload
+  var r = initRand()
+  template test[T](a: T) =
+    let a2: T = a
+    block:
+      let a3 = r.rand(T(0) .. a2)
+      doAssert a3 <= a2
+      doAssert a3.type is a2.type
+    block:
+      let a3 = rand(T(0) .. a2)
+      doAssert a3 <= a2
+      doAssert a3.type is a2.type
+  test cast[uint](int.high)
+  test cast[uint](int.high) + 1
+  whenJsNoBigInt64: discard
+  do:
+    test uint64.high
+    test uint64.high - 1
+  test uint.high - 2
+  test uint.high - 1
+  test uint.high
+  test int.high
+  test int.high - 1
+  test int.high - 2
+  test 0
+  test 0'u
+  test 0'u64
+
+block: # bug #16296
+  var r = initRand()
+  template test(x) =
+    let a2 = x
+    let a3 = r.rand(a2)
+    doAssert a3 <= a2.b
+    doAssert a3 >= a2.a
+    doAssert a3.type is a2.a.type
+  test(-2 .. int.high-1)
+  test(int.low .. int.high)
+  test(int.low+1 .. int.high)
+  test(int.low .. int.high-1)
+  test(int.low .. 0)
+  test(int.low .. -1)
+  test(int.low .. 1)
+  test(int64.low .. 1'i64)
+  test(10'u64 .. uint64.high)
+
+block: # bug #17670
+  type UInt48 = range[0'u64..2'u64^48-1]
+  let x = rand(UInt48)
+  doAssert x is UInt48
+
+block: # bug #17898
+  # Checks whether `initRand()` generates unique states.
+  # size should be 2^64, but we don't have time and space.
+
+  # Disable this test for js until js gets proper skipRandomNumbers.
+  when not defined(js):
+    const size = 1000
+    var
+      rands: array[size, Rand]
+      randSet: HashSet[Rand]
+    for i in 0..<size:
+      rands[i] = initRand()
+      randSet.incl rands[i]
+
+    doAssert randSet.len == size
+
+    # Checks random number sequences overlapping.
+    const numRepeat = 100
+    for i in 0..<size:
+      for j in 0..<numRepeat:
+        discard rands[i].next
+        doAssert rands[i] notin randSet
+
+block: # bug #22360
+  const size = 1000
+  var fc = 0
+  var tc = 0
+
+  for _ in 1..size:
+    let s = rand(bool)
+
+    if s:
+      inc tc
+    else:
+      inc fc
+
+  when defined(js) and not compileOption("jsbigint64"):
+    doAssert (tc, fc) == (515, 485), $(tc, fc)
+  else:
+    doAssert (tc, fc) == (510, 490), $(tc, fc)
+
+block:
+  when defined(js) and not compileOption("jsbigint64"):
+    doAssert rand(int32.high) == 335507522
+  else:
+    doAssert rand(int32.high) == 607539621
diff --git a/tests/rational/trat_float.nim b/tests/stdlib/trat_float.nim
index 663973bf9..663973bf9 100644
--- a/tests/rational/trat_float.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/trat_float.nim
diff --git a/tests/rational/trat_init.nim b/tests/stdlib/trat_init.nim
index 2be0c0099..2be0c0099 100644
--- a/tests/rational/trat_init.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/trat_init.nim
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/trationals.nim b/tests/stdlib/trationals.nim
index 0a3a95a9a..22d7f5c2d 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/trationals.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/trationals.nim
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
 import std/[rationals, math]
+import std/assertions
 
 template main() =
   var
     z = Rational[int](num: 0, den: 1)
     o = initRational(num = 1, den = 1)
     a = initRational(1, 2)
+    u = 3u // 2
     b = -1 // -2
     m1 = -1 // 1
     tt = 10 // 2
@@ -99,5 +105,13 @@ template main() =
   when sizeof(int) == 8:
     doAssert almostEqual(PI.toRational.toFloat, PI)
 
+  # unsigned
+  doAssert u == u
+  doAssert u + u == 3u // 1
+  doAssert 3u.toRational - u == u
+  doAssert u * 2 == 3u // 1
+
+
+
 static: main()
 main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tre.nim b/tests/stdlib/tre.nim
index ea1b5af32..39637434d 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tre.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tre.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
 import std/re
+import std/assertions
 
 proc testAll() =
   doAssert match("(a b c)", rex"\( .* \)")
@@ -99,10 +104,19 @@ proc testAll() =
       accum.add($x)
     doAssert(accum == @["a","b","c"])
 
-  block:
-    # bug #9306
+  block: # bug #9306
     doAssert replace("bar", re"^", "foo") == "foobar"
-    doAssert replace("foo", re"", "-") == "-foo"
     doAssert replace("foo", re"$", "bar") == "foobar"
 
+
+  block: # bug #9437
+    doAssert replace("foo", re"", "-") == "-f-o-o-"
+    doAssert replace("ooo", re"o", "-") == "---"
+
+  block: # bug #14468
+    accum = @[]
+    for word in split("this is an example", re"\b"):
+      accum.add(word)
+    doAssert(accum == @["this", " ", "is", " ", "an", " ", "example"])
+
 testAll()
diff --git a/tests/misc/treadln.nim b/tests/stdlib/treadln.nim
index b716c4711..4a070e848 100644
--- a/tests/misc/treadln.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/treadln.nim
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ Macintosh, Unix or Windows text format.
 '''
 """
 
+import std/syncio
+
 # test the improved readline handling that does not care whether its
 # Macintosh, Unix or Windows text format.
 
@@ -13,7 +15,7 @@ var
   inp: File
   line: string
 
-if open(inp, "tests/misc/treadln.nim"):
+if open(inp, "tests/stdlib/treadln.nim"):
   while not endOfFile(inp):
     line = readLine(inp)
     if line.len >= 2 and line[0] == '#' and line[1] == ' ':
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tregex.nim b/tests/stdlib/tregex.nim
index 21f4e6743..9dd66cd60 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tregex.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tregex.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   output: "key: keyAYes!"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 """
 # Test the new regular expression module
 # which is based on the PCRE library
@@ -11,7 +12,7 @@ when defined(powerpc64):
 else:
   import
     re
-
+  import std/syncio
   if "keyA = valueA" =~ re"\s*(\w+)\s*\=\s*(\w+)":
     write(stdout, "key: ", matches[0])
   elif "# comment!" =~ re.re"\s*(\#.*)":
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tregistry.nim b/tests/stdlib/tregistry.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25aed8df8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tregistry.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+discard """
+  disabled: "unix"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
+when defined(windows):
+  import std/registry
+  import std/assertions
+
+  block: # bug #14010
+    let path = "Environment"
+    let key = "D20210328T202842_key"
+    let val = "D20210328T202842_val"
+    let handle = HKEY_CURRENT_USER
+    setUnicodeValue("Environment", key, val, handle)
+    doAssert getUnicodeValue(path, key, handle) == val
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/trepr.nim b/tests/stdlib/trepr.nim
index 357854d67..3956b98f9 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/trepr.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/trepr.nim
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
 discard """
   targets: "c cpp js"
-  matrix: ";--gc:arc"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc;--mm:arc"
 """
 
 # if excessive, could remove 'cpp' from targets
 
-from strutils import endsWith, contains
+from strutils import endsWith, contains, strip
 from std/macros import newLit
-macro deb(a): string = newLit a.repr
+import std/assertions
+
+macro deb(a): string = newLit a.repr.strip
+macro debTyped(a: typed): string = newLit a.repr.strip
 
 template main() =
   doAssert repr({3,5}) == "{3, 5}"
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ template main() =
   #[
   BUG:
   --gc:arc returns `"abc"`
-  regular gc returns with address, e.g. 0x1068aae60"abc", but only 
+  regular gc returns with address, e.g. 0x1068aae60"abc", but only
   for c,cpp backends (not js, vm)
   ]#
   block:
@@ -62,22 +65,21 @@ template main() =
   doAssert repr(arr) == "[1, 2, 3]"
 
   block: # bug #7878
-    proc reprOpenarray(variable: var openarray[int]): string = repr(variable)
+    proc reprOpenarray(variable: var openArray[int]): string = repr(variable)
     when defined(js): discard # BUG: doesn't work
     else:
       doAssert reprOpenarray(arr) == "[1, 2, 3]"
 
-  block: # bug #17292
+  block: # bug #17292 repr with `do`
     template foo(a, b, c, d) = discard
     block:
       let a = deb:
         foo(1, 2, 3, 4)
-      doAssert a == "\nfoo(1, 2, 3, 4)"
+      doAssert a == "foo(1, 2, 3, 4)"
     block:
       let a = deb:
         foo(1, 2, 3): 4
       doAssert a == """
-
 foo(1, 2, 3):
   4"""
 
@@ -86,7 +88,6 @@ foo(1, 2, 3):
         foo(1, 2): 3
         do: 4
       doAssert a == """
-
 foo(1, 2):
   3
 do:
@@ -98,7 +99,6 @@ do:
         do: 3
         do: 4
       doAssert a == """
-
 foo(1):
   3
 do:
@@ -118,7 +118,6 @@ do:
           4
 
       doAssert a == """
-
 foo(1):
   3
 do:
@@ -135,7 +134,6 @@ do:
         do: 3
         do: 4
       doAssert a == """
-
 foo:
   1
 do:
@@ -145,5 +143,186 @@ do:
 do:
   4"""
 
+  block: # bug #17292 repr with `(discard)` (`discard` would result in illegal code)
+    let a = deb:
+      let f {.inject.} = () => (discard)
+    doAssert a == """
+let f {.inject.} = () =>
+    (discard )"""
+
+    let a2 = deb:
+      block:
+        discard
+      discard
+
+      block:
+        when true: discard
+
+      # let a = b => discard # illegal
+      discard b => (discard) # legal
+
+      block:
+        return
+    doAssert a2 == """
+block:
+  discard
+discard
+block:
+  when true:
+    discard
+discard b =>
+    (discard )
+block:
+  return"""
+
+  block: # bug #17292 (bug 4)
+    let a = deb:
+      proc `=destroy`() = discard
+      proc `'foo`(): int = discard
+      proc `foo bar baz`(): int = discard
+    let a2 = """
+proc `=destroy`() =
+  discard
+
+proc `'foo`(): int =
+  discard
+
+proc `foo bar baz`(): int =
+  discard"""
+    doAssert a2 == a
+
+  block: # setters: `foo=`
+    let a = deb:
+      proc `foo=`() = discard
+    doAssert a == """
+proc `foo=`() =
+  discard"""
+
+  block: # bug #14850
+    block:
+      let a = deb:
+        template bar(): untyped =
+          foo1:
+            discard
+            4
+          foo2(1):
+            discard
+            4
+          foo3(1):
+            discard
+            4
+          do: 1
+          do: 2
+          x.add foo4
+          x.add: foo5: 3
+          x.add foo6 do: 4
+          a.add(foo7 do:
+            echo "baz"
+            4)
+
+      doAssert a == """
+template bar(): untyped =
+  foo1:
+    discard
+    4
+  foo2(1):
+    discard
+    4
+  foo3(1):
+    discard
+    4
+  do:
+    1
+  do:
+    2
+  x.add foo4
+  x.add:
+    foo5:
+      3
+  x.add foo6 do:
+    4
+  a.add(foo7 do:
+    echo "baz"
+    4)"""
+
+  block: # one liner doc comments
+    let a1 = deb:
+      func fn1(): int = 1  ## comment
+      func fn2(): int = 1
+        ## comment
+    let a2 = debTyped:
+      func fn1(): int = 1  ## comment
+      func fn2(): int = 1
+        ## comment
+    doAssert a1 == """
+func fn1(): int =
+  ## comment
+  1
+
+func fn2(): int =
+  ## comment
+  1"""
+    doAssert a2 == """
+func fn1(): int =
+  ## comment
+  result = 1
+
+func fn2(): int =
+  ## comment
+  result = 1"""
+
+  block: # block calls
+    let a = deb:
+      foo(a, b, (c, d)):
+        e
+        f
+      do: g
+      of h: i
+      elif j: k
+      except m: n
+      do () -> u: v
+      finally: o
+
+      a + b:
+        c
+        d
+      do:
+        e
+        f
+      else: g
+
+      *a: b
+      do: c
+
+    doAssert a == """foo(a, b, (c, d)):
+  e
+  f
+do:
+  g
+of h:
+  i
+elif j:
+  k
+except m:
+  n
+do -> u:
+  v
+finally:
+  o
+a + b:
+  c
+  d
+do:
+  e
+  f
+else:
+  g
+*a:
+  b
+do:
+  c"""
+
+  doAssert repr(1..2) == "1 .. 2"
+
 static: main()
 main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tropes.nim b/tests/stdlib/tropes.nim
index 5a9150a33..eb0edc364 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tropes.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tropes.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c js"
 """
 
 import std/ropes
+import std/assertions
 
 template main() =
   block:
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/trst.nim b/tests/stdlib/trst.nim
index 0645e4150..ceab34bc9 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/trst.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/trst.nim
@@ -1,22 +1,1565 @@
 discard """
   output: '''
 
+[Suite] RST parsing
+
+[Suite] RST tables
+
+[Suite] RST indentation
+
+[Suite] Markdown indentation
+
+[Suite] Warnings
+
 [Suite] RST include directive
+
+[Suite] RST escaping
+
+[Suite] RST inline markup
+
+[Suite] Misc isssues
 '''
+matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 """
 
 # tests for rst module
 
-import ../../lib/packages/docutils/rstgen
-import ../../lib/packages/docutils/rst
-import unittest
+import ../../lib/packages/docutils/[rstgen, rst, rstast]
+import unittest, strutils
+import std/private/miscdollars
 import os
+import std/[assertions, syncio]
+
+const preferMarkdown = {roPreferMarkdown, roSupportMarkdown, roNimFile, roSandboxDisabled}
+# legacy nimforum / old default mode:
+const preferRst = {roSupportMarkdown, roNimFile, roSandboxDisabled}
+const pureRst = {roNimFile, roSandboxDisabled}
+
+proc toAst(input: string,
+            rstOptions: RstParseOptions = preferMarkdown,
+            error: ref string = nil,
+            warnings: ref seq[string] = nil): string =
+  ## If `error` is nil then no errors should be generated.
+  ## The same goes for `warnings`.
+  proc testMsgHandler(filename: string, line, col: int, msgkind: MsgKind,
+                      arg: string) =
+    let mc = msgkind.whichMsgClass
+    let a = $msgkind % arg
+    var message: string
+    toLocation(message, filename, line, col + ColRstOffset)
+    message.add " $1: $2" % [$mc, a]
+    if mc == mcError:
+      if error == nil:
+        raise newException(EParseError, "[unexpected error] " & message)
+      error[] = message
+      # we check only first error because subsequent ones may be meaningless
+      raise newException(EParseError, "")
+    else:
+      doAssert warnings != nil, "unexpected RST warning '" & message & "'"
+      warnings[].add message
+  try:
+    const filen = "input"
+
+    proc myFindFile(filename: string): string =
+      # we don't find any files in online mode:
+      result = ""
+
+    var (rst, _, _) = rstParse(input, filen, line=LineRstInit, column=ColRstInit,
+                               rstOptions, myFindFile, nil, testMsgHandler)
+    result = treeRepr(rst)
+  except EParseError as e:
+    if e.msg != "":
+      result = e.msg
+
+suite "RST parsing":
+  test "Standalone punctuation is not parsed as heading overlines":
+    check(dedent"""
+        Paragraph
+
+        !""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnParagraph
+            rnLeaf  'Paragraph'
+          rnParagraph
+            rnLeaf  '!'
+      """)
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        Paragraph1
+
+        ...
+
+        Paragraph2""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnParagraph
+            rnLeaf  'Paragraph1'
+          rnParagraph
+            rnLeaf  '...'
+          rnParagraph
+            rnLeaf  'Paragraph2'
+      """)
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        ---
+        Paragraph""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnLeaf  '---'
+          rnLeaf  ' '
+          rnLeaf  'Paragraph'
+      """)
+
+  test "References are whitespace-neutral and case-insensitive":
+    # refname is 'lexical-analysis', the same for all the 3 variants:
+    check(dedent"""
+        Lexical Analysis
+        ================
+
+        Ref. `Lexical Analysis`_ or `Lexical analysis`_ or `lexical analysis`_.
+        """.toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnHeadline  level=1  anchor='lexical-analysis'
+            rnLeaf  'Lexical'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnLeaf  'Analysis'
+          rnParagraph
+            rnLeaf  'Ref'
+            rnLeaf  '.'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnInternalRef
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'Lexical'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+                rnLeaf  'Analysis'
+              rnLeaf  'lexical-analysis'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnLeaf  'or'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnInternalRef
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'Lexical'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+                rnLeaf  'analysis'
+              rnLeaf  'lexical-analysis'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnLeaf  'or'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnInternalRef
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'lexical'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+                rnLeaf  'analysis'
+              rnLeaf  'lexical-analysis'
+            rnLeaf  '.'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+      """)
+
+  test "RST quoted literal blocks":
+    let expected =
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnLeaf  'Paragraph'
+          rnLeaf  ':'
+          rnLiteralBlock
+            rnLeaf  '>x'
+        """
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        Paragraph::
+
+        >x""".toAst(rstOptions = preferRst) == expected)
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        Paragraph::
+
+            >x""".toAst(rstOptions = preferRst) == expected)
+
+  test "RST quoted literal blocks, :: at a separate line":
+    let expected =
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnInner
+            rnLeaf  'Paragraph'
+          rnLiteralBlock
+            rnLeaf  '>x
+        >>y'
+      """
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        Paragraph
+
+        ::
+
+        >x
+        >>y""".toAst(rstOptions = preferRst) == expected)
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        Paragraph
+
+        ::
+
+          >x
+          >>y""".toAst(rstOptions = preferRst) == expected)
+
+  test "Markdown quoted blocks":
+    check(dedent"""
+        Paragraph.
+        >x""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnLeaf  'Paragraph'
+          rnLeaf  '.'
+          rnMarkdownBlockQuote
+            rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=1
+              rnLeaf  'x'
+      """)
+
+    # bug #17987
+    check(dedent"""
+        foo https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/8258
+
+        > bar""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnInner
+            rnLeaf  'foo'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnStandaloneHyperlink
+              rnLeaf  'https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/8258'
+          rnMarkdownBlockQuote
+            rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=1
+              rnLeaf  'bar'
+      """)
+
+    let expected = dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnLeaf  'Paragraph'
+          rnLeaf  '.'
+          rnMarkdownBlockQuote
+            rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=1
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'x1'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+                rnLeaf  'x2'
+            rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=2
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'y1'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+                rnLeaf  'y2'
+            rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=1
+              rnLeaf  'z'
+        """
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        Paragraph.
+        >x1 x2
+        >>y1 y2
+        >z""".toAst == expected)
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        Paragraph.
+        > x1 x2
+        >> y1 y2
+        > z""".toAst == expected)
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        >x
+        >y
+        >z""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnMarkdownBlockQuote
+          rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=1
+            rnInner
+              rnLeaf  'x'
+              rnLeaf  ' '
+              rnLeaf  'y'
+              rnLeaf  ' '
+              rnLeaf  'z'
+      """)
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        > z
+        > > >y
+        """.toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnMarkdownBlockQuote
+          rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=1
+            rnLeaf  'z'
+          rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=3
+            rnLeaf  'y'
+        """)
+
+  test "Markdown quoted blocks: lazy":
+    let expected = dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnMarkdownBlockQuote
+            rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=2
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'x'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+                rnLeaf  'continuation1'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+                rnLeaf  'continuation2'
+          rnParagraph
+            rnLeaf  'newParagraph'
+      """
+    check(dedent"""
+        >>x
+        continuation1
+        continuation2
+
+        newParagraph""".toAst == expected)
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        >> x
+        continuation1
+        continuation2
+
+        newParagraph""".toAst == expected)
+
+    # however mixing more than 1 non-lazy line and lazy one(s) splits quote
+    # in our parser, which appeared the easiest way to handle such cases:
+    var warnings = new seq[string]
+    check(dedent"""
+        >> x
+        >> continuation1
+        continuation2
+
+        newParagraph""".toAst(warnings=warnings) ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnMarkdownBlockQuote
+            rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=2
+              rnLeaf  'x'
+            rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=2
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'continuation1'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+                rnLeaf  'continuation2'
+          rnParagraph
+            rnLeaf  'newParagraph'
+        """)
+    check(warnings[] == @[
+        "input(2, 1) Warning: RST style: two or more quoted lines " &
+        "are followed by unquoted line 3"])
+
+  test "Markdown quoted blocks: not lazy":
+    # here is where we deviate from CommonMark specification: 'bar' below is
+    # not considered as continuation of 2-level '>> foo' quote.
+    check(dedent"""
+        >>> foo
+        > bar
+        >> baz
+        """.toAst() ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnMarkdownBlockQuote
+          rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=3
+            rnLeaf  'foo'
+          rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=1
+            rnLeaf  'bar'
+          rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=2
+            rnLeaf  'baz'
+        """)
+
+
+  test "Markdown quoted blocks: inline markup works":
+    check(dedent"""
+        > hi **bold** text
+        """.toAst == dedent"""
+          rnMarkdownBlockQuote
+            rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=1
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'hi'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+                rnStrongEmphasis
+                  rnLeaf  'bold'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+                rnLeaf  'text'
+        """)
+
+  test "Markdown quoted blocks: blank line separator":
+    let expected = dedent"""
+      rnInner
+        rnMarkdownBlockQuote
+          rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=1
+            rnInner
+              rnLeaf  'x'
+              rnLeaf  ' '
+              rnLeaf  'y'
+        rnMarkdownBlockQuote
+          rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=1
+            rnInner
+              rnLeaf  'z'
+              rnLeaf  ' '
+              rnLeaf  't'
+      """
+    check(dedent"""
+        >x
+        >y
+
+        > z
+        > t""".toAst == expected)
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        >x
+        y
+
+        > z
+         t""".toAst == expected)
+
+  test "Markdown quoted blocks: nested body blocks/elements work #1":
+    let expected = dedent"""
+      rnMarkdownBlockQuote
+        rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=1
+          rnBulletList
+            rnBulletItem
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'x'
+            rnBulletItem
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'y'
+      """
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        > - x
+          - y
+        """.toAst == expected)
+
+    # TODO: if bug #17340 point 28 is resolved then this may work:
+    # check(dedent"""
+    #     > - x
+    #     - y
+    #     """.toAst == expected)
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        > - x
+        > - y
+        """.toAst == expected)
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        >
+        > - x
+        >
+        > - y
+        >
+        """.toAst == expected)
+
+  test "Markdown quoted blocks: nested body blocks/elements work #2":
+    let expected = dedent"""
+      rnAdmonition  adType=note
+        [nil]
+        [nil]
+        rnDefList
+          rnDefItem
+            rnDefName
+              rnLeaf  'deflist'
+              rnLeaf  ':'
+            rnDefBody
+              rnMarkdownBlockQuote
+                rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=2
+                  rnInner
+                    rnLeaf  'quote'
+                    rnLeaf  ' '
+                    rnLeaf  'continuation'
+      """
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        .. Note:: deflist:
+                    >> quote
+                    continuation
+        """.toAst(rstOptions = preferRst) == expected)
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        .. Note::
+           deflist:
+             >> quote
+             continuation
+        """.toAst(rstOptions = preferRst) == expected)
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        .. Note::
+           deflist:
+             >> quote
+             >> continuation
+        """.toAst(rstOptions = preferRst) == expected)
+
+    # spaces are not significant between `>`:
+    check(dedent"""
+        .. Note::
+           deflist:
+             > > quote
+             > > continuation
+        """.toAst(rstOptions = preferRst) == expected)
+
+  test "Markdown quoted blocks: de-indent handled well":
+    check(dedent"""
+        >
+        >   - x
+        >   - y
+        >
+        > Paragraph.
+        """.toAst(rstOptions = preferRst) == dedent"""
+          rnMarkdownBlockQuote
+            rnMarkdownBlockQuoteItem  quotationDepth=1
+              rnInner
+                rnBlockQuote
+                  rnBulletList
+                    rnBulletItem
+                      rnInner
+                        rnLeaf  'x'
+                    rnBulletItem
+                      rnInner
+                        rnLeaf  'y'
+                rnParagraph
+                  rnLeaf  'Paragraph'
+                  rnLeaf  '.'
+          """)
+
+  let expectCodeBlock = dedent"""
+      rnCodeBlock
+        [nil]
+        rnFieldList
+          rnField
+            rnFieldName
+              rnLeaf  'default-language'
+            rnFieldBody
+              rnLeaf  'Nim'
+        rnLiteralBlock
+          rnLeaf  'let a = 1
+      ```'
+      """
+
+  test "Markdown footnotes":
+    # Testing also 1) correct order of manually-numbered and automatically-
+    # numbered footnotes; 2) no spaces between references (html & 3 below):
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        Paragraph [^1] [^html-hyphen][^3] and [^latex]
+
+        [^1]: footnote1
+
+        [^html-hyphen]: footnote2
+           continuation2
+
+        [^latex]: footnote4
+
+        [^3]: footnote3
+            continuation3
+        """.toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnInner
+            rnLeaf  'Paragraph'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnFootnoteRef
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  '1'
+              rnLeaf  'footnote-1'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnFootnoteRef
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  '2'
+              rnLeaf  'footnote-htmlminushyphen'
+            rnFootnoteRef
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  '3'
+              rnLeaf  'footnote-3'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnLeaf  'and'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnFootnoteRef
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  '4'
+              rnLeaf  'footnote-latex'
+          rnFootnoteGroup
+            rnFootnote  anchor='footnote-1'
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  '1'
+              rnLeaf  'footnote1'
+            rnFootnote  anchor='footnote-htmlminushyphen'
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  '2'
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'footnote2'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+                rnLeaf  'continuation2'
+            rnFootnote  anchor='footnote-latex'
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  '4'
+              rnLeaf  'footnote4'
+            rnFootnote  anchor='footnote-3'
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  '3'
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'footnote3'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+                rnLeaf  'continuation3'
+      """)
+
+  test "Markdown code blocks with more > 3 backticks":
+    check(dedent"""
+        ````
+        let a = 1
+        ```
+        ````""".toAst == expectCodeBlock)
+
+  test "Markdown code blocks with ~~~":
+    check(dedent"""
+        ~~~
+        let a = 1
+        ```
+        ~~~""".toAst == expectCodeBlock)
+    check(dedent"""
+        ~~~~~
+        let a = 1
+        ```
+        ~~~~~""".toAst == expectCodeBlock)
+
+  test "Markdown code blocks with Nim-specific arguments":
+    check(dedent"""
+        ```nim number-lines=1 test
+        let a = 1
+        ```""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnCodeBlock
+          rnDirArg
+            rnLeaf  'nim'
+          rnFieldList
+            rnField
+              rnFieldName
+                rnLeaf  'number-lines'
+              rnFieldBody
+                rnLeaf  '1'
+            rnField
+              rnFieldName
+                rnLeaf  'test'
+              rnFieldBody
+          rnLiteralBlock
+            rnLeaf  'let a = 1'
+        """)
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        ```nim test = "nim c $1"  number-lines = 1
+        let a = 1
+        ```""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnCodeBlock
+          rnDirArg
+            rnLeaf  'nim'
+          rnFieldList
+            rnField
+              rnFieldName
+                rnLeaf  'test'
+              rnFieldBody
+                rnLeaf  '"nim c $1"'
+            rnField
+              rnFieldName
+                rnLeaf  'number-lines'
+              rnFieldBody
+                rnLeaf  '1'
+          rnLiteralBlock
+            rnLeaf  'let a = 1'
+        """)
+
+  test "additional indentation < 4 spaces is handled fine":
+    check(dedent"""
+        Indentation
+
+          ```nim
+            let a = 1
+          ```""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnParagraph
+            rnLeaf  'Indentation'
+          rnParagraph
+            rnCodeBlock
+              rnDirArg
+                rnLeaf  'nim'
+              [nil]
+              rnLiteralBlock
+                rnLeaf  '  let a = 1'
+      """)
+      # | |
+      # |  \ indentation of exactly two spaces before 'let a = 1'
+
+  test "no blank line is required before or after Markdown code block":
+    let inputBacktick = dedent"""
+        Some text
+        ```
+        CodeBlock()
+        ```
+        Other text"""
+    let inputTilde = dedent"""
+        Some text
+        ~~~~~~~~~
+        CodeBlock()
+        ~~~~~~~~~
+        Other text"""
+    let expected = dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnParagraph
+            rnLeaf  'Some'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnLeaf  'text'
+          rnParagraph
+            rnCodeBlock
+              [nil]
+              rnFieldList
+                rnField
+                  rnFieldName
+                    rnLeaf  'default-language'
+                  rnFieldBody
+                    rnLeaf  'Nim'
+              rnLiteralBlock
+                rnLeaf  'CodeBlock()'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnLeaf  'Other'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnLeaf  'text'
+      """
+    check inputBacktick.toAst == expected
+    check inputTilde.toAst == expected
+
+  test "option list has priority over definition list":
+    for opt in [preferMarkdown, preferRst]:
+      check(dedent"""
+          --defusages
+                        file
+          -o            set
+          """.toAst(rstOptions = opt) ==
+        dedent"""
+          rnOptionList
+            rnOptionListItem  order=1
+              rnOptionGroup
+                rnLeaf  '--'
+                rnLeaf  'defusages'
+              rnDescription
+                rnInner
+                  rnLeaf  'file'
+            rnOptionListItem  order=2
+              rnOptionGroup
+                rnLeaf  '-'
+                rnLeaf  'o'
+              rnDescription
+                rnLeaf  'set'
+          """)
+
+  test "items of 1 option list can be separated by blank lines":
+    check(dedent"""
+        -a  desc1
+
+        -b  desc2
+        """.toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnOptionList
+          rnOptionListItem  order=1
+            rnOptionGroup
+              rnLeaf  '-'
+              rnLeaf  'a'
+            rnDescription
+              rnLeaf  'desc1'
+          rnOptionListItem  order=2
+            rnOptionGroup
+              rnLeaf  '-'
+              rnLeaf  'b'
+            rnDescription
+              rnLeaf  'desc2'
+      """)
+
+  test "definition list does not gobble up the following blocks":
+    check(dedent"""
+        defName
+            defBody
+
+        -b  desc2
+        """.toAst(rstOptions = preferRst) ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnDefList
+            rnDefItem
+              rnDefName
+                rnLeaf  'defName'
+              rnDefBody
+                rnInner
+                  rnLeaf  'defBody'
+          rnOptionList
+            rnOptionListItem  order=1
+              rnOptionGroup
+                rnLeaf  '-'
+                rnLeaf  'b'
+              rnDescription
+                rnLeaf  'desc2'
+      """)
+
+  test "definition lists work correctly with additional indentation in Markdown":
+    check(dedent"""
+        Paragraph:
+          -c  desc1
+          -b  desc2
+        """.toAst() ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnInner
+            rnLeaf  'Paragraph'
+            rnLeaf  ':'
+          rnOptionList
+            rnOptionListItem  order=1
+              rnOptionGroup
+                rnLeaf  '-'
+                rnLeaf  'c'
+              rnDescription
+                rnLeaf  'desc1'
+            rnOptionListItem  order=2
+              rnOptionGroup
+                rnLeaf  '-'
+                rnLeaf  'b'
+              rnDescription
+                rnLeaf  'desc2'
+      """)
+
+  test "RST comment":
+    check(dedent"""
+        .. comment1
+         comment2
+        someParagraph""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnLeaf  'someParagraph'
+        """)
+
+    check(dedent"""
+        ..
+         comment1
+         comment2
+        someParagraph""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnLeaf  'someParagraph'
+        """)
+
+  test "check that additional line right after .. ends comment":
+    check(dedent"""
+        ..
+
+         notAcomment1
+         notAcomment2
+        someParagraph""".toAst(rstOptions = preferRst) ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnBlockQuote
+            rnInner
+              rnLeaf  'notAcomment1'
+              rnLeaf  ' '
+              rnLeaf  'notAcomment2'
+          rnParagraph
+            rnLeaf  'someParagraph'
+        """)
+
+  test "check that additional line right after .. ends comment (Markdown mode)":
+    # in Markdown small indentation does not matter so this should
+    # just be split to 2 paragraphs.
+    check(dedent"""
+        ..
+
+         notAcomment1
+         notAcomment2
+        someParagraph""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnInner
+            rnLeaf  'notAcomment1'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnLeaf  'notAcomment2'
+          rnParagraph
+            rnLeaf  'someParagraph'
+        """)
+
+  test "but blank lines after 2nd non-empty line don't end the comment":
+    check(dedent"""
+        ..
+           comment1
+
+
+         comment2
+        someParagraph""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnLeaf  'someParagraph'
+        """)
+
+  test "using .. as separator b/w directives and block quotes":
+    check(dedent"""
+        .. note:: someNote
+
+        ..
+
+          someBlockQuote""".toAst(rstOptions = preferRst) ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnAdmonition  adType=note
+            [nil]
+            [nil]
+            rnLeaf  'someNote'
+          rnBlockQuote
+            rnInner
+              rnLeaf  'someBlockQuote'
+        """)
+
+  test "no redundant blank lines in literal blocks":
+    check(dedent"""
+      Check::
+
+
+        code
+
+      """.toAst(rstOptions = preferRst) ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnLeaf  'Check'
+          rnLeaf  ':'
+          rnLiteralBlock
+            rnLeaf  'code'
+      """)
+
+  test "Markdown indented code blocks":
+    check(dedent"""
+      See
+
+          some code""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnInner
+            rnLeaf  'See'
+          rnLiteralBlock
+            rnLeaf  'some code'
+      """)
+
+    # not a code block -- no blank line before:
+    check(dedent"""
+      See
+          some code""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnLeaf  'See'
+          rnLeaf  ' '
+          rnLeaf  'some'
+          rnLeaf  ' '
+          rnLeaf  'code'
+      """)
+
+suite "RST tables":
+
+  test "formatting in tables works":
+    check(
+      dedent"""
+        =========  ===
+        `build`    `a`
+        =========  ===
+        """.toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnTable  colCount=2
+          rnTableRow
+            rnTableDataCell
+              rnInlineCode
+                rnDirArg
+                  rnLeaf  'nim'
+                [nil]
+                rnLiteralBlock
+                  rnLeaf  'build'
+            rnTableDataCell
+              rnInlineCode
+                rnDirArg
+                  rnLeaf  'nim'
+                [nil]
+                rnLiteralBlock
+                  rnLeaf  'a'
+      """)
+
+  test "tables with slightly overflowed cells cause an error (1)":
+    var error = new string
+    check(
+      dedent"""
+        ======   ======
+         Inputs  Output
+        ======   ======
+        """.toAst(rstOptions = pureRst, error = error) == "")
+    check(error[] == "input(2, 2) Error: Illformed table: " &
+                     "this word crosses table column from the right")
+
+    # In nimforum compatibility mode & Markdown we raise a warning instead:
+    let expected = dedent"""
+      rnTable  colCount=2
+        rnTableRow
+          rnTableDataCell
+            rnLeaf  'Inputs'
+          rnTableDataCell
+            rnLeaf  'Output'
+      """
+    for opt in [preferRst, preferMarkdown]:
+      var warnings = new seq[string]
+
+      check(
+        dedent"""
+          ======   ======
+           Inputs  Output
+          ======   ======
+          """.toAst(rstOptions = opt, warnings = warnings) == expected)
+      check(warnings[] == @[
+        "input(2, 2) Warning: RST style: this word crosses table column from the right"])
+
+  test "tables with slightly overflowed cells cause an error (2)":
+    var error = new string
+    check("" == dedent"""
+      =====  =====  ======
+      Input  Output
+      =====  =====  ======
+      False  False  False
+      =====  =====  ======
+      """.toAst(rstOptions = pureRst, error = error))
+    check(error[] == "input(2, 8) Error: Illformed table: " &
+                     "this word crosses table column from the right")
+
+  test "tables with slightly underflowed cells cause an error":
+    var error = new string
+    check("" == dedent"""
+      =====  =====  ======
+      Input Output
+      =====  =====  ======
+      False  False  False
+      =====  =====  ======
+      """.toAst(rstOptions = pureRst, error = error))
+    check(error[] == "input(2, 7) Error: Illformed table: " &
+                     "this word crosses table column from the left")
+
+  test "tables with unequal underlines should be reported (1)":
+    var error = new string
+    error[] = "none"
+    check("" == dedent"""
+      =====  ======
+      Input  Output
+      =====  ======
+      False  False
+      =====  =======
+      """.toAst(rstOptions = pureRst, error = error))
+    check(error[] == "input(5, 14) Error: Illformed table: " &
+                     "end of table column #2 should end at position 13")
+
+  test "tables with unequal underlines should be reported (2)":
+    var error = new string
+    check("" == dedent"""
+      =====  ======
+      Input  Output
+      =====  =======
+      False  False
+      =====  ======
+      """.toAst(rstOptions = pureRst, error = error))
+    check(error[] == "input(3, 14) Error: Illformed table: " &
+                     "end of table column #2 should end at position 13")
+
+  test "tables with empty first cells":
+    check(
+      dedent"""
+          = = =
+          x y z
+              t
+          = = =
+          """.toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnTable  colCount=3
+          rnTableRow
+            rnTableDataCell
+              rnLeaf  'x'
+            rnTableDataCell
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'y'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnTableDataCell
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'z'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+                rnLeaf  't'
+        """)
+
+  test "tables with spanning cells & separators":
+    check(
+      dedent"""
+        =====  =====  ======
+           Inputs     Output
+        ------------  ------
+          A      B    A or B
+        =====  =====  ======
+        False  False  False
+        True   False  True
+        -----  -----  ------
+        False  True   True
+        True   True   True
+        =====  =====  ======
+        """.toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnTable  colCount=3
+          rnTableRow
+            rnTableHeaderCell  span=2
+              rnLeaf  'Inputs'
+            rnTableHeaderCell  span=1
+              rnLeaf  'Output'
+          rnTableRow  endsHeader
+            rnTableHeaderCell
+              rnLeaf  'A'
+            rnTableHeaderCell
+              rnLeaf  'B'
+            rnTableHeaderCell
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'A'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+                rnLeaf  'or'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+                rnLeaf  'B'
+          rnTableRow
+            rnTableDataCell
+              rnLeaf  'False'
+            rnTableDataCell
+              rnLeaf  'False'
+            rnTableDataCell
+              rnLeaf  'False'
+          rnTableRow
+            rnTableDataCell  span=1
+              rnLeaf  'True'
+            rnTableDataCell  span=1
+              rnLeaf  'False'
+            rnTableDataCell  span=1
+              rnLeaf  'True'
+          rnTableRow
+            rnTableDataCell
+              rnLeaf  'False'
+            rnTableDataCell
+              rnLeaf  'True'
+            rnTableDataCell
+              rnLeaf  'True'
+          rnTableRow
+            rnTableDataCell
+              rnLeaf  'True'
+            rnTableDataCell
+              rnLeaf  'True'
+            rnTableDataCell
+              rnLeaf  'True'
+      """)
+
+  test "tables with spanning cells with uneqal underlines cause an error":
+    var error = new string
+    check(
+      dedent"""
+        =====  =====  ======
+           Inputs     Output
+        ------------- ------
+          A      B    A or B
+        =====  =====  ======
+        """.toAst(error=error) == "")
+    check(error[] == "input(3, 1) Error: Illformed table: " &
+                     "spanning underline does not match main table columns")
+
+  let expTable = dedent"""
+      rnTable  colCount=2
+        rnTableRow
+          rnTableDataCell
+            rnLeaf  'Inputs'
+          rnTableDataCell
+            rnLeaf  'Output'
+      """
+
+  test "only tables with `=` columns specs are allowed (1)":
+    var warnings = new seq[string]
+    check(
+      dedent"""
+        ------  ------
+        Inputs  Output
+        ------  ------
+        """.toAst(warnings=warnings) ==
+      expTable)
+    check(warnings[] ==
+          @["input(1, 1) Warning: RST style: " &
+              "only tables with `=` columns specification are allowed",
+            "input(3, 1) Warning: RST style: " &
+              "only tables with `=` columns specification are allowed"])
+
+  test "only tables with `=` columns specs are allowed (2)":
+    var warnings = new seq[string]
+    check(
+      dedent"""
+        ======  ======
+        Inputs  Output
+        ~~~~~~  ~~~~~~
+        """.toAst(warnings=warnings) ==
+      expTable)
+    check(warnings[] ==
+          @["input(3, 1) Warning: RST style: "&
+              "only tables with `=` columns specification are allowed"])
+
+
+suite "RST indentation":
+  test "nested bullet lists":
+    let input = dedent """
+      * - bullet1
+        - bullet2
+      * - bullet3
+        - bullet4
+      """
+    let output = input.toAst
+    check(output == dedent"""
+      rnBulletList
+        rnBulletItem
+          rnBulletList
+            rnBulletItem
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'bullet1'
+            rnBulletItem
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'bullet2'
+        rnBulletItem
+          rnBulletList
+            rnBulletItem
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'bullet3'
+            rnBulletItem
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'bullet4'
+      """)
+
+  test "nested markup blocks":
+    let input = dedent"""
+      #) .. Hint:: .. Error:: none
+      #) .. Warning:: term0
+                        Definition0
+      #) some
+         paragraph1
+      #) term1
+           Definition1
+         term2
+           Definition2
+    """
+    check(input.toAst(rstOptions = preferRst) == dedent"""
+      rnEnumList  labelFmt=1)
+        rnEnumItem
+          rnAdmonition  adType=hint
+            [nil]
+            [nil]
+            rnAdmonition  adType=error
+              [nil]
+              [nil]
+              rnLeaf  'none'
+        rnEnumItem
+          rnAdmonition  adType=warning
+            [nil]
+            [nil]
+            rnDefList
+              rnDefItem
+                rnDefName
+                  rnLeaf  'term0'
+                rnDefBody
+                  rnInner
+                    rnLeaf  'Definition0'
+        rnEnumItem
+          rnInner
+            rnLeaf  'some'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnLeaf  'paragraph1'
+        rnEnumItem
+          rnDefList
+            rnDefItem
+              rnDefName
+                rnLeaf  'term1'
+              rnDefBody
+                rnInner
+                  rnLeaf  'Definition1'
+            rnDefItem
+              rnDefName
+                rnLeaf  'term2'
+              rnDefBody
+                rnInner
+                  rnLeaf  'Definition2'
+      """)
+
+  test "code-block parsing":
+    let input1 = dedent"""
+      .. code-block:: nim
+          :test: "nim c $1"
+
+        template additive(typ: typedesc) =
+          discard
+      """
+    let input2 = dedent"""
+      .. code-block:: nim
+        :test: "nim c $1"
+
+        template additive(typ: typedesc) =
+          discard
+      """
+    let input3 = dedent"""
+      .. code-block:: nim
+         :test: "nim c $1"
+         template additive(typ: typedesc) =
+           discard
+      """
+    let inputWrong = dedent"""
+      .. code-block:: nim
+       :test: "nim c $1"
+
+         template additive(typ: typedesc) =
+           discard
+      """
+    let ast = dedent"""
+      rnCodeBlock
+        rnDirArg
+          rnLeaf  'nim'
+        rnFieldList
+          rnField
+            rnFieldName
+              rnLeaf  'test'
+            rnFieldBody
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  '"'
+                rnLeaf  'nim'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+                rnLeaf  'c'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+                rnLeaf  '$'
+                rnLeaf  '1'
+                rnLeaf  '"'
+          rnField
+            rnFieldName
+              rnLeaf  'default-language'
+            rnFieldBody
+              rnLeaf  'Nim'
+        rnLiteralBlock
+          rnLeaf  'template additive(typ: typedesc) =
+        discard'
+      """
+    check input1.toAst == ast
+    check input2.toAst == ast
+    check input3.toAst == ast
+    # "template..." should be parsed as a definition list attached to ":test:":
+    check inputWrong.toAst != ast
+
+  test "Markdown definition lists work in conjunction with bullet lists":
+    check(dedent"""
+        * some term
+          : the definition
+
+        Paragraph.""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnBulletList
+            rnBulletItem
+              rnMdDefList
+                rnDefItem
+                  rnDefName
+                    rnLeaf  'some'
+                    rnLeaf  ' '
+                    rnLeaf  'term'
+                  rnDefBody
+                    rnInner
+                      rnLeaf  'the'
+                      rnLeaf  ' '
+                      rnLeaf  'definition'
+          rnParagraph
+            rnLeaf  'Paragraph'
+            rnLeaf  '.'
+      """)
+
+  test "Markdown definition lists work with blank lines and extra paragraphs":
+    check(dedent"""
+        Term1
+
+        :   Definition1
+
+        Term2 *inline markup*
+
+        :   Definition2
+
+            Paragraph2
+
+        Term3
+        : * point1
+          * point2
+        : term3definition2
+      """.toAst == dedent"""
+        rnMdDefList
+          rnDefItem
+            rnDefName
+              rnLeaf  'Term1'
+            rnDefBody
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'Definition1'
+          rnDefItem
+            rnDefName
+              rnLeaf  'Term2'
+              rnLeaf  ' '
+              rnEmphasis
+                rnLeaf  'inline'
+                rnLeaf  ' '
+                rnLeaf  'markup'
+            rnDefBody
+              rnParagraph
+                rnLeaf  'Definition2'
+              rnParagraph
+                rnLeaf  'Paragraph2'
+          rnDefItem
+            rnDefName
+              rnLeaf  'Term3'
+            rnDefBody
+              rnBulletList
+                rnBulletItem
+                  rnInner
+                    rnLeaf  'point1'
+                rnBulletItem
+                  rnInner
+                    rnLeaf  'point2'
+            rnDefBody
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'term3definition2'
+      """)
+
+suite "Markdown indentation":
+  test "Markdown paragraph indentation":
+    # Additional spaces (<=3) of indentation does not break the paragraph.
+    # TODO: in 2nd case de-indentation causes paragraph to break, this is
+    # reasonable but does not seem to conform the Markdown spec.
+    check(dedent"""
+      Start1
+        stop1
+
+        Start2
+      stop2
+      """.toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnParagraph
+            rnLeaf  'Start1'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnLeaf  'stop1'
+          rnParagraph
+            rnLeaf  'Start2'
+          rnParagraph
+            rnLeaf  'stop2'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+      """)
+
+suite "Warnings":
+  test "warnings for broken footnotes/links/substitutions":
+    let input = dedent"""
+      firstParagraph
+
+      footnoteRef [som]_
+
+      link `a broken Link`_
+
+      substitution |undefined subst|
+
+      link short.link_
+
+      lastParagraph
+      """
+    var warnings = new seq[string]
+    let output = input.toAst(rstOptions=preferRst, warnings=warnings)
+    check(warnings[] == @[
+        "input(3, 14) Warning: broken link 'citation-som'",
+        "input(5, 7) Warning: broken link 'a broken Link'",
+        "input(7, 15) Warning: unknown substitution 'undefined subst'",
+        "input(9, 6) Warning: broken link 'short.link'"
+        ])
+
+  test "Pandoc Markdown concise link warning points to target":
+    var warnings = new seq[string]
+    check(
+      "ref [here][target]".toAst(warnings=warnings) ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnLeaf  'ref'
+          rnLeaf  ' '
+          rnPandocRef
+            rnInner
+              rnLeaf  'here'
+            rnInner
+              rnLeaf  'target'
+      """)
+    check warnings[] == @["input(1, 12) Warning: broken link 'target'"]
+
+  test "With include directive and blank lines at the beginning":
+    "other.rst".writeFile(dedent"""
+
+
+        firstParagraph
+
+        here brokenLink_""")
+    let input = ".. include:: other.rst"
+    var warnings = new seq[string]
+    let output = input.toAst(warnings=warnings)
+    check warnings[] == @["other.rst(5, 6) Warning: broken link 'brokenLink'"]
+    check(output == dedent"""
+      rnInner
+        rnParagraph
+          rnLeaf  'firstParagraph'
+        rnParagraph
+          rnLeaf  'here'
+          rnLeaf  ' '
+          rnRstRef
+            rnLeaf  'brokenLink'
+      """)
+    removeFile("other.rst")
+
+  test "warnings for ambiguous links (references + anchors)":
+    # Reference like `x`_ generates a link alias x that may clash with others
+    let input = dedent"""
+      Manual reference: `foo <#foo,string,string>`_
+
+      .. _foo:
+
+      Paragraph.
+
+      Ref foo_
+      """
+    var warnings = new seq[string]
+    let output = input.toAst(warnings=warnings)
+    check(warnings[] == @[
+      dedent """
+      input(7, 5) Warning: ambiguous doc link `foo`
+        clash:
+          (3, 8): (manual directive anchor)
+          (1, 45): (implicitly-generated hyperlink alias)"""
+    ])
+    # reference should be resolved to the manually set anchor:
+    check(output ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnParagraph
+            rnLeaf  'Manual'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnLeaf  'reference'
+            rnLeaf  ':'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnHyperlink
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'foo'
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  '#foo,string,string'
+          rnParagraph  anchor='foo'
+            rnLeaf  'Paragraph'
+            rnLeaf  '.'
+          rnParagraph
+            rnLeaf  'Ref'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+            rnInternalRef
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  'foo'
+              rnLeaf  'foo'
+            rnLeaf  ' '
+      """)
 
 suite "RST include directive":
   test "Include whole":
     "other.rst".writeFile("**test1**")
     let input = ".. include:: other.rst"
-    doAssert "<strong>test1</strong>" == rstTohtml(input, {}, defaultConfig())
+    doAssert "<strong>test1</strong>" == rstToHtml(input, {roSandboxDisabled}, defaultConfig())
     removeFile("other.rst")
 
   test "Include starting from":
@@ -30,7 +1573,7 @@ OtherStart
 .. include:: other.rst
              :start-after: OtherStart
 """
-    doAssert "<em>Visible</em>" == rstTohtml(input, {}, defaultConfig())
+    check "<em>Visible</em>" == rstToHtml(input, {roSandboxDisabled}, defaultConfig())
     removeFile("other.rst")
 
   test "Include everything before":
@@ -44,7 +1587,7 @@ And this should **NOT** be visible in `docs.html`
 .. include:: other.rst
              :end-before: OtherEnd
 """
-    doAssert "<em>Visible</em>" == rstTohtml(input, {}, defaultConfig())
+    doAssert "<em>Visible</em>" == rstToHtml(input, {roSandboxDisabled}, defaultConfig())
     removeFile("other.rst")
 
 
@@ -62,7 +1605,7 @@ And this should **NOT** be visible in `docs.html`
              :start-after: OtherStart
              :end-before: OtherEnd
 """
-    doAssert "<em>Visible</em>" == rstTohtml(input, {}, defaultConfig())
+    check "<em>Visible</em>" == rstToHtml(input, {roSandboxDisabled}, defaultConfig())
     removeFile("other.rst")
 
 
@@ -82,5 +1625,370 @@ And this should **NOT** be visible in `docs.html`
              :start-after: OtherStart
              :end-before: OtherEnd
 """
-    doAssert "<em>Visible</em>" == rstTohtml(input, {}, defaultConfig())
+    doAssert "<em>Visible</em>" == rstToHtml(input, {roSandboxDisabled}, defaultConfig())
     removeFile("other.rst")
+
+suite "RST escaping":
+  test "backspaces":
+    check("""\ this""".toAst == dedent"""
+      rnLeaf  'this'
+      """)
+
+    check("""\\ this""".toAst == dedent"""
+      rnInner
+        rnLeaf  '\'
+        rnLeaf  ' '
+        rnLeaf  'this'
+      """)
+
+    check("""\\\ this""".toAst == dedent"""
+      rnInner
+        rnLeaf  '\'
+        rnLeaf  'this'
+      """)
+
+    check("""\\\\ this""".toAst == dedent"""
+      rnInner
+        rnLeaf  '\'
+        rnLeaf  '\'
+        rnLeaf  ' '
+        rnLeaf  'this'
+      """)
+
+suite "RST inline markup":
+  test "* and ** surrounded by spaces are not inline markup":
+    check("a * b * c ** d ** e".toAst == dedent"""
+      rnInner
+        rnLeaf  'a'
+        rnLeaf  ' '
+        rnLeaf  '*'
+        rnLeaf  ' '
+        rnLeaf  'b'
+        rnLeaf  ' '
+        rnLeaf  '*'
+        rnLeaf  ' '
+        rnLeaf  'c'
+        rnLeaf  ' '
+        rnLeaf  '**'
+        rnLeaf  ' '
+        rnLeaf  'd'
+        rnLeaf  ' '
+        rnLeaf  '**'
+        rnLeaf  ' '
+        rnLeaf  'e'
+      """)
+
+  test "end-string has repeating symbols":
+    check("*emphasis content****".toAst == dedent"""
+      rnEmphasis
+        rnLeaf  'emphasis'
+        rnLeaf  ' '
+        rnLeaf  'content'
+        rnLeaf  '***'
+      """)
+
+    check("""*emphasis content\****""".toAst == dedent"""
+      rnEmphasis
+        rnLeaf  'emphasis'
+        rnLeaf  ' '
+        rnLeaf  'content'
+        rnLeaf  '*'
+        rnLeaf  '**'
+      """)  # exact configuration of leafs with * is not really essential,
+            # only total number of * is essential
+
+    check("**strong content****".toAst == dedent"""
+      rnStrongEmphasis
+        rnLeaf  'strong'
+        rnLeaf  ' '
+        rnLeaf  'content'
+        rnLeaf  '**'
+      """)
+
+    check("""**strong content*\****""".toAst == dedent"""
+      rnStrongEmphasis
+        rnLeaf  'strong'
+        rnLeaf  ' '
+        rnLeaf  'content'
+        rnLeaf  '*'
+        rnLeaf  '*'
+        rnLeaf  '*'
+      """)
+
+    check("``lit content`````".toAst == dedent"""
+      rnInlineLiteral
+        rnLeaf  'lit'
+        rnLeaf  ' '
+        rnLeaf  'content'
+        rnLeaf  '```'
+      """)
+
+  test "interpreted text parsing: code fragments":
+    check(dedent"""
+        .. default-role:: option
+
+        `--gc:refc`""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnDefaultRole
+            rnDirArg
+              rnLeaf  'option'
+            [nil]
+            [nil]
+          rnParagraph
+            rnCodeFragment
+              rnInner
+                rnLeaf  '--'
+                rnLeaf  'gc'
+                rnLeaf  ':'
+                rnLeaf  'refc'
+              rnLeaf  'option'
+        """)
+
+  test """interpreted text can be ended with \` """:
+    let output = (".. default-role:: literal\n" & """`\``""").toAst
+    check(output.endsWith """
+  rnParagraph
+    rnInlineLiteral
+      rnLeaf  '`'""" & "\n")
+
+    let output2 = """`\``""".toAst
+    check(output2 == dedent"""
+      rnInlineCode
+        rnDirArg
+          rnLeaf  'nim'
+        [nil]
+        rnLiteralBlock
+          rnLeaf  '`'
+      """)
+
+    let output3 = """`proc \`+\``""".toAst
+    check(output3 == dedent"""
+      rnInlineCode
+        rnDirArg
+          rnLeaf  'nim'
+        [nil]
+        rnLiteralBlock
+          rnLeaf  'proc `+`'
+      """)
+
+    check("""`\\`""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInlineCode
+          rnDirArg
+            rnLeaf  'nim'
+          [nil]
+          rnLiteralBlock
+            rnLeaf  '\\'
+        """)
+
+  test "Markdown-style code/backtick":
+    # no whitespace is required before `
+    check("`try`...`except`".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnInlineCode
+            rnDirArg
+              rnLeaf  'nim'
+            [nil]
+            rnLiteralBlock
+              rnLeaf  'try'
+          rnLeaf  '...'
+          rnInlineCode
+            rnDirArg
+              rnLeaf  'nim'
+            [nil]
+            rnLiteralBlock
+              rnLeaf  'except'
+        """)
+
+
+  test """inline literals can contain \ anywhere""":
+    check("""``\``""".toAst == dedent"""
+      rnInlineLiteral
+        rnLeaf  '\'
+      """)
+
+    check("""``\\``""".toAst == dedent"""
+      rnInlineLiteral
+        rnLeaf  '\'
+        rnLeaf  '\'
+      """)
+
+    check("""``\```""".toAst == dedent"""
+      rnInlineLiteral
+        rnLeaf  '\'
+        rnLeaf  '`'
+      """)
+
+    check("""``\\```""".toAst == dedent"""
+      rnInlineLiteral
+        rnLeaf  '\'
+        rnLeaf  '\'
+        rnLeaf  '`'
+      """)
+
+    check("""``\````""".toAst == dedent"""
+      rnInlineLiteral
+        rnLeaf  '\'
+        rnLeaf  '`'
+        rnLeaf  '`'
+      """)
+
+  test "references with _ at the end":
+    check(dedent"""
+      .. _lnk: https
+
+      lnk_""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnHyperlink
+          rnInner
+            rnLeaf  'lnk'
+          rnInner
+            rnLeaf  'https'
+      """)
+
+  test "not a hyper link":
+    check(dedent"""
+      .. _lnk: https
+
+      lnk___""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnLeaf  'lnk'
+          rnLeaf  '___'
+      """)
+
+  test "no punctuation in the end of a standalone URI is allowed":
+    check(dedent"""
+        [see (http://no.org)], end""".toAst(rstOptions = preferRst) ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnLeaf  '['
+          rnLeaf  'see'
+          rnLeaf  ' '
+          rnLeaf  '('
+          rnStandaloneHyperlink
+            rnLeaf  'http://no.org'
+          rnLeaf  ')'
+          rnLeaf  ']'
+          rnLeaf  ','
+          rnLeaf  ' '
+          rnLeaf  'end'
+        """)
+
+    # but `/` at the end is OK
+    check(
+      dedent"""
+        See http://no.org/ end""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnLeaf  'See'
+          rnLeaf  ' '
+          rnStandaloneHyperlink
+            rnLeaf  'http://no.org/'
+          rnLeaf  ' '
+          rnLeaf  'end'
+        """)
+
+    # a more complex URL with some made-up ending '&='.
+    # Github Markdown would include final &= and
+    # so would rst2html.py in contradiction with RST spec.
+    check(
+      dedent"""
+        See https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnim-lang.github.io%2FNim%2Frst.html%23features&usg=AO&= end""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnLeaf  'See'
+          rnLeaf  ' '
+          rnStandaloneHyperlink
+            rnLeaf  'https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnim-lang.github.io%2FNim%2Frst.html%23features&usg=AO'
+          rnLeaf  '&'
+          rnLeaf  '='
+          rnLeaf  ' '
+          rnLeaf  'end'
+        """)
+
+  test "Markdown-style link can be split to a few lines":
+    check(dedent"""
+        is [term-rewriting
+        macros](manual.html#term-rewriting-macros)""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnLeaf  'is'
+          rnLeaf  ' '
+          rnHyperlink
+            rnLeaf  'term-rewriting macros'
+            rnLeaf  'manual.html#term-rewriting-macros'
+      """)
+
+  test "URL with balanced parentheses (Markdown rule)":
+    # 2 balanced parens, 1 unbalanced:
+    check(dedent"""
+        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_((programming_language)))""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnStandaloneHyperlink
+            rnLeaf  'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_((programming_language))'
+          rnLeaf  ')'
+      """)
+
+    # the same for Markdown-style link:
+    check(dedent"""
+        [foo [bar]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_((programming_language))))""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnHyperlink
+            rnLeaf  'foo [bar]'
+            rnLeaf  'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_((programming_language))'
+          rnLeaf  ')'
+      """)
+
+    # unbalanced (here behavior is more RST-like actually):
+    check(dedent"""
+        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programming_language(""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnStandaloneHyperlink
+            rnLeaf  'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programming_language'
+          rnLeaf  '('
+      """)
+
+    # unbalanced [, but still acceptable:
+    check(dedent"""
+        [my {link example](http://example.com/bracket_(symbol_[))""".toAst ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnHyperlink
+          rnLeaf  'my {link example'
+          rnLeaf  'http://example.com/bracket_(symbol_[)'
+      """)
+
+  test "not a Markdown link":
+    # bug #17340 (27) `f` will be considered as a protocol and blocked as unsafe
+    var warnings = new seq[string]
+    check("[T](f: var Foo)".toAst(warnings = warnings) ==
+      dedent"""
+        rnInner
+          rnLeaf  '['
+          rnLeaf  'T'
+          rnLeaf  ']'
+          rnLeaf  '('
+          rnLeaf  'f'
+          rnLeaf  ':'
+          rnLeaf  ' '
+          rnLeaf  'var'
+          rnLeaf  ' '
+          rnLeaf  'Foo'
+          rnLeaf  ')'
+      """)
+    check(warnings[] == @["input(1, 5) Warning: broken link 'f'"])
+
+suite "Misc isssues":
+  test "Markdown CodeblockFields in one line (lacking enclosing ```)":
+    let message = """
+    ```llvm-profdata merge first.profraw second.profraw third.profraw <more stuff maybe> -output data.profdata```"""
+
+    try:
+      echo rstgen.rstToHtml(message, {roSupportMarkdown}, nil)
+    except EParseError:
+      discard
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/trstgen.nim b/tests/stdlib/trstgen.nim
index cf82cdf91..6253e7146 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/trstgen.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/trstgen.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 outputsub: ""
 """
 
@@ -8,9 +9,15 @@ import ../../lib/packages/docutils/rstgen
 import ../../lib/packages/docutils/rst
 import unittest, strutils, strtabs
 import std/private/miscdollars
+import std/assertions
+
+const
+  NoSandboxOpts = {roPreferMarkdown, roSupportMarkdown, roNimFile, roSandboxDisabled}
+  preferMarkdown = {roPreferMarkdown, roSupportMarkdown, roNimFile}
+  preferRst = {roSupportMarkdown, roNimFile}
 
 proc toHtml(input: string,
-            rstOptions: RstParseOptions = {roSupportMarkdown},
+            rstOptions: RstParseOptions = preferMarkdown,
             error: ref string = nil,
             warnings: ref seq[string] = nil): string =
   ## If `error` is nil then no errors should be generated.
@@ -23,18 +30,30 @@ proc toHtml(input: string,
     toLocation(message, filename, line, col + ColRstOffset)
     message.add " $1: $2" % [$mc, a]
     if mc == mcError:
-      doAssert error != nil, "unexpected RST error '" & message & "'"
+      if error == nil:
+        raise newException(EParseError, "[unexpected error] " & message)
       error[] = message
       # we check only first error because subsequent ones may be meaningless
-      raise newException(EParseError, message)
+      raise newException(EParseError, "")
     else:
       doAssert warnings != nil, "unexpected RST warning '" & message & "'"
       warnings[].add message
   try:
     result = rstToHtml(input, rstOptions, defaultConfig(),
                        msgHandler=testMsgHandler)
-  except EParseError:
-    discard
+  except EParseError as e:
+    if e.msg != "":
+      result = e.msg
+
+# inline code tags (for parsing originated from highlite.nim)
+proc id(str: string): string = """<span class="Identifier">"""  & str & "</span>"
+proc op(str: string): string = """<span class="Operator">"""    & str & "</span>"
+proc pu(str: string): string = """<span class="Punctuation">""" & str & "</span>"
+proc optionListLabel(opt: string): string =
+  """<div class="option-list-label"><tt><span class="option">""" &
+  opt &
+  "</span></tt></div>"
+
 
 suite "YAML syntax highlighting":
   test "Basics":
@@ -131,6 +150,25 @@ suite "YAML syntax highlighting":
   <span class="StringLit">not numbers</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Punctuation">[</span> <span class="StringLit">42e</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="StringLit">0023</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="StringLit">+32.37</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="StringLit">8 ball</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span>
 <span class="Punctuation">}</span></pre>"""
 
+  test "Directives: warnings":
+    let input = dedent"""
+      .. non-existent-warning: Paragraph.
+
+      .. another.wrong:warning::: Paragraph.
+      """
+    var warnings = new seq[string]
+    let output = input.toHtml(warnings=warnings)
+    check output == ""
+    doAssert warnings[].len == 2
+    check "(1, 24) Warning: RST style:" in warnings[0]
+    check "double colon :: may be missing at end of 'non-existent-warning'" in warnings[0]
+    check "(3, 25) Warning: RST style:" in warnings[1]
+    check "RST style: too many colons for a directive (should be ::)" in warnings[1]
+
+  test "not a directive":
+    let input = "..warning:: I am not a warning."
+    check input.toHtml == input
+
   test "Anchors, Aliases, Tags":
     let input = """.. code-block:: yaml
     --- !!map
@@ -196,13 +234,18 @@ suite "RST/Markdown general":
 |              | F2 without pipe
 not in table"""
     let output1 = input1.toHtml
-    doAssert output1 == """<table border="1" class="docutils"><tr><th>A1 header</th><th>A2 | not fooled</th></tr>
+    #[
+    TODO: `\|` inside a table cell should render as `|`
+        `|` outside a table cell should render as `\|`
+    consistently with markdown, see https://stackoverflow.com/a/66557930/1426932
+    ]#
+    check(output1 == """
+<table border="1" class="docutils"><tr><th>A1 header</th><th>A2 | not fooled</th></tr>
 <tr><td>C1</td><td>C2 <strong>bold</strong></td></tr>
-<tr><td>D1 <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">code |</span></tt></td><td>D2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>D1 <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">""" & id"code" & " " & op"\|" & """</span></tt></td><td>D2</td></tr>
 <tr><td>E1 | text</td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td>F2 without pipe</td></tr>
-</table><p>not in table</p>
-"""
+</table><p>not in table</p>""")
     let input2 = """
 | A1 header | A2 |
 | --- | --- |"""
@@ -223,7 +266,7 @@ A2     A3
 A4     A5
 ====   === """
     let output1 = rstToLatex(input1, {})
-    doAssert "{|X|X|}" in output1  # 2 columns
+    doAssert "{LL}" in output1  # 2 columns
     doAssert count(output1, "\\\\") == 4  # 4 rows
     for cell in ["H0", "H1", "A0", "A1", "A2", "A3", "A4", "A5"]:
       doAssert cell in output1
@@ -238,7 +281,7 @@ A0     A1   X
        Ax   Y
 ====   ===  = """
     let output2 = rstToLatex(input2, {})
-    doAssert "{|X|X|X|}" in output2  # 3 columns
+    doAssert "{LLL}" in output2  # 3 columns
     doAssert count(output2, "\\\\") == 2  # 2 rows
     for cell in ["H0", "H1", "H", "A0", "A1", "X", "Ax", "Y"]:
       doAssert cell in output2
@@ -348,7 +391,7 @@ Some chapter
       ~~~~~
 
       """
-    let output9good = input9good.toHtml
+    let output9good = input9good.toHtml(preferRst)
     doAssert "<h1 id=\"level1\">Level1</h1>" in output9good
     doAssert "<h2 id=\"level2\">Level2</h2>" in output9good
     doAssert "<h3 id=\"level3\">Level3</h3>" in output9good
@@ -363,7 +406,7 @@ Some chapter
 
       Level2
       ------
-      
+
       Level3
       ~~~~~~
 
@@ -372,21 +415,22 @@ Some chapter
 
       More
       ~~~~
-      
+
       Another
       -------
 
       """
     var error9Bad = new string
-    let output9Bad = input9bad.toHtml(error=error9Bad)
+    let output9Bad = input9Bad.toHtml(preferRst, error=error9Bad)
     check(error9Bad[] == "input(15, 1) Error: new section expected (section " &
             "level inconsistent: underline ~~~~~ unexpectedly found, while " &
             "the following intermediate section level(s) are missing on " &
             "lines 12..15: underline -----)")
 
+  test "RST sections overline":
     # the same as input9good but with overline headings
     # first overline heading has a special meaning: document title
-    let input10 = dedent """
+    let input = dedent """
       ======
       Title0
       ======
@@ -418,22 +462,23 @@ Some chapter
       ~~~~~
 
       """
-    var option: bool
     var rstGenera: RstGenerator
-    var output10: string
-    rstGenera.initRstGenerator(outHtml, defaultConfig(), "input", {})
-    rstGenera.renderRstToOut(rstParse(input10, "", 1, 1, option, {}), output10)
+    var output: string
+    let (rst, files, _) = rstParse(input, "", 1, 1, {})
+    rstGenera.initRstGenerator(outHtml, defaultConfig(), "input", filenames = files)
+    rstGenera.renderRstToOut(rst, output)
     doAssert rstGenera.meta[metaTitle] == "Title0"
-    doAssert rstGenera.meta[metaSubTitle] == "SubTitle0"
-    doAssert "<h1 id=\"level1\"><center>Level1</center></h1>" in output10
-    doAssert "<h2 id=\"level2\">Level2</h2>" in output10
-    doAssert "<h3 id=\"level3\"><center>Level3</center></h3>" in output10
-    doAssert "<h1 id=\"l1\"><center>L1</center></h1>" in output10
-    doAssert "<h2 id=\"another2\">Another2</h2>" in output10
-    doAssert "<h3 id=\"more3\"><center>More3</center></h3>" in output10
-
+    doAssert rstGenera.meta[metaSubtitle] == "SubTitle0"
+    doAssert "<h1 id=\"level1\"><center>Level1</center></h1>" in output
+    doAssert "<h2 id=\"level2\">Level2</h2>" in output
+    doAssert "<h3 id=\"level3\"><center>Level3</center></h3>" in output
+    doAssert "<h1 id=\"l1\"><center>L1</center></h1>" in output
+    doAssert "<h2 id=\"another2\">Another2</h2>" in output
+    doAssert "<h3 id=\"more3\"><center>More3</center></h3>" in output
+
+  test "RST sections overline 2":
     # check that a paragraph prevents interpreting overlines as document titles
-    let input11 = dedent """
+    let input = dedent """
       Paragraph
 
       ======
@@ -444,18 +489,19 @@ Some chapter
       SubTitle0
       +++++++++
       """
-    var option11: bool
-    var rstGenera11: RstGenerator
-    var output11: string
-    rstGenera11.initRstGenerator(outHtml, defaultConfig(), "input", {})
-    rstGenera11.renderRstToOut(rstParse(input11, "", 1, 1, option11, {}), output11)
-    doAssert rstGenera11.meta[metaTitle] == ""
-    doAssert rstGenera11.meta[metaSubTitle] == ""
-    doAssert "<h1 id=\"title0\"><center>Title0</center></h1>" in output11
-    doAssert "<h2 id=\"subtitle0\"><center>SubTitle0</center></h2>" in output11
-
+    var rstGenera: RstGenerator
+    var output: string
+    let (rst, files, _) = rstParse(input, "", 1, 1, {})
+    rstGenera.initRstGenerator(outHtml, defaultConfig(), "input", filenames=files)
+    rstGenera.renderRstToOut(rst, output)
+    doAssert rstGenera.meta[metaTitle] == ""
+    doAssert rstGenera.meta[metaSubtitle] == ""
+    doAssert "<h1 id=\"title0\"><center>Title0</center></h1>" in output
+    doAssert "<h2 id=\"subtitle0\"><center>SubTitle0</center></h2>" in output
+
+  test "RST+Markdown sections":
     # check that RST and Markdown headings don't interfere
-    let input12 = dedent """
+    let input = dedent """
       ======
       Title0
       ======
@@ -473,14 +519,14 @@ Some chapter
       MySection2a
       -----------
       """
-    var option12: bool
-    var rstGenera12: RstGenerator
-    var output12: string
-    rstGenera12.initRstGenerator(outHtml, defaultConfig(), "input", {})
-    rstGenera12.renderRstToOut(rstParse(input12, "", 1, 1, option12, {roSupportMarkdown}), output12)
-    doAssert rstGenera12.meta[metaTitle] == "Title0"
-    doAssert rstGenera12.meta[metaSubTitle] == ""
-    doAssert output12 ==
+    var rstGenera: RstGenerator
+    var output: string
+    let (rst, files, _) = rstParse(input, "", 1, 1, {roSupportMarkdown})
+    rstGenera.initRstGenerator(outHtml, defaultConfig(), "input", filenames=files)
+    rstGenera.renderRstToOut(rst, output)
+    doAssert rstGenera.meta[metaTitle] == "Title0"
+    doAssert rstGenera.meta[metaSubtitle] == ""
+    doAssert output ==
              "\n<h1 id=\"mysection1a\">MySection1a</h1>" & # RST
              "\n<h1 id=\"mysection1b\">MySection1b</h1>" & # Markdown
              "\n<h1 id=\"mysection1c\">MySection1c</h1>" & # RST
@@ -492,6 +538,63 @@ Some chapter
     let output1 = input1.toHtml
     doAssert output1 == "GC_step"
 
+  test "RST anchors/links to headings":
+    # Currently in TOC mode anchors are modified (for making links from
+    # the TOC unique)
+    let inputNoToc = dedent"""
+        Type relations
+        ==============
+
+        Convertible relation
+        --------------------
+
+        Ref. `Convertible relation`_
+        """
+    let outputNoToc = inputNoToc.toHtml
+    check outputNoToc.count("id=\"type-relations\"") == 1
+    check outputNoToc.count("id=\"convertible-relation\"") == 1
+    check outputNoToc.count("href=\"#convertible-relation\"") == 1
+
+    let inputTocCases = @[
+      dedent"""
+        .. contents::
+
+        Type relations
+        ==============
+
+        Convertible relation
+        --------------------
+
+        Ref. `Convertible relation`_
+
+        Guards and locks
+        ================
+        """,
+      dedent"""
+        Ref. `Convertible relation`_
+
+        .. contents::
+
+        Type relations
+        ==============
+
+        Convertible relation
+        --------------------
+
+        Guards and locks
+        ================
+        """
+    ]
+    for inputToc in inputTocCases:
+      let outputToc = inputToc.toHtml
+      check outputToc.count("id=\"type-relations\"") == 1
+      check outputToc.count("id=\"type-relations-convertible-relation\"") == 1
+      check outputToc.count("id=\"convertible-relation\">") == 0
+      # Besides "Ref.", heading also contains link to itself:
+      check outputToc.count(
+          "href=\"#type-relations-convertible-relation\">") == 2
+      check outputToc.count("href=\"#convertible-relation\"") == 0
+
   test "RST links":
     let input1 = """
 Want to learn about `my favorite programming language`_?
@@ -508,15 +611,15 @@ context1
 
 context2
 """
-    let output1 = input1.toHtml
+    let output1 = input1.toHtml(preferRst)
     doAssert "<hr" in output1
 
     let input2 = """
 This is too short to be a transition:
 
 ---
-
 context2
+---
 """
     var error2 = new string
     let output2 = input2.toHtml(error=error2)
@@ -530,7 +633,7 @@ Test literal block
 ::
 
   check """
-    let output1 = input1.toHtml
+    let output1 = input1.toHtml(preferRst)
     doAssert "<pre>" in output1
 
   test "Markdown code block":
@@ -538,9 +641,14 @@ Test literal block
 ```
 let x = 1
 ``` """
-    let output1 = input1.toHtml
+    let output1 = input1.toHtml({roSupportMarkdown, roPreferMarkdown})
     doAssert "<pre" in output1 and "class=\"Keyword\"" notin output1
 
+    # Check Nim highlighting by default in .nim files:
+    let output1nim = input1.toHtml({roSupportMarkdown, roPreferMarkdown,
+                                    roNimFile})
+    doAssert "<pre" in output1nim and "class=\"Keyword\"" in output1nim
+
     let input2 = """
 Parse the block with language specifier:
 ```Nim
@@ -549,8 +657,72 @@ let x = 1
     let output2 = input2.toHtml
     doAssert "<pre" in output2 and "class=\"Keyword\"" in output2
 
+  test "interpreted text":
+    check("""`foo.bar`""".toHtml ==
+      """<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">""" &
+      id"foo" & op"." & id"bar" & "</span></tt>")
+    check("""`foo\`\`bar`""".toHtml ==
+      """<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">""" &
+      id"foo" & pu"`" & pu"`" & id"bar" & "</span></tt>")
+    check("""`foo\`bar`""".toHtml ==
+      """<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">""" &
+      id"foo" & pu"`" & id"bar" & "</span></tt>")
+    check("""`\`bar`""".toHtml ==
+      """<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">""" &
+      pu"`" & id"bar" & "</span></tt>")
+    check("""`a\b\x\\ar`""".toHtml ==
+      """<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">""" &
+      id"a" & op"""\""" & id"b" & op"""\""" & id"x" & op"""\\""" & id"ar" &
+      "</span></tt>")
+
+  test "inline literal":
+    check """``foo.bar``""".toHtml == """<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">foo.bar</span></tt>"""
+    check """``foo\bar``""".toHtml == """<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">foo\bar</span></tt>"""
+    check """``f\`o\\o\b`ar``""".toHtml == """<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f\`o\\o\b`ar</span></tt>"""
+
+  test "default-role":
+    # nim(default) -> literal -> nim -> code(=literal)
+    let input = dedent"""
+      Par1 `value1`.
+
+      .. default-role:: literal
+
+      Par2 `value2`.
+
+      .. default-role:: nim
+
+      Par3 `value3`.
+
+      .. default-role:: code
+
+      Par4 `value4`."""
+    let p1 = """Par1 <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">""" & id"value1" & "</span></tt>."
+    let p2 = """<p>Par2 <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value2</span></tt>.</p>"""
+    let p3 = """<p>Par3 <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">""" & id"value3" & "</span></tt>.</p>"
+    let p4 = """<p>Par4 <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value4</span></tt>.</p>"""
+    let expected = p1 & p2 & "\n" & p3 & "\n" & p4
+    check(
+      input.toHtml(NoSandboxOpts) == expected
+    )
+
+  test "role directive":
+    let input = dedent"""
+      .. role:: y(code)
+         :language: yaml
+
+      .. role:: brainhelp(code)
+         :language: brainhelp
+    """
+    var warnings = new seq[string]
+    let output = input.toHtml(
+      NoSandboxOpts,
+      warnings=warnings
+    )
+    check(warnings[].len == 1 and "language 'brainhelp' not supported" in warnings[0])
+
   test "RST comments":
     let input1 = """
+
 Check that comment disappears:
 
 ..
@@ -558,8 +730,8 @@ Check that comment disappears:
     let output1 = input1.toHtml
     doAssert output1 == "Check that comment disappears:"
 
-  test "RST line blocks":
-    let input1 = """
+  test "RST line blocks + headings":
+    let input = """
 =====
 Test1
 =====
@@ -570,28 +742,29 @@ Test1
 | other line
 
 """
-    var option: bool
     var rstGenera: RstGenerator
-    var output1: string
-    rstGenera.initRstGenerator(outHtml, defaultConfig(), "input", {})
-    rstGenera.renderRstToOut(rstParse(input1, "", 1, 1, option, {}), output1)
+    var output: string
+    let (rst, files, _) = rstParse(input, "", 1, 1, {})
+    rstGenera.initRstGenerator(outHtml, defaultConfig(), "input", filenames=files)
+    rstGenera.renderRstToOut(rst, output)
     doAssert rstGenera.meta[metaTitle] == "Test1"
       # check that title was not overwritten to '|'
-    doAssert output1 == "<p><br/><br/>line block<br/>other line<br/></p>"
-    let output1l = rstToLatex(input1, {})
+    doAssert output == "<p><br/><br/>line block<br/>other line<br/></p>"
+    let output1l = rstToLatex(input, {})
     doAssert "line block\n\n" in output1l
     doAssert "other line\n\n" in output1l
     doAssert output1l.count("\\vspace") == 2 + 2  # +2 surrounding paddings
 
+  test "RST line blocks":
     let input2 = dedent"""
       Paragraph1
-      
+
       |
 
       Paragraph2"""
 
     let output2 = input2.toHtml
-    doAssert "Paragraph1<p><br/></p> <p>Paragraph2</p>\n" == output2
+    doAssert "Paragraph1<p><br/></p> <p>Paragraph2</p>" == output2
 
     let input3 = dedent"""
       | xxx
@@ -606,7 +779,7 @@ Test1
     # check that '|   ' with a few spaces is still parsed as new line
     let input4 = dedent"""
       | xxx
-      |      
+      |
       |     zzz"""
 
     let output4 = input4.toHtml
@@ -756,9 +929,9 @@ Test1
     let output8 = input8.toHtml(warnings = warnings8)
     check(warnings8[].len == 1)
     check("input(6, 1) Warning: RST style: \n" &
-          "  not enough indentation on line 6" in warnings8[0])
+          "not enough indentation on line 6" in warnings8[0])
     doAssert output8 == "Paragraph.<ol class=\"upperalpha simple\">" &
-        "<li>stringA</li>\n<li>stringB</li>\n</ol>\n<p>C. string1 string2 </p>\n"
+        "<li>stringA</li>\n<li>stringB</li>\n</ol>\n<p>C. string1 string2 </p>"
 
   test "Markdown enumerated lists":
     let input1 = dedent """
@@ -812,7 +985,7 @@ Test1
 
       Ref. [#note]_
       """
-    let output1 = input1.toHtml
+    let output1 = input1.toHtml(preferRst)
     doAssert output1.count(">[1]</a>") == 1
     doAssert output1.count(">[2]</a>") == 2
     doAssert "href=\"#footnote-note\"" in output1
@@ -830,8 +1003,8 @@ Test1
 
       Not references[#note]_[1 #]_ [wrong citation]_ and [not&allowed]_.
       """
-    let output2 = input2.toHtml
-    doAssert output2 == "Not references[#note]_[1 #]_ [wrong citation]_ and [not&amp;allowed]_. "
+    let output2 = input2.toHtml(preferRst)
+    doAssert output2 == "Not references[#note]_[1 #]_ [wrong citation]_ and [not&amp;allowed]_."
 
     # check that auto-symbol footnotes work:
     let input3 = dedent """
@@ -846,7 +1019,7 @@ Test1
 
       And [*]_.
       """
-    let output3 = input3.toHtml
+    let output3 = input3.toHtml(preferRst)
     # both references and footnotes. Footnotes have link to themselves.
     doAssert output3.count("href=\"#footnotesym-1\">[*]</a>") == 2
     doAssert output3.count("href=\"#footnotesym-2\">[**]</a>") == 2
@@ -876,7 +1049,7 @@ Test1
 
       Ref. [#note]_ and [#]_ and [#]_.
       """
-    let output4 = input4.toHtml
+    let output4 = input4.toHtml(preferRst)
     doAssert ">[-1]" notin output1
     let order = @[
         "footnote-3", "[3]", "Manual1.",
@@ -901,8 +1074,8 @@ Test1
       Ref. [#note]_
       """
     var error5 = new string
-    let output5 = input5.toHtml(error=error5)
-    check(error5[] == "input(6, 1) Error: mismatch in number of footnotes " &
+    let output5 = input5.toHtml(preferRst, error=error5)
+    check(error5[] == "input(1, 1) Error: mismatch in number of footnotes " &
             "and their refs: 1 (lines 2) != 0 (lines ) for auto-numbered " &
             "footnotes")
 
@@ -915,8 +1088,8 @@ Test1
       Ref. [*]_
       """
     var error6 = new string
-    let output6 = input6.toHtml(error=error6)
-    check(error6[] == "input(6, 1) Error: mismatch in number of footnotes " &
+    let output6 = input6.toHtml(preferRst, error=error6)
+    check(error6[] == "input(1, 1) Error: mismatch in number of footnotes " &
             "and their refs: 1 (lines 3) != 2 (lines 2, 6) for auto-symbol " &
             "footnotes")
 
@@ -925,7 +1098,7 @@ Test1
 
       Ref. [some:citation-2020]_.
       """
-    let output7 = input7.toHtml
+    let output7 = input7.toHtml(preferRst)
     doAssert output7.count("href=\"#citation-somecoloncitationminus2020\"") == 2
     doAssert output7.count("[Some:CITATION-2020]") == 1
     doAssert output7.count("[some:citation-2020]") == 1
@@ -938,9 +1111,8 @@ Test1
       Ref. [som]_.
       """
     var warnings8 = new seq[string]
-    let output8 = input8.toHtml(warnings=warnings8)
-    check(warnings8[] == @["input(4, 1) Warning: unknown substitution " &
-            "\'citation-som\'"])
+    let output8 = input8.toHtml(preferRst, warnings=warnings8)
+    check(warnings8[] == @["input(3, 7) Warning: broken link 'citation-som'"])
 
     # check that footnote group does not break parsing of other directives:
     let input9 = dedent """
@@ -956,9 +1128,10 @@ Test1
 
       Paragraph2 ref `internal anchor`_.
       """
-    let output9 = input9.toHtml
-    #doAssert "id=\"internal-anchor\"" in output9
-    #doAssert "internal anchor" notin output9
+    let output9 = input9.toHtml(preferRst)
+    # _`internal anchor` got erased:
+    check "href=\"#internal-anchor\"" notin output9
+    check "href=\"#citation-another\"" in output9
     doAssert output9.count("<hr class=\"footnote\">" &
                            "<div class=\"footnote-group\">") == 1
     doAssert output9.count("<div class=\"footnote-label\">") == 3
@@ -974,7 +1147,7 @@ Test1
 
             .. [Third] Citation.
       """
-    let output10 = input10.toHtml
+    let output10 = input10.toHtml(preferRst)
     doAssert output10.count("<hr class=\"footnote\">" &
                             "<div class=\"footnote-group\">") == 3
     doAssert output10.count("<div class=\"footnote-label\">") == 3
@@ -983,7 +1156,7 @@ Test1
     doAssert "<a href=\"#citation-third\">[Third]</a>" in output10
 
     let input11 = ".. [note]\n"  # should not crash
-    let output11 = input11.toHtml
+    let output11 = input11.toHtml(preferRst)
     doAssert "<a href=\"#citation-note\">[note]</a>" in output11
 
     # check that references to auto-numbered footnotes work
@@ -994,7 +1167,7 @@ Test1
       .. [#] Body3
       .. [2] Body2.
       """
-    let output12 = input12.toHtml
+    let output12 = input12.toHtml(preferRst)
     let orderAuto = @[
         "#footnoteauto-1", "[1]",
         "#footnoteauto-2", "[3]",
@@ -1019,6 +1192,62 @@ Test1
     let output0 = input0.toHtml
     doAssert "<p>Paragraph1</p>" in output0
 
+  test "Nim code-block :number-lines:":
+    let input = dedent """
+      .. code-block:: nim
+         :number-lines: 55
+
+         x
+         y
+      """
+    check "<pre class=\"line-nums\">55\n56\n</pre>" in input.toHtml
+
+  test "Nim code-block indentation":
+    let input = dedent """
+      .. code-block:: nim
+        :number-lines: 55
+
+       x
+      """
+    let output = input.toHtml
+    check "<pre class=\"line-nums\">55\n</pre>" in output
+    check "<span class=\"Identifier\">x</span>" in output
+
+  test "Nim code-block indentation":
+    let input = dedent """
+      .. code-block:: nim
+        :number-lines: 55
+         let a = 1
+      """
+    var error = new string
+    let output = input.toHtml(error=error)
+    check(error[] == "input(2, 3) Error: invalid field: " &
+                     "extra arguments were given to number-lines: ' let a = 1'")
+    check "" == output
+
+  test "code-block warning":
+    let input = dedent """
+      .. code:: Nim
+         :unsupportedField: anything
+
+      .. code:: unsupportedLang
+
+         anything
+
+      ```anotherLang
+      someCode
+      ```
+      """
+    let warnings = new seq[string]
+    let output = input.toHtml(warnings=warnings)
+    check(warnings[] == @[
+        "input(2, 4) Warning: field 'unsupportedField' not supported",
+        "input(4, 11) Warning: language 'unsupportedLang' not supported",
+        "input(8, 4) Warning: language 'anotherLang' not supported"
+        ])
+    check(output == "<pre class = \"listing\">anything</pre>" &
+                    "<p><pre class = \"listing\">someCode</pre> </p>")
+
   test "RST admonitions":
     # check that all admonitions are implemented
     let input0 = dedent """
@@ -1033,7 +1262,9 @@ Test1
       .. tip:: endOf tip
       .. warning:: endOf warning
     """
-    let output0 = input0.toHtml
+    let output0 = input0.toHtml(
+      NoSandboxOpts
+    )
     for a in ["admonition", "attention", "caution", "danger", "error", "hint",
         "important", "note", "tip", "warning" ]:
       doAssert "endOf " & a & "</div>" in output0
@@ -1044,7 +1275,9 @@ Test1
 
       Test paragraph.
     """
-    let output1 = input1.toHtml
+    let output1 = input1.toHtml(
+      NoSandboxOpts
+    )
     doAssert "endOfError</div>" in output1
     doAssert "<p>Test paragraph. </p>" in output1
     doAssert "class=\"admonition admonition-error\"" in output1
@@ -1056,7 +1289,9 @@ Test1
 
       Test paragraph.
     """
-    let output2 = input2.toHtml
+    let output2 = input2.toHtml(
+      NoSandboxOpts
+    )
     doAssert "endOfError Test2p.</div>" in output2
     doAssert "<p>Test paragraph. </p>" in output2
     doAssert "class=\"admonition admonition-error\"" in output2
@@ -1064,7 +1299,9 @@ Test1
     let input3 = dedent """
       .. note:: endOfNote
     """
-    let output3 = input3.toHtml
+    let output3 = input3.toHtml(
+      NoSandboxOpts
+    )
     doAssert "endOfNote</div>" in output3
     doAssert "class=\"admonition admonition-info\"" in output3
 
@@ -1149,14 +1386,16 @@ Test1
 
       That was a transition.
     """
-    let output1 = input1.toHtml
+    let output1 = input1.toHtml(
+      preferRst
+    )
     doAssert "<p id=\"target000\""     in output1
     doAssert "<ul id=\"target001\""    in output1
     doAssert "<ol id=\"target002\""    in output1
     doAssert "<dl id=\"target003\""    in output1
     doAssert "<p id=\"target004\""     in output1
     doAssert "<table id=\"target005\"" in output1  # field list
-    doAssert "<table id=\"target006\"" in output1  # option list
+    doAssert "<div id=\"target006\""   in output1  # option list
     doAssert "<pre id=\"target007\""   in output1
     doAssert "<blockquote id=\"target009\"" in output1
     doAssert "<table id=\"target010\"" in output1  # just table
@@ -1177,12 +1416,12 @@ Test1
     """
     let output1 = input1.toHtml
     # "target101" should be erased and changed to "section-xyz":
-    doAssert "href=\"#target101\"" notin output1
-    doAssert "id=\"target101\""    notin output1
-    doAssert "href=\"#target102\"" notin output1
-    doAssert "id=\"target102\""    notin output1
-    doAssert "id=\"section-xyz\""     in output1
-    doAssert "href=\"#section-xyz\""  in output1
+    check "href=\"#target101\"" notin output1
+    check "id=\"target101\""    notin output1
+    check "href=\"#target102\"" notin output1
+    check "id=\"target102\""    notin output1
+    check "id=\"section-xyz\""     in output1
+    check "href=\"#section-xyz\""  in output1
 
     let input2 = dedent """
       .. _target300:
@@ -1204,7 +1443,7 @@ Test1
       Ref. target103_.
 
     """
-    let output2 = input2.toHtml
+    let output2 = input2.toHtml(preferRst)
     # "target101" should be erased and changed to "section-xyz":
     doAssert "href=\"#target300\"" notin output2
     doAssert "id=\"target300\""    notin output2
@@ -1252,13 +1491,134 @@ Test1
     let output1 = input1.toHtml
     doAssert "id=\"secdot1\"" in output1
     doAssert "id=\"Z2minusothercolonsecplusc-2\"" in output1
-    doAssert "id=\"linkdot1-2021\"" in output1
+    check "id=\"linkdot1-2021\"" in output1
     let ref1 = "<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#secdot1\">sec.1</a>"
     let ref2 = "<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#Z2minusothercolonsecplusc-2\">2-other:sec+c_2</a>"
     let ref3 = "<a class=\"reference internal\" href=\"#linkdot1-2021\">link.1_2021</a>"
     let refline = "Ref. " & ref1 & "! and " & ref2 & ";and " & ref3 & "."
     doAssert refline in output1
 
+  test "Option lists 1":
+    # check that "* b" is not consumed by previous bullet item because of
+    # incorrect indentation handling in option lists
+    let input = dedent """
+      * a
+        -m   desc
+        -n   very long
+             desc
+      * b"""
+    let output = input.toHtml
+    check(output.count("<ul") == 1)
+    check(output.count("<li>") == 2)
+    check(output.count("<div class=\"option-list\"") == 1)
+    check(optionListLabel("-m") &
+          """<div class="option-list-description">desc</div></div>""" in
+          output)
+    check(optionListLabel("-n") &
+          """<div class="option-list-description">very long desc</div></div>""" in
+          output)
+
+  test "Option lists 2":
+    # check that 2nd option list is not united with the 1st
+    let input = dedent """
+      * a
+        -m   desc
+        -n   very long
+             desc
+      -d  option"""
+    let output = input.toHtml
+    check(output.count("<ul") == 1)
+    check output.count("<div class=\"option-list\"") == 2
+    check(optionListLabel("-m") &
+          """<div class="option-list-description">desc</div></div>""" in
+          output)
+    check(optionListLabel("-n") &
+          """<div class="option-list-description">very long desc</div></div>""" in
+          output)
+    check(optionListLabel("-d") &
+          """<div class="option-list-description">option</div></div>""" in
+          output)
+    check "<p>option</p>" notin output
+
+  test "Option list 3 (double /)":
+    let input = dedent """
+      * a
+        //compile  compile1
+        //doc      doc1
+                   cont
+      -d  option"""
+    let output = input.toHtml
+    check(output.count("<ul") == 1)
+    check output.count("<div class=\"option-list\"") == 2
+    check(optionListLabel("compile") &
+          """<div class="option-list-description">compile1</div></div>""" in
+          output)
+    check(optionListLabel("doc") &
+          """<div class="option-list-description">doc1 cont</div></div>""" in
+          output)
+    check(optionListLabel("-d") &
+          """<div class="option-list-description">option</div></div>""" in
+          output)
+    check "<p>option</p>" notin output
+
+  test "Roles: subscript prefix/postfix":
+    let expected = "See <sub>some text</sub>."
+    check "See :subscript:`some text`.".toHtml == expected
+    check "See `some text`:subscript:.".toHtml == expected
+
+  test "Roles: correct parsing from beginning of line":
+    let expected = "<sup>3</sup>He is an isotope of helium."
+    check """:superscript:`3`\ He is an isotope of helium.""".toHtml == expected
+    check """:sup:`3`\ He is an isotope of helium.""".toHtml == expected
+    check """`3`:sup:\ He is an isotope of helium.""".toHtml == expected
+    check """`3`:superscript:\ He is an isotope of helium.""".toHtml == expected
+
+  test "Roles: warnings":
+    let input = dedent"""
+      See function :py:func:`spam`.
+
+      See also `egg`:py:class:.
+      """
+    var warnings = new seq[string]
+    let output = input.toHtml(warnings=warnings)
+    doAssert warnings[].len == 2
+    check "(1, 14) Warning: " in warnings[0]
+    check "language 'py:func' not supported" in warnings[0]
+    check "(3, 15) Warning: " in warnings[1]
+    check "language 'py:class' not supported" in warnings[1]
+    check("""<p>See function <span class="py:func">spam</span>.</p>""" & "\n" &
+          """<p>See also <span class="py:class">egg</span>. </p>""" ==
+          output)
+
+  test "(not) Roles: check escaping 1":
+    let expected = """See :subscript:<tt class="docutils literal">""" &
+                   """<span class="pre">""" & id"some" & " " & id"text" &
+                   "</span></tt>."
+    check """See \:subscript:`some text`.""".toHtml == expected
+    check """See :subscript\:`some text`.""".toHtml == expected
+
+  test "(not) Roles: check escaping 2":
+    check("""See :subscript:\`some text\`.""".toHtml ==
+          "See :subscript:`some text`.")
+
+  test "Field list":
+    check(":field: text".toHtml ==
+            """<table class="docinfo" frame="void" rules="none">""" &
+            """<col class="docinfo-name" /><col class="docinfo-content" />""" &
+            """<tbody valign="top"><tr><th class="docinfo-name">field:</th>""" &
+            """<td>text</td></tr>""" & "\n</tbody></table>")
+
+  test "Field list: body after newline":
+    let output = dedent"""
+      :field:
+        text1""".toHtml
+    check "<table class=\"docinfo\"" in output
+    check ">field:</th>" in output
+    check "<td>text1</td>" in output
+
+  test "Field list (incorrect)":
+    check ":field:text".toHtml == ":field:text"
+
 suite "RST/Code highlight":
   test "Basic Python code highlight":
     let pythonCode = """
@@ -1274,3 +1634,59 @@ suite "RST/Code highlight":
 
     check strip(rstToHtml(pythonCode, {}, newStringTable(modeCaseSensitive))) ==
       strip(expected)
+
+
+suite "invalid targets":
+  test "invalid image target":
+    let input1 = dedent """.. image:: /images/myimage.jpg
+      :target: https://bar.com
+      :alt: Alt text for the image"""
+    let output1 = input1.toHtml
+    check output1 == """<a class="reference external" href="https://bar.com"><img src="/images/myimage.jpg" alt="Alt text for the image"/></a>"""
+
+    let input2 = dedent """.. image:: /images/myimage.jpg
+      :target: javascript://bar.com
+      :alt: Alt text for the image"""
+    let output2 = input2.toHtml
+    check output2 == """<img src="/images/myimage.jpg" alt="Alt text for the image"/>"""
+
+    let input3 = dedent """.. image:: /images/myimage.jpg
+      :target: bar.com
+      :alt: Alt text for the image"""
+    let output3 = input3.toHtml
+    check output3 == """<a class="reference external" href="bar.com"><img src="/images/myimage.jpg" alt="Alt text for the image"/></a>"""
+
+  test "invalid links":
+    check("(([Nim](https://nim-lang.org/)))".toHtml ==
+        """((<a class="reference external" href="https://nim-lang.org/">Nim</a>))""")
+    # unknown protocol is treated just like plain text, not a link
+    var warnings = new seq[string]
+    check("(([Nim](javascript://nim-lang.org/)))".toHtml(warnings=warnings) ==
+        """(([Nim](javascript://nim-lang.org/)))""")
+    check(warnings[] == @["input(1, 9) Warning: broken link 'javascript'"])
+    warnings[].setLen 0
+    check("`Nim <javascript://nim-lang.org/>`_".toHtml(warnings=warnings) ==
+      """Nim &lt;javascript://nim-lang.org/&gt;""")
+    check(warnings[] == @["input(1, 33) Warning: broken link 'javascript'"])
+
+suite "local file inclusion":
+  test "cannot include files in sandboxed mode":
+    var error = new string
+    discard ".. include:: ./readme.md".toHtml(error=error)
+    check(error[] == "input(1, 11) Error: disabled directive: 'include'")
+
+  test "code-block file directive is disabled":
+    var error = new string
+    discard ".. code-block:: nim\n    :file: ./readme.md".toHtml(error=error)
+    check(error[] == "input(2, 20) Error: disabled directive: 'file'")
+
+  test "code-block file directive is disabled - Markdown":
+    var error = new string
+    discard "```nim file = ./readme.md\n```".toHtml(error=error)
+    check(error[] == "input(1, 23) Error: disabled directive: 'file'")
+
+proc documentToHtml*(doc: string, isMarkdown: bool = false): string {.gcsafe.} =
+  var options = {roSupportMarkdown}
+  if isMarkdown:
+    options.incl roPreferMarkdown
+  result = rstToHtml(doc, options, defaultConfig())
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tsequtils.nim b/tests/stdlib/tsequtils.nim
index 385e6e651..1094ae233 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tsequtils.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tsequtils.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,18 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  targets: "c js"
+"""
+
+# xxx move all tests under `main`
+
 import std/sequtils
 import strutils
 from algorithm import sorted
+import std/assertions
+
+{.experimental: "strictEffects".}
+{.push warningAsError[Effect]: on.}
+{.experimental: "strictFuncs".}
 
 # helper for testing double substitution side effects which are handled
 # by `evalOnceAs`
@@ -190,17 +202,6 @@ block: # keepIf test
   keepIf(floats, proc(x: float): bool = x > 10)
   doAssert floats == @[13.0, 12.5, 10.1]
 
-block: # delete tests
-  let outcome = @[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
-  var dest = @[1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
-  dest.delete(3, 8)
-  doAssert outcome == dest, """\
-  Deleting range 3-9 from [1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1]
-  is [1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]"""
-  var x = @[1, 2, 3]
-  x.delete(100, 100)
-  doAssert x == @[1, 2, 3]
-
 block: # insert tests
   var dest = @[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
   let
@@ -298,43 +299,45 @@ block: # toSeq test
     doAssert myIter.toSeq == @[1, 2]
     doAssert toSeq(myIter) == @[1, 2]
 
-  block:
-    iterator myIter(): int {.closure.} =
-      yield 1
-      yield 2
-
-    doAssert myIter.toSeq == @[1, 2]
-    doAssert toSeq(myIter) == @[1, 2]
+  when not defined(js):
+    # pending #4695
+    block:
+        iterator myIter(): int {.closure.} =
+          yield 1
+          yield 2
 
-  block:
-    proc myIter(): auto =
-      iterator ret(): int {.closure.} =
-        yield 1
-        yield 2
-      result = ret
+        doAssert myIter.toSeq == @[1, 2]
+        doAssert toSeq(myIter) == @[1, 2]
 
-    doAssert myIter().toSeq == @[1, 2]
-    doAssert toSeq(myIter()) == @[1, 2]
+    block:
+      proc myIter(): auto =
+        iterator ret(): int {.closure.} =
+          yield 1
+          yield 2
+        result = ret
 
-  block:
-    proc myIter(n: int): auto =
-      var counter = 0
-      iterator ret(): int {.closure.} =
-        while counter < n:
-          yield counter
-          counter.inc
-      result = ret
+      doAssert myIter().toSeq == @[1, 2]
+      doAssert toSeq(myIter()) == @[1, 2]
 
     block:
-      let myIter3 = myIter(3)
-      doAssert myIter3.toSeq == @[0, 1, 2]
-    block:
-      let myIter3 = myIter(3)
-      doAssert toSeq(myIter3) == @[0, 1, 2]
-    block:
-      # makes sure this does not hang forever
-      doAssert myIter(3).toSeq == @[0, 1, 2]
-      doAssert toSeq(myIter(3)) == @[0, 1, 2]
+      proc myIter(n: int): auto =
+        var counter = 0
+        iterator ret(): int {.closure.} =
+          while counter < n:
+            yield counter
+            counter.inc
+        result = ret
+
+      block:
+        let myIter3 = myIter(3)
+        doAssert myIter3.toSeq == @[0, 1, 2]
+      block:
+        let myIter3 = myIter(3)
+        doAssert toSeq(myIter3) == @[0, 1, 2]
+      block:
+        # makes sure this does not hang forever
+        doAssert myIter(3).toSeq == @[0, 1, 2]
+        doAssert toSeq(myIter(3)) == @[0, 1, 2]
 
 block:
   # tests https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/7187
@@ -386,6 +389,11 @@ block: # newSeqWith tests
   seq2D[0][1] = true
   doAssert seq2D == @[@[true, true], @[true, false], @[false, false], @[false, false]]
 
+block: # bug #21538
+  var x: seq[int] = @[2, 4]
+  var y = newSeqWith(x.pop(), true)
+  doAssert y == @[true, true, true, true]
+
 block: # mapLiterals tests
   let x = mapLiterals([0.1, 1.2, 2.3, 3.4], int)
   doAssert x is array[4, int]
@@ -452,4 +460,88 @@ block:
       for i in 0..<len:
         yield i
 
-  doAssert: iter(3).mapIt(2*it).foldl(a + b) == 6
+  # xxx: obscure CT error: basic_types.nim(16, 16) Error: internal error: symbol has no generated name: true
+  when not defined(js):
+    doAssert: iter(3).mapIt(2*it).foldl(a + b) == 6
+
+block: # strictFuncs tests with ref object
+  type Foo = ref object
+
+  let foo1 = Foo()
+  let foo2 = Foo()
+  let foos = @[foo1, foo2]
+
+  # Procedures that are `func`
+  discard concat(foos, foos)
+  discard count(foos, foo1)
+  discard cycle(foos, 3)
+  discard deduplicate(foos)
+  discard minIndex(foos)
+  discard maxIndex(foos)
+  discard distribute(foos, 2)
+  var mutableFoos = foos
+  mutableFoos.delete(0..1)
+  mutableFoos.insert(foos)
+
+  # Some procedures that are `proc`, but were reverted from `func`
+  discard repeat(foo1, 3)
+  discard zip(foos, foos)
+  let fooTuples = @[(foo1, 1), (foo2, 2)]
+  discard unzip(fooTuples)
+
+template main =
+  # xxx move all tests here
+  block: # delete tests
+    let outcome = @[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
+    var dest = @[1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
+    dest.delete(3, 8)
+    doAssert outcome == dest, """\
+    Deleting range 3-9 from [1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1]
+    is [1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]"""
+    var x = @[1, 2, 3]
+    x.delete(100, 100)
+    doAssert x == @[1, 2, 3]
+
+  block: # delete tests
+    var a = @[10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
+    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect): a.delete(4..5)
+    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect): a.delete(4..<6)
+    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect): a.delete(-1..1)
+    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect): a.delete(-1 .. -1)
+    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect): a.delete(5..5)
+    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect): a.delete(5..3)
+    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect): a.delete(5..<5) # edge case
+    doAssert a == @[10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
+    a.delete(4..4)
+    doAssert a == @[10, 11, 12, 13]
+    a.delete(1..2)
+    doAssert a == @[10, 13]
+    a.delete(1..<1) # empty slice
+    doAssert a == @[10, 13]
+    a.delete(0..<0)
+    doAssert a == @[10, 13]
+    a.delete(0..0)
+    doAssert a == @[13]
+    a.delete(0..0)
+    doAssert a == @[]
+    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect): a.delete(0..0)
+    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect): a.delete(0..<0) # edge case
+    block:
+      type A = object
+        a0: int
+      var a = @[A(a0: 10), A(a0: 11), A(a0: 12)]
+      a.delete(0..1)
+      doAssert a == @[A(a0: 12)]
+    block:
+      type A = ref object
+      let a0 = A()
+      let a1 = A()
+      let a2 = A()
+      var a = @[a0, a1, a2]
+      a.delete(0..1)
+      doAssert a == @[a2]
+
+static: main()
+main()
+
+{.pop.}
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tsetutils.nim b/tests/stdlib/tsetutils.nim
index f2fb81e6a..c8498f23e 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tsetutils.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tsetutils.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c js"
 """
 
 import std/setutils
+import std/assertions
 
 type 
   Colors = enum
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tsha1.nim b/tests/stdlib/tsha1.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 7e67ccaf6..000000000
--- a/tests/stdlib/tsha1.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-import std/sha1
-
-let hash1 = secureHash("a93tgj0p34jagp9[agjp98ajrhp9aej]")
-doAssert hash1 == hash1
-doAssert parseSecureHash($hash1) == hash1
-
-template checkVector(s, exp: string) =
-  doAssert secureHash(s) == parseSecureHash(exp)
-
-checkVector("", "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709")
-checkVector("abc", "a9993e364706816aba3e25717850c26c9cd0d89d")
-checkVector("abcdbcdecdefdefgefghfghighijhijkijkljklmklmnlmnomnopnopq",
-            "84983e441c3bd26ebaae4aa1f95129e5e54670f1")
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tsharedlist.nim b/tests/stdlib/tsharedlist.nim
index a795be0f3..b91302d19 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tsharedlist.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tsharedlist.nim
@@ -1,17 +1,49 @@
-import sharedlist
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:orc; --mm:refc"
+"""
 
-var
-  list: SharedList[int]
-  count: int
+import std/sharedlist
+import std/assertions
 
-init(list)
+block:
+  var
+    list: SharedList[int]
+    count: int
 
-for i in 1 .. 250:
-  list.add i
+  init(list)
 
-for i in list:
-  inc count
+  for i in 1 .. 250:
+    list.add i
 
-doAssert count == 250
+  for i in list:
+    inc count
 
-deinitSharedList(list)
+  doAssert count == 250
+
+  deinitSharedList(list)
+
+
+block: # bug #17696
+  var keysList = SharedList[string]()
+  init(keysList)
+
+  keysList.add("a")
+  keysList.add("b")
+  keysList.add("c")
+  keysList.add("d")
+  keysList.add("e")
+  keysList.add("f")
+
+
+  # Remove element "b" and "d" from the list. 
+  keysList.iterAndMutate(proc (key: string): bool =
+    if key == "b" or key == "d": # remove only "b" and "d"
+      return true
+    return false
+  )
+
+  var results: seq[string]
+  for key in keysList.items:
+    results.add key
+
+  doAssert results == @["a", "f", "c", "e"]
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tsharedtable.nim b/tests/stdlib/tsharedtable.nim
index 0a8f7bcc0..10ad5f658 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tsharedtable.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tsharedtable.nim
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 discard """
-cmd: "nim $target --threads:on $options $file"
+matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 output: '''
 '''
 """
 
 import sharedtables
+import std/assertions
 
 block:
   var table: SharedTable[int, int]
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tsince.nim b/tests/stdlib/tsince.nim
index 14dd09c15..a0a4229cb 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tsince.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tsince.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import std/private/since
+import std/assertions
 
 proc fun1(): int {.since: (1, 3).} = 12
 proc fun1Bad(): int {.since: (99, 3).} = 12
@@ -26,7 +27,6 @@ doAssert ok
 since (99, 3):
   doAssert false
 
-when false:
-  # pending https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/129
-  # Error: cannot attach a custom pragma to 'fun3'
-  template fun3(): int {.since: (1, 3).} = 12
+template fun3(): int {.since: (1, 3).} = 12
+
+doAssert declared(fun3)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tsocketstreams.nim b/tests/stdlib/tsocketstreams.nim
index 0cf952810..a37e7c34c 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tsocketstreams.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tsocketstreams.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   output: '''
 OM
 NIM
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tsortcall.nim b/tests/stdlib/tsortcall.nim
index 242e3fe4c..32e004921 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tsortcall.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tsortcall.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-outputsub: ""
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 """
 
 import algorithm
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tsqlitebindatas.nim b/tests/stdlib/tsqlitebindatas.nim
index 643f1e2e6..e69de29bb 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tsqlitebindatas.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tsqlitebindatas.nim
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  action: "run"
-  exitcode: 0
-"""
-import db_sqlite
-import random
-import os
-from stdtest/specialpaths import buildDir
-
-block tsqlitebindatas: ## db_sqlite binary data
-  const dbName = buildDir / "tsqlitebindatas.db"
-
-  let origName = "Bobby"
-  var orig = newSeq[float64](150)
-  randomize()
-  for x in orig.mitems:
-    x = rand(1.0)/10.0
-
-  discard tryRemoveFile(dbName)
-  let db = open(dbName, "", "", "")
-  let createTableStr = sql"""CREATE TABLE test(
-    id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
-    name TEXT,
-    data BLOB
-  )
-  """
-  db.exec(createTableStr)
-
-  var dbuf = newSeq[byte](orig.len*sizeof(float64))
-  copyMem(unsafeAddr(dbuf[0]), unsafeAddr(orig[0]), dbuf.len)
-
-  var insertStmt = db.prepare("INSERT INTO test (id, name, data) VALUES (?, ?, ?)")
-  insertStmt.bindParams(1, origName, dbuf)
-  let bres = db.tryExec(insertStmt)
-  doAssert(bres)
-
-  finalize(insertStmt)
-
-  var nameTest = db.getValue(sql"SELECT name FROM test WHERE id = ?", 1)
-  doAssert nameTest == origName
-
-  var dataTest = db.getValue(sql"SELECT data FROM test WHERE id = ?", 1)
-  let seqSize = int(dataTest.len*sizeof(byte)/sizeof(float64))
-  var res: seq[float64] = newSeq[float64](seqSize)
-  copyMem(unsafeAddr(res[0]), addr(dataTest[0]), dataTest.len)
-  doAssert res.len == orig.len
-  doAssert res == orig
-
-  db.close()
-  doAssert tryRemoveFile(dbName)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tsqlparser.nim b/tests/stdlib/tsqlparser.nim
index 11ee22e2b..6f123f21d 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tsqlparser.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tsqlparser.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   output: '''true'''
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tssl.nim b/tests/stdlib/tssl.nim
index 7625f3694..1628b9326 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tssl.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tssl.nim
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   joinable: false
-  disabled: "freebsd"
-  disabled: "openbsd"
+  disabled: "freebsd" # see #15713
+  disabled: "openbsd" # see #15713
+  disabled: "netbsd" # see #15713
 """
-# disabled: pending bug #15713
-import net, nativesockets
+
+import std/[net, nativesockets, assertions, typedthreads]
 
 when defined(posix): import os, posix
 else:
@@ -37,8 +39,8 @@ proc notifiedShutdown(port: Port) {.thread.} =
 proc main() =
   when defined(posix):
     var
-      ignoreAction = SigAction(sa_handler: SIG_IGN)
-      oldSigPipeHandler: SigAction
+      ignoreAction = Sigaction(sa_handler: SIG_IGN)
+      oldSigPipeHandler: Sigaction
     if sigemptyset(ignoreAction.sa_mask) == -1:
       raiseOSError(osLastError(), "Couldn't create an empty signal set")
     if sigaction(SIGPIPE, ignoreAction, oldSigPipeHandler) == -1:
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tstackframes.nim b/tests/stdlib/tstackframes.nim
index 618ff7b92..b0f05d51d 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tstackframes.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tstackframes.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import std/[strformat,os,osproc]
+import std/[strformat,os,osproc,assertions]
 import stdtest/unittest_light
 
 proc main(opt: string, expected: string) =
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tstaticos.nim b/tests/stdlib/tstaticos.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41ab995dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tstaticos.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import std/[assertions, staticos, os]
+
+block:
+  static:
+    doAssert staticDirExists("MISSINGFILE") == false
+    doAssert staticFileExists("MISSINGDIR") == false
+    doAssert staticDirExists(currentSourcePath().parentDir)
+    doAssert staticFileExists(currentSourcePath())
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tstats.nim b/tests/stdlib/tstats.nim
index 37240c884..728d93d09 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tstats.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tstats.nim
@@ -1,46 +1,61 @@
-include stats
-
-proc clean(x: float): float =
-  result = round(1.0e8*x).float * 1.0e-8
-
-var rs: RunningStat
-rs.push(@[1.0, 2.0, 1.0, 4.0, 1.0, 4.0, 1.0, 2.0])
-doAssert(rs.n == 8)
-doAssert(clean(rs.mean) == 2.0)
-doAssert(clean(rs.variance()) == 1.5)
-doAssert(clean(rs.varianceS()) == 1.71428571)
-doAssert(clean(rs.skewness()) == 0.81649658)
-doAssert(clean(rs.skewnessS()) == 1.01835015)
-doAssert(clean(rs.kurtosis()) == -1.0)
-doAssert(clean(rs.kurtosisS()) == -0.7000000000000001)
-
-var rs1, rs2: RunningStat
-rs1.push(@[1.0, 2.0, 1.0, 4.0])
-rs2.push(@[1.0, 4.0, 1.0, 2.0])
-let rs3 = rs1 + rs2
-doAssert(clean(rs3.mom2) == clean(rs.mom2))
-doAssert(clean(rs3.mom3) == clean(rs.mom3))
-doAssert(clean(rs3.mom4) == clean(rs.mom4))
-rs1 += rs2
-doAssert(clean(rs1.mom2) == clean(rs.mom2))
-doAssert(clean(rs1.mom3) == clean(rs.mom3))
-doAssert(clean(rs1.mom4) == clean(rs.mom4))
-rs1.clear()
-rs1.push(@[1.0, 2.2, 1.4, 4.9])
-doAssert(rs1.sum == 9.5)
-doAssert(rs1.mean() == 2.375)
-
-when not defined(cpu32):
-  # XXX For some reason on 32bit CPUs these results differ
-  var rr: RunningRegress
-  rr.push(@[0.0, 1.0, 2.8, 3.0, 4.0], @[0.0, 1.0, 2.3, 3.0, 4.0])
-  doAssert(rr.slope() == 0.9695585996955861)
-  doAssert(rr.intercept() == -0.03424657534246611)
-  doAssert(rr.correlation() == 0.9905100362239381)
-  var rr1, rr2: RunningRegress
-  rr1.push(@[0.0, 1.0], @[0.0, 1.0])
-  rr2.push(@[2.8, 3.0, 4.0], @[2.3, 3.0, 4.0])
-  let rr3 = rr1 + rr2
-  doAssert(rr3.correlation() == rr.correlation())
-  doAssert(clean(rr3.slope()) == clean(rr.slope()))
-  doAssert(clean(rr3.intercept()) == clean(rr.intercept()))
\ No newline at end of file
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
+import std/[stats, assertions]
+import std/math
+
+
+func `~=`(x, y: float32): bool =
+  math.almostEqual(x, y)
+
+template main() =
+  var rs: RunningStat
+  rs.push(@[1.0, 2.0, 1.0, 4.0, 1.0, 4.0, 1.0, 2.0])
+  doAssert(rs.n == 8)
+  doAssert rs.mean ~= 2.0
+  doAssert rs.variance() ~= 1.5
+  doAssert rs.varianceS() ~= 1.71428571
+  doAssert rs.skewness() ~= 0.81649658
+  doAssert rs.skewnessS() ~= 1.01835015
+  doAssert rs.kurtosis() ~= -1.0
+  doAssert rs.kurtosisS() ~= -0.7000000000000001
+
+  var rs1, rs2: RunningStat
+  rs1.push(@[1.0, 2.0, 1.0, 4.0])
+  rs2.push(@[1.0, 4.0, 1.0, 2.0])
+  let rs3 = rs1 + rs2
+  doAssert rs3.variance ~= rs.variance
+  doAssert rs3.skewness ~= rs.skewness
+  doAssert rs3.kurtosis ~= rs.kurtosis
+  rs1 += rs2
+  doAssert rs1.variance ~= rs.variance
+  doAssert rs1.skewness ~= rs.skewness
+  doAssert rs1.kurtosis ~= rs.kurtosis
+  rs1.clear()
+  rs1.push(@[1.0, 2.2, 1.4, 4.9])
+  doAssert rs1.sum ~= 9.5
+  doAssert rs1.mean() ~= 2.375
+
+  when not defined(cpu32):
+    # XXX For some reason on 32bit CPUs these results differ
+    var rr: RunningRegress
+    rr.push(@[0.0, 1.0, 2.8, 3.0, 4.0], @[0.0, 1.0, 2.3, 3.0, 4.0])
+    doAssert rr.slope() ~= 0.9695585996955861
+    doAssert rr.intercept() ~= -0.03424657534246611
+    doAssert rr.correlation() ~= 0.9905100362239381
+    var rr1, rr2: RunningRegress
+    rr1.push(@[0.0, 1.0], @[0.0, 1.0])
+    rr2.push(@[2.8, 3.0, 4.0], @[2.3, 3.0, 4.0])
+    let rr3 = rr1 + rr2
+    doAssert rr3.correlation() ~= rr.correlation()
+    doAssert rr3.slope() ~= rr.slope()
+    doAssert rr3.intercept() ~= rr.intercept()
+
+  block: # bug #18718
+    var rs: RunningStat
+    rs.push(-1.0)
+    doAssert rs.max == -1.0
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tstdlib_issues.nim b/tests/stdlib/tstdlib_issues.nim
index 323bf09c6..b7b806db8 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tstdlib_issues.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tstdlib_issues.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 output: '''
 02
 1
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ Second readLine raised an exception
 '''
 """
 
-import terminal, colors, re, encodings, strutils, os
+import std/[terminal, colors, re, encodings, strutils, os, assertions, syncio]
 
 
 block t9394:
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ block t5349:
   const fn = "file9char.txt"
   writeFile(fn, "123456789")
 
-  var f = system.open(fn)
+  var f = syncio.open(fn)
   echo getFileSize(f)
 
   var line = newString(10)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tstdlib_various.nim b/tests/stdlib/tstdlib_various.nim
index b153fd2ba..bac5018fa 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tstdlib_various.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tstdlib_various.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+matrix: "--mm:refc"
 output: '''
 abc
 def
@@ -20,27 +21,20 @@ Hi Andreas! How do you feel, Rumpf?
 @[0, 2, 1]
 @[0, 1, 2]
 055this should be the casehugh@["(", "+", " 1", " 2", ")"]
-caught a crash!
-caught a crash!
-caught a crash!
-caught a crash!
-caught a crash!
-caught a crash!
 [5]
 [4, 5]
 [3, 4, 5]
 [2, 3, 4, 5]
 [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
-true
 <h1><a href="http://force7.de/nim">Nim</a></h1>
 '''
 """
 
 import
-  critbits, sets, strutils, tables, random, algorithm, re, ropes,
-  segfaults, lists, parsesql, streams, os, htmlgen, xmltree, strtabs
-
+  std/[critbits, sets, strutils, tables, random, algorithm, re, ropes,
+  segfaults, lists, parsesql, streams, os, htmlgen, xmltree, strtabs]
+import std/[syncio, assertions]
 
 block tcritbits:
   var r: CritBitTree[void]
@@ -161,18 +155,21 @@ block tropes:
 
 
 block tsegfaults:
-  proc main =
-    try:
-      var x: ptr int
-      echo x[]
+  when not defined(arm64):
+    var crashes = 0
+    proc main =
       try:
-        raise newException(ValueError, "not a crash")
-      except ValueError:
-        discard
-    except NilAccessDefect:
-      echo "caught a crash!"
-  for i in 0..5:
-    main()
+        var x: ptr int
+        echo x[]
+        try:
+          raise newException(ValueError, "not a crash")
+        except ValueError:
+          discard
+      except NilAccessDefect:
+        inc crashes
+    for i in 0..5:
+      main()
+    assert crashes == 6
 
 
 
@@ -209,11 +206,7 @@ block tsplit2:
     s.add("#")
     s.add(w)
 
-  try:
-    discard "hello".split("")
-    echo "false"
-  except AssertionDefect:
-    echo "true"
+  doAssert "true".split("") == @["true"]
 
 
 
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tstrbasics.nim b/tests/stdlib/tstrbasics.nim
index b340ad509..a965ff15f 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tstrbasics.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tstrbasics.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 discard """
   targets: "c cpp js"
-  matrix: "--gc:refc; --gc:arc"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 """
 
-import std/[strbasics, sugar]
+import std/[strbasics, sugar, assertions]
 
 template strip2(input: string, args: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
   var a = input
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ proc main() =
 
   block: # setSlice
     var a = "Hello, Nim!"
-    doassert a.dup(setSlice(7 .. 9)) == "Nim"
+    doAssert a.dup(setSlice(7 .. 9)) == "Nim"
     doAssert a.dup(setSlice(0 .. 0)) == "H"
     doAssert a.dup(setSlice(0 .. 1)) == "He"
     doAssert a.dup(setSlice(0 .. 10)) == a
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tstreams.nim b/tests/stdlib/tstreams.nim
index c2ceed624..60c63b450 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tstreams.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tstreams.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   input: "Arne"
   output: '''
 Hello! What is your name?
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ GROOT
 """
 
 
-import streams
+import std/[syncio, streams, assertions]
 
 
 block tstreams:
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ block tstreams2:
 block tstreams3:
   try:
     var fs = openFileStream("shouldneverexist.txt")
-  except IoError:
+  except IOError:
     echo "threw exception"
 
   static:
@@ -49,6 +50,12 @@ block tstreams3:
       echo line
     s.close
 
+
+block:
+  let fs = newFileStream("amissingfile.txt")
+  defer: fs.close()
+  doAssert isNil(fs)
+
 # bug #12410
 
 var a = newStringStream "hehohihahuhyh"
@@ -74,3 +81,27 @@ block:
   doAssert(ss.peekLine(str))
   doAssert(str == "uick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.")
   doAssert(ss.getPosition == 5) # haven't moved
+  # bug #19707 - Ensure we dont error with writing over literals on arc/orc
+  ss.setPosition(0)
+  ss.write("hello")
+  ss.setPosition(0)
+  doAssert(ss.peekStr(5) == "hello")
+
+# bug #19716
+static: # Ensure streams it doesnt break with nimscript on arc/orc #19716
+  let s = newStringStream("a")
+  doAssert s.data == "a"
+
+static: # issue #24054, readStr
+  var s = newStringStream("foo bar baz")
+  doAssert s.readStr(3) == "foo"
+
+template main =
+  var strm = newStringStream("abcde")
+  var buffer = "12345"
+  doAssert strm.readDataStr(buffer, 0..3) == 4
+  doAssert buffer == "abcd5"
+  strm.close()
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tstrformat.nim b/tests/stdlib/tstrformat.nim
index 86100e421..ff406f898 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tstrformat.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tstrformat.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
-# xxx: test js target
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
 
 import genericstrformat
-import std/[strformat, strutils, times]
+import std/[strformat, strutils, times, tables, json]
+
+import std/[assertions, formatfloat]
+import std/objectdollar
 
 proc main() =
   block: # issue #7632
@@ -284,6 +289,20 @@ proc main() =
     doAssert fmt"{123.456=:>13e}" == "123.456= 1.234560e+02"
     doAssert fmt"{123.456=:13e}" == "123.456= 1.234560e+02"
 
+    let x = 3.14
+    doAssert fmt"{(if x!=0: 1.0/x else: 0):.5}" == "0.31847"
+    doAssert fmt"""{(block:
+      var res: string
+      for i in 1..15:
+        res.add (if i mod 15 == 0: "FizzBuzz"
+          elif i mod 5 == 0: "Buzz"
+          elif i mod 3 == 0: "Fizz"
+          else: $i) & " "
+      res)}""" == "1 2 Fizz 4 Buzz Fizz 7 8 Fizz Buzz 11 Fizz 13 14 FizzBuzz "
+
+    doAssert fmt"""{ "\{(" & msg & ")\}" }""" == "{(hello)}"
+    doAssert fmt"""{{({ msg })}}""" == "{(hello)}"
+    doAssert fmt"""{ $(\{msg:1,"world":2\}) }""" == """[("hello", 1), ("world", 2)]"""
   block: # tests for debug format string
     var name = "hello"
     let age = 21
@@ -458,15 +477,17 @@ proc main() =
 
     # Note: times.format adheres to the format protocol. Test that this
     # works:
+    when nimvm:
+      discard
+    else:
+      var dt = dateTime(2000, mJan, 01, 00, 00, 00)
+      check &"{dt:yyyy-MM-dd}", "2000-01-01"
 
-    var dt = initDateTime(01, mJan, 2000, 00, 00, 00)
-    check &"{dt:yyyy-MM-dd}", "2000-01-01"
-
-    var tm = fromUnix(0)
-    discard &"{tm}"
+      var tm = fromUnix(0)
+      discard &"{tm}"
 
-    var noww = now()
-    check &"{noww}", $noww
+      var noww = now()
+      check &"{noww}", $noww
 
     # Unicode string tests
     check &"""{"αβγ"}""", "αβγ"
@@ -496,6 +517,74 @@ proc main() =
 
   block: # test low(int64)
     doAssert &"{low(int64):-}" == "-9223372036854775808"
+  block: #expressions plus formatting
+    doAssert fmt"{if true\: 123.456 else\: 0=:>9.3f}" == "if true: 123.456 else: 0=  123.456"
+    doAssert fmt"{(if true: 123.456 else: 0)=}" == "(if true: 123.456 else: 0)=123.456"
+    doAssert fmt"{if true\: 123.456 else\: 0=:9.3f}" == "if true: 123.456 else: 0=  123.456"
+    doAssert fmt"{(if true: 123.456 else: 0)=:9.4f}" == "(if true: 123.456 else: 0)= 123.4560"
+    doAssert fmt"{(if true: 123.456 else: 0)=:>9.0f}" == "(if true: 123.456 else: 0)=     123."
+    doAssert fmt"{if true\: 123.456 else\: 0=:<9.4f}" == "if true: 123.456 else: 0=123.4560 "
+
+    doAssert fmt"""{(case true
+      of false: 0.0
+      of true: 123.456)=:e}""" == """(case true
+      of false: 0.0
+      of true: 123.456)=1.234560e+02"""
+
+    doAssert fmt"""{block\:
+      var res = 0.000123456
+      for _ in 0..5\:
+        res *= 10
+      res=:>13e}""" == """block:
+      var res = 0.000123456
+      for _ in 0..5:
+        res *= 10
+      res= 1.234560e+02"""
+    #side effects
+    var x = 5
+    doAssert fmt"{(x=7;123.456)=:13e}" == "(x=7;123.456)= 1.234560e+02"
+    doAssert x==7
+  block: #curly bracket expressions and tuples
+    proc formatValue(result: var string; value:Table|bool|JsonNode; specifier:string) = result.add $value
+
+    doAssert fmt"""{\{"a"\:1,"b"\:2\}.toTable() = }""" == """{"a":1,"b":2}.toTable() = {"a": 1, "b": 2}"""
+    doAssert fmt"""{(\{3: (1,"hi",0.9),4: (4,"lo",1.1)\}).toTable()}""" == """{3: (1, "hi", 0.9), 4: (4, "lo", 1.1)}"""
+    doAssert fmt"""{ (%* \{"name": "Isaac", "books": ["Robot Dreams"]\}) }""" == """{"name":"Isaac","books":["Robot Dreams"]}"""
+    doAssert """%( \%\* {"name": "Isaac"})*""".fmt('%','*') == """{"name":"Isaac"}"""
+  block: #parens in quotes that fool my syntax highlighter
+    doAssert fmt"{(if true: ')' else: '(')}" == ")"
+    doAssert fmt"{(if true: ']' else: ')')}" == "]"
+    doAssert fmt"""{(if true: "\")\"" else: "\"(")}""" == """")""""
+    doAssert &"""{(if true: "\")" else: "")}""" == "\")"
+    doAssert &"{(if true: \"\\\")\" else: \"\")}" == "\")"
+    doAssert fmt"""{(if true: "')" else: "")}""" == "')"
+    doAssert fmt"""{(if true: "'" & "'" & ')' else: "")}""" == "'')"
+    doAssert &"""{(if true: "'" & "'" & ')' else: "")}""" == "'')"
+    doAssert &"{(if true: \"\'\" & \"'\" & ')' else: \"\")}" == "'')"
+    doAssert fmt"""{(if true: "'" & ')' else: "")}""" == "')"
+
+  block: # issue #20381
+    var ss: seq[string]
+    template myTemplate(s: string) =
+      ss.add s
+      ss.add s
+    proc foo() =
+      myTemplate fmt"hello"
+    foo()
+    doAssert ss == @["hello", "hello"]
+
+  block:
+    proc noraises() {.raises: [].} =
+      const
+        flt = 0.0
+        str = "str"
+
+      doAssert fmt"{flt} {str}" == "0.0 str"
+
+    noraises()
+
+  block:
+    doAssert not compiles(fmt"{formatting errors detected at compile time")
 
-# xxx static: main()
+static: main()
 main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tstrformatlineinfo.nim b/tests/stdlib/tstrformatlineinfo.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a7bf0d33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tstrformatlineinfo.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# issue #21759
+
+{.hint[ConvFromXToItselfNotNeeded]: on.}
+
+import std/strformat
+
+echo fmt"{string ""abc""}" #[tt.Hint
+        ^ conversion from string to itself is pointless]#
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tstrimpl.nim b/tests/stdlib/tstrimpl.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a8933e53f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tstrimpl.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
+import std/private/strimpl
+
+import std/assertions
+
+doAssert find(cstring"Hello Nim", cstring"Nim") == 6
+doAssert find(cstring"Hello Nim", cstring"N") == 6
+doAssert find(cstring"Hello Nim", cstring"I") == -1
+doAssert find(cstring"Hello Nim", cstring"O") == -1
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tstring.nim b/tests/stdlib/tstring.nim
index 3e2ccb251..b9b3c78a3 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tstring.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tstring.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c cpp js"
 """
 
 from std/sequtils import toSeq, map
 from std/sugar import `=>`
+import std/assertions
 
 proc tester[T](x: T) =
   let test = toSeq(0..4).map(i => newSeq[int]())
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tstrmiscs.nim b/tests/stdlib/tstrmiscs.nim
index 2e9131ff8..b42f2e1fe 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tstrmiscs.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tstrmiscs.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-import strmisc
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
+import std/strmisc
+import std/assertions
 
 
 doAssert expandTabs("\t", 4) == "    "
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tstrscans.nim b/tests/stdlib/tstrscans.nim
index d443c5dda..ae7fd98ca 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tstrscans.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tstrscans.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 discard """
-  output: ""
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 """
 
-import strscans, strutils
+import std/[strscans, strutils, assertions]
 
 block ParsePasswd:
   proc parsePasswd(content: string): seq[string] =
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ block ParsePasswd:
       else:
         break
 
-  const etc_passwd = """root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
+  const etcPasswd = """root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
 daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
 bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh
 sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/bin/sh
 messagebus:x:103:107::/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
 """
 
-  const parsed_etc_passwd = @[
+  const parsedEtcPasswd = @[
     "root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash",
     "daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh",
     "bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh",
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ messagebus:x:103:107::/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
     "nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/bin/sh",
     "messagebus:x:103:107::/var/run/dbus:/bin/false",
     ]
-  doAssert etc_passwd.parsePasswd == parsed_etc_passwd
+  doAssert etcPasswd.parsePasswd == parsedEtcPasswd
 
 block LastNot:
   var idx : int
@@ -139,27 +139,27 @@ block:
         break
 
   var key, val: string
-  var intval: int
-  var floatval: float
-  doAssert scanf("abc:: xyz 89  33.25", "$w$s::$s$w$s$i  $f", key, val, intval, floatVal)
+  var intVal: int
+  var floatVal: float
+  doAssert scanf("abc:: xyz 89  33.25", "$w$s::$s$w$s$i  $f", key, val, intVal, floatVal)
   doAssert key == "abc"
   doAssert val == "xyz"
-  doAssert intval == 89
+  doAssert intVal == 89
   doAssert floatVal == 33.25
 
-  var binval: int
-  var octval: int
-  var hexval: int
-  doAssert scanf("0b0101 0o1234 0xabcd", "$b$s$o$s$h", binval, octval, hexval)
-  doAssert binval == 0b0101
-  doAssert octval == 0o1234
-  doAssert hexval == 0xabcd
+  var binVal: int
+  var octVal: int
+  var hexVal: int
+  doAssert scanf("0b0101 0o1234 0xabcd", "$b$s$o$s$h", binVal, octVal, hexVal)
+  doAssert binVal == 0b0101
+  doAssert octVal == 0o1234
+  doAssert hexVal == 0xabcd
 
-  let xx = scanf("$abc", "$$$i", intval)
+  let xx = scanf("$abc", "$$$i", intVal)
   doAssert xx == false
 
 
-  let xx2 = scanf("$1234", "$$$i", intval)
+  let xx2 = scanf("$1234", "$$$i", intVal)
   doAssert xx2
 
   let yy = scanf(";.--Breakpoint00 [output]",
@@ -246,24 +246,32 @@ block:
     result = 0
     while start+result < input.len and input[start+result] in seps: inc result
 
+  type
+    ScanRetType = tuple
+      success: bool
+      lo: int
+      hi: int
+      ch: char
+      word: string
+
   var res = 0
   for line in input.splitLines:
-    let (success, lo, hi, c ,w) = scanTuple(line, "$i-$i $c: $w")
-    if success:
+    let ret: ScanRetType = scanTuple(line, "$i-$i $c: $w")
+    if ret.success:
       inc res
   doAssert res == 4
 
-  let (_, key, val, intval, floatVal) = scanTuple("abc:: xyz 89  33.25", "$w$s::$s$w$s$i  $f")
+  let (_, key, val, intVal, floatVal) = scanTuple("abc:: xyz 89  33.25", "$w$s::$s$w$s$i  $f")
   doAssert key == "abc"
   doAssert val == "xyz"
-  doAssert intval == 89
+  doAssert intVal == 89
   doAssert floatVal == 33.25
 
 
-  let (_, binVal, octVal, hexVal) = scanTuple("0b0101 0o1234 0xabcd", "$b$s$o$s$h", binval, octval, hexval)
-  doAssert binval == 0b0101
-  doAssert octval == 0o1234
-  doAssert hexval == 0xabcd
+  let (_, binVal, octVal, hexVal) = scanTuple("0b0101 0o1234 0xabcd", "$b$s$o$s$h", binVal, octVal, hexVal)
+  doAssert binVal == 0b0101
+  doAssert octVal == 0o1234
+  doAssert hexVal == 0xabcd
 
   var (xx,_) = scanTuple("$abc", "$$$i")
   doAssert xx == false
@@ -272,9 +280,9 @@ block:
   let (xx2, _) = block: scanTuple("$1234", "$$$i")
   doAssert xx2
 
-  var (yy, intval2, key2) = scanTuple(";.--Breakpoint00 [output]",
+  var (yy, intVal2, key2) = scanTuple(";.--Breakpoint00 [output]",
       "$[someSep]Breakpoint${twoDigits}$[someSep({';','.','-'})] [$+]$.",
       int)
   doAssert yy
   doAssert key2 == "output"
-  doAssert intVal2 == 13
\ No newline at end of file
+  doAssert intVal2 == 13
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tstrset.nim b/tests/stdlib/tstrset.nim
index 1b253f862..bbb6c2677 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tstrset.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tstrset.nim
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
 # test a simple yet highly efficient set of strings
 
 type
   TRadixNodeKind = enum rnLinear, rnFull, rnLeaf
   PRadixNode = ref TRadixNode
-  TRadixNode = object {.inheritable.}
+  TRadixNode {.inheritable.} = object
     kind: TRadixNodeKind
   TRadixNodeLinear = object of TRadixNode
-    len: int8
+    len: uint8
     keys: array[0..31, char]
     vals: array[0..31, PRadixNode]
   TRadixNodeFull = object of TRadixNode
@@ -24,7 +28,7 @@ proc search(r: PRadixNode, s: string): PRadixNode =
     case r.kind
     of rnLinear:
       var x = PRadixNodeLinear(r)
-      for j in 0..ze(x.len)-1:
+      for j in 0..int(x.len)-1:
         if x.keys[j] == s[i]:
           if s[i] == '\0': return r
           r = x.vals[j]
@@ -50,7 +54,7 @@ proc search(r: PRadixNode, s: string): PRadixNode =
 proc contains*(r: PRadixNode, s: string): bool =
   return search(r, s) != nil
 
-proc testOrincl*(r: var PRadixNode, s: string): bool =
+proc testOrIncl*(r: var PRadixNode, s: string): bool =
   nil
 
 proc incl*(r: var PRadixNode, s: string) = discard testOrIncl(r, s)
@@ -63,9 +67,9 @@ proc excl*(r: var PRadixNode, s: string) =
   of rnFull: PRadixNodeFull(x).b['\0'] = nil
   of rnLinear:
     var x = PRadixNodeLinear(x)
-    for i in 0..ze(x.len)-1:
+    for i in 0..int(x.len)-1:
       if x.keys[i] == '\0':
-        swap(x.keys[i], x.keys[ze(x.len)-1])
+        swap(x.keys[i], x.keys[int(x.len)-1])
         dec(x.len)
         break
 
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tstrtabs.nim b/tests/stdlib/tstrtabs.nim
index f629c183c..d261abe76 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tstrtabs.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tstrtabs.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 sortoutput: true
 output: '''
 key1: value1
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ value1 = value2
 '''
 """
 
-import strtabs
+import std/[strtabs, assertions, syncio]
 
 var tab = newStringTable({"key1": "val1", "key2": "val2"},
                          modeStyleInsensitive)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tstrtabs.nims b/tests/stdlib/tstrtabs.nims
index c8ed4ac40..3563ad0ad 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tstrtabs.nims
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tstrtabs.nims
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import strtabs
+import std/[strtabs, assertions]
 
 static:
   let t = {"name": "John", "city": "Monaco"}.newStringTable
diff --git a/tests/misc/tstrtabs.nim b/tests/stdlib/tstrtabs2.nim
index 2f7eda9f7..a4030ec77 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tstrtabs.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tstrtabs2.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,20 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c cpp js"
 """
 
 import std/strtabs
+import std/assertions
+
+macro m =
+  var t = {"name": "John"}.newStringTable
+  doAssert t["name"] == "John"
+
+block:
+  var t = {"name": "John"}.newStringTable
+  doAssert t["name"] == "John"
+
+m()
 
 proc fun()=
   let ret = newStringTable(modeCaseSensitive)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tstrutils.nim b/tests/stdlib/tstrutils.nim
index a6248d1e3..35f6bc669 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tstrutils.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tstrutils.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 discard """
-  targets: "c cpp js"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc; --backend:cpp; --backend:js --jsbigint64:off -d:nimStringHash2; --backend:js --jsbigint64:on"
 """
 
 import std/strutils
-
+from stdtest/testutils import disableVm
+import std/assertions
+import std/private/jsutils
 # xxx each instance of `disableVm` and `when not defined js:` should eventually be fixed
 
 template rejectParse(e) =
@@ -12,10 +14,6 @@ template rejectParse(e) =
     raise newException(AssertionDefect, "This was supposed to fail: $#!" % astToStr(e))
   except ValueError: discard
 
-template disableVm(body) =
-  when nimvm: discard
-  else: body
-
 template main() =
   block: # strip
     doAssert strip("  ha  ") == "ha"
@@ -55,6 +53,15 @@ template main() =
     doAssert s.split(maxsplit = 4) == @["", "this", "is", "an", "example  "]
     doAssert s.split(' ', maxsplit = 1) == @["", "this is an example  "]
     doAssert s.split(" ", maxsplit = 4) == @["", "this", "is", "an", "example  "]
+    # Empty string:
+    doAssert "".split() == @[""]
+    doAssert "".split(" ") == @[""]
+    doAssert "".split({' '}) == @[""]
+    # Empty separators:
+    doAssert "".split({}) == @[""]
+    doAssert "".split("") == @[""]
+    doAssert s.split({}) == @[s]
+    doAssert s.split("") == @[s]
 
   block: # splitLines
     let fixture = "a\nb\rc\r\nd"
@@ -65,12 +72,21 @@ template main() =
   block: # rsplit
     doAssert rsplit("foo bar", seps = Whitespace) == @["foo", "bar"]
     doAssert rsplit(" foo bar", seps = Whitespace, maxsplit = 1) == @[" foo", "bar"]
-    doAssert rsplit(" foo bar ", seps = Whitespace, maxsplit = 1) == @[
-        " foo bar", ""]
+    doAssert rsplit(" foo bar ", seps = Whitespace, maxsplit = 1) == @[" foo bar", ""]
     doAssert rsplit(":foo:bar", sep = ':') == @["", "foo", "bar"]
     doAssert rsplit(":foo:bar", sep = ':', maxsplit = 2) == @["", "foo", "bar"]
     doAssert rsplit(":foo:bar", sep = ':', maxsplit = 3) == @["", "foo", "bar"]
     doAssert rsplit("foothebar", sep = "the") == @["foo", "bar"]
+    # Empty string:
+    doAssert "".rsplit() == @[""]
+    doAssert "".rsplit(" ") == @[""]
+    doAssert "".rsplit({' '}) == @[""]
+    # Empty separators:
+    let s = " this is an example  "
+    doAssert "".rsplit({}) == @[""]
+    doAssert "".rsplit("") == @[""]
+    doAssert s.rsplit({}) == @[s]
+    doAssert s.rsplit("") == @[s]
 
   block: # splitWhitespace
     let s = " this is an example  "
@@ -202,7 +218,30 @@ template main() =
     s.removePrefix("")
     doAssert s == "\r\n\r\nhello"
 
-  block: # delete
+  block: # delete(slice)
+    var s = "0123456789ABCDEFGH"
+    delete(s, 4 .. 5)
+    doAssert s == "01236789ABCDEFGH"
+    delete(s, s.len-1 .. s.len-1)
+    doAssert s == "01236789ABCDEFG"
+    delete(s, 0..0)
+    doAssert s == "1236789ABCDEFG"
+    s = ""
+    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect): delete(s, 0..0)
+    doAssert s == ""
+    s = "abc"
+    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect): delete(s, -1 .. -2)
+    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect): delete(s, 2..3)
+    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect): delete(s, 3..2)
+    delete(s, 2..2)
+    doAssert s == "ab"
+    delete(s, 1..0)
+    doAssert s == "ab"
+    delete(s, 0..0)
+    doAssert s == "b"
+
+  block: # delete(first, last)
+    {.push warning[deprecated]:off.}
     var s = "0123456789ABCDEFGH"
     delete(s, 4, 5)
     doAssert s == "01236789ABCDEFGH"
@@ -210,20 +249,88 @@ template main() =
     doAssert s == "01236789ABCDEFG"
     delete(s, 0, 0)
     doAssert s == "1236789ABCDEFG"
+    {.pop.}
 
   block: # find
-    doAssert "0123456789ABCDEFGH".find('A') == 10
-    doAssert "0123456789ABCDEFGH".find('A', 5) == 10
-    doAssert "0123456789ABCDEFGH".find('A', 5, 10) == 10
-    doAssert "0123456789ABCDEFGH".find('A', 5, 9) == -1
-    doAssert "0123456789ABCDEFGH".find("A") == 10
-    doAssert "0123456789ABCDEFGH".find("A", 5) == 10
-    doAssert "0123456789ABCDEFGH".find("A", 5, 10) == 10
-    doAssert "0123456789ABCDEFGH".find("A", 5, 9) == -1
-    doAssert "0123456789ABCDEFGH".find({'A'..'C'}) == 10
-    doAssert "0123456789ABCDEFGH".find({'A'..'C'}, 5) == 10
-    doAssert "0123456789ABCDEFGH".find({'A'..'C'}, 5, 10) == 10
-    doAssert "0123456789ABCDEFGH".find({'A'..'C'}, 5, 9) == -1
+    const haystack: string = "0123456789ABCDEFGH"
+    doAssert haystack.find('A') == 10
+    doAssert haystack.find('A', 5) == 10
+    doAssert haystack.find('A', 5, 10) == 10
+    doAssert haystack.find('A', 5, 9) == -1
+    doAssert haystack.find("A") == 10
+    doAssert haystack.find("A", 5) == 10
+    doAssert haystack.find("A", 5, 10) == 10
+    doAssert haystack.find("A", 5, 9) == -1
+    doAssert haystack.find({'A'..'C'}) == 10
+    doAssert haystack.find({'A'..'C'}, 5) == 10
+    doAssert haystack.find({'A'..'C'}, 5, 10) == 10
+    doAssert haystack.find({'A'..'C'}, 5, 9) == -1
+    doAssert haystack.find('A', 0, 0) == -1 # search limited to the first char
+    doAssert haystack.find('A', 5, 0) == -1 # last < start
+    doAssert haystack.find('A', 5, 4) == -1 # last < start
+
+    block:
+      const haystack: string = "ABCABABABABCAB"
+      doAssert haystack.len == 14
+
+      # only last argument
+      doAssert haystack.find("ABC") == 0
+      doAssert haystack.find("ABC", last=13) == 0 # after the second ABC
+      doAssert haystack.find("ABC", last=5) == 0 # before the second ABC
+
+      # only start argument
+      doAssert haystack.find("ABC", start=0) == 0
+      doAssert haystack.find("ABC", start=1) == 9
+      doAssert haystack.find("ABC", start=9) == 9
+      doAssert haystack.find("ABC", start=10) == -1
+
+      # both start and last arguments
+      doAssert haystack.find("ABC", start=0, last=14) == 0
+      doAssert haystack.find("ABC", start=0, last=13) == 0
+      doAssert haystack.find("ABC", start=0, last=12) == 0
+      doAssert haystack.find("ABC", start=1, last=13) == 9
+      doAssert haystack.find("ABC", start=1, last=12) == 9
+      doAssert haystack.find("ABC", start=1, last=11) == 9
+      doAssert haystack.find("ABC", start=1, last=10) == -1
+
+    doAssert "".find("/") == -1
+    doAssert "/".find("/") == 0
+    doAssert "/".find("//") == -1
+    doAssert "///".find("//", start=3) == -1
+
+    # searching for empty string
+    doAssert "".find("") == 0
+    doAssert "abc".find("") == 0
+    doAssert "abc".find("", start=1) == 1
+    doAssert "abc".find("", start=2) == 2
+    doAssert "abc".find("", start=3) == 3
+    doAssert "abc".find("", start=4) == -1
+    doAssert "abc".find("", start=400) == -1
+    doAssert "abc".find("", start=1, last=3) == 1
+    doAssert "abc".find("", start=1, last=2) == 1
+    doAssert "abc".find("", start=1, last=1) == 1
+    doAssert "abc".find("", start=1, last=0) == 1
+    doAssert "abc".find("", start=1, last = -1) == 1
+
+    # when last <= start, searching for non-empty string
+    block:
+      let last: int = -1 # searching through whole line
+      doAssert "abcd".find("ab", start=0, last=last) == 0
+      doAssert "abcd".find("ab", start=1, last=last) == -1
+      doAssert "abcd".find("bc", start=1, last=last) == 1
+      doAssert "abcd".find("bc", start=2, last=last) == -1
+    block:
+      let last: int = 0
+      doAssert "abcd".find("ab", start=0, last=last) == -1
+      doAssert "abcd".find("ab", start=1, last=last) == -1
+      doAssert "abcd".find("bc", start=1, last=last) == -1
+      doAssert "abcd".find("bc", start=2, last=last) == -1
+    block:
+      let last: int = 1
+      doAssert "abcd".find("ab", start=0, last=last) == 0
+      doAssert "abcd".find("ab", start=1, last=last) == -1
+      doAssert "abcd".find("bc", start=1, last=last) == -1
+      doAssert "abcd".find("bc", start=2, last=last) == -1
 
   block: # rfind
     doAssert "0123456789ABCDEFGAH".rfind('A') == 17
@@ -247,6 +354,70 @@ template main() =
     doAssert "/1/2/3".rfind('/', last=1) == 0
     doAssert "/1/2/3".rfind('0') == -1
 
+    block:
+      const haystack: string = "ABCABABABABCAB"
+      doAssert haystack.len == 14
+      doAssert haystack.rfind("ABC") == 9
+      doAssert haystack.rfind("ABC", last=13) == 9
+      doAssert haystack.rfind("ABC", last=12) == 9
+      doAssert haystack.rfind("ABC", last=11) == 9
+      doAssert haystack.rfind("ABC", last=10) == 0
+
+      doAssert haystack.rfind("ABC", start=0) == 9
+      doAssert haystack.rfind("ABC", start=1) == 9
+      doAssert haystack.rfind("ABC", start=9) == 9
+      doAssert haystack.rfind("ABC", start=10) == -1
+
+      doAssert haystack.rfind("ABC", start=0, last=13) == 9
+      doAssert haystack.rfind("ABC", start=0, last=12) == 9
+      doAssert haystack.rfind("ABC", start=0, last=11) == 9
+      doAssert haystack.rfind("ABC", start=0, last=10) == 0
+      doAssert haystack.rfind("ABC", start=1, last=10) == -1
+
+    doAssert "".rfind("/") == -1
+    doAssert "/".rfind("/") == 0
+    doAssert "/".rfind("//") == -1
+    doAssert "///".rfind("//", start=3) == -1
+
+    # searching for empty string
+    doAssert "".rfind("") == 0
+    doAssert "abc".rfind("") == 3
+    doAssert "abc".rfind("", start=1) == 3
+    doAssert "abc".rfind("", start=2) == 3
+    doAssert "abc".rfind("", start=3) == 3
+    doAssert "abc".rfind("", start=4) == 4
+    doAssert "abc".rfind("", start=400) == 400
+
+    doAssert "abc".rfind("", start=1, last=3) == 3
+    doAssert "abc".rfind("", start=1, last=2) == 2
+    doAssert "abc".rfind("", start=1, last=1) == 1
+    # This returns the start index instead of the last index
+    # because start > last
+    doAssert "abc".rfind("", start=1, last=0) == 1
+    doAssert "abc".rfind("", start=1, last = -1) == 3
+    
+    doAssert "abc".rfind("", start=0, last=0) == 0
+
+    # when last <= start, searching for non-empty string
+    block:
+      let last: int = -1
+      doAssert "abcd".rfind("ab", start=0, last=last) == 0
+      doAssert "abcd".rfind("ab", start=1, last=last) == -1
+      doAssert "abcd".rfind("bc", start=1, last=last) == 1
+      doAssert "abcd".rfind("bc", start=2, last=last) == -1
+    block:
+      let last: int = 0
+      doAssert "abcd".rfind("ab", start=0, last=last) == -1
+      doAssert "abcd".rfind("ab", start=1, last=last) == -1
+      doAssert "abcd".rfind("bc", start=1, last=last) == -1
+      doAssert "abcd".rfind("bc", start=2, last=last) == -1
+    block:
+      let last: int = 1
+      doAssert "abcd".rfind("ab", start=0, last=last) == 0
+      doAssert "abcd".rfind("ab", start=1, last=last) == -1
+      doAssert "abcd".rfind("bc", start=1, last=last) == -1
+      doAssert "abcd".rfind("bc", start=2, last=last) == -1
+
   block: # trimZeros
     var x = "1200"
     x.trimZeros()
@@ -281,6 +452,9 @@ template main() =
     x = "1e0"
     x.trimZeros()
     doAssert x == "1e0"
+    x = "1.23"
+    x.trimZeros()
+    doAssert x == "1.23"
 
   block: # countLines
     proc assertCountLines(s: string) = doAssert s.countLines == s.splitLines.len
@@ -353,8 +527,9 @@ template main() =
 
   block: # toHex
     doAssert(toHex(100i16, 32) == "00000000000000000000000000000064")
-    doAssert(toHex(-100i16, 32) == "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF9C")
-    when not defined js:
+    whenJsNoBigInt64: discard
+    do:
+      doAssert(toHex(-100i16, 32) == "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF9C")
       doAssert(toHex(high(uint64)) == "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF")
       doAssert(toHex(high(uint64), 16) == "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF")
       doAssert(toHex(high(uint64), 32) == "0000000000000000FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF")
@@ -375,11 +550,12 @@ template main() =
     doAssert(spaces(0) == "")
 
   block: # toBin, toOct
-    block:# bug #11369
+    whenJsNoBigInt64: # bug #11369
+      discard
+    do:
       var num: int64 = -1
-      when not defined js:
-        doAssert num.toBin(64) == "1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111"
-        doAssert num.toOct(24) == "001777777777777777777777"
+      doAssert num.toBin(64) == "1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111"
+      doAssert num.toOct(24) == "001777777777777777777777"
 
   block: # replace
     doAssert "oo".replace("", "abc") == "oo"
@@ -440,6 +616,17 @@ template main() =
       let g = parseEnum[Foo]("Bar", A)
       doAssert g == A
 
+    block: # bug #19463
+      const CAMPAIGN_TABLE = "wikientries_campaign"
+      const CHARACTER_TABLE = "wikientries_character"
+
+      type Tables = enum
+        a = CAMPAIGN_TABLE,
+        b = CHARACTER_TABLE,
+
+      let myA = CAMPAIGN_TABLE
+      doAssert $parseEnum[Tables](myA) == "wikientries_campaign"
+
     block: # check enum defined in block
       type
         Bar = enum
@@ -492,11 +679,22 @@ template main() =
       doAssert b == f2
       doAssert c == f3
 
-  block: # parseEnum TODO: merge above
-    type MyEnum = enum enA, enB, enC, enuD, enE
-    doAssert parseEnum[MyEnum]("enu_D") == enuD
-
-    doAssert parseEnum("invalid enum value", enC) == enC
+    block:
+      type MyEnum = enum enA, enB, enC, enuD, enE
+      doAssert parseEnum[MyEnum]("enu_D") == enuD
+
+      doAssert parseEnum("invalid enum value", enC) == enC
+    
+    block: # issue #22726
+      type SomeEnum = enum A, B, C
+
+      proc assignEnum(dest: var enum, s: string) =
+        type ty = typeof(dest)
+        dest = parseEnum[ty](s)
+      
+      var v: SomeEnum
+      v.assignEnum("A")
+      doAssert v == A
 
   block: # indentation
     doAssert 0 == indentation """
@@ -575,7 +773,8 @@ bar
 
   block: # formatSize
     disableVm:
-      when not defined(js):
+      whenJsNoBigInt64: discard
+      do:
         doAssert formatSize((1'i64 shl 31) + (300'i64 shl 20)) == "2.293GiB" # <=== bug #8231
       doAssert formatSize((2.234*1024*1024).int) == "2.234MiB"
       doAssert formatSize(4096) == "4KiB"
@@ -698,5 +897,17 @@ bar
     doAssert s.endsWith('a') == false
     doAssert s.endsWith('\0') == false
 
+  block: # nimIdentNormalize
+    doAssert nimIdentNormalize("") == ""
+    doAssert nimIdentNormalize("foo") == "foo"
+    doAssert nimIdentNormalize("foo_bar") == "foobar"
+    doAssert nimIdentNormalize("Foo_bar") == "Foobar"
+    doAssert nimIdentNormalize("_Foo_bar") == "_foobar"
+
+  block: # bug #19500
+    doAssert "abc \0 def".find("def") == 6
+    doAssert "abc \0 def".find('d') == 6
+
+
 static: main()
 main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tstrutils2.nim b/tests/stdlib/tstrutils2.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 881817f90..000000000
--- a/tests/stdlib/tstrutils2.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-import "$lib/.." / compiler/strutils2
-
-block: # setLen
-  var a = "abc"
-  a.setLen 0
-  a.setLen 3, isInit = false
-  doAssert a[1] == 'b'
-  a.setLen 0
-  a.setLen 3, isInit = true
-  doAssert a[1] == '\0'
-
-block: # forceCopy
-  var a: string
-  a = "foo"
-  shallow(a)
-  var b: string
-  b = a
-  doAssert b[0].addr == a[0].addr
-  var c: string
-  c.forceCopy a
-  doAssert c == a
-  doAssert c[0].addr != a[0].addr
-
-block: # toLowerAscii
-  var a = "fooBAr"
-  a.toLowerAscii
-  doAssert a == "foobar"
-
-block: # dataPointer
-  var a: string
-  discard a.dataPointer
-  # doAssert a.dataPointer == nil # not guaranteed
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tsugar.nim b/tests/stdlib/tsugar.nim
index 72abadae7..2ea96cfbb 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tsugar.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tsugar.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,33 @@
 discard """
+  targets: "c js"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   output: '''
 x + y = 30
 '''
 """
-import std/[sugar, algorithm, random, sets, tables, strutils]
+import std/[sugar, algorithm, random, sets, tables, strutils, sequtils]
+import std/[syncio, assertions]
+
+type # for capture test, ref #20679
+  FooCapture = ref object
+    x: int
+
+proc mainProc() =
+  block: # bug #16967
+    var s = newSeq[proc (): int](5)
+    {.push exportc.}
+    proc bar() =
+      for i in 0 ..< s.len:
+        let foo = i + 1
+        capture foo:
+          s[i] = proc(): int = foo
+    {.pop.}
+
+    bar()
+
+    for i, p in s.pairs:
+      let foo = i + 1
+      doAssert p() == foo
 
 template main() =
   block: # `=>`
@@ -79,21 +103,61 @@ template main() =
             closure2 = () => (i, j)
     doAssert closure2() == (5, 3)
 
-    block: # bug #16967
-      var s = newSeq[proc (): int](5)
-      {.push exportc.}
-      proc bar() =
-        for i in 0 ..< s.len:
-          let foo = i + 1
-          capture foo:
-            s[i] = proc(): int = foo
-      {.pop.}
+    block: # issue #20679
+      # this should compile. Previously was broken as `var int` is an `nnkHiddenDeref`
+      # which was not handled correctly
 
-      bar()
+      block:
+        var x = 5
+        var s1 = newSeq[proc (): int](2)
+        proc function(data: var int) =
+          for i in 0 ..< 2:
+            data = (i+1) * data
+            capture data:
+              s1[i] = proc(): int = data
+        function(x)
+        doAssert s1[0]() == 5
+        doAssert s1[1]() == 10
 
-      for i, p in s.pairs:
-        let foo = i + 1
-        doAssert p() == foo
+
+      block:
+        var y = @[5, 10]
+        var s2 = newSeq[proc (): seq[int]](2)
+        proc functionS(data: var seq[int]) =
+          for i in 0 ..< 2:
+            data.add (i+1) * 5
+            capture data:
+              s2[i] = proc(): seq[int] = data
+        functionS(y)
+        doAssert s2[0]() == @[5, 10, 5]
+        doAssert s2[1]() == @[5, 10, 5, 10]
+
+
+      template typeT(typ, val: untyped): untyped =
+        var x = val
+        var s = newSeq[proc (): typ](2)
+
+        proc functionT[T](data: var T) =
+          for i in 0 ..< 2:
+            if i == 1:
+              data = default(T)
+            capture data:
+              s[i] = proc (): T = data
+
+        functionT(x)
+        doAssert s[0]() == val
+        doAssert s[1]() == x # == default
+        doAssert s[1]() == default(typ)
+
+      block:
+        var x = 1.1
+        typeT(float, x)
+      block:
+        var x = "hello"
+        typeT(string, x)
+      block:
+        var f = FooCapture(x: 5)
+        typeT(FooCapture, f)
 
   block: # dup
     block dup_with_field:
@@ -208,17 +272,16 @@ template main() =
         discard collect(newSeq, for i in 1..3: i)
       foo()
 
-proc mainProc() =
   block: # dump
     # symbols in templates are gensym'd
     let
-      x = 10
-      y = 20
+      x {.inject.} = 10
+      y {.inject.} = 20
     dump(x + y) # x + y = 30
 
   block: # dumpToString
     template square(x): untyped = x * x
-    let x = 10
+    let x {.inject.} = 10
     doAssert dumpToString(square(x)) == "square(x): x * x = 100"
     let s = dumpToString(doAssert 1+1 == 2)
     doAssert "failedAssertImpl" in s
@@ -226,8 +289,22 @@ proc mainProc() =
       doAssertRaises(AssertionDefect): doAssert false
     doAssert "except AssertionDefect" in s2
 
-static:
-  main()
+  block: # bug #20704
+    proc test() =
+      var xs, ys: seq[int]
+      for i in 0..5:
+        xs.add(i)
+
+      xs.apply(proc (d: auto) = ys.add(d))
+      # ^ can be turned into d => ys.add(d) when we can infer void return type, #16906
+      doAssert ys == @[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+    test()
+
   mainProc()
+
+when not defined(js): # TODO fixme JS VM
+  static:
+    main()
+
 main()
-mainProc()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tsums.nim b/tests/stdlib/tsums.nim
index 4c29d3e10..cf410cddf 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tsums.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tsums.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
 import std/sums
 from math import pow
+import std/assertions
 
 var epsilon = 1.0
 while 1.0 + epsilon != 1.0:
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tsysrand.nim b/tests/stdlib/tsysrand.nim
index c6d43a8fb..7b7a0fc34 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tsysrand.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tsysrand.nim
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 discard """
   targets: "c cpp js"
-  matrix: "--experimental:vmopsDanger"
+  matrix: "--experimental:vmopsDanger; --experimental:vmopsDanger --mm:refc"
 """
 
 import std/sysrand
-
+import std/assertions
 
 template main() =
   block:
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tsystem.nim b/tests/stdlib/tsystem.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f634ce0c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tsystem.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+"""
+
+import stdtest/testutils
+import std/[assertions, formatfloat]
+
+# TODO: in future work move existing `system` tests here, where they belong
+
+
+template main =
+  block: # closure
+    proc outer() =
+      var a = 0
+      proc inner1 = a.inc
+      proc inner2 = discard
+      doAssert inner1 is "closure"
+      doAssert inner2 isnot "closure"
+      doAssert inner1 is (proc)
+      doAssert inner2 is (proc)
+      let inner1b = inner1
+      doAssert inner1b is "closure"
+      doAssert inner1b == inner1
+    outer()
+
+  block: # rawProc, rawProc, bug #17911
+    proc outer() =
+      var a = 0
+      var b = 0
+      proc inner1() = a.inc
+      proc inner2() = a += 2
+      proc inner3() = b.inc
+      let inner1b = inner1
+      doAssert inner2 != inner1
+      doAssert inner3 != inner1
+      whenVMorJs: discard
+      do:
+        doAssert rawProc(inner1b) == rawProc(inner1)
+        doAssert rawProc(inner2) != rawProc(inner1)
+        doAssert rawProc(inner3) != rawProc(inner1)
+
+        doAssert rawEnv(inner1b) == rawEnv(inner1)
+        doAssert rawEnv(inner2) == rawEnv(inner1) # because both use `a`
+        # doAssert rawEnv(inner3) != rawEnv(inner1) # because `a` vs `b` # this doesn't hold
+    outer()
+
+  block: # system.delete
+    block:
+      var s = @[1]
+      s.delete(0)
+      doAssert s == @[]
+
+    block:
+      var s = @["foo", "bar"]
+      s.delete(1)
+      doAssert s == @["foo"]
+
+    when false:
+      var s: seq[string]
+      doAssertRaises(IndexDefect):
+        s.delete(0)
+
+    block:
+      doAssert not compiles(@["foo"].delete(-1))
+
+    block: # bug #6710
+      var s = @["foo"]
+      s.delete(0)
+      doAssert s == @[]
+
+    when false: # bug #16544: deleting out of bounds index should raise
+      var s = @["foo"]
+      doAssertRaises(IndexDefect):
+        s.delete(1)
+
+static: main()
+main()
+
+# bug #19967
+block:
+  type
+    X = object
+      a: string
+      b: set[char]
+      c: int
+      d: float
+      e: int64
+
+
+  var x = X(b: {'a'}, e: 10)
+
+  var y = move x
+
+  doAssert x.a == ""
+  doAssert x.b == {}
+  doAssert x.c == 0
+  doAssert x.d == 0.0
+  doAssert x.e == 0
+
+  reset(y)
+
+  doAssert y.a == ""
+  doAssert y.b == {}
+  doAssert y.c == 0
+  doAssert y.d == 0.0
+  doAssert y.e == 0
+
+block:
+  var x = 2
+  var y = move x
+  doAssert y == 2
+  doAssert x == 0
+  reset y
+  doAssert y == 0
+
+block:
+  type
+    X = object
+      a: string
+      b: float
+
+  var y = X(b: 1314.521)
+
+  reset(y)
+
+  doAssert y.b == 0.0
+
+block:
+  type
+    X = object
+      a: string
+      b: string
+
+  var y = X(b: "1314")
+
+  reset(y)
+
+  doAssert y.b == ""
+
+block:
+  type
+    X = object
+      a: string
+      b: seq[int]
+
+  var y = X(b: @[1, 3])
+
+  reset(y)
+
+  doAssert y.b == @[]
+
+block:
+  type
+    X = object
+      a: string
+      b: tuple[a: int, b: string]
+
+  var y = X(b: (1, "cc"))
+
+  reset(y)
+
+  doAssert y.b == (0, "")
+
+block:
+  type
+    Color = enum
+      Red, Blue, Yellow
+    X = object
+      a: string
+      b: set[Color]
+
+  var y = X(b: {Red, Blue})
+
+  reset(y)
+  doAssert y.b == {}
+
+block: # bug #20516
+  type Foo = object
+    x {.bitsize:4.}: uint
+    y {.bitsize:4.}: uint
+
+  when not defined(js):
+    let a = create(Foo)
+
+block: # bug #6549
+  when not defined(js):
+    block:
+      const v = 18446744073709551615'u64
+
+      doAssert $v == "18446744073709551615"
+      doAssert $float32(v) == "1.8446744e+19", $float32(v)
+      doAssert $float64(v) == "1.8446744073709552e+19", $float64(v)
+
+    block:
+      let v = 18446744073709551615'u64
+
+      doAssert $v == "18446744073709551615"
+      doAssert $float32(v) == "1.8446744e+19"
+      doAssert $float64(v) == "1.8446744073709552e+19"
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/ttables.nim b/tests/stdlib/ttables.nim
index c1ae89b32..c529aff9f 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/ttables.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/ttables.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
 import tables, hashes
+import std/assertions
 
 type
   Person = object
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/ttasks.nim b/tests/stdlib/ttasks.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba65590d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/ttasks.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,561 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp"
+  matrix: "--gc:orc --threads:off"
+"""
+
+import std/[tasks, strformat]
+import std/assertions
+
+block:
+  var s = ""
+  proc `+`(x: int, y: string) =
+    s.add $x & y
+
+  let literal = "Nim"
+  let t = toTask(521 + literal)
+  t.invoke()
+
+  doAssert s == "521Nim"
+
+block:
+  var s = ""
+  proc `!`(x: int) =
+    s.add $x
+
+  let t = toTask !12
+  t.invoke()
+
+  doAssert s == "12"
+
+
+block:
+  block:
+    var called = 0
+    proc hello(x: static range[1 .. 5]) =
+      called += x
+
+    let b = toTask hello(3)
+    b.invoke()
+    doAssert called == 3
+    b.invoke()
+    doAssert called == 6
+
+  block:
+    var called = 0
+    proc hello(x: range[1 .. 5]) =
+      called += x
+
+    let b = toTask hello(3)
+    b.invoke()
+    doAssert called == 3
+    b.invoke()
+    doAssert called == 6
+
+  block:
+    var called = 0
+    proc hello(x: 1 .. 5) =
+      called += x
+
+    let b = toTask hello(3)
+    b.invoke()
+    doAssert called == 3
+    b.invoke()
+    doAssert called == 6
+
+  block:
+    var temp = ""
+    proc hello(a: int or seq[string]) =
+      when a is seq[string]:
+        for s in a:
+          temp.add s
+      else:
+        temp.addInt a
+
+    let x = @["1", "2", "3", "4"]
+    let b = toTask hello(x)
+    b.invoke()
+    doAssert temp == "1234"
+    b.invoke()
+    doAssert temp == "12341234"
+
+
+  block:
+    var temp = ""
+
+    proc hello(a: int or string) =
+      when a is string:
+        temp.add a
+
+    let x = "!2"
+
+    let b = toTask hello(x)
+    b.invoke()
+    doAssert temp == x
+
+  block:
+    var temp = ""
+    proc hello(a: int or string) =
+      when a is string:
+        temp.add a
+
+    let x = "!2"
+    let b = toTask hello(x)
+    b.invoke()
+    doAssert temp == x
+
+  block:
+    var x = 0
+    proc hello(typ: typedesc) =
+      x += typ(12)
+
+    let b = toTask hello(int)
+    b.invoke()
+    doAssert x == 12
+
+  block:
+    var temp = ""
+    proc hello(a: int or seq[string]) =
+      when a is seq[string]:
+        for s in a:
+          temp.add s
+
+    let x = @["1", "2", "3", "4"]
+    let b = toTask hello(x)
+    b.invoke()
+    doAssert temp == "1234"
+
+  block:
+    var temp = ""
+    proc hello(a: int | string) =
+      when a is string:
+        temp.add a
+
+    let x = "!2"
+    let b = toTask hello(x)
+    b.invoke()
+    doAssert temp == x
+
+  block:
+    var x = 0
+    proc hello(a: int | string) =
+      when a is int:
+        x = a
+
+    let b = toTask hello(12)
+    b.invoke()
+    doAssert x == 12
+
+  block:
+    var a1: seq[int]
+    var a2 = 0
+    proc hello(c: seq[int], a: int) =
+      a1 = c
+      a2 = a
+
+    let x = 12
+    var y = @[1, 3, 1, 4, 5, x, 1]
+    let b = toTask hello(y, 12)
+    b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert a1 == y
+    doAssert a2 == x
+
+  block:
+    var a1: seq[int]
+    var a2 = 0
+    proc hello(c: seq[int], a: int) =
+      a1 = c
+      a2 = a
+    var x = 2
+    let b = toTask hello(@[1, 3, 1, 4, 5, x, 1], 12)
+    b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert a1 == @[1, 3, 1, 4, 5, x, 1]
+    doAssert a2 == 12
+
+  block:
+    var a1: array[7, int]
+    var a2 = 0
+    proc hello(c: array[7, int], a: int) =
+      a1 = c
+      a2 = a
+
+    let b = toTask hello([1, 3, 1, 4, 5, 2, 1], 12)
+    b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert a1 == [1, 3, 1, 4, 5, 2, 1]
+    doAssert a2 == 12
+
+  block:
+    var a1: seq[int]
+    var a2 = 0
+    proc hello(c: seq[int], a: int) =
+      a1 = c
+      a2 = a
+
+    let b = toTask hello(@[1, 3, 1, 4, 5, 2, 1], 12)
+    b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert a1 == @[1, 3, 1, 4, 5, 2, 1]
+    doAssert a2 == 12
+
+  block:
+    var a1: seq[int]
+    var a2 = 0
+    proc hello(a: int, c: seq[int]) =
+      a1 = c
+      a2 = a
+
+    let b = toTask hello(8, @[1, 3, 1, 4, 5, 2, 1])
+    b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert a1 == @[1, 3, 1, 4, 5, 2, 1]
+    doAssert a2 == 8
+
+    let c = toTask 8.hello(@[1, 3, 1, 4, 5, 2, 1])
+    c.invoke()
+
+    doAssert a1 == @[1, 3, 1, 4, 5, 2, 1]
+    doAssert a2 == 8
+
+  block:
+    var a1: seq[seq[int]]
+    var a2: int
+    proc hello(a: int, c: openArray[seq[int]]) =
+      a1 = @c
+      a2 = a
+
+    let b = toTask hello(8, @[@[3], @[4], @[5], @[6], @[12], @[7]])
+    b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert a1 ==  @[@[3], @[4], @[5], @[6], @[12], @[7]]
+    doAssert a2 == 8
+
+  block:
+    var a1: seq[int]
+    var a2: int
+    proc hello(a: int, c: openArray[int]) =
+      a1 = @c
+      a2 = a
+
+    let b = toTask hello(8, @[3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 7])
+    b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert a1 == @[3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 7]
+    doAssert a2 == 8
+
+  block:
+    var a1: seq[int]
+    var a2: int
+    proc hello(a: int, c: static varargs[int]) =
+      a1 = @c
+      a2 = a
+
+    let b = toTask hello(8, @[3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 7])
+    b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert a1 == @[3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 7]
+    doAssert a2 == 8
+
+  block:
+    var a1: seq[int]
+    var a2: int
+    proc hello(a: int, c: static varargs[int]) =
+      a1 = @c
+      a2 = a
+
+    let b = toTask hello(8, [3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 7])
+    b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert a1 == @[3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 7]
+    doAssert a2 == 8
+
+  block:
+    var a1: seq[int]
+    var a2: int
+    proc hello(a: int, c: varargs[int]) =
+      a1 = @c
+      a2 = a
+
+    let x = 12
+    let b = toTask hello(8, 3, 4, 5, 6, x, 7)
+    b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert a1 == @[3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 7]
+    doAssert a2 == 8
+
+  block:
+    var x = 12
+
+    proc hello(x: ptr int) =
+      x[] += 12
+
+    let b = toTask hello(addr x)
+    b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert x == 24
+
+    let c = toTask x.addr.hello
+    invoke(c)
+
+    doAssert x == 36
+  block:
+    type
+      Test = ref object
+        id: int
+
+    var x = 0
+    proc hello(a: int, c: static Test) =
+      x += a
+      x += c.id
+
+    let b = toTask hello(8, Test(id: 12))
+    b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert x == 20
+
+  block:
+    type
+      Test = object
+        id: int
+
+    var x = 0
+    proc hello(a: int, c: static Test) =
+      x += a
+      x += c.id
+
+    let b = toTask hello(8, Test(id: 12))
+    b.invoke()
+    doAssert x == 20
+
+  block:
+    var x = 0
+    proc hello(a: int, c: static seq[int]) =
+      x += a
+      for i in c:
+        x += i
+
+    let b = toTask hello(8, @[3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 7])
+    b.invoke()
+    doAssert x == 45
+
+  block:
+    var x = 0
+    proc hello(a: int, c: static array[5, int]) =
+      x += a
+      for i in c:
+        x += i
+
+    let b = toTask hello(8, [3, 4, 5, 6, 12])
+    b.invoke()
+    doAssert x == 38
+
+  block:
+    var aVal = 0
+    var cVal = ""
+
+    proc hello(a: int, c: static string) =
+      aVal += a
+      cVal.add c
+
+    var x = 1314
+    let b = toTask hello(x, "hello")
+    b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert aVal == x
+    doAssert cVal == "hello"
+
+  block:
+    var aVal = ""
+
+    proc hello(a: static string) =
+      aVal.add a
+    let b = toTask hello("hello")
+    b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert aVal == "hello"
+
+  block:
+    var aVal = 0
+    var cVal = ""
+
+    proc hello(a: static int, c: static string) =
+      aVal += a
+      cVal.add c
+    let b = toTask hello(8, "hello")
+    b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert aVal == 8
+    doAssert cVal == "hello"
+
+  block:
+    var aVal = 0
+    var cVal = 0
+
+    proc hello(a: static int, c: int) =
+      aVal += a
+      cVal += c
+
+    let b = toTask hello(c = 0, a = 8)
+    b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert aVal == 8
+    doAssert cVal == 0
+
+  block:
+    var aVal = 0
+    var cVal = 0
+
+    proc hello(a: int, c: static int) =
+      aVal += a
+      cVal += c
+
+    let b = toTask hello(c = 0, a = 8)
+    b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert aVal == 8
+    doAssert cVal == 0
+
+  block:
+    var aVal = 0
+    var cVal = 0
+
+    proc hello(a: static int, c: static int) =
+      aVal += a
+      cVal += c
+
+    let b = toTask hello(0, 8)
+    b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert aVal == 0
+    doAssert cVal == 8
+
+  block:
+    var temp = ""
+    proc hello(x: int, y: seq[string], d = 134) =
+      temp = fmt"{x=} {y=} {d=}"
+
+
+    proc main() =
+      var x = @["23456"]
+      let t = toTask hello(2233, x)
+      t.invoke()
+
+      doAssert temp == """x=2233 y=@["23456"] d=134"""
+
+    main()
+
+
+  block:
+    var temp = ""
+    proc hello(x: int, y: seq[string], d = 134) =
+      temp.add fmt"{x=} {y=} {d=}"
+
+    proc ok() =
+      temp = "ok"
+
+    proc main() =
+      var x = @["23456"]
+      let t = toTask hello(2233, x)
+      t.invoke()
+      t.invoke()
+
+      doAssert temp == """x=2233 y=@["23456"] d=134x=2233 y=@["23456"] d=134"""
+
+    main()
+
+    var x = @["4"]
+    let m = toTask hello(2233, x, 7)
+    m.invoke()
+
+    doAssert temp == """x=2233 y=@["23456"] d=134x=2233 y=@["23456"] d=134x=2233 y=@["4"] d=7"""
+
+    let n = toTask ok()
+    n.invoke()
+
+    doAssert temp == "ok"
+
+  block:
+    var called = 0
+    block:
+      proc hello() =
+        inc called
+
+      let a = toTask hello()
+      invoke(a)
+
+    doAssert called == 1
+
+    block:
+      proc hello(a: int) =
+        inc called, a
+
+      let b = toTask hello(13)
+      let c = toTask hello(a = 14)
+      b.invoke()
+      c.invoke()
+
+    doAssert called == 28
+
+    block:
+      proc hello(a: int, c: int) =
+        inc called, a
+
+      let b = toTask hello(c = 0, a = 8)
+      b.invoke()
+
+    doAssert called == 36
+
+  block:
+    proc returnsSomething(a, b: int): int = a + b
+
+    proc noArgsButReturnsSomething(): string = "abcdef"
+
+    proc testReturnValues() =
+      let t = toTask returnsSomething(2233, 11)
+      var res: int
+      t.invoke(addr res)
+      doAssert res == 2233+11
+
+      let tb = toTask noArgsButReturnsSomething()
+      var resB: string
+      tb.invoke(addr resB)
+      doAssert resB == "abcdef"
+
+    testReturnValues()
+
+
+block: # bug #23635
+  block:
+    type
+      Store = object
+        run: proc (a: int) {.nimcall, gcsafe.}
+
+    block:
+      var count = 0
+      proc hello(a: int) =
+        inc count, a
+
+      var store = Store()
+      store.run = hello
+
+      let b = toTask store.run(13)
+      b.invoke()
+      doAssert count == 13
+
+  block:
+    type
+      Store = object
+        run: proc () {.nimcall, gcsafe.}
+
+    block:
+      var count = 0
+      proc hello() =
+        inc count, 1
+
+      var store = Store()
+      store.run = hello
+
+      let b = toTask store.run()
+      b.invoke()
+      doAssert count == 1
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/ttempfiles.nim b/tests/stdlib/ttempfiles.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..352788c42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/ttempfiles.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  joinable: false # not strictly necessary
+"""
+
+import std/tempfiles
+import std/[os, nre]
+import std/[assertions, syncio]
+
+const
+  prefix = "D20210502T100442" # safety precaution to only affect files/dirs with this prefix
+  suffix = ".tmp"
+
+block:
+  var t1 = createTempFile(prefix, suffix)
+  var t2 = createTempFile(prefix, suffix)
+  defer:
+    close(t1.cfile)
+    close(t2.cfile)
+    removeFile(t1.path)
+    removeFile(t2.path)
+
+  doAssert t1.path != t2.path
+
+  let s = "1234"
+  write(t1.cfile, s)
+  doAssert readAll(t2.cfile) == ""
+  doAssert readAll(t1.cfile) == ""
+  t1.cfile.setFilePos 0
+  doAssert readAll(t1.cfile) == s
+
+block: # createTempDir
+  doAssertRaises(OSError): discard createTempDir(prefix, suffix, "nonexistent")
+
+  block:
+    let dir1 = createTempDir(prefix, suffix)
+    let dir2 = createTempDir(prefix, suffix)
+    defer:
+      removeDir(dir1)
+      removeDir(dir2)
+    doAssert dir1 != dir2
+
+    doAssert dirExists(dir1)
+    doAssert dir1.lastPathPart.contains(re"^D20210502T100442(\w+).tmp$")
+    doAssert dir1.parentDir == getTempDir().normalizePathEnd()
+
+  block:
+    let dir3 = createTempDir(prefix, "_mytmp", ".")
+    doAssert dir3.lastPathPart.contains(re"^D20210502T100442(\w+)_mytmp$")
+    doAssert dir3.parentDir == "." # not getCurrentDir(): we honor the absolute/relative state of input `dir`
+    removeDir(dir3)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tterminal.nim b/tests/stdlib/tterminal.nim
index 364c8d82e..16365e71c 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tterminal.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tterminal.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   action: compile
 """
-
 import terminal, colors
 
 styledEcho fgColor, colRed, "Test"
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tterminal_12759.nim b/tests/stdlib/tterminal_12759.nim
index d6034ab57..e9ea3127c 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tterminal_12759.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tterminal_12759.nim
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ discard """
 """
 
 import terminal
+import std/syncio
 
 proc test() {.raises:[IOError, ValueError].} =
   setBackgroundColor(stdout, bgRed)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/ttestutils.nim b/tests/stdlib/ttestutils.nim
index 1a50d311b..0f8bf16cf 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/ttestutils.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/ttestutils.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,40 @@
 import stdtest/testutils
+import std/assertions
+
+block: # assertAll
+  assertAll:
+    1+1 == 2
+    var a = 3
+    a == 3
+
+  doAssertRaises(AssertionDefect):
+    assertAll:
+      1+1 == 2
+      var a = 3
+      a == 4
 
 block: # greedyOrderedSubsetLines
-  doAssert greedyOrderedSubsetLines("a1\na3", "a0\na1\na2\na3\na4")
-  doAssert not greedyOrderedSubsetLines("a3\na1", "a0\na1\na2\na3\na4") # out of order
-  doAssert not greedyOrderedSubsetLines("a1\na5", "a0\na1\na2\na3\na4") # a5 not in lhs
+  assertAll:
+    greedyOrderedSubsetLines("a1\na3", "a0\na1\na2\na3\na4")
+    not greedyOrderedSubsetLines("a3\na1", "a0\na1\na2\na3\na4") # out of order
+    not greedyOrderedSubsetLines("a1\na5", "a0\na1\na2\na3\na4") # a5 not in lhs
+
+    not greedyOrderedSubsetLines("a1\na5", "a0\na1\na2\na3\na4\nprefix:a5")
+    not greedyOrderedSubsetLines("a1\na5", "a0\na1\na2\na3\na4\na5:suffix")
+    not greedyOrderedSubsetLines("a5", "a0\na1\na2\na3\na4\nprefix:a5")
+    not greedyOrderedSubsetLines("a5", "a0\na1\na2\na3\na4\na5:suffix")
+
+block: # greedyOrderedSubsetLines with allowPrefixMatch = true
+  template fn(a, b): bool =
+    greedyOrderedSubsetLines(a, b, allowPrefixMatch = true)
+  assertAll:
+    fn("a1\na3", "a0\na1\na2\na3_suffix\na4")
+    not fn("a1\na3", "a0\na1\na2\nprefix_a3\na4")
+    # these are same as above, could be refactored
+    not fn("a3\na1", "a0\na1\na2\na3\na4") # out of order
+    not fn("a1\na5", "a0\na1\na2\na3\na4") # a5 not in lhs
+
+    not fn("a1\na5", "a0\na1\na2\na3\na4\nprefix:a5")
+    fn("a1\na5", "a0\na1\na2\na3\na4\na5:suffix")
+    not fn("a5", "a0\na1\na2\na3\na4\nprefix:a5")
+    fn("a5", "a0\na1\na2\na3\na4\na5:suffix")
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tthreadpool.nim b/tests/stdlib/tthreadpool.nim
index 897c7d173..1947074be 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tthreadpool.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tthreadpool.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 discard """
-  matrix: "--threads:on --gc:arc"
+  matrix: "--mm:arc; --mm:refc"
   disabled: "freebsd"
   output: "42"
 """
-
+import std/assertions
 from std/threadpool import spawn, `^`, sync
 block: # bug #12005
   proc doworkok(i: int) {.thread.} = echo i
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/ttimes.nim b/tests/stdlib/ttimes.nim
index 66157b91c..0f04168dc 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/ttimes.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/ttimes.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 discard """
-  targets: "c js"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc; --backend:js --jsbigint64:on; --backend:js --jsbigint64:off -d:nimStringHash2"
 """
 
 import times, strutils, unittest
+import std/assertions
 
 when not defined(js):
   import os
@@ -10,17 +11,17 @@ when not defined(js):
 proc staticTz(hours, minutes, seconds: int = 0): Timezone {.noSideEffect.} =
   let offset = hours * 3600 + minutes * 60 + seconds
 
-  proc zonedTimeFromAdjTime(adjTime: Time): ZonedTime {.locks: 0.} =
+  proc zonedTimeFromAdjTime(adjTime: Time): ZonedTime =
     result.isDst = false
     result.utcOffset = offset
     result.time = adjTime + initDuration(seconds = offset)
 
-  proc zonedTimeFromTime(time: Time): ZonedTime {.locks: 0.}=
+  proc zonedTimeFromTime(time: Time): ZonedTime =
     result.isDst = false
     result.utcOffset = offset
     result.time = time
 
-  newTimezone("", zonedTimeFromTime, zonedTImeFromAdjTime)
+  newTimezone("", zonedTimeFromTime, zonedTimeFromAdjTime)
 
 template parseTest(s, f, sExpected: string, ydExpected: int) =
   let
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ template runTimezoneTests() =
       "2006-01-12T22:04:05Z", 11)
   # RFC3339Nano = "2006-01-02T15:04:05.999999999Z07:00"
   parseTest("2006-01-12T15:04:05.999999999Z-07:00",
-      "yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss'.999999999Z'zzz", "2006-01-12T22:04:05Z", 11)
+      "yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.'999999999Z'zzz", "2006-01-12T22:04:05Z", 11)
   for tzFormat in ["z", "zz", "zzz"]:
     # formatting timezone as 'Z' for UTC
     parseTest("2001-01-12T22:04:05Z", "yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss" & tzFormat,
@@ -646,3 +647,138 @@ block: # ttimes
     doAssert initDuration(milliseconds = 500).inMilliseconds == 500
     doAssert initDuration(milliseconds = -500).inMilliseconds == -500
     doAssert initDuration(nanoseconds = -999999999).inMilliseconds == -999
+
+  block: # getIsoWeekAndYear
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(04, mNov, 2019, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 45.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2019.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dMon, 45, 2019.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(04, mNov, 2019, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(28, mDec, 2019, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 52.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2019.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dSat, 52, 2019.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(28, mDec, 2019, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(29, mDec, 2019, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 52.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2019.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dSun, 52, 2019.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(29, mDec, 2019, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(30, mDec, 2019, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 01.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dMon, 01, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(30, mDec, 2019, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(31, mDec, 2019, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 01.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dTue, 01, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(31, mDec, 2019, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(01, mJan, 2020, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 01.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dWed, 01, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(01, mJan, 2020, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(02, mJan, 2020, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 01.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dThu, 01, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(02, mJan, 2020, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(05, mApr, 2020, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 14.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dSun, 14, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(05, mApr, 2020, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(06, mApr, 2020, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 15.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dMon, 15, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(06, mApr, 2020, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(10, mApr, 2020, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 15.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dFri, 15, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(10, mApr, 2020, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(12, mApr, 2020, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 15.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dSun, 15, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(12, mApr, 2020, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(13, mApr, 2020, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 16.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dMon, 16, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(13, mApr, 2020, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(15, mApr, 2020, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 16.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dThu, 16, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(16, mApr, 2020, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(17, mJul, 2020, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 29.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dFri, 29, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(17, mJul, 2020, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(19, mJul, 2020, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 29.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dSun, 29, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(19, mJul, 2020, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(20, mJul, 2020, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 30.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dMon, 30, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(20, mJul, 2020, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(23, mJul, 2020, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 30.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dThu, 30, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(23, mJul, 2020, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(31, mDec, 2020, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 53.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dThu, 53, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(31, mDec, 2020, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(01, mJan, 2021, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 53.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dFri, 53, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(01, mJan, 2021, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(02, mJan, 2021, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 53.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dSat, 53, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(02, mJan, 2021, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(03, mJan, 2021, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 53.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2020.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dSun, 53, 2020.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(03, mJan, 2021, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(04, mJan, 2021, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 01.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2021.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dMon, 01, 2021.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(04, mJan, 2021, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(01, mFeb, 2021, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 05.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2021.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dMon, 05, 2021.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(01, mFeb, 2021, 00, 00, 00)
+
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(01, mFeb, 2021, 01, 02, 03, 400_000_000, staticTz(hours=1))) == (isoweek: 05.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 2021.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dMon, 05, 2021.IsoYear, 01, 02, 03, 400_000_000, staticTz(hours=1)) == initDateTime(01, mFeb, 2021, 01, 02, 03, 400_000_000, staticTz(hours=1))
+
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(01, mApr, +0001, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 13.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 0001.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dSun, 13, 0001.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(01, mApr, 0001, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(01, mApr, +0000, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 13.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: 0000.IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dSat, 13, 0000.IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(01, mApr, 0000, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(01, mApr, -0001, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 13.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: (-0001).IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dThu, 13, (-0001).IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(01, mApr, -0001, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(01, mApr, -0002, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 14.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: (-0002).IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dWed, 14, (-0002).IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(01, mApr, -0002, 00, 00, 00)
+    doAssert getIsoWeekAndYear(initDateTime(01, mApr, -0753, 00, 00, 00)) == (isoweek: 14.IsoWeekRange, isoyear: (-0753).IsoYear)
+    doAssert initDateTime(dMon, 14, (-0753).IsoYear, 00, 00, 00) == initDateTime(01, mApr, -0753, 00, 00, 00)
+
+  block: # getWeeksInIsoYear
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear((-0014).IsoYear) == 52
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear((-0013).IsoYear) == 53
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear((-0012).IsoYear) == 52
+
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear((-0009).IsoYear) == 52
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear((-0008).IsoYear) == 53
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear((-0007).IsoYear) == 52
+
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear((-0003).IsoYear) == 52
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear((-0002).IsoYear) == 53
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear((-0001).IsoYear) == 52
+
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear(0003.IsoYear) == 52
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear(0004.IsoYear) == 53
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear(0005.IsoYear) == 52
+
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear(1653.IsoYear) == 52
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear(1654.IsoYear) == 53
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear(1655.IsoYear) == 52
+
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear(1997.IsoYear) == 52
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear(1998.IsoYear) == 53
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear(1999.IsoYear) == 52
+
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear(2008.IsoYear) == 52
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear(2009.IsoYear) == 53
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear(2010.IsoYear) == 52
+
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear(2014.IsoYear) == 52
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear(2015.IsoYear) == 53
+    doAssert getWeeksInIsoYear(2016.IsoYear) == 52
+
+  block: # parse and generate iso years
+    # short calendar week with text
+    parseTest("KW 23 2023", "'KW' VV GGGG",
+      "2023-06-05T00:00:00Z", 155)
+    parseTest("KW 5 2023", "'KW' V GGGG",
+      "2023-01-30T00:00:00Z", 29)
+    parseTest("KW 05 23 Saturday", "'KW' V GG dddd",
+      "2023-02-04T00:00:00Z", 34)
+    parseTest("KW 53 20 Fri", "'KW' VV GG ddd",
+      "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z", 0)
+
+    parseTestExcp("KW 23", "'KW' VV") # no year
+    parseTestExcp("KW 23", "'KW' V") # no year
+    parseTestExcp("KW 23", "'KW' GG") # no week
+    parseTestExcp("KW 2023", "'KW' GGGG") # no week
+    
+    var dt = initDateTime(5, mJan, 2023, 0, 0, 0, utc())
+    check dt.format("V") == "1"
+    check dt.format("VV") == "01"
+    check dt.format("GG") == "23"
+    check dt.format("GGGG") == "2023"
+    check dt.format("dddd 'KW'V GGGG") == "Thursday KW1 2023"
+
+  block: # Can be used inside gcsafe proc
+    proc test(): DateTime {.gcsafe.} =
+      result = "1970".parse("yyyy")
+    doAssert test().year == 1970
+
+  block: # test FormatLiterals
+    # since #23861
+    block:
+      let dt = dateTime(2024, mJul, 21, 17, 01, 02, 123_321_123, utc())
+      check dt.format("ss.fff") == "02.123"
+      check dt.format("fff.ffffff") == "123.123321"
+    block:
+      let dt = parse("2024.07.21", "yyyy.MM.dd")
+      check dt.year == 2024
+      check dt.month == mJul
+      check dt.monthday == 21
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/ttypeinfo.nim b/tests/stdlib/ttypeinfo.nim
index 61c661a58..9bbc2e92c 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/ttypeinfo.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/ttypeinfo.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-import typeinfo
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
+import std/typeinfo
+import std/assertions
 
 type
   TE = enum
@@ -50,7 +55,7 @@ doAssert($x4[].kind() == "akString")
 
 block:
   # gimme a new scope dammit
-  var myarr: array[0..4, array[0..4, string]] = [
+  var myArr: array[0..4, array[0..4, string]] = [
     ["test", "1", "2", "3", "4"], ["test", "1", "2", "3", "4"],
     ["test", "1", "2", "3", "4"], ["test", "1", "2", "3", "4"],
     ["test", "1", "2", "3", "4"]]
@@ -69,3 +74,20 @@ block:
 
   doAssert getEnumOrdinal(y, "Hello") == 0
   doAssert getEnumOrdinal(y, "hello") == 1
+
+block: # bug #23556
+  proc test =
+    var
+      t: seq[int]
+      aseq = toAny(t)
+
+    invokeNewSeq(aseq, 0)
+
+    # Got random value only when loop 8 times.
+    for i in 1 .. 8:
+      extendSeq(aseq)
+
+    doAssert t == @[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
+
+  for i in 1 .. 7:
+    test()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/ttypeinfo.nims b/tests/stdlib/ttypeinfo.nims
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d31d0b26f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/ttypeinfo.nims
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+--styleCheck:off
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/ttypetraits.nim b/tests/stdlib/ttypetraits.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6851b9220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/ttypetraits.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+"""
+
+# xxx merge with tests/metatype/ttypetraits.nim
+
+import std/typetraits
+import std/assertions
+
+macro testClosure(fn: typed, flag: static bool) =
+  if flag:
+    doAssert hasClosure(fn)
+  else:
+    doAssert not hasClosure(fn)
+
+block:
+  proc h1() =
+    echo 1
+
+  testClosure(h1, false)
+
+  proc h2() {.nimcall.} =
+    echo 2
+
+  testClosure(h2, false)
+
+
+block:
+  proc fn(): auto =
+    proc hello() {.nimcall.} =
+      echo 3
+    hello
+
+  let name = fn()
+  testClosure(name, false)
+
+block:
+  proc fn(): auto =
+    proc hello() =
+      echo 3
+    hello
+
+  let name = fn()
+  testClosure(name, false)
+
+block:
+  proc fn(): auto =
+    var x = 0
+    proc hello() =
+      echo 3
+      inc x
+    hello
+
+  let name = fn()
+  testClosure(name, true)
+
+block:
+  proc fn(): auto =
+    var x = 0
+    proc hello() {.closure.} =
+      echo 3
+      inc x
+    hello
+
+  let name = fn()
+  testClosure(name, true)
+
+block:
+  proc fn(): auto =
+    var x = 0
+    proc hello() {.closure.} =
+      echo 3
+      inc x
+    hello
+
+  let name = fn()
+  testClosure(name, true)
+
+  let name2 = name
+  testClosure(name2, true)
+
+block:
+  iterator hello(): int =
+    yield 1
+
+  testClosure(hello, false)
+
+when not defined(js):
+  block:
+    iterator hello(): int {.closure.}=
+      yield 1
+
+    testClosure(hello, true)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tunicode.nim b/tests/stdlib/tunicode.nim
index a346106f9..b9e68b15b 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tunicode.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tunicode.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
-import unicode
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
 
+import std/unicode
+import std/assertions
 
 proc asRune(s: static[string]): Rune =
   ## Compile-time conversion proc for converting string literals to a Rune
@@ -53,6 +57,7 @@ doAssert isAlpha("r")
 doAssert isAlpha("α")
 doAssert isAlpha("ϙ")
 doAssert isAlpha("ஶ")
+doAssert isAlpha("网")
 doAssert(not isAlpha("$"))
 doAssert(not isAlpha(""))
 
@@ -62,6 +67,7 @@ doAssert isAlpha("𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌴𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽")
 doAssert isAlpha("ὕαλονϕαγεῖνδύναμαιτοῦτοοὔμεβλάπτει")
 doAssert isAlpha("Јамогујестистаклоитоминештети")
 doAssert isAlpha("Կրնամապակիուտեևինծիանհանգիստչըներ")
+doAssert isAlpha("编程语言")
 doAssert(not isAlpha("$Foo✓"))
 doAssert(not isAlpha("⠙⠕⠑⠎⠝⠞"))
 
@@ -213,3 +219,10 @@ block differentSizes:
   doAssert swapCase("ⱥbCd") == "ȺBcD"
   doAssert swapCase("XyꟆaB") == "xYᶎAb"
   doAssert swapCase("aᵹcᲈd") == "AꝽCꙊD"
+
+block: # bug #17768
+  let s1 = "abcdef"
+  let s2 = "abcdéf"
+
+  doAssert s1.runeSubStr(0, -1) == "abcde"
+  doAssert s2.runeSubStr(0, -1) == "abcdé"
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tunidecode.nim b/tests/stdlib/tunidecode.nim
index be8e0523c..653016ea9 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tunidecode.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tunidecode.nim
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ discard """
 import unidecode
 
 import std/unidecode # #14112
+import std/assertions
 
 loadUnidecodeTable("lib/pure/unidecode/unidecode.dat")
 
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tunittest.nim b/tests/stdlib/tunittest.nim
index 97a45e199..0442c7863 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tunittest.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tunittest.nim
@@ -19,10 +19,12 @@ discard """
 
 [Suite] test name filtering
 '''
+matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 targets: "c js"
 """
 
-import std/[unittest, sequtils]
+import std/[unittest, sequtils, assertions]
+from std/unittest {.all.} import matchFilter
 
 proc doThings(spuds: var int): int =
   spuds = 24
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tunittestpass.nim b/tests/stdlib/tunittestpass.nim
index cff37a3b7..d8de277b7 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tunittestpass.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tunittestpass.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets: "c js"
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tunittesttemplate.nim b/tests/stdlib/tunittesttemplate.nim
index 2ca50a18b..c29e0de01 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tunittesttemplate.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tunittesttemplate.nim
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ discard """
 """
 
 
-# bug #6736
 
-import unittest
+# bug #6736
+import std/unittest
 
 type
   A = object
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tunixsocket.nim b/tests/stdlib/tunixsocket.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..636fd08c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tunixsocket.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import std/[assertions, net, os, osproc]
+
+# XXX: Make this test run on Windows too when we add support for Unix sockets on Windows
+when defined(posix) and not defined(nimNetLite):
+  const nim = getCurrentCompilerExe()
+  let
+    dir = currentSourcePath().parentDir()
+    serverPath = dir / "unixsockettest"
+
+  let (_, err) = execCmdEx(nim & " c " & quoteShell(dir / "unixsockettest.nim"))
+  doAssert err == 0
+
+  let svproc = startProcess(serverPath, workingDir = dir)
+  doAssert svproc.running()
+  # Wait for the server to open the socket and listen from it
+  sleep(400)
+
+  block unixSocketSendRecv:
+    let
+      unixSocketPath = dir / "usox"
+      socket = newSocket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_NONE)
+
+    socket.connectUnix(unixSocketPath)
+    # for a blocking Unix socket this should never fail
+    socket.send("data sent through the socket\c\l", maxRetries = 0)
+    var resp: string
+    socket.readLine(resp)
+    doAssert resp == "Hello from server"
+
+    socket.send("bye\c\l")
+    socket.readLine(resp)
+    doAssert resp == "bye"
+    socket.close()
+
+  svproc.close()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/turi.nim b/tests/stdlib/turi.nim
index 1a6f37520..9c717c5b1 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/turi.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/turi.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   targets:  "c js"
 """
 
 import std/uri
+from std/uri {.all.} as uri2 import removeDotSegments
 from std/sequtils import toSeq
+import std/assertions
 
 template main() =
   block: # encodeUrl, decodeUrl
@@ -14,6 +17,24 @@ template main() =
     doAssert decodeUrl(encodeUrl(test1, false), false) == test1
     doAssert decodeUrl(encodeUrl(test1)) == test1
 
+  block: # removeDotSegments
+    doAssert removeDotSegments("/foo/bar/baz") == "/foo/bar/baz"
+    doAssert removeDotSegments("") == "" # empty test
+    doAssert removeDotSegments(".") == "." # trailing period
+    doAssert removeDotSegments("a1/a2/../a3/a4/a5/./a6/a7/././") == "a1/a3/a4/a5/a6/a7/"
+    doAssert removeDotSegments("https://a1/a2/../a3/a4/a5/./a6/a7/././") == "https://a1/a3/a4/a5/a6/a7/"
+    doAssert removeDotSegments("http://a1/a2") == "http://a1/a2"
+    doAssert removeDotSegments("http://www.ai.") == "http://www.ai."
+    when false: # xxx these cases are buggy
+      # this should work, refs https://webmasters.stackexchange.com/questions/73934/how-can-urls-have-a-dot-at-the-end-e-g-www-bla-de
+      doAssert removeDotSegments("http://www.ai./") == "http://www.ai./" # fails
+      echo removeDotSegments("http://www.ai./")  # http://www.ai/
+      echo removeDotSegments("a/b.../c") # b.c
+      echo removeDotSegments("a/b../c") # bc
+      echo removeDotSegments("a/.../c") # .c
+      echo removeDotSegments("a//../b") # a/b
+      echo removeDotSegments("a/b/c//") # a/b/c//
+
   block: # parseUri
     block:
       let org = "udp://[2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334]:8080"
@@ -255,7 +276,9 @@ template main() =
     doAssert encodeQuery({"foo": ""}) == "foo"
     doAssert encodeQuery({"foo": ""}, omitEq = false) == "foo="
     doAssert encodeQuery({"a": "1", "b": "", "c": "3"}) == "a=1&b&c=3"
+    doAssert encodeQuery({"a": "1", "b": "", "c": "3"}, sep = ';') == "a=1;b;c=3"
     doAssert encodeQuery({"a": "1", "b": "", "c": "3"}, omitEq = false) == "a=1&b=&c=3"
+    doAssert encodeQuery({"a": "1", "b": "", "c": "3"}, omitEq = false, sep = ';') == "a=1;b=;c=3"
 
   block: # `?`
     block:
@@ -281,7 +304,20 @@ template main() =
 
   block: # decodeQuery
     doAssert toSeq(decodeQuery("a=1&b=0")) == @[("a", "1"), ("b", "0")]
+    doAssert toSeq(decodeQuery("a=1;b=0", sep = ';')) == @[("a", "1"), ("b", "0")]
     doAssert toSeq(decodeQuery("a=1&b=2c=6")) == @[("a", "1"), ("b", "2c=6")]
+    doAssert toSeq(decodeQuery("a=1;b=2c=6", sep = ';')) == @[("a", "1"), ("b", "2c=6")]
+
+  block: # bug #17481
+    let u1 = parseUri("./")
+    let u2 = parseUri("./path")
+    let u3 = parseUri("a/path")
+    doAssert u1.scheme.len == 0
+    doAssert u1.path == "./"
+    doAssert u2.scheme.len == 0
+    doAssert u2.path == "./path"
+    doAssert u3.scheme.len == 0
+    doAssert u3.path == "a/path"
 
 static: main()
 main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tuserlocks.nim b/tests/stdlib/tuserlocks.nim
index f6eafa05d..927077120 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tuserlocks.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tuserlocks.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 discard """
-  cmd: "nim $target --threads:on $options $file"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 """
 
-import rlocks
+import std/rlocks
+import std/assertions
 
 var r: RLock
 r.initRLock()
@@ -10,4 +11,11 @@ doAssert r.tryAcquire()
 doAssert r.tryAcquire()
 r.release()
 r.release()
+
+block:
+  var x = 12
+  withRLock r:
+    inc x
+  doAssert x == 13
+
 r.deinitRLock()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tvarargs.nim b/tests/stdlib/tvarargs.nim
index d56be154b..2edc26264 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tvarargs.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tvarargs.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 discard """
   targets: "c js"
-  matrix: "--gc:refc; --gc:arc"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 """
-
+import std/assertions
 
 template main =
   proc hello(x: varargs[string]): seq[string] =
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tvarints.nim b/tests/stdlib/tvarints.nim
index dcdb756ce..f9624ee5b 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tvarints.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tvarints.nim
@@ -1,15 +1,11 @@
 discard """
-  cmd:      "nim c -r --styleCheck:hint --panics:on $options $file"
-  matrix:   "-d:danger; -d:release"
-  targets:  "c cpp"
-  nimout:   ""
-  action:   "run"
-  exitcode: 0
-  timeout:  60.0
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 """
 
 import std/varints
+import std/assertions
 
+# xxx doesn't work with js: tvarints.nim(18, 14) `wrLen == rdLen`  [AssertionDefect]
 
 block:
   var dest: array[50, byte]
@@ -37,48 +33,41 @@ block:
     doAssert cast[float64](got) == test
 
 block:
-  var hugeIntArray: array[50, byte]
+  var hugeIntArray: array[9, byte]
   var readedInt: uint64
-  doAssert writeVu64(hugeIntArray, 0.uint64) == readVu64(hugeIntArray, readedInt)
-  doAssert readedInt == 0.uint64
-  doAssert writeVu64(hugeIntArray, uint64.high) == readVu64(hugeIntArray, readedInt)
-  doAssert readedInt == uint64.high
-  doAssert writeVu64(hugeIntArray, uint64(int64.high)) == readVu64(hugeIntArray, readedInt)
-  doAssert readedInt == uint64(int64.high)
-  doAssert writeVu64(hugeIntArray, uint64(int32.high)) == readVu64(hugeIntArray, readedInt)
-  doAssert readedInt == uint64(int32.high)
-  doAssert writeVu64(hugeIntArray, uint64(int16.high)) == readVu64(hugeIntArray, readedInt)
-  doAssert readedInt == uint64(int16.high)
-  doAssert writeVu64(hugeIntArray, uint64(int8.high)) == readVu64(hugeIntArray, readedInt)
-  doAssert readedInt == uint64(int8.high)
-  doAssert writeVu64(hugeIntArray, cast[uint64](0.0)) == readVu64(hugeIntArray, readedInt)
-  doAssert readedInt == cast[uint64](0.0)
-  doAssert writeVu64(hugeIntArray, cast[uint64](-0.0)) == readVu64(hugeIntArray, readedInt)
-  doAssert readedInt == cast[uint64](-0.0)
-  doAssert writeVu64(hugeIntArray, cast[uint64](0.1)) == readVu64(hugeIntArray, readedInt)
-  doAssert readedInt == cast[uint64](0.1)
-  doAssert writeVu64(hugeIntArray, cast[uint64](0.9555555555555555555555501)) == readVu64(hugeIntArray, readedInt)
-  doAssert readedInt == cast[uint64](0.9555555555555555555555501)
-  doAssert writeVu64(hugeIntArray, cast[uint64](+Inf)) == readVu64(hugeIntArray, readedInt)
-  doAssert readedInt == cast[uint64](+Inf)
-  doAssert writeVu64(hugeIntArray, cast[uint64](NegInf)) == readVu64(hugeIntArray, readedInt)
-  doAssert readedInt == cast[uint64](NegInf)
-  doAssert writeVu64(hugeIntArray, cast[uint64](Nan)) == readVu64(hugeIntArray, readedInt)
-  doAssert readedInt == cast[uint64](Nan)
-  doAssert writeVu64(hugeIntArray, cast[uint64](3.1415926535897932384626433)) == readVu64(hugeIntArray, readedInt)
-  doAssert readedInt == cast[uint64](3.1415926535897932384626433)
-  doAssert writeVu64(hugeIntArray, cast[uint64](2.71828182845904523536028747)) == readVu64(hugeIntArray, readedInt)
-  doAssert readedInt == cast[uint64](2.71828182845904523536028747)
+
+  template chk(a) =
+    let b = cast[uint64](a)
+    doAssert writeVu64(hugeIntArray, b) == readVu64(hugeIntArray, readedInt)
+    doAssert readedInt == b
+
+  chk 0
+  chk uint64.high
+  chk int64.high
+  chk int32.high
+  chk int16.high
+  chk int16.high
+  chk int8.high
+  chk 0.0
+  chk -0.0
+  chk 0.1
+  chk Inf
+  chk NegInf
+  chk NaN
+  chk 3.1415926535897932384626433
 
 block:
-  doAssert encodeZigzag(decodeZigzag(0.uint64)) == 0.uint64
-  doAssert encodeZigzag(decodeZigzag(uint64(uint32.high))) == uint64(uint32.high)
-  doAssert encodeZigzag(decodeZigzag(uint64(int32.high))) == uint64(int32.high)
-  doAssert encodeZigzag(decodeZigzag(uint64(int16.high))) == uint64(int16.high)
-  doAssert encodeZigzag(decodeZigzag(uint64(int8.high))) == uint64(int8.high)
-  doAssert encodeZigzag(decodeZigzag(cast[uint64](0.0))) == cast[uint64](0.0)
-  doAssert encodeZigzag(decodeZigzag(cast[uint64](0.1))) == cast[uint64](0.1)
-  doAssert encodeZigzag(decodeZigzag(cast[uint64](0.9555555555555555555555501))) == cast[uint64](0.9555555555555555555555501)
-  doAssert encodeZigzag(decodeZigzag(cast[uint64](+Inf))) == cast[uint64](+Inf)
-  doAssert encodeZigzag(decodeZigzag(cast[uint64](3.1415926535897932384626433))) == cast[uint64](3.1415926535897932384626433)
-  doAssert encodeZigzag(decodeZigzag(cast[uint64](2.71828182845904523536028747))) == cast[uint64](2.71828182845904523536028747)
+  template chk(a) =
+    let b = cast[uint64](a)
+    doAssert encodeZigzag(decodeZigzag(b)) == b
+  chk 0
+  chk uint32.high
+  chk int32.high
+  chk int16.high
+  chk int8.high
+  chk 0.0
+  chk 0.1
+  chk 0.9555555555555555555555501
+  chk Inf
+  chk 3.1415926535897932384626433
+  chk 2.71828182845904523536028747
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tvmutils.nim b/tests/stdlib/tvmutils.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63804c136
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tvmutils.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  joinable: false
+  nimout: '''
+0
+1
+2
+tvmutils.nim(28, 13) [opcLdImmInt]     if i == 4:
+tvmutils.nim(28, 10) [opcEqInt]     if i == 4:
+tvmutils.nim(28, 10) [opcFJmp]     if i == 4:
+tvmutils.nim(28, 13) [opcLdImmInt]     if i == 4:
+tvmutils.nim(28, 10) [opcEqInt]     if i == 4:
+tvmutils.nim(28, 10) [opcFJmp]     if i == 4:
+tvmutils.nim(29, 7) [opcLdConst]       vmTrace(false)
+tvmutils.nim(29, 15) [opcLdImmInt]       vmTrace(false)
+tvmutils.nim(29, 14) [opcIndCall]       vmTrace(false)
+5
+6
+'''
+"""
+# line 20 (only showing a subset of nimout to avoid making the test rigid)
+import std/vmutils
+proc main() =
+  for i in 0..<7:
+    echo i
+    if i == 2:
+      vmTrace(true)
+    if i == 4:
+      vmTrace(false)
+
+static: main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tvolatile.nim b/tests/stdlib/tvolatile.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c097f9723
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tvolatile.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import std/[volatile, assertions]
+
+var st: int
+var foo: ptr int = addr st
+volatileStore(foo, 12)
+doAssert volatileLoad(foo) == 12
+
+# bug #14623
+proc bar =
+  var st: int
+  var foo: ptr int = addr st
+  volatileStore(foo, 12)
+  doAssert volatileLoad(foo) == 12
+
+bar()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/twchartoutf8.nim b/tests/stdlib/twchartoutf8.nim
index a6602e3e3..e437177ac 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/twchartoutf8.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/twchartoutf8.nim
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   output: '''OK'''
 """
 
+import std/[syncio, assertions]
+
 #assume WideCharToMultiByte always produce correct result
 #windows only
 
 when not defined(windows):
   echo "OK"
 else:
+  import std/widestrs
   {.push gcsafe.}
 
   const CP_UTF8 = 65001'i32
@@ -66,8 +70,7 @@ else:
 
   #RFC-2781 "UTF-16, an encoding of ISO 10646"
 
-  var wc: WideCString
-  unsafeNew(wc, 1024 * 4 + 2)
+  var wc: WideCString = newWideCString(1024 * 2)
 
   #U+0000 to U+D7FF
   #skip the U+0000
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/twith.nim b/tests/stdlib/twith.nim
index 80382f7c4..ceadbe7bf 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/twith.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/twith.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
 import std/with
+import std/[assertions, formatfloat]
 
 type
   Foo = object
@@ -21,3 +26,19 @@ with f:
 doAssert f.col == "(2, 3, 4)"
 doAssert f.pos == "(0.0, 1.0)"
 doAssert f.name == "bar"
+
+type
+  Baz* = object
+    a*, b*: int
+  Bar* = object
+    x*: int
+    baz*: Baz
+
+var bar: Bar
+with bar:
+  x = 1
+  with baz:
+    a = 2
+
+doAssert bar.x == 1
+doAssert bar.baz.a == 2
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/twordwrap.nim b/tests/stdlib/twordwrap.nim
index c90dd9581..5d49477d3 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/twordwrap.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/twordwrap.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
 import std/wordwrap
+import std/assertions
 
 when true:
   let
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/twrapnils.nim b/tests/stdlib/twrapnils.nim
index af0978762..3da230b5e 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/twrapnils.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/twrapnils.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
 import std/wrapnils
+from std/options import get, isSome
+import std/assertions
 
 proc checkNotZero(x: float): float =
   doAssert x != 0
@@ -6,80 +12,213 @@ proc checkNotZero(x: float): float =
 
 proc main() =
   var witness = 0
-  type Bar = object
-    b1: int
-    b2: ptr string
-
-  type Foo = ref object
-    x1: float
-    x2: Foo
-    x3: string
-    x4: Bar
-    x5: seq[int]
-    x6: ptr Bar
-    x7: array[2, string]
-    x8: seq[int]
-    x9: ref Bar
-
-  type Gook = ref object
-    foo: Foo
-
-  proc fun(a: Bar): auto = a.b2
-
-  var a: Foo
-
-  var x6: ptr Bar
-  when nimvm: discard # pending https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/568
-  else:
-    x6 = create(Bar)
-    x6.b1 = 42
-  var a2 = Foo(x1: 1.0, x5: @[10, 11], x6: x6)
-  var a3 = Foo(x1: 1.2, x3: "abc")
-  a3.x2 = a3
-
-  var gook = Gook(foo: a)
-
-  proc initFoo(x1: float): auto =
-    witness.inc
-    result = Foo(x1: x1)
-
-  doAssert ?.a.x2.x2.x1 == 0.0
-  doAssert ?.a3.x2.x2.x1 == 1.2
-  doAssert ?.a3.x2.x2.x3[1] == 'b'
-
-  doAssert ?.a3.x2.x2.x5.len == 0
-  doAssert a3.x2.x2.x3.len == 3
-
-  doAssert ?.a.x2.x2.x3[1] == default(char)
-  # here we only apply wrapnil around gook.foo, not gook (and assume gook is not nil)
-  doAssert ?.(gook.foo).x2.x2.x1 == 0.0
-
-  when nimvm: discard
-  else:
-    doAssert ?.a2.x6[] == Bar(b1: 42) # deref for ptr Bar
-
-  doAssert ?.a2.x1.checkNotZero == 1.0
-  doAssert a == nil
-  # shows that checkNotZero won't be called if a nil is found earlier in chain
-  doAssert ?.a.x1.checkNotZero == 0.0
-
-  when nimvm: discard
-  else:
-    # checks that a chain without nil but with an empty seq still raises
-    doAssertRaises(IndexDefect): discard ?.a2.x8[3]
-
-  # make sure no double evaluation bug
-  doAssert witness == 0
-  doAssert ?.initFoo(1.3).x1 == 1.3
-  doAssert witness == 1
-
-  # here, it's used twice, to deref `ref Bar` and then `ptr string`
-  doAssert ?.a.x9[].fun[] == ""
-
-  block: # `??.`
-    doAssert (??.a3.x2.x2.x3.len).get == 3
-    doAssert (??.a2.x4).isSome
-    doAssert not (??.a.x4).isSome
+  block:
+    type Bar = object
+      b1: int
+      b2: ptr string
+
+    type Foo = ref object
+      x1: float
+      x2: Foo
+      x3: string
+      x4: Bar
+      x5: seq[int]
+      x6: ptr Bar
+      x7: array[2, string]
+      x8: seq[int]
+      x9: ref Bar
+
+    type Goo = ref object
+      foo: Foo
+
+    proc fun(a: Bar): auto = a.b2
+
+    var a: Foo
+
+    var x6: ptr Bar
+    when nimvm: discard # pending https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/568
+    else:
+      x6 = create(Bar)
+      x6.b1 = 42
+    var a2 = Foo(x1: 1.0, x5: @[10, 11], x6: x6)
+    var a3 = Foo(x1: 1.2, x3: "abc")
+    a3.x2 = a3
+
+    var goo = Goo(foo: a)
+
+    proc initFoo(x1: float): auto =
+      witness.inc
+      result = Foo(x1: x1)
+
+    doAssert ?.a.x2.x2.x1 == 0.0
+    doAssert ?.a3.x2.x2.x1 == 1.2
+    doAssert ?.a3.x2.x2.x3[1] == 'b'
+
+    doAssert ?.a3.x2.x2.x5.len == 0
+    doAssert a3.x2.x2.x3.len == 3
+
+    doAssert ?.a.x2.x2.x3[1] == default(char)
+    # here we only apply wrapnil around goo.foo, not goo (and assume goo is not nil)
+    doAssert ?.(goo.foo).x2.x2.x1 == 0.0
+
+    when nimvm: discard
+    else:
+      doAssert ?.a2.x6[] == Bar(b1: 42) # deref for ptr Bar
+
+    doAssert ?.a2.x1.checkNotZero == 1.0
+    doAssert a == nil
+    # shows that checkNotZero won't be called if a nil is found earlier in chain
+    doAssert ?.a.x1.checkNotZero == 0.0
+
+    when nimvm: discard
+    else:
+      # checks that a chain without nil but with an empty seq still raises
+      doAssertRaises(IndexDefect): discard ?.a2.x8[3]
+
+    # make sure no double evaluation bug
+    doAssert witness == 0
+    doAssert ?.initFoo(1.3).x1 == 1.3
+    doAssert witness == 1
+
+    # here, it's used twice, to deref `ref Bar` and then `ptr string`
+    doAssert ?.a.x9[].fun[] == ""
+
+    block: # `??.`
+      doAssert (??.a3.x2.x2.x3.len).get == 3
+      doAssert (??.a2.x4).isSome
+      doAssert not (??.a.x4).isSome
+
+  block:
+    type
+      A = object
+        b: B
+      B = object
+        c: C
+      C = object
+        d: D
+      D = ref object
+        e: E
+        e2: array[2, E]
+        e3: seq[E]
+        d3: D
+        i4: int
+      E = object
+        f: int
+        d2: D
+    proc identity[T](a: T): T = a
+    proc identity2[T](a: T, ignore: int): T = a
+    var a: A
+    doAssert ?.a.b.c.d.e.f == 0
+    doAssert ?.a.b.c.d.e.d2.d3[].d3.e.d2.e.f == 0
+    doAssert ?.a.b.c.d.d3[].e.f == 0
+    doAssert ?.a.b.c.d.e2[0].d2.e3[0].f == 0
+    doAssert ?.a == A.default
+    doAssert ?.a.b.c.d.e == E.default
+    doAssert ?.a.b.c.d.e.d2 == nil
+
+    doAssert ?.a.identity.b.c.identity2(12).d.d3.e.f == 0
+    doAssert ?.a.b.c.d.d3.e2[0].f == 0
+    a.b.c.d = D()
+    a.b.c.d.d3 = a.b.c.d
+    a.b.c.d.e2[0].f = 5
+    doAssert ?.a.b.c.d.d3.e2[0].f == 5
+
+    var d: D = nil
+    doAssert ?.d.identity.i4 == 0
+    doAssert ?.d.i4.identity == 0
+
+  block: # case objects
+    type
+      Kind = enum k0, k1, k2
+      V = object
+        case kind: Kind
+        of k0:
+          x0: int
+        of k1:
+          x1: int
+        of k2:
+          x2: int
+      A = object
+        v0: V
+
+    block:
+      var a = V(kind: k0, x0: 3)
+      doAssert ?.a.x0 == 3
+      doAssert ?.a.x1 == 0
+      a = V(kind: k1, x1: 5)
+      doAssert ?.a.x0 == 0
+      doAssert ?.a.x1 == 5
+
+    block:
+      var a = A(v0: V(kind: k0, x0: 10))
+      doAssert ?.a.v0.x0 == 10
+      doAssert ?.a.v0.x1 == 0
+      a.v0 = V(kind: k2, x2: 8)
+      doAssert ?.a.v0.x0 == 0
+      doAssert ?.a.v0.x1 == 0
+      doAssert ?.a.v0.x2 == 8
+
+  block: # `nnkCall`
+    type
+      A = object
+        a0: int
+        d: D
+      D = ref object
+        i4: int
+
+    proc identity[T](a: T): T = a
+    var d: D = nil
+    doAssert ?.d.i4.identity == 0
+    doAssert ?.identity(?.d.i4) == 0
+    doAssert ?.identity(d.i4) == 0
+    doAssert ?.identity(d) == nil
+    doAssert ?.identity(d[]) == default(typeof(d[]))
+    doAssert ?.identity(d[]).i4 == 0
+    var a: A
+    doAssert ?.identity(a) == default(A)
+    doAssert ?.identity(a.a0) == 0
+    doAssert ?.identity(a.d) == nil
+    doAssert ?.identity(a.d.i4) == 0
+
+  block: # lvalue semantic propagation
+    type
+      A = ref object
+        a0: A
+        a1: seq[A]
+        a2: int
+
+      B = object
+        b0: int
+        case cond: bool
+        of false: discard
+        of true:
+          b1: float
+
+    block:
+      var a: A
+      doAssert ?.a.a0.a1[0].a2.addr == nil
+      a = A(a2: 3)
+      doAssert ?.a.a0.a1[0].a2.addr == nil
+      a.a0 = a
+      a.a1 = @[a]
+      let p = ?.a.a0.a1[0].a2.addr
+      doAssert p != nil
+      p[] = 5
+      doAssert a.a2 == 5
+
+    block:
+      var b = B(cond: false, b0: 3)
+      let p = ?.b.b1.addr
+      doAssert p == nil
+      b = B(cond: true, b1: 4.5)
+      let p2 = ?.b.b1.addr
+      doAssert p2 != nil
+      p2[] = 4.6
+      doAssert b.b1 == 4.6
+      # useful pattern, impossible with Options
+      if (let p3 = ?.b.b1.addr; p3 != nil):
+        p3[] = 4.7
+      doAssert b.b1 == 4.7
 
 main()
 static: main()
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/twrongstattype.nim b/tests/stdlib/twrongstattype.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a1fc30c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/twrongstattype.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# issue #24076
+
+when defined(macosx) or defined(freebsd) or defined(openbsd) or defined(netbsd):
+  import std/posix
+  proc uid(x: uint32): Uid = Uid(x)
+  var y: uint32
+  let myUid = geteuid()
+  discard myUid == uid(y)
+  proc dev(x: uint32): Dev = Dev(x)
+  let myDev = 1.Dev
+  discard myDev == dev(y)
+  proc nlink(x: uint32): Nlink = Nlink(x)
+  let myNlink = 1.Nlink
+  discard myNlink == nlink(y)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/txmltree.nim b/tests/stdlib/txmltree.nim
index d2f713269..add12a3fc 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/txmltree.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/txmltree.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-import xmltree
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+"""
+
+import std/[xmltree, assertions, xmlparser]
 
 
 block:
@@ -83,3 +87,34 @@ block:
   x.add newElement("sonTag")
   x.add newEntity("my entity")
   doAssert $x == "<myTag>my text<sonTag />&my entity;</myTag>"
+
+block: # bug #21290
+  let x = newXmlTree("foo",[
+    newXmlTree("bar",[
+      newText("Hola"),
+      newXmlTree("qux",[
+        newXmlTree("plugh",[])
+      ])
+    ])
+  ])
+
+  let s = $x
+  doAssert $parseXml(s) == s
+  doAssert s == """<foo>
+  <bar>Hola<qux>    <plugh />  </qux></bar>
+</foo>"""
+
+block: #21541
+  let root = <>root()
+  root.add <>child(newText("hello"))
+  root.add <>more(newVerbatimText("hola"))
+  let s = $root
+  doAssert s == """<root>
+  <child>hello</child>
+  <more>hola</more>
+</root>"""
+
+  let temp = newVerbatimText("Hello!")
+  doAssert temp.text == "Hello!"
+  temp.text = "Hola!"
+  doAssert temp.text == "Hola!"
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tyield.nim b/tests/stdlib/tyield.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f385ddd05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/tyield.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+"""
+
+import std/[sugar, algorithm]
+import std/assertions
+
+block:
+  var x = @[(6.0, 6, '6'),
+            (5.0, 5, '5'),
+            (4.0, 4, '4'),
+            (3.0, 3, '3'),
+            (2.0, 2, '2'),
+            (1.0, 1, '1')]
+
+  let y = x.reversed
+
+  block:
+    let res = collect:
+      for (f, i, c) in x:
+        (f, i, c)
+
+    doAssert res == x
+
+  iterator popAscending[T](q: var seq[T]): T =
+    while q.len > 0: yield q.pop
+
+  block:
+    var res = collect:
+      for f, i, c in popAscending(x):
+        (f, i, c)
+
+    doAssert res == y
+
+    let z = reversed(res)
+    let res2 = collect:
+      for (f, i, c) in popAscending(res):
+        (f, i, c)
+
+    doAssert res2 == z
+
+
+block:
+  var visits = 0
+  block:
+    proc bar(): (int, int) =
+      inc visits
+      (visits, visits)
+
+    iterator foo(): (int, int) =
+      yield bar()
+
+    for a, b in foo():
+      doAssert a == b
+
+    doAssert visits == 1
+
+  block:
+    proc iterAux(a: seq[int], i: var int): (int, string) =
+      result = (a[i], $a[i])
+      inc i
+
+    iterator pairs(a: seq[int]): (int, string) =
+      var i = 0
+      while i < a.len:
+        yield iterAux(a, i)
+
+    var x = newSeq[int](10)
+    for i in 0 ..< x.len:
+      x[i] = i
+
+    let res = collect:
+      for k, v in x:
+        (k, v)
+
+    let expected = collect:
+      for i in 0 ..< x.len:
+        (i, $i)
+
+    doAssert res == expected
+
+  block:
+    proc bar(): (int, int, int) =
+      inc visits
+      (visits, visits, visits)
+
+    iterator foo(): (int, int, int) =
+      yield bar()
+
+    for a, b, c in foo():
+      doAssert a == b
+
+    doAssert visits == 2
+
+
+  block:
+
+    proc bar(): int =
+      inc visits
+      visits
+
+    proc car(): int =
+      inc visits
+      visits
+
+    iterator foo(): (int, int) =
+      yield (bar(), car())
+      yield (bar(), car())
+
+    for a, b in foo():
+      doAssert b == a + 1
+
+    doAssert visits == 6
+
+
+  block:
+    proc bar(): (int, int) =
+      inc visits
+      (visits, visits)
+
+    proc t2(): int = 99
+
+    iterator foo(): (int, int) =
+      yield (12, t2())
+      yield bar()
+
+    let res = collect:
+      for (a, b) in foo():
+        (a, b)
+
+    doAssert res == @[(12, 99), (7, 7)]
+    doAssert visits == 7
+
+  block:
+    proc bar(): (int, int) =
+      inc visits
+      (visits, visits)
+
+    proc t2(): int = 99
+
+    iterator foo(): (int, int) =
+      yield ((12, t2()))
+      yield (bar())
+
+    let res = collect:
+      for (a, b) in foo():
+        (a, b)
+
+    doAssert res == @[(12, 99), (8, 8)]
+    doAssert visits == 8
+
+  block:
+    proc bar(): (int, int) =
+      inc visits
+      (visits, visits)
+
+    proc t1(): int = 99
+    proc t2(): int = 99
+
+    iterator foo(): (int, int) =
+      yield (t1(), t2())
+      yield bar()
+
+    let res = collect:
+      for a, b in foo():
+        (a, b)
+
+    doAssert res == @[(99, 99), (9, 9)]
+    doAssert visits == 9
+
+
+  block:
+    proc bar(): ((int, int), string) =
+      inc visits
+      ((visits, visits), $visits)
+
+    proc t2(): int = 99
+
+    iterator foo(): ((int, int), string) =
+      yield ((1, 2), $t2())
+      yield bar()
+
+    let res = collect:
+      for a, b in foo():
+        (a, b)
+
+    doAssert res == @[((1, 2), "99"), ((10, 10), "10")]
+    doAssert visits == 10
+
+
+  block:
+    proc bar(): (int, int) =
+      inc visits
+      (visits, visits)
+
+    iterator foo(): (int, int) =
+      yield (for i in 0 ..< 10: discard bar(); bar())
+      yield (bar())
+
+    let res = collect:
+      for (a, b) in foo():
+        (a, b)
+
+    doAssert res == @[(21, 21), (22, 22)]
+
+  block:
+    proc bar(): (int, int) =
+      inc visits
+      (visits, visits)
+
+    proc t2(): int = 99
+
+    iterator foo(): (int, int) =
+      yield if true: bar() else: (t2(), t2())
+      yield (bar())
+
+    let res = collect:
+      for a, b in foo():
+        (a, b)
+
+    doAssert res == @[(23, 23), (24, 24)]
+
+
+block:
+  iterator foo(): (int, int, int) =
+    var time = 777
+    yield (1, time, 3)
+
+  let res = collect:
+    for a, b, c in foo():
+      (a, b, c)
+
+  doAssert res == @[(1, 777, 3)]
+
+block:
+  iterator foo(): (int, int, int) =
+    var time = 777
+    yield (1, time, 3)
+
+  let res = collect:
+    for t in foo():
+      (t[0], t[1], t[2])
+
+  doAssert res == @[(1, 777, 3)]
+
+
+block:
+  proc bar(): (int, int, int) =
+    (1, 2, 3)
+  iterator foo(): (int, int, int) =
+    yield bar()
+
+  let res = collect:
+    for a, b, c in foo():
+      (a, b, c)
+
+  doAssert res == @[(1, 2, 3)]
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/unixsockettest.nim b/tests/stdlib/unixsockettest.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f95d0808
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stdlib/unixsockettest.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import std/[assertions, net, os]
+
+let unixSocketPath = getCurrentDir() / "usox"
+
+removeFile(unixSocketPath)
+
+let socket = newSocket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_NONE)
+socket.bindUnix(unixSocketPath)
+socket.listen()
+
+var
+  clientSocket: Socket
+  data: string
+
+socket.accept(clientSocket)
+clientSocket.readLine(data)
+doAssert data == "data sent through the socket"
+clientSocket.send("Hello from server\c\l")
+
+clientSocket.readLine(data)
+doAssert data == "bye"
+clientSocket.send("bye\c\l")
+
+clientSocket.close()
+socket.close()
+removeFile(unixSocketPath)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/uselocks.nim b/tests/stdlib/uselocks.nim
index cde9641b2..f87623b5e 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/uselocks.nim
+++ b/tests/stdlib/uselocks.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import locks
+import std/assertions
 
 type MyType* [T] = object
   lock: Lock
@@ -9,3 +10,7 @@ proc createMyType*[T]: MyType[T] =
 proc use* (m: var MyType): int =
   withLock m.lock:
     result = 3
+
+block:
+  var l: Lock
+  doAssert $l == "()"
diff --git a/tests/stmt/tforloop_tuple_multiple_underscore.nim b/tests/stmt/tforloop_tuple_multiple_underscore.nim
index 2afdb0b77..96804df18 100644
--- a/tests/stmt/tforloop_tuple_multiple_underscore.nim
+++ b/tests/stmt/tforloop_tuple_multiple_underscore.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "undeclared identifier: '_'"
+  errormsg: "the special identifier '_' is ignored in declarations and cannot be used"
 """
 
 iterator iter(): (int, int, int) =
@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ iterator iter(): (int, int, int) =
 
 
 for (_, i, _) in iter():
-  echo _
\ No newline at end of file
+  echo _
diff --git a/tests/stmt/tforloop_tuple_underscore.nim b/tests/stmt/tforloop_tuple_underscore.nim
index 8cbb0fc10..eda42d527 100644
--- a/tests/stmt/tforloop_tuple_underscore.nim
+++ b/tests/stmt/tforloop_tuple_underscore.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "undeclared identifier: '_'"
+  errormsg: "the special identifier '_' is ignored in declarations and cannot be used"
 """
 
 iterator iter(): (int, int) =
diff --git a/tests/stmt/tforloop_underscore.nim b/tests/stmt/tforloop_underscore.nim
index c5b49da77..ce1c86386 100644
--- a/tests/stmt/tforloop_underscore.nim
+++ b/tests/stmt/tforloop_underscore.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "undeclared identifier: '_'"
+  errormsg: "the special identifier '_' is ignored in declarations and cannot be used"
 """
 
 for _ in ["a"]:
diff --git a/tests/stmt/tgenericsunderscore.nim b/tests/stmt/tgenericsunderscore.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be2b8ec78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stmt/tgenericsunderscore.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# issue #21435
+
+proc foo[_](x: typedesc[_]): string = "BAR" #[tt.Error
+                        ^ the special identifier '_' is ignored in declarations and cannot be used]#
diff --git a/tests/stmt/tmiscunderscore.nim b/tests/stmt/tmiscunderscore.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4bae1c3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stmt/tmiscunderscore.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import std/assertions
+
+block:
+  proc _() = echo "one"
+  doAssert not compiles(_())
+  proc _() = echo "two"
+  doAssert not compiles(_())
+
+block:
+  type _ = int
+  doAssert not (compiles do:
+    let x: _ = 3)
+  type _ = float
+  doAssert not (compiles do:
+    let x: _ = 3)
diff --git a/tests/strictnotnil/tnilcheck.nim b/tests/strictnotnil/tnilcheck.nim
index 5b9292522..b8057de74 100644
--- a/tests/strictnotnil/tnilcheck.nim
+++ b/tests/strictnotnil/tnilcheck.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-cmd: "nim check $file"
-action: "reject"
+action: compile
 """
 
 import tables
@@ -194,7 +193,7 @@ proc testAliasChanging(a: Nilable) =
 # # proc testPtrAlias(a: Nilable) =
 # #   # pointer to a: hm.
 # #   # alias to a?
-# #   var ptrA = a.unsafeAddr # {0, 1} 
+# #   var ptrA = a.addr # {0, 1} 
 # #   if not a.isNil: # {0, 1}
 # #     ptrA[] = nil # {0, 1} 0: MaybeNil 1: MaybeNil
 # #     echo a.a #[ tt.Warning
diff --git a/tests/stylecheck/fileinfo.nim b/tests/stylecheck/fileinfo.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6faf0c73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stylecheck/fileinfo.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# fileinfo.nim
+type FileInfo* = object
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/stylecheck/foreign_package/foreign_package.nim b/tests/stylecheck/foreign_package/foreign_package.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f95be006c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stylecheck/foreign_package/foreign_package.nim
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+include ../thint
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/stylecheck/foreign_package/foreign_package.nimble b/tests/stylecheck/foreign_package/foreign_package.nimble
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2c49e389
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stylecheck/foreign_package/foreign_package.nimble
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# See `tstyleCheck`
+# Needed to mark `mstyleCheck` as a foreign package.
diff --git a/tests/stylecheck/t20397.nim b/tests/stylecheck/t20397.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..486a97d73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stylecheck/t20397.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{.hintAsError[Name]:on.}
+var a_b = 1
+discard a_b
+{.hintAsError[Name]:off.}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/stylecheck/t20397_1.nim b/tests/stylecheck/t20397_1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76c03dca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stylecheck/t20397_1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--styleCheck:off --hint:Name:on"
+"""
+
+{.hintAsError[Name]:on.}
+var a_b = 1
+discard a_b
+{.hintAsError[Name]:off.}
diff --git a/tests/stylecheck/t20397_2.nim b/tests/stylecheck/t20397_2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b8e1c4d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stylecheck/t20397_2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "'a_b' should be: 'aB'"
+  matrix: "--styleCheck:error"
+"""
+
+var a_b = 1
+discard a_b
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/stylecheck/taccept.nim b/tests/stylecheck/taccept.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43a9ab71f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stylecheck/taccept.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--styleCheck:error --styleCheck:usages"
+"""
+
+import std/[asyncdispatch, nre]
+
+type
+  Name = object
+    id: int
+
+template hello =
+  var iD = "string"
+  var name: Name
+  doAssert name.id == 0
+  doAssert iD == "string"
+
+hello()
+
+# bug #12955
+import os
+import fileinfo
+var xs: seq[fileinfo.FileInfo]
diff --git a/tests/stylecheck/tforeign_package.nim b/tests/stylecheck/tforeign_package.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8594ad802
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stylecheck/tforeign_package.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--errorMax:0 --styleCheck:error"
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+import foreign_package/foreign_package
+
+# This call tests that:
+#   - an instantiation of a generic in a foreign package doesn't raise errors
+#     when the generic body contains:
+#     - definition and usage violations
+#     - builtin pragma usage violations
+#     - user pragma usage violations
+#   - definition violations in foreign packages are ignored
+#   - usage violations in foreign packages are ignored
+genericProc[int]()
diff --git a/tests/stylecheck/thint.nim b/tests/stylecheck/thint.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c19aac1b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stylecheck/thint.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--styleCheck:hint"
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+# Test violating ident definition:
+{.pragma: user_pragma.} #[tt.Hint
+        ^ 'user_pragma' should be: 'userPragma' [Name] ]#
+
+# Test violating ident usage style matches definition style:
+{.userPragma.} #[tt.Hint
+  ^ 'userPragma' should be: 'user_pragma' [template declared in thint.nim(7, 9)] [Name] ]#
+
+# Test violating builtin pragma usage style:
+{.no_side_effect.}: #[tt.Hint
+  ^ 'no_side_effect' should be: 'noSideEffect' [Name] ]#
+  discard 0
+
+# Test:
+#  - definition style violation
+#  - user pragma usage style violation
+#  - builtin pragma usage style violation
+proc generic_proc*[T] {.no_destroy, userPragma.} = #[tt.Hint
+     ^ 'generic_proc' should be: 'genericProc' [Name]; tt.Hint
+                        ^ 'no_destroy' should be: 'nodestroy' [Name]; tt.Hint
+                                    ^ 'userPragma' should be: 'user_pragma' [template declared in thint.nim(7, 9)] [Name] ]#
+  # Test definition style violation:
+  let snake_case = 0 #[tt.Hint
+      ^ 'snake_case' should be: 'snakeCase' [Name] ]#
+  # Test user pragma definition style violation:
+  {.pragma: another_user_pragma.} #[tt.Hint
+          ^ 'another_user_pragma' should be: 'anotherUserPragma' [Name] ]#
+  # Test user pragma usage style violation:
+  {.anotherUserPragma.} #[tt.Hint
+    ^ 'anotherUserPragma' should be: 'another_user_pragma' [template declared in thint.nim(31, 11)] [Name] ]#
+  # Test violating builtin pragma usage style:
+  {.no_side_effect.}: #[tt.Hint
+    ^ 'no_side_effect' should be: 'noSideEffect' [Name] ]#
+    # Test usage style violation:
+    discard snakeCase #[tt.Hint
+            ^ 'snakeCase' should be: 'snake_case' [let declared in thint.nim(28, 7)] [Name] ]#
+
+generic_proc[int]()
diff --git a/tests/stylecheck/treject.nim b/tests/stylecheck/treject.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..458a2d039
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stylecheck/treject.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+discard """
+  action: reject
+  nimout: '''treject.nim(14, 13) Error: 'iD' should be: 'id' [field declared in treject.nim(9, 5)]'''
+  matrix: "--styleCheck:error --styleCheck:usages  --hint:Name:on"
+"""
+
+type
+  Name = object
+    id: int
+
+template hello =
+  var iD = "string"
+  var name: Name
+  echo name.iD
+  echo iD
+
+hello()
diff --git a/tests/stylecheck/tusages.nim b/tests/stylecheck/tusages.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b689dabb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/stylecheck/tusages.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+discard """
+  action: reject
+  nimout: '''tusages.nim(20, 5) Error: 'BAD_STYLE' should be: 'BADSTYLE' [proc declared in tusages.nim(9, 6)]'''
+  matrix: "--styleCheck:error --styleCheck:usages --hint:all:off --hint:Name:on"
+"""
+
+import strutils
+
+proc BADSTYLE(c: char) = discard
+
+proc toSnakeCase(s: string): string =
+  result = newStringOfCap(s.len + 3)
+  for i in 0..<s.len:
+    if s[i] in {'A'..'Z'}:
+      if i > 0 and s[i-1] in {'a'..'z'}:
+        result.add '_'
+      result.add toLowerAscii(s[i])
+    else:
+      result.add s[i]
+    BAD_STYLE(s[i])
+
+echo toSnakeCase("fooBarBaz Yes")
diff --git a/tests/magics/t10307.nim b/tests/system/t10307.nim
index b5bbfdfa8..b5a93c5c6 100644
--- a/tests/magics/t10307.nim
+++ b/tests/system/t10307.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  cmd: "nim c -d:useGcAssert $file"
+  cmd: "nim c --mm:refc -d:useGcAssert $file"
   output: '''running someProc(true)
 res: yes
 yes
diff --git a/tests/system/t20938.nim b/tests/system/t20938.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7341cbb91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/t20938.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim c --mm:refc $file"
+  action: "compile"
+"""
+
+template foo(x: typed) =
+  discard x
+
+foo:
+  var x = "hello"
+  x.shallowCopy("test")
+  true
diff --git a/tests/system/talloc.nim b/tests/system/talloc.nim
index 9b970fda0..a81fef481 100644
--- a/tests/system/talloc.nim
+++ b/tests/system/talloc.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
-discard """
-disabled: "appveyor"
-"""
-
-# appveyor is "out of memory"
+# was: appveyor is "out of memory"
 
 var x: ptr int
 
diff --git a/tests/system/talloc2.nim b/tests/system/talloc2.nim
index c498a3f4b..9d1687f34 100644
--- a/tests/system/talloc2.nim
+++ b/tests/system/talloc2.nim
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ joinable: false
 disabled: 32bit
 """
 # no point to test this on system with smaller address space
-# appveyor is "out of memory"
+# was: appveyor is "out of memory"
 
 const
   nmax = 2*1024*1024*1024
diff --git a/tests/system/tcomparisons.nim b/tests/system/tcomparisons.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a661b14a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/tcomparisons.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+"""
+
+template main =
+  block: # proc equality
+    var prc: proc(): int {.closure.}
+    prc = nil
+    doAssert prc == nil
+    doAssert prc.isNil
+    prc = proc(): int =
+      result = 123
+    doAssert prc != nil
+    doAssert not prc.isNil
+    doAssert prc == prc
+    let prc2 = prc
+    doAssert prc == prc2
+    doAssert prc2 != nil
+    doAssert not prc2.isNil
+    doAssert not prc.isNil
+    prc = proc(): int =
+      result = 456
+    doAssert prc != nil
+    doAssert not prc.isNil
+    doAssert prc != prc2
+  block: # iterator equality
+    when nimvm: discard # vm does not support closure iterators
+    else:
+      when not defined(js): # js also does not support closure iterators
+        var iter: iterator(): int {.closure.}
+        iter = nil
+        doAssert iter == nil
+        doAssert iter.isNil
+        iter = iterator(): int =
+          yield 123
+        doAssert iter != nil
+        doAssert not iter.isNil
+        doAssert iter == iter
+        let iter2 = iter
+        doAssert iter == iter2
+        doAssert iter2 != nil
+        doAssert not iter2.isNil
+        doAssert not iter.isNil
+        iter = iterator(): int =
+          yield 456
+        doAssert iter != nil
+        doAssert not iter.isNil
+        doAssert iter != iter2
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/concat/tconcat.nim b/tests/system/tconcat.nim
index fdce3ea00..fdce3ea00 100644
--- a/tests/concat/tconcat.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tconcat.nim
diff --git a/tests/system/tdeepcopy.nim b/tests/system/tdeepcopy.nim
index 383d2e8d1..92ba48115 100644
--- a/tests/system/tdeepcopy.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tdeepcopy.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc --deepcopy:on"
   output: "ok"
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/system/tdollars.nim b/tests/system/tdollars.nim
index 34801d9ee..eabee81b3 100644
--- a/tests/system/tdollars.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tdollars.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  targets: "c cpp js"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc; --backend:cpp; --backend:js --jsbigint64:off -d:nimStringHash2; --backend:js --jsbigint64:on"
 """
 
 #[
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ duplication (which always results in weaker test coverage in practice).
 ]#
 
 import std/unittest
+import std/private/jsutils
 template test[T](a: T, expected: string) =
   check $a == expected
   var b = a
@@ -44,8 +45,7 @@ block: # `$`(SomeInteger)
 
   check $int8.low == "-128"
   check $int8(-128) == "-128"
-  when not defined js: # pending https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/14127
-    check $cast[int8](-128) == "-128"
+  check $cast[int8](-128) == "-128"
 
   var a = 12345'u16
   check $a == "12345"
@@ -66,7 +66,8 @@ block: # `$`(SomeInteger)
   testType int
   testType bool
 
-  when not defined(js): # requires BigInt support
+  whenJsNoBigInt64: discard
+  do:
     testType uint64
     testType int64
     testType BiggestInt
@@ -102,40 +103,41 @@ block: # #14350, #16674, #16686 for JS
     doAssert nil2 == cstring("")
 
 block:
-  block:
-    let x = -1'i8
-    let y = uint32(x)
-
-    doAssert $y == "4294967295"
-
-  block:
-    let x = -1'i16
-    let y = uint32(x)
-
-    doAssert $y == "4294967295"
-
-  block:
-    let x = -1'i32
-    let y = uint32(x)
-
-    doAssert $y == "4294967295"
+  when defined(js): # bug #18591
+    let a1 = -1'i8
+    let a2 = uint8(a1)
+    # if `uint8(a1)` changes meaning to `cast[uint8](a1)` in future, update this test;
+    # until then, this is the correct semantics.
+    let a3 = $a2
+    doAssert a2 == 255'u8
+    doAssert a3 == "255"
+    proc intToStr(a: uint8): cstring {.importjs: "(# + \"\")".}
+    doAssert $intToStr(a2) == "255"
+  else:
+    block:
+      let x = -1'i8
+      let y = uint32(x)
+      doAssert $y == "4294967295"
+    block:
+      let x = -1'i16
+      let y = uint32(x)
+      doAssert $y == "4294967295"
+    block:
+      let x = -1'i32
+      let y = uint32(x)
+      doAssert $y == "4294967295"
+    block:
+      proc foo1(arg: int): string =
+        let x = uint32(arg)
+        $x
+      doAssert $foo1(-1) == "4294967295"
 
   block:
     let x = 4294967295'u32
     doAssert $x == "4294967295"
-
   block:
     doAssert $(4294967295'u32) == "4294967295"
 
-
-  block:
-    proc foo1(arg: int): string =
-      let x = uint32(arg)
-      $x
-
-    doAssert $foo1(-1) == "4294967295"
-
-
 proc main()=
   block:
     let a = -0.0
@@ -159,6 +161,39 @@ proc main()=
 
   doAssert $uint32.high == "4294967295"
 
+  block: # addInt
+    var res = newStringOfCap(24)
+    template test2(a, b) =
+      res.setLen(0)
+      res.addInt a
+      doAssert res == b
+
+    for i in 0 .. 9:
+      res.addInt int64(i)
+    doAssert res == "0123456789"
+
+    res.setLen(0)
+    for i in -9 .. 0:
+      res.addInt int64(i)
+    doAssert res == "-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-10"
+
+    whenJsNoBigInt64: discard
+    do:
+      test2 high(int64), "9223372036854775807"
+      test2 low(int64), "-9223372036854775808"
+    test2 high(int32), "2147483647"
+    test2 low(int32), "-2147483648"
+    test2 high(int16), "32767"
+    test2 low(int16), "-32768"
+    test2 high(int8), "127"
+    test2 low(int8), "-128"
+
+  block:
+    const
+      a: array[3, char] = ['N', 'i', 'm']
+      aStr = $(a)
+
+    doAssert aStr == """['N', 'i', 'm']"""
 
 static: main()
 main()
diff --git a/tests/misc/temptyecho.nim b/tests/system/temptyecho.nim
index a3c407897..a3c407897 100644
--- a/tests/misc/temptyecho.nim
+++ b/tests/system/temptyecho.nim
diff --git a/tests/system/tensuremove.nim b/tests/system/tensuremove.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..668d5aed1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/tensuremove.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c js"
+  matrix: "--cursorinference:on; --cursorinference:off"
+"""
+
+block:
+  type
+    X = object
+      s: string
+
+  proc `=copy`(x: var X, y: X) =
+    x.s = "copied " & y.s
+
+  proc `=sink`(x: var X, y: X) =
+    `=destroy`(x)
+    wasMoved(x)
+    x.s = "moved " & y.s
+
+  proc consume(x: sink X) =
+    discard x.s
+
+  proc main =
+    let m = "abcdefg"
+    var x = X(s: ensureMove m)
+    consume(ensureMove x)
+
+  static: main()
+  main()
+
+block:
+  type
+    String = object
+      id: string
+
+  proc hello =
+    var s = String(id: "1")
+    var m = ensureMove s
+    doAssert m.id == "1"
+
+  hello()
+
+block:
+  type
+    String = object
+      id: string
+
+  proc hello =
+    var n = "1"
+    var s = String(id: ensureMove n)
+    var m = ensureMove s
+    doAssert m.id == "1"
+
+  hello()
+
+block:
+  type
+    String = object
+      id: string
+
+  proc hello =
+    var n = "1"
+    var s = [ensureMove n]
+    var m = ensureMove s
+    doAssert m[0] == "1"
+
+  hello()
+
+block:
+  type
+    String = object
+      id: string
+
+  proc hello =
+    var n = "1"
+    var s = @[ensureMove n]
+    var m = ensureMove s
+    doAssert m[0] == "1"
+
+  hello()
+
+block:
+  type
+    String = object
+      id: string
+
+  proc hello =
+    var s = String(id: "1")
+    var m = ensureMove s.id
+    doAssert m == "1"
+
+  hello()
+
+block:
+  proc foo =
+    var x = 1
+    let y = ensureMove x # move
+    when not defined(js):
+      doAssert (y, x) == (1, 0) # (1, 0)
+  foo()
+
+block:
+  proc foo =
+    var x = 1
+    let y = ensureMove x # move
+    doAssert y == 1
+  foo()
+
+block:
+  proc foo =
+    var x = @[1, 2, 3]
+    let y = ensureMove x[0] # move
+    doAssert y == 1
+    when not defined(js):
+      doAssert x == @[0, 2, 3]
+  foo()
+
+block:
+  proc foo =
+    var x = [1, 2, 3]
+    let y = ensureMove x[0] # move
+    doAssert y == 1
+    when not defined(js):
+      doAssert x == @[0, 2, 3]
+  foo()
+
+block:
+  proc foo =
+    var x = @["1", "2", "3"]
+    let y = ensureMove x[0] # move
+    doAssert y == "1"
+  foo()
diff --git a/tests/system/tensuremove1.nim b/tests/system/tensuremove1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7e19c4fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/tensuremove1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "cannot move 's', which introduces an implicit copy"
+  matrix: "--cursorinference:on; --cursorinference:off"
+"""
+
+type
+  String = object
+    id: string
+
+proc hello =
+  var s = String(id: "1")
+  var m = ensureMove s
+  discard m
+  discard s
+
+hello()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/system/tensuremove2.nim b/tests/system/tensuremove2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39bbeb22e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/tensuremove2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "Nested expressions cannot be moved: 'if true: s else: String()'"
+"""
+
+type
+  String = object
+    id: string
+
+proc hello =
+  var s = String(id: "1")
+  var m = ensureMove(if true: s else: String())
+  discard m
+  discard s
+
+hello()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/system/tensuremove3.nim b/tests/system/tensuremove3.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eca032673
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/tensuremove3.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "cannot move 'x', passing 'x' to a sink parameter introduces an implicit copy"
+  matrix: "--cursorinference:on; --cursorinference:off"
+"""
+
+block:
+  type
+    X = object
+      s: string
+
+  proc `=copy`(x: var X, y: X) =
+    x.s = "copied " & y.s
+
+  proc `=sink`(x: var X, y: X) =
+    `=destroy`(x)
+    wasMoved(x)
+    x.s = "moved " & y.s
+
+  proc consume(x: sink X) =
+    discard x.s
+
+  proc main =
+    var s = "abcdefg"
+    var x = X(s: ensureMove s)
+    consume(ensureMove x)
+    discard x
+
+  main()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/fields/tfielditerator.nim b/tests/system/tfielditerator.nim
index d1fbf02f9..7e063c6cf 100644
--- a/tests/fields/tfielditerator.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tfielditerator.nim
@@ -109,4 +109,18 @@ block titerator2:
     echo key, ": ", val
 
   for val in fields(co):
-    echo val
\ No newline at end of file
+    echo val
+
+block:
+  type
+    Enum = enum A, B
+    Object = object
+      case a: Enum
+      of A:
+        integer: int
+      of B:
+        time: string
+
+  let x = A
+  let s = Object(a: x)
+  doAssert s.integer == 0
diff --git a/tests/fields/tfields.nim b/tests/system/tfields.nim
index 0bf3a4e1a..0bf3a4e1a 100644
--- a/tests/fields/tfields.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tfields.nim
diff --git a/tests/system/tgcnone.nim b/tests/system/tgcnone.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ccb9e29c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/tgcnone.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:none -d:useMalloc"
+"""
+# bug #15617
+# bug #22262
+let x = 4
+doAssert x == 4
diff --git a/tests/misc/tgcregions.nim b/tests/system/tgcregions.nim
index e14865be3..e14865be3 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tgcregions.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tgcregions.nim
diff --git a/tests/misc/tinc.nim b/tests/system/timmutableinc.nim
index 91f6223e2..e857800b3 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tinc.nim
+++ b/tests/system/timmutableinc.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   errormsg: "type mismatch: got <int>"
-  file: "tinc.nim"
+  file: "timmutableinc.nim"
   line: 8
 """
 var x = 0
diff --git a/tests/misc/tnot.nim b/tests/system/tinvalidnot.nim
index a3669705b..df0291a8a 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tnot.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tinvalidnot.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
   errormsg: "type mismatch"
-  file: "tnot.nim"
+  file: "tinvalidnot.nim"
   line: 14
 """
 # BUG: following compiles, but should not:
diff --git a/tests/misc/tlocals.nim b/tests/system/tlocals.nim
index a6df68224..e59976102 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tlocals.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tlocals.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
   output: '''(x: "string here", a: 1)
 b is 5
 x is 12'''
diff --git a/tests/misc/tlowhigh.nim b/tests/system/tlowhigh.nim
index 6ae871255..6ae871255 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tlowhigh.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tlowhigh.nim
diff --git a/tests/magics/tmagics.nim b/tests/system/tmagics.nim
index fa138320c..6088c9600 100644
--- a/tests/magics/tmagics.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tmagics.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   output: '''
 true
 true
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ block tlowhigh:
   for i in low(a) .. high(a):
     a[i] = 0
 
-  proc sum(a: openarray[int]): int =
+  proc sum(a: openArray[int]): int =
     result = 0
     for i in low(a)..high(a):
       inc(result, a[i])
@@ -55,3 +56,7 @@ block t9442:
   GC_unref(v2)
   GC_ref(v3)
   GC_unref(v3)
+
+block: # bug #12229
+  proc foo(T: typedesc) = discard
+  foo(ref)
diff --git a/tests/stdlib/tmemory.nim b/tests/system/tmemory.nim
index 25b5d526a..553037011 100644
--- a/tests/stdlib/tmemory.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tmemory.nim
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import std/assertions
 
 block: # cmpMem
   type
@@ -12,4 +13,4 @@ block: # cmpMem
 
   doAssert cmpMem(a.addr, b.addr, sizeof(SomeHash)) > 0
   doAssert cmpMem(b.addr, a.addr, sizeof(SomeHash)) < 0
-  doAssert cmpMem(a.addr, c.unsafeAddr, sizeof(SomeHash)) == 0
+  doAssert cmpMem(a.addr, c.addr, sizeof(SomeHash)) == 0
diff --git a/tests/misc/tnew.nim b/tests/system/tnew.nim
index 2d9a64461..c28c1187f 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tnew.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tnew.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc"
 outputsub: '''
 Simple tree node allocation worked!
 Simple cycle allocation worked!
@@ -24,7 +25,10 @@ proc finalizer(n: PNode) =
   write(stdout, " is now freed\n")
 
 proc newNode(data: int, le, ri: PNode): PNode =
-  new(result, finalizer)
+  when defined(gcDestructors): # using finalizer breaks the test for orc
+    new(result)
+  else:
+    new(result, finalizer)
   result.le = le
   result.ri = ri
   result.data = data
diff --git a/tests/misc/tnewderef.nim b/tests/system/tnewderef.nim
index 3394dbddf..3394dbddf 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tnewderef.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tnewderef.nim
diff --git a/tests/system/tnewstring_uninitialized.nim b/tests/system/tnewstring_uninitialized.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9bc0e1622
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/tnewstring_uninitialized.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc;"
+"""
+
+# bug #22555
+var x = newStringUninit(10)
+doAssert x.len == 10
+for i in 0..<x.len:
+  x[i] = chr(ord('a') + i)
+
+doAssert x == "abcdefghij"
diff --git a/tests/system/tnilconcats.nim b/tests/system/tnilconcats.nim
index c1126405c..69fc3913c 100644
--- a/tests/system/tnilconcats.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tnilconcats.nim
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ when true:
 
   # casting an empty string as sequence with shallow() should not segfault
   var s2: string
-  shallow(s2)
+  when defined(gcRefc):
+    shallow(s2)
   s2 &= "foo"
   doAssert s2 == "foo"
 
diff --git a/tests/system/tostring.nim b/tests/system/tostring.nim
index fa82acc3b..bb6e453fb 100644
--- a/tests/system/tostring.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tostring.nim
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ import strutils
 
 let arr = ['H','e','l','l','o',' ','W','o','r','l','d','!','\0']
 doAssert $arr == "['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' ', 'W', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd', '!', '\\x00']"
-doAssert $cstring(unsafeAddr arr) == "Hello World!"
+doAssert $cast[cstring](addr arr) == "Hello World!"
 
 proc takes(c: cstring) =
   doAssert c == cstring""
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ doAssert yy == ""
 proc bar(arg: cstring) =
   doAssert arg[0] == '\0'
 
-proc baz(arg: openarray[char]) =
+proc baz(arg: openArray[char]) =
   doAssert arg.len == 0
 
 proc stringCompare() =
diff --git a/tests/system/trefs.nim b/tests/system/trefs.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c36aec52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/trefs.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c js"
+"""
+
+# bug #21317
+proc parseHook*(v: var ref int) =
+  var a: ref int
+  new(a)
+  a[] = 123
+  v = a
+
+proc fromJson2*(): ref int =
+  parseHook(result)
+
+doAssert fromJson2()[] == 123
diff --git a/tests/system/tsigexitcode.nim b/tests/system/tsigexitcode.nim
index 6922cb8eb..249256b40 100644
--- a/tests/system/tsigexitcode.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tsigexitcode.nim
@@ -11,10 +11,13 @@ proc main() =
     discard posix.raise(signal)
   else:
     # synchronize this list with lib/system/except.nim:registerSignalHandler()
-    let fatalSigs = [SIGINT, SIGSEGV, SIGABRT, SIGFPE, SIGILL, SIGBUS,
-                     SIGPIPE]
-    for s in fatalSigs:
+    let sigs = [SIGINT, SIGSEGV, SIGABRT, SIGFPE, SIGILL, SIGBUS, SIGPIPE]
+    for s in sigs:
       let (_, exitCode) = execCmdEx(quoteShellCommand [getAppFilename(), $s])
-      doAssert exitCode == 128 + s, "mismatched exit code for signal " & $s
+      if s == SIGPIPE:
+        # SIGPIPE should be ignored
+        doAssert exitCode == 0, $(exitCode, s)
+      else:
+        doAssert exitCode == 128+s, $(exitCode, s)
 
 main()
diff --git a/tests/misc/tslices.nim b/tests/system/tslices.nim
index d063c5ebf..d0c68f8cb 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tslices.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tslices.nim
@@ -11,10 +11,9 @@ verichtetd
 
 # Test the new slices.
 
-import strutils
-
 var mystr = "Abgrund"
-mystr[..1] = "Zu"
+# mystr[..1] = "Zu" # deprecated
+mystr[0..1] = "Zu"
 
 mystr[4..4] = "5"
 
@@ -23,7 +22,8 @@ type
 
 var myarr: array[TEnum, int] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
 myarr[e1..e3] = myarr[e4..e6]
-myarr[..e3] = myarr[e4..e6]
+# myarr[..e3] = myarr[e4..e6] # deprecated
+myarr[0..e3] = myarr[e4..e6]
 
 for x in items(myarr): stdout.write(x)
 echo()
@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@ echo mystr
 mystr[4..4] = "u"
 
 # test full replacement
-mystr[.. ^2] = "egerichtet"
+# mystr[.. ^2] = "egerichtet"  # deprecated
+mystr[0 .. ^2] = "egerichtet"
 
 echo mystr
 
@@ -56,3 +57,9 @@ echo mystr
 var s = "abcdef"
 s[1 .. ^2] = "xyz"
 assert s == "axyzf"
+
+# issue mentioned in PR #19219
+type Foo = distinct uint64
+# < here calls `pred` which used to cause a codegen error
+# `pred` compiles because distinct ordinals are considered ordinal
+const slice = 0 ..< 42.Foo
diff --git a/tests/system/tslimsystem.nim b/tests/system/tslimsystem.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4815306b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/tslimsystem.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+discard """
+  output: "123"
+  matrix: "-d:nimPreviewSlimSystem --mm:refc; -d:nimPreviewSlimSystem --mm:arc"
+"""
+
+echo 123
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/system/tstatic.nim b/tests/system/tstatic.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e2893e2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/tstatic.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+"""
+
+import std/strutils
+
+# bug #6133
+template main() =
+  block:
+    block:
+      proc foo(q: string, a: int): int =
+        result = q.len
+
+      proc foo(q: static[string]): int =
+        result = foo(q, 5)
+
+      doAssert foo("123") == 3
+
+    block:
+      type E = enum A
+
+      if false:
+        var e = A
+        discard $e
+
+      proc foo(a: string): int =
+        len(a) # 16640
+
+      proc foo(a: static[bool]): int {.used.} =
+        discard
+
+      doAssert foo("") == 0
+
+    block:
+      proc foo(a: string): int =
+        len(a)
+
+      proc foo(a: static[bool]): int {.used.} =
+        discard
+
+      doAssert foo("abc") == 3
+
+    block:
+      proc parseInt(f: static[bool]): int {.used.} = discard
+
+      doAssert "123".parseInt == 123
+  block:
+    type
+      MyType = object
+        field: float32
+      AType[T: static MyType] = distinct range[0f32 .. T.field]
+    var a: AType[MyType(field: 5f32)]
+    proc n(S: static Slice[int]): range[S.a..S.b] = discard
+    assert typeof(n 1..2) is range[1..2]
+
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/system/tstatic_callable.nim b/tests/system/tstatic_callable.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92d1fca8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/tstatic_callable.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# bug #16987
+
+proc getNum(a: int): int = a
+
+# Below calls "doAssert getNum(123) == 123" at compile time.
+static:
+  doAssert getNum(123) == 123
+
+# Below calls evaluate the "getNum(123)" at compile time, but the
+# results of those calls get used at run time.
+doAssert (static getNum(123)) == 123
+doAssert (static(getNum(123))) == 123
diff --git a/tests/system/tstatic_callable_error.nim b/tests/system/tstatic_callable_error.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c6f1e3d07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/tstatic_callable_error.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# bug #16987
+
+discard """
+errormsg: "cannot evaluate at compile time: inp"
+nimout: '''
+tstatic_callable_error.nim(14, 21) Error: cannot evaluate at compile time: inp'''
+"""
+
+
+# line 10
+proc getNum(a: int): int = a
+
+let inp = 123
+echo (static getNum(inp))
diff --git a/tests/system/tstrmantle.nim b/tests/system/tstrmantle.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f195adde..000000000
--- a/tests/system/tstrmantle.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-var res = newStringOfCap(24)
-
-for i in 0 .. 9:
-  res.addInt int64(i)
-
-doAssert res == "0123456789"
-
-res.setLen(0)
-
-for i in -9 .. 0:
-  res.addInt int64(i)
-
-doAssert res == "-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-10"
-
-res.setLen(0)
-res.addInt high(int64)
-doAssert res == "9223372036854775807"
-
-res.setLen(0)
-res.addInt low(int64)
-doAssert res == "-9223372036854775808"
-
-res.setLen(0)
-res.addInt high(int32)
-doAssert res == "2147483647"
-
-res.setLen(0)
-res.addInt low(int32)
-doAssert res == "-2147483648"
-
-res.setLen(0)
-res.addInt high(int16)
-doAssert res == "32767"
-
-res.setLen(0)
-res.addInt low(int16)
-doAssert res == "-32768"
-
-
-res.setLen(0)
-res.addInt high(int8)
-doAssert res == "127"
-
-res.setLen(0)
-res.addInt low(int8)
-doAssert res == "-128"
diff --git a/tests/system/tsystem_misc.nim b/tests/system/tsystem_misc.nim
index cb879d3b3..1debb7c48 100644
--- a/tests/system/tsystem_misc.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tsystem_misc.nim
@@ -59,11 +59,6 @@ doAssert high(float) > low(float)
 doAssert high(float32) > low(float32)
 doAssert high(float64) > low(float64)
 
-# bug #6710
-var s = @[1]
-s.delete(0)
-
-
 proc foo(a: openArray[int]) =
   for x in a: echo x
 
@@ -136,12 +131,12 @@ let str = "0123456789"
 foo(toOpenArrayByte(str, 0, str.high))
 
 
-template boundedOpenArray[T](x: seq[T], first, last: int): openarray[T] =
+template boundedOpenArray[T](x: seq[T], first, last: int): openArray[T] =
   toOpenarray(x, max(0, first), min(x.high, last))
 
 # bug #9281
 
-proc foo[T](x: openarray[T]) =
+proc foo[T](x: openArray[T]) =
   echo x.len
 
 let a = @[1, 2, 3]
@@ -217,3 +212,16 @@ block:
   doAssert not compiles(echo p.rawProc.repr)
   doAssert not compiles(echo p.rawEnv.repr)
   doAssert not compiles(echo p.finished)
+
+proc bug23223 = # bug #23223
+  var stuff = "hello"
+  stuff.insert ""
+  doAssert stuff == "hello"
+
+bug23223()
+
+block: # bug #23894
+  let v = high(uint) div 2
+  let s = v + 1 # 9223372036854775808
+  let m = succ v
+  doAssert s == m
diff --git a/tests/system/tuse_version.nim b/tests/system/tuse_version16.nim
index 36dac46ec..802b617ad 100644
--- a/tests/system/tuse_version.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tuse_version16.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  cmd: "nim c --useVersion:1.0 -r $file"
-  output: "1.0.100"
+  matrix: "-d:NimMajor=1 -d:NimMinor=6 -d:NimPatch=100"
 """
 
 {.warning[UnusedImport]: off.}
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ import std/[
 
   # Strings:
   editdistance, wordwrap, parseutils, ropes,
-  pegs, punycode, strformat, strmisc, strscans, strtabs,
+  pegs, strformat, strmisc, strscans, strtabs,
   strutils, unicode, unidecode,
 
   # Generic operator system services:
@@ -47,4 +46,4 @@ import std/[
 ]
 
 
-echo NimVersion
+doAssert NimVersion == "1.6.100"
diff --git a/tests/system/tvarargslen.nim b/tests/system/tvarargslen.nim
index a129aa5c2..24b54a1e0 100644
--- a/tests/system/tvarargslen.nim
+++ b/tests/system/tvarargslen.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 discard """
   output: '''
-tvarargslen.nim:35:9 (1, 2)
-tvarargslen.nim:36:9 12
-tvarargslen.nim:37:9 1
+tvarargslen.nim:35:2 (1, 2)
+tvarargslen.nim:36:2 12
+tvarargslen.nim:37:2 1
 tvarargslen.nim:38:8 
 done
 '''
diff --git a/tests/template/m1027a.nim b/tests/template/m1027a.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fad915a2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/m1027a.nim
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+const version_str* = "mod a"
diff --git a/tests/template/m1027b.nim b/tests/template/m1027b.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ff0b9714
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/m1027b.nim
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+const version_str* = "mod b"
diff --git a/tests/template/m19277_1.nim b/tests/template/m19277_1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..840bd4767
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/m19277_1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+template foo*(x: untyped) =
+  echo "got: ", x
diff --git a/tests/template/m19277_2.nim b/tests/template/m19277_2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de72dad45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/m19277_2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+proc foo*(a: string) =
+  echo "got string: ", a
diff --git a/tests/template/mdotcall.nim b/tests/template/mdotcall.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fecd8ee26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/mdotcall.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# issue #20073
+
+type Foo = object
+proc foo(f: Foo) = discard
+
+template works*() =
+  var f: Foo
+  foo(f)
+
+template boom*() =
+  var f: Foo
+  f.foo() # Error: attempting to call undeclared routine: 'foo'
+  f.foo # Error: undeclared field: 'foo' for type a.Foo
+
+# issue #7085
+
+proc bar(a: string): string =
+  return a & "bar"
+
+template baz*(a: string): string =
+  var b = a.bar()
+  b
+
+# issue #7223
+
+import mdotcall2
+
+type
+  Bytes* = seq[byte]
+  
+  BytesRange* = object
+    bytes*: Bytes
+    ibegin*, iend*: int
+
+proc privateProc(r: BytesRange): int = r.ibegin
+
+template rangeBeginAddr*(r: BytesRange): pointer =
+  r.bytes.baseAddr.shift(r.privateProc)
+
+# issue #11733
+
+type ObjA* = object
+
+proc foo2(o: var ObjA) = discard
+proc bar2(o: var ObjA, arg: Natural) = discard
+
+template publicTemplateObjSyntax*(o: var ObjA, arg: Natural, doStuff: untyped) =
+  o.foo2()
+  doStuff
+  o.bar2(arg)
+
+# issue #15246
+import os
+
+template sourceBaseName*(): string =
+  bind splitFile
+  instantiationInfo().filename.splitFile().name
+
+# issue #12683
+
+import unicode
+template toRune(s: string): Rune = s.runeAt(0)
+proc heh*[T](x: Slice[T], chars: string) = discard chars.toRune
+
+# issue #7889
+
+from streams import newStringStream, readData, writeData
+
+template bindmeTemplate*(): untyped =
+  var tst = "sometext"
+  var ss = newStringStream("anothertext")
+  ss.writeData(tst[0].addr, 2)
+  discard ss.readData(tst[0].addr, 2) # <= comment this out to make compilation successful
+
+from macros import quote, newIdentNode
+
+macro bindmeQuote*(): untyped =
+  quote do:
+    var tst = "sometext"
+    var ss = newStringStream("anothertext")
+    ss.writeData(tst[0].addr, 2)
+    discard ss.readData(tst[0].addr, 2) # <= comment this out to make compilation successful
diff --git a/tests/template/mdotcall2.nim b/tests/template/mdotcall2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e906ac9d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/mdotcall2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# imported by mdotcall
+
+proc baseAddr*[T](x: openarray[T]): pointer =
+  cast[pointer](x)
+
+proc shift*(p: pointer, delta: int): pointer =
+  cast[pointer](cast[int](p) + delta)
diff --git a/tests/template/mqualifiedtype1.nim b/tests/template/mqualifiedtype1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46569107f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/mqualifiedtype1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+type A* = object
+  x*: int
diff --git a/tests/template/mqualifiedtype2.nim b/tests/template/mqualifiedtype2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a61c14bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/mqualifiedtype2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+type A* = object
+  x*: array[1000, byte]
diff --git a/tests/template/otests.nim b/tests/template/otests.nim
index 120146343..9cb9d7fcb 100644
--- a/tests/template/otests.nim
+++ b/tests/template/otests.nim
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ when true: #embeddingTest
     """
 
     # Expression template
-    proc test_expression(nums: openarray[int] = []): string =
+    proc test_expression(nums: openArray[int] = []): string =
         var i = 2
         tmpli html"""
             $(no_substitution())
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ when true: #embeddingTest
             <div id="age">Age: $($nums[i] & "!!")</div>
         """
 
-    proc test_statements(nums: openarray[int] = []): string =
+    proc test_statements(nums: openArray[int] = []): string =
         tmpli html"""
             $(test_expression(nums))
             $if true {
diff --git a/tests/template/sunset.nimf b/tests/template/sunset.nimf
index 465b12a5e..bd57bb8e1 100644
--- a/tests/template/sunset.nimf
+++ b/tests/template/sunset.nimf
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #? stdtmpl
 #proc sunsetTemplate*(current, ticker, content: string,
-#                     tabs: openarray[array[0..1, string]]): string = 
+#                     tabs: openArray[array[0..1, string]]): string = 
 #  result = ""
 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
diff --git a/tests/template/t1027.nim b/tests/template/t1027.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe03c4ea9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/t1027.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check --hints:off $file"
+  errormsg: ""
+  nimout: '''
+t1027.nim(20, 19) Error: ambiguous identifier: 'version_str' -- use one of the following:
+  m1027a.version_str: string
+  m1027b.version_str: string
+'''
+"""
+
+
+
+
+
+
+import m1027a, m1027b
+
+# bug #1027
+template wrap_me(stuff): untyped =
+  echo "Using " & version_str
+
+wrap_me("hey")
diff --git a/tests/template/t11705.nim b/tests/template/t11705.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..65ddc7e6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/t11705.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+type RefObj = ref object
+
+proc `[]`(val: static[int]) = # works with different name/overload or without static arg
+  discard
+
+template noRef*(T: typedesc): typedesc = # works without template indirection
+  typeof(default(T)[])
+
+proc `=destroy`(x: var noRef(RefObj)) =
+  discard
+
+proc foo =
+  var x = new RefObj
+  doAssert $(x[]) == "()"
+
+# bug #11705
+foo()
diff --git a/tests/template/t13426.nim b/tests/template/t13426.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7f44749c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/t13426.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check --hints:off $file"
+  errormsg: ""
+  nimout: '''
+t13426.nim(81, 6) template/generic instantiation of `fun` from here
+t13426.nim(80, 24) Error: type mismatch: got <int> but expected 'string'
+t13426.nim(81, 6) template/generic instantiation of `fun` from here
+t13426.nim(80, 17) Error: type mismatch: got <uint, string>
+but expected one of:
+proc `and`(x, y: uint): uint
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for y: uint
+  but expression 'high(@[1])' is of type: string
+proc `and`(x, y: uint64): uint64
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for y: uint64
+  but expression 'high(@[1])' is of type: string
+10 other mismatching symbols have been suppressed; compile with --showAllMismatches:on to see them
+
+expression: 1'u and high(@[1])
+t13426.nim(81, 6) template/generic instantiation of `fun` from here
+t13426.nim(80, 17) Error: expression '' has no type (or is ambiguous)
+t13426.nim(87, 6) template/generic instantiation of `fun` from here
+t13426.nim(86, 22) Error: type mismatch: got <int> but expected 'string'
+t13426.nim(87, 6) template/generic instantiation of `fun` from here
+t13426.nim(86, 15) Error: type mismatch: got <int literal(1), string>
+but expected one of:
+proc `and`(x, y: int): int
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for y: int
+  but expression 'high(@[1])' is of type: string
+proc `and`(x, y: int16): int16
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for y: int16
+  but expression 'high(@[1])' is of type: string
+proc `and`(x, y: int32): int32
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for y: int32
+  but expression 'high(@[1])' is of type: string
+proc `and`(x, y: int64): int64
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for y: int64
+  but expression 'high(@[1])' is of type: string
+proc `and`(x, y: int8): int8
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for y: int8
+  but expression 'high(@[1])' is of type: string
+proc `and`(x, y: uint): uint
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for y: uint
+  but expression 'high(@[1])' is of type: string
+proc `and`(x, y: uint16): uint16
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for y: uint16
+  but expression 'high(@[1])' is of type: string
+proc `and`(x, y: uint32): uint32
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for y: uint32
+  but expression 'high(@[1])' is of type: string
+proc `and`(x, y: uint64): uint64
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for y: uint64
+  but expression 'high(@[1])' is of type: string
+proc `and`(x, y: uint8): uint8
+  first type mismatch at position: 2
+  required type for y: uint8
+  but expression 'high(@[1])' is of type: string
+2 other mismatching symbols have been suppressed; compile with --showAllMismatches:on to see them
+
+expression: 1 and high(@[1])
+t13426.nim(87, 6) template/generic instantiation of `fun` from here
+t13426.nim(86, 15) Error: expression '' has no type (or is ambiguous)
+'''
+"""
+
+# bug # #13426
+block:
+  template bar(t): string = high(t)
+  proc fun[A](key: A) =
+    var h = 1'u and bar(@[1])
+  fun(0)
+
+block:
+  template bar(t): string = high(t)
+  proc fun[A](key: A) =
+    var h = 1 and bar(@[1])
+  fun(0)
diff --git a/tests/template/t18113.nim b/tests/template/t18113.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a84b3fd0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/t18113.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# ensure template pragma handling doesn't eagerly attempt to add an implicit
+# 'pushed' pragma to the evaluation of any intermediate AST prior to
+# substitution.
+ 
+# bug #18113
+
+import sequtils
+
+{.push raises: [Defect].}
+
+var a = toSeq([1, 2, 3, 5, 10]).filterIt(it > 5)
+
+doAssert a.len == 1
+doAssert a[0] == 10
diff --git a/tests/template/t19149.nim b/tests/template/t19149.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..631e8fc30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/t19149.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+type Foo = tuple[active: bool, index: int]
+
+
+var f: Foo
+
+# template result type during match stage
+# f:var Foo
+# a:Foo
+# tyVar
+# tyTuple
+# after change to proc
+# f:Foo
+# a:Foo
+# tyTuple
+# tyTuple
+
+template cursor(): var Foo = f
+discard cursor()
+
diff --git a/tests/template/t19277.nim b/tests/template/t19277.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16435a09c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/t19277.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+got: 0
+'''
+"""
+
+# issue #19277
+
+import m19277_1, m19277_2
+
+template injector(val: untyped): untyped =
+  template subtemplate: untyped = val
+  subtemplate()
+
+template methodCall(val: untyped): untyped = val
+
+{.push raises: [Defect].}
+
+foo(injector(0).methodCall())
diff --git a/tests/template/t19700.nim b/tests/template/t19700.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc2944944
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/t19700.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <Obj, Obj, template (x: untyped, y: untyped): untyped>"
+"""
+
+type Obj = object
+
+proc apply[T, R](a, b: T; f: proc(x, y: T): R): R = f(a, b)
+
+let a, b = Obj()
+discard apply(a, b, `!=`)
diff --git a/tests/template/t21231.nim b/tests/template/t21231.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51e96cdd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/t21231.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "undeclared identifier: 'x'"
+"""
+
+var x: int
+# bug #21231
+template f(y: untyped) = echo y.x
+for i in 1 .. 10:
+  x = i
+  f(system)
diff --git a/tests/template/t21532.nim b/tests/template/t21532.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3193b0dc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/t21532.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+
+template elementType(a: untyped): typedesc =
+  typeof(block: (for ai in a: ai))
+
+func fn[T](a: T) =
+  doAssert elementType(a) is int
+
+@[1,2,3].fn
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/template/t24112.nim b/tests/template/t24112.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..175fc7d5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/t24112.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--skipParentCfg --filenames:legacyRelProj --hints:off"
+  action: reject
+"""
+
+# issue #24112, needs --experimental:openSym disabled
+
+block: # simplified
+  type
+    SomeObj = ref object # Doesn't error if you make SomeObj be non-ref
+  template foo = yield SomeObj()
+  when compiles(foo): discard
+
+import std/asyncdispatch
+block:
+  proc someProc(): Future[void] {.async.} = discard
+  proc foo() =
+    await someProc() #[tt.Error
+                  ^ Can only 'await' inside a proc marked as 'async'. Use 'waitFor' when calling an 'async' proc in a non-async scope instead]#
diff --git a/tests/template/t6217.nim b/tests/template/t6217.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b27b61881
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/t6217.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+start
+side effect!
+end
+'''
+"""
+
+# bug #6217
+
+template optMul{`*`(a, 2)}(a: int{noSideEffect}): int = a+a
+
+proc f(): int =
+  echo "side effect!"
+  result = 55
+
+echo "start"
+doAssert f() * 2 == 110
+echo "end"
diff --git a/tests/template/t9534.nim b/tests/template/t9534.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8d66f42a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/t9534.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp"
+"""
+
+# bug #9534
+type
+  Object = object
+    data: int
+
+template test() =
+  proc methodName(o: Object): int =
+    var p: pointer
+    doAssert o.data == 521
+    let f {.used.} = cast[proc (o: int): int {.nimcall.}](p)
+    doAssert o.data == 521
+    result = 1314
+
+  var a = Object(data: 521)
+  doAssert methodName(a) == 1314
+
+test()
diff --git a/tests/template/taliassyntax.nim b/tests/template/taliassyntax.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d8237d93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/taliassyntax.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+type Foo = object
+  bar: int
+
+var foo = Foo(bar: 10)
+template bar: int = foo.bar
+doAssert bar == 10
+bar = 15
+doAssert bar == 15
+var foo2 = Foo(bar: -10)
+doAssert bar == 15
+# works in generics
+proc genericProc[T](x: T): string =
+  $(x, bar)
+doAssert genericProc(true) == "(true, 15)"
+# redefine
+template bar: int {.redefine.} = foo2.bar
+doAssert bar == -10
+
+block: # subscript
+  var bazVal = @[1, 2, 3]
+  template baz: seq[int] = bazVal
+  doAssert baz[1] == 2
+  proc genericProc2[T](x: T): string =
+    result = $(x, baz[1])
+    baz[1] = 7
+  doAssert genericProc2(true) == "(true, 2)"
+  doAssert baz[1] == 7
+  baz[1] = 14
+  doAssert baz[1] == 14
+
+block: # type alias
+  template Int2: untyped = int
+  let x: Int2 = 123
+  proc generic[T](): string =
+    template U: untyped = T
+    var x: U
+    result = $typeof(x)
+    doAssert result == $U
+    doAssert result == $T
+  doAssert generic[int]() == "int"
+  doAssert generic[Int2]() == "int"
+  doAssert generic[string]() == "string"
+  doAssert generic[seq[int]]() == "seq[int]"
+  doAssert generic[seq[Int2]]() == "seq[int]"
+  discard generic[123]()
+  proc genericStatic[X; T: static[X]](): string =
+    template U: untyped = T
+    result = $U
+    doAssert result == $T
+  doAssert genericStatic[int, 123]() == "123"
+  doAssert genericStatic[Int2, 123]() == "123"
+  doAssert genericStatic[(string, bool), ("a", true)]() == "(\"a\", true)"
+
+block: # issue #13515
+  template test: bool = true
+  # compiles:
+  if not test:
+    doAssert false
+  # does not compile:
+  template x =
+    if not test:
+      doAssert false
+  x
+
+import macros
+
+block: # issue #21727
+  template debugAnnotation(s: typed): string =
+    astToStr s
+
+  macro cpsJump(x: int): untyped =
+    result = newLit(debugAnnotation(cpsJump))
+  
+  doAssert cpsJump(13) == "cpsJump"
diff --git a/tests/template/taliassyntaxerrors.nim b/tests/template/taliassyntaxerrors.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f16acaf91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/taliassyntaxerrors.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check --hints:off $file"
+"""
+
+block: # with params
+  type Foo = object
+    bar: int
+
+  var foo = Foo(bar: 10)
+  template bar(x: int): int = x + foo.bar
+  let a = bar #[tt.Error
+      ^ invalid type: 'template (x: int): int' for let. Did you mean to call the template with '()'?]#
+  bar = 15 #[tt.Error
+  ^ 'bar' cannot be assigned to]#
+
+block: # generic template
+  type Foo = object
+    bar: int
+
+  var foo = Foo(bar: 10)
+  template bar[T]: T = T(foo.bar)
+  let a = bar #[tt.Error
+      ^ invalid type: 'template (): T' for let. Did you mean to call the template with '()'?; tt.Error
+          ^ 'bar' has unspecified generic parameters]#
+  let b = bar[float]()
+  doAssert b == 10.0
+  bar = 15 #[tt.Error
+  ^ 'bar' cannot be assigned to]#
diff --git a/tests/template/tcallsitelineinfo.nim b/tests/template/tcallsitelineinfo.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5fed93363
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/tcallsitelineinfo.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+discard """
+  nimout: '''
+tcallsitelineinfo.nim(17, 4) Warning: abc [User]
+'''
+  exitcode: 1
+  outputsub: '''
+tcallsitelineinfo.nim(17) tcallsitelineinfo
+Error: unhandled exception: def [ValueError]
+'''
+"""
+
+template foo(): untyped {.callsite.} =
+  {.warning: "abc".}
+  raise newException(ValueError, "def")
+  echo "hello"
+
+foo()
diff --git a/tests/template/tcallsitelineinfo2.nim b/tests/template/tcallsitelineinfo2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5f257474
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/tcallsitelineinfo2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+discard """
+  nimout: '''
+tcallsitelineinfo2.nim(18, 1) Warning: abc [User]
+tcallsitelineinfo2.nim(19, 12) Warning: def [User]
+'''
+  exitcode: 1
+  outputsub: '''
+tcallsitelineinfo2.nim(20) tcallsitelineinfo2
+Error: unhandled exception: ghi [ValueError]
+'''
+"""
+
+template foo(a: untyped): untyped {.callsite.} =
+  {.warning: "abc".}
+  a
+  echo "hello"
+
+foo: # with `{.line.}:`, the following do not keep their line information:
+  {.warning: "def".}
+  raise newException(ValueError, "ghi")
diff --git a/tests/template/tdefaultparam.nim b/tests/template/tdefaultparam.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ea0b2b25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/tdefaultparam.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+block:
+  template foo(a: untyped, b: untyped = a(0)): untyped =
+    let x = a(0)
+    let y = b
+    (x, y)
+  proc bar(x: int): int = x + 1
+  doAssert foo(bar, b = bar(0)) == (1, 1)
+  doAssert foo(bar) == (1, 1)
+
+block: # issue #23506
+  var a: string
+  template foo(x: int; y = x) =
+    a = $($x, $y)
+  foo(1)
+  doAssert a == "(\"1\", \"1\")"
+
+block: # untyped params with default value
+  macro foo(x: typed): untyped =
+    result = x
+  template test(body: untyped, alt: untyped = (;), maxTries = 3): untyped {.foo.} =
+    body
+    alt
+  var s = "a"
+  test:
+    s.add "b"
+  do:
+    s.add "c"
+  doAssert s == "abc"
+  template test2(body: untyped, alt: untyped = s.add("e"), maxTries = 3): untyped =
+    body
+    alt
+  test2:
+    s.add "d"
+  doAssert s == "abcde"
+  template test3(body: untyped = willNotCompile) =
+    discard
+  test3()
+
+block: # typed params with `void` default value
+  macro foo(x: typed): untyped =
+    result = x
+  template test(body: untyped, alt: typed = (;), maxTries = 3): untyped {.foo.} =
+    body
+    alt
+  var s = "a"
+  test:
+    s.add "b"
+  do:
+    s.add "c"
+  doAssert s == "abc"
+  template test2(body: untyped, alt: typed = s.add("e"), maxTries = 3): untyped =
+    body
+    alt
+  test2:
+    s.add "d"
+  doAssert s == "abcde"
diff --git a/tests/template/tdotcall.nim b/tests/template/tdotcall.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dc97fd52e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/tdotcall.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import mdotcall
+
+block: # issue #20073
+  works()
+  boom()
+
+block: # issue #7085
+  doAssert baz("hello") == "hellobar"
+  doAssert baz"hello" == "hellobar"
+  doAssert "hello".baz == "hellobar"
+
+block: # issue #7223
+  var r = BytesRange(bytes: @[1.byte, 2, 3], ibegin: 0, iend: 2)
+  var a = r.rangeBeginAddr
+
+block: # issue #11733
+  var a: ObjA
+  var evaluated = false
+  a.publicTemplateObjSyntax(42): evaluated = true
+  doAssert evaluated
+
+block: # issue #15246
+  doAssert sourceBaseName() == "tdotcall"
+
+block: # issue #12683
+  heh(0..40, "|")
+
+block: # issue #7889
+  if false:
+    bindmeQuote()
+  if false:
+    bindmeTemplate()
diff --git a/tests/template/template_issues.nim b/tests/template/template_issues.nim
index 502c6d1ee..58c40941d 100644
--- a/tests/template/template_issues.nim
+++ b/tests/template/template_issues.nim
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ block t2585:
       st
       echo "a ", $fb
 
-  proc render(rdat: var RenderData; passes: var openarray[RenderPass]; proj: Mat2;
+  proc render(rdat: var RenderData; passes: var openArray[RenderPass]; proj: Mat2;
               indexType = 1) =
       for i in 0 ..< len(passes):
           echo "blah ", repr(passes[i])
@@ -296,3 +296,9 @@ block: # bug #12595
     discard {i: ""}
 
   test()
+
+block: # bug #21920
+  template t[T](): T =
+    discard
+
+  t[void]() # Error: expression has no type: discard
diff --git a/tests/template/template_pragmas.nim b/tests/template/template_pragmas.nim
index d6c99080d..da532b010 100644
--- a/tests/template/template_pragmas.nim
+++ b/tests/template/template_pragmas.nim
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ proc output_x:string {.compileTime.} = "x"
 template t =
   const x = output_x()
   let
-    bar {.exportC:"bar" & x.} = 100
+    bar {.exportc:"bar" & x.} = 100
 
 static:
   doAssert(compiles (t()))
diff --git a/tests/template/template_various.nim b/tests/template/template_various.nim
index 75226ea2d..2088b1739 100644
--- a/tests/template/template_various.nim
+++ b/tests/template/template_various.nim
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ block generic_templates:
 
   var i3: int = t1[int]("xx")
 
-
+from strutils import contains
 
 block tgetast_typeliar:
   proc error(s: string) = quit s
@@ -111,7 +111,9 @@ block tgetast_typeliar:
     var message : NimNode = newLit(condition.repr)
     # echo message
     result = getAst assertOrReturn2(condition, message)
-    echo result.repr
+    # echo result.repr
+    let s = result.repr
+    doAssert """error("Assertion failed:""" in s
 
   proc point(size: int16): tuple[x, y: int16] =
     # returns random point in square area with given `size`
@@ -272,10 +274,10 @@ parse9:
 block gensym1:
   template x: untyped = -1
   template t1() =
-    template x: untyped {.gensym.} = 1
+    template x: untyped {.gensym, redefine.} = 1
     echo x()  # 1
   template t2() =
-    template x: untyped = 1  # defaults to {.inject.}
+    template x: untyped {.redefine.} = 1  # defaults to {.inject.}
     echo x()  # -1  injected x not available during template definition
   t1()
   t2()
@@ -351,3 +353,54 @@ block gensym3:
   echo a ! b ! c ! d
   echo a ! b ! c ! d ! e
   echo x,y,z
+
+block: # issue #2465
+  template t() =
+    template declX(str: string) {.gensym.} =
+      var x {.inject.} : string = str
+
+  t()
+  doAssert not declared(declX)
+  doAssert not compiles(declX("a string"))
+
+  template t2() =
+    template fooGensym() {.gensym.} =
+      echo 42
+
+  t2()
+  doAssert not declared(fooGensym)
+  doAssert not compiles(fooGensym())
+
+
+block identifier_construction_with_overridden_symbol:
+  # could use add, but wanna make sure it's an override no matter what
+  func examplefn = discard
+  func examplefn(x: int) = discard
+
+  # the function our template wants to use
+  func examplefn1 = discard
+
+  template exampletempl(n) =
+    # attempt to build a name using the overridden symbol "examplefn"
+    `examplefn n`()
+
+  exampletempl(1)
+
+import typetraits
+
+block: # issue #4596
+  type
+    T0 = object
+    T1 = object
+
+  template printFuncsT() =
+    proc getV[A](a: typedesc[A]): string =
+      var s {. global .} = name(A)
+      return s
+
+  printFuncsT()
+
+  doAssert getV(T1) == "T1"
+  doAssert getV(T0) == "T0"
+  doAssert getV(T0) == "T0"
+  doAssert getV(T1) == "T1"
diff --git a/tests/template/tgenericparam.nim b/tests/template/tgenericparam.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..becf75d36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/tgenericparam.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+block: # basic template generic parameter substitution
+  block: # issue #13527
+    template typeNameTempl[T](a: T): string = $T
+    proc typeNameProc[T](a: T): string = $T
+    doAssert typeNameTempl(1) == typeNameProc(1)
+    doAssert typeNameTempl(true) == typeNameProc(true)
+    doAssert typeNameTempl(1.0) == typeNameProc(1.0)
+    doAssert typeNameTempl(1u8) == typeNameProc(1u8)
+
+    template isDefault[T](a: T): bool = a == default(T)
+    doAssert isDefault(0.0)
+
+  block: # issue #17240
+    func to(c: int, t: typedesc[float]): t = discard
+    template converted[I, T](i: seq[I], t: typedesc[T]): seq[T] =
+      var result = newSeq[T](2)
+      result[0] = i[0].to(T)
+      result
+    doAssert newSeq[int](3).converted(float) == @[0.0, 0.0]
+
+  block: # issue #6340
+    type A[T] = object
+      v: T
+    proc foo(x: int): string = "int"
+    proc foo(x: typedesc[int]): string = "typedesc[int]"
+    template fooT(x: int): string = "int"
+    template fooT(x: typedesc[int]): string = "typedesc[int]"
+    proc foo[T](x: A[T]): (string, string) =
+      (foo(T), fooT(T))
+    template fooT[T](x: A[T]): (string, string) =
+      (foo(T), fooT(T))
+    var x: A[int]
+    doAssert foo(x) == fooT(x)
+
+  block: # issue #20033
+    template run[T](): T = default(T)
+    doAssert run[int]() == 0
+
+import options, tables, typetraits
+
+block: # complex cases of above with imports
+  block: # issue #19576, complex case
+    type RegistryKey = object
+      key, val: string
+    var regKey = @[RegistryKey(key: "abc", val: "def")]
+    template findFirst[T](s: seq[T], pred: proc(x: T): bool): Option[T] =
+      var res = none(T) # important line
+      for x in s:
+        if pred(x):
+          res = some(x)
+          break
+      res
+    proc getval(searchKey: string): Option[string] =
+      let found = regKey.findFirst(proc (rk: RegistryKey): bool = rk.key == searchKey)
+      if found.isNone: none(string)
+      else: some(found.get().val)
+    doAssert getval("strange") == none(string)
+    doAssert getval("abc") == some("def")
+  block: # issue #19076
+    block: # case 1
+      var tested: Table[string,int]
+      template `[]`[V](t:Table[string,V],key:string):untyped =
+        $V
+      doAssert tested["abc"] == "int"
+      template `{}`[V](t:Table[string,V],key:string):untyped =
+        ($V, tables.`[]`(t, key))
+      doAssert (try: tested{"abc"} except KeyError: ("not there", 123)) == ("not there", 123)
+      tables.`[]=`(tested, "abc", 456)
+      doAssert tested["abc"] == "int"
+      doAssert tested{"abc"} == ("int", 456)
+    block: # case 2
+      type Foo[A,T] = object
+        t:T
+      proc init[A,T](f:type Foo,a:typedesc[A],t:T):Foo[A,T] = Foo[A,T](t:t)
+      template fromOption[A](o:Option[A]):auto =
+        when o.isSome:
+          Foo.init(A,35)
+        else:
+          Foo.init(A,"hi")
+      let op = fromOption(some(5))
+  block: # issue #7461
+    template p[T](): untyped = none(T)
+    doAssert p[int]() == none(int)
+  block: # issue #7995
+    var res: string
+    template copyRange[T](dest: seq[T], destOffset: int) =
+      when supportsCopyMem(T):
+        res = "A"
+      else:    
+        res = "B"
+    var a = @[1, 2, 3]
+    copyRange(a, 0)
+    doAssert res == "A"
diff --git a/tests/template/tgensymhijack.nim b/tests/template/tgensymhijack.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72ff3d495
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/tgensymhijack.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# issue #23326
+
+type Result*[E] = object
+  e*: E
+
+proc error*[E](v: Result[E]): E = discard
+
+template valueOr*[E](self: Result[E], def: untyped): int =
+  when E isnot void:
+    when false:
+      # Comment line below to make it work
+      template error(): E {.used, gensym.} = s.e
+      discard
+    else:
+      template error(): E {.used, inject.} =
+        self.e
+
+      def
+  else:
+    def
+
+
+block:
+  let rErr = Result[string](e: "a")
+  let rErrV = rErr.valueOr:
+    ord(error[0])
+
+block:
+  template foo(x: static bool): untyped =
+    when x:
+      let a = 123
+    else:
+      template a: untyped {.gensym.} = 456
+    a
+  
+  doAssert foo(false) == 456
+  doAssert foo(true) == 123
diff --git a/tests/misc/tidentconcatenations.nim b/tests/template/tidentconcatenations.nim
index ddd2e49cc..ddd2e49cc 100644
--- a/tests/misc/tidentconcatenations.nim
+++ b/tests/template/tidentconcatenations.nim
diff --git a/tests/template/tinnerouterproc.nim b/tests/template/tinnerouterproc.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56e0d02df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/tinnerouterproc.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+block: # #20002
+  proc bar(x: int): int = 10
+  template foo =
+    proc bar(x: int): int {.gensym.} = x + 2
+    doAssert bar(3) == 5
+    discard 3.bar # evaluates to 10 but only check if it compiles for now
+  block:
+    foo()
+
+block: # issue #23813
+  template r(body: untyped) =
+    proc x() {.gensym.} =
+      body
+  template g() =
+    r:
+      let y = 0
+    r:
+      proc y() = discard
+      y()
+  g()
diff --git a/tests/template/tnested.nim b/tests/template/tnested.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81e416a76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/tnested.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+block: # issue #22775
+  proc h(c: int) = discard
+  template k(v: int) =
+    template p() = v.h()
+    p()
+  let a = @[0]
+  k(0 and not a[0])
+
+block: # issue #22775 case 2
+  proc h(c: int, q: int) = discard
+  template k(v: int) =
+    template p() = h(v, v)
+    p()
+  let a = [0]
+  k(0 and not a[0])
+
+block: # issue #22775 minimal cases
+  proc h(c: int) = discard
+  template k(v: int) =
+    template p() = h(v)
+    p()
+  let a = [0]
+  k(not a[0])
+  block:
+    k(-a[0])
+  block:
+    proc f(x: int): int = x
+    k(f a[0])
+
+block: # bracket assignment case of above tests
+  proc h(c: int) = discard
+  template k(v: int) =
+    template p() = h(v)
+    p()
+  var a = [0]
+  k(not (block:
+    a[0] = 1
+    1))
diff --git a/tests/template/tobjectdeclfield.nim b/tests/template/tobjectdeclfield.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..afce2cae8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/tobjectdeclfield.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+block: # issue #16005
+  var x = 0
+
+  block:
+    type Foo = object
+      x: float # ok
+
+  template main() =
+    block:
+      type Foo = object
+        x: float # Error: cannot use symbol of kind 'var' as a 'field'
+
+  main()
+
+block: # issue #19552
+  template test =
+    type
+      test2 = ref object
+        reset: int
+
+  test()
diff --git a/tests/template/topensym.nim b/tests/template/topensym.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f930407b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/topensym.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+{.experimental: "openSym".}
+
+block: # issue #24002
+  type Result[T, E] = object
+  func value[T, E](self: Result[T, E]): T {.inline.} =
+    discard
+  func value[T: not void, E](self: var Result[T, E]): var T {.inline.} =
+    discard
+  template unrecognizedFieldWarning =
+    doAssert value == 123
+    let x = value
+    doAssert value == x
+  proc readValue(value: var int) =
+    unrecognizedFieldWarning()
+  var foo: int = 123
+  readValue(foo)
+
+block: # issue #22605 for templates, normal call syntax
+  const error = "bad"
+
+  template valueOr(self: int, def: untyped): untyped =
+    case false
+    of true: ""
+    of false:
+      template error: untyped {.used, inject.} = "good"
+      def
+
+  template g(T: type): string =
+    var res = "ok"
+    let x = valueOr 123:
+      res = $error
+      "dummy"
+    res
+
+  doAssert g(int) == "good"
+
+  template g2(T: type): string =
+    bind error # use the bad version on purpose
+    var res = "ok"
+    let x = valueOr 123:
+      res = $error
+      "dummy"
+    res
+
+  doAssert g2(int) == "bad"
+
+block: # issue #22605 for templates, method call syntax
+  const error = "bad"
+
+  template valueOr(self: int, def: untyped): untyped =
+    case false
+    of true: ""
+    of false:
+      template error: untyped {.used, inject.} = "good"
+      def
+
+  template g(T: type): string =
+    var res = "ok"
+    let x = 123.valueOr:
+      res = $error
+      "dummy"
+    res
+
+  doAssert g(int) == "good"
+
+  template g2(T: type): string =
+    bind error # use the bad version on purpose
+    var res = "ok"
+    let x = 123.valueOr:
+      res = $error
+      "dummy"
+    res
+
+  doAssert g2(int) == "bad"
+
+block: # issue #22605 for templates, original complex example
+  type Xxx = enum
+    error
+    value
+
+  type
+    Result[T, E] = object
+      when T is void:
+        when E is void:
+          oResultPrivate*: bool
+        else:
+          case oResultPrivate*: bool
+          of false:
+            eResultPrivate*: E
+          of true:
+            discard
+      else:
+        when E is void:
+          case oResultPrivate*: bool
+          of false:
+            discard
+          of true:
+            vResultPrivate*: T
+        else:
+          case oResultPrivate*: bool
+          of false:
+            eResultPrivate*: E
+          of true:
+            vResultPrivate*: T
+
+  template valueOr[T: not void, E](self: Result[T, E], def: untyped): untyped =
+    let s = (self) # TODO avoid copy
+    case s.oResultPrivate
+    of true:
+      s.vResultPrivate
+    of false:
+      when E isnot void:
+        template error: untyped {.used, inject.} = s.eResultPrivate
+      def
+
+  proc f(): Result[int, cstring] =
+    Result[int, cstring](oResultPrivate: false, eResultPrivate: "f")
+
+  template g(T: type): string =
+    var res = "ok"
+    let x = f().valueOr:
+      res = $error
+      123
+    res
+
+  doAssert g(int) == "f"
+
+  template g2(T: type): string =
+    bind error # use the bad version on purpose
+    var res = "ok"
+    let x = f().valueOr:
+      res = $error
+      123
+    res
+
+  doAssert g2(int) == "error"
+
+block: # issue #23865 for templates
+  type Xxx = enum
+    error
+    value
+
+  type
+    Result[T, E] = object
+      when T is void:
+        when E is void:
+          oResultPrivate: bool
+        else:
+          case oResultPrivate: bool
+          of false:
+            eResultPrivate: E
+          of true:
+            discard
+      else:
+        when E is void:
+          case oResultPrivate: bool
+          of false:
+            discard
+          of true:
+            vResultPrivate: T
+        else:
+          case oResultPrivate: bool
+          of false:
+            eResultPrivate: E
+          of true:
+            vResultPrivate: T
+
+  func error[T, E](self: Result[T, E]): E =
+    ## Fetch error of result if set, or raise Defect
+    case self.oResultPrivate
+    of true:
+      when T isnot void:
+        raiseResultDefect("Trying to access error when value is set", self.vResultPrivate)
+      else:
+        raiseResultDefect("Trying to access error when value is set")
+    of false:
+      when E isnot void:
+        self.eResultPrivate
+
+  template valueOr[T: not void, E](self: Result[T, E], def: untyped): untyped =
+    let s = (self) # TODO avoid copy
+    case s.oResultPrivate
+    of true:
+      s.vResultPrivate
+    of false:
+      when E isnot void:
+        template error: untyped {.used, inject.} = s.eResultPrivate
+      def
+  proc f(): Result[int, cstring] =
+    Result[int, cstring](oResultPrivate: false, eResultPrivate: "f")
+  template g(T: type): string =
+    var res = "ok"
+    let x = f().valueOr:
+      res = $error
+      123
+    res
+  doAssert g(int) == "f"
+
+import std/sequtils
+
+block: # issue #15314
+  var it: string
+  var nums = @[1,2,3]
+
+  template doubleNums() =
+    nums.applyIt(it * 2)
+
+  doubleNums()
+  doAssert nums == @[2, 4, 6]
diff --git a/tests/template/topensymoverride.nim b/tests/template/topensymoverride.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d4bb59f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/topensymoverride.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--skipParentCfg --filenames:legacyRelProj"
+"""
+
+const value = "captured"
+template fooOld(x: int, body: untyped): untyped =
+  let value {.inject.} = "injected"
+  body
+template foo(x: int, body: untyped): untyped =
+  let value {.inject.} = "injected"
+  {.push experimental: "genericsOpenSym".}
+  body
+  {.pop.}
+
+proc old[T](): string =
+  fooOld(123):
+    return value
+doAssert old[int]() == "captured"
+
+template oldTempl(): string =
+  block:
+    var res: string
+    fooOld(123):
+      res = value
+    res
+doAssert oldTempl() == "captured"
+
+proc bar[T](): string =
+  foo(123):
+    return value
+doAssert bar[int]() == "injected"
+
+template barTempl(): string =
+  block:
+    var res: string
+    foo(123):
+      res = value
+    res
+doAssert barTempl() == "injected"
diff --git a/tests/template/topensymwarning.nim b/tests/template/topensymwarning.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0bbe0a9fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/topensymwarning.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--skipParentCfg --filenames:legacyRelProj"
+"""
+
+type Xxx = enum
+  error
+  value
+
+type
+  Result[T, E] = object
+    when T is void:
+      when E is void:
+        oResultPrivate*: bool
+      else:
+        case oResultPrivate*: bool
+        of false:
+          eResultPrivate*: E
+        of true:
+          discard
+    else:
+      when E is void:
+        case oResultPrivate*: bool
+        of false:
+          discard
+        of true:
+          vResultPrivate*: T
+      else:
+        case oResultPrivate*: bool
+        of false:
+          eResultPrivate*: E
+        of true:
+          vResultPrivate*: T
+
+template valueOr[T: not void, E](self: Result[T, E], def: untyped): untyped =
+  let s = (self) # TODO avoid copy
+  case s.oResultPrivate
+  of true:
+    s.vResultPrivate
+  of false:
+    when E isnot void:
+      template error: untyped {.used, inject.} = s.eResultPrivate
+    def
+
+proc f(): Result[int, cstring] =
+  Result[int, cstring](oResultPrivate: false, eResultPrivate: "f")
+
+template g(T: type): string =
+  var res = "ok"
+  let x = f().valueOr:
+    {.push warningAsError[IgnoredSymbolInjection]: on.}
+    # test spurious error
+    discard true
+    let _ = f
+    {.pop.}
+    res = $error #[tt.Warning
+           ^ a new symbol 'error' has been injected during template or generic instantiation, however 'error' [enumField declared in topensymwarning.nim(6, 3)] captured at the proc declaration will be used instead; either enable --experimental:openSym to use the injected symbol, or `bind` this captured symbol explicitly [IgnoredSymbolInjection]]#
+    123
+  res
+
+discard g(int)
diff --git a/tests/template/tparams_gensymed.nim b/tests/template/tparams_gensymed.nim
index 1444667f4..b559c2d9e 100644
--- a/tests/template/tparams_gensymed.nim
+++ b/tests/template/tparams_gensymed.nim
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ wth
 (total: 6)
 S1
 5
+abc
 '''
 """
 # bug #1915
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ proc concreteProc(x: int) =
   forStatic i, 0..3:
     echo i
 
-proc genericProc(x: any) =
+proc genericProc(x: auto) =
   forStatic i, 0..3:
     echo i
 
@@ -394,3 +395,11 @@ proc chunkedReadLoop2 =
   test2
 
 test1(); test2()
+
+block: # bug #22846
+  template foo2(x: proc (y: string)) =
+    let f = x
+    f("abc")
+
+  foo2(proc (y: string) = echo y)
+
diff --git a/tests/template/tqualifiedident.nim b/tests/template/tqualifiedident.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..463b14ee7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/tqualifiedident.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+block: # issue #19865
+  template f() = discard default(system.int)
+  f()
+
+# issue #21221, same as above
+type M = object
+template r() = discard default(tqualifiedident.M)
+r()
diff --git a/tests/template/tqualifiedtype.nim b/tests/template/tqualifiedtype.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6497af6ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/tqualifiedtype.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# issue #19866
+
+# Switch module import order to switch which of last two
+# doAsserts fails
+import mqualifiedtype1
+import mqualifiedtype2
+
+# this isn't officially supported but needed to point out the issue:
+template f(moduleName: untyped): int = sizeof(`moduleName`.A)
+template g(someType:   untyped): int = sizeof(someType)
+
+# These are legitimately true.
+doAssert sizeof(mqualifiedtype1.A) != sizeof(mqualifiedtype2.A)
+doAssert g(mqualifiedtype1.A) != g(mqualifiedtype2.A)
+
+# Which means that this should not be true, but is in Nim 1.6
+doAssert f(`mqualifiedtype1`) != f(`mqualifiedtype2`)
+doAssert f(mqualifiedtype1) != f(mqualifiedtype2)
+
+# These should be true, but depending on import order, exactly one
+# fails in Nim 1.2, 1.6 and devel.
+doAssert f(`mqualifiedtype1`) == g(mqualifiedtype1.A)
+doAssert f(`mqualifiedtype2`) == g(mqualifiedtype2.A)
+doAssert f(mqualifiedtype1) == g(mqualifiedtype1.A)
+doAssert f(mqualifiedtype2) == g(mqualifiedtype2.A)
diff --git a/tests/template/tredefinition_override.nim b/tests/template/tredefinition_override.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ae232bba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/tredefinition_override.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+{.push warningAsError[ImplicitTemplateRedefinition]: on.}
+
+doAssert not (compiles do:
+  template foo(): int = 1
+  template foo(): int = 2)
+doAssert (compiles do:
+  template foo(): int = 1
+  template foo(): int {.redefine.} = 2)
+doAssert not (compiles do:
+  block:
+    template foo() =
+      template bar: string {.gensym.} = "a"
+      template bar: string {.gensym.} = "b"
+    foo())
+doAssert (compiles do:
+  block:
+    template foo() =
+      template bar: string {.gensym.} = "a"
+      template bar: string {.gensym, redefine.} = "b"
+    foo())
+
+block:
+  template foo(): int = 1
+  template foo(): int {.redefine.} = 2
+  doAssert foo() == 2
+block:
+  template foo(): string =
+    template bar: string {.gensym.} = "a"
+    template bar: string {.gensym, redefine.} = "b"
+    bar()
+  doAssert foo() == "b"
+
+{.pop.}
diff --git a/tests/template/tunderscore1.nim b/tests/template/tunderscore1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d74e5ba63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/template/tunderscore1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "the special identifier '_' is ignored in declarations and cannot be used"
+"""
+
+# issue #12094, #13804
+
+template foo =
+  let _ = 1
+  echo _
+
+foo()
diff --git a/tests/template/twrongmapit.nim b/tests/template/twrongmapit.nim
index 5b8663cf9..2d53d03f5 100644
--- a/tests/template/twrongmapit.nim
+++ b/tests/template/twrongmapit.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 discard """
-  output: "####"
+  joinable: false
 """
-# unfortunately our tester doesn't support multiple lines of compiler
-# error messages yet...
 
 # bug #1562
 type Foo* {.pure, final.} = object
@@ -29,4 +27,4 @@ import sequtils
 
 (var i = @[""];i).applyIt(it)
 # now works:
-echo "##", i[0], "##"
+doAssert i[0] == ""
diff --git a/tests/template/utemplates.nim b/tests/template/utemplates.nim
index 7674ba7c0..d70746578 100644
--- a/tests/template/utemplates.nim
+++ b/tests/template/utemplates.nim
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ block: # templates can be redefined multiple times
     if not cond: fail(msg)
 
   template assertionFailed(body: untyped) {.dirty.} =
-    template fail(msg: string): typed =
+    template fail(msg: string): typed {.redefine.} =
       body
 
   assertionFailed:
diff --git a/tests/test_nimscript.nims b/tests/test_nimscript.nims
index 2468699a4..32b7d1416 100644
--- a/tests/test_nimscript.nims
+++ b/tests/test_nimscript.nims
@@ -5,50 +5,57 @@
 
 from stdtest/specialpaths import buildDir
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[
+    syncio, assertions, formatfloat, objectdollar, widestrs
+  ]
+
 import std/[
   # Core:
   bitops, typetraits, lenientops, macros, volatile,
-  # fails: typeinfo, endians
-  # works but shouldn't: cpuinfo, rlocks, locks
+  # fails due to FFI: typeinfo
+  # fails due to cstring cast/copyMem: endians
+  # works but uses FFI: cpuinfo, rlocks, locks
 
   # Algorithms:
-  algorithm, sequtils,
+  algorithm, enumutils, sequtils, setutils,
 
   # Collections:
   critbits, deques, heapqueue, intsets, lists, options, sets,
-  sharedlist, tables,
-  # fails: sharedtables
+  tables, packedsets,
 
   # Strings:
   editdistance, wordwrap, parseutils, ropes,
-  pegs, punycode, strformat, strmisc, strscans, strtabs,
-  strutils, unicode, unidecode,
-  # works but shouldn't: cstrutils, encodings
+  pegs, strformat, strmisc, strscans, strtabs,
+  strutils, unicode, unidecode, cstrutils,
+  # works but uses FFI: encodings
 
   # Time handling:
-  # fails: monotimes, times
+  # fails due to FFI: monotimes, times
   # but times.getTime() implemented for VM
 
   # Generic operator system services:
-  os, streams,
-  # fails: distros, dynlib, marshal, memfiles, osproc, terminal
+  os, streams, distros,
+  # fails due to FFI: memfiles, osproc, terminal
+  # works but uses FFI: dynlib
+  # intentionally fails: marshal
 
   # Math libraries:
-  complex, math, mersenne, random, rationals, stats, sums,
-  # works but shouldn't: fenv
+  complex, math, random, rationals, stats, sums,
+  # works but uses FFI: fenv, sysrand
 
   # Internet protocols:
   httpcore, mimetypes, uri,
-  # fails: asyncdispatch, asyncfile, asyncftpclient, asynchttpserver,
+  # fails due to FFI: asyncdispatch, asyncfile, asyncftpclient, asynchttpserver,
   # asyncnet, cgi, cookies, httpclient, nativesockets, net, selectors, smtp
-  # works but shouldn't test: asyncstreams, asyncfutures
+  # works but no need to test: asyncstreams, asyncfutures
 
   # Threading:
-  # fails: threadpool
+  # fails due to FFI: threadpool
 
   # Parsers:
   htmlparser, json, lexbase, parsecfg, parsecsv, parsesql, parsexml,
-  parseopt,
+  parseopt, jsonutils,
 
   # XML processing:
   xmltree, xmlparser,
@@ -58,19 +65,30 @@ import std/[
 
   # Hashing:
   base64, hashes,
-  # fails: md5, oids, sha1
+  # fails due to cstring cast/times import/endians import: oids
+  # fails due to copyMem/endians import: sha1
 
   # Miscellaneous:
-  colors, sugar, varints,
-  # fails: browsers, coro, logging (times), segfaults, unittest (uses methods)
+  colors, sugar, varints, enumerate, with,
+  # fails due to FFI: browsers, coro, segfaults
+  # fails due to times import/methods: logging
+  # fails due to methods: unittest
 
   # Modules for JS backend:
-  # fails: asyncjs, dom, jsconsole, jscore, jsffi,
+  # fails intentionally: asyncjs, dom, jsconsole, jscore, jsffi, jsbigints,
+  # jsfetch, jsformdata, jsheaders
 
   # Unlisted in lib.html:
-  decls, compilesettings, with, wrapnils
+  decls, compilesettings, wrapnils, effecttraits, genasts,
+  importutils, isolation
 ]
 
+# non-std imports
+import stdtest/testutils
+# tests (increase coverage via code reuse)
+import stdlib/trandom
+import stdlib/tosenv
+
 echo "Nimscript imports are successful."
 
 block:
diff --git a/tests/testament/tinlinemsg.nim b/tests/testament/tinlinemsg.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..199c263e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testament/tinlinemsg.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--errorMax:0 --styleCheck:error"
+"""
+
+proc generic_proc*[T](a_a: int) = #[tt.Error
+     ^ 'generic_proc' should be: 'genericProc'; tt.Error
+                      ^ 'a_a' should be: 'aA' ]#
+  discard
diff --git a/tests/testament/tjoinable.nim b/tests/testament/tjoinable.nim
index 7a0ad7985..c651780de 100644
--- a/tests/testament/tjoinable.nim
+++ b/tests/testament/tjoinable.nim
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ discard """
 """
 
 # checks that this is joinable
+# checks that megatest allows duplicate names, see also `tests/misc/tjoinable.nim`
 doAssert defined(testing)
 doAssert defined(nimMegatest)
 echo "ok" # intentional to make sure this doesn't prevent `isJoinableSpec`
diff --git a/tests/testament/tshould_not_work.nim b/tests/testament/tshould_not_work.nim
index a0b4d6a36..8c99510a0 100644
--- a/tests/testament/tshould_not_work.nim
+++ b/tests/testament/tshould_not_work.nim
@@ -1,37 +1,53 @@
 discard """
-cmd: "testament/testament --directory:testament --colors:off --backendLogging:off --nim:$nim category shouldfail"
-action: compile
-nimout: '''
-FAIL: tests/shouldfail/tccodecheck.nim c
+  joinable: false
+"""
+
+const expected = """
+FAIL: tests/shouldfail/tccodecheck.nim
 Failure: reCodegenFailure
 Expected:
 baz
-FAIL: tests/shouldfail/tcolumn.nim c
+FAIL: tests/shouldfail/tcolumn.nim
 Failure: reLinesDiffer
-FAIL: tests/shouldfail/terrormsg.nim c
+FAIL: tests/shouldfail/terrormsg.nim
 Failure: reMsgsDiffer
-FAIL: tests/shouldfail/texitcode1.nim c
+FAIL: tests/shouldfail/texitcode1.nim
 Failure: reExitcodesDiffer
-FAIL: tests/shouldfail/tfile.nim c
+FAIL: tests/shouldfail/tfile.nim
 Failure: reFilesDiffer
-FAIL: tests/shouldfail/tline.nim c
+FAIL: tests/shouldfail/tline.nim
 Failure: reLinesDiffer
-FAIL: tests/shouldfail/tmaxcodesize.nim c
+FAIL: tests/shouldfail/tmaxcodesize.nim
 Failure: reCodegenFailure
 max allowed size: 1
-FAIL: tests/shouldfail/tnimout.nim c
+FAIL: tests/shouldfail/tnimout.nim
+Failure: reMsgsDiffer
+FAIL: tests/shouldfail/tnimoutfull.nim
 Failure: reMsgsDiffer
-FAIL: tests/shouldfail/toutput.nim c
+FAIL: tests/shouldfail/toutput.nim
 Failure: reOutputsDiffer
-FAIL: tests/shouldfail/toutputsub.nim c
+FAIL: tests/shouldfail/toutputsub.nim
 Failure: reOutputsDiffer
-FAIL: tests/shouldfail/treject.nim c
+FAIL: tests/shouldfail/treject.nim
 Failure: reFilesDiffer
-FAIL: tests/shouldfail/tsortoutput.nim c
+FAIL: tests/shouldfail/tsortoutput.nim
 Failure: reOutputsDiffer
-FAIL: tests/shouldfail/ttimeout.nim c
+FAIL: tests/shouldfail/ttimeout.nim
 Failure: reTimeout
-FAIL: tests/shouldfail/tvalgrind.nim c
+FAIL: tests/shouldfail/tvalgrind.nim
 Failure: reExitcodesDiffer
-'''
 """
+
+import std/[os,strformat,osproc]
+import stdtest/testutils
+
+proc main =
+  const nim = getCurrentCompilerExe()
+  let testamentExe = "bin/testament"
+  let cmd = fmt"{testamentExe} --directory:testament --colors:off --backendLogging:off --nim:{nim} category shouldfail"
+  let (outp, status) = execCmdEx(cmd)
+  doAssert status == 1, $status
+
+  let ok = greedyOrderedSubsetLines(expected, outp, allowPrefixMatch = true)
+  doAssert ok, &"\nexpected:\n{expected}\noutp:\n{outp}"
+main()
diff --git a/tests/testdata/mycert.pem b/tests/testdata/mycert.pem
index 69039fe04..61dcb685c 100644
--- a/tests/testdata/mycert.pem
+++ b/tests/testdata/mycert.pem
@@ -1,32 +1,81 @@
 -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
-MIICdwIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCAmEwggJdAgEAAoGBAL9QXX/nuiFbizdI
-Uhg1D9gG0GIANENvKwdWTlOlZAoOqvjXPFLGh+87yhvkq4f5FcICkSDao2SfeZcP
-JsgD7T01owt8x48898+d91i7nIpr6IXGPyBxHOuaxAITY1D+MbbkhIGUVrEqKEOm
-qfS9cqPZaDNkx8xVef0HPCmqEme9AgMBAAECgYBxqrQCvJFQJG3QiL2N+GjTdyj0
-MR7cOf6cu2CKPifz+ccHVgpXO/Gj6Cgq7nAjt5B/1rqXhI+zxzSc1bm6+OpIfakS
-E0DLCFacECmL0v3c+XLxTtMhFZF5u7Yq0UMsuWmDSfRb4sbRjC+s+c51i5N0485k
-b3un/MDI/i/jD/YZGQJBAPLtcuMIwEblUR1uw7NFezXdauXCRFkekoSlJNvpdM/Z
-XDRcuWioek5yD8FvMpTz7H2e26Ev645JT5lIuN4Eti8CQQDJm+Qt9NYUohRsU279
-GYI3vXsXKKqmA22at4I3KRXPSeYV1vtQLYWWqGAXzgGkUEVBY0chmHyDcNwkUsNw
-svHTAkEAwOTpD/vX6bOXOD7GqKgoULozcqNScE2FXExhuzliJtTakT17f+4fyABs
-IFWynXIevBUTIqeRbJcr3HRRTwIAwwJBAJQ8XkL4IaxcG/4mPpY0ek13sZiumwKj
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-YsWEJB2RKCT5nhyAXEZLehxF+FXr+JjLMHkuEINKTnHHKjHJ7LbMcTCKUJAcKDTA
-qZFEq5N1aT6DrAU=
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+zvw+fqZ2Sk9O5qva+KE1QMVtY1EICI8=
 -----END PRIVATE KEY-----
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+ns1YeT2mVTFwHjGXCWS+0iE885NDVX/b5YptlwH5PW7aqeXyCS9Hrd1C1GnXoXGp
+NHltYRTyNWm974xWg7eu2gbbB8Ng02chXysdkBq7l+7OyA0a2EfX3Cbz3/49+Mqn
+viqwNO5toSHVCdfV9Jd0p0CcqryYgyt2YNpJB+2nUQpiW4jviAs49PZg2PpCVw/2
+0cqtaPeUh26Si8UzDOuT697PIuGkZ9Q9QVwccVXtCyA0UpJ13P0fMrA+yEMhtwSs
+k1tRm0pUQa6t3v26/cAy+kMhviHBJFwi5dx+y3OMvqQqpQJrgfZawm/o2ZQHy1KP
+8m4ngrJzb13evKf216qCwllmQo6Ts4yeI1Ddx8UpdX7RUWpD8Uw4zSi7Th4r
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/threads/t7172.nim b/tests/threads/t7172.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87e89417b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/threads/t7172.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+discard """
+  disabled: i386
+  output: '''
+In doStuff()
+In initProcess()
+TEST
+initProcess() done
+Crashes before getting here!
+'''
+  joinable: false
+"""
+
+import std/os
+import std/typedthreads
+
+proc whatever() {.thread, nimcall.} =
+  echo("TEST")
+
+proc initProcess(): void =
+  echo("In initProcess()")
+  var thread: Thread[void]
+  createThread(thread, whatever)
+  joinThread(thread)
+  echo("initProcess() done")
+
+proc doStuff(): void =
+  echo("In doStuff()")
+  # ...
+  initProcess()
+  sleep(500)
+  # ...
+  echo("Crashes before getting here!")
+
+doStuff()
diff --git a/tests/threads/t8535.nim b/tests/threads/t8535.nim
index 1af11f9ad..a4296df11 100644
--- a/tests/threads/t8535.nim
+++ b/tests/threads/t8535.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  disabled: i386
   output: '''0
 hello'''
 """
diff --git a/tests/threads/threadex.nim b/tests/threads/threadex.nim
index 50a1a4d34..90119aee7 100644
--- a/tests/threads/threadex.nim
+++ b/tests/threads/threadex.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  disabled: i386
   outputsub: "Just a simple text for test"
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/threads/tjsthreads.nim b/tests/threads/tjsthreads.nim
index 1085d9157..5122c9cd6 100644
--- a/tests/threads/tjsthreads.nim
+++ b/tests/threads/tjsthreads.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
-  targets: "c cpp js"
-  matrix: "--threads"
+  targets: "js"
+  matrix: "--threads:on"
 """
 
 echo 123
diff --git a/tests/threads/tmanyjoin.nim b/tests/threads/tmanyjoin.nim
index aca284965..af5bc460e 100644
--- a/tests/threads/tmanyjoin.nim
+++ b/tests/threads/tmanyjoin.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  disabled: i386
   outputsub: "129"
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/threads/tmembug.nim b/tests/threads/tmembug.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3618f0ecc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/threads/tmembug.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+
+import std / [atomics, strutils, sequtils]
+
+type
+  BackendMessage* = object
+    field*: seq[int]
+
+var
+  chan1: Channel[BackendMessage]
+  chan2: Channel[BackendMessage]
+
+chan1.open()
+chan2.open()
+
+proc routeMessage*(msg: BackendMessage) =
+  discard chan2.trySend(msg)
+
+var
+  recv: Thread[void]
+  stopToken: Atomic[bool]
+
+proc recvMsg() =
+  while not stopToken.load(moRelaxed):
+    let resp = chan1.tryRecv()
+    if resp.dataAvailable:
+      routeMessage(resp.msg)
+      echo "child consumes ", formatSize getOccupiedMem()
+
+createThread[void](recv, recvMsg)
+
+const MESSAGE_COUNT = 100
+
+proc main() =
+  let msg: BackendMessage = BackendMessage(field: (0..500).toSeq())
+  for j in 0..0: #100:
+    echo "New iteration"
+
+    for _ in 1..MESSAGE_COUNT:
+      chan1.send(msg)
+    echo "After sending"
+
+    var counter = 0
+    while counter < MESSAGE_COUNT:
+      let resp = recv(chan2)
+      counter.inc
+    echo "After receiving ", formatSize getOccupiedMem()
+
+  stopToken.store true, moRelaxed
+  joinThreads(recv)
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/threads/tonthreadcreation.nim b/tests/threads/tonthreadcreation.nim
index f588a21c9..61529477d 100644
--- a/tests/threads/tonthreadcreation.nim
+++ b/tests/threads/tonthreadcreation.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 discard """
+  disabled: i386
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:orc --deepcopy:on"
   output: '''some string here
 dying some string here'''
 """
diff --git a/tests/threads/tracy_allocator.nim b/tests/threads/tracy_allocator.nim
index e8f0ec927..f3b39f4dc 100644
--- a/tests/threads/tracy_allocator.nim
+++ b/tests/threads/tracy_allocator.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  disabled: i386
   output: '''true'''
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/threads/treusetvar.nim b/tests/threads/treusetvar.nim
index 2b0017595..f0337801a 100644
--- a/tests/threads/treusetvar.nim
+++ b/tests/threads/treusetvar.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  disabled: i386
   outputsub: "65"
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/threads/tthreadvars.nim b/tests/threads/tthreadvars.nim
index 81aa2e5ec..745e3562c 100644
--- a/tests/threads/tthreadvars.nim
+++ b/tests/threads/tthreadvars.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+disabled: i386
 output: '''
 10
 1111
diff --git a/tests/threads/ttryrecv.nim b/tests/threads/ttryrecv.nim
index cadf6c550..fcff94e78 100644
--- a/tests/threads/ttryrecv.nim
+++ b/tests/threads/ttryrecv.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   outputsub: "channel is empty"
 """
 
diff --git a/tests/tools/compile/config.nims b/tests/tools/compile/config.nims
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a19545668
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tools/compile/config.nims
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+switch("path", "$lib/../")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/tools/compile/readme.md b/tests/tools/compile/readme.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb5058e02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tools/compile/readme.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Test whether the tools compile.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/flags/tgenscript.nim b/tests/tools/compile/tdeps.nim
index d58395a40..971ca1b8e 100644
--- a/tests/flags/tgenscript.nim
+++ b/tests/tools/compile/tdeps.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  targets: "c"
   action: compile
 """
 
-echo "--genscript"
+include tools/deps
diff --git a/tests/tools/compile/tdetect.nim b/tests/tools/compile/tdetect.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..253fc0d39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tools/compile/tdetect.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+discard """
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+include tools/detect/detect
diff --git a/tests/tools/compile/tkoch.nim b/tests/tools/compile/tkoch.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..008721dc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tools/compile/tkoch.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+discard """
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+include koch
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/tools/compile/tniminst.nim b/tests/tools/compile/tniminst.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..78c736af0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tools/compile/tniminst.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+discard """
+  action: compile
+"""
+
+include tools/niminst/niminst
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/tools/config.nims b/tests/tools/config.nims
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f0cba8b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tools/config.nims
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+--d:nimPreviewSlimSystem
+--d:nimPreviewCstringConversion
+--d:nimPreviewProcConversion
diff --git a/tests/tools/tlinter.nim b/tests/tools/tlinter.nim
index a0ed9bfc2..16f67905e 100644
--- a/tests/tools/tlinter.nim
+++ b/tests/tools/tlinter.nim
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 discard """
   cmd: '''nim c --styleCheck:hint $file'''
   nimout: '''
+tlinter.nim(25, 1) Hint: 'tyPE' should be: 'type' [Name]
 tlinter.nim(21, 14) Hint: 'nosideeffect' should be: 'noSideEffect' [Name]
-tlinter.nim(21, 28) Hint: 'myown' should be: 'myOwn' [Name]
+tlinter.nim(21, 28) Hint: 'myown' should be: 'myOwn' [template declared in tlinter.nim(19, 9)] [Name]
 tlinter.nim(21, 35) Hint: 'inLine' should be: 'inline' [Name]
-tlinter.nim(25, 1) Hint: 'tyPE' should be: 'type' [Name]
-tlinter.nim(23, 1) Hint: 'foO' should be: 'foo' [Name]
-tlinter.nim(27, 14) Hint: 'Foo_bar' should be: 'FooBar' [Name]
-tlinter.nim(29, 6) Hint: 'someVAR' should be: 'someVar' [Name]
+tlinter.nim(23, 1) Hint: 'foO' should be: 'foo' [proc declared in tlinter.nim(21, 6)] [Name]
+tlinter.nim(27, 14) Hint: 'Foo_bar' should be: 'FooBar' [type declared in tlinter.nim(25, 6)] [Name]
+tlinter.nim(29, 6) Hint: 'someVAR' should be: 'someVar' [var declared in tlinter.nim(27, 5)] [Name]
 tlinter.nim(32, 7) Hint: 'i_fool' should be: 'iFool' [Name]
 tlinter.nim(39, 5) Hint: 'meh_field' should be: 'mehField' [Name]
 '''
diff --git a/tests/tools/tnimgrep.nim b/tests/tools/tnimgrep.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..890a36e79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tools/tnimgrep.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+
+[Suite] nimgrep filesystem
+
+[Suite] nimgrep contents filtering
+'''
+"""
+## Authors: quantimnot, a-mr
+
+import std/[osproc, os, streams, unittest, strutils]
+
+import std/syncio
+
+#=======
+# setup
+#=======
+
+var process: Process
+var ngStdOut, ngStdErr: string
+var ngExitCode: int
+let previousDir = getCurrentDir()
+let tempDir = getTempDir()
+let testFilesRoot = tempDir / "nimgrep_test_files"
+
+template nimgrep(optsAndArgs): untyped =
+  process = startProcess(previousDir / "bin/nimgrep " & optsAndArgs,
+                         options = {poEvalCommand})
+  ngExitCode = process.waitForExit
+  ngStdOut = process.outputStream.readAll
+  ngStdErr = process.errorStream.readAll
+
+func fixSlash(s: string): string =
+  if DirSep == '/':
+    result = s
+  else:  # on Windows
+    result = s.replace('/', DirSep)
+
+func initString(len = 1000, val = ' '): string =
+  result = newString(len)
+  for i in 0..<len:
+    result[i] = val
+
+# Create test file hierarchy.
+createDir testFilesRoot
+setCurrentDir testFilesRoot
+createDir "a" / "b"
+createDir "c" / "b"
+createDir ".hidden"
+writeFile("do_not_create_another_file_with_this_pattern_KJKJHSFSFKASHFBKAF", "PATTERN")
+writeFile("a" / "b" / "only_the_pattern", "PATTERN")
+writeFile("c" / "b" / "only_the_pattern", "PATTERN")
+writeFile(".hidden" / "only_the_pattern", "PATTERN")
+writeFile("null_in_first_1k", "\0PATTERN")
+writeFile("null_after_first_1k", initString(1000) & "\0")
+writeFile("empty", "")
+writeFile("context_match_filtering", """
+-
+CONTEXTPAT
+-
+PATTERN
+-
+-
+-
+
+-
+-
+-
+PATTERN
+-
+-
+-
+""")
+writeFile("only_the_pattern.txt", "PATTERN")
+writeFile("only_the_pattern.ascii", "PATTERN")
+
+
+#=======
+# tests
+#=======
+
+suite "nimgrep filesystem":
+
+  test "`--filename` with matching file":
+    nimgrep "-r --filename:KJKJHSFSFKASHFBKAF PATTERN"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == fixSlash dedent"""
+        ./do_not_create_another_file_with_this_pattern_KJKJHSFSFKASHFBKAF:1: PATTERN
+        1 matches
+        """
+
+
+  test "`--dirname` with matching dir":
+    nimgrep "-r --dirname:.hid PATTERN"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == fixSlash dedent"""
+        .hidden/only_the_pattern:1: PATTERN
+        1 matches
+        """
+
+  let only_the_pattern = fixSlash dedent"""
+        a/b/only_the_pattern:1: PATTERN
+        c/b/only_the_pattern:1: PATTERN
+        2 matches
+        """
+
+  let only_a = fixSlash dedent"""
+        a/b/only_the_pattern:1: PATTERN
+        1 matches
+        """
+
+  test "`--dirname` with matching grandparent path segment":
+    nimgrep "-r --dirname:a PATTERN"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == only_a
+
+  test "`--dirpath` with matching grandparent path segment":
+    nimgrep "-r --dirp:a PATTERN"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == only_a
+
+  test "`--dirpath` with matching grandparent path segment":
+    nimgrep "-r --dirpath:a/b PATTERN".fixSlash
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == only_a
+
+
+  test "`--dirname` with matching parent path segment":
+    nimgrep "-r --dirname:b PATTERN"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == only_the_pattern
+
+  test "`--dirpath` with matching parent path segment":
+    nimgrep "-r --dirpath:b PATTERN"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == only_the_pattern
+
+
+  let patterns_without_directory_a_b = fixSlash dedent"""
+        ./context_match_filtering:4: PATTERN
+        ./context_match_filtering:12: PATTERN
+        ./do_not_create_another_file_with_this_pattern_KJKJHSFSFKASHFBKAF:1: PATTERN
+        ./null_in_first_1k:1: """ & "\0PATTERN\n" & dedent"""
+        ./only_the_pattern.ascii:1: PATTERN
+        ./only_the_pattern.txt:1: PATTERN
+        .hidden/only_the_pattern:1: PATTERN
+        c/b/only_the_pattern:1: PATTERN
+        8 matches
+        """
+
+  let patterns_without_directory_b = fixSlash dedent"""
+        ./context_match_filtering:4: PATTERN
+        ./context_match_filtering:12: PATTERN
+        ./do_not_create_another_file_with_this_pattern_KJKJHSFSFKASHFBKAF:1: PATTERN
+        ./null_in_first_1k:1: """ & "\0PATTERN\n" & dedent"""
+        ./only_the_pattern.ascii:1: PATTERN
+        ./only_the_pattern.txt:1: PATTERN
+        .hidden/only_the_pattern:1: PATTERN
+        7 matches
+        """
+
+  test "`--ndirname` not matching grandparent path segment":
+    nimgrep "-r --ndirname:a PATTERN"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == patterns_without_directory_a_b
+
+  test "`--ndirname` not matching parent path segment":
+    nimgrep "-r --ndirname:b PATTERN"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == patterns_without_directory_b
+
+  test "`--notdirpath` not matching grandparent path segment":
+    nimgrep "-r --notdirpath:a PATTERN"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == patterns_without_directory_a_b
+
+  test "`--notdirpath` not matching parent path segment":
+    nimgrep "-r --ndirp:b PATTERN"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == patterns_without_directory_b
+
+  test "`--notdirpath` with matching grandparent/parent path segment":
+    nimgrep "-r --ndirp:a/b PATTERN".fixSlash
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == patterns_without_directory_a_b
+
+
+  test "`--text`, `-t`, `--bin:off` with file containing a null in first 1k chars":
+    nimgrep "-r --text PATTERN null_in_first_1k"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == "0 matches\n"
+    checkpoint "`--text`"
+    nimgrep "-r -t PATTERN null_in_first_1k"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == "0 matches\n"
+    checkpoint "`-t`"
+    nimgrep "-r --bin:off PATTERN null_in_first_1k"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == "0 matches\n"
+    checkpoint "`--binary:off`"
+
+
+  test "`--bin:only` with file containing a null in first 1k chars":
+    nimgrep "--bin:only -@ PATTERN null_in_first_1k null_after_first_1k only_the_pattern.txt"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == dedent"""
+        null_in_first_1k:1: ^@PATTERN
+        1 matches
+        """
+
+
+  test "`--bin:only` with file containing a null after first 1k chars":
+    nimgrep "--bin:only PATTERN null_after_first_1k only_the_pattern.txt"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == "0 matches\n"
+
+
+  # TODO: we need to throw a warning if e.g. both extension was provided and
+  # inappropriate filename was directly provided via command line
+  #
+  #  test "`--ext:doesnotexist` without a matching file":
+  #    # skip() # FIXME: this test fails
+  #    nimgrep "--ext:doesnotexist PATTERN context_match_filtering only_the_pattern.txt"
+  #    check ngExitCode == 0
+  #    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+  #    check ngStdOut == """
+  #0 matches
+  #"""
+  #
+  #
+  #  test "`--ext:txt` with a matching file":
+  #    nimgrep "--ext:txt PATTERN context_match_filtering only_the_pattern.txt"
+  #    check ngExitCode == 0
+  #    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+  #    check ngStdOut == """
+  #only_the_pattern.txt:1: PATTERN
+  #1 matches
+  #"""
+  #
+  #
+  #  test "`--ext:txt|doesnotexist` with some matching files":
+  #    nimgrep "--ext:txt|doesnotexist PATTERN context_match_filtering only_the_pattern.txt only_the_pattern.ascii"
+  #    check ngExitCode == 0
+  #    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+  #    check ngStdOut == """
+  #only_the_pattern.txt:1: PATTERN
+  #1 matches
+  #"""
+  #
+  #
+  #  test "`--ext` with some matching files":
+  #    nimgrep "--ext PATTERN context_match_filtering only_the_pattern.txt only_the_pattern.ascii"
+  #    check ngExitCode == 0
+  #    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+  #    check ngStdOut == """
+  #context_match_filtering:4: PATTERN
+  #context_match_filtering:12: PATTERN
+  #2 matches
+  #"""
+  #
+  #
+  #  test "`--ext:txt --ext` with some matching files":
+  #    nimgrep "--ext:txt --ext PATTERN context_match_filtering only_the_pattern.txt only_the_pattern.ascii"
+  #    check ngExitCode == 0
+  #    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+  #    check ngStdOut == """
+  #context_match_filtering:4: PATTERN
+  #context_match_filtering:12: PATTERN
+  #only_the_pattern.txt:1: PATTERN
+  #3 matches
+  #"""
+
+
+suite "nimgrep contents filtering":
+
+  test "`--inFile` with matching file":
+    nimgrep "-r --inf:CONTEXTPAT PATTERN"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == fixSlash dedent"""
+        ./context_match_filtering:4: PATTERN
+        ./context_match_filtering:12: PATTERN
+        2 matches
+        """
+
+
+  test "`--notinFile` with matching files":
+    nimgrep "-r --ninf:CONTEXTPAT PATTERN"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == fixSlash dedent"""
+        ./do_not_create_another_file_with_this_pattern_KJKJHSFSFKASHFBKAF:1: PATTERN
+        ./null_in_first_1k:1: """ & "\0PATTERN\n" & dedent"""
+        ./only_the_pattern.ascii:1: PATTERN
+        ./only_the_pattern.txt:1: PATTERN
+        .hidden/only_the_pattern:1: PATTERN
+        a/b/only_the_pattern:1: PATTERN
+        c/b/only_the_pattern:1: PATTERN
+        7 matches
+        """
+
+
+  test "`--inContext` with missing context option":
+    # Using `--inContext` implies default -c:1 is used
+    nimgrep "-r --inContext:CONTEXTPAT PATTERN"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == "0 matches\n"
+
+
+  test "`--inContext` with PAT matching PATTERN":
+    # This tests the scenario where PAT always matches PATTERN and thus
+    # has the same effect as excluding the `inContext` option.
+    # I'm not sure of the desired behaviour here.
+    nimgrep "--context:2 --inc:PAT PATTERN context_match_filtering"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == dedent"""
+        context_match_filtering:2  CONTEXTPAT
+        context_match_filtering:3  -
+        context_match_filtering:4: PATTERN
+        context_match_filtering:5  -
+        context_match_filtering:6  -
+
+        context_match_filtering:10  -
+        context_match_filtering:11  -
+        context_match_filtering:12: PATTERN
+        context_match_filtering:13  -
+        context_match_filtering:14  -
+
+        2 matches
+        """
+
+
+  test "`--inContext` with PAT in context":
+    nimgrep "--context:2 --inContext:CONTEXTPAT PATTERN context_match_filtering"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == dedent"""
+        context_match_filtering:2  CONTEXTPAT
+        context_match_filtering:3  -
+        context_match_filtering:4: PATTERN
+        context_match_filtering:5  -
+        context_match_filtering:6  -
+
+        1 matches
+        """
+
+
+  test "`--notinContext` with PAT matching some contexts":
+    nimgrep "--context:2 --ninContext:CONTEXTPAT PATTERN context_match_filtering"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == dedent"""
+        context_match_filtering:10  -
+        context_match_filtering:11  -
+        context_match_filtering:12: PATTERN
+        context_match_filtering:13  -
+        context_match_filtering:14  -
+
+        1 matches
+        """
+
+
+  test "`--notinContext` with PAT not matching any of the contexts":
+    nimgrep "--context:1 --ninc:CONTEXTPAT PATTERN context_match_filtering"
+    check ngExitCode == 0
+    check ngStdErr.len == 0
+    check ngStdOut == dedent"""
+        context_match_filtering:3  -
+        context_match_filtering:4: PATTERN
+        context_match_filtering:5  -
+
+        context_match_filtering:11  -
+        context_match_filtering:12: PATTERN
+        context_match_filtering:13  -
+
+        2 matches
+        """
+
+
+#=========
+# cleanup
+#=========
+
+setCurrentDir previousDir
+removeDir testFilesRoot
diff --git a/tests/tools/tunused_imports.nim b/tests/tools/tunused_imports.nim
index bce906634..539608ad6 100644
--- a/tests/tools/tunused_imports.nim
+++ b/tests/tools/tunused_imports.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 discard """
-  cmd: '''nim c --hint[Processing]:off $file'''
+  cmd: '''nim c --hint:Processing:off $file'''
   nimout: '''
-tunused_imports.nim(11, 10) Warning: BEGIN [User]
-tunused_imports.nim(36, 10) Warning: END [User]
-tunused_imports.nim(34, 8) Warning: imported and not used: 'strutils' [UnusedImport]
+tunused_imports.nim(14, 10) Warning: BEGIN [User]
+tunused_imports.nim(41, 10) Warning: END [User]
+tunused_imports.nim(37, 8) Warning: imported and not used: 'strutils' [UnusedImport]
+tunused_imports.nim(38, 13) Warning: imported and not used: 'strtabs' [UnusedImport]
+tunused_imports.nim(38, 22) Warning: imported and not used: 'cstrutils' [UnusedImport]
+tunused_imports.nim(39, 12) Warning: imported and not used: 'macrocache' [UnusedImport]
 '''
   action: "compile"
 """
@@ -32,5 +35,7 @@ macro bar(): untyped =
 bar()
 
 import strutils
+import std/[strtabs, cstrutils]
+import std/macrocache
 
 {.warning: "END".}
diff --git a/tests/trmacros/tnorewrite.nim b/tests/trmacros/tnorewrite.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6769246f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/trmacros/tnorewrite.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+block:
+  proc get(x: int): int = x
+
+  template t{get(a)}(a: int): int =
+    {.noRewrite.}:
+      get(a) + 1
+
+  doAssert get(0) == 1
+
+block:
+  var x: int
+
+  template asgn{a = b}(a: int{lvalue}, b: int) =
+    let newVal = b + 1
+    # ^ this is needed but should it be?
+    {.noRewrite.}:
+      a = newVal
+
+  x = 10
+  doAssert x == 11, $x
diff --git a/tests/trmacros/tor.nim b/tests/trmacros/tor.nim
index 087dc0d68..9defc4d1b 100644
--- a/tests/trmacros/tor.nim
+++ b/tests/trmacros/tor.nim
@@ -1,11 +1,23 @@
 discard """
-  output: '''0
+  output: '''
+3
+30
 true
-3'''
+'''
 """
 
+
+# bug #798
+template t012{(0|1|2){x}}(x: untyped): untyped = x+1
+let z = 1
+# outputs 3 thanks to fixpoint iteration:
+echo z
+
+
 template arithOps: untyped = (`+` | `-` | `*`)
-template testOr{ (arithOps{f})(a, b) }(a, b, f: untyped): untyped = f(a mod 10, b)
+template testOr{ (arithOps{f})(a, b) }(a, b, f: untyped): untyped =
+  {.noRewrite.}:
+    f(a mod 10, b)
 
 let xx = 10
 echo 10*xx
@@ -20,9 +32,3 @@ var
   c = false
 a = b and a
 echo a
-
-# bug #798
-template t012{(0|1|2){x}}(x: untyped): untyped = x+1
-let z = 1
-# outputs 3 thanks to fixpoint iteration:
-echo z
diff --git a/tests/trmacros/trmacros_various.nim b/tests/trmacros/trmacros_various.nim
index 74b248739..8fe51e548 100644
--- a/tests/trmacros/trmacros_various.nim
+++ b/tests/trmacros/trmacros_various.nim
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ block tcse:
 
 block hoist:
   template optPeg{peg(pattern)}(pattern: string{lit}): Peg =
-    var gl {.global, gensym.} = peg(pattern)
+    {.noRewrite.}:
+      var gl {.global, gensym.} = peg(pattern)
     gl
   doAssert match("(a b c)", peg"'(' @ ')'")
   doAssert match("W_HI_Le", peg"\y 'while'")
diff --git a/tests/trmacros/trmacros_various2.nim b/tests/trmacros/trmacros_various2.nim
index c1367cb1b..981df4ca6 100644
--- a/tests/trmacros/trmacros_various2.nim
+++ b/tests/trmacros/trmacros_various2.nim
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ block tpartial:
   proc p(x, y: int; cond: bool): int =
     result = if cond: x + y else: x - y
 
-  template optP{p(x, y, true)}(x, y): untyped = x - y
-  template optP{p(x, y, false)}(x, y): untyped = x + y
+  template optPTrue{p(x, y, true)}(x, y): untyped = x - y
+  template optPFalse{p(x, y, false)}(x, y): untyped = x + y
 
   echo p(2, 4, true)
 
@@ -70,7 +70,9 @@ block tstar:
     for i in 1..len(s)-1: result.add s[i]
     inc calls
 
-  template optConc{ `&&` * a }(a: string): string = &&a
+  template optConc{ `&&` * a }(a: string): string =
+    {.noRewrite.}:
+      &&a
 
   let space = " "
   echo "my" && (space & "awe" && "some " ) && "concat"
diff --git a/tests/tuples/mnimsconstunpack.nim b/tests/tuples/mnimsconstunpack.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..65fafc12f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tuples/mnimsconstunpack.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+proc foo(): tuple[a, b: string] =
+  result = ("a", "b")
+
+const (a, b*) = foo()
diff --git a/tests/tuples/t18125_1.nim b/tests/tuples/t18125_1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74fdfe8f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tuples/t18125_1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# issue #18125 solved with type inference
+
+type
+  Parent = ref object of RootObj
+
+  Child = ref object of Parent
+    c: char
+
+func foo(c: char): (Parent, int) =
+  # Works if you use (Parent(Child(c: c)), 0)
+  (Child(c: c), 0)
+
+let x = foo('x')[0]
+doAssert Child(x).c == 'x'
diff --git a/tests/tuples/t18125_2.nim b/tests/tuples/t18125_2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe0a4a8bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tuples/t18125_2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <(Child, int)> but expected '(Parent, int)'"
+  line: 17
+"""
+
+# issue #18125 solved with correct type relation
+
+type
+  Parent = ref object of RootObj
+
+  Child = ref object of Parent
+    c: char
+
+func foo(c: char): (Parent, int) =
+  # Works if you use (Parent(Child(c: c)), 0)
+  let x = (Child(c: c), 0)
+  x
+
+let x = foo('x')[0]
+doAssert Child(x).c == 'x'
diff --git a/tests/tuples/t7012.nim b/tests/tuples/t7012.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32d441ddd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tuples/t7012.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "illegal recursion in type 'Node'"
+"""
+
+type Node[T] = tuple
+    next: ref Node[T]
+var n: Node[int]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/tuples/tinferred_generic_const.nim b/tests/tuples/tinferred_generic_const.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ab730c38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tuples/tinferred_generic_const.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+discard """
+  action: run
+"""
+block:
+  proc something(a: string or int or float) =
+    const (c, d) = (default a.type, default a.type)
+
+block:
+  proc something(a: string or int) =
+    const c = default a.type
+
+block:
+  proc something(a: string or int) =
+    const (c, d, e) = (default a.type, default a.type, default a.type)
diff --git a/tests/tuples/tnimsconstunpack.nim b/tests/tuples/tnimsconstunpack.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7860fc0a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tuples/tnimsconstunpack.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+discard """
+  action: compile
+  cmd: "nim e $file"
+"""
+
+import mnimsconstunpack
+
+doAssert b == "b"
diff --git a/tests/tuples/ttuples_issues.nim b/tests/tuples/ttuples_issues.nim
index 0cc505d28..70defdfce 100644
--- a/tests/tuples/ttuples_issues.nim
+++ b/tests/tuples/ttuples_issues.nim
@@ -107,6 +107,18 @@ template main() =
         return (x,y)
     doAssert bar() == (10, (11,))
 
+  block: # bug #16331
+    type T1 = tuple[a, b: int]
+
+    proc p(b: bool): T1 =
+      var x: T1 = (10, 20)
+      x = if b: (x.b, x.a) else: (-x.b, -x.a)
+      x
+
+    doAssert p(false) == (-20, -10)
+    doAssert p(true) == (20, 10)
+
+
 proc mainProc() =
   # other tests should be in `main`
   block:
diff --git a/tests/tuples/ttuples_various.nim b/tests/tuples/ttuples_various.nim
index dc060da1e..e392731d2 100644
--- a/tests/tuples/ttuples_various.nim
+++ b/tests/tuples/ttuples_various.nim
@@ -171,3 +171,41 @@ block tuple_with_seq:
     echo s
     (s, 7)
   t = test(t.a)
+
+block: # bug #22049
+  type A = object
+    field: tuple[a, b, c: seq[int]]
+
+  func value(v: var A): var tuple[a, b, c: seq[int]] =
+    v.field
+  template get(v: A): tuple[a, b, c: seq[int]] = v.value
+
+  var v = A(field: (@[1], @[2], @[3]))
+  var (a, b, c) = v.get()
+
+  doAssert a == @[1]
+  doAssert b == @[2]
+  doAssert c == @[3]
+
+block: # bug #22054
+  type A = object
+    field: tuple[a: int]
+
+  func value(v: var A): var tuple[a: int] =
+    v.field
+  template get(v: A): tuple[a: int] = v.value
+
+  var v = A(field: (a: 1314))
+  doAssert get(v)[0] == 1314
+
+block: # tuple unpacking assignment with underscore
+  var
+    a = 1
+    b = 2
+  doAssert (a, b) == (1, 2)
+  (a, _) = (3, 4)
+  doAssert (a, b) == (3, 2)
+  (_, a) = (5, 6)
+  doAssert (a, b) == (6, 2)
+  (b, _) = (7, 8)
+  doAssert (a, b) == (6, 7)
diff --git a/tests/tuples/tuple_with_nil.nim b/tests/tuples/tuple_with_nil.nim
index 7136c8cab..9cad6eccd 100644
--- a/tests/tuples/tuple_with_nil.nim
+++ b/tests/tuples/tuple_with_nil.nim
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ proc writeformat(o: var Writer; b: bool; fmt: Format) =
   else:
     raise newException(FormatError, "Boolean values must of one of the following types: s,b,o,x,X,d,n")
 
-proc writeformat(o: var Writer; ary: openarray[system.any]; fmt: Format) =
+proc writeformat(o: var Writer; ary: openArray[system.any]; fmt: Format) =
   ## Write array `ary` according to format `fmt` using output object
   ## `o` and output function `add`.
   if ary.len == 0: return
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ proc literal[T](x: T): NimNode {.compiletime, nosideeffect.} =
     result = newLit(x)
 
 proc generatefmt(fmtstr: string;
-                 args: var openarray[tuple[arg:NimNode, cnt:int]];
+                 args: var openArray[tuple[arg:NimNode, cnt:int]];
                  arg: var int;): seq[tuple[val, fmt:NimNode]] {.compiletime.} =
   ## fmtstr
   ##   the format string
diff --git a/tests/typerel/t4799_1.nim b/tests/typerel/t4799_1.nim
index 74012190b..03d2a0cfa 100644
--- a/tests/typerel/t4799_1.nim
+++ b/tests/typerel/t4799_1.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   targets: "c cpp"
   outputsub: '''ObjectAssignmentDefect'''
   exitcode: "1"
diff --git a/tests/typerel/t4799_2.nim b/tests/typerel/t4799_2.nim
index f97b89622..ef8571f25 100644
--- a/tests/typerel/t4799_2.nim
+++ b/tests/typerel/t4799_2.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   targets: "c cpp"
   outputsub: '''ObjectAssignmentDefect'''
   exitcode: "1"
diff --git a/tests/typerel/t4799_3.nim b/tests/typerel/t4799_3.nim
index 6102b69cc..26258b983 100644
--- a/tests/typerel/t4799_3.nim
+++ b/tests/typerel/t4799_3.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   targets: "c cpp"
   outputsub: '''ObjectAssignmentDefect'''
   exitcode: "1"
diff --git a/tests/typerel/t7600_1.nim b/tests/typerel/t7600_1.nim
index e9d01bd0d..83f93ae7f 100644
--- a/tests/typerel/t7600_1.nim
+++ b/tests/typerel/t7600_1.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
 errormsg: "type mismatch: got <Thin[system.int]>"
-nimout: '''t7600_1.nim(21, 6) Error: type mismatch: got <Thin[system.int]>
+nimout: '''t7600_1.nim(21, 1) Error: type mismatch: got <Thin[system.int]>
 but expected one of:
 proc test[T](x: Paper[T])
   first type mismatch at position: 1
diff --git a/tests/typerel/t7600_2.nim b/tests/typerel/t7600_2.nim
index 371707f4c..9488a44bc 100644
--- a/tests/typerel/t7600_2.nim
+++ b/tests/typerel/t7600_2.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 discard """
 errormsg: "type mismatch: got <Thin>"
-nimout: '''t7600_2.nim(20, 6) Error: type mismatch: got <Thin>
+nimout: '''t7600_2.nim(20, 1) Error: type mismatch: got <Thin>
 but expected one of:
 proc test(x: Paper)
   first type mismatch at position: 1
diff --git a/tests/typerel/tcommontype.nim b/tests/typerel/tcommontype.nim
index 8215ebd5e..f32228177 100644
--- a/tests/typerel/tcommontype.nim
+++ b/tests/typerel/tcommontype.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 type
-  TAnimal=object {.inheritable.}
+  TAnimal{.inheritable.}=object
   PAnimal=ref TAnimal
 
   TDog=object of TAnimal
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ type
 
 proc newDog():PDog = new(result)
 proc newCat():PCat = new(result)
-proc test(a:openarray[PAnimal])=
+proc test(a:openArray[PAnimal])=
   echo("dummy")
 
 #test(newDog(),newCat()) #does not work
diff --git a/tests/typerel/texplicitcmp.nim b/tests/typerel/texplicitcmp.nim
index b11aa2f4e..57f1e81b6 100644
--- a/tests/typerel/texplicitcmp.nim
+++ b/tests/typerel/texplicitcmp.nim
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ discard """
 
 import json, tables, algorithm
 
-proc outp(a: openarray[int]) =
+proc outp(a: openArray[int]) =
   stdout.write "["
   for i in a: stdout.write($i & " ")
   stdout.write "]\n"
diff --git a/tests/typerel/tnoargopenarray.nim b/tests/typerel/tnoargopenarray.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e2b2fb86..000000000
--- a/tests/typerel/tnoargopenarray.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-action: compile
-"""
-
-import db_sqlite
-
-var db: DbConn
-exec(db, sql"create table blabla()")
diff --git a/tests/typerel/tproctypeclass.nim b/tests/typerel/tproctypeclass.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8fab9780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/typerel/tproctypeclass.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import std/assertions
+
+proc main =
+  iterator closureIter(): int {.closure.} =
+    yield 1
+    yield 2
+  iterator inlineIter(): int {.inline.} =
+    yield 1
+    yield 2
+  proc procNotIter(): int = 1
+
+  doAssert closureIter is iterator
+  doAssert inlineIter is iterator
+  doAssert procNotIter isnot iterator
+
+  doAssert closureIter isnot proc
+  doAssert inlineIter isnot proc
+  doAssert procNotIter is proc
+
+  doAssert typeof(closureIter) is iterator
+  doAssert typeof(inlineIter) is iterator
+  doAssert typeof(procNotIter) isnot iterator
+
+  doAssert typeof(closureIter) isnot proc
+  doAssert typeof(inlineIter) isnot proc
+  doAssert typeof(procNotIter) is proc
+
+  block:
+    proc fn1(iter: iterator {.closure.}) = discard
+    proc fn2[T: iterator {.closure.}](iter: T) = discard
+
+    fn1(closureIter)
+    fn2(closureIter)
+
+    doAssert not compiles(fn1(procNotIter))
+    doAssert not compiles(fn2(procNotIter))
+
+    doAssert not compiles(fn1(inlineIter))
+    doAssert not compiles(fn2(inlineIter))
+
+  block: # concrete iterator type
+    proc fn1(iter: iterator(): int) = discard
+    proc fn2[T: iterator(): int](iter: T) = discard
+
+    fn1(closureIter)
+    fn2(closureIter)
+
+    doAssert not compiles(fn1(procNotIter))
+    doAssert not compiles(fn2(procNotIter))
+
+    doAssert not compiles(fn1(inlineIter))
+    doAssert not compiles(fn2(inlineIter))
+
+  proc takesNimcall[T: proc {.nimcall.}](p: T) = discard
+  proc takesClosure[T: proc {.closure.}](p: T) = discard
+  proc takesAnyProc[T: proc](p: T) = discard
+
+  proc nimcallProc(): int {.nimcall.} = 1
+  proc closureProc(): int {.closure.} = 2
+
+  doAssert nimcallProc is proc {.nimcall.}
+  takesNimcall(nimcallProc)
+  doAssert closureProc isnot proc {.nimcall.}
+  doAssert not compiles(takesNimcall(closureProc))
+
+  doAssert nimcallProc isnot proc {.closure.}
+  doAssert not compiles(takesClosure(nimcallProc))
+  doAssert closureProc is proc {.closure.}
+  takesClosure(closureProc)
+  
+  doAssert nimcallProc is proc
+  takesAnyProc(nimcallProc)
+  doAssert closureProc is proc
+  takesAnyProc(closureProc)
+
+  block: # supposed to test that sameType works 
+    template ensureNotRedefine(Ty): untyped =
+      proc foo[T: Ty](x: T) = discard
+      doAssert not (compiles do:
+        proc bar[T: Ty](x: T) = discard
+        proc bar[T: Ty](x: T) = discard)
+    ensureNotRedefine proc
+    ensureNotRedefine iterator
+    ensureNotRedefine proc {.nimcall.}
+    ensureNotRedefine iterator {.nimcall.}
+    ensureNotRedefine proc {.closure.}
+    ensureNotRedefine iterator {.closure.}
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/typerel/tregionptrs.nim b/tests/typerel/tregionptrs.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 504ec1011..000000000
--- a/tests/typerel/tregionptrs.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <BPtr> but expected 'APtr = ptr[RegionA, int]'"
-  line: 16
-"""
-
-type
-  RegionA = object
-  APtr = RegionA ptr int
-  RegionB = object
-  BPtr = RegionB ptr int
-
-var x,xx: APtr
-var y: BPtr
-x = nil
-x = xx
-x = y
diff --git a/tests/typerel/tsigmatch.nim b/tests/typerel/tsigmatch.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7541f2028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/typerel/tsigmatch.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+block: # bug #13618
+  proc test(x: Natural or BackwardsIndex): int =
+    int(x)
+
+  doAssert test(^1) == 1
+  doAssert test(1) == 1
diff --git a/tests/typerel/tstr_as_openarray.nim b/tests/typerel/tstr_as_openarray.nim
index fc28d6c93..14cd21479 100644
--- a/tests/typerel/tstr_as_openarray.nim
+++ b/tests/typerel/tstr_as_openarray.nim
@@ -3,18 +3,18 @@ discard """
 """
 var s = "HI"
 
-proc x (zz: openarray[char]) =
+proc x (zz: openArray[char]) =
   discard
 
 x s
 
-proc z [T] (zz: openarray[T]) =
+proc z [T] (zz: openArray[T]) =
   discard
 
 z s
 z([s,s,s])
 
-proc y [T] (arg: var openarray[T]) =
+proc y [T] (arg: var openArray[T]) =
   arg[0] = 'X'
 y s
 doAssert s == "XI"
diff --git a/tests/typerel/ttynilinstantiation.nim b/tests/typerel/ttynilinstantiation.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..303506689
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/typerel/ttynilinstantiation.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+proc foo[T: proc](x: T) =
+  # old error here:
+  let y = x
+  # invalid type: 'typeof(nil)' for let
+
+foo(nil) #[tt.Error
+   ^ type mismatch: got <typeof(nil)>]#
diff --git a/tests/typerel/ttypedesc_as_genericparam1.nim b/tests/typerel/ttypedesc_as_genericparam1.nim
index 3998a6a5f..8fdcf217e 100644
--- a/tests/typerel/ttypedesc_as_genericparam1.nim
+++ b/tests/typerel/ttypedesc_as_genericparam1.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   errormsg: "type mismatch: got <typedesc[int]>"
-  line: 6
+  line: 7
 """
 # bug #3079, #1146
-echo repr(int)
+echo repr(int)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/typerel/ttypedesc_as_genericparam1_orc.nim b/tests/typerel/ttypedesc_as_genericparam1_orc.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d528a7421
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/typerel/ttypedesc_as_genericparam1_orc.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:orc"
+"""
+
+doAssert repr(int) == "int"
diff --git a/tests/typerel/ttypedesc_as_genericparam2.nim b/tests/typerel/ttypedesc_as_genericparam2.nim
index ea06606f9..882f66584 100644
--- a/tests/typerel/ttypedesc_as_genericparam2.nim
+++ b/tests/typerel/ttypedesc_as_genericparam2.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 discard """
+  matrix: "--mm:refc"
   errormsg: "'repr' doesn't support 'void' type"
-  line: 9
+  line: 10
 """
 
 # bug #2879
diff --git a/tests/typerel/ttypelessemptyset.nim b/tests/typerel/ttypelessemptyset.nim
index 5f49c33fd..a4b6f003a 100644
--- a/tests/typerel/ttypelessemptyset.nim
+++ b/tests/typerel/ttypelessemptyset.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-  errormsg: "internal error: invalid kind for lastOrd(tyEmpty)"
+  errormsg: "statement returns no value that can be discarded"
 """
 var q = false
 discard (if q: {} else: {})
diff --git a/tests/typerel/tuncheckedarray_eq.nim b/tests/typerel/tuncheckedarray_eq.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c07696b5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/typerel/tuncheckedarray_eq.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+type p = ptr UncheckedArray[char]
+doAssert p is ptr UncheckedArray
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/typerel/tvoid.nim b/tests/typerel/tvoid.nim
index 1e46d016e..8bb5691b8 100644
--- a/tests/typerel/tvoid.nim
+++ b/tests/typerel/tvoid.nim
@@ -35,3 +35,64 @@ ReturnT[void]()
 echo ReturnT[string]("abc")
 nothing()
 
+block: # typeof(stmt)
+  proc fn1(): auto =
+    discard
+  proc fn2(): auto =
+    1
+  doAssert type(fn1()) is void
+  doAssert typeof(fn1()) is void
+  doAssert typeof(fn1()) isnot int
+
+  doAssert type(fn2()) isnot void
+  doAssert typeof(fn2()) isnot void
+  when typeof(fn1()) is void: discard
+  else: doAssert false
+
+  doAssert typeof(1+1) is int
+  doAssert typeof((discard)) is void
+
+  type A1 = typeof(fn1())
+  doAssert A1 is void
+  type A2 = type(fn1())
+  doAssert A2 is void
+  doAssert A2 is A1
+
+  when false:
+    # xxx: MCS/UFCS doesn't work here: Error: expression 'fn1()' has no type (or is ambiguous)
+    type A3 = fn1().type
+  proc bar[T](a: T): string = $T
+  doAssert bar(1) == "int"
+  doAssert bar(fn1()) == "void"
+
+  proc bar2[T](a: T): bool = T is void
+  doAssert not bar2(1)
+  doAssert bar2(fn1())
+
+  block:
+    proc bar3[T](a: T): T = a
+    let a1 = bar3(1)
+    doAssert compiles(block:
+      let a1 = bar3(fn2()))
+    doAssert not compiles(block:
+      let a2 = bar3(fn1()))
+    doAssert compiles(block: bar3(fn1()))
+    doAssert compiles(bar3(fn1()))
+    doAssert typeof(bar3(fn1())) is void
+    doAssert not compiles(sizeof(bar3(fn1())))
+
+  block:
+    var a = 1
+    doAssert typeof((a = 2)) is void
+    doAssert typeof((a = 2; a = 3)) is void
+    doAssert typeof(block:
+      a = 2; a = 3) is void
+
+  block:
+    var a = 1
+    template bad1 = echo (a; a = 2)
+    doAssert not compiles(bad1())
+
+  block:
+    template bad2 = echo (nonexistent; discard)
+    doAssert not compiles(bad2())
diff --git a/tests/typerel/typedescs.nim b/tests/typerel/typedescs.nim
index 23b9ce64f..faf919e13 100644
--- a/tests/typerel/typedescs.nim
+++ b/tests/typerel/typedescs.nim
@@ -5,3 +5,18 @@ p(type((5, 6)))       # Compiles
 (type((5, 6))).p      # Doesn't compile (SIGSEGV: Illegal storage access.)
 type T = type((5, 6)) # Doesn't compile (SIGSEGV: Illegal storage access.)
 
+block: # issue #21677
+  type
+    Uints = uint16|uint32
+
+  template constructor(name: untyped, typ: typedesc[Uints], typ2: typedesc[Uints]) =
+    type
+      name = object
+        data: typ
+        data2: typ2
+
+    proc `init name`(data: typ, data2: typ2): name =
+      result.data = data
+      result.data2 = data2
+
+  constructor(Test, uint32, uint16)
diff --git a/tests/types/t15836.nim b/tests/types/t15836.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27d3ad0d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/types/t15836.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "type mismatch: got <int literal(1), proc (a: GenericParam): auto>"
+  line: 11
+""" 
+
+proc takesProc[T](x: T, f: proc(x: T): int) =
+    echo f(x) + 2
+
+takesProc(1, proc (a: int): int = 2) # ok, prints 4
+takesProc(1, proc (a: auto): auto = 2) # ok, prints 4
+takesProc(1, proc (a: auto): auto = "uh uh") # prints garbage
diff --git a/tests/types/t15836_2.nim b/tests/types/t15836_2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a16e2d22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/types/t15836_2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import std/sugar
+
+type Tensor[T] = object
+  x: T
+
+proc numerical_gradient*[T](input: T, f: (proc(x: T): T), h = T(1e-5)): T {.inline.} =
+  result = default(T)
+
+proc numerical_gradient*[T](input: Tensor[T], f: (proc(x: Tensor[T]): T), h = T(1e-5)): Tensor[T] {.noinit.} =
+  result = default(Tensor[T])
+
+proc conv2d*[T](input: Tensor[T]): Tensor[T] {.inline.} =
+  result = default(Tensor[T])
+
+proc sum*[T](arg: Tensor[T]): T = default(T)
+
+proc sum*[T](arg: Tensor[T], axis: int): Tensor[T] {.noinit.} = default(Tensor[T])
+
+let dinput = Tensor[int](x: 1)
+let target_grad_input = dinput.numerical_gradient(
+    x => conv2d(x).sum())
diff --git a/tests/types/t21027.nim b/tests/types/t21027.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a992177a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/types/t21027.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "Invalid usage of cast, cast requires a type to convert to, e.g., cast[int](0d)."
+"""
+# bug #21027
+let x: uint64 = cast(5)
diff --git a/tests/types/t21260.nim b/tests/types/t21260.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..90d6613c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/types/t21260.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "illegal recursion in type 'Foo'"
+  line: 8
+"""
+
+type
+  Kind = enum kA, kB
+  Foo = object
+    case k: Kind:
+    of kA:
+      foo: Foo
+    of kB:
+      discard
diff --git a/tests/types/t5648.nim b/tests/types/t5648.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b3bd406b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/types/t5648.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+ptr Foo
+'''
+joinable: false
+"""
+# not joinable because it causes out of memory with --gc:boehm
+
+# issue #5648
+
+import typetraits
+
+type Foo = object
+  bar: int
+
+proc main() =
+  var f = create(Foo)
+  f.bar = 3
+  echo f.type.name
+
+  discard realloc(f, 0)
+
+  var g = Foo()
+  g.bar = 3
+
+var
+  mainPtr = cast[pointer](main)
+  mainFromPtr = cast[typeof(main)](mainPtr)
+
+doAssert main == mainFromPtr
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/types/tcyclic.nim b/tests/types/tcyclic.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..651394c8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/types/tcyclic.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+## todo publish the `isCyclic` when it's mature.
+proc isCyclic(t: typedesc): bool {.magic: "TypeTrait".} =
+  ## Returns true if the type can potentially form a cyclic type
+
+template cyclicYes(x: typed) =
+  doAssert isCyclic(x)
+
+template cyclicNo(x: typed) =
+  doAssert not isCyclic(x)
+
+# atomic types are not cyclic
+cyclicNo(int)
+cyclicNo(float)
+cyclicNo(string)
+cyclicNo(char)
+cyclicNo(void)
+
+type
+  Object = object
+  Ref = ref object
+
+cyclicNo(Object)
+cyclicNo(Ref)
+
+type
+  Data1 = ref object
+  Data2 = ref object
+    id: Data1
+
+cyclicNo(Data2)
+
+type
+  Cyclone = ref object
+    data: Cyclone
+
+  Alias = Cyclone
+
+  Acyclic {.acyclic.} = ref object
+    data: Acyclic
+
+  LinkedNode = object
+    next: ref LinkedNode
+
+  LinkedNodeWithCursor = object
+    next {.cursor.} : ref LinkedNodeWithCursor
+
+cyclicYes(Cyclone)
+cyclicYes(Alias)
+cyclicNo(seq[Cyclone])
+cyclicNo((Cyclone, ))
+cyclicNo(Acyclic)
+
+cyclicYes(LinkedNode)
+cyclicNo(LinkedNodeWithCursor) # cursor doesn't increase rc, cannot form a cycle
+
+type
+  ObjectWithoutCycles = object
+    data: seq[ObjectWithoutCycles]
+
+cyclicNo(ObjectWithoutCycles)
+
+
+block:
+  type
+    Try = object
+      id: Best
+    Best = object
+      name: ref Try
+    Best2 = ref Best
+
+  cyclicYes(Best)
+  cyclicYes(Try)
+  cyclicNo(Best2)
+
+  type
+    Base = object
+      data: ref seq[Base]
+    Base2 = ref Base
+
+  cyclicYes(Base)
+  cyclicNo(Base2)
+
+
+  type
+    Base3 = ref object
+      id: Base3
+
+    Base4 = object
+      id: ref Base4
+
+  cyclicYes(Base3)
+  cyclicYes(Base4)
+  cyclicYes(ref Base4)
+
+block:
+  type Cyclic2 = object
+    x: ref (Cyclic2, int)
+
+  cyclicYes (Cyclic2, int)
+  cyclicYes (ref (Cyclic2, int))
+
+block:
+  type
+    myseq[T] = object
+      data: ptr UncheckedArray[T]
+    Node = ref object
+      kids: myseq[Node]
+
+  cyclicNo(Node)
+
+block:
+  type
+    myseq[T] = object
+      data: ptr UncheckedArray[T]
+    Node = ref object
+      kids: myseq[Node]
+
+  proc `=trace`(x: var myseq[Node]; env: pointer) = discard
+
+  cyclicYes(Node)
+
+block:
+  type
+    Foo = object
+      id: ptr ref Foo
+
+  cyclicNo(Foo)
+
+block:
+  type
+    InheritableObj = object of RootObj
+    InheritableRef = ref object of RootObj
+
+  cyclicYes(InheritableObj)
+  cyclicYes(InheritableRef)
diff --git a/tests/types/texportgeneric.nim b/tests/types/texportgeneric.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e6be2bb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/types/texportgeneric.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "{.exportc.} not allowed for generic types"
+  line: 6
+"""
+
+type Struct[T] {.exportc.} = object
+  a:int
+  b: T
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/types/tfinalobj.nim b/tests/types/tfinalobj.nim
index 94f2e4f0e..ad3085132 100644
--- a/tests/types/tfinalobj.nim
+++ b/tests/types/tfinalobj.nim
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ discard """
 """
 
 type
-  TA = object {.pure, final.}
+  TA {.pure, final.} = object
     x: string
 
 var
diff --git a/tests/types/tillegaltyperecursion.nim b/tests/types/tillegaltyperecursion.nim
index 4c53a8b0e..372615c4d 100644
--- a/tests/types/tillegaltyperecursion.nim
+++ b/tests/types/tillegaltyperecursion.nim
@@ -1,66 +1,17 @@
 discard """
   cmd: "nim $target --threads:on $options $file"
   errormsg: "illegal recursion in type 'TIRC'"
-  line: 16
+  line: 12
 """
 
-import events
 import net
 import strutils
 import os
 
 type
-    TMessageReceivedEventArgs = object of EventArgs
-        Nick*: string
-        Message*: string
     TIRC = object
-        EventEmitter: EventEmitter
-        MessageReceivedHandler*: EventHandler
         Socket: Socket
         Thread: Thread[TIRC]
 
 proc initIRC*(): TIRC =
     result.Socket = socket()
-    result.EventEmitter = initEventEmitter()
-    result.MessageReceivedHandler = initEventHandler("MessageReceived")
-
-proc IsConnected*(irc: var TIRC): bool =
-    return running(irc.Thread)
-
-
-proc sendRaw*(irc: var TIRC, message: string) =
-    irc.Socket.send(message & "\r\L")
-proc handleData(irc: TIRC) {.thread.} =
-    var connected = False
-    while connected:
-        var tup = @[irc.Socket]
-        var o = select(tup, 200)
-        echo($o)
-        echo($len(tup))
-        if len(tup) == 1:
-            #Connected
-            connected = True
-
-            #Parse data here
-
-        else:
-            #Disconnected
-            connected = False
-            return
-
-proc Connect*(irc: var TIRC, nick: string, host: string, port: int = 6667) =
-    connect(irc.Socket, host, TPort(port), TDomain.AF_INET)
-    send(irc.Socket,"USER " & nick & " " & nick & " " & nick & " " & nick & "\r\L")
-    send(irc.Socket,"NICK " & nick & "\r\L")
-    var thread: Thread[TIRC]
-    createThread(thread, handleData, irc)
-    irc.Thread = thread
-
-
-
-
-when true:
-    var irc = initIRC()
-    irc.Connect("AmryBot[Nim]","irc.freenode.net",6667)
-    irc.sendRaw("JOIN #nim")
-    os.Sleep(4000)
diff --git a/tests/types/tinheritgenericparameter.nim b/tests/types/tinheritgenericparameter.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0d313635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/types/tinheritgenericparameter.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim check --hints:off --warnings:off $file"
+  action: "reject"
+  nimout:'''
+tinheritgenericparameter.nim(36, 15) Error: Cannot inherit from: 'MyObject'
+tinheritgenericparameter.nim(36, 15) Error: Cannot inherit from: 'MyObject'
+tinheritgenericparameter.nim(36, 23) Error: object constructor needs an object type [error]
+tinheritgenericparameter.nim(36, 23) Error: expression '' has no type (or is ambiguous)
+tinheritgenericparameter.nim(37, 15) Error: Cannot inherit from: 'int'
+tinheritgenericparameter.nim(37, 15) Error: Cannot inherit from: 'int'
+tinheritgenericparameter.nim(37, 23) Error: object constructor needs an object type [error]
+tinheritgenericparameter.nim(37, 23) Error: expression '' has no type (or is ambiguous)
+'''
+"""
+
+type
+  MyObject = object
+  HorzLayout[Base, T] = ref object of Base
+    data: seq[T]
+  VertLayout[T, Base] = ref object of Base
+    data: seq[T]
+  UiElement = ref object of RootObj
+    a: int
+  MyType[T] = ref object of RootObj
+    data: seq[T]
+  OtherElement[T] = ref object of T
+  Child[T] = ref object of HorzLayout[UiElement, T]
+  Child2[T] = ref object of VertLayout[T, UiElement]
+  Child3[T] = ref object of HorzLayout[MyObject, T]
+  Child4[T] = ref object of HorzLayout[int, T]
+static:
+  var a = Child[int](a: 300, data: @[100, 200, 300])
+  assert a.a == 300
+  assert a.data == @[100, 200, 300]
+discard Child2[string]()
+discard Child3[string]()
+discard Child4[string]()
+discard OtherElement[MyType[int]]()
+
diff --git a/tests/types/tinheritref.nim b/tests/types/tinheritref.nim
index 01f2307c0..c03e3bcab 100644
--- a/tests/types/tinheritref.nim
+++ b/tests/types/tinheritref.nim
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ ob = T[int](elem: 23)
 doAssert ob.elem == 23
 
 type
-  TTreeIteratorA* = ref object {.inheritable.}
-
   TKeysIteratorA* = ref object of TTreeIteratorA  #compiles
 
-  TTreeIterator* [T,D] = ref object {.inheritable.}
+  TTreeIteratorA* {.inheritable.} = ref object
+
+  TTreeIterator* [T,D] {.inheritable.} = ref object
 
   TKeysIterator* [T,D] = ref object of TTreeIterator[T,D]  #this not
 
diff --git a/tests/types/tisop.nim b/tests/types/tisop.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f9cba0d8..000000000
--- a/tests/types/tisop.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-  disabled: true
-"""
-
-import typetraits
-
-type
-  TRecord = (tuple) or (object)
-
-  TFoo[T, U] = object
-    x: int
-
-    when T is string:
-      y: float
-    else:
-      y: string
-
-    when U is TRecord:
-      z: float
-
-  E = enum A, B, C
-
-macro m(t: typedesc): typedesc =
-  if t is enum:
-    result = string
-  else:
-    result = int
-
-var f: TFoo[int, int]
-static: doAssert(f.y.type.name == "string")
-
-when compiles(f.z):
-  {.error: "Foo should not have a `z` field".}
-
-proc p(a, b: auto) =
-  when a.type is int:
-    static: doAssert false
-
-  var f: TFoo[m(a.type), b.type]
-  static:
-    doAssert f.x.type.name == "int"
-    echo  f.y.type.name
-    doAssert f.y.type.name == "float"
-    echo  f.z.type.name
-    doAssert f.z.type.name == "float"
-
-p(A, f)
-
diff --git a/tests/types/tisopr.nim b/tests/types/tisopr.nim
index 67f1ce0c1..c95b63c90 100644
--- a/tests/types/tisopr.nim
+++ b/tests/types/tisopr.nim
@@ -135,3 +135,37 @@ block:
   let Q = MyObj[P](y: 2)
   doAssert($Q  == "(y: 2)")
 
+block: # previously tisop.nim
+  type
+    TRecord = (tuple) or (object)
+    TFoo[T, U] = object
+      x: int
+      when T is string:
+        y: float
+      else:
+        y: string
+      when U is TRecord:
+        z: float
+    E = enum A, B, C
+  template m(t: typedesc): typedesc =
+    when t is enum:
+      string
+    else:
+      int
+  var f: TFoo[int, int]
+  static: doAssert(typeof(f.y) is string)
+  when compiles(f.z):
+    {.error: "Foo should not have a `z` field".}
+  proc p(a, b: auto) =
+    when typeof(a) is int:
+      static: doAssert false
+    var f: TFoo[m(a.typeof), b.typeof]
+    static:
+      doAssert f.x.typeof is int
+      doAssert f.y.typeof is float
+      doAssert f.z.typeof is float
+  p(A, f)
+
+block: # issue #22850
+  doAssert not (type is int)
+  doAssert not (typedesc is int)
diff --git a/tests/types/tissues_types.nim b/tests/types/tissues_types.nim
index 7ed0547bf..6bb1258f4 100644
--- a/tests/types/tissues_types.nim
+++ b/tests/types/tissues_types.nim
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ discard """
 true
 true
 true
-ptr Foo
 (member: "hello world")
 (member: 123.456)
 (member: "hello world", x: ...)
@@ -11,10 +10,7 @@ ptr Foo
 0
 false
 '''
-joinable: false
 """
-# not joinable because it causes out of memory with --gc:boehm
-import typetraits
 
 block t1252:
   echo float32 isnot float64
@@ -29,29 +25,6 @@ block t5640:
 
   var v = vec2([0.0'f32, 0.0'f32])
 
-block t5648:
-  type Foo = object
-    bar: int
-
-  proc main() =
-    var f = create(Foo)
-    f.bar = 3
-    echo f.type.name
-
-    discard realloc(f, 0)
-
-    var g = Foo()
-    g.bar = 3
-
-  var
-    mainPtr1: pointer = main
-    mainPtr2 = pointer(main)
-    mainPtr3 = cast[pointer](main)
-
-  doAssert mainPtr1 == mainPtr2 and mainPtr2 == mainPtr3
-
-  main()
-
 block t7581:
   discard int -1
 
@@ -108,3 +81,38 @@ block:
 
 var f1: Foo
 echo f1.bar
+
+import macros
+
+block: # issue #12582
+  macro foo(T: type): type =
+    nnkBracketExpr.newTree(bindSym "array", newLit 1, T)
+  var
+    _: foo(int) # fine
+  type
+    Foo = object
+      x: foo(int) # fine
+    Bar = ref object
+      x: foo(int) # error
+  let b = Bar()
+  let b2 = Bar(x: [123])
+
+block:
+  when true: # bug #14710
+    type Foo[T] = object
+      x1: int
+      when T.sizeof == 4: discard # SIGSEGV
+      when sizeof(T) == 4: discard # ok
+    let t = Foo[float](x1: 1)
+    doAssert t.x1 == 1
+
+block:
+  template s(d: varargs[typed])=discard
+
+  proc something(x:float)=discard
+  proc something(x:int)=discard
+  proc otherthing()=discard
+
+  s(something)
+  s(otherthing, something)
+  s(something, otherthing)
diff --git a/tests/types/titerable.nim b/tests/types/titerable.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe27de4fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/types/titerable.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c js"
+"""
+
+from stdtest/testutils import accept, reject, whenVMorJs
+
+# toSeq-like templates
+
+template toSeq2(a: iterable): auto =
+  var ret: seq[typeof(a)]
+  for ai in a: ret.add ai
+  ret
+
+template toSeq3(a: iterable[string]): auto =
+  var ret: seq[typeof(a)]
+  for ai in a: ret.add ai
+  ret
+
+template toSeq4[T](a: iterable[T]): auto =
+  var ret: seq[typeof(a)]
+  for ai in a: ret.add ai
+  ret
+
+template toSeq5[T: SomeInteger](a: iterable[T]): auto =
+  var ret: seq[typeof(a)]
+  for ai in a: ret.add ai
+  ret
+
+template toSeq6(a: iterable[int | float]): auto =
+  var ret: seq[typeof(a)]
+  for ai in a: ret.add ai
+  ret
+
+template toSeq7(a: iterable[seq]): auto =
+  var ret: seq[typeof(a)]
+  for ai in a: ret.add ai
+  ret
+
+template fn7b(a: untyped) = discard
+template fn7c(a: typed) = discard
+template fn7d(a: auto) = discard
+template fn7e[T](a: T) = discard
+
+template fn8a(a: iterable) = discard
+template fn8b[T](a: iterable[T]) = discard
+template fn8c(a: iterable[int]) = discard
+
+template bad1 =
+  template fn4(a: int, b: iterable[float, int]) =
+    discard
+
+template bad2 =
+  proc fn4(a: iterable) = discard
+
+template bad3 =
+  proc fn4(a: iterable[int]) = discard
+
+template good4 =
+  template fn1(a: iterable) = discard
+  template fn2(a: iterable[int]) = discard
+
+# iterators
+iterator iota(n: int): auto =
+  for i in 0..<n: yield i
+
+iterator repeat[T](a: T, n: int): T =
+  for i in 0..<n:
+    yield a
+
+iterator myiter(n: int): auto =
+  for i in 0..<n: yield $(i*2)
+
+when not defined(js):
+  iterator iotaClosure(n: int): auto {.closure.} =
+    for i in 0..<n: yield i
+
+template main() =
+  let expected1 = @[0, 1, 2]
+  let expected2 = @["0", "2"]
+
+  doAssert toSeq2(myiter(2)) == expected2
+  doAssert toSeq2(iota(3)) == expected1
+  doAssert toSeq2(1.1.repeat(2)) == @[1.1, 1.1]
+
+  whenVMorJs: discard
+  do:
+    doAssert toSeq2(iotaClosure(3)) == expected1
+
+  when true:
+    # MCS/UFCS
+    doAssert iota(3).toSeq2() == expected1
+
+  doAssert toSeq3(myiter(2)) == expected2
+  accept toSeq3(myiter(2))
+  reject toSeq3(iota(3))
+
+  doAssert toSeq4(iota(3)) == expected1
+  doAssert toSeq4(myiter(2)) == expected2
+  
+  doAssert toSeq4(0..2) == expected1
+  doAssert toSeq4(items(0..2)) == expected1
+  doAssert toSeq4(items(@[0,1,2])) == expected1
+  reject toSeq4(@[0,1,2])
+  reject toSeq4(13)
+
+  block:
+    accept fn8a(iota(3))
+    accept fn7b(iota(3))
+    reject fn7c(iota(3))
+    reject fn7d(iota(3))
+    reject fn7e(iota(3))
+
+  block:
+    fn8a(iota(3))
+    reject fn8a(123)
+    reject fn8c(123)
+    reject fn8c(123.3)
+    accept fn8c(items(@[1,2]))
+
+  block:
+    # shows that iterable is more restrictive than untyped
+    reject fn8a(nonexistent)
+    accept fn7b(nonexistent)
+    reject fn7c(nonexistent)
+    reject fn7d(nonexistent)
+    reject fn7e(nonexistent)
+
+  doAssert toSeq5(iota(3)) == expected1
+  reject toSeq5(myiter(2))
+
+  doAssert toSeq6(iota(3)) == expected1
+  reject toSeq6(myiter(2))
+
+  doAssert toSeq2("abc".repeat(3)) == @["abc", "abc", "abc"]
+  doAssert toSeq2(@['x', 'y'].repeat(2)) == @[@['x', 'y'], @['x', 'y']]
+
+  reject bad1
+  reject bad2
+  reject bad3
+  accept good4
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/types/tlent_var.nim b/tests/types/tlent_var.nim
index 491f6fde8..73b5bef9b 100644
--- a/tests/types/tlent_var.nim
+++ b/tests/types/tlent_var.nim
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ proc test_var(x: var MyObj): var int =
 var x = MyObj(a: 5)
 
 doAssert: test_var(x).addr == x.a.addr
-doAssert: test_lent(x).unsafeAddr == x.a.addr
+doAssert: test_lent(x).addr == x.a.addr
 
 proc varProc(x: var int) =
   x = 100
diff --git a/tests/types/tnontype.nim b/tests/types/tnontype.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e2bafb32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/types/tnontype.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "expected type, but got: 3"
+"""
+
+type
+  Foo = (block:
+    int)
+  
+  Bar = 3
diff --git a/tests/types/told_pragma_syntax1.nim b/tests/types/told_pragma_syntax1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..49823662d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/types/told_pragma_syntax1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "invalid indentation"
+"""
+
+type Foo = object {.final.}
diff --git a/tests/types/told_pragma_syntax2.nim b/tests/types/told_pragma_syntax2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eea185725
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/types/told_pragma_syntax2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "invalid indentation"
+"""
+
+type Bar {.final.} [T] = object
diff --git a/tests/types/ttopdowninference.nim b/tests/types/ttopdowninference.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..765761e99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/types/ttopdowninference.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+block:
+  var s: seq[string] = (discard; @[])
+
+  var x: set[char] =
+    if true:
+      try:
+        case 1
+        of 1:
+          if false:
+            {'4'}
+          else:
+            block:
+              s.add "a"
+              {}
+        else: {'3'}
+      except: {'2'}
+    else: {'1'}
+  doAssert x is set[char]
+  doAssert x == {}
+  doAssert s == @["a"]
+
+  x = {'a', 'b'}
+  doAssert x == {'a', 'b'}
+
+  x = (s.add "b"; {})
+  doAssert x == {}
+  doAssert s == @["a", "b"]
+
+  let x2: set[byte] = {1}
+  doAssert x2 == {1u8}
+
+block:
+  let x3: array[0..2, byte] = [1, 2, 3]
+  #let x4: openarray[byte] = [1, 2, 3]
+  #let x5: openarray[byte] = @[1, 2, 3]
+  let x6: seq[byte] = @[1, 2, 3]
+  let x7: seq[seq[float32]] = @[@[1, 2, 3], @[4.3, 5, 6]]
+  type ABC = enum a, b, c
+  let x8: array[ABC, byte] = [1, 2, 3]
+  doAssert x8[a] == 1
+  doAssert x8[a] + x8[b] == x8[c]
+
+  const x9: array[-2..2, float] = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+  let x10: array[ABC, byte] = block:
+    {.gcsafe.}:
+      [a: 1, b: 2, c: 3]
+  proc `@`(x: float): float = x + 1
+  doAssert @1 == 2
+  let x11: seq[byte] = system.`@`([1, 2, 3])
+
+block:
+  type Foo = object
+    x: BiggestInt
+  var foo: Foo
+  foo.x = case true
+  of true: ord(1)
+  else: 0
+  foo.x = if true: ord(1) else: 0
+
+block:
+  type Foo = object
+    x: (float, seq[(byte, seq[byte])])
+    
+  let foo = Foo(x: (1, @{2: @[], 3: @[4, 5]}))
+  doAssert foo.x == (1.0, @{2u8: @[], 3u8: @[4u8, 5]})
+
+block:
+  type Foo = object
+    x: tuple[a: float, b: seq[(byte, seq[byte])]]
+    
+  let foo = Foo(x: (a: 1, b: @{2: @[3, 4], 5: @[]}))
+  doAssert foo.x == (1.0, @{2u8: @[3u8, 4], 5u8: @[]})
+
+block:
+  proc foo(): seq[float] = @[1]
+
+  let fooLamb = proc(): seq[float] = @[1]
+
+  doAssert foo() == fooLamb()
+
+block:
+  type Foo[T] = float32
+
+  let x: seq[Foo[int32]] = @[1]
+
+block:
+  type Foo = ref object
+  type Bar[T] = ptr object
+
+  let x1: seq[Foo] = @[nil]
+  let x2: seq[Bar[int]] = @[nil]
+  let x3: seq[cstring] = @[nil]
+
+block:
+  let x: seq[cstring] = @["abc", nil, "def"]
+  doAssert x.len == 3
+  doAssert x[0] == cstring"abc"
+  doAssert x[1].isNil
+  doAssert x[2] == "def".cstring
+
+block:
+  type Foo = object
+    x: tuple[a: float, b: seq[(byte, seq[cstring])]]
+    
+  let foo = Foo(x: (a: 1, b: @{2: @[nil, "abc"]}))
+  doAssert foo.x == (1.0, @{2u8: @[cstring nil, cstring "abc"]})
+
+block:
+  type Foo = object
+    x: tuple[a: float, b: seq[(byte, seq[ptr int])]]
+    
+  let foo = Foo(x: (a: 1, b: @{2: @[nil, nil]}))
+  doAssert foo.x == (1.0, @{2u8: @[(ptr int)(nil), nil]})
+
+when false: # unsupported
+  block: # type conversion
+    let x = seq[(cstring, float32)](@{"abc": 1.0, "def": 2.0})
+    doAssert x[0] == (cstring"abc", 1.0'f32)
+    doAssert x[1] == (cstring"def", 2.0'f32)
+
+block: # enum
+  type Foo {.pure.} = enum a
+  type Bar {.pure.} = enum a, b, c
+
+  var s: seq[Bar] = @[a, b, c]
+
+block: # overload selection
+  proc foo(x, y: int): int = x + y + 1
+  proc foo(x: int): int = x - 1
+  var s: seq[proc (x, y: int): int] = @[nil, foo, foo]
+  var s2: seq[int]
+  for a in s:
+    if not a.isNil: s2.add(a(1, 2))
+  doAssert s2 == @[4, 4]
+
+block: # with generics?
+  proc foo(x, y: int): int = x + y + 1
+  proc foo(x: int): int = x - 1
+  proc bar[T](x, y: T): T = x - y
+  var s: seq[proc (x, y: int): int] = @[nil, foo, foo, bar]
+  var s2: seq[int]
+  for a in s:
+    if not a.isNil: s2.add(a(1, 2))
+  doAssert s2 == @[4, 4, -1]
+  proc foo(x, y: float): float = x + y + 1.0
+  var s3: seq[proc (x, y: float): float] = @[nil, foo, foo, bar]
+  var s4: seq[float]
+  for a in s3:
+    if not a.isNil: s4.add(a(1, 2))
+  doAssert s4 == @[4.0, 4, -1]
+
+block: # range types
+  block:
+    let x: set[range[1u8..5u8]] = {1, 3}
+    doAssert x == {range[1u8..5u8](1), 3}
+    doAssert $x == "{1, 3}"
+  block:
+    let x: seq[set[range[1u8..5u8]]] = @[{1, 3}]
+    doAssert x == @[{range[1u8..5u8](1), 3}]
+    doAssert $x[0] == "{1, 3}"
+  block:
+    let x: seq[range[1u8..5u8]] = @[1, 3]
+    doAssert x == @[range[1u8..5u8](1), 3]
+    doAssert $x == "@[1, 3]"
+  block: # already worked before, make sure it still works
+    let x: set[range['a'..'e']] = {'a', 'c'}
+    doAssert x == {range['a'..'e']('a'), 'c'}
+    doAssert $x == "{'a', 'c'}"
+  block: # extended
+    let x: seq[set[range['a'..'e']]] = @[{'a', 'c'}]
+    doAssert x[0] == {range['a'..'e']('a'), 'c'}
+    doAssert $x == "@[{'a', 'c'}]"
+  block:
+    type Foo = object
+      x: (range[1u8..5u8], seq[(range[1f32..5f32], seq[range['a'..'e']])])
+      
+    let foo = Foo(x: (1, @{2: @[], 3: @['c', 'd']}))
+    doAssert foo.x == (range[1u8..5u8](1u8), @{range[1f32..5f32](2f32): @[], 3f32: @[range['a'..'e']('c'), 'd']})
+  block:
+    type Foo = object
+      x: (range[1u8..5u8], seq[(range[1f32..5f32], seq[set[range['a'..'e']]])])
+      
+    let foo = Foo(x: (1, @{2: @[], 3: @[{'c', 'd'}]}))
+    doAssert foo.x == (range[1u8..5u8](1u8), @{range[1f32..5f32](2f32): @[], 3f32: @[{range['a'..'e']('c'), 'd'}]})
+
+block: # templates
+  template foo: untyped = (1, 2, "abc")
+  let x: (float, byte, cstring) = foo()
+  doAssert x[0] == float(1)
+  doAssert x[1] == byte(2)
+  doAssert x[2] == cstring("abc")
+  let (a, b, c) = x
+  doAssert a == float(1)
+  doAssert b == byte(2)
+  doAssert c == cstring("abc")
+
+
+proc foo(): set[char] = # bug #11259
+  discard "a"
+  {}
+
+discard foo()
+
+block: # bug #11085
+  const ok1: set[char] = {}
+  var ok1b: set[char] = {}
+
+  const ok2: set[char] = block:
+    {}
+
+  const ok3: set[char] = block:
+    var x: set[char] = {}
+    x
+  var ok3b: set[char] = block:
+    var x: set[char] = {}
+    x
+
+  var bad: set[char] = block:
+    {}
+
+# bug #6213
+block:
+  block:
+    type MyEnum = enum a, b
+    type MyTuple = tuple[x: set[MyEnum]]
+
+    var myVar: seq[MyTuple] = @[ (x: {}) ]
+    doAssert myVar.len == 1
+
+  block:
+    type
+      Foo = tuple
+        f: seq[string]
+        s: string
+
+    proc e(): seq[Foo] =
+      return @[
+        (@[], "asd")
+      ]
+
+    doAssert e()[0].f == @[]
+
+block: # bug #11777
+  type S = set[0..5]
+  var s: S = {1, 2}
+  doAssert 1 in s
+
+block: # bug #20807
+  var s: seq[string]
+  template fail =
+    s = @[]
+  template test(body: untyped) =
+    body
+  proc test(a: string) = discard
+  test: fail()
+  doAssert not (compiles do:
+    let x: seq[int] = `@`[string]([]))
+
+block: # bug #21377
+  proc b[T](v: T): seq[int] =
+    let x = 0
+    @[]
+
+  doAssert b(0) == @[]
+
+block: # bug #21377
+  proc b[T](v: T): seq[T] =
+    let x = 0
+    @[]
+
+  doAssert b(0) == @[]
+
+block: # bug #21377
+  proc b[T](v: T): set[bool] =
+    let x = 0
+    {}
+
+  doAssert b(0) == {}
+
+block: # bug #21377
+  proc b[T](v: T): array[0, int] =
+    let x = 0
+    []
+
+  doAssert b(0) == []
+
+block: # bug #21377
+  proc b[T](v: T): array[0, (string, string)] =
+    let x = 0
+    {:}
+
+  doAssert b(0) == {:}
+
+block: # bug #22180
+  type A = object
+  proc j() = discard
+
+  let x =
+    if false:
+      (ref A)(nil)
+    else:
+      if false:
+        quit 1
+      else:
+        if true:
+          j()
+          nil  # compiles with (ref A)(nil) here
+        else:
+          (ref A)(nil)
+  doAssert x.isNil
+  
+  let y =
+    case true
+    of false:
+      (ref A)(nil)
+    else:
+      case true
+      of false:
+        quit 1
+      else:
+        case true
+        of true:
+          j()
+          nil  # compiles with (ref A)(nil) here
+        else:
+          (ref A)(nil)
+  doAssert y.isNil
+
+block: # issue #24164, related regression
+  proc foo(x: proc ()) = discard
+  template bar(x: untyped = nil) =
+    foo(x)
+  bar()
diff --git a/tests/untestable/gdb/gdb_pretty_printer_test.py b/tests/untestable/gdb/gdb_pretty_printer_test.py
index 5b34bcb3d..aed0cfeb0 100644
--- a/tests/untestable/gdb/gdb_pretty_printer_test.py
+++ b/tests/untestable/gdb/gdb_pretty_printer_test.py
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 import gdb
+import re
+import sys
 # this test should test the gdb pretty printers of the nim
 # library. But be aware this test is not complete. It only tests the
 # command line version of gdb. It does not test anything for the
 # machine interface of gdb. This means if if this test passes gdb
 # frontends might still be broken.
 
-gdb.execute("source ../../../tools/nim-gdb.py")
+gdb.execute("set python print-stack full")
+gdb.execute("source ../../../tools/debug/nim-gdb.py")
 # debug all instances of the generic function `myDebug`, should be 14
 gdb.execute("rbreak myDebug")
 gdb.execute("run")
@@ -16,7 +19,7 @@ outputs = [
   '"meTwo"',
   '{meOne, meThree}',
   'MyOtherEnum(1)',
-  '5',
+  '{MyOtherEnum(0), MyOtherEnum(2)}',
   'array = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}',
   'seq(0, 0)',
   'seq(0, 10)',
@@ -25,15 +28,21 @@ outputs = [
   'seq(3, 3) = {"one", "two", "three"}',
   'Table(3, 64) = {[4] = "four", [5] = "five", [6] = "six"}',
   'Table(3, 8) = {["two"] = 2, ["three"] = 3, ["one"] = 1}',
+  '{a = 1, b = "some string"}',
+  '("hello", 42)'
 ]
 
+argRegex = re.compile("^.* = (?:No suitable Nim \$ operator found for type: \w+\s*)*(.*)$")
+# Remove this error message which can pop up
+noSuitableRegex = re.compile("(No suitable Nim \$ operator found for type: \w+\s*)")
+
 for i, expected in enumerate(outputs):
-  gdb.write(f"{i+1}) expecting: {expected}: ", gdb.STDLOG)
+  gdb.write(f"\x1b[38;5;105m{i+1}) expecting: {expected}: \x1b[0m", gdb.STDLOG)
   gdb.flush()
-
-  functionSymbol = gdb.selected_frame().block().function
-  assert functionSymbol.line == 21
-
+  currFrame = gdb.selected_frame()
+  functionSymbol = currFrame.block().function
+  assert functionSymbol.line == 24, str(functionSymbol.line)
+  raw = ""
   if i == 6:
     # myArray is passed as pointer to int to myDebug. I look up myArray up in the stack
     gdb.execute("up")
@@ -43,10 +52,13 @@ for i, expected in enumerate(outputs):
     gdb.execute("up")
     raw = gdb.parse_and_eval("myOtherArray")
   else:
-    raw = gdb.parse_and_eval("arg")
-
+    rawArg = re.sub(noSuitableRegex, "", gdb.execute("info args", to_string = True))
+    raw = rawArg.split("=", 1)[-1].strip()
   output = str(raw)
 
-  assert output == expected, output + " != " + expected
-  gdb.write(f"passed\n", gdb.STDLOG)
+  if output != expected:
+    gdb.write(f"\x1b[38;5;196m ({output}) != expected: ({expected})\x1b[0m\n", gdb.STDERR)
+    gdb.execute("quit 1")
+  else:
+    gdb.write("\x1b[38;5;34mpassed\x1b[0m\n", gdb.STDLOG)
   gdb.execute("continue")
diff --git a/tests/untestable/gdb/gdb_pretty_printer_test_output.txt b/tests/untestable/gdb/gdb_pretty_printer_test_output.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 73d26016f..000000000
--- a/tests/untestable/gdb/gdb_pretty_printer_test_output.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-Loading Nim Runtime support.
-NimEnumPrinter: lookup global symbol 'NTI__z9cu80OJCfNgw9bUdzn5ZEzw_ failed for tyEnum_MyOtherEnum__z9cu80OJCfNgw9bUdzn5ZEzw.
-8
diff --git a/tests/untestable/gdb/gdb_pretty_printer_test_program.nim b/tests/untestable/gdb/gdb_pretty_printer_test_program.nim
index c376ef89a..163c99860 100644
--- a/tests/untestable/gdb/gdb_pretty_printer_test_program.nim
+++ b/tests/untestable/gdb/gdb_pretty_printer_test_program.nim
@@ -14,7 +14,10 @@ type
     moTwo,
     moThree,
     moFoure,
-
+  
+  MyObj = object
+    a*: int
+    b*: string
 
 var counter = 0
 
@@ -74,7 +77,13 @@ proc testProc(): void =
   var myOtherTable = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}.toTable
   myDebug(myOtherTable) #14
 
-  echo(counter)
+  var obj = MyObj(a: 1, b: "some string")
+  myDebug(obj) #15
+
+  var tup = ("hello", 42)
+  myDebug(tup) # 16
+
+  assert counter == 16
 
 
 testProc()
diff --git a/tests/untestable/gdb/gdb_pretty_printer_test_run.sh b/tests/untestable/gdb/gdb_pretty_printer_test_run.sh
index 525f54705..411c68435 100644..100755
--- a/tests/untestable/gdb/gdb_pretty_printer_test_run.sh
+++ b/tests/untestable/gdb/gdb_pretty_printer_test_run.sh
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
-# Exit if anything fails
 set -e
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
 # Compile the test project with fresh debug information.
-nim c --debugger:native gdb_pretty_printer_test_program.nim &> /dev/null
+nim c --debugger:native --mm:orc --out:gdbNew gdb_pretty_printer_test_program.nim
+echo "Running new runtime tests..."
 # 2>&1 redirects stderr to stdout (all output in stdout)
-# <(...) is a bash feature that makes the output of a command into a
-# file handle.
-# diff compares the two files, the expected output, and the file
-# handle that is created by the execution of gdb.
-diff ./gdb_pretty_printer_test_output.txt <(gdb -x gdb_pretty_printer_test.py --batch-silent --args gdb_pretty_printer_test_program 2>&1)
-# The exit code of diff is forwarded as the exit code of this
-# script. So when the comparison fails, the exit code of this script
-# won't be 0. So this script should be embeddable in a test suite.
+gdb -x gdb_pretty_printer_test.py --batch-silent --args gdbNew 2>&1
+
+
+# Do it all again, but with old runtime
+nim c --debugger:native --mm:refc --out:gdbOld gdb_pretty_printer_test_program.nim &> /dev/null
+echo "Running old runtime tests"
+gdb -x gdb_pretty_printer_test.py --batch-silent --args gdbOld 2>&1
diff --git a/tests/untestable/thttpclient_ssl_remotenetwork.nim b/tests/untestable/thttpclient_ssl_remotenetwork.nim
index f56fe274b..3cb759516 100644
--- a/tests/untestable/thttpclient_ssl_remotenetwork.nim
+++ b/tests/untestable/thttpclient_ssl_remotenetwork.nim
@@ -32,66 +32,71 @@ when enableRemoteNetworking and (defined(nimTestsEnableFlaky) or not defined(win
       good, bad, dubious, good_broken, bad_broken, dubious_broken
     CertTest = tuple[url:string, category:Category, desc: string]
 
-  const certificate_tests: array[0..55, CertTest] = [
-    ("https://wrong.host.badssl.com/", bad, "wrong.host"),
-    ("https://captive-portal.badssl.com/", bad, "captive-portal"),
-    ("https://expired.badssl.com/", bad, "expired"),
-    ("https://google.com/", good, "good"),
-    ("https://self-signed.badssl.com/", bad, "self-signed"),
-    ("https://untrusted-root.badssl.com/", bad, "untrusted-root"),
-    ("https://revoked.badssl.com/", bad_broken, "revoked"),
-    ("https://pinning-test.badssl.com/", bad_broken, "pinning-test"),
-    ("https://no-common-name.badssl.com/", dubious_broken, "no-common-name"),
-    ("https://no-subject.badssl.com/", dubious_broken, "no-subject"),
-    ("https://incomplete-chain.badssl.com/", dubious_broken, "incomplete-chain"),
-    ("https://sha1-intermediate.badssl.com/", bad, "sha1-intermediate"),
-    ("https://sha256.badssl.com/", good, "sha256"),
-    ("https://sha384.badssl.com/", good, "sha384"),
-    ("https://sha512.badssl.com/", good, "sha512"),
-    ("https://1000-sans.badssl.com/", good, "1000-sans"),
-    ("https://10000-sans.badssl.com/", good_broken, "10000-sans"),
-    ("https://ecc256.badssl.com/", good, "ecc256"),
-    ("https://ecc384.badssl.com/", good, "ecc384"),
-    ("https://rsa2048.badssl.com/", good, "rsa2048"),
-    ("https://rsa8192.badssl.com/", dubious_broken, "rsa8192"),
-    ("http://http.badssl.com/", good, "regular http"),
-    ("https://http.badssl.com/", bad_broken, "http on https URL"),  # FIXME
-    ("https://cbc.badssl.com/", dubious, "cbc"),
-    ("https://rc4-md5.badssl.com/", bad, "rc4-md5"),
-    ("https://rc4.badssl.com/", bad, "rc4"),
-    ("https://3des.badssl.com/", bad, "3des"),
-    ("https://null.badssl.com/", bad, "null"),
-    ("https://mozilla-old.badssl.com/", bad_broken, "mozilla-old"),
-    ("https://mozilla-intermediate.badssl.com/", dubious_broken, "mozilla-intermediate"),
-    ("https://mozilla-modern.badssl.com/", good, "mozilla-modern"),
-    ("https://dh480.badssl.com/", bad, "dh480"),
-    ("https://dh512.badssl.com/", bad, "dh512"),
-    ("https://dh1024.badssl.com/", dubious_broken, "dh1024"),
-    ("https://dh2048.badssl.com/", good, "dh2048"),
-    ("https://dh-small-subgroup.badssl.com/", bad_broken, "dh-small-subgroup"),
-    ("https://dh-composite.badssl.com/", bad_broken, "dh-composite"),
-    ("https://static-rsa.badssl.com/", dubious, "static-rsa"),
-    ("https://tls-v1-0.badssl.com:1010/", dubious, "tls-v1-0"),
-    ("https://tls-v1-1.badssl.com:1011/", dubious, "tls-v1-1"),
-    ("https://invalid-expected-sct.badssl.com/", bad, "invalid-expected-sct"),
-    ("https://hsts.badssl.com/", good, "hsts"),
-    ("https://upgrade.badssl.com/", good, "upgrade"),
-    ("https://preloaded-hsts.badssl.com/", good, "preloaded-hsts"),
-    ("https://subdomain.preloaded-hsts.badssl.com/", bad, "subdomain.preloaded-hsts"),
-    ("https://https-everywhere.badssl.com/", good, "https-everywhere"),
-    ("https://long-extended-subdomain-name-containing-many-letters-and-dashes.badssl.com/", good,
-      "long-extended-subdomain-name-containing-many-letters-and-dashes"),
-    ("https://longextendedsubdomainnamewithoutdashesinordertotestwordwrapping.badssl.com/", good,
-      "longextendedsubdomainnamewithoutdashesinordertotestwordwrapping"),
-    ("https://superfish.badssl.com/", bad, "(Lenovo) Superfish"),
-    ("https://edellroot.badssl.com/", bad, "(Dell) eDellRoot"),
-    ("https://dsdtestprovider.badssl.com/", bad, "(Dell) DSD Test Provider"),
-    ("https://preact-cli.badssl.com/", bad, "preact-cli"),
-    ("https://webpack-dev-server.badssl.com/", bad, "webpack-dev-server"),
-    ("https://mitm-software.badssl.com/", bad, "mitm-software"),
-    ("https://sha1-2016.badssl.com/", dubious, "sha1-2016"),
-    ("https://sha1-2017.badssl.com/", bad, "sha1-2017"),
-  ]
+  # badssl certs sometimes expire, set to false when that happens
+  when true:
+    const certificate_tests: array[0..54, CertTest] = [
+      ("https://wrong.host.badssl.com/", bad, "wrong.host"),
+      ("https://captive-portal.badssl.com/", bad, "captive-portal"),
+      ("https://expired.badssl.com/", bad, "expired"),
+      ("https://google.com/", good, "good"),
+      ("https://self-signed.badssl.com/", bad, "self-signed"),
+      ("https://untrusted-root.badssl.com/", bad, "untrusted-root"),
+      ("https://revoked.badssl.com/", bad_broken, "revoked"),
+      ("https://pinning-test.badssl.com/", bad_broken, "pinning-test"),
+      ("https://no-common-name.badssl.com/", bad, "no-common-name"),
+      ("https://no-subject.badssl.com/", bad, "no-subject"),
+      ("https://sha1-intermediate.badssl.com/", bad, "sha1-intermediate"),
+      ("https://sha256.badssl.com/", good, "sha256"),
+      ("https://sha384.badssl.com/", bad, "sha384"),
+      ("https://sha512.badssl.com/", bad, "sha512"),
+      ("https://1000-sans.badssl.com/", bad, "1000-sans"),
+      ("https://10000-sans.badssl.com/", good_broken, "10000-sans"),
+      ("https://ecc256.badssl.com/", good_broken, "ecc256"),
+      ("https://ecc384.badssl.com/", good_broken, "ecc384"),
+      ("https://rsa2048.badssl.com/", good, "rsa2048"),
+      ("https://rsa8192.badssl.com/", dubious_broken, "rsa8192"),
+      ("http://http.badssl.com/", good, "regular http"),
+      ("https://http.badssl.com/", bad_broken, "http on https URL"),  # FIXME
+      ("https://cbc.badssl.com/", dubious, "cbc"),
+      ("https://rc4-md5.badssl.com/", bad, "rc4-md5"),
+      ("https://rc4.badssl.com/", bad, "rc4"),
+      ("https://3des.badssl.com/", bad, "3des"),
+      ("https://null.badssl.com/", bad, "null"),
+      ("https://mozilla-old.badssl.com/", bad_broken, "mozilla-old"),
+      ("https://mozilla-intermediate.badssl.com/", dubious_broken, "mozilla-intermediate"),
+      ("https://mozilla-modern.badssl.com/", good, "mozilla-modern"),
+      ("https://dh480.badssl.com/", bad, "dh480"),
+      ("https://dh512.badssl.com/", bad, "dh512"),
+      ("https://dh1024.badssl.com/", dubious_broken, "dh1024"),
+      ("https://dh2048.badssl.com/", good, "dh2048"),
+      ("https://dh-small-subgroup.badssl.com/", bad_broken, "dh-small-subgroup"),
+      ("https://dh-composite.badssl.com/", bad_broken, "dh-composite"),
+      ("https://static-rsa.badssl.com/", dubious, "static-rsa"),
+      ("https://tls-v1-0.badssl.com:1010/", dubious, "tls-v1-0"),
+      ("https://tls-v1-1.badssl.com:1011/", dubious, "tls-v1-1"),
+      ("https://invalid-expected-sct.badssl.com/", bad, "invalid-expected-sct"),
+      ("https://hsts.badssl.com/", good, "hsts"),
+      ("https://upgrade.badssl.com/", good, "upgrade"),
+      ("https://preloaded-hsts.badssl.com/", good, "preloaded-hsts"),
+      ("https://subdomain.preloaded-hsts.badssl.com/", bad, "subdomain.preloaded-hsts"),
+      ("https://https-everywhere.badssl.com/", good, "https-everywhere"),
+      ("https://long-extended-subdomain-name-containing-many-letters-and-dashes.badssl.com/", good,
+        "long-extended-subdomain-name-containing-many-letters-and-dashes"),
+      ("https://longextendedsubdomainnamewithoutdashesinordertotestwordwrapping.badssl.com/", good,
+        "longextendedsubdomainnamewithoutdashesinordertotestwordwrapping"),
+      ("https://superfish.badssl.com/", bad, "(Lenovo) Superfish"),
+      ("https://edellroot.badssl.com/", bad, "(Dell) eDellRoot"),
+      ("https://dsdtestprovider.badssl.com/", bad, "(Dell) DSD Test Provider"),
+      ("https://preact-cli.badssl.com/", bad, "preact-cli"),
+      ("https://webpack-dev-server.badssl.com/", bad, "webpack-dev-server"),
+      ("https://mitm-software.badssl.com/", bad, "mitm-software"),
+      ("https://sha1-2016.badssl.com/", dubious, "sha1-2016"),
+      ("https://sha1-2017.badssl.com/", bad, "sha1-2017"),
+    ]
+  else:
+    const certificate_tests: array[0..0, CertTest] = [
+      ("https://google.com/", good, "good")
+    ]
 
 
   template evaluate(exception_msg: string, category: Category, desc: string) =
@@ -191,12 +196,18 @@ when enableRemoteNetworking and (defined(nimTestsEnableFlaky) or not defined(win
 
 
   type NetSocketTest = tuple[hostname: string, port: Port, category:Category, desc: string]
-  const net_tests:array[0..3, NetSocketTest] = [
-    ("imap.gmail.com", 993.Port, good, "IMAP"),
-    ("wrong.host.badssl.com", 443.Port, bad, "wrong.host"),
-    ("captive-portal.badssl.com", 443.Port, bad, "captive-portal"),
-    ("expired.badssl.com", 443.Port, bad, "expired"),
-  ]
+  # badssl certs sometimes expire, set to false when that happens
+  when true:
+    const net_tests:array[0..3, NetSocketTest] = [
+      ("imap.gmail.com", 993.Port, good, "IMAP"),
+      ("wrong.host.badssl.com", 443.Port, bad, "wrong.host"),
+      ("captive-portal.badssl.com", 443.Port, bad, "captive-portal"),
+      ("expired.badssl.com", 443.Port, bad, "expired"),
+    ]
+  else:
+    const net_tests: array[0..0, NetSocketTest] = [
+      ("imap.gmail.com", 993.Port, good, "IMAP")
+    ]
   # TODO: ("null.badssl.com", 443.Port, bad_broken, "null"),
 
 
diff --git a/tests/untestable/tpostgres.nim b/tests/untestable/tpostgres.nim
index d3397e53a..8b1378917 100644
--- a/tests/untestable/tpostgres.nim
+++ b/tests/untestable/tpostgres.nim
@@ -1,328 +1 @@
-import db_postgres, strutils
-
-
-let db = open("localhost", "dom", "", "test")
-db.exec(sql"DROP TABLE IF EXISTS myTable")
-db.exec(sql("""CREATE TABLE myTable (
-                  id integer PRIMARY KEY,
-                  name varchar(50) not null)"""))
-let name = "Dom"
-db.exec(sql"INSERT INTO myTable (id, name) VALUES (0, ?)",
-        name)
-doAssert db.getValue(sql"SELECT name FROM myTable") == name
-# Check issue #3513
-doAssert db.getValue(sql"SELECT name FROM myTable") == name
-
-
-# issue #3560
-proc addToDb(conn: DbConn, fileId: int, fileName: string): int64 =
-  result = conn.insertId(sql("INSERT into files (id, filename) VALUES (?, ?)"), fileId, fileName)
-
-db.exec(sql"DROP TABLE IF EXISTS files")
-db.exec(sql"DROP TABLE IF EXISTS fileobjects")
-db.exec(sql("""CREATE TABLE FILEOBJECTS(
-               ID             SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-               FILE_SIZE      INT,
-               MD5            CHAR(32)  NOT NULL UNIQUE
-            );"""))
-
-db.exec(sql("""CREATE TABLE FILES(
-               ID                  SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-               OBJECT_ID           INT,
-               FILENAME            TEXT NOT NULL,
-               URI                 TEXT,
-               SCHEME              CHAR(10),
-               PUBLIC              BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,
-               CONSTRAINT fk1_fileobjs FOREIGN KEY (object_id)
-               REFERENCES fileobjects (id) MATCH SIMPLE
-               ON DELETE CASCADE
-            );"""))
-
-let f1 = db.addToDb(1, "hello.tmp")
-doAssert f1 == 1
-let f2 = db.addToDb(2, "hello2.tmp")
-doAssert f2 == 2
-
-# PreparedStmt vs. normal query
-try:
-  echo db.getValue(sql("select * from files where id = $1"), 1)
-  doAssert false, "Exception expected"
-except DbError:
-  let msg = getCurrentExceptionMsg().normalize
-  doAssert "expects" in msg
-  doAssert "?" in msg
-  doAssert "parameter substitution" in msg
-
-doAssert db.getValue(sql("select filename from files where id = ?"), 1) == "hello.tmp"
-
-var first = prepare(db, "one", sql"select filename from files where id = $1", 1)
-doAssert db.getValue(first, 1) == "hello.tmp"
-
-try:
-  var second = prepare(db, "two", sql"select filename from files where id = ?", 1)
-  doAssert false, "Exception expected"
-except:
-  let msg = getCurrentExceptionMsg().normalize
-  doAssert "expects" in msg
-  doAssert "$1" in msg
-  doAssert "parameter substitution" in msg
-
-# issue #3569
-db.exec(SqlQuery("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tags"))
-db.exec(SqlQuery("CREATE TABLE tags(id serial UNIQUE, name varchar(255))"))
-
-for i in 1..10:
-  var name = "t" & $i
-  echo(name)
-  discard db.getRow(
-    SqlQuery("INSERT INTO tags(name) VALUES(\'$1\') RETURNING id" % [name]))
-    
-# get column details
-db.exec(SqlQuery("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS dbtypes;"))
-db.exec(SqlQuery("DROP TYPE IF EXISTS custom_enum;"))
-db.exec(SqlQuery("CREATE TYPE custom_enum AS ENUM ('1', '2', '3');"))
-db.exec(SqlQuery("DROP TYPE IF EXISTS custom_composite;"))
-db.exec(SqlQuery("CREATE TYPE custom_composite AS (r double precision, i double precision);"))
-db.exec(SqlQuery("""CREATE TABLE dbtypes(
-                    id serial UNIQUE,
-                    bytea_col bytea,
-                    smallint_col smallint,
-                    integer_col integer,
-                    bigint_col bigint,
-                    decimal_col decimal,
-                    numeric_col numeric,
-                    real_col real,
-                    double_precision_col double precision,
-                    smallserial_col smallserial,
-                    serial_col serial,
-                    bigserial_col bigserial,
-                    money_col money,
-                    varchar_col varchar(10),
-                    character_col character(1),
-                    text_col text,
-                    timestamp_col timestamp,
-                    date_col date,
-                    time_col time,
-                    interval_col interval,
-                    bool_col boolean,
-                    custom_enum_col custom_enum,
-                    point_col point,
-                    line_col line,
-                    lseg_col lseg,
-                    box_col box,
-                    path_col path,
-                    polygon_col polygon,
-                    circle_col circle,
-                    cidr_col cidr,
-                    inet_col inet,
-                    macaddr_col macaddr,
-                    bit_col bit,
-                    varbit_col bit(3),
-                    tsvector_col tsvector,
-                    tsquery_col tsquery,
-                    uuid_col uuid,
-                    xml_col xml,
-                    json_col json,
-                    array_col integer[],
-                    custom_composite_col custom_composite,
-                    range_col int4range
-                    );"""))
-db.exec(SqlQuery("INSERT INTO dbtypes (id) VALUES(0);"))
-
-var dbCols : DbColumns = @[]
-for row in db.instantRows(dbCols, sql"SELECT * FROM dbtypes"):
-  doAssert len(dbCols) == 42
-
-doAssert dbCols[0].name == "id"
-doAssert dbCols[0].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbInt
-doAssert dbCols[0].typ.name == "int4"
-doAssert dbCols[0].typ.size == 4
-
-doAssert dbCols[1].name == "bytea_col"
-doAssert dbCols[1].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbBlob
-doAssert dbCols[1].typ.name == "bytea"
-
-doAssert dbCols[2].name == "smallint_col"
-doAssert dbCols[2].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbInt
-doAssert dbCols[2].typ.name == "int2"
-doAssert dbCols[2].typ.size == 2
-
-doAssert dbCols[3].name == "integer_col"
-doAssert dbCols[3].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbInt
-doAssert dbCols[3].typ.name == "int4"
-doAssert dbCols[3].typ.size == 4
-
-doAssert dbCols[4].name == "bigint_col"
-doAssert dbCols[4].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbInt
-doAssert dbCols[4].typ.name == "int8"
-doAssert dbCols[4].typ.size == 8
-
-doAssert dbCols[5].name == "decimal_col"
-doAssert dbCols[5].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbDecimal
-doAssert dbCols[5].typ.name == "numeric"
-
-doAssert dbCols[6].name == "numeric_col"
-doAssert dbCols[6].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbDecimal
-doAssert dbCols[6].typ.name == "numeric"
-
-doAssert dbCols[7].name == "real_col"
-doAssert dbCols[7].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbFloat
-doAssert dbCols[7].typ.name == "float4"
-
-doAssert dbCols[8].name == "double_precision_col"
-doAssert dbCols[8].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbFloat
-doAssert dbCols[8].typ.name == "float8"
-
-doAssert dbCols[9].name == "smallserial_col"
-doAssert dbCols[9].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbInt
-doAssert dbCols[9].typ.name == "int2"
-
-doAssert dbCols[10].name == "serial_col"
-doAssert dbCols[10].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbInt
-doAssert dbCols[10].typ.name == "int4"
-
-doAssert dbCols[11].name == "bigserial_col"
-doAssert dbCols[11].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbInt
-doAssert dbCols[11].typ.name == "int8"
-
-doAssert dbCols[12].name == "money_col"
-doAssert dbCols[12].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbDecimal
-doAssert dbCols[12].typ.name == "money"    
-    
-doAssert dbCols[13].name == "varchar_col"
-doAssert dbCols[13].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbVarchar
-doAssert dbCols[13].typ.name == "varchar"
-
-doAssert dbCols[14].name == "character_col"
-doAssert dbCols[14].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbFixedChar
-doAssert dbCols[14].typ.name == "bpchar"
-
-doAssert dbCols[15].name == "text_col"
-doAssert dbCols[15].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbVarchar
-doAssert dbCols[15].typ.name == "text"
-
-doAssert dbCols[16].name == "timestamp_col"
-doAssert dbCols[16].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbTimestamp
-doAssert dbCols[16].typ.name == "timestamp"
-
-doAssert dbCols[17].name == "date_col"
-doAssert dbCols[17].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbDate
-doAssert dbCols[17].typ.name == "date"
-
-doAssert dbCols[18].name == "time_col"
-doAssert dbCols[18].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbTime
-doAssert dbCols[18].typ.name == "time"
-
-doAssert dbCols[19].name == "interval_col"
-doAssert dbCols[19].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbTimeInterval
-doAssert dbCols[19].typ.name == "interval"
-
-doAssert dbCols[20].name == "bool_col"
-doAssert dbCols[20].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbBool
-doAssert dbCols[20].typ.name == "bool"
-
-doAssert dbCols[21].name == "custom_enum_col"
-doAssert dbCols[21].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbUnknown
-doAssert parseInt(dbCols[21].typ.name) > 0
-    
-doAssert dbCols[22].name == "point_col"
-doAssert dbCols[22].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbPoint
-doAssert dbCols[22].typ.name == "point"    
-
-doAssert dbCols[23].name == "line_col"
-doAssert dbCols[23].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbLine
-doAssert dbCols[23].typ.name == "line"    
-
-doAssert dbCols[24].name == "lseg_col"
-doAssert dbCols[24].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbLseg
-doAssert dbCols[24].typ.name == "lseg"    
-
-doAssert dbCols[25].name == "box_col"
-doAssert dbCols[25].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbBox
-doAssert dbCols[25].typ.name == "box"    
-
-doAssert dbCols[26].name == "path_col"
-doAssert dbCols[26].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbPath
-doAssert dbCols[26].typ.name == "path"    
-
-doAssert dbCols[27].name == "polygon_col"
-doAssert dbCols[27].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbPolygon
-doAssert dbCols[27].typ.name == "polygon"
-
-doAssert dbCols[28].name == "circle_col"
-doAssert dbCols[28].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbCircle
-doAssert dbCols[28].typ.name == "circle"
-
-doAssert dbCols[29].name == "cidr_col"
-doAssert dbCols[29].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbInet
-doAssert dbCols[29].typ.name == "cidr"
-
-doAssert dbCols[30].name == "inet_col"
-doAssert dbCols[30].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbInet
-doAssert dbCols[30].typ.name == "inet"
-
-doAssert dbCols[31].name == "macaddr_col"
-doAssert dbCols[31].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbMacAddress
-doAssert dbCols[31].typ.name == "macaddr"
-
-doAssert dbCols[32].name == "bit_col"
-doAssert dbCols[32].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbBit
-doAssert dbCols[32].typ.name == "bit"
-
-doAssert dbCols[33].name == "varbit_col"
-doAssert dbCols[33].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbBit
-doAssert dbCols[33].typ.name == "bit"
-
-doAssert dbCols[34].name == "tsvector_col"
-doAssert dbCols[34].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbVarchar
-doAssert dbCols[34].typ.name == "tsvector"
-
-doAssert dbCols[35].name == "tsquery_col"
-doAssert dbCols[35].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbVarchar
-doAssert dbCols[35].typ.name == "tsquery"
-
-doAssert dbCols[36].name == "uuid_col"
-doAssert dbCols[36].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbVarchar
-doAssert dbCols[36].typ.name == "uuid"
-
-doAssert dbCols[37].name == "xml_col"
-doAssert dbCols[37].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbXml
-doAssert dbCols[37].typ.name == "xml"
-
-doAssert dbCols[38].name == "json_col"
-doAssert dbCols[38].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbJson
-doAssert dbCols[38].typ.name == "json"
-
-doAssert dbCols[39].name == "array_col"
-doAssert dbCols[39].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbArray
-doAssert dbCols[39].typ.name == "int4[]"
-
-doAssert dbCols[40].name == "custom_composite_col"
-doAssert dbCols[40].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbUnknown
-doAssert parseInt(dbCols[40].typ.name) > 0
-
-doAssert dbCols[41].name == "range_col"
-doAssert dbCols[41].typ.kind == DbTypeKind.dbComposite
-doAssert dbCols[41].typ.name == "int4range"
-
-# issue 6571
-db.exec(sql"DROP TABLE IF EXISTS DICTIONARY")
-db.exec(sql("""CREATE TABLE DICTIONARY(
-               id             SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-               entry      VARCHAR(1000) NOT NULL,
-               definition VARCHAR(4000) NOT NULL
-            );"""))
-var entry = "あっそ"
-var definition = "(int) (See ああそうそう) oh, really (uninterested)/oh yeah?/hmmmmm"
-discard db.getRow(
-  SqlQuery("INSERT INTO DICTIONARY(entry, definition) VALUES(\'$1\', \'$2\') RETURNING id" % [entry, definition]))
-doAssert db.getValue(sql"SELECT definition FROM DICTIONARY WHERE entry = ?", entry) == definition
-entry = "Format string entry"
-definition = "Format string definition"
-db.exec(sql"INSERT INTO DICTIONARY(entry, definition) VALUES (?, ?)", entry, definition)
-doAssert db.getValue(sql"SELECT definition FROM DICTIONARY WHERE entry = ?", entry) == definition
-
-echo("All tests succeeded!")
-
-db.close()
 
diff --git a/tests/usingstmt/tthis.nim b/tests/usingstmt/tthis.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 83d75d08c..000000000
--- a/tests/usingstmt/tthis.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-
-# bug #4177
-
-type
-  Parent = object of RootObj
-    parentField: int
-  Child = object of Parent
-    childField: int
-
-{.this: self.}
-proc sumFields(self: Child): int =
-  result = parentField + childField # Error: undeclared identifier: 'parentField'
-
-proc sumFieldsWorks(self: Child): int =
-  result = self.parentField + childField
diff --git a/tests/usingstmt/tusingstmt.nim b/tests/usingstmt/tusingstmt.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11803878e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/usingstmt/tusingstmt.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+type
+  Foo = object
+
+using
+  c: Foo
+  x, y: int
+
+proc usesSig(c) = discard
+
+proc foobar(c, y) = discard
+
+usesSig(Foo())
+foobar(Foo(), 123)
+doAssert not compiles(usesSig(123))
+doAssert not compiles(foobar(Foo(), Foo()))
+doAssert not compiles(foobar(123, 123))
diff --git a/tests/varres/tprevent_forloopvar_mutations.nim b/tests/varres/tprevent_forloopvar_mutations.nim
index 15f31d8a3..c9aeb94d8 100644
--- a/tests/varres/tprevent_forloopvar_mutations.nim
+++ b/tests/varres/tprevent_forloopvar_mutations.nim
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 discard """
   errormsg: "type mismatch: got <int>"
-  line: 17
-  nimout: '''type mismatch: got <int>
+  nimout: '''tprevent_forloopvar_mutations.nim(16, 3) Error: type mismatch: got <int>
 but expected one of:
-proc inc[T: Ordinal](x: var T; y = 1)
+proc inc[T, V: Ordinal](x: var T; y: V = 1)
   first type mismatch at position: 1
   required type for x: var T: Ordinal
   but expression 'i' is immutable, not 'var'
diff --git a/tests/varstmt/tvardecl.nim b/tests/varstmt/tvardecl.nim
index 37bc4bad7..d5ccfafb7 100644
--- a/tests/varstmt/tvardecl.nim
+++ b/tests/varstmt/tvardecl.nim
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ discard """
   output: "44"
 """
 # Test the new variable declaration syntax
+import std/sequtils
 
 var
   x = 0
@@ -10,3 +11,9 @@ var
 
 write(stdout, a)
 writeLine(stdout, b) #OUT 44
+
+proc p() = # bug #18104
+  var x, y = newSeqWith(10, newString(3))
+  discard (x, y)
+
+p()
diff --git a/tests/views/t19986.nim b/tests/views/t19986.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85a7cf97d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/views/t19986.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: '''nim check --hints:off $file'''
+  action: reject
+nimout: '''
+t19986.nim(19, 7) Error: 'foo' borrows from the immutable location 'a' and attempts to mutate it
+t19986.nim(28, 7) Error: 'foo' borrows from the immutable location 'a' and attempts to mutate it
+t19986.nim(37, 7) Error: 'foo' borrows from the immutable location 'a' and attempts to mutate it
+'''
+"""
+
+{.experimental: "views".}
+
+type
+  Object = object
+    id: int
+
+proc foo() =
+  let a = Object(id: 3)
+  var foo: var Object = a
+
+  foo.id = 777
+  echo a
+
+foo()
+
+proc bar() =
+  let a = "123"
+  var foo: var string = a
+
+  foo[0] = '7'
+  echo a
+
+bar()
+
+proc main() =
+  let a = 3
+  var foo: var int = a
+
+  foo = 777
+  echo a
+
+main()
diff --git a/tests/views/tcannot_borrow.nim b/tests/views/tcannot_borrow.nim
index d1c194b25..0b8793159 100644
--- a/tests/views/tcannot_borrow.nim
+++ b/tests/views/tcannot_borrow.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 discard """
   errormsg: "cannot borrow"
-  nimout: '''tcannot_borrow.nim(21, 7) Error: cannot borrow meh; what it borrows from is potentially mutated
-tcannot_borrow.nim(22, 3) the mutation is here'''
-  line: 21
+  nimout: '''tcannot_borrow.nim(20, 7) Error: cannot borrow meh; what it borrows from is potentially mutated
+tcannot_borrow.nim(21, 3) the mutation is here'''
 """
 
 
diff --git a/tests/views/tconst_views.nim b/tests/views/tconst_views.nim
index d7f1fc481..a85b03864 100644
--- a/tests/views/tconst_views.nim
+++ b/tests/views/tconst_views.nim
@@ -24,3 +24,14 @@ proc `$`(x: openArray[int]): string =
 echo c
 echo c2.data
 
+
+type MyObj = object
+  data: openarray[char]
+
+const
+  val1 = Foo(data: toOpenArray([1, 2, 3], 1, 1))
+  val2 = Foo(data: toOpenArray([1, 2, 3], 0, 2))
+  val3 = MyObj(data: "Hello".toOpenArray(0, 2))
+assert val1.data == [2]
+assert val2.data == [1, 2, 3]
+assert val3.data == "Hel"
diff --git a/tests/views/tdont_mutate.nim b/tests/views/tdont_mutate.nim
index d243c7c7a..eb5a82cbf 100644
--- a/tests/views/tdont_mutate.nim
+++ b/tests/views/tdont_mutate.nim
@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ import tables
 const
   Whitespace = {' ', '\t', '\n', '\r'}
 
-proc split*(s: string, seps: set[char] = Whitespace,
-                maxsplit: int = -1): Table[int, openArray[char]] =
+proc split*(s: string, seps: set[char] = Whitespace, maxsplit: int = -1): Table[int, openArray[char]] #[tt.Error
+^ 'result' borrows from the immutable location 's' and attempts to mutate it
+    ]# =
   var last = 0
   var splits = maxsplit
   result = initTable[int, openArray[char]]()
@@ -22,9 +23,7 @@ proc split*(s: string, seps: set[char] = Whitespace,
     if splits == 0: last = len(s)
     result[first] = toOpenArray(s, first, last-1)
 
-    result[first][0] = 'c' #[tt.Error
-      attempt to mutate a borrowed location from an immutable view
-    ]#
+    result[first][0] = 'c'
 
     if splits == 0: break
     dec(splits)
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ proc `$`(x: openArray[char]): string =
 
 proc otherTest(x: int) =
   var y: var int = x #[tt.Error
-    'y' borrows from the immutable location 'x' and attempts to mutate it
+      ^ 'y' borrows from the immutable location 'x' and attempts to mutate it
   ]#
   y = 3
 
diff --git a/tests/views/tviews1.nim b/tests/views/tviews1.nim
index 51f17b9d6..9785d25e5 100644
--- a/tests/views/tviews1.nim
+++ b/tests/views/tviews1.nim
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ discard """
 3
 2
 3
-3'''
+3
+15
+(oa: [1, 3, 4])'''
   targets: "c cpp"
 """
 
@@ -26,3 +28,109 @@ proc main(s: seq[int]) =
   take x
 
 main(@[11, 22, 33])
+
+var x: int
+
+proc foo(x: var int): var int =
+  once: x = 42
+  return x
+
+var y: var int = foo(x)
+y = 15
+echo foo(x)
+# bug #16132
+
+# bug #18690
+
+type
+  F = object
+    oa: openArray[int]
+
+let s1 = @[1,3,4,5,6]
+var test = F(oa: toOpenArray(s1, 0, 2))
+echo test
+
+type
+  Foo = object
+    x: string
+    y: seq[int]
+    data: array[10000, byte]
+
+  View[T] = object
+    x: lent T
+
+proc mainB =
+  let f = Foo(y: @[1, 2, 3])
+  let foo = View[Foo](x: f)
+  assert foo.x.x == ""
+  assert foo.x.y == @[1, 2, 3]
+
+mainB()
+
+
+# bug #15897
+type Outer = ref object 
+  value: int
+type Inner = object
+  owner: var Outer
+  
+var o = Outer(value: 1234)
+var v = Inner(owner: o).owner.value
+doAssert v == 1234
+
+block: # bug #21674
+  type
+    Lent = object
+      data: lent int
+
+  proc foo(s: Lent) =
+    var m = 12
+    discard cast[lent int](m)
+
+  proc main =
+    var m1 = 123
+    var x = Lent(data: m1)
+    foo(x)
+
+  main()
+
+block: # bug #22117
+  proc main: int =
+    var a = 10
+    defer: discard a # extend a's lifetime
+
+    var aref: var int = a
+      #└──── 'aref' borrows from location 'a' which does not live long enough
+
+    result = aref
+
+  doAssert main() == 10
+
+type
+  Slice*[T] = object
+    first, last: int
+    p: ptr UncheckedArray[T]
+
+var i = 0
+
+converter autoToOpenArray*[T](s: Slice[T]): openArray[T] =
+  inc i
+  result = toOpenArray(s.p, s.first, s.last)
+
+proc acceptOpenArray(s: openArray[byte]) = discard
+
+proc bug22597 = # bug #22597
+  acceptOpenArray(Slice[byte]())
+  doAssert i == 1
+
+bug22597()
+
+block: # bug #20048
+  type
+    Test = object
+      tokens: openArray[string]
+
+  func init(Self: typedesc[Test], tokens: openArray[string]): Self = Self(tokens: tokens)
+
+  let data = Test.init(["123"])
+  doAssert @(data.tokens) == @["123"] 
diff --git a/tests/views/tviews2.nim b/tests/views/tviews2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..29aff76df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/views/tviews2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c js"
+"""
+
+{.experimental: "views".}
+
+block:
+  type
+    Foo = object
+      id: openArray[char]
+
+  proc foo(): Foo =
+    var source = "1245"
+    result = Foo(id: source.toOpenArray(0, 1))
+
+  doAssert foo().id == @['1', '2']
+
+block: # bug #15778
+  type
+    Reader = object
+      data: openArray[char]
+      current: int
+
+  var count = 0
+
+  proc read(data: var Reader, length: int): openArray[char] =
+    inc count
+    let start = data.current
+    data.current.inc length
+    return data.data.toOpenArray(start, data.current-1)
+
+  var data = "hello there"
+  var reader = Reader(data: data.toOpenArray(0, data.len-1), current: 0)
+  doAssert @(reader.read(2)) == @['h', 'e']
+  doAssert @(reader.read(3)) == @['l', 'l', 'o']
+  doAssert count == 2
+
+block: # bug #16671
+  block:
+    type X = ref object of RootObj
+    type Y = ref object of X
+      field: openArray[int]
+
+    var s: seq[X]
+    proc f() =
+      s.add(Y(field: [1]))
+
+    f()
+
+  block:
+    type X = ref object of RootObj
+    type Y = ref object of X
+      field: openArray[int]
+
+    var s: seq[X]
+    proc f() =
+      s.add(Y(field: toOpenArray([1, 2, 3], 0, 1)))
+
+    f()
+
+block: # bug #15746
+  type
+    Reader = object
+      data: openArray[char]
+      current: int
+
+  proc initReader(data: openArray[char], offset = 0): Reader =
+    result = Reader(data: data, current: offset)
+
+  let s = "\x01\x00\x00\x00"
+  doAssert initReader(s).data[0].int == 1
+
+block:
+  proc foo(x: openArray[char]) =
+    discard x
+
+  foo("12254")
+  foo(@['a', 'b'])
+
+  var a1 = "12254"
+  foo(a1)
+
+  var a2 = @['a', 'b']
+  foo(a2)
+
+  var s = "138443"
+  var ooo: openArray[char] = s
+  var xxx: openArray[char] = ooo
+  foo(ooo)
+  foo(xxx)
diff --git a/tests/vm/mscriptcompiletime.nim b/tests/vm/mscriptcompiletime.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed7e7c029
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/mscriptcompiletime.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# bug.nim
+var bar* {.compileTime.} = 1
+
+proc dummy = discard
+
+static:
+  inc bar
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/vm/t17121.nim b/tests/vm/t17121.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf2d6423f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/t17121.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "cannot 'importc' variable at compile time; c_printf"
+"""
+
+proc c_printf*(frmt: cstring): cint {.importc: "printf", header: "<stdio.h>", varargs, discardable.} =
+  ## foo bar
+  runnableExamples: discard
+static:
+  let a = c_printf("abc\n")
diff --git a/tests/vm/t18103.nim b/tests/vm/t18103.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8622ab290
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/t18103.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:arc"
+"""
+
+import base64, complex, sequtils, math, sugar
+
+type
+
+  FP = float
+  T = object
+    index: int
+    arg: FP
+    val: Complex[FP]
+  M = object
+    alpha, beta: FP
+
+func a(s: openArray[T], model: M): seq[T] =
+  let f = (tn: int) => model.alpha + FP(tn) * model.beta;
+  return mapIt s:
+    block:
+      let s = it.val * rect(1.0, - f(it.index))
+      T(index: it.index, arg: phase(s), val: s)
+
+proc b(): float64 =
+  var s = toSeq(0..10).mapIt(T(index: it, arg: 1.0, val: complex.complex(1.0)))
+  discard a(s, M(alpha: 1, beta: 1))
+  return 1.0
+
+func cc(str: cstring, offset: ptr[cdouble]): cint {.exportc.} =
+  offset[] = b()
+  return 0
+
+static:
+  echo b()
diff --git a/tests/vm/t19075.nim b/tests/vm/t19075.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89ca9cb19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/t19075.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+discard """
+  timeout: 10
+  joinable: false
+"""
+
+# bug #19075
+const size = 50_000
+
+const stuff = block:
+    var a: array[size, int]
+    a
+
+const zeugs = block:
+    var zeugs: array[size, int]
+    for i in 0..<size:
+        zeugs[i] = stuff[i]
+    zeugs
+
+doAssert zeugs[0] == 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/vm/t19199.nim b/tests/vm/t19199.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ae48cb54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/t19199.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# bug #19199
+proc mikasa(x: float) = doAssert x == 42
+
+static:
+  mikasa 42.uint.float
+mikasa 42.uint.float
diff --git a/tests/vm/t20746.nim b/tests/vm/t20746.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bfad269ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/t20746.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+discard """
+  timeout: 10
+  joinable: false
+  output: "fine"
+"""
+
+func addString(): string =
+  let x = newString(1000000)
+  for i in 0..<1000000:
+    discard x[i]
+
+const translationTable = addString()
+echo "fine"
diff --git a/tests/vm/t21704.nim b/tests/vm/t21704.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27f4f5b06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/t21704.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+discard """
+matrix: "--hints:off"
+nimout: '''
+Found 2 tests to run.
+Found 3 benches to compile.
+ 
+  --passC:-Wno-stringop-overflow --passL:-Wno-stringop-overflow 
+ 
+  --passC:-Wno-stringop-overflow --passL:-Wno-stringop-overflow 
+ 
+  --passC:-Wno-stringop-overflow --passL:-Wno-stringop-overflow
+'''
+"""
+# bug #21704
+import std/strformat
+
+const testDesc: seq[string] = @[
+  "tests/t_hash_sha256_vs_openssl.nim",
+  "tests/t_cipher_chacha20.nim"
+]
+const benchDesc = [
+  "bench_sha256",
+  "bench_hash_to_curve",
+  "bench_ethereum_bls_signatures"
+]
+
+proc setupTestCommand(flags, path: string): string =
+  return "nim c -r " &
+    flags &
+    &" --nimcache:nimcache/{path} " & # Commenting this out also solves the issue
+    path
+
+proc testBatch(commands: var string, flags, path: string) =
+  commands &= setupTestCommand(flags, path) & '\n'
+
+proc setupBench(benchName: string): string =
+  var runFlags = if false: " -r "
+                 else: " " # taking this branch is needed to trigger the bug
+
+  echo runFlags # Somehow runflags isn't reset in corner cases
+  runFlags &= " --passC:-Wno-stringop-overflow --passL:-Wno-stringop-overflow "
+  echo runFlags
+
+  return "nim c " &
+       runFlags &
+       &" benchmarks/{benchName}.nim"
+
+proc buildBenchBatch(commands: var string, benchName: string) =
+  let command = setupBench(benchName)
+  commands &= command & '\n'
+
+proc addTestSet(cmdFile: var string) =
+  echo "Found " & $testDesc.len & " tests to run."
+
+  for path in testDesc:
+    var flags = "" # This is important
+    cmdFile.testBatch(flags, path)
+
+proc addBenchSet(cmdFile: var string) =
+  echo "Found " & $benchDesc.len & " benches to compile."
+  for bd in benchDesc:
+    cmdFile.buildBenchBatch(bd)
+
+proc task_bug() =
+  var cmdFile: string
+  cmdFile.addTestSet() # Comment this out and there is no bug
+  cmdFile.addBenchSet()
+
+static: task_bug()
diff --git a/tests/vm/t9622.nim b/tests/vm/t9622.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fada8fe59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/t9622.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp"
+  matrix: "--mm:refc; --mm:arc"
+"""
+
+type
+  GlobNodeKind = enum
+    LiteralIdent,
+    Group
+
+  GlobNode = object
+    case kind: GlobNodeKind
+    of LiteralIdent:
+      value: string
+    of Group:
+      values: seq[string]
+
+  PathSegment = object
+    children: seq[GlobNode]
+
+  GlobPattern = seq[PathSegment]
+
+proc parseImpl(): GlobPattern =
+  if result.len == 0:
+    result.add PathSegment()
+  result[^1].children.add GlobNode(kind: LiteralIdent)
+
+block:
+  const pattern = parseImpl()
+  doAssert $pattern == """@[(children: @[(kind: LiteralIdent, value: "")])]"""
diff --git a/tests/vm/tcastint.nim b/tests/vm/tcastint.nim
index a97c81ed2..c306e4a31 100644
--- a/tests/vm/tcastint.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tcastint.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import macros
-
+from stdtest/testutils import disableVM
 type
   Dollar = distinct int
   XCoord = distinct int32
@@ -11,6 +11,12 @@ proc `==`(x, y: XCoord): bool {.borrow.}
 
 proc dummy[T](x: T): T = x
 
+template roundTrip(a, T) =
+  let a2 = a # sideeffect safe
+  let b = cast[T](a2)
+  let c = cast[type(a2)](b)
+  doAssert c == a2
+
 proc test() =
   let U8 = 0b1011_0010'u8
   let I8 = 0b1011_0010'i8
@@ -98,17 +104,21 @@ proc test() =
     doAssert(cast[int](digit) == raw)
     doAssert(cast[Digit](raw) == digit)
 
-  when defined nimvm:
-    doAssert(not compiles(cast[float](I64A)))
-    doAssert(not compiles(cast[float32](I64A)))
-
-    doAssert(not compiles(cast[char](I64A)))
-    doAssert(not compiles(cast[uint16](I64A)))
-    doAssert(not compiles(cast[uint32](I64A)))
+  block:
+    roundTrip(I64A, float)
+    roundTrip(I8, uint16)
+    roundTrip(I8, uint32)
+    roundTrip(I8, uint64)
+    doAssert cast[uint16](I8) == 65458'u16
+    doAssert cast[uint32](I8) == 4294967218'u32
+    doAssert cast[uint64](I8) == 18446744073709551538'u64
+    doAssert cast[uint32](I64A) == 2571663889'u32
+    doAssert cast[uint16](I64A) == 31249
+    doAssert cast[char](I64A).ord == 17
+    doAssert compiles(cast[float32](I64A))
 
-    doAssert(not compiles(cast[uint16](I8)))
-    doAssert(not compiles(cast[uint32](I8)))
-    doAssert(not compiles(cast[uint64](I8)))
+  disableVM: # xxx Error: VM does not support 'cast' from tyInt64 to tyFloat32
+    doAssert cast[uint32](cast[float32](I64A)) == 2571663889'u32
 
 const prerecordedResults = [
   # cast to char
diff --git a/tests/cnstseq/tcnstseq.nim b/tests/vm/tcnstseq.nim
index 5679a6e37..5679a6e37 100644
--- a/tests/cnstseq/tcnstseq.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tcnstseq.nim
diff --git a/tests/vm/tcompilesetting.nim b/tests/vm/tcompilesetting.nim
index 5bf559c74..d6c08e70f 100644
--- a/tests/vm/tcompilesetting.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tcompilesetting.nim
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 discard """
-cmd: "nim c --nimcache:build/myNimCache --nimblePath:myNimblePath $file"
+cmd: "nim c --nimcache:build/myNimCache --nimblePath:myNimblePath --gc:arc $file"
 joinable: false
 """
 
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ template main =
   doAssert "myNimblePath" in nimblePaths.querySettingSeq[0]
   doAssert querySetting(backend) == "c"
   doAssert fileExists(libPath.querySetting / "system.nim")
+  doAssert querySetting(mm) == "arc"
 
 static: main()
 main()
diff --git a/tests/vm/tcompiletimetable.nim b/tests/vm/tcompiletimetable.nim
index ece2ddfe9..1db490f1a 100644
--- a/tests/vm/tcompiletimetable.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tcompiletimetable.nim
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
 discard """
-  nimout: '''2
+  nimout: '''
+2
 3
 4:2
 Got Hi
 Got Hey
+'''
+  output:'''
 a
 b
-c'''
+c
+'''
 """
 
 # bug #404
diff --git a/tests/vm/tconst.nim b/tests/vm/tconst.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5cfe7533e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/tconst.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+discard """
+  targets: "c cpp js"
+"""
+
+import std/strutils
+
+template forceConst(a: untyped): untyped =
+  ## Force evaluation at CT, but `static(a)` is simpler
+  const ret = a
+  ret
+
+proc isNimVm(): bool =
+  when nimvm: result = true
+  else: result = false
+
+block:
+  doAssert forceConst(isNimVm())
+  doAssert not isNimVm()
+  doAssert forceConst(isNimVm()) == static(isNimVm())
+  doAssert forceConst(isNimVm()) == isNimVm().static
+
+template main() =
+  # xxx merge more const related tests here
+  const ct = CompileTime
+    # refs https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/718, apparently `CompileTime`
+    # isn't cached, which seems surprising.
+  block:
+    const
+      a = """
+    Version $1|
+    Compiled at: $2, $3
+    """ % [NimVersion & spaces(44-len(NimVersion)), CompileDate, ct]
+    let b = $a
+    doAssert ct in b, $(b, ct)
+    doAssert NimVersion in b
+
+  block: # Test for fix on broken const unpacking
+    template mytemp() =
+      const
+        (x, increment) = (4, true)
+        a = 100
+      discard (x, increment, a)
+    mytemp()
+
+  block: # bug #12334
+    block:
+      const b: cstring = "foo"
+      var c = b
+      doAssert c == "foo"
+    block:
+      const a = "foo"
+      const b: cstring = a
+      var c = b
+      doAssert c == "foo"
+
+
+static: main()
+main()
diff --git a/tests/vm/tconstarrayresem.nim b/tests/vm/tconstarrayresem.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6701cfe4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/tconstarrayresem.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# issue #23010
+
+type
+  Result[T, E] = object
+    case oResult: bool
+    of false:
+      discard
+    of true:
+      vResult: T
+
+  Opt[T] = Result[T, void]
+
+template ok[T, E](R: type Result[T, E], x: untyped): R =
+  R(oResult: true, vResult: x)
+
+template c[T](v: T): Opt[T] = Opt[T].ok(v)
+
+type
+  FixedBytes[N: static[int]] = distinct array[N, byte]
+
+  H = object
+    d: FixedBytes[2]
+
+const b = default(H)
+template g(): untyped =
+  const t = default(H)
+  b
+
+discard c(g())
diff --git a/tests/vm/tconsteval.nim b/tests/vm/tconsteval.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 2e0fcb888..000000000
--- a/tests/vm/tconsteval.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-discard """
-action: compile
-"""
-
-import strutils
-
-const
-  HelpText = """
-+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
-|         Maintenance program for Nim                             |
-|             Version $1|
-|             (c) 2012 Andreas Rumpf                              |
-+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
-Compiled at: $2, $3
-
-Usage:
-  koch [options] command [options for command]
-Options:
-  --force, -f, -B, -b      forces rebuild
-  --help, -h               shows this help and quits
-Possible Commands:
-  boot [options]           bootstraps with given command line options
-  clean                    cleans Nim project; removes generated files
-  web                      generates the website
-  csource [options]        builds the C sources for installation
-  zip                      builds the installation ZIP package
-  inno                     builds the Inno Setup installer
-""" % [NimVersion & spaces(44-len(NimVersion)),
-       CompileDate, CompileTime]
-
-echo HelpText
diff --git a/tests/vm/tconstresem.nim b/tests/vm/tconstresem.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4526cb891
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/tconstresem.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+block: # issue #19849
+  type
+    Vec2[T] = object
+      x, y: T
+    Vec2i = Vec2[int]
+  template getX(p: Vec2i): int = p.x
+  let x = getX:
+    const t = Vec2i(x: 1, y: 2)
+    t
+  doAssert x == 1
diff --git a/tests/vm/tconstscope1.nim b/tests/vm/tconstscope1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41c45a28f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/tconstscope1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# issue #5395
+
+const a = (var b = 3; b)
+echo b #[tt.Error
+     ^ undeclared identifier: 'b']#
diff --git a/tests/vm/tconstscope2.nim b/tests/vm/tconstscope2.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d858e96c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/tconstscope2.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+const
+  a = (var x = 3; x)
+  # should we allow this?
+  b = x #[tt.Error
+      ^ undeclared identifier: 'x']#
diff --git a/tests/vm/tconsttable.nim b/tests/vm/tconsttable.nim
index 64a74a59d..152a33cba 100644
--- a/tests/vm/tconsttable.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tconsttable.nim
@@ -17,3 +17,18 @@ x = "ah"
 echo foo[x]
 x = "possible."
 echo foo[x]
+
+block: # bug #19840
+  const testBytes = [byte 0xD8, 0x08, 0xDF, 0x45, 0x00, 0x3D, 0x00, 0x52, 0x00, 0x61]
+  var tempStr = "__________________"
+
+  tempStr.prepareMutation
+  copyMem(addr tempStr[0], addr testBytes[0], testBytes.len)
+
+block: # bug #22389
+  func foo(): ptr UncheckedArray[byte] =
+    const bar = [77.byte]
+    cast[ptr UncheckedArray[byte]](addr bar[0])
+
+  doAssert foo()[0] == 77
+
diff --git a/tests/vm/tconvaddr.nim b/tests/vm/tconvaddr.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9762a9e59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/tconvaddr.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+block: # issue #24097
+  type Foo = distinct int
+  proc foo(x: var Foo) =
+    int(x) += 1
+  proc bar(x: var int) =
+    x += 1
+  static:
+    var x = Foo(1)
+    int(x) = int(x) + 1
+    doAssert x.int == 2
+    int(x) += 1
+    doAssert x.int == 3
+    foo(x)
+    doAssert x.int == 4
+    bar(int(x)) # need vmgen flags propagated for this
+    doAssert x.int == 5
+  type Bar = object
+    x: Foo
+  static:
+    var obj = Bar(x: Foo(1))
+    int(obj.x) = int(obj.x) + 1
+    doAssert obj.x.int == 2
+    int(obj.x) += 1
+    doAssert obj.x.int == 3
+    foo(obj.x)
+    doAssert obj.x.int == 4
+    bar(int(obj.x)) # need vmgen flags propagated for this
+    doAssert obj.x.int == 5
+  static:
+    var arr = @[Foo(1)]
+    int(arr[0]) = int(arr[0]) + 1
+    doAssert arr[0].int == 2
+    int(arr[0]) += 1
+    doAssert arr[0].int == 3
+    foo(arr[0])
+    doAssert arr[0].int == 4
+    bar(int(arr[0])) # need vmgen flags propagated for this
+    doAssert arr[0].int == 5
+  proc testResult(): Foo =
+    result = Foo(1)
+    int(result) = int(result) + 1
+    doAssert result.int == 2
+    int(result) += 1
+    doAssert result.int == 3
+    foo(result)
+    doAssert result.int == 4
+    bar(int(result)) # need vmgen flags propagated for this
+    doAssert result.int == 5
+  doAssert testResult().int == 5
diff --git a/tests/constr/tconexpr.nim b/tests/vm/tfibconst.nim
index cca6dd84f..cca6dd84f 100644
--- a/tests/constr/tconexpr.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tfibconst.nim
diff --git a/tests/vm/tfile_rw.nim b/tests/vm/tfile_rw.nim
index 8d7a2ca95..439886e49 100644
--- a/tests/vm/tfile_rw.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tfile_rw.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-discard """
-  output: '''ok'''
-"""
-
 # test file read write in vm
 
 import os, strutils
@@ -24,4 +20,3 @@ static:
 
 
 removeFile(filename)
-echo "ok"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/vm/tgenericcompiletimeproc.nim b/tests/vm/tgenericcompiletimeproc.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..08099ebbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/tgenericcompiletimeproc.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+block: # issue #10753
+  proc foo(x: int): int {.compileTime.} = x
+  const a = foo(123)
+  doAssert foo(123) == a
+
+  proc bar[T](x: T): T {.compileTime.} = x
+  const b = bar(123)
+  doAssert bar(123) == b
+  const c = bar("abc")
+  doAssert bar("abc") == c
+
+block: # issue #22021
+  proc foo(x: static int): int {.compileTime.} = x + 1
+  doAssert foo(123) == 124
+
+block: # issue #19365
+  proc f[T](x: static T): T {.compileTime.} = x + x
+  doAssert f(123) == 246
+  doAssert f(1.0) == 2.0
+
+block:
+  # don't fold compile time procs in typeof
+  proc fail[T](x: T): T {.compileTime.} =
+    doAssert false
+    x
+  doAssert typeof(fail(123)) is typeof(123)
+  proc p(x: int): int = x
+
+  type Foo = typeof(p(fail(123)))
+
+block: # issue #24150, related regression
+  proc w(T: type): T {.compileTime.} = default(ptr T)[]
+  template y(v: auto): auto = typeof(v) is int
+  discard compiles(y(w int))
+  proc s(): int {.compileTime.} = discard
+  discard s()
diff --git a/tests/vm/tissues.nim b/tests/vm/tissues.nim
index 1cf3afc00..f0ae6c296 100644
--- a/tests/vm/tissues.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tissues.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import macros
 
-block t9043: # issue #9043
+block t9043: # bug #9043
   proc foo[N: static[int]](dims: array[N, int]): string =
     const N1 = N
     const N2 = dims.len
@@ -26,3 +26,51 @@ block t4952:
     let tree = newTree(nnkExprColonExpr)
     let t = (n: tree)
     doAssert: t.n.kind == tree.kind
+
+
+# bug #19909
+type
+  SinglyLinkedList[T] = ref object
+  SinglyLinkedListObj[T] = ref object
+
+
+proc addMoved[T](a, b: var SinglyLinkedList[T]) =
+  if a.addr != b.addr: discard
+
+proc addMoved[T](a, b: var SinglyLinkedListObj[T]) =
+  if a.addr != b.addr: discard
+
+proc main =
+  var a: SinglyLinkedList[int]; new a
+  var b: SinglyLinkedList[int]; new b
+  a.addMoved b
+
+  var a0: SinglyLinkedListObj[int]
+  var b0: SinglyLinkedListObj[int]
+  a0.addMoved b0
+
+static: main()
+
+
+# bug #18641
+
+type A = object
+  ha1: int
+static:
+  var a = A()
+  var a2 = a.addr
+  a2.ha1 = 11
+  doAssert a2.ha1 == 11
+  a.ha1 = 12
+  doAssert a.ha1 == 12
+  doAssert a2.ha1 == 12 # ok
+static:
+  proc fn() =
+    var a = A()
+    var a2 = a.addr
+    a2.ha1 = 11
+    doAssert a2.ha1 == 11
+    a.ha1 = 12
+    doAssert a.ha1 == 12
+    doAssert a2.ha1 == 12 # fails
+  fn()
diff --git a/tests/vm/tmisc_vm.nim b/tests/vm/tmisc_vm.nim
index 2d3e30c5e..1ad830b5f 100644
--- a/tests/vm/tmisc_vm.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tmisc_vm.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 discard """
+  targets: "c js"
   output: '''
 [127, 127, 0, 255][127, 127, 0, 255]
 (data: 1)
+(2, 1)
+(2, 1)
+(2, 1)
+(f0: 5)
 '''
 
   nimout: '''caught Exception
@@ -17,8 +22,22 @@ foo4
 (a: 0, b: 0)
 (a: 0, b: 0)
 (a: 0, b: 0)
+z1 m: (lo: 12)
+z2 a: (lo: 3)
+x1 a: (lo: 3)
+x2 a: (lo: 6)
+x3 a: (lo: 0)
+z3 a: (lo: 3)
+x1 a: (lo: 3)
+x2 a: (lo: 6)
+x3 a: (lo: 0)
+(2, 1)
+(2, 1)
+(2, 1)
+(f0: 5)
 '''
 """
+import std/sets
 
 #bug #1009
 type
@@ -95,8 +114,6 @@ static: simpleTryFinally()
 
 # bug #10981
 
-import sets
-
 proc main =
   for i in 0..<15:
     var someSets = @[initHashSet[int]()]
@@ -250,3 +267,193 @@ static:
   echo x2[]
   let x3 = new(ref MyObject) # cannot generate VM code for ref MyObject
   echo x3[]
+
+# bug #19464
+type
+  Wrapper = object
+    inner: int
+
+proc assign(r: var Wrapper, a: Wrapper) =
+  r = a
+
+proc myEcho(a: Wrapper) =
+  var tmp = a
+  assign(tmp, Wrapper(inner: 0)) # this shouldn't modify `a`
+  doAssert a.inner == 1
+
+static:
+  var result: Wrapper
+  assign(result, Wrapper(inner: 1))
+  myEcho(result)
+
+when true:
+  # bug #15974
+  type Foo = object
+    f0: int
+
+  proc fn(a: var Foo) =
+    var s: Foo
+    a = Foo(f0: 2)
+    s = a
+    doAssert s.f0 == 2
+    a = Foo(f0: 3)
+    doAssert s.f0 == 2
+
+  proc test2()=
+    var a = Foo(f0: 1)
+    fn(a)
+
+  static: test2()
+  test2()
+
+# bug #12551
+type
+  StUint = object
+    lo: uint64
+
+func `+=`(x: var Stuint, y: Stuint) =
+  x.lo += y.lo
+
+func `-`(x, y: Stuint): Stuint =
+  result.lo = x.lo - y.lo
+
+func `+`(x, y: Stuint): Stuint =
+  result.lo = x.lo + y.lo
+
+func `-=`(x: var Stuint, y: Stuint) =
+  x = x - y
+
+func `<`(x, y: Stuint): bool=
+  x.lo < y.lo
+
+func `==`(x, y: Stuint): bool =
+  x.lo == y.lo
+
+func `<=`(x, y: Stuint): bool =
+  x.lo <= y.lo
+
+proc div3n2n(r: var Stuint, b: Stuint) =
+  var d: Stuint
+  r = d
+  r += b
+
+func div2n1n(r: var Stuint, b: Stuint) =
+  div3n2n(r, b)
+
+func divmodBZ(x, y: Stuint, r: var Stuint)=
+  div2n1n(r, y)
+  r.lo = 3
+
+func `mod`(x, y: Stuint): Stuint =
+  divmodBZ(x, y, result)
+
+func doublemod_internal(a, m: Stuint): Stuint =
+  result = a
+  if a >= m - a:
+    result -= m
+  result += a
+
+func mulmod_internal(a, b, m: Stuint): Stuint =
+  var (a, b) = (a, b)
+  swap(a, b)
+  debugEcho "x1 a: ", a
+  a = doublemod_internal(a, m)
+  debugEcho "x2 a: ", a
+  a = doublemod_internal(a, m)
+  debugEcho "x3 a: ", a
+
+func powmod_internal(a, m: Stuint): Stuint =
+  var a = a
+  debugEcho "z1 m: ", m
+  debugEcho "z2 a: ", a
+  result = mulmod_internal(result, a, m)
+  debugEcho "z3 a: ", a
+  a = mulmod_internal(a, a, m)
+
+func powmod*(a, m: Stuint) =
+  discard powmod_internal(a mod m, m)
+
+static:
+  var x = Stuint(lo: high(uint64))
+  var y = Stuint(lo: 12)
+
+  powmod(x, y)
+
+# bug #16780
+when true:
+  template swap*[T](a, b: var T) =
+    var a2 = addr(a)
+    var b2 = addr(b)
+    var aOld = a2[]
+    a2[] = b2[]
+    b2[] = aOld
+
+  proc rather =
+    block:
+      var a = 1
+      var b = 2
+      swap(a, b)
+      echo (a,b)
+
+    block:
+      type Foo = ref object
+        x: int
+      var a = Foo(x:1)
+      var b = Foo(x:2)
+      swap(a, b)
+      echo (a.x, b.x)
+
+    block:
+      type Foo = object
+        x: int
+      var a = Foo(x:1)
+      var b = Foo(x:2)
+      swap(a, b)
+      echo (a.x,b.x)
+
+  static: rather()
+  rather()
+
+# bug #16020
+when true:
+  block:
+    type Foo = object
+      f0: int
+    proc main=
+      var f = Foo(f0: 3)
+      var f2 = f.addr
+      f2[].f0 += 1
+      f2.f0 += 1
+      echo f
+    static: main()
+    main()
+
+import tables, strutils
+
+# bug #14553
+const PpcPatterns = @[("aaaa", "bbbb"), ("aaaaa", "bbbbb"), ("aaaaaa", "bbbbbb"), ("aaaaaaa", "bbbbbbb"), ("aaaaaaaa", "bbbbb")]
+
+static:
+    var
+        needSecondIdentifier = initTable[uint32, seq[(string, string)]]()
+
+    for (name, pattern) in PpcPatterns:
+        let
+            firstPart = 0'u32
+            lastPart = "test"
+
+        needSecondIdentifier.mgetOrPut(firstPart, @[]).add((name, pattern))
+
+    doAssert needSecondIdentifier[0] == @[("aaaa", "bbbb"), ("aaaaa", "bbbbb"), ("aaaaaa", "bbbbbb"), ("aaaaaaa", "bbbbbbb"), ("aaaaaaaa", "bbbbb")]
+
+# bug #17864
+macro transform*(fn: typed) =
+  quote do:
+    `fn`
+
+var map: Table[string, HashSet[string]]
+proc publish*(): void {.transform.} =
+  map["k"] = init_hash_set[string]()
+  map["k"].incl "d"
+
+publish()
diff --git a/tests/vm/tnewseqofcap.nim b/tests/vm/tnewseqofcap.nim
index c61c3c485..a7dc07aa6 100644
--- a/tests/vm/tnewseqofcap.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tnewseqofcap.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
-discard """
-  output: '''@["aaa", "bbb", "ccc"]'''
-"""
-
-
 const
   foo = @["aaa", "bbb", "ccc"]
 
@@ -16,4 +11,4 @@ proc myTuple: tuple[n: int, bar: seq[string]] =
 const
   (n, bar) = myTuple()
 
-echo bar
\ No newline at end of file
+doAssert bar == @["aaa", "bbb", "ccc"]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/vm/tnilclosurecall.nim b/tests/vm/tnilclosurecall.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..449865b9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/tnilclosurecall.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+discard """
+  errormsg: "attempt to call nil closure"
+  line: 8
+"""
+
+static:
+  let x: proc () = nil
+  x()
diff --git a/tests/vm/tnilclosurecallstacktrace.nim b/tests/vm/tnilclosurecallstacktrace.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..879060e8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/tnilclosurecallstacktrace.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+discard """
+  action: reject
+  nimout: '''
+stack trace: (most recent call last)
+tnilclosurecallstacktrace.nim(23, 6) tnilclosurecallstacktrace
+tnilclosurecallstacktrace.nim(20, 6) baz
+tnilclosurecallstacktrace.nim(17, 6) bar
+tnilclosurecallstacktrace.nim(14, 4) foo
+tnilclosurecallstacktrace.nim(14, 4) Error: attempt to call nil closure
+'''
+"""
+
+proc foo(x: proc ()) =
+  x()
+
+proc bar(x: proc ()) =
+  foo(x)
+
+proc baz(x: proc ()) =
+  bar(x)
+
+static:
+  baz(nil)
diff --git a/tests/constr/tnocompiletimefunc.nim b/tests/vm/tnocompiletimefunc.nim
index a95648c0f..a95648c0f 100644
--- a/tests/constr/tnocompiletimefunc.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tnocompiletimefunc.nim
diff --git a/tests/constr/tnocompiletimefunclambda.nim b/tests/vm/tnocompiletimefunclambda.nim
index d134eea40..d134eea40 100644
--- a/tests/constr/tnocompiletimefunclambda.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tnocompiletimefunclambda.nim
diff --git a/tests/vm/tnoreturn.nim b/tests/vm/tnoreturn.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4f8601a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/tnoreturn.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+block: # issue #22216
+  type
+    Result[T, E] = object
+      case oVal: bool
+      of false:
+        eVal: E
+      of true:
+        vVal: T
+
+  func raiseResultDefect(m: string) {.noreturn, noinline.} =
+    raise (ref Defect)(msg: m)
+
+  template withAssertOk(self: Result, body: untyped): untyped =
+    case self.oVal
+    of false:
+      raiseResultDefect("Trying to access value with err Result")    
+    else:
+      body
+
+  func value[T, E](self: Result[T, E]): T {.inline.} =    
+    withAssertOk(self):  
+      self.vVal
+      
+  const
+    x = Result[int, string](oVal: true, vVal: 123)
+    z = x.value()
+    
+  let
+    xx = Result[int, string](oVal: true, vVal: 123)
+    zz = x.value()
+  
+  doAssert z == zz
diff --git a/tests/vm/topenarrays.nim b/tests/vm/topenarrays.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..375d2523d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/topenarrays.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+proc mutate(a: var openarray[int]) =
+  var i = 0
+  for x in a.mitems:
+    x = i
+    inc i
+
+proc mutate(a: var openarray[char]) =
+  var i = 1
+  for ch in a.mitems:
+    ch = 'a'
+
+
+static:
+  var a = [10, 20, 30]
+  assert a.toOpenArray(1, 2).len == 2
+
+  mutate(a)
+  assert a.toOpenArray(0, 2) == [0, 1, 2]
+  assert a.toOpenArray(0, 0) == [0]
+  assert a.toOpenArray(1, 2) == [1, 2]
+  assert "Hello".toOpenArray(1, 4) == "ello"
+  var str = "Hello"
+  str.toOpenArray(2, 4).mutate()
+  assert str.toOpenArray(0, 4).len == 5
+  assert str.toOpenArray(0, 0).len == 1
+  assert str.toOpenArray(0, 0).high == 0
+  assert str == "Heaaa"
+  assert str.toOpenArray(0, 4) == "Heaaa"
+
+  var arr: array[3..4, int] = [1, 2]
+  assert arr.toOpenArray(3, 4) == [1, 2]
+  assert arr.toOpenArray(3, 4).len == 2
+  assert arr.toOpenArray(3, 3).high == 0
+
+  assert arr.toOpenArray(3, 4).toOpenArray(0, 0) == [1]
+
+
+proc doThing(s: static openArray[int]) = discard
+
+doThing([10, 20, 30].toOpenArray(0, 0))
+
+# bug #19969
+proc f(): array[1, byte] =
+  var a: array[1, byte]
+  result[0..0] = a.toOpenArray(0, 0)
+
+doAssert static(f()) == [byte(0)]
+
+
+# bug #15952
+proc main1[T](a: openArray[T]) = discard
+proc main2[T](a: var openArray[T]) = discard
+
+proc main =
+  var a = [1,2,3,4,5]
+  main1(a.toOpenArray(1,3))
+  main2(a.toOpenArray(1,3))
+static: main()
+main()
+
+# bug #16306
+{.experimental: "views".}
+proc test(x: openArray[int]): tuple[id: int] =
+  let y: openArray[int] = toOpenArray(x, 0, 2)
+  result = (y[0],)
+template fn=
+  doAssert test([0,1,2,3,4,5]).id == 0
+fn() # ok
+static: fn()
+
+
+block: # bug #22095
+  type
+    StUint = object
+      limbs: array[4, uint64]
+
+  func shlAddMod(a: var openArray[uint64]) =  
+    a[0] = 10
+
+  func divRem(r: var openArray[uint64]) =
+    shlAddMod(r.toOpenArray(0, 3))
+
+  func fn(): StUint =
+    divRem(result.limbs)
+
+  const
+    z = fn()
+
+  doAssert z.limbs[0] == 10
diff --git a/tests/vm/tquadplus.nim b/tests/vm/tquadplus.nim
index 552e8fef7..acf20cd96 100644
--- a/tests/vm/tquadplus.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tquadplus.nim
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 # bug #1023
 
-discard """
-  output: "1 == 1"
-"""
 
 type Quadruple = tuple[a, b, c, d: int]
 
@@ -14,4 +11,4 @@ const
   B = (a: 0, b: -2, c: 1, d: 0)
   C = A + B
 
-echo C.d, " == ", (A+B).d
+doAssert $C.d & " == " & $(A+B).d == "1 == 1"
diff --git a/tests/vm/treset.nim b/tests/vm/treset.nim
index ff8bc5b83..32fbc7f04 100644
--- a/tests/vm/treset.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/treset.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-discard """
-  output: '''0'''
-"""
 static:
   type Obj = object
     field: int
@@ -48,6 +45,6 @@ proc main =
 
   var x = 4
   x = default(int)
-  echo x
+  doAssert x == 0
 
 main()
diff --git a/tests/vm/triangle_array.nim b/tests/vm/triangle_array.nim
index 054c66f22..0704239c6 100644
--- a/tests/vm/triangle_array.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/triangle_array.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-discard """
-  output: "56"
-"""
-
 # bug #1781
 
 proc initCombinations: array[11, array[11, int]] =
@@ -14,4 +10,4 @@ proc initCombinations: array[11, array[11, int]] =
   result[6][6 .. 10] =             [52,53,54,55,56]
 
 const combinations = initCombinations()
-echo combinations[6][10]
+doAssert combinations[6][10] == 56
diff --git a/tests/vm/tscriptcompiletime.nims b/tests/vm/tscriptcompiletime.nims
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..daec54bf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/tscriptcompiletime.nims
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim e $file"
+"""
+
+import mscriptcompiletime
+
+macro foo =
+  doAssert bar == 2
+foo()
diff --git a/tests/vm/tsignaturehash.nim b/tests/vm/tsignaturehash.nim
index 42e0a1571..972ec6fb0 100644
--- a/tests/vm/tsignaturehash.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tsignaturehash.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # test sym digest is computable at compile time
 
 import macros, algorithm
-import md5
+import ../../dist/checksums/src/checksums/md5
 
 macro testmacro(s: typed{nkSym}): string =
   let s = getMD5(signaturehash(s) & " - " & symBodyHash(s))
diff --git a/tests/vm/ttouintconv.nim b/tests/vm/ttouintconv.nim
index ff2187a36..8c43a3adb 100644
--- a/tests/vm/ttouintconv.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/ttouintconv.nim
@@ -75,3 +75,10 @@ macro foo2() =
 
 foo()
 foo2()
+
+block:
+  const neg5VM = block:
+    let x = -5'i8
+    uint64(x)
+  let y = -5'i8
+  doAssert uint64(y) == neg5VM
diff --git a/tests/vm/ttypedesc.nim b/tests/vm/ttypedesc.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d799e5adb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/ttypedesc.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+block: # issue #15760
+  type
+    Banana = object
+    SpecialBanana = object
+    
+  proc getName(_: type Banana): string = "Banana"
+  proc getName(_: type SpecialBanana): string = "SpecialBanana"
+
+  proc x[T](): string = 
+    const n = getName(T) # this one works
+    result = n
+    
+  proc y(T: type): string =
+    const n = getName(T) # this one failed to compile
+    result = n
+
+  doAssert x[SpecialBanana]() == "SpecialBanana"
+  doAssert y(SpecialBanana) == "SpecialBanana"
+
+import macros
+
+block: # issue #23112
+  type Container = object
+    foo: string
+
+  proc canBeImplicit(t: typedesc) {.compileTime.} =
+    let tDesc = getType(t)
+    doAssert tDesc.kind == nnkObjectTy
+
+  static:
+    canBeImplicit(Container)
diff --git a/tests/vm/tunsupportedintfloatcast.nim b/tests/vm/tunsupportedintfloatcast.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d65f10d86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/tunsupportedintfloatcast.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+static:
+  echo cast[int32](12.0) #[tt.Error
+       ^ VM does not support 'cast' from tyFloat with size 8 to tyInt32 with size 4 due to different sizes]#
diff --git a/tests/vm/tvarsection.nim b/tests/vm/tvarsection.nim
index a45be6164..cd34bd02e 100644
--- a/tests/vm/tvarsection.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tvarsection.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-discard """
-  output: '''-1abc'''
-"""
-
 var
   a {.compileTime.} = 2
   b = -1
@@ -12,4 +8,4 @@ static:
   doAssert a == 2
   doAssert c == 3
 
-echo b, d
+doAssert ($b & $d) == "-1abc"
diff --git a/tests/vm/tvmmisc.nim b/tests/vm/tvmmisc.nim
index a485bac2e..6aeac5529 100644
--- a/tests/vm/tvmmisc.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tvmmisc.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-# bug #4462
 import macros
 import os
 
+# bug #4462
 block:
   proc foo(t: typedesc) {.compileTime.} =
     assert sameType(getType(t), getType(int))
@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ block:
   static:
     foo(int)
 
-# #4412
+# bug #4412
 block:
   proc default[T](t: typedesc[T]): T {.inline.} = discard
 
   static:
     var x = default(type(0))
 
-# #6379
+# bug #6379
 import algorithm
 
 static:
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ static:
   str.sort(cmp)
   doAssert str == "abc"
 
-# #6086
+# bug #6086
 import math, sequtils, sugar
 
 block:
@@ -82,8 +82,10 @@ block:
 
     doAssert fileExists("MISSINGFILE") == false
     doAssert dirExists("MISSINGDIR") == false
+    doAssert fileExists(currentSourcePath())
+    doAssert dirExists(currentSourcePath().parentDir)
 
-# #7210
+# bug #7210
 block:
   static:
     proc f(size: int): int =
@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ block:
       result = size
     doAssert f(4) == 4
 
-# #6689
+# bug #6689
 block:
   static:
     proc foo(): int = 0
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ block:
     new(x)
     doAssert(not x.isNil)
 
-# #7871
+# bug #7871
 static:
   type Obj = object
     field: int
@@ -116,11 +118,11 @@ static:
   o.field = 2
   doAssert s[0].field == 0
 
-# #8125
+# bug #8125
 static:
    let def_iter_var = ident("it")
 
-# #8142
+# bug #8142
 static:
   type Obj = object
     names: string
@@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ static:
   o.pushName()
   doAssert o.names == "FOOBARFOOBAR"
 
-# #8154
+# bug #8154
 import parseutils
 
 static:
@@ -149,7 +151,7 @@ static:
   static:
     doAssert foo().i == 1
 
-# #10333
+# bug #10333
 block:
   const
     encoding: auto = [
@@ -160,7 +162,7 @@ block:
     ]
   doAssert encoding.len == 4
 
-# #10886
+# bug #10886
 
 proc tor(): bool =
   result = true
@@ -229,6 +231,14 @@ block: # bug #15595
   static: main()
   main()
 
+block: # issue #20543
+  type F = proc()
+  const myArray = block:
+    var r: array[1, F]
+    r[0] = nil
+    r
+  doAssert isNil(myArray[0])
+
 # bug #15363
 import sequtils
 
@@ -255,6 +265,42 @@ block:
   doAssert e == @[]
   doAssert f == @[]
 
+
+block: # bug #18310
+  macro t() : untyped =
+    let
+      x = nnkTupleConstr.newTree(newLit(1))
+      y = nnkTupleConstr.newTree(newLit(2))
+    doAssert not (x == y) # not using != intentionally
+    doAssert not(cast[int](x) == cast[int](y))
+    doAssert not(system.`==`(x, y))
+    doAssert system.`==`(x, x)
+  t()
+
+block: # bug #10815
+  type
+    Opcode = enum
+      iChar, iSet
+
+    Inst = object
+      case code: Opcode
+        of iChar:
+          c: char
+        of iSet:
+          cs: set[char]
+
+    Patt = seq[Inst]
+
+
+  proc `$`(p: Patt): string =
+    discard
+
+  proc P(): Patt =
+    result.add Inst(code: iSet)
+
+  const a = P()
+  doAssert $a == ""
+
 import tables
 
 block: # bug #8007
@@ -309,7 +355,7 @@ block: # bug #8007
 block: # bug #14340
   block:
     proc opl3EnvelopeCalcSin0() = discard
-    type EnvelopeSinfunc = proc()
+    type EnvelopeSinfunc = proc() {.nimcall.} # todo: fixme 
     # const EnvelopeCalcSin0 = opl3EnvelopeCalcSin0 # ok
     const EnvelopeCalcSin0: EnvelopeSinfunc = opl3EnvelopeCalcSin0 # was bug
     const envelopeSin = [EnvelopeCalcSin0]
@@ -317,7 +363,7 @@ block: # bug #14340
     envelopeSin[a]()
 
   block:
-    type Mutator = proc() {.noSideEffect, gcsafe, locks: 0.}
+    type Mutator = proc() {.noSideEffect, gcsafe.}
     proc mutator0() = discard
     const mTable = [Mutator(mutator0)]
     var i=0
@@ -332,7 +378,7 @@ block: # VM wrong register free causes errors in unrelated code
     in let prc = if not isClosure: bb.sym else: bb[0].sym
     ]#
     proc bar2(head: string): string = "asdf"
-    proc gook(u1: int) = discard
+    proc zook(u1: int) = discard
 
     type PathEntry = object
       kind: int
@@ -341,20 +387,20 @@ block: # VM wrong register free causes errors in unrelated code
     iterator globOpt(): int =
       var u1: int
 
-      gook(u1)
-      gook(u1)
-      gook(u1)
-      gook(u1)
-      gook(u1)
-      gook(u1)
-      gook(u1)
-      gook(u1)
-      gook(u1)
-      gook(u1)
-      gook(u1)
-      gook(u1)
-      gook(u1)
-      gook(u1)
+      zook(u1)
+      zook(u1)
+      zook(u1)
+      zook(u1)
+      zook(u1)
+      zook(u1)
+      zook(u1)
+      zook(u1)
+      zook(u1)
+      zook(u1)
+      zook(u1)
+      zook(u1)
+      zook(u1)
+      zook(u1)
 
       var entry = PathEntry()
       entry.path = bar2("")
@@ -509,3 +555,242 @@ block: # bug #8015
     doAssert $viaProc.table[0] == "(kind: Fixed, cost: 999)"
     doAssert viaProc.table[1].handler() == 100
     doAssert viaProc.table[2].handler() == 200
+
+
+# bug #19198
+
+block:
+  type
+    Foo[n: static int] = int
+
+block:
+  static:
+    let x = int 1
+    doAssert $(x.type) == "int"  # Foo
+
+block:
+  static:
+    let x = int 1
+    let y = x + 1
+    # Error: unhandled exception: value out of range: -8 notin 0 .. 65535 [RangeDefect]
+    doAssert y == 2
+
+
+type Atom* = object
+  bar: int
+
+proc main() = # bug #12994
+  var s: seq[Atom]
+  var atom: Atom
+  var checked = 0
+  for i in 0..<2:
+    atom.bar = 5
+    s.add atom
+    atom.reset
+    if i == 0:
+      checked += 1
+      doAssert $s == "@[(bar: 5)]"
+    else:
+      checked += 1
+      doAssert $s == "@[(bar: 5), (bar: 5)]"
+  doAssert checked == 2
+
+static: main()
+main()
+
+# bug #19201
+proc foo(s: sink string) = doAssert s.len == 3
+
+static:
+  foo("abc")
+
+
+static:
+  for i in '1' .. '2': # bug #10938
+    var s: set[char]
+    doAssert s == {}
+    incl(s, i)
+
+  for _ in 0 ..< 3: # bug #13312
+    var s: string
+    s.add("foo")
+    doAssert s == "foo"
+
+  for i in 1 .. 5: # bug #13918
+    var arr: array[3, int]
+    var val: int
+    doAssert arr == [0, 0, 0] and val == 0
+    for j in 0 ..< len(arr):
+      arr[j] = i
+      val = i
+
+# bug #20985
+let a = block:
+  var groups: seq[seq[int]]
+  for i in 0 ..< 3:
+    var group: seq[int]
+    for j in 0 ..< 3:
+      group.add j
+    groups.add group
+  groups
+
+const b = block:
+  var groups: seq[seq[int]]
+  for i in 0 ..< 3:
+    var group: seq[int]
+    for j in 0 ..< 3:
+      group.add j
+    groups.add group
+  groups
+
+doAssert a == @[@[0, 1, 2], @[0, 1, 2], @[0, 1, 2]]
+doAssert b == @[@[0, 1, 2], @[0, 1, 2], @[0, 1, 2]]
+
+macro m1(s: string): int =
+  var ProcID {.global, compileTime.}: int
+  inc(ProcID)
+  result = newLit(ProcID)
+
+proc macroGlobal =
+  doAssert m1("Macro argument") == 1
+  doAssert m1("Macro argument") == 2
+  doAssert m1("Macro argument") == 3
+
+static: macroGlobal()
+macroGlobal()
+
+block: # bug #10108
+  template reject(x) =
+    static: doAssert(not compiles(x))
+
+  static:
+    let x: int = 2
+    proc deliver_x(): int = x
+    var y2 = deliver_x()
+    discard y2
+    reject:
+      const c5 = deliver_x()
+
+block: # bug #7590
+  proc doInit[T]():auto=
+    var a: T
+    return a
+
+  proc fun2[T](tup1:T)=
+    const tup0=doInit[T]()
+
+    # var tup=tup0 #ok
+    const tup=tup0 #causes bug
+
+    doAssert tup is tuple
+    doAssert tup[0] is tuple
+    for ai in tup.fields:
+      doAssert ai is tuple, "BUG2"
+
+  # const c=(foo:(bar1: 0.0))
+  const c=(foo:(bar1:"foo1"))
+  fun2(c)
+
+block: # bug #21708
+  type
+    Tup = tuple[name: string]
+
+  const X: array[2, Tup] = [(name: "foo",), (name: "bar",)]
+
+  static:
+    let s = X[0]
+    doAssert s[0] == "foo"
+
+block:
+  proc swap[T](x: var T): T =
+    result = x
+    x = default(T)
+
+  proc merge[T](a, b: var openArray[T]) =
+    a[0] = swap b[0]
+
+  static:
+    var x = "abc"
+    var y = "356"
+    merge(x, y)
+    doAssert x == "3bc"
+
+block: # bug #22190
+  type
+    EVMFork = enum
+      Berlin
+      Istanbul
+      Shanghai
+
+  const
+    Vm2OpAllForks =
+      {EVMFork.low .. EVMFork.high}
+
+    vm2OpExecBlockData = [(forks: Vm2OpAllForks)]
+
+  proc mkOpTable(selected: EVMFork): bool =
+    selected notin vm2OpExecBlockData[0].forks
+
+  const
+    tab = mkOpTable(Berlin)
+
+  doAssert not tab
+
+block: # issue #22524
+  const cnst = cstring(nil)
+  doAssert cnst.isNil
+  doAssert cnst == nil
+  let b = cnst
+  doAssert b.isNil
+  doAssert b == nil
+
+  let a = static: cstring(nil)
+  doAssert a.isNil
+
+  static:
+    var x: cstring
+    doAssert x.isNil
+    doAssert x == nil
+    doAssert x != ""
+
+block: # issue #15730
+  const s: cstring = ""
+  doAssert s != nil
+
+  static:
+    let s: cstring = ""
+    doAssert not s.isNil
+    doAssert s != nil
+    doAssert s == ""
+
+static: # more nil cstring issues
+  let x = cstring(nil)
+  doAssert x.len == 0
+
+block: # bug #23925
+  type Foo = enum A = -1
+  proc foo =
+    doAssert cast[Foo](-1) == A
+    doAssert ord(A) == -1
+
+  static: foo()
+  foo()
+
+  type E = enum
+    e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 e8 e9 e10 e11 e12 e13 e14 e15 e16 e17 e18 e19 e20
+    e21 e22 e23 e24 e25 e26 e27 e28 e29 e30 e31 e32 e33 e34 e35 e36 e37 e38
+    e39 e40 e41 e42 e43 e44 e45 e46 e47 e48 e49 e50 e51 e52 e53 e54 e55 e56
+    e57 e58 e59 e60 e61 e62 e63 e64 e65 e66 e67 e68 e69 e70 e71 e72 e73 e74
+    e75 e76 e77 e78 e79 e80 e81 e82 e83 e84 e85 e86 e87 e88 e89 e90 e91 e92
+    e93 e94 e95 e96 e97 e98 e99 e100 e101 e102 e103 e104 e105 e106 e107 e108
+    e109 e110 e111 e112 e113 e114 e115 e116 e117 e118 e119 e120 e121 e122
+    e123 e124 e125 e126 e127 e128
+  proc bar =
+    doAssert cast[E](int(e128)) == e128
+
+  static: bar()
+  bar()
+
+static: # bug #21353
+  var s: proc () = default(proc ())
+  doAssert s == nil
diff --git a/tests/vm/tvmops.nim b/tests/vm/tvmops.nim
index c8febd982..3d8d5a9ac 100644
--- a/tests/vm/tvmops.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tvmops.nim
@@ -9,16 +9,6 @@ import os
 import math
 import strutils
 
-template forceConst(a: untyped): untyped =
-  ## Force evaluation at CT, useful for example here:
-  ## `callFoo(forceConst(getBar1()), getBar2())`
-  ## instead of:
-  ##  block:
-  ##    const a = getBar1()
-  ##    `callFoo(a, getBar2())`
-  const ret = a
-  ret
-
 static:
   # TODO: add more tests
   block: #getAppFilename, gorgeEx, gorge
@@ -26,7 +16,7 @@ static:
     let ret = gorgeEx(nim & " --version")
     doAssert ret.exitCode == 0
     doAssert ret.output.contains "Nim Compiler"
-    let ret2 = gorgeEx(nim & " --unexistant")
+    let ret2 = gorgeEx(nim & " --nonxistent")
     doAssert ret2.exitCode != 0
     let output3 = gorge(nim & " --version")
     doAssert output3.contains "Nim Compiler"
@@ -51,6 +41,6 @@ static:
 
 block:
   # Check against bugs like #9176
-  doAssert getCurrentCompilerExe() == forceConst(getCurrentCompilerExe())
+  doAssert getCurrentCompilerExe() == getCurrentCompilerExe().static
   if false: #pending #9176
-    doAssert gorgeEx("unexistant") == forceConst(gorgeEx("unexistant"))
+    doAssert gorgeEx("nonxistent") == gorgeEx("nonxistent").static
diff --git a/tests/vm/tvmopsDanger.nim b/tests/vm/tvmopsDanger.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..966feffe6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vm/tvmopsDanger.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+discard """
+  cmd: "nim c --experimental:vmopsDanger -r $file"
+"""
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+import std/[times, os]
+
+const foo = getTime()
+let bar = foo
+doAssert bar > low(Time)
+
+static: # bug #23932
+  doAssert getCurrentDir().len > 0
diff --git a/tests/vm/twrong_concat.nim b/tests/vm/twrong_concat.nim
index b9cca8341..59a10bdb9 100644
--- a/tests/vm/twrong_concat.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/twrong_concat.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-discard """
-  output: '''success'''
-"""
-
 # bug #3804
 
 #import sequtils
@@ -24,5 +20,3 @@ static:
   # sameBug(objs)
   echo objs[0].field
   doAssert(objs[0].field == "hello") # fails, because (objs[0].field == "hello bug") - mutated!
-
-echo "success"
diff --git a/tests/vm/tyaytypedesc.nim b/tests/vm/tyaytypedesc.nim
index a3ad9b707..8cb402bff 100644
--- a/tests/vm/tyaytypedesc.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tyaytypedesc.nim
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-discard """
-  output: "ntWhitespace"
-"""
-
 # bug #3357
 
 type NodeType* = enum
@@ -10,7 +6,7 @@ type NodeType* = enum
 type TokenType* = enum
   ttWhitespace
 
-proc enumTable*[A, B, C](a: openarray[tuple[key: A, val: B]], ret: typedesc[C]): C =
+proc enumTable*[A, B, C](a: openArray[tuple[key: A, val: B]], ret: typedesc[C]): C =
   for item in a:
     result[item.key] = item.val
 
@@ -18,4 +14,4 @@ const tokenTypeToNodeType = {
   ttWhitespace: ntWhitespace,
 }.enumTable(array[ttWhitespace..ttWhitespace, NodeType])
 
-echo tokenTypeToNodeType[ttWhitespace]
+doAssert tokenTypeToNodeType[ttWhitespace] == ntWhitespace
diff --git a/tests/vm/tzero_extend.nim b/tests/vm/tzero_extend.nim
index 1fed5d419..418dbc486 100644
--- a/tests/vm/tzero_extend.nim
+++ b/tests/vm/tzero_extend.nim
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ proc get_values(): (seq[int8], seq[int16], seq[int32]) =
   let i8 = -3'i8
   let i16 = -3'i16
   let i32 = -3'i32
-  doAssert i8.ze == 0xFD
-  doAssert i8.ze64 == 0xFD
-  doAssert i16.ze == 0xFFFD
-  doAssert i16.ze64 == 0xFFFD
+  doAssert int(cast[uint8](i8)) == 0xFD
+  doAssert int64(cast[uint8](i8)) == 0xFD
+  doAssert int(cast[uint16](i16)) == 0xFFFD
+  doAssert int64(cast[uint16](i16)) == 0xFFFD
 
   result[0] = @[]; result[1] = @[]; result[2] = @[]
 
diff --git a/tests/whenstmt/t12517.nim b/tests/whenstmt/t12517.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8be0171e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/whenstmt/t12517.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# Test based on issue #12517
+
+discard """
+  nimout: '''
+nimvm
+both
+'''
+  output: '''
+both
+'''
+"""
+
+proc test() =
+  when nimvm:
+    echo "nimvm"
+  echo "both"
+
+static:
+  test()
+test()
+
diff --git a/tests/whenstmt/t19426.nim b/tests/whenstmt/t19426.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..95fb54a9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/whenstmt/t19426.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+type
+  MyInt = object
+    bitWidth: int
+
+template toRealType*(t: MyInt): typedesc =
+  when t.bitWidth == 32: int32
+  elif t.bitWidth == 64: int64
+  else: {.error.}
+
+proc doFail(T: typedesc): T = default(T)
+
+proc test =
+  const myInt = MyInt(bitWidth:32)
+  discard doFail(toRealType(myInt))
+
+test()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/whenstmt/twhen_macro.nim b/tests/whenstmt/twhen_macro.nim
index b5168144e..deb1dddc9 100644
--- a/tests/whenstmt/twhen_macro.nim
+++ b/tests/whenstmt/twhen_macro.nim
@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
 import macros
 
-discard """
-  output: '''
-when - test
-'''
-"""
-
 # test that when stmt works from within a macro
 
 macro output(s: string, xs: varargs[untyped]): auto =
@@ -21,4 +15,4 @@ macro output(s: string, xs: varargs[untyped]): auto =
       # should never get here so this should not break
       more.broken.xs
 
-echo output("test")
\ No newline at end of file
+doAssert output("test") == "when - test"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/xml/ttree_add.nim b/tests/xml/ttree_add.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c6ef6cf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/xml/ttree_add.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+<body>
+  <div>Some text in body</div>
+  <div>Some more text in body </div>
+</body>
+<xml>
+  <head>
+    <div>Some text</div>
+    <div>Some more text </div>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div>Some text in body</div>
+    <div>Some more text in body </div>
+  </body>
+</xml>
+'''
+"""
+
+# Test xmltree add/insert/delete/replace operations
+import xmlparser
+import xmltree
+var baseDocHead = """
+<xml>
+  <head>
+    <div>Some text</div>
+    <div>Some more text </div>
+  </head>
+</xml>
+"""
+var baseDocHeadTree = parseXml(baseDocHead)
+var baseDocBody = """
+<body>
+  <div>Some text in body</div>
+  <div>Some more text in body </div>
+</body>
+"""
+var baseDocBodyTree = parseXml(baseDocBody)
+
+proc test_add() =
+  var testDoc = baseDocHeadTree
+  var newBody = newElement("body")
+  for item in baseDocBodyTree.items():
+    newBody.add(item)
+  
+  echo $newBody
+  
+  testDoc.add(newBody)
+  echo $testDoc
+
+test_add()
diff --git a/tests/xml/ttree_add1.nim b/tests/xml/ttree_add1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30ec83c02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/xml/ttree_add1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+<body>
+  <div>Some text in body</div>
+  <div>Some more text in body </div>
+</body>
+<xml>
+  <head>
+    <div>Some text</div>
+    <div>Some more text </div>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div>Some text in body</div>
+    <div>Some more text in body </div>
+  </body>
+</xml>
+'''
+"""
+
+# Test xmltree add/insert/delete/replace operations
+import xmlparser
+import xmltree
+var baseDocHead = """
+<xml>
+  <head>
+    <div>Some text</div>
+    <div>Some more text </div>
+  </head>
+</xml>
+"""
+var baseDocHeadTree = parseXml(baseDocHead)
+var baseDocBody = """
+<body>
+  <div>Some text in body</div>
+  <div>Some more text in body </div>
+</body>
+"""
+var baseDocBodyTree = parseXml(baseDocBody)
+
+proc test_add() =
+  var testDoc = baseDocHeadTree
+  var newBody = newElement("body")
+  var bodyItems: seq[XmlNode] = @[]
+  for item in baseDocBodyTree.items():
+    bodyItems.add(item)
+  newBody.add(bodyItems)
+  
+  echo $newBody
+  
+  testDoc.add(newBody)
+  echo $testDoc
+
+test_add()
diff --git a/tests/xml/ttree_delete.nim b/tests/xml/ttree_delete.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32b477839
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/xml/ttree_delete.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+<xml>
+  <head>
+    <div>Some text</div>
+    <div>Some more text </div>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div>Some text in body</div>
+    <div>Some more text in body </div>
+  </body>
+</xml>
+'''
+"""
+
+# Test xmltree add/insert/delete/replace operations
+import xmlparser
+import xmltree
+let initialDocBase = """
+<xml>
+  <head>
+    <div>Some text</div>
+    <div>Some more text </div>
+  </head>
+  <tag>
+    <div>MORE TEXT </div>
+    <div>MORE TEXT Some more text</div>
+  </tag>
+  <tag>
+    <div>MORE TEXT </div>
+    <div>MORE TEXT Some more text</div>
+  </tag>
+  <body>
+    <div>Some text in body</div>
+    <div>Some more text in body </div>
+  </body>
+</xml>
+"""
+var initialDocBaseTree = parseXml(initialDocBase)
+
+proc test_delete() =
+  var testDoc = initialDocBaseTree
+  
+  testDoc.delete(1..2)
+  echo $testDoc
+
+test_delete()
diff --git a/tests/xml/ttree_delete1.nim b/tests/xml/ttree_delete1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a8442a093
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/xml/ttree_delete1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+<xml>
+  <head>
+    <div>Some text</div>
+    <div>Some more text </div>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div>Some text in body</div>
+    <div>Some more text in body </div>
+  </body>
+</xml>
+'''
+"""
+
+# Test xmltree add/insert/delete/replace operations
+import xmlparser
+import xmltree
+let initialDocBase = """
+<xml>
+  <head>
+    <div>Some text</div>
+    <div>Some more text </div>
+  </head>
+  <tag>
+    <div>MORE TEXT </div>
+    <div>MORE TEXT Some more text</div>
+  </tag>
+  <tag>
+    <div>MORE TEXT </div>
+    <div>MORE TEXT Some more text</div>
+  </tag>
+  <body>
+    <div>Some text in body</div>
+    <div>Some more text in body </div>
+  </body>
+</xml>
+"""
+var initialDocBaseTree = parseXml(initialDocBase)
+
+proc test_delete() =
+  var testDoc = initialDocBaseTree
+  
+  testDoc.delete(1)
+  testDoc.delete(1)
+  echo $testDoc
+
+test_delete()
diff --git a/tests/xml/ttree_insert.nim b/tests/xml/ttree_insert.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2941395b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/xml/ttree_insert.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+<body>
+  <div>Some text in body</div>
+  <div>Some more text in body </div>
+</body>
+<xml>
+  <head>
+    <div>Some text</div>
+    <div>Some more text </div>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div>Some text in body</div>
+    <div>Some more text in body </div>
+  </body>
+</xml>
+'''
+"""
+
+# Test xmltree add/insert/delete/replace operations
+import xmlparser
+import xmltree
+var baseDocHead = """
+<xml>
+  <head>
+    <div>Some text</div>
+    <div>Some more text </div>
+  </head>
+</xml>
+"""
+var baseDocHeadTree = parseXml(baseDocHead)
+var baseDocBody = """
+<body>
+  <div>Some text in body</div>
+  <div>Some more text in body </div>
+</body>
+"""
+var baseDocBodyTree = parseXml(baseDocBody)
+
+proc test_insert() =
+  var testDoc = baseDocHeadTree
+  var newBody = newElement("body")
+  var bodyItems: seq[XmlNode] = @[]
+  for item in baseDocBodyTree.items():
+    bodyItems.insert(item, len(bodyItems))
+  newBody.insert(bodyItems, 1)
+  
+  echo $newBody
+  
+  testDoc.insert(newBody, 1)
+  echo $testDoc
+
+test_insert()
diff --git a/tests/xml/ttree_insert1.nim b/tests/xml/ttree_insert1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9aa3faf69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/xml/ttree_insert1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+<body>
+  <div>Some text in body</div>
+  <div>Some more text in body </div>
+</body>
+<xml>
+  <head>
+    <div>Some text</div>
+    <div>Some more text </div>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div>Some text in body</div>
+    <div>Some more text in body </div>
+  </body>
+</xml>
+'''
+"""
+
+# Test xmltree add/insert/delete/replace operations
+import xmlparser
+import xmltree
+var baseDocHead = """
+<xml>
+  <head>
+    <div>Some text</div>
+    <div>Some more text </div>
+  </head>
+</xml>
+"""
+var baseDocHeadTree = parseXml(baseDocHead)
+var baseDocBody = """
+<body>
+  <div>Some text in body</div>
+  <div>Some more text in body </div>
+</body>
+"""
+var baseDocBodyTree = parseXml(baseDocBody)
+
+proc test_insert() =
+  var testDoc = baseDocHeadTree
+  var newBody = newElement("body")
+  for item in baseDocBodyTree.items():
+    newBody.insert(item, len(newBody))
+  
+  echo $newBody
+  
+  testDoc.insert(newBody, 1)
+  echo $testDoc
+
+test_insert()
diff --git a/tests/xml/ttree_replace.nim b/tests/xml/ttree_replace.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97d2db638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/xml/ttree_replace.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+<xml>
+  <head>
+    <div>Some text</div>
+    <div>Some more text </div>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div>Some text in body</div>
+    <div>Some more text in body </div>
+  </body>
+</xml>
+'''
+"""
+
+# Test xmltree add/insert/delete/replace operations
+import xmlparser
+import xmltree
+var baseDocBody = """
+<body>
+  <div>Some text in body</div>
+  <div>Some more text in body </div>
+</body>
+"""
+var baseDocBodyTree = parseXml(baseDocBody)
+let initialDocBase = """
+<xml>
+  <head>
+    <div>Some text</div>
+    <div>Some more text </div>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div>Some text in body before replace </div>
+    <div>Some more text in body before replace </div>
+  </body>
+</xml>
+"""
+var initialDocBaseTree = parseXml(initialDocBase)
+
+proc test_replace() =
+  var testDoc = initialDocBaseTree
+  
+  testDoc.replace(1, @[baseDocBodyTree])
+  echo $testDoc
+
+test_replace()
diff --git a/tests/xml/ttree_replace1.nim b/tests/xml/ttree_replace1.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..059ce2085
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/xml/ttree_replace1.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+discard """
+  output: '''
+<xml>
+  <head>
+    <div>Some text</div>
+    <div>Some more text </div>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div>Some text in body</div>
+    <div>Some more text in body </div>
+  </body>
+</xml>
+'''
+"""
+
+# Test xmltree add/insert/delete/replace operations
+import xmlparser
+import xmltree
+var baseDocHead = """
+  <head>
+    <div>Some text</div>
+    <div>Some more text </div>
+  </head>
+"""
+var baseDocHeadTree = parseXml(baseDocHead)
+var baseDocBody = """
+<body>
+  <div>Some text in body</div>
+  <div>Some more text in body </div>
+</body>
+"""
+var baseDocBodyTree = parseXml(baseDocBody)
+let initialDocBase = """
+<xml>
+  <head>
+    <div>Some text before replace </div>
+    <div>Some more text before replace </div>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div>Some text in body before replace </div>
+    <div>Some more text in body before replace </div>
+  </body>
+</xml>
+"""
+var initialDocBaseTree = parseXml(initialDocBase)
+
+proc test_replace() =
+  var testDoc = initialDocBaseTree
+  
+  testDoc.replace(0..1, @[baseDocHeadTree, baseDocBodyTree])
+  echo $testDoc
+
+test_replace()
diff --git a/tools/atlas/parse_requires.nim b/tools/atlas/parse_requires.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66879d04f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/atlas/parse_requires.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+## Utility API for Nim package managers.
+## (c) 2021 Andreas Rumpf
+
+import std / strutils
+import ".." / ".." / compiler / [ast, idents, msgs, syntaxes, options, pathutils]
+
+type
+  NimbleFileInfo* = object
+    requires*: seq[string]
+    srcDir*: string
+    tasks*: seq[(string, string)]
+
+proc extract(n: PNode; conf: ConfigRef; result: var NimbleFileInfo) =
+  case n.kind
+  of nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr:
+    for child in n:
+      extract(child, conf, result)
+  of nkCallKinds:
+    if n[0].kind == nkIdent:
+      case n[0].ident.s
+      of "requires":
+        for i in 1..<n.len:
+          var ch = n[i]
+          while ch.kind in {nkStmtListExpr, nkStmtList} and ch.len > 0: ch = ch.lastSon
+          if ch.kind in {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit}:
+            result.requires.add ch.strVal
+          else:
+            localError(conf, ch.info, "'requires' takes string literals")
+      of "task":
+        if n.len >= 3 and n[1].kind == nkIdent and n[2].kind in {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit}:
+          result.tasks.add((n[1].ident.s, n[2].strVal))
+      else: discard
+  of nkAsgn, nkFastAsgn:
+    if n[0].kind == nkIdent and cmpIgnoreCase(n[0].ident.s, "srcDir") == 0:
+      if n[1].kind in {nkStrLit..nkTripleStrLit}:
+        result.srcDir = n[1].strVal
+      else:
+        localError(conf, n[1].info, "assignments to 'srcDir' must be string literals")
+  else:
+    discard
+
+proc extractRequiresInfo*(nimbleFile: string): NimbleFileInfo =
+  ## Extract the `requires` information from a Nimble file. This does **not**
+  ## evaluate the Nimble file. Errors are produced on stderr/stdout and are
+  ## formatted as the Nim compiler does it. The parser uses the Nim compiler
+  ## as an API. The result can be empty, this is not an error, only parsing
+  ## errors are reported.
+  var conf = newConfigRef()
+  conf.foreignPackageNotes = {}
+  conf.notes = {}
+  conf.mainPackageNotes = {}
+
+  let fileIdx = fileInfoIdx(conf, AbsoluteFile nimbleFile)
+  var parser: Parser
+  if setupParser(parser, fileIdx, newIdentCache(), conf):
+    extract(parseAll(parser), conf, result)
+    closeParser(parser)
+
+const Operators* = {'<', '>', '=', '&', '@', '!', '^'}
+
+proc token(s: string; idx: int; lit: var string): int =
+  var i = idx
+  if i >= s.len: return i
+  while s[i] in Whitespace: inc(i)
+  case s[i]
+  of Letters, '#':
+    lit.add s[i]
+    inc i
+    while i < s.len and s[i] notin (Whitespace + {'@', '#'}):
+      lit.add s[i]
+      inc i
+  of '0'..'9':
+    while i < s.len and s[i] in {'0'..'9', '.'}:
+      lit.add s[i]
+      inc i
+  of '"':
+    inc i
+    while i < s.len and s[i] != '"':
+      lit.add s[i]
+      inc i
+    inc i
+  of Operators:
+    while i < s.len and s[i] in Operators:
+      lit.add s[i]
+      inc i
+  else:
+    lit.add s[i]
+    inc i
+  result = i
+
+iterator tokenizeRequires*(s: string): string =
+  var start = 0
+  var tok = ""
+  while start < s.len:
+    tok.setLen 0
+    start = token(s, start, tok)
+    yield tok
+
+when isMainModule:
+  for x in tokenizeRequires("jester@#head >= 1.5 & <= 1.8"):
+    echo x
diff --git a/tools/ci_generate.nim b/tools/ci_generate.nim
index d13f28c33..46bc39470 100644
--- a/tools/ci_generate.nim
+++ b/tools/ci_generate.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ##[
 avoid code duplication in CI pipelines.
-For now, this is only used for openbsd, but there is a lot of other code
+For now, this is only used for openbsd + freebsd, but there is a lot of other code
 duplication that could be removed.
 
 ## usage
@@ -10,22 +10,15 @@ nim r tools/ci_generate.nim
 ```
 ]##
 
-import std/strformat
+import std/[strformat, os]
 
-proc genCIopenbsd(batch: int, num: int): string =
+const doNotEdit = "DO NO EDIT DIRECTLY! auto-generated by `nim r tools/ci_generate.nim`"
+proc genCiBsd(header: string, batch: int, num: int): string =
   result = fmt"""
-## do not edit directly; auto-generated by `nim r tools/ci_generate.nim`
+## {doNotEdit}
+
+{header}
 
-image: openbsd/latest
-packages:
-- gmake
-- sqlite3
-- node
-- boehm-gc
-- pcre
-- sfml
-- sdl2
-- libffi
 sources:
 - https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim
 environment:
@@ -33,32 +26,116 @@ environment:
   CC: /usr/bin/clang
 tasks:
 - setup: |
+    set -e
     cd Nim
-    git clone --depth 1 -q https://github.com/nim-lang/csources.git
-    gmake -C csources -j $(sysctl -n hw.ncpuonline)
-    bin/nim c koch
+    . ci/funs.sh && nimBuildCsourcesIfNeeded
     echo 'export PATH=$HOME/Nim/bin:$PATH' >> $HOME/.buildenv
 - test: |
+    set -e
     cd Nim
-    if ! ./koch runCI; then
-      nim c -r tools/ci_testresults.nim
-      exit 1
-    fi
+    . ci/funs.sh && nimInternalBuildKochAndRunCI
 triggers:
 - action: email
   condition: failure
   to: Andreas Rumpf <rumpf_a@web.de>
 """
 
+proc genBuildExtras(echoRun, koch, nim: string): string =
+  result = fmt"""
+{echoRun} {nim} c --noNimblePath --skipUserCfg --skipParentCfg --hints:off koch
+{echoRun} {koch} boot -d:release --skipUserCfg --skipParentCfg --hints:off
+{echoRun} {koch} tools --skipUserCfg --skipParentCfg --hints:off
+"""
+
+proc genWindowsScript(buildAll: bool): string =
+  result = fmt"""
+@echo off
+rem {doNotEdit}
+rem Build development version of the compiler; can be rerun safely
+rem bare bones version of ci/funs.sh adapted for windows.
+
+rem Read in some common shared variables (shared with other tools),
+rem see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3068929/how-to-read-file-contents-into-a-variable-in-a-batch-file
+for /f "delims== tokens=1,2" %%G in (config/build_config.txt) do set %%G=%%H
+SET nim_csources=bin\nim_csources_%nim_csourcesHash%.exe
+echo "building from csources: %nim_csources%"
+
+if not exist %nim_csourcesDir% (
+  git clone -q --depth 1 -b %nim_csourcesBranch% %nim_csourcesUrl% %nim_csourcesDir%
+)
+
+if not exist %nim_csources% (
+  cd %nim_csourcesDir%
+  git checkout %nim_csourcesHash%
+  echo "%PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE%"
+  if "%PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE%"=="AMD64" (
+    SET ARCH=64
+  )
+  CALL build.bat
+  cd ..
+  copy /y bin\nim.exe  %nim_csources%
+)
+"""
+
+  if buildAll:
+    result.add genBuildExtras("", "koch", r"bin\nim.exe")
+
+proc genPosixScript(): string =
+  result = fmt"""
+#!/bin/sh
+# {doNotEdit}
+
+# build development version of the compiler; can be rerun safely.
+# arguments can be passed, e.g.:
+# CC=gcc ucpu=amd64 uos=darwin
+
+set -u # error on undefined variables
+set -e # exit on first error
+
+. ci/funs.sh
+nimBuildCsourcesIfNeeded "$@"
+
+{genBuildExtras("echo_run", "./koch", "bin/nim")}
+"""
+
 proc main()=
+  let dir = ".builds"
   # not too large to be resource friendly, refs bug #17107
   let num = 2
     # if you reduce this, make sure to remove files that shouldn't be generated,
     # or better, do the cleanup logic here e.g.: `rm .builds/openbsd_*`
+  let headerFreebsd = """
+# see https://man.sr.ht/builds.sr.ht/compatibility.md#freebsd
+image: freebsd/latest
+packages:
+- databases/sqlite3
+- devel/boehm-gc-threaded
+- devel/pcre
+- devel/sdl20
+- devel/sfml
+- www/node
+- devel/gmake
+"""
+
+  let headerOpenbsd = """
+image: openbsd/latest
+packages:
+- gmake
+- sqlite3
+- node
+- boehm-gc
+- pcre
+- sfml
+- sdl2
+- libffi
+"""
+
   for i in 0..<num:
-    let file = fmt".builds/openbsd_{i}.yml"
-    let code = genCIopenbsd(i, num)
-    writeFile(file, code)
+    writeFile(dir / fmt"openbsd_{i}.yml", genCiBsd(headerOpenbsd, i, num))
+  writeFile(dir / "freebsd.yml", genCiBsd(headerFreebsd, 0, 1))
+  writeFile("build_all.sh", genPosixScript())
+  writeFile("build_all.bat", genWindowsScript(buildAll = true))
+  writeFile("ci/build_autogen.bat", genWindowsScript(buildAll = false))
 
 when isMainModule:
   main()
diff --git a/tools/compiler.gdb b/tools/compiler.gdb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c81f47152
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/compiler.gdb
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# create a breakpoint on `debugutils.enteringDebugSection`
+define enable_enteringDebugSection
+	break -function enteringDebugSection
+	# run these commands once breakpoint enteringDebugSection is hit
+	command
+		# enable all breakpoints and watchpoints
+		enable
+		# continue execution
+		cont
+	end
+end
+
+# create a breakpoint on `debugutils.exitingDebugSection` named exitingDebugSection
+define enable_exitingDebugSection
+	break -function exitingDebugSection
+	# run these commands once breakpoint exitingDebugSection is hit
+	command
+		# disable all breakpoints and watchpoints
+		disable
+		# but enable the enteringDebugSection breakpoint
+		enable_enteringDebugSection
+		# continue execution
+		cont
+	end
+end
+
+# some commands can't be set until the process is running, so set an entry breakpoint
+break -function NimMain
+# run these commands once breakpoint NimMain is hit
+command
+	# disable all breakpoints and watchpoints
+	disable
+	# but enable the enteringDebugSection breakpoint
+	enable_enteringDebugSection
+	# no longer need this breakpoint
+	delete -function NimMain
+	# continue execution
+	cont
+end
diff --git a/tools/compiler.lldb b/tools/compiler.lldb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0b375055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/compiler.lldb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# create a breakpoint on `debugutils.enteringDebugSection` named enteringDebugSection
+breakpoint set -n 'enteringDebugSection' -N enteringDebugSection
+# run these commands once breakpoint enteringDebugSection is hit
+breakpoint command add enteringDebugSection
+	# enable all breakpoints
+	breakpoint enable
+	# enable all watchpoints
+  # watchpoint enable # FIXME: not currently working for unknown reason
+	# continue execution
+	continue
+DONE
+
+# create a breakpoint on `debugutils.exitingDebugSection` named exitingDebugSection
+breakpoint set -n 'exitingDebugSection' -N exitingDebugSection
+# run these commands once breakpoint exitingDebugSection is hit
+breakpoint command add exitingDebugSection
+	# disable all breakpoints
+	breakpoint disable
+	# disable all watchpoints
+  # watchpoint disable # FIXME: not currently working for unknown reason
+	breakpoint enable enteringDebugSection
+	# continue execution
+	continue
+DONE
+
+# some commands can't be set until the process is running, so set an entry breakpoint
+breakpoint set -n NimMain -N NimMain
+# run these commands once breakpoint NimMain is hit
+breakpoint command add NimMain
+	# disable all breakpoints
+	breakpoint disable
+	# disable all watchpoints
+  # watchpoint disable # FIXME: not currently working for unknown reason
+	# enable the enteringDebugSection breakpoint though
+	breakpoint enable enteringDebugSection
+	# no longer need this breakpoint
+	breakpoint delete NimMain
+	# continue execution
+	continue
+DONE
diff --git a/tools/debug/customdebugtype.nim b/tools/debug/customdebugtype.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f48979661
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/debug/customdebugtype.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+## This is a demo file containing an example of how to
+## create custom LLDB summaries and objects with synthetic
+## children. These are implemented in Nim and called from the Python
+## nimlldb.py module.
+##
+## For summaries, prefix your proc names with "lldbDebugSummary", use
+## the `{.exportc.}` pragma, and return a string. Also, any `$` proc
+## that is available will be used for a given type.
+##
+## For creating a synthetic object (LLDB will display the children), use
+## the prefix "lldbDebugSynthetic", use the `{.exportc.}` pragma, and
+## return any Nim object, array, or sequence. Returning a Nim object
+## will display the fields and values of the object as children.
+## Returning an array or sequence will display children with the index
+## surrounded by square brackets as the key name
+##
+## You may also return a Nim table that contains the string
+## "LLDBDynamicObject" (case insensitive). This allows for dynamic
+## fields to be created at runtime instead of at compile time if you
+## return a Nim object as mentioned above. See the proc
+## `lldbDebugSyntheticDynamicFields` below for an example
+
+import intsets
+import tables
+
+type
+  CustomType* = object of RootObj # RootObj is not necessary, but can be used
+    myField*: int
+
+  DynamicFields* = object
+    customField*: string
+
+  CustomSyntheticReturn* = object
+    differentField*: float
+
+  LLDBDynamicObject = object
+    fields: TableRef[string, int]
+
+  LLDBDynamicObjectDynamicFields = object
+    fields: TableRef[string, string]
+
+proc lldbDebugSummaryCustomType*(ty: CustomType): string {.exportc.} =
+  ## Will display "CustomType(myField: <int_val>)" as a summary
+  result = "CustomType" & $ty
+
+proc lldbDebugSyntheticCustomType*(ty: CustomType): CustomSyntheticReturn {.exportc.} =
+  ## Will display differentField: <float_val> as a child of CustomType instead of
+  ## myField: <int_val>
+  result = CustomSyntheticReturn(differentField: ty.myField.float)
+
+proc lldbDebugSyntheticDynamicFields*(ty: DynamicFields): LLDBDynamicObjectDynamicFields {.exportc.} =
+  ## Returning an object that contains "LLDBDynamicObject" in the type name will expect an
+  ## object with one property that is a Nim Table/TableRef. If the key is a string,
+  ## it will appear in the debugger like an object field name. The value will be whatever you
+  ## set it to here as well.
+  let fields = {"customFieldName": ty.customField & " MORE TEXT"}.newTable()
+  return LLDBDynamicObjectDynamicFields(fields: fields)
+
+proc lldbDebugSummaryIntSet*(intset: IntSet): string {.exportc.} =
+  ## This will print the object in the LLDB summary just as Nim prints it
+  result = $intset
+
+proc lldbDebugSyntheticIntSet*(intset: IntSet): seq[int] {.exportc.} =
+  ## This will create a synthetic object to make it so that IntSet
+  ## will appear as a Nim object in the LLDB debugger window
+  ##
+  ## returning a seq here will display children like:
+  ## [0]: <child_value>
+  ##
+  result = newSeqOfCap[int](intset.len)
+  for val in intset:
+    result.add(val)
diff --git a/tools/nim-gdb.py b/tools/debug/nim-gdb.py
index 8143b94d5..8c9854bda 100644
--- a/tools/nim-gdb.py
+++ b/tools/debug/nim-gdb.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import gdb
 import re
 import sys
+import traceback
 
 # some feedback that the nim runtime support is loading, isn't a bad
 # thing at all.
@@ -13,14 +14,23 @@ def printErrorOnce(id, message):
   global errorSet
   if id not in errorSet:
     errorSet.add(id)
-    gdb.write(message, gdb.STDERR)
+    gdb.write("printErrorOnce: " + message, gdb.STDERR)
 
+def debugPrint(x):
+  gdb.write(str(x) + "\n", gdb.STDERR)
+
+NIM_STRING_TYPES = ["NimStringDesc", "NimStringV2"]
 
 ################################################################################
 #####  Type pretty printers
 ################################################################################
 
-type_hash_regex = re.compile("^\w*_([A-Za-z0-9]*)$")
+type_hash_regex = re.compile("^([A-Za-z0-9]*)_([A-Za-z0-9]*)_+([A-Za-z0-9]*)$")
+
+def getNimName(typ):
+  if m := type_hash_regex.match(typ):
+    return m.group(2)
+  return f"unknown <{typ}>"
 
 def getNimRti(type_name):
   """ Return a ``gdb.Value`` object for the Nim Runtime Information of ``type_name``. """
@@ -29,12 +39,19 @@ def getNimRti(type_name):
   # every non trivial Nim type.
   m = type_hash_regex.match(type_name)
   if m:
-    try:
-      return gdb.parse_and_eval("NTI__" + m.group(1) + "_")
-    except:
-      return None
-
-def getNameFromNimRti(rti_val):
+    lookups = [
+      "NTI" + m.group(2).lower() + "__" + m.group(3) + "_",
+      "NTI" + "__" + m.group(3) + "_",
+      "NTI" + m.group(2).replace("colon", "58").lower() + "__" + m.group(3) + "_"
+      ]
+    for l in lookups:
+      try:
+        return gdb.parse_and_eval(l)
+      except:
+        pass
+  None
+
+def getNameFromNimRti(rti):
   """ Return name (or None) given a Nim RTI ``gdb.Value`` """
   try:
     # sometimes there isn't a name field -- example enums
@@ -60,7 +77,7 @@ class NimTypeRecognizer:
     
     'NIM_BOOL': 'bool',
 
-    'NIM_CHAR': 'char', 'NCSTRING': 'cstring', 'NimStringDesc': 'string'
+    'NIM_CHAR': 'char', 'NCSTRING': 'cstring', 'NimStringDesc': 'string', 'NimStringV2': 'string'
   }
 
   # object_type_pattern = re.compile("^(\w*):ObjectType$")
@@ -95,6 +112,12 @@ class NimTypeRecognizer:
       result = self.type_map_static.get(tname, None)
       if result:
         return result
+      elif tname.startswith("tyEnum_"):
+        return getNimName(tname)
+      elif tname.startswith("tyTuple__"):
+        # We make the name be the field types (Just like in Nim)
+        fields = ", ".join([self.recognize(field.type) for field in type_obj.fields()])
+        return f"({fields})"
 
       rti = getNimRti(tname)
       if rti:
@@ -128,7 +151,7 @@ class DollarPrintFunction (gdb.Function):
   "Nim's equivalent of $ operator as a gdb function, available in expressions `print $dollar(myvalue)"
 
   dollar_functions = re.findall(
-    'NimStringDesc \*(dollar__[A-z0-9_]+?)\(([^,)]*)\);',
+    r'(?:NimStringDesc \*|NimStringV2)\s?(dollar__[A-z0-9_]+?)\(([^,)]*)\);',
     gdb.execute("info functions dollar__", True, True)
   )
 
@@ -137,25 +160,23 @@ class DollarPrintFunction (gdb.Function):
 
 
   @staticmethod
-  def invoke_static(arg):
-
-    if arg.type.code == gdb.TYPE_CODE_PTR and arg.type.target().name == "NimStringDesc":
+  def invoke_static(arg, ignore_errors = False):
+    if arg.type.code == gdb.TYPE_CODE_PTR and arg.type.target().name in NIM_STRING_TYPES:
       return arg
-
     argTypeName = str(arg.type)
-
     for func, arg_typ in DollarPrintFunction.dollar_functions:
       # this way of overload resolution cannot deal with type aliases,
       # therefore it won't find all overloads.
       if arg_typ == argTypeName:
-        func_value = gdb.lookup_global_symbol(func, gdb.SYMBOL_FUNCTIONS_DOMAIN).value()
+        func_value = gdb.lookup_global_symbol(func, gdb.SYMBOL_FUNCTION_DOMAIN).value()
         return func_value(arg)
 
       elif arg_typ == argTypeName + " *":
-        func_value = gdb.lookup_global_symbol(func, gdb.SYMBOL_FUNCTIONS_DOMAIN).value()
+        func_value = gdb.lookup_global_symbol(func, gdb.SYMBOL_FUNCTION_DOMAIN).value()
         return func_value(arg.address)
 
-    printErrorOnce(argTypeName, "No suitable Nim $ operator found for type: " + argTypeName + "\n")
+    if not ignore_errors:
+      debugPrint(f"No suitable Nim $ operator found for type: {getNimName(argTypeName)}\n")
     return None
 
   def invoke(self, arg):
@@ -176,11 +197,11 @@ class NimStringEqFunction (gdb.Function):
 
   @staticmethod
   def invoke_static(arg1,arg2):
-    if arg1.type.code == gdb.TYPE_CODE_PTR and arg1.type.target().name == "NimStringDesc":
+    if arg1.type.code == gdb.TYPE_CODE_PTR and arg1.type.target().name in NIM_STRING_TYPES:
       str1 = NimStringPrinter(arg1).to_string()
     else:
       str1 = arg1.string()
-    if arg2.type.code == gdb.TYPE_CODE_PTR and arg2.type.target().name == "NimStringDesc":
+    if arg2.type.code == gdb.TYPE_CODE_PTR and arg2.type.target().name in NIM_STRING_TYPES:
       str2 = NimStringPrinter(arg1).to_string()
     else:
       str2 = arg2.string()
@@ -192,6 +213,7 @@ class NimStringEqFunction (gdb.Function):
 
 NimStringEqFunction()
 
+
 ################################################################################
 #####  GDB Command, equivalent of Nim's $ operator
 ################################################################################
@@ -207,7 +229,7 @@ class DollarPrintCmd (gdb.Command):
     strValue = DollarPrintFunction.invoke_static(param)
     if strValue:
       gdb.write(
-        NimStringPrinter(strValue).to_string() + "\n",
+        str(NimStringPrinter(strValue)) + "\n",
         gdb.STDOUT
       )
 
@@ -245,7 +267,6 @@ class KochCmd (gdb.Command):
       os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)), "koch")
 
   def invoke(self, argument, from_tty):
-    import os
     subprocess.run([self.binary] + gdb.string_to_argv(argument))
 
 KochCmd()
@@ -299,8 +320,14 @@ class NimBoolPrinter:
 
 ################################################################################
 
+def strFromLazy(strVal):
+  if isinstance(strVal, str):
+    return strVal
+  else:
+    return strVal.value().string("utf-8")
+
 class NimStringPrinter:
-  pattern = re.compile(r'^NimStringDesc \*$')
+  pattern = re.compile(r'^(NimStringDesc \*|NimStringV2)$')
 
   def __init__(self, val):
     self.val = val
@@ -310,26 +337,18 @@ class NimStringPrinter:
 
   def to_string(self):
     if self.val:
-      l = int(self.val['Sup']['len'])
-      return self.val['data'].lazy_string(encoding="utf-8", length=l)
+      if self.val.type.name == "NimStringV2":
+        l = int(self.val["len"])
+        data = self.val["p"]["data"]
+      else:
+        l = int(self.val['Sup']['len'])
+        data = self.val["data"]
+      return data.lazy_string(encoding="utf-8", length=l)
     else:
       return ""
 
-# class NimStringPrinter:
-#   pattern = re.compile(r'^NimStringDesc$')
-
-#   def __init__(self, val):
-#     self.val = val
-  
-#   def display_hint(self):
-#     return 'string'
-  
-#   def to_string(self):
-#     if self.val:
-#       l = int(self.val['Sup']['len'])
-#       return self.val['data'].lazy_string(encoding="utf-8", length=l)
-#     else:
-#       return ""
+  def __str__(self):
+    return strFromLazy(self.to_string())
 
 class NimRopePrinter:
   pattern = re.compile(r'^tyObject_RopeObj__([A-Za-z0-9]*) \*$')
@@ -352,59 +371,43 @@ class NimRopePrinter:
 
 ################################################################################
 
-# proc reprEnum(e: int, typ: PNimType): string {.compilerRtl.} =
-#   ## Return string representation for enumeration values
-#   var n = typ.node
-#   if ntfEnumHole notin typ.flags:
-#     let o = e - n.sons[0].offset
-#     if o >= 0 and o <% typ.node.len:
-#       return $n.sons[o].name
-#   else:
-#     # ugh we need a slow linear search:
-#     var s = n.sons
-#     for i in 0 .. n.len-1:
-#       if s[i].offset == e:
-#         return $s[i].name
-#   result = $e & " (invalid data!)"
-
 def reprEnum(e, typ):
-  """ this is a port of the nim runtime function `reprEnum` to python """
+  # Casts the value to the enum type and then calls the enum printer
   e = int(e)
-  n = typ["node"]
-  flags = int(typ["flags"])
-  # 1 << 2 is {ntfEnumHole}
-  if ((1 << 2) & flags) == 0:
-    o = e - int(n["sons"][0]["offset"])
-    if o >= 0 and 0 < int(n["len"]):
-      return n["sons"][o]["name"].string("utf-8", "ignore")
-  else:
-    # ugh we need a slow linear search:
-    s = n["sons"]
-    for i in range(0, int(n["len"])):
-      if int(s[i]["offset"]) == e:
-        return s[i]["name"].string("utf-8", "ignore")
+  val = gdb.Value(e).cast(typ)
+  return strFromLazy(NimEnumPrinter(val).to_string())
 
-  return str(e) + " (invalid data!)"
+def enumNti(typeNimName, idString):
+  typeInfoName = "NTI" + typeNimName.lower() + "__" + idString + "_"
+  nti = gdb.lookup_global_symbol(typeInfoName)
+  if nti is None:
+    typeInfoName = "NTI" + "__" + idString + "_"
+    nti = gdb.lookup_global_symbol(typeInfoName)
+  return (typeInfoName, nti)
 
 class NimEnumPrinter:
-  pattern = re.compile(r'^tyEnum_(\w*)__([A-Za-z0-9]*)$')
+  pattern = re.compile(r'^tyEnum_([A-Za-z0-9]+)__([A-Za-z0-9]*)$')
+  enumReprProc = gdb.lookup_global_symbol("reprEnum", gdb.SYMBOL_FUNCTION_DOMAIN)
 
   def __init__(self, val):
     self.val = val
     typeName = self.val.type.name
     match = self.pattern.match(typeName)
     self.typeNimName  = match.group(1)
-    typeInfoName = "NTI__" + match.group(2) + "_"
-    self.nti = gdb.lookup_global_symbol(typeInfoName)
-
-    if self.nti is None:
-      printErrorOnce(typeInfoName, f"NimEnumPrinter: lookup global symbol '{typeInfoName}' failed for {typeName}.\n")
+    typeInfoName, self.nti = enumNti(self.typeNimName, match.group(2))
 
   def to_string(self):
-    if self.nti:
-      arg0     = self.val
-      arg1     = self.nti.value(gdb.newest_frame())
-      return reprEnum(arg0, arg1)
+    if NimEnumPrinter.enumReprProc and self.nti:
+      # Use the old runtimes enumRepr function.
+      # We call the Nim proc itself so that the implementation is correct
+      f = gdb.newest_frame()
+      # We need to strip the quotes so it looks like an enum instead of a string
+      reprProc = NimEnumPrinter.enumReprProc.value()
+      return str(reprProc(self.val, self.nti.value(f).address)).strip('"')
+    elif dollarResult := DollarPrintFunction.invoke_static(self.val):
+      # New runtime doesn't use enumRepr so we instead try and call the
+      # dollar function for it
+      return str(NimStringPrinter(dollarResult))
     else:
       return self.typeNimName + "(" + str(int(self.val)) + ")"
 
@@ -414,34 +417,27 @@ class NimSetPrinter:
   ## the set printer is limited to sets that fit in an integer.  Other
   ## sets are compiled to `NU8 *` (ptr uint8) and are invisible to
   ## gdb (currently).
-  pattern = re.compile(r'^tySet_tyEnum_(\w*)_([A-Za-z0-9]*)$')
+  pattern = re.compile(r'^tySet_tyEnum_([A-Za-z0-9]+)__([A-Za-z0-9]*)$')
 
   def __init__(self, val):
     self.val = val
-    match = self.pattern.match(self.val.type.name)
-    self.typeNimName  = match.group(1)
-
-    typeInfoName = "NTI__" + match.group(2) + "_"
-    self.nti = gdb.lookup_global_symbol(typeInfoName)
-
-    if self.nti is None:
-      printErrorOnce(typeInfoName, "NimSetPrinter: lookup global symbol '"+ typeInfoName +" failed for " + self.val.type.name + ".\n")
+    typeName = self.val.type.name
+    match = self.pattern.match(typeName)
+    self.typeNimName = match.group(1)
 
   def to_string(self):
-    if self.nti:
-      nti = self.nti.value(gdb.newest_frame())
-      enumStrings = []
-      val = int(self.val)
-      i   = 0
-      while val > 0:
-        if (val & 1) == 1:
-          enumStrings.append(reprEnum(i, nti))
-        val = val >> 1
-        i += 1
-
-      return '{' + ', '.join(enumStrings) + '}'
-    else:
-      return str(int(self.val))
+    # Remove the tySet from the type name
+    typ = gdb.lookup_type(self.val.type.name[6:])
+    enumStrings = []
+    val = int(self.val)
+    i   = 0
+    while val > 0:
+      if (val & 1) == 1:
+        enumStrings.append(reprEnum(i, typ))
+      val = val >> 1
+      i += 1
+
+    return '{' + ', '.join(enumStrings) + '}'
 
 ################################################################################
 
@@ -473,41 +469,81 @@ class NimHashSetPrinter:
 
 ################################################################################
 
-class NimSeqPrinter:
-  # the pointer is explicity part of the type. So it is part of
-  # ``pattern``.
-  pattern = re.compile(r'^tySequence_\w* \*$')
+class NimSeq:
+  # Wrapper around sequences.
+  # This handles the differences between old and new runtime
 
   def __init__(self, val):
     self.val = val
+    # new runtime has sequences on stack, old has them on heap
+    self.new = val.type.code != gdb.TYPE_CODE_PTR
+    if self.new:
+      # Some seqs are just the content and to save repeating ourselves we do
+      # handle them here. Only thing that needs to check this is the len/data getters
+      self.isContent = val.type.name.endswith("Content")
+
+  def __bool__(self):
+    if self.new:
+      return self.val is not None
+    else:
+      return bool(self.val)
+
+  def __len__(self):
+    if not self:
+      return 0
+    if self.new:
+      if self.isContent:
+        return int(self.val["cap"])
+      else:
+        return int(self.val["len"])
+    else:
+      return self.val["Sup"]["len"]
+
+  @property
+  def data(self):
+    if self.new:
+      if self.isContent:
+        return self.val["data"]
+      elif self.val["p"]:
+        return self.val["p"]["data"]
+    else:
+      return self.val["data"]
+
+  @property
+  def cap(self):
+    if not self:
+      return 0
+    if self.new:
+      if self.isContent:
+        return int(self.val["cap"])
+      elif self.val["p"]:
+        return int(self.val["p"]["cap"])
+      else:
+        return 0
+    return int(self.val['Sup']['reserved'])
+
+class NimSeqPrinter:
+  pattern = re.compile(r'^tySequence_\w*\s?\*?$')
+
+  def __init__(self, val):
+    self.val = NimSeq(val)
+
 
   def display_hint(self):
     return 'array'
 
   def to_string(self):
-    len = 0
-    cap = 0
-    if self.val:
-      len = int(self.val['Sup']['len'])
-      cap = int(self.val['Sup']['reserved'])
-
-    return 'seq({0}, {1})'.format(len, cap)
+    return f'seq({len(self.val)}, {self.val.cap})'
 
   def children(self):
     if self.val:
       val = self.val
-      valType = val.type
-      length = int(val['Sup']['len'])
+      length = len(val)
 
       if length <= 0:
         return
 
-      dataType = valType['data'].type
-      data = val['data']
-
-      if self.val.type.name is None:
-        dataType = valType['data'].type.target().pointer()
-        data = val['data'].cast(dataType)
+      data = val.data
 
       inaccessible = False
       for i in range(length):
@@ -563,7 +599,7 @@ class NimStringTablePrinter:
 
   def children(self):
     if self.val:
-      data = NimSeqPrinter(self.val['data'].dereference())
+      data = NimSeqPrinter(self.val['data'].referenced_value())
       for idxStr, entry in data.children():
         if int(entry['Field0']) != 0:
           yield (idxStr + ".Field0", entry['Field0'])
@@ -586,7 +622,7 @@ class NimTablePrinter:
     if self.val:
       counter  = int(self.val['counter'])
       if self.val['data']:
-        capacity = int(self.val['data']['Sup']['len'])
+        capacity = NimSeq(self.val["data"]).cap
 
     return 'Table({0}, {1})'.format(counter, capacity)
 
@@ -598,61 +634,18 @@ class NimTablePrinter:
           yield (idxStr + '.Field1', entry['Field1'])
           yield (idxStr + '.Field2', entry['Field2'])
 
-################################################################
-
-# this is untested, therefore disabled
-
-# class NimObjectPrinter:
-#   pattern = re.compile(r'^tyObject_.*$')
-
-#   def __init__(self, val):
-#     self.val = val
-
-#   def display_hint(self):
-#     return 'object'
-
-#   def to_string(self):
-#     return str(self.val.type)
-
-#   def children(self):
-#     if not self.val:
-#       yield "object", "<nil>"
-#       raise StopIteration
-
-#     for (i, field) in enumerate(self.val.type.fields()):
-#       if field.type.code == gdb.TYPE_CODE_UNION:
-#         yield _union_field
-#       else:
-#         yield (field.name, self.val[field])
-
-#   def _union_field(self, i, field):
-#     rti = getNimRti(self.val.type.name)
-#     if rti is None:
-#       return (field.name, "UNION field can't be displayed without RTI")
-
-#     node_sons = rti['node'].dereference()['sons']
-#     prev_field = self.val.type.fields()[i - 1]
-
-#     descriminant_node = None
-#     for i in range(int(node['len'])):
-#       son = node_sons[i].dereference()
-#       if son['name'].string("utf-8", "ignore") == str(prev_field.name):
-#         descriminant_node = son
-#         break
-#     if descriminant_node is None:
-#       raise ValueError("Can't find union descriminant field in object RTI")
-
-#     if descriminant_node is None: raise ValueError("Can't find union field in object RTI")
-#     union_node = descriminant_node['sons'][int(self.val[prev_field])].dereference()
-#     union_val = self.val[field]
+################################################################################
 
-#     for f1 in union_val.type.fields():
-#       for f2 in union_val[f1].type.fields():
-#         if str(f2.name) == union_node['name'].string("utf-8", "ignore"):
-#            return (str(f2.name), union_val[f1][f2])
+class NimTuplePrinter:
+  pattern = re.compile(r"^tyTuple__([A-Za-z0-9]*)")
 
-#     raise ValueError("RTI is absent or incomplete, can't find union definition in RTI")
+  def __init__(self, val):
+    self.val = val
 
+  def to_string(self):
+    # We don't have field names so just print out the tuple as if it was anonymous
+    tupleValues = [str(self.val[field.name]) for field in self.val.type.fields()]
+    return f"({', '.join(tupleValues)})"
 
 ################################################################################
 
@@ -684,7 +677,7 @@ def makematcher(klass):
   return matcher
 
 def register_nim_pretty_printers_for_object(objfile):
-  nimMainSym = gdb.lookup_global_symbol("NimMain", gdb.SYMBOL_FUNCTIONS_DOMAIN)
+  nimMainSym = gdb.lookup_global_symbol("NimMain", gdb.SYMBOL_FUNCTION_DOMAIN)
   if nimMainSym and nimMainSym.symtab.objfile == objfile:
     print("set Nim pretty printers for ", objfile.filename)
 
diff --git a/tools/debug/nimlldb.py b/tools/debug/nimlldb.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4bc4e771f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/debug/nimlldb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1380 @@
+import lldb
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from typing import Union
+
+
+def sbvaluegetitem(self: lldb.SBValue, name: Union[int, str]) -> lldb.SBValue:
+    if isinstance(name, str):
+        return self.GetChildMemberWithName(name)
+    else:
+        return self.GetChildAtIndex(name)
+
+
+# Make this easier to work with
+lldb.SBValue.__getitem__ = sbvaluegetitem
+
+NIM_IS_V2 = True
+
+
+def get_nti(value: lldb.SBValue, nim_name=None):
+    name_split = value.type.name.split("_")
+    type_nim_name = nim_name or name_split[1]
+    id_string = name_split[-1].split(" ")[0]
+
+    type_info_name = "NTI" + type_nim_name.lower() + "__" + id_string + "_"
+    nti = value.target.FindFirstGlobalVariable(type_info_name)
+    if not nti.IsValid():
+        type_info_name = "NTI" + "__" + id_string + "_"
+        nti = value.target.FindFirstGlobalVariable(type_info_name)
+    if not nti.IsValid():
+        print(f"NimEnumPrinter: lookup global symbol: '{type_info_name}' failed for {value.type.name}.\n")
+    return type_nim_name, nti
+
+
+def enum_to_string(value: lldb.SBValue, int_val=None, nim_name=None):
+    tname = nim_name or value.type.name.split("_")[1]
+
+    enum_val = value.signed
+    if int_val is not None:
+        enum_val = int_val
+
+    default_val = f"{tname}.{str(enum_val)}"
+
+    fn_syms = value.target.FindFunctions("reprEnum")
+    if not fn_syms.GetSize() > 0:
+        return default_val
+
+    fn_sym: lldb.SBSymbolContext = fn_syms.GetContextAtIndex(0)
+
+    fn: lldb.SBFunction = fn_sym.function
+
+    fn_type: lldb.SBType = fn.type
+    arg_types: lldb.SBTypeList = fn_type.GetFunctionArgumentTypes()
+    if arg_types.GetSize() < 2:
+        return default_val
+
+    arg1_type: lldb.SBType = arg_types.GetTypeAtIndex(0)
+    arg2_type: lldb.SBType = arg_types.GetTypeAtIndex(1)
+
+    ty_info_name, nti = get_nti(value, nim_name=tname)
+
+    if not nti.IsValid():
+        return default_val
+
+    call = f"{fn.name}(({arg1_type.name}){enum_val}, ({arg2_type.name})" + str(nti.GetLoadAddress()) + ");"
+
+    res = executeCommand(call)
+
+    if res.error.fail:
+        return default_val
+
+    return f"{tname}.{res.summary[1:-1]}"
+
+
+def to_string(value: lldb.SBValue):
+    # For getting NimStringDesc * value
+    value = value.GetNonSyntheticValue()
+
+    # Check if data pointer is Null
+    if value.type.is_pointer and value.unsigned == 0:
+        return None
+
+    size = int(value["Sup"]["len"].unsigned)
+
+    if size == 0:
+        return ""
+
+    if size > 2**14:
+        return "... (too long) ..."
+
+    data = value["data"]
+
+    # Check if first element is NULL
+    base_data_type = value.target.FindFirstType("char")
+    cast = data.Cast(base_data_type)
+
+    if cast.unsigned == 0:
+        return None
+
+    cast = data.Cast(value.target.FindFirstType("char").GetArrayType(size))
+    return bytearray(cast.data.uint8s).decode("utf-8")
+
+
+def to_stringV2(value: lldb.SBValue):
+    # For getting NimStringV2 value
+    value = value.GetNonSyntheticValue()
+
+    data = value["p"]["data"]
+
+    # Check if data pointer is Null
+    if value["p"].unsigned == 0:
+        return None
+
+    size = int(value["len"].signed)
+
+    if size == 0:
+        return ""
+
+    if size > 2**14:
+        return "... (too long) ..."
+
+    # Check if first element is NULL
+    base_data_type = data.type.GetArrayElementType().GetTypedefedType()
+    cast = data.Cast(base_data_type)
+
+    if cast.unsigned == 0:
+        return None
+
+    cast = data.Cast(base_data_type.GetArrayType(size))
+    return bytearray(cast.data.uint8s).decode("utf-8")
+
+
+def NimString(value: lldb.SBValue, internal_dict):
+    if is_local(value):
+        if not is_in_scope(value):
+            return "undefined"
+
+    custom_summary = get_custom_summary(value)
+    if not custom_summary is None:
+        return custom_summary
+
+    if NIM_IS_V2:
+        res = to_stringV2(value)
+    else:
+        res = to_string(value)
+
+    if res is not None:
+        return f'"{res}"'
+    else:
+        return "nil"
+
+
+def rope_helper(value: lldb.SBValue) -> str:
+    value = value.GetNonSyntheticValue()
+    if value.type.is_pointer and value.unsigned == 0:
+        return ""
+
+    if value["length"].unsigned == 0:
+        return ""
+
+    if NIM_IS_V2:
+        str_val = to_stringV2(value["data"])
+    else:
+        str_val = to_string(value["data"])
+
+    if str_val is None:
+        str_val = ""
+
+    return rope_helper(value["left"]) + str_val + rope_helper(value["right"])
+
+
+def Rope(value: lldb.SBValue, internal_dict):
+    if is_local(value):
+        if not is_in_scope(value):
+            return "undefined"
+
+    custom_summary = get_custom_summary(value)
+    if not custom_summary is None:
+        return custom_summary
+
+    rope_str = rope_helper(value)
+
+    if len(rope_str) == 0:
+        rope_str = "nil"
+    else:
+        rope_str = f'"{rope_str}"'
+
+    return f"Rope({rope_str})"
+
+
+def NCSTRING(value: lldb.SBValue, internal_dict=None):
+    if is_local(value):
+        if not is_in_scope(value):
+            return "undefined"
+
+    ty = value.Dereference().type
+    val = value.target.CreateValueFromAddress(
+        value.name or "temp", lldb.SBAddress(value.unsigned, value.target), ty
+    ).AddressOf()
+    return val.summary
+
+
+def ObjectV2(value: lldb.SBValue, internal_dict):
+    if is_local(value):
+        if not is_in_scope(value):
+            return "undefined"
+
+    orig_value = value.GetNonSyntheticValue()
+    if orig_value.type.is_pointer and orig_value.unsigned == 0:
+        return "nil"
+
+    custom_summary = get_custom_summary(value)
+    if custom_summary is not None:
+        return custom_summary
+
+    while orig_value.type.is_pointer:
+        orig_value = orig_value.Dereference()
+
+    if "_" in orig_value.type.name:
+        obj_name = orig_value.type.name.split("_")[1].replace("colonObjectType", "")
+    else:
+        obj_name = orig_value.type.name
+
+    num_children = value.num_children
+    fields = []
+
+    for i in range(num_children):
+        fields.append(f"{value[i].name}: {value[i].summary}")
+
+    res = f"{obj_name}(" + ", ".join(fields) + ")"
+    return res
+
+
+def Number(value: lldb.SBValue, internal_dict):
+    if is_local(value):
+        if not is_in_scope(value):
+            return "undefined"
+
+    if value.type.is_pointer and value.signed == 0:
+        return "nil"
+
+    custom_summary = get_custom_summary(value)
+    if not custom_summary is None:
+        return custom_summary
+
+    return str(value.signed)
+
+
+def Float(value: lldb.SBValue, internal_dict):
+    if is_local(value):
+        if not is_in_scope(value):
+            return "undefined"
+
+    custom_summary = get_custom_summary(value)
+    if not custom_summary is None:
+        return custom_summary
+
+    return str(value.value)
+
+
+def UnsignedNumber(value: lldb.SBValue, internal_dict):
+    if is_local(value):
+        if not is_in_scope(value):
+            return "undefined"
+
+    custom_summary = get_custom_summary(value)
+    if not custom_summary is None:
+        return custom_summary
+
+    return str(value.unsigned)
+
+
+def Bool(value: lldb.SBValue, internal_dict):
+    if is_local(value):
+        if not is_in_scope(value):
+            return "undefined"
+
+    custom_summary = get_custom_summary(value)
+    if not custom_summary is None:
+        return custom_summary
+
+    return str(value.value)
+
+
+def CharArray(value: lldb.SBValue, internal_dict):
+    if is_local(value):
+        if not is_in_scope(value):
+            return "undefined"
+
+    custom_summary = get_custom_summary(value)
+    if not custom_summary is None:
+        return custom_summary
+
+    return str([f"'{char}'" for char in value.uint8s])
+
+
+def Array(value: lldb.SBValue, internal_dict):
+    if is_local(value):
+        if not is_in_scope(value):
+            return "undefined"
+
+    value = value.GetNonSyntheticValue()
+    custom_summary = get_custom_summary(value)
+    if not custom_summary is None:
+        return custom_summary
+
+    value = value.GetNonSyntheticValue()
+    return "[" + ", ".join([value[i].summary for i in range(value.num_children)]) + "]"
+
+
+def Tuple(value: lldb.SBValue, internal_dict):
+    if is_local(value):
+        if not is_in_scope(value):
+            return "undefined"
+
+    custom_summary = get_custom_summary(value)
+    if not custom_summary is None:
+        return custom_summary
+
+    while value.type.is_pointer:
+        value = value.Dereference()
+
+    num_children = value.num_children
+
+    fields = []
+
+    for i in range(num_children):
+        key = value[i].name
+        val = value[i].summary
+        if key.startswith("Field"):
+            fields.append(f"{val}")
+        else:
+            fields.append(f"{key}: {val}")
+
+    return "(" + ", ".join(fields) + f")"
+
+
+def is_local(value: lldb.SBValue) -> bool:
+    line: lldb.SBLineEntry = value.frame.GetLineEntry()
+    decl: lldb.SBDeclaration = value.GetDeclaration()
+
+    if line.file == decl.file and decl.line != 0:
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def is_in_scope(value: lldb.SBValue) -> bool:
+    line: lldb.SBLineEntry = value.frame.GetLineEntry()
+    decl: lldb.SBDeclaration = value.GetDeclaration()
+
+    if is_local(value) and decl.line < line.line:
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def Enum(value: lldb.SBValue, internal_dict):
+    if is_local(value):
+        if not is_in_scope(value):
+            return "undefined"
+
+    custom_summary = get_custom_value_summary(value)
+    if custom_summary is not None:
+        return custom_summary
+
+    return enum_to_string(value)
+
+
+def EnumSet(value: lldb.SBValue, internal_dict):
+    if is_local(value):
+        if not is_in_scope(value):
+            return "undefined"
+
+    custom_summary = get_custom_summary(value)
+    if not custom_summary is None:
+        return custom_summary
+
+    vals = []
+    max_vals = 7
+    for child in value.children:
+        vals.append(child.summary)
+        if len(vals) > max_vals:
+            vals.append("...")
+            break
+
+    return "{" + ", ".join(vals) + "}"
+
+
+def Set(value: lldb.SBValue, internal_dict):
+    if is_local(value):
+        if not is_in_scope(value):
+            return "undefined"
+
+    custom_summary = get_custom_summary(value)
+    if custom_summary is not None:
+        return custom_summary
+
+    vals = []
+    max_vals = 7
+    for child in value.children:
+        vals.append(child.value)
+        if len(vals) > max_vals:
+            vals.append("...")
+            break
+
+    return "{" + ", ".join(vals) + "}"
+
+
+def Table(value: lldb.SBValue, internal_dict):
+    if is_local(value):
+        if not is_in_scope(value):
+            return "undefined"
+
+    custom_summary = get_custom_summary(value)
+    if custom_summary is not None:
+        return custom_summary
+
+    fields = []
+
+    for i in range(value.num_children):
+        key = value[i].name
+        val = value[i].summary
+        fields.append(f"{key}: {val}")
+
+    return "Table({" + ", ".join(fields) + "})"
+
+
+def HashSet(value: lldb.SBValue, internal_dict):
+    if is_local(value):
+        if not is_in_scope(value):
+            return "undefined"
+
+    custom_summary = get_custom_summary(value)
+    if custom_summary is not None:
+        return custom_summary
+
+    fields = []
+
+    for i in range(value.num_children):
+        fields.append(f"{value[i].summary}")
+
+    return "HashSet({" + ", ".join(fields) + "})"
+
+
+def StringTable(value: lldb.SBValue, internal_dict):
+    if is_local(value):
+        if not is_in_scope(value):
+            return "undefined"
+
+    custom_summary = get_custom_summary(value)
+    if not custom_summary is None:
+        return custom_summary
+
+    fields = []
+
+    for i in range(value.num_children - 1):
+        key = value[i].name
+        val = value[i].summary
+        fields.append(f"{key}: {val}")
+
+    mode = value[value.num_children - 1].summary
+
+    return "StringTable({" + ", ".join(fields) + f"}}, mode={mode})"
+
+
+def Sequence(value: lldb.SBValue, internal_dict):
+    if is_local(value):
+        if not is_in_scope(value):
+            return "undefined"
+
+    custom_summary = get_custom_summary(value)
+    if not custom_summary is None:
+        return custom_summary
+
+    return "@[" + ", ".join([value[i].summary for i in range(value.num_children)]) + "]"
+
+
+class StringChildrenProvider:
+    def __init__(self, value: lldb.SBValue, internalDict):
+        self.value = value
+        self.data_type: lldb.SBType
+        if not NIM_IS_V2:
+            self.data_type = self.value.target.FindFirstType("char")
+
+        self.first_element: lldb.SBValue
+        self.update()
+        self.count = 0
+
+    def num_children(self):
+        return self.count
+
+    def get_child_index(self, name):
+        return int(name.lstrip("[").rstrip("]"))
+
+    def get_child_at_index(self, index):
+        offset = index * self.data_size
+        return self.first_element.CreateChildAtOffset("[" + str(index) + "]", offset, self.data_type)
+
+    def get_data(self) -> lldb.SBValue:
+        return self.value["p"]["data"] if NIM_IS_V2 else self.value["data"]
+
+    def get_len(self) -> int:
+        if NIM_IS_V2:
+            if self.value["p"].unsigned == 0:
+                return 0
+
+            size = int(self.value["len"].signed)
+
+            if size == 0:
+                return 0
+
+            data = self.value["p"]["data"]
+
+            # Check if first element is NULL
+            base_data_type = data.type.GetArrayElementType().GetTypedefedType()
+            cast = data.Cast(base_data_type)
+
+            if cast.unsigned == 0:
+                return 0
+        else:
+            if self.value.type.is_pointer and self.value.unsigned == 0:
+                return 0
+
+            size = int(self.value["Sup"]["len"].unsigned)
+
+            if size == 0:
+                return 0
+
+            data = self.value["data"]
+
+            # Check if first element is NULL
+            base_data_type = self.value.target.FindFirstType("char")
+            cast = data.Cast(base_data_type)
+
+            if cast.unsigned == 0:
+                return 0
+
+        return size
+
+    def update(self):
+        if is_local(self.value):
+            if not is_in_scope(self.value):
+                return
+
+        data = self.get_data()
+        size = self.get_len()
+
+        self.count = size
+        self.first_element = data
+
+        if NIM_IS_V2:
+            self.data_type = data.type.GetArrayElementType().GetTypedefedType()
+
+        self.data_size = self.data_type.GetByteSize()
+
+    def has_children(self):
+        return bool(self.num_children())
+
+
+class ArrayChildrenProvider:
+    def __init__(self, value: lldb.SBValue, internalDict):
+        self.value = value
+        self.data_type: lldb.SBType
+        self.first_element: lldb.SBValue
+        self.update()
+
+    def num_children(self):
+        return self.has_children() and self.value.num_children
+
+    def get_child_index(self, name: str):
+        return int(name.lstrip("[").rstrip("]"))
+
+    def get_child_at_index(self, index):
+        offset = index * self.value[index].GetByteSize()
+        return self.first_element.CreateChildAtOffset("[" + str(index) + "]", offset, self.data_type)
+
+    def update(self):
+        if not self.has_children():
+            return
+
+        self.first_element = self.value[0]
+        self.data_type = self.value.type.GetArrayElementType()
+
+    def has_children(self):
+        if is_local(self.value):
+            if not is_in_scope(self.value):
+                return False
+        return bool(self.value.num_children)
+
+
+class SeqChildrenProvider:
+    def __init__(self, value: lldb.SBValue, internalDict):
+        self.value = value
+        self.data_type: lldb.SBType
+        self.first_element: lldb.SBValue
+        self.data: lldb.SBValue
+        self.count = 0
+        self.update()
+
+    def num_children(self):
+        return self.count
+
+    def get_child_index(self, name: str):
+        return int(name.lstrip("[").rstrip("]"))
+
+    def get_child_at_index(self, index):
+        offset = index * self.data[index].GetByteSize()
+        return self.first_element.CreateChildAtOffset("[" + str(index) + "]", offset, self.data_type)
+
+    def get_data(self) -> lldb.SBValue:
+        return self.value["p"]["data"] if NIM_IS_V2 else self.value["data"]
+
+    def get_len(self) -> lldb.SBValue:
+        return self.value["len"] if NIM_IS_V2 else self.value["Sup"]["len"]
+
+    def update(self):
+        self.count = 0
+
+        if is_local(self.value):
+            if not is_in_scope(self.value):
+                return
+
+        self.count = self.get_len().unsigned
+
+        if not self.has_children():
+            return
+
+        data = self.get_data()
+        self.data_type = data.type.GetArrayElementType()
+
+        self.data = data.Cast(self.data_type.GetArrayType(self.num_children()))
+        self.first_element = self.data
+
+    def has_children(self):
+        return bool(self.num_children())
+
+
+class ObjectChildrenProvider:
+    def __init__(self, value: lldb.SBValue, internalDict):
+        self.value = value
+        self.data_type: lldb.SBType
+        self.first_element: lldb.SBValue
+        self.data: lldb.SBValue
+        self.children: OrderedDict[str, int] = OrderedDict()
+        self.child_list: list[lldb.SBValue] = []
+        self.update()
+
+    def num_children(self):
+        return len(self.children)
+
+    def get_child_index(self, name: str):
+        return self.children[name]
+
+    def get_child_at_index(self, index):
+        return self.child_list[index]
+
+    def populate_children(self):
+        self.children.clear()
+        self.child_list = []
+
+        if is_local(self.value):
+            if not is_in_scope(self.value):
+                return
+
+        stack = [self.value.GetNonSyntheticValue()]
+
+        index = 0
+
+        while stack:
+            cur_val = stack.pop()
+            if cur_val.type.is_pointer and cur_val.unsigned == 0:
+                continue
+
+            while cur_val.type.is_pointer:
+                cur_val = cur_val.Dereference()
+
+            # Add super objects if they exist
+            if cur_val.num_children > 0 and cur_val[0].name == "Sup" and cur_val[0].type.name.startswith("tyObject"):
+                stack.append(cur_val[0])
+
+            for child in cur_val.children:
+                child = child.GetNonSyntheticValue()
+                if child.name == "Sup":
+                    continue
+                self.children[child.name] = index
+                self.child_list.append(child)
+                index += 1
+
+    def update(self):
+        self.populate_children()
+
+    def has_children(self):
+        return bool(self.num_children())
+
+
+class HashSetChildrenProvider:
+    def __init__(self, value: lldb.SBValue, internalDict):
+        self.value = value
+        self.child_list: list[lldb.SBValue] = []
+        self.update()
+
+    def num_children(self):
+        return len(self.child_list)
+
+    def get_child_index(self, name: str):
+        return int(name.lstrip("[").rstrip("]"))
+
+    def get_child_at_index(self, index):
+        return self.child_list[index]
+
+    def get_data(self) -> lldb.SBValue:
+        return self.value["data"]["p"]["data"] if NIM_IS_V2 else self.value["data"]["data"]
+
+    def get_len(self) -> lldb.SBValue:
+        return self.value["data"]["len"] if NIM_IS_V2 else self.value["data"]["Sup"]["len"]
+
+    def update(self):
+        self.child_list = []
+
+        if is_local(self.value):
+            if not is_in_scope(self.value):
+                return
+
+        tuple_len = int(self.get_len().unsigned)
+        tuple = self.get_data()
+
+        base_data_type = tuple.type.GetArrayElementType()
+
+        cast = tuple.Cast(base_data_type.GetArrayType(tuple_len))
+
+        index = 0
+        for i in range(tuple_len):
+            el = cast[i]
+            field0 = int(el[0].unsigned)
+            if field0 == 0:
+                continue
+            key = el[1]
+            child = key.CreateValueFromAddress(f"[{str(index)}]", key.GetLoadAddress(), key.GetType())
+            index += 1
+
+            self.child_list.append(child)
+
+    def has_children(self):
+        return bool(self.num_children())
+
+
+class SetCharChildrenProvider:
+    def __init__(self, value: lldb.SBValue, internalDict):
+        self.value = value
+        self.ty = self.value.target.FindFirstType("char")
+        self.child_list: list[lldb.SBValue] = []
+        self.update()
+
+    def num_children(self):
+        return len(self.child_list)
+
+    def get_child_index(self, name: str):
+        return int(name.lstrip("[").rstrip("]"))
+
+    def get_child_at_index(self, index):
+        return self.child_list[index]
+
+    def update(self):
+        self.child_list = []
+        if is_local(self.value):
+            if not is_in_scope(self.value):
+                return
+
+        cur_pos = 0
+        for child in self.value.children:
+            child_val = child.signed
+            if child_val != 0:
+                temp = child_val
+                num_bits = 8
+                while temp != 0:
+                    is_set = temp & 1
+                    if is_set == 1:
+                        data = lldb.SBData.CreateDataFromInt(cur_pos)
+                        child = self.value.synthetic_child_from_data(f"[{len(self.child_list)}]", data, self.ty)
+                        self.child_list.append(child)
+                    temp = temp >> 1
+                    cur_pos += 1
+                    num_bits -= 1
+                cur_pos += num_bits
+            else:
+                cur_pos += 8
+
+    def has_children(self):
+        return bool(self.num_children())
+
+
+def create_set_children(value: lldb.SBValue, child_type: lldb.SBType, starting_pos: int) -> list[lldb.SBValue]:
+    child_list: list[lldb.SBValue] = []
+    cur_pos = starting_pos
+
+    if value.num_children > 0:
+        children = value.children
+    else:
+        children = [value]
+
+    for child in children:
+        child_val = child.signed
+        if child_val != 0:
+            temp = child_val
+            num_bits = 8
+            while temp != 0:
+                is_set = temp & 1
+                if is_set == 1:
+                    data = lldb.SBData.CreateDataFromInt(cur_pos)
+                    child = value.synthetic_child_from_data(f"[{len(child_list)}]", data, child_type)
+                    child_list.append(child)
+                temp = temp >> 1
+                cur_pos += 1
+                num_bits -= 1
+            cur_pos += num_bits
+        else:
+            cur_pos += 8
+
+    return child_list
+
+
+class SetIntChildrenProvider:
+    def __init__(self, value: lldb.SBValue, internalDict):
+        self.value = value
+        self.ty = self.value.target.FindFirstType(f"NI64")
+        self.child_list: list[lldb.SBValue] = []
+        self.update()
+
+    def num_children(self):
+        return len(self.child_list)
+
+    def get_child_index(self, name: str):
+        return int(name.lstrip("[").rstrip("]"))
+
+    def get_child_at_index(self, index):
+        return self.child_list[index]
+
+    def update(self):
+        self.child_list = []
+        if is_local(self.value):
+            if not is_in_scope(self.value):
+                return
+        bits = self.value.GetByteSize() * 8
+        starting_pos = -(bits // 2)
+        self.child_list = create_set_children(self.value, self.ty, starting_pos)
+
+    def has_children(self):
+        return bool(self.num_children())
+
+
+class SetUIntChildrenProvider:
+    def __init__(self, value: lldb.SBValue, internalDict):
+        self.value = value
+        self.ty = self.value.target.FindFirstType(f"NU64")
+        self.child_list: list[lldb.SBValue] = []
+        self.update()
+
+    def num_children(self):
+        return len(self.child_list)
+
+    def get_child_index(self, name: str):
+        return int(name.lstrip("[").rstrip("]"))
+
+    def get_child_at_index(self, index):
+        return self.child_list[index]
+
+    def update(self):
+        self.child_list = []
+        if is_local(self.value):
+            if not is_in_scope(self.value):
+                return
+        self.child_list = create_set_children(self.value, self.ty, starting_pos=0)
+
+    def has_children(self):
+        return bool(self.num_children())
+
+
+class SetEnumChildrenProvider:
+    def __init__(self, value: lldb.SBValue, internalDict):
+        self.value = value
+        self.ty = self.value.target.FindFirstType(self.value.type.name.replace("tySet_", ""))
+        self.child_list: list[lldb.SBValue] = []
+        self.update()
+
+    def num_children(self):
+        return len(self.child_list)
+
+    def get_child_index(self, name: str):
+        return int(name.lstrip("[").rstrip("]"))
+
+    def get_child_at_index(self, index):
+        return self.child_list[index]
+
+    def update(self):
+        if is_local(self.value):
+            if not is_in_scope(self.value):
+                return
+        self.child_list = create_set_children(self.value, self.ty, starting_pos=0)
+
+    def has_children(self):
+        return bool(self.num_children())
+
+
+class TableChildrenProvider:
+    def __init__(self, value: lldb.SBValue, internalDict):
+        self.value = value
+        self.children: OrderedDict[str, int] = OrderedDict()
+        self.child_list: list[lldb.SBValue] = []
+
+        self.update()
+
+    def num_children(self):
+        return len(self.child_list)
+
+    def get_child_index(self, name: str):
+        return self.children[name]
+
+    def get_child_at_index(self, index):
+        return self.child_list[index]
+
+    def get_data(self) -> lldb.SBValue:
+        return self.value["data"]["p"]["data"] if NIM_IS_V2 else self.value["data"]["data"]
+
+    def get_len(self) -> lldb.SBValue:
+        return self.value["data"]["len"] if NIM_IS_V2 else self.value["data"]["Sup"]["len"]
+
+    def update(self):
+        self.child_list = []
+        if is_local(self.value):
+            if not is_in_scope(self.value):
+                return
+
+        tuple_len = int(self.get_len().unsigned)
+        tuple = self.get_data()
+
+        base_data_type = tuple.type.GetArrayElementType()
+
+        cast = tuple.Cast(base_data_type.GetArrayType(tuple_len))
+
+        index = 0
+        for i in range(tuple_len):
+            el = cast[i]
+            field0 = int(el[0].unsigned)
+            if field0 == 0:
+                continue
+            key = el[1]
+            val = el[2]
+            key_summary = key.summary
+            child = self.value.CreateValueFromAddress(key_summary, val.GetLoadAddress(), val.GetType())
+            self.child_list.append(child)
+            self.children[key_summary] = index
+            index += 1
+
+    def has_children(self):
+        return bool(self.num_children())
+
+
+class StringTableChildrenProvider:
+    def __init__(self, value: lldb.SBValue, internalDict):
+        self.value = value
+        self.children: OrderedDict[str, int] = OrderedDict()
+        self.child_list: list[lldb.SBValue] = []
+        self.update()
+
+    def num_children(self):
+        return len(self.child_list)
+
+    def get_child_index(self, name: str):
+        return self.children[name]
+
+    def get_child_at_index(self, index):
+        return self.child_list[index]
+
+    def get_data(self) -> lldb.SBValue:
+        return self.value["data"]["p"]["data"] if NIM_IS_V2 else self.value["data"]["data"]
+
+    def get_len(self) -> lldb.SBValue:
+        return self.value["data"]["len"] if NIM_IS_V2 else self.value["data"]["Sup"]["len"]
+
+    def update(self):
+        self.children.clear()
+        self.child_list = []
+
+        if is_local(self.value):
+            if not is_in_scope(self.value):
+                return
+
+        tuple_len = int(self.get_len().unsigned)
+        tuple = self.get_data()
+
+        base_data_type = tuple.type.GetArrayElementType()
+
+        cast = tuple.Cast(base_data_type.GetArrayType(tuple_len))
+
+        index = 0
+        for i in range(tuple_len):
+            el = cast[i]
+            field0 = int(el[2].unsigned)
+            if field0 == 0:
+                continue
+            key = el[0]
+            val = el[1]
+            child = val.CreateValueFromAddress(key.summary, val.GetLoadAddress(), val.GetType())
+            self.child_list.append(child)
+            self.children[key.summary] = index
+            index += 1
+
+        self.child_list.append(self.value["mode"])
+        self.children["mode"] = index
+
+    def has_children(self):
+        return bool(self.num_children())
+
+
+class LLDBDynamicObjectProvider:
+    def __init__(self, value: lldb.SBValue, internalDict):
+        value = value.GetNonSyntheticValue()
+        self.value: lldb.SBValue = value[0]
+        self.children: OrderedDict[str, int] = OrderedDict()
+        self.child_list: list[lldb.SBValue] = []
+
+        while self.value.type.is_pointer:
+            self.value = self.value.Dereference()
+
+        self.update()
+
+    def num_children(self):
+        return len(self.child_list)
+
+    def get_child_index(self, name: str):
+        return self.children[name]
+
+    def get_child_at_index(self, index):
+        return self.child_list[index]
+
+    def update(self):
+        self.children.clear()
+        self.child_list = []
+
+        for i, child in enumerate(self.value.children):
+            name = child.name.strip('"')
+            new_child = child.CreateValueFromAddress(name, child.GetLoadAddress(), child.GetType())
+
+            self.children[name] = i
+            self.child_list.append(new_child)
+
+    def has_children(self):
+        return bool(self.num_children())
+
+
+class LLDBBasicObjectProvider:
+    def __init__(self, value: lldb.SBValue, internalDict):
+        self.value: lldb.SBValue = value
+
+    def num_children(self):
+        if self.value is not None:
+            return self.value.num_children
+        return 0
+
+    def get_child_index(self, name: str):
+        return self.value.GetIndexOfChildWithName(name)
+
+    def get_child_at_index(self, index):
+        return self.value.GetChildAtIndex(index)
+
+    def update(self):
+        pass
+
+    def has_children(self):
+        return self.num_children() > 0
+
+
+class CustomObjectChildrenProvider:
+    """
+    This children provider handles values returned from lldbDebugSynthetic*
+    Nim procedures
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, value: lldb.SBValue, internalDict):
+        self.value: lldb.SBValue = get_custom_synthetic(value) or value
+        if "lldbdynamicobject" in self.value.type.name.lower():
+            self.provider = LLDBDynamicObjectProvider(self.value, internalDict)
+        else:
+            self.provider = LLDBBasicObjectProvider(self.value, internalDict)
+
+    def num_children(self):
+        return self.provider.num_children()
+
+    def get_child_index(self, name: str):
+        return self.provider.get_child_index(name)
+
+    def get_child_at_index(self, index):
+        return self.provider.get_child_at_index(index)
+
+    def update(self):
+        self.provider.update()
+
+    def has_children(self):
+        return self.provider.has_children()
+
+
+def echo(debugger: lldb.SBDebugger, command: str, result, internal_dict):
+    debugger.HandleCommand("po " + command)
+
+
+SUMMARY_FUNCTIONS: dict[str, lldb.SBFunction] = {}
+SYNTHETIC_FUNCTIONS: dict[str, lldb.SBFunction] = {}
+
+
+def get_custom_summary(value: lldb.SBValue) -> Union[str, None]:
+    """Get a custom summary if a function exists for it"""
+    value = value.GetNonSyntheticValue()
+    if value.GetAddress().GetOffset() == 0:
+        return None
+
+    base_type = get_base_type(value.type)
+
+    fn = SUMMARY_FUNCTIONS.get(base_type.name)
+    if fn is None:
+        return None
+
+    fn_type: lldb.SBType = fn.type
+
+    arg_types: lldb.SBTypeList = fn_type.GetFunctionArgumentTypes()
+    first_type = arg_types.GetTypeAtIndex(0)
+
+    while value.type.is_pointer:
+        value = value.Dereference()
+
+    if first_type.is_pointer:
+        command = f"{fn.name}(({first_type.name})" + str(value.GetLoadAddress()) + ");"
+    else:
+        command = f"{fn.name}(*({first_type.GetPointerType().name})" + str(value.GetLoadAddress()) + ");"
+
+    res = executeCommand(command)
+
+    if res.error.fail:
+        return None
+
+    return res.summary.strip('"')
+
+
+def get_custom_value_summary(value: lldb.SBValue) -> Union[str, None]:
+    """Get a custom summary if a function exists for it"""
+
+    fn: lldb.SBFunction = SUMMARY_FUNCTIONS.get(value.type.name)
+    if fn is None:
+        return None
+
+    command = f"{fn.name}(({value.type.name})" + str(value.signed) + ");"
+    res = executeCommand(command)
+
+    if res.error.fail:
+        return None
+
+    return res.summary.strip('"')
+
+
+def get_custom_synthetic(value: lldb.SBValue) -> Union[lldb.SBValue, None]:
+    """Get a custom synthetic object if a function exists for it"""
+    value = value.GetNonSyntheticValue()
+    if value.GetAddress().GetOffset() == 0:
+        return None
+
+    base_type = get_base_type(value.type)
+
+    fn = SYNTHETIC_FUNCTIONS.get(base_type.name)
+    if fn is None:
+        return None
+
+    fn_type: lldb.SBType = fn.type
+
+    arg_types: lldb.SBTypeList = fn_type.GetFunctionArgumentTypes()
+    first_type = arg_types.GetTypeAtIndex(0)
+
+    while value.type.is_pointer:
+        value = value.Dereference()
+
+    if first_type.is_pointer:
+        first_arg = f"({first_type.name}){value.GetLoadAddress()}"
+    else:
+        first_arg = f"*({first_type.GetPointerType().name}){value.GetLoadAddress()}"
+
+    if arg_types.GetSize() > 1 and fn.GetArgumentName(1) == "Result":
+        ret_type = arg_types.GetTypeAtIndex(1)
+        ret_type = get_base_type(ret_type)
+
+        command = f"""
+            {ret_type.name} lldbT;
+            nimZeroMem((void*)(&lldbT), sizeof({ret_type.name}));
+            {fn.name}(({first_arg}), (&lldbT));
+            lldbT;
+        """
+    else:
+        command = f"{fn.name}({first_arg});"
+
+    res = executeCommand(command)
+
+    if res.error.fail:
+        print(res.error)
+        return None
+
+    return res
+
+
+def get_base_type(ty: lldb.SBType) -> lldb.SBType:
+    """Get the base type of the type"""
+    temp = ty
+    while temp.IsPointerType():
+        temp = temp.GetPointeeType()
+    return temp
+
+
+def use_base_type(ty: lldb.SBType) -> bool:
+    types_to_check = [
+        "NF",
+        "NF32",
+        "NF64",
+        "NI",
+        "NI8",
+        "NI16",
+        "NI32",
+        "NI64",
+        "bool",
+        "NIM_BOOL",
+        "NU",
+        "NU8",
+        "NU16",
+        "NU32",
+        "NU64",
+    ]
+
+    for type_to_check in types_to_check:
+        if ty.name.startswith(type_to_check):
+            return False
+
+    return True
+
+
+def breakpoint_function_wrapper(frame: lldb.SBFrame, bp_loc, internal_dict):
+    """This allows function calls to Nim for custom object summaries and synthetic children"""
+    debugger = lldb.debugger
+
+    global SUMMARY_FUNCTIONS
+    global SYNTHETIC_FUNCTIONS
+
+    global NIM_IS_V2
+
+    for tname, fn in SYNTHETIC_FUNCTIONS.items():
+        debugger.HandleCommand(f"type synthetic delete -w nim {tname}")
+
+    SUMMARY_FUNCTIONS = {}
+    SYNTHETIC_FUNCTIONS = {}
+
+    target: lldb.SBTarget = debugger.GetSelectedTarget()
+
+    NIM_IS_V2 = target.FindFirstType("TNimTypeV2").IsValid()
+
+    module = frame.GetSymbolContext(lldb.eSymbolContextModule).module
+
+    for sym in module:
+        if (
+            not sym.name.startswith("lldbDebugSummary")
+            and not sym.name.startswith("lldbDebugSynthetic")
+            and not sym.name.startswith("dollar___")
+        ):
+            continue
+
+        fn_syms: lldb.SBSymbolContextList = target.FindFunctions(sym.name)
+        if not fn_syms.GetSize() > 0:
+            continue
+
+        fn_sym: lldb.SBSymbolContext = fn_syms.GetContextAtIndex(0)
+
+        fn: lldb.SBFunction = fn_sym.function
+        fn_type: lldb.SBType = fn.type
+        arg_types: lldb.SBTypeList = fn_type.GetFunctionArgumentTypes()
+
+        if arg_types.GetSize() > 1 and fn.GetArgumentName(1) == "Result":
+            pass # don't continue
+        elif arg_types.GetSize() != 1:
+            continue
+
+        arg_type: lldb.SBType = arg_types.GetTypeAtIndex(0)
+        if use_base_type(arg_type):
+            arg_type = get_base_type(arg_type)
+
+        if sym.name.startswith("lldbDebugSummary") or sym.name.startswith("dollar___"):
+            SUMMARY_FUNCTIONS[arg_type.name] = fn
+        elif sym.name.startswith("lldbDebugSynthetic"):
+            SYNTHETIC_FUNCTIONS[arg_type.name] = fn
+            debugger.HandleCommand(
+                f"type synthetic add -w nim -l {__name__}.CustomObjectChildrenProvider {arg_type.name}"
+            )
+
+
+def executeCommand(command, *args):
+    debugger = lldb.debugger
+    process = debugger.GetSelectedTarget().GetProcess()
+    frame: lldb.SBFrame = process.GetSelectedThread().GetSelectedFrame()
+
+    expr_options = lldb.SBExpressionOptions()
+    expr_options.SetIgnoreBreakpoints(False)
+    expr_options.SetFetchDynamicValue(lldb.eDynamicCanRunTarget)
+    expr_options.SetTimeoutInMicroSeconds(30 * 1000 * 1000)  # 30 second timeout
+    expr_options.SetTryAllThreads(True)
+    expr_options.SetUnwindOnError(False)
+    expr_options.SetGenerateDebugInfo(True)
+    expr_options.SetLanguage(lldb.eLanguageTypeC)
+    expr_options.SetCoerceResultToId(True)
+    res = frame.EvaluateExpression(command, expr_options)
+
+    return res
+
+
+def __lldb_init_module(debugger, internal_dict):
+    # fmt: off
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"breakpoint command add -F {__name__}.breakpoint_function_wrapper --script-type python 1")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n sequence -F  {__name__}.Sequence -x tySequence_+[[:alnum:]]+$")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type synthetic add -w nim -l {__name__}.SeqChildrenProvider -x tySequence_+[[:alnum:]]+$")
+
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n chararray -F  {__name__}.CharArray -x char\s+[\d+]")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n array -F  {__name__}.Array -x tyArray_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type synthetic add -w nim -l {__name__}.ArrayChildrenProvider -x tyArray_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n string -F  {__name__}.NimString NimStringDesc")
+
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n stringv2 -F {__name__}.NimString -x NimStringV2$")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type synthetic add -w nim -l {__name__}.StringChildrenProvider -x NimStringV2$")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type synthetic add -w nim -l {__name__}.StringChildrenProvider -x NimStringDesc$")
+
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n cstring -F  {__name__}.NCSTRING NCSTRING")
+
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n object -F  {__name__}.ObjectV2 -x tyObject_+[[:alnum:]]+_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type synthetic add -w nim -l {__name__}.ObjectChildrenProvider -x tyObject_+[[:alnum:]]+_+[[:alnum:]]+$")
+
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n tframe -F  {__name__}.ObjectV2 -x TFrame$")
+
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n rootobj -F  {__name__}.ObjectV2 -x RootObj$")
+
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n enum -F  {__name__}.Enum -x tyEnum_+[[:alnum:]]+_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n hashset -F  {__name__}.HashSet -x tyObject_+HashSet_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type synthetic add -w nim -l {__name__}.HashSetChildrenProvider -x tyObject_+HashSet_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n rope -F  {__name__}.Rope -x tyObject_+Rope[[:alnum:]]+_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n setuint -F  {__name__}.Set -x tySet_+tyInt_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type synthetic add -w nim -l {__name__}.SetIntChildrenProvider -x tySet_+tyInt[0-9]+_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n setint -F  {__name__}.Set -x tySet_+tyInt[0-9]+_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n setuint2 -F  {__name__}.Set -x tySet_+tyUInt[0-9]+_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type synthetic add -w nim -l {__name__}.SetUIntChildrenProvider -x tySet_+tyUInt[0-9]+_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type synthetic add -w nim -l {__name__}.SetUIntChildrenProvider -x tySet_+tyInt_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n setenum -F  {__name__}.EnumSet -x tySet_+tyEnum_+[[:alnum:]]+_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type synthetic add -w nim -l {__name__}.SetEnumChildrenProvider -x tySet_+tyEnum_+[[:alnum:]]+_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n setchar -F  {__name__}.Set -x tySet_+tyChar_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type synthetic add -w nim -l {__name__}.SetCharChildrenProvider -x tySet_+tyChar_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n table -F  {__name__}.Table -x tyObject_+Table_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type synthetic add -w nim -l {__name__}.TableChildrenProvider -x tyObject_+Table_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n stringtable -F  {__name__}.StringTable -x tyObject_+StringTableObj_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type synthetic add -w nim -l {__name__}.StringTableChildrenProvider -x tyObject_+StringTableObj_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n tuple2 -F  {__name__}.Tuple -x tyObject_+Tuple_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n tuple -F  {__name__}.Tuple -x tyTuple_+[[:alnum:]]+")
+
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n float -F  {__name__}.Float NF")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n float32 -F  {__name__}.Float NF32")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n float64 -F  {__name__}.Float NF64")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n integer -F  {__name__}.Number -x NI")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n integer8 -F  {__name__}.Number -x NI8")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n integer16 -F  {__name__}.Number -x NI16")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n integer32 -F  {__name__}.Number -x NI32")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n integer64 -F  {__name__}.Number -x NI64")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n bool -F  {__name__}.Bool -x bool")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n bool2 -F  {__name__}.Bool -x NIM_BOOL")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n uinteger -F  {__name__}.UnsignedNumber -x NU")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n uinteger8 -F  {__name__}.UnsignedNumber -x NU8")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n uinteger16 -F  {__name__}.UnsignedNumber -x NU16")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n uinteger32 -F  {__name__}.UnsignedNumber -x NU32")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"type summary add -w nim -n uinteger64 -F  {__name__}.UnsignedNumber -x NU64")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type category enable nim")
+    debugger.HandleCommand(f"command script add -f  {__name__}.echo echo")
+    # fmt: on
diff --git a/tools/deps.nim b/tools/deps.nim
index 8ed95b59a..e43f7a2b4 100644
--- a/tools/deps.nim
+++ b/tools/deps.nim
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
-import os, uri, strformat, strutils
+import std/[os, uri, strformat, strutils]
 import std/private/gitutils
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 proc exec(cmd: string) =
   echo "deps.cmd: " & cmd
   let status = execShellCmd(cmd)
@@ -22,14 +25,19 @@ proc cloneDependency*(destDirBase: string, url: string, commit = commitHead,
   let name = p.splitFile.name
   var destDir = destDirBase
   if appendRepoName: destDir = destDir / name
-  let destDir2 = destDir.quoteShell
+  let quotedDestDir = destDir.quoteShell
   if not dirExists(destDir):
     # note: old code used `destDir / .git` but that wouldn't prevent git clone
     # from failing
-    execRetry fmt"git clone -q {url} {destDir2}"
+    execRetry fmt"git clone -q {url} {quotedDestDir}"
   if isGitRepo(destDir):
-    execRetry fmt"git -C {destDir2} fetch -q"
-    exec fmt"git -C {destDir2} checkout -q {commit}"
+    let oldDir = getCurrentDir()
+    setCurrentDir(destDir)
+    try:
+      execRetry "git fetch -q"
+      exec fmt"git checkout -q {commit}"
+    finally:
+      setCurrentDir(oldDir)
   elif allowBundled:
     discard "this dependency was bundled with Nim, don't do anything"
   else:
diff --git a/tools/detect/detect.nim b/tools/detect/detect.nim
index 841b3a675..ed9438494 100644
--- a/tools/detect/detect.nim
+++ b/tools/detect/detect.nim
@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@
 # The second one is more portable, and less semantically correct. It only works
 # when there's a backing C compiler available as well, preventing standalone
 # compilation.
-import os, strutils
+import std/[os, strutils]
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
 
 when defined(openbsd) or defined(freebsd) or defined(netbsd):
   const
@@ -615,6 +618,7 @@ v("MAP_POPULATE", no_other = true)
 
 header("<sys/resource.h>")
 v("RLIMIT_NOFILE")
+v("RLIMIT_STACK")
 
 header("<sys/select.h>")
 v("FD_SETSIZE")
@@ -626,6 +630,7 @@ v("MSG_EOR")
 v("MSG_OOB")
 v("SCM_RIGHTS")
 v("SO_ACCEPTCONN")
+v("SO_BINDTODEVICE")
 v("SO_BROADCAST")
 v("SO_DEBUG")
 v("SO_DONTROUTE")
diff --git a/tools/dochack/dochack.nim b/tools/dochack/dochack.nim
index 4a491cf88..946945346 100644
--- a/tools/dochack/dochack.nim
+++ b/tools/dochack/dochack.nim
@@ -1,49 +1,52 @@
 import dom
 import fuzzysearch
+import std/[jsfetch, asyncjs]
 
-proc textContent(e: Element): cstring {.
-  importcpp: "#.textContent", nodecl.}
 
-proc textContent(e: Node): cstring {.
-  importcpp: "#.textContent", nodecl.}
+proc setTheme(theme: cstring) {.exportc.} =
+  document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme", theme)
+  window.localStorage.setItem("theme", theme)
 
-proc tree(tag: string; kids: varargs[Element]): Element =
+# set `data-theme` attribute early to prevent white flash
+setTheme:
+  let t = window.localStorage.getItem("theme")
+  if t.isNil: cstring"auto" else: t
+
+proc onDOMLoaded(e: Event) {.exportc.} =
+  # set theme select value
+  document.getElementById("theme-select").value = window.localStorage.getItem("theme")
+
+  for pragmaDots in document.getElementsByClassName("pragmadots"):
+    pragmaDots.onclick = proc (event: Event) =
+      # Hide tease
+      event.target.parentNode.style.display = "none"
+      # Show actual
+      event.target.parentNode.nextSibling.style.display = "inline"
+
+
+proc tree(tag: cstring; kids: varargs[Element]): Element =
   result = document.createElement tag
   for k in kids:
     result.appendChild k
 
 proc add(parent, kid: Element) =
-  if parent.nodeName == cstring"TR" and (
-      kid.nodeName == cstring"TD" or kid.nodeName == cstring"TH"):
+  if parent.nodeName == "TR" and (kid.nodeName == "TD" or kid.nodeName == "TH"):
     let k = document.createElement("TD")
     appendChild(k, kid)
     appendChild(parent, k)
   else:
     appendChild(parent, kid)
 
-proc setClass(e: Element; value: string) =
+proc setClass(e: Element; value: cstring) =
   e.setAttribute("class", value)
-proc text(s: string): Element = cast[Element](document.createTextNode(s))
 proc text(s: cstring): Element = cast[Element](document.createTextNode(s))
 
-proc getElementById(id: cstring): Element {.importc: "document.getElementById", nodecl.}
-
 proc replaceById(id: cstring; newTree: Node) =
-  let x = getElementById(id)
+  let x = document.getElementById(id)
   x.parentNode.replaceChild(newTree, x)
   newTree.id = id
 
-proc findNodeWith(x: Element; tag, content: cstring): Element =
-  if x.nodeName == tag and x.textContent == content:
-    return x
-  for i in 0..<x.len:
-    let it = x[i]
-    let y = findNodeWith(it, tag, content)
-    if y != nil: return y
-  return nil
-
 proc clone(e: Element): Element {.importcpp: "#.cloneNode(true)", nodecl.}
-proc parent(e: Element): Element {.importcpp: "#.parentNode", nodecl.}
 proc markElement(x: Element) {.importcpp: "#.__karaxMarker__ = true", nodecl.}
 proc isMarked(x: Element): bool {.
   importcpp: "#.hasOwnProperty('__karaxMarker__')", nodecl.}
@@ -52,20 +55,13 @@ proc title(x: Element): cstring {.importcpp: "#.title", nodecl.}
 proc sort[T](x: var openArray[T]; cmp: proc(a, b: T): int) {.importcpp:
   "#.sort(#)", nodecl.}
 
-proc parentWith(x: Element; tag: cstring): Element =
-  result = x.parent
-  while result.nodeName != tag:
-    result = result.parent
-    if result == nil: return nil
-
 proc extractItems(x: Element; items: var seq[Element]) =
   if x == nil: return
-  if x.nodeName == cstring"A":
+  if x.nodeName == "A":
     items.add x
   else:
     for i in 0..<x.len:
-      let it = x[i]
-      extractItems(it, items)
+      extractItems(x[i], items)
 
 # HTML trees are so shitty we transform the TOC into a decent
 # data-structure instead and work on that.
@@ -76,16 +72,14 @@ type
     sortId: int
     doSort: bool
 
-proc extractItems(x: TocEntry; heading: cstring;
-                  items: var seq[Element]) =
+proc extractItems(x: TocEntry; heading: cstring; items: var seq[Element]) =
   if x == nil: return
   if x.heading != nil and x.heading.textContent == heading:
     for i in 0..<x.kids.len:
       items.add x.kids[i].heading
   else:
-    for i in 0..<x.kids.len:
-      let it = x.kids[i]
-      extractItems(it, heading, items)
+    for k in x.kids:
+      extractItems(k, heading, items)
 
 proc toHtml(x: TocEntry; isRoot=false): Element =
   if x == nil: return nil
@@ -119,31 +113,21 @@ proc toHtml(x: TocEntry; isRoot=false): Element =
   if ul.len != 0: result.add ul
   if result.len == 0: result = nil
 
-#proc containsWord(a, b: cstring): bool {.asmNoStackFrame.} =
-  #{.emit: """
-     #var escaped = `b`.replace(/[\-\[\]\/\{\}\(\)\*\+\?\.\\\^\$\|]/g, "\\$&");
-     #return new RegExp("\\b" + escaped + "\\b").test(`a`);
-  #""".}
-
-proc isWhitespace(text: cstring): bool {.asmNoStackFrame.} =
-  {.emit: """
-     return !/[^\s]/.test(`text`);
-  """.}
+proc isWhitespace(text: cstring): bool {.importcpp: r"!/\S/.test(#)".}
 
 proc isWhitespace(x: Element): bool =
-  x.nodeName == cstring"#text" and x.textContent.isWhitespace or
-    x.nodeName == cstring"#comment"
+  x.nodeName == "#text" and x.textContent.isWhitespace or x.nodeName == "#comment"
 
 proc toToc(x: Element; father: TocEntry) =
-  if x.nodeName == cstring"UL":
+  if x.nodeName == "UL":
     let f = TocEntry(heading: nil, kids: @[], sortId: father.kids.len)
     var i = 0
     while i < x.len:
       var nxt = i+1
       while nxt < x.len and x[nxt].isWhitespace:
         inc nxt
-      if nxt < x.len and x[i].nodeName == cstring"LI" and x[i].len == 1 and
-          x[nxt].nodeName == cstring"UL":
+      if nxt < x.len and x[i].nodeName == "LI" and x[i].len == 1 and
+          x[nxt].nodeName == "UL":
         let e = TocEntry(heading: x[i][0], kids: @[], sortId: f.kids.len)
         let it = x[nxt]
         for j in 0..<it.len:
@@ -156,13 +140,12 @@ proc toToc(x: Element; father: TocEntry) =
     father.kids.add f
   elif isWhitespace(x):
     discard
-  elif x.nodeName == cstring"LI":
+  elif x.nodeName == "LI":
     var idx: seq[int] = @[]
     for i in 0 ..< x.len:
       if not x[i].isWhitespace: idx.add i
-    if idx.len == 2 and x[idx[1]].nodeName == cstring"UL":
-      let e = TocEntry(heading: x[idx[0]], kids: @[],
-                       sortId: father.kids.len)
+    if idx.len == 2 and x[idx[1]].nodeName == "UL":
+      let e = TocEntry(heading: x[idx[0]], kids: @[], sortId: father.kids.len)
       let it = x[idx[1]]
       for j in 0..<it.len:
         toToc(it[j], e)
@@ -171,31 +154,25 @@ proc toToc(x: Element; father: TocEntry) =
       for i in 0..<x.len:
         toToc(x[i], father)
   else:
-    father.kids.add TocEntry(heading: x, kids: @[],
-                             sortId: father.kids.len)
+    father.kids.add TocEntry(heading: x, kids: @[], sortId: father.kids.len)
 
 proc tocul(x: Element): Element =
   # x is a 'ul' element
   result = tree("UL")
   for i in 0..<x.len:
     let it = x[i]
-    if it.nodeName == cstring"LI":
+    if it.nodeName == "LI":
       result.add it.clone
-    elif it.nodeName == cstring"UL":
+    elif it.nodeName == "UL":
       result.add tocul(it)
 
-proc getSection(toc: Element; name: cstring): Element =
-  let sec = findNodeWith(toc, "A", name)
-  if sec != nil:
-    result = sec.parentWith("LI")
-
 proc uncovered(x: TocEntry): TocEntry =
   if x.kids.len == 0 and x.heading != nil:
     return if not isMarked(x.heading): x else: nil
   result = TocEntry(heading: x.heading, kids: @[], sortId: x.sortId,
                     doSort: x.doSort)
-  for i in 0..<x.kids.len:
-    let y = uncovered(x.kids[i])
+  for k in x.kids:
+    let y = uncovered(k)
     if y != nil: result.kids.add y
   if result.kids.len == 0: result = nil
 
@@ -214,9 +191,8 @@ proc buildToc(orig: TocEntry; types, procs: seq[Element]): TocEntry =
     t.markElement()
     for p in procs:
       if not isMarked(p):
-        let xx = getElementsByClass(p.parent, cstring"attachedType")
+        let xx = getElementsByClass(p.parentNode, "attachedType")
         if xx.len == 1 and xx[0].textContent == t.textContent:
-          #kout(cstring"found ", p.nodeName)
           let q = tree("A", text(p.title))
           q.setAttr("href", p.getAttribute("href"))
           c.kids.add TocEntry(heading: q, kids: @[])
@@ -227,15 +203,13 @@ proc buildToc(orig: TocEntry; types, procs: seq[Element]): TocEntry =
 var alternative: Element
 
 proc togglevis(d: Element) =
-  asm """
-    if (`d`.style.display == 'none')
-      `d`.style.display = 'inline';
-    else
-      `d`.style.display = 'none';
-  """
+  if d.style.display == "none":
+    d.style.display = "inline"
+  else:
+    d.style.display = "none"
 
 proc groupBy*(value: cstring) {.exportc.} =
-  let toc = getElementById("toc-list")
+  let toc = document.getElementById("toc-list")
   if alternative.isNil:
     var tt = TocEntry(heading: nil, kids: @[])
     toToc(toc, tt)
@@ -255,17 +229,16 @@ proc groupBy*(value: cstring) {.exportc.} =
     let ntoc = buildToc(tt, types, procs)
     let x = toHtml(ntoc, isRoot=true)
     alternative = tree("DIV", x)
-  if value == cstring"type":
+  if value == "type":
     replaceById("tocRoot", alternative)
   else:
     replaceById("tocRoot", tree("DIV"))
-  togglevis(getElementById"toc-list")
+  togglevis(document.getElementById"toc-list")
 
 var
   db: seq[Node]
   contents: seq[cstring]
 
-template normalize(x: cstring): cstring = x.toLower.replace("_", "")
 
 proc escapeCString(x: var cstring) =
   # Original strings are already escaped except HTML tags, so
@@ -280,31 +253,14 @@ proc escapeCString(x: var cstring) =
 
 proc dosearch(value: cstring): Element =
   if db.len == 0:
-    var stuff: Element
-    {.emit: """
-    var request = new XMLHttpRequest();
-    request.open("GET", "theindex.html", false);
-    request.send(null);
-
-    var doc = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument("theindex");
-    doc.documentElement.innerHTML = request.responseText;
-
-    //parser=new DOMParser();
-    //doc=parser.parseFromString("<html></html>", "text/html");
-
-    `stuff` = doc.documentElement;
-    """.}
-    db = stuff.getElementsByClass"reference"
-    contents = @[]
-    for ahref in db:
-      contents.add ahref.getAttribute("data-doc-search-tag")
+    return
   let ul = tree("UL")
   result = tree("DIV")
   result.setClass"search_results"
   var matches: seq[(Node, int)] = @[]
   for i in 0..<db.len:
     let c = contents[i]
-    if c == cstring"Examples" or c == cstring"PEG construction":
+    if c == "Examples" or c == "PEG construction":
     # Some manual exclusions.
     # Ideally these should be fixed in the index to be more
     # descriptive of what they are.
@@ -324,20 +280,103 @@ proc dosearch(value: cstring): Element =
     result.add tree("B", text"search results")
     result.add ul
 
-var oldtoc: Element
-var timer: Timeout
+proc loadIndex() {.async.} =
+  ## Loads theindex.html to enable searching
+  let
+    indexURL = document.getElementById("indexLink").getAttribute("href")
+    # Get root of project documentation by cutting off theindex.html from index href
+    rootURL = ($indexURL)[0 ..< ^"theindex.html".len]
+  var resp = fetch(indexURL).await().text().await()
+  # Convert into element so we can use DOM functions to parse the html
+  var indexElem = document.createElement("div")
+  indexElem.innerHtml = resp
+  # Add items into the DB/contents
+  for href in indexElem.getElementsByClass("reference"):
+    # Make links be relative to project root instead of current page
+    href.setAttr("href", cstring(rootURL & $href.getAttribute("href")))
+    db &= href
+    contents &= href.getAttribute("data-doc-search-tag")
+
+
+var
+  oldtoc: Element
+  timer: Timeout
+  loadIndexFut: Future[void] = nil
 
 proc search*() {.exportc.} =
   proc wrapper() =
-    let elem = getElementById("searchInput")
+    let elem = document.getElementById("searchInput")
     let value = elem.value
     if value.len != 0:
       if oldtoc.isNil:
-        oldtoc = getElementById("tocRoot")
+        oldtoc = document.getElementById("tocRoot")
       let results = dosearch(value)
       replaceById("tocRoot", results)
     elif not oldtoc.isNil:
       replaceById("tocRoot", oldtoc)
-
+  # Start loading index as soon as user starts typing.
+  # Will only be loaded the once anyways
+  if loadIndexFut == nil:
+    loadIndexFut = loadIndex()
+    # Run wrapper once loaded so we don't miss the users query
+    discard loadIndexFut.then(wrapper)
   if timer != nil: clearTimeout(timer)
   timer = setTimeout(wrapper, 400)
+
+proc copyToClipboard*() {.exportc.} =
+    {.emit: """
+
+    function updatePreTags() {
+
+      const allPreTags = document.querySelectorAll("pre:not(.line-nums)")
+
+      allPreTags.forEach((e) => {
+      
+          const div = document.createElement("div")
+          div.classList.add("copyToClipBoard")
+    
+          const preTag = document.createElement("pre")
+          preTag.innerHTML = e.innerHTML
+    
+          const button = document.createElement("button")
+          button.value = e.textContent.replace('...', '') 
+          button.classList.add("copyToClipBoardBtn")
+          button.style.cursor = "pointer"
+    
+          div.appendChild(preTag)
+          div.appendChild(button)
+    
+          e.outerHTML = div.outerHTML
+      
+      })
+    }
+
+
+    function copyTextToClipboard(e) {
+        const clipBoardContent = e.target.value
+        navigator.clipboard.writeText(clipBoardContent).then(function() {
+            e.target.style.setProperty("--clipboard-image", "var(--clipboard-image-selected)")
+        }, function(err) {
+            console.error("Could not copy text: ", err);
+        });
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener("click", (e) => {
+        if (e.target.classList.contains("copyToClipBoardBtn")) {
+            copyTextToClipboard(e)
+          }
+    })
+
+    window.addEventListener("mouseover", (e) => {
+        if (e.target.nodeName === "PRE") {
+            e.target.nextElementSibling.style.setProperty("--clipboard-image", "var(--clipboard-image-normal)")
+        }
+    })
+    
+    window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", updatePreTags)
+
+    """
+    .}
+
+copyToClipboard()
+window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", onDOMLoaded)
diff --git a/tools/finish.nim b/tools/finish.nim
index 4b5131045..69838829c 100644
--- a/tools/finish.nim
+++ b/tools/finish.nim
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ proc downloadMingw(): DownloadResult =
   let curl = findExe"curl"
   var cmd: string
   if curl.len > 0:
-    cmd = quoteShell(curl) & " --out " & "dist" / mingw & " " & url
+    cmd = quoteShell(curl) & " --output " & "dist" / mingw & " " & url
   elif fileExists"bin/nimgrab.exe":
     cmd = r"bin\nimgrab.exe " & url & " dist" / mingw
   if cmd.len > 0:
diff --git a/tools/grammar_nanny.nim b/tools/grammar_nanny.nim
index 397041559..cbdc51efc 100644
--- a/tools/grammar_nanny.nim
+++ b/tools/grammar_nanny.nim
@@ -3,8 +3,11 @@
 
 import std / [strutils, sets]
 
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
+
 import ".." / compiler / [
-  llstream, ast, lexer, options, msgs, idents,
+  llstream, lexer, options, msgs, idents,
   lineinfos, pathutils]
 
 proc checkGrammarFileImpl(cache: IdentCache, config: ConfigRef) =
@@ -13,12 +16,12 @@ proc checkGrammarFileImpl(cache: IdentCache, config: ConfigRef) =
   var stream = llStreamOpen(data)
   var declaredSyms = initHashSet[string]()
   var usedSyms = initHashSet[string]()
+  usedSyms.incl "module" # 'module' is the start rule.
   if stream != nil:
     declaredSyms.incl "section" # special case for 'section(RULE)' in the grammar
     var
       L: Lexer
       tok: Token
-    initToken(tok)
     openLexer(L, f, stream, cache, config)
     # load the first token:
     rawGetTok(L, tok)
@@ -35,6 +38,10 @@ proc checkGrammarFileImpl(cache: IdentCache, config: ConfigRef) =
           usedSyms.incl word
       else:
         rawGetTok(L, tok)
+    for u in declaredSyms:
+      if u notin usedSyms:
+        echo "Unused non-terminal: ", u
+
     for u in usedSyms:
       if u notin declaredSyms:
         echo "Undeclared non-terminal: ", u
diff --git a/tools/heapdumprepl.nim b/tools/heapdumprepl.nim
index 62454165d..4f06cf111 100644
--- a/tools/heapdumprepl.nim
+++ b/tools/heapdumprepl.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 include std/prelude
 import intsets
 
@@ -17,7 +16,6 @@ type
     roots: Table[int, NodeKind]
 
 proc add(father: Node; son: int) =
-  if father.kids.isNil: father.kids = @[]
   father.kids.add(son)
 
 proc renderNode(g: Graph; id: int) =
@@ -141,8 +139,8 @@ proc importData(input: string): Graph =
     close(i)
   else:
     quit "error: cannot open " & input
-  shallowCopy(result.nodes, nodes)
-  shallowCopy(result.roots, roots)
+  result.nodes = move nodes
+  result.roots = move roots
 
 if paramCount() == 1:
   repl(importData(paramStr(1)))
diff --git a/tools/kochdocs.nim b/tools/kochdocs.nim
index 621dc643f..477fb29fa 100644
--- a/tools/kochdocs.nim
+++ b/tools/kochdocs.nim
@@ -1,14 +1,23 @@
 ## Part of 'koch' responsible for the documentation generation.
 
-import os, strutils, osproc, sets, pathnorm, pegs, sequtils
+import std/[os, strutils, osproc, sets, pathnorm, sequtils, pegs]
+
+import officialpackages
+export exec
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/assertions
+
 from std/private/globs import nativeToUnixPath, walkDirRecFilter, PathEntry
 import "../compiler/nimpaths"
 
 const
   gaCode* = " --doc.googleAnalytics:UA-48159761-1"
+  paCode* = " --doc.plausibleAnalytics:nim-lang.org"
   # errormax: subsequent errors are probably consequences of 1st one; a simple
   # bug could cause unlimited number of errors otherwise, hard to debug in CI.
-  nimArgs = "--errormax:3 --hint:Conf:off --hint:Path:off --hint:Processing:off --hint:XDeclaredButNotUsed:off --warning:UnusedImport:off -d:boot --putenv:nimversion=$#" % system.NimVersion
+  docDefines = "-d:nimExperimentalLinenoiseExtra"
+  nimArgs = "--errormax:3 --hint:Conf:off --hint:Path:off --hint:Processing:off --hint:XDeclaredButNotUsed:off --warning:UnusedImport:off -d:boot --putenv:nimversion=$# $#" % [system.NimVersion, docDefines]
   gitUrl = "https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim"
   docHtmlOutput = "doc/html"
   webUploadOutput = "web/upload"
@@ -39,38 +48,19 @@ proc findNimImpl*(): tuple[path: string, ok: bool] =
 
 proc findNim*(): string = findNimImpl().path
 
-proc exec*(cmd: string, errorcode: int = QuitFailure, additionalPath = "") =
-  let prevPath = getEnv("PATH")
-  if additionalPath.len > 0:
-    var absolute = additionalPath
-    if not absolute.isAbsolute:
-      absolute = getCurrentDir() / absolute
-    echo("Adding to $PATH: ", absolute)
-    putEnv("PATH", (if prevPath.len > 0: prevPath & PathSep else: "") & absolute)
-  echo(cmd)
-  if execShellCmd(cmd) != 0: quit("FAILURE", errorcode)
-  putEnv("PATH", prevPath)
-
 template inFold*(desc, body) =
-  if existsEnv("TRAVIS"):
-    echo "travis_fold:start:" & desc.replace(" ", "_")
-  elif existsEnv("GITHUB_ACTIONS"):
+  if existsEnv("GITHUB_ACTIONS"):
     echo "::group::" & desc
   elif existsEnv("TF_BUILD"):
     echo "##[group]" & desc
-
   body
-
-  if existsEnv("TRAVIS"):
-    echo "travis_fold:end:" & desc.replace(" ", "_")
-  elif existsEnv("GITHUB_ACTIONS"):
+  if existsEnv("GITHUB_ACTIONS"):
     echo "::endgroup::"
   elif existsEnv("TF_BUILD"):
     echo "##[endgroup]"
 
 proc execFold*(desc, cmd: string, errorcode: int = QuitFailure, additionalPath = "") =
   ## Execute shell command. Add log folding for various CI services.
-  # https://github.com/travis-ci/travis-ci/issues/2285#issuecomment-42724719
   let desc = if desc.len == 0: cmd else: desc
   inFold(desc):
     exec(cmd, errorcode, additionalPath)
@@ -97,44 +87,44 @@ proc nimCompile*(input: string, outputDir = "bin", mode = "c", options = "") =
   let cmd = findNim().quoteShell() & " " & mode & " -o:" & output & " " & options & " " & input
   exec cmd
 
-proc nimCompileFold*(desc, input: string, outputDir = "bin", mode = "c", options = "") =
-  let output = outputDir / input.splitFile.name.exe
+proc nimCompileFold*(desc, input: string, outputDir = "bin", mode = "c", options = "", outputName = "") =
+  let outputName2 = if outputName.len == 0: input.splitFile.name.exe else: outputName.exe
+  let output = outputDir / outputName2
   let cmd = findNim().quoteShell() & " " & mode & " -o:" & output & " " & options & " " & input
   execFold(desc, cmd)
 
-proc getRst2html(): seq[string] =
+const officialPackagesMarkdown = """
+pkgs/atlas/doc/atlas.md
+""".splitWhitespace()
+
+proc getMd2html(): seq[string] =
   for a in walkDirRecFilter("doc"):
     let path = a.path
-    if a.kind == pcFile and path.splitFile.ext == ".rst" and path.lastPathPart notin
-        ["docs.rst", "nimfix.rst"]:
-          # maybe we should still show nimfix, could help reviving it
+    if a.kind == pcFile and path.splitFile.ext == ".md" and path.lastPathPart notin
+        ["docs.md",
+         "docstyle.md" # docstyle.md shouldn't be converted to html separately;
+                       # it's included in contributing.md.
+        ]:
           # `docs` is redundant with `overview`, might as well remove that file?
       result.add path
-  doAssert "doc/manual/var_t_return.rst".unixToNativePath in result # sanity check
+  for md in officialPackagesMarkdown:
+    result.add md
+  doAssert "doc/manual/var_t_return.md".unixToNativePath in result # sanity check
 
 const
-  rstPdfList = """
-manual.rst
-lib.rst
-tut1.rst
-tut2.rst
-tut3.rst
-nimc.rst
-niminst.rst
-gc.rst
+  mdPdfList = """
+manual.md
+lib.md
+tut1.md
+tut2.md
+tut3.md
+nimc.md
+niminst.md
+mm.md
 """.splitWhitespace().mapIt("doc" / it)
 
-  doc0 = """
-lib/system/threads.nim
-lib/system/channels_builtin.nim
-""".splitWhitespace() # ran by `nim doc0` instead of `nim doc`
-
   withoutIndex = """
-lib/wrappers/mysql.nim
-lib/wrappers/sqlite3.nim
-lib/wrappers/postgres.nim
 lib/wrappers/tinyc.nim
-lib/wrappers/odbcsql.nim
 lib/wrappers/pcre.nim
 lib/wrappers/openssl.nim
 lib/posix/posix.nim
@@ -162,6 +152,34 @@ lib/posix/posix_other_consts.nim
 lib/posix/posix_freertos_consts.nim
 lib/posix/posix_openbsd_amd64.nim
 lib/posix/posix_haiku.nim
+lib/pure/md5.nim
+lib/std/sha1.nim
+lib/pure/htmlparser.nim
+""".splitWhitespace()
+
+  officialPackagesList = """
+pkgs/asyncftpclient/src/asyncftpclient.nim
+pkgs/smtp/src/smtp.nim
+pkgs/punycode/src/punycode.nim
+pkgs/db_connector/src/db_connector/db_common.nim
+pkgs/db_connector/src/db_connector/db_mysql.nim
+pkgs/db_connector/src/db_connector/db_odbc.nim
+pkgs/db_connector/src/db_connector/db_postgres.nim
+pkgs/db_connector/src/db_connector/db_sqlite.nim
+pkgs/checksums/src/checksums/md5.nim
+pkgs/checksums/src/checksums/sha1.nim
+pkgs/checksums/src/checksums/sha2.nim
+pkgs/checksums/src/checksums/sha3.nim
+pkgs/checksums/src/checksums/bcrypt.nim
+pkgs/htmlparser/src/htmlparser.nim
+""".splitWhitespace()
+
+  officialPackagesListWithoutIndex = """
+pkgs/db_connector/src/db_connector/mysql.nim
+pkgs/db_connector/src/db_connector/sqlite3.nim
+pkgs/db_connector/src/db_connector/postgres.nim
+pkgs/db_connector/src/db_connector/odbcsql.nim
+pkgs/db_connector/src/db_connector/private/dbutils.nim
 """.splitWhitespace()
 
 when (NimMajor, NimMinor) < (1, 1) or not declared(isRelativeTo):
@@ -172,19 +190,19 @@ when (NimMajor, NimMinor) < (1, 1) or not declared(isRelativeTo):
     result = path.len > 0 and not ret.startsWith ".."
 
 proc getDocList(): seq[string] =
+  ##
   var docIgnore: HashSet[string]
-  for a in doc0: docIgnore.incl a
   for a in withoutIndex: docIgnore.incl a
   for a in ignoredModules: docIgnore.incl a
 
   # don't ignore these even though in lib/system (not include files)
   const goodSystem = """
-lib/system/io.nim
 lib/system/nimscript.nim
 lib/system/assertions.nim
 lib/system/iterators.nim
+lib/system/exceptions.nim
 lib/system/dollars.nim
-lib/system/widestrs.nim
+lib/system/ctypes.nim
 """.splitWhitespace()
 
   proc follow(a: PathEntry): bool =
@@ -224,49 +242,48 @@ proc buildDocSamples(nimArgs, destPath: string) =
   exec(findNim().quoteShell() & " doc $# -o:$# $#" %
     [nimArgs, destPath / "docgen_sample.html", "doc" / "docgen_sample.nim"])
 
-proc buildDocPackages(nimArgs, destPath: string) =
+proc buildDocPackages(nimArgs, destPath: string, indexOnly: bool) =
   # compiler docs; later, other packages (perhaps tools, testament etc)
   let nim = findNim().quoteShell()
     # to avoid broken links to manual from compiler dir, but a multi-package
     # structure could be supported later
 
   proc docProject(outdir, options, mainproj: string) =
-    exec("$nim doc --project --outdir:$outdir $nimArgs --git.url:$gitUrl $options $mainproj" % [
+    exec("$nim doc --project --outdir:$outdir $nimArgs --git.url:$gitUrl $index $options $mainproj" % [
       "nim", nim,
       "outdir", outdir,
       "nimArgs", nimArgs,
       "gitUrl", gitUrl,
       "options", options,
       "mainproj", mainproj,
+      "index", if indexOnly: "--index:only" else: ""
       ])
   let extra = "-u:boot"
   # xxx keep in sync with what's in $nim_prs_D/config/nimdoc.cfg, or, rather,
   # start using nims instead of nimdoc.cfg
   docProject(destPath/"compiler", extra, "compiler/index.nim")
 
-proc buildDoc(nimArgs, destPath: string) =
+proc buildDoc(nimArgs, destPath: string, indexOnly: bool) =
   # call nim for the documentation:
-  let rst2html = getRst2html()
+  let rst2html = getMd2html()
   var
-    commands = newSeq[string](rst2html.len + len(doc0) + len(doc) + withoutIndex.len)
+    commands = newSeq[string](rst2html.len + len(doc) + withoutIndex.len +
+              officialPackagesList.len + officialPackagesListWithoutIndex.len)
     i = 0
   let nim = findNim().quoteShell()
+
+  let index = if indexOnly: "--index:only" else: ""
   for d in items(rst2html):
-    commands[i] = nim & " rst2html $# --git.url:$# -o:$# --index:on $#" %
-      [nimArgs, gitUrl,
-      destPath / changeFileExt(splitFile(d).name, "html"), d]
-    i.inc
-  for d in items(doc0):
-    commands[i] = nim & " doc0 $# --git.url:$# -o:$# --index:on $#" %
+    commands[i] = nim & " md2html $# --git.url:$# -o:$# $# $#" %
       [nimArgs, gitUrl,
-      destPath / changeFileExt(splitFile(d).name, "html"), d]
+      destPath / changeFileExt(splitFile(d).name, "html"), index, d]
     i.inc
   for d in items(doc):
     let extra = if isJsOnly(d): "--backend:js" else: ""
     var nimArgs2 = nimArgs
     if d.isRelativeTo("compiler"): doAssert false
-    commands[i] = nim & " doc $# $# --git.url:$# --outdir:$# --index:on $#" %
-      [extra, nimArgs2, gitUrl, destPath, d]
+    commands[i] = nim & " doc $# $# --git.url:$# --outdir:$# $# $#" %
+      [extra, nimArgs2, gitUrl, destPath, index, d]
     i.inc
   for d in items(withoutIndex):
     commands[i] = nim & " doc $# --git.url:$# -o:$# $#" %
@@ -274,37 +291,51 @@ proc buildDoc(nimArgs, destPath: string) =
       destPath / changeFileExt(splitFile(d).name, "html"), d]
     i.inc
 
+
+  for d in items(officialPackagesList):
+    var nimArgs2 = nimArgs
+    if d.isRelativeTo("compiler"): doAssert false
+    commands[i] = nim & " doc $# --outdir:$# --index:on $#" %
+      [nimArgs2, destPath, d]
+    i.inc
+  for d in items(officialPackagesListWithoutIndex):
+    commands[i] = nim & " doc $# -o:$# $#" %
+      [nimArgs,
+      destPath / changeFileExt(splitFile(d).name, "html"), d]
+    i.inc
+
   mexec(commands)
-  exec(nim & " buildIndex -o:$1/theindex.html $1" % [destPath])
-    # caveat: this works so long it's called before `buildDocPackages` which
-    # populates `compiler/` with unrelated idx files that shouldn't be in index,
-    # so should work in CI but you may need to remove your generated html files
-    # locally after calling `./koch docs`. The clean fix would be for `idx` files
-    # to be transient with `--project` (eg all in memory).
 
 proc nim2pdf(src: string, dst: string, nimArgs: string) =
   # xxx expose as a `nim` command or in some other reusable way.
-  let outDir = "build" / "pdflatextmp" # xxx factor pending https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/616
+  let outDir = "build" / "xelatextmp" # xxx factor pending https://github.com/timotheecour/Nim/issues/616
   # note: this will generate temporary files in gitignored `outDir`: aux toc log out tex
-  exec("$# rst2tex $# --outdir:$# $#" % [findNim().quoteShell(), nimArgs, outDir.quoteShell, src.quoteShell])
+  exec("$# md2tex $# --outdir:$# $#" % [findNim().quoteShell(), nimArgs, outDir.quoteShell, src.quoteShell])
   let texFile = outDir / src.lastPathPart.changeFileExt("tex")
-  for i in 0..<2: # call LaTeX twice to get cross references right:
-    let pdflatexLog = outDir / "pdflatex.log"
+  for i in 0..<3: # call LaTeX three times to get cross references right:
+    let xelatexLog = outDir / "xelatex.log"
     # `>` should work on windows, if not, we can use `execCmdEx`
-    let cmd = "pdflatex -interaction=nonstopmode -output-directory=$# $# > $#" % [outDir.quoteShell, texFile.quoteShell, pdflatexLog.quoteShell]
-    exec(cmd) # on error, user can inspect `pdflatexLog`
+    let cmd = "xelatex -interaction=nonstopmode -output-directory=$# $# > $#" % [outDir.quoteShell, texFile.quoteShell, xelatexLog.quoteShell]
+    exec(cmd) # on error, user can inspect `xelatexLog`
+    if i == 1:  # build .ind file
+      var texFileBase = texFile
+      texFileBase.removeSuffix(".tex")
+      let cmd = "makeindex $# > $#" % [
+          texFileBase.quoteShell, xelatexLog.quoteShell]
+      exec(cmd)
   moveFile(texFile.changeFileExt("pdf"), dst)
 
-proc buildPdfDoc*(nimArgs, destPath: string) =
+proc buildPdfDoc*(args: string, destPath: string) =
+  let args = nimArgs & " " & args
   var pdfList: seq[string]
   createDir(destPath)
-  if os.execShellCmd("pdflatex -version") != 0:
-    doAssert false, "pdflatex not found" # or, raise an exception
+  if os.execShellCmd("xelatex -version") != 0:
+    doAssert false, "xelatex not found" # or, raise an exception
   else:
-    for src in items(rstPdfList):
+    for src in items(mdPdfList):
       let dst = destPath / src.lastPathPart.changeFileExt("pdf")
       pdfList.add dst
-      nim2pdf(src, dst, nimArgs)
+      nim2pdf(src, dst, args)
   echo "\nOutput PDF files: \n  ", pdfList.join(" ") # because `nim2pdf` is a bit verbose
 
 proc buildJS(): string =
@@ -317,11 +348,26 @@ proc buildJS(): string =
 proc buildDocsDir*(args: string, dir: string) =
   let args = nimArgs & " " & args
   let docHackJsSource = buildJS()
+  gitClonePackages(@["asyncftpclient", "punycode", "smtp", "db_connector", "checksums", "atlas", "htmlparser"])
   createDir(dir)
   buildDocSamples(args, dir)
-  buildDoc(args, dir) # bottleneck
+
+  # generate `.idx` files and top-level `theindex.html`:
+  buildDoc(args, dir, indexOnly=true) # bottleneck
+  let nim = findNim().quoteShell()
+  exec(nim & " buildIndex -o:$1/theindex.html $1" % [dir])
+    # caveat: this works so long it's called before `buildDocPackages` which
+    # populates `compiler/` with unrelated idx files that shouldn't be in index,
+    # so should work in CI but you may need to remove your generated html files
+    # locally after calling `./koch docs`. The clean fix would be for `idx` files
+    # to be transient with `--project` (eg all in memory).
+  buildDocPackages(args, dir, indexOnly=true)
+
+  # generate HTML and package-level `theindex.html`:
+  buildDoc(args, dir, indexOnly=false) # bottleneck
+  buildDocPackages(args, dir, indexOnly=false)
+
   copyFile(dir / "overview.html", dir / "index.html")
-  buildDocPackages(args, dir)
   copyFile(docHackJsSource, dir / docHackJsSource.lastPathPart)
 
 proc buildDocs*(args: string, localOnly = false, localOutDir = "") =
diff --git a/tools/nim.zsh-completion b/tools/nim.zsh-completion
index f7aeb72c6..1c3670fd9 100644
--- a/tools/nim.zsh-completion
+++ b/tools/nim.zsh-completion
@@ -1,148 +1,120 @@
 #compdef nim
 
+# Installation note:
+# Please name this file as _nim (with underscore!) and copy it to a
+# completions directory, either:
+# - system wide one, like /usr/share/zsh/functions/Completion/Unix/ on Linux
+# - or to a user directory like ~/scripts. Then you also need to add
+#   that directory in your ~/.zshrc to `fpath` array like so:
+#     fpath=( ~/scripts "${fpath[@]}" )
+
 _nim() {
-  _arguments -C \
-    ':command:((
-      {compile,c}\:compile\ project\ with\ default\ code\ generator\ C
-      doc\:generate\ the\ documentation\ for\ inputfile
-      {compileToC,cc}\:compile\ project\ with\ C\ code\ generator
-      {compileToCpp,cpp}\:compile\ project\ to\ C++\ code
-      {compileToOC,objc}\:compile\ project\ to\ Objective\ C\ code
-      js\:compile\ project\ to\ Javascript
-      e\:run\ a\ Nimscript\ file
-      rst2html\:convert\ a\ reStructuredText\ file\ to\ HTML
-      rst2tex\:convert\ a\ reStructuredText\ file\ to\ TeX
-      jsondoc\:extract\ the\ documentation\ to\ a\ json\ file
-      buildIndex\:build\ an\ index\ for\ the\ whole\ documentation
-      genDepend\:generate\ a\ DOT\ file\ containing\ the\ module\ dependency\ graph
-      dump\:dump\ all\ defined\ conditionals\ and\ search\ paths
-      check\:checks\ the\ project\ for\ syntax\ and\ semantic
-    ))' \
-    '*-r[run the application]' \
-    '*--run[run the application]' \
-    '*-p=[add path to search paths]' \
-    '*--path=[add path to search paths]' \
-    '*-d=[define a conditional symbol]' \
-    '*--define=[define a conditional symbol]' \
-    '*-u=[undefine a conditional symbol]' \
-    '*--undef=[undefine a conditional symbol]' \
-    '*-f[force rebuilding of all modules]' \
-    '*--forceBuild[force rebuilding of all modules]' \
-    '*--stackTrace=on[turn stack tracing on]' \
-    '*--stackTrace=off[turn stack tracing off]' \
-    '*--lineTrace=on[turn line tracing on]' \
-    '*--lineTrace=off[turn line tracing off]' \
-    '*--threads=on[turn support for multi-threading on]' \
-    '*--threads=off[turn support for multi-threading off]' \
-    '*-x=on[turn all runtime checks on]' \
-    '*-x=off[turn all runtime checks off]' \
-    '*--checks=on[turn all runtime checks on]' \
-    '*--checks=off[turn all runtime checks off]' \
-    '*--objChecks=on[turn obj conversion checks on]' \
-    '*--objChecks=off[turn obj conversion checks off]' \
-    '*--fieldChecks=on[turn case variant field checks on]' \
-    '*--fieldChecks=off[turn case variant field checks off]' \
-    '*--rangeChecks=on[turn range checks on]' \
-    '*--rangeChecks=off[turn range checks off]' \
-    '*--boundChecks=on[turn bound checks on]' \
-    '*--boundChecks=off[turn bound checks off]' \
-    '*--overflowChecks=on[turn int over-/underflow checks on]' \
-    '*--overflowChecks=off[turn int over-/underflow checks off]' \
-    '*-a[turn assertions on]' \
-    '*-a[turn assertions off]' \
-    '*--assertions=on[turn assertions on]' \
-    '*--assertions=off[turn assertions off]' \
-    '*--floatChecks=on[turn all floating point (NaN/Inf) checks on]' \
-    '*--floatChecks=off[turn all floating point (NaN/Inf) checks off]' \
-    '*--nanChecks=on[turn NaN checks on]' \
-    '*--nanChecks=off[turn NaN checks off]' \
-    '*--infChecks=on[turn Inf checks on]' \
-    '*--infChecks=off[turn Inf checks off]' \
-    '*--nilChecks=on[turn nil checks on]' \
-    '*--nilChecks=off[turn nil checks off]' \
-    '*--opt=none[do not optimize]' \
-    '*--opt=speed[optimize for speed|size - use -d:release for a release build]' \
-    '*--opt=size[optimize for size]' \
-    '*--debugger:native[use native debugger (gdb)]' \
-    '*--app=console[generate a console app]' \
-    '*--app=gui[generate a GUI app]' \
-    '*--app=lib[generate a dynamic library]' \
-    '*--app=staticlib[generate a static library]' \
-    '*--cpu=alpha[compile for Alpha architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=amd64[compile for x86_64 architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=arm[compile for ARM architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=arm64[compile for ARM64 architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=avr[compile for AVR architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=esp[compile for ESP architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=hppa[compile for HPPA architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=i386[compile for i386 architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=ia64[compile for ia64 architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=js[compile to JavaScript]' \
-    '*--cpu=m68k[compile for m68k architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=mips[compile for MIPS architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=mipsel[compile for MIPS EL architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=mips64[compile for MIPS64 architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=mips64el[compile for MIPS64 EL architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=msp430[compile for msp430 architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=nimvm[compile for Nim VM]' \
-    '*--cpu=powerpc[compile for PowerPC architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=powerpc64[compile for PowerPC64 architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=powerpc64el[compile for PowerPC64 EL architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=riscv32[compile for RISC-V 32 architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=riscv64[compile for RISC-V 64 architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=sparc[compile for SPARC architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=sparc64[compile for SPARC64 architecture]' \
-    '*--cpu=vm[compile for Nim VM]' \
-    '*--cpu=wasm32[compile to WASM 32]' \
-    '*--gc=refc[use reference counting garbage collection]' \
-    '*--gc=arc[use ARC garbage collection]' \
-    '*--gc=orc[use ORC garbage collection]' \
-    '*--gc=markAndSweep[use mark-and-sweep garbage collection]' \
-    '*--gc=boehm[use Boehm garbage collection]' \
-    '*--gc=go[use Go garbage collection]' \
-    '*--gc=regions[use region-based memory management]' \
-    '*--gc=none[disable garbage collection]' \
-    '*--os=Standalone[generate a stand-alone executable]' \
-    '*--os=AIX[compile for AIX]' \
-    '*--os=Amiga[compile for Amiga OS]' \
-    '*--os=Android[compile for Android]' \
-    '*--os=Any[compile for any OS]' \
-    '*--os=Atari[compile for Atari]' \
-    '*--os=DOS[compile for DOS]' \
-    '*--os=DragonFly[compile for DragonFly]' \
-    '*--os=FreeBSD[compile for FreeBSD]' \
-    '*--os=FreeRTOS[compile for FreeRTOS]' \
-    '*--os=Genode[compile for Genode]' \
-    '*--os=Haiku[compile for Haiku]' \
-    '*--os=iOS[compile for iOS]' \
-    '*--os=Irix[compile for Irix]' \
-    '*--os=Linux[compile for Linux]' \
-    '*--os=MacOS[compile for MacOS]' \
-    '*--os=MacOSX[compile for MacOSX]' \
-    '*--os=MorphOS[compile for MorphOS]' \
-    '*--os=NetBSD[compile for NetBSD]' \
-    '*--os=Netware[compile for Netware]' \
-    '*--os=NimVM[compile for NimVM]' \
-    '*--os=NintendoSwitch[compile for NintendoSwitch]' \
-    '*--os=OS2[compile for OS2]' \
-    '*--os=OpenBSD[compile for OpenBSD]' \
-    '*--os=PalmOS[compile for PalmOS]' \
-    '*--os=QNX[compile for QNX]' \
-    '*--os=SkyOS[compile for SkyOS]' \
-    '*--os=Solaris[compile for Solaris]' \
-    '*--os=VxWorks[compile for VxWorks]' \
-    '*--os=Windows[compile for Windows]' \
-    '*--os=JS[generate javascript]' \
-    '*--panics=off[turn panics into process terminations: off by default]' \
-    '*--panics=on[turn panics into process terminations]' \
-    '*--verbosity=0[set verbosity to 0]' \
-    '*--verbosity=1[set verbosity to 1 (default)]' \
-    '*--verbosity=2[set verbosity to 2]' \
-    '*--verbosity=3[set verbosity to 3]' \
-    '*--hints=on[print compilation hints]' \
-    '*--hints=off[disable compilation hints]' \
-    '*--hints=list[print compilation hints list]' \
-    ':filename:_files -g"*.nim"'
+  local -a nimCommands=(
+    {compile,c}:'compile project with default code generator C'
+    {compileToC,cc}:'compile project with C code generator'
+    {compileToCpp,cpp}:'compile project to C++ code'
+    {compileToOC,objc}:'compile project to Objective C code'
+    'js:compile project to Javascript'
+    'e:run a Nimscript file'
+    'doc:generate the HTML documentation for inputfile'
+    'rst2html:convert a reStructuredText file to HTML'
+    'doc2tex:generate the documentation for inputfile to LaTeX'
+    'rst2tex:convert a reStructuredText file to TeX'
+    'jsondoc:extract the documentation to a json file'
+    'buildIndex:build an index for the whole documentation'
+    'genDepend:generate a DOT file containing the module dependency graph'
+    'dump:dump all defined conditionals and search paths'
+    'check:checks the project for syntax and semantic'
+    {--help,-h}:'basic help'
+    '--fullhelp:show all switches'
+    {-v,--version}:'show version'
+  )
+
+  _arguments '*:: :->anyState' && return 0
+
+  if (( CURRENT == 1 )); then
+    _describe -t commands "Nim commands" nimCommands -V1
+    return
+  fi
+
+  local -a conditionalSymbols=(
+    release danger mingw androidNDK useNimRtl useMalloc noSignalHandler ssl
+    debug leanCompiler gcDestructors)
+  local -a sharedOpts=(
+    {--define\\:-,-d\\:-}'[define a conditional symbol]:x:($conditionalSymbols)'
+    {--undef\\:-,-u\\:-}'[undefine a conditional symbol]:x:($conditionalSymbols)'
+    {--path\\:-,-p\\:-}'[add path to search paths]:x:_files'
+    '--verbosity\:-[set verbosity level (default\: 1)]:x:(0 1 2 3)'
+    '--hints\:-[print compilation hints? (or `list`)]:x:(on off list)'
+  )
+  local runOpts=(
+    {--run,-r}'[run the application]'
+  )
+  local docOpts=(
+    '--index\:-[enable index .idx files?]:x:(on off)'
+    '--project\:-[output any dependency for doc?]:x:(on off)'
+    '--docInternal\:-[generate module-private documentation?]:x:(on off)'
+  )
+  local -a codeOpts=(
+    {--forceBuild,-f}'[force rebuilding of all modules]'
+    '--stackTrace\:-[enable stack tracing?]:x:(on off)'
+    '--lineTrace\:-[enable line tracing?]:x:(on off)'
+    '--threads\:-[enable support for multi-threading?]:x:(on off)'
+    {--checks\\:-,-x\\:-}'[enable/disable all runtime checks?]:x:(on off)'
+    '--objChecks\:-[enable obj conversion checks]:x:(on off)'
+    '--fieldChecks\:-[enable case variant field checks?]:x:(on off)'
+    '--rangeChecks\:-[enable range checks?]:x:(on off)'
+    '--boundChecks\:-[enable bound checks?]:x:(on off)'
+    '--overflowChecks\:-[enable integer over-/underflow checks?]:x:(on off)'
+    {--assertions\\:-,-a\\:-}'[enable assertions?]:x:(on off)'
+    '--floatChecks\:-[enable floating point (NaN/Inf) checks?]:x:(on off)'
+    '--nanChecks\:-[enable NaN checks?]:x:(on off)'
+    '--infChecks\:-[enable Inf checks?]:x:(on off)'
+    '--nilChecks\:-[enable nil checks?]:x:(on off)'
+    '--expandArc\:-[show how given proc looks before final backend pass]'
+    '--expandMacro\:-[dump every generated AST from given macro]'
+  )
+  local -a nativeOpts=(
+    '--opt\:-[optimization mode]:x:(none speed size)'
+    '--debugger\:native[use native debugger (gdb)]'
+    '--app\:-[generate this type of app (lib=dynamic)]:x:(console gui lib staticlib)'
+    '--cpu\:-[target architecture]:x:(alpha amd64 arm arm64 avr e2k esp hppa i386 ia64 js loongarch64 m68k mips mipsel mips64 mips64el msp430 nimvm powerpc powerpc64 powerpc64el riscv32 riscv64 sparc sparc64 vm wasm32)'
+    '--gc\:-[memory management algorithm to use (default\: refc)]:x:(refc arc orc markAndSweep boehm go regions none)'
+    '--os\:-[operating system to compile for]:x:(AIX Amiga Android Any Atari DOS DragonFly FreeBSD FreeRTOS Genode Haiku iOS Irix JS Linux MacOS MacOSX MorphOS NetBSD Netware NimVM NintendoSwitch OS2 OpenBSD PalmOS Standalone QNX SkyOS Solaris VxWorks Windows)'
+    '--panics\:-[turn panics into process termination (default\: off)]:x:(off on)'
+  )
+
+  case "$words[1]" in
+    compile|c|compileToC|cpp|compileToCpp|compileToOC|objc)
+      _arguments $codeOpts $runOpts $sharedOpts $nativeOpts \
+          '*:filename:_files -g"*.nim"'
+    ;;
+    js)
+      _arguments $codeOpts $runOpts $sharedOpts \
+          '*:filename:_files -g"*.nim"'
+    ;;
+    e)
+      _arguments $codeOpts $runOpts $sharedOpts \
+          '*:filename:_files -g"*.nims"'
+    ;;
+    doc|doc2tex|jsondoc)
+      _arguments $runOpts $sharedOpts '*:filename:_files -g"*.nim"'
+    ;;
+    rst2html|rst2tex)
+      _arguments $runOpts $sharedOpts $docOpts '*:filename:_files -g"*.rst"'
+    ;;
+    buildIndex|genDepend|check)
+      _arguments $sharedOpts '*:filename:_files -g"*.nim"'
+    ;;
+    dump)
+      _arguments $sharedOpts
+    ;;
+    *)
+      _arguments '*:filename:_files -g"*"'
+    ;;
+  esac
+
+  return 1
 }
 
 _nim "$@"
diff --git a/tools/nimblepkglist.nim b/tools/nimblepkglist.nim
index c4bec4485..92e1cad20 100644
--- a/tools/nimblepkglist.nim
+++ b/tools/nimblepkglist.nim
@@ -56,16 +56,16 @@ proc processContent(content: string) =
   var officialPkgListDiv = document.getElementById("officialPkgList")
 
   officialPkgListDiv.innerHTML =
-    p("There are currently " & $officialCount &
+    (p("There are currently " & $officialCount &
       " official packages in the Nimble package repository.") &
-    ul(officialList)
+    ul(officialList)).cstring
 
   var unofficialPkgListDiv = document.getElementById("unofficialPkgList")
 
   unofficialPkgListDiv.innerHTML =
-    p("There are currently " & $unofficialCount &
+    (p("There are currently " & $unofficialCount &
       " unofficial packages in the Nimble package repository.") &
-    ul(unofficialList)
+    ul(unofficialList)).cstring
 
 proc gotPackageList(apiReply: TData) {.exportc.} =
   let decoded = decodeContent($apiReply.content)
@@ -76,5 +76,5 @@ proc gotPackageList(apiReply: TData) {.exportc.} =
     var unofficialPkgListDiv = document.getElementById("unofficialPkgList")
     let msg = p("Unable to retrieve package list: ",
       code(getCurrentExceptionMsg()))
-    officialPkgListDiv.innerHTML = msg
-    unofficialPkgListDiv.innerHTML = msg
+    officialPkgListDiv.innerHTML = msg.cstring
+    unofficialPkgListDiv.innerHTML = msg.cstring
diff --git a/tools/nimfind.nim b/tools/nimfind.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 9c8247606..000000000
--- a/tools/nimfind.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,234 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#           The Nim Compiler
-#        (c) Copyright 2018 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-## Nimfind is a tool that helps to give editors IDE like capabilities.
-
-when not defined(nimcore):
-  {.error: "nimcore MUST be defined for Nim's core tooling".}
-when not defined(nimfind):
-  {.error: "nimfind MUST be defined for Nim's nimfind tool".}
-
-const Usage = """
-Nimfind - Tool to find declarations or usages for Nim symbols
-Usage:
-  nimfind [options] file.nim:line:col
-
-Options:
-  --help, -h              show this help
-  --rebuild               rebuild the index
-  --project:file.nim      use file.nim as the entry point
-
-In addition, all command line options of Nim that do not affect code generation
-are supported.
-"""
-
-import strutils, os, parseopt
-
-import "../compiler" / [options, commands, modules, sem,
-  passes, passaux, msgs, ast,
-  idents, modulegraphs, lineinfos, cmdlinehelper,
-  pathutils]
-
-import db_sqlite
-
-proc createDb(db: DbConn) =
-  db.exec(sql"""
-  create table if not exists filenames(
-    id integer primary key,
-    fullpath varchar(8000) not null
-  );
-  """)
-  db.exec sql"create index if not exists FilenameIx on filenames(fullpath);"
-
-  # every sym can have potentially 2 different definitions due to forward
-  # declarations.
-  db.exec(sql"""
-  create table if not exists syms(
-    id integer primary key,
-    nimid integer not null,
-    name varchar(256) not null,
-    defline integer not null,
-    defcol integer not null,
-    deffile integer not null,
-    deflineB integer not null default 0,
-    defcolB integer not null default 0,
-    deffileB integer not null default 0,
-    foreign key (deffile) references filenames(id),
-    foreign key (deffileB) references filenames(id)
-  );
-  """)
-
-  db.exec(sql"""
-  create table if not exists usages(
-    id integer primary key,
-    nimid integer not null,
-    line integer not null,
-    col integer not null,
-    colB integer not null,
-    file integer not null,
-    foreign key (file) references filenames(id),
-    foreign key (nimid) references syms(nimid)
-  );
-  """)
-  db.exec sql"create index if not exists UsagesIx on usages(file, line);"
-
-proc toDbFileId*(db: DbConn; conf: ConfigRef; fileIdx: FileIndex): int =
-  if fileIdx == FileIndex(-1): return -1
-  let fullpath = toFullPath(conf, fileIdx)
-  let row = db.getRow(sql"select id from filenames where fullpath = ?", fullpath)
-  let id = row[0]
-  if id.len == 0:
-    result = int db.insertID(sql"insert into filenames(fullpath) values (?)",
-      fullpath)
-  else:
-    result = parseInt(id)
-
-type
-  FinderRef = ref object of RootObj
-    db: DbConn
-
-proc writeDef(graph: ModuleGraph; s: PSym; info: TLineInfo) =
-  let f = FinderRef(graph.backend)
-  f.db.exec(sql"""insert into syms(nimid, name, defline, defcol, deffile) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)""",
-    s.id, s.name.s, info.line, info.col,
-    toDbFileId(f.db, graph.config, info.fileIndex))
-
-proc writeDefResolveForward(graph: ModuleGraph; s: PSym; info: TLineInfo) =
-  let f = FinderRef(graph.backend)
-  f.db.exec(sql"""update syms set deflineB = ?, defcolB = ?, deffileB = ?
-    where nimid = ?""", info.line, info.col,
-    toDbFileId(f.db, graph.config, info.fileIndex), s.id)
-
-proc writeUsage(graph: ModuleGraph; s: PSym; info: TLineInfo) =
-  let f = FinderRef(graph.backend)
-  f.db.exec(sql"""insert into usages(nimid, line, col, colB, file) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)""",
-    s.id, info.line, info.col, info.col + s.name.s.len - 1,
-    toDbFileId(f.db, graph.config, info.fileIndex))
-
-proc performSearch(conf: ConfigRef; dbfile: AbsoluteFile) =
-  var db = open(connection=string dbfile, user="nim", password="",
-                database="nim")
-  let pos = conf.m.trackPos
-  let fid = toDbFileId(db, conf, pos.fileIndex)
-  let known = toFullPath(conf, pos.fileIndex)
-  let nimids = db.getRow(sql"""select distinct nimid from usages where line = ? and file = ? and ? between col and colB""",
-      pos.line, fid, pos.col)
-  if nimids.len > 0:
-    var idSet = ""
-    for id in nimids:
-      if idSet.len > 0: idSet.add ", "
-      idSet.add id
-    var outputLater = ""
-    for r in db.rows(sql"""select line, col, filenames.fullpath from usages
-                          inner join filenames on filenames.id = file
-                          where nimid in (?)""", idSet):
-      let line = parseInt(r[0])
-      let col = parseInt(r[1])
-      let file = r[2]
-      if file == known and line == pos.line.int:
-        # output the line we already know last:
-        outputLater.add file & ":" & $line & ":" & $(col+1) & "\n"
-      else:
-        echo file, ":", line, ":", col+1
-    if outputLater.len > 0: stdout.write outputLater
-  close(db)
-
-proc setupDb(g: ModuleGraph; dbfile: AbsoluteFile) =
-  var f = FinderRef()
-  removeFile(dbfile)
-  f.db = open(connection=string dbfile, user="nim", password="",
-            database="nim")
-  createDb(f.db)
-  f.db.exec(sql"pragma journal_mode=off")
-  # This MUST be turned off, otherwise it's way too slow even for testing purposes:
-  f.db.exec(sql"pragma SYNCHRONOUS=off")
-  f.db.exec(sql"pragma LOCKING_MODE=exclusive")
-  g.backend = f
-
-proc mainCommand(graph: ModuleGraph) =
-  let conf = graph.config
-  let dbfile = getNimcacheDir(conf) / RelativeFile"nimfind.db"
-  if not fileExists(dbfile) or optForceFullMake in conf.globalOptions:
-    clearPasses(graph)
-    registerPass graph, verbosePass
-    registerPass graph, semPass
-    conf.setCmd cmdIdeTools
-    wantMainModule(conf)
-    setupDb(graph, dbfile)
-
-    graph.onDefinition = writeUsage # writeDef
-    graph.onDefinitionResolveForward = writeUsage # writeDefResolveForward
-    graph.onUsage = writeUsage
-
-    if not fileExists(conf.projectFull):
-      quit "cannot find file: " & conf.projectFull.string
-    add(conf.searchPaths, conf.libpath)
-    conf.setErrorMaxHighMaybe
-    try:
-      compileProject(graph)
-    finally:
-      close(FinderRef(graph.backend).db)
-  performSearch(conf, dbfile)
-
-proc processCmdLine*(pass: TCmdLinePass, cmd: string; conf: ConfigRef) =
-  var p = parseopt.initOptParser(cmd)
-  while true:
-    parseopt.next(p)
-    case p.kind
-    of cmdEnd: break
-    of cmdLongOption, cmdShortOption:
-      case p.key.normalize
-      of "help", "h":
-        stdout.writeLine(Usage)
-        quit()
-      of "project":
-        conf.projectName = p.val
-      of "rebuild":
-        incl conf.globalOptions, optForceFullMake
-      else: processSwitch(pass, p, conf)
-    of cmdArgument:
-      let info = p.key.split(':')
-      if info.len == 3:
-        conf.projectName = findProjectNimFile(conf, info[0].splitFile.dir)
-        if conf.projectName.len == 0: conf.projectName = info[0]
-        try:
-          conf.m.trackPos = newLineInfo(conf, AbsoluteFile info[0],
-                                        parseInt(info[1]), parseInt(info[2])-1)
-        except ValueError:
-          quit "invalid command line"
-      else:
-        quit "invalid command line"
-
-proc handleCmdLine(cache: IdentCache; conf: ConfigRef) =
-  let self = NimProg(
-    suggestMode: true,
-    processCmdLine: processCmdLine
-  )
-  self.initDefinesProg(conf, "nimfind")
-
-  if paramCount() == 0:
-    stdout.writeLine(Usage)
-    return
-
-  self.processCmdLineAndProjectPath(conf)
-
-  # Find Nim's prefix dir.
-  let binaryPath = findExe("nim")
-  if binaryPath == "":
-    raise newException(IOError,
-        "Cannot find Nim standard library: Nim compiler not in PATH")
-  conf.prefixDir = AbsoluteDir binaryPath.splitPath().head.parentDir()
-  if not dirExists(conf.prefixDir / RelativeDir"lib"):
-    conf.prefixDir = AbsoluteDir""
-
-  var graph = newModuleGraph(cache, conf)
-  if self.loadConfigsAndProcessCmdLine(cache, conf, graph):
-    mainCommand(graph)
-
-handleCmdLine(newIdentCache(), newConfigRef())
diff --git a/tools/nimfind.nims b/tools/nimfind.nims
deleted file mode 100644
index 3013c360d..000000000
--- a/tools/nimfind.nims
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
---define:nimfind
---define:nimcore
diff --git a/tools/nimgrab.nim b/tools/nimgrab.nim
index ee5eced1e..c86159739 100644
--- a/tools/nimgrab.nim
+++ b/tools/nimgrab.nim
@@ -1,33 +1,21 @@
-
-
-when defined(windows):
-  import os, urldownloader
-
-  proc syncDownload(url, file: string) =
-    proc progress(status: DownloadStatus, progress: uint, total: uint,
-                  message: string) {.gcsafe.} =
-      echo "Downloading " & url
-      let t = total.BiggestInt
-      if t != 0:
-        echo clamp(int(progress.BiggestInt*100 div t), 0, 100), "%"
-      else:
-        echo "0%"
-
-    downloadToFile(url, file, {optUseCache}, progress)
-    echo "100%"
-
-else:
-  import os, asyncdispatch, httpclient
-
-  proc syncDownload(url, file: string) =
-    var client = newHttpClient()
-    proc onProgressChanged(total, progress, speed: BiggestInt) =
-      echo "Downloading " & url & " " & $(speed div 1000) & "kb/s"
-      echo clamp(int(progress*100 div total), 0, 100), "%"
-
-    client.onProgressChanged = onProgressChanged
-    client.downloadFile(url, file)
-    echo "100%"
+import std/[os, httpclient]
+
+proc syncDownload(url, file: string) =
+  let client = newHttpClient()
+  proc onProgressChanged(total, progress, speed: BiggestInt) =
+    var message = "Downloading "
+    message.add url
+    message.add ' '
+    message.addInt speed div 1000
+    message.add "kb/s\n"
+    message.add $clamp(int(progress * 100 div total), 0, 100)
+    message.add '%'
+    echo message
+
+  client.onProgressChanged = onProgressChanged
+  client.downloadFile(url, file)
+  client.close()
+  echo "100%"
 
 if os.paramCount() != 2:
   quit "Usage: nimgrab <url> <file>"
diff --git a/tools/nimgrep.nim b/tools/nimgrep.nim
index cb46f30b8..599c616ba 100644
--- a/tools/nimgrep.nim
+++ b/tools/nimgrep.nim
@@ -11,111 +11,12 @@ import
   os, strutils, parseopt, pegs, re, terminal, osproc, tables, algorithm, times
 
 const
-  Version = "1.6.0"
+  Version = "2.0.0"
   Usage = "nimgrep - Nim Grep Searching and Replacement Utility Version " &
   Version & """
 
   (c) 2012-2020 Andreas Rumpf
-
-Usage:
-* To search:
-  nimgrep [options] PATTERN [(FILE/DIRECTORY)*/-]
-* To replace:
-  nimgrep [options] PATTERN --replace REPLACEMENT (FILE/DIRECTORY)*/-
-* To list file names:
-  nimgrep [options] --filenames [PATTERN] [(FILE/DIRECTORY)*]
-
-Positional arguments, from left to right:
-* PATERN is either Regex (default) or Peg if --peg is specified.
-  PATTERN and REPLACEMENT should be skipped when --stdin is specified.
-* REPLACEMENT supports $1, $# notations for captured groups in PATTERN.
-  Note: --replace mode DOES NOT ask confirmation unless --confirm is specified!
-* Final arguments are a list of paths (FILE/DIRECTORY) or a standalone
-  minus '-' (pipe) or not specified (empty). Note for the empty case: when
-  no FILE/DIRECTORY/- is specified nimgrep DOES NOT read the pipe, but
-  searches files in the current dir instead!
-    -                 read buffer once from stdin: pipe or terminal input;
-                      in --replace mode the result is directed to stdout;
-                      it's not compatible with --stdin, --filenames, --confirm
-    (empty)           current directory '.' is assumed (not with --replace)
-  For any given DIRECTORY nimgrep searches only its immediate files without
-  traversing sub-directories unless --recursive is specified.
-  In replacement mode all 3 positional arguments are required to avoid damaging.
-
-Options:
-* Mode of operation:
-  --find, -f          find the PATTERN (default)
-  --replace, -!       replace the PATTERN to REPLACEMENT, rewriting the files
-  --confirm           confirm each occurrence/replacement; there is a chance
-                      to abort any time without touching the file
-  --filenames         just list filenames. Provide a PATTERN to find it in
-                      the filenames (not in the contents of a file) or run
-                      with empty pattern to just list all files:
-                      nimgrep --filenames               # In current directory
-                      nimgrep --filenames "" DIRECTORY  # Note empty pattern ""
-
-* Interprete patterns:
-  --peg               PATTERN and PAT are Peg
-  --re                PATTERN and PAT are regular expressions (default)
-  --rex, -x           use the "extended" syntax for the regular expression
-                      so that whitespace is not significant
-  --word, -w          matches should have word boundaries (buggy for pegs!)
-  --ignoreCase, -i    be case insensitive in PATTERN and PAT
-  --ignoreStyle, -y   be style insensitive in PATTERN and PAT
-  NOTE: PATERN and patterns PAT (see below in other options) are all either
-        Regex or Peg simultaneously and options --rex, --word, --ignoreCase,
-        --ignoreStyle are applied to all of them.
-
-* File system walk:
-  --recursive, -r     process directories recursively
-  --follow            follow all symlinks when processing recursively
-  --ext:EX1|EX2|...   only search the files with the given extension(s),
-                      empty one ("--ext") means files with missing extension
-  --noExt:EX1|...     exclude files having given extension(s), use empty one to
-                      skip files with no extension (like some binary files are)
-  --includeFile:PAT   search only files whose names contain pattern PAT
-  --excludeFile:PAT   skip files whose names contain pattern PAT
-  --includeDir:PAT    search only files with whole directory path containing PAT
-  --excludeDir:PAT    skip directories whose name (not path) contain pattern PAT
-  --if,--ef,--id,--ed abbreviations of 4 options above
-  --sortTime          order files by the last modification time (default: off):
-       -s[:asc|desc]    ascending (recent files go last) or descending
-
-* Filter file content:
-  --match:PAT         select files containing a (not displayed) match of PAT
-  --noMatch:PAT       select files not containing any match of PAT
-  --bin:on|off|only   process binary files? (detected by \0 in first 1K bytes)
-                      (default: on - binary and text files treated the same way)
-  --text, -t          process only text files, the same as --bin:off
-
-* Represent results:
-  --nocolor           output will be given without any colors
-  --color[:on]        force color even if output is redirected (default: auto)
-  --colorTheme:THEME  select color THEME from 'simple' (default),
-                      'bnw' (black and white) ,'ack', or 'gnu' (GNU grep)
-  --count             only print counts of matches for files that matched
-  --context:N, -c:N   print N lines of leading context before every match and
-                      N lines of trailing context after it (default N: 0)
-  --afterContext:N,
-               -a:N   print N lines of trailing context after every match
-  --beforeContext:N,
-               -b:N   print N lines of leading context before every match
-  --group, -g         group matches by file
-  --newLine, -l       display every matching line starting from a new line
-  --cols[:N]          limit max displayed columns/width of output lines from
-                      files by N characters, cropping overflows (default: off)
-  --cols:auto, -%     calculate columns from terminal width for every line
-  --onlyAscii, -@     display only printable ASCII Latin characters 0x20-0x7E
-                      substitutions: 0 -> ^@, 1 -> ^A, ... 0x1F -> ^_,
-                                     0x7F -> '7F, ..., 0xFF -> 'FF
-* Miscellaneous:
-  --threads:N, -j:N   speed up search by N additional workers (default: 0, off)
-  --stdin             read PATTERN from stdin (to avoid the shell's confusing
-                      quoting rules) and, if --replace given, REPLACEMENT
-  --verbose           be verbose: list every processed file
-  --help, -h          shows this help
-  --version, -v       shows the version
-"""
+""" & slurp "../doc/nimgrep_cmdline.txt"
 
 # Limitations / ideas / TODO:
 # * No unicode support with --cols
@@ -194,26 +95,34 @@ type
                   filename: string, fileResult: FileResult]
   WalkOpt = tuple  # used for walking directories/producing paths
     extensions: seq[string]
-    skipExtensions: seq[string]
-    excludeFile: seq[string]
-    includeFile: seq[string]
-    includeDir : seq[string]
-    excludeDir : seq[string]
+    notExtensions: seq[string]
+    filename: seq[string]
+    notFilename: seq[string]
+    dirPath: seq[string]
+    notDirPath: seq[string]
+    dirname : seq[string]
+    notDirname : seq[string]
   WalkOptComp[Pat] = tuple  # a compiled version of the previous
-    excludeFile: seq[Pat]
-    includeFile: seq[Pat]
-    includeDir : seq[Pat]
-    excludeDir : seq[Pat]
+    filename: seq[Pat]
+    notFilename: seq[Pat]
+    dirname : seq[Pat]
+    notDirname : seq[Pat]
+    dirPath: seq[Pat]
+    notDirPath: seq[Pat]
   SearchOpt = tuple  # used for searching inside a file
-    patternSet: bool     # to distinguish uninitialized 'pattern' and empty one
-    pattern: string      # main PATTERN
-    checkMatch: string   # --match
-    checkNoMatch: string # --nomatch
-    checkBin: Bin        # --bin
+    patternSet: bool           # To distinguish uninitialized/empty 'pattern'
+    pattern: string            # Main PATTERN
+    inFile: seq[string]        # --inFile, --inf
+    notInFile: seq[string]     # --notinFile, --ninf
+    inContext: seq[string]     # --inContext, --inc
+    notInContext: seq[string]  # --notinContext, --ninc
+    checkBin: Bin              # --bin, --text
   SearchOptComp[Pat] = tuple  # a compiled version of the previous
     pattern: Pat
-    checkMatch: Pat
-    checkNoMatch: Pat
+    inFile: seq[Pat]
+    notInFile: seq[Pat]
+    inContext: seq[Pat]
+    notInContext: seq[Pat]
   SinglePattern[PAT] = tuple  # compile single pattern for replacef
     pattern: PAT
   Column = tuple  # current column info for the cropping (--limit) feature
@@ -748,7 +657,7 @@ template updateCounters(output: Output) =
 proc printInfo(filename:string, output: Output) =
   case output.kind
   of openError:
-    printError("can not open path " & filename & " " & output.msg)
+    printError("cannot open path '" & filename & "': " & output.msg)
   of rejected:
     if optVerbose in options:
       echo "(rejected: ", output.reason, ")"
@@ -818,6 +727,9 @@ iterator searchFile(pattern: Pattern; buffer: string): Output =
                      pre: pre,
                      match: move(curMi))
     i = t.last+1
+  when typeof(pattern) is Regex:
+    if buffer.len > MaxReBufSize:
+      yield Output(kind: openError, msg: "PCRE size limit is " & $MaxReBufSize)
 
 func detectBin(buffer: string): bool =
   for i in 0 ..< min(1024, buffer.len):
@@ -903,6 +815,33 @@ template declareCompiledPatterns(compiledStruct: untyped,
     body
   {.hint[XDeclaredButNotUsed]: on.}
 
+template ensureIncluded(includePat: seq[Pattern], str: string,
+                                body: untyped) =
+  if includePat.len != 0:
+    var matched = false
+    for pat in includePat:
+      if str.contains(pat):
+        matched = true
+        break
+    if not matched:
+      body
+
+template ensureExcluded(excludePat: seq[Pattern], str: string,
+                                body: untyped) =
+  {.warning[UnreachableCode]: off.}
+  for pat in excludePat:
+    if str.contains(pat, 0):
+      body
+      break
+  {.warning[UnreachableCode]: on.}
+
+func checkContext(context: string, searchOptC: SearchOptComp[Pattern]): bool =
+  ensureIncluded searchOptC.inContext, context:
+    return false
+  ensureExcluded searchOptC.notInContext, context:
+    return false
+  result = true
+
 iterator processFile(searchOptC: SearchOptComp[Pattern], filename: string,
                      yieldContents=false): Output =
   var buffer: string
@@ -932,13 +871,13 @@ iterator processFile(searchOptC: SearchOptComp[Pattern], filename: string,
         reason = "text file"
 
     if not reject:
-      if searchOpt.checkMatch != "":
-        reject = not contains(buffer, searchOptC.checkMatch, 0)
+      ensureIncluded searchOptC.inFile, buffer:
+        reject = true
         reason = "doesn't contain a requested match"
 
     if not reject:
-      if searchOpt.checkNoMatch != "":
-        reject = contains(buffer, searchOptC.checkNoMatch, 0)
+      ensureExcluded searchOptC.notInFile, buffer:
+        reject = true
         reason = "contains a forbidden match"
 
     if reject:
@@ -948,20 +887,50 @@ iterator processFile(searchOptC: SearchOptComp[Pattern], filename: string,
     else:
       var found = false
       var cnt = 0
-      for output in searchFile(searchOptC.pattern, buffer):
-        found = true
-        if optCount notin options:
-          yield output
-        else:
-          if output.kind in {blockFirstMatch, blockNextMatch}:
-            inc(cnt)
+      let skipCheckContext = (searchOpt.notInContext.len == 0 and
+                              searchOpt.inContext.len == 0)
+      if skipCheckContext:
+        for output in searchFile(searchOptC.pattern, buffer):
+          found = true
+          if optCount notin options:
+            yield output
+          else:
+            if output.kind in {blockFirstMatch, blockNextMatch}:
+              inc(cnt)
+      else:
+        var context: string
+        var outputAccumulator: seq[Output]
+        for outp in searchFile(searchOptC.pattern, buffer):
+          if outp.kind in {blockFirstMatch, blockNextMatch}:
+            outputAccumulator.add outp
+            context.add outp.pre
+            context.add outp.match.match
+          elif outp.kind == blockEnd:
+            outputAccumulator.add outp
+            context.add outp.blockEnding
+            # context has been formed, now check it:
+            if checkContext(context, searchOptC):
+              found = true
+              for output in outputAccumulator:
+                if optCount notin options:
+                  yield output
+                else:
+                  if output.kind in {blockFirstMatch, blockNextMatch}:
+                    inc(cnt)
+            context = ""
+            outputAccumulator.setLen 0
+      # end `if skipCheckContext`.
       if optCount in options and cnt > 0:
         yield Output(kind: justCount, matches: cnt)
       if yieldContents and found and optCount notin options:
         yield Output(kind: fileContents, buffer: move(buffer))
 
-
-proc hasRightFileName(path: string, walkOptC: WalkOptComp[Pattern]): bool =
+proc hasRightPath(path: string, walkOptC: WalkOptComp[Pattern]): bool =
+  if not (
+      walkOpt.extensions.len > 0 or walkOpt.notExtensions.len > 0 or
+      walkOpt.filename.len > 0 or walkOpt.notFilename.len > 0 or
+      walkOpt.notDirPath.len > 0 or walkOpt.dirPath.len > 0):
+    return true
   let filename = path.lastPathPart
   let ex = filename.splitFile.ext.substr(1) # skip leading '.'
   if walkOpt.extensions.len != 0:
@@ -971,31 +940,44 @@ proc hasRightFileName(path: string, walkOptC: WalkOptComp[Pattern]): bool =
         matched = true
         break
     if not matched: return false
-  for x in walkOpt.skipExtensions:
+  for x in walkOpt.notExtensions:
     if os.cmpPaths(x, ex) == 0: return false
-  if walkOptC.includeFile.len != 0:
-    var matched = false
-    for pat in walkOptC.includeFile:
-      if filename.contains(pat):
-        matched = true
-        break
-    if not matched: return false
-  for pat in walkOptC.excludeFile:
-    if filename.contains(pat): return false
-  let dirname = path.parentDir
-  if walkOptC.includeDir.len != 0:
-    var matched = false
-    for pat in walkOptC.includeDir:
-      if dirname.contains(pat):
-        matched = true
+  ensureIncluded walkOptC.filename, filename:
+    return false
+  ensureExcluded walkOptC.notFilename, filename:
+    return false
+  let parent = path.parentDir
+  ensureExcluded walkOptC.notDirPath, parent:
+    return false
+  ensureIncluded walkOptC.dirPath, parent:
+    return false
+  result = true
+
+proc isRightDirectory(path: string, walkOptC: WalkOptComp[Pattern]): bool =
+  ## --dirname can be only checked when the final path is known
+  ## so this proc is suitable for files only.
+  if walkOptC.dirname.len > 0:
+    var badDirname = false
+    var (nextParent, dirname) = splitPath(path)
+    # check that --dirname matches for one of directories in parent path:
+    while dirname != "":
+      badDirname = false
+      ensureIncluded walkOptC.dirname, dirname:
+        badDirname = true
+      if not badDirname:
         break
-    if not matched: return false
+      (nextParent, dirname) = splitPath(nextParent)
+    if badDirname:  # badDirname was set to true for all the dirs
+      return false
   result = true
 
-proc hasRightDirectory(path: string, walkOptC: WalkOptComp[Pattern]): bool =
-  let dirname = path.lastPathPart
-  for pat in walkOptC.excludeDir:
-    if dirname.contains(pat): return false
+proc descendToDirectory(path: string, walkOptC: WalkOptComp[Pattern]): bool =
+  ## --notdirname can be checked for directories immediately for optimization to
+  ## prevent descending into undesired directories.
+  if walkOptC.notDirname.len > 0:
+    let dirname = path.lastPathPart
+    ensureExcluded walkOptC.notDirname, dirname:
+      return false
   result = true
 
 iterator walkDirBasic(dir: string, walkOptC: WalkOptComp[Pattern]): string
@@ -1004,22 +986,24 @@ iterator walkDirBasic(dir: string, walkOptC: WalkOptComp[Pattern]): string
   var timeFiles = newSeq[(times.Time, string)]()
   while dirStack.len > 0:
     let d = dirStack.pop()
+    let rightDirForFiles = d.isRightDirectory(walkOptC)
     var files = newSeq[string]()
     var dirs = newSeq[string]()
-    for kind, path in walkDir(d):
+    for kind, path in walkDir(d, skipSpecial = true):
       case kind
       of pcFile:
-        if path.hasRightFileName(walkOptC):
+        if path.hasRightPath(walkOptC) and rightDirForFiles:
           files.add(path)
       of pcLinkToFile:
-        if optFollow in options and path.hasRightFileName(walkOptC):
+        if optFollow in options and path.hasRightPath(walkOptC) and
+            rightDirForFiles:
           files.add(path)
       of pcDir:
-        if optRecursive in options and path.hasRightDirectory(walkOptC):
+        if optRecursive in options and path.descendToDirectory(walkOptC):
           dirs.add path
       of pcLinkToDir:
         if optFollow in options and optRecursive in options and
-           path.hasRightDirectory(walkOptC):
+            path.descendToDirectory(walkOptC):
           dirs.add path
     if sortTime:  # sort by time - collect files before yielding
       for file in files:
@@ -1044,10 +1028,12 @@ iterator walkDirBasic(dir: string, walkOptC: WalkOptComp[Pattern]): string
 iterator walkRec(paths: seq[string]): tuple[error: string, filename: string]
          {.closure.} =
   declareCompiledPatterns(walkOptC, WalkOptComp):
-    walkOptC.excludeFile.add walkOpt.excludeFile.compileArray()
-    walkOptC.includeFile.add walkOpt.includeFile.compileArray()
-    walkOptC.includeDir.add  walkOpt.includeDir.compileArray()
-    walkOptC.excludeDir.add  walkOpt.excludeDir.compileArray()
+    walkOptC.notFilename.add walkOpt.notFilename.compileArray()
+    walkOptC.filename.add    walkOpt.filename.compileArray()
+    walkOptC.dirname.add     walkOpt.dirname.compileArray()
+    walkOptC.notDirname.add  walkOpt.notDirname.compileArray()
+    walkOptC.dirPath.add     walkOpt.dirPath.compileArray()
+    walkOptC.notDirPath.add  walkOpt.notDirPath.compileArray()
     for path in paths:
       if dirExists(path):
         for p in walkDirBasic(path, walkOptC):
@@ -1126,8 +1112,10 @@ template processFileResult(pattern: Pattern; filename: string,
 proc run1Thread() =
   declareCompiledPatterns(searchOptC, SearchOptComp):
     compile1Pattern(searchOpt.pattern, searchOptC.pattern)
-    compile1Pattern(searchOpt.checkMatch, searchOptC.checkMatch)
-    compile1Pattern(searchOpt.checkNoMatch, searchOptC.checkNoMatch)
+    searchOptC.inFile.add searchOpt.inFile.compileArray()
+    searchOptC.notInFile.add searchOpt.notInFile.compileArray()
+    searchOptC.inContext.add searchOpt.inContext.compileArray()
+    searchOptC.notInContext.add searchOpt.notInContext.compileArray()
     if optPipe in options:
       processFileResult(searchOptC.pattern, "-",
                         processFile(searchOptC, "-",
@@ -1169,8 +1157,10 @@ proc worker(initSearchOpt: SearchOpt) {.thread.} =
   searchOpt = initSearchOpt  # init thread-local var
   declareCompiledPatterns(searchOptC, SearchOptComp):
     compile1Pattern(searchOpt.pattern, searchOptC.pattern)
-    compile1Pattern(searchOpt.checkMatch, searchOptC.checkMatch)
-    compile1Pattern(searchOpt.checkNoMatch, searchOptC.checkNoMatch)
+    searchOptC.inFile.add searchOpt.inFile.compileArray()
+    searchOptC.notInFile.add searchOpt.notInFile.compileArray()
+    searchOptC.inContext.add searchOpt.inContext.compileArray()
+    searchOptC.notInContext.add searchOpt.notInContext.compileArray()
     while true:
       let (fileNo, filename) = searchRequestsChan.recv()
       var fileResult: FileResult
@@ -1268,6 +1258,11 @@ for kind, key, val in getopt():
     else:
       paths.add(key)
   of cmdLongOption, cmdShortOption:
+    proc addNotEmpty(s: var seq[string], name: string) =
+      if name == "":
+        reportError("empty string given for option --" & key &
+                    " (did you forget `:`?)")
+      s.add name
     case normalize(key)
     of "find", "f": incl(options, optFind)
     of "replace", "!": incl(options, optReplace)
@@ -1293,15 +1288,36 @@ for kind, key, val in getopt():
         nWorkers = countProcessors()
       else:
         nWorkers = parseNonNegative(val, key)
-    of "ext": walkOpt.extensions.add val.split('|')
-    of "noext", "no-ext": walkOpt.skipExtensions.add val.split('|')
-    of "excludedir", "exclude-dir",   "ed": walkOpt.excludeDir.add val
-    of "includedir", "include-dir",   "id": walkOpt.includeDir.add val
-    of "includefile", "include-file", "if": walkOpt.includeFile.add val
-    of "excludefile", "exclude-file", "ef": walkOpt.excludeFile.add val
-    of "match": searchOpt.checkMatch = val
-    of "nomatch":
-      searchOpt.checkNoMatch = val
+    of "extensions", "ex", "ext": walkOpt.extensions.add val.split('|')
+    of "nextensions", "notextensions", "nex", "notex",
+       "noext", "no-ext":  # 2 deprecated options
+      walkOpt.notExtensions.add val.split('|')
+    of "dirname",  "di":
+      walkOpt.dirname.addNotEmpty val
+    of "ndirname", "notdirname", "ndi", "notdi",
+       "excludedir", "exclude-dir", "ed":  # 3 deprecated options
+      walkOpt.notDirname.addNotEmpty val
+    of "dirpath", "dirp",
+       "includedir", "include-dir", "id":  # 3 deprecated options
+      walkOpt.dirPath.addNotEmpty val
+    of "ndirpath", "notdirpath", "ndirp", "notdirp":
+      walkOpt.notDirPath.addNotEmpty val
+    of "filename", "fi",
+       "includefile", "include-file", "if":  # 3 deprecated options
+      walkOpt.filename.addNotEmpty val
+    of "nfilename", "nfi", "notfilename", "notfi",
+       "excludefile", "exclude-file", "ef":  # 3 deprecated options
+      walkOpt.notFilename.addNotEmpty val
+    of "infile", "inf",
+       "matchfile", "match", "mf":  # 3 deprecated options
+      searchOpt.inFile.addNotEmpty val
+    of "ninfile", "notinfile", "ninf", "notinf",
+       "nomatchfile", "nomatch", "nf":  # 3 options are deprecated
+      searchOpt.notInFile.addNotEmpty val
+    of "incontext", "inc":
+      searchOpt.inContext.addNotEmpty val
+    of "nincontext", "notincontext", "ninc", "notinc":
+      searchOpt.notInContext.addNotEmpty val
     of "bin":
       case val
       of "on": searchOpt.checkBin = biOn
diff --git a/tools/nimgrep.nim.cfg b/tools/nimgrep.nim.cfg
deleted file mode 100644
index 64d3edc7a..000000000
--- a/tools/nimgrep.nim.cfg
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-# don't use --gc:refc because of bug
-# https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/14138 .
-# --gc:orc and --gc:markandsweep work well.
---threads:on --gc:orc
diff --git a/tools/niminst/buildsh.nimf b/tools/niminst/buildsh.nimf
index e13221781..063a02779 100644
--- a/tools/niminst/buildsh.nimf
+++ b/tools/niminst/buildsh.nimf
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #? stdtmpl(subsChar='?') | standard
 #proc generateBuildShellScript(c: ConfigData): string =
-#  result = "#! /bin/sh\n# Generated from niminst\n" &
+#  result = "#!/bin/sh\n# Generated from niminst\n" &
 #           "# Template is in tools/niminst/buildsh.nimf\n" &
 #           "# To regenerate run ``niminst csource`` or ``koch csource``\n"
 
@@ -21,10 +21,23 @@ do
       optosname=$2
       shift 2
       ;;
+    --parallel)
+      parallel=$2
+      shift 2
+      ;;
     --extraBuildArgs)
       extraBuildArgs=" $2"
       shift 2
       ;;
+    -h | --help)
+      echo "Options:"
+      echo "  --os <OS>"
+      echo "  --cpu <CPU architecture>"
+      echo "  --osname <name>           Additional OS specification (used for Android)"
+      echo "  --extraBuildArgs <args>   Additional arguments passed to the compiler"
+      echo "  --parallel <number>       Multiprocess build. Requires GNU parallel"
+      exit 0
+      ;;
     --) # End of all options
       shift
       break;
@@ -39,7 +52,15 @@ do
   esac
 done
 
+parallel="${parallel:-0}"
 CC="${CC:-gcc}"
+if [ "$parallel" -gt 1 ]; then
+  if ! command -v sem > /dev/null; then
+    echo "Error: GNU parallel is required to use --parallel"
+    exit 1
+  fi
+  CC="sem -j $parallel --id $$ ${CC}"
+fi
 COMP_FLAGS="${CPPFLAGS:-} ${CFLAGS:-} ?{c.ccompiler.flags}$extraBuildArgs"
 LINK_FLAGS="${LDFLAGS:-} ?{c.linker.flags}"
 PS4=""
@@ -88,6 +109,11 @@ case $uos in
     CC="clang"
     LINK_FLAGS="$LINK_FLAGS -lm"
     ;;
+  *crossos* )
+    myos="crossos"
+    CC="clang"
+    LINK_FLAGS="$LINK_FLAGS -lm"
+    ;;
   *openbsd* )
     myos="openbsd"
     CC="clang"
@@ -96,6 +122,7 @@ case $uos in
   *netbsd* )
     myos="netbsd"
     LINK_FLAGS="$LINK_FLAGS -lm"
+    ucpu=`uname -p`
     ;;
   *darwin* )
     myos="macosx"
@@ -113,6 +140,11 @@ case $uos in
     myos="solaris"
     LINK_FLAGS="$LINK_FLAGS -ldl -lm -lsocket -lnsl"
     ;;
+  *SunOS* )
+    myos="solaris"
+    LINK_FLAGS="$LINK_FLAGS -ldl -lm -lsocket -lnsl"
+    isOpenIndiana="yes"
+    ;;
   *haiku* )
     myos="haiku"
     LINK_FLAGS="$LINK_FLAGS -lroot -lnetwork"
@@ -133,7 +165,12 @@ esac
 
 case $ucpu in
   *i386* | *i486* | *i586* | *i686* | *bepc* | *i86pc* )
-    mycpu="i386" ;;
+    if [ "$isOpenIndiana" = "yes" ] || [ `uname -o` == "illumos" ] ; then
+      mycpu="amd64"
+    else
+      mycpu="i386"
+    fi
+    ;;
   *amd*64* | *x86-64* | *x86_64* )
     mycpu="amd64" ;;
   *sparc*|*sun* )
@@ -156,8 +193,10 @@ case $ucpu in
     mycpu="powerpc64" ;;
   *power*|*ppc* )
     if [ "$myos" = "freebsd" ] ; then
-      COMP_FLAGS="$COMP_FLAGS -m64"
-      LINK_FLAGS="$LINK_FLAGS -m64"
+      if [ "$ucpu" != "powerpc" ] ; then
+        COMP_FLAGS="$COMP_FLAGS -m64"
+        LINK_FLAGS="$LINK_FLAGS -m64"
+      fi
       mycpu=`uname -p`
       case $mycpu in
         powerpc64le)
@@ -187,10 +226,14 @@ case $ucpu in
     mycpu="alpha" ;;
   *aarch64*|*arm64* )
     mycpu="arm64" ;;
-  *arm*|*armv6l*|*armv71* )
+  *arm*|*armv6l*|*armv7l*|*armv8l* )
     mycpu="arm" ;;
   *riscv64|riscv* )
     mycpu="riscv64" ;;
+  *e2k* )
+    mycpu="e2k" ;;
+  *loongarch64* )
+    mycpu="loongarch64" ;;
   *)
     echo 2>&1 "Error: unknown processor: $ucpu"
     exit 1
@@ -222,6 +265,9 @@ case $myos in
     $CC $COMP_FLAGS -Ic_code -c ?{f} -o ?{changeFileExt(f, "o")}
 #        add(linkCmd, " \\\n" & changeFileExt(f, "o"))
 #      end for
+    if [ "$parallel" -gt 0 ]; then
+      sem --wait --id $$
+    fi
     $CC -o ?{"$binDir/" & toLowerAscii(c.name)} ?linkCmd $LINK_FLAGS
     ;;
 #    end for
diff --git a/tools/niminst/debcreation.nim b/tools/niminst/debcreation.nim
index d0f46fa52..219cb44ce 100644
--- a/tools/niminst/debcreation.nim
+++ b/tools/niminst/debcreation.nim
@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@
 
 import osproc, times, os, strutils
 
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/[assertions, syncio]
+
 # http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/
 
 # Required files for debhelper.
diff --git a/tools/niminst/deinstall.nimf b/tools/niminst/deinstall.nimf
index 8b4477369..0dcfda75e 100644
--- a/tools/niminst/deinstall.nimf
+++ b/tools/niminst/deinstall.nimf
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #? stdtmpl(subsChar='?') | standard
 #proc generateDeinstallScript(c: ConfigData): string =
-#  result = "#! /bin/sh\n# Generated by niminst\n"
+#  result = "#!/bin/sh\n# Generated by niminst\n"
 #  var proj = c.name.toLowerAscii
 
 if [ $# -eq 1 ] ; then
diff --git a/tools/niminst/install.nimf b/tools/niminst/install.nimf
index a78914ecd..75ff9ce11 100644
--- a/tools/niminst/install.nimf
+++ b/tools/niminst/install.nimf
@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
 #? stdtmpl(subsChar = '?') | standard
 #proc generateInstallScript(c: ConfigData): string =
-#  result = "#! /bin/sh\n# Generated by niminst\n"
+#  result = "#!/bin/sh\n# Generated by niminst\n"
 #  var proj = c.name.toLowerAscii
 
 set -e
 
 if [ $# -eq 1 ] ; then
-# if c.cat[fcUnixBin].len > 0:
-  if test -f ?{c.cat[fcUnixBin][0].toUnix}
+#if c.cat[fcUnixBin].len > 0:
+  if [ -f "?{c.cat[fcUnixBin][0].toUnix}" ]
   then
     echo "?c.displayName build detected"
   else
     echo "Please build ?c.displayName before installing it"
     exit 1
   fi
-#  end if
+#end if
   case $1 in
     "--help"|"-h"|"help"|"h")
       echo "?c.displayName installation script"
-      echo "Usage: [sudo] sh install.sh DIR"
+      echo "Usage: [sudo] [env DESTDIR=...] sh install.sh DIR"
       echo "Where DIR may be:"
       echo "  /usr/bin"
       echo "  /usr/local/bin"
@@ -29,19 +29,19 @@ if [ $# -eq 1 ] ; then
       exit 1
       ;;
     "/usr/bin")
-      bindir=/usr/bin
-      configdir=/etc/?proj
-      libdir=/usr/lib/?proj
-      docdir=/usr/share/?proj/doc
-      datadir=/usr/share/?proj/data
+      bindir=$1
+      configdir="/etc/?proj"
+      libdir="/usr/lib/?proj"
+      docdir="/usr/share/?proj/doc"
+      datadir="/usr/share/?proj/data"
       nimbleDir="/opt/nimble/pkgs/?c.nimblePkgName-?c.version"
       ;;
     "/usr/local/bin")
-      bindir=/usr/local/bin
-      configdir=/etc/?proj
-      libdir=/usr/local/lib/?proj
-      docdir=/usr/local/share/?proj/doc
-      datadir=/usr/local/share/?proj/data
+      bindir=$1
+      configdir="/etc/?proj"
+      libdir="/usr/local/lib/?proj"
+      docdir="/usr/local/share/?proj/doc"
+      datadir="/usr/local/share/?proj/data"
       nimbleDir="/opt/nimble/pkgs/?c.nimblePkgName-?c.version"
       ;;
     "/opt")
@@ -51,9 +51,6 @@ if [ $# -eq 1 ] ; then
       docdir="/opt/?proj/doc"
       datadir="/opt/?proj/data"
       nimbleDir="/opt/nimble/pkgs/?c.nimblePkgName-?c.version"
-      mkdir -p /opt/?proj
-      mkdir -p $bindir
-      mkdir -p $configdir
       ;;
     *)
       bindir="$1/?proj/bin"
@@ -62,16 +59,22 @@ if [ $# -eq 1 ] ; then
       docdir="$1/?proj/doc"
       datadir="$1/?proj/data"
       nimbleDir="$1/?proj"
-      mkdir -p $1/?proj
-      mkdir -p $bindir
-      mkdir -p $configdir
       ;;
   esac
 
-  mkdir -p $libdir
-  mkdir -p $docdir
-  mkdir -p $configdir
-  mkdir -p $nimbleDir/
+  bindir="${DESTDIR}${bindir}"
+  configdir="${DESTDIR}${configdir}"
+  libdir="${DESTDIR}${libdir}"
+  docdir="${DESTDIR}${docdir}"
+  datadir="${DESTDIR}${datadir}"
+  nimbleDir="${DESTDIR}${nimbleDir}"
+
+  mkdir -p "$bindir"
+  mkdir -p "$configdir"
+  mkdir -p "$libdir"
+  mkdir -p "$docdir"
+  mkdir -p "$datadir"
+  mkdir -p "$nimbleDir"
   echo "copying files..."
 #var createdDirs = newStringTable()
 #for cat in {fcConfig..fcLib, fcNimble}:
@@ -84,46 +87,46 @@ if [ $# -eq 1 ] ; then
 #    end if
 #    if mk.len > 0 and not createdDirs.hasKey(mk):
 #      createdDirs[mk] = "true"
-  mkdir -p ?{mk.toUnix}
+  mkdir -p "?{mk.toUnix}"
 #    end if
 #  end for
 #end for
 
 #for f in items(c.cat[fcUnixBin]):
-  cp ?f.toUnix $bindir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix
-  chmod 755 $bindir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix
+  cp "?f.toUnix" "$bindir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix"
+  chmod 755 "$bindir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix"
 #end for
 #for f in items(c.cat[fcConfig]):
-  cp ?f.toUnix $configdir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix
-  chmod 644 $configdir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix
+  cp "?f.toUnix" "$configdir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix"
+  chmod 644 "$configdir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix"
 #end for
 #for f in items(c.cat[fcData]):
-  if [ -f ?f.toUnix ]; then
-    cp ?f.toUnix $datadir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix
-    chmod 644 $datadir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix
+  if [ -f "?f.toUnix" ]; then
+    cp "?f.toUnix" "$datadir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix"
+    chmod 644 "$datadir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix"
   fi
 #end for
 #for f in items(c.cat[fcDoc]):
-  if [ -f ?f.toUnix ]; then
-    cp ?f.toUnix $docdir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix
-    chmod 644 $docdir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix
+  if [ -f "?f.toUnix" ]; then
+    cp "?f.toUnix" "$docdir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix"
+    chmod 644 "$docdir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix"
   fi
 #end for
 #for f in items(c.cat[fcLib]):
-  cp ?f.toUnix $libdir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix
-  chmod 644 $libdir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix
+  cp "?f.toUnix" "$libdir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix"
+  chmod 644 "$libdir/?f.skipRoot.toUnix"
 #end for
 #for f in items(c.cat[fcNimble]):
-  cp ?f.toUnix $nimbleDir/?f.toUnix
-  chmod 644 $nimbleDir/?f.toUnix
+  cp "?f.toUnix" "$nimbleDir/?f.toUnix"
+  chmod 644 "$nimbleDir/?f.toUnix"
 #end for
-cp ?{c.nimblePkgName}.nimble $nimbleDir/?{c.nimblePkgName}.nimble
-chmod 644 $nimbleDir/?{c.nimblePkgName}.nimble
+cp "?{c.nimblePkgName}.nimble" "$nimbleDir/?{c.nimblePkgName}.nimble"
+chmod 644 "$nimbleDir/?{c.nimblePkgName}.nimble"
 
   echo "installation successful"
 else
   echo "?c.displayName installation script"
-  echo "Usage: [sudo] sh install.sh DIR"
+  echo "Usage: [sudo] [env DESTDIR=...] sh install.sh DIR"
   echo "Where DIR may be:"
   echo "  /usr/bin"
   echo "  /usr/local/bin"
diff --git a/tools/niminst/makefile.nimf b/tools/niminst/makefile.nimf
index aff0c5da0..002bc0592 100644
--- a/tools/niminst/makefile.nimf
+++ b/tools/niminst/makefile.nimf
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ endif
 
 target := ?{"$(binDir)/" & toLowerAscii(c.name)}
 
+
 ucpu := $(shell sh -c 'uname -m | tr "[:upper:]" "[:lower:]"')
 ifeq ($(OS),Windows_NT)
   uos := windows
@@ -25,7 +26,8 @@ endif
 
 ifeq ($(uos),linux)
   myos = linux
-  LDFLAGS += -ldl -lm
+  ## add -lrt to avoid "undefined reference to `clock_gettime'" with glibc<2.17
+  LDFLAGS += -ldl -lm -lrt
 endif
 ifeq ($(uos),dragonfly)
   myos = freebsd
@@ -43,6 +45,7 @@ endif
 ifeq ($(uos),netbsd)
   myos = netbsd
   LDFLAGS += -lm
+  ucpu = $(shell sh -c 'uname -p')
 endif
 ifeq ($(uos),darwin)
   myos = macosx
@@ -102,9 +105,18 @@ endif
 ifeq ($(ucpu),x86_64)
   mycpu = amd64
 endif
+ifeq ($(ucpu),parisc64)
+  mycpu = hppa
+endif
+ifeq ($(ucpu),s390x)
+  mycpu = s390x
+endif
 ifeq ($(ucpu),sparc)
   mycpu = sparc
 endif
+ifeq ($(ucpu),sparc64)
+  mycpu = sparc64
+endif
 ifeq ($(ucpu),sun)
   mycpu = sparc
 endif
@@ -130,7 +142,7 @@ ifeq ($(ucpu),powerpc)
   endif
 endif
 ifeq ($(ucpu),ppc)
-  mycpu = ppc
+   mycpu = powerpc
 endif
 ifneq (,$(filter $(ucpu), mips mips64))
   mycpu = $(shell /bin/sh -c '"$(CC)" -dumpmachine | sed "s/-.*//"')
@@ -156,14 +168,26 @@ endif
 ifeq ($(ucpu),armv7hl)
   mycpu = arm
 endif
+ifeq ($(ucpu),armv8l)
+  mycpu = arm
+endif
 ifeq ($(ucpu),aarch64)
   mycpu = arm64
 endif
+ifeq ($(ucpu),arm64)
+  mycpu = arm64
+endif
 ifeq ($(ucpu),riscv64)
   mycpu = riscv64
 endif
+ifeq ($(ucpu),e2k)
+  mycpu = e2k
+endif
+ifeq ($(ucpu),loongarch64)
+  mycpu = loongarch64
+endif
 ifndef mycpu
-  $(error unknown processor: $(ucpu))
+  $(error unknown CPU architecture: $(ucpu) See makefile.nimf)
 endif
 
 # for osA in 1..c.oses.len:
diff --git a/tools/niminst/nim-file.ico b/tools/niminst/nim-file.ico
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0685fedcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/niminst/nim-file.ico
Binary files differdiff --git a/tools/niminst/niminst.nim b/tools/niminst/niminst.nim
index d81b98be9..40ee79814 100644
--- a/tools/niminst/niminst.nim
+++ b/tools/niminst/niminst.nim
@@ -8,8 +8,15 @@
 #
 
 import
-  os, strutils, parseopt, parsecfg, strtabs, streams, debcreation,
-  std / sha1
+  os, strutils, parseopt, parsecfg, strtabs, streams, debcreation
+
+import ../../dist/checksums/src/checksums/sha1
+
+when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
+  import std/syncio
+
+when not defined(nimHasEffectsOf):
+  {.pragma: effectsOf.}
 
 const
   maxOS = 20 # max number of OSes
@@ -161,11 +168,11 @@ proc parseCmdLine(c: var ConfigData) =
     next(p)
     var kind = p.kind
     var key = p.key
-    var val = p.val.string
+    var val = p.val
     case kind
     of cmdArgument:
       if c.actions == {}:
-        for a in split(normalize(key.string), {';', ','}):
+        for a in split(normalize(key), {';', ','}):
           case a
           of "csource": incl(c.actions, actionCSource)
           of "scripts": incl(c.actions, actionScripts)
@@ -176,11 +183,11 @@ proc parseCmdLine(c: var ConfigData) =
           of "deb": incl(c.actions, actionDeb)
           else: quit(Usage)
       else:
-        c.infile = addFileExt(key.string, "ini")
-        c.nimArgs = cmdLineRest(p).string
+        c.infile = addFileExt(key, "ini")
+        c.nimArgs = cmdLineRest(p)
         break
     of cmdLongOption, cmdShortOption:
-      case normalize(key.string)
+      case normalize(key)
       of "help", "h":
         stdout.write(Usage)
         quit(0)
@@ -198,7 +205,7 @@ proc parseCmdLine(c: var ConfigData) =
   if c.infile.len == 0: quit(Usage)
   if c.mainfile.len == 0: c.mainfile = changeFileExt(c.infile, "nim")
 
-proc eqT(a, b: string; t: proc (a: char): char{.nimcall.}): bool =
+proc eqT(a, b: string; t: proc (a: char): char {.nimcall.}): bool {.effectsOf: t.} =
   ## equality under a transformation ``t``. candidate for the stdlib?
   var i = 0
   var j = 0
@@ -508,6 +515,17 @@ template gatherFiles(fun, libpath, outDir) =
     # commenting out for now, see discussion in https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/pull/13413
     # copySrc(libpath / "lib/wrappers/linenoise/linenoise.h")
 
+proc exe(f: string): string =
+  result = addFileExt(f, ExeExt)
+  when defined(windows):
+    result = result.replace('/','\\')
+
+proc findNim(): string =
+  let nim = "nim".exe
+  result = quoteShell("bin" / nim)
+  if not fileExists(result):
+    result = "nim"
+
 proc srcdist(c: var ConfigData) =
   let cCodeDir = getOutputDir(c) / "c_code"
   if not dirExists(cCodeDir): createDir(cCodeDir)
@@ -526,10 +544,10 @@ proc srcdist(c: var ConfigData) =
       var dir = getOutputDir(c) / buildDir(osA, cpuA)
       if dirExists(dir): removeDir(dir)
       createDir(dir)
-      var cmd = ("nim compile -f --symbolfiles:off --compileonly " &
+      var cmd = ("$# compile -f --incremental:off --compileonly " &
                  "--gen_mapping --cc:gcc --skipUserCfg" &
                  " --os:$# --cpu:$# $# $#") %
-                 [osname, cpuname, c.nimArgs, c.mainfile]
+                 [findNim(), osname, cpuname, c.nimArgs, c.mainfile]
       echo(cmd)
       if execShellCmd(cmd) != 0:
         quit("Error: call to nim compiler failed")
diff --git a/tools/niminst/setup.ico b/tools/niminst/setup.ico
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..867163046
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/niminst/setup.ico
Binary files differdiff --git a/tools/niminst/uninstall.ico b/tools/niminst/uninstall.ico
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aff054644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/niminst/uninstall.ico
Binary files differdiff --git a/tools/nimweb.nim b/tools/nimweb.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index f71b5f3be..000000000
--- a/tools/nimweb.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,556 +0,0 @@
-#
-#
-#           Nim Website Generator
-#        (c) Copyright 2015 Andreas Rumpf
-#
-#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-import
-  os, strutils, times, parseopt, parsecfg, streams, strtabs, tables,
-  re, htmlgen, macros, md5, osproc, parsecsv, algorithm
-
-from xmltree import escape
-
-type
-  TKeyValPair = tuple[key, id, val: string]
-  TConfigData = object of RootObj
-    tabs, links: seq[TKeyValPair]
-    doc, srcdoc, srcdoc2, webdoc, pdf: seq[string]
-    authors, projectName, projectTitle, logo, infile, ticker: string
-    vars: StringTableRef
-    nimCompiler: string
-    nimArgs: string
-    gitURL: string
-    docHTMLOutput: string
-    webUploadOutput: string
-    quotations: Table[string, tuple[quote, author: string]]
-    numProcessors: int # Set by parallelBuild:n, only works for values > 0.
-    gaId: string  # google analytics ID, nil means analytics are disabled
-  TRssItem = object
-    year, month, day, title, url, content: string
-  TAction = enum
-    actAll, actOnlyWebsite, actPdf, actJson2, actOnlyDocs
-
-  Sponsor = object
-    logo: string
-    name: string
-    url: string
-    thisMonth: int
-    allTime: int
-    since: string
-    level: int
-
-var action: TAction
-
-proc initConfigData(c: var TConfigData) =
-  c.tabs = @[]
-  c.links = @[]
-  c.doc = @[]
-  c.srcdoc = @[]
-  c.srcdoc2 = @[]
-  c.webdoc = @[]
-  c.pdf = @[]
-  c.infile = ""
-  c.nimArgs = "--hint[Conf]:off --hint[Path]:off --hint[Processing]:off -d:boot "
-  c.gitURL = "https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim"
-  c.docHTMLOutput = "doc/html"
-  c.webUploadOutput = "web/upload"
-  c.authors = ""
-  c.projectTitle = ""
-  c.projectName = ""
-  c.logo = ""
-  c.ticker = ""
-  c.vars = newStringTable(modeStyleInsensitive)
-  c.numProcessors = countProcessors()
-  # Attempts to obtain the git current commit.
-  when false:
-    let (output, code) = execCmdEx("git log -n 1 --format=%H")
-    if code == 0 and output.strip.len == 40:
-      c.gitCommit = output.strip
-  c.quotations = initTable[string, tuple[quote, author: string]]()
-
-include "website.nimf"
-
-# ------------------------- configuration file -------------------------------
-
-const
-  version = "0.8"
-  usage = "nimweb - Nim Website Generator Version " & version & """
-
-  (c) 2015 Andreas Rumpf
-Usage:
-  nimweb [options] ini-file[.ini] [compile_options]
-Options:
-  -h, --help          shows this help
-  -v, --version       shows the version
-  -o, --output        overrides output directory instead of default
-                      web/upload and doc/html
-  --nimCompiler       overrides nim compiler; default = bin/nim
-  --var:name=value    set the value of a variable
-  --website           only build the website, not the full documentation
-  --pdf               build the PDF version of the documentation
-  --json2             build JSON of the documentation
-  --onlyDocs          build only the documentation
-  --git.url           override base url in generated doc links
-  --git.commit        override commit/branch in generated doc links 'source'
-  --git.devel         override devel branch in generated doc links 'edit'
-Compile_options:
-  will be passed to the Nim compiler
-"""
-
-  rYearMonthDay = r"on\s+(\d{2})\/(\d{2})\/(\d{4})"
-  rssUrl = "http://nim-lang.org/news.xml"
-  rssNewsUrl = "http://nim-lang.org/news.html"
-  activeSponsors = "web/sponsors.csv"
-  inactiveSponsors = "web/inactive_sponsors.csv"
-  validAnchorCharacters = Letters + Digits
-
-
-macro id(e: untyped): untyped =
-  ## generates the rss xml ``id`` element.
-  let e = callsite()
-  result = xmlCheckedTag(e, "id")
-
-macro updated(e: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
-  ## generates the rss xml ``updated`` element.
-  let e = callsite()
-  result = xmlCheckedTag(e, "updated")
-
-proc updatedDate(year, month, day: string): string =
-  ## wrapper around the update macro with easy input.
-  result = updated("$1-$2-$3T00:00:00Z" % [year,
-    repeat("0", 2 - len(month)) & month,
-    repeat("0", 2 - len(day)) & day])
-
-macro entry(e: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
-  ## generates the rss xml ``entry`` element.
-  let e = callsite()
-  result = xmlCheckedTag(e, "entry")
-
-macro content(e: varargs[untyped]): untyped =
-  ## generates the rss xml ``content`` element.
-  let e = callsite()
-  result = xmlCheckedTag(e, "content", reqAttr = "type")
-
-proc parseCmdLine(c: var TConfigData) =
-  var p = initOptParser()
-  while true:
-    next(p)
-    var kind = p.kind
-    var key = p.key
-    var val = p.val
-    case kind
-    of cmdArgument:
-      c.infile = addFileExt(key, "ini")
-      c.nimArgs.add(cmdLineRest(p))
-      break
-    of cmdLongOption, cmdShortOption:
-      case normalize(key)
-      of "help", "h":
-        stdout.write(usage)
-        quit(0)
-      of "version", "v":
-        stdout.write(version & "\n")
-        quit(0)
-      of "output", "o":
-        c.webUploadOutput = val
-        c.docHTMLOutput = val / "docs"
-      of "nimcompiler":
-        c.nimCompiler = val
-      of "parallelbuild":
-        try:
-          let num = parseInt(val)
-          if num != 0: c.numProcessors = num
-        except ValueError:
-          quit("invalid numeric value for --parallelBuild")
-      of "var":
-        var idx = val.find('=')
-        if idx < 0: quit("invalid command line")
-        c.vars[substr(val, 0, idx-1)] = substr(val, idx+1)
-      of "website": action = actOnlyWebsite
-      of "pdf": action = actPdf
-      of "json2": action = actJson2
-      of "onlydocs": action = actOnlyDocs
-      of "googleanalytics":
-        c.gaId = val
-        c.nimArgs.add("--doc.googleAnalytics:" & val & " ")
-      of "git.url":
-        c.gitURL = val
-      of "git.commit":
-        c.nimArgs.add("--git.commit:" & val & " ")
-      of "git.devel":
-        c.nimArgs.add("--git.devel:" & val & " ")
-      else:
-        echo("Invalid argument '$1'" % [key])
-        quit(usage)
-    of cmdEnd: break
-  if c.infile.len == 0: quit(usage)
-
-proc walkDirRecursively(s: var seq[string], root, ext: string) =
-  for k, f in walkDir(root):
-    case k
-    of pcFile, pcLinkToFile:
-      if cmpIgnoreCase(ext, splitFile(f).ext) == 0:
-        add(s, f)
-    of pcDir: walkDirRecursively(s, f, ext)
-    of pcLinkToDir: discard
-
-proc addFiles(s: var seq[string], dir, ext: string, patterns: seq[string]) =
-  for p in items(patterns):
-    if fileExists(dir / addFileExt(p, ext)):
-      s.add(dir / addFileExt(p, ext))
-    if dirExists(dir / p):
-      walkDirRecursively(s, dir / p, ext)
-
-proc parseIniFile(c: var TConfigData) =
-  var
-    p: CfgParser
-    section: string # current section
-  var input = newFileStream(c.infile, fmRead)
-  if input == nil: quit("cannot open: " & c.infile)
-  open(p, input, c.infile)
-  while true:
-    var k = next(p)
-    case k.kind
-    of cfgEof: break
-    of cfgSectionStart:
-      section = normalize(k.section)
-      case section
-      of "project", "links", "tabs", "ticker", "documentation", "var": discard
-      else: echo("[Warning] Skipping unknown section: " & section)
-
-    of cfgKeyValuePair:
-      var v = k.value % c.vars
-      c.vars[k.key] = v
-
-      case section
-      of "project":
-        case normalize(k.key)
-        of "name": c.projectName = v
-        of "title": c.projectTitle = v
-        of "logo": c.logo = v
-        of "authors": c.authors = v
-        else: quit(errorStr(p, "unknown variable: " & k.key))
-      of "var": discard
-      of "links":
-        let valID = v.split(';')
-        add(c.links, (k.key.replace('_', ' '), valID[1], valID[0]))
-      of "tabs": add(c.tabs, (k.key, "", v))
-      of "ticker": c.ticker = v
-      of "documentation":
-        case normalize(k.key)
-        of "doc": addFiles(c.doc, "doc", ".rst", split(v, {';'}))
-        of "pdf": addFiles(c.pdf, "doc", ".rst", split(v, {';'}))
-        of "srcdoc": addFiles(c.srcdoc, "lib", ".nim", split(v, {';'}))
-        of "srcdoc2": addFiles(c.srcdoc2, "lib", ".nim", split(v, {';'}))
-        of "webdoc": addFiles(c.webdoc, "lib", ".nim", split(v, {';'}))
-        of "parallelbuild":
-          try:
-            let num = parseInt(v)
-            if num != 0: c.numProcessors = num
-          except ValueError:
-            quit("invalid numeric value for --parallelBuild in config")
-        else: quit(errorStr(p, "unknown variable: " & k.key))
-      of "quotations":
-        let vSplit = v.split('-')
-        doAssert vSplit.len == 2
-        c.quotations[k.key.normalize] = (vSplit[0], vSplit[1])
-      else: discard
-    of cfgOption: quit(errorStr(p, "syntax error"))
-    of cfgError: quit(errorStr(p, k.msg))
-  close(p)
-  if c.projectName.len == 0:
-    c.projectName = changeFileExt(extractFilename(c.infile), "")
-
-# ------------------- main ----------------------------------------------------
-
-
-proc exe(f: string): string = return addFileExt(f, ExeExt)
-
-proc findNim(c: TConfigData): string =
-  if c.nimCompiler.len > 0: return c.nimCompiler
-  var nim = "nim".exe
-  result = "bin" / nim
-  if fileExists(result): return
-  for dir in split(getEnv("PATH"), PathSep):
-    if fileExists(dir / nim): return dir / nim
-  # assume there is a symlink to the exe or something:
-  return nim
-
-proc exec(cmd: string) =
-  echo(cmd)
-  let (outp, exitCode) = osproc.execCmdEx(cmd)
-  if exitCode != 0: quit outp
-
-proc sexec(cmds: openarray[string]) =
-  ## Serial queue wrapper around exec.
-  for cmd in cmds: exec(cmd)
-
-proc mexec(cmds: openarray[string], processors: int) =
-  ## Multiprocessor version of exec
-  doAssert processors > 0, "nimweb needs at least one processor"
-  if processors == 1:
-    sexec(cmds)
-    return
-  let r = execProcesses(cmds, {poStdErrToStdOut, poParentStreams, poEchoCmd},
-    n = processors)
-  if r != 0:
-    echo "external program failed, retrying serial work queue for logs!"
-    sexec(cmds)
-
-proc buildDocSamples(c: var TConfigData, destPath: string) =
-  ## Special case documentation sample proc.
-  ##
-  ## TODO: consider integrating into the existing generic documentation builders
-  ## now that we have a single `doc` command.
-  exec(findNim(c) & " doc $# -o:$# $#" %
-    [c.nimArgs, destPath / "docgen_sample.html", "doc" / "docgen_sample.nim"])
-
-proc pathPart(d: string): string = splitFile(d).dir.replace('\\', '/')
-
-proc buildDoc(c: var TConfigData, destPath: string) =
-  # call nim for the documentation:
-  var
-    commands = newSeq[string](len(c.doc) + len(c.srcdoc) + len(c.srcdoc2))
-    i = 0
-  for d in items(c.doc):
-    commands[i] = findNim(c) & " rst2html $# --git.url:$# -o:$# --index:on $#" %
-      [c.nimArgs, c.gitURL,
-      destPath / changeFileExt(splitFile(d).name, "html"), d]
-    i.inc
-  for d in items(c.srcdoc):
-    commands[i] = findNim(c) & " doc0 $# --git.url:$# -o:$# --index:on $#" %
-      [c.nimArgs, c.gitURL,
-      destPath / changeFileExt(splitFile(d).name, "html"), d]
-    i.inc
-  for d in items(c.srcdoc2):
-    commands[i] = findNim(c) & " doc $# --git.url:$# -o:$# --index:on $#" %
-      [c.nimArgs, c.gitURL,
-      destPath / changeFileExt(splitFile(d).name, "html"), d]
-    i.inc
-
-  mexec(commands, c.numProcessors)
-  exec(findNim(c) & " buildIndex -o:$1/theindex.html $1" % [destPath])
-
-proc buildPdfDoc(c: var TConfigData, destPath: string) =
-  createDir(destPath)
-  if os.execShellCmd("pdflatex -version") != 0:
-    echo "pdflatex not found; no PDF documentation generated"
-  else:
-    const pdflatexcmd = "pdflatex -interaction=nonstopmode "
-    for d in items(c.pdf):
-      exec(findNim(c) & " rst2tex $# $#" % [c.nimArgs, d])
-      # call LaTeX twice to get cross references right:
-      exec(pdflatexcmd & changeFileExt(d, "tex"))
-      exec(pdflatexcmd & changeFileExt(d, "tex"))
-      # delete all the crappy temporary files:
-      let pdf = splitFile(d).name & ".pdf"
-      let dest = destPath / pdf
-      removeFile(dest)
-      moveFile(dest=dest, source=pdf)
-      removeFile(changeFileExt(pdf, "aux"))
-      if fileExists(changeFileExt(pdf, "toc")):
-        removeFile(changeFileExt(pdf, "toc"))
-      removeFile(changeFileExt(pdf, "log"))
-      removeFile(changeFileExt(pdf, "out"))
-      removeFile(changeFileExt(d, "tex"))
-
-proc buildAddDoc(c: var TConfigData, destPath: string) =
-  # build additional documentation (without the index):
-  var commands = newSeq[string](c.webdoc.len)
-  for i, doc in pairs(c.webdoc):
-    commands[i] = findNim(c) & " doc $# --git.url:$# -o:$# $#" %
-      [c.nimArgs, c.gitURL,
-      destPath / changeFileExt(splitFile(doc).name, "html"), doc]
-  mexec(commands, c.numProcessors)
-
-proc parseNewsTitles(inputFilename: string): seq[TRssItem] =
-  # Goes through each news file, returns its date/title.
-  result = @[]
-  var matches: array[3, string]
-  let reYearMonthDay = re(rYearMonthDay)
-  for kind, path in walkDir(inputFilename):
-    let (dir, name, ext) = path.splitFile
-    if ext == ".rst":
-      let content = readFile(path)
-      let title = content.splitLines()[0]
-      let urlPath = "news/" & name & ".html"
-      if content.find(reYearMonthDay, matches) >= 0:
-        result.add(TRssItem(year: matches[2], month: matches[1], day: matches[0],
-          title: title, url: "http://nim-lang.org/" & urlPath,
-          content: content))
-  result.reverse()
-
-proc genUUID(text: string): string =
-  # Returns a valid RSS uuid, which is basically md5 with dashes and a prefix.
-  result = getMD5(text)
-  result.insert("-", 20)
-  result.insert("-", 16)
-  result.insert("-", 12)
-  result.insert("-", 8)
-  result.insert("urn:uuid:")
-
-proc genNewsLink(title: string): string =
-  # Mangles a title string into an expected news.html anchor.
-  result = title
-  result.insert("Z")
-  for i in 1..len(result)-1:
-    let letter = result[i].toLowerAscii()
-    if letter in validAnchorCharacters:
-      result[i] = letter
-    else:
-      result[i] = '-'
-  result.insert(rssNewsUrl & "#")
-
-proc generateRss(outputFilename: string, news: seq[TRssItem]) =
-  # Given a list of rss items generates an rss overwriting destination.
-  var
-    output: File
-
-  if not open(output, outputFilename, mode = fmWrite):
-    quit("Could not write to $1 for rss generation" % [outputFilename])
-  defer: output.close()
-
-  output.write("""<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
-""")
-  output.write(title("Nim website news"))
-  output.write(link(href = rssUrl, rel = "self"))
-  output.write(link(href = rssNewsUrl))
-  output.write(id(rssNewsUrl))
-
-  let now = utc(getTime())
-  output.write(updatedDate($now.year, $(int(now.month) + 1), $now.monthday))
-
-  for rss in news:
-    output.write(entry(
-        title(xmltree.escape(rss.title)),
-        id(genUUID(rss.title)),
-        link(`type` = "text/html", rel = "alternate",
-          href = rss.url),
-        updatedDate(rss.year, rss.month, rss.day),
-        "<author><name>Nim</name></author>",
-        content(xmltree.escape(rss.content), `type` = "text")
-      ))
-
-  output.write("""</feed>""")
-
-proc buildNewsRss(c: var TConfigData, destPath: string) =
-  # generates an xml feed from the web/news.rst file
-  let
-    srcFilename = "web" / "news"
-    destFilename = destPath / changeFileExt(splitFile(srcFilename).name, "xml")
-
-  generateRss(destFilename, parseNewsTitles(srcFilename))
-
-proc readSponsors(sponsorsFile: string): seq[Sponsor] =
-  result = @[]
-  var fileStream = newFileStream(sponsorsFile, fmRead)
-  if fileStream == nil: quit("Cannot open sponsors.csv file: " & sponsorsFile)
-  var parser: CsvParser
-  open(parser, fileStream, sponsorsFile)
-  discard readRow(parser) # Skip the header row.
-  while readRow(parser):
-    result.add(Sponsor(logo: parser.row[0], name: parser.row[1],
-        url: parser.row[2], thisMonth: parser.row[3].parseInt,
-        allTime: parser.row[4].parseInt,
-        since: parser.row[5], level: parser.row[6].parseInt))
-  parser.close()
-
-proc buildSponsors(c: var TConfigData, outputDir: string) =
-  let sponsors = generateSponsorsPage(readSponsors(activeSponsors),
-                                      readSponsors(inactiveSponsors))
-  let outFile = outputDir / "sponsors.html"
-  var f: File
-  if open(f, outFile, fmWrite):
-    writeLine(f, generateHtmlPage(c, "", "Our Sponsors", sponsors, ""))
-    close(f)
-  else:
-    quit("[Error] Cannot write file: " & outFile)
-
-const
-  cmdRst2Html = " rst2html --compileonly $1 -o:web/$2.temp web/$2.rst"
-
-proc buildPage(c: var TConfigData, file, title, rss: string, assetDir = "") =
-  exec(findNim(c) & cmdRst2Html % [c.nimArgs, file])
-  var temp = "web" / changeFileExt(file, "temp")
-  var content: string
-  try:
-    content = readFile(temp)
-  except IOError:
-    quit("[Error] cannot open: " & temp)
-  var f: File
-  var outfile = c.webUploadOutput / "$#.html" % file
-  if not dirExists(outfile.splitFile.dir):
-    createDir(outfile.splitFile.dir)
-  if open(f, outfile, fmWrite):
-    writeLine(f, generateHTMLPage(c, file, title, content, rss, assetDir))
-    close(f)
-  else:
-    quit("[Error] cannot write file: " & outfile)
-  removeFile(temp)
-
-proc buildNews(c: var TConfigData, newsDir: string, outputDir: string) =
-  for kind, path in walkDir(newsDir):
-    let (dir, name, ext) = path.splitFile
-    if ext == ".rst":
-      let title = readFile(path).splitLines()[0]
-      buildPage(c, tailDir(dir) / name, title, "", "../")
-    else:
-      echo("Skipping file in news directory: ", path)
-
-proc buildWebsite(c: var TConfigData) =
-  if c.ticker.len > 0:
-    try:
-      c.ticker = readFile("web" / c.ticker)
-    except IOError:
-      quit("[Error] cannot open: " & c.ticker)
-  for i in 0..c.tabs.len-1:
-    var file = c.tabs[i].val
-    let rss = if file in ["news", "index"]: extractFilename(rssUrl) else: ""
-    if '.' in file: continue
-    buildPage(c, file, if file == "question": "FAQ" else: file, rss)
-  copyDir("web/assets", c.webUploadOutput / "assets")
-  buildNewsRss(c, c.webUploadOutput)
-  buildSponsors(c, c.webUploadOutput)
-  buildNews(c, "web/news", c.webUploadOutput / "news")
-
-proc onlyDocs(c: var TConfigData) =
-  createDir(c.docHTMLOutput)
-  buildDocSamples(c, c.docHTMLOutput)
-  buildDoc(c, c.docHTMLOutput)
-
-proc main(c: var TConfigData) =
-  buildWebsite(c)
-  let docup = c.webUploadOutput / NimVersion
-  createDir(docup)
-  buildAddDoc(c, docup)
-  buildDocSamples(c, docup)
-  buildDoc(c, docup)
-  onlyDocs(c)
-
-proc json2(c: var TConfigData) =
-  const destPath = "web/json2"
-  var commands = newSeq[string](c.srcdoc2.len)
-  var i = 0
-  for d in items(c.srcdoc2):
-    createDir(destPath / splitFile(d).dir)
-    commands[i] = findNim(c) & " jsondoc $# --git.url:$# -o:$# --index:on $#" %
-      [c.nimArgs, c.gitURL,
-      destPath / changeFileExt(d, "json"), d]
-    i.inc
-
-  mexec(commands, c.numProcessors)
-
-var c: TConfigData
-initConfigData(c)
-parseCmdLine(c)
-parseIniFile(c)
-case action
-of actOnlyWebsite: buildWebsite(c)
-of actPdf: buildPdfDoc(c, "doc/pdf")
-of actOnlyDocs: onlyDocs(c)
-of actAll: main(c)
-of actJson2: json2(c)
diff --git a/tools/officialpackages.nim b/tools/officialpackages.nim
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..633944a14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/officialpackages.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import std/[strformat, paths, dirs, envvars]
+from std/os import execShellCmd
+
+proc exec*(cmd: string, errorcode: int = QuitFailure, additionalPath = "") =
+  let prevPath = getEnv("PATH")
+  if additionalPath.len > 0:
+    var absolute = Path(additionalPath)
+    if not absolute.isAbsolute:
+      absolute = getCurrentDir() / absolute
+    echo("Adding to $PATH: ", string(absolute))
+    putEnv("PATH", (if prevPath.len > 0: prevPath & PathSep else: "") & string(absolute))
+  echo(cmd)
+  if execShellCmd(cmd) != 0: quit("FAILURE", errorcode)
+  putEnv("PATH", prevPath)
+
+proc gitClonePackages*(names: seq[string]) =
+  if not dirExists(Path"pkgs"):
+    createDir(Path"pkgs")
+  for name in names:
+    if not dirExists(Path"pkgs" / Path(name)):
+      exec fmt"git clone https://github.com/nim-lang/{name} pkgs/{name}"
diff --git a/tools/trimcc.nim b/tools/trimcc.nim
index 959eaf310..41795e1aa 100644
--- a/tools/trimcc.nim
+++ b/tools/trimcc.nim
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ proc processIncludes(dir: string, whitelist: StringTableRef) =
       if ('.' notin name and "include" in path) or ("c++" in path):
         let n = whitelist.getOrDefault(name)
         if n != "processed": whitelist[name] = "found"
-      if name.endswith(".h"):
+      if name.endsWith(".h"):
         let n = whitelist.getOrDefault(name)
         if n == "found": includes(path, name, whitelist)
     of pcDir: processIncludes(path, whitelist)
diff --git a/tools/unicode_parsedata.nim b/tools/unicode_parsedata.nim
index cca377f51..bd12998d1 100644
--- a/tools/unicode_parsedata.nim
+++ b/tools/unicode_parsedata.nim
@@ -26,34 +26,54 @@ var
 
 
 proc parseData(data: seq[string]) =
-  for line in data:
-    let
-      fields = line.split(';')
-      code = fields[0].parseHexInt()
-      category = fields[2]
-      uc = fields[12]
-      lc = fields[13]
-      tc = fields[14]
-
+  proc doAdd(firstCode, lastCode: int, category, uc, lc, tc: string) =
     if category notin spaces and category notin letters:
-      continue
+      return
 
+    if firstCode != lastCode:
+      doAssert uc == "" and lc == "" and tc == ""
     if uc.len > 0:
-      let diff = 500 + uc.parseHexInt() - code
-      toUpper.add (code, diff)
+      let diff = 500 + uc.parseHexInt() - firstCode
+      toUpper.add (firstCode, diff)
     if lc.len > 0:
-      let diff = 500 + lc.parseHexInt() - code
-      toLower.add (code, diff)
+      let diff = 500 + lc.parseHexInt() - firstCode
+      toLower.add (firstCode, diff)
     if tc.len > 0 and tc != uc:
       # if titlecase is different than uppercase
-      let diff = 500 + tc.parseHexInt() - code
+      let diff = 500 + tc.parseHexInt() - firstCode
       if diff != 500:
-        toTitle.add (code, diff)
+        toTitle.add (firstCode, diff)
 
-    if category in spaces:
-      unispaces.add code
+    for code in firstCode..lastCode:
+      if category in spaces:
+        unispaces.add code
+      else:
+        alphas.add code
+
+  var idx = 0
+  while idx < data.len:
+    let
+      line = data[idx]
+      fields = line.split(';')
+      code = fields[0].parseHexInt()
+      name = fields[1]
+      category = fields[2]
+      uc = fields[12]
+      lc = fields[13]
+      tc = fields[14]
+    inc(idx)
+    if name.endsWith(", First>"):
+      doAssert idx < data.len
+      let
+        nextLine = data[idx]
+        nextFields = nextLine.split(';')
+        nextCode = nextFields[0].parseHexInt()
+        nextName = nextFields[1]
+      inc(idx)
+      doAssert nextName.endsWith(", Last>")
+      doAdd(code, nextCode, category, uc, lc, tc)
     else:
-      alphas.add code
+      doAdd(code, code, category, uc, lc, tc)
 
 proc splitRanges(a: seq[Singlets], r: var seq[Ranges], s: var seq[Singlets]) =
   ## Splits `toLower`, `toUpper` and `toTitle` into separate sequences:
@@ -153,18 +173,18 @@ proc createHeader(output: var string) =
 
 proc `$`(r: Ranges): string =
   let
-    start = "0x" & toHex(r.start, 5)
-    stop = "0x" & toHex(r.stop, 5)
+    start = "0x" & toHex(r.start, 5) & "'i32"
+    stop = "0x" & toHex(r.stop, 5) & "'i32"
   result = "$#, $#, $#,\n" % [start, stop, $r.diff]
 
 proc `$`(r: Singlets): string =
-  let code = "0x" & toHex(r.code, 5)
+  let code = "0x" & toHex(r.code, 5) & "'i32"
   result = "$#, $#,\n" % [code, $r.diff]
 
 proc `$`(r: NonLetterRanges): string =
   let
-    start = "0x" & toHex(r.start, 5)
-    stop = "0x" & toHex(r.stop, 5)
+    start = "0x" & toHex(r.start, 5) & "'i32"
+    stop = "0x" & toHex(r.stop, 5) & "'i32"
   result = "$#, $#,\n" % [start, stop]
 
 
@@ -178,7 +198,7 @@ proc outputSeq(s: seq[Ranges|Singlets|NonLetterRanges], name: string,
 proc outputSeq(s: seq[int], name: string, output: var string) =
   output.add "  $# = [\n" % name
   for i in s:
-    output.add "    0x$#,\n" % toHex(i, 5)
+    output.add "    0x$#'i32,\n" % toHex(i, 5)
   output.add "  ]\n\n"
 
 proc outputSpaces(s: seq[int], name: string, output: var string) =
diff --git a/tools/urldownloader.nim b/tools/urldownloader.nim
deleted file mode 100644
index 73e4034c9..000000000
--- a/tools/urldownloader.nim
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,431 +0,0 @@
-
-#
-#
-#    Windows native FTP/HTTP/HTTPS file downloader
-#        (c) Copyright 2017 Eugene Kabanov
-#
-#    See the file "LICENSE", included in this
-#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
-#
-
-## This module implements native Windows FTP/HTTP/HTTPS downloading feature,
-## using ``urlmon.UrlDownloadToFile()``.
-##
-##
-
-when not (defined(windows) or defined(nimdoc)):
-  {.error: "Platform is not supported.".}
-
-import os
-
-type
-  DownloadOptions* = enum
-    ## Available download options
-    optUseCache,             ## Use Windows cache.
-    optUseProgressCallback,  ## Report progress via callback.
-    optIgnoreSecurity        ## Ignore HTTPS security problems.
-
-  DownloadStatus* = enum
-    ## Available download status sent to ``progress`` callback.
-    statusProxyDetecting,    ## Automatic Proxy detection.
-    statusCookieSent         ## Cookie will be sent with request.
-    statusResolving,         ## Resolving URL with DNS.
-    statusConnecting,        ## Establish connection to server.
-    statusRedirecting        ## HTTP redirection pending.
-    statusRequesting,        ## Sending request to server.
-    statusMimetypeAvailable, ## Mimetype received from server.
-    statusBeginDownloading,  ## Download process starting.
-    statusDownloading,       ## Download process pending.
-    statusEndDownloading,    ## Download process finished.
-    statusCacheAvailable     ## File found in Windows cache.
-    statusUnsupported        ## Unsupported status.
-    statusError              ## Error happens.
-
-  DownloadProgressCallback* = proc(status: DownloadStatus, progress: uint,
-                                   progressMax: uint,
-                                   message: string)
-    ## Progress callback.
-    ##
-    ## status
-    ##   Indicate current stage of downloading process.
-    ##
-    ## progress
-    ##   Number of bytes currently downloaded. Available only, if ``status`` is
-    ##   ``statusBeginDownloading``, ``statusDownloading`` or
-    ##   ``statusEndDownloading``.
-    ##
-    ## progressMax
-    ##   Number of bytes expected to download. Available only, if ``status`` is
-    ##   ``statusBeginDownloading``, ``statusDownloading`` or
-    ##   ``statusEndDownloading``.
-    ##
-    ## message
-    ##   Status message, which depends on ``status`` code.
-    ##
-    ## Available messages' values:
-    ##
-    ## statusResolving
-    ##   URL hostname to be resolved.
-    ## statusConnecting
-    ##   IP address
-    ## statusMimetypeAvailable
-    ##   Downloading resource MIME type.
-    ## statusCacheAvailable
-    ##   Path to filename stored in Windows cache.
-
-type
-  UUID = array[4, uint32]
-
-  LONG = clong
-  ULONG = culong
-  HRESULT = clong
-  DWORD = uint32
-  OLECHAR = uint16
-  OLESTR = ptr OLECHAR
-  LPWSTR = OLESTR
-  UINT = cuint
-  REFIID = ptr UUID
-
-const
-  E_NOINTERFACE = 0x80004002'i32
-  E_NOTIMPL = 0x80004001'i32
-  S_OK = 0x00000000'i32
-
-  CP_UTF8 = 65001'u32
-
-  IID_IUnknown = UUID([0'u32, 0'u32, 192'u32, 1174405120'u32])
-  IID_IBindStatusCallback = UUID([2045430209'u32, 298760953'u32,
-                                  2852160140'u32, 195644160'u32])
-
-  BINDF_GETNEWESTVERSION = 0x00000010'u32
-  BINDF_IGNORESECURITYPROBLEM = 0x00000100'u32
-  BINDF_RESYNCHRONIZE = 0x00000200'u32
-  BINDF_NO_UI = 0x00000800'u32
-  BINDF_SILENTOPERATION = 0x00001000'u32
-  BINDF_PRAGMA_NO_CACHE = 0x00002000'u32
-
-  ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND = 2
-  ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED = 5
-
-  BINDSTATUS_FINDINGRESOURCE = 1
-  BINDSTATUS_CONNECTING = 2
-  BINDSTATUS_REDIRECTING  = 3
-  BINDSTATUS_BEGINDOWNLOADDATA  = 4
-  BINDSTATUS_DOWNLOADINGDATA  = 5
-  BINDSTATUS_ENDDOWNLOADDATA  = 6
-  BINDSTATUS_SENDINGREQUEST = 11
-  BINDSTATUS_MIMETYPEAVAILABLE  = 13
-  BINDSTATUS_CACHEFILENAMEAVAILABLE = 14
-  BINDSTATUS_PROXYDETECTING = 32
-  BINDSTATUS_COOKIE_SENT = 34
-
-type
-  STGMEDIUM = object
-    tymed: DWORD
-    pstg: pointer
-    pUnkForRelease: pointer
-
-  SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES = object
-    nLength*: uint32
-    lpSecurityDescriptor*: pointer
-    bInheritHandle*: int32
-
-  BINDINFO = object
-    cbSize: ULONG
-    stgmedData: STGMEDIUM
-    szExtraInfo: LPWSTR
-    grfBindInfoF: DWORD
-    dwBindVerb: DWORD
-    szCustomVerb: LPWSTR
-    cbstgmedData: DWORD
-    dwOptions: DWORD
-    dwOptionsFlags: DWORD
-    dwCodePage: DWORD
-    securityAttributes: SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES
-    iid: UUID
-    pUnk: pointer
-    dwReserved: DWORD
-
-  IBindStatusCallback = object
-    vtable: ptr IBindStatusCallbackVTable
-    options: set[DownloadOptions]
-    objectRefCount: ULONG
-    binfoFlags: DWORD
-    progressCallback: DownloadProgressCallback
-
-  PIBindStatusCallback = ptr IBindStatusCallback
-  LPBINDSTATUSCALLBACK = PIBindStatusCallback
-
-  IBindStatusCallbackVTable = object
-    QueryInterface: proc (self: PIBindStatusCallback,
-                          riid: ptr UUID,
-                          pvObject: ptr pointer): HRESULT {.gcsafe,stdcall.}
-    AddRef: proc(self: PIBindStatusCallback): ULONG {.gcsafe, stdcall.}
-    Release: proc(self: PIBindStatusCallback): ULONG {.gcsafe, stdcall.}
-    OnStartBinding: proc(self: PIBindStatusCallback,
-                         dwReserved: DWORD, pib: pointer): HRESULT
-                    {.gcsafe, stdcall.}
-    GetPriority: proc(self: PIBindStatusCallback, pnPriority: ptr LONG): HRESULT
-                 {.gcsafe, stdcall.}
-    OnLowResource: proc(self: PIBindStatusCallback, dwReserved: DWORD): HRESULT
-                   {.gcsafe, stdcall.}
-    OnProgress: proc(self: PIBindStatusCallback, ulProgress: ULONG,
-                     ulProgressMax: ULONG, ulStatusCode: ULONG,
-                     szStatusText: LPWSTR): HRESULT
-                {.gcsafe, stdcall.}
-    OnStopBinding: proc(self: PIBindStatusCallback, hresult: HRESULT,
-                        szError: LPWSTR): HRESULT
-                   {.gcsafe, stdcall.}
-    GetBindInfo: proc(self: PIBindStatusCallback, grfBINDF: ptr DWORD,
-                      pbindinfo: ptr BINDINFO): HRESULT
-                 {.gcsafe, stdcall.}
-    OnDataAvailable: proc(self: PIBindStatusCallback, grfBSCF: DWORD,
-                          dwSize: DWORD, pformatetc: pointer,
-                          pstgmed: pointer): HRESULT
-                     {.gcsafe, stdcall.}
-    OnObjectAvailable: proc(self: PIBindStatusCallback, riid: REFIID,
-                            punk: pointer): HRESULT
-                       {.gcsafe, stdcall.}
-
-template FAILED(hr: HRESULT): bool =
-  (hr < 0)
-
-proc URLDownloadToFile(pCaller: pointer, szUrl: LPWSTR, szFileName: LPWSTR,
-                       dwReserved: DWORD,
-                       lpfnCb: LPBINDSTATUSCALLBACK): HRESULT
-     {.stdcall, dynlib: "urlmon.dll", importc: "URLDownloadToFileW".}
-
-proc WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage: UINT, dwFlags: DWORD,
-                         lpWideCharStr: ptr OLECHAR, cchWideChar: cint,
-                         lpMultiByteStr: ptr char, cbMultiByte: cint,
-                         lpDefaultChar: ptr char,
-                         lpUsedDefaultChar: ptr uint32): cint
-     {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32.dll", importc: "WideCharToMultiByte".}
-
-proc MultiByteToWideChar(CodePage: UINT, dwFlags: DWORD,
-                         lpMultiByteStr: ptr char, cbMultiByte: cint,
-                         lpWideCharStr: ptr OLECHAR, cchWideChar: cint): cint
-     {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32.dll", importc: "MultiByteToWideChar".}
-proc DeleteUrlCacheEntry(lpszUrlName: LPWSTR): int32
-     {.stdcall, dynlib: "wininet.dll", importc: "DeleteUrlCacheEntryW".}
-
-proc `==`(a, b: UUID): bool =
-  result = false
-  if a[0] == b[0] and a[1] == b[1] and
-     a[2] == b[2] and a[3] == b[3]:
-    result = true
-
-proc `$`(bstr: LPWSTR): string =
-  var buffer: char
-  var count = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, bstr, -1, addr(buffer), 0,
-                                nil, nil)
-  if count == 0:
-    raiseOsError(osLastError())
-  else:
-    result = newString(count + 8)
-    let res = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, bstr, -1, addr(result[0]), count,
-                                  nil, nil)
-    if res == 0:
-      raiseOsError(osLastError())
-    result.setLen(res - 1)
-
-proc toBstring(str: string): LPWSTR =
-  var buffer: OLECHAR
-  var count = MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, unsafeAddr(str[0]), -1,
-                                  addr(buffer), 0)
-  if count == 0:
-    raiseOsError(osLastError())
-  else:
-    result = cast[LPWSTR](alloc0((count + 1) * sizeof(OLECHAR)))
-    let res = MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, unsafeAddr(str[0]), -1,
-                                  result, count)
-    if res == 0:
-      raiseOsError(osLastError())
-
-proc freeBstring(bstr: LPWSTR) =
-  dealloc(bstr)
-
-proc getStatus(scode: ULONG): DownloadStatus =
-  case scode
-  of 0: result = statusError
-  of BINDSTATUS_PROXYDETECTING: result = statusProxyDetecting
-  of BINDSTATUS_REDIRECTING: result = statusRedirecting
-  of BINDSTATUS_COOKIE_SENT: result = statusCookieSent
-  of BINDSTATUS_FINDINGRESOURCE: result = statusResolving
-  of BINDSTATUS_CONNECTING: result = statusConnecting
-  of BINDSTATUS_SENDINGREQUEST: result = statusRequesting
-  of BINDSTATUS_MIMETYPEAVAILABLE: result = statusMimetypeAvailable
-  of BINDSTATUS_BEGINDOWNLOADDATA: result = statusBeginDownloading
-  of BINDSTATUS_DOWNLOADINGDATA: result = statusDownloading
-  of BINDSTATUS_ENDDOWNLOADDATA: result = statusEndDownloading
-  of BINDSTATUS_CACHEFILENAMEAVAILABLE: result = statusCacheAvailable
-  else: result = statusUnsupported
-
-proc addRef(self: PIBindStatusCallback): ULONG {.gcsafe, stdcall.} =
-  inc(self.objectRefCount)
-  result = self.objectRefCount
-
-proc release(self: PIBindStatusCallback): ULONG {.gcsafe, stdcall.} =
-  dec(self.objectRefCount)
-  result = self.objectRefCount
-
-proc queryInterface(self: PIBindStatusCallback, riid: ptr UUID,
-                    pvObject: ptr pointer): HRESULT {.gcsafe,stdcall.} =
-  pvObject[] = nil
-
-  if riid[] == IID_IUnknown:
-    pvObject[] = cast[pointer](self)
-  elif riid[] == IID_IBindStatusCallback:
-    pvObject[] = cast[pointer](self)
-
-  if not isNil(pvObject[]):
-    discard addRef(self)
-    result = S_OK
-  else:
-    result = E_NOINTERFACE
-
-proc onStartBinding(self: PIBindStatusCallback, dwReserved: DWORD,
-                    pib: pointer): HRESULT {.gcsafe, stdcall.} =
-  result = S_OK
-
-proc getPriority(self: PIBindStatusCallback,
-                 pnPriority: ptr LONG): HRESULT {.gcsafe, stdcall.} =
-  result = E_NOTIMPL
-
-proc onLowResource(self: PIBindStatusCallback,
-                   dwReserved: DWORD): HRESULT {.gcsafe, stdcall.} =
-  result = S_OK
-
-proc onStopBinding(self: PIBindStatusCallback,
-                   hresult: HRESULT, szError: LPWSTR): HRESULT
-     {.gcsafe, stdcall.} =
-  result = S_OK
-
-proc getBindInfo(self: PIBindStatusCallback,
-                 grfBINDF: ptr DWORD, pbindinfo: ptr BINDINFO): HRESULT
-     {.gcsafe, stdcall.} =
-  var cbSize = pbindinfo.cbSize
-  zeroMem(cast[pointer](pbindinfo), cbSize)
-  pbindinfo.cbSize = cbSize
-  grfBINDF[] = self.binfoFlags
-  result = S_OK
-
-proc onDataAvailable(self: PIBindStatusCallback,
-                     grfBSCF: DWORD, dwSize: DWORD, pformatetc: pointer,
-                     pstgmed: pointer): HRESULT {.gcsafe, stdcall.} =
-  result = S_OK
-
-proc onObjectAvailable(self: PIBindStatusCallback,
-                       riid: REFIID, punk: pointer): HRESULT
-     {.gcsafe, stdcall.} =
-  result = S_OK
-
-proc onProgress(self: PIBindStatusCallback,
-                ulProgress: ULONG, ulProgressMax: ULONG, ulStatusCode: ULONG,
-                szStatusText: LPWSTR): HRESULT {.gcsafe, stdcall.} =
-  var message: string
-  if optUseProgressCallback in self.options:
-    if not isNil(szStatusText):
-      message = $szStatusText
-    else:
-      message = ""
-    self.progressCallback(getStatus(ulStatusCode), uint(ulProgress),
-                          uint(ulProgressMax), message)
-  result = S_OK
-
-proc newBindStatusCallback(): IBindStatusCallback =
-  result = IBindStatusCallback()
-  result.vtable = cast[ptr IBindStatusCallbackVTable](
-    alloc0(sizeof(IBindStatusCallbackVTable))
-  )
-  result.vtable.QueryInterface = queryInterface
-  result.vtable.AddRef = addRef
-  result.vtable.Release = release
-  result.vtable.OnStartBinding = onStartBinding
-  result.vtable.GetPriority = getPriority
-  result.vtable.OnLowResource = onLowResource
-  result.vtable.OnStopBinding = onStopBinding
-  result.vtable.GetBindInfo = getBindInfo
-  result.vtable.OnDataAvailable = onDataAvailable
-  result.vtable.OnObjectAvailable = onObjectAvailable
-  result.vtable.OnProgress = onProgress
-  result.objectRefCount = 1
-
-proc freeBindStatusCallback(v: var IBindStatusCallback) =
-  dealloc(v.vtable)
-
-proc downloadToFile*(szUrl: string, szFileName: string,
-                     options: set[DownloadOptions] = {},
-                     progresscb: DownloadProgressCallback = nil) =
-  ## Downloads from URL specified in ``szUrl`` to local filesystem path
-  ## specified in ``szFileName``.
-  ##
-  ## szUrl
-  ##   URL to download, international names are supported.
-  ## szFileName
-  ##   Destination path for downloading resource.
-  ## options
-  ##   Downloading options. Currently only 2 options supported.
-  ## progresscb
-  ##   Callback procedure, which will be called throughout the download
-  ##   process, indicating status and progress.
-  ##
-  ## Available downloading options:
-  ##
-  ## optUseCache
-  ##   Try to use Windows cache when downloading.
-  ## optIgnoreSecurity
-  ##   Ignore HTTPS security problems, e.g. self-signed HTTPS certificate.
-  ##
-  var bszUrl = szUrl.toBstring()
-  var bszFile = szFileName.toBstring()
-  var bstatus = newBindStatusCallback()
-
-  bstatus.options = {}
-
-  if optUseCache notin options:
-    bstatus.options.incl(optUseCache)
-    let res = DeleteUrlCacheEntry(bszUrl)
-    if res == 0:
-      let err = osLastError()
-      if err.int notin {ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED, ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND}:
-        freeBindStatusCallback(bstatus)
-        freeBstring(bszUrl)
-        freeBstring(bszFile)
-        raiseOsError(err)
-
-  bstatus.binfoFlags = BINDF_GETNEWESTVERSION or BINDF_RESYNCHRONIZE or
-                       BINDF_PRAGMA_NO_CACHE or BINDF_NO_UI or
-                       BINDF_SILENTOPERATION
-
-  if optIgnoreSecurity in options:
-    bstatus.binfoFlags = bstatus.binfoFlags or BINDF_IGNORESECURITYPROBLEM
-
-  if not isNil(progresscb):
-    bstatus.options.incl(optUseProgressCallback)
-    bstatus.progressCallback = progresscb
-
-  let res = URLDownloadToFile(nil, bszUrl, bszFile, 0, addr bstatus)
-  if FAILED(res):
-    freeBindStatusCallback(bstatus)
-    freeBstring(bszUrl)
-    freeBstring(bszFile)
-    raiseOsError(OSErrorCode(res))
-
-  freeBindStatusCallback(bstatus)
-  freeBstring(bszUrl)
-  freeBstring(bszFile)
-
-when isMainModule:
-  proc progress(status: DownloadStatus, progress: uint, progressMax: uint,
-                message: string) {.gcsafe.} =
-    const downset: set[DownloadStatus] = {statusBeginDownloading,
-                                        statusDownloading, statusEndDownloading}
-    if status in downset:
-      var message = "Downloaded " & $progress & " of " & $progressMax & "\c"
-      stdout.write(message)
-    else:
-      echo "Status [" & $status & "] message = [" & $message & "]"
-
-  downloadToFile("https://nim-lang.org/download/mingw64.7z",
-                 "test.zip", {optUseCache}, progress)
diff --git a/tools/vccexe/vccexe.nim b/tools/vccexe/vccexe.nim
index abe68c0a0..2a43f7422 100644
--- a/tools/vccexe/vccexe.nim
+++ b/tools/vccexe/vccexe.nim
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ const
   platformPrefix = "--platform"
   sdktypePrefix = "--sdktype"
   sdkversionPrefix = "--sdkversion"
+  vctoolsetPrefix = "--vctoolset"
   verbosePrefix = "--verbose"
 
   vccversionSepIdx = vccversionPrefix.len
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@ const
   platformSepIdx = platformPrefix.len
   sdktypeSepIdx = sdktypePrefix.len
   sdkversionSepIdx = sdkversionPrefix.len
+  vctoolsetSepIdx = vctoolsetPrefix.len
 
   vcvarsallDefaultPath = "vcvarsall.bat"
 
@@ -97,6 +99,8 @@ Options:
                       "8.1" to use the windows 8.1 SDK
   --verbose           Echoes the command line for loading the Developer Command Prompt
                       and the command line passed on to the secondary command.
+  --vctoolset         Optionally specifies the Visual Studio compiler toolset to use. 
+                      By default, the environment is set to use the current Visual Studio compiler toolset.
 
 Other command line arguments are passed on to the
 secondary command specified by --command or to the
@@ -108,7 +112,7 @@ proc parseVccexeCmdLine(argseq: seq[string],
     vccversionArg: var seq[string], printPathArg: var bool,
     vcvarsallArg: var string, commandArg: var string, noCommandArg: var bool,
     platformArg: var VccArch, sdkTypeArg: var VccPlatformType,
-    sdkVersionArg: var string, verboseArg: var bool,
+    sdkVersionArg: var string,  vctoolsetArg: var string, verboseArg: var bool,
     clArgs: var seq[string]) =
   ## Cannot use usual command-line argument parser here
   ## Since vccexe command-line arguments are intermingled
@@ -125,7 +129,7 @@ proc parseVccexeCmdLine(argseq: seq[string],
         responseargs = parseCmdLine(responsecontent)
       parseVccexeCmdLine(responseargs, vccversionArg, printPathArg,
         vcvarsallArg, commandArg, noCommandArg, platformArg, sdkTypeArg,
-        sdkVersionArg, verboseArg, clArgs)
+        sdkVersionArg, vctoolsetArg, verboseArg, clArgs)
     elif wargv.startsWith(vccversionPrefix): # Check for vccversion
       vccversionArg.add(wargv.substr(vccversionSepIdx + 1))
     elif wargv.cmpIgnoreCase(printPathPrefix) == 0: # Check for printPath
@@ -142,6 +146,8 @@ proc parseVccexeCmdLine(argseq: seq[string],
       sdkTypeArg = parseEnum[VccPlatformType](wargv.substr(sdktypeSepIdx + 1))
     elif wargv.startsWith(sdkversionPrefix): # Check for sdkversion
       sdkVersionArg = wargv.substr(sdkversionSepIdx + 1)
+    elif wargv.startsWith(vctoolsetPrefix): # Check for vctoolset
+      vctoolsetArg = wargv.substr(vctoolsetSepIdx + 1)
     elif wargv.startsWith(verbosePrefix):
       verboseArg = true
     else: # Regular cl.exe argument -> store for final cl.exe invocation
@@ -158,13 +164,14 @@ when isMainModule:
   var platformArg: VccArch
   var sdkTypeArg: VccPlatformType
   var sdkVersionArg: string
+  var vctoolsetArg: string
   var verboseArg: bool = false
 
   var clArgs: seq[string] = @[]
 
   let wrapperArgs = commandLineParams()
   parseVccexeCmdLine(wrapperArgs, vccversionArg, printPathArg, vcvarsallArg,
-    commandArg, noCommandArg, platformArg, sdkTypeArg, sdkVersionArg,
+    commandArg, noCommandArg, platformArg, sdkTypeArg, sdkVersionArg, vctoolsetArg,
     verboseArg,
     clArgs)
 
@@ -195,7 +202,7 @@ when isMainModule:
     echo "$1: $2" % [head, vcvarsallArg]
 
   # Call vcvarsall to get the appropriate VCC process environment
-  var vcvars = vccVarsAll(vcvarsallArg, platformArg, sdkTypeArg, sdkVersionArg, verboseArg)
+  var vcvars = vccVarsAll(vcvarsallArg, platformArg, sdkTypeArg, sdkVersionArg, vctoolsetArg, verboseArg)
   if vcvars != nil:
     for vccEnvKey, vccEnvVal in vcvars:
       putEnv(vccEnvKey, vccEnvVal)
@@ -204,6 +211,11 @@ when isMainModule:
   if verboseArg:
     vccOptions.incl poEchoCmd
 
+  let currentDir = getCurrentDir()
+  for arg in clArgs.mitems:
+    if fileExists(arg):
+      arg = relativePath(arg, currentDir)
+
   # Default to the cl.exe command if no secondary command was specified
   if commandArg.len < 1:
     commandArg = "cl.exe"
diff --git a/tools/vccexe/vcvarsall.nim b/tools/vccexe/vcvarsall.nim
index 29d13cc7e..73b103e3c 100644
--- a/tools/vccexe/vcvarsall.nim
+++ b/tools/vccexe/vcvarsall.nim
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ type
     vccplatUWP = "uwp", ## Universal Windows Platform (UWP) Application
     vccplatOneCore = "onecore" # Undocumented platform type in the Windows SDK, probably XBox One SDK platform type.
 
-proc vccVarsAll*(path: string, arch: VccArch = vccarchUnspecified, platform_type: VccPlatformType = vccplatEmpty, sdk_version: string = "", verbose: bool = false): StringTableRef =
+proc vccVarsAll*(path: string, arch: VccArch = vccarchUnspecified, platform_type: VccPlatformType = vccplatEmpty, sdk_version, vctoolset: string = "", verbose: bool = false): StringTableRef =
   ## Returns a string table containing the proper process environment to successfully execute VCC compile commands for the specified SDK version, CPU architecture and platform type.
   ##
   ## path
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ proc vccVarsAll*(path: string, arch: VccArch = vccarchUnspecified, platform_type
   ##   The compile target Platform Type. Defaults to the Windows Desktop platform, i.e. a regular Windows executable binary.
   ## sdk_version
   ##   The Windows SDK version to use.
+  ## vctoolset
+  ##  Visual Studio compiler toolset to use.
   ## verbose
   ##   Echo the command-line passed on to the system to load the VCC environment. Defaults to `false`.
 
@@ -63,6 +65,9 @@ proc vccVarsAll*(path: string, arch: VccArch = vccarchUnspecified, platform_type
 
   if sdk_version.len > 0:
     args.add(sdk_version)
+  
+  if vctoolset.len > 0:
+    args.add("-vcvars_ver="&vctoolset)
 
   let argStr = args.join " "
   
diff --git a/tools/website.nimf b/tools/website.nimf
deleted file mode 100644
index bde84b32f..000000000
--- a/tools/website.nimf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,266 +0,0 @@
-#? stdtmpl | standard
-#proc generateHTMLPage(c: var TConfigData, currentTab, title, content, rss,
-#   rootDir = ""): string =
-#  result = ""
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
-    <title>${title} - $c.projectTitle</title>
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="${rootDir}assets/style.css?t=2320" />
-    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="${rootDir}assets/images/favicon.ico">
-  #if len(rss) > 0:
-    <link href="$rss" title="Recent changes" type="application/atom+xml" rel="alternate">
-  #end if
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <div id="bountysource">
-      <a href="https://salt.bountysource.com/teams/nim">
-      <div class="page-layout" style="padding: 2pt 2pt 2pt 30pt">
-  	<img src="${rootDir}assets/bountysource/bountysource.png" style="width: 20px; float: left;">
-        <span style="margin-left: 10pt; float: left; margin-top: 2pt;">Fund Nim and help us develop it further!</span>
-        <img src="https://api.bountysource.com/badge/team?team_id=19072&style=raised" style="margin-top: 2pt; margin-left: 10pt"/>
-      </div>
-      </a>
-    </div>
-
-    <header id="head">
-      <div class="page-layout tall">
-        <div id="head-logo"></div>
-        <a id="head-logo-link" href="${rootDir}index.html"></a>
-        <nav id="head-links">
-      #for i in 0.. c.tabs.len-1:
-      # let t = c.tabs[i].val
-      # if t != "index" and t != "community" and t != "news":
-      #   let name = c.tabs[i].key
-      #   if currentTab == t:
-            <a class="active"
-      #   else:
-            <a
-      #   end if
-      #   if t.contains('.'):
-            href="${t}" title = "$c.projectName - $name">$name</a>
-      #   else:
-            href="${rootDir}${t}.html" title = "$c.projectName - $name">$name</a>
-      #   end if
-      # end if
-      #end for
-        </nav>
-      </div>
-    </header>
-
-#  if currentTab == "index":
-    <section id="neck" class="home">
-#  else:
-    <section id="neck">
-#  end
-      <div class="page-layout tall">
-        <div id="glow-arrow"></div>
-
-#  if currentTab == "index":
-        <div id="slideshow">
-          <!-- slides -->
-          <div id="slide0" class="active codeslide2">
-            <div>
-              <h2>Nim is simple..</h2>
-<pre>
-<span class="cmt"># compute average line length</span>
-<span class="kwd">var</span>
-<span class="tab">  </span>sum = <span class="val">0</span>
-<span class="tab end">  </span>count = <span class="val">0</span>
-
-<span class="kwd">for</span> line <span class="kwd">in</span> stdin.lines:
-<span class="tab">  </span>sum += line.len
-<span class="tab end">  </span>count += <span class="val">1</span>
-
-echo(<span class="val">"Average line length: "</span>,
-  <span class="kwd">if</span> count &gt; <span class="val">0</span>: sum / count <span class="kwd">else</span>: <span class="val">0</span>)
-</pre>
-            </div>
-            <div>
-               <h2>..and type safe...</h2>
-<pre>
-<span class="cmt"># create and greet someone</span>
-<span class="kwd">type</span> <span class="def">Person</span> = <span class="kwd">object</span>
-<span class="tab">  </span>name: <span class="typ">string</span>
-<span class="tab end">  </span>age: <span class="typ">int</span>
-
-<span class="kwd">proc</span> <span class="def">greet</span>(p: <span class="typ">Person</span>) =
-<span class="tab">  </span>echo <span class="val">"Hi, I'm "</span>, p.name, <span class="val">"."</span>
-<span class="tab end">  </span>echo <span class="val">"I am "</span>, p.age, <span class="val">" years old."</span>
-
-<span class="kwd">let</span> p = <span class="typ">Person</span>(name:<span class="val">"Jon"</span>, age:<span class="val">18</span>)
-p.greet() <span class="cmt"># or greet(p)</span>
-</pre>
-             </div>
-          </div>
-          <div id="slide1" class="codeslide3">
-            <div>
-              <h2>C FFI is easy in Nim..</h2>
-<pre>
-<span class="cmt"># declare a C procedure..</span>
-<span class="kwd">proc</span> <span class="def">unsafeScanf</span>(f: <span class="typ">File</span>, s: <span class="typ">cstring</span>)
-<span class="tab">  </span>{.varargs,
-<span class="tab">    </span>importc: <span class="val">"fscanf"</span>,
-<span class="tab end">    </span>header: <span class="val">"&lt;stdio.h&gt;"</span>.}
-
-<span class="cmt"># ..and use it...</span>
-<span class="kwd">var</span> x: <span class="typ">cint</span>
-stdin.unsafeScanf(<span class="val">"%d"</span>, <span class="kwd">addr</span> x)
-</pre>
-              <p><span class="desc"><b>Compile and run with:</b><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#36; nim c -r example.nim</span></p>
-            </div>
-            <div>
-              <h2>..and DSLs are too...</h2>
-<pre>
-<span class="cmt"># a simple html server</span>
-<span class="kwd">import</span>
-  jester, asyncdispatch, htmlgen
-
-<span class="kwd">routes</span>:
-<span class="tab">  </span><span class="kwd">get</span> <span class="val">"/"</span>:
-<span class="tab end">  <span class="tab end">  </span></span><span class="kwd">resp</span> h1(<span class="val">"Hello world"</span>)
-
-runForever()
-</pre>
-              <p><span class="desc"><b>View in browser at:</b><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;localhost:5000</span></p>
-            </div>
-          </div>
-          <div id="slide2" class="niaslide">
-            <a href="news/e030_nim_in_action_in_production.html">
-              <img src="${rootDir}assets/niminaction/banner2.png" alt="A printed copy of Nim in Action should be available in March 2017!"/>
-            </a>
-          </div>
-          <div id="slide3" class="niaslide">
-            <a href="sponsors.html">
-              <img src="${rootDir}assets/bountysource/meet_sponsors.png" alt="Meet our BountySource sponsors!"/>
-            </a>
-          </div>
-        </div>
-        <div id="slideshow-nav">
-          <div id="slideControl0" onclick="slideshow_click(0)" class="active"></div>
-          <div id="slideControl1" onclick="slideshow_click(1)"></div>
-          <div id="slideControl2" onclick="slideshow_click(2)"></div>
-          <div id="slideControl3" onclick="slideshow_click(3)"></div>
-        </div>
-#  end
-        <aside id="sidebar">
-
-#  if len(c.links) > 0:
-          <h3>More Links</h3>
-          <div id="sidebar-links">
-#         for i in 0..c.links.len-1:
-          <a href="${c.links[i].val}" id="${c.links[i].id}">${c.links[i].key}</a>
-#         end for
-          </div>
-#  end if
-#  if len(c.ticker) > 0:
-					<h3 class="blue">Latest News</h3>
-					<div id="sidebar-news">
-          ${c.ticker % rootDir}
-					</div>
-#  end if
-				</aside>
-			</div>
-		</section>
-
-		<section id="body">
-			<div id="body-border"></div>
-			<div id="glow-line"></div>
-			<div class="page-layout">
-				<article id="content" class="page">
-				$content
-				</article>
-			</div>
-		</section>
-
-		<!--- #foot --->
-		<footer id="foot" class="home">
-			<div class="page-layout tall">
-				<div id="foot-links">
-					<div>
-						<h4>Documentation</h4>
-						<a href="${rootDir}documentation.html">Stable Documentation</a>
-						<a href="${rootDir}learn.html">Learning Resources</a>
-					<!--	<a href="">Development Documentation</a> -->
-						<a href="https://github.com/nim-lang/nim">Issues &amp; Requests</a>
-					</div>
-					<div>
-						<h4>Community</h4>
-						<a href="https://forum.nim-lang.org">User Forum</a>
-            <a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=nim">Online IRC</a>
-            <a href="https://irclogs.nim-lang.org/">IRC Logs</a>
-					</div>
-				</div>
-				<div id="foot-legal">
-					<h4>Written in Nim - Powered by <a href="https://github.com/dom96/jester">Jester</a></h4>
-					Web Design by <a href="http://reign-studios.net/philipwitte/">Philip Witte</a> &amp; <a href="http://picheta.me/">Dominik Picheta</a><br>
-					Copyright © 2017 - <a href="https://nim-lang.org/blog/">Andreas Rumpf</a> &amp; <a href="https://github.com/nim-lang/nim/graphs/contributors">Contributors</a>
-				</div>
-			</div>
-		</footer>
-
-#  if currentTab == "index":
-  <script src="${rootDir}assets/index.js"></script>
-# end if
-#  if c.gaId.len != 0:
-  <script>
-    (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
-    (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),
-    m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)
-    })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');
-
-    ga('create', '${c.gaId}', 'nim-lang.org');
-    ga('send', 'pageview');
-  </script>
-#  end if
-</body>
-</html>
-#end proc
-#
-#
-#proc generateSponsors(sponsors: seq[Sponsor]): string =
-#result = ""
-#for sponsor in sponsors:
-  <dt class="level-${sponsor.level}">
-    #if sponsor.url.len > 0:
-      <a href="${sponsor.url}" target="_blank">${sponsor.name}</a>
-    #else:
-      ${sponsor.name}
-    #end if
-  </dt>
-  <dd class="logo">
-    #if sponsor.logo.len > 0:
-    <a href="${sponsor.url}" target="_blank">
-      <img alt="${sponsor.name}'s logo" src="${sponsor.logo}"/>
-    </a>
-    #end if
-  </dd>
-  <dd class="this_month">
-    Donated <b>$$${sponsor.thisMonth}</b> this month
-  </dd>
-  <dd class="legend">
-    Donated $$${sponsor.allTime} in total since ${sponsor.since}
-  </dd>
-#end for
-#end proc
-#proc generateSponsorsPage(activeSponsors, inactiveSponsors: seq[Sponsor]): string =
-#result = ""
-<h1 id="our-current-sponsors">Our Current Sponsors</h1>
-<p>This section lists the companies and individuals that are, very kindly, contributing a
-monthly amount to help sustain Nim's development. For more details take a
-look at the <a href="https://salt.bountysource.com/teams/nim">Bountysource campaign</a>.</p>
-<p class="lastUpdate">Last updated: ${getTime().utc().format("dd/MM/yyyy")}</p>
-<dl>
-${generateSponsors(activeSponsors)}
-</dl>
-#
-<h1 id="our-past-sponsors">Our Past Sponsors</h1>
-<p>This section lists the companies and individuals that have contributed
-money in the past to help sustain Nim's development. For more details take a
-look at the <a href="https://salt.bountysource.com/teams/nim">Bountysource campaign</a>.</p>
-<dl>
-${generateSponsors(inactiveSponsors)}
-</dl>
-#
-#end proc