diff --git a/compiler/ast.nim b/compiler/ast.nim
index 110ee79e3..2e3169665 100644
--- a/compiler/ast.nim
+++ b/compiler/ast.nim
@@ -553,6 +553,9 @@ type
# If it has one, t.destructor is not nil.
tfAcyclic # object type was annotated as .acyclic
tfIncompleteStruct # treat this type as if it had sizeof(pointer)
+ tfCompleteStruct
+ # (for importc types); type is fully specified, allowing to compute
+ # sizeof, alignof, offsetof at CT
TTypeFlags* = set[TTypeFlag]
diff --git a/compiler/ccgmerge.nim b/compiler/ccgmerge.nim
index 2be34aace..c12d6c0b2 100644
--- a/compiler/ccgmerge.nim
+++ b/compiler/ccgmerge.nim
@@ -48,6 +48,10 @@ const
NimMergeEndMark = "/*\tNIM_merge_END:*/"
proc genSectionStart*(fs: TCFileSection; conf: ConfigRef): Rope =
+ # useful for debugging and only adds at most a few lines in each file
+ result.add("\n/* section: ")
+ result.add(CFileSectionNames[fs])
+ result.add(" */\n")
if compilationCachePresent(conf):
result = nil
result.add("\n/*\t")
diff --git a/compiler/ccgtypes.nim b/compiler/ccgtypes.nim
index 46949831e..c4836c447 100644
--- a/compiler/ccgtypes.nim
+++ b/compiler/ccgtypes.nim
@@ -247,8 +247,13 @@ proc cacheGetType(tab: TypeCache; sig: SigHash): Rope =
result = tab.getOrDefault(sig)
proc addAbiCheck(m: BModule, t: PType, name: Rope) =
- if isDefined(m.config, "checkabi") and (let size = getSize(m.config, t); size != szUnknownSize):
- m.s[cfsTypeInfo].addf("NIM_CHECK_SIZE($1, $2);$n", [name, rope(size)])
+ if isDefined(m.config, "checkAbi") and (let size = getSize(m.config, t); size != szUnknownSize):
+ var msg = "backend & Nim disagree on size for: "
+ msg.addTypeHeader(m.config, t)
+ var msg2 = ""
+ msg2.addQuoted msg # not a hostspot so extra allocation doesn't matter
+ m.s[cfsTypeInfo].addf("NIM_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof($1) == $2, $3);$n", [name, rope(size), msg2.rope])
+ # see `testCodegenABICheck` for example error message it generates
proc ccgIntroducedPtr(conf: ConfigRef; s: PSym, retType: PType): bool =
var pt = skipTypes(s.typ, typedescInst)
@@ -328,7 +333,6 @@ proc getSimpleTypeDesc(m: BModule, typ: PType): Rope =
let sig = hashType typ
if cacheGetType(m.typeCache, sig) == nil:
m.typeCache[sig] = result
- addAbiCheck(m, typ, result)
proc pushType(m: BModule, typ: PType) =
for i in 0..high(m.typeStack):
@@ -676,6 +680,7 @@ proc resolveStarsInCppType(typ: PType, idx, stars: int): PType =
proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule, origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet): Rope =
# returns only the type's name
+
var t = origTyp.skipTypes(irrelevantForBackend-{tyOwned})
if containsOrIncl(check, t.id):
if not (isImportedCppType(origTyp) or isImportedCppType(t)):
@@ -686,6 +691,11 @@ proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule, origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet): Rope =
if t.sym != nil: useHeader(m, t.sym)
if t != origTyp and origTyp.sym != nil: useHeader(m, origTyp.sym)
let sig = hashType(origTyp)
+
+ defer: # defer is the simplest in this case
+ if isImportedType(t) and not m.typeABICache.containsOrIncl(sig):
+ addAbiCheck(m, t, result)
+
result = getTypePre(m, t, sig)
if result != nil:
excl(check, t.id)
@@ -818,7 +828,6 @@ proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule, origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet): Rope =
let foo = getTypeDescAux(m, t[1], check)
m.s[cfsTypes].addf("typedef $1 $2[$3];$n",
[foo, result, rope(n)])
- else: addAbiCheck(m, t, result)
of tyObject, tyTuple:
if isImportedCppType(t) and origTyp.kind == tyGenericInst:
let cppName = getTypeName(m, t, sig)
@@ -879,7 +888,8 @@ proc getTypeDescAux(m: BModule, origTyp: PType, check: var IntSet): Rope =
else: getTupleDesc(m, t, result, check)
if not isImportedType(t):
m.s[cfsTypes].add(recdesc)
- elif tfIncompleteStruct notin t.flags: addAbiCheck(m, t, result)
+ elif tfIncompleteStruct notin t.flags:
+ discard # addAbiCheck(m, t, result) # already handled elsewhere
of tySet:
# Don't use the imported name as it may be scoped: 'Foo::SomeKind'
result = $t.kind & '_' & t.lastSon.typeName & $t.lastSon.hashType
diff --git a/compiler/cgendata.nim b/compiler/cgendata.nim
index bf7daeea6..96e382873 100644
--- a/compiler/cgendata.nim
+++ b/compiler/cgendata.nim
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
import
ast, ropes, options, intsets,
- tables, ndi, lineinfos, pathutils, modulegraphs
+ tables, ndi, lineinfos, pathutils, modulegraphs, sets
type
TLabel* = Rope # for the C generator a label is just a rope
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ type
# this is needed for strange type generation
# reasons
cfsFieldInfo, # section for field information
- cfsTypeInfo, # section for type information
+ cfsTypeInfo, # section for type information (ag ABI checks)
cfsProcHeaders, # section for C procs prototypes
cfsData, # section for C constant data
cfsVars, # section for C variable declarations
@@ -144,6 +144,10 @@ type
# without extension)
tmpBase*: Rope # base for temp identifier generation
typeCache*: TypeCache # cache the generated types
+ typeABICache*: HashSet[SigHash] # cache for ABI checks; reusing typeCache
+ # would be ideal but for some reason enums
+ # don't seem to get cached so it'd generate
+ # 1 ABI check per occurence in code
forwTypeCache*: TypeCache # cache for forward declarations of types
declaredThings*: IntSet # things we have declared in this .c file
declaredProtos*: IntSet # prototypes we have declared in this .c file
diff --git a/compiler/pragmas.nim b/compiler/pragmas.nim
index ffe93a9f3..465608b10 100644
--- a/compiler/pragmas.nim
+++ b/compiler/pragmas.nim
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ const
wGcSafe, wCodegenDecl} - {wExportNims, wError, wUsed} # why exclude these?
typePragmas* = declPragmas + {wMagic, wAcyclic,
wPure, wHeader, wCompilerProc, wCore, wFinal, wSize, wShallow,
- wIncompleteStruct, wByCopy, wByRef,
+ wIncompleteStruct, wCompleteStruct, wByCopy, wByRef,
wInheritable, wGensym, wInject, wRequiresInit, wUnchecked, wUnion, wPacked,
wBorrow, wGcSafe, wPartial, wExplain, wPackage}
fieldPragmas* = declPragmas + {
@@ -1072,6 +1072,10 @@ proc singlePragma(c: PContext, sym: PSym, n: PNode, i: var int,
noVal(c, it)
if sym.typ == nil: invalidPragma(c, it)
else: incl(sym.typ.flags, tfIncompleteStruct)
+ of wCompleteStruct:
+ noVal(c, it)
+ if sym.typ == nil: invalidPragma(c, it)
+ else: incl(sym.typ.flags, tfCompleteStruct)
of wUnchecked:
noVal(c, it)
if sym.typ == nil or sym.typ.kind notin {tyArray, tyUncheckedArray}:
diff --git a/compiler/sizealignoffsetimpl.nim b/compiler/sizealignoffsetimpl.nim
index 81d2f5faf..dc3fefeea 100644
--- a/compiler/sizealignoffsetimpl.nim
+++ b/compiler/sizealignoffsetimpl.nim
@@ -382,7 +382,8 @@ proc computeSizeAlign(conf: ConfigRef; typ: PType) =
computeObjectOffsetsFoldFunction(conf, typ.n, false, accum)
let paddingAtEnd = int16(accum.finish())
if typ.sym != nil and
- typ.sym.flags * {sfCompilerProc, sfImportc} == {sfImportc}:
+ typ.sym.flags * {sfCompilerProc, sfImportc} == {sfImportc} and
+ tfCompleteStruct notin typ.flags:
typ.size = szUnknownSize
typ.align = szUnknownSize
typ.paddingAtEnd = szUnknownSize
diff --git a/compiler/types.nim b/compiler/types.nim
index c55ecd2aa..eac9695b6 100644
--- a/compiler/types.nim
+++ b/compiler/types.nim
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ type
preferGenericArg,
preferTypeName,
preferResolved, # fully resolved symbols
- preferMixed, # show symbol + resolved symbols if it differs, eg: seq[cint{int32}, float]
+ preferMixed,
+ # most useful, shows: symbol + resolved symbols if it differs, eg:
+ # tuple[a: MyInt{int}, b: float]
proc typeToString*(typ: PType; prefer: TPreferedDesc = preferName): string
template `$`*(typ: PType): string = typeToString(typ)
@@ -121,6 +123,13 @@ proc isIntLit*(t: PType): bool {.inline.} =
proc isFloatLit*(t: PType): bool {.inline.} =
result = t.kind == tyFloat and t.n != nil and t.n.kind == nkFloatLit
+proc addDeclaredLoc(result: var string, conf: ConfigRef; sym: PSym) =
+ result.add " [declared in " & conf$sym.info & "]"===================================
Nim Compiler User Guide
===================================
:Author: Andreas Rumpf
:Version: |nimversion|
.. contents::
"Look at you, hacker. A pathetic creature of meat and bone, panting and
sweating as you run through my corridors. How can you challenge a perfect,
immortal machine?"
Introduction
============
This document describes the usage of the *Nim compiler*
on the different supported platforms. It is not a definition of the Nim
programming language (therefore is the `manual <manual.html>`_).
Nim is free software; it is licensed under the
`MIT License <http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php>`_.
Compiler Usage
==============
Command line switches
---------------------
Basic command line switches are:
Usage:
.. include:: basicopt.txt
----
Advanced command line switches are:
.. include:: advopt.txt
List of warnings
----------------
Each warning can be activated individually with ``--warning[NAME]:on|off`` or
in a ``push`` pragma.
========================== ============================================
Name Description
========================== ============================================
CannotOpenFile Some file not essential for the compiler's
working could not be opened.
OctalEscape The code contains an unsupported octal
sequence.
Deprecated The code uses a deprecated symbol.
ConfigDeprecated The project makes use of a deprecated config
file.
SmallLshouldNotBeUsed The letter 'l' should not be used as an
identifier.
EachIdentIsTuple The code contains a confusing ``var``
declaration.
ShadowIdent A local variable shadows another local
variable of an outer scope.
User Some user defined warning.
========================== ============================================
List of hints
-------------
Each hint can be activated individually with ``--hint[NAME]:on|off`` or in a
``push`` pragma.
========================== ============================================
Name Description
========================== ============================================
CC Shows when the C compiler is called.
CodeBegin
CodeEnd
CondTrue
Conf A config file was loaded.
ConvToBaseNotNeeded
ConvFromXtoItselfNotNeeded
Dependency
Exec Program is executed.
ExprAlwaysX
ExtendedContext
GCStats Dumps statistics about the Garbage Collector.
GlobalVar Shows global variables declarations.
LineTooLong Line exceeds the maximum length.
Link Linking phase.
Name
Path Search paths modifications.
Pattern
Performance
Processing Artifact being compiled.
QuitCalled
Source The source line that triggered a diagnostic
message.
StackTrace
Success, SuccessX Successful compilation of a library or a binary.
User
UserRaw
XDeclaredButNotUsed Unused symbols in the code.
========================== ============================================
Verbosity levels
----------------
===== ============================================
Level Description
===== ============================================
0 Minimal output level for the compiler.
1 Displays compilation of all the compiled files, including those imported
by other modules or through the `compile pragma<#compile-pragma>`_.
This is the default level.
2 Displays compilation statistics, enumerates the dynamic
libraries that will be loaded by the final binary and dumps to
standard output the result of applying `a filter to the source code
<filters.html>`_ if any filter was used during compilation.
3 In addition to the previous levels dumps a debug stack trace
for compiler developers.
===== ============================================
Compile time symbols
--------------------
Through the ``-d:x`` or ``--define:x`` switch you can define compile time
symbols for conditional compilation. The defined switches can be checked in
source code with the `when statement <manual.html#when-statement>`_ and
`defined proc <system.html#defined>`_. The typical use of this switch is to
enable builds in release mode (``-d:release``) where certain safety checks are
omitted for better performance. Another common use is the ``-d:ssl`` switch to
activate SSL sockets.
Additionally, you may pass a value along with the symbol: ``-d:x=y``
which may be used in conjunction with the `compile time define
pragmas<manual.html#implementation-specific-pragmas-compile-time-define-pragmas>`_
to override symbols during build time.
Compile time symbols are completely **case insensitive** and underscores are
ignored too. ``--define:FOO`` and ``--define:foo`` are identical.
Configuration files
-------------------
**Note:** The *project file name* is the name of the ``.nim`` file that is
passed as a command line argument to the compiler.
The ``nim`` executable processes configuration files in the following
directories (in this order; later files overwrite previous settings):
1) ``$nim/config/nim.cfg``, ``/etc/nim/nim.cfg`` (UNIX) or ``<Nim's installation director>\config\nim.cfg`` (Windows). This file can be skipped with the ``--skipCfg`` command line option.
2) If environment variable ``XDG_CONFIG_HOME`` is defined, ``$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/nim/nim.cfg`` or ``~/.config/nim/nim.cfg`` (POSIX) or ``%APPDATA%/nim/nim.cfg`` (Windows). This file can be skipped with the ``--skipUserCfg`` command line option.
3) ``$parentDir/nim.cfg`` where ``$parentDir`` stands for any parent directory of the project file's path. These files can be skipped with the ``--skipParentCfg`` command line option.
4) ``$projectDir/nim.cfg`` where ``$projectDir`` stands for the project file's path. This file can be skipped with the ``--skipProjCfg`` command line option.
5) A project can also have a project specific configuration file named ``$project.nim.cfg`` that resides in the same directory as ``$project.nim``. This file can be skipped with the ``--skipProjCfg`` command line option.
Command line settings have priority over configuration file settings.
The default build of a project is a `debug build`:idx:. To compile a
`release build`:idx: define the ``release`` symbol::
nim c -d:release myproject.nim
Search path handling
--------------------
Nim has the concept of a global search path (PATH) that is queried to
determine where to find imported modules or include files. If multiple files are
found an ambiguity error is produced.
``nim dump`` shows the contents of the PATH.
However before the PATH is used the current directory is checked for the
file's existence. So if PATH contains ``$lib`` and ``$lib/bar`` and the
directory structure looks like this::
$lib/x.nim
$lib/bar/x.nim
foo/x.nim
foo/main.nim
other.nim
And ``main`` imports ``x``, ``foo/x`` is imported. If ``other`` imports ``x``
then both ``$lib/x.nim`` and ``$lib/bar/x.nim`` match and so the compiler
should reject it. Currently however this check is not implemented and instead
the first matching file is used.
Generated C code directory
--------------------------
The generated files that Nim produces all go into a subdirectory called
``nimcache``. Its full path is
- ``$XDG_CACHE_HOME/nim/$projectname(_r|_d)`` or ``~/.cache/nim/$projectname(_r|_d)``
on Posix
- ``$HOME/nimcache/$projectname(_r|_d)`` on Windows.
The ``_r`` suffix is used for release builds, ``_d`` is for debug builds.
This makes it easy to delete all
generated files. Files generated in this directory follow a naming logic which
you can read about in the `Nim Backend Integration document
<backends.html#nimcache-naming-logic>`_.
The ``--nimcache``
`compiler switch <nimc.html#command-line-switches>`_ can be used to
to change the ``nimcache`` directory.
However, the generated C code is not platform independent. C code generated for
Linux does not compile on Windows, for instance. The comment on top of the
C file lists the OS, CPU and CC the file has been compiled for.
Compiler Selection
==================
To change the compiler from the default compiler (at the command line)::
nim c --cc:llvm_gcc --compile_only myfile.nim
This uses the configuration defined in ``config\nim.cfg`` for ``lvm_gcc``.
If nimcache already contains compiled code from a different compiler for the same project,
add the ``-f`` flag to force all files to be recompiled.
The default compiler is defined at the top of ``config\nim.cfg``. Changing this setting
affects the compiler used by ``koch`` to (re)build Nim.
Cross compilation
=================
To cross compile, use for example::
nim c --cpu:i386 --os:linux --compileOnly --genScript myproject.nim
Then move the C code and the compile script ``compile_myproject.sh`` to your
Linux i386 machine and run the script.
Another way is to make Nim invoke a cross compiler toolchain::
nim c --cpu:arm --os:linux myproject.nim
For cross compilation, the compiler invokes a C compiler named
like ``$cpu.$os.$cc`` (for example arm.linux.gcc) and the configuration
system is used to provide meaningful defaults. For example for ``ARM`` your
configuration file should contain something like::
arm.linux.gcc.path = "/usr/bin"
arm.linux.gcc.exe = "arm-linux-gcc"
arm.linux.gcc.linkerexe = "arm-linux-gcc"
Cross compilation for Windows
=============================
To cross compile for Windows from Linux or OSX using the MinGW-w64 toolchain::
nim c -d:mingw myproject.nim
Use ``--cpu:i386`` or ``--cpu:amd64`` to switch the cpu arch.
The MinGW-w64 toolchain can be installed as follows::
Ubuntu: apt install mingw-w64
CentOS: yum install mingw32-gcc | mingw64-gcc - requires EPEL
OSX: brew install mingw-w64
Cross compilation for Nintendo Switch
=====================================
Simply add --os:nintendoswitch
to your usual ``nim c`` or ``nim cpp`` command and set the ``passC``
and ``passL`` command line switches to something like:
.. code-block:: console
nim c ... --passC="-I$DEVKITPRO/libnx/include" ...
--passL="-specs=$DEVKITPRO/libnx/switch.specs -L$DEVKITPRO/libnx/lib -lnx"
or setup a nim.cfg file like so:
.. code-block:: Nim
#nim.cfg
--passC="-I$DEVKITPRO/libnx/include"
--passL="-specs=$DEVKITPRO/libnx/switch.specs -L$DEVKITPRO/libnx/lib -lnx"
The DevkitPro setup must be the same as the default with their new installer
`here for Mac/Linux <https://github.com/devkitPro/pacman/releases>`_ or
`here for Windows <https://github.com/devkitPro/installer/releases>`_.
For example, with the above mentioned config::
nim c --os:nintendoswitch switchhomebrew.nim
This will generate a file called ``switchhomebrew.elf`` which can then be turned into
an nro file with the ``elf2nro`` tool in the DevkitPro release. Examples can be found at
`the nim-libnx github repo <https://github.com/jyapayne/nim-libnx.git>`_.
There are a few things that don't work because the DevkitPro libraries don't support them.
They are:
1. Waiting for a subprocess to finish. A subprocess can be started, but right
now it can't be waited on, which sort of makes subprocesses a bit hard to use
2. Dynamic calls. DevkitPro libraries have no dlopen/dlclose functions.
3. Command line parameters. It doesn't make sense to have these for a console
anyways, so no big deal here.
4. mqueue. Sadly there are no mqueue headers.
5. ucontext. No headers for these either. No coroutines for now :(
6. nl_types. No headers for this.
DLL generation
==============
Nim supports the generation of DLLs. However, there must be only one
instance of the GC per process/address space. This instance is contained in
``nimrtl.dll``. This means that every generated Nim DLL depends
on ``nimrtl.dll``. To generate the "nimrtl.dll" file, use the command::
nim c -d:release lib/nimrtl.nim
To link against ``nimrtl.dll`` use the command::
nim c -d:useNimRtl myprog.nim
**Note**: Currently the creation of ``nimrtl.dll`` with thread support has
never been tested and is unlikely to work!
Additional compilation switches
===============================
The standard library supports a growing number of ``useX`` conditional defines
affecting how some features are implemented. This section tries to give a
complete list.
====================== =========================================================
Define Effect
====================== =========================================================
``release`` Turns off runtime checks and turns on the optimizer.
More aggressive optimizations are possible, eg:
``--passC:-ffast-math`` (but see issue #10305)
``--stacktrace:off``
``useWinAnsi`` Modules like ``os`` and ``osproc`` use the Ansi versions
of the Windows API. The default build uses the Unicode
version.
``useFork`` Makes ``osproc`` use ``fork`` instead of ``posix_spawn``.
``useNimRtl`` Compile and link against ``nimrtl.dll``.
``useMalloc`` Makes Nim use C's `malloc`:idx: instead of Nim's
own memory manager, albeit prefixing each allocation with
its size to support clearing memory on reallocation.
This only works with ``gc:none``.
``useRealtimeGC`` Enables support of Nim's GC for *soft* realtime
systems. See the documentation of the `gc <gc.html>`_
for further information.
``nodejs`` The JS target is actually ``node.js``.
``ssl`` Enables OpenSSL support for the sockets module.
``memProfiler`` Enables memory profiling for the native GC.
``uClibc`` Use uClibc instead of libc. (Relevant for Unix-like OSes)
``checkAbi`` When using types from C headers, add checks that compare
what's in the Nim file with what's in the C header
(requires a C compiler with _Static_assert support, like
any C11 compiler)
``tempDir`` This symbol takes a string as its value, like
``--define:tempDir:/some/temp/path`` to override the
temporary directory returned by ``os.getTempDir()``.
The value **should** end with a directory separator
character. (Relevant for the Android platform)
``useShPath`` This symbol takes a string as its value, like
``--define:useShPath:/opt/sh/bin/sh`` to override the
path for the ``sh`` binary, in cases where it is not
located in the default location ``/bin/sh``.
``noSignalHandler`` Disable the crash handler from ``system.nim``.
====================== =========================================================
Additional Features
===================
This section describes Nim's additional features that are not listed in the
Nim manual. Some of the features here only make sense for the C code
generator and are subject to change.
LineDir option
--------------
The ``lineDir`` option can be turned on or off. If turned on the
generated C code contains ``#line`` directives. This may be helpful for
debugging with GDB.
StackTrace option
-----------------
If the ``stackTrace`` option is turned on, the generated C contains code to
ensure that proper stack traces are given if the program crashes or an
uncaught exception is raised.
LineTrace option
----------------
The ``lineTrace`` option implies the ``stackTrace`` option. If turned on,
the generated C contains code to ensure that proper stack traces with line
number information are given if the program crashes or an uncaught exception
is raised.
Hot code reloading
------------------
**Note:** At the moment hot code reloading is supported only in
JavaScript projects.
The `hotCodeReloading`:idx: option enables special compilation mode where changes in
the code can be applied automatically to a running program. The code reloading
happens at the granularity of an individual module. When a module is reloaded,
Nim will preserve the state of all global variables which are initialized with
a standard variable declaration in the code. All other top level code will be
executed repeatedly on each reload. If you want to prevent this behavior, you
can guard a block of code with the ``once`` construct:
.. code-block:: Nim
var settings = initTable[string, string]()
once:
myInit()
for k, v in loadSettings():
settings[k] = v
If you want to reset the state of a global variable on each reload, just
re-assign a value anywhere within the top-level code:
.. code-block:: Nim
var lastReload: Time
lastReload = now()
resetProgramState()
**Known limitations:** In the JavaScript target, global variables using the
``codegenDecl`` pragma will be re-initialized on each reload. Please guard the
initialization with a `once` block to work-around this.
**Usage in JavaScript projects:**
Once your code is compiled for hot reloading, you can use a framework such
as `LiveReload <http://livereload.com/>` or `BrowserSync <https://browsersync.io/>`
to implement the actual reloading behavior in your project.
DynlibOverride
==============
By default Nim's ``dynlib`` pragma causes the compiler to generate
``GetProcAddress`` (or their Unix counterparts)
calls to bind to a DLL. With the ``dynlibOverride`` command line switch this
can be prevented and then via ``--passL`` the static library can be linked
against. For instance, to link statically against Lua this command might work
on Linux::
nim c --dynlibOverride:lua --passL:liblua.lib program.nim
Backend language options
========================
The typical compiler usage involves using the ``compile`` or ``c`` command to
transform a ``.nim`` file into one or more ``.c`` files which are then
compiled with the platform's C compiler into a static binary. However there
are other commands to compile to C++, Objective-C or Javascript. More details
can be read in the `Nim Backend Integration document <backends.html>`_.
Nim documentation tools
=======================
Nim provides the `doc`:idx: and `doc2`:idx: commands to generate HTML
documentation from ``.nim`` source files. Only exported symbols will appear in
the output. For more details `see the docgen documentation <docgen.html>`_.
Nim idetools integration
========================
Nim provides language integration with external IDEs through the
idetools command. See the documentation of `idetools <idetools.html>`_
for further information.
..
Nim interactive mode
====================
The Nim compiler supports an interactive mode. This is also known as
a `REPL`:idx: (*read eval print loop*). If Nim has been built with the
``-d:useGnuReadline`` switch, it uses the GNU readline library for terminal
input management. To start Nim in interactive mode use the command
``nim secret``. To quit use the ``quit()`` command. To determine whether an input
line is an incomplete statement to be continued these rules are used:
1. The line ends with ``[-+*/\\<>!\?\|%&$@~,;:=#^]\s*$`` (operator symbol followed by optional whitespace).
2. The line starts with a space (indentation).
3. The line is within a triple quoted string literal. However, the detection
does not work if the line contains more than one ``"""``.
Nim for embedded systems
========================
The standard library can be avoided to a point where C code generation
for 16bit micro controllers is feasible. Use the `standalone`:idx: target
(``--os:standalone``) for a bare bones standard library that lacks any
OS features.
To make the compiler output code for a 16bit target use the ``--cpu:avr``
target.
For example, to generate code for an `AVR`:idx: processor use this command::
nim c --cpu:avr --os:standalone --genScript x.nim
For the ``standalone`` target one needs to provide
a file ``panicoverride.nim``.
See ``tests/manyloc/standalone/panicoverride.nim`` for an example
implementation. Additionally, users should specify the
amount of heap space to use with the ``-d:StandaloneHeapSize=<size>``
command line switch. Note that the total heap size will be
``<size> * sizeof(float64)``.
Nim for realtime systems
========================
See the documentation of Nim's soft realtime `GC <gc.html>`_ for further
information.
Signal handling in Nim
======================
The Nim programming language has no concept of Posix's signal handling
mechanisms. However, the standard library offers some rudimentary support
for signal handling, in particular, segmentation faults are turned into
fatal errors that produce a stack trace. This can be disabled with the
``-d:noSignalHandler`` switch.
Optimizing for Nim
==================
Nim has no separate optimizer, but the C code that is produced is very
efficient. Most C compilers have excellent optimizers, so usually it is
not needed to optimize one's code. Nim has been designed to encourage
efficient code: The most readable code in Nim is often the most efficient
too.
However, sometimes one has to optimize. Do it in the following order:
1. switch off the embedded debugger (it is **slow**!)
2. turn on the optimizer and turn off runtime checks
3. profile your code to find where the bottlenecks are
4. try to find a better algorithm
5. do low-level optimizations
This section can only help you with the last item.
Optimizing string handling
--------------------------
String assignments are sometimes expensive in Nim: They are required to
copy the whole string. However, the compiler is often smart enough to not copy
strings. Due to the argument passing semantics, strings are never copied when
passed to subroutines. The compiler does not copy strings that are a result from
a procedure call, because the callee returns a new string anyway.
Thus it is efficient to do:
.. code-block:: Nim
var s = procA() # assignment will not copy the string; procA allocates a new
# string already
However it is not efficient to do:
.. code-block:: Nim
var s = varA # assignment has to copy the whole string into a new buffer!
For ``let`` symbols a copy is not always necessary:
.. code-block:: Nim
let s = varA # may only copy a pointer if it safe to do so
If you know what you're doing, you can also mark single string (or sequence)
objects as `shallow`:idx:\:
.. code-block:: Nim
var s = "abc"
shallow(s) # mark 's' as shallow string
var x = s # now might not copy the string!
Usage of ``shallow`` is always safe once you know the string won't be modified
anymore, similar to Ruby's `freeze`:idx:.
The compiler optimizes string case statements: A hashing scheme is used for them
if several different string constants are used. So code like this is reasonably
efficient:
.. code-block:: Nim
case normalize(k.key)
of "name": c.name = v
of "displayname": c.displayName = v
of "version": c.version = v
of "os": c.oses = split(v, {';'})
of "cpu": c.cpus = split(v, {';'})
of "authors": c.authors = split(v, {';'})
of "description": c.description = v
of "app":
case normalize(v)
of "console": c.app = appConsole
of "gui": c.app = appGUI
else: quit(errorStr(p, "expected: console or gui"))
of "license": c.license = UnixToNativePath(k.value)
else: quit(errorStr(p, "unknown variable: " & k.key))
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