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ID: 709ce651-5e37-426e-ab4d-083a5c74d7f5
Title: Status update - August 2021
Authors: Nova[有線魔女] <novaburst@envs.net>
Date: 2021-08-10T23:57:15-00:00
Topics: Life

If you were wondering if I was alive or not, I'm stil alive and kicking!
I was on winter holidays (they probably end the next week) and I was doing quite a lot of things.
For example it was basically this :

* Chatting on IRC and XMPP (on a few rooms/channels on either protocol)
* Checking my email inbox (mostly mailing lists)
* Maintaining this blog (by updating existing posts and writing new ones)
* Reading ebooks (yeah still on that, btw)
* Returned to the Fediverse (2021/08/10) after a long (and well deserved) break
* Watching a series on my computer (finished already, also downloaded soundtracks)
* Writing and improving software I maintain on my git repositories
* Discovering the NNTP protocol and setting up a client for that purpose (2021/08/11)
* https://mstdn.social/@novaburst/106813908181295328 (2021/08/24) (my arm still hurts lol)

And that's all for now, I guess. As always , I'll update this post according to how this month goes.
See you next time!
~ Nova, 2021

#
#
#            Nim's Runtime Library
#        (c) Copyright 2017 Nim contributors
#
#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
#

##[
String `interpolation`:idx: / `format`:idx: inspired by
Python's ``f``-strings.

``fmt`` vs. ``&``
=================

You can use either ``fmt`` or the unary ``&`` operator for formatting. The
difference between them is subtle but important.

The ``fmt"{expr}"`` syntax is more aesthetically pleasing, but it hides a small
gotcha. The string is a
`generalized raw string literal <manual.html#lexical-analysis-generalized-raw-string-literals>`_.
This has some surprising effects:

.. code-block:: nim

    import strformat
    let msg = "hello"
    doAssert fmt"{msg}\n" == "hello\\n"

Because the literal is a raw string literal, the ``\n`` is not interpreted as
an escape sequence.

There are multiple ways to get around this, including the use of the ``&``
operator:

.. code-block:: nim

    import strformat
    let msg = "hello"

    doAssert &"{msg}\n" == "hello\n"

    doAssert fmt"{msg}{'\n'}" == "hello\n"
    doAssert fmt("{msg}\n") == "hello\n"
    doAssert "{msg}\n".fmt == "hello\n"

The choice of style is up to you.

Formatting strings
==================

.. code-block:: nim

    import strformat

    doAssert &"""{"abc":>4}""" == " abc"
    doAssert &"""{"abc":<4}""" == "abc "

Formatting floats
=================

.. code-block:: nim

    import strformat

    doAssert fmt"{-12345:08}" == "-0012345"
    doAssert fmt"{-1:3}" == " -1"
    doAssert fmt"{-1:03}" == "-01"
    doAssert fmt"{16:#X}" == "0x10"

    doAssert fmt"{123.456}" == "123.456"
    doAssert fmt"{123.456:>9.3f}" == "  123.456"
    doAssert fmt"{123.456:9.3f}" == "  123.456"
    doAssert fmt"{123.456:9.4f}" == " 123.4560"
    doAssert fmt"{123.456:>9.0f}" == "     123."
    doAssert fmt"{123.456:<9.4f}" == "123.4560 "

    doAssert fmt"{123.456:e}" == "1.234560e+02"
    doAssert fmt"{123.456:>13e}" == " 1.234560e+02"
    doAssert fmt"{123.456:13e}" == " 1.234560e+02"


Implementation details
======================

An expression like ``&"{key} is {value:arg} {{z}}"`` is transformed into:

.. code-block:: nim
  var temp = newStringOfCap(educatedCapGuess)
  format(key, temp)
  format(" is ", temp)
  format(value, arg, temp)
  format(" {z}", temp)
  temp

Parts of the string that are enclosed in the curly braces are interpreted
as Nim code, to escape an ``{`` or ``}`` double it.

``&`` delegates most of the work to an open overloaded set
of ``format`` procs. The required signature for a type ``T`` that supports
formatting is usually ``proc format(x: T; result: var string)`` for efficiency
but can also be ``proc format(x: T): string``. ``add`` and ``$`` procs are
used as the fallback implementation.

This is the concrete lookup algorithm that ``&`` uses:

.. code-block:: nim

  when compiles(format(arg, res)):
    format(arg, res)
  elif compiles(format(arg)):
    res.add format(arg)
  elif compiles(add(res, arg)):
    res.add(arg)
  else:
    res.add($arg)


The subexpression after the colon
(``arg`` in ``&"{key} is {value:arg} {{z}}"``) is an optional argument
passed to ``format``.

If an optional argument is present the following lookup algorithm is used:

.. code-block:: nim

  when compiles(format(arg, option, res)):
    format(arg, option, res)
  else:
    res.add format(arg, option)


For strings and numeric types the optional argument is a so-called
"standard format specifier".


Standard format specifier for strings, integers and floats
==========================================================


The general form of a standard format specifier is::

  [[fill]align][sign][#][0][minimumwidth][.precision][type]

The square brackets ``[]`` indicate an optional element.

The optional align flag can be one of the following:

'<'
    Forces the field to be left-aligned within the available
    space. (This is the default for strings.)

'>'
    Forces the field to be right-aligned within the available space.
    (This is the default for numbers.)

'^'
    Forces the field to be centered within the available space.

Note that unless a minimum field width is defined, the field width
will always be the same size as the data to fill it, so that the alignment
option has no meaning in this case.

The optional 'fill' character defines the character to be used to pad
the field to the minimum width. The fill character, if present, must be
followed by an alignment flag.

The 'sign' option is only valid for numeric types, and can be one of the following:

=================        ====================================================
  Sign                   Meaning
=================        ====================================================
``+``                    Indicates that a sign should be used for both
                         positive as well as negative numbers.
``-``                    Indicates that a sign should be used only for
                         negative numbers (this is the default behavior).
(space)                  Indicates that a leading space should be used on
                         positive numbers.
=================        ====================================================

If the '#' character is present, integers use the 'alternate form' for formatting.
This means that binary, octal, and hexadecimal output will be prefixed
with '0b', '0o', and '0x', respectively.

'width' is a decimal integer defining the minimum field width. If not specified,
then the field width will be determined by the content.

If the width field is preceded by a zero ('0') character, this enables
zero-padding.

The 'precision' is a decimal number indicating how many digits should be displayed
after the decimal point in a floating point conversion. For non-numeric types the
field indicates the maximum field size - in other words, how many characters will
be used from the field content. The precision is ignored for integer conversions.

Finally, the 'type' determines how the data should be presented.

The available integer presentation types are:


=================        ====================================================
  Type                   Result
=================        ====================================================
``b``                    Binary. Outputs the number in base 2.
``d``                    Decimal Integer. Outputs the number in base 10.
``o``                    Octal format. Outputs the number in base 8.
``x``                    Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using
                         lower-case letters for the digits above 9.
``X``                    Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using
                         uppercase letters for the digits above 9.
(None)                   the same as 'd'
=================        ====================================================


The available floating point presentation types are:

=================        ====================================================
  Type                   Result
=================        ====================================================
``e``                    Exponent notation. Prints the number in scientific
                         notation using the letter 'e' to indicate the
                         exponent.
``E``                    Exponent notation. Same as 'e' except it converts
                         the number to uppercase.
``f``                    Fixed point. Displays the number as a fixed-point
                         number.
``F``                    Fixed point. Same as 'f' except it converts the
                         number to uppercase.
``g``                    General format. This prints the number as a
                         fixed-point number, unless the number is too
                         large, in which case it switches to 'e'
                         exponent notation.
``G``                    General format. Same as 'g' except switches to 'E'
                         if the number gets to large.
(None)                   similar to 'g', except that it prints at least one
                         digit after the decimal point.
=================        ====================================================


Future directions
=================

A curly expression with commas in it like ``{x, argA, argB}`` could be
transformed to ``format(x, argA, argB, res)`` in order to support
formatters that do not need to parse a custom language within a custom
language but instead prefer to use Nim's existing syntax. This also
helps in readability since there is only so much you can cram into
single letter DSLs.

]##

import macros, parseutils, unicode
import strutils

template callFormat(res, arg) {.dirty.} =
  when arg is string:
    # workaround in order to circumvent 'strutils.format' which matches
    # too but doesn't adhere to our protocol.
    res.add arg
  elif compiles(format(arg, res)) and
      # Check if format returns void
      not (compiles do: discard format(arg, res)):
    format(arg, res)
  elif compiles(format(arg)):
    res.add format(arg)
  elif compiles(add(res, arg)):
    res.add(arg)
  else:
    res.add($arg)

template callFormatOption(res, arg, option) {.dirty.} =
  when compiles(format(arg, option, res)):
    format(arg, option, res)
  elif compiles(format(arg, option)):
    res.add format(arg, option)
  else:
    format($arg, option, res)

macro `&`*(pattern: string): untyped =
  ## For a specification of the ``&`` macro, see the module level documentation.
  if pattern.kind notin {nnkStrLit..nnkTripleStrLit}:
    error "string formatting (fmt(), &) only works with string literals", pattern
  let f = pattern.strVal
  var i = 0
  let res = genSym(nskVar, "fmtRes")
  result = newNimNode(nnkStmtListExpr, lineInfoFrom=pattern)
  result.add newVarStmt(res, newCall(bindSym"newStringOfCap", newLit(f.len + count(f, '{')*10)))
  var strlit = ""
  while i < f.len:
    if f[i] == '{':
      inc i
      if f[i] == '{':
        inc i
        strlit.add '{'
      else:
        if strlit.len > 0:
          result.add newCall(bindSym"add", res, newLit(strlit))
          strlit = ""

        var subexpr = ""
        while i < f.len and f[i] != '}' and f[i] != ':':
          subexpr.add f[i]
          inc i
        let x = parseExpr(subexpr)

        if f[i] == ':':
          inc i
          var options = ""
          while i < f.len and f[i] != '}':
            options.add f[i]
            inc i
          result.add getAst(callFormatOption(res, x, newLit(options)))
        else:
          result.add getAst(callFormat(res, x))
        if f[i] == '}':
          inc i
        else:
          doAssert false, "invalid format string: missing '}'"
    elif f[i] == '}':
      if f[i+1] == '}':
        strlit.add '}'
        inc i, 2
      else:
        doAssert false, "invalid format string: '}' instead of '}}'"
        inc i
    else:
      strlit.add f[i]
      inc i
  if strlit.len > 0:
    result.add newCall(bindSym"add", res, newLit(strlit))
  result.add res
  when defined(debugFmtDsl):
    echo repr result

template fmt*(pattern: string): untyped =
  ## An alias for ``&``.
  bind `&`
  &pattern

proc mkDigit(v: int, typ: char): string {.inline.} =
  assert(v < 26)
  if v < 10:
    result = $chr(ord('0') + v)
  else:
    result = $chr(ord(if typ == 'x': 'a' else: 'A') + v - 10)

proc alignString*(s: string, minimumWidth: int; align = '\0'; fill = ' '): string =
  ## Aligns ``s`` using ``fill`` char.
  ## This is only of interest if you want to write a custom ``format`` proc that
  ## should support the standard format specifiers.
  if minimumWidth == 0:
    result = s
  else:
    let sRuneLen = if s.validateUtf8 == -1: s.runeLen else: s.len
    let toFill = minimumWidth - sRuneLen
    if toFill <= 0:
      result = s
    elif align == '<' or align == '\0':
      result = s & repeat(fill, toFill)
    elif align == '^':
      let half = toFill div 2
      result = repeat(fill, half) & s & repeat(fill, toFill - half)
    else:
      result = repeat(fill, toFill) & s

type
  StandardFormatSpecifier* = object ## Type that describes "standard format specifiers".
    fill*, align*: char             ## Desired fill and alignment.
    sign*: char                     ## Desired sign.
    alternateForm*: bool            ## Whether to prefix binary, octal and hex numbers
                                    ## with ``0b``, ``0o``, ``0x``.
    padWithZero*: bool              ## Whether to pad with zeros rather than spaces.
    minimumWidth*, precision*: int  ## Desired minium width and precision.
    typ*: char                      ## Type like 'f', 'g' or 'd'.
    endPosition*: int ## End position in the format specifier after
                      ## ``parseStandardFormatSpecifier`` returned.

proc formatInt(n: SomeNumber; radix: int; spec: StandardFormatSpecifier): string =
  ## Converts ``n`` to string. If ``n`` is `SomeFloat`, it casts to `int64`.
  ## Conversion is done using ``radix``. If result's length is lesser than
  ## ``minimumWidth``, it aligns result to the right or left (depending on ``a``)
  ## with ``fill`` char.
  when n is SomeUnsignedInt:
    var v = n.uint64
    let negative = false
  else:
    var v = n.int64
    let negative = v.int64 < 0
    if negative:
      # FIXME: overflow error for low(int64)
      v = v * -1

  var xx = ""
  if spec.alternateForm:
    case spec.typ
    of 'X': xx = "0x"
    of 'x': xx = "0x"
    of 'b': xx = "0b"
    of 'o': xx = "0o"
    else: discard

  if v == 0:
    result = "0"
  else:
    result = ""
    while v > type(v)(0):
      let d = v mod type(v)(radix)
      v = v div type(v)(radix)
      result.add(mkDigit(d.int, spec.typ))
    for idx in 0..<(result.len div 2):
      swap result[idx], result[result.len - idx - 1]
  if spec.padWithZero:
    let sign = negative or spec.sign != '-'
    let toFill = spec.minimumWidth - result.len - xx.len - ord(sign)
    if toFill > 0:
      result = repeat('0', toFill) & result

  if negative:
    result = "-" & xx & result
  elif spec.sign != '-':
    result = spec.sign & xx & result
  else:
    result = xx & result

  if spec.align == '<':
    for i in result.len..<spec.minimumWidth:
      result.add(spec.fill)
  else:
    let toFill = spec.minimumWidth - result.len
    if spec.align == '^':
      let half = toFill div 2
      result = repeat(spec.fill, half) & result & repeat(spec.fill, toFill - half)
    else:
      if toFill > 0:
        result = repeat(spec.fill, toFill) & result

proc parseStandardFormatSpecifier*(s: string; start = 0;
                                   ignoreUnknownSuffix = false): StandardFormatSpecifier =
  ## An exported helper proc that parses the "standard format specifiers",
  ## as specified by the grammar::
  ##
  ##   [[fill]align][sign][#][0][minimumwidth][.precision][type]
  ##
  ## This is only of interest if you want to write a custom ``format`` proc that
  ## should support the standard format specifiers. If ``ignoreUnknownSuffix`` is true,
  ## an unknown suffix after the ``type`` field is not an error.
  const alignChars = {'<', '>', '^'}
  result.fill = ' '
  result.align = '\0'
  result.sign = '-'
  var i = start
  if i + 1 < s.len and s[i+1] in alignChars:
    result.fill = s[i]
    result.align = s[i+1]
    inc i, 2
  elif i < s.len and s[i] in alignChars:
    result.align = s[i]
    inc i

  if i < s.len and s[i] in {'-', '+', ' '}:
    result.sign = s[i]
    inc i

  if i < s.len and s[i] == '#':
    result.alternateForm = true
    inc i

  if i+1 < s.len and s[i] == '0' and s[i+1] in {'0'..'9'}:
    result.padWithZero = true
    inc i

  let parsedLength = parseSaturatedNatural(s, result.minimumWidth, i)
  inc i, parsedLength
  if i < s.len and s[i] == '.':
    inc i
    let parsedLengthB = parseSaturatedNatural(s, result.precision, i)
    inc i, parsedLengthB
  else:
    result.precision = -1

  if i < s.len and s[i] in {'A'..'Z', 'a'..'z'}:
    result.typ = s[i]
    inc i
  result.endPosition = i
  if i != s.len and not ignoreUnknownSuffix:
    raise newException(ValueError,
      "invalid format string, cannot parse: " & s[i..^1])


proc format*(value: SomeInteger; specifier: string; res: var string) =
  ## Standard format implementation for ``SomeInteger``. It makes little
  ## sense to call this directly, but it is required to exist
  ## by the ``&`` macro.
  let spec = parseStandardFormatSpecifier(specifier)
  var radix = 10
  case spec.typ
  of 'x', 'X': radix = 16
  of 'd', '\0': discard
  of 'b': radix = 2
  of 'o': radix = 8
  else:
    raise newException(ValueError,
      "invalid type in format string for number, expected one " &
      " of 'x', 'X', 'b', 'd', 'o' but got: " & spec.typ)
  res.add formatInt(value, radix, spec)

proc format*(value: SomeFloat; specifier: string; res: var string) =
  ## Standard format implementation for ``SomeFloat``. It makes little
  ## sense to call this directly, but it is required to exist
  ## by the ``&`` macro.
  let spec = parseStandardFormatSpecifier(specifier)

  var fmode = ffDefault
  case spec.typ
  of 'e', 'E':
    fmode = ffScientific
  of 'f', 'F':
    fmode = ffDecimal
  of 'g', 'G':
    fmode = ffDefault
  of '\0': discard
  else:
    raise newException(ValueError,
      "invalid type in format string for number, expected one " &
      " of 'e', 'E', 'f', 'F', 'g', 'G' but got: " & spec.typ)

  var f = formatBiggestFloat(value, fmode, spec.precision)
  var sign = false
  if value >= 0.0:
    if spec.sign != '-':
      sign = true
      if  value == 0.0:
        if 1.0 / value == Inf:
          # only insert the sign if value != negZero
          f.insert($spec.sign, 0)
      else:
        f.insert($spec.sign, 0)
  else:
    sign = true

  if spec.padWithZero:
    var sign_str = ""
    if sign:
      sign_str = $f[0]
      f = f[1..^1]

    let toFill = spec.minimumWidth - f.len - ord(sign)
    if toFill > 0:
      f = repeat('0', toFill) & f
    if sign:
      f = sign_str & f

  # the default for numbers is right-alignment:
  let align = if spec.align == '\0': '>' else: spec.align
  let result = alignString(f, spec.minimumWidth,
                           align, spec.fill)
  if spec.typ in {'A'..'Z'}:
    res.add toUpperAscii(result)
  else:
    res.add result

proc format*(value: string; specifier: string; res: var string) =
  ## Standard format implementation for ``string``. It makes little
  ## sense to call this directly, but it is required to exist
  ## by the ``&`` macro.
  let spec = parseStandardFormatSpecifier(specifier)
  var value = value
  case spec.typ
  of 's', '\0': discard
  else:
    raise newException(ValueError,
      "invalid type in format string for string, expected 's', but got " &
      spec.typ)
  if spec.precision != -1:
    if spec.precision < runelen(value):
      setLen(value, runeOffset(value, spec.precision))
  res.add alignString(value, spec.minimumWidth, spec.align, spec.fill)

when isMainModule:
  template check(actual, expected: string) =
    doAssert actual == expected

  from strutils import toUpperAscii, repeat

  # Basic tests
  let s = "string"
  check &"{0} {s}", "0 string"
  check &"{s[0..2].toUpperAscii}", "STR"
  check &"{-10:04}", "-010"
  check &"{-10:<04}", "-010"
  check &"{-10:>04}", "-010"
  check &"0x{10:02X}", "0x0A"

  check &"{10:#04X}", "0x0A"

  check &"""{"test":#>5}""", "#test"
  check &"""{"test":>5}""", " test"

  check &"""{"test":#^7}""", "#test##"

  check &"""{"test": <5}""", "test "
  check &"""{"test":<5}""", "test "
  check &"{1f:.3f}", "1.000"
  check &"Hello, {s}!", "Hello, string!"

  # Tests for identifers without parenthesis
  check &"{s} works{s}", "string worksstring"
  check &"{s:>7}", " string"
  doAssert(not compiles(&"{s_works}")) # parsed as identifier `s_works`

  # Misc general tests
  check &"{{}}", "{}"
  check &"{0}%", "0%"
  check &"{0}%asdf", "0%asdf"
  check &("\n{\"\\n\"}\n"), "\n\n\n"
  check &"""{"abc"}s""", "abcs"

  # String tests
  check &"""{"abc"}""", "abc"
  check &"""{"abc":>4}""", " abc"
  check &"""{"abc":<4}""", "abc "
  check &"""{"":>4}""", "    "
  check &"""{"":<4}""", "    "

  # Int tests
  check &"{12345}", "12345"
  check &"{ - 12345}", "-12345"
  check &"{12345:6}", " 12345"
  check &"{12345:>6}", " 12345"
  check &"{12345:4}", "12345"
  check &"{12345:08}", "00012345"
  check &"{-12345:08}", "-0012345"
  check &"{0:0}", "0"
  check &"{0:02}", "00"
  check &"{-1:3}", " -1"
  check &"{-1:03}", "-01"
  check &"{10}", "10"
  check &"{16:#X}", "0x10"
  check &"{16:^#7X}", " 0x10  "
  check &"{16:^+#7X}", " +0x10 "

  # Hex tests
  check &"{0:x}", "0"
  check &"{-0:x}", "0"
  check &"{255:x}", "ff"
  check &"{255:X}", "FF"
  check &"{-255:x}", "-ff"
  check &"{-255:X}", "-FF"
  check &"{255:x} uNaffeCteD CaSe", "ff uNaffeCteD CaSe"
  check &"{255:X} uNaffeCteD CaSe", "FF uNaffeCteD CaSe"
  check &"{255:4x}", "  ff"
  check &"{255:04x}", "00ff"
  check &"{-255:4x}", " -ff"
  check &"{-255:04x}", "-0ff"

  # Float tests
  check &"{123.456}", "123.456"
  check &"{-123.456}", "-123.456"
  check &"{123.456:.3f}", "123.456"
  check &"{123.456:+.3f}", "+123.456"
  check &"{-123.456:+.3f}", "-123.456"
  check &"{-123.456:.3f}", "-123.456"
  check &"{123.456:1g}", "123.456"
  check &"{123.456:.1f}", "123.5"
  check &"{123.456:.0f}", "123."
  #check &"{123.456:.0f}", "123."
  check &"{123.456:>9.3f}", "  123.456"
  check &"{123.456:9.3f}", "  123.456"
  check &"{123.456:>9.4f}", " 123.4560"
  check &"{123.456:>9.0f}", "     123."
  check &"{123.456:<9.4f}", "123.4560 "

  # Float (scientific) tests
  check &"{123.456:e}", "1.234560e+02"
  check &"{123.456:>13e}", " 1.234560e+02"
  check &"{123.456:<13e}", "1.234560e+02 "
  check &"{123.456:.1e}", "1.2e+02"
  check &"{123.456:.2e}", "1.23e+02"
  check &"{123.456:.3e}", "1.235e+02"

  # Note: times.format adheres to the format protocol. Test that this
  # works:
  import times

  var dt = initDateTime(01, mJan, 2000, 00, 00, 00)
  check &"{dt:yyyy-MM-dd}", "2000-01-01"

  var tm = fromUnix(0)
  discard &"{tm}"

  # Unicode string tests
  check &"""{"αβγ"}""", "αβγ"
  check &"""{"αβγ":>5}""", "  αβγ"
  check &"""{"αβγ":<5}""", "αβγ  "
  check &"""a{"a"}α{"α"}€{"€"}𐍈{"𐍈"}""", "aaαα€€𐍈𐍈"
  check &"""a{"a":2}α{"α":2}€{"€":2}𐍈{"𐍈":2}""", "aa αα €€ 𐍈𐍈 "
  # Invalid unicode sequences should be handled as plain strings.
  # Invalid examples taken from: https://stackoverflow.com/a/3886015/1804173
  let invalidUtf8 = [
    "\xc3\x28", "\xa0\xa1",
    "\xe2\x28\xa1", "\xe2\x82\x28",
    "\xf0\x28\x8c\xbc", "\xf0\x90\x28\xbc", "\xf0\x28\x8c\x28"
  ]
  for s in invalidUtf8:
    check &"{s:>5}", repeat(" ", 5-s.len) & s


  import json

  doAssert fmt"{'a'} {'b'}" == "a b"

  echo("All tests ok")