# Helper to dynamically allocate memory on the heap.
#
# We'd like to be able to write tests for functions that allocate memory,
# making assertions on the precise addresses used. To achieve this we'll pass
# in an *allocation descriptor* to allocate from.
#
# Allocation descriptors are also useful outside of tests. Assembly and machine
# code are of necessity unsafe languages, and one of the most insidious kinds
# of bugs unsafe languages expose us to are dangling pointers to memory that
# has been freed and potentially even reused for something totally different.
# To reduce the odds of such "use after free" errors, SubX programs tend to not
# reclaim and reuse dynamically allocated memory. (Running out of memory is far
# easier to debug.) Long-running programs that want to reuse memory are mostly
# on their own to be careful. However, they do get one bit of help: they can
# carve out chunks of memory and then allocate from them manually using this
# very same 'allocate' helper. They just need a new allocation descriptor for
# their book-keeping.
== data
# A default allocation descriptor for programs to use.
Heap: # allocation-descriptor
# curr
0/imm32
# limit
0/imm32
# a reasonable default
Heap-size: # int
0x400000/imm32/4MB
== code
# instruction effective address register displacement immediate
# . op subop mod rm32 base index scale r32
# . 1-3 bytes 3 bits 2 bits 3 bits 3 bits 3 bits 2 bits 2 bits 0/1/2/4 bytes 0/1/2/4 bytes
# Let's start initializing the default allocation descriptor.
Entry:
# initialize heap
# . Heap = new-segment(Heap-size)
# . . push args
68/push Heap/imm32
ff 6/subop/push 0/mod/indirect 5/rm32/.disp32 . . . Heap-size/disp32 # push *Heap-size
# . . call
e8/call new-segment/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
e8/call run-tests/disp32 # 'run-tests' is a function created automatically by SubX. It calls all functions that start with 'test-'.
$array-equal-main:end:
# syscall(exit, Num-test-failures)
8b/copy 0/mod/indirect 5/rm32/.disp32 . . 3/r32/ebx Num-test-failures/disp32 # copy *Num-test-failures to ebx
b8/copy-to-eax 1/imm32/exit
cd/syscall 0x80/imm8
# Claim the next 'n' bytes of memory starting at ad->curr and update ad->curr.
# Abort if there isn't enough memory in 'ad'.
allocate: # ad: (addr allocation-descriptor), n: int -> address-or-null/eax: (addr _)
# . prologue
55/push-ebp
89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/ebp . . . 4/r32/esp . . # copy esp to ebp
# . save registers
51/push-ecx
52/push-edx
# ecx = ad
8b/copy 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . 1/r32/ecx 8/disp8 . # copy *(ebp+8) to ecx
# save ad->curr
8b/copy 0/mod/indirect 1/rm32/ecx . . . 0/r32/eax . . # copy *ecx to eax
# check if there's enough space
# . edx = ad->curr + n
89/copy 3/mod/direct 2/rm32/edx . . . 0/r32/eax . . # copy eax to edx
03/add 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . 2/r32/edx 0xc/disp8 . # add *(ebp+12) to edx
3b/compare 1/mod/*+disp8 1/rm32/ecx . . . 2/r32/edx 4/disp8 . # compare edx with *(ecx+4)
73/jump-if->=-signed $allocate:abort/disp8
$allocate:commit:
# update ad->curr
89/copy 0/mod/indirect 1/rm32/ecx . . . 2/r32/edx . . # copy edx to *ecx
$allocate:end:
# . restore registers
5a/pop-to-edx
59/pop-to-ecx
# . epilogue
89/copy 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . 5/r32/ebp . . # copy ebp to esp
5d/pop-to-ebp
c3/return
$allocate:abort:
# . _write(2/stderr, error)
# . . push args
68/push "allocate: failed to allocate\n"/imm32
68/push 2/imm32/stderr
# . . call
e8/call _write/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# . syscall(exit, 1)
bb/copy-to-ebx 1/imm32
b8/copy-to-eax 1/imm32/exit
cd/syscall 0x80/imm8
# never gets here
test-allocate-success:
# . prologue
55/push-ebp
89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/ebp . . . 4/r32/esp . . # copy esp to ebp
# var ad/ecx: allocation-descriptor = {11, 15}
68/push 0xf/imm32/limit
68/push 0xb/imm32/curr
89/copy 3/mod/direct 1/rm32/ecx . . . 4/r32/esp . . # copy esp to ecx
# var eax: (handle byte) = allocate(ad, 3)
# . . push args
68/push 3/imm32
51/push-ecx
# . . call
e8/call allocate/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# check-ints-equal(eax, 11, msg)
# . . push args
68/push "F - test-allocate-success: returns current pointer of allocation descriptor"/imm32
68/push 0xb/imm32
50/push-eax
# . . call
e8/call check-ints-equal/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to esp
# check-ints-equal(ad->curr, 14, msg)
# . . push args
68/push "F - test-allocate-success: updates allocation descriptor"/imm32
68/push 0xe/imm32
ff 6/subop/push 0/mod/indirect 1/rm32/ecx . . . . . . # push *ecx
# . . call
e8/call check-ints-equal/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to esp
# . epilogue
89/copy 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . 5/r32/ebp . . # copy ebp to esp
5d/pop-to-ebp
c3/return
_pending-test-allocate-failure:
# . prologue
55/push-ebp
89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/ebp . . . 4/r32/esp . . # copy esp to ebp
# var ad/ecx: allocation-descriptor = {11, 15}
68/push 0xf/imm32/limit
68/push 0xb/imm32/curr
89/copy 3/mod/direct 1/rm32/ecx . . . 4/r32/esp . . # copy esp to ecx
# var eax: (handle byte) = allocate(ad, 6)
# . . push args
68/push 6/imm32
51/push-ecx
# . . call
e8/call allocate/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# check-ints-equal(eax, 0, msg)
# . . push args
68/push "F - test-allocate-failure: returns null"/imm32
68/push 0/imm32
50/push-eax
# . . call
e8/call check-ints-equal/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to esp
# no change to ad->curr
# . check-ints-equal(ad->curr, 11)
# . . push args
68/push "F - test-allocate-failure: updates allocation descriptor"/imm32
68/push 0xb/imm32
ff 6/subop/push 0/mod/indirect 1/rm32/ecx . . . . . . # push *ecx
# . . call
e8/call check-ints-equal/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 0xc/imm32 # add to esp
# . epilogue
89/copy 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . 5/r32/ebp . . # copy ebp to esp
5d/pop-to-ebp
c3/return
# helper: create a nested allocation descriptor (useful for tests)
allocate-region: # ad: (addr allocation-descriptor), n: int -> new-ad: (handle allocation-descriptor)
# . prologue
55/push-ebp
89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/ebp . . . 4/r32/esp . . # copy esp to ebp
# . save registers
51/push-ecx
# eax = allocate(ad, n)
# . . push args
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 0xc/disp8 . # push *(ebp+12)
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 8/disp8 . # push *(ebp+8)
# . . call
e8/call allocate/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# if (eax == 0) abort
3d/compare-eax-and 0/imm32
74/jump-if-= $allocate-region:abort/disp8
# earmark 8 bytes at the start for a new allocation descriptor
# . *eax = eax + 8
89/copy 3/mod/direct 1/rm32/ecx . . . 0/r32/eax . . # copy eax to ecx
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 1/rm32/ecx . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to ecx
89/copy 0/mod/indirect 0/rm32/eax . . . 1/r32/ecx . . # copy ecx to *eax
# . *(eax+4) = eax + n
89/copy 3/mod/direct 1/rm32/ecx . . . 0/r32/eax . . # copy eax to ecx
03/add 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . 1/r32/ecx 0xc/disp8 . # add *(ebp+12) to ecx
89/copy 1/mod/*+disp8 0/rm32/eax . . . 1/r32/ecx 4/disp8 . # copy ecx to *(eax+4)
# . restore registers
59/pop-to-ecx
# . epilogue
89/copy 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . 5/r32/ebp . . # copy ebp to esp
5d/pop-to-ebp
c3/return
# We could create a more general '$abort' jump target, but then we'd need to do
# a conditional jump followed by loading the error message and an unconditional
# jump. Or we'd need to unconditionally load the error message before a
# conditional jump, even if it's unused the vast majority of the time. This way
# we bloat a potentially cold segment in RAM so we can abort with a single
# instruction.
$allocate-region:abort:
# . _write(2/stderr, error)
# . . push args
68/push "allocate-region: failed to allocate\n"/imm32
68/push 2/imm32/stderr
# . . call
e8/call _write/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# . syscall(exit, 1)
bb/copy-to-ebx 1/imm32
b8/copy-to-eax 1/imm32/exit
cd/syscall 0x80/imm8
# never gets here
# Claim the next 'n+4' bytes of memory and initialize the first 4 to n.
# Abort if there isn't enough memory in 'ad'.
allocate-array: # ad: (addr allocation-descriptor), n: int -> result/eax: (addr _)
# . prologue
55/push-ebp
89/copy 3/mod/direct 5/rm32/ebp . . . 4/r32/esp . . # copy esp to ebp
# . save registers
51/push-ecx
52/push-edx
# ecx = n
8b/copy 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . 1/r32/ecx 0xc/disp8 . # copy *(ebp+0xc) to ecx
# var size/edx: int = n+4
8d/copy-address 1/mod/*+disp8 1/rm32/ecx . . . 2/r32/edx 4/disp8 . # copy ecx+4 to edx
# result = allocate(ad, size)
# . . push args
52/push-edx
ff 6/subop/push 1/mod/*+disp8 5/rm32/ebp . . . . 8/disp8 . # push *(ebp+8)
# . . call
e8/call allocate/disp32
# . . discard args
81 0/subop/add 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . . . 8/imm32 # add to esp
# *result = n
89/copy 0/mod/indirect 0/rm32/eax . . . 1/r32/ecx . . # copy ecx to *eax
$allocate-array:end:
# . restore registers
5a/pop-to-edx
59/pop-to-ecx
# . epilogue
89/copy 3/mod/direct 4/rm32/esp . . . 5/r32/ebp . . # copy ebp to esp
5d/pop-to-ebp
c3/return
# . . vim:nowrap:textwidth=0