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<pre id='vimCodeElement'>
<span class="Comment">//: Arrays contain a variable number of elements of the same type. Their value</span>
<span class="Comment">//: starts with the length of the array.</span>
<span class="Comment">//:</span>
<span class="Comment">//: You can create arrays of containers, but containers can only contain</span>
<span class="Comment">//: elements of a fixed size, so you can't create containers containing arrays.</span>
<span class="Comment">//: Create containers containing addresses to arrays instead.</span>

<span class="Comment">//: You can create arrays using 'create-array'.</span>
<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario create_array)</span>
recipe main [
  <span class="Comment"># create an array occupying locations 1 (for the size) and 2-4 (for the elements)</span>
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:number:<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>create-array
]
<span class="traceContains">+run: creating array of size 4</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Declarations&quot;)</span>
CREATE_ARRAY<span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Numbers&quot;)</span>
put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;create-array&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> CREATE_ARRAY<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Checks&quot;)</span>
case CREATE_ARRAY: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>empty<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'create-array' needs one product and no ingredients but got '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>to_string<span class="Delimiter">()</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  reagent product = inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  canonize_type<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_mu_array<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'create-array' cannot create non-array &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;create array of what? &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>to_string<span class="Delimiter">()</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Comment">// 'create-array' will need to check properties rather than types</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>properties<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>second || !product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>properties<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>second<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right || !product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>properties<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>second<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;create array of what size? &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>to_string<span class="Delimiter">()</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_integer<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>properties<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>second<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>value<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'create-array' product should specify size of array after its element type, but got &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>properties<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>second<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>value &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Implementations&quot;)</span>
case CREATE_ARRAY: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  reagent product = current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">().</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  canonize<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  long long int base_address = product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>value<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  long long int array_size = to_integer<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>properties<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>second<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>value<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  <span class="Comment">// initialize array size, so that size_of will work</span>
  put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> base_address<span class="Delimiter">,</span> array_size<span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// in array elements</span>
  long long int size = size_of<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">);</span>  <span class="Comment">// in locations</span>
  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9998</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;creating array of size &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; size &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
  <span class="Comment">// initialize array</span>
  for <span class="Delimiter">(</span>long long int i = <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span> i &lt;= size_of<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">);</span> ++i<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> base_address+i<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Comment">// dummy product; doesn't actually do anything</span>
  products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>resize<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>array_size<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario copy_array)</span>
<span class="Comment"># Arrays can be copied around with a single instruction just like numbers,</span>
<span class="Comment"># no matter how large they are.</span>
recipe main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:number:<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>create-array
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">4</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">5</span>:array:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:number:<span class="Constant">3</span>
]
<span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 3 in location 5</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 14 in location 6</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 15 in location 7</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 16 in location 8</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario copy_array_indirect)</span>
recipe main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:number:<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>create-array
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">4</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">5</span>:address:array:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>/unsafe
  <span class="Constant">6</span>:array:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy *<span class="Constant">5</span>:address:array:number
]
<span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 3 in location 6</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 14 in location 7</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 15 in location 8</span>
<span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 16 in location 9</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario stash_array)</span>
recipe main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:number:<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>create-array
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">4</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  stash [foo:]<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:number:<span class="Constant">3</span>
]
<span class="traceContains">+app: foo: 3 14 15 16</span>

<span class="Comment">//: disable the size mismatch check since the destination array need not be initialized</span>
<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End size_mismatch(x) Cases&quot;)</span>
if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type &amp;&amp; x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>value == get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;array&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End size_of(reagent) Cases&quot;)</span>
if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>r<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type &amp;&amp; r<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>value == get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;array&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!r<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>current_recipe_name<span class="Delimiter">())</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; r<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;' is an array of what?</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Comment">// skip the 'array' type to get at the element type</span>
  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">1</span> + get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">.</span>value<span class="Delimiter">)</span>*size_of<span class="Delimiter">(</span>array_element<span class="Delimiter">(</span>r<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>

<span class="SalientComment">//:: To access elements of an array, use 'index'</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario index)</span>
recipe main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:number:<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>create-array
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">4</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">5</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:number:<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">0</span>
]
<span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 14 in location 5</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario index_direct_offset)</span>
recipe main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:number:<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>create-array
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">4</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">5</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">0</span>
  <span class="Constant">6</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:number<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">5</span>:number
]
<span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 14 in location 6</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Declarations&quot;)</span>
INDEX<span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Numbers&quot;)</span>
put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> INDEX<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Checks&quot;)</span>
case INDEX: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">)</span> != <span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'index' expects exactly 2 ingredients in '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>to_string<span class="Delimiter">()</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  reagent base = inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  canonize_type<span class="Delimiter">(</span>base<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_mu_array<span class="Delimiter">(</span>base<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'index' on a non-array &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; base<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>empty<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  reagent product = inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  canonize_type<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  reagent element<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  element<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type = new type_tree<span class="Delimiter">(</span>*array_element<span class="Delimiter">(</span>base<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!types_coercible<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">,</span> element<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'index' on &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; base<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; can't be saved in &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;; type should be &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; debug_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>element<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Implementations&quot;)</span>
case INDEX: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  reagent base = current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">().</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  canonize<span class="Delimiter">(</span>base<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  long long int base_address = base<span class="Delimiter">.</span>value<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>base_address == <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>current_recipe_name<span class="Delimiter">())</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;tried to access location 0 in '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">().</span>to_string<span class="Delimiter">()</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  reagent offset = current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">().</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  canonize<span class="Delimiter">(</span>offset<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  vector&lt;double&gt; offset_val<span class="Delimiter">(</span>read_memory<span class="Delimiter">(</span>offset<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
  type_tree* element_type = array_element<span class="Delimiter">(</span>base<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>offset_val<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt; <span class="Constant">0</span> || offset_val<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &gt;= get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> base_address<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>current_recipe_name<span class="Delimiter">())</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;invalid index &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; no_scientific<span class="Delimiter">(</span>offset_val<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  long long int src = base_address + <span class="Constant">1</span> + offset_val<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>*size_of<span class="Delimiter">(</span>element_type<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9998</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;address to copy is &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; src &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
  trace<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">9998</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;run&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;its type is &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type<span class="Delimiter">,</span> element_type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>value<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
  reagent tmp<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  tmp<span class="Delimiter">.</span>set_value<span class="Delimiter">(</span>src<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  tmp<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type = new type_tree<span class="Delimiter">(</span>*element_type<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>read_memory<span class="Delimiter">(</span>tmp<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
type_tree* array_element<span class="Delimiter">(</span>const type_tree* type<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  <span class="Identifier">return</span> type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario index_indirect)</span>
recipe main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:number:<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>create-array
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">4</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">5</span>:address:array:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>/unsafe
  <span class="Constant">6</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *<span class="Constant">5</span>:address:array:number<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">1</span>
]
<span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 15 in location 6</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario index_out_of_bounds)</span>
<span class="Special">% Hide_errors = true;</span>
recipe main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:number:<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>create-array
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">4</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">5</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">6</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">7</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">8</span>:address:array:point<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>
  index *<span class="Constant">8</span>:address:array:point<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">4</span>  <span class="Comment"># less than size of array in locations, but larger than its length in elements</span>
]
<span class="traceContains">+error: main: invalid index 4</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario index_out_of_bounds_2)</span>
<span class="Special">% Hide_errors = true;</span>
recipe main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:point:<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>create-array
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">4</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">5</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">6</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">7</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">8</span>:address:array:point<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>/unsafe
  index *<span class="Constant">8</span>:address:array:point<span class="Delimiter">,</span> -<span class="Constant">1</span>
]
<span class="traceContains">+error: main: invalid index -1</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario index_product_type_mismatch)</span>
<span class="Special">% Hide_errors = true;</span>
recipe main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:point:<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>create-array
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">4</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">5</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">6</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">7</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">8</span>:address:array:point<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>/unsafe
  <span class="Constant">9</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index *<span class="Constant">8</span>:address:array:point<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">0</span>
]
<span class="traceContains">+error: main: 'index' on *8:address:array:point can't be saved in 9:number; type should be point</span>

<span class="Comment">//: we might want to call 'index' without saving the results, say in a sandbox</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario index_without_product)</span>
recipe main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:number:<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>create-array
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">4</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  index <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:number:<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">0</span>
]
<span class="Comment"># just don't die</span>

<span class="SalientComment">//:: To write to elements of containers, you need their address.</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario index_address)</span>
recipe main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:number:<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>create-array
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">4</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">5</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index-address <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:number<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">0</span>
]
<span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 2 in location 5</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Declarations&quot;)</span>
INDEX_ADDRESS<span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Numbers&quot;)</span>
put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;index-address&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> INDEX_ADDRESS<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Checks&quot;)</span>
case INDEX_ADDRESS: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">)</span> != <span class="Constant">2</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'index-address' expects exactly 2 ingredients in '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>to_string<span class="Delimiter">()</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  reagent base = inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  canonize_type<span class="Delimiter">(</span>base<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_mu_array<span class="Delimiter">(</span>base<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'index-address' on a non-array &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; base<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>empty<span class="Delimiter">())</span> <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  reagent product = inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  canonize_type<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  reagent element<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  element<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type = new type_tree<span class="Delimiter">(</span>*array_element<span class="Delimiter">(</span>base<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
  element<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type = new type_tree<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;address&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">),</span> element<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!types_coercible<span class="Delimiter">(</span>product<span class="Delimiter">,</span> element<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'index' on &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; base<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot; can't be saved in &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; product<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;; type should be &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; debug_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>element<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Implementations&quot;)</span>
case INDEX_ADDRESS: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  reagent base = current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">().</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  canonize<span class="Delimiter">(</span>base<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  long long int base_address = base<span class="Delimiter">.</span>value<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>base_address == <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>current_recipe_name<span class="Delimiter">())</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;tried to access location 0 in '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">().</span>to_string<span class="Delimiter">()</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  reagent offset = current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">().</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  canonize<span class="Delimiter">(</span>offset<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  vector&lt;double&gt; offset_val<span class="Delimiter">(</span>read_memory<span class="Delimiter">(</span>offset<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
  type_tree* element_type = array_element<span class="Delimiter">(</span>base<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>offset_val<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt; <span class="Constant">0</span> || offset_val<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> &gt;= get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> base_address<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>current_recipe_name<span class="Delimiter">())</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;invalid index &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; no_scientific<span class="Delimiter">(</span>offset_val<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">))</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  long long int result = base_address + <span class="Constant">1</span> + offset_val<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>*size_of<span class="Delimiter">(</span>element_type<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>resize<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>result<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario index_address_out_of_bounds)</span>
<span class="Special">% Hide_errors = true;</span>
recipe main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:point:<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>create-array
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">4</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">5</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">6</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">7</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">8</span>:address:array:point<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>  <span class="Comment"># unsafe</span>
  index-address *<span class="Constant">8</span>:address:array:point<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">4</span>  <span class="Comment"># less than size of array in locations, but larger than its length in elements</span>
]
<span class="traceContains">+error: main: invalid index 4</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario index_address_out_of_bounds_2)</span>
<span class="Special">% Hide_errors = true;</span>
recipe main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:point:<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>create-array
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">4</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">5</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">6</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">7</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">8</span>:address:array:point<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>/unsafe
  index-address *<span class="Constant">8</span>:address:array:point<span class="Delimiter">,</span> -<span class="Constant">1</span>
]
<span class="traceContains">+error: main: invalid index -1</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario index_address_product_type_mismatch)</span>
<span class="Special">% Hide_errors = true;</span>
recipe main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:point:<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>create-array
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">4</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">5</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">6</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">7</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">8</span>:address:array:point<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">1</span>/unsafe
  <span class="Constant">9</span>:address:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>index-address *<span class="Constant">8</span>:address:array:point<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">0</span>
]
<span class="traceContains">+error: main: 'index' on *8:address:array:point can't be saved in 9:address:number; type should be &lt;address : &lt;point : &lt;&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>

<span class="SalientComment">//:: compute the length of an array</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(scenario array_length)</span>
recipe main [
  <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:number:<span class="Constant">3</span><span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>create-array
  <span class="Constant">2</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">14</span>
  <span class="Constant">3</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">15</span>
  <span class="Constant">4</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>copy <span class="Constant">16</span>
  <span class="Constant">5</span>:number<span class="Special"> &lt;- </span>length <span class="Constant">1</span>:array:number:<span class="Constant">3</span>
]
<span class="traceContains">+mem: storing 3 in location 5</span>

<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Declarations&quot;)</span>
LENGTH<span class="Delimiter">,</span>
<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Numbers&quot;)</span>
put<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;length&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">,</span> LENGTH<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Checks&quot;)</span>
case LENGTH: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>SIZE<span class="Delimiter">(</span>inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">)</span> != <span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Recipe<span class="Delimiter">,</span> r<span class="Delimiter">).</span>name<span class="Delimiter">)</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'length' expects exactly 2 ingredients in '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>to_string<span class="Delimiter">()</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  reagent x = inst<span class="Delimiter">.</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  canonize_type<span class="Delimiter">(</span>x<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>!is_mu_array<span class="Delimiter">(</span>x<span class="Delimiter">))</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;tried to calculate length of non-array &quot;</span> &lt;&lt; x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>original_string &lt;&lt; <span class="cSpecial">'\n'</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End Primitive Recipe Implementations&quot;)</span>
case LENGTH: <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  reagent x = current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">().</span>ingredients<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  canonize<span class="Delimiter">(</span>x<span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>value == <span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    raise_error &lt;&lt; maybe<span class="Delimiter">(</span>current_recipe_name<span class="Delimiter">())</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;tried to access location 0 in '&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">().</span>to_string<span class="Delimiter">()</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="Constant">&quot;'</span><span class="cSpecial">\n</span><span class="Constant">&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; end<span class="Delimiter">();</span>
    <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>resize<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">1</span><span class="Delimiter">);</span>
  products<span class="Delimiter">.</span>at<span class="Delimiter">(</span><span class="Constant">0</span><span class="Delimiter">).</span>push_back<span class="Delimiter">(</span>get_or_insert<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Memory<span class="Delimiter">,</span> x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>value<span class="Delimiter">));</span>
  <span class="Identifier">break</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>

<span class="Comment">//: optimization: none of the instructions in this layer use 'ingredients' so</span>
<span class="Comment">//: stop copying potentially huge arrays into it.</span>
<span class="Delimiter">:(before &quot;End should_copy_ingredients Special-cases&quot;)</span>
recipe_ordinal r = current_instruction<span class="Delimiter">().</span>operation<span class="Delimiter">;</span>
if <span class="Delimiter">(</span>r == CREATE_ARRAY || r == INDEX || r == INDEX_ADDRESS || r == LENGTH<span class="Delimiter">)</span>
  <span class="Identifier">return</span> <span class="Constant">false</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>

<span class="Comment">//: a particularly common array type is the string, or address:array:character</span>
<span class="Delimiter">:(code)</span>
bool is_mu_string<span class="Delimiter">(</span>const reagent&amp; x<span class="Delimiter">)</span> <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
  <span class="Identifier">return</span> x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type
    &amp;&amp; x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>value == get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;address&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>
    &amp;&amp; x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right
    &amp;&amp; x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>value == get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;array&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>
    &amp;&amp; x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right
    &amp;&amp; x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>value == get<span class="Delimiter">(</span>Type_ordinal<span class="Delimiter">,</span> <span class="Constant">&quot;character&quot;</span><span class="Delimiter">)</span>
    &amp;&amp; x<span class="Delimiter">.</span>type<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right<span class="Delimiter">-&gt;</span>right == <span class="Constant">NULL</span><span class="Delimiter">;</span>
<span class="Delimiter">}</span>
</pre>
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