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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
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<title>Mu - 061text.mu</title>
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<pre id='vimCodeElement'>
<span class="Comment"># Some useful helpers for dealing with text (arrays of characters)</span>

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> equal a:text, b:text<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:bool [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  an:num, bn:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy a, b
  address-equal?:boolean <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal an, bn
  <span class="muControl">reply-if</span> address-equal?, <span class="Constant">1/true</span>
  <span class="muControl">reply-unless</span> a, <span class="Constant">0/false</span>
  <span class="muControl">reply-unless</span> b, <span class="Constant">0/false</span>
  a-len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *a
  b-len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *b
  <span class="Comment"># compare lengths</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    trace<span class="Constant"> 99</span>, <span class="Constant">[text-equal]</span>, <span class="Constant">[comparing lengths]</span>
    length-equal?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal a-len, b-len
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> length-equal?
    <span class="muControl">return</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Comment"># compare each corresponding character</span>
  trace<span class="Constant"> 99</span>, <span class="Constant">[text-equal]</span>, <span class="Constant">[comparing characters]</span>
  i:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    done?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-or-equal i, a-len
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
    a2:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *a, i
    b2:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *b, i
    <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
      chars-match?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal a2, b2
      <span class="muControl">break-if</span> chars-match?
      <span class="muControl">return</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>
    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
    i <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add i,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="muControl">return</span><span class="Constant"> 1</span>
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-equal-reflexive [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  run [
    10:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal x, x
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 1</span>  <span class="Comment"># x == x for all x</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-equal-identical [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  run [
    10:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal x, y
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 1</span>  <span class="Comment"># abc == abc</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-equal-distinct-lengths [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abcd]</span>
  run [
    10:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal x, y
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>  <span class="Comment"># abc != abcd</span>
  ]
  trace-should-contain [
    text-equal: comparing lengths
  ]
  trace-should-not-contain [
    text-equal: comparing characters
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-equal-with-empty [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abcd]</span>
  run [
    10:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal x, y
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>  <span class="Comment"># &quot;&quot; != abcd</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-equal-with-null [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abcd]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  run [
    10:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal x,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
    11:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal<span class="Constant"> 0</span>, x
    12:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal x, y
    13:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal y, x
    14:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal y, y
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 11</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 12</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 13</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 14</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 1</span>
  ]
  check-trace-count-for-label<span class="Constant"> 0</span>, <span class="Constant">[error]</span>
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-equal-common-lengths-but-distinct [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abd]</span>
  run [
    10:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal x, y
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>  <span class="Comment"># abc != abd</span>
  ]
]

<span class="Comment"># A new type to help incrementally construct texts.</span>
<span class="Comment"># todo: make this shape-shifting.</span>
<span class="muData">container</span> buffer [
  length:num
  data:text
]

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> new-buffer capacity:num<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:&amp;:buffer [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">buffer:type</span>
  *result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> put *result, <span class="Constant">length:offset</span>,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> capacity
    <span class="Comment"># capacity not provided</span>
    capacity <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 10</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  data:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">character:type</span>, capacity
  *result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> put *result, <span class="Constant">data:offset</span>, data
  <span class="muControl">return</span> result
]

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> grow-buffer buf:&amp;:buffer<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>buf:&amp;:buffer [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  <span class="Comment"># double buffer size</span>
  olddata:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> get *buf, <span class="Constant">data:offset</span>
  oldlen:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *olddata
  newlen:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> multiply oldlen,<span class="Constant"> 2</span>
  newdata:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">character:type</span>, newlen
  *buf <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> put *buf, <span class="Constant">data:offset</span>, newdata
  <span class="Comment"># copy old contents</span>
  i:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    done?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-or-equal i, oldlen
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
    src:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *olddata, i
    *newdata <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> put-index *newdata, i, src
    i <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add i,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
]

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> buffer-full? in:&amp;:buffer<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:bool [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> get *in, <span class="Constant">length:offset</span>
  s:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> get *in, <span class="Constant">data:offset</span>
  capacity:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *s
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-or-equal len, capacity
]

<span class="Comment"># most broadly applicable definition of append to a buffer: just call to-text</span>
<span class="muRecipe">def</span> append buf:&amp;:buffer, x:_elem<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>buf:&amp;:buffer [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  text:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> to-text x
  len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *text
  i:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    done?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-or-equal i, len
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
    c:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *text, i
    buf <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> append buf, c
    i <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add i,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
]

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> append buf:&amp;:buffer, c:char<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>buf:&amp;:buffer [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> get *buf, <span class="Constant">length:offset</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="Comment"># backspace? just drop last character if it exists and return</span>
    backspace?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">8/backspace</span>
    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> backspace?
    empty?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> lesser-or-equal len,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
    <span class="muControl">return-if</span> empty?
    len <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> subtract len,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    *buf <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> put *buf, <span class="Constant">length:offset</span>, len
    <span class="muControl">return</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="Comment"># grow buffer if necessary</span>
    full?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> buffer-full? buf
    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> full?
    buf <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> grow-buffer buf
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  s:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> get *buf, <span class="Constant">data:offset</span>
  *s <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> put-index *s, len, c
  len <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add len,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
  *buf <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> put *buf, <span class="Constant">length:offset</span>, len
]

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> append buf:&amp;:buffer, t:text<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>buf:&amp;:buffer [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *t
  i:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    done?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-or-equal i, len
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
    c:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *t, i
    buf <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> append buf, c
    i <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add i,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> append-to-empty-buffer [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:&amp;:buffer <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new-buffer
  run [
    c:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy <span class="Constant">97/a</span>
    x <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> append x, c
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> get *x, <span class="Constant">length:offset</span>
    s:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> get *x, <span class="Constant">data:offset</span>
    11:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *s,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
    12:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *s,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 1</span>  <span class="Comment"># buffer length</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 11</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 97</span>  <span class="Comment"># a</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 12</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>  <span class="Comment"># rest of buffer is empty</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> append-to-buffer [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:&amp;:buffer <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new-buffer
  c:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy <span class="Constant">97/a</span>
  x <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> append x, c
  run [
    c <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy <span class="Constant">98/b</span>
    x <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> append x, c
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> get *x, <span class="Constant">length:offset</span>
    s:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> get *x, <span class="Constant">data:offset</span>
    11:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *s,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
    12:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *s,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    13:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *s,<span class="Constant"> 2</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 2</span>  <span class="Comment"># buffer length</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 11</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 97</span>  <span class="Comment"># a</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 12</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 98</span>  <span class="Comment"># b</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 13</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>  <span class="Comment"># rest of buffer is empty</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> append-grows-buffer [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:&amp;:buffer <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new-buffer<span class="Constant"> 3</span>
  s1:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> get *x, <span class="Constant">data:offset</span>
  x <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> append x, <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>  <span class="Comment"># buffer is now full</span>
  s2:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> get *x, <span class="Constant">data:offset</span>
  run [
    10:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal s1, s2
    11:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *s2
<span class="Constant">    +buffer-filled</span>
    c:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy <span class="Constant">100/d</span>
    x <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> append x, c
    s3:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> get *x, <span class="Constant">data:offset</span>
    20:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal s1, s3
    21:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> get *x, <span class="Constant">length:offset</span>
    30:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *s3
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    <span class="Comment"># before +buffer-filled</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 1</span>   <span class="Comment"># no change in data pointer after original append</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 11</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 3</span>   <span class="Comment"># size of data</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 12</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 97</span>  <span class="Comment"># data</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 13</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 98</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 14</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 99</span>
    <span class="Comment"># in the end</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 20</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>   <span class="Comment"># data pointer has grown after second append</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 21</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 4</span>   <span class="Comment"># final length</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 30</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 6</span>   <span class="Comment"># but data's capacity has doubled</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 31</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 97</span>  <span class="Comment"># data</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 32</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 98</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 33</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 99</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 34</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 100</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 35</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 36</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> buffer-append-handles-backspace [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:&amp;:buffer <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new-buffer
  x <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> append x, <span class="Constant">[ab]</span>
  run [
    c:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy <span class="Constant">8/backspace</span>
    x <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> append x, c
    s:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> buffer-to-array x
    10:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *s
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 1</span>   <span class="Comment"># length</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 11</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 97</span>  <span class="Comment"># contents</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 12</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> buffer-to-array in:&amp;:buffer<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:text [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="Comment"># propagate null buffer</span>
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> in
    <span class="muControl">return</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> get *in, <span class="Constant">length:offset</span>
  s:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> get *in, <span class="Constant">data:offset</span>
  <span class="Comment"># we can't just return s because it is usually the wrong length</span>
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">character:type</span>, len
  i:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    done?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-or-equal i, len
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
    src:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *s, i
    *result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> put-index *result, i, src
    i <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add i,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
]

<span class="Comment"># Append any number of texts together.</span>
<span class="Comment"># A later layer also translates calls to this to implicitly call to-text, so</span>
<span class="Comment"># append to string becomes effectively dynamically typed.</span>
<span class="Comment">#</span>
<span class="Comment"># Beware though: this hack restricts how much 'append' can be overridden. Any</span>
<span class="Comment"># new variants that match:</span>
<span class="Comment">#   append _:text, ___</span>
<span class="Comment"># will never ever get used.</span>
<span class="muRecipe">def</span> append first:text<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:text [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  buf:&amp;:buffer <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new-buffer<span class="Constant"> 30</span>
  <span class="Comment"># append first ingredient</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> first
    buf <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> append buf, first
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Comment"># append remaining ingredients</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    arg:text, arg-found?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">next-ingredient</span>
    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> arg-found?
    <span class="muControl">loop-unless</span> arg
    buf <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> append buf, arg
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> buffer-to-array buf
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-append-1 [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[hello,]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[ world!]</span>
  run [
    z:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> append x, y
    10:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *z
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    10:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[hello, world!]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-append-null [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[ world!]</span>
  run [
    z:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> append x, y
    10:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *z
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    10:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[ world!]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-append-null-2 [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[hello,]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  run [
    z:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> append x, y
    10:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *z
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    10:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[hello,]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-append-multiary [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[hello, ]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[world]</span>
  z:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[!]</span>
  run [
    z:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> append x, y, z
    10:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *z
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    10:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[hello, world!]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> replace-character-in-text [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  run [
    x <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> replace x, <span class="Constant">98/b</span>, <span class="Constant">122/z</span>
    10:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *x
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    10:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[azc]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> replace s:text, oldc:char, newc:char, from:num/optional<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>s:text [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *s
  i:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> find-next s, oldc, from
  done?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-or-equal i, len
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> done?, s/same-as-ingredient:0
  *s <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> put-index *s, i, newc
  i <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add i,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
  s <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> replace s, oldc, newc, i
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> replace-character-at-start [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  run [
    x <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> replace x, <span class="Constant">97/a</span>, <span class="Constant">122/z</span>
    10:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *x
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    10:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[zbc]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> replace-character-at-end [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  run [
    x <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> replace x, <span class="Constant">99/c</span>, <span class="Constant">122/z</span>
    10:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *x
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    10:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[abz]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> replace-character-missing [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  run [
    x <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> replace x, <span class="Constant">100/d</span>, <span class="Constant">122/z</span>
    10:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *x
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    10:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> replace-all-characters [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[banana]</span>
  run [
    x <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> replace x, <span class="Constant">97/a</span>, <span class="Constant">122/z</span>
    10:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *x
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    10:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[bznznz]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="Comment"># replace underscores in first with remaining args</span>
<span class="muRecipe">def</span> interpolate template:text<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:text [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>  <span class="Comment"># consume just the template</span>
  <span class="Comment"># compute result-len, space to allocate for result</span>
  tem-len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *template
  result-len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy tem-len
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="Comment"># while ingredients remain</span>
    a:text, arg-received?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">next-ingredient</span>
    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> arg-received?
    <span class="Comment"># result-len = result-len + arg.length - 1 (for the 'underscore' being replaced)</span>
    a-len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *a
    result-len <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add result-len, a-len
    result-len <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> subtract result-len,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Constant">rewind-ingredients</span>
  _ <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">next-ingredient</span>  <span class="Comment"># skip template</span>
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">character:type</span>, result-len
  <span class="Comment"># repeatedly copy sections of template and 'holes' into result</span>
  result-idx:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  i:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="Comment"># while arg received</span>
    a:text, arg-received?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">next-ingredient</span>
    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> arg-received?
    <span class="Comment"># copy template into result until '_'</span>
    <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
      <span class="Comment"># while i &lt; template.length</span>
      tem-done?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-or-equal i, tem-len
      <span class="muControl">break-if</span> tem-done?, <span class="Constant">+done</span>
      <span class="Comment"># while template[i] != '_'</span>
      in:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *template, i
      underscore?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal in, <span class="Constant">95/_</span>
      <span class="muControl">break-if</span> underscore?
      <span class="Comment"># result[result-idx] = template[i]</span>
      *result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> put-index *result, result-idx, in
      i <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add i,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
      result-idx <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add result-idx,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
      <span class="muControl">loop</span>
    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
    <span class="Comment"># copy 'a' into result</span>
    j:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
    <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
      <span class="Comment"># while j &lt; a.length</span>
      arg-done?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-or-equal j, a-len
      <span class="muControl">break-if</span> arg-done?
      <span class="Comment"># result[result-idx] = a[j]</span>
      in:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *a, j
      *result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> put-index *result, result-idx, in
      j <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add j,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
      result-idx <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add result-idx,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
      <span class="muControl">loop</span>
    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
    <span class="Comment"># skip '_' in template</span>
    i <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add i,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>  <span class="Comment"># interpolate next arg</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
<span class="Constant">  +done</span>
  <span class="Comment"># done with holes; copy rest of template directly into result</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="Comment"># while i &lt; template.length</span>
    tem-done?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-or-equal i, tem-len
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> tem-done?
    <span class="Comment"># result[result-idx] = template[i]</span>
    in:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *template, i
    *result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> put-index *result, result-idx, in
    i <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add i,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    result-idx <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add result-idx,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> interpolate-works [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc_ghi]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[def]</span>
  run [
    z:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> interpolate x, y
    10:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *z
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    10:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[abcdefghi]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> interpolate-at-start [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[_, hello!]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  run [
    z:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> interpolate x, y
    10:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *z
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    10:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[abc, hello!]</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 22</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>  <span class="Comment"># out of bounds</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> interpolate-at-end [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[hello, _]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  run [
    z:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> interpolate x, y
    10:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *z
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    10:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[hello, abc]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="Comment"># result:bool &lt;- space? c:char</span>
<span class="muRecipe">def</span> space? c:char<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:bool [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  <span class="Comment"># most common case first</span>
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">32/space</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">10/newline</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">9/tab</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">13/carriage-return</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  <span class="Comment"># remaining uncommon cases in sorted order</span>
  <span class="Comment"># <a href="http://unicode.org">http://unicode.org</a> code-points in unicode-set Z and Pattern_White_Space</span>
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">11/ctrl-k</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">12/ctrl-l</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">133/ctrl-0085</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">160/no-break-space</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">5760/ogham-space-mark</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">8192/en-quad</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">8193/em-quad</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">8194/en-space</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">8195/em-space</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">8196/three-per-em-space</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">8197/four-per-em-space</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">8198/six-per-em-space</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">8199/figure-space</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">8200/punctuation-space</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">8201/thin-space</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">8202/hair-space</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">8206/left-to-right</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">8207/right-to-left</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">8232/line-separator</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">8233/paragraph-separator</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">8239/narrow-no-break-space</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">8287/medium-mathematical-space</span>
  <span class="muControl">return-if</span> result
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, <span class="Constant">12288/ideographic-space</span>
]

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> trim s:text<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:text [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *s
  <span class="Comment"># left trim: compute start</span>
  start:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
      at-end?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-or-equal start, len
      <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> at-end?
      result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">character:type</span>,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
      <span class="muControl">return</span>
    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
    curr:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *s, start
    whitespace?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> space? curr
    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> whitespace?
    start <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add start,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Comment"># right trim: compute end</span>
  end:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> subtract len,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    not-at-start?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-than end, start
    assert not-at-start?, <span class="Constant">[end ran up against start]</span>
    curr:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *s, end
    whitespace?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> space? curr
    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> whitespace?
    end <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> subtract end,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Comment"># result = new character[end+1 - start]</span>
  new-len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> subtract end, start,<span class="Constant"> -1</span>
  result:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">character:type</span>, new-len
  <span class="Comment"># copy the untrimmed parts between start and end</span>
  i:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy start
  j:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="Comment"># while i &lt;= end</span>
    done?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-than i, end
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
    <span class="Comment"># result[j] = s[i]</span>
    src:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *s, i
    *result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> put-index *result, j, src
    i <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add i,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    j <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add j,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> trim-unmodified [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  run [
    y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> trim x
    1:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *y
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    1:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> trim-left [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[  abc]</span>
  run [
    y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> trim x
    1:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *y
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    1:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> trim-right [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc  ]</span>
  run [
    y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> trim x
    1:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *y
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    1:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> trim-left-right [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[  abc   ]</span>
  run [
    y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> trim x
    1:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *y
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    1:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> trim-newline-tab [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[ abc</span>
<span class="Constant">]</span>
  run [
    y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> trim x
    1:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *y
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    1:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> find-next text:text, pattern:char, idx:num<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>next-index:num [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *text
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    eof?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-or-equal idx, len
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> eof?
    curr:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *text, idx
    found?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal curr, pattern
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> found?
    idx <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add idx,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="muControl">return</span> idx
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-find-next [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[a/b]</span>
  run [
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> find-next x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">0/start-index</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 1</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-find-next-empty [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
  run [
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> find-next x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">0/start-index</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-find-next-initial [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[/abc]</span>
  run [
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> find-next x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">0/start-index</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>  <span class="Comment"># prefix match</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-find-next-final [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc/]</span>
  run [
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> find-next x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">0/start-index</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 3</span>  <span class="Comment"># suffix match</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-find-next-missing [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abcd]</span>
  run [
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> find-next x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">0/start-index</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 4</span>  <span class="Comment"># no match</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-find-next-invalid-index [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  run [
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> find-next x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">4/start-index</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 4</span>  <span class="Comment"># no change</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-find-next-first [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[ab/c/]</span>
  run [
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> find-next x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">0/start-index</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 2</span>  <span class="Comment"># first '/' of multiple</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-find-next-second [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[ab/c/]</span>
  run [
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> find-next x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>, <span class="Constant">3/start-index</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 4</span>  <span class="Comment"># second '/' of multiple</span>
  ]
]

<span class="Comment"># search for a pattern of multiple characters</span>
<span class="Comment"># fairly dumb algorithm</span>
<span class="muRecipe">def</span> find-next text:text, pattern:text, idx:num<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>next-index:num [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  first:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *pattern,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  <span class="Comment"># repeatedly check for match at current idx</span>
  len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *text
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="Comment"># does some unnecessary work checking even when there isn't enough of text left</span>
    done?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-or-equal idx, len
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
    found?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> match-at text, pattern, idx
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> found?
    idx <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add idx,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    <span class="Comment"># optimization: skip past indices that definitely won't match</span>
    idx <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> find-next text, first, idx
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="muControl">return</span> idx
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> find-next-text-1 [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[bc]</span>
  run [
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> find-next x, y,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 1</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> find-next-text-2 [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abcd]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[bc]</span>
  run [
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> find-next x, y,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 1</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> find-next-no-match [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[bd]</span>
  run [
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> find-next x, y,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 3</span>  <span class="Comment"># not found</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> find-next-suffix-match [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abcd]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[cd]</span>
  run [
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> find-next x, y,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 2</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> find-next-suffix-match-2 [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abcd]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[cde]</span>
  run [
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> find-next x, y,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 4</span>  <span class="Comment"># not found</span>
  ]
]

<span class="Comment"># checks if pattern matches at index 'idx'</span>
<span class="muRecipe">def</span> match-at text:text, pattern:text, idx:num<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:bool [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  pattern-len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *pattern
  <span class="Comment"># check that there's space left for the pattern</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    x:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *text
    x <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> subtract x, pattern-len
    enough-room?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> lesser-or-equal idx, x
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> enough-room?
    <span class="muControl">return</span> <span class="Constant">0/not-found</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Comment"># check each character of pattern</span>
  pattern-idx:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    done?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-or-equal pattern-idx, pattern-len
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
    c:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *text, idx
    exp:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *pattern, pattern-idx
    <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
      match?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal c, exp
      <span class="muControl">break-if</span> match?
      <span class="muControl">return</span> <span class="Constant">0/not-found</span>
    <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
    idx <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add idx,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    pattern-idx <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add pattern-idx,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="muControl">return</span> <span class="Constant">1/found</span>
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> match-at-checks-pattern-at-index [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[ab]</span>
  run [
    10:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> match-at x, y,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 1</span>  <span class="Comment"># match found</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> match-at-reflexive [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  run [
    10:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> match-at x, x,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 1</span>  <span class="Comment"># match found</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> match-at-outside-bounds [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[a]</span>
  run [
    10:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> match-at x, y,<span class="Constant"> 4</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>  <span class="Comment"># never matches</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> match-at-empty-pattern [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
  run [
    10:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> match-at x, y,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 1</span>  <span class="Comment"># always matches empty pattern given a valid index</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> match-at-empty-pattern-outside-bound [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
  run [
    10:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> match-at x, y,<span class="Constant"> 4</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>  <span class="Comment"># no match</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> match-at-empty-text [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  run [
    10:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> match-at x, y,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>  <span class="Comment"># no match</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> match-at-empty-against-empty [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
  run [
    10:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> match-at x, x,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 1</span>  <span class="Comment"># matches because pattern is also empty</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> match-at-inside-bounds [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[bc]</span>
  run [
    10:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> match-at x, y,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 1</span>  <span class="Comment"># match</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> match-at-inside-bounds-2 [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[bc]</span>
  run [
    10:bool/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> match-at x, y,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>  <span class="Comment"># no match</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> split s:text, delim:char<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:&amp;:@:text [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  <span class="Comment"># empty text? return empty array</span>
  len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *s
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    empty?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal len,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> empty?
    result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Delimiter">{</span>(address array character): type<span class="Delimiter">}</span>,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
    <span class="muControl">return</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Comment"># count #pieces we need room for</span>
  count:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 1</span>  <span class="Comment"># n delimiters = n+1 pieces</span>
  idx:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    idx <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> find-next s, delim, idx
    done?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-or-equal idx, len
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
    idx <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add idx,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    count <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add count,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Comment"># allocate space</span>
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Delimiter">{</span>(address array character): type<span class="Delimiter">}</span>, count
  <span class="Comment"># repeatedly copy slices start..end until delimiter into result[curr-result]</span>
  curr-result:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  start:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    <span class="Comment"># while next delim exists</span>
    done?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-or-equal start, len
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
    end:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> find-next s, delim, start
    <span class="Comment"># copy start..end into result[curr-result]</span>
    dest:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy-range s, start, end
    *result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> put-index *result, curr-result, dest
    <span class="Comment"># slide over to next slice</span>
    start <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add end,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    curr-result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add curr-result,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-split-1 [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[a/b]</span>
  run [
    y:&amp;:@:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> split x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *y
    a:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *y,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
    b:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *y,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    20:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *a
    30:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *b
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 2</span>  <span class="Comment"># length of result</span>
    20:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[a]</span>
    30:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[b]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-split-2 [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[a/b/c]</span>
  run [
    y:&amp;:@:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> split x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *y
    a:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *y,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
    b:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *y,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    c:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *y,<span class="Constant"> 2</span>
    20:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *a
    30:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *b
    40:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *c
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 3</span>  <span class="Comment"># length of result</span>
    20:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[a]</span>
    30:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[b]</span>
    40:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[c]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-split-missing [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  run [
    y:&amp;:@:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> split x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *y
    a:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *y,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
    20:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *a
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 1</span>  <span class="Comment"># length of result</span>
    20:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-split-empty [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
  run [
    y:&amp;:@:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> split x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *y
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>  <span class="Comment"># empty result</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-split-empty-piece [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[a/b//c]</span>
  run [
    y:&amp;:@:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> split x:text, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>
    10:num/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *y
    a:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *y,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
    b:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *y,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    c:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *y,<span class="Constant"> 2</span>
    d:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *y,<span class="Constant"> 3</span>
    20:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *a
    30:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *b
    40:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *c
    50:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *d
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 4</span>  <span class="Comment"># length of result</span>
    20:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[a]</span>
    30:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[b]</span>
    40:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[]</span>
    50:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[c]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> split-first text:text, delim:char<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>x:text, y:text [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  <span class="Comment"># empty text? return empty texts</span>
  len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *text
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    empty?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> equal len,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
    <span class="muControl">break-unless</span> empty?
    x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
    y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[]</span>
    <span class="muControl">return</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  idx:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> find-next text, delim,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy-range text,<span class="Constant"> 0</span>, idx
  idx <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add idx,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
  y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy-range text, idx, len
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> text-split-first [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[a/b]</span>
  run [
    y:text, z:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> split-first x, <span class="Constant">47/slash</span>
    10:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *y
    20:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *z
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    10:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[a]</span>
    20:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[b]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> copy-range buf:text, start:num, end:num<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:text [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  <span class="Comment"># if end is out of bounds, trim it</span>
  len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *buf
  end:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> min len, end
  <span class="Comment"># allocate space for result</span>
  len <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> subtract end, start
  result:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">character:type</span>, len
  <span class="Comment"># copy start..end into result[curr-result]</span>
  src-idx:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy start
  dest-idx:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    done?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-or-equal src-idx, end
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
    src:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *buf, src-idx
    *result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> put-index *result, dest-idx, src
    src-idx <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add src-idx,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    dest-idx <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add dest-idx,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> copy-range-works [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  run [
    y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy-range x,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>,<span class="Constant"> 3</span>
    1:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *y
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    1:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[bc]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> copy-range-out-of-bounds [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  run [
    y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy-range x,<span class="Constant"> 2</span>,<span class="Constant"> 4</span>
    1:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *y
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    1:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[c]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> copy-range-out-of-bounds-2 [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  x:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> new <span class="Constant">[abc]</span>
  run [
    y:text <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy-range x,<span class="Constant"> 3</span>,<span class="Constant"> 3</span>
    1:@:char/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy *y
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
    1:array:character <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> <span class="Constant">[]</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muRecipe">def</span> parse-whole-number in:text<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>out:num, error?:bool [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  out <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  result:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>  <span class="Comment"># temporary location</span>
  i:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  len:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> length *in
  <span class="Delimiter">{</span>
    done?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-or-equal i, len
    <span class="muControl">break-if</span> done?
    c:char <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> index *in, i
    x:num <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> character-to-code c
    digit:num, error?:bool <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> character-code-to-digit x
    <span class="muControl">reply-if</span> error?
    result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> multiply result,<span class="Constant"> 10</span>
    result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add result, digit
    i <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> add i,<span class="Constant"> 1</span>
    <span class="muControl">loop</span>
  <span class="Delimiter">}</span>
  <span class="Comment"># no error; all digits were valid</span>
  out <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy result
]

<span class="Comment"># (contributed by Ella Couch)</span>
<span class="muRecipe">recipe</span> character-code-to-digit character-code:number<span class="muRecipe"> -&gt; </span>result:number, error?:boolean [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  <span class="Constant">load-ingredients</span>
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 0</span>
  error? <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> lesser-than character-code,<span class="Constant"> 48</span>  <span class="Comment"># '0'</span>
  <span class="muControl">reply-if</span> error?
  error? <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> greater-than character-code,<span class="Constant"> 57</span>  <span class="Comment"># '9'</span>
  <span class="muControl">reply-if</span> error?
  result <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> subtract character-code,<span class="Constant"> 48</span>
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> character-code-to-digit-contain-only-digit [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  a:number <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 48</span>  <span class="Comment"># character code for '0'</span>
  run [
    10:number/<span class="Special">raw</span>, 11:boolean/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> character-code-to-digit a
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 11</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>  <span class="Comment"># no error</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> character-code-to-digit-contain-only-digit-2 [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  a:number <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 57</span>  <span class="Comment"># character code for '9'</span>
  run [
    1:number/<span class="Special">raw</span>, 2:boolean/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> character-code-to-digit a
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 1</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 9</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 2</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>  <span class="Comment"># no error</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> character-code-to-digit-handles-codes-lower-than-zero [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  a:number <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 47</span>
  run [
    10:number/<span class="Special">raw</span>, 11:boolean/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> character-code-to-digit a
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 11</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 1</span>  <span class="Comment"># error</span>
  ]
]

<span class="muScenario">scenario</span> character-code-to-digit-handles-codes-larger-than-nine [
  <span class="Constant">local-scope</span>
  a:number <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> copy<span class="Constant"> 58</span>
  run [
    10:number/<span class="Special">raw</span>, 11:boolean/<span class="Special">raw</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span> character-code-to-digit a
  ]
  memory-should-contain [
   <span class="Constant"> 10</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 0</span>
   <span class="Constant"> 11</span> <span class="Special">&lt;-</span><span class="Constant"> 1</span>  <span class="Comment"># error</span>
  ]
]
</pre>
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