path: root/subx/011run.cc

//: Running SubX programs on the VM.

//: (Not to be confused with the 'run' subcommand for running ELF binaries on
//: the VM. That comes later.)

:(before "End Help Texts")
put_new(Help, "syntax",
  "SubX programs consist of segments, each segment in turn consisting of lines.\n"
  "Line-endings are significant; each line should contain a single\n"
  "instruction, macro or directive.\n"
  "\n"
  "Comments start with the '#' character. It should be at the start of a word\n"
  "(start of line, or following a space).\n"
  "\n"
  "Each segment starts with a header line: a '==' delimiter followed by the name of\n"
  "the segment and a (sometimes approximate) starting address in memory.\n"
  "The name 'code' is special; instructions to execute should always go here.\n"
  "\n"
  "The resulting binary starts running from the start of the segment by default.\n"
  "To start elsewhere in the code segment, define a special label called 'Entry'.\n"
  "\n"
  "Segments with the same name get merged together. This rule helps keep functions and\n"
  "their data close together in .subx files.\n"
  "You don't have to specify the starting address after the first time.\n"
  "\n"
  "Lines consist of a series of words. Words can contain arbitrary metadata\n"
  "after a '/', but they can never contain whitespace. Metadata has no effect\n"
  "at runtime, but can be handy when rewriting macros.\n"
  "\n"
  "Check out the examples in the examples/ directory.\n"
  "Programming in machine code can be annoying, but let's see if we can make\n"
  "it nice enough to be able to write a compiler in it.\n"
);
:(before "End Help Contents")
cerr << "  syntax\n";

:(code)
void test_copy_imm32_to_EAX() {
  // At the lowest level, SubX programs are a series of hex bytes, each
  // (variable-length) instruction on one line.
  run(
      // Comments start with '#' and are ignored.
      "# comment\n"
      // Segment headers start with '==', a name and a starting hex address.
      // There's usually one code and one data segment. The code segment
      // always comes first.
      "== code 0x1\n"  // code segment

      // After the header, each segment consists of lines, and each line
      // consists of words separated by whitespace.
      //
      // All words can have metadata after a '/'. No spaces allowed in
      // metadata, of course.
      // Unrecognized metadata never causes errors, so you can use it for
      // documentation.
      //
      // Within the code segment in particular, x86 instructions consist of
      // some number of the following parts and sub-parts (see the Readme and
      // cheatsheet.pdf for details):
      //   opcodes: 1-3 bytes
      //   ModR/M byte
      //   SIB byte
      //   displacement: 0/1/2/4 bytes
      //   immediate: 0/1/2/4 bytes
      // opcode        ModR/M                    SIB                   displacement    immediate
      // instruction   mod, reg, Reg/Mem bits    scale, index, base
      // 1-3 bytes     0/1 byte                  0/1 byte              0/1/2/4 bytes   0/1/2/4 bytes
      "  b8            .                         .                     .               0a 0b 0c 0d\n"  // copy 0x0d0c0b0a to EAX
      // The periods are just to help the eye track long gaps between columns,
      // and are otherwise ignored.
  );
  // This program, when run, causes the following events in the trace:
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "load: 0x00000001 -> b8\n"
      "load: 0x00000002 -> 0a\n"
      "load: 0x00000003 -> 0b\n"
      "load: 0x00000004 -> 0c\n"
      "load: 0x00000005 -> 0d\n"
      "run: copy imm32 0x0d0c0b0a to EAX\n"
  );
}

// top-level helper for scenarios: parse the input, transform any macros, load
// the final hex bytes into memory, run it
void run(const string& text_bytes) {
  program p;
  istringstream in(text_bytes);
  parse(in, p);
  if (trace_contains_errors()) return;  // if any stage raises errors, stop immediately
  transform(p);
  if (trace_contains_errors()) return;
  load(p);
  if (trace_contains_errors()) return;
  while (EIP < End_of_program)
    run_one_instruction();
}

//:: core data structures

:(before "End Types")
struct program {
  vector<segment> segments;
  // random ideas for other things we may eventually need
  //map<name, address> globals;
  //vector<recipe> recipes;
  //map<string, type_info> types;
};
:(before "struct program")
struct segment {
  string name;
  uint32_t start;
  vector<line> lines;
  // End segment Fields
  segment() {
    start = 0;
    // End segment Constructor
  }
};
:(before "struct segment")
struct line {
  vector<word> words;
  vector<string> metadata;
  string original;
};
:(before "struct line")
struct word {
  string original;
  string data;
  vector<string> metadata;
};

//:: parse

:(code)
void parse(istream& fin, program& out) {
  segment* curr_segment = NULL;
  vector<line> l;
  while (has_data(fin)) {
    string line_data;
    line curr;
    getline(fin, line_data);
    curr.original = line_data;
    trace(99, "parse") << "line: " << line_data << end();
    // End Line Parsing Special-cases(line_data -> l)
    istringstream lin(line_data);
    while (has_data(lin)) {
      string word_data;
      lin >> word_data;
      if (word_data.empty()) continue;
      if (word_data[0] == '#') break;  // comment
      if (word_data == ".") continue;  // comment token
      if (word_data == "==") {
        flush(curr_segment, l);
        string segment_name;
        lin >> segment_name;
        curr_segment = find(out, segment_name);
        if (curr_segment != NULL) {
          trace(3, "parse") << "appending to segment '" << segment_name << "'" << end();
        }
        else {
          trace(3, "parse") << "new segment '" << segment_name << "'" << end();
          uint32_t seg_start = 0;
          lin >> std::hex >> seg_start;
          sanity_check_program_segment(out, seg_start);
          out.segments.push_back(segment());
          curr_segment = &out.segments.back();
          curr_segment->name = segment_name;
          curr_segment->start = seg_start;
          if (trace_contains_errors()) continue;
          trace(3, "parse") << "starts at address 0x" << HEXWORD << curr_segment->start << end();
        }
        break;  // skip rest of line
      }
      if (word_data[0] == ':') {
        // todo: line metadata
        break;
      }
      curr.words.push_back(word());
      parse_word(word_data, curr.words.back());
      trace(99, "parse") << "word: " << to_string(curr.words.back());
    }
    if (!curr.words.empty())
      l.push_back(curr);
  }
  flush(curr_segment, l);
  trace(99, "parse") << "done" << end();
}

segment* find(program& p, const string& segment_name) {
  for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(p.segments);  ++i) {
    if (p.segments.at(i).name == segment_name)
      return &p.segments.at(i);
  }
  return NULL;
}

void flush(segment* s, vector<line>& lines) {
  if (lines.empty()) return;
  if (s == NULL) {
    raise << "input does not start with a '==' section header\n" << end();
    return;
  }
  trace(3, "parse") << "flushing segment" << end();
  s->lines.insert(s->lines.end(), lines.begin(), lines.end());
  lines.clear();
}

void parse_word(const string& data, word& out) {
  out.original = data;
  istringstream win(data);
  if (getline(win, out.data, '/')) {
    string m;
    while (getline(win, m, '/'))
      out.metadata.push_back(m);
  }
}

void sanity_check_program_segment(const program& p, uint32_t addr) {
  for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(p.segments);  ++i) {
    if (p.segments.at(i).start == addr)
      raise << "can't have multiple segments starting at address 0x" << HEXWORD << addr << '\n' << end();
  }
}

// helper for tests
void parse(const string& text_bytes) {
  program p;
  istringstream in(text_bytes);
  parse(in, p);
}

void test_detect_duplicate_segments() {
  Hide_errors = true;
  parse(
      "== segment1 0xee\n"
      "ab\n"
      "== segment2 0xee\n"
      "cd\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "error: can't have multiple segments starting at address 0x000000ee\n"
  );
}

//:: transform

:(before "End Types")
typedef void (*transform_fn)(program&);
:(before "End Globals")
vector<transform_fn> Transform;

:(code)
void transform(program& p) {
  for (int t = 0;  t < SIZE(Transform);  ++t)
    (*Transform.at(t))(p);
}

//:: load

void load(const program& p) {
  if (find(p, "code") == NULL) {
    raise << "no code to run\n" << end();
    return;
  }
  // Ensure segments are disjoint.
  set<uint32_t> overlap;
  for (int i = 0;   i < SIZE(p.segments);  ++i) {
    const segment& seg = p.segments.at(i);
    uint32_t addr = seg.start;
    if (!already_allocated(addr))
      Mem.push_back(vma(seg.start));
    trace(99, "load") << "loading segment " << i << " from " << HEXWORD << addr << end();
    for (int j = 0;  j < SIZE(seg.lines);  ++j) {
      const line& l = seg.lines.at(j);
      for (int k = 0;  k < SIZE(l.words);  ++k) {
        const word& w = l.words.at(k);
        uint8_t val = hex_byte(w.data);
        if (trace_contains_errors()) return;
        assert(overlap.find(addr) == overlap.end());
        write_mem_u8(addr, val);
        overlap.insert(addr);
        trace(99, "load") << "0x" << HEXWORD << addr << " -> " << HEXBYTE << NUM(read_mem_u8(addr)) << end();
        ++addr;
      }
    }
    if (seg.name == "code") {
      End_of_program = addr;
      EIP = seg.start;
      // End Initialize EIP
    }
  }
}

const segment* find(const program& p, const string& segment_name) {
  for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(p.segments);  ++i) {
    if (p.segments.at(i).name == segment_name)
      return &p.segments.at(i);
  }
  return NULL;
}

uint8_t hex_byte(const string& s) {
  istringstream in(s);
  int result = 0;
  in >> std::hex >> result;
  if (!in || !in.eof()) {
    raise << "token '" << s << "' is not a hex byte\n" << end();
    return '\0';
  }
  if (result > 0xff || result < -0x8f) {
    raise << "token '" << s << "' is not a hex byte\n" << end();
    return '\0';
  }
  return static_cast<uint8_t>(result);
}

void test_number_too_large() {
  Hide_errors = true;
  parse_and_load(
      "== code 0x1\n"
      "01 cab\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "error: token 'cab' is not a hex byte\n"
  );
}

void test_invalid_hex() {
  Hide_errors = true;
  parse_and_load(
      "== code 0x1\n"
      "01 cx\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "error: token 'cx' is not a hex byte\n"
  );
}

void test_negative_number() {
  parse_and_load(
      "== code 0x1\n"
      "01 -02\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_COUNT("error", 0);
}

void test_negative_number_too_small() {
  Hide_errors = true;
  parse_and_load(
      "== code 0x1\n"
      "01 -12345\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "error: token '-12345' is not a hex byte\n"
  );
}

void test_hex_prefix() {
  parse_and_load(
      "== code 0x1\n"
      "0x01 -0x02\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_COUNT("error", 0);
}

void test_repeated_segment_merges_data() {
  parse_and_load(
      "== code 0x1\n"
      "11 22\n"
      "== code\n"  // again
      "33 44\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "parse: new segment 'code'\n"
      "parse: appending to segment 'code'\n"
      // first segment
      "load: 0x00000001 -> 11\n"
      "load: 0x00000002 -> 22\n"
      // second segment
      "load: 0x00000003 -> 33\n"
      "load: 0x00000004 -> 44\n"
  );
}

void test_error_on_missing_segment_header() {
  Hide_errors = true;
  parse_and_load(
      "01 02\n"
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "error: input does not start with a '==' section header\n"
  );
}

//: helper for tests
void parse_and_load(const string& text_bytes) {
  program p;
  istringstream in(text_bytes);
  parse(in, p);
  if (trace_contains_errors()) return;  // if any stage raises errors, stop immediately
  load(p);
}

//:: run

:(before "End Initialize Op Names")
put_new(Name, "b8", "copy imm32 to EAX (mov)");

//: our first opcode

:(before "End Single-Byte Opcodes")
case 0xb8: {  // copy imm32 to EAX
  const int32_t src = next32();
  trace(Callstack_depth+1, "run") << "copy imm32 0x" << HEXWORD << src << " to EAX" << end();
  Reg[EAX].i = src;
  break;
}

:(code)
void test_copy_imm32_to_EAX_again() {
  run(
      "== code 0x1\n"  // code segment
      // op     ModR/M  SIB   displacement  immediate
      "  b8                                 0a 0b 0c 0d \n"  // copy 0x0d0c0b0a to EAX
  );
  CHECK_TRACE_CONTENTS(
      "run: copy imm32 0x0d0c0b0a to EAX\n"
  );
}

// read a 32-bit int in little-endian order from the instruction stream
int32_t next32() {
  int32_t result = read_mem_i32(EIP);
  EIP+=4;
  return result;
}

//:: helpers

string to_string(const word& w) {
  ostringstream out;
  out << w.data;
  for (int i = 0;  i < SIZE(w.metadata);  ++i)
    out << " /" << w.metadata.at(i);
  return out.str();
}

int32_t parse_int(const string& s) {
  if (s.empty()) return 0;
  istringstream in(s);
  in >> std::hex;
  if (s.at(0) == '-') {
    int32_t result = 0;
    in >> result;
    if (!in || !in.eof()) {
      raise << "not a number: " << s << '\n' << end();
      return 0;
    }
    return result;
  }
  uint32_t uresult = 0;
  in >> uresult;
  if (!in || !in.eof()) {
    raise << "not a number: " << s << '\n' << end();
    return 0;
  }
  return static_cast<int32_t>(uresult);
}
:(before "End Unit Tests")
void test_parse_int() {
  CHECK_EQ(0, parse_int("0"));
  CHECK_EQ(0, parse_int("0x0"));
  CHECK_EQ(0, parse_int("0x0"));
  CHECK_EQ(16, parse_int("10"));  // hex always
  CHECK_EQ(-1, parse_int("-1"));
  CHECK_EQ(-1, parse_int("0xffffffff"));
}